davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29
By ]. c. O'MAHONEY

shores, after the pas
sage of centuries dur
ing which man had presumably advanced
on the intellectual plane, they were obliged
to return to the primitive eXpedlent and dig
caves in the ground to shelter themselves
from the blasts OF the Massachusetts winter.
Even the cyclone cellars of to-day in Kansas
and other western States can show no patent
able improvement upon the device of prlrnI-
tive semicavage man, and the greatest product
of twentieth century engineering. the Si1nplon
tunnel through the Alps, Is hardly more Won
derful than the tunnel that Herodotus found
on the island OF Samos in the fifth century
before Christ
modern scholars until 1882, when kyrillos, the
abbot of the neighboring cloister of Hagia
Trias, accidentally discovered it 1t was built
apparently so that enemy besieging the city
could not shut off the water supply OF the in
habitants. All along the walls small inches
We're cut. in many Of which terracotta lamps
have been found. Its entire length is thirty
two hundred and elghty-one feet. and on an
average 1t is two teet square. The construc-
ton was begun at both ends; but the Juncture
of the two sections not strictly accurate
In addition to piercing mountain seven hun
dred and fifty feet high the tunnel also runs
under small stream, and may thus be assumed
to have been the first subaqueous tunnel IN
Europe, II not IN the world.
This, however, is not the first underground
passage OF which there is record In times
contemporaneous with the siege of Troy, or
even before, a tunnel which is said to have
been four miles long was built to carry off the
waters of Lake Topolia (Copais) in BGotia
The following inscription found at Sloan in
1880 is descriptive of Jewish tunnel, the date
OF which most authorities place at 100 B. G.:
"(Behold) the excavation. Now, this is the
history of the tunnel While the workrnen
were still lifting the ak, each toward his neigh
Dor and while three cubits still remained Ito
cut through, (eac, heard) the Voice OF the
other who called to his neighbor, since there
was an excess in the rock on the right hand and
(on the left)- And on the day of the excava-
ton the workTnen struck, each to meet his
neighbor AK against AK. and there flowed the
waters from the spring to the pool for twelve
hundred cubits. and of a cubit was
the height of the rock over the heads of the
workmen.' This is an explanation of the
many dead ends found in the middle of the
tunnel and proof that it was built from both
ends.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29
The Roman Catacombs

MOT the least renlarka BILE of the many historic
landmarks in Rome are the catacombs,
declared by some to be of great antiquity,
"quarries hewn long before the Rome OF Romu-
ius and Remus was founded Modern re-
search, however, seems to indicate that they
no earlier than the second century, and
that they were built by the Christians places
for worship and for the burial of the dead. Al
together the Catacombs, forming network of
tunnels not less than five hundred miles in
length, of the most wondrous relics of
bygone times. They are to be found not only
N Italy, but in France, Greece, Asia Minor,
Persia, Egypt, and even Peru. Those of
Gent Etruria are particularly interesting
account of their construction, having been
built like houses, with the furnishings, chairs,
and couches hewn out of the living rock, and
the roofs carved in imitation of beams and
rafters.
Some of the Roman sewers, like tn Cloaca
Maxima, built by the Tarquin Kings even be-
fore the period of the Republic are so large
that d loaded hay wagon might pass through
them with ease. 1t is said that thirty thousand
laborers were occupied for eleven Years with
hammer and pick and ChIsel IN the con-
struction Of the tunnel three and half miles
long which was built in Roman times under
Mount Salviano to drain Lake Fucino.
During the Dark Ages works OF this charac-
ter came to practical standstl, and it was
not until medieval times that revival began.
In 1904 the excavation of the Francis adit in
the hungarian mines at Schemnitz was begun
BY 1857 it had been pushed to length of a
mile and a quarter and was used both for the
tranSp OTtatIOn of ore and to carry Oft water
from the mine
What was by far the longest tunnel in the
world until the completion of the Simplon bore
through the Alps in 1905, the Joseph ii.
mining adlt (ten and a quarter miles in lengthy
il the same section of Hungary. Almost a
century was consumed in its construction. it
having been begun in 1882 and not completed
until 1873.
In the United States the longest mining tun-
mel Is the Sutro gallery in Nevada, which meas
ures nearly four miles. AS an object of inter-
est, however, it does not compare with the
Cowenhoven tunnel at Aspen, Colorado, which
pierces Smugger Mountain and furnishes drain
age and transportation for thirty different
mines
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29
Tunnels Under Water

TO an observing man is due the credit for
the first great subaqueous tunnel of modern
times. Two or three fruitless attempts had
been made to connect the shores of Kent and
Essex by passage under the Thames, and the
idea had finally been abandoned as imprac-
tlcable, until one day Sir Marc lsambard
Brunei. while walking through dockyard at
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29
The Worlds Great Tunnels

Chatham, saw the
TerCdo ndvdlis. a worm
dreaded by all ship
owners. perforat!ng a
piece of timber. The
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29

XIHEN the Pilgrim
" Fathers landed
on the New England
shores, after the pas
o{ Da.@--,ar jr
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-03-29

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Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT.
A Man Who Has Done Things.

n MAN VINO has Done innings.
Responding to the call of the ma
ton for a man equal to the emergen-
cies confronting the Republic, the
people themselves have found him and
presented him to the electorate. a
Naturally, the people sought among
themselves for one truly representa-.
tive to the highest ideals of American
citizenship. Their misunderstanding
and correct valuation of men led them
to the individual who more thoroughly
than any other fulfilled their require
ments-and that was William Howard
Taft.
William Howard Taft. of Cincin-
natl. Ohio, probably is the way ne
would designate himself. That desig-
nation, however, Is grossly inadequate.
For while Mr.. Taft is an American of
Americans, he is also a citizen of the
world who as invited guest, counselor
and adviser of foreign governments,
has exerted an influence for peace and
international good will unsurpassed by
that of any other American statesman,
living or dead.
The dignity of private citizenship,
which he enjoys to-day. is in perfect
accord with his temperament and in
clination. There never has been, nor
will there ever be, anything in official
honor sufficiently alluring to draw Mr..
Taft away from his lifelong Identity
with the plain people.
As a boy in Cincinnati he was ready
to give and take in all the stirring
controversies, mental and physical,
which give effect to the law Of the
survival of the fittest. AS a student
at Yale he displayed all the qualities
Of wholesome young manhood which
have made that university famous. and
| the endearing traits of his character
were honored at the reunion of ais
class during the recent summer by a
celebration more delightful to him, per-
haps, than any other demonstration of
public favor possibly could be.
In the frank, fearless, boyhood and
college life of William Howard Taft
| there was the promise of an ear
nest, generous. upright manhood
That promise has been completely and
splendidly fulfilled. The serious af-
fairs of life appealed irreslstibly to the
young collegian after his graduation,
and at the early age of twenty-four he
appeared as Assistant Solicitor in his
| home country.
Mr.. Taft's professional advancement
from the position of Superior Court
Judge and Solicitor General to seat
on the bench Of the United States Dis
trict Court was due solely to frank
recognition of his proved integrity, his
diligence and impartiality in the ad
ministration of justice and ais loyalty
to the Hottest standards of judicial
conduct. 1t is said of him by one who
as lawyer, knew him well: HE was
the gentlest. fairest and most upright
of all judges before whom | have prac
| ticod He was as incapable of doing ar
unkind or an unjust thing as snow Is
of turning into SCOT"
1t is. however. in his career since hi'
voluntary - though reluctant - retire
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
BRYAN TRUE TO SILVER IDOL
Belief In His Panacea Will Remain
mistaken.
Declaration of Faith Made to Cover
the Past, the Present and the
Future.

1t would be extremely unllind to
say that Mr.. Bryan is tickle i'll his
political belief His best friends
would be the last to make such an
assertion, for they realize thoroughly
that their leader, when he has once
implanted conviction firmly in his
mind, clings to it like grim death.
This is especially true of Mr..
Bryan's attitude on the silver ques-
ton through which he first rose to
prominence. He has very little to say
about that question at present, but
that he is absolutely certain that
it is a subject of the greatest i'm
portance and that his own particular
| financial panacea is the only safe
guide for the United States may be
plainly seen from the following ex-
tracts from his collected wisdom:
In an address at the Jefferson Club
banquet at Lincoln, Neb., December
26, 1900, Mr.. Bryan said:
THE principles for which we con-
tended in the last campaign still live,
|
continue to fight for them. An cleo,
tion does not change principles; il
onl: determines what principles shall
for the time being be applied"
| In the North American Review, In
the same month, Mr.. Bryan recorded
this declaration of faith:
ITO consider this election as de
cisive Of the money question would
be as absurd as to have regarded the
election Of 1896 as decisive of the
tariff question. 1t would be more
reasonable to regard the late election
as conclusive upon the question Of
imperialism or upon the trust queS
ton, both of which were discussed
more by our people than the money
question.
The increased production of golt
has leSSened the strain upon gold
and had to some extent brought thu
relief which Democrats proposed t.
bring in a larger measure by the re
storation Of silver; but there is NJ
assurances whatever that the golt
supply, even with the new discoveries
will be sufficient to maintain the leve
of prices. Favorable conditions hav'
given us an abnormal share of tn,
worlds supply of gold, but TIT
scarcity Of the yellow metal abroa'
is already leading to the export o
gold, while the increase in the issu
of banknotes is evidence that we ar
still short of money here. The Re
publicans defend the gold STANDARD
not by logic, but by giving it credi
for better times. When prosperit.
fails, the gold standard will lose it
charm"
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17

and private, may be summed up in a
single sentence:
II dare to do all that may become a
man; Who dares do more Is none"
The call of the people Is for viii
liam Howard Taft. They know him.
He Is one of them There is need this
year OF leader of practical exper.
fence in public affairs whose principles
and policies are not subject to change
over night, and whose record In high
Office Is a sufficient guaranty for ais
future performance. Mr. Taft fulflls
that requirement In every detail. His
record Is an unbroken story of accom-.
plished results for the public welfare.
No act or utterance OF his requires
apology or explanation. He is Meth,
er dodger nor a trimmer. He has
encountered many difficulties and mas.
tered them all. His cheeriness, broad
humanity, integrity and devotion to the
principles which have made the Re.
public great and powerful distinguish
him as an ideal Of American citizen.
ship.
In the great political campaign upon
which the country Is about to enter no.
body will have the slightest excuse for
misunderstanding the attitude or
the purpose of William Howard Taft
The record Of the Republican nominee
Is an open book in which there Is
neither evasion nor contradiction. He
stands by the party platform and by
the history Of the party's achievements
The Republican party presents him to
the people as u statesman and patriot
worthy to rank In succession with the
great leaders of American progress
whose names, from Lincoln and Grant
to Mckinley and Roosevelt are unsep.
arably associated with the noblest tri-
umphs Of the Republic.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17

ment from the bench that we shall find
the most remarkable evolutions in Mr..
Taft's development as an American
statesman.
The country had gone through an I'M
sought war; the successful outcome OF
which imposed new and enormous re-
sponsibilities upon the National Gov
eminent, and placed the United States
in the attitude of u first class power,
obliged to face the perils Of permanent
contact with Old World nationalitles.
Momentous problems arose-partly ra-
cial, partly religious, partly constitu-
| tional-all complex and urgent They
required an immediate revision and en-.
largement of American foreign policy.
They required also the services Of u
new school of American statesmen and
diplomats, who should be, constructive.
self-reliant and capable of dealing with
grave conditions in a manner creditable
to the National honor and just to in.
ternational interests.
Among the patriotic, broad.minded
statesmen whom this changed condition
Of international affairs called into the
service Of the United States none has
exerted so wide or so wholesome an in
fuence as William Howard Taft.
Porto Rico and the Philippines had be-
come American territory, requiring
American treatment. Cuba, an indie
pendent nation by the grace OF the
United States, had become an object
Of kindly solicitude to the Government
at Washington, and has been ever since.
The Republic of Panama came into ex-
istence, bringing with 1t the terrific
rial understanding essential to the con-
struction of the isthmian canal, but
with it also came enlarged possibili-
ties Of discord in Central America
against which the United States is of
its own volition the guarantor.
That these vexatious problems have
all thus far advanced toward an hon.
orable solution Is due more to William
Howard Taft than to any other indi-
vidual. He has been the builder and
exemplar of the new American policy.
He has given to the inhabitants of our
insular possessions a convincing assur-
ance Of the integrity OF American pur-
pose. To the Philippines. to Hawaii,
to Porto Rico and to Panama he has
gone as a messenger of American good
will and fair play-and in all those
territories he is gratefully recognized
as their friend and protector. In him
they have an advocate Of the forces
and methods that make for peace. pro
gress and brotherhood under Ameri
can sovereignty.
Mr.. Taft is a many-sided man. He
works hard and plays hard. He radi
ates geniality and sunshine. AS 4
Judge he was both just and gentle
AS Governor of the Philippines hi:
courtesy. tact, sympathy and forbear
ance gave to the people of the Orient
an exalted ideal of American dignity
and American manhood AS Secretary
of War he elevated the standards oil
the military service and gave increased
security to the National defenses
lie combines the executive faculty
with the judicial in the highest de
gree and his rule of life, both public
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
PERFORMANCE VS.. PROMISE.
Response of Republicans to Peoples
Wishes Contrasted with Demo-
cratic Proposals.

(From Gov. Hughes youngstown
SPECIFY
when we consider the inevitable
conflict Of many opinions and the i'm.
portance Of the questions involved the
record of progressive legislation is ex-
traordinary. The creation Of the bu
reau OF corporations, the railroad rate
bill. the employers liability bill and
the laws passed for the better protec-
ton of labor constitute a record of
legislation which no just critic can af-
ford to minimize. and which attests in
q marked manner the response of the
Republican party under its forceful
leadership to the demands Of the people.
"If all that Mr.. Bryan has favored
during the last twelve years had been
enacted into law we should have been
overwhelmed with disaster, and would
regard it as our chief business in the
future to find a way of escape from
the meshes Of i'll considered legislation
in which we would have been entangled
II is fortunate for him as well as for
us that he was. defeated, and whatever
may be his present political potential
ity may be ascribed to the fact that
hitherto he has not been permitted to
carry out his program. No doubt much
remains to be accomplished in the way
OF necessary reform, but the record
already made by the Republican party
is a noteworthy one, and we must make
further advances with care and needed
reelection. Our progress will be in
trusted to safe hands, and we shall be
fortunate in having a sailing master
who knows his chart and who will take
quite as much account of reefs and
shoals as of the speed of the vessel.
We have got our direction, we have
most precious cargo. and we must
have a safe and experienced pilot"
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
Minor Mention.

"What is Mr.. Bryan's real para
mount issue?' asks reader. Don't
know. Have not heard from Mr., Bryan
for several hours.-Omaha Bee.
Democrats who had been thinking
rather well Of Senator Foraker will
have to revise their opinions.-SiouS
City Journal.
Mr.. Taft may not do as much talk
ing as Mr. Bryan during the present
campaign, but this will not prevent him
from saying quite as much.-St Louis
Globe Democrat.
After all, this issue will suffice. Tsfi
or Bryan? The country does not want
Mr.. Bryan at the White House. II
will now discover no new reason fol
intrusting him with the great respon
sibilities of the Observation-Disclosures
| Herald.
The bank guarantee most OF us want
is that our checkbook stubs will tally
| with the banks figuring OF the balance
New York Mail.
Real tariff reformers seem unani
| mously agreed in their refusal to take
Mr.. Bryan as a tariff reformer.-New
York Tribune.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
MISERY AND DIsHONOR."
Andrew D. Whites Picture of What
Would Follow Bryan's Election.

"Just as I was again free came w.
J. Bryans effort to capture the Pres
idency, which, in my opinion, would
have resulted in widespread misery at
home and in dishonor to the American
name throughout the world."-From
the Autobiography of Hon. Andrew d.
White, LID, former President Of Cor
nell University and Ambassador to
Germany and Russia.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
Rate LAW Amend m en Is.

The rate law does not go far enough.
The practice under it has already dis,
closed the necessity for new amend
ments and will doubtless suggest more.
Such is the true method-the empirical
and tentative method-of securing
proper remedies for new evil.-Hon
VIM. FL. Taft. at Columbus, Ohio.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
Another Labor Leader for Taft.
New Britain Record.)

Ben Chaplin, editor Of the Railroad
Employe, a labor organ, is out for
Taft. This will no doubt call for adj
ditional explaining from the Great
Samuel Gompers, who promised to de-
liver the solid labor vote to William
Jennings Bryan.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17
Three Great New World Deeds.

From the Republican National Plat
form-The American Government. in
Republican hands, has freed Cuba,
given peace and protection to Porto
Rico and the Philippines under our
flag and begun the construction of the
Panama Canal.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1908-09-17

Mr.. Bryan might get further II hi
could explain to the country how il
lost anything by defeating him In 1896
and l9OO.-Omaha Bee.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1908-04-15
MUST BE AMENDED.
Otherwise, Aldrleh Currency Bill VIII
Not Pass In House.

Washington. April i4.-That the
Aldrloh currency bin, az passed by
the senate will not be concurred In by
the house IN the conviction OF many
Republican members OF the lower
chamber. Indeed, that any currency
bill will be passed at this session II
not positively assured, but II plans ~
the Republican leaders In the house
are approved by n Republican caucsu,
90 be held next week. the Aldrich bill
In an amended form will become a
law,
The Republican leaders have ascer.
talned In purely informal way that
with certain amendments the Aldrich
bill mn get enough support In the
house 10 assure It's passage aud Sena'
tor Aldrich II ls stated has informed
them that the amendments they have
in mind will be satisfactory TO the ma.
jority In the senate. The caucus will
be submitted new currency bill,
drafted by the Republican leaders in
the house and introduced today by
Representative Vreeland of New York.
which embodies no much OF the Aid
rich bill as they feel confident and In
which is Incorporated the amendment
agreed on. As II IL now generally rec.
ognized that sentiment in the house
IN favor Of such radical reform In the
national money system AZ change
from bond secured 10 a asset cur.
rency is not strong enough 10 upheld
the Fowler bill, the question In the
caucus will be simply whether there
shall be an amended Aldrich bill or
no financial bin at all.
II by the time the cause meets the
senate has not enacted the promise Of
Senator Aldrich TO pass currency
commissions bill such a measure VIII
be agreed upon by the caucus and
passed by the house II ~ believed
that It viii go through the senate
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1908-04-15
EXCURSION 10 HOUSTON.

Account Spring Festival and Car.
nlyal. undey auspices Drummer and
Houston Heights Fireman, during the
week OF April oops. excursion tick.
cts viii be sold to Houston for trains
arriving April 2ist, limit Aprl 22nd,
also for trains ARRIVING April goth,
limit April 2Gth. one md one.third
fare for round trip. See l. 6 G. n.
Agent III
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1908-04-15
FORT WORTH CHOSEN.
Convention to Send Delegates to
Chicago Meets There.

Dallas, April l4.-Pursuant TO tho
call OF Hon. Cecil A. Lyon, chairman,
the state Republican executive com.
mittee met at this city Tuesday morn.
ing. The five vacancies on the com.
mittee were at once filled Fort Worth
was selected MS the place 20 hold the
convention TO elect four delegates at
largo and four altcrnates 10 the ma.
nonal convention az Chicago. May IS
was decided upon as the date.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1908-04-15
common stock ResubscrIbed.

Sherman, Tex, April 14.-On official
notification from Gainesville that the
contract had been let for the construc.
ton OF the Gainesville. Whitesboro and
Sherman lnterurban railroad TO tho
Tennessee Construction company,
Sherman business men resubscribed
for $4,000 worth OF common stock IN
tho road, 70 be paid when the road Ia
completed from Gainesville 10 sher
man