davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1908-06-06
BIG MEETINGs pT.ANNEp.

During the week Of the Pan-Anglioan
cangrcss great meetings Will be held
every day for the delegates AZ West
minister Abbey ana 81, paurs,
Special attention Win be deNntcd 10 the
work OF the church's missions and dur
ins the week OF the congress special
collections for missions work VIII DO
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1908-06-06

~ threw the first charge back into tho
face OF the Moor who fired it.
GUN RUNNING;
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Hood River County.

This bill is submitted under the in,tia
tive for the following, among other, rea
sons.
A co nty is a public corporation anG
it ia apparent that section ofarticle Nj
of the Constitution OF Oregon, as amend
ed. reserves to the people the right tt
create county by initiative vote.
There is no general law for the crea
ton Of counties now, and no one kn,ws
when. it ever, there will be one. The
The facts as to area. population and as.
sesssed valuation show that We are able
to maintain county government. Out
of population of about : 800 the desire
of county for the Hood River country
IS earnest and unanimous with the ex-
ception Of a small fraction of one per
cent. We are assured by leading cltl-
zens OF The Dalles, Dufur and other
portions of Wssco county that they have
no objections to the creation of Hood
River County as proposed in this bill.
More than 400 residents of The Dalles
and Dufur have signed the petitions ask
ing that this bill be submitted to vote
at the June election, though forty-five
names from Dufur were received too late
to be filed with the Secretary OF Stato.
The people OF the Hood River country
therefore ask favorable consideration of
the voters of the State upon this bill for
these, among other, reasons:
Because the new county will be
great benefit to the people residing
therein and will facilitate the transac>
ton of their county business.
Because as the law stands county
cannot'be created by the Legislature;
and finally,
Because the people OF The Dalles and
the balance of Wasco county are willing
that Hood River County may be created
as provided in this bill.
The assessed valuation IN the pro.
posed Hood River County in 1903 waa
S90S,56S 90; in 1906 was $l,6lS,670.
showing a gain 10 valuation from 1903 to
1906 of $40, lO2 90, or about 7S per cent.
The valuation in 1907 was 81 762, ,250 90;
a gain oyer 1896 of $l,143 $4,000, or
about 20 per cent, showing the proper
tionate increase from 1906 to 1907 to be
almost as neat as that in three years
from 1903 to 1906.
The proposed Hood River County has
. population of about 900; an area of
about 500 square miles; and twenty
chool houses. seven of which are grad
I'd schools having from two to eight
ooms each and with a $30,OOO.OO high
chool under construction.
There will be left in Wasco County,
fter Hood River County is created an
rea of ,646 square miles. population
f II 500; and valuation of $5, 457,72
hus leaving it among the largest and
counties of the State,
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Chronic Constipation Cured.

One who suffers from chronic consti-
ments. Foley's Orino Laxative cures
chronic constipation as aids digestion
and stimulates the lives and bowes, re-
storing the natural action of these or
gans. Commence taking it today and
you will teel better at once. Foley's
Onno Laxative does not nanseate lor
yripe and is pleasant to take Refuse
substitutes. Slocum Drug Company
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28

Miss Ella Aiken went to Port
land Saturday, where She will spend
the summer with relatives.
Preaching at South Methodist
church Sunday, morning and even
ing, on the vital issues OF the day.
Morning topic: "Ha that is not
for Me is against Me. and be that
gathereth not with Me scattereth. "
Evening subject: The last words
OF admonition, the victory-aDd
then what? All are cordially in
vited.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28

-Egst now there appears to be
Estseesoubt but that it is Senator
T~aas of Oregon. Once the cam
Epsstsss started it was speedily seen
6a&s5 the oft-boasted personal popu,
Hsr5ssy ofGeorge the Governor was
sAae so alai ighty stout as it once
ws. Various things that some
faaxs tseve known about our chief
saaseSti9e have come to light, and
Il &o1 OF tslzs are today doubtful if
sFeecge was such q whale of a man
;zffee a!i.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28

The Republican candidate for
smEty school superintendent, S. E
EG1s3n, is man of expert nee in
ssSnd& ti0nel work. He began
EH&51iag when a mere boy, in 1884.
Fcs2 lat time until June, 1905,
uyfta the exception of one wear, he
Ixas.saEveIy connected with school
worx as g teacher, a student, or a
gBeEsper IF school board. He
asgS Eed several years experience
III GeH ching in the common and
E:ses.@d schools of Iowa; he has
Saaf several years experience in
ke,a5aing ia the common and grad.
fst echaols Of Oregon; and was
TaSEcipal Of the public schools of
Casper Wyoming, four years. He
Has dad considerable experience as
ssu instructor in teachers institutes
Ia keva and Wyoming. He has
Esscw ed on examining boards in
IoE& and Oregon. He attended
tlaa Oregon State Normal School
:E& Monmouth nearly a year in
Ess7-S. In 1890, he completed
rtle uo-mal course of the Western
HGCpaai College, in Iowa. In 1892
lie completed the Scientific course
1t the Fremont (Neb.) Normal
s.eaooi, aud in 1895, he completed
ft1s Classic course Of the same in
= fGt1aou. -Ie served as a school
nrS esr three years. He holds an
Oregon State Life diploma. His
Z txys-ience as a teacher and as
zheol officer, combined with bis
school training, certainly
kan for the work of the office
E Rhich be is a candidate.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Republican Ticket.

state and District.
Sxesl oltedStates Senator
II. NJ. CAKE.
fr Representative in Congr ,ss. Sec
-eud District
". r. ELLIS.
Bsc sstate Food and Dairy Commits
ssenef-
], W. BAILEY.
E@SIsreme Judge
H. S. BEAN.
Es< <Asi'rosd Commissioner, Second
0istrict--
c. B. AITCHISON.
Exc Srosecgting Attorney, Sixth Dis.
Strict
G. W. PHELPS.
Ese @-ssnt Representative. Morrow aud
Ematilla Counties
z. j. MAHONEY.
Norre " County Ticket.
Fer -f0dge-
F.M. GRIFFIN.
Fss- f3&seriff-
z. NJ. SHUT.
Voc Gsess-
w. 0. HILL.
F.cr 4s ssss8r-
W. S. CONNER.
ExSsseG Superintendent
S. E, NOTSON.
Escs}xscssyor-
y. III. HEATH.
F%@3aao Ger
N. f. WINNARD.
Ea-tE .eng missioner. full term
NJ J. DEVIN.
Fsr&1 commissioner, to fill vacancy
w, T. CAMPBELL.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Charles dgar Redheia.


o'clock, the last sad rites were paid
to the memory of Charles Edgar
Redfield, who for IL years has
been one of Morrow county's lead.
ing attorneys and prominent citi.
zens.
Mr.. Red6eld and family moved
here from Pendleton in the year
1897, and bought the Frank Nc.
Fsrland residence property on
North Main street which was
swept away in the flood Of 1908,
drowning his wife and daughter
Blanche.
He was recognized as fighter
in courts and never did he quit as
long as there WAS a chance or a
court left to appeal his cases.
He was man of large acquaint-
ance throughout the state, having
been strong democrat and a hard
worker for that political faith.
Mr.. Redield graduated from the
Albany Law School, Albany, New
York, and was admitted to the bar
in 1882. He tried his fret case
before Judge Alton B. Parker and
won it. 10 1904, he was a dele
gate from this state to the demo-
cratic national convention that
nominated Judge Parker for the
presidency.
He came West and doomed
Ocosta, Wash, on the Sound for
the N. P. railway and in the year
1892 moved to Pendleton where
he practiced law until he came to
Heppner, later becoming associated
with S. E. Van Vactor in the law
firm of Red6eld & VanVactor.
About two years ago be was
to Miss Elanore Cameron,
one of Pendleton's accomplished
and most highly esteemed daugh-
ters, and just recently bought the
]. L. Ayers property on Chase
street and fixed up a comfortable
little home.
His connection with the Hep
pner coal mines is we'll known
10 all our citizens.
Charles Edgar Redfeld was
corn in Bloomingburg, N. Y. June
II, 1868, and died IN this city May
%, 1908, at l0:40 a. m., after
short illness.
He leaves young wife in this
.ity heart broken, to mourn his
oss along with his aged parents
Who yet live III BlOOmlngburg.
Mrs. J. L. Dunn aud son Chas.
V, of Tekoa, Wash, sister and
ephew, are the only near relatives
q the West. Mrs. Dunn attended
be funeral. He leaves three
rothers, Will and Frank, of
,loomingburg and George of East
)rangp, n. j., and a sister, Mrs.
V. A. Rutedge, aside from Mrs.
Dunn, living in Philadelphia.
The sympathy Of the entire
goes out to the wife
nd family.
The services were conducted ,
ON the Episcopal church in thi,
ity. Rev. Quincy, of Pendleton,
He WAS a member of the Pendle r
IN Lodge of Elks and the Wood I
len lodge in this city, carrying a
fe insurance policy in favor of his
arents. 1
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28

The s3esrer Oregon makes it
FIX sz2szE o<,s for Cake the better for
tfrsgon. There are a few places
where party politics still count;
fa1e7 isn7t usually in city, county
AID I, isse~ict affairs; but they do in
HaaEoael affairs, especially IN the
n4W1e- house Of Congress, where
15sae saoj ojority party gets what 1t
asaa2 ta- and the minority 81 s tight
azd -aits. Oregon wants lot of
ksala4ess from Congress; it can never
ga taem through a democratic
4 eG1a10r.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Money at s Per Cent

$4,000 to loan OH improved farm
lanus. No loan made for more than 40
per cent cash value Of land. Write for
particulars
J. A. DOUTHIT.
Rooms 3 and Odd Fellows Building,
The Dalles, Oregon.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
Joseph N. Scott
Candidate for Joint Repre-
sentative for Umatilla
and Morrow COun-
ties.

Is native Oregonian; farmer by oc-
cupation. II el 'cted will vote for the
peoples choice for e. S. Senator, re-
eardless of politics; favors the enact
ment OF a state banking law which will
guarantee safety to depositors. Stands
for Statement No. |.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28

The Heppner Lodge of Elks con-
tributed a beautiful floral piece, as
we'll as the Pendleton lodge. A
large amount of beautiful flowers
were contributed by friends.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-05-28
REPORT OF THE CONDITION

OF the First National Bank, at Hepp.
ner in the State of Oregon, at the
close OF business, May IA, l90S.
No. 3774
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
NEWSBOY'S FIGHT
TO SAVE BATHER
Vain Battle in Atlantic City Sur
Makes Hero Of Lad.

Atlantic city y j.. Aug. 6.-Riskint
his life in an Intellectual attempt t
save the life OF Frank W Brown. /
New York visitor, John Brown. Al
eighteen ear-old newsboy dashed
from the boardwalk into the surf anc
made the most heroic battle for tn,
life of bather ever seen in the AT
lantic City surf
Alone and unaided the youth swan
out 10 the drowning Brown with +
hastily snatched life buoy placed the
man upon it and only failed to cheal
the SURF OF its victim because the mar
he tried TO save could not stand thu
terrifice strain OF his position and Eel
off the buoy before the plucky la
could return to him in a boat.
Thousands OF promenaders witness
ed the brave act and its followine
tragedy. and the entire beach is ring
ing with praise for the boy. Young
Brown nearly gave up his own life ir
the struggle and was only saved by
prompt action OF life guards and the
work OF Beach Surgeon Beckwith. wht
brought him back from what appeared
to be fatal exhaustion.
Frank Brown. who is understood tt
be a New Yorh detective was a fair
swimmer and went out beyond the
breaker line to smooth water Here he
was padding about when he wa,
caught By the treacherous currents.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
MARRIED AFTER 40 YEARS
Separated BY Lovers Quarrel, Couple
Are Reunited.

Kingston, y Y. Aug. 1.-THE mar
riage in this city OF George Faulkner
sixty.two years old, and Mrs. Sarah T.
Seymour. sixty-one years old. both OF
Schuyler Neb.. ii was learned was the
elimination OF romance begun n
Ulster county more than forty years
ago They became engaged in theiI
youth but a lovers quarrel separated
them and each married some one else
The wife Of Mr. Faulkner and the hus
band OF Mrs Seymour both died with
In three years. and Mr. Faulkner and
Mrs Seymour each moved TO Schuy
Ter Ncb.. and last week both came
east. by different routes They met
on the Hudson river steamer Hendrick
Hudson as she was landing at Kings
ton Point on Monday, and after briei
talk at Kingston Point park they pro
cured a marriage license from City
Clerk Cummings and were married
Mrs Faulkner's first husband was q
cousin of Governor Horatio Seymour
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Won $4,000 In Lottery; Dies.

New York. Aug. 6.-l.aro Ole vii
helm Wind. passenger on the Roya
Mail steamer Trent from Southamp
ton to New York via Colon. was found
lead IN his cabin Aug /. according tc
message received from the Trent
The body was buried at sea. Wind. who
worked on the Panama canal. won
$4,000 in the Panama lottery. and he
was on his way TO see his aged mother
in Denmark.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Union Pensions Printers.

Philadelphia, Aug. 6.-Under the old
age pension law adopted by the Inter
national Typographical union. which
became operative on Aug. |, applica
tions OF thirty.tnree members OF the
Philadelphia local have been approved
by the executive council. To be eligi
BILE to the pension member mus
have been for twenty years in con
tinuous membership and more than
sixty years OF age.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Fatally Shot While Beating Wife.

While he was whipping his wife
during a domestic quarrel Frank Tai.
mer was shot through the abdomen
by Mrs Tanner at Canonsburg. Pa
He was taken TO a hospital, probably
fatally injured while the woman is at
her home in an unconscious condition
IRON her injuries
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
All This Trouble Caused By Cigar

Bloomfield, n j. Aug. 8. When
Charles o. Heckel threw away his
cigar the wind blew it on his wife
setting fire TO her dress as she and
her daughter Gladys were automobil
ing with him in Branch Brook park
He let 20 OF the steering gear 10 ex
tinguish the blaze The auto ran away
struck and demolished a drinking
fountain. threw out Mrs. Hecke and
daughter. wrecked the machine and In.
iured all three.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
six WeII.FiIIed Barns Burned.

Williamsport. Pa. Aug THE Sc
verest electrical storm OF the summer
visited this section resulting in the
destruction OF six barns within ra.
dius OF twenty miles The barns were
filled with this seasons hay and grain
crop. Six cows were killed. The rain
was so heavy that in places many
acres OF corn were practically ruined
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
rmo pead il MIne expIosIon.

Two men were killed and three
probably fatally injured al the Knick-
erbocker colliery of the Philadelphia
& Reading Coal 4 Iron company
1ut one mile east OF Shenandoah.
The accsaent was caused by an in
rush Of gas in the gangway OF the
Buck mountain vein. which was ignited
while the miners were blasting
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Oldest asd pearee Mason Dead.

Harrisburg. Pa. Aug. Isaac ID.
Lutz. the oldest thirty-third degree
mason in the state is dead He was
seventy.fve years OF age and for years
was pharmacist at the state hospital
Lutz was a charter member OF Robert
Burns lodge.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
BREAKS NECK IN FALL
Man Goes to Bed Drowsy and Drops
From Third-Story Window

Atlantic city y. j.. Aug. flames
Tonge. of Chester. Pa. fell from q
third.story window OF the Hotel stan
ley and was found dead with his meek
broken in an alleyway alongside the
house The man had been dead TOT
over an hour when found.
Tonge fell asleep in chair on the
hotel porch and was aroused by the
hotel manager. who started him &c
bed. It is believed that after reaching
his room he went TO the window and
in his halfdazed condition fell out
The man was sixty.five years old. and
has a family in Chester
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
$1,000 Cattle In One Sale

Chihuahua. Mex. Aug - General
Luis Terrazas father-inlaw OF Am.
bassador Creel. has just sold % 900
head OF cattle to Charles + Hunt. OF
FL Paso, Tex They will be shipped TO
the United States
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08

A little daughter OF Professor Rob.
ert c. II Heck. Of Lehigh university.
who Is visiting his parents at Heckton
Mills. near Harrisburg. Pa. found a
box of belladonna tablets and ate sew.
eral OF them before being discovered
The child died in short time
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Stricken Blind Chasing a HOG.

While he was chasing a cross hog
on the farm OF William Steel. near
Port Deposit. Md. John Davis. OF
Northeast, was stricken blind A CO.
worker, George Ash. was bitten by the
q In the right knee. almost sevtring
kneecap.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
TO CHANGE HER FAITH
Cardinal Gibbons Says Miss Elkins viii
Become Catholic to Wed Abruzzi.

Become Catholic to Wed Abruzzi.
London Aug 6.-The Globes Romt
correspondent states that Cardina
Gibbons confirms the statement that
Miss Katherine Elkins will formally
embrace the Roman Catholic faith be
fore she marries the Duke OF the
Abruzzi
The correspondent SAYS that the
pope questioned Cardinal Gibbons
closely regarding Miss Elkins and hei
relatives
The pope expresses pleasure THAI
Miss Elkins is about 20 become an ltal
ian and Catholic princess.
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08

Death CLAIMS
", B. ALLISON
Heart Failure Cc..ries or
Iowa Statesman.
NEWS SHOCKED FRIENDS

1876 Lost Their Lives In Forest Fires
In Western canada--Two Dead In
Mine Explosion Pastors Wife Sues
Rich Widow For Alternating Aztec
tions OF Her Husband-Child Ate
Relladonna Tablets and Ditd--Gov.
ernor Fort Has a Broken Rib-Ois-
carded Lover a Suicide.
United States Senator William b.
Allison. seventy years OF age died
at his home in Dubuque. la
The immediate cause OF his death
was heart failure. The end came as a
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08

result Of a serious SiRklRg spell. due to
a prostate enlargement complicated
with kidney disease and during a
period Of Inconsistencies which had
lasted since Saturday afternoon.
Two weeks ago the senator left his
home in the city to escape the heat
He went to the home OF Mrs. Fannie
Stout a friend OF the family living on
the Asbury road a few miles from
town. For a few days his condition
seemed to improve. but he later began
TO grow worse Medical advisers urged
that an operation b. performed To re
lieve the prostate enlargement which
was bringing his condition 20 a crisis
Saturday morning the senator was
brought back home Soon afterwards
he relapsed into condition OF semi
Inconsistencies Except for brief per
iods OF partial recovery he remained
in this condition until death came
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
Sketch Of Senator AlIison's Life.

Senator Allison was born at Perry,
o., March .. 1929 the son Of John
and Mary Alison His hoyhood days
he spent on the farm which was his
birthplace Reaching young manhood.
ne secured his education in Allegheny
college. in Pennsylvania and the West
em Reserve college, Of Ohio. In both Of
which schools he distinguished him.
self at winning high hopors in all the
branches which he studied
Senator Allison was admitted 10 the
bar in 1850 he was married TO Miss
Anna Carter OF Wooster O.. al Ash.
land. O.. in February 1854 From 1850
until 1857 he practiced law in ohio In
1891 he removed 70 Dubuque. where he
took up the practice of law
Senator Allison was a delegate To
the national Republican convention In
Chicago in 1860 lie was a member OF
the governors staff during the civil
War and raised troops to fight for the
integrity OF the nation In 1861 In
1863 he was elected TO congress and
served continuously until 1871 In
1873 he was elected United States sen
ator from Iowa and represented his
state In this capacity until the time Of
his death
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08

The attempt on the sultan's life. 1t
seems likely. was the result OF the dis.
satisfaction which has developed
among the Young Turks in connection
with the first step In the installation
OF the new constitutional government.
The difficulty arose over the new min.
istry
The Young Turks We're displeased.
II was said. with the sultan claiming
the right to appoint the ministers OF
war and marine. contrary to article
twenty seven OF the constitution. which
only confers on him the right to choose
the grand vizier and the Sheik.ullslam.
The entire personnel Of the new
ministry was unsatisfactory TO the re.
formers. who wanted younger men
with more liberal ideas. The Young
Turks are apparently very much in
earnest and have no Intention 10 sub
nit 10 mere paper reforms
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1908-08-08
COAT OF MAIL
SAVED SULTAN
Dagger Blow Aimed at His Breast
DETECTED By L.
kSSAILANT UNDER ARREST

Leader Of Young Turks Bribed to Al.
tempt the Assassination - Dissatis.
faction Over New Ministry. Which
Has Resigned, Caused the Assault.
The Minister to the United States,
II Is Said, Has Been Relieved Of His
Functions - The Notorious Fehmi
Pasha Has Been Lynched.
London. Aug. 6.-An unconfirmed
telegram from Genoa states that a
leader in the Young Turkey party.
resident here. has received message
from Consantinople to the effect that
last Monday night minor palace Off
Ger rushed past the guard into the pri-
vate apartment OF the sultan and
stabbed the sultan In the breast
The blow, 1t was asserted. was de.
fiected by coat OF mail which the
sultan always wears and caused only
a bruise The assailant was promptly
arrested
A large sum OF money was found up.
on him and his baggage had been
packed ready for flight II is believed
that he had been bribed to make the
attempt on the sultan's life.
Said Pasha. the grand vizier. and
the newly formed ministry have re-
signed. The sultan has accepted the
resignation and invited kiamil Pasha
IN form "A ministry
The newspapers assert that Meh
med Ali Rey. minister to the Uni I
States has been relieved OF his func.
tions He is the son Of lzzet Bey.
former secretary and adviser TO the
sultan, who after the proclamation OF
the constitution fed aboard the
steamer Maria. bound for a Mediter
ranean port
The notorious Fehm Pasha. fcrme
president OF the council of state. has
been lynched at Yenishair in the vii
let OF Bruisa. Asia Minor.
Memduh Pasha. Hassan Rami Pa
sha and Rechid Pasha. respectively
ex-ministers OF the interior and ma.
rine and former project OF CONSTANT.
nople. were arrested and conducted ia
the ministry OF police amid the jeers
and Kisses OF the populace.