The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-08-14

A grade" horse, strictly speaking,
Is one that was sired by a pure.bred
stallion. Always the sire must be
pure-bred, If the progeny is to be en-
titled to the name of grade" Where
a pure-bred mare is bred to a grade
stallion her progeny is not grade"
Such breeding is de-grading-a step
backward and downward-and, the
progeny which has not been graded up,
but degraded down, is of mongrel
breeding.
When a pure-bred stallion is mated
with native or mongrel-bred mare
the product Of this first mating is a
"one-top-cross" grade, the offspring
being one-half pure blood and one-half
impure blood. If the first progeny is a
female and in turn is bred to pure
bred stallion, Of the breed used for
the original top-cross, her progeny will
be a "two-top-cross" grade, or three.
quarters pMre-bred. When five top
crosses Of the same kind of blood have
been put on, the last resultant off,
spring lis practically pure-bred, and if
the work of further top-crossing is per.
ststently carried on, without a single
turning aside to sire Of some other
breed, the blood of the offspring be.
comes purer all the while and purity
of blood, when fully established, pro-
duces in it's possessors decided heredi-
tary power (prepotency) to stamp
upon their progeny the fixed charac-
teristfcs of the breed employed in the
gradiug-up or top-crossing process.
When grade stallion is mated with
native or grade mare the resultant
progeny is of mixed breeding. 1t is
not a grade, strictly speaking, for
there has been no grading up in the
breeding process and no advance can
possibly be made so long as a grade
sire is used in place of a pure-bred
stallion. This applies to the stallion
that Is still a grade, by reason of too
few top-crosses to make him practical.
ly pure-breed.
Where five or more top-crosses of
pure blood have been employed in the.
grading-up process the final product
no longer is an ordinary grade, but is
practically pure-bred, and being such
has gathered some of the prepotency
of the pure blood of the one predomi-
nant breed and so may be enabled to
stamp, with fair degre of fidelity.
the characters of that breed upon the
progeny of all classes of mates. Such
horses, however, are not eligible to
record in a majority of the govern.
ment recognized stud books, hence
their retention for breeding purposes
is inadvisable when legitimately re-
corded pure-bred stations may be had
In their place.
The pure breeds of horses have
been bred in one line for SO many
years without an admixture of alien
blood that each stallion representing
pure breed is possessed of the power
to transmit at least the designating
bred characteristics of his kind. Some
pure-bred stations have more power
than others IL this way and the degree
OF power (prepotency) may be said to
depend largely upon the degree of pre-.
potency possessed by each individual
ancestor and the length of time those
ancestors Of the individual horse have
been bred pure in direct line. Some.
times the pure-bred stallion may not
be 80 individually excellent as we
could wish, but almost inevitably, II he
10 well bred and Of good family. he
will transmit successfully the charae.
teristics of his breed and in many in.
stances some Of the superior qualities
Of his ancestors. Always a pure-bred
stallion must be employed, If the
breeding operation is to be true grad.
ing up process, and the better bred
and more perfect the individual stall.
lion IL the more quickly will his grade