davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06
NOWINY
TELEGRAFICZNE
KAZNAN, 3 lutego.

KAZNAN, 3 lutego. -
Przy onegdajszem krwawem
starciu jake zasz}o miedzy
ch1opcami-i zo}nierzami we
wsi Podberresias zgine}o 10
mieszka6c6w tel wsi a ma
czelnik dystryktowy zosta}
ciezko raniony.
Zajscie to nastapi}o wsku-
tex k16tri ch}opc6w wywo}a-
nej przy podziale lupt6w po-
chodzacych z rabunku a zo1-
nierze zostali wezwani do
przywr6cenia porzadku.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06

WIEDEN, 3 lutego. - 2
powodu pruskiego projektu
wyw}aszczenia Polak6w odzy-
waja sic coraz to move g}o-
sy protestujace przeciE temu
tax barbarzy6skiemu poste-
powaniu hakaty. Otto cz1on-
ko~ie s}owia6scy W austryac-
ko-wegierskich delegacyach
powzieli zamiar wystapic ma
wsp6lnej sesyi tychze dele
gacyj przeciwko antypolskiej
polityce Prusak6w i uchwalic
W tym celu dosadne rezolu-
eye. Prezydent delegacyj jest
podobno zdecydowany stano-
wczo sprzeciwic sic tego re-
dzaju wnioskom, gdyz sprawa
ia ME nalezy do kompeten-
cyl delegacyj. Mimo tego
sprzeciwu prezydenta wysta-
picnic z powyzszym prote-
stem ME przestanie bye sym
patycznem dla og6}u polskie-
go.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06
o. d. .--
DEPERE, Wis. Vincent,

DEPERE, Wis. Wincenty
Janczewski zostal znaleziony
mile ma po1udnie Cd Depere
z odmrozonemi nogami reka-
mi i jednem uchem. Przywie-
ziono go do szpitala sw.
Wincentego W pol przytom-
nym stanie. Zdaje sic le-
karze beda mogli oca'ie mu
odmrozone cz1onki.
NIAGARA FALLS, II s N. Y
Jeden 2 naszych rodak6w
niejjaki Godzisz, pochod odzacy
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06
I BROWERSVILLE, Mimi

! BROWERSVILLE, Mimi.
Do!ska parafia sw. J6zefa
rozpocznie z wiosna budowe
nowego koscio'a kt6ry bedzie
.bodaj jednym z najpiekniej-
3zych W tel okolicy. Nova
;wiatynia ma kosz'owac oko-
% 10000 do'ar6w. Cegly !
kamienie juz zwieziono ma
niejsce.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06

By} zajety ma kolei jako ro-
botnik.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1895-1919, 1908-02-06

LIZBONA, 3 lutego -.
Rada pa6stwa wyda}a wczo.
raj proklomacye powo}ujaca
ksiecia Manuela do objecia
tronu ma kt6rym zasiadzie
jako kr6l Manuel II.
Wbrew wszelkim oczekiwa-
niom rewolucyi dotychczas
panuje spok6j i wida6 og6lne
,przygnebienie W ca}ym kra-
ju gdyz mimo nawet tego
przesilenia jake cd d1uzsze-
go czasu panowa1o W Portu-
galii ME spodziewano sic ia
kiej tragedy.
Premier Franco oswiadczy1
re got6w jest chwycic sic
jak najostrzejszych srodk6w
zeby zapobiedz wybuchowi
powstania. Poniewaz Izba
pos16w jest rozwiazana wiec
zwo}a on sesye :lzby Pan6w
azeby jej przed}ozy6 do uzna-
MIA zmiane regencyi.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
INSTANT RELIEF OF ITCHING HUMOR
Limbs Below the Knees Were Raw Feet Too Swollen to Get Shoes
 On Sleep Completely Broken
 by Intense Itching and Burning We'll in Two Days and Says That
CUTICURA IS AMONG
 HIS HOUSEHOLD GODS

God bless the man who first com pounded Cuticura. Some two months ago l hadNa humor break out on my limbs below my knees. They came to look like raw beefsteak. all red, and no one knows how they itched and burned. They were so swollen that l had to split my drawers open to get them on and could not get my shoes on for a week or more. I used five or six diff ferent remedies and got no help, only when applying them the burning was worse and the itching less. One morning I remembered that had a bit of Cuti- cura and tried it. From the moment it touched me the itching was gone and I have not felt bit of it since. The swelling went down and in two days had my shoes on and was about as usual. I only wish I had used the Cuticura Remedies in the first of my troubles. They would have saved me two or three weeks of intense suffering. Dur ing that time did not sleep an hour at a time, but was up applying such remedies as I had. Henceforth the Cuticura Remedies will be among my household gods, rest assured. George B. Farley, 50 South State St., Concord, N. H., May IA, 1907"
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
CASE OF ltPR0SY
 FOUND Al CLIFTON
Maria Sanchez Barela Has Been De- ported to Her Former Home in Mexico.

The following is taken from the Copper Era, published at Clifton:
 The Mexican section of Shannon Hill was thrown into considerable ex- citement last week when w. II. Fales. chief physician of the Shan non Copper company, discovered a case of leprosy in one of the MeXi- can families. Doctors Burch, Smith and Goodrich were called and all of them were of the same opinion as Dr. Fales and when Dr. J. II. Lacey. county health officer arrived from Solomonville, he agreed that the case had been properly diagnosed. Ar engagements were immediately made to deport the unfortunate creature to her native land, Mexico. Maria San chez. Barela is the name given by the woman. She is about fifty years old and has resided in the United States fifteen years, the greatest portion of which she spent in Ari- zona. She has lived on Shannon Hill several years and has a son working at the A. c. works. She is the mother of eight children. all of which are dead except one, but it is said that none of them were afflicted with the disease: Her husband is also dead, his death having resulted from injury.
 "A great many people were excited over the discovery, but Dr. Lacey stated to an Era reporter that there was no great cause for alarm and very little danger. None of her sons six children showed any symptoms of the disease and they have been living with her all their lives. The woman's hands and feet were badly and she was deported to her native land on Tuesday. She was accompanied by her son and special guard at the expense of the county"
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18

F. G. FISHER DEAD.-Frederick c. Fisher, one of the oldest settlers in this valley. died on the 14th in Los Angeles and was buried there yesterday. Mir. Fisher was v years old and one of
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
WEATHER TODAY.

Washington, Sept. 17-Weather fore cast for Arizona: Fair Friday and Saturday.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
SIX WERE POISONED.
An investigation Under Way at San
 Diego County Hospital.

San Diego, Sept. IA mysterious ease of poisoning at the county hospit- al is being investigated. Three hours after the noon day meal today, six i'm mates. named Kent, Paulsen, Young Scudder. King and Fistere were sud denly seized with alarming illness.
 Four physicians worked over them for four hours and the stomach pump was freely used. Tonight several of ghe patients are still unconscious but there are hopes that all will recover The cause of the illness is not known.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
SHOOTING AT sAFFoRp.-Wav

 Pursley was shot and killed at Stafford Wednesday by City Marshal Robert son while resisting the latter's attempt tO arrest him for engaging in a mur- derous quarrel with a man named Frank Campbell Pursley accused Campbell of having sought to make him trouble by putting his cows in the pound and assaulted Campbell with a knife. Pursley's brother was also cut while trying to get the knife wielder away, as was the mashal while trying to arrest him. Campbell is reported to have used a knife even before Purs- ley did. Mrs. Pursley who has been visiting in Phoenix was at the depot, just leaving for home. when she re ceived a telegram informing her of her husbands death.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
FOR BABY RASHES Eczemas and IrritatiOns, Cuticura Is Worth Its Weight in Gold.

The suffering which Cuticura Soap and Cuticura Ointment have alleviated among the young, and the comfort they have afforded worn-out and worried parents, have led to their adoption in countless homes as priceless for the skin and scalp. Infantile and birth humors, scalled-head, eczemas, rashes, itchings, chafings, and every form of itching, scaly, pimply skin and scalp humors, with loss of hair, are speedily, perma nently and economically cured.
 Every ThlmOr of Infants, Children and Adults, con ssts Of Cutlcura Soap C25c) to Cleanse the Skin. CutiCura Ointment (50c) to Heal the Skin and Cutl- cura ResOvent (50c.J. Cor in the form of Chocolate Coated Pills 25c per vial of 60) to Purify the Blood. Sold throughout the world. Potter Drug & Chem. Corp. Sole Props, Boston. Mass
 ua- Mailed Free. Cuticura Book on Skin Diseases.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
A CHARGE OF BRIBERY.
Hearst Read a Pretended Letter tc
 Senator Foraker.

Columbus, Sept 17.-Thos. l.. His gen and Wm. R. Hearst addressed a meeting in Memorial hall tonight un- der the auspices of the local organiza- tion of the Independence party.
 MT. Hearst read letters which he said had been written by John D. Arch bold of the Standard oil company to Senator Foraker of Ohio, referring to legislation pending in congress and mentioning two inclosurcs of checks one for $15,00O and another for $14,OOO.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
SUTHERLAND'S PARTNER.
Horning Got Fourteen Years For At
 tempted Murder.

Los Angeles, Sept 17.-Fred Horn ing, dccomplice of Carl Sutherland the self-slain murderer of Capttir Auble, was sentenced in the supe rior court this morning to frtcer years in the peaI;eutiarv for the at tempted murder of Carl. Vervoort who someone nystcrlpusly shot or the street some months ago, at night Hornir.f confessed
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
opENs MoNDAY-Attention

again called to the fact of the opening of the Phoenix public schools on Mon day morning at S.3O o'clock. An un- usually large attendance is expected.
 Saturday morning at 9 o'clock there
 will be a meeting of the teachers of
 the grammar schools for a conference
 with Superintendent StilweI regarding the years work.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
AUTHORITIES TO BLAME.
The People Think, For Spread of ChoI
 era in St. Petersburg.

St Petersburg. Sept. 17.-Three hun dred and five cases and fifteen deaths from Asiatic cholera have been report ed for twenty-four hours ending at noon today. The municipal adminis- trations are under fire from all sides for their criminal inefficiency.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18

MERCHANT IN MANY PLACES F. s. Jones, a merchant of Wicken- burg and the surrounding towns was in the city yesterday.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18
EcUADoREAN EARTHQUAKE.

Guayaquil, Sept. IA violent earthquake shock was experienced in this city this morning. It caused a great panic, but there was no loss of life and the damage was trifling.
Arizona republican., 1908-09-18

the best known ranchers in the valley He had ranch property in the west end and also owned some city realty. He has been in poor health for year or two
The evening world., 1908-10-30
OIL TRUST HURT
BY RIVALS Who
CUT THE PRICE
Lost 600 Customers in Year at
Philadelphia, Witness Says
at Hearing.

At the hearing to-day OF the Govern
ments suit to dissolve the standard on
Company OF New Jersey. the Trust IN
PRODUCED evidence to show that 1t was
not its practice to cut rates as charged.
but that II was the victim of such prac-
tices on the part of its rivals.
Douglas Campbell, for the defense.
called Walter S. Barker and l.. p. Dor
sett, of Washington, ID. c. Both re-
called decline IN illuminating oil rates
of from ten to five cents a Baiion.
Neither witness could tell which or the
rival companies instituted the cut. MT:
Barker said that the lndependent Oli
Company went out of business aiter u
1902.
A. Gordon, a groceryman OF Washing,
ton. testified that the Independent OH
Company gave him rebate or one
half a cent n gallon on oil and gaso,
line. Regardless of the STANDARD on
Companys cut, witness said that ne
always received that rebate from the
Independent concern He said ne also
had a special rate from the Column ia
Oil Company. another independent
Leopold Frye, superintendent OF the
Atlantic Refining Company at Philadel-
phia, told OF losing GOO customers in
1903 to c. X. Smith x Co, an independ-
emit, who, he said, undersold the stan
dard Oil Company half a cent gallon
one of c. X Smiths tricks of trade,
the witness said, was to paint his tank
wagons a mrid yellow with the. piGturt
OF a devil labelled "Mephisto." This
the witness said, with rebate rates
helped win over the Standards Gus
The evening world., 1908-10-30
WOMEN FOOTPADS AT
WORK IN THIRD AVE.
Three Negresses Attack and
Rob a White Woman
Just Before Noon.

As Mrs. Lillian Benjamin, a young
woman of twenty-five, living at No. 1It
East one Hundred and Third street
turned the corner of one Hundred and
Second street into Third avenue at /
o'clock this morning she was suddenly
surrounded by three negro women.
While two of the women held her
arms the third opened her reticule anC
took from IT handkerchief containirc
three diamond rings and 81 in money.
Mrs. benjamin screamed, and whel
Sergt. England reached the spot H.
found crowd of two thousand peorl
and was forced to use his club to mal;
way to the centre of the clamor.
Before lie reached the side of Mr.
Benjamin the three women had broke
away from her, but she pointed then.
out to the policeman and they were ar
rested. When searched the stolen pro-
erty was not found. A woman in tn
crowd declared, however, that she IN,
seen one of the women footpads pas
the handkerchief containing the jewelr'
and money to co!ored man WIZ
slipped away.
The prisoners were bundled into
patrol wagon and taken to the East ON
Hundred and Fourth street statiou
Later they were arraigned in the l1a'
lem Court and held for further examina
ton. They said they were Mary Allege
Clarice bundle and Emily Edwards, a.
of No. 1913 Third avenue.
The evening world., 1908-10-30
WRECKED HOUSE OF
HER SUPPOSED RIVAL
Mrs. Sakalitch in Bellevue for
Thinking Landlady Is Hus-
bands Affinity,

Policeman James Barry was travel
ling post at o'clock this morning when
a mirror sailed through the air from
tho top floor of the apartment-house at
No. 40 East One Hundred and Sixtieth
street, narrowly missed hitting him and
was shiyered on the sidewalk
Seven years bad luck" unused the
bluecoat when to his amazement bowl
of goldfish. a canary In cage, three
small tables and several pictures of the
Bronx School OF Art followed the mir
ror.
The Morrisania police station Is just
across the street from the house, ana
when You steal my husband. will you
you hussy? I'll just clean Your old
house out" and piercing shreks rent
the air the lieutenant on duty ordered
Barry to run upstairs and see what
was happening. Barry found Mrs. Jo-
sephine Sakalitch sitting on Mrs, Seig'
Ter and pummelling her with much en-
ersy while Mr.. Sakalitch, who Is
chyarmaker. stood by wrInging his
hands and plaintively exclaming:
Somebody please stop them
From the husband Barry learned that
the Sakalitches rented the rooms from
Mrs Segler and that his wife thought
that he was much too Interested In the
landlady. In the Morrisania Police
strenuous that the magistrate commit
ted her TO Bellevue to be examined a:
| to her sanity.
The evening world., 1908-10-30
TENNESSEE MOB
STORMS JAIL AND
KILLS PRISONER
Lynching Intended, but Victim
Showed Fight and Died
Welding a Razor.

KINGSTON. Tenn, Oct so.-AN mob OF
thirty men stormed the Roane County
jail early to-day and killed George
Cook, held on the charge of murderins
John King, a ferryman at Southwest
Point. few weeks ago. All but two
of the mob were masked and these were
strangers to the sheriff. The identity
Of none OF the mob Is known.
1t Is presumed the men intended to
lynch Cook. as they had a rope in their
possession. However, when his cell was
reached he showed fight and drew a
razor. With this weapon he made a de-
Tense and cut one of the men in the
crowd. This enraged the invaders, many
OF whom drew revolvers. and Cook was
shot to death. Four bullets entered his
body.
The Sheriff's deputies are securing the
country to-day in quest of evidence as
to the members of the mob. Gov. Pat
terson will be asked to offer q reward
for their apprehension.
The evening world., 1908-10-30
FORTUNE IN SAFE
OF WASHWOMAN
KILLED BY FALL
Neighbors Wouldn't Believe II
While Hansche Levy
Lived.

There was a steady stream of curious
visitors to-day to the tiny apartment on
the second floor of No. SO Pitt street,
which until last night had been occupied
by old Hansche Levy, the little hunch-
back washwoman who fell from the fire.
erneur Hospital.
She had been putting out wash at 9
o'clock at night, and somehow she fell
into the courtyard below.
There had always been great deal of
curiosity about the deformed little wom-
an, as the gossips said she was rich, and
kept her jewels and money in a safe,
But she had lived in such utter seclu-
sion that there were many who doubted
the safe. believing 1t to be q myth.
Tho Safe Was There.
But they saw 1t to-day, and the cid
English washing machine she had
brought from London twenty five years
ago. 1t is modest little safe about
two and one-half feet square, possessing
a great lock and an intricate combina-
ton. Still it looked very large in the
narrow little room and with the cumber-
some washing machine made up the
principal furnishings of the apartment.
Many rumors were abroad as to the
contents of the little safe and the crowds
that gathered in the hallway were eager
TO see 1t opened. Patrolman Polsky
drove them back. however, and said
that 1t probably would be many days be-
fore the safe would be opened, as the
rich little washwoman had left three
sons who lived far away from New
York.
Polsky had also to deny Mrs. Frank
Finder, of No. 273 East Houston street
| in the safe. She had been Mrs. Levy.
I only friend. she said. and had put hel
jewelry in with the gems of the wash
woman.
There was $500 worth OF pearls an,
diamonds in the safe, she said, $50
woman's. Besides, there were rolls an
rolls of gold and packages of bills. How
much. Mrs. Finder aid not know. blu
she was sure there were thousands.
A year ago the strange little woma,
| who died this morning was attacked b
a robber in her rooms. at No. 1A Ridg
street, where she lived then. She wa
terribly beaten and robbed of $500 and
string of pearls she had always wor
gogue. The thief. John Halpin. wa
caught, however, and Judge Malone sen
him to prison for twenty years. TIL
plumber was recovered.
1t was after this robbery, 1t is sale
that the little safe was bought.
The evening world., 1908-10-30

Detroit and lnclose Zoe, as an evidence q
packing: no free packages at drug stores.
For sale and recommended in New York
by W. S. Hockey. Sth Ave. and 3Jth St.
also 9th Ave. and i2d st: Kalish Pharmacy,
Esd st. and Attn Ave, also j0th st, and
Madison Ave. Hegcn.an & Co. 200 Broad.
way and all branches; Sioge Cooper Co.
9th Ave. 18th and 10Th SITS; W, Il. Rlker
& Son Co. 9th Ave, and 23d ST., 81 eth
Ave. Broadway and 9th st.
The evening world., 1908-10-30
MORSE BANK HAS
Is PER CENT. FOR
STOCKHOLDERS
Shareholders Agent to Take
Assets of the National of
North America.
S3,5oo,Ooo ON HAND.
McKlnnon's Company to Col
lect s., 900, 900 for Cash
Advanced.

livery tepos;tor Of the defunot Ma
tonal Bank Of North America has been
paid in full. and to-day vice-President
J, W. McKinnon. OF the Assets Real
ration Company, furnished s25o,ooo
bond, which qualified him as share
holders agent representing the 500
stockholders OF the bank. With the ap-
proving of this bond by the Comptroller
Of the Currency at Washington.
Charles A. Hanna, the Federel Re-
ceiver, will turn over to Mr.. McK!nnon
possession of some s3,500,00o OF assets.
against which MIR. McKinnon's COM
pany has claim OF about 81, 900, ad-
vanced to pay off depositors and used
in buttressing the bad Morse loans.
Receivers Hard Work.
The work of Receiver Hanna deserves
more than passing comment AS a ma
tional bank examiner he went into the
bank last May and burrowed out prac-
tically all the material now being used
against Morse in his sensational trial in
the Federal Court. AS Federal Receiv-
er, Mr. Hanna devoted himself TO the
task OF conserving the interests Of the
depositors. He worked frequently four
teen hours a day. His compensation
fixed by the National Comptroller was
$3.50 a month for the first three months.
and $685. a month for the last Ave
,nonths-altogethe s6,s5
The first duty of Mr.. McKinnon will
be 10 call a meeting OF the banks stock
of the true condition Of the institution.
There are two very important obstacles
to any proposition for resumption. First
there would have to be paid in mn en-
tirely fresh capital, levied in the form OF
an assessment on the Shareholders The
other obstacle IL the fact tnat acme
time ago the New York Clearing Hous,
called in the membership issued to the
National Bank OF North America and
il is extremely doubtful n the associa.
ton of bankers would reissue member
ship to Mr.. Morses bank
What Stockholders Lose.
Various estimates have been made al
- what the stockholders viii get FOL
their holdings. \ conservative factor ii
the banks liquidation estimates frCn
:, TO var. This viii mean a loss o
t.cr t-po share to the clerks in
weighed by VI orse into buying some o
his own stock On the assumption tina
large trust company was after tn,
banks membership in the New Yorl
Clearing House. rs the stakeholder
bought as a speculation there can ~
10 additional Charge made agains
.4urs. Tor their losses in the deal
f.4 H.. t,,l
The evening world., 1908-10-30
ALLEGED OEC0Y OF
BEATEN TAX|CAB
DRIVER ARRESTED
Brother of Pugilist Rodenbach
Charged With Luring
Thugs Victim.

The man who, on Oct Il, when the
taNicab strike was at its height. got into
Chauffeur George Levetts cab at the
Hotel Nctherland, at T'ifty-ninth street
and Park avenue, accompanied by a
woman In evening clothes and directed
him to drive to Second av,nte and Sew
enty-second street. where Levett was
set upon and beaten to the point OF
death by strike sympathihers, has been
found. according to the Detective
Bureau.
| George Rodenbach. printer, OF No
so Amsterdam avenue, was arrested to-
day by Detectives McCaToll Heany
and Kehr. of the Central Office. who
have been trying to unravel the mys-
terry of the attack on Levett ever since
the assault occurred.
on the cab with Levett when he was
attacked was Emil Fritchie, a special
policeman. He got a good view Of the
| fares in the glare of hoht in front of
the Netherland, and his attention was
attracted by the address the man gave
No 3OS East Seventy second street, II
section that is not inhabited by many
persons who ride in taNicabs He was
therefore able TO give the detectives a
I very good description of the man
/ They reasoned at once that the man
| IN the decoy cab at some time must
| have worked on taXiCab or belonged to
| the chauifeur's union and spent much al
his time around garages.
At last they found a man whom the
,les s.ription they had seemed to fit. lie
was billy Rodenbach a pugilist. They
! inquired II lie had eyer worked on a
4 taxicab and were told that he had not.
but that he had brother George. who
was a member of the union and had
been a red cab chauffeur.
At Police Headquarters George Ro-
denbach denied that he had anything tt
do with the attack on Levey, who is
stun seriously III in the Presbyterian
Hospital The special policeman, how
ever. picked him from a line of ten
men without hesitation
The evening world., 1908-10-30
The CIOsIng Prices.

To-day's highest, lowest and last prices o.
STOCKS ana oI net Changes compared win
yesterdays tina figures are as follows:
The evening world., 1908-10-30
POLICEMAN HELD FOR
REGISTERING TWICE

Thomas P. Madigan, the policeman
who registered twice within half an
hour on Oct. 5, was to-day held in s., 900
ball for the Grand Jury in Jefferson
Market Police Court He showed signs
Of mental and physical suffering, and it
is considered quite likely that he will
make some reve, ations as to his i'm
polling motive in illegally registering.
Madigan lives in the Sixth Election
District of the Fifth Assembly District.
The evening world., 1908-10-30
POPE'S ENVOY ARRIVES.
APOSTOLIC Delegate to Cuba Pnssen-
ger on the Koenigin Lulsr.

A distinguished passenger on the
Koenig!n Luise. OF the North German
Lloyd line. which locked to-day, was
His Excellency Mgr. Giuseppe Aversa,
Archbishop of Sardl and Apostolic Dele
gaze 10 CUBA and IUr,O Rico. The prel-
ate brings to this country and to his
diocese the Pope's blessing.
He was met at the pier by the Rev.
George j. Warlng, chaplain OF the Elev-
onth United States Cavalry, stationed
In Cuba. Mgr. Aversa Will proceed to
Cuba almost at once. he said. He spoke
enthusiastically OF the work of regen-
Grafton that had been going on in that
island and in Porto Rico since the
American occupation.