davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
INJURED MEN RECOVERING.
Victims of Rockville Line Collision
Show Improvement.
dependence of The Star.

Special Correspondence of The Star.
ROCKVILLE, Nd, February IL. 1908
Miss Marcia Even Armstrong of Wash.
ington and Mr.. Raymond Ephraim Mash
of Newark, n. j.. were married in Rock
Vile yesterday afternoon by Rev. Thomas
j. Packard, rector of Christ Episcopal
Church, the ceremony taking place al the
rectory. The young man gave his age
as twenty-five and that of the young lady
as eighteen.
Mr.. and Mrs. William Vernon Beall OF
Lay Hill. this county, have announced
that their daughter Miss Mary AWE
Beall. and Mr.. William c. Moulden of
Rockville will be married at noon Feb
ruary 30. The ceremony Will take place
at the home of the bride.
A valentine dance was given last even
ing at the clubhouse of the Montgomery
Country Club. II was managed by a
committee of which Mrs. Elizabeth III.
Offutt was chairman and was enjoyed by
a large number of the younger members
of the club.
Mrs. Mary A. Orme. formerly of this
county. died few days ago in Balti-
more, aged eighty-nine years. Sha is sur
vived by two children. Edward Orme and
Mrs. Julia Leslie both of Loudoun coun-
ty Va.
The condition of Mr. Harry d. Moffatt
WHO Was So bduiy iHJuieu III lIie WIech OH
the Washington and Rockville electric
railway the other evening. is understood
to be satisfactory, and unless blood poi
son develops his speedy recovery is be-
lieVed to be assured. He sustained a
fracture of the jaw. lost a number of
teeth and was otherwise badly hurt
MIR. Brooke Edmonston. another victim
was more seriously hurt than was a first
supposed. In addition to numerous bruises
he received an ugly cut on the side of his
face that required several stitches. He is
getting along nicely.
The others who were able to come to
their homes are improving rapidly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
Marriage Licenses.

Marriage licenses have been issued to
the following:
Robert w. Payne and Rose A. Crockett
John H. Douglas of Langley. Va, and
Ada E. Webb of Lewinsville. Va.
Alex Monroe and Sallie A Houghton OF
Hemp, Va.
John w. Tallentire and Olive NJ. Harri-
son.
James H. Wallis and Annie G.. Gran
ford. both of Upper Marlboro, Md.
James E Morrison and Emma A. Keil
Guy c. Efker and Margaret F. Luns-
ford.
Osborne H. Simmons and Ida H. Blake,
both ot Baltimore, Md.
Percival Burroughs of Groom, Md, and
Adeline Wood of this city.
Roy NJ. Reed and May NJ. Rinker.
Charles H. Dillingham; of ST. Louis,
Mo-. and Earle Williams of this city.
Charles johnson and Ella Howard
Hampton T. Willis and Laura V.
Bowie
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
Commissioner Warner Answers Suit

The answer of Vespasian Warner COM
missioner of pensions, TO the suit insti-
tuted. by Mrs. Elizabeth Sousa. mother OF
John Philip Sousa. the bandmaster. for a
mandamus. has been filed. Mrs. Sousa
sought to have the court compel the COM
missioner TO pay to her certain money
which she claims is due her as widow of
Antonio Sousa. for many years a member
of the Marine Band.
Commissioner Warner. In his answer
filed through Assistant United States Dis
trict Attorney Mcnamara, admits nearly
all of the allegations made upon behalf of
Mrs Sousa, but states there is no provj-
sion of law whereby she can be paid the
amount which has accrued. the law only
providing for the payment of money
which has accrued under the pension
laws.
1n his answer the commissioner also
states that in July. 1855. Mr.. Sousa' pen
sion was increased to $40 per month. and
on April 10. 1880 was again increased TO
81 per month.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

George F. and Corinne NJ. Williams
February 4. 1908. female.
William w. and Charlotte Sniffin. jan
uary 81. 1908. male.
James R. and Ellen T. Popkins. Feb
ruary s. 1908. female.
James M and Mary NJ. Mcqueen, Feb
ruary 8. 1908, male.
William H. and Emma j. Love. Febru-
airy 4. 1908, female.
John and Teresa Cinotti, February 10,
1908, male.
John s. and Ida B. Stewart. February
IL 1908. female.
James T.. and Mary j. Harvey, Febru-
airy L. 1908, female.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

The decorations OF the reception and
dining rooms were white and green.
Those present were Mrs. William SHAFT
hirt, Mrs. Warren M. Whyte. Mrs. Hell
berger, Mrs. Ashford. Mrs. Benjamin T.
Barnes. Mrs. Rawlings. Mrs. Jordan. Mrs.
George Pierce Mrs. Edwin Lothrop. Mrs.
Harvey. Mrs. Calhoun. Mrs. I.othrop. Mrs.
Esh, Mrs. Lamont. Mrs. kingsman and
Mrs. Howard Brooks.
The Swastika Club Of Riverdale held its
weekly meeting at the home of Miss Lois
MCGEE last night. After short business
session the evening was devoted to pleas
ure. A progressive finch was played. al
which William Wilson Won the prize
After this other games were INDUCED In
and singing enjoyed. At a late hour the
members repaired to the. dining room
where a bountiful repast was served.
Among those present and characters rep
resented were Miss Louise Chamberlain.
Queen Louise: Miss Florence Lewis. val
entine: Miss. Marie Maloney; Miss Maize
Meyer. Gretchen Miss Lois MCGEE. cigar
cite. and Messrs. Earl Wilson, Joseph
Tanning. Causey Morris, William Wilson
Joseph Tanning and William Meyer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
Births Reported,

The following births were reported to
the health office during the last twenty
four hours:
Parke NJ. and Rose NJ. Ward, February
IL, 1908, male.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr.. and Mrs Douglas Robinson ar
rived yesterday from New York and are
staying at the White House.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr.. and Mrs. Larz Anderson gave a
st. Valentine dinner of fifty covers last
night followed by a dance for nearly
three times that number in honor Of Miss
Grace Jarvis.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

The Vice President and Mrs. Fair
banks were the guests of honor at a
dinner given last evening by Representa-
tive William Mckinley of Illinois.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

The President and Mrs Roosevelt spent
an hour last night at the reception and
private view at the tapestry. textile and
embroidery exhibition by the National
Society Of Fine Arts at the Corcoran Gal
lery.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Menefee and ladies of the Wash
ingtOn College will be at home Monday
February II, from 4 to 10 O'Clock
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Representative Mckinley gave a hand
some dinner last evening in honor of Vice
President and Mrs. Fairbanks
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Ohio Magruder Muncaster of the
Kenesaw will not be at home today, but
will receive on the 22d.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Dewey will not be at home on Mon
days.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Representative and Mrs Henry T
Rainey are spending the weekend a
Old Point Comfort. Mrs. Rainey will re
ceive as usual Monday at the Driscoll.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Wednesday afternoon Mrs. Charles
Hamilton entertained informally few
friends at her residence on Lamont street.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Lieut.. Col. and Mrs. Hodges gave a din
ner last night in honor of former Senator
and Mrs. Blackburn. when their guests
included Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Wilson.
Mrs. Petit, Gen. Ernst and Mai Cava-
naugh.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Miss Ethel Lee Brewer entertained a
member of her friends at a leap year
dance at her home, PIG f street north
west, about twenty couples being pres
ent. The large parior was beautifully
decorated in Japanese effects. also the
served.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Charles M. Pepper will receive hel
friends Thursday. February 20. from
to 6, at her home, 1743 U street.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr.. and Mrs James Henry Moser have
issued invitations for the marriage of
their daughter Grace and Mr. James
Milton Fetherolf Thursday February 81.
at o'clock. at the First Congregational
Church. The couple will be at home
after May 1 at Salt Lake City, Utah.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. George B. Easton of Louisville
KY. entertained at luncheon at the Ar
lington Thursday, February 13, IL
honor of Mrs. George NJ. Pullman. The
ladies of the party included Mrs. Ran
dolph McKim. Mrs. Isham Hornsby. Mrs
Justice Harlan. Mrs. Robert X. Evans
Mrs. Frurer of New York, Mrs. Wright
of Kentucky and Miss Sheets.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Nine. J. Esputa Daily and her son. Mr..
Norman Esputa DAILY. will give a must
cal at home tomorrow from to 6, lbs
F street northeast.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Gen. and Mrs. Matile have gone to West
Point, accompanied by their daughter, to
attend the graduation of their son.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Senator and Mrs. Hopkins entertained
at dinner last evening at the Willard,
when the guests included the British
amba ssador and Mrs Bryce. Senator and
Mrs. Carter. Senator and Mrs. Dryden.
Senator Frye. Representative and Mrs
James r. Mann, Judge and Mrs Gary.
Mr.. Justice and Mrs. Thomas H. Ander-
son. Mr. and Mrs. Ackert and Mrs. Pull
man.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. w. A. Reeder, assisted by Mrs.
II. T. Andrews and others, will receive
Monday. February II, from 3 to 6. at IL
1St street northeast
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Thomas NJ Clarke of Connecticut
is the guest of Mrs. Arthur d. Kline of
the Cairo Hotel.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
Mrs. Brewer. wife Of Justice Brewer
will not receive Monday.

Nine. Alfred Thierry of the Portland
will not receive the remaining Mon
days of February. but will be at home, as
usual, each Monday of March and April
Mrs. w. Ignatius Dyer of 1905 S street
will be at home Tuesday. February 49,
to 6. She will be assisted by Miss F'is-
Ter. her house guest; Mrs. Bennett of
New York Mrs. Crosthwaite. Mrs. Tay-
lor. Mrs. Brown and Miss Edna Dyer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Nancy Griswold. residing at 11O6
Maryland avenue southwest who has been
seriously i'll. is slowly recovering. Her
two daughters. Mrs. c. c. Landon and
Mrs. Joseph McElwain, who have been
visiting her. have returned to their homes
in PENNSYLVANIA.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. John Cammack of Brightwood ave-
nue. will not be at home Tuesday, Feb
ruary Is, but will receive the remaining
Tuesdays of the season.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Chaplain ard Mrs Couden and Their
niece. Miss Daniels of Chicago. will be al
home to their friends Tuesday. February
Is, from to 6 o'clock.
l. Nine and the Misses Carlo will not re-
ceive today.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. w. S. Washburn and the Misses
Graves will be at home Mondays. Feb
ruary II and "a.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
vEIHMEYER. On February 10. 1905, at Ie:4s
President.

WATSON. On Saturday February IL. 1905, at
$50 am. RICHARD A, beloved of
Blair $. and Mary Watson. aged fourteen
years and eleven months.
Funeral Tuesday, February Is. at pm. from
the residence of his parents, 1922 street
northeast.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Robert Cofen. Mrs. Howell Bartle
and Mrs. Woolard will be at home Mon
days, February II and "a.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr.. and Mrs Harry G. Murphy of
Scranton. Pa. are visiting Washington on
their honeymoon. being the guests of Miss
NJ. Ethel King of II Grant place north
west
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. William Dieffenderfer will give an
afternoon reception at her home in CO.
lumbia road on February ~ from to g..
Those assisting in entertaining the guests
will be Mrs. Philip Walker. Mrs. William
Daw. Mrs. Odell Smith. Mrs. Brice, Miss
Rosetta Brice, Miss Naomi Thompson.
Miss Florence Pierce, Miss Cora Simpson
and Miss Ethel Lee.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. William H. Sholes will not be at
home Monday, February II, but will re-
ceive Monday. February -, for the last
time this season.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr. Jimmie France entertained a num-
Der of his friends at the house of Mr.. and
Mrs E. c. Smith. A24 eth street south
west. Tuesday evening in honor of his
twenty-fifth birthday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Thropp will not be at home touay.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward Kehoe of COB 9th
street southwest gave reception last
nightsin honor of their daughters twenty
first birthday anniversary. Miss kehoe
received very beautiful gifts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mr.. and Mrs. J. c. Ballau are conva
lescing from an attack of grip of several
weeks.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15
DIED.

ARMSTRONG. On Friday, February IL. 1905.
al O'Clock am. al homeopathic Hos
pital. ETHEL DOROTHY, daughter of Robert
n. and Cora A. Armstrong. aged ten years.
Funeral service viii lee held at the FANNY resi-
dence. 3d22 18th street northwest. SUNDAY
February Lei. AT 100 pm. Friends of the
family invited. ln,erment at Greenwood
cemetery. New York. Monday at 2:3o D. IA.
tfort worth aud houston. Iex.. Nashville,
Tenn: Birmingham. Ala, and Brooklyn. y.
u. papers please copy
BklDGET. On February IL. lHS, at an,
AT his residence. 80 g street mort Invest
JAMES A, besoyed Of James 4. and
Matilda Bridget. aged thirty -four years.
lis hard break the tender cord
When love has bound the heart
lis hard. hard, to speak Tie words
Must We forever part:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-02-15

Mrs. Sam Bronson Cooper and Miss
Cooper. wife and daughter of Representa-
tive Cooper of Texas have Joined the lat
ter at the Metropolitan Hotel for the
rest of the season.
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
THE Q soNER.

There is no man more despicable
than he who takes the life of a harm
less animal without just cause. There
lis ACCOMPLISHMENTS that could be meted
out to him legally that would be half
what he deserves. There is one or
o OF such men in Billings. They
have been poisoning harmless dogs,
animals on whom their owners have
paid license and animals, who are
valued highly by their owners, either
because OF an attachment or their ped
igree. There is nothing that be
said, which expresses the contempt in
which the dog %poisoner should be
held. He is a more despicable cur
than the worst of his victims. :
It is sincerely to be hoped that the
dog poisoner, who is at work in Bill
fngs and who has killed several val
liable dogs, will be apprehended and
punished according to the law. The
Gazette will give a reward OF $25 for
information that will lead to his ar.
rest and conviction. al
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
THERE'S A Difference.

Political life is evidently on a high
er plane in Yellowstone county than
in some other sections OF the state,
where vacancies in Office have oc-
Cured recently. Not long ago, q re-
publican, a member of the county com
missioners in Carbon county, died. The
sod had hardly frozen over his grave
before a democratic Judge appointed
a democrat as his successor. A dem
ocratic sheriff in Yellowstone county
was killed, The board Of county COM
missioners, composed OF a majority OF
republican members, in the face Of a
protest from the party in general, ap-
pointed a democrat to fill the office.
In Butte, a county commissioner died.
He was a republican, elected by q
large majority. The district judges,
Of which there are three, were called
upon to appoint q successor. It was
said a republican would be appointed,
since the dead man had been one and
someone was needed to carry out his
policies, as had been stated in the
Yellowstone county instance. But the
honorable members Of the bench, two
were democrats, decided that 2 demo
crat. was the man to fill the position
and a democrat was named.
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
AN ORDINANCE NEEDED.

The need Of an ordinance making
It an onense to throw rubbish on a
vacant lot, in the streets and alleys
or around ones own home and regu-
lating the manner in which material
may be stored on vacant lots was
shown by the experience of the com
mittees in charge OF cleaning up the
city on cleaning day. Some well
known citizens refused to clean up
rubbish, which they had thrown out.
and other citizens, business men, who
have, material stored on vacant lots,
refused to remove the rubbish from
around 1t. An ordinance is needed
such as would permit the city authori-
ties to compel the cleaning OF such
places. :
Cleaning day was a recess. The
city was cleaned as never before. but
the work should not stop now. In
order to make Billings the attractive
place she should be the work of clean
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28

along that railroad Is naturally trib.
utary to here and IL Billings wants
that business it is apparent all she
has to do is to get acquainted and go
after 1t. afsH
In view of these facts what could
be a better investment than a trade
excursions from Billings to points on
the new railroad, terminating in
Lewistown? It would be the means
Of our merchants and jobbers becom-
ing acquainted with the consumers Of
that section and would give the Bill
ings boosters an opportunity to en-
tighten them as to what could be Sc
cured in Billings. 1t would establish
a feeling of friendship that would as
sure big returns in a business way.
Such an excursion should be run.
In 60 days the Billings and North
ern railroad will be operating trains
from Billings to points in the Judith
basin. There is not more than
enough time to properly boost a trade
excursion.
Preliminary arrangements should
be made by the boosters at once. Let
the first train that goes over the new
line contain the Billings boosters, ex-
tending the glad hand to u neigh
bors on the north. The invitation to
make the trip was practically extend
ed by MI. Yeager and Billings should
not pass it by.
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
HIS STRENGTH ovEREsrIMArED

HIS 81 HeNS OVeneSl IMA EO.
Supporters of Secretary Taft have
not been as successful in recent con
ventions in securing instructed delesa-
lions as they were in the conventions
held earlier in the year. The antici-
pated landslide to the secretary OF
war has not materialized and there is
good ground for the belief that his
strength as a candidate for the re
publican presidential nomination has
Teen greatly overestimated. It is now
almost assured that he will not So
cure the nomination on the frs. bal
lot, and should he not, then the
chances Of some one else securing
the nomination are more than excel.
lent.
Attempts to secure instructed dele
cations in several states in the past
week have failed. New Hampshire
voted overwhelmingly against such in
structions, although the Taft faction
urged them insistently. The inevitable
conclusion is that there Is no strong
public sentiment in New England IA
vorable to the presidential candidacy
Of the secretary Of war. In Massachu-
sets his cause had influential sup
port from the postmaster general as
well as from Senator Lodge, but no
instructions were voted. In New
Hampshire the federal of1ceholders
were quite active, but could not SWING
the convention.
It appears that Mr. Taft has come
Upon the condition freely prophesisd
by the opposition. The states that
are holding late conventions are not
;dding to his list Of delegates His
apparent lead over the field was gain.
ed by the holding Of early conventions
in states known to favor the secre,
tary's nomination, but the maneuver
has failed of the expected enscS III
stampeding the country.
Secretary Taft has not even secured
one-half Of the delegates SO far chosen
to the Chicago convention, and there
is small likelihood Of his obtaining
one-half of the number vet to be
chosen. so that the possibilities OF
his being named on the first ballot are
remote. Since his supporters have
consistently advocated and fought for
INSTRUCTED delegations 1t is but natural
to presume that the strength Of Sec
rotary Taftswils be shown on the first
ballot. It looks as though the chances
of spine dark horse getting the nomi
lnatton were improving day by day.
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
ADMIRAL TAKES TREATMENT.
Listens to lmpromptu Concert and
Hears Old Ballads.

tL gEMA LkInSN E@fII h@aI -tL4 MHE4Z5AHEEUr
Paso Robes, April 27.-Admiral Dy-
ans took an hours treatment this
morning in the baths from II to II
O'Clock. .
This afternoon several hours were
spent with Mrs. Evans and DR.. Nc
Donnold in the gardens and on the
lawns surrounding the hotel. The adj
miral permitted several photographs
to be taken OF him, and later was Civ
en- q musical treat by Mr.. Richard j.
Jose. Mr.. Jose spent Sunday and
Monday at Paso Robes Hot Springs
and an impromptu concert was ar
ranged in the hotel parlor and the adj
miral, Mrs. Evans and DR.. McDonnold
with a large party Of friends listened
to MI. Jose sing the old time ballads
such as Belle Brandon" ".Silver
Threads Among the Cold" and Dolly
Gray"
r. H. Smith Of Governor Gillette's
stan, called on the admiral today and
extended invitations to Secretary Of
the Navy Metcalf's banquet at the
Hotel Fairmont, San Francisco.
The Billings gazette. [volume] (Billings, Mont.) 1896-1919, 1908-04-28
PATRoNlzE HOME INDUSTRY.

1t should never be forgotten, not for
one moment, that upon the success Of
the industrial institutions, now situat-
ed in Billings, depends whether or not
other. Industries will be Started here.
If the people of Billings boost the in
dustries now situated here, by pur-
chasing home made goods, whenever
possible, it will not be long till other
industries will come here, for indus
tries go where there is a market and
IL the people Of Billings purchase
home made goods, then the market
will be created.
There is not an industry here, but
what il it secured all the local pat
ronage in its line, would be able to
more than quadruple its output. 1t
would also be enabled to reach out in
a more effective way for the trade
from surrounding towns. It is a con
sentative statement to declare that
the people Of Billings, by patronizing
home industry, could within six
months increase the population Of
the city by at least 1900 workmen,
thus increasing the population more
than 5000.
It is said that charity begins at
home. So does boosting. And, incl
dentally the best boosting that can be
done is the boosting of u own city,
by supporting the industries located
here
When a Billings booster goes into
a store to buy anything he should re-
member that in Billings are institu
tions which produce and offer for sale
meats, butter, brooms, cigars, beer,
printing material, candy, CONNECTIONS,
clothing, horseradish and relishes,
brick, cement blocks, and several 9th
er products. II Billings people sup
port the manufacturers Of thesespro-
ducts BY purchasing only Billings
made goods, we will not have to ask
manufacturers to locate here, they
will come Of their own accord.