The Newtown bee., 1908-08-14

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 and depth of IS feet. From here tt
 the forebay the canal runs entirely il
 earth and along a side hill, being &
 located as to make the cut and fill bal
 ance. At it's lower end it very grad
 ually widens into the forebay. fh
 slopes were carefully calculated througl
 each particular section, Kutter's for
 mula being applied and the sectiona
 area increased to correspond with tn
 loss in surface slope. In the rocl
 sections 0.035 was assumed for the de
 gree of roughness and in the earth sec
 tions 0.025 was assumed. This substan
 tially gives loss in head of 0.3 pel
 thousand feet in the rock sections ant
 0.2 per thousand in the earth sections
 In all cases where a junction wal
 made between the bank and the rocl
 ledge, puddled trench was excavateS
 and carefully filled with puddle to pre-
 vent the water flowing between thu
 earth and rock. The rock surface be
 ing rough and irregular made this ad
 missible. The puddle was formed of 2I per cent of clay and 75 per cent of {
 natural mixture of coarse sand ant gravel. This was in layers of one incl in thickness, then rolled by wheel-bar' rows and platforms constructed or wheel-barrow wheels with handles al each end and weighted with rock oi earth. This proved very effective, making puddle compact and exceed. ingly watertight as constant tests dem. onstrated. The clay and gravel were thoroughly mixed so as to fill the in. terstices of the gravel with the clay. The whole was slightly dampened while being rolled.
 The earth banks were given a top width equal to their height plus two feet. Thus a 13-foot bank has a top width of 15 feet, a 10-foot bank l2 feet. This is in excess of the usual top width given embankments. Trautwine rec ommends two feet plus twice the square root of the height and Turneaure and Russell one-ffth the height plus five feet. By the former a 10-foot bank would have top width of 8.3 feet and the latter 7-foot top. The banks gen. erally have slope of 1a to l. In cer- tain portions the slope was made to 1. The forebay banks, some 12 feet high, have top width of 16 feet. The minimum canal radius adopted was 250 feet. At one place right angle turn was necessary. At this point the canal was enlarged into basin to decrease the velocity, thus avoiding any loss in head. At several points vertical, ma sorry walls, laid in Portland cement, were constructed and given strong backing of rocks taken from the cuts.
 The earth banks were built mp in horizontal layers. The material was spread out very thin, from one to two inches in thickness, and well rolled by carts and wagons and tramped by horses. The packing, by using such very thin layers, showed excellent re- suits. The material in general was gravelly clay or earth and some sandy clay. The ground under all banks was first carefully stripped of sod and light ly plowed to insure good bond be- tween the ground and the new ma terial, when near rock a trench being first constructed under the toe to rock and reflled with puddle material. Wheel and drag scrapers, wagons and carts and wheel-barrows were used in building the earth banks, wheel-bar- rows and drag scrapers preferably in the side work, wheelers in the medium 1auls and wagons in the extreme hauls. The rock work in the shallow cuttings vas done with teams and stoneboats, } ut for the vast majority of rock ex- cavation, guy derricks with double rum steam hoists were used. When the rock had to be moved any distance he derricks dumped directly into three yard dump carts, run on l6-pound rails. ,r into a hopper discharging directly nto carts. Steam drill were used throughout, boiler capacity being supplied sufficient to run both derricks md drills. Portable derricks were used o some extent, but the guy derricks with the large booms (40 to 45 feet), proved more efficient. The rock the entire line of canal was argely limestone of varying degrees of hardness. The canal was filled with water on December 10 and Il, and was watertight, no leaks show ng of any moment.
 Forebay and Penstocks.- s.-The fore bay entrance chamber containing the acks, gates and entrance to the pen stocks, is large and substantial, the 1s T