davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
An Animated Album.

A novel and enjoyable device for
home entertainment, or for church
sociable, may be found in an ami
mated reproduction of the photo
graph album that was common thirty
or forty years ago.
Eacn person who is to take part in
proposed performance of this kind
should, under the oversight OF the
committee entrusted with the gem,
eral management Of the affair, choose
for imitation, in dress, general APP
pearance, speech and suppositional
conduct, one of the types OF character
represented in such a collection,
which would include interesting speci-
mems of humanity OF assorted ages.
sizes, callings and circumstances.
from ministerial country grand
father down to long-frocked city
baby.
Not only photographs representing
single subjects should be depicted,
but plans should be made to have two
or more individuals keep together,
forming a living portraiture of an
old man and his wife, side by side
picture of two quantity CARRIED chill
dren going hand in hand, q family
group OF the last generation, or an
Illustration of case OF four con-
temporaneous generations in one line.
The selection made, each Of the
future performers ehould fit himself
to carry out, in as lif2iike manner
as he can, the role that he has as
sumed for the time being, and some
one of a quick wit and lively tongue
should be appointed master OF cere-
monies for the occasion. This one
should become as familiar as possible
with the fictitious names and the dis
guises of the would-be-aclors, and he
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
IL
STE4 VS2>!0rlANSR
@S -@S slgas93S - s. 81 1ss3

done it, but, on the contrary, many
men worked royalty in our behalf.
We must give man his due. He
helped us to higher education for one
thing, and when the time comes he
will help us to secure the vote. Most
men are not antagonistic, but neutral.
in their attitude to woman's progress.
Let them succeed il they can, is their
creed, and we can hardly expect
more. Many are working with splen-
did disinterestedness for us. Are not
men our fathers and brothers and
husbands? And is it natural for a
man to grudge success to his own
daughter?.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

No garden dearyou understand We spare the room,
On that planted hillside what would only bloom.
but mother pleaded, with look of longing in her face
For Just little spot that flowers brighten with their
tsseed corn and bending oats and emerald spears
waved the wndswept fields and by were roses sweet
Odfashloned red and white and pnk spicy breath
ana Haunting peonies and vines that surely grew by faith
90 their
until the house beneath shrine.
And shrine it where loyal hearts pure devotion met
And kindd fires that haowed fragrance vet
W1nn the little dooryard from early spring fall
we almost had floral clock the passing hours to call.
FROM and from lilac pumes frost
NO inch OF ground. no single day. flower lovers lost
An I've window garden now. my ferns my ivies green
NY BIRDS who flash like balls of light the netted between
and sing all Gagged do the
But in that tiny dooryard dear lived my golden age
How tar 1T was-at sunsets hour, the western sky ahame
How cam when the glowing fields the meekeyed cattle camel
And Ben let down the There's Daisy calling me;
I'm coming. Is 1t possible-is that the bell for tea?
Margaret E. Sangster in Good Literature
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Evolution of Hatpins.

Hatpins grow longer and more fas-
cinating every minute. One of
French make is a rose-tinted cameo.
oval in shape, set in dull gold and
oxidized silver in an Empire design.
The mushroom shaped japanese hat
pins are pretty, looking something
like small hat with a turquoise
crown and silver brim. One OF the
newest hatpins is decidedly startling.
There is large, colored, cut stone,
and beneath this a reflector attached
to spiral springs. With every move
ment of the wearer's head the re-
fiector vibrates, sending forth flashes
of light, and the effect is quite
dazzling.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

about her work, every word Of which
was written with her own hand, her
secretary not even seeing the manu-
script. Her Majesty uses penholder
studded with diamonds with which
the Peace of Paris was signed. The
memoirs, which are not to. be pub
lished for twenty years after the
death OF the Empress, should prove
interesting reading for the next SEN
eration.-London Bystander
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

obtaining the appreciation of her
guardian. | say necessity will oblige
me to it because | never can bear to
remain in suspense so long a time
II am TO succeed the sooner | know
it, the less uneasiness | shall have to
so through. If am to meet with
disappointment the sooner know it,
the more of life ] shall have to wear
1t off; and if Belinda will not accept
OF my service it shall never be
offered to another That she may. |
pray most sincerely. but that she
will, she never gave me reason to
hope"
The matter of treating with
ward before obtaining the approba-
ton of her guardian" seems to be a
thorn in the flesh of young Jeffer-
son, and he informs Page this is
subject worth Your talking over with
her; and l wish would, and would
transmit to me your whole confab
at length. l should be scared to
death at making her so unreasonable
a proposal as that of waiting until
| returned from Britain, unless she
could first be prepared. for it. l am
afraid it will make my chance of sue
ceeding worse. But the event at last
must be this" he sagely phioso-
phizes, that if she consents l shall
be happy; if she does not, ! must
endeaver to be as much so as pos.
sible. Perfect happiness, l believe,
was never intended by the Deity to
be the lot of one of His creatures in
this world: but that He has very
much put in our power the nearness
OF our approaches to it. is what
have steadfastly believed"
In this letter he tells Page that he
expects to be in the colonial capital
by the first of October. (Perhaps
for the purpose of continuing his law
studies under the famous jurist,
| George Wythe. whose beautiful old
home still delights the passerby in
the historic town of Williamsburg.
Jefferson communicated his desire tc
Page to rent rooms or else to build
mo castle, though. l assure YOU" he
writes, "only a small house, which
shall contain room for myself and
another for you, and no more, unless
Belinda should think proper to favor
us with her company. in which case
| will enlarge the plan as much as
she pleases." AS he stops over in
ID io1
liamsburg he writes to William Elem.
ming thus: Il do not like the ups and
downs of country life: to-day you
are frollicking with a fine girl and
tomorrow YOU are moping by your
self. Thank God. I shall shortly be
where my happiness is less inter.
rupted."
But woe to mems plans where wo.
mans heart is concerned. for by Oc-
tober we find him in Williams
burg beginning letter to John Page
declaring, I'm the most melancholy
fit that ever poor soul was l sit down
to write to you. Last night, as
merry as agreeable company and
dancing with Belinda in the Apollo
could make me, never could have
thought that the succeeding sun
would have seen me so wretched as
now am! l was prepared to say
great deal. l had dressed up in my
own mind such thoughts as occurred
to me. in as moving language as |
knew how and expected to have per-
formed in tolerably creditable man.
ner But. good God. When l had an
opportunity of venting them, a few
broken sentences uttered in great
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Alarming.

Marjorie had never been in close
touch with dog and when the fam.
lily moved to tie suburbs in the
spring she found Fido source of pro.
found study. In short time they
were boon companions, but on the
first warm day Fido gave Marjorie a
fright that almost deprived her OF
speech. 20. mother" she gasped.
running into the house. Come quick.
Fido's tongue is falling out!"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Mere Man Has Helped.

"Mere man" has strong advocate
in DR.. Elizabeth Sloan Chesser, who
maintains hat he has helped rather
than retarded woma.'s progress.
Man has been woman's friend this
last decade, not her enemy" she de-
clares. If he had wanted to keep us
from advancing, from emancipation
and fuller life, he could easily have
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Englishwomen Grow Bold.

The Englishwoman of the past
shrank from publicity; that of the
present pursues it. The stage ap-
pears to be increasingly attractive,
and from the woman of Belgravia to
the girl of Bermondsey there is rush
to be engaged for it. There are man
ayers who predict that in the near
future there will be no women in the
audiences; they will all be before the
sootlights.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Ex-Empress Eugeme's Memoirs.

The ex-Empress Eugene is busily
engaged writing her memoirs, the last
page OF which she hopes to have
finished this spring, which she hopes
to spend as usual in the Riviera. The
Empress observes the utmost secrecy
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Guesswork.

How did Tandy lose his position
in the Weather Bureau"
why, he made seven correct pre.
dictions out of ten, and they thought
he must be depending on guesswork.r
Sacred Heart Review.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Home Made.

We are told to cast our bread
upon the waters, said young wife.
But don't you do it," replied her
husband "A vessel might run
against it and get wrecked. Sim.
nlicissimus.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Hands FuII.

"If Smithers undertakes to pull my
ears" said fellow at the street
corner, "he will have his hands full"
The crowd looked at the mans
ears and smiled.-Sacred Heart Re-
'ew.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Social Transformation in England.

In England, the lower upper-class
women are going down the social
ladder; the upper lower-class women
are rising. The former are taking to
the stage, shopkeeping and service,
and the latter are moving rapidly for
ward, and several are even replacing
the first in society"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Proof.

Hyker-" Browning's wife must be
an intellectual woman"
Pyker-"Why do you think so?"
Hyker-"I notice he seldom has
any buttons on his clothes. "~-Home
Herald
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Cheering Up Grandfather.

Mother Tin very low voice.
Tommy, your grandfather is very
sick. Can't you say something nice
to cheer him up bit?"
Tommy Gin an earnest voice)-
Grandfather. wouldn't you like to
have soldiers at your Zip.
incott's.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12


Peach Cobbler-And first the co3bler which
ern cooks made in such perfection For this purpose
richest and fruit is selected usually variety
the yellow peach because of its superior richness
deep earthenware pudding dish least three
inches deep Line the side with good pastry fill
dish with peeled peaches in halves instead
Leave in enough pits impart favor Sweeten abundan
then with rich layer of crust sealing down that
of the juices Bake in hot
threequarers of hour covering with paper any
danger of browning rapidly When nearly
to the door, dredge with powdered sugar.
to
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
In a Few Years.

He pocketed the hard boiled ega
gratefully.
"AhO madam" he said, "belieye
me, would not be begging my bread
from door to door if it were possible
for me to procure work in my chosen
calling. But the day viii come"
Poor fellow said the woman.
what is your calling, anyhow"
IT," he answered, proudly, Am an
able-bodied aeroplane sailor. Pitts.
burg Leader.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Still Pursued Them.

Honeymooning in the Alps. They
we're climbing the Schnupfelgapfen.
spitzen peak. and she stood above him
some twenty feet.
What. hol" he gasped. What do
you see?"
Far. far below" she cried. II see
long white streak, stretching like a
paper ribbon back almost to our ho-
tel!'
'Ha, hal" he calculated. 'l'H bet
it's that blessed hotel bill ovcrtakirg
us!"
And they proceeded Onward, and
upward. New Haven Register.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
The Other One.

Small Boy want some medicine
to reduce flesh"
Drug Clerk-"Anti-fat?"
Small Boy-'No, uncle. Judge.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Grudging Himself Pleasure.

Lady Bountiful-'I hope you are
coming to our pleasant evening to-
night at the coffee tavern, Giles?"
Giles-"Well. s'pose l shall hev
to!"-PunchM
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Remembered His Manners.

Mother-"Oh, Bobby, you naughty
boy, you've been smoking" (Pause.)
Poor darling, do you feel very bad?"
Bobby (who has been we'll brought
up)-"Thank you. I'm dying y
London Punch.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
The Way of 1t.

Stella-"Are her gowns guided by
her husbands taste?"
Behaves, If it is dark brown
he doesn't get any. Brooklyn Life.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Chicago Women to Wear Sandals.

Nearly 1000 Chicago women will
wear sandals this summer. local shoe
dealers predict. One firm already has
laid in stock of several hundred in
adult sizes, as well as sizes for chill
dren. The women of Chicago don't
need the support of physical cul-
ture club to give them courage to go
sandaling.-Chicago Daily News.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
g Kick

n OBERT LOUIS STEVENSON'S famous declaration
IL concerning the way to make people good was prob.
ably unknown to the young who with
homely force enuncated like conviction recently: Il
don't know how it isl suppose contrariness of
OF me-but notice that other folks built about the
same way. When folks try to make happy it sort
of warns me all over be good to them and
want to be good to everybody and if III not be-
cause don't try tremendously hard but when people in
a sort of 'holier-than-thou -mserablesnner
fashion, set about it to make good why then, it's
queer but it's a fact, them kick"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

should also have ready a store OF
jokes, comments and anecdotes for
use in the position. At the hour for
opening the entertainments he should
announce that the figures in the Pho
tographs in one of the old albums
have come to life and been freed
from restraint for short season, and
then he should mingle with the
guests, introducing them one to an
other in telling way, and by mis- tact
and vivacity forestall any tendency to
stiffness.
Part of the program for the even
ing should be made up of contribu-
lions from the people present. For
instance, supposedly sentimental
young woman, with long flowing
curls, might MARBLE a solo, or recite
ballad or scrap of poetry; two men
or two women might engage in a dia-
logue concerning farm or town mat
tiers or church or domestic doings;
some pretended school children might
speak pieces in bashful, awkward
of the period under consideration, or
some of the musicians in the assembly
might be prepared to render some of
the glee or choruses of that day, or to
draw melody from the harp, the flute
or the violin.
For further amusement, some OF
the old games, such as stage Coach"
Spin the Platter" or Going to Jeru-
SALEM" might be played by the whole
company, and spelling match might
furnish one of the attractions of the
gathering.
If the refreshments are to be served
on long table, after the fashion OF
a New England tea party, they should
consist of tea, fresh biscuits and but
ter, Clipped beef, baked or boiled
custards in tall cup, pickles, pre-.
served ounces or preserved ginger,
fruit cake and several other kinds OF
cake, custard pie and apple pie. II
the refreshments are to be passed
around among the guests, there may
be simple collation., composed OF
doughnuts, crullers, cookies, nuts and
apples, or a more elaborate one. CON-
prising creamed or fried oysters,
chicken salad, sandwiches, cake and
coffee. The party should break up
with the singing of Aud Lang
Syne. Martha Burr Banks. in the
Ladies World.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
A Keen Observer.

Who was that fool you bowed tor
my husband"
oh, I-er-I-humbly apologize.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12
Fearfully aud Wonderfully Frugal.


Fearful and wonderful are the
ways OF frugal and Industrious wom-
ankind. They will seize on the most
unlikely objects, such as empty tins
or frying pans, and with Infinite toll
and patience turn these dubious art.-
cles into precious ornaments OF the
home. English dispatches say that
the women in that cou,sry have now
attacked the mems hats, and no Chin
neypot. however new or treasured, is
safe from their marauding hands.
Male visitors are afraid 20 leave their
headgear in the hall lest it should
vanish from their sight, and there is
no place, public or private, where a
man can feel safe with his top hat.
Elderly women have even been seen
to snatch prizes from beneath pews
when seemingly engaged in their de-
vctions, and the only thing that mas
been found effective in cooling the
unholy srdor of the sex is retaliation
upon thu cloche and feathers OF Of
tenders.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

Son Father. what is the rest OF
the quotation Man proposes and"
Father (sadly)-"Woman seldom
refuses. New York Mail.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1908-06-12

Never mind. I'm not angry. But
what keen observer you are!"-
London Scraps.
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1908-07-01
P. s. ArkWright,
w. r.. Wright
w. 3. Stovali
Il. z .duaiqnon.

Filed ia onice this 9Th day Of Juno
1893
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1908-07-01
GEORGlA. GIvnn colnty.

10 WH0n u concerns.
Allen Franklin has in due form 81
law applied for permanent admins
traitor nDcn the estate Of Roberi
Moses Sawyer. late OF said county. de-
ceased, and said petition viii BE- heard
al the regular July term 1903, Of tae
Court Of Ordinar, Of said county Il
there be objection let ! be then pres
onted. This June 18th. 1903.
Horace Dsrt,
Ordinary Cly0n County, Georgia
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1908-07-01

the Old Reiizo1o @1OEXhKER
g. L. JORDAN,
When you want a g9od Job 90
to Jordan Corner Ogiethorps
and Gloucester Streeta. You
can Depend upon Him.
Shoes Made - order Corns
Cured II you have any
q. L.. JQ9DAN.
Cor. oglethorpe az. cloucsEter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-08-21
CAPT. WILLIAM STAHL DEAD.
Was Well Known Member Of g. A
r. and Held Many Positions.

BALTIMORE, August 21.-Capt. Will
liam Stahl, well known member Of the
G. A. r., and a member of the May term
grand jury. died yesterday at, his home in
this city from an attack Of Bright's dis
ease. He was apparently well and hearty
until two weeks ago. and had made ar
rangements to be present at the national
encampment of the G. A. r. to be held II
Toledo, Ohio, next month.
Capt. Stahl was torn in Germany sew
enty-one years ago, and came to this
country at the age of seventeen years.
and settled in Ohio. In 1862 he enlist ed
in the 123d Ohio Infantry. He served
through the war. after which he settled
in this city. He was appointed superin-
tendenr Of the Soldiers Home of Mary
land. and held that position from 1859
to 1873. He was also sexton OF the Sec
ond Presbyterian Church. Baltimore and
Lloyd streets, for some years.
Capt. Stahl was wee president OF the
Loyal Building; and Savings Association.
was treasurer or the Grand Army Club,
member of the Union soldiers and
sailors monument commission and a
member of Wilson Post, G. 4. r.. lie
was also a past department commander
of the Grand Army of the Republic. he
sides being member of Marley Lodge of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
The veteran is survived by his wife.
who was Miss Matilda Appel. and two
sons Mr.. Albert Stahl Of Washington
and Mr.. William Stani of this city,. The
funeral, which will be in 'cha'ga Of the
G. A. R. will take place Sunday after
noon at 3 o'clock. Interment will be in
Loudon Park cemetery.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-08-21
On Summer Trips.

The following Washingtonians leaving
the city have directed that The Star be
mailed to them:
E. A. Sage, Atlantic City.
J. A. Meyer, Samaria, Mich.
Miss H. j. Cheeks. Abingdon, Va.
s. ]. Mccarthy, Wilkerson, Va.
w. G.. Foote, Elwood Hotel, Atlantic
City
Mrs. NJ. W. Davis, Charlottesville, Va.
X. E. Lozier, Catawba, N. Y.
J. Maury Dove, Deer Park. Md.
H. H. Tallmadge, Hotel Traymore,
Ocean City. N. J.
N. b. Juneau. Atlantic City.
Mrs. Corrigan. the Carlton, Cape May.
N. ].
Mrs. r. b. Ward. Tippett. Md.
H. Gutshall, Bluemont, Va.
Mrs. A. G. Powell, Alexandria Bay,
n. Y.
J. f. Curtin Mount Clement, Mich.
Miss E. A. Fox. Boyce, Va.
Mrs. Mary f. Griffin, Raccoon Ford, Va
Charles Ebert, La Fountaine. Atlantic
City, N. J.
S. j. Gardner. Altoona. Pa.
Mrs. l.. M. Kelly, Wilmington, Del.
Thomas Jackson. Pittsburg, Pa.
Mrs. John w. Blackjack, Lovettsville,
Va.
DIR. John Kurtz. Harwichport. Mass.
Miss Kate Schlosser, Germantown. Md.
MISS lUd CneSSelulIIc, 1Nu.
Mrs. Jennie Jenvey. Dexter City, Ohio.
Irving Stull. !Thurmont, Md.
Hamilton Smith. Ocean City, Md.
Mrs. A. E. Shepard, Kansas City. Mo.
Mrs. c. v. Simonson, Atlantic City.
Miss Bertha J. Davis, MiddletOwn. Nd.
Mrs. Thomas B. Gather, Winchester,
Va.
F.. A. Rohrbaugh. Chenille. W. Va.
Mrs. a. F.. Cahoon, Chelsea. Atlantic
City.
F. II. Hough. Lowville, N. Y.
Miss X. d. Owen. Royal Mirskoka. Lake
Rosseau. Can.
Mrs. l.. c. Denham. Leesburg, Va.
F. L. Thompson, Berlin, Pa
Mrs. John c. Newman, Clarksburg, Md.
Mrs. E. E. Brooks, Stickney Hotel, At
lantic City.
Mrs. J. b. Clark, Hotel Pitney, Atlantic
City,
John ]. Malone, DeQeplane. Va.
John III. Lee, Oyster Bay, N. Y.
| Benjamin P. Craig. Fort Terry. n. 7.
Robert III. Smith, Brooklyn, n. Y.
Miss E. A. Newton. the Hamilton, Ocean
City, Md.
Mrs. NJ. Kennedy. Braddock Heights,
Md.
F. E. Putnam, Sea Breeze Farm, Mid
dleton, r. l.
Mrs. Thomas Wilson. Haven. Me.
Miss 8. Wenner. Chautauqua Hotel.
Mountain Lake Park, Md.
l.. B. Stone. Mifaentown, Pa.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-08-21
ROBS WITH RED PEPPER.
Thief Blinds jewelers. Wife and
Grabs Diamond Ring.

NEW YORK, August 21.-A glib youth
entered the jewelry store Of Nathan
Schwartz at 142 Sd avenue, near S1st
street, yesterday and asked Mrs.
Schwartz. whose husband was absent, to
show him some diamond engagement
rings. Mrs. Schwartz brought out soil
taire worth $14o While the stranger was
examining 1t he suddenly put his right
hand in his vest pocket and said:
This looks like a fine stone; I'll just
put the glass on it,
But instead of a lens he took from his
pocket small tin cone filled with red
pepper and dashed the contents at Mrs.
Schwartz's face. Some of the pepper got
into her eyes and she screamed for help.
She was able, however, to see the thief
disappear through the doorway. and
though in agony from pain she followed
him to the sidewalk.
Detectives Snydecker and Voss Of the
East SSth street station were passing
through S1st street at the time. and they
gave chase. At Madison avenue they
seized him. but 1t was all they could do
to overpOwer him. They found it neces-
sary to call patrol wagon to get him
to the station.
The prisoner said he was William Arm
strong. twenty years old. an embroidery
| worker. living at Plainfield. n. J. He
was sent to police headquarters. The ring
was recovered.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-08-21
Births Reported.

The following births were reported to
the health Office during the past twenty
four hours:
Charles and Clara v. Toomb, August IA,
1868, female.
Benjamin M. and Josephine T. Rawlings,
August 10, 1908. male
Halvor and Margaret l. Paulsen, August
Is, 1908, female.
George and Barbara Miller, August II,
1908, female.
Leonard L. and Nora NJ. Harter, August
10. $685. female.
William and Dorothy K. Holmes, August
II, 1908, male.
Henry and Catherine Jackson, August
Is, 1908. female.
John F. and Gertrude Phelps, August 10,
1908, male.
Moses and Bette Peyton. August IS,
1903, male.