davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Smyrna times., 1908-01-22
GRAIN
FOR RENT.

215 story brick house on Delaware Street
tenanted by David Lyman. One 2-storv
frame house on South Main Street tenanted
by Benjamin Riggs. Possession March 1st
Also "a acre truck farm on Monrovia Av.
enue. Good opportunity for a man who
understands grape culture. Possession
March l, For particulars apply tc
MRS. NJ. E. VOSHEII.
Smyrna Del.
Smyrna times., 1908-01-22
CLAYTON.

All orders for Subscriptions or Job Work
or any News Items left with NIL. Nudge
will receive prompt attention.
Smyrna times., 1908-01-22

Pilgram Castle, K. of G. E. PfOsperlng:-
The annual installation of officers of
Pilgrim Castle, No. Z, X. of G.. E.. of
Clayton, was held in their lodge room
Jan. 18th, by Grand Chief Charles P.
Thornley,, of Smyrna. The following
officers were installed: 2. c., DR.. J. S.
Cobb; n. c., Geo. W. Joseph; ". c..
ID. Il. Sevil; H. p, J. r. Harris; V.
H., o. S. Leathers; NJ. of R., T. w.
Downing; G. of E., A. H. Skinner; K.
of E., I. E. White; w. c., T. P.Lewis;
W. B., G. H. Robinson; Esquire, FA.
Marker; Ensign, w. N. Walker; 1st
Guard, W. T. Hollett; 2nd Guard, Jos.
+. Jones; Trustee, w. L. Gooding:
r. to G. c., A. H. Skinner. Pilgrim
Castle, No. :, has just completed an
other very successful year in its his
tory 10 Clayton. 1t claims the distinc.
ton of being the Oldest secret organ
lzatIo' NJ the town, having established
Itself mere many years ago and through
all of these years it has marched stead
lily onward, presenting an example of
brotherly kindness, and good fellow
ship, always looking to the best inter
ests of its membership which includes
many of the representative men of the
town and vicinity.
Smyrna times., 1908-01-22

Special Detective Gordy, of the
Pennsylvania railroad, who was here
Saturday ct work on some importent
evidence, believes that ErnestC. Green
ley, the yeggman caught in the act of
blowing the safe of the Pennsylvania
ticket Office at Clayton, is the leader of
the gang of three men who carried the
Greenwood ticket office safe down the
railroad tracks last week and blew open
and rifed it. As Greenley is almost
certain to get long sentence, having
been caught and pulled out of the
office into which he had broken. it is
believed that the necessary evidence
will be given by him, looking to a
clearing up of the Greenwood mystery.
Smyrna times., 1908-01-22

The remains of Mr.. William n.
Dockely, we'll known in Clayton who
died at his home, on the "Wulits
Farm, near town, on Friday afternoon
January 10th, were taken to the Old
Union NJ. E. Cemetery, near Town
9nd, on Tuesday, for interment.
Services were held in the ancient
chnrch and was largely attended. The
services were conducted by Rev. G. P.
Jones, assisted by Rev. F. C. Mac
SOrley, of Townsend; Rev. G. P. Smith
OF Clayton, and Rev J. A. Arters. of
this tOwn. Mr.. D ockety was a gentle
man very much liked by all who knew
hlTn. He was a member of Good
Saharitan Lodge, 1. 0. o. F., Damon
Aodge, No. u, knights of Pythias,
and Seneca Tribe, Red Men, of Mid
dletown. The floral tributes were
very handsome, there being three or
four large, beautiful designs. and the
casket was literally buried in rare cut
flowers of various kinds. He leaves a
wife and three children, one son and
two daughters. to mourn his death.
The pall-bearers were: Messrs. VIM.
+. Shallcross, H. NJ. Pleasanton, e.
w. Pleasanton, W. d. Evans, Walter
Beasten and W. w. Freeman.
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24
POLITICAL COMMENT.
As to Harmony.

Grafton Republican: The disgrace
full stand taken by one member of
the newspaper fraternity at the meet
ting of the newspaper men and state
candidates here last Monday, is de-
p1ored by all good Republicans.
When it is taken into consideration
that this chief moguI Is an ex-mem-
per of the pie counter tribe and in
one year received not less than 500
in state patronage, while one paper
in this county ten times better and
more deserving, received. the same
year only $14, there should be no
cause for kick. The publisher OF
this paper has been in the newspaper
business in this state for about ten
years. and we know positively thai
in all that time we have not received
over $3.50 of state patronage. We
don't kick, and we never for a min.
ute imagine that our loyalty to the
party will be paid for in this man
ner or b a consulate. g4 &.
4
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24

newspaper publishers who have al
ready forgotten what they stated at
some of the recent party district
meetings. a. .......s.-. II. L. iE
s The Fargo Forum is getting out
two afternoon editions now to keep
up with the change of time on train
service out Of Fargo. #
Editor Brown of the Page Record,
stood Governor Burke's political adj
dress, all right, but he balked when
he went up against Hildreth's long
winded TRADE. u.
George Diemert, the Eckelson
blacksmith, was arrested last Nom
day by Sheriff Winkler, for blind
pigging. He was bound over to the
district court by Justice Smith of
Valley City, and put up $500 cash
bail. is5
{ :.
The first appearance of the second
paper at McClusky-the Independ-
emit started newspaper war there
| The Gazette, which was established
and owned by several business mer
of that town--thinks the new paper
has no excuse for It's existence ani
that It's only mission can be that o.
Ia knocker.
! There is something of an elevatoj
4 war ON at Bottineau because The
FARMERS Of that vicinity figured tina
32T cents a busheI was too wide !;
/ margin between Bottineau and Min
ineapolis. As track buyer was Undue
i ed to locate there and the margi,
was reduced at once with the resul
i that Bottineau is drawing busines
from a considerable distance in con
4 sequence.
4 Editor Evans Of the Lansfor,
Times intended to make life misei
able for the sheriff of Bottinea'
county. He claims the sheriff mad
lover charges in the way of mileag
in collecting delinquent taxes and a
the editor threatens to bring sui
against the sheriff he wants every
one TO send him a statement of wha
they paid the sherif.
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24

at stake, It is urged that all Repub-.
licans stand by their colors and vote
the ticket straight from top to bot
tom. In looking back over the past
one can see nothing but mistakes in
the wake OF the Democratic party,
and it does not stand to reason that
any intelligent man cares to tenn
porize further with the party. Take
the bull by the horns and vote with
the party of progression. the party
that does thing and does them right.
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24
McHenry for johnson.

Z Granville Herald: q. A. Johnson
is making a great campaign in his.
race for governor and wins friends
atseyery place he visits. He is man
who If elected would look after the
interests Of the state Of North Dako-
ia in manner that would be a
credit to us all You will never be
sorry if you cast your vote for him
at the coming election. McHenry
county will, without doubt, give him
a large majority.
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24
NORTH DAKOTA NOTES

NUAln UAAU In NUlLOl
Dickinson win organize "a lodge of
Elks October 10. ~
Walhalla started a Yeoman lodge
with forty members. N
The telephone exchange at Minot
will be enlarged
This has been good year for
corn in North Dakota.
The roller rink at oakes SENS to
be creating great rage there.
~
Editor Baukol has resigned as edi-
tor and manager of the Minot Pos
ten. ~.
Flasher is to have daily mail SER
vice-the mail going there by stage
from Mandan. >-s
Matt Luoma, a Finlander tried to
board a moving train at Arvilla and
lost one leg at the knee. >.
lJa No. small amount of death, disas-
lter, broken limbs and. fire has fol-
lowed in the wake of threshing rigs
this fall. So :
Manley Evanson Of Hannaford, is
minus part Of one hand which was
shattered when he pulled his shot
gun out of the buggy.
A young couple at White Earth
who had been charged with unlaw-
fully living together, quashed the
whole sensation by getting married.
| The Republican papers OF the state
are making creditable effort to
have "a regular old time big party
majority rolled up this fall
'Eaii -. Il
! superintendent Hovsfssad is al
1 ready making arrangements for the
coming winter series Of farmers In
stitutes to be held over the state.
1t Is said that Editor KiI1ion has
been succeeded as postmaster at
Towner by Miss Alive Gilbertson-
and that politics had something to
do with the change being made,
u 1t can at least be learned from
i Governor Burke's addresses that he
wants to be reelected governor and
{ then have the legislature vest him
: with the power to remove county OF
state oficialsif he should desire.
5 ~ n
The newspaper publishers oVel
0 the state this year whose party 10y
: lalty is guided by the amount Of pub
> lie patronage that Is thrown iflE his
t direction receives but little sympath,
9 by the rank and file OF co-laborers
e in the vineyard.
4 @ $~0 s<s ia
. LaMoure is after an electric Hgh'
!, plant and parties from Fargo haV.
0 expressed themselves willing to in
n stall a plant there IL the council will
v meet them half way @
: The Crystal Call thinks that un
|. der the primary law there is bount
e to be two wings of the dominan
e party but that North Dakota Repub
y licans should learn that that par
e of the campaign is over after tn
e primary election, and there shoult
o be no differences or bitterness as
r result. The Call has probably OF
served that there are some Of tn
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24

You want good preserving kettles
for your fruit. and canning. G. w.
Wolbert Hardware Co., are selling
Enameled Kettles very cheap, and
they are Just what you need now.
Be wise and get good one now.
Prices 40 cents, 30 cents, and SO
cents for one week only. 5ss
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24
No Boss Controls johnson.

omemee Herald: g. a. Johnson
has clearly demonstrated that no /
boss controls HIM He has satisfied
the people on that score and is rap
idly gaining In strength. Governor
johnson will sound we'll.
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24

WILLIAM r. DREYFUs
again the lime light has
without
exception this physical In order
to ranking
artillery of United States Army
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24
All Together,

sc ali Together.
Rock Lake Ripples: This being
the presidential year and the stabil-
ity and honor of the nation is again
Bismarck daily tribune., 1908-09-24

USE TRIBUNE WANT coLuMNs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
EDDYVILLE.

Eddyville-Mrs. Fanny Cassatt de-
parted Friday for Chicago and other
points in Illinois to be absent on va
cation till October 1.
John jaeger, Sr., arrived home
Thursday from a two weeks visit
with relatives and on a sight seeing
trip to Sheridan and Cody, Wyo.
Mrs. J. c. Schaffnit who has been
visiting her mother, Mrs. Levi Baldwin
and sister Mrs. Frank Waugaman, de-
parted this week for her home in
Pennsylvania.
Philip Hargesheimer made a bus
mess trip to Abba Thursday.
VIM. Brubaker and Clifford McCune
Of the Cedar district, have returned
from few days trip to Bonaparte
where they visited relatives, transacted
business and attended street fair.
Mrs. Florence Dunckle and her sis
ter, Mrs. Mollie Cle,nmons. are visit
ing Mrs. Dunkle's daughter, Mrs
Cordie Garfield. in Ottumwa
Miss Nellie Gilchrlst, the trained
nurse, who has been nursing Mrs. j. S
Oldham and sons a. their homo north
Of town, returned to her home at Os-
kaloosa, leaving Mrs. Kate Beedle in
charge of the patients, who are recov-
ering nicely from typhoid fever.
Mrs. A. Ranforth is making severa
repairs and improvements to her prop
erty on Ninth street
Mesdames Adde Caldwell and Mar
garet Boyd, and the latter's sister, Wis
tied with Mrs. James 'Penick in Oska-
loosa Thursday.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
PACkWOOD.

Packwood.-Mr. and Mrs. David
Salts, of Elm Grove, were guests of the
latter's sister, Mrs. Pouth Myers re-
Gently.
The Ottumwa male quartet was
greeted by full house Tuesday night.
Every number on the program was
good.
D. B.. Downey has traded his property
for property at Richland and will move
to that place where he intends going
into business.
Mrs. D. L. George and Mrs. T. NJ.
Reynolds have returned to their home
at Lincoln, Neb., after a visit with
their relatives, Chas lakewood and
family.
w. L. Jackson has sold his farm
south of here to Clyde Morly of Illinois
Mrs. Nellie Hintz has returned from
Washington countv where she has been
with her sister. Mrs. Viola Draper. who
has typhoid fever. MIR. Draper died OF
the disease about two weeks ago and
tn only child is not expected to live.
Mrs. j. c. French visited her par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. George Davis. OF
Hedrick recently.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
CROPS SHO WN IN
Good CONDITION
SUPERINTENDENT THRCOP OF
THE BURLINGTON ISSUES
REPORT.

That the general crop OUTLOOK LOT
this section of Iowa is very GOOD, thal
an especially large yield OF corn seems
to be assured, is shown by the weekly
crop and weather report for the week
ending September 10, as compiled by
SUPERINTENDENT ThrLop of the Iowa al.
vision of the Burlington. Farmers all
over this section await the publication
of Mr.. TROOPS bulletins with much
interest, as their accuracy is unques'
toned, and covering a large terrltory
as they do, they show better tnan
merely local reports, how the general
crop is prospecting. The STATISTICS tor
the past week follows:
Wheat.
Burlington division-All harvested.
Ottumwa division-All harvested.
Creston DIVISIONAL harvested.
Oats.
Burlington division-All harvested.
Ottumwa division-All harvested.
Creston division-All harvested.
Corn.
Burlington division-Making very
good nrogress. Percentage or condl
! ton about 100. Estimated yield abou;
| so bushels per acre.
Ottumwa division-Making good
progress. About so per cent of the
| corn crop has already matured and il
we have two more weeks OF good
weather without frost, l think the
whole crop will be matured in that
time. Percentage of condition about
| 100
Creston division-Making favorable
progress. Percentage of condition.
about 100. Estimated yield about 5C
bushels per acre.
Burlington division-All harvested.
Ottumwa division-All harvested.
Creston division-All harvested.
Barley.
Burlington division-All harvested.
Ottumwa division-All harvested.
| Creston division-All harvested.
Potatoes.
Burlington division-In good condi
7 ton. Percentage of condition abou
100. Estimated yield about 100 bush
els per acre.
| Ottumwa division-In good condi
ton and good quality. Percentage O
condition about 100. Estimated yiel(
ITO to $50 bushels per acre.
/ Creston division-In good condition
Percentage of condition about 100. Els
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
POULTRY SHOW AT FAIRFIELD
JAN. 11-RUSSELL JUDGE,

Fairfield.-The seventh annual show
of the Iowa State Poultry association
will be held in Fairfield January IL to
16, 1908. w. S. Russell, of Ottumwa,
and D. e. Hale of Wayzato, Mimi,
will judge the exhibits.
The school board has decided to elect
third kindergarten teacher and to
establish a kindergarten in the Lin
coin building. This will mean a kin
Gergarten in each OF the public school
buildings of Fairfield.
The band concerts will close for the
season Thursday evening
Rev. ]. N. Elliott, D. D., of Mus
catine, Friday morning delivered the
opening address of the year to the
Parsons college students. His subject
was "Life's Greatest Asset" which he
declared to be Christian faith.
The hands of the face of the court
house clock have been still for four
days and watches are referred to
much more frequently than when the
clock in the tower was running. The
works are being repaired and the aial
and hands are being covered with gold
leaf. A delay is being experienced at
present, owing to the fact that the
workmen have been unable to get suf-
ficient gold leaf to complete the Job.
Work will be resumed this week.
Dr.. D. c. Brockman, of Ottunwa.
delivered lecture on 1.-THE Black
Plague at the regular meeting of the
Mems Fellowship club at the city
library Sunday afternoon.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24

For some time she had been employed
at the Johnson cafe. The groom is
employed as a painter with Blanchard
& BEEN. Both have many friends who
will join in extending congratulations
and best wishes on this happy occas-
sion.
Mrs. L. M. Kinman, of near Lacona
has returned form a visit with rela-
tives in West Plains Mo
Miss Carrie Roberts, of Des Moines
formerly Of this city, visited her ole
friends here yesterday while on hel
way to Lucas.
Lynn Chapman, of near Derby, left
yesterday for Burlington, where he viii
attend business college the coming
term.
Charlotte and Bertha Klages. of Eng
fish township, left yesterday for visit
in Creston with their aunt.
Mrs. Nettie Hadley, of Lacona
came yesterday for visit with her
sister, Mrs. Everett Nolan.
Mrs. Clarence Moore of Woodburn
came yesterday for few days visit
with relatives and old friends.
Miss Ethel Musselman departed yes
terday for Atlantic where she has ac-
cepted a position as stenographer fol
a loan and trust company.
Rev. and Mrs Edward Kelley, OF
joicing over the recent advent of son
at their home.
Mrs. w. H. Downing, of Omaha, is
here for a visit with her sister, Mrs
G. l.. Rumble and old friends.
Jesse Lynn, Of Grey Bull, Wyo., a
former resident Of Union township, Is
visiting relatives and old friends in
Charlton and vicinity.
The Charlton baseball team was de-
feated at this place yesterday by the
All Star Leaguers by a score Of to 2
Mrs. Ely Edmonson, Of Pueblo, Colo.
arrived here yesterday noon, called
here by the serious illness Of her moth
er. Mrs. D. G. Fawcctt.
Chas. Copeland, of Des Moines spent
several days in Charlton this week
with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. e
Copeland and old friends.
Mrs. ]. T. Crozier accompanied hel
husband to Chicago this week where
Mr. Crozier transacted business
Mr.. and Mrs c. G. Erickson, of Stan
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
OAK RIDGE

Oak Ridge.-Mr. and Mrs. Ozel
Widger and little daughter Opal Of
Ottumwa, visited Saturday and Sun.
day at the Charles Widger home.
Mrs. Bobinmeyer is on the sick list
Oak Ridge school started Monday
with Mrs. Akers Of Ottumwa teacher
Sixteen pupils enrolled.
Mrs. Pennington of California has
been visiting for a few days with Mrs.
Bobinmeyer.
Miss Sarah Gallagher of Ottumwa
spent Saturday and Sunday with her
friend Miss Delta Widger.
Mr.. Saneten has traded his prop
erty to Mr.. Kirkpatrick for a house
and lot in town and moved Monday
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
BONAPARTE.

Bonaparte.-Mrs. Ella Nugent OF
Annandale, Mimi, is visiting relatives
in Bonaparte and vicinity
Lawrence Finn and family are visit
ing in Pella.
Mrs. NJ King and daughter, of Val
ley Junction, are visiting at the
Mailer home, north Of town.
Miss Addie Simmons, of Oklahoma
City Okla, is visiting relatives in this
Heighborhood.
Harry Cook and Roy Ballard of OF
tumwa, were recent guests at the w.
S. Walker home.
Van Norris of Keokuk visited rela-
tives here yesterday.
Mrs. James Beck, of Keosauqua, is
visiting here sister, Mrs. Arthur
Umphrey.
Miss Trilla Murphy, of st. Louis Mo.
has been visiting her mother Mrs
James Murphy, the past week.
Dora Leach, of ottumwa, was in
town several days recently.
Mrs. Carl Weber and children, OF
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
SIGOURNE Ely.

Sigourney-Mrs. I. L. Goeldner and
| daughter, Lola, We're callers in the
city Thursday, visiting friends and
relatives and looking after business
| matters.
Attorney Henry F. Wagner is great
siege of typhoid fever and seems tc
be making permanent Roadway toward
recovery.
Frank Follman and wife, Of Ollie
were callers in the city Wednesday.
Miss Bertha Parke, Of Oskaloosa
who has been visiting relatives in and
about this place, has returned to hel
| home.
Clarence Wells resumed work or
rural route number five today after
| having enjoyed his annual leave OF
| fifteen DAYS, which time was partly
| spent in visiting in Illinois and the
southern part of the state.
Mrs. c. c. Williamson and children
returned from Glidden, Iowa, this week
where they have been visiting for the
past several weeks with Mrs. William
| sons parents and many friends.
Rev. Pace and family took their
leave yesterday for their new home in
| Knoxville Iowa. They have made
numerous friends here and this church
regretted very much to have them
leave, but wish them well in their new
| field of labor.
Mrs. Claude Legg has returned to
her home in Ottumwa after having
spent several days here at the par
entail E. ]. Grimes rome and visiting
among numerous friends.
The "Ottumwa's,' a male quartet
| have been engaged to give a concert
in the NJ. E. church here on next
Tuesday evening.
Frank Bartz and wife of Lincoln
Neb., and William Bartz and family
of Rock Island, ILL.,, were in the city
| first of this week They visited at the
parental Herman Bartz home in the
eastern part Of the city and while
| they We're here the family were al
gathered in and enjoyed genuine
| family reunion.
Mrs. w. r. Hollingsworth has re-
| turned to her homo in What Cheer
after having spent several days hers
visiting among her relatives and many
friends.
Mrs. John Mitts and Mrs. w. r
Barlow spent day this week in OF
tumwa shopping.
Wesley orion, of Fullerton, Neb.
has returned to his come after having
spent some time visiting at the S. A
Woods home in East Lancaster town
ship. Mrs. S. A. Walker and daughte!
| ''NNS4Ai
and will visit there and at Denver
Colorado Springs and other western
points before returning here.
Mrs. J. H. Morgan and children lef
this week for Glenwood, where the,
will join their husband and father, J
H. Morgan, who is superintendent o
the public schools OF that place
George 7. Namur and wife are Wis
iting in Milwaukee Wis, and expec
to remain for sevarl days.
Ernest Schultz aud Donald Stock.
man have gone to Ottumwa and en-
| tered the l. w. u. with the intention
Of finishing the complete four years
| course.
Robert Grimes, wife and daughte
Sarah, were visitors in the city at tn
Thomas McCarty home on Thursda,
evening. They cane from Oil
where thew had been visiting rela
tives and from here went to Williams
burg to visit other relates. From
there they will return to their HON
in Waterloo.
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas Reifsnyder, o
Ottumwa, are visiting in the city a
the parental Goodheart home, and wit
other relatives and the many friend
Of these parties.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
Keokuk, are spending a few days will

Keokuk, are spendin, few days with
the Robert Meek family.
Miss Hazel Lackey, of Ft Madison,
is the guest of her grandmother, Mrs.
Margaret Dulin.
Mr.. and Mrs. Howard Tedford who
have just returned from trip through
Europe, are spending a few days with
the latter's parents, Mr. and Mrs. B. r.
Vale, while on their way to their home
at Mt. Ayr
Miss Lydia Burnworth, of Indepen-
dence, t>an is a guest at the home Of
Mrs. Maria Brown
Frank Harlan and son Orlando, OF
Revere, Mo-, is making a short visit
here with friends.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Eddy of Farm
ington, spent Friday at the Thomas
Beard home
Clarence Lisle has gone to Oskaloos-
to attend school.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24

oSsS SSsSSsSSsSSSSS SSSSSssSSsssSS SSSSs9
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24

The Workers Training Bible class
will meet this evening at GAS o'clock.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-09-24
timated yield about 125 bushels per
SUGAR Reets.

Burlington divisiol--None grown.
Ottumwa diyision-None grown.
Creston division-None grown.
Pastures and meadows are very dry,
owing to the insufficient rainfall
Weather during the past week has
been very warm. Have had no rain
The soil is getting very dry and we
should have rain at once to prevent
the pastures and meadows from burn
ing up.
Harvesting some fall clover; also
fall blowing.