davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
GLAZIER TO SHOW UP
OTHER BLACK SHEEP

LANSING, Mich, Nov. 12.-Evi-
dence is accommodating that Frank p.
Glazier will not go to prison without
making an attempt to show up the
alleged reckless methods of other
state officials, II IL Is possible to get
the facts into the case.
Attorney j. 5. German. Of Chelsea.
who appears for Glaxier. IL In consul.
fation here with Attorney l.. b. Near
thur. OF Lansing. who has been en-
ployed In the case. II has not beon
decided whether an EFFORT will -
made to have the. case continued owe
the term. but the lawyers do not fave
the date. Dec. IL. tentatively nxs0 u
Prosecuting Attorney Foster.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
Police Pick Up Runaway Lad.

After walking to Detroit from Grand
Blanc. Mich, James Caleb, 13 years
old. was picked up In an almost ex.
hausted condition by Patrolman Water
at Fort and Twelfth7sts.. early Thurs
day morning. and was sent to the de-
tention room In the county building.
He says he ran away from the farm o;
his foster father, w. D. Clark, who
will probably send for him. The boy
is an orphan and was adopted by Mr..
Clark out of state institution eight
years ago.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
TRY TO SELL STOLEN
SHOES; ARRESTED

Anthony Bork. aged II, No. 331 SUI
perior-st.. and Frank Purusykiewicz.
10. Of No. s51 Orleans-st., were ar
rested. Tuesday night, while trying to
dispose Of 20 pairs Of shoes to "A
Gratiot-ave. merchant. The shoes
were identified. Thursday, as part of
q $500 lot stolen from Grand Trunk
freight car at Dequindre-st and
Willis-aye.. Oct. 9.-The boys deny
having any knowledge OF the theft and
say they found the shoes. They are
held pending investigation.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

NEW YORK. Nov. 512.-Praise OF
the Prairie OIL & Gas Co., a subsidiary
of the Standard OIL Co.. in Oklahoma,
was coupled with denunciation OF
federal regulation for the control of
pipe lines In Oklahoma at yesterdays
session OF the hearing here In the gov
ernment's suit to dissolve the Gsaud-
ard Oil Co.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
80 HURT IN A
MISSOURI WRECK
KANSAS CITY SOUTHERN TRAIN
BLOWS UP WITH POWDER
MILL.

KANSAS CITY. Mo-. Nov. 12.-Thir-
ty passengers on a Kansas City &
Southern passenger train were injur-
ed. several Of them fatally, by the ex-
plosion of a powder mill at Holmes
Park, IL miles south of this city, as
the passenger train was passing the
mill Three of the injured are report
ed dying at Holmes Park.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
CHARLEVOIX-ST.
OPENING HELD UP

The fight over the opening of Char.
levoix-st. from Elmwood-ave. to the
city limits was not ended when the
common council, Tuesday night. voted
in favor OF the extension. Aid. Gin
nan, Thursday morning. filed notice OF
with the city clerk and
the whole question will be threshed
out all over again at the next meeting.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
To Honor Custer Heroes.

LA CROSSE. Wis, Nov. IA
train containing the bodies OF "a SOL
diers killed in the Custer battle in
Big Horn valley passed through
Grand Crossing. The bodies were ex-
humed recently and are now on the
way to the national cemetery at
Gettysburg. where another burial will
take place. Seventy-four tombstones
from the Custer battlefield graves ac-
companied the bodies.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
SIX CHINAMEN DROWN
WHILE BEING STRUGGLED

BUFFALO, Nov. 12.-In an attempt
to smuggle Cinnamon from Canada
over the Niagara river this morning.
six celestials were drowned, four 9TH
ers escaped, but were later captured
and placed under arrest.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
FALLS INTO HAT
AND SUFF0CATES
STRANGE MANNER OF DEATH OF
A NORTH RAYNHAM, MASS,
MAN.
FALL RIVER, Mass, Nov. H.

FALL RIVER, Mass, Nov. IL
Fell into his hat and suffocated."
This Is the Endorsement on the death
found dead by the roadside In North
Raynham by a neighbor. 1t il sup
posed, from the position OF the mans
body. he was on his way TO his home
when he tripped and fell
As he fell his derby hat slipped over
his eyes and his face was forced into
1t by the fall The man was evidently
stunned and never recovered suffi-
ciently TO extricate himself. dying Of
suffocation.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
WOMAN STRICKEN
ON STREET; DIES

Mrs. Louisa Lee, widow, As years
old. was stricken with heart disease
at Jefferson-ave. and Chene-st., Wed.
nesday evening. and after being at
tended by DR.. F. J. w. Mcguire, was
removed to her home No. oil Me-
Dorgall-ace.. where she died early
Thursday morning Coroner Bennett
was called, but will hold no inquest.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
suppressed Divorce sults.

Suppressed suits for divorce We're
filed Thursday by Elizabeth VS.. George
b. Meinweiser; Alice M. VS.. Dennis Z.
Woods: Charles vs. Minnie +. Burt:
Charles vs.. Anna Weigel; Ernest 8.
VS.. Ethel Belle Pettypiece, and Jesse
vs. Minnie. May Rutherford.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12
THE WEATHER.

md Friday, partly cloudy. eOntfnued
cooit moderate westerly winds.
Lower MichiGanT Fair Tonight and
Friday, except possibly light snow nur-
rIes On the west portiont con tinued cool.
HOlRly TEMpERATUREs
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

One year mao todayt Mnxfmum tenn
persture, 37g psfsimum. 2Gy mean, 32t
me- prcctptf q ttont cloudy weather.
The sum rose NJ gffs n. ,n., aud sets
90 ana p. m.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

You will come to II one OF these days
and then wonder how you ever got
along with any other. stroh's Beer
has no equal Phone Main ais for q
case.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

: The amateur plays cards. but the
professional works them
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

Whitshsh, Muskyat.
and game iinners at Belle Isle Casino.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-12

Ais.s.sss. IAssrsii.s. - nssrs>
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13
Epworth League Social

The Epworth League of the Holly
wood M. e. church met at the home
of Mr.. and Mrs. Sherman e. Lock
wood on West Maple avenue last Mon
day evening for their regular monthly
business meeting. A feature of the
meeting was the report of Miss Bertha
Carmelia as delegate to the Bridgeton
district convention, held recently,
which was very helpful and an invita-
ton was extended to the district league
to meet in the Hollywood church next
year. After the business of the eve
ming was transacted the meeting was
turned into a social event in which all
took part. Among the amusements
was the guessing on the grains on an
ear of corn, guessing on shadows and
a unique art gallery which was very
amusing and entertaining. Each guest
was given a program on which were
written twenty-five subjects and the
object was to guess what represented
each subject. After the guessing was
owe the guests were taken to the base
ment where each subject was uniquely
displayed on a table. Refreshments
of lemonade and cake were then served
and the guests left for their homes.
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13
Guild Meeting

The Guild of Saint Simeon's church
met at the home of Mrs. oliver Bright
on Monday evening last. After the
business meeting an experience social
was held, when each member of the
guild told how they had earned their
money for the church, which was a
very enjoyable affair. The proceeds
added greatly to the guild fund. The
members were then invited to the din
ing room where a very bountiful sup
per was prepared by the hostess. They
then adjourned to meet next Monday
night at Cape May Court House, at the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. G. B. Lowe.
Those present at the social were Mr..
and Mrs. Samuel Ward, MI. and Mrs.
Harry Bright, Mr.. and Mrs. John
Bright, Mr.. and Mrs. Oliver Bright,
Mrs. R. w. Ryan, Mrs. E. B. Wood
ruff, Mrs. J. 9. Lightfoot, Mrs. Clark,
Mrs. Fred Cole, Mrs. Edwin Edwards,
Miss Eva Brown, Mrs. Virgins, Mrs.
j. Robbins, Mrs. Clayton Lowe, Mrs.
w. H. Staples, Mrs. b. Harris, Mrs
Gibson.
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13
BayIess' Auction

Housekeepers, Storekeepers, Carpen-
tiers, Plumbers, Electricians, in fact
anybody will find useful articles of
many kinds offered for sale at Bayless'
Auction at Coney's Storage House on
Saturday, November 81, commenting
at 10 a. m. \
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13
A CHALLENGE

To the Editor of the JOURNAL:
Through your columns l wish to
challenge William Banks to a race on
roller skates at the Casino rink for a
distance of one mile at any time with
in three weeks.
Dated Holly Beach, Nj, Nov. II, 1908.
MALCOLM MURRAY.
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13

Wanted-Money on gilt edge first
mortgage. Rate of interest 6 per cent.
payable semi annually. Address w. E.
KELLER, 1877 Drexel Building, Phila-
delphia.
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13

A $40 White Sewing Machine guar
anteed for 8 years and a Sc piece decor
ated china tea set will be given way
free on Thanksgiving Day by Har-
bison's Wildwood Bazaar. See their
show windows for particulars. y
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13
Gem Cafe

After the theatre or rink stop in and
get a good oyster stew. Oysters served
in every style. Pie, milk and ice cream.
Five Mile Beach weekly journal., 1908-11-13

Real good Sour kraut, Burks Frank
forters, Hams and Bacon, at Albig's. y
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
Relief From Rheumatic Pains.

'T suffered with rheumatism for over
two years." says Mr.. ROLAND Curry, a
patrolman, of Key West, Fla. Some
times it settled in my knees and
famed me so could hardly walk, at
other times 1t would be in my feet and
hands so was incapacitated for duty.
One night when was in severe pain
and lame from it my wife went to the
drug store here and came back with
bottle of Chamberlain Pain Balm.
was rubbed with 1t and found the
pain had nearly gone during the night.
kept on using it for a little more
than two weeks and found that it
drove the rheumatism away. I have
not had any trouble from that disease
for over three months" For sale by
Hays G Fields and Yellow Pine Phar'
macy.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
THE SERVICE FOR VETERANS
WAS ON old CAMP Lines
Large Crowd Hears Rev. L. E. Hall---Od Time
Songs Were Sung Great Sermon.

One Of the most unique and inter-
esting religious services ever held
in Hattiesburg was the one held at the
Fifth Avenue Baptist Church at II
a m. on Sunday, the 10th inst.
This service had been announced
in the Daily News only a few days
in advance and an invitation had been
extended to the confederate veterans
in the community to worship with this
church at the regular morning hour.
There were present about thirty or
forty of the old soldiers, and the con-
gregation filled the house.
The song service had been arranged
to include only the "old songs" and
some of the best voices in the city
were there to help sing them. Mr.. d.
F. Mcdonald, with clarinet, and Wal
ter Hall, with cornet, aided very ma
terially in the music for the occasion.
Many of the old vets Joined with vim
in singing II Am Bound for the
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

Promised Land" and others of the old
songs they used to sing in the SER
vices held around their camp fires
in the army.
Probably no sermon ever preached
in Hattiesburg was more appreciated
than was the one preached by Rev. L..
E. Hall, the pastor of the new church..
At the close of the service Mr.. Hall,
who was one of the youngest men in
the Confederate army, and himself a
veteran, requested the congregation to
sing, my Christian Friends in Bonds
of Love" to the old tune of Parting
Hands" While the song was being
sung the pastor gave to each one of
the old comrades hearty shake of
the hand and babe them all God speed
in the Masters work until zone by
one they shall pass over the river
and rest under the shade of the trees.
1t was a grand service and grand
congregation.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
Pale FACES
ARE BARRED
Only White Men Who Paint and
Have Indian Wives Can
Participate.

Muskogee, Okla, May 11.-Those
who believed that with the coming of
statehood Poor Lo would Immediately
abandon all the habits and customs
beloved Of his ancestors and become
heap civilized" citizen and voter
are doomed to disappointment. The
arrival of spring has sent the warm
blood bounding through the veins of
the redskins and nothing short Of a
green corn dance will serve as
vent for their bottled-up enthusiasm.
Therefore, Lo will dance, and the prep
arations for the festivals, which are
held during the latter part Of May.
are now being made.
At the commencement of the green
corn" dance the Indians gather from
all parts of the reservation at the
dance house, a large barnlike build
ing with a dirt floor, hardened and
worn smooth from much tramping.
They come to the dance with their
faces painted and wearing their finest
clothing and trinkets. It is a full
dress" affair.
Each day of the "green corn" cele-
bration, the dancing begins at 10
o'clock in the morning and lasts un-
til about midnight. At intervals Of
from two to five hours the dancers
have an intermission of about thirty
minutes which is spent in feasting
on rice, chicken, possum and dog meat
and smoking the pipe of peace"
Sometimes the Indians will dance
in wild frenzy for ten hours with
out once going out of the circle.
OF the whites only the "squaw men,"
who took an oath of allegiance to the
tribe when they married their Indian
wives, are permitted to dance. They
may participate if they are painted
, and dressed in the Indian costume.
There is more or less love-making
5 at all of the dances, but there are
0 more betrothals at the green corn
5 dance than at any other. Possibly
0 this is true because it comes in the
= spring, when the Indians heart, a
s we'll as the white mans, Lightly turn
7. to thoughts of love" This celebrs
II ton is not regarded as success b
J. the younger members of the tribe III
less 1t is followed in three or fou
G months by several weddings.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

FOR TRUNKS AND GRIPS. SEE
OUR SHOW WINDOWS.
5 ~ Ct McLEOD'S.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
SPECIAL.

You are cordially invited to visit
and inspect our new spring stock and
have your jewelry cleaned and pol
iched free while you wait. We are
not repairers only, but manufacturers
and we do not send your jewelry away
to be made like new. Do not forget
the place. The big cl ,ck. next door
to Palace Restaurant
H. H. GRAHAM JEWELRY co.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
SPECIAL.

, You are cordially invited to visit
and inspect our new spring stock AMI
have your jewelry cleaned and pol
ished free while yon wait. We are
not repairers only, but manufacturers
and we do not send your jewelry away
to be made like new. Do not forget
the place. The big clock, next door
to Palace Restaurant.
III. GRAHAM JEWELRY CO.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

Our appeal is that every one who Is
interested in humanity, should con-
tribute freely, largely and willingly to
the relief of these fallen yet hopeful
ones.
We again ask that all provisions
donated to the committee should be
sent to w. G. Clarke the chairman OF
the provision committee, No. 6la
Mobile street, care DR.. W. F. Towards
drug store. Again we ask that you
contribute largely as much Of this ID
in demand. The relief COMMITTEES
will meet again Thursday night for
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
Rhedss and the kaissr.

Kaiser Wilhelm Of Germany always
held a high opinion Of Cecil Rhodes
II wish you were German" he once
said to Rhodes, ''for l would appoint
you director Of my foreign affairs"
THAT" replied Rhodes. us great
compliment. sir. but respectfully as
sure you that II you had been an Eng
lishman should have engaged you as
my general manager"
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

"Mr. Heavyweight" said the minis
ter, "is willing to subscribe $4,000 for
a new church. provided we can get 9TH
Ter subscriptions making up the same
amount"
"Yet you seem disappointed" said his
wife.
Eyes; was in hopes he would con.
tribute 500 in cash. Town and Coun-
try.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

Fuddy-I was surprised that Minton
should come in to dinner a half hour
late. No gentleman will be late for
dinner.
Duddy-A gentleman is always a
gentleman. He is never late for din
ner. The dinner may be too early
Boston Transcript.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

"At last" said the ambitious young
novelist, 81 have written something
that think will be readily accepted
by the first magazine to which it is
offered"
''What is lt?' his friend asked.
"a check for years subscriptions
Chicago Record Herald.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12
ALCOHOL GAS STOVE.

Or chatting dish, entirely new. You
have seen them advertised in the
magazines. On display. Come in and
see it. You can't piss the place. Look
for the big clock.
H. H. GRAHAM JEWELRY co.
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

All provisions should be sent to W..
G. Clarke, 613 Mobile street. All
clothing should be sent to Mrs. A. s.
Riley at Infirmary.
Colored citizens Of Hattiesburg are
still actively engaged in raising funds
TO: the relief of the storm-sufferers.
The following additional list was
handed to the Daily News by DR.. w.
F. Howard:
Hattiesburg daily news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1907-1908, 1908-05-12

A. M. E. Sunday School ........ 200
Will Walher solicited and col
lected NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. lO.Uo
G. w. Hopkins collected. 800. 900
S. X. Kinnard collected. ........ 14.95
W. G. Clarke collected ....... $3.50
Total $11Ol5
The gold leaf. [volume] (Henderson, N.C.) 1881-1911, 1908-04-30
Overman, Ever True
Defends North Carolina Against
Baseless Slander-No Peon-
age Practiced in this State,
He Declares Upon Floor Of
the Senate With Emphasis
and Indignation.
FAYETTEVILLE Observer.

Fayetteville Observer
The Washington correspondent OF
the Raleigh News and Observer gives
this interesting account OF Senator
Overman's latest effort in defense OF
his native State and section:
II, for one, am tired of voting for
these appropriH tons t send out long
haired men and shOrt-haired women
to spy upon our people, and Islander
them
In rhis language Senator Overman
concluded a spirited speech in the
Senate today in which he denounced
inspired newspaper publications en-
anating from the Department OF JUS
tice, which endeavors to show that
peonage exists in the South. Arising
to question of privilege the Senator
read an article from a local paper,
which claimed that peonage existed
in many Southern States and pur-
ported to give a confidential report
on peonage made by Assistant AttOr-
ney General Russell. This report
stated that Russell "found pccnage
in Charlotte, N. g., and made1refer-
ence to "turpentine camps" there.
With this subject as his text, Sen
ator Overman said: 81 undertake
to say that in the paragraph have
read there is not one word OF truth,
except that there is such a city in
North Carolina as Charlotte; one of
the best, most progressive cities in
the South, situated in the great man.
ufacturing section of our State.
1t is not located in any turpentine
section. | wish to say, also, that the
turpentine camp in that State is more
than one hundred miles away
Il want to say furthermore that
there is no peonage it the State of
North Carolina. ] inquired from
the Judges and from the district at
torneys. and | have the report from
North Carolina And here, now, in
some confidential report, the assist
ant attorney general announces to
the country that there was peonage
in North Carolilla.'
Senator Overman recited the fact
that the Department CT Justice had
brought about several indictments
in the State, but that they were
against citizens of other States and
fell to the ground when brought to
trial. Mr.. Overman added touch
of humor to the subject by stating
that Assistant Distsict Attorney
Russell went to the State in per-
son to prosecute the trials with. the
result that the defendants were ac-
quilted. The Senate seemed to ell
Joy this bit OF testimony.
Continuing, Senator Overman said
that if any laws North Carolina has
on the subject of peonage could in
| any wise be construed to be peonage
laws they have been declared to be
unconstitutional by the Supreme
Court of North Carolina. He read
what the Attorney General himself
has said in his praise OF decision
written by Chief Justice Clark, for
the State Supreme Court, which
took stand against peonage. Thus,
the Senator said, the Attorney Gen
eral had contradicted his own state
ment about peonage laws in North
Carolina
This is a Islander upon North Car
olina,' declared Tar Heel Senator,
who added: 81 doubt ii the Attorney
General can show a single case where
Il citizen OF the State has ever been in
The gold leaf. [volume] (Henderson, N.C.) 1881-1911, 1908-04-30
Centennial Celebration.
Centennial of Jefferson Davis
Birthday to be Observed all
Over the South.-A Letter
from Mrs. Cornelia Branch
Stone, President General,
"U. DC"

Mrs. |. W. FaisOn, President OF the
North Carolina division OF the United
Daughters of the Confederacy, has
lust received a communication rela-
tive to the centennial celebration of
Jefferson Davis birthday, June 3D.,
which she wishes every chapter in the
State to consider carefully and act in
accordance with the wishes of the
president general, Mrs. Cornelia
Branch Stone. This letter is as fol-
lows:
To the Division and Chapters of the
Daughters Of the COnfederacy:
You are again reminded OF the near
approach of the one hundredth ami
versary of the birth of our beloved
chieftain, Jefferson Davis, the one and
only President of the Confederate
States: and it is urged that each
chapter will celebrate June 3, in such
manner as to make it memorable
occasion to every citizen Of your
county and State. Let your program
for that day speak in loving memory
of his unblemished character, his up
right life and the schools, public and
private, and in your chapter meet
ings, close study of the public and
religious life of Mr. Davis, as shown
in the "Memoirs'' of Mrs. Jefferson
Davis, and learn of his patience, and
fortitude $and suffering from the
"Prison Life of Jefferson Davis" by
DR.. J. j. Craven. The Rise and Fall
of the Confederate Governments by
Jefferson Davis, will give you the
true history of that time, and will
tell of the great service of the men
whose names and memory we honor
and cherish.
Division presidents are requested
to urge upon the chapters under
their administration, the proper OBJ
servance Of these provisions, and to
notify the chairmen OF their commit
tees on chapter extension, that to all
chapters organized during the year
1908 which may be named for Presi-
dent Davis or any member of his
family, or either of his three homes,
"Rosemont," his childhood home;
"Brierfield," and "Beauvoir," a gavel
will be given, made of Beauvoir wood.
with silver name plate.
4 IS deed Of cOmmemOratiOn and
education, chapters are requested to
place pictures of Jefferson Davis in
the public and private schools during
this year. The presentation should
be accompanied by such fitting cere-
mODy as will impress the students OF
the schools with the greatness and
grandeur Of the name you seek to
honor.
Again l ask your loyal support
and cooperation in the work of the
general association, that, for the
sake of our dear cause, the year shall
be fruitful of results. More than ever
is your support needed with strong,
earnest hearts and willing hands, for,
overwhelmed by a great sorrow,
cropping dimly for the light, | ask
your loyal aid in the great purposes
of our organization.
For the loving sympathy extended
may God bless you.
CORNELIA BRANCH STONE,
President General, U. d. c.