davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
WATER COMMISSION
In SESSION
ROUTINE MATTERS DEALT
WITH AND BUSINESS FOR
MAY, 1908. DISPOSED OF
SEVERAL IMPORTANT OR
DERS MADE.

The Astoria Water Commission
held its regular meeting for the
month OF June last evening At the
handsome rooms in the city hall; at
which time and place there were pres
cnt, Commissioners Wright, Bowlby,
Fisher, Van Duscn and Elmore, Com.
missioners Trenchard and Brix being
absent. Clerk G.. w. Lounsberry was
present with the records.
The minutes OF the last regular ses-
sion. Of May LIST, and OF the special
meetings OF May 5th and 18th. were
duly approved.
The report OF Clerk Lounsberry
for the month OF May was submitted,
and showed 4 total business for the
month OF May, Of $42o50s; cash col
lectcd, $422o70 While the statement
OF the treasurer which was read,
showed that there was on hand in the
general fund, on May 10Th, $4i,74o To-
The monthly report Of Assistant
Superintendent Johnson was read and
ordered filed; and the pay roll for the
month OF May was reported in the
sum Of S5soss. The bills for the
month Of May were reported at
$357.67.
The petition Of r. Svcnscn and
eight others for an extension OF the
Fourteenth street water main to the
north side Of Lexington avenue was
read, and order was made granting
the petition as soon as the street was
put on proper grade,
The chairman and clerk were di.
rected to draw warrant in the sum
of 5000 in full payment of the semi
annual interest account which falls
due on the first Of July
The superintendent was instructed
to set a new hydrant at the corner OF
Grand avenue and Thirty-thrd street,
in accordance with a request to that
effect filed at the last regular meeting
of the Commission.
Adjournment was then taken until
the meeting in due course.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Notice to Mariners.

Oregon-Coos Bay Entrance, page
4o.-North Spit Jetty Buoy, /, blacl
second-class can, reported missing
May 1o, will be replaced as soon a.
practicable.
Columbia River, pages 81, 58 anc
60.-Clatsop Spit Buoy, 10, red first
class nun, found out OF position june
/, was replaced the same day.
Clatsop Spit Experimental Unlight
ed Gas Buoy, red, conical body, sur
mounted by a pyramidal latticeworl
supporting the lantern, was discon
tinued June /, the buoy having failed
to watch properly.
Middle Ground South End Buoy
9, black frst-class spar, found miss
ing May "a, was replaced the same
day.
Knappton Channel Buoys, l, 2 ant
a, found missing June 4, were re,
placed the same day.
Juan De Fuca Strait, page 85.-
Protected Island Southwest Spit
Buoy /, black lst class can report
ed missing June lst will be replaced
as soon as practical.
Point Wilson Buoy, E, frst-class
nun, heretofore reported out of posi-
ton, was replaced May 80.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

These with majorities, as follows:
In Douglas county for the ish-wheel
bill, OF l0l; and for the protection
bill, of SS2; and in Baker county, for
the fish-wheel bill OF $50, and the
protection bill, OF 1901, with some
slight changes in the Clatsop official
count, which leaves the protection
bill about SO better off than first re-
ported, leaves the latter measure in
the enjoyment for an actual majority,
so far, Of 1887, and majority over
the affirmative vote OF the up-river
bill, of just l5,463, with only one big
county (Linn) to hear from, and the
prospect is good for a major record
of 10000 when all votes are counted
Apropos Of these totals it may not
be amiss to remind the Oregonian
that its quotations of the Benton
county vote on the fish bills, as print
ed on page 9 of yesterdays issue, are
completely transposed, whether in
tentionally, or not, and the count Civ
en- the protection bill is credited to
the fsh-wheel interests, which is bad
reporting, to say the least OF it; the
status OF the vote as now returned
from these % counties being: Fish
wheel bill, Yes, 1850, No, 29,l46;
majority, 4,414. Protection bill, Yes,
4l,679, No, 1902; majority 1887.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
The Commercial.

One OF the coziest and most popular
resorts in the city is the Commercial.
A new billiard room, a pleasant sitting
room and handsome fixtures ali 70 to
make an agreeable meeting place for
gentlemen, there to discuss the topics
OF the day, play game OF billiards
and enjoy the hne refreshments serv-
ed there. The best OF goods are only
handled, and this fact being so well
known, large business is done at the
Commercial, on Commercial street,
near Eleventh.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
PERSONAL MENTION

DR., Lorue Manion OF the ST Mary 5
hospital returned from Portland yes
tcrday at noon, where he has been
visiting his mother and taking in the
Rose Show.
Captain Anderson the bar pilot
who has been on 4 pleasure trip to
Hot Lake has returned to this city
w. A. tombstone OF Astoria is at
Hot Lake resort,
DR. ForSstrom, who went to Port.
land last Tuesday 70 attend the Rose
Show returned by boat yesterday,
Mrs. DR.. Vernon returned to AS
toria yesterday from Portland
Mrs, c, A. Carlton OF Lovcland
Colorado, is visiting at the home OF
Rev. c. c. Rarick in this city.
Mr., and Mrs ] y, Wilson returned
from the metropolis yesterday OH the
noon express after pleasant so
iourn at the Rose Festival,
Mr.. and Mrs, Charles Humphry,
left up for Portland on the Spencer
yesterday for few days pleasure in
the Rose City,
MIR. and Mrs, G. Wingate have re-
turned from a tcn.day tour to Sc
attic and the Rose City and report
a pleasant outing,
Mr.. and Mrs, f. A. Mason will
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
The Palace Restaurant

The ever-inereasing popularity o,
the Palace Restaurant Is evidence of
the good management. and the serv-
ice, at this popular dining room. For
long time the reputation OF the
house has been OF the best and IL
does not wane as time progresses
The system used, that OF furnishing
the finest the market affords, and al
can be obtained. in season. is a plan
that will always win, coupled rs II 10
with the best OF cooking and prompt
service. A common saying nowadays
Is Get the Palace habit"
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

Returns from . counties OF Ore
gon on the electoral status of the two
fish bills recently before the people
for treatment, made direct TO Hon,
Herman Wise, Of this city, who as
chairman OF the local committee in
charge OF the interests here OF the
bill (No 552-33Sl to correct and
save the salmon industry from ami
hilatiou, shows conclusively the
splendid success OF the propaganda
arranged and worked from here and
against the tricks and turpitude OF the
gang that have done their best (and
wors) to retain their deadly hold on
the deadlier hsh-wheels:
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Baptist Church.

Sunday school. II a. m; morning
worship, II a. m. "Christ, the Be
levers Wisdom, Righteousness, San
tihcation, and Redemption" Violin
solo by Miss Esther Sundquist; 3. Y.
P. u. at 7 p. M; evening worship, 8
p. m, "What Think Ye Of Christi?
Vocal solo by William Gratke. Every
body invited to attend these meeting.
Conrad L. Owen, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
First Lutheran.

Whitsunday, confirmation The ser
vice begins at 10 o'clock a. m. and in
cludes catechisation, the rites Of con.
frmation, and holy communion
Fourteen young persons will thus be
received into full membership of the
church. The service will be in Eng.
lish and the public is cordially invited
Evening service with holy commun-
ion in Swedish at 8 O'Clock. Luther
League Circle meets at o'clock p. m
Gustaf E. Rydquist, pastor
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Christian Science.

Services in |. O. O. T. building,
corner Tenth and Commercial streets,
rooms and E at 10 a. m. Subject OF
the lesson sermon, "God, the Only
Cause and Creator" All are invited.
Sunday school at 1870. Reading room
same address, hours from 2 to S daily
except Sunday.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

leave Astoria today on a protractcd
tour OF pleasure, going to St. Louis
direct and thence to various points in
the East Mr.. Mason will be absent
about six weeks, but his wife will &c
over to Liverpool for a summer stay
at her old home. She leaves New
York on the l4th OF July, on the
Cunarder Lusitania, and will return
in the Fall.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
First Methodist.

Preaching services at II a. m. ant
8 p. M; class meeting at 1915 a. m.
Sunday school, 12:15; Epwortf
League, 7 p. m; mid-week service
Wednesday at 8 p. m. A cordial in
vitation is extended to the public tc
attend. c. c. Rarick, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
LADY MANIcURIsT ENGAGED.

"The Modern" A. E. Petcrsen's
beautiful tonsorial establishment, has
been further modernized by the per-
manent engagement of a highly train
ed young lady manicurist, who viii
also serve the house as cashier.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

Healthy kidneys filter the impurities
from the blood, and unless they do
this good health is impossible. Foley's
Kidney Cure makes sound kidneys
and will positively cure all forms OF
kidney and bladder disease. II
strengthens the whole system.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The fine lighthouse tender Heath
er sailed for Alaskan ports at four
o'clock yesterday morning, and will
be gone for month or more IN
northern waters. She carries sup
plies for the far distant stations up
there,
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
First Norw. Ev. Lutheran.

Confirmation services, Pentecost
morning at 1890. Communion serv-
ice at 8 o'clock in the evening. The
following are to be confirmed: Clara
Bangsund, Johanna Louise Nielsen,
Harriet Pauline Petersen, Left Hol-
san and Jacob Jorgensen. A cordial
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Will Cure Consumption

A. A. Herren, Finch, Ark, writes;
"Foley's Honey and Tar is the best
preparation for coughs, colds and
lung trouble. I know that 1t has
cured consumption in the first stages"
You never heard of any one using
Foley's Honey and Tar and not be-
ing satisfied.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
The Clean Man.

The man who delights In personal
cleanliness, and enjoys his shave,
shampoo. haircut, and bath, in AS
toria, always goes to the Occident
barber shop tor these things-and
gets them at their best.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Presbyterian.

Morning worship, II o'clock, "The
Worth of Experience; Sabbath
school, 12:15; Y. P. s. c. T., 700;
evening worship, 500, The Treaty
With Gibeonites." Male chorus. All
are invited VIM. s. Gilbert, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The steamer Shoshone got away Tor
the Bay City at an early hour yester-
day morning; altogether too blamed
early for the unearthl racket she made
with her screaming whistle.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
New GROCERY Shore.

Try our own mixture OF coffee--the
]. p B. Fresh fruit and vegetables.
Bacollet & Co., grocers. Phone Main
1881.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

VWWWWWVVYw~wwT
OF this association because OF this
article in Printers Ink and several
Of them have already been received
by the Chamber OF Commerce itself.
A letter has just been received from
+, Romero, care Of the Chinese Post
Office Of Harbin, Manchuria, China,
by the Astoria Chamber Of Com
mercc saying that he has read some
of the Chamber of Commerce adver-
tising and asking for detailed litera-
ture He also asks if young man,
energetic, married, college educated,
foreigner who can speak and write
the English, French, Spanish, Italian
and Japanese languages, who has
been admitted to the practice OF
law, can find an opening here in AS
toria
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The five-masted schooner +. X.
Hall arrived in from San Francisco
late yesterday evening, after a long
and heavy trip OF Is days up the coast
in the very teeth of adverse winds.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Fourth Of July
Fire Works y
Wholesale and Retail
SvensOn's 5 Book Store
l4th and Commercial St.
Astoria Oregon
NEW TO-DAY
GOOD WOOD.

II you want good load Of ar wood
or box wood ring up KELLY the
WOOD DEALER.
The man who keeps the
PRICES DOWN.
Phone Main 2ioi--Barn. Cor. i2ts
and Duane.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
Grace Episconal.

Whitsunday. Litany and sermon,
holy communion, II a. M; Junior
Auxiliary service, 4 p m.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

invitation is extended to the public
to attend our services. Theo. p.
Neste, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
SUNDAY AT THE CHURCHES
Norwepian-Danish M. E.

Services at II a. m. and 8 o'clock
p. M; Sunday school at 10 a. m. O..
T. Field, pastor.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
NEWS FROM DOCK AND
DECK YESTERDAY

HEATHER LEAVES OUT FOR
ALASKA LIGHT STATIONS
WITH SUPPLIES-THE IRENE
MAKES 1T OVER THE BAR
ROSE CITY OUT TODAY-F. K,
HALL IN FROM SAN FRAN
CISCO-OTHER NOTES,
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

Look out for the big 50-vote coupon
in Sundays paper
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

Look oat for the big s0-vote coupon
in Sundays paper
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The very best board to be obtained
in the city 10 at "The oecident Hotel
Rates very reasonable.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The lighthouse tenders Armeria
and Columbine are both over on the
Sound undergoing repairs and inn
provement, and will be home about
the first OF July.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06
SALMON MEASURES,
| AS MEASURED

TWENTY THREE OREGON
COUNTIES YIELD OVER 10000
MAJORITY FOR THE HONEST
FISH BILL RECENTLY SUB
MITTED TO THE PEOPLE -
TEN COUNTIES YET TO HEAR
FROM.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The steamer Homer is due in at
daylight this morning from San
Francisco with general cargo for
this port and Portland.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

The steamship Roanoke came down
the river yesterday morning and
berthed at the Calender, leaving out
for the California coast at 10 o'clock
The steamship Rose City will be
down from the Rose City at O'Clock
this afternoon, ready to sail at once
for San Francisco.
The schooner Irene made it to sea
bound for the Bay City, at 4 O'Clock
yesterday afternoon.
The steamer Yosemite has arrived
down and left out for San Francisco
with big load of up-river lumber.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1908-06-06

Look out for the big 50-votc coupon
in Sundays paper.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
Work With a VIII.

A Farmers Union member in Civ
ing his ideas of unionism as applied
to the farmer. says:
We want TO organize till we have
a large majority of the farmers of the
State enrolled as members, then we
will know where our forces are and
who to depend upon in time of action.
"Our business department should be
so complete and cooperative that We
would have a channel through which
every member could secure equal priv
ileges and benefits. Some of the coun-
ties are succeeding along this line
while some are doing nothing We
can so combine and cooperate as will
benefit every one. That would mean
brotherhood. cooperative union
IF we take up the complicated
questions that come before us. it must
be with a will and determination that
means success. for, after we have TAX
en- a stand and failed we are worse off
than before we began if that failure
was for lack of effort
ITO succeed we must take very
broad view of the subject. whatever
it be. for other interests are necessa-
rily affected by it,
Whatever we undertake must have
a very careful and intelligent inyesti,
cation; then after a knowledge of the
situation, push the matter to a success
With oil tho co-Onerativa force of the
union.
IF we wish to build for the union
it must be done on plans that are
common sense practical, safe. They
may be opposed for while. but the
light will succeed. =
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21

S. A. Hover, of the Missouri state
normal school. gives some good rea-
sons why the boys leave the farm. He
says
One reason is because our methods
OF instruction in the country schools.
until very recently, all tend to lead
the boy cityward Most of his
text books are written by city people
and many of his teachers are brought
from the city to instruct him in city
ways. Captains of industry have been
held I'D before him as models, and
little or nothing has ever been done
TO put him in touch and sympathy
with his country surroundings
On the contrary he has been taught
that the country is a good place to get
away from that, the city only could
supply his mental and bodily wants
to the full. Until recently we have
had no text books on the different
divisions of agriculture that have been
adapted to the needs OF the country
boy, and never a word OF instruction
from any of his teachers upon the sub
iect The idea with both country teach
ers and country parents has often
been to get the children away to the
city where they would have better edu-
cational advantages.
This is all wrong, but fortunately
the country is waking up TO the injus-
tice that has been done and reforms
are being inaugurated in many places.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
Cemetery's STRANGE Uses.

According to the reports submitted
by keepers Of Pere Lachaise. the ia
nous Partisan cemetery is utilized for
many other objects besides the burial
place of well-to-do families 1t is a re-
sort of thieves who steal the bronze
and brass work, which they take bit
by bit from the tombs and hide in
their pockets. 1t is also a hunting
ground for collectors of curios, who,
armed with hooked sticks, break the
windows of the little chapels over the
tombs and abstract small vases of sill
yer and other precious metals.
Women, too, make practice of
stealing wreaths of imitation pearls,
which they place under their dress
and afterwards sell to dealers as their
own make The cemetery is likewise
the resort of sentimental lovers.
When those seen kissing are very
young, the keepers take their names
and communicate with their parents.
Thus is many a schoolgirls romance
nipped in the bud.
Young and handsome women,
dressed in the deepest widows weeds,
are sometimes seen weeping at the
tombs of people in no way related
to them. This is with an eye to the
coming of a male consider. who event
ually departs with the supposed wild
ow on his arm. For these reasons
and others it is thought advisable to
increase the number of keepers.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
Why the Boys Leave the Farm.

S. A. Hover, of the Missouri state
normal school. gives some good rea-
sons Why the boys leave the farm He
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
ter states in this respect.

ter states in this respect.
In addition to agriculture. the law
provides a system for teaching horti.
culture, building. stock feed
ing and domestic sciences and
economies in the common schools.
Secondary grade schools are
provided for in each of the five SUI
preme judicial districts, two to be To-
Gated each year until all are estab-
lished Each Institution is to have
an S0-acre farm as an experiment sta
ton, and besides the regular work,
short courses for the instruction of
farmers are to be given each year.
The district schools are TO cost $780,
600 each and $4,000 per year is al
lowed for maintenance Teachers are
TO be instructed in agricultural topics
in the normal schools and the A. & NJ.
College is to be the cap sheaf of the
system.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
Feet.

The French foot is narrow and
long. The Spanish foot is small and
elegantly curved. That of the Arab
is proverbial for its high arch. The
foot of the Scotch is high and thick
that of the Irish fat and square; the
English. short and fleshy. When Ath-
ems was in her zenith, the Grecian
foot was the most perfectly formed
and exactly proportioned of any of
the human race Swedes, Norwegians
and Germans have the largest feet.
Americans the smallest.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
farmers EDUCATIONAL
AND
COOPERATIVE UNION
- OF AMERICA So
A Nature Creed

believe in the brook as it wanders
From hillside into glade;
believe IN the breeze as it whispers.
When evenings shadows fade.
believe in the roar of the river
As il dashes from high cascade:
believe in the cry of the tempest
Mid the thunder's cannonade.
believe in the light of shining stars.
believe in the sun and the moon,
believe in the flash of the lightning.
believe in the night birds Groom.
/ believe in the faith of the flowers.
l believe in the rock and sod,
For in all these appeareth clear
The handiwork of God.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21

Teaching of Agriculture in Oklahoma
The Oklahoma law requiring the
teaching of agriculture in the public
schools, it is claimed, places the new
state far in advance of any of her sis
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
COUNTY OFFICIALS

Circuit Judge, +. d. FulkerSon
Prosecuting Attorney, r. e. jeffrey
Circuit Clerk, Cul. L. Pearce
Sheriff, A. l.. Dunlap
County Judge, S. B. Wycough
County Clerk, Albert Sims
Treasurer, Franklin Perrin
Tax Assessor, j. J. Caldwell
Collector, w. T. Gray
Surveyor, f. M. Ham
Coroner, r. l. Finn
County Examiner, Sidney Pickens
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
CHURCHES

Christian church, services first and
third Sundays in each month at ! a.
IN. and 1880 p. m. Rev. J. II. Melon.
Eel, Pastor.
Baptist church, services second sun
day at Il a. m. and 1870 p NJ, Satur-
day before fourth Sunday at 1870 p. IN,
fourth Sunday at IL a. m. and 7:30 p.
an. Rev. J. l.. Brown, pastor.
Methodist church, services at II, a.
M, and 1870 p. m. every Sunday. Sun
day school 10 a. m Epworth League
every Sunday afternoon at 3 O'Clock.
PRAYER meeting Thursdays at p. m.
Rev. Jas +. Jernigan, pastor.
FRATERNIFlEs
Dannelly Chapter r. A. NJ. meets
third Saturday night. |. c. Nuckolls,
e. II. P; T. II. bearing, Sec.
Newark Lodge +. & A. NJ. No. 24s
meets second Saturday night. I. H..
bearing, w. NJ; r. X. McHenry, Sec
Newark Camp WOW. No. 2ss meets
second and fourth Tuesday nights in
month. e. w. Magness, c. c.; Q. F.
Craig, Clerk.
Newark Grove w. C. No. 81 meets
first and third Tuesday nights Mrs.
c. NJ. Edwards, Guardian; Il. w.
Magness, Clerk.
Newark Lodge |. O. 0. f. NO. 200
meets the first and third Wednesday
nights. E. M. Wilson, n. g.; Il. Il.
Hawthorne, Secretary.
Independence Lodge No 1919 K. &
L. of II. meets first and third Monday
nights in each month. 0. f. Craig,
Protector; e. H. Williamson, Sec.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21

Milk quietly, clearly. quickly and
thoroughly. Cows do not like un-
necessary noise or delay Milk at
nearly the same hour each night and
morning, aud milk the cows in the
same order.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21
City Directory.
MUNICIPAL OFFICERS

MAYOR. r. r. Ration
Recorder, +. W. Magness,
Treasurer, r. X. McIIenry
Marshal, w c Crowell
Aldermen, f. G. Hoyt, J. W. Sisk,
c. NJ. Edwards. Z. II. Williamson
and j. II. Holderby.
Council meets first Monday night in
each month.
The Newark journal., 1908-08-21

Have you bed of gravel or of
coarse, sharp sand? If 50 then you
have material for much building. Con-
crete is more and more used. and those
who use it properly find it best mate
rial There is no need for expensive
machinery Do not be led 10 make
costly investments in machines.