davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
Thousands Crowd the Coliseum
TO Hear the Election Returns

A popular hit. pure and simple, is the
verdict of every onlooker in regard to
the Palladium's invitation to the citi-
zens of Richmond and Wayne county
to be its guests at the coliseum and
hear the election returns.
Fully $500 people if not more, have
packed the huge building. Adherents
of all parties are present. as is easily
seen by the applause given upon the
reading various election returns fav-
oring the various candidates of the diff
ferent parties.
As is to be expected in this republi-
can stronghold. the majority of the
Palladium's guests at the coliseum are
republicans. fact very apparent to
any one there, who hears the great
storm of applause arising after the an
nouncement> of gains by such republic
can candidates as Taft and Watson.
Rev. J.. o. Campbell. who was
Wayne county's choice during the race
for the congressional nomination last
spring. is reading the election returns
to the vast assemblage. And no one
is finding fault with his delivery either.
as his deep voice carries to all parts of
the great hall the news of what the
people of this nation did with their
ballots today.
The 7. 4. G. a. supper served at the
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
WILLIAM I'll. TAFT BY 10000;
THOS. R. MARSHALL. 10000
MARSHALL AND WA TSON ARE RUNNING
NECK AND NECK IN INDIANA: MARSHALL
LEADS HIS OPPONENT IN MARION COUNTY

long the politicians have been puzzled
in this city over the fact that the vot-
ers seemed to be voting straight tick
cts. No one was able to figure out
just what this meant. And another
thing that caused much comment was
that there was an enormous lot of
early voting. In many af the precincts
of this city, fully rs per cent of the
vote was cast by noon. This was re
markable. and the wise politicians sat
up. scratched their heads and asked
themselves what it all meant.
Not only was voting heavy in this
city, but reports from out in the State
indicated that an unusually heavy vote
was being polled everywhere else. If
there was any apathy during the cam
paign it did not last until election day.
In this city where voting machines
were used, men voted as rapidly as
three to the minute. 1t was evident
from the short time they remained in
the booth that they were not doing
much scratching. 1t was known all
during the campaign that there were
ing for Taft and against Watson. To
do this. of course, they had to scratch
their tickets. If they went into the
booths and voted straight. as they
seemed to be doing, the question was
| whether they had changed their mind
and were voting the straight republi-
can ticket, Watson and all, or whether
In at4H
voting the straight democratic ticket
| rather than to lose their vote against
Watson.
And this was the case in all kinds OF
precincts. The aristocratic north side
precincts in this city seemed to be
voting straight. as we'll as the work
| ingmen's wards of the south side and
the foreign quarters of the vest and
| southwest parts of the city. White
men, negroes, foreigners and all seem
ed TO be following the same plan.
| Republicans claimed this indicated
| that the republicans who were dis
gruntled heretofore had made up theil
minds to eccept Watson and vote the
| ticket straight rather than take chan
| ces on spelling their ballot for Taft
On the other hand the democrats
| were claiming that these republican
voters were still opposed to Watson
and were voting the straight democra
tic ticket rather than run the risk OF
spelling their ballot. And each side
had something on which to base its
-claim. This was admitted by al
| sides.
The saloons were closed tight here
and as far as has been learned they
were closed all over the state. Nc
trouble has been reported from any
place in the state, but the police O
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

this city were looking for 1t during
the evening in some of the wards in
which foreigners vote. Thousands of
foreigners were naturaliZed during the
last week or two and it was said they
would be brought TO the polls TO vote
late in the day.
When the republicans found that
rapid voting was being done and that
straight tickets appeared 10 be the
rule they brought out considerable
money and began betting on Watson.
Several bets were made at even money
today.
The weather all over the state was
reported fine and this helped TO bring
out a full vote.
Clever Scheme Worked.
A clever scheme was worked here to-
day by some one. presumed to be the
democrats. Letters were sent TO a
large number of colored republicans
telling them to select ten of their best
workers in their precincts and go
with them to room 3d. old Board of
Trade building to meet Capt. w, Z.
English, who wished them to do some
special work ON election day The let.
tiers told them that they would be sup
piled with the necessary means for
carrying on the work. AS result fully
500 negroes gathered at the old Board
of Trade. only to find that they had
been fooled. Mayor Bookwalter and
several other well-known republicans
had to explain to them that the letters
were forgeries and that 1t was DEM
ocratic scheme to get the negroes To
come down to be disappointed. When
they went to room 80 they found pic.
lures of Taft and Governor Hanly or
the wall and the floor strewn with pa
packages of paper money in banks
each band marked 500 This looked
promising of course. hut there was nc
money in sight. 1t was acknowledged
to be clever scheme well worked.
1t is not believed that many negroes
voted the democratic ticket. though
some did. Most of them lined up a:
they always have done for the repub
lican ticket
Among the republicans confidence
| was maintained in the general result
as far as the national ticket was con
cerned. They insisted that Taft will
| carry the state and that he will bs
elected. They were also confident Of
the election of Watson and the rest o.
the state ticket. But the democrats
insisted that the straigh ieket voins
| indicated a landslide for Bryan and
| were claiming that Marshall will b.
elected by large plurality. 1t wa:
admitted on all sides, however. tha
the complexion of the legislature coult
| not be forecasted
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
Special Correspondence.

Indianapolis. Nov. 3.-The vote in
indianapolis probably will prove to be
the heaviest ever cast in the state. In
dications are that the amount of
scratching will prove unprecedented
1t is not believed to have been as gen
eral in Indianapolis as elsewhere in
the state. Few arrests have been
made here for attempts at Illegal vot-
ing or for giving away whisky. There
has been no serious trouble reported
from anywhere in the state.
At Evansville both parties were pre-
pared for trouble The sheriff had
extra deputies on duty and the SUI
perintendent of police had a large
force of extra policemen helping him.
There were many challenges and ev-
cry precaution was taken to keep Or
der.
Foreigners Challenged.
At Indiana Harbor, 200 foreigners
tried to vote and there were many
challenges. 1t was found many of
the men were not entitled to vote.
Two Italians were arrested at Bloom
|
negro was arrested at Jeffersonville
on the same charge. At Winchester
several arrests were made for distrib-
uting whisky.
w. c. r. U. in Ranks.
The feature of the day was found
at Hartford City where the w. c. T.
U. was active in getting out the vote.
Men were taken to the polls in rigs
and instructed en- route how to vote.
Candidates who had refused to sign
remonstrances against the saloons
were made the object of the women S
ire and were electioneered against.
Special precautions were taken at
Muncie. The sGood Citizens League
had watchers at the polls to prevent
disfranchised men from voting. Sew
eral attempts were made to run in this
element. At Bedford the democrats
challenged many votes. Voting was
unusually slow in Clay county. The
question, of new court house and
| free gravel roads were voted upon at
| the same time.
At many cities working men and
| travellers were ON hand before the polls
opened this morning. These men were
| anxious to cast their vote before going
to work or leaving the city for other
places. There has been intense inter-
est throughout. Many of the wet re-
publicans are found voting with the
| democrats. At South Bend the un-
usually long time to mark the ticket
was regarded as indication of general
| scratching.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
RuLlETlN.

Indianapolis--Retu now received
are almost entirely from the cities
where Watson's defeat had been ex-
pected The rural districts may tell
a different story. Thirty-four pre-
cincts out of forty in Vanderburg coun-
ty give Watson a lead of ISL votes.
The republican legislative ticket is
said to be elected One half the pre-
cincts of Bartholomew county show
Marshall will carry the county by 400.
Lake county gives Taft plurality OF
5000 and Watson 1000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
STATE CHAIRMAN GOODRICH CLAIMS
INDIANA FOR TAFT BY 5000

that Marshall will be Indiana's
next governor and claims In
diana for Taft by only 5000.
The close race between Taft
and Bryan is a great surprise
and it is not inconceivabIe
that Bryan might nose out a
victory in this state.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
Republican State Central Committee Says Taft Will
Carry Indiana by Good Majority, But Thinks
that Its Own Candidate, Watson, Will
Go Down i'm Defeat
nater BuIIetin)

Indianapolis, Ind.-650 pre-
cincts out of 1926 mi Indiana
give Taft 1O3,758, Bryan
e9,548, Watson 1901, and
Marshall 95,567. On this bas-
is Taft will carry the state by
&c, 900 and Marshall will win
over Watson by O,O0O.
Indianapolis Claims are
advanced by the republican
state central committee
through Carl w. Reddick, at
1890 tonight, that Taft will
carry the state by 10000 and
Marshall by 10000. The DEM
ocrats are conceded seven of
the thirteen congressional dis
trictS. The legislative TICKET
is very close and probably will
be republican.
The congressional districts
conceded to the democrats
are the second, third, fourth,
fifth, seventh, eighth and
twelfth. = :
The cIoseness of the results
In Indiana is proving a sur
prise. II had been expected
Taft would 60 through with
10000 majority and Watson
would have clear sailing by a
vote of Is, 900. The congress
SIGNAL vote is a big surprise.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Coliseum this evening in connection
with the Palladium's election returns
was a great success. Several hundred
people were served altogether. At the
conclusion of the supper the tables
were removed to make more room for
the Palladium's guests. A counter
lunch is still being served and many
hungry ones are taking advantage of
it to get cups of steaming coffee and
sandwiches.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
Republican Candidate, 1t Is
Now Predicted, Will Garry
The City Of Greater New
York.
HUGHES EASILY WINNER
OVER CHANLER, DEMOCRAT
Present Governor Victor After
One of Hardest Fought
Battles in History of the
State.

New York-The election of
Hughes is conceded by the
Democrats and the Republi-
cans of New York and up state
are in ecstacy. 1t is thought
that his election will be by
AZ, 900 plurality.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
THE WEATHER PROPHET.

lNDiANA-Fair Tuesday night and
Wednesday: fresh south winds.
OHlo-Fair tonight and Wednesday;
warmer Wednesday; light to fresh
south winds.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

In 1906 the state election in Marion
county gave a republican plurality of
5000. On returns from 80 precincts
in the county the republican plurality
will be wiped out. Taft and Marshall
republicans are in evidence throughout
the state.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BRYAN HAS NO
STATEMENT TO MAKE
Governor Warren Expected to
Be Defeated.

Lincoln, Neb.. Nov. 3.-Mr William
Jennings Bryan states positively that
he has no statement to make tonight
Governor Warren has been heavily
pushed out at $50 O'Clock and his de-
feat is declared by the democrats.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

New NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. at 10 o'clock
are that Hughes will have majority
of 100000 outside Greater New York.
and Chanler about COCO Din city. max
ing Hughes majority by 1900.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
SHERMAN SENDS
CONGRATUL ATOMS
Wires Chairman Hitchcock
Tonight.

New York. Nov. 3.-Chairman Hitch
cock, of the republican national COM
mittee has received the following con-
gratulatory telegram from Sherman
Please accept my congratulations
and thanks for the zeal and wisdom
with which you conducted campaign
today successfully concluded
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
TAFT LEADS ROOSEVELT.

New York. Taft runs ahead Of
Roosevelt OF four years ago in Queens
county. $50 election districts out of
s57 in Brooklyn give Taft 44,4s1, Bry-
an IS .662
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

New York. Nov. 3.-Governor
Hughes is being congratulated upon
his splendid race He has been fight
ing the fight of the people" accord
ing to those claiming to be independ-
emit voters. He has been opposed by
the gambling and saloon element al
most to a man. He has been opposed
by the gamblers primarily because of
his attitude on betting at the race
tracks and is regarded by some turf
followers as having killed the sport.
A more liberal man has been wanted
for the governors chair. Hughes has
been opposed by many of the leaders
of the old ring of the republican party
and this has made his struggle the
more interesting as he was recognized
as being opposed by men who super
fically appeared as fayoring him. His
victory is a signal triumph.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

NEW YORK-In 917 districts lin New
York state above the Bronx. Hughes
is leading Chanler, 27.GaI
In 10 precincts in Greater New
York, ChanIer has 22.241 over Hughes.
At this rate he should have the whole
city by 5000
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

BULLETIN.
Observation-Disclosures are that
Marshall will carry Marion county.
The state democratic committee
claims Bryan will pull through in the
state. The claim is made. also, the
democrats will carry Marion county
for all offices. In Monroe township
Marshall beats Watson by $50 votes.
In ten precincts in Montgomery
county Taft's vote is 2,042 and Bry-
ans 1898.
Three precincts in Franklin county
give Bryan a plurality of Is and Mar
shall Is.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

Indianapolis-640 precincts in In
diana give Taft $3.50; Bryan. 67,109;
Watson, 61.227; Marshall, 6S,S96.
Indianapolis-250 precincts in In
diana give Taft 57,143: Bryan. 56,582;
Watson, $4,000; Marshall. $1,000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

New York-320 districts in Manhat-
tan out of 134 give Taft 46.267; Bryan.
% 45: Hisgen. 1927 The same dis
tricts in 1904 gave Roosevelt, 1901:
Parker, 51.5;;1.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
WINS CITY. ALSO,

New York, Nov 3.-Taft carries
New York City by 5000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis-400 precincts in Indi-
ana give Taft 1881; Bryan 1882;
Watson 65,442, Marshall 72,759.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

New -Manhattan-240 districts
out of 7sf give Hughes 29,415: Chan
Ter, 4I,316; Shearn. 1869. The similar
districts in 1904 gave Higgins 32.27s:
Herrick. 46.429.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

New York. 800 districts in New
York state outside Greater New York.
give Taft. 0,239: Bryan. 249.649.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

county indicate Marshall will outrun
Bryan.
Tippecanoe county gives Watson a
majority of 500; republican loss of 100.
Newton county gives Taft plurali-
ty of $50 against republican plurali-
ty of 355.
Grant county has returned but one
precinct which gives Watson major
ity of two votes.
Indications are that Taft will carry
Marion county by 1000.
Taft carries st. Joseph county by
$500 and Watson the same by about
500.
Vigo county gives Marshall a plu-
rality of about 1000. Bryan is lead
ing also.
Twenty precincts out of 40 in Van
derburg county give Taft 1850; Bryan,
3,341. Watson. $3.50; Marshall, $500.
In Grant county out of 30 precincts.
give Taft, 1852; Bryan, 2,o35; Watson,
2.a25: Marshall 2,542.
Overstreet appears possibly defeated
in the Seventh district
Indications are democrats will car
ry entire Marion county ticket.
Terre Haute.-Twenty-fi precincts
Vigo county, city of Terre Haute-
Taft 5,706: Bryan, 5,72s; Watson,
4,2o0; Marshall, 1866.
Indianapolis-14 out of IL precincts
in Vigo county gave Taft 1855; Bry-
an 5000; Watson, 4,529, and Marshall,
6,21S.
| Indianapolis-115 precincts out of
1913 in Marion county gave Watson
27.072: Marshall. a0a46. Sullivan
county gives Bryan the plurality by
1900. and for Marshall. 1.400 This
county was carried two years ago by
the Democrats with total of 600
Indianapolis-200 precincts in Indi.
ana give Taft 44,113 and Bryan A :
276: Watson 3s,141 and Marshall
44.341. 10 precincts in Marion coun-
ty give Taft 1886: Bryan 2s.444.
BULLETIN.
Indianapolis-Rep at head
quarters give Marion county to Mar
shall by 1000.
BULLETIN.
Indianapolis.-160 precincts in In
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
HUGHES WIRES
TAFT TONIGHT
Sends Congratulations on Vic
tory.

Albany. y. Y, Nov. 3-Goyernor
Hughes has sent the following teIe-
gram TO Taft at Cincinnati-My heart
lest congratulations upon your victory.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indiana 500 precincts in Indiana.
give Taft, 62.231; Bryan. 81 .9o5; Wat
son, 55,1o4, and Marshall, 52,91S.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
MARSHALL LEADS BRYAN.

Indianapolis-Out OF 81 precincts in
Delaware county. Taft has 1887. Bry-
an, 1.7S0; Watson. a,sos: Marshall,
2.44S.
EAEi1 returns from yanderburS
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis, Ind.-Forty precincts in
Indianapolis heard from by the demo-
cratic committee. give Taft. 1885;
Bryan, 1858. The first twenty-five
give Bryan, 1854: Taft. 6.6S1, a net
democratic gain of 1I15. At this rate
Taft will carry Marion county by
about 500 Taft and Marshall are
running close together on the vote.
dianapolis-Marion county. thirty
one precincts, Taft. 7.9IS. Bryan. T.
56o: Watson, 1855, and Marshall, s.
1863.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

Indianapolis.-160 precincts in In
diana give Taft 36,1os; Bryan. 1855;
Watson 3l.224. Marshall. $3.50.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis precincts in
Indiana, give Watson 1852; Marshall,
16.S4a The democratic gain over two
years ago is 2.64O
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN

BULLETIN.
Indianapolis Chairman Goodrich
has a dispatch from Frank Hitchcock
saying Taft will carry New York.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Button. Ind.-Twelve precincts out
of 80 in Wells county give Taft 637;
Bryan Liz.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN,

Indianapolis-100 precincts in Indi-
ana, mainly in Marion county give
Taft 24.050; Bryan 1880; Watson
1887; MSAshall 22,5S5.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

New York-113 out of 3043 districts
in New York city give above the
Bronx. Taft, 63.940 over Bryan. AT
this rate the city above the Bronx will
give Taft 179.531 over Bryan $50 dis
tricts in Greater New York give Bryan
142 over Taft. At that rate he would
have the whole city by LOO. and Taft
would have the whole state bys17S.037.
Brooklyn. n. Y.-Returns from $40
precincts in Brooklyn give Taft Ca
s57; Bryan 3.524
BULLETIN.
New york-754 out OF 3,043 districts
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
KERN HEARS THE
RETURNS; RE TIRES
Says He Will Come Out on
Wednesday.

Indianapolis. Ind, Nov. 3.-When
John w Kern heard early returns from
New York said. Tam going to bed
and will not comment until tomorrow =
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

Indianapolis-Re at head
quarters give Marion county to Mar
shall by 1000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
Is Not Improbable that
Bryan Will Nose Out
a Victory i'm this State.

Indianapolis, Ind. - State
Chairman Goodrich comedies
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis, Ind, Nov. 3.-All day
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis-200 precincts in Indi.
ana give Taft 44,113 and Bryan "A,
276. Watson 3S,141 and Marshall
1881. 10 precincts in Marion coun-
ty give Taft 2S.196: Bryan 2S,444
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
auIIEIiN.

New york-754 out OF 3.043 districts
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Wabash. Ind.-Ten precincts out of
IS. give Taft 973; Bryan, III: Watson,
1.GaS: Marshall 79S. This county in
1904 gave Roosevelt a plurality of .
935.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03
BULLETIN.

Indianapolis. Ind, Nov 3.--State
Chairman Goodrich wired National
Chairman Hitchcock that Taft will
carry Indiana by $4,000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Valparaiso. Ind.-Porter county gives
Taft. 1.494; Bryan, 1859. Watson. L.
033: Marshall, 1.263.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Indianapolis-14 out of IL precincts
in Vigo county gave Taft 1855; Bry-
an 5000; Watson, 4.529, and Marshall,
6,2IS.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

BULLETIN.
Indiana-Fifteen precincts out of 10
in Montgomery county, give Taft 3.5IS.
Bryan, S.S46. This county in 1904
gave Roosevelt 900 plurality.
Indiana = Nineteen precincts in
Wayne county give Taft 12S; Bryan,
IS; Watson, 1O7: Marshall, 20.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-11-03

Terre Haute.-Twenty-fiv precincts
Vigo county, city of Terre Haute-
Taft 5,706: Bryan, 5,72S; Watson,
1900; Marshall, 1866.