St. Johns review. (Saint Johns, Or.) 1904-current, 1908-10-09

'o"i VI btSe'on VI O"p''"i mdIA nus
explained indetail, how since the 15ti
century this has been Historically
worked out through the three phases
of simple cooperation, manufacture
and modern industry. But the bour.
geoise, as Is also shown there, could
not transform these puny means of
production into mighty productive
forces, without transforming them, at
the same time from means of prod.
uction of the individual into social
means of production only workable
by COLLECTIVELY of men. The spin.
ming wheel, the hand loom, the black
smiths hammer were replaced by the
spinning'machine, the power loom the
steam hammer; the individual work.
shop by the factory employing hund-
redsand thousands of workmen. In
In like manner production itseb
changed from series OF individual
into series of social acts and the
products, the yarn, the cloth the
metal articles that now come out of
the factory re the joint product Of
many workers, through whose hands
they have successfully passed before
they are ready. No person could say
OF them: ii made that, this Is my
product"
In the medieval stage OF evolu.
ton OF the production OF commodities
product could not arise. the individ.
ual producer. as a rule. had from raw
material belonging to himself and
generally OF his own handiwork. pro.
duccd II with his own tools. by the
labor Of his own hands or Of his
family. There was no need for him &c
appropriate the new product. II be-
longcd wholly TO him, as a matter OF
course. Ills property In the product
was therefore based upon his own Ia
Dor. Even where external help was
used, this wal as rule Of little Inn
portance,and was very generally com
pcnsated by something other than
wages. The apprentices and Journa
ncymcn OF the guilds worked less Tor
board aud wages than for education,
In order that they might become mas
ter craftsmen themselves.
Then came the concentration OF th,
means of production Of producers IN
large workshops and manufactures,
rhls transformation into actual 80
cialized means OF production and st
cialized producers. but the soelaiized
producers aud means OF production
aud the products were still treated
after this change. just as they had
been before. that Is. as the means
and the products OF m
hitherto. the owner OF the
Instruments OF labor had himself ap-
propriated the product. because. as
A rule, II was his own product ANA
The assistance OF others was the
exception. Now the owner OF the
OF labor always appro'
lriated To himself the product al
hough Il was no longer his prodde'
lut exclusively the product OF the
abor OF others. Thus. the products
low produced socially were not ap
,ropriated by those who had actually
,et In motion the means OF prodne
ion and actually produced the com
nodities, but by the capitalists.
This contradiction, which gives L.
he new mode OF production its capt
listc character contains the germ oil
he whole OF the social antagonisms
{ today"
In summary Engels says In part;
On the one hand, perfecting of ma
hinery made by competition compdl-
ory for each individual manufacturer
nd comp.emented by a constantly
rowing displacement of laborers-ln
ustrlal reserve army-on the other |
and unlimited extension OF produc-
on also compulsory under competl- I
ON for every manufaeturer-on both !
DIES unheard OF development of
roductiye forces, excess OF supply
Yer production, glutting OF the mar )
ITS, crices every ten years, the Vi !,
Gus circle excess here. of means of :,
and products excess there, I
laborers without employment, and !,
ithout means OF existence but these =
70 levers OF production and OF So >
nj well being are unable to work 10 /,
'ther, because the capitalist form !,
production prevents the produc' =
20 forces from working and the
oducts from circulating, unless they
Q first turned into capital--whleh
eli very superabundance prevents.
le contradiction has grown into an fC
surdity. The mode of production I'll
les in rebellion against the form OF -
change. The bourgeoise are con
ted of incapacity further 10 manage
eir own social productive forces,
solution of the contradictions. Tn,
lletariat siezes the public power,
4 by means OF this transforms the
'lalized means OF production slip
Ie from the hands OF the bourgeois
0 public property by this act, the
'ietariat frees the means of pro-
'tion from the character OF capital
y have thus far borne and gives
edom to work itself out Social
a production upon predetermined
n becomes henceforth possible.