The Montgomery advertiser., 1908-07-19

Occupattve and omciai suIhahee' ~
 shall. Hunt, Hunter Fletcher anu
 Badger.
 Also Kisser. Pointer, Pitcher, Ark
 wright. Bowyer, Stringer, Arrow
 smith.
 This numeral must not be omitted, as it is necessary for copyright pur- pose and for references to this paper In the succeeding articles.
 As a third category of surnames g we may group together those derived from the ofice. civil, military. eceie- siastical etc, held or from the occu- patton or profession pursued by the original bearer of the name. Famil- lar examples are Mayor, sherin, com naander, Bishop. Miller. Cook. Lawyer etc Many surnames occur as early as the Domesday Book. As their number was steadily tn6'eased by the division of labor attendant upon the advance of civilization and by the multiplication of offices and functions all through the surname period. they now form a large and interesting eiee- ment in our nomenclature.
 Tn Biblical times we find practical ly such surnames in such instances as Eleazer the priest, Nathan the prophet, Shaphan the scribe. etc. They were used also among the Greeks and Ro- mans. but never formed a large ele" ment in their nomenclature. Familiar examples are Kleon ho ByrsodepeS fthe tanner), Lysikles ho Probato- poles (the sheep-dealer). Aristides Rhetor, On. Julius Agricola CarmerD, vibius Sequester (trusteel. Marius Mercator (merchant), Paulus Dtaconus (deacon), Paulus Quaestor. etc, etc
 Tn our own nomenclature there are q number of such surnames, that are historical fossils revealing to us glmpses of the palaeontology of in- dustry. Such name. for instance. IS Kisser. which has nothing whatever to do with osculation, but signifies in- stead a maker of cuisses or armor for the thighs. from the French cuisse, Latin coxa, thigh These were once called quisers and the surname was frequently Kishere. The original Pointer manufactured 'poynts or tagged laces for fastening hose and doublet together. The first Pitcher made ''pilches" or furgarments. Aark- wright owes his name to the arks or old fashioned meal chests wrought by his ancestor of some five or six cen turtles ago. Other examples will be found below and in subsequent papers of the series.
 Marshall.-This surname is both oc- cupative and oficial in its origin, but mainly the former. As the name holds the sixtieth place in order of fre- duency among English surnames, fhose that bear 1t are far too numer- ous for even a larger proportion of them to claim descent from the offi- cials who bore the title.
 The name is derived from the old French maresc(h)al, which is borrow cd from the Teutonic- It appears in the old high German as marahscalh. old Saxon marschalk. Dutch maarsch- ak. Swedish marskalk, Danish mar skal, from which the old Teutonic form appears to have been marho- skalko-z, from marho-z, horse and Kkalko-z. servant"
 Accordingly the original meaning was the horse servant the groom or stable man who took care of the horses. The functions of this person were widened to include those of the smith that shod the horses and of the veterinary that treated them or else the application of the term was ex- tended to these. In its most frequent use 1t is synonomous with farrier. This use of the term was long com mon in England and ia some of the Romance languages it has persisted as the usual signification of the word.
 As those who piled this occupation were of necessity found in every cen Ire of population, the name is found in the early records for all parts of England It is still represented in all the shires. but is most frequent in Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire, and numerically strong also in North umberland and Somerset It has spread also over southern and central Scotland. It is found in the Domes- day as Marescal and in the Hundred Marescallus. By the time of the Yorkshire Poll Tax List of 1879, Mareschall had become the prevailing orthography of the surname.
 The royal groom or farrier soon be- came an important parsonage. His sr ways. some of which had nothing to do with horses. From the post Of master of horse he became connect ed with the management of great public affairs, military and civil. Hence in time arose such dignitaries as the great Mareschals of France. the Earl Marshal of England. the Lord Marischal of Scotland, etc, whose rank was among the highest of the realm. Only this titular use of the word subsists in Teutonic lands.
 Both meanings of the word are found in the Chronicle of Robert Man nyng of Brune. written about 1888. In 111179 f. (Wace) he has:
 ''Ther maistres mareschals ferde Delivered innes wythynne and wyth-
 oute.
 Bordes broughte. eordes and cables, And managers made to stande in
 stables
 On page 2s2 (Langtoft) he writes: 'After the erbisshop the erie Mar
 schalle Rogere
 Bifor the Kyngs ros up and spak tile
 him austere."
 The military use of the word ap- pears as early as 1900 in Cursor 3fundi. q. 76SO f);
 i'aOf a thousand men wal
 He made him leddir and marschal."
 In 1450 the King of Hungary was the right marschalle of Christendom in the werres ayenst the hethen." In 16ls a book was published with the title: "The Parfait Mareschal or Com pleat Farrier."
 The office of Lord Marischal of Scot land was hereditary in the family of Keith from its creation by Malcolm II in 1910 until it became extinct in 1716 by the attainder of George. tenth Earl Marischal. The title Earl Mar echal of England was vested heredi- tarily with the Earls of Pembroke in the twelfth century and passed thence by female descent to the Earls of Nor folk It continues with the latter. Neither of these families seem to have assumed the surname Marshall.
 The old high German marah, morse, steed." corresponds to the Old Morse rnarr. Anglo-Saxon mearh This masculine has been displaced by the old High German bros, Old Morse hross, old Saxon and Anglo-Saxo hors. The Old High German feminine