davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
TO ADOPT ELECTRIC TRACTION.
italian Government Proposes to Use
II on Its Railroads.

The Italian government proposes to
adopt electric traction to large ex-
tent upon the railroads in that country
which II controls. and parliament late
ly voted a credit of s10.OO0,O0O for this
, purpose. Among the lines which are
to be changed over may be mentioned
the following: The Milan Monza-Lec-
co section, which is to be an extension
of the Valtelina railroad. This sec
tion, having 32 miles length, will be
operated on the three-phase alternat.
ing system, and the estimated cost is
81 100, 900. On the following two lines
the same system will be used. The
Usmate-Bergamo line which Is 16
miles long. will cost s2S0,000 to make
the transfer. For the Calolzio- Ponte
San. Pietro line, II miles long the cost
Is estimated at 100000. These two
lines are branches of the Valtellina
system and will give connection be-
tween Milan, Bergamo and Lecco.
Among the other lines of considerable
importance are the Gallarate-Arona
section, Is miles long, costing 1920.
miles long, costing s520,000 Both
these lines are branches from the al
ready-existing Milan-Callarate line
which take the local traffic between
Milan and Lago Maggiore. They will
use direct current on the third rail
system such as is now employed. An
important section of road will be op-
Grated electrically from Domodossola
to Iselle, and 1t will form a part of
the through railroad from Milan to
Lucerne, being an extension of the
electric method used on the Simplon
Tunnel road, and will accordingly use
threephase current. Ii will cost $780,
900 to equip. A part of the Milan
Florence Rome line will be equipped
on the electric system.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
Interrupter for Induction Coil.

high resistance contact. whenever
there is any connection made at all.
This trouble may be done away with,
says the Popular Mechanics. by de-
parting from the old single contact
vibrator and using one with self-clean-
ing contacts as shown An old bell
magnet is rewound full of No. 26
double cotton-covered wire and Is
mounted upon one end of a piece OF
thin sheet iron inc inch by five inches
as per sketch To the other end of the
strip of iron is sodered a piece OF
brass 1-64 inch by one-fourth by two
inches, on each end of which has
been soldered a patch of platinum foil
one-fourth inch square.
The whole Is connected up and
mounted on Dashboard as per sketch
the contact posts being of 1-16 inch
by one-half inch brass, bent into shape
and provided with platinum tipped
thumb screws. The advantage of this
style of an interrupter is that at each
stroke there is a wiping effect at the
heavy current contact which auto
matically cleans off any carbon de-
posit.
In the wiring diagram, A is the cir.
cult breaker; b, the induction coil
and G, the battery.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

of ascertaining this depending upon its
shape, the most common forms being
the oblong or rectangular rick with
gable ends, the oblong stack with
hipped or pavilion ends, and the cir
cular stack with conical roof, all of
which are illustrated in the accom-
panying explanatory diagrams. Stacks
are usually built wider at the caves
than at the base, SO that all lengths
and widths must be average dimen.
sions-that is, taken midway between
the base and the caves as indicated In
diagrams.
To find the cublcal contents of an
oblong stack with gable ends, multiply
the length, width and perpendicular
height from the base to the caves to-
gether. and the result will give the con.
tents OF the portion Of the stack below
the roof. To find the contents OF the
roof multiply the length by the. width
at the caves. and the result by half
the perpendicular height from the
caves to the ridge. Add the two re-
suits together to obtain the cubical
contents of the whole.
Take Fig. as an example. Multiply
the length GA ft.) by the width (15ft.)
and the result by the perpendicular
height 90 it,, which gives 5000 cubic
feet, the contents of the lower portion
Of the stack. Multiply the length of
the roof (25 IT, by the width at the
caves ZIG it,, and the result by half
the perpendicular height a IT,, which
gives 1900 cubic feet. equals $500
cubic feet. the total contents.
To find the cubical contents of an
oblorg stack with hipped or pavilion
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

ems. as shown in Fig. 2, multiply the
average length GA ft.) by the average
width (16 it,, and the result by the
perpendicular height from the base to
the caves 40 fD. which gives 3,S40
cubic feet, the contents of the lower
portion of the stack. The contents of
the roof are found by multiplying the
average length (21 ft) by the average
width Is it,, and the result by the
perpendicular height from the caves
to the ridge Is ft), which gives 1874
cubic feet, and this, added to 3,S40,
equals 5,1s4 cubic feet, the total con-
tents of the stack
To ascertain the cubical contents of
a circular stack similar to Fig. 3, pro-
ceed as follows: Take the average
girth of the stack-that is, the dis
tance round it half way between the
base and the caves, the dotted line
A indicating this, which is. say, SO
feet. Multiply this girth by itself. and
the result by .0795, the total result be-
ing 1875, the superficial area in feet
of the base of the stack at the point
A. This area must be multiplied by
the average height Of the stack, which
is ascertained by adding together the
perpendicular height from the base to
the caves, and one-third of the per-
pendicular height from the caves to
the apex 90 and IT. respectively, +,
which gives an average height of 13
feet. Multiply 1887 square feet by 13
feet, and the result, 2,5S3% cubic feet,
will be the contents of the stack.
The number Of cubic feet to the ton
varies from 400 to nearly 500. In a
large stack that has been standing
for some months 1t would be safe tc
calculate 500 cubic feet to the toa.
Coarse hay such as timothy and clover
will not weigh as heavy bulk for bulk
as that which is fine like common
prairie or wild hay. To find the mum.
ber Of tons In stack divide the total
number of cubic feet by the number
of cubic feet required for one ton
which may be 450, 500 or $50, accord.
ing to conditions as referred to above
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

try, is almost unprecedented. 1t fur
nishes an excellent filament for elec-
trio lamps. Only little while ago the
mineral from which tantalum is OBJ
tained was so rare that not enough
could be found to supply specimens to
all the neurological museums. Now
Australia alone produces more than
70 tons of tantalite year. This does
not seem very great quantity, but
II is to be remembered that a single
pound of tantalum sufiices to furnish
$4,000 lamps, each of 25-candle power.
The metal is so hard that it is said
that diamond-pointed borer, making
5000 revolutions a minute, produces
In 1t, after three days of work, an ex-
cavation only one-fiftieth of an inch
In depth.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
PROPER CARE OF
DAIRY UTENSILS
BY Prof. n. A. Pearson, Cornell
University.

The kind. of utensils used and their
care are factors having much to dc
with the quality of milk. The chiel
trouble is in the lack of cleaning and
sterilization.
All utensils should be thoroughly
cleaned and exposed to live steam or
boiling hot water until practically ster.
lie, and then cared for in way to pre-.
vent further contamination.
Many persons merely rinse with
warm water which does little good, or
they may sterilize the utensils care.
fully, then expose them to dust. Such
defects are due more often to ignor.
ance than willful negligence.
Frequently 1t is found that with the
same amount, or less work better di-
rected. much better results can be
had.
1t is very important to avoid the use
of contaminated water for any dairy
work. Disease germs have sometimes
been transmitted to milk by impure
water used for cleaning.
must not omit mention OF one
utensil that Is coming into use In the
interest of ideal milk. 1t is the small.
top milking pail.
Most Of the stable contamination
finds its way into milk when the pail
is under the udder. This can be large
ly excluded by reducing the size of
the opening through which 1t falls.
The common milking pail measures
IL or IA inches across the top, the
larger size having an opening of 154
square inches. A teninch pail has an
opening Of so square inches and a six
inch pail only 2S square inches.
Many figures could be quoted to
show the smaller number of bacteria
when the small-top is used instead of
the ordinary.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
Electric Fans Restore.

Electric fans as an aid in reviving
asphyxiated persons were found great.
ly beneficial at recent disastrous
fire in which number of firemen
were overcome by gases. Wires were
run from offices near the scene of the
fire and attached to fans placed close
to the heads of the unconscious men.
The rush of air forced into the faces
of the men by the fans soon brought
L on back To consciousness and they
returned to continue the fight against
the names.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
Weighing the Hay Stack
Without Scales

The only accurate method of ascer.
tanning the exact weight of hay con.
tanned in a stack is by use of the
weighing machine, but, at the same
time, it is possible, and not difficult
matter, to determine the approximate
weight Of the stack by means Of a few
simple calculations and the exercise of
little judgment. and, in the majority
of instances, the information so OBJ
tanned will be found sufficiently re-
liable and accurate to answer the pur-
pose for which 1t is required.
The cubical contents, or the number
of cubic feet or yards contained in the
stack must first be found, the method
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

Large unsprayed tree of Missouri
pippin in the Tecumseh orchard with
Its entire crop of fruit Sound fruit
1.-TWO bushels) on the right, and scab-
by and wormy fruit (six bushels) on
the left.
nearly IL gallons, or a little over two
gallons per tree for each application.
The material cost from a trifle less
than one cent to nearly IL cents per
gallon, averaging one cent per gallon.
The cost of applying the spray was
from six-tenths of a cent to eight
tenths OF a cent per gallon where
power sprayers were used, and about
11a cents per gallon where hand pumps
were used, averaging a trife over a
cent a gallon. The total cost of both
material and labor for spraying 2.l75
trees five times was only little over
Fl cents per tree, the trees averaging
about Is years old. The cost varied
from IL cents to 33 cents per tree, de-
pending upon the age of the trees, the
conveniences for mixing materials, the
kinds of pumps used, and the like. The
average cost was little over four
cents per tree for each spraying
Records made at the end Of the sea.
son from the entire crops of 81
sprayed trees and 80 unsprayed ones
In the different orchards, including OBJ
servations on over 10000 fruits,
showed % per cent. Of wormy apples
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
NEW LIGHTNING ARREsTER.
Application Of an Old Principle Ia Q
New Device.

A new device for preventing the en-.
trance of lightning to a house over
the telephone wire is described In Tele-
phony. 1t depends not on a new
principle, but on an old and often
used principle applied in a new way.
Says the writer of the descriptive ar.
ticle:
The need of reliable arrester
that can be mounted on a telephone
or placed on the line that comes into
the building has never been ade-
quately supplied, It Is said; conse.
quently this arrester was developed
having in view these requirements.
This arrester. as a view of the cut
VIII show, Is very compact. being only
three and three-eighths inches long.
two and one-quarter inches wide. and
one and three-eighths inches high.
IL is covered with removable glass
top which protectS every live wire.
The construction is such that IL can
be mounted on the top of telephone,
or used as a mainline arrester out
side uf the building in a protected
place.
The theory upon which 1t depends
for its arresting qualities Is based on
the well-known fact that lightning will
jump across an air space to an ad-
jacent ground rather than traverse
even one complete circle of wire, con-
sequently 1t will be noted, by viewing
the cut, that the two cylinders of lava
are wound with about 20 turns of wire.
and the peripheries of the coils are
placed parallel and adjacent to cyl
inder of carbon that is grounded 1t
Is found in practice that any high po-
tential current, on account of the cho-
king effect of the coils, continually
creeps and splutteringly discharges
itself to ground. This action takes
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
The HoItzer-cakt improved Lightning
Arrester.

place along the peripheries Of the first
four or five turns of wire on the in
coming current end of the arrester.
From a mechanical standpoint.
also. this arrester Is very intelligent
ly worked out. 1t will be seen by re-
ferring to the illustration that the
coils and the carbon rod not only are
capable Of being rotated, and thus
exposing new surfaces. but that they
can be instantly removed and new
ones inserted II that should become
necessary. The arrester Is made up
entirely of non-infammable material,
namely. the base Of porcelain, spools
OF lava and cover of glass. In this
connection, II should be noted that
when these arresters are placed on
the top OF the telephone. which is
generally the housewives cupboard
for scissors, spectacles. etc. the glass
cover absolutely protects every live
wire from ground or a short.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
A PROLIFIC sow

1t is not pedigree but results which
count, after all. A. II. Rodgers, of st.
Lawrence county, N. Y, has a SOW
Of which he may justly be proud. She
is a large Yorkshire SOW" he ex.
plains. (which in four years has pro-
duced exactly 100 pigs and raised
all but ten or less, and these few were
not killed by the sow, but literally did
not have enough to eat, as the SOW
did not have sufficient milk for so
large a number.
Her first litter numbered ten,
but her last one 16. On April 10 of
the present year she farrowed 16, and
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

Large sprayed tree of Missouri pip
pin apple in the Tecumseh orchard
with It's entire crop of fruit. Sound
fruit (79s bushels) on the right, scab-
by and wormy fruit Give bushels) on
the left.
on sprayed trees and 40 per cent. on
unsprayed ones. OF the sprayed fruits
six per cent and of the unsprayed
fruits 3S per cent. were scabby.
During the fall the foliage of the
sprayed trees was much healthier
than that Of the unsprayed ones. In
many cases. from so per cent. to rs
per cent. Of the foliage of the un-
sprayed trees was on the ground
early in October and in some instances
the trees were almost completely de-
foliated at that time. Moreover, the
leaves that remained on the unsprayed
trees were entirely killed by the frosts
of early October. At the same time
the leaves Of the sprayed trees were
bright green, comparatively free from
fungus diseases. and almost perfectly
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

A convenient hay-rack and manger
is shown in the accompanying illustra-
tion. The front Of the manger should
be of oak or other hard wood plank
two inches thick, and one foot wide.
the lower edge of which is placed
about two and a half feet from the
floor; the bottom should be one foot
wide. The side of the hay-rack is one
foot wide, the front Is inches. The
top and bottom are of the same width
so that hay will not lodge. The bot
tom Is made from one and a half inch
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

In 1906 spraying demonstrations
were conducted in six apple orchards,
one in each of six counties of south
eastern Nebraska, in cooperation be-
tween the Nebraska agricultural ex-
pertinent station, the United States
department of agriculture, and the
owners of the orchards. The objects
were to demonstrate the value OF
spraying in controlling apple scab and
'codling-moth, - determine the cost OF
spraying, and to learn whether it pays
to spray apples under the conditions
existing in Nebraska.
In each of the orchards a part of the
trees were sprayed and part left un-
sprayed for comparison. One of the
orchards was sprayed four times and
the others five times. The spray ma
terial was Bordeaux mixture contain
. ing some roison, paris green, arsenate
of lead, etc
An accurate account was kept of the
quantity and the cost of the spraying
materials used and of the time and
cost of applying the spray. Extensive
observations were made as to the per-
centages of wormy and scabby fruits
on sprayed and unsprayed trees. An
exact record was made Of the yield
of fruit of part of the trees of the
sprayed and of the unsprayed blocks
of each orchard. The selling price OF
the fruit was also determined as near.
ly as possible in every case.
The total quantity of material used
per tree for the five sprayings varied
from five to Is gallons, averaging
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

board and is placed one foot above the
manger, Two guards, one inch la
diameter and one foot in length, are
placed in an upright position across
the opening.
At the front of the manger is a
swinging door, which is shown partly
open. This opens into the feed pass
age. The manger may have one end
partitioned off for feeding grain. To
make 1t durable attach thin fiat bar
or iron to the upper edge of the
manger by screws or rivets.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
OBJECT LESSON IN SPRAYING
FROM AN APPLE ORCHARD
RESULTS of One Years Tests Apple Orchards-By
r. A. Emerson, Nebraska.

free from frost injury, and very few
had fallen to the ground.
The entire crop of fruit from 205
sprayed trees and II unsprayed ones
in the different orchards was gathered
and classified into "merchantable
fruit" "culls," and "windfalls." The
merchantable fruit was such as the
owners were able to market in the or
dinary ways. and the culls and wind.
falls were such as were fit only for
vinegar factories and the like. The
average yield of the sprayed trees was
S.4 bushels per tree, and of the un-
sprayed trees &c bushels per tree.
The smaller yield of the unsprayed
trees was due in part to the smaller
size of the individual fruits and in
part probably to the dropping Of many
fruits early in the season. The culls
amounted to eight per cent of the
total crop of sprayed fruit and to 23
per cent. in case of the unsprayed
fruit. The windfalls. likewise, were II
per cent. and "a per cent for sprayed
and unsprayed fruit respectively. The
total value of the unsprayed fruit
averaged so cents per tree, while for
the sprayed trees, the average value
was S1.S7. Subtracting from the latter
the average cost of spraying, 81 cents
per tree, there remains a net value of
$166 per tree for the sprayed fruit
against so cents per tree for unsprayed
fruit, or direct gain from
spraying of sc cents per tree. On land
worth 500 per acre, the unsprayed
fruit produced an average return OF
about $40 per acre above the cost of
harvesting. and the sprayed fruit on
the same land gave an average return
of over $50 per acre above the cost of
harvesting and of spraying. If it pays
to grow apples at all, 1t pays to spray
them!
The following recommendations for
spraying next year are based upon the
results obtained:
|. Spray with Bordeaux mixture
after the cluster buds open, but before
the individual flower buds open.
2. Spray with Bordeaux and some
poison, such as arsenate of lead, paris
green, etc, as soon as possible after
the blossoms fall, and at any rate be-
| fore the calyx lobes of the apple close.
3. Spray with Bordeaux and poison
three or four weeks after the flowers
fall.
A. Spray with arsenate of lead
about July 20.
s. Spray with arsenate of lead
about August 10.
Use paris green at the rate Of one
fourth to one-third pound per barrel Of
Bordeaux. Use arsenate of lead at the
rate Of two pounds per barrel Of
Bordeaux or water.
Make Bordeaux as follows:
BlueStone ........................ POUNDS
Qulcknme .........................6 POUNDS
wafer '.....'..'s........s.s..... Bdilons
Slake the lime, dissolve the blue
stone, dilute each with half the re-
quired quantity of water. and mix
thoroughly.
Use good nozzles and maintain a
high pressure as uniformly as pos
sible in order to distribute the liquid
in a mist-like spray. Take care to
reach all parts of the trees and to avoid
drenching any part. Careless spray
ing should not be tolerated.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

Fall Best Time to Buy.-If you wish
to buy any new stock. you can do SO
cheaper in fall than in spring. be-
cause you run the risks of wintering,
but new birds become thus thoroughly
wonted and tame before the brs ling
season
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

because of the
tantalizing d 1 m-
culties that he en-
countered while
investigating 1t. 1t
is only recently
that tantalum has
been obtained In
a state of purity,
and the rapidity
with which II has
been produced, In
response to the
demands of com
merce and indus
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
ELECTRIC TABLE FOUNTAIN.
Unique Little Device Which Throws
Perfumed Water,

The latest ornament for a banquet
table Is the electric fountain which
throws dainty streams of perfumed
water. through which glimmer the soft
rays of colored lights.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

Get Better Prices.-Work up a trade
for your eggs and dressed poultry
among those that are willing to pay an
advance over market price for strict
ly fresh eggs and guaranteed poultry.
1t can DO done ind is done in many
localities.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

on September IS of this year she again
narrowed 16 strong healthy pigs, but
owing to the fact that the SOW had
only IA teats we were obliged to kill
two OF them. / send photo of the sow
showing her in her present form run.
ming on pasture. breeders Gazette.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02

The fountain can be moved about
like lamp and takes current through
flexible wire cord. A small electric
motor drives a centrifugal pump to
keep the fountain playing.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
ES8Eg}nca
8
THE AMATEUR ELECTRICIAN.
How He Can Make a Circuit Breaker
for Induction Coils.

Amateurs building induction coils
are generally bothered by the vibrator
contacts blackening thus giving
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-04-02
THE TANTALUs OF METALS.
Why II Was So Named by the Swedish
inventor.

Ekeberg, the Swedish discoverer OF
tantalum. gave that name to the metal