davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
TAFT ON FIRST BALLOT WHAT CONGRESS- HAS DONE
Returns Indicate No Contest for
Chicago Convention.

Washington, D. c., May 23-The
last convention held to elect dele
gates to the Republican national
convention occurred on May 16, and
with all the delegates elected there
are pledged to Secretary Taft not
less than 53I votes on the first
ballot, although the Taft people
claim many more, the figures of
Frank H. Hitchcock, Mr.. Taft's
manager, being 584. AS it will re-
quire only 4oI votes to nominate,
Judge Taft's selection is assured
on the first ballot and President
Roosevelt has once more proven
himself the most farseeing poll
tician of them all. All organized
opposition to Mr.. Taft has now
ceased and even men who strongly
opposed him at one time are now
working for him and Republican
success. In fact, his only oppo-
| nents are the unfortunate candi-
dates, some of whom have not the
courage to admit their defeat even
to themselves.
The first session of the Sixtieth
Congress is rapidly drawing to a
close. There will be no financial
legislation and some of the most
widely advertised measures have
not been acted upon, but much
legislation has been passed and the
record is not one to be ashamed Of
More, probably, of the measures
urged by the President will be
craven on the statutes than is pop
ularly supposed, for after all it is
the measures which encounter
great opposition and finally fail
which receive the widest adver-
tlsing in the columns of the press.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
LARGE NUMBER ATTENDED
6. A. R. Memorial Services last
Sunday.

The union memorial services for
the Grand Army Of the Republic and
the Women's Relief corps, at the
Presbyterian church last Sunday
morning, were largely attended. The
sermon for the occasion, by Rev. j.
5. Bell, pastor of the M. E. church,
was able. historical and replete with
devine teachings regarding the gradual
growth Of American civilization.
The old soldiers and the ladies of
the W R. q. attended in body,
occupying seats reserved for them in
the middle section of the auditorium.
Rev. Daniel w. Miller offered prayer,
appropriate to the occasion, and
suitable selections were rendered by
the choir, consisting of Mesdames
Frevert and Hoffman and Messrs
Klopf and Wlllhelmy, Miss Jean
Wenz furnishing the organ accom-.
paniment
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

TO SHOOT AT Fl. WRIGHT
First Battalion Encampment June
22 to July 2.

The First battalion Of the Idaho
militia, under command Of MAJOR w.
II. Edelblute. will have a ten days
encampment at Fort Wright, June %
to July 2. according to plans now on
foot. The companies which will
participate are e of Rathdrum, @ of
Occur d'Alene, q of Genesee, and H
OF Grangeville. Each company to
this encampment will be limited to
40 men and officers and all will re.
ceive the regular army pay while In
camp. 1t is believed that new uni
forms will be issued during the en-
campment.
Battalion maneuvers will be prac-
ticed, but the chief feature will be
Target shooting, the U. S. range at
Fort Wright to be used for the pur-
pose.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
Some Of the Laws Enacted at Long
Session.

Chief among the things done by
congress during the session which
adjourns this week, are the following:
Prohibited child laoor III the Dis,
trict of Columbia.
Increased widows existing pensions
from So to $12 month.
Granted pensions of SIP a month to
practically all widows of sailors and
soldiers.
Authorized expenditures of $780,
600, 200 for public buildings.
Ordered commission to rep ,rt on
revision of the banking and currency
laws of the country.
Reclassified the consular service.
Pasaed employers liability laws to
take the place OF the ones declared
unconstitutional.
Permitted free operation of foreign
vessels in trade with the Philippines,
Established forest range law.
Authorized tariff revision by u
commission.
Authorized the construction Of two
battleships. with the promise of more
| next session.
Raised the gay of all officers and
men of the army and navy, marine
corps and revenue cutter service.
Passed militia law making ever,
aole-bodied man between 18 and As
years of age liable to service.
Adopted resolution for arbitra tiou
treaties with nearly every country ia
the world.
Continued the work OF the water.
ways commission.
Increased the appropriation for
fortifcation of Philippines and
Hawaii.
Appropriated ST. 800, 900 for partl-
cipatlon by the United States IN the
japanese exposition at Toxic.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
Post Falls.

The public schools closed last Fri
day, and picnic was held 10 the
grove near the Methodist church. In
the evening commencement exercises
were held in Shern's hall.
Among those viewing the feet at
Seattle are Mrs. T. A. Caldwell, Al
Kennedy, G. L. Manor, A. J. Mason,
George Rutherford, Maxon Chase aud
son, and Mrs. A. L. Rogers and wife.
The Post Falls Water company has
been fishing out the six-inch steel
piping which was broken loose and
carried from the hoaters into deep
water OF the river by a runaway log
boom. The company succeeded 10
recovering all but l2O feet of the
piping, and have ordered new pipe to
replace it.
Mrs. A. M. McLain gave a lunch.
con Saturday in honor of Miss Mary
Thompson.
The Juniors of the Post Falls high
school gave party and banquet Ia
honor uf the seniors ia Shern's hall
Saturday evening.
Mrs. d. X. Mathews entertained
the LaCassa club Wednesday evening
of last week.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

In the afternoon, beginning a,
1880 O'Clock, appropriate exercise.
will be held at the Fraternal hall
Following is the program:
Call to order.
Music.
Invocation.
Opening address by Bartlett
Sinclair.
Flag Drill.
The Blue and the Gray.
Music.
Recitation by Gladys Dyer.
Address by Joseph ]. LAWN.
Recitation by Daisy Peters.
Music.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
VICTORY FOR VISITORS
Spokane Amateurs Won From
Locals Last Sunday.

The ball game last Sunday after
noon on the Rathdrum diamond, be-
tween the local team and the Holley-
Mason team from Spokane, resulted
10 a victory for the visitors who
proved to be a fast aggregation.
However. while the visitors showed
some superiority, they won chiefly by
errors on the part of their opponents.
They made most of their scores on
passed balls, while the locals lost
several opportunities to score by
reason of runners being put out on
bases by the pitcher. The battery of
the visiting team was we'll supported.
The Holley-Masons secured a big
lead ia the second innings when they
made scores. After that until the
ninth the local team held them down
very well and made them work hard
for every score they got between the
second and ninth.
Batteries-SpOkane: Childs and
Jnhnson; Rathdrum, Volkel and
Jensen. Umpire ]. S. Woolery.
RuDs-Spokane: Hedman l, Seton 2,
Baxter 3, Childs |. Ke Hey 1, Smith 2,
johnson |, Dyer 2, total l3; Rath-
drum: Webster /, Bernier |, Jensen |
total 3.
Score by innings:
Spokane i 5 ! l 0 ] -13.
Ratbdrum- 9 | @ D o o. 3.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
CAUGHT IN MONTANA
Bert Mills and Ray Simpkins
Behind Bars.
HORSES WERE STOLEN
Montana Sheriff Hands Prisoners
Over to Deputy Adams.

Caught in possession of horses
stolen near Rathdrum is the fate of
two young men who fell into the
clutches Of Sheriff ]. H.. Massey at
Thompson Falls, Sanders county,
Mont, last Saturday, where they
were held until Deputy Sheriff
y. K. Adams arrived and brought
them back to Rathdrum, lodging
them safely in the Kootenai county
Jail, late Sunday afternoon. Bert
Mills, alias Bill Hudson, and Ray
Simpkins are the names of the two
prisoners, and the three horses
they are charged with stealing
were the property Of Levi Esch,
George Roth and L. A. Goodwin.
The case is strong one, the two
men having been at Thompson
several days trying to dispose Of
their mounts. Their course from
Rathdrum led through Wallace
and the Coeur d'Alenes, and the
chain of evidence is thought to be
complete.
The three horses were missed
from the pasture, near Rathdrum,
about May S, and after some delay
Levi Esch of the Pioneer Livery
stable decided they were stolen
and prepared hand bills to be sent
out from the sherif's office giving
description of his animal and
offering reward for its delivery,
when, on last Saturday morning,
word was received at the sheriff's
office from the sheriff of Sanders
county, Mont, stating that two
young men from Rathdrum were
there and were suspected Of steal
ing three horses which they had in
their possession, having crossed
the terry with them from the Coeur
d'Alenes. Word was immediately
wired back ordering that they be
taken into custody at once, and on
Sunday morning Deputy Sheriff
Adams reached the Montana town,
secured his prisoners and arrived
home with them shortly after
o'clock the same day. The ac-
cused men had succeeded in SELL
ing one of the horses before they
were arrested, to Henry Florin,
Thompson Falls business man.
Deputy Adams spoke in terms
highly complimentary of the
promptness with which Sheriff
Massey made the arrests.
The two prisoners were arrsigned
in Justice A. w. Posts court Mon
day. They waived their prelimi-
nary hearing and were bound over
to the district court in bail of $1,000
each.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

The matter of arrangeing to
play Saturday instead of Sunday
games is being discussed in local
baseball circles. The change is
favored for various reasons, and it
is said games can be secured from
other teams which are partial to
Saturday playing. 1t is probable
that the local team will be reorgan-
lied for Saturday baseball.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

nave received preliminary plans for a
two-story brick schDolhOuse, to tie
erected before Septem ber 1. A special
election called for Ju ne will decide
II the district will build.
The summer season on the lake has
opened, and number er Of parties have
begun to occupy their cottages and
tents. Ihe boat col hpany reports a
strong demand for boats and canoes.
There is talk of starting tent CITY
up at the north end of the lake,
which will be opened about the
middle of June.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

The Forestry department has con-
cluded two large timber sales on the
Occur dAlene forest reserve. The
Harrison Shingle company Of
Harrison has purchased 900, 900 feet
of dead cedar on the north fork of
Occur d'Alene at $1,000. George M.
Bacus, representing the contractors
building the Idaho Northern railway,
have purchased l, ,00O,000 feet of red
fir and tamarac for ties at So so a
thousand. This timber Is below
Graham creek on the north fork OF
the Occur d'Alene.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

The Spokane Chamber Of Commerce
has been requested by W. D. Finley,
P.O. box 2O6l, Spokane, Wash, to
endeavor to locate Pat and John
Coyle, two brothers of Bernard Coyle
of West Wareham, Mass. They came
to work in the mines inIdaho in $50.
Any person who can furnish infor-
nation regarding them should write
to Mr.. Finley.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
SPOKANE BRIDGE

The homesteaders In the Mill creek
neighborhood, Idaho, about four
miles from Spokane Bridge, have been
granted school district, providing
they build schoolhouse. AS there
are about 25 children 10 the vicinity
who will be benefited, 1t has been de-
cided to have building erected this
summer.
The Pleasant View school, with
Mrs. Williams as teacher, held pic
mic May q, it being the closing day.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
Friends of Wm. j. BRYAN in [

Friends of Wm. j. Bryan in Lin
coin, Neb., claim 551 uninstructed
delegates for him. OF the $40 dele
gates to be elected, they claim 24O, or
106 more than the two-thlrds re-
quired to nominate him for president
at the democratic national convention
which meets in Denver, July Z.
However Governor johnson of Mime.
sofa, who is an aspirant for the
nomination, says he does not believe
that Bryan will enter the Denver
convention with two thirds major.
ity pledged to him.
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

fYOu want your property insured
against loss by fire call on the Pan
handle Abstract Co. tt
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29

1@Subscribe for THE RATHDRUM
TRIBUNE. Only $l.00 per year. tt
The Rathdrum tribune. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1903-1963, 1908-05-29
PLANS COMPLETED FOR MEMORIAL DAY,

All plans for fitting observance
Memorial day in Rathdrum have
IN perfected with the exception
Fhaps of a few minor details.
e procession to the cemetery
] start from the Fraternal hall
b:3o O'Clock, Saturday morning,
May 80. Company E, in blue
uniform, commanded by Capt. G..
w. Spoerry will take the lead,
followed by G. A. R. veterans, the
w. r. c.. school children and
citizens. The services at the
cemetery will conclude with the
firing Of salute of three volleys
by the militia.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
WOMEN TO CHAINS
IN CARS PRISON
STORY OF CRUEL TREATMENT IN
A LETTER TO THE FOREIGN
PRESS.

BERLIN, May 16.-The political pris-
Oners confined at Schlusselburg, near
ST. Petersburg, have smuggled out Of
the fortress an appeal addressed to the
foreign press in the hope that if pub
licity is given to their sufferings an in
quiry will be ordered from high quar-
ters, with the result that their lot will
be ameliorated.
A copy of the appeal has been re-
ceived here. 1t affects to be written
on behalf of seventy-three political
prisoners, six of whom are women.
They say that their hands and feet are
chained day and night, and that they
are given no food but bread and water.
The appeal narrates that not long
ago the fortress was visited by the Di-
rector of Russian Prisons Administra-
ton. One of the prisoners, named Spi-
ransky, refused to stand up when the
director entered his cell and was or
dered fifty lashes with the knout,
which were thereupon administered.
When the other prisoners protested
against this punishment the warders
attacked them with the butt ends of
their rifles, inficting severe injuries
and rendering many of them uncon-
scious.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
GREAT PETITION
AGAINST LICENSE
PROTEST TO BE SIGNED BY
THREE-QUARTERs OF A MIL
LION NAMES.

LONDON, May 16.-So huge is the
petition from Greater London to be
presented to Parliament on Monday by
Lord Robert Cecil against the licens-
ing bill that ten men will be required
to carry it.
by the time the last sheet is sent
in said Mr.. Deane, the secretary OF
the Central Protection Society of Lon
don, yesterday, approximately $50 900
people will have signed it, from Peers
downward. The sheets are now being
bound together with webbing in par
cells of 2000 If placed in a line they
would stretch nearly eight miles. The
petition weighs about 800 pounds and
will be taken to the House of Com
mons in a van. A copy has been ly-
ing for signature in every licensed
house in London and the suburbs"
The largest petition ever sent to
Parliament was the Chartist one, in
1913, supposed to contain 100000 sig
natures. The petition praying for the
admission to Parliament of Charles
Bradlaugh, who refused his seat be-
cause of his attitude to the oath of al
legiance, was signed by 100000 people.
Other recent great petitions are:
Against education bill 1906, III sos;
against vivisection of dogs, 100000; for
exclusion of children from licensed
premises, 1889.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
THINKS WE USE
GOOD ENGLISH
GERMAN EDUCATOR SAYS BRI-
TONS HAVE NO GREAT LEAD
OVER THE AMERICANS.

BERLIN. May 16.--Among the ad-
visers of the Prussian Ministry of
Education who consulted regarding
the exchange of teachers between the
United States and Germany was Alois
Brandt, professor of the English Ian
guage, at Berlin University, and pre-
sident of the German Shakespeare So
ciety. He was asked if American tea
cheers would teach English with bad
accent, as some advisers commended.
BTandt's official report declared the
average American teachers English
quite as good as that of the average
English teacher. He was further of
the opinion that English is as we'll
spoken generally in America as in
England He is strengthened in this
view by a visit he made recently to
I the London public elementary schools,
where he was shocked to hear chill
dren reciting selections from Shakes
peare in the cockney dialect.
He deduces from the intrusion of
the hideous cockney pronunciation
which he declares the most hateful of
ali dialects to the educated English
men, and from the influence of vari-
GUS other dialects upon the colloqual
English that the English spoken in
England is not on the whole one whit
purer than that spoken in America,
of which he made close study. He
| listened at the Franklin celebration
in America to speeches by thirty-five
Americans from all parts Of the
Union, and of the thirty-fiVe the one
who used the most un-English Eng
fish was Andrew Carnegie. Profes.
| soT Brandt believes the American
twang is rapidly dying out.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
DENIES HE COMES TO
LOBBY FOR QUEEN LII.

Senator John c. Lane, a member of
the upper house of the territorial as
sembly of Hawaii, arrived in San Fran
cisco Thursday on the steamship China
on his way to Chicago to attend the
Republican national convention. Lane
took the occasion at once to deny the
report that he had been retained by
Queen Liliuokalani to lobby for her
claim for $1,OOO,OOO for the crown lands
OF the islands.
The Hawaiian delegates were not
instructed for Taft" said Lane, but
there is a strong disposition to vote for
him. The only instruction given us
was to vote as a unit. We will send
six delegates to Chicago, although we
have been allowed but two 1t is pos
sible that we will ask the convention
for a plank calling for a modification
of the exclusion act. IS. F. Call, May
20.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
NERVOUS PRosTRAT1oN.

You can't sleep; you feel tired, irri-
table, dizzy at times; have headache,
backache, and are nervous, and excit-
able. You are on the verge of nervous
prostration, which means a general
breakdown. DR.. Miles NerVine will
build up your nervous system to its
natural strength, and all this misery
will disappear. The first bottle will
cost you nothing II 1t fails to help
you.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
rnr YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK
Limited.

Limited.
Capital paid Up) ..... Yen $4,000, 600, 90
Reserved Fund. ..... 5000, 900, 90
Special Reserved Fund 2,OOO,OOO,O 90
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
Claus spreckels. VIM. q. Irwin
CIauSSprGCkGlS &CO.
BANKERS
RONOI,m,U. b. T..

san francisco AgentS-ThS Nevada
National Bank o. San Francisco.
DRAW EXCHANGE ON
SAN FRANCISCO-Ths Nevada Ma
tiOnal Bank Of San Francisco.
LONDON-Union Of London & Smiths
Bank, Ltd.
NEW YORK-Amertcan Exchange Ma
t4OAAl Bank.
CHICAGo-Cora Exchange National
Bank.
PARIS-CredIt LyOnnGiB.
BIZ .LIN-Dresdner Bank.
HoNGKoNG AND YoKoHANA-The
HOnEkong AM Shanghai Banking
Corporation.
NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA
Bank Of New Zealand. and Bank Of
Australasia.
VICTORIA AND VANCOUVEh-BAnk
Of British North America.
TRANSACT A GENERAL BANKING
AND EXCHANGE BUSINESS.
Deposits Received. Loans Made On
Approved Security, Commercial and
traveller Credits issued. Bills Of Tx
change Bought and Sold.
COLLECTING PROMPTLY AC-
COUNTED FOR.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
THE
BANK OFHAwAIl
LIMITED.
THE
LIMITED.
incorporated Under the Laws Of the
Territory OF Hawaii.
CAPITAL, SURPLUS AND PROFITS,
SI,O2I,459.65
OEEICERS:

OFFICERS:
Chas. n. Cooke. ............P President
4. y. zones. ...s....,' sNlCe-fTebluent
F. W. Nacfarlane. End. Vice-President
9. II. Cooke. ..................C Cashier
@. HUstace, Jr.......... Asst. Cashier
f. B. Damon. Asst Cash. & Secty
2. X. Meyers. .................Au Auditor
Board of Directors: Chas. M. Cooke,
p, G. Zones. F. w. Macfarlane, q. F.
Bishop, 70. D. Tenney, ]. A. MeCand-
less, Geo. r. Carter, G. H. Atherton, F..
G. Atherton, c. H. Cooke, F. B. Damon.
COMMERCIAL AND SAVINGS DE
PARTMENTS.
Strict attention given to all branches
Of Banking
JUDD BUILDING. FORT STREET.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29

Fine Job PRINTING, star Office,
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
BANKRUPTCY LAW DOES
NOT APPLY TO BROKEl

CINCINNATI (O), May 6.-The Fed
eral bankruptcy law does not apply to
the brokerage business, according to
a ruling by United States Judge
Thompson in the suit to throw the
George H. Stapley Company into bank
ruptcy, which was presented to him to-
day.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29

Ann f. Atwater has asked to be APP
pointed temporary administrator of
the estate of William o. Atwater, de-
ceased. The estate consists mainly OF
sugar stocks.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29

JUDD BUILDING. FORT STREET.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29

Strict attention given to all branches
of Banking
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
HEAD OFFICE, YOKOHAMA.
eranenes and Ageneles.

Branches and Agencies;
Toxic, Kobe, Osaka, Nagasaki, Lon
don, Lyons. New York, San Francisco,
Bombay, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Han
koW, Chefoo. Tientsin. Peking, New
chang, Dalny, Port Arthur, Antung-
HsIen, Llaoyang, Mukdsn. Tlenling,
ChunEchun.
The bank buys and receives for col
lection bills of exchanges, issues Drafts
and Letters of Credit, aud transacts a
general banking business.
Honolulu Branch 81 King Street
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1908-05-29
CHALLENGE TO AIRsHIP RACE.

LONDON, May 16.-Special dispatch
es from Paris announce that Henry
Farman, the English aeronaut, who
holds the aeroplane record in that
country, has challenged the Wright
brothers of the United States to an
aeroplane contest in France for a
stake of $4,000.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1908-11-29

To some observers the puZzling ques- tion is not why European monarchies en- dure but how long will American repub- lies contrive to perpetuate their exist ence says the distinguished English writer. w. T. Stead, in Appleton's for December. In Latin America the super stition of republicanism is wearing very thin It can hardly be maintained that in Mexico the republic is other than a mere simulicrum. The Roman empire kept for centuries the nominal form of a republic, and President Diaz is as scru- pulous as any of the Caesars in refusing a kingly crown. But few European rui- CTS grasp a more absolute Scepter. lie does not attempt to found dynasty. Therein he also resembles his Roman prototypes. A monarchy is not necessa- rly hereditary. And the significance or the Mexican dictatorship lies in the fact that it is regarded with despairing envy by half the republics in Central and South America In Venezuela President Castro is walking in the footsteps of President Diaz In Colombia the Presi- dent is dictating in everything but in name In some other republics farther south the formalty of a presidential cleo ton is often little better than an impu- dent farce. Of government of the people, by the people, and for the people, there is but little trace.
 In the United States. the sacred cradle of republican ideals, there are many who openly proclaim that the process of Mex icanization is plainly visible. The im- mense personal authority of President Roosevelt his amazing energy, his mas terful personality and the extraordinary completeness with which he embodies and expresses the moral, social and political ideas of the average citizen, Illustrate the better clements in which monarchy springs up. He has repudiated with em-