davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
Nav We &c Forgiven.

The other day Dauber. the artist.
was producing some rapid sketches TO
amuse his children. He drew .
sketch Of hen so naturally tina. when
IL was afterwards thrown in the waste
paper basket IL laid there
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
II All Went in the Bill.

Attorney--Would the court mind
making my clients sentence about six
months longer"
The Court-That Is an extraordi-
nary request. Why?
Attorney-As 1t stands. your honor.
It will hardly give me time 10 &c; him
hardened
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
crapes IN Jelly.

Make Q clear orange or lemon jelly
and when about an inch Of jelly has
hardened In the mold lay in very
Enc bunch OF pink or purple grAves
and pour on enough Of the liquid telty
TO almost cover. Set assin On ice. and
when this 70 arm add the resi- Of the
jeIly. which ia KEEP; warm on the back
q the range. I'm serving place tiny
punches Of sussTed grapes about tho
edge of the mold.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
Usual Testimonial.

"Mr. Grumbiey writes. 1 don't see
how you can have the nerve TO sell
your worthless remedy for so cents
bottle"
oh, indeed, Well. strike out have
nerve to- and worthless. and put the
letter in our testimonials. Judge.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22

She-And will you forget me while
I'm away?
He-No, dear.
And what will you do to remember
me-!
oh. I'll paste your picture right
over the thermometer, dear,-fon-
kers Statesman.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
EootiSt'eal.

Patience see The Iette: e occurs
on an average Of 1871 tines in loco
words.
Patrice-rhe letter ! can beat that
record in your letters. no doubt
Yonkers Statesman.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
Once Enough.

She-People are never satisfied In
this world.
He-Oh. don't know. You don't
hear Of a man clipping more than
once. do you?-Yonkers Statesman.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
ook Out for 8sil1stl

When airships gall float about
The m0tal who mus, dwell
On earth won't dare to venture out
Without a stout unbrcll.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22

peissnevs Hettiss ~ the Tropics.
In tropical regions there are pettles
Par more powerful than that Of our
Own country.
The one called Crtica stimulans.
which 10 found IN lava. and that
called Laportea crenulsia, found In
Hirdustsn. when bruised emit sn
efnsviup. which pcisorously Affects TN.
eycs aud -'crth. and 10 haadied pro
desc ss-s aIsions and serious s~~nine
asd pain IN the arms. which may isse
for ;hrce o. four weeks end IN sy.ss
eases cause death
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
A Little Complimentary.

Say. tha, air Bill Binks cin't overly
bright. he hc?"
~WaaI. I caIIate .: PHI had lest
leetie more srIse re might call him
half. witted --Judge.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
tSsvv 10 Clean Tiswsre.

Stains and discolorstions ca tinwa-e
csa Be removed BY dipping damp
e1uek IN eunmoa so1a and rubbing
wfzk3y. Tbea WISH Thoroughly and
No. ary.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
no use.

Why don't you pay tina; bis bin you
ower
What's the use: Tse sworn on.
and never intend TO drink assin.-
Cleveland Leader
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
Modern chcxserfeidism

Tracher-If you are kind and roIi;e
60 your playnatcs. VIVA; viii be the
result
schoIar-TheyTl think they can
Aeht me-
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-10-22
Oesrricn.

bcbby-Ps. what's a press ccnsors
ps-iIes Q ma who knows more
thsn he th.nss 0:ter people ssosid--
Judee.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
Carnegie Library Plans.

The library board has heard from Mr.
Carnegie again In reference 70 his dsia-
ton for library building. He declines 70
furnish tho $4,000 asked for by tho
board and rosef;s 10 his $4,000 prspS-
as being aboa; wha, town ike Rocky
Ford ought to get Further sorsspoa-
dsnee Is On as Indicated by tho council
proceedings reported elsewhere. Plans
for the library building had been Submit
ted BY Arehi;se, Dubrse and looked over
BY tho board. ha, so long as tho smsun;
Of available money remains IN question
no definite action on plans can 10 taken.
The arrangement; Of tho plan as prepared
Is very convenient, and foomy. including a
las,are room on tho ground floor which
will be available for literary club and ike
uses.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
"The Man on the Box"

Those who have derived a few hours o.
cnloymen. from u reading Of tho novel.
The Man on the Box will enjoy even
more the play At tho Grand on Feb. 8.
Tho play follows tho lines Of the book as
closely rs possible. bu, there arc denoue-
menss. actions and spicy dialogue and all
those things ,ha, would DO impossible to
iniee, into printed words. The Man on
tho Box" Is amusing. 20, there arc several
coed bits OF sserner acting contained
thersin-a rnomen, hero and there when
tho higher typo Of dramatic art holds
sway. Il Is no, overdone. as Is so often
tho case in comedies. !, docs no. pale on
tho audience nor lose its ,enseness o! ae-
ton. There are one or two instances
whsn tho hand clutches tighter over the
program or tho fingers close risidiy over
tho arm Of the seat. A brief period o.
bfeaih-hol ding. then tish,ened muscles
relax In burst Of nsrrinen,-
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
MAN oeomed ey bad. cIo,he..

We now know why the sccp'rr IL
slowly passing from the hands of tho
masculine. II is because Of his clothes.
Miss Agnes R.ppiicr. Philadelphia
essayis, and club sgonian. says so she
says 80 long as mea vog" costumes
that "In,.rprctcd their strength. en-
HANGED their persnAsiysacss and con
c~sisd their shortcomings so long
women accepted them rs masters.
vhra men rashiy abandoned the
bFisk, ecriumcs tEst charmed tho
other ses tl6y ssN 'hciT nn!sh. The
situation seems hnrcless Either men
must so back TO velvet knee hEceehcs
ard gold buckles. siashei doahlci. lace
trimmings. icasheEcd hat and lInErri"
or let woman go on Dominating. Il l.
up to uaa.-Mcmphis scimiIaT.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
1hs Badge Of Honesty

=. m sverv HYsppeg Of Doctor Ptereot
G,idsn Ieiical Discovery oecauss . full
iist of ne ingredientS coapoeing - y
n,inted there in plain SngiieA. Forty
ysaYs Of e1perisnce has Deoven ~ s1pestee
voYth q 8 blood puriher ~ invigoeee
IN tonIe for tAs eafs OF stomscA oinosSses
~ sii Mvse ilia u beiids ~ ~ 5un'
SoVn systen - No etA0 soose eA1 "
Vhieh Seohol y uss4. Ihs ecave ueese.
inai psiasiplss Of native rooo sssA =
0oldca sasl ~ QIseeS sess ace -
NasArshs Essk 1looefcoe saa -!
chaYyoosk ~ sxtssetsd ~ pro10ve4
4, ~ NJ cf cAenically pore, triple
rsaned slyeesine. Send - Dr. kv. P1eeco
n Bu1sio, N. 2. for fsss 6oekles which
ouotes sxtrects from veil teeoGni.cd oedr
EaI Sutho1ttise such - ORA BayshnIoWs
Kine. SevddeE Co., HlliAgwoo6 anA .
host Of osisA0(, showing that these roots
ean b deS6nded upoa fes thsir curative
action Il al week states OF the stomach.
Accumulated BY indigestion o. dyspepsia
.s well a in<li bilious OF liver complsints
and In Sl<wasting diseases whero thero
Is S<thcsh and gradual running down
OF " ftrength and system.
, The -Golden Medical plscoYcry makes
rich. plIc blood and so InyIsoratss and
fsZnhtes Lhe .tomach, 1lYci aud k0Yels.
and. tlLlmgn-L -Lleul>-loe- -Mlnlc SSstcms
Thus all skin affections, blotches, pimplcs
and eruptlons rs well as scrofulous swell
llngs and old open running sores or ulcers
are cured and healed. In treating old
running sores, or ulcers, II Is well TO In
sure their hc.ling To applyto them DR.,
Picrce's All-HcalIng Salvc. Ifyour drug
gIsi don't happen 10 have this Salve Ia
stock, send hity-four cents In postage
stamps 20 Or. II. Y. Pierce, Inyalids' Hotcl
and Surgical Institute, Buffalo, n. Y, and
a large box OF the rAll-Hcaling Salyc
will reach you by return post.
You can't afford 20 accept 4 secret nos
trum a, a substitute for this non alcoholic
medicine or KNOWN COMPOSITION, not
even though the urgent dealer may
thereby make little bigger profit
Dr. Picrce's Pleasant Pellets rcgulnt,
aud lnyigurate stomach, liver and bowels
Sugar-eoated, tiny sranules, easy TO take
- candy.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
To Cure Indigestion.

The first thing TO do in case ci
Indigestion or stomach weakness Is
to strengthen the muscular walls oi
the stomach aud intcstincs. so that
they will digest without distress The
food that is eaten. This can best be
done by taking a Mi-o-na tablet be.
fore each meal. which will restore
strength to the stomach muscles and
stimulate the secretion of gastric
juices so that the food will digest
readily and its nourishmcnt be retain
cd in the stomach to build up energy
and vitality.
Use Mi.o-na an ycu will have no
more sick headache, heartburn, bad
taste in the mouth, coated tongue,
speeks bcrforc the eyes, slccplessnsss
or other symptoms that come from
Indigestion. With every so cent box
of Mi-o-na Award & Bradcn give a
guarantee to refund the money unless
the remedy cures.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
GOOD show. At the arnra.

The Murray I; Mack aggregation ard
The company playing "Thorus end Orange
Blossoms" both gave very pressntable
performances at the Grand during the
past week. The chief figures in the fer
mar have a well founded reputation Tor
funny business. ans ,hsy sustained It in
what taey did here. Tne latter conrany
have a rather pretty little love play, Of
the Bertha M Clay style Of irr oeuous
sent renialisrn, which IS nHytred with
The breezy business airs Of lie American
drummer man and the sui,iss Of an
English cad. The COMBINATION greatly
pleased the crowd. The patronage has
improved at recent plays.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
SOMETHING LIKE A MIRACLE
Country Editor Says hs Made Angry
Woman See Reason.

= am no, afraid Of any Of these
men who come into the ONCE 10 lick
nc. but have always tough, shy OF
sn irats woman declared . country
editor yesterday who had come TO
;nvn 10 confer with some OF the local
politicians.
while I know OF several fellows
who have been put TO Tout by women
I have so far escaped whole and rcvsr
came near but one licking by q vuin'
an he continued. "She vas from a
little town down tho river whom I
had written M when she married a
tizsfuist. She arrived In town with
a big blsctsnake whip and a temper
worked up to a white heat.
"Shc announced she was there 10
whip mo 10 within an inch Of my life.
tried to reason with her. but Of no
avail She grew more angry each
minute.
Finally said. watching that whip
sil the time. Now don't you sec II you
whip me YOU wiii Just get into n big.
rcs scandal7 ! certainly will get even
with you By writing Up the s;Ur1 Of
how you did IT,
II had saved my life. The woman
thought minute and then started for
ire door. Well. guess have given
You good piece OF my mind any.
vay. shp declared as she left.
"fr once my wit had saved me
from either running or striking back
al woman. which do not
think gentleman should do.-Chi.
caso Chronicle.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
FOUND SOCKS HARD TO KEEP.
Practice In Arithmetic ciesss the
0sy's Shopping.

Tho grand settling OF accounts 10
which Mrs. Compton and her mother
indulge at the close Of a day spsn, In
the city. shopping. is an entertain.
ment which Mr. Compton never misses
u he can help It.
Now. mother" said Mrs. Compton.
when one of these occasions was draw.
Ing 20 a close. "can you give me the
Is cents for that little pineushion7
Then We shall be all straight once
more"
No" said the old lady. after an In.
'pcc,inn Of her cash assets. Il cant I
ave only 60 cents in change
Nrs. Compton locked worried. and
as sometimes happened. her husband
'a1Casored 10 lend helping hand.
io"r mc'hcr has a g. bill there. -
be said. Indicating one Of the old
afy's assorted piles why doesn't
she give you that. and you give her
mat si.75 over theres"
William" and his wife turned an
imrluriug and repruachful face
toward him. don't mix us all up.
That s2 is what paid mother ten
ntrutes ago for my share Of cousin
iucy's down pun. And this sisa Is
Hor share Of cousin Edwards ash
ray! " We turned snd twisted things
1ck AMI forth in ,hc ways you sus-
sast We should never bnuw where We
ere. As It is. mother has the 50
enis ! Eave toward kathcrine's doll's
,sa set all mixed in with the money
uCy gave her and We don't know
ow II happened. with eli our cxac
Lein1lsi',-I InnLh'a Communion
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
whsr. the Money Went.

Candidates for the British parlia-
ment who have won or lost In the gen.
eral elections arc now enEaged in
sending in the returns OF their elee-
tion expenses. ms provided by the cor
rupt practices act, for publication In
parliamentary Blue Book British
law insists upon cxpiicltncEs In these
returns. and candidates cannot follow
the example OF the member In the 7os
who. IN being asked by the managers
Of the party organization by which he
was backed for particulars OF n sum
Of money intrusted for him. sent the
following reply:
Received G500
ITO one quirc Of nose paper. Cd.
You know what did with the
pest"
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
L0dde News.

A most enjoyable evening was spent
BY the members and invited friends Of
onita Lodge. No. +7e. FratsrnAl Union
Of America. at the installation Of officers
last Thursday evening. Following 10 the
list Of oifiesrs installed:
Fratsrnal Msstsr-J. G. Vaughn.
Justies-W. n. Tswss.
Truth-Mrs. Ssnter.
Msrey-Mrs. Higgins.
Treasurer A. J. Stewart
Sserstary-L. G. Klinsfelt@.
Gujds-Mrs, Matte Hulss.
Stewards-F. W. Niche. A. D. Jillson
and n. !. Jameson.
T, Joint installation Of officers Of the
Knil a: and Lady Maeeabses on Monday
evening was attended by about 200
guests and members. Because Of the
serious illness Of Mrs. Locke. the state
commander. she was not present and the
ladies' were obliged to install their own
officers. Past Commander Fronia Lay
man and the local Hive guards proved
equal to the emergency and in most
ersditable manner installed the following
officers:
Past Com.-Mary Hohnbaum
Commander Elizabeth Forbes
Lieut.. Com.~Clara a. Kane
Record Kaeper-Hattie Green
r. A.-May Price
Chaplain Bertha Henderson
Sergeant Sadie Altman
n. At A. GuInnie Dcdds
Santnel-Mary Walters
Picket Mamie Rodman
State Commander Griffin in very inn
presslye manner installed tho officers o.
the K. o. T. NJ. whose names were pub
lished soma weeks ago. After tho beau
,i!al ceremonies the retiring Commander
Mary Hohnbaum, and Record Keeper
Maggie Sewby, were presented with
emblema,ie pins by the local Hive. ans
tho state commander marked his ap'
preeiatioa OF Record Keeper Johnson
ei.ieien; services by presenting him with l
handsome watch fob. Short talks from
prominent members followed and lai
supper served to pass very pleasan
evening.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
PRIVILEGE 70, rradss Unions.

Probably the British ias will be
changed no as TO ALLOW trades unions
TO bank money up TO aay amount In
tho Postofiicc Savings Bank. - Ia now
permitted to friendly societies. In
ne ease OF ordinary tspeseors, inter.
sss q nos allowed % aoes l.-a -.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
Plan National Park.

Colorado is discussing tho plan to
make 1000. .0oo.acrc national park Of
the White river plateau. one OF the
finest natural bits Of country In the
Xhoia OF Colorado. On the western
siope of the divide. and rs yet unset.
tied. II covers more than 5000 square
miles OF snowcappcd peaks and noun
min valleys whose scenery II an-
squaicd in the entire west.
Rocky Ford enterprise., 1908-01-24
WeuId hs.s Msmen Police.

Mrs. ChaTlgs Gpidzcr Of Bayonne.
n. j., sravely suggests 10 Mayor Gar.
zen OF that city mat women be en-.
ployed on thc police force with equal
gravity his honor promises to give
The matter bis careful attention. Mrs.
Goidzler's cuthgs .asm on behalf of her
scr is well known She is a member
Of halt a dozen clubs in New York. be
iieves in the single tax idea and Is
prominent In equal suffrage circles.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
BIRDIINGHAM'S PUBLIC
SCHOOLS OPEN TODA Y

THE public will The opening at the
elementary schools with maliy but the work
of classification will the High school there will
be informal exercises beginning 1918 o'clock at which short talks will
be
the Phillips superintendent schools
This the schools Principals and teach
es as well parents will find 1t hard week on account e
evident that of the patrons of the schools think these nave
Il that all will mind these changes made In a
commission teachers patrons comply with the law
books
depository of Loman Joseph
will be
for the books today let them wait till to-
children supplied
o
kind Third be
s to
noting be avoided
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
Big LAND DEAL In
CALGARY DISTRICT

The largest land deal to be effected in
the Calgary district in Canada-the newly
developed Mecca toward which wealth
cearches are turning-was effected by
one Of the Aders of Birmingham, the
amount of the transaction totalling s175-
900 for II 900 acres
This information was received in Bir-
mingham yesterday by T. s. Forbes in a
letter from nephew, Y. Forbes With
chen, a former Birmingham boy, who,
with his brother. George Wittichen, also
of Birmingham, has purchased a ranch
about four miles from the town of Cal
gary.
That portion of the letter referring to
this deal reads: THE largest land deal
which the Calgary district has had in
years was closed a few days ago. The
land is known as the Mamake farm and
is about 80 miles east of Calgary. 1t
has about 1900 acres and some buildings
on 1t, and was bought by Birmingham
man, one of the Adlers, for sl75. OOO This
sounds to me like this Is a good country.
People from everywhere are focking to
this country and the majority of them
are buying"
During the past few months the Cal
gary district has jumped into the lime
light as splendid agricultural and live
stock country. A number of Birming-
ham people have gone there and reports
from them are very encouraging
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
SEVERE DAMAGE
TO COTTON CROP

Memphis, Tenn, September 2O.-Review-
Ing crop conditions since September 1 in
the whole of the cotton belt the Com
mercial Appeal tomorrow will say:
In all the cotton producing states east
of the Mississippi river and in Arkansas
and Louisiana west of the river cotton
has deteriorated since September 1. The
loss has been severe in Mississippi. Ark.
ansas, Tennessee, Alabama and in the
lowlands of Louisiana. It seems to have
been caused by hot, dry, forcing weather,
which hurried the cotton plant to ma
turity from a growing and thrifty condi-
ton. Much shedding resulted, the set
ting of new fruit was checked and the
matured bolls were quickly opened. In
this territory correspondents estimate, ac-
cording to locality, that So to 70 per cent
of the cotton is open now.
In the two Carolinas and Georgia the
deterioration was much less severe than
noted above.
In all this section an early frost would
not materially cut short the yield as the
top crop does not appear to be import
ant.
In Oklahoma and western Texas the
plant is still in thrifty and promising
condition and has improved during Sep
TENDER. 1t Is late, howsser. and an early
frost would be disastrous. Very little
picking has been done.
In northern, eastern and north central
Texas the crop lost some ground, but
the promise still is for good yield. The
plant is in good condition and a late
frost is desirable Cotton Is just now be-
ginning to open rapidly.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
CRANE GETS TO WORK.
He VIII Try to Help the Republican
Cause In the West.

Cincinnati, September Ex-senator w.
Murray Crane of Massachusetts tonight
started for the Chicago headquarters of
the republican national committee. He
will then visit New York headquarters.
While here Senator Crane has been some
what busy in the adjustment of the For
aker situation, but his visit had been ar
ranged before that incident arose. and 1t
was learned tonight that he has had an
important consultation with Candidate
Taft on the general conduct of the cam
paign.
That there Is to be decidedly more ac-
tivity on the part of the executive COM
mittee of the national committee and on
the part of the advisory committee of
that organization was said to be deter
mined. This activity, 1t was explained.
is made necessary by reason OF the ex-
pected immediate development of the pro-
portions of the campaign, which will
make 1t physical impossibility for Chair
man Hitchcock to give the attention re-
CURED to many matters of policy and de-
10
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
TALKS ABOUT BOIL
WEEVILBEFORE WAR

The general discussion of the boil
weevil which has been prevalent for sew
eral wears, prompts an old farmer, by
way of the reading of an article which
appeared recently, to say that those who
are studying the bug have before them
proposition Just as serious as they sup
pose, If not more so.
r. II. McCalum, now member OF
the Birmingham police force, but former
Nv one of the best farmers in Mississippi,
tells of what the ante-bellum farmer did
IN his efforts to get rid of the boil weevi,
or the cotton fly, as he says they caled
the bug.
MI MeCallum states that before the
war the farmer was troubled with the
same bug and adds that they studied the
cotton fly carefully from observation.
He says that the farmers OF MS time
reached the conclusion that the worm SO
often found in the end of an ear OF corn
was the original cotton fly. He says that
the cotton fly never made his appear
ance until about two weeks after FODDER
pulling time; that is after the corn hao
gotten hard in the ear
Mr. McCallum states that Tor this rea-
son the farmers thought that the worm
found in the ears of corn grew to be
some bug which laid the eggs from whlch
the cotton flies were Matched. He says
that about 10 days or two weeks after fod-
der-pullng time the farmers figured on
the appearance of the cotton fly and made
preparations every year FOR mis- recep-
ton.
He states that 40 years ago the farmers
used to go into the woods and gatner
pine knots with which they built huge
fires on their farms at night He ADDS
that they prepared solution Of black
molasses and water which they placed In
pans around the fires, which attracted the
flies, and he said millions of the supposed
cotton flies were captured in the molasses
every night.
Mr.. McCallum states, however, that the
farmers never caught a boil weevil as
far as he knows, and he does not believe
that anybody knows where the weevil
comes from or what 1t is.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1908-09-21
WEST END CAMPAIGN.
Rivalry of Past. Few Weeks Will Be
Decided at Polls Today.

The entertainment with which the
citizens of West End have been fur
nished during the past few weeks by
the hot political campaign waged there
ceases today. 1t is expected that to-
days election will serve to draw out
the largest ballot in the history of the
town as both the administration and
citizens factions have been button
holding the qualified voters in strenu-
Gus fashion for the past few days.
AS the matter stands both sides are
claiming victory. G. p. Montgomery
heads the citizens ticket for mayor,
while the present mayor, Sidney Nor
wood. stands for reelection at the head
of the administration ticket. The con-
test appears to be close between these
two men, while indications point
strongly toward a split ticket being
elected for aldermen.
Spice was added to the last days Of
the campaign by the distribution Of
dodgers and the holding of lively meet
ings by both factions. An illustration
of the interest shown in the election
was in the size of the crowds assem-
bled at these meetings, the attendance
figures amounting to several hun
bred. The citizens ticket distributed
hand bills with striking cartoons
printed on them while the administra-
tion forces stirred up excitement by
lively methods