davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1908-12-16

lem, always serious, will find easy
solution in the mayor Of the ~, city
setting apart day which may be
observed as tag day" This method
o. raising money commends itself to
the sober judgment of great many
workers in the various fields of char
fty and where it has been carefully
planned has proven satisfactory.
Another idea which is gaining, pre-.
valence and is proving popular is that
CT the tuberculosis stamp which Can
be secured no doubt from the Nation
al Association for the Study and Pre-
vention Of Tuberculosis in New
York. The stamp does not of course
carry parcels or letters but is ,Hlaced
upon packages and letters and is Sc
cured by the public for the specific
purpose of helping the committee, to
secure funds for its work. Any city
which has tried this plan has fonnd
tfat the people are more than willing
to assist, thus providing funds for
carrying out the plans of such, com
mfttee. The message of Christmas
VIII never be moro redolent OF hope
foEa the great class of hopeless :aon-
sumptive than this year, The sip,ro-
phecy of the future is on thei people
and no inspiration is needed It'd pre-
|diet that tuberculosis is doomed. In
an hour Of expectancy like. this it is
highly necessary that every one shall
coHfribute his= share in making S'the
victory compeiete, s
k=As the winter closes in many Deo-
paas will find it necessary to make
thear houses warm by adding storm
Windows. On the living apartments
ths= storm window may notfba SO OBJ
teetionabie.a-and yet to insure the
highest opportunity for health the
house wouldAbe better without them.
Butit is little less than d crime to
put storm windows on the sleeping
apartments Of our dwelling houses.
1t is believed that there can be
nothing Of greater Importance to the
health of people and nothing more
detrimental than to enclose / with
storm windows the rooms whieAaare
occupied during the hours Of sleep.
During sleep the processes Of eifniin-
alton are going on very rapidly in the
body. Poisonous gases are being ex,
+haled from the lungs in great vol
ume. If therefore the air@is. not con
stantly supplied with oxygen afrom
the outside it is impossible to keep
the air of the room pure; it soon be-
comes vitiated and foul with the most
disastrous poisons. In many houses
the sleeping apartments will be swell
tering with filh and foul air and it
T., imperative that especially the
sleeping rooms of children shall be
Supplied with abundant Ventilation
Colds and catarrhs will be the order
and Group, sore throat and tonsilitis
will be the bane of Ghildren in such
cases. The parent or caretaker Of a
child who imagines that the taeepipg
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1908-12-16
room should be closed against

room should be closed against cold
fresh air makes serious mistake.
There is nothing that can give such
vitality to child as plenty of fresh
air.N Should any fear draft in the
room let them follow which is sug-
sested here: Lower the top; half of
the window its full lenght. Tack a
piece of Indian Head muslin to- the
Top of the window sashsand carry it
t, the, top of the window frame, tack.
Ing it firmly there. DO hot tack the
sides SO that the windew may be
shut in case Of u driving storm, thus
letting the screen fall inside. This
will act as a protection against drafts
and offers very inexpensive mode
cf ventilation.
Il Persons who will follow the above
instructions will find their children
going through the winter without sore
throat or tonsilitis in. almost every
instance. and in the event child
should take cold do not close the
windows but protect the child proper
" and place his bed beside the open
window. He will rapidly recover.
This is only an imitation of what
should be done regarding the increas-
ed protection against cold sought
during the winter season. Do not
put storm windows on your sleeping
apartments.
The combat against tuberculosis
must be by strengthening the armies
Of defense in the body. In every hui
man body there are wonderful re-
sources and powers which, if normal,
will resist the invasion of many vici-
GUS germs. Therefore the increased
resistance of the bodies of children
is a matter of supreme Importance.
Lack of good nourishing food, lack
of ventilation in sleeping apartments.
adenoids in the air passages of the
throat, enlarged tonsils and defective
teeth are all to be reckoned with.
There is need of medical inspection
of all children who show malnutrition
and parents might justly be charged
with criminal neglect who permit
their children to make an unequal
race in life when by simple precau-
tionary measures in the early age
period these things might have been
corrected.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1908-12-16
A Thorough Job.

How is your wife getting on with
her spring cleaning?" She's cleaned
me out all right"
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
The Worlds Best Climate

is not entirely free from disease, on
the high elevations fevers prevail,
while on the lower levels malaria is
encountered to a greater or less cx-
tent, according to altitude. To over
come climate affections lassitude, ma
laria, jaundice, biliousness, fever and
ague, and general debility, the most
effective remedy is Electric Bittcrs,
the great alternative and blood purl-
fer; the antidote for every form OF
bodily weakness, nervousness, and in.
somnia. Sold under guarantee al
Charles Rogers & Son drug store
Price Soc.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The congregation known as The
German Lutheran Church." has for
long time been without regular pas
tor. and the little flock has become
more or less scattered. When the
work was turned over to the under
signed it was the understanding OF
the board Of missions that it was to
be the nucleous Of a new organization
The congregation we are now to or
ganize will use the English language
exclusively in its work, and is therefor
not confined to the German people
and their descendants, but wishes as
far as possible to Eliminate all ma
tiona1 boundaries as an American IN
stitution. All Lutherans therefor, who
are not affiliated with any local or
ganization OF our church are earnestly
and cordially invited to meet at the
German Lutheran Church on Grand
avenue, near Fourteenth street. this
Sunday afternoon at 3 o'clock, when
initiative steps will taken toward
such an organization. Yours, in the
faith,
GUSTAV +. RYDQUIST,
Pastor and Organizer
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
The Palace Restaurant

The ever-inereaMng popularity OF
the Palace Restaurant 10 evidence Of
the good management. and the serv-
ice, at this popular dining room. For
a long time the reputation Of tho
house has been OF the best and Il
does not wane as time progresses
The system used. that OF furnishing
the finest the market affords, and all
can be obtained. In season. is = plan
that will always win. coupled a. II 10
with the best Of cooking and prompt
service. A common saying nowadays
10 Get the Palace habit"
The very best board to be obtained
In the city Is a, "The occident Hotel
Rates very reasonable.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
DONE BY DEED

u. S. to Edith Wheatley, 1860
acres, section 30-4-10 w.
w. R. Pomeroy, sheriff, to G, 5.
Brown, lots 44-48 incl, block 9, Pow
er's addition; $50.
Malcolm McFarlane to Mrs. Han
nah Ross, lot 3, Knappa cemetery;
S..
A. ], Hagan and wife to =. W.
Smith, Sc. IA sec 29-4-l0 W.;
$4,000.
S. H. Sheldon to Sidney H. Sheldon
agreement to transfer land; 81.
City Of Astoria to Isaac Bergman
und. IL lots and 2, in block 1876, Nc
Cures; SLIPS.
Thos. Dealey and wife to Isaac
Bergman, lots ! and 2,b lock 1856, Nc
Clure's; ST.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The regular monthly meeting OF the
water commission was held last even.
ing in the Office OF the board IN the
city hall with Chairman Wright in the
chair and all members present except
Mr.. Elmore.
The minutes OF the last regular
meeting held April 3rd and the special
meetings held April lth and 22nd
were read and approved. The clerks
report for the month Of April showed
the total business for the month 10 be
$40O4.34; total cash collections, a.
l6l.80.
The treasurer's statement showed
on hand April 30th for the general
fund, $3S,o4475.
Assistant Superintendent Johnson's
report for the month OF April was
read and placed on file.
Regular pay roll for the month
5000; bills, $l2ll4
A petition was received from prop
erty owners requesting that hydran'
be placed at the corner OF Thirty-first
street and Grand avenue was read anC
4 referred TO the assistant superintend
ent. The report Of CommissioneI
Bowlby on the condition OF Reservoir
| No. 2 was read and placed on file.
The bids for the improvements o
the grounds at the old reservoir wcr'
opened and the following bids wer'
made. Christ Larson, $sl9725, Thos
Bush, $500; Mcguire & Jameson
$6337.
Mr. Larson's bid was accepted an'
il was ordered that contract be en-
tered into with him, City Attorne,
Abercrombie will be requested t.
draw the contract. The clerk was in
structed to ask for bids for movinI
, the material, such as pipe and othe
furnishings from the little reservoir
to the new one. Adjuorned 9;45.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
tai Telegraph Company's wires in the
first instance, from San Francisco,

The S. T. & p, steamship Senator
will be down from Portland this al
ternoon at 4 o'clock, and will depart
ior the Bay City inside the hour In
addition to the Astorians listed yes
terday in these column as passengers
for the Pacific metropolis, TO witness
the arrival OF the great white meet,
the following well known people en-
gagged passage yesterday: Capt Geo,
w. Wood, Louie Hartwig and Walter
Stokes. T. A. Holden also goes south
on the Senator. This will be the last
time this ship appears in these waters
on her present quest, and there will
undoubtedly be a crowd to see her and
her people off for the Bay City
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
The Commercial.

One OF the cozies, and most popular
resorts in the city Is the Commercial
A new billiard room, pleasant sitting
room and handsome fixtures all 60 to
make an agreeable meeting place for
gentlemen, there to discuss the topics
Of the day. play . game Of billiards
and enjoy ths hne refreshments serv-
ed there. The best Of goods are only
handled, and this fact being 80 well
known, a large business Is done at the
Commercial, on Commercial street,
near Eleventh.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
More News From the New England
States.

II any one has any doubt as to the
virtue Of Foley's Kidney Cure, they
need only to refer to Mr.. Alvin II.
Simpson, OF Willamantic, Conn,
who, after almost losing hope OF re-
coyery, Oh account Of the failure OF so
many remedies, finally tried Foley's
Kidney Coure, which he says was
"just the thing" for him, as four
bottles cured him completely. He is
now entirely well and free from all
the suffering incident to acute kidney
trouble. T. i. Laurin, Owl Drug
Store
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
WATERFRONT DRIFT
YESTERDAY
SOME GOOD WIRELESS WORK
DoNE-FIRST COMMERCIAL
MESSAGE-ELDER oUT-SEN-
AToR SAILS THIS AFTER
NooN-oDDS AND ENDS.

Barge No. 8 OF the Standard OIL
Company's feet OF carriers, the only
barge on the coast that is fitted with
a wireless apparatus, passed the
mouth of the Columbia last evening
at s O'Clock, on the towlines OF the
Steamer Atlas, Of the same line,
bound for Port St. Louis, on the Cali
fornia coast, for a cargo OF fuel oil.
She was picked up at sea yesterday
afternoon by the United Wireless sta
ton on Smiths Point, in this city,
which transmitted to her the first COM
mercial message sent out Of here over
the United apparatus. 1t was receiv-
ed and delivered to the city with per-
feet success, and came over the Pos
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Christian Science.

Services in /. Q. q. F. building,
Tenth and Commercial streets, rooms
5 and 6 at 10 a. nj. Subject, Every
lasting Punishment" All are invited
Sunday school, ll:30; Wednesday ev-
ening meeting at 8 o'clock. Reading
room same address, hours from II to
S daily, except Sunday.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The British steamship Guernsey
now in San Francisco discharging
coal for the great feet, which she
brought around from Baltimore, will
come here about May 18th, to load
l,6l5,OOO feet Of lumber at the Ton
que Point mill docks for China deliv-
cry, completing her cargo with wheat
out OF Portland.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
New Grocery Sore.

Try our own mixture OF cofFee-the
J. P B. Fresh fruit and vegetables.
Baccllet & Co, grocers. Phone Main
1881.
Just received a new line OF umbrella
covers. See c. II. Orkwitz, 1877 Tenth
street.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

AT the close OF business at the office
of County Clerk {. Clinton, yes
terday, there had been four petitions
filed for local option election at the
June polls, in this city. to-wit in Pre-
cinct No. 2, Astoria, which extends
from Second street TO Seventh; in
Precinct No, ), Astoria, from Seventh
10 Tenth; in Precinct No. 8, Astoria,
from Twenty-frst street TO Thirty
fifth and in Precinct No. 7, extending
| iron Thirty-ninth street to the eastern
limits OF the city. The two last named
are filed with the avowed purpose OF
re-opening the territory east OF
lTwenty-hrst street, now closed
lagainst liquor; and the two first, with
the equally well known idea OF closing
Those two wet precincts against the
I"wet' conditions now prevailing there
1t is up to the peoplel.
| Following is full and correct lists
Of the citizens signing the various pc
titions alluded TO:
| No. 2-P. +. Brix, ii. L, Kindred
IP. ]. Brix, A. l.. Clark, +. L. Crang
la. 7. Lindgren, l.. o. Cole, VIM
Koch, John W. Thompson, II. c,
Newell, James A. Eakin, w. t,
Eakin, S. c. Turner, D. ]. McVicar
IL. G. Porter, NJ. D. Staples, A. +
Beard, d. J. ingalls,, T.. c. letters
Charles Sanders, i, L. Bishop, Thos
Parker, L. c. Younce, P. w. Chris
tensen, r. NJ. CASTOR, VIM Koch
IJohn Paterson, A. l., Schroeder
Nicholas Bergman (2o).
No. 3--W. S. Gilbert, A. r. Cyrus
III. NJ. Brownell, w. NJ, Whitney
- Campbell, c. D. Stewart. Hiram
lLeinenweber, G. L. Pain, w. A
Baker, J. NJ. Conlor, R. n. Carna
han, +. L. Fry, Edwin Heckard, J. N
! Heckard, l. N. Mood, G. E Barney
Is. A. Pinnell, G. B. Blessing, Car
/, Johanscn, L. Hartwig, J T.. Fergu
{ son, T. L. Ball, B. J. Sloop, VIM Z
ICyrus, Axel c, Johnson, c. J. Ork
witz, w. J. Scully, K. F. Johnso
(2S).
No. Own. Matson, A. Sand
strom, John Beckman, G. Lipulto, J
= Kaikkonen, A. Berry, J. Matthew
II John Orjalla, Erik Thompson, Ott
Nilsson, Julius Mark, A. w. Pedcl
!, son, Jacob Myntti, Gustaf Anderson
NJ. w. Pederscn, Thos. Fl. Rohde, NJ
A. Mattson, Jacob Hilturen, II, Jone
Peter Payski, J, 7. Settem, NJ. Lame
E. Maunnula, c. c. Crow, ]. W
= Smith, D. c. Gates, d Mlagamba, X
v,slS. Wood, Louis Erickson, D. Roya
IG. A. Schultz, w. d. Painter, ].
i Kearney, Geo. H. Langford, G. Tood
!, Tom Berbcrsich, j. Aragolich, II.
- Kraus, c. Gramms, w. A. Good
= M. Luketa, Martin Vranich, c. Nal
gambia, D. Aviani, G. Johnson, NiC
Simmons (46).
No 7-Arvid Johnson, J. Brodvl
l.. O. Sanderson, c. II. Nelson, A
A drew Hansen, Sam Sutter, c A. En-
~ berg, c. 0. Johnson, J. p. Svanso
n. Frank Lindstrom, Herman Pescl
- VIM. Jacobson, r. NJ. Wooden, Lou
Il Peschl, Geo. Larson, John l.. Gogrc
Enoch Peters, John Nordstrom, Jol
Bowers, Matt Sandstrom, Csc
Sarkki, c. G.. Anderson, II. J. Olsc
Fred L. Nelson, II, +. Morris,
y Hall, G.. Nordman, G. Maria,
J" Achelsen, c. J. Christensen, Lot
G. Lawson, Gustaf Carlson, x
Hermanstad, J. G. Allen, Gust
=, Nelson, Oscar Nelson, A. II. Pr;
80 genhotts, Lambert Lawson, JAG
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
The Clean Man.

The man who delights in personal
cleanliness. and enjoys his shave.
shampoo. haircut, and bath, In AS
toria, always goes to the Occident
barber shop for these things--and
gets them at their best.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Notice to Mariners.

Capt. c. Z. Linquist OF the Am. )
S. wellesley" reports that on April
10th. he passed large wooden moor
ing buoy in St George Channel about
"a OF a mile w. w, w. from Castle
Rock
JOHN McNULTY, Nautical Expert
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

Kidney complaint kills more people
than any other disease. This is due to-
the disease being so insidious that it
gets a good hold on the system before
it is recognized. Foley's Kidney Cure
will prevent the development Of fatal
disease If taken in time.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Norwegian Danish M. E.

Services at II a. m, and 7:45 p. m;
Sunday school, 10 a. m, Mr.. Albert
Carlsen, superintendent. On Wednes-
day, May 9th, at ? p. m. The Ladies
Aid Society will meet at the home OF
Mrs. L. jackson, Alderbrook. Q. 7
Field, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
SUNDAY At THE CHURCHES
First Methodist.

Sermon topics for Sunday, morning,
Working Out Our Own Salvation.
Evening, "The Church and the Sa-
loon" Other services: Class meeting
lois a, m; Sunday school, l2:l5 P.
M; Epworth League at 200 p. m.
c. c. Rarick, minister.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
LADY MAN1cUR1sT ENGAGED.

"The Modern" A. E. Petersen's
beautiful tonsorial establishment, has
been further modernized by the per-
manent engagement Of a highly train
ed young lady manicurist; who win
also serve the house as cashier.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

Notice Is hereby given that the
partnership heretofore existing be-
tween Frank Cowan and 9. J. Howe
at No. 420 Commercial street. has
been dissolved and |, Frank Cowan.
will not be liable for any further bills
contracted with said firm. Signed,
FRANK GOWAN.
4-28-st.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
First Lutheran.

Morning service in Swedish at
l0:45, theme: Peter Reinstated'-
Luther League Circle meets at Z
o'clock p. m; evening service in Eng
lish at s o'clock, theme: "A Pastoral
Scene from the Holy Land" All are
cordially invited to attend.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

for freight and passengers, She went
10 sea about breakfast time, and her
crowd was below stairs preparing for
the exactions Of "old Neptune and
50 il was not possible to reckon her
list.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Presbyterian.

Morning worship, II o'clock, "A
Three Fold Cruci6xion." Sabbath
school, 1915; Y. P. S, c. E., 700;
evening worships, 8 o'clock, Through
a Glass" All are invited, VIM. S. Gil
bert, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The steamer +, S, Loop arrived
down from Portland yesterday and
went direct to the Knappton docks to
finish her outward cargo Of lumber
and will likely sail today for San
Francisco.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
GOOD WOOD.

II you want a good load Of Er wood
or box wood ring up KELLY the
WOOD DEALER,
The man who keeps the
PRICES DOWN.
Phone Main 2l9i---Barn, Cor. 18th
and Duane.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Holy Innocents Chapel.

Second Sunday after Easter. NO
morning service. The missionary will
hold service at Calvary chapel Sea
side. Sunday school, ll:l5 a. m, even
ing service, 1880 p. m
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The fine German steamship Nico-
media entered port yesterday morn
ing from Hong Kong, via San Fran
cisco. and went on to the metropolis
without delay here.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The schooners w. i, Jewett and
Alyina came down from Rainier yes
terday afternoon on the lines OF the
Queen and will probably get to sea
ior the coast OF California sometime
today.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The steamship Geo. w. Elder came
down from Portland yesterday morn
ing and tied up at the Calender dock
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02

The fine oil tank steamship w, )
Porter came down the river yester-
day and went to sea during the at
ternoon.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
-FOUR PRECINCTS IN
THE CONTEST

PETITIONS FOR LOCAL oP-
TIoN ELECTIONS FILED YES.
TERDAY - NAMES OF CITI-
zENS STANDING FOR THE
TRY.OUT.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
Cheap Round Trip Rates to the East
Via the o. r. & N.

On May 4th the 0. R. & N. Com
pany will sell irst-class round-trip
tickets from Astoria at the following
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
WATER COMMISSION
MEETING

ROUTINE BusINESS-REpoRTs
READ AND ACcEPTED-BIDS
OPENED FOR IMPROVING
THE GROUNDS CONTRACT
TO BE LET.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-05-02
NEW TODAY

Money to loan on good security.
Seandinavian-Ameriean Savings Bank,
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-14
DECISIONS or S. ..
SUPREME COURT

Pierre. S. d., Feb. S.-The supreme court
has handed down opinions in the follow
ing cases:
BY Haney. Presiding Judge-State, de-
PENDANT In error, VS.. Frank Matejousky.
sentenced from Stanley county for horse
rustling. affirmed. State, defendant in
error, VI. f.. Nude. convicted In Turner
county on charge of selling liquor without
q license. affirmed.
BY C~orson-Frank G.. Ball VS.. Charles b..
Dolan. Brown county. affirmed. Henry ID.
Lemon VS.. Frank T.. Little and Archie D..
Westby. Lawrence county. reversed. c..
+. Wolinger VIZ. Harley Thomas ct al,
Aurora county, modified and affirmed
BY Fuller-L- l.. Nordness VS.. the Mu-
tual Cash Guaranty company, Day county,
reversed. Fountain City Drill company
VS.. A. w. Lndquist, Roberts county, az
firmed. Iewis Haag VS.. J. G.. Brown,
Brookings county, affirmed. j. X. Rob-
erts VS.. Charles +. Beech. Marshall county
affirmed. John r. Schott VS.. *. C. Swan,
Marshall county, affirmed. John Stollett
ct al, W.. +. NJ. Stewart. Marshall county
affirmed. j. l.. Minder. sheriff. VS.. First
National bank of S%isseton, Roberts county,
reversed. Judge Fuller dissenting.
This was a case where the creditors OF
Titus White an allotment Indian, at
tempted to levy upon cash In the bank to
satisfy an execution, and the government
took a part, holding that the funds were
under government control. The lower
court held against the government, ard
has been reversed.
A. l.. Bartlett, of Eureka, was admitted
on a certificate from Iowa.