davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
FORECAST FOR
NEWS COLUMNS
New King of Portugal to Take
the Oath Thursday Before
Chamber of Deputies.
TWO STATE CONVENTIONS
AMERICAN WARSHIPS EXPECT
ED TO REACH cALLAo, PERU.

Developments i'm the Macedonian
question. the arrival of the American
battleship fleet at CalIao, Peru: the
reassembling on Thursday of the Port
uguese chamber of deputies at Lisbon,
when King Manuel will take the oath:
political conventions and speech max
ing by Secretary Taft, Governor
Hughes and others are among the
events which will engage public atten-
ton during the week.
Congress will give it's time this week
to bills already before it. The senate
will continue its consideration of the
financial bill, while the house will pro-
coed with the appropriation bills.
Senator Aldrich is hopeful of secur-
ing a ballot on his bill by the close of
the present month.
Democratic Conventions.
Two state conventions will be held
for the selection of delegates to the
Democratic national convention at
Denver Kansas Democrats will meet
at Hutchinson on Friday, and on the
day following those of Oklahoma will
gather at Muskogee
Secretary Taft will address the
Young Mems Business club at New
Haven, Conn.,, on Monday. Tuesday
he expects to speak in Concord and
Manchester, N. II.
On Wednesday evening he will speak
at Lowell, Mass. and on Sunday he
will speak at Buffalo.
Program of Governor Hughes.
Governor Hughes engagements for
the week include an address at the an
nual dinner of the Albany Republican
club and a speech at the annual ban
quet at the Union League club at Chi
cagO on Saturday.
The American battleship fleet is due
at Callao, Peru, the next port of CALL
on Thursday and will remain there un-
til Feb. 80
"A decision in the suit instituted by
Stuyvesant Fish and others to restrain
the voting of 1871 shares of stock in
the Illinois Central Railroad company
at the annual meeting of that corpora
ton is expected to be announced in
Chicago on Thursday.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
FINDS HOME FURNISHED.
Baxter Gets Second Surprise ir
Shape of Housewarminq.

w. r. Baxter. a travelling salesman
returned Saturday from a two months
trip, to find that during his absence Mrs
Baxter had furnished a home at 40
South Second East
His surprise and joy were accumulated
Saturday evening when a delegation of
thirty friends, headed by Mr.. and Mrs
Tom D. Pitt, visited the new home in
body.
Mr. Baxter. who is always equal TO
the situation in which he finds himself
filled the part of host in good style. The
result was a very happy evening.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
SUNDAY FUNERALS.
Robert w. Shaw.

The funeral of Robert W., the infant
son of Mrs. r. r. Shaw, was held at the
Third Ward meeting house at 2 O'Clock
yesterday afternoon and was largely at
tended. The services were presided over
by Bishops Councillor Asael Farr. Sew
eral selections were rendered by the
Mound Fort choir and solos were sung
by Miss Pauline Maddox and Mrs. EN-
lily Maddox. The speakers were z. A.
Larkin. NJ. l.. Jones. James Wotherspoon
and Asael Farr. Burial was in the City
cemetery
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
Henry n. Wadman.

The funeral of Henry II. Wadman was
held at l o'clock yesterday afternoon at
the Plain City meeting house and was
attended by a large number of friends
and relatives. The services were pre-
sided over by Bishop Henry Garner. Mu-
sic was furnished by the ward choir. The
speakers were Charles Weatherstone, w
Bartlett, Archibald Mcfarland. w. L.
Stewart and Abraham Nav. Burial was
in the Plain City cemetery.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
Eagles Degree Team Ball
Tomorrow night. Odeon hall

McCoy's livery. carriages and ligh:
livery. Both phones 81.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17
TABERNACLE WELL FILLED.
Conference of Religious Glasses of
Weber Stake.

The conference of religious classes of
the Weber stake was held here yester-
day and drew an attendance that filled
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-17

No wild goose chase when
you come here for your foot
wear, Money Back" Shoes
are always complete in lines
and sizes, The advance show
ing for spring, 1908, is inter
eSting the smart dreSSerS of
thiS community Our water
proof and winter weight shoes
land rubberS for this sort of
weather cost no more than the
other kind, but what a differ
enCe, Davis Shoe Co,
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
ILLINOIS RANKS SECOND IN OIL.
Produces More than PcnnsS1SaHla,
Ohio and Indiana Com btmed.

FfOuWCes More imam VcuusyuS00sos
Ohio and Indiana COmhimed.
With a production Of approximately
25.OOO.OOO barrels Of oil In the last year,
Illinois ranks second In the country rs an
oil.producing state. II IL surpassed only
by California, and during the year 1!OI
Illinois has produced more oil than Penn.
sylvania. Ohio and Indiana combined.
Statistics on oil production were issued
by II. Foster Balm. director Of the state
geological survey. The oil industry In
this State Ii Of recent development. as II
began In June. 1905. with n production
Of $3.50 barrels. According to Mr.. Balm
there Ii at the present time continuous
string Of producing wells more than O.OOO
In number. At the present time Illinois
II producing more oil than any country
10 the world. except the United States A.
whole. and Russia. The oil occurs ut
different horizons. ranging In depth from
300 to 1900 feet. Only II per cent Of
the wells drilled NO far have been failures.
Mr.. Bsin believes that rs experienced
drillers prospect other parts Of the Stnte,
especially In the southern portion. add.
tional oil fields will he discovered. The
oil wells now In operation are situated In
Clark. Cumberland, Crawford and Law.
renee counties.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
Items from All Over the State Of
Matters Of Interest to Our
Readers.
Happenings Of the Week from Cairo to
Chicago Carefully Compiled for
Busy Men.
INSANE GIRL Is KILLED.
steps Too Near Fire In Tent COLONY
and Durns 20 Death.


and Durns 60 Death.
Miss Lucy Anderson. for three years
an inmate of the l,artonvillc insane asy-
lum. died in the asylum hospital Of burns
received four hours earlier. She was
burned from her feet to her shoulders,
and all the aid the physicians. under the
direction of Dr. George Zcller. supcrin.
tcndcnt Of the institution. could give was
futile. Miss Anderson was passing the
wood stove which furnished heat for the
occupants Of the tuberculosis tent colony
when her clothing took fire. In the tent
at the time were DIR. Windsor. In charge
Of the tent colony, and two nurses. who
made On effort to extinguish the flames,
which spread rapidly. DIR. Windsor
reached the woman's side and threw q
blanket around her. In pain and fright
she tore loose from him and ran from
the tent to the open air. The burning
woman frantically ran among the cot.
tages, eluding all the nurses and attend.
ants who attempted to stop her. A FIRE
alarm was turned In by DIR. Mitchell,
who caught the woman. who by this time
was developed In flames. rolled her In
the snow and. with the aid Of his over.
coat. succeeded In extinguishing the fire.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25

The Beef Trust defics the Supreme
Court Of the United States every day
Of Its existence.
1t dehes and violates the permanent
injunction granted against 1t by the
highest court Of the country January
30. 1905.
And such II its power for harm, that
no official Gun be found who will stand
up for what the United States Supreme
Court decreed on behalf Of the people.
The Beef Trust continues its exist.
ence AZ a combination In restraint Of
trade and commerce.
It continues to fix and to maintain
throughout the country a uniform and
exorbltant price for meat In defiance
Of the mandate Of the highest court
In the land.
The temporary Injunction issued by
Judge Peter 3. GrOsscup May 20. 1902.
against the Reef Trust was made per.
mnnent by the United States Supreme
Court In n decision announced Jnnu.
ary 30. 1905. The decision establishes
these points:
Traffic In live stock transported from
State to State Ia Interstate commerce
and persons engaged In buying and
selling such live stock are engaged In
Interstate commerce.
The combination between dealers to
suppress all competition In the pur.
chase Of live stock u IN unlawful re-
straint Of trade.
The combination between dealers to
AZ and maintain a uniform price In
the sale Of meat throughout the cOun.
try Is IN unlawful restraint Of trade.
The combination OF dealers to Oh
tain preferential railroad rates, IL an
unlawful restraint Of trade.
All combinations suppressing compe-
titiOn between independent dealers fall
under the prohibition OF the Sherman
Antitrust Act.
Arthur Meeker, treasurer and gen.
eral manager for Armour 4 Co.. who
was indicted In the United States
Court. together with other members
Of the alleged Beef Trust for consplr-
acy, In 1905. and escaped on a technl-
cnlity, was on the venlre Of the Cook
County grand Jury for January, 1908,
but on account of innate molcsty
caused by II sore foot was unable IN
serve this time. lie certainly would
be n
Good man to Investigate
The MIX Trust:
Gamblers Trust:
leo Trust, or any other trust.
Talk about getting the man higher
up!
How IL Chicago ever going To bo
cleaned up with the Beef Trust con-
trolling the grand jury ms fully rs II
does the Health Department or the
Board of Assessors?
Why does the jury commission play
| favOrites?
u 1t Is selecting men fresh from the
defendants dock In the Federal Courts
for positions on the grand jury, why
not give the other trusts II fair show :
Why not draw Patsey King, James
OI.eary and Mont Tennes?
They never raised the price of food
on the people or cOnsplred against
them.
Even II they are called gamb.
lers, their court records. II they have
any. are no worse than the members
of the Beef Trust. who only es-
capped severe punishment In the United
States court because Judge gave them
an immunity bath on the ground that
they furnished evidence against them
selves!
Why not draw Bowman, Borden OF
Mix to Investigate the milk cases?
They are certainly the peers Of
Meeker. Armour or Swift, because they
have only been indicted.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
New Officer Is Choscn

J. X. Dickerson of Lawrenceville was
chosen secretary of the State board Of
agriculture.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25

But 1t appears that men who have
been accused Of serious ofrenses by u
Federal grand jury IRE looked upon as
superior citizens ana competent Cook
County grand Jurors by the Jury com.
mission.
The people will wake mp to the sltria.
ton hereabouts some day and then
there will be something doing.
The following individuals were In
dicted by the Federal grand jury In
1905 for conspiracy In cOnsplring to re-
strain commerce ana trade by mOnOpO.
liking the meat product and for vlo-
latlng the Sherman Antitrust law:
OF Armour & Col. Ogden Armour,
president. Chicago; Charles W. Ar
n,our, Kansas City. president Of the
Armour Packing Company; Thomas
J. Connors. superintendent. Chicago ;
Samuel a. McltOberts. assistant treas.
urcr. Chicago; Arthur Meeker, general
manager, Chicago; Patrick a. Valen.
tine. treasurer. Chicago.
or Swift & CO.-Lawrence A. Car.
ton, treasurer. Chicago; Arthur +.
Evans, special counsel. Chicago; ID. r..
lIartwell. secretary, Chicago; Il. C..
McAlanus, special counsel. Chicago I;
Louis f.. Edward f.. and Charles II.
Swift. president. vlce-presldent. and
director, respectively. Chicago; A. IL.
Veetler, general counsel. Chicago.
or the Fairbanks Canning Company
Edward Norris. vire.president. Chi.
cngO; Ira 4. Morris. secretary, Chi
cagO.
or tn" CulalIy Packing Company
Edward 4. Cudahy. vlce.presIdcnt am,
general manager, Omaha.
Corporations indicted Armour 4
CO.. Of Illinois; Armour Packing Com.
piny. organized under the laws Of New
Jersey; Swift 4 Co.. Fairbanks Can.
ming Company. and the Cudahy Pack
Ing Company.
Armour, Meeker and others Indicted
with them all escaped trial AMI proba-
lle conviction by the ruling of u Judge
that they were entitled to immunity be-
cause they had furnished evidence
against themselves under cOmpulsion
sufficient to convict. although he held
entitled TO immunity and must stand
trial.
hut the opinion of the people with
rocorJ :, ,hns. mo, has novor chon,oI
ana ,ha hd,c,ntIo, of tho Amor,c,n
mill, from president poosoveIt down
hns h.en fro,uentlv voiced and tho
rool,n,, il crowing stronoer and Strom".
y, In ,ha rn,,,or
An, ,ho Snnr,mo Corrt q, ,ho u,,to,
s,,,., Joo,1aI W,roh !, ,uon ,h,,
,rns,, an1 "o,o,r, 80 ,ru,,, oo,,,,, na
conno,,on ~ furnish evidence nga,,s,
,h"n,sa,,.,,, a,', .",,,I Ia anoa omI I'm,
nr,sonoa On Smch tostimonv
yo,wi,hstond,ns those facts tho iurv
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
ILLINOIS HORSE FOR TAFT.
Animal Able tO Carry Weight of sec.
rotary OS War IL Purchased.

Nntsnat Able Ia Garry Wetght Ut Sec.
Rotary NJ War u Purchased.
Central Illinois has been called upon
10 provide a saddle horse for Secretary Of
War william II. Taft. \ firm Of Chi.
cngo horse buyers which has been try ing
to I'LL an order for the cabinet officer has
made n purchase from \. 7. Ewing Of
McDOnough county. The firm advertised
for horse heavy enough to support a
man weighing 300 pounds. Mr.. Ewing
recommended his handsome black saddlcr.
which he purchased n year ago In Mis-
souri, and which weighs LAO pounds.
standing sixteen hands high. An expert
sent to make an examination rcpoi ted
favornbly, III" horse being found In per-
feet condition. The animal is u years
old.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
SHARES PAIR OF THIEVES.
Girl Captures Two burglars, hut
ThcN Oct AMmN.

Good evening"" said burglar to Miss
Margaret Stcckcl of Chicago when she
entered her room after II shopping cxpe-
dltion and found the thief and confcd.
crate riding her dresser. ave are just
trying to borrow any loose change you
might have" the polite miscreant added.
II haven't any money, but III call Il
friend" replied Miss Stcckcl. She back
ed suddenly from the room, closed the
door and locked 1t, She ran To the street
and called a policeman. When the OIL
Ger burst % the door he saw Il pair of
heels disappearing through the window
The burglars had dropped to the roof Of
an adjoining house and escaped.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25

We can understand how the Reef
trust controls local conditions In Chi.
cago. Everybody Is beginning to I'M
derstand that. But how the Beef
Trust can continue To defy the United
States Supreme Court In view of Its
permanent Injunction against it. grant.
cd by that tribunal January 30, 1905,
Is hard to understand.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
Attorney shoots Promotcr.

o. b. Hewitt, an attorney of Taylor.
vile, shot and perhaps fatally wounded
d. w. Stevenson, mining proomter, of
Kansas City, Mo-, In quarrel In the pub
lie square in Taylorville. II Is claimed
the men Quarreled over woman.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
WHITE OAK AND VIOLET WIN.
Pupils ut IlliWOis schools Choose
Them Ws Native Tree RMd Flower.

Them Ms Native Tree RMd FlONrr.
Pupils Of the public schools Of Illinois
by their votes have chosen the purple
violet rs the native State flower and the
white oak rs the native State tree. The
white oak received 3i.3.O votes. The
maple tree is second with l6,OSJ votes.
The purple violet received 1881 votes.
and the wild rose IL second with ll,!IO3.
The elm and golden rod occupy third
place. Mrs. James e. Fcslcr and Supt.
&. Il. Joiner of Rochelle conducted the
voting contest. The vote has been can.
yassed by the following tellcrs: Mrs. VI.
u. Hathaway, Mrs. Susan Cass, and
Mrs. Josephine Barker of Rochelle, The
ballots numbered i9,oJo
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25

People are commencing to see why
so many Reef Trust men are put on the
county grand jury.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25
SUPREME court DEF|ED

Among the Stock Yards people serv.
Ing as Grand Jurors on the July Grand
Jury were the following:
Thomas L. Smith, foreman for Swift
4 Company, Union Stock Yards.
james q. Turner, clerk, Swift &
Company, Union Stock Yards. y
Everett l.. Van Meter, live stock
salesman, Union Stock Yards.
The following Stock Yards repre-
snntatlves were on the June Grand
Jury:
l.. b. Crumbaugh. head cashier Ar.
mour 4 Company, Union Stock Yards.
w. J. Rnaseil. manager Swift 4 Com.
pnny. Union Stock Yards.
Nicholas Kilburg. telegraph oper.
tor, Armour & Company, Union Stock
Yards.
Martin Rudy. live stock commits.
son, Union Stock Yards.
G. william sperry, live stock com.
mission. Union Stock Yards.
~eA
Arthur Meeker. manager for Armour
4 Company. waf on the venlrc of the
January grand Jury. hut through In.
nate molesty caused by IN alleged
sore foot he was unable To serve this
time. should he be- called on II grand
jury again. the other members OF that
body should take advantage Of the cir.
,c,lnistances to ask Mr.. Mccker all
nl,Out
The Beef Trust. and why 1t should
not be indicted for violating the trust
laws Of Illinois;
The fixing Of assessments so that
Armour 4 Company and Swift 4 Com.
pany escape paying their just share Of
personal property taxes;
Tho withdrawal OF city inspectors
from the stock yards. leaving tho PEG.
pie Of Chicago without adequate pro.
lection to their health;
The relations Of Armour & Company
with the Health Department Of the
Harrison and Dunno administrations.
Mr.. Meeker, who Is n nice gentleman,
Will undoubtedly tell his brother Jurors
all that he knows about these subjects,
or give them tip rs to who can give
them better and more accurate infor.
nation.
So far as the Beef Trust IL cen.
cerned, the grand jury can get a lot OF
Information already collected ana relia.
bile, by applying at the government
building.
We can understand how the Reef
Trust controls local conditions I'm Chi.
cago, Everybody is beginning to I'M
derstand that. But how the Beef
Trust can continue To defy the United
States Supreme Court In view of Its
permanent injunction against It, grant.
cd by that tribunal January 80, 1905,
Is hard to understand.
~A
The failure of the Government to
proceed against the Beef Trust criml-
nally under the supreme Court deci-
sion of March II. 1906 the open def
ance by the Beef Trust of the United
States supreme Court and the perma-
nent injunction granted against this
awful trust by the Supreme tribunal
January 10, 1905: the daring viola
lions of the Antitrust Law by the
Reef Trust-al these ana more will
he great questions discussed by the
people In the campaign of 1908.
The Reef Trust must go to JAIL
Nothing less will satisfy the people.
People are commencing to see why
SO many Reef Trust men are put on the
county grand jury.
PILES CURED IN q TO II DAYS.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1908-01-25

PILES CURED IN TO II DAYS.
PAZO OINTMENT Ia guaranteed to cure
any case OF Itching. Blind, Bleeding or Pro-
trldinR piles II to II days or money
refunded. Doc.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1908-01-17

such as sitting up, shaking, hands,
rolling over, begging, playing dead.
and all that. Indeed, they are go easy
that Cap" doesn't care much for
them. He is an ambitious dog, and
goes in for more, serious things. !
His chief delight is buying the pa.
per. He is an early riser, and every
morning he fidgets and whines about
until his master gets up and gives him
two pennies, wrapped up in paper,
with which to get the newspaper.
Gap" wags his tail happily when
he starts out, with the money in his
mouth, for Edward Everett : square,
which is not far of, for he knows he
will find a newsboy at the square, and
that the boy will sell him a paper
If the boy is busy Cap waits his
turn. Then he thrusts his nose up
toward the boy, and opens his mouth.
The newsboy takes out the httle9pack-
age, and opens it. Cap watches him
anxiously when he takes out the
money.
On getting his paper he starts
straight home. >All the dogs in Bos~
ton could not divert him from his path
of duty But Cap" is cautious, and
If he sees trouble coming his way he
makes a detour. He is suspicious of
strangers until he has satisfied him.
self that they have no designs on his
paper, and takes the middle of the
street when he sees anyone approach
ing he thinks he cannot trust.
When Cap gets home, and his
masters paper has been delivered, he
is very merry dog indeed. The
serious business of the day has been
dispatched, and he feels happy and re-
lieved of responsibility.
He watches the reading of the pa.
per with satisfaction, wagging his tail
as if to say: You wouldn't have that
if it were not for me-"
1t would take considerable money to
buy Cap
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1908-01-17
DOCTOR SAID "UsE cur,cURA"
In Bad Case Of Eczema on Child
Disease Had Reached a Fearful
state-His Order Resulted
in Complete Cure,

when I was small was troubled
with eczema for about three months.
It was all over my face and covered
nearly all of my head. It reached
such a state that it was just a large
scab all over. and the pain and itching
were terrible. I doctored with an able
physician for some time and was then
advised by him to use the Cuticura
Remedies which I did and was en-
tirely cured. have not been bothered
with it since. I used Cuticura Soap
and Cuticura Ointment but do not
know exactly how much was used to
complete the cure. I can safely say
that Cuticura did lot for me. Miss
Anabel Wilson, North Branch, Mich,
Oct. 20. 1907"
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1908-01-17
IRON WORK ER SWINGS
OVER JAWS or DEATH.
PIGEONS CAUSE MAN !: TO FALL
: BUT NE SAVES LIFE ~ :
GRAsPINo DANGLING ROPE. /

New York. Quick presence of mind
and iron muscles saved George Nor
ris, structural iron. worker, from
death under circumstances that made
hundreds hold their breath while he
chung to a small rope and swung
through the air 125 feet above the
East river.
From the top platform of the mas:
sive steel tower being built, for the
Manhattan bridge on the Brooklyn
side of the river, Morris climbed to the
highest upright section, 125 feet above
the water. He intended to pass
through a shattered loophole in that
section and to descend the series Of
ladders within the hollow steel pier.
Standing on two steel pegs. grasp
ing higher peg with one hand, he
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1908-01-17
osJEcr.LEsson FOR: CHILDREN.
Mayor Was Quick to See and Impress
-. i, Good Point.

=
It was I'VE minutes before noon.
The mayor and the state superintend.
end had spent an; hour talking to the
children in an Ohio school, and just
before the. stroke OF ;, the gong the
chairman Of the. local school commit
tee was. called upon to follow them.
Children he said, pointing toward
the window, "as you go out from the
school in about two minutes you will
see gang Of men who are now shovel.
ing cinders into a railway train. They
are earning $35 q month.
Beside them is a timekeeper earn
ing $55.
AT the head of the train is an ed.
gineer getting 500. and over him il
superintendent getting two hun.
dred.
What Is the difference between
those men? Education. Get all you
can Of it."-Youth's Companion.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1908-01-17

really to prevent any unlimited exam
ination. The performer now takes a
position, one corner Of the handker-
chief in his left hand, the empty glass
in his right, in the palm of which is
the marked coin, and at the words Of
presto, pass" or other word of COM
mand relaxes the muscles of the right
hand, allowing the coin to fall visibly
and audibly into the glass, and at the
same instant twitching the handker-
Chief from the fingers of the holder
with his left. Glass and coin are then
passed for Identification.