Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-11-22

ancient custom their duty is TO censure |
acts of the government and even the
sovereign. One censor at least should
always be present at the meetings OF
each OF the government boards.
There are actually twenty-five prorin-
ces. each OF which is ruled by viceroy or
governor who is responsible to the en- |
peror for his entire administration. po-
ltical. judicial. military and fiscal. Each |
province is subGivided into procedures. |
districts and tao. or circuits, the officer in
charge of the latter being a 'taoti.
QuatrefaScs. the illustrious French eth |
rograpfer, divides the Monaghan races
into seven branches. First. the Mongol
proper. which includes the Tongouse ko-
rean, Samoyedes and kamachatkans: sec
ond. the Turk, laKout and kirghlZa; third.
the Bothian or Tibetan: fourth. the Chi
nese: fifth. the Birman: sixth. the Thai or
Siamese, LaOtfans and Annamtes: sew
enth the Inn1A Ior EsouimauX.
The Mongolsl have invaded Europe to
our certain knowledge twice sundef At
tia in 442 AID. under ,GhenGis Khan in
1927. Marco Polo and his brothers were
the first to lift the veil which covered
the mysterious government: at Cambulae
I'm 1911 and again in 1919.
The ManchuS invaded China first IN
1879, but. driven hack. returned in lSii
and still govern China
In 1Gi4 Chuen Tchi- founded the TsinS
dynasty and his successor signed the
ltiSl treaty Will fNuSSid dl MI NiifhSh
in 1859. - s..--..'
In the nineteenth century China broke
away from her spirit ef-Boa-,Rtercoarse'l
with the world which she held to be
barbarian, and entered into relations
with Europe.
In 1899 China already opposed to the
trade in opium. the consumption of which
threatened the morals OF
Opium her people. seized some
w., opium under the British
flag with the result that
China was obliged to cede to England
the island of Hongkons
Under the same Emperor Tao-kouang
QS2O-1S5D occurred the Tapping rebel
lion. Under Hen Foung Ns51-lS62) mis-
sionaries were murdered and hence the
Franco-E English intervention. the capture
Of Canton and the treaty OF Tientsin
June 2G. 1858. The violation of the
treaty and the occupation Of Peking fol-
lowed in 1860 and the second treaty OF
Tientsin. October "a, 1860. In the in
terval 1S5S-1S6iD China ceded to Russia
territory on the Amur and the sussuri
and opened ports to trade 1857.
The United States sent Caleb Gushing
to execute the treaty of Macao in 1874.
The Americans Ward and Burgevine
Army against the teachings. and Ward.
who fell at Tseki. was deifed at Picking.
This valiant Chinese army was subse-
quently commanded by Mai. Gordon. who
later was known as Chinese Gordon,
who crushed the rebellion in 1865.
In 1863 Arson Burlingame. who when
United States minister to China had Ia
vored a policy of fair diplomatic action
post to lead Chinese embassy to Eu-
rome and America
1t was an American off1cer-Commodore
Perry Of the United States Navy in 1850
who had introduced Japan to the world.
It was ar American minister become a
Chinese ambassador who in 1863 had pre-
sented China to Europe and America. It
was an American officer-Rear Admiral
Shufeldt. U.S.N.-who executed the treaty
of Inchon in 1882 that introduced Korea
into the family OF nations.
These introductions have not. profited
the introducer to any great extent. but
that is the fault. 1t should be
Profit confessed. Of the introducer.
-. and not the fault Of the intro
o' duced 1t is not too late. how
ever. to amend these errors, and particu-
larIy so in the case of China.
From 1852 to 1885 China was at war
with France over the possession Of Ton
kin. and there followed that dislocation
OF Chinese territory and the treaties of
Tientsin Of the 18th of May 1884; the
4th of April 1885. and the conventions of
1887 and 1895.
The principal event of the reign of the
Emperor Kwang-Hsu was the Sino-Jap-
anese war, declared by Japan August
1894, by which war China lost the king
dom OF Korea, over which she exercised
hereditary suZerainty. Besides the de-
struction OF the Chinese fleet. Japan
seized the arsenals at Port Arthur, Wei
Hai-Wei. the islands of Pesadores, For
mosa and the peninsula Of Liao-Tung
Russia. France and Germany induced
Japan to abandon her pretensions as to
ment by China of a considerable war in
demnity. The Island of Formosa was
coded to Japan by the treaty of Shimo- |
noseki. May. 1895.
In November. 1897 the Germans seized |
the port Of kiau-Chau. on the east coast |
OF Shantung. and in 1898 obtained from |
the Chinese ninety nine-year lease Of |
the town. haroor and district.
March p. 1898, Russia took possess |
sion of Port Arthur. Talienwan and adj |,
jacent territories and waters by agree
ment with China on a lease for twenty |
five years with option of extension by |
mutual agreement. In 1900 Russia occu-
pied Manchuria.
).
February 8, 1904, Japan commenced
hostilities against Russia. The war was |
concluded by the treaty Of
Japan Portsmouth signed Septem-
p,..;. Der 5, 1905. Under this !
treaty Russia and Japan |
agreed to evacuate Manchuria, except the |
territory affected by the lease Of the Lao
Tune peninsula, to which Japan sue
ceeded. The exclusive administration of |
Manchuria. with the above mentioned ex-
ception. would revert to China
BY treaty of December - 1865. China
leased to Japan the Liao-Tung peninsula
and conceded to Japan the control of the
as far as Chang-Chun, and
agreed among other things to open six
teen Manchurian ports ana cities to for
eign commerce
II was stipulated in a British agreement
dated April ,. 1898. that so long as Rus
STA should hold Port Arthur, Great Brit
ain would continue to occupy Wei-Hai-
Wei. in the province of Shantung. Great
Britain besides obtained a ninety nine
year lease OF territory on the mainland
opposite Hongkong.
The French government also obtained in
April, 1898, a ninety-nine-year lease Of the