davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
RUST AND MILDEW UPON
WHEAT HURTS PRODUCTION
Effort Being Made 20 a Is to
Disease-By Prof ID. FinIayson, Eminent English
Agricultural Scientist.

The innumerable species of micro
scopic fungi which are in many in
stances so destructive to the life and
vigor of many farm and garden crops,
are diverse in structure and habit and
OF much Importance. Though differ
ing in their mode of life and the
amount of damage they may do to
particular crops, the species agree in
the absence of the beautiful green
coloring so universal in the higher
order of plants.
The physiological peculiarities
whereby the growth becomes para
site or saprophytic are entirely de-
pendent upon the Inability to manu-
facture and elaborate the foodstuffs
required. In ordinary plants the green
cells, particularly those of the leaves,
may in a sense be likened to a manu-
factory or chemical laboratory where
the various complex vital processes
concerned in the elaboration of the
foodstuff and the nutrition of the
plant are carried on. In the green
cells, under the energising action of
sunlight, starch and other more com
pick compounds are formed from the
elements of carbon-dioxide from the
atmosphere in conjunction with wa
ter, bearing in solution mineral mat
ter from the soil. Plants destitute of
the green coloring matter (cholro-
phylD, such as the fungi, not being
in position to manufacture the food
necessary, obtain a livelihood in one
or other of two ways. One class of
fungi lives upon the decaying remains
of plants and animals and are known
as "saprophytes; the other, para
site fungi. rob the living plant of
prepared food materials, which would
otherwise be used to maintain and
increase its vigor, and in the ultimat,
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
WlLLINI TRNNER5 JERONT

Mart" Littleton had been selected as
chief counsel for Harry X. Thaw. It
caused some in New York. While he
has been recognized for several years
as an able trial lawyer, he has not
been prominently identified with the
criminal branch of his profession, al
though he has been many times adj
vised that he could become supreme
in that field If he would enter it.
His success since he left his old
home in Texas has been almost phe-
nomenal, and it has been due largely
20 these ngs-determination, af
liability of manner a gift of oratory
and conciseness of expression. There
are few men in New York who can
excel him in making a plea before a
jury; there are fewer who can make a
more pleasing after-dinner speech;
there are few who can equal him in
clearly stating a complex proposition;
there is none who can excel him in
dealing telling verbal blow at an op-
perfume time And, added TO It all,
he is a thorough student of the law.
He is an expert at cross-examination,
is a fighter for what he thinks is right
and he has a forceful way with jury.
Became Famed as Orator.
Back in his boyhood days in Texas
he was known as an orator and story
teller He could recite all the old
fifth reader masterpieces with a fire
that stirred the boys" in the village
store, and. short time later, when he
was active in politics but not old
enough to vote, he could rouse the
old timers down in Weatherford to
bursts of applause with his oratorical
efforts.
II was due to no choice of his own
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

other lawyer who has in recent years
been in full charge of a case so i'm.
portant as the Thaw trial, Mr.. Little.
ton will be eagerly watched during his
conduct OF that trial. His friends say
that his experience as a prosecuting
attorney in Texas and in Brooklyn will
greatly aid him in his fight, and they
predict that the pitting of his ability
against the cool, unerring methods Of
District Attorney Jerome will furnish
one of the most interesting contests of
its kind seen in New York in many
years.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

difficulty and disappointment. Many
experiments were made to infect
plants direct by means of teleuto
spores or by sporidae. either through
the root, leaf or other surface, but
without success. This was the con-
dition of affairs when the late Prof.
de Barry took the matter up, and after
numerous painstaking observations es-
tabished the connection between the
cluster-cup or aecidum disease on the
leaf of the barberry and mildew, the
former (the cluster-cup disease) being
sumply an earlier form of mildew,
living it's life on another host plant
and preceding the rust disease of
wheat De Barry discovered that prac-
tically at will he could produce the
barberry disease by sowing the teleuto
barberry leaf, and further, by sowing
aecidio spores of the barberry on the
young leaves of the wheat the pres
ence of rust, and ultimately mildew.
was a foregone conclusion.
Though there are no direct rene
dies for rust, clean cultivation. the
burning of infected straw, which car
ries the resting spores of the disease
over the winter. may aid considerably
in the mitigation of the evil.
The difficulty that has to be met
and surmounted is the blending to-
gether in one ear or grain. rust resist
ance from one type, strength from
another, yield and, perhaps early
maturity from yet another. and when
the plant-breeder has realized his de-
sires after years of research and ex-
perimenting, i'm all probability the new
type he has evolved will be suitable
only for growth and ability to main
tain it's character under similar con-
ditions to that i'm which il was origin
ated Rust-resistant wheat grown in
Australia became badly rusted when
grown IN America, and vice versa. IL
has been stated by more than one au-
thority that the injury done by rust
to cereal crops exceeds 100000. 600
per amman. The department of agri-
culture has put on record: The dam
age to wheat and oats from rust in
this country probably exceeds that
caused by any other fungus or insect
pest. and in some localities, is greater
than that caused by all other enemies
combined"
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

While he was using up tallow
candles in his attacks upon Blackstone
he realized that it might be helpful to
him If he had short term of school
ing in the rudiments. He had never
been inside a schoolhouse, although
he had received some instruction at
home and had picked up a good bit
OF information on general topics. To
carry out his plan he went to Spring
town, and there for eight months he
did chores and farm work and studied
with an old German who numbered
among his pupils the children of most
of the aristocrats of Parker county.
Entered Attorneys Office.
In the eight months Littleton
learned as much as he felt was neces-
sary for the time being. He could do
fractions as well as any one: he could
parse everything that could be parsed;
he could write as fast and as plain as
any boy in the county, and he could
recite better than any actor who had
ever struck Weatherford or any place
in that part of Texas. He knew the
history of the United States like a
book. and he had a pretty good idea
of the history of other nations, which
in his youthful opinion didn't amount
TO much anyhow.
Thus equipped, he entered the Office
of the district attorney OF Weather
ford county as a clerk and law stu
dent. AS expressed by a man who
knew him in those days. "he fairly ate
the law books" He swept through
them with lightning speed, and in
1891, at the age of 10. he was admitted
to the bar. He was then one of the
leading young citizens of the county
seat. AS soon. as he was admitted to
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

that Littleton went to Weatherford.
He was born in a log cabin in Roane
county. in the eastern part of Tonnes
see, 80 years ago last January, and
when just a youngster was taken by
his father to Weatherford. After a
stay of few years there the elder
Littleton decided to move back TO
Tennessee, but the son, then under 16
years of age, declined to accompany
him. He preferred Texas. Even at
that tender age he had begun to dream
of a life in New York city. The idea
of studying law hadn't occurred to
him, but he was determined to get
in the midst of things" and to make
his way at something.
Worked and Studied Law.
Dependent on his own efforts after
his father moved back TO Tennessee
he did odd jobs about Weatherford
for a time and then, for want of
something to do, obtained a job as
trackwalker. 1t wasn't the sort of
work he preferred but he wasn't par
ticular and he stuck to it for several
months. 1t was during this servitude
that ambition to become a lawyer
seized him. His ready wit and his
ability to say things better than the
other men on the road caused some
of his associates to suggest the law
to him.
BY way of shortening his path some
what to his chosen field he left the
railroad and got job as devil in
the Office of the Park County News.
which was published in Weatherford.
He didn't like ink and pressroom ETH
quette, so after short term here he
got a job as bakers helper. Mixing
dough and reading law didn't prove as
delightful a combination as he bad
hoped and he resumed his old job of
trackwalker because it gave him plen-
ty of time to study nights and to think
about his studies during the daytime.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
ONCE TRACK WALKER,
NOW GREAT LAWYER
The Career of Martin w. Littleton
Selected Leading Counsel for Harry X. Thaw, 1t Is
Predicted That District Attorney Jerome Will Find
in Him Worthy Opponent at Coming Trial

New York.-It was back In 1888
wnen the following dialogue took place
between the foreman of a little rail
road down in Texas and rosy
checked, smiling young trackwalker
whose good nature and ready tongue
had earned him a reputation extend
ing clear across a Texas township.
You're a pretty bright young man"
said the foreman. Il suppose some day
you expect to be the conductor of
freight train, don't YOU"
mo. sir" replied the trackwalker,
Il never expect to be that"
You don't? You ought to aspire to
something like that. What do you
hope to be-"
Il expect to be big lawyer in New
Yok city"
After the foreman had recovered
from his laughter lie said:
Pretty far cry from trackwalker to
a metropolitan lawyer, isn't it?"
Yes, sir, but no farther than from
rail splitter to president"
Martin w. Littleton was the rosy
checked trackwalker. A few years
later when the whole country was
ringing with his speech at the st.
Louis national convention i'm which
he nominated Alton b. Parker for the
presidency, Mr.. Littleton went back
TO his old corner of Texas, and met
the railroad foreman who had sketched
out for him the brilliant future of
freight conductor.
Part of Ambition Realized.
We'll, Martin" said the foreman,
you've changed some since l was
your boss, amt you?"
I'm older"
And you're big New York lawyer,
too, amt you?"
We'll, l don't know about the big
but I'm New York lawyer, anyhow"
1t probably caused some talk down
in Texas, when it was learned that
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

trial courts and was regarded as a
conner" in criminal law.
Involved in "8ig" Cases.
In 1899 he was made an assistant
district attorney of Kings county, and
while serving in that capacity he had
charge of some of the most notable
cases in the borough across the bridge.
He prosecuted Five Hundred and
Twenty Per Cent" Miller and was
chief prosecutor in many other prom
inent cases. And during all this time
he was gradually earning a reputation
as an orator and after-dinner speaker
He attracted particular attention be-
cause he was of a different school
from his competitors. He brought
east with him a southern charm of
manner that invariably made friends
for him.
His real debut as an orator came
during the campaign of 1900, in the old
Academy of Music. in Brooklyn
Known as a man who could make a
fair speech, he was put down on the
programme as one of the tailenders
Three Democrats OF national promi-
nence were scheduled for the chief -ad-
dresses, and David b. Hill was her
aided as the principal attraction. When
his turn came MIR. Littleton-then a
man of but 20 years-created a sensa.
ton from the start. It is no exag
geration to say that he really cleo
trifled the audience. His speech was
short, clear and TO the point, and his
eloquence stirred the crowd to storms
of applause. Instead Of leaving the
hall everyone stayed and still others
jammed their way in.
Littleton became known outside of
Brooklyn after that IL was that effort.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

practice he hung out his single in
Weatherford. and forthwith he began
to win cases in the local courts. The
suavity of manner that distinguished
him proved to be one OF his chief as
sets, and the quick wit which gives
him advantage over his opponents at
the present time aided him then in de-
feating his older adversaries. Two
years in Weatherford put him at the
head of the profession there, despite
the fact that he was still beardless
youth who had cast but one vote.
Bright Career In Dallas.
Dallas was the scene of his next en-
deavors. He was unheralded, but 1t
was only a short time before he be-
came recognized as a lawyer OF ability
and boundless ambition. In two years
he became assistant district attorney,
and in that capacity he made reputa-
ton as a prosecutor which extended
pretty well all over Texas. His grasp
of criminal law was described as re-
markable and his handling of jury
was said to be little short of mar
velous. There was just enough of the
old southern fire in his oratory to
make juries bow before him.
During his career in Dallas he was
constantly fondling his ambition to
come to New York. He had never
been east of the Texas line since his
father had moved over from Tonnes
see, and he had never met more than
a half dozen men from the metropolis.
But he had read of IL and dreamed of
it and he was determined to make a
clean jump across the continent as
soon as he could scrape together
enough money to pay the expenses Of
himself and-of Mrs. Littleton.
Winning Wife.
There wasn't any Mrs. Littleton at
that time, but he was determined there
should be. 1t has been said that the
greatest oratorical effort of his life
was that put forth when he induced
his wife to marry him, give up her lux
urious home in Texas. and come to
New York with him. He had made a
splendid success as a lawyer, but had
little money; he had no friends in New
York. and not even suggestion that
he might obtain work. Mr.. and Mrs.
Littleton, nevertheless, babe goodbye
to Dallas in 1896 and short time
later arrived in the city, which the
youthful bridegroom-he was then but
"a years old-had dreamed of conquer
ing.
The young lawyer, despite his Texas
laurels, did not make the strides here
he had made in the southwest, but he
was neither surprised nor dispap-
pointed. He sought work in the Of
fees of various lawyers and finally OBJ
tanned a position with the firm of
Peck & Field. Later he found a place
with Sheehan & Collins. Still later he
became attorney for the Brooklyn
Heights Railway company, and it was
while there that his star began to
rise. He attracted attention in the
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
It's Chief Use.

These" said the inventor proudly,
are photographs of the finest aero.
plane the world has yet seen"
We studied the remarkable-looking
object.
And how is it supposed to work."
we asked.
oh" he reioined, ut isn't supposed
to work at all; but you can see what
splendid newspaper and magazine
articles It will make"
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

in fact, which led TO his selection as
the man to nominate Alton b. Parker
for the presidency at the st. Louis
convention of 1904. William F. Shee-
han heard his Academy of Music
speech, and in looking for some one
to make the supreme effort at the st.
Louis convention he suggested Little
ton.
Studied Address Carefully.
II is not necessary to recall the SEN
sation caused by Mr.. Littleton's speech
in st. Louis, but it is Interesting to
recall the preparation made for the
address. Unlike most orators, Mr..
Littleton does not profess to be an
impromptu speaker. He can make an
impromptu speech. but he never does
so If he can help II. He prepares his
sentences with great care and then
commits them to memory. In fact, he
does not have to put forth any effort
to memorize them. When he has writ
ten a speech he has learned 1t. He
can repeat it with practically no varia
ton.
ne DItDdIGu HIS Ol. SDttCL
weeks ahead of time. He rehearsed il
at home, and when he needed larger
place in which to train his voice he
went out to the cathedral in Garden
City and practised for hours. After he
reached St Louis he went to the con
vention hall one Sunday afternoon
and in the presence of two or three OF
his friends went through the speech
two or three times to get the proper
pitch for his voice. His ORATOR
created a sensation and put him in
stantly in the front rank of American
orators.
Never a Seeker for Office.
Although possessing the attributes OF
a successful politician and having po
litical ambitions, Mr.. Littleton has not
been a seeker for Office. He was perman
ent chairman of the Democratic state
convention in 1902 and was borough
president of Brooklyn in 1904, and
1905. He was urged to accept renom
ination for borough president, but he
declined. He had two reasons for do
lllS d. OlG wac NhaI iC W dhNCN W
leave the office before he had been
criticised the other was that he was,
as he publicly expressed it at the time,
unable to make both ends meet"
He retired from public life to build
up a law practice, and he has been
busily engaged in doing so ever since.
He left Brooklyn a couple of years
ago and set up in Manhattan, and he
has been prominently before the public
since in his legal capacity. In the mat
ter OF earnings he is said to rank witt
the leading lawyers of the city.
Not yet SO years of age. he may
truthfully be said to have a glowing
future, and his close friends intimate
that it will not be alone in the field OF
law After he has accumulated com
Portable fortune it is said he may seek
again to re-enter public life.
Younger by many years than any
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

ShriveIled Grains from Rusted Ear.
ing a bright orange color; this dark
ened as the corn ripened. until ulti-
mately the spots were dark brown.
and the spores produced from the
same mycelia which gave rise to the
rust spore of the summer. turned out
to he not the rust spores of the uredo
stage, but the teleuto spores of wheat
mildew. This proved the view held
by some of the most famous biologists
after repeated experiments that the
disease so long known as wheat mir
dew (Puccinea graminus) was less than
the autumnal form of the uTedo or
rust. The teleuto spores, so-called.
as they are formed late or last in the
life history of the fungus. are the
winter or resting spores of the dis
ease. When these spores are placed
under conditions favorable TO germina-
ton they do not grow rapidly as do
the uredo spores; i'm fact. IL has been
found practically Impossible to MAKE
the teleuto spores grow without a
period of rest. growth taking place
only IL the late winter or early
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

spring. These aforementioned spores
are thick-walled two-celled bodies
club-like or spindle-shaped. When
termination takes place in the spring
the germ tube is protruded from each
cell, which grows until it's length is
two or three times the length of the
original spore; partitions are then
formed across the tube. dividing it
into three or four segments, each seq
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

production and development of healthy
well-formed seeds.
In examining a growing crop of rust
ed wheat during the present year, the
writer paid especial attention to the
gradual transition from the rusted to
the widowed stage. Towards the end
of July the plants under observation
were badly rusted. the color of the
spots and pustules on the leaves be-
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
Mrs. Evans Claim.

Mrs. Evans, OF Richmond-on-
Thames, England. claims she is the
only woman entitled to wear the Alma,
Balaclava, and Inkerman medals. per-
mission having been granted on the
death of her husband. whom she &C.
companied through the Crimea. She
was often under fire.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
Discovered PrehIstorlc Ruin.

In Spruce canyon. near Cliff palace,
Colorado, Prof. r. l.. Hewitt has dis
covered prehistoric ruin six
stories high, one of the finest examples
of the cliff dwelling ever found.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

ment becomes branched and produces
at its apex small spore-like bodies
known as sporidae This sporidae in
it's turn carries on the disease another
stage. In the life history of the dis
ease, which has manifested itself so
differently, both as rust and mildew on
the same plant, we have reached a stage
which was for a long time beset with
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03

The Wise PouItryman.-lt is the
wise poultryman who breeds from his
best winter layers.
The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1908-01-03
Involved in big" Cases.

trial courts and was regarded as a
conner" in criminal law.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-10
AUTO KILLS S. I. BOY.
Wealthy Importers Machine Also
Injured Tsco of HIS Playmates.

one small boy was killed and two of his piaS
mates were badly injured yesterday when an duto-
mobile owned and driven by Richard agar d
wealthy importer of this city, who lives at 1oiiP
kins avenue and Hyatt street. ST. George dasheu
into the crowd of youngsters. The injured poy ,
were placed in Mr.. Agar's machine ana huIrieo
to the Smith Inhrmary. block away where II
was found that boy was dead and the others
badly cut and bruised. of them sufferlns troii
q broken arm.
The dead boy is Henry Schumacher nve years
old of No. Brook street, and the 3nJured are
Jack" Perine, six years old. Of No Brook street
and Elmer Meyer five years cid, of No BROOK
street.
The three boys and other were playing
'qhorse' on the sidewalk, three of them pelis
linked together by the harness, while the 1ourth
drove Pretending that they were dashng 10
fire. the four boys started to cross the street just
as truck followed by trolley car, was pass
ing They dashed behind the car, not seeing tle
automobile which closely following IL, ana
were run down before the driver of the machlhe
could stop.
Mr. Agar was arrested by Coroner Camll on
technical charge of homicide and was released
later by Magistrate Handy at New Brighton uhuer
81 600 bail to await the action of the grand jury.
Mrs Agar who was in the machine with her nus
ha nd tainted.