davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

on Tuberculosis of Wild Animals in
Captivity" One of the most interest
ing topics will be the open air treat
ment which is in vogue now all over
the world. In addition to private san
itariums in this country, New York
and other cities and State institutions
have tried it, and many hospitals have
roof gardens for consumpHve patients.
The congress meets triennially, but
this is the first time it has been held
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
BOY KIDNAPPED FROM SCHOOL.
LeavenwOrth Youth Hurried Away
to Kansas City in Automobile.

A woman, heavily yelled, and a man in
an automobile kidnapped Theodore Thomas.
Jr., son of well-known Leavenworth
man, from the grade school in Leaven-
worth, Kan, and placing him in the au
tomobile, drove hastily il the direction OF
Kansas City. A young man who gave the
name of John Hayes, Jr., and said he
was the son of the former chief of police
of Kansas City, Mo-, was arrested and
placed in the county Jail charged with
aiding in the kidnapping. Mr.. Thomas
some time ago was granted a divorce
from his wife, Mrs Agnes Thomas. and
was given the custody of their son. Young
Thomas lived with his grandmother. The
mother of the boy lived in Kansas City,
Mo.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

responses by the representatives of
about thirty foreign countries.
The congress will make an epoch i'll
the fight against this dread scourge the
world over. The opening meeting was
the most impressive event of the whole
On that day the representatives of the
participating governments presented
their formal greetings to the govern
ment of the United States Among
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
SAYS that Plants Have Eyes.

That we have still much to learn about
plant life is indicated by the latest scien-
tifc announcements. Last week. before
the British Association at Dublin, Fran
els Darwin, a son of the great evolution
list. read paper in which the power of
plants to remember and TO form habits
wa. asserted. And now comes Prof Har-
old Wager, the noted English botanist. in
q PAPER read at London, telling that
plants have an organism corresponding to
the brain in animals and eyes with which
they can see we'll. He has found that the
cutter skins of many leaves are in fact
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Roast to Death Before Crowd.

Slowly roasting to death under tons of
red-hot bricks in plain view of their COM
rades, who were unable to assist them.
e. w. Drake, ST., and Clarence Bailey
met death at Kenmare, n. D. The big
kiln of the Kenmare Brick and Coal Com.
pany burst Drake, manager of the plant.
was burned up to his arms in the red-hot
pile. Bailey. II years old, was completely
entOmhpd
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
PLOT TO KILL KING FOILED.
Police Prevent Attempt on Life OF
Alfonso of Spain.

Details of carefully paid plan to as
sassinate King Alfonso of Spain when
he passed through Biarritz on his way
to Paris came to light with the arrest
of the chief plotters. The anarchists had
timed every move of the King, and had
arranged to explode several bombs under
the railway coach occupied by his majesty
upon his arrival. When the anarchists
were arrested a number of Internal ma
chimes containing enough explosive to de-
stroy a dozen trains were found and con-
fscated. The anarchists were captured
through the close surveillance kept by the
French secret police on strangers and sus-
picious persons. The whole plot was dis
covered and the police acted promptly,
arresting five men, declared to be among
the most dangerous anarchists in Europe.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
STANDING OF THE CLUBS.
Progress of Pcnnant Race in Base
Ball Leagues.
NATIONAL LEAGUE.
AMERICAN LEAGUE.
Firebuc Set 100000 Blaze.

The Fort Sheridan Park pavilion, north
of Chicago, which has been the object of
severe attacks by United States army Off
Gals, was burned to the ground by fire.
bugs. The loss was $4,000. Efforts
were made to save the building but in
vain. The police found conclusive evil
dence of incendiarism after the fire burn
el itself ont
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

further emphasized when compared
with the bubonic plague in India, which
has not, since its first outbreak in 1896.
caused as many deaths in that country
in proportion to the population as were
caused by tuberculosis in the United
States during the same period.
"Staristics show that tuberculosis in
the LAST four years caused more than
three times as many deaths in this coun-
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
PHILADELPHIA BOY ENDS LIFE.
Forbidden to Pay Schoolgirl Atten-
tion, He Ends Life.

Forbidden to Pay Schoolgirl Atten-
tion, He Ends Life.
Horace J. Ray, Is years old, shot him
self TO death in Philadelphia in the pres
ence of 15-year-old Florence Marshall,
his schoolgirl sweetheart, because he had
been forbidden paying attention to her
to the neglect of his studies. The chill
dren went to the same public school and
the boy was the girls constant escort.
So serious was he in his attentions that
his family forbade him going to her house.
He babe the girl good-by and after telling
her that he could not live without her
and intended to end it all, he drew a
revolver and attempted to shoot himself
The weapon failed to explode and the girl
struggled to keep him from injuring him
self. He managed to readjust the re-
volver, and as the girl fought to get the
pistol he shot himself in the breast. He
died in her arms
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
TYPHooN SWEEPS PHILIPPIEs.
Great Loss of Life and Property is
Caused by Terrific Storm.


Caused by Terrific Storm.
A typhoon of terrific velocity swept
through the central portion of the Philip
pine group, sweeping part of the Island
of Samar, northern Leyte, southeastern
Luzon, northern Panay, Masbate and part
of Romblon. The typhoon disappeared in
the China sea, moving in direction west
by northwest. Wires are Frustrated and
available details of the damage done are
meager. 1t is evident, however, that serl-
Gus disaster followed in the wake of the
sudden storm. A telegram from town
in Masbate reports that every building IN
the place was RACED with the single excep-
ton of the postal building. a dispatch
received from Romblon says that the ty-
phoon caused a great loss of property and
that undoubtedly many persons have been
killed.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Sneaker Cannon,n Reforf.

Upon being asked his opinion of the
foregoing interview with Mrs Astor and
especially of her reference to rucouth
American statesmen, Speaker cannon
spoke with respect for the life Of the late
Jerry Simpson Of Kansas, and remarked
that the first American Aston trapping
in the Willis for furs probably didn't often
wear socks either.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Anna to Pay Hclie's Debts.

The Cri de Paris again revives the
story that the Prince and Princess Helie
de Sagan are going to Germany to live.
The newspaper says the Princess has
agreed to clear the Sagan ancestral es-
tates Of debt and rebuild the ancient cha
teau in Silesia. and that arrangements
have been made by which Prince Helie
will resume the rank of Duke Sagan and
be received at the German court.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
RICH AND HAS WIVES; BARRED
Wealthy Passenger Refused Permfs-
sion to Land mt San Francisco.

Wealthy Passenger Refused Permfs-
sion to Land at San Francisco.
Although he has 100000 and is the
largest landed proprietor in Hongkong,
Robert II. Bosnian, who arrived at San
Francisco on the steamer Korea, is de-
tanned on board the vessel and denied the
right to land because he has five wives.
Two of them are with him and three more
are awaiting his return home. Bosnian
made no attempt to conceal the facts and
admitted to the immigration inspectors
that he is a polygamist. His case will
be made the subject of consideration by
special board of inquiry. Bosnian was
born in China his father being a Briton
while his mother is a Chinese. He says
he will bring pressure to bear on the gov
ernment to secure he right to land. He
has a score of servants.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
FIRE WIPES OUT VILLAGES.
Beyond Control and Is Spreading De-
struction Over Large Area.

The forest fires in the Adirondacks,
famed by a strong wind, got beyond the
control of the hundreds of men who have
been fighting them. According to reports
received large areas have been swept by
the flames and several small villages and
camps wiped out. Long Lake West, vii
lage of about 100 inhabitants, was burned
and the damage resulting amounts to
many thousands of dollars. The village
contained about a dozen buildings the
railroad station, and a large storehouse
which supplied the camps for miles
around. The preserve of DR.. Webb at
Nehasane was threatened and Utica was
appealed to for assistance.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

lenses. much like the eyes of many in
sects. and quite as capable of making clear
images of surrounding objects. This is
especially true of leaves that grow in the
shade. The professor asserts that these
lenses are so nearly perfect that they can
be made TO take photographs, some sam
pies of which he exhibited. 1t is inferred
that the rays of light thus focused on the
interior of the plant act upon the organ
ism or brain 50 as TO cause the plant to
turn toward the light.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

Envelopes have been il use only hun
1red years.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Woman CIfnbs Huascarau.

Miss Annie S. Peck of Providence, r
l., in a second effort within month, sue.
ceeded in reaching the top of Mount
Huasca-an. in Peru. which she estimates
to be 28,000 feet high. During the 6-.a
ascent she got to height of $1,000 feet,
but had TO come back on account of the
illness of one of her guides. In the lash
climb her Swiss companion had one foo.
and both hands frozen.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Price of HnrH PM LIN.

For the first time in nine years the
price of hogs rose even with that of cat
tie in the Chicago stock yards last Mon
day, the figure being I cents or there
abouts. Scarcity of live stock and the
high price of corn is given as the cause
of the rise The price Of pork, lard and
tallow have gone up at the same time.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
otS nsuxer Hall Rurnad

The Coliseum. on Champa street. be-
tween Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets.
Denver. was destroyed by fire of unknown
origin. The building was one of the
city's landmarks and until the completion
of the Auditorium was the largest public
hall in the city. For years it had been
used as a prize fight arena. The new
postofhce will be erected on the site.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Fire Loss Is s4O,OOO,OOO.

Prof. Filbert Roth, State forester, who
has Just returned to Ann Arbor from the
fire districts of northern Michigan, said
that 100000 acres of timber had been
burned. He estimated the loss on stand
ing timber alone at $100O0,O0O and said
additional losses on merchantable timber,
country residences and crops would run
the losses above S40,00O0OO.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
FOND DU LAC FIRE LOSS BIG.
Flames Are Controlled After Dam
age of $25O,0OO.

Flames Are Controlled After Dam
age of $25O,OOO.
Fire which for a time threatened the
entire city of Fond du Lac Wis, was ex-
tinguished the other morning after dam
age estimated at $250,OOO had resulted.
The principal losses are: st. Joseph's Ro-
man Catholic church and parsonage,
100000; Congregational church, $15,-
600; Crescent garage and seven automo-
biles, $4,000; st. Peters Lutheran
church steeple, $1,000; Grant public
school, $4,000; former Mayor Mayham's
residence, $4,000. The fire is said to
have started from an explosion of gaso-
line in the Crescent garage. With the
aid of a high wind, the flames soon COM
municated to the church property in that
vicinity. Firebrands from the burning
churches were blown over an area of ten
blocks square, spreading to roofs of many
residences
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Panic Caused Booth Failure

The statement issued by Secretary
Cochrane of the A. Booth & Co. fish pack
ing concern at Chicago indicates that the
steady decline in sales due 10 the change
of thousands Of idle men from meat and
fish diet to vegetables. There are also
charges Of fraud in the management Of
the business. Bankers found that sales
reports had been padded to the extent Of
100000. This company supplied
two-thirds Of the sea food used in this
country.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
years as many deaths as occurred la

years as many deaths as occurred last
year from tuberculosis.
by figures given for the United
States it is estimated that since the
year 1893 there have been approximate
ly 100000 deaths from yellow fever.
whereas tuberculosis is estimated to
have caused 100000 deaths last year
alone.
1.-THE mortality of tuberculosis is
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

Of the President of the United States,
extended greetings on behalf Of the gov
eminent.
"The menace Of tuberculosis from
hygienic and economic standpoint is
demonstrable in many ways" said Mr..
Cortelyou. at is remarkable that yell
low fever, Notwithstanding the many
panics it has produced, has not caused
in the United States in the last 115
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Mrs. Guinness Alive.

c. L. Fish, a Chicago detective, who
has been working in the Guinness case in
the interest of the attorneys for Ray
Lamphere. who is under six indictments
for completely in the wOman's crimes at
Laporte. Ind, declares that he is in pos
session Of uncontrovertible evidence that
the woman is alive.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

National Museum
in w a S b i n gton.
Among the exhib-
its are maps and
charts showing the
extent and growth
of the campaign
a against tubercu-
losis, location of
dispensaries, hos
pitfalls and associa-
tons where treat
ment is given, and
the methods used.
The walls are COW
cred with photo
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
wv. G. Y. U. President tn WrecI..

In a collision between a Montreal train
which left Portland, Me-, over the Grand
Trunk railroad and a shifting engine
Mrs. L. NJ. Y. Stevens. national president
of the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union. and Miss Annie Gordon. vice pres
ident at large. who had started for Chi
cago. were considerably shaken up. Other
passengers were slightly bruised.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Murderer Has Been Released.

1t has developed that Samuel Names.
who shot and killed Mrs. Frances Nc
Cabe of Brooklyn. n. Y, and then tried
to kill himself, and who was supposed by
the Brooklyn police to be in Jail, was
released on $500 bonds on charge of at
tempted suicide and the other charge
against him dismissed.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
See Caleb Powers baptized.

a Kentucky penitentiary in connection
with the Goeble assassination case before
being pardoned by Gov. Wilson, was
baptized in the Baptist church at Jellico,
Tenn, Sunday in the presence of 500
people.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Five Men Blown 10 Pieces.

Five men who We're tamping a hole
containing eighteen inches of dynamite at
Cross Keys cut on the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna and Western. near Tobyhanna.
Pa, were blown 10 pieces by a prema-
tnre eXnlCsion.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
shot at Door of Church.

A crowd of drunken men attacked wor-
shippers as they were leaving the little
Baptist church at Anthras PoStofice. KY,
killing ]. w. Mckinney, John Bennett
and Edward Thomas and wounding Rev.
Mr.. Kind and man named Gibson, the
former fatally.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Store of Arms Found.

A warehouse stocked with arms for the
revolutionists has been. located in a sub
tcrranean passage on the edge of Tifiis,
Russia. The police who raided the place
seized several tons of explosives. stacks
and cases of rifles and pistols, and 100
,,rimad bon,hS
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
WINNING The FIGHT
AGAINST CONSUMPTION

! try as occurred in action and from
wounds received in action during the
entire period Of the Civil War"
A welcome to the national capital
was then spoken by District Commits
sioner MacFarland followed by brief
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

Sherman Morris. alias Frank Sher-
cliffe. recently convicted of the murder of
John Walsh. a Leadville Saloonkeeper.
fifteen years ago, escaped from the sheriff
while being taken 10 the Colorado peni-
Tertiary TO serve 25-year sentence. Nor
RS. while handcufed. jumped from car
,.-SnIou
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
uoh~ Droxxus I'm Mill RueEet

The 10-months-old daughter of S. O..
MiddlemaS, a farmer near Springfield,
Mo-. fell into a bucket of milk and was
drowned before her parents found her.
The bucket was on the ground near the
back porch of the house and the child
tumbled into it from the porch.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

Wilfred Balthazer Martin. halfback of
the Waterbury. Conn. high school foot
ball team. is in serious condition as the
result of an injury te his spinal column
during a practice game of football. The
body is paralyzed from the shoulders
down.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Ridden in HsskelI.x Place

Herman Ridder, editor of the New
York Stats Zeitung and vice chairman of
the publicity bureau of the Democratic
national committee has been appointed
by National Chairman Mack as treasurer
of the national committee TO succeed
Gov. Charles y. Haskell OF Oklahoma.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
"Drv" Wave Hurts Grape Men

Reports from the Lake Erie grape
growing islands tell of the losses to grow
ers Their. through the prohibition move
ment in the South. 1t is said the grapes
are left hanging on the vines because the
present price would not pay for the pick
inc
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Years. Mine Deaths a.12s.

Accidents in coal mines of the United
States during the last calendar year re-
suited in the death of 3.125 men and i'm
Jury TO 5.314 more. according to Stats
tics just made public by the geological
survey in Washington.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Tub.rcs,Iosis Is Expensive.

Tuberculosis costs the United States
over a billion dollars year, according to
a statement. made by Prof Irving Fisher
of Yale before the tuberculosis congress
in Washington.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

the many promt-
nent speakers were
DR.. Robert Koch
and wife, Surgeon
G e n eral Walter
Wyman, who will
speak on Estate and
Municipal Control
of tuberculosis"
and DR.. w. Reid
Blair, Of the New
York Geological So
cipty. who speaks
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

The steamer Kite has reached New
Foundland with news that the steamer
Erik. which accompanied the Peary ex-
petition to the north. is on her way to
St. Johns to reft after being damaged in
a collision with an iceberg.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
MoNsTROsITY IN CONNECTICUT.
Girl Baby Born with Two Heads
Likely to Live.

Likely to Live.
A two-headed baby girl, born to Mr..
and Mrs Falco of Bridgeport, Conn, is
at the hospital The baby, was born with
two heads on one pair of shoulders. The
normal head ends abruptly just above the
eyebrows and slopes back sharply, leav-
ing practically no forehead. The second
head, set in back of the first head, is
covered with long black hair. 1t has
well defined features but only one eye.
Malformations such as this are not en-
tirely unknown, but it is extremely sell
dom that such a child is born alive and
apparently healthy. The respiration is
perfect and in the opinion of the doctor
and the nurse the malformed child will
probably live
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Governor Demands Inquiry,

On demand of Gov. Hanly the Indiana
Legislature has started an investigation
into the charge that the executive attempt
ed bribery TO secure the passage of the
local option law.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06

Mrs. Nina A. Hubbard, widow of the
late DR.. Leonidas Hubbard, explorer of
Labrador, and Harold 7. Ellis. son Of
the former English under secretary of
state for India, were married at Toronto.
Ont
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Abruxxt Gains Royal Consent.

King Victor Emmanuel of Italy, as
head of the house of Savoy. has finally
given his royal consent and sanction to
the marriage of his cousin Louis. the
Duke of the Abruzzi. and Miss katherine
Elkins daughter of United States Senator
EIkins of West Virginia.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
RIe,cber. Colla,se; % Hurt.

Twenty-Five persens were injured on
the Roanoke. Va fair grounds when the
bleachers collapsed with more than
thousand men. sm4n and children.
Twenty thousanc spectators were on the
ground at the time and panic prevailed
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
TIDE OF ALIENS HAS TURNED.
More Foreigners Arriving I'm United
States than Are Going Abroad.

StHteS IHHH Art UOIHH hHFUfu'
The tide of immigration again has
changed, and for the first time in months
the arrivals in the United States are ex-
ceeding the departures. Such a condi-
ton has not existed for nearly a year.
Last week the excess amounted to 700 at
one port alone, and similar conditions are
reported from other places of entry. Fol
lowing the depression of last fall a large
number of foreigners returned to the
places of their birth. During the eleven
months ending Aug. 81, 1908, 527 600 i'm
migrants departed, while only 100000 ar
rived.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
TWELVE COUNTIES GO "DRY."
Election Held Under Rose Law Is
Victory for Temperance Forces.


Twelve Ohio counties voted Tuesday
under the Rose law, and all went dry
by majorities ranging from a few hun-
dred up to more than 1000 The number
of saloons affected is $50. Most of the
counties which voted are largely agricul-
tural, but Scioto and Lawrence counties
have large urban population in Ports
mouth and Ironton, respectively. Alto
gether sixteen of the lightweight counties
in the State have had local option cleo
lions and all have gone dry" The total
number of saloons voted out is 800. The
counties that went ''dry" and the number
of saloons affected are: Gallia, 10; Jack
son, A; Lawrence, 81; Pike, 0; Scioto,
60; Adams, 5; Athens, II; Vinton, 4 );
Hooking, q; Van Vert, %; Nobel, Z;
Guernsey 81
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Momnn NINsteriously Shot.

As she lay sleeping in bed with ner two
children at her side Mrs. Helen Roach. -
years old. was shot twice in the head in
New York and died instantly.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
One Dead. seven Hurt in Blast.

Seven men were injured and a boy was
killed in an explosion in the factory of
the Ideal Comb Company in Cambridge.
Mass. The plant was burned al a loss of
$4,000.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Insane Mother Kills Her Child.

Mrs. John Dalton. living three miles
south of Elkhart. became insane and
choked her baby to death. There was no
one at the house at the time except Mrs.
Dalton and the child.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1908-10-06
Cortclrnu onens Crcnt Meetinr.

Secretary Cortelyou. acting on behalf
of the President, opened the worlds tu-
herculosis congress at Washington. which
wsS attended by 4.Jo0 delegates from all
eivilizeS nations.