davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1908-11-16

p D. ROOT, Merchant Tallo-. us 18th st
NV, new suits from Sg5 upi clvaningr dyeing
etc al moderate prices: suits called for AMI
delivered. Phone y. z24 ocI4-eXSu-tf
NOTICE-The ideal custom tailor, formerly
Of SIS TIN ST. sw., now located at Al 9Th sw.
no5-3Ot
HARRY MALLINOFF, Merchant Tailor, 6ss
+ Ne suits tailored 20 taste. so Up, cleaning.
pressing. repairing dyeing. ocz3-tf
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1908-11-16
TRUNK REPAIRING.

TRUNK REPAIR SHOPS. 18th ana II SIS
NV, make a specially repairing trunks
satcheIs: also have 20 De sold, different waR-
ons, buggies ana harness; bargains Main
43sl-M nOI4-Tt
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1908-11-16

AUTOMOBILE COLLEGE-Terms moderate.
easy payments; positions secured: write or
call open evenings and Sunday. 1923 IAN
81. oc25-tF
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
TRAITS ABOLISH HACKS.
Greeks at Madison VIII Walk Their
Guests to the Junior Prom.

Greeks at Madison VIII Walk Their
Guests to the Junior Prom.
Fraternity men at the University of
Wisconsin. in order to curb social ex-
cesses. which it is alleged have ac-
companied junior proms at the uni
versity in the past. have united in sub
hitting series of suggestions to the
faculty social committee. These sug-
gestions will be followed If adopted
by the committee. and will do much to
make the prom saner social event.
Among other things. they provide
that carriages shall not be used by stu
dents coming from distances of less
than three blocks from the gymna-
SUM. This provision will affect all
all but three of the fraternities. The
resolutions condemn the practice of
paying the travelling expense of girls
who came as guests, and recommend
discontinuance of the practice Of pre-
senting flowers to the girls.
1t is believed that the attitude Of
the fraternity men will influence the
faculty social committee to raise the
price of admission to the prom from
So to SIS, in order that the prom COM
mittee may not run in debt as it has
done the last two years when the So
rate applied.-W.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
The State Day by Day
WISCONSIN WINS $1,t57.
Sheep and Swine Take Many Pre-
r,i,,roe - air Sfock Show

Sheep and Swine Take Many Pre-
miums at Big Stock Show.
A total of $1,157 in prizes was won
by the sheep and swine exhibited by
the college of agriculture of the Uni
versity of Wisconsin at the interna-
tional live stock show at Chicago.
The premiums taken by the university
stock in the various classes were as
follows: Sheep, open and college
classes on foot, 1857 sheep, carcass
contest, $110; hogs, open classes on
foot, $3.50; hogs, college classes on
foot, SIS; hogs, carcasses, $40. The
best demonstration on breeding and
feeding won SIS. The fat wether
which won second place in the grand
champion contest took first prize for
the yearling carcass, second prize 60
ing to the grand champion fat wether.
The Wisconsin agricultural college
was particularly successful in the car
cass classes, winning first, second,
third and championship on lambs, and
first and third on yearlings. In the
pig carcass contest the college won
second on the Poland China barrow
w
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
NEW COMPANY FORMED.
Wisconsin Capitalists Will Launch

Wisconsin Capitalists Will Launch
Life Insurance Project.
new life insurance company, to be
known as the Great Northern Life of
Wisconsin is being formed at Wausau
by Central Wisconsin capitalists and
will be ready for the first statement OF
business by March l, 1909, according
to present plans. The moving spirit
OF the new company is Attorney Neal
Brown, Democratic nominee for Unit
ed States senator.
The following business and profess
sional men compose the organization
committee: Walter Alexander, G.. G..
Yawkey, c. ]. Winter, B. F. Wilson, D.
Heinemann, G. D. Jones, w. H. Myl-
rea and Neal Brown. The capital
stock is 100000, subscribed at $13O
per share.
The stock is already largely over
subscribed. The organizers of the
new company have taken steps to COM
ply with the insurance laws of the
state, preliminary to obtaining a Ii
cense, and have indicated a purpose
to conduct live insurance business
along lines open and above board, and
with every safeguard for the protec-
ton OF the policy holders.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
HUNTERS WANT LAW CHANGED
Lengthen Season, Limit Bag to One
deer and Prohibit Sooners.

Lengthen Season, Limit Bag to One
deer and Prohibit Sooners.
Chippewa county hunters, as we'll as
hunters living in neighboring counties,
have asked Assemblyman G. B. Gull
bertson of Stanley and Amt Erickson
of New Auburn to attempt to get the
game laws relating to hunting deer
changed by the next legislature. The
features of the amendments are that
the deer season be heightened fifteen
days; that the number of deer each
nimrOd shall be permitted to kill be
reduced from two to one. 1t is also
suggested that no big game Of any
kind shall be killed ten days before
the opening of the deer season. The
latter provision is to stop hunting be-
fore the legal date by keeping hunters
out of the woods. At present it is a
fact that the woods are filled with
deer hunters long before the season
opens and that many animals are ille-
gally killed.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
MUST PURCHASE POWER.

Plant at the State Capitol Found In
adequate to Supply Light.
Although the state capitol has an
electric system of it's own for lighting
the building, the demand for current
on account of the construction of the
new west, wing of the capitol has been
so great that it has been necessary to
purchase electricity from the local
company at Madison for the lighting
of the building. The power which is
generated by the capitol plant itself
will be used for the operation of the
elevators and electric fans. This ar
rangement is only temporary, how
ever, and as soon as the new capitol
heating plant has been constructed it
will furnish all the power necessary
for all purposes in the building.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
HINES TELLS OF
TIMBER MERGER
Formation of the Largest Lun1-
Der Company in the World
Is Perfected.
CAPITAL STOCK IS $2O,OOO,OOO

Duluth, Dec 22.-The formation OF
the largest lumber company in the
world was perfected in this city Sat
urday.
At last the facts have been given
to the public, through Edward Hines,
president of the new $20,O00,O00 cor
poration, known as the Virginia &
Rainy Lake company, the details OF
the combination of interests have
been made public.
'Tt is the amalgamation of large
area of timber and is known as the
Virginia & Rainy Lake Lumber com
pany," said Mr. Hines.
Country's Largest Tract.
ct includes a large tract of timber
in the Rainy Lake district, owned by
the Edward Hines company, a large
tract of timber north of Virginia,
owned by the Weyerhaeuser interests,
and the property Of the Virginia Lum-
Der company. The property Of the
Virginia G Rainy Lake Lumber COM
pany comprises about 3,O00,O 100000
feet Of pine stumpage, the largest
and best tract of timber in this coun.
try.
SIN the amalgamation what is
known as the Duluth, Rainy Lake &
Winnipeg railroad property will be-
come the property of the Canadian
Northern railroad.
THE Canadian Northern will build
a railroad from Virginia to this city
in the spring.
Weyerhaeuser a Director.
"All Of the amalgamated interests
will be represented upon the board of
directors I will be president of the
new company; William O'Brien, vice
president; H. c. Horribly, with the
Cloquet Lumber company, secretary;
s. c. Cousins general manager, and
Mr. Ketcham sales manager.
The capitalization Of the company
will be about $20,000,0O0, which will
nearly represent the property con-
trolled by the company. The new
amalgamation will be the biggest
company ever formed in this coun-
try"
The new company will work in the
interests of forest conservation, as
recommended by Clifford Pinchot and
Fire Warden Andrews of this state.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
100000 BANK FOR MILL CITY.
State Bankers Meet and Decide on
Enormous Capital.

Minneapolis, Dec. PA new state
bank, with capital of $1,090,000. will
be organized in Minneapolis shortly
as a result of meeting of a large
number of state bankers of Minnesota
at the West hotel here yesterday aft
ernoon. The meeting was presided
over by C. D. Griffith of Sleepy Eye,
and nearly every one of the GIG state
banks in the state was represented.
The proposition of organization met
with the unanimous approval of near
ly every banker present, representing
bankers of Minnesota and the western
part of Wisconsin. About fifty men
were in attendance.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
STOCK ISSUE APPROVED.

Milwaukee Road Has Already Spent
$77,ooo,000 in Coast Line BUILDING.
The state railroad commission has
approved an issue of $3.50, 900, 900 addi-
tional stocks by the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & ST. Paul railroad for the pur-
pose of building its Pacific coast ex-
tension.
Of the amount named $4,000, 900
has already been spent President
Earling of the road appeared before
the commission recently and the road
filed a notice of the issue and maid
fees of $150,000 for the privilege.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
| NORTHWEST NEWS
SENTENCES SEVEN TO PRISON.
Fargo Court Sends Five to Peniter
tiary and TWO to Jail.

Fargo Court Sends Five to Peniten-
tiary and TWO to Jail.
Fargo, N. D., Dec. "a. - Judge Pol
lock of the state district court hand
ed out some Christmas presents yes
terday afternoon in the shape of five
penitentiary and two Jail sentences,
Edward M, Regain was given four
years for robbing Northern Pacific
freight cars while acting as brake
man. Milton Longacre, who pleaded
guilty to completely in the same
crime, got two years. Other sentences
were: John Renouff, wheat thieving,
two years; James Smith, highway rob-
berry, two years; James Murray, bur-
glary, one year. Bert Casey and Mrs.
Savage, convicted of adultery, got
three months in jail
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
APPEAL TO COMMISSION.
Business Men of Eau Claire Want
Lower Rates.

Business Men of Eau Claire Want
Lower Rates.
Wholesalers and manufacturers of
Eau Claire have organized what is
known as the Eau Claire Jobbers and
Manufacturers association. Their OBJ
ject is to secure equitable freight
rates, delivery service and the correc-
ton of various evils. The following
officers have been chosen: President,
G. M. Merrill; vice president, R. H.
Loether; secretary, w. j. Carpenter;
treasurer, D. G. Calkins.
A resolution will be forwarded to
the interstate commerce commission
praying that the railroads be COMPEL
ed to change the unfair rate now exist
ing so far. as the shipments from East
ern markets to that section of Wiscon-
sin are concerned, and that the old
rate be re-established. The railroads
have promised to make the change
March 1, 1909, but the association
wants it changed sooner alleging that
there is a discrimination in favor of
Duluth. Superior and the Twin Cities
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
THIEVES STEAL HORSE.
Farmer Starts in ursuit but Is Delay
kN hi 70

Farmer Starts in Pursuit but Is Delay
ed by Injury to Wife.
GAINESVILLE, Mimi, Dec. 24.-Early
yesterday morning John Allen, farm
er living just outside of the city limits,
heard a commotion in his barn and
on going out found some parties steal
ing his horses. Trey n anaged to get
one horse out of the barn, and mount
ing it rode rapidly away.
Allen called TO his wife to bring the
lantern, and in doing SO she slipped
and broke her shoulder bone. After
securing medical aid for his wife Al,
len pursued the tn ewes, but thus fal
has not captured them.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Would Build New Line.

The state railroad commission held
a hearing on the application of the
Wisconsin & Northern Railroad com.
pany for certificate of authority to
build a branch line from Neopit to
Phlox, a distance of eleven and one
half miles. The purpose for which the
branch is desired is to haul timber out
of the Indian reservation in Shawano
county. General Manager C. H. Hart
ley and Chief Engineer William Cam
bier represented the company. There
was no opposition
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
BURST MAY CAUSE BIG SHAkEUP
Developments on Chicago Great West
ern BEING Watched.

st. Paul, Dec. 24.-President A. B..
Stickney and Receiver c. H. F. Smith
of the Chicago Great Western are ex-
pected back to-day having spent yes
day in Chicago on their return from
st. Louis, where proceedings were
taken Monday whereby Horace G..
Burt succeeded Mr.. Stickney as re-
ceiver of the road.
With Mr.. Burt in the saddle, evil
IDENTIFY put there by English stock.
holders to become ultimately the
president of the road, rumor has it
that there are going to be some
changes in the management of the
road. 1t is claimed that there is going
to be a new regime and the abandon
ment of some methods, which have
been rigidly adhered to by those who
have been in control for years.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Hurt in Repairing Elevator.

Red Wing, Mimi, Dec 23.-Rudolph
Hjermstad, employed at J. NJ. Hjerm-
stad's machine shop, while adjusting
some rods on the ST. James hotel pas
senger elevator, grasped the shifting
rod by mistake, with the result that
he was pinned down between the car
and the rod. The car pressed heavily
against his chest and stomach sand
while no bones were broken, he may
have suffered internal injuries.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24

John D. Rockefeller got Christmas
present of $4,00O,O00 from the Stand
ard Oil company, a check for that
huge amount as his share of the COM
pany's dividend for the last three
months of the year The total divi-
dend for the quarter amounts to $10,-
100000, or SO a share on it's capitali-
cation of $100,O00,OOO, of which Mr..
Rockefeller owns 40 per cent, it is gen
orally believed.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Senator Hansbrough Improving

Minneapolis, Mimi, Dec. 23.-Sena-
tor H. C. Hansbrough of North Dako-
ia, who is i'll at Asbury hospital, con-
tines to improve, although he is not
entirely out of danger yet. For near
ly a week Senator Hansbrough has
been steadily but slowly growing bet.
ter and resting comfortably. g.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Freiqht Wreck in Yards,

Marshalltown, Iowa, Dec. 23.-Three
freight cars loaded with coal and clay
and one waycar were demolished and
an engine was badly damaged when a
fast freight train on the Iowa Central
crashed into an extra freight in the
east yards in this city early yesterday
morning. The crews jumped and es-
capped injury. The extra train failed
TO have a flagman out to protect it's
rear
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Kills Self While Insane

Grand Rapids, Mich, Dec. 22.-Mrs.
Searles, thirty-two years old, wife of
James w. Searles, a prominent resi-
dent of this city, committed suicide
yesterday by shooting herself through
the head. She is thought to have
been temporarily insane, as she had
been suffering from neurasthenia.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
MENTION RAIDED BY FIRE DEMON

Flames Destroy Six Buildings in a
Village Near Crook5ton.
Crookston, Mimi, Dec. 24-Fire de-
stroyed the general store Of V. Weide-
camper the hardware store of A. COT
fey, the feed store Of Jens Olson, a
barber shop, warehouse and dwell
ing at Mention, in this county, last
night
The loss sustained will be about
$4,000, with insurance about $4,000.
The fire started in the clothing de,
partment of the general store.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24

President Roosevelt is understood
to have promised Commander-in-C Chief
Newton of the Spanish War Veterans
that he would favor law to equip the
$50 camps of the Spanish War Veter-
ans with Mauser rifles now going out
of use in the regular army, which
would give the government large re-
serve army in case of war.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
NEW THROUGH ROUTE TO COAST
Agreement Between Northern Pacific
and Northwestern Reported.

agreement between NOFLnSrn PaCtTlC
and Northwestern Reported.
1T is reported by railroad men at
Madison that the Northern Pacific
Railroad company has entered Tito an
agreement with the Chicago & North
western and Chicago, st. Paul. Mime
apolis & Omaha roads that will ena-
BILE it to run through trains from Chi
cago to the Pacific coast. This agree
ment is understood to be for the pur-
pose of enabling the contracting roads
to meet the competition of the Chica-
go, Milwaukee e. St. Paul road, which
has constructed a new line to the Pa
cific coast. Employees of the Chicago
& Northwestern say that they have
been ordered to be prepared to handle
twenty-seven additional trains daily
through Madison.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Admission Only by Ticket.

Mandy was young colored girl,
fresh from the cotton fields of the
south. One afternoon she came to
her northern mistress and handed her
a visiting card.
"De lady wha' gibe me dis is in de
palor," she explained. "Deys annod-
der lady on de do'step."
Gracious, Mandy" exclaimed the
mistress. 'Why didn't you ask both
Of them to come in?''
"Kase, maam,' grinned the girl, de
one on de do'step done forgit her
ticket"
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Trains Crash; One Man Dead.

Minneapolis, Dec. %. = One man
was fatally injured, two received less
er injuries and three cars were wreck
ed in a rear-end collision between
freight trains on the Minneapolis &
st. Louis at ST. Louis Park yesterday
morning. L. L. Nelson, a freight con-
ductor, died at 1 a. m. at the city hospi.
tai
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
LOSES BY REJECTING OFFER.
Husband Has Made Much Better Prop
osition If She Would NOT Contest

HUSpahd Has Maue MUCH Better Prop
osition If She Would Not Contest.
Bismarck, N. D., Dec. %. - Judge
Winchesters decision in the w. P.
futile divorce case was made known
yesterday and decree is given futile
upon settling $500 per month upon
his wife, paying her $1,000 for counsel
fees and $500 for court fees. The cross
bill of Mrs. futile was dismissed.
Col. Tuttle had offered his wife
$4,000 income, $1,000 a year for ten
years, and 100000 cash or securities
if she would not contest, which offer
was declined, and she now fares much
worse. The wife will undoubtless ap-
peal
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24

Governor-elect George L. Lilley of
Connecticut announced the appoint
ment of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., as an
aide-de-camp on his staff with the
rank of major Mr. Roosevelt is now
living at Thompsonville, where he is
engaged in learning the carpetmaking
business at a large mandatory in
that village.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
AIDS SISTER,; GETS BRIDE.
Seattle Man, Meets Boston Girl, anc
Also Cupid.


Rochester, MINI, Dec. %. - When
Bernard Lime of Seattle leads Miss
Florence Byrnes of Boston to the mat
rimonial altar, pretty romance, with
the city of Rochester as its opening
scene will have reached its culmin-
alton
A few weeks ago, Mr.. Lime regis
tered at the Kahler in this city, having
come here from Seattle to secure
medical assistance for a sister. After
the first day of anxiety had passed,
Mr.. Lime began to take notice of his
surroundings, and at the hotel he met
Miss Byrnes, an artist. Mr.. Lime
departed for Seattle this week, and
he had Miss Byrnes' promise to be.
come his bride next summer.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Insane Patient Blinds Doctor

Washington, N. j., Dec. "a. - Dr.
Charles E. Smith, mayor of this city
lost the sight of one eye and was
partially blinded in the other when
one of his women patients visited his
office and threw carbolic acid over his
face and head.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Shoots FLEEING Euuitive,

Waterloo, Iowa, Dec 20.-John Law
renee of Corydon, Ind, who is want
ed at Corydon and at Decatur,
Ill, for bank frauds, was shot through
the lung and leg here yesterday morn.
ing by Detective A. P. Houston while
resisting arrest.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
WANT A SIS JUNIOR PROM.
Last TWO Events Failures Socially and
Financially.

Financially.
The question of a return to the SIS
prom will be left to the social commit
tee of the state university. Such &C
ton was taken by the members Of the
university faculty at their meeting.
Frank Boyle and Carl Hill appeared
before the faculty with the resolu-
ton adopted by the student confer
ence committee at it's last meeting and
argued the advisability of increasing
the price of tickets from SO, which
had been the price charged for the
last two proms, to S.. 1t has been
found impossible to give the junior
class affair for So, the last two events
being failures as social affairs and
financially.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
Child Fatally Burned.

La Crosse, Wis, Dec 20.-With her
clothing ablaze Bertha Reiser, aged
five years, ran to her mother, who
quenched the flames, but not until the
child had been fatally burned. The
family resides near Wilsonville, Mon
roe county.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
PREFERS JAIL TO HUSBAND.
Sentenced for Illicit Relations, Spurns
RightfuI Spouse's Offer.

Iowa Falls, Iowa, Dec. 22.-Prefer-
ring prison to a possible home with
her husband, from whom it was
shown she never had been legal
ly divorced, Mrs, Nancy May fought
her best to keep from prison Francis
Johnson, accused of living with her
as his wife, and then took her SEN
tence with grim fortitude Her for
mer husband attempted to clear her
of the charge against her and pleaded
with her to return to his home should
she be acquitted, but she remained
,Obdurate
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
RABBIT HUNTERS KILL 107.
Four Mason City sportsmen Get Big
Bad

Mason City, Iowa, Dec. 22.-Harry
Bum, Ed Kirk, Homer Bum and Will
Hollenbeck are the champion rabbit
hunters Ct the year. They formed a
shooting party that left Maynard enc
day last week and went into the
woods and hills for two days and
cmersed with 107 rabbits. When the
animals were laid out on the side
walk they attracted a great deal of
attention.
At the conclusion of the rabbit
chase a wolf hunt was on hand, and
Harry Bum was the fortunate one
to bring down Reynard.
Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.) 1907-1927, 1908-12-24
RAILROAD HAS BEEN SOLD.
Deeds Transferring the DuIuth-supe
ror-Western Are Filed.

Deeds transferring the title of the
property of the Duluth-Superior-W West
ern Railroad company of Superior to
the Great Northern of st. Paul and the
Allouez Bay Dock company of Superior
have been filed in the Office of the Sec
rotary of state. The consideration is
given as $2,829,256.S2. The transfer is
believed to have some bearing on the
fight of the 500 road to enter Superior
at grade.