davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Douglas Island news., 1908-04-29
THE HISTORY 0F GOLD
 AND SILVER

! From Q paper read by James W. Malcolm son, of Kansas City, Mo-, at the Tenth annual session of the American Mining Con- gress, at Joplin, Mol
 Tbe history of gold and silver to a large degree is the history of oiviliza ton. These metals have been found in all countries of the world and are widely difPused throughout the crust of the earth.
 In the earlier ages of the worlds history, gold was obtained more read fly than silver, as it is not affected by oxidation or decay. On account of it's weight, it settles in the metallic state in streams to the bedrock and on account of its resistance to natural teaching processes, itis often found at the outcrop of mineral deposits when all other minerals have disappeared entirely.
 Silver, on the other hand, is but sel- dom found in the metallic state, but is more often mixed with gold, lead, cop per or zinc. Pure silver minerals, such as the chloride or sulphide are almost as rare as native silver and sil. yer ores are usually complex mixtures in which other metals predominate. The processes of treatment of silver ores are therefore more complex than those of gold, and the metal is only obtained by regular underground min ing operations, as it is but rarely carried away from the zone of It's origi- nal deposition.
 It is probable that gold was employ ed long before silver was known and the value of silver in some ancient states appears to have been superior to that of gold. Even in Japan, up to the seventeenth century, the value of gold and silver were almost equal. Soon after the first opening of that country to commerce the Dutch secured nearly all the gold of Japan in exchange for silver, before the Japanese learned the difference in values in Europe.
 In ancient Greece in the days of Herodotus, gold was thirteen times more valuable than silver and this ratio appears to/have been fairly con- stant for many centuries. For nearly 1000 years to the fall-of Constanti- nople, the ratio of value of gold to silver in the Roman Empire was approximately 12 to 1.
 The search for gold has been the first cause of the settlement of much of the earth's surface by civilized races. Del Mar believes that the Argonauts, who sailed from Thessaly with Jason to ob- tain the golden fleece of Colchis, were probably leaders in rush to 8 new gold field or placer deposit along one of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. The alluaion to the golden fleece perhaps indicates the use of sheep skin in sluice boxes in the way that We still use woolen blankets for the same pur- pose.
 The settlement of Egypt by the Semitic races of Asia has been thought to be contemporaneous with the first discovery of the gold mines of the Peninsula of Sinai, more than 2,5Oo years before Christ, and the LPhoent-
Douglas Island news., 1908-04-29

clans ard Jews, the kinsmen of these hardy pioneers, went out and searched the whole world for minerals.
 In the Book of Job, supposed, l be- lieve, to have been written 1,5O0 years before Christ, a notable reference to gold and silver occurs, as follows; "SureIy there is a vein for the silver and a place for gold where they fine it, as for the earth, the stones of it are the place of sapphjres and it hath dust of gold"
 Of Solomon, who lived 1000 years be- fore Christ, it was said that "All his drinking vessels and all the vessels of his house were of gold, none were of silver, it was nothing accounted in the days of Solomon" Solomon was per haps our first Bonanza Mining King. It is a curious fact in the history of mining the precious metals, that no matter how intelligent or economical a man may be, if he be unsuccessful in finding ore, his industry and talent count for nothing; and no matter how imprudent or uuintelligent he may really be, if he finds rich ore and makes huge profit, he is hailed everywhere as Wisdom porsonified. IL was prob able that something of this sort hap pened to Solomon and since then, his mines have been theme of the novelist aud the poet. He was closely allied with both the Egyptians and the PhoeniCians; he married Pharaoh's daughter and was a cloee friend and ally of Hiram of Tyre, King of Pho enicia. On account of his successes in gold mining in Africa, in Egypt and elsewhere, 1t is probable that every wise saying for centuries was attribut- ed to him. Even his matrimonial ad- ventures are more or less character istic of many successful mining opera tions of our own time. In southeast ern Africa, over an area of 600 miles square, the ruins of fortified cities and great mining camps are found, about which almost nothing is known today, except that. the occupation of the ancient inhabitants was gold min ing. It is estimated that over four million dollars worth of gold was ex- tracted from these mines. x
 The silver mines of Laurium, 30 miles west of Athens were worked for centuries by the Greeks and are re- ferred to by Tacitus, Aristotle and many other writers. They seem, to have been worked. originally by the Phoenicians, 200 years before Christ. Demetrius, Greek writer, who lived 300 years before Christ, boasted that the Greeks worked these properties with such energy that they threatened to dig up the devil himself. Shortly after this period, mining operations were shut down. The mines of Laur- ium were re-opened very successfully by the French in 1860 and are paying dividends at the present time.
 In the search for gold, the Phoeni- clans, and afterwards the Romans, who were more skilful miners thaa the Greeks were led to Spain, which was to the ancient world what Mexico is to us today, but during the most critical period of the Punic wars, Rome debased it's silver money and demonetized it's copper coinage, be- cause the silver and copper supplies of the world at that came from Spain, then in possession of the Csrthagin-
Douglas Island news., 1908-04-29

ian army. Hannibal, however, had other resources and this became, probably, Che first great war in history where the troops of both armies were paid in gold coin.
 In the fourth century the Romans worked gold mines in every province of Europe and practically all the gold known at that time was in their pos session.
 Humboldt is authority for the state ment that America was discovered be- cause Columbus sought a nearer way to the gold mines of Japan, while Cortez and Pizarro penetrated the un- known forests of the New World ln the search for the precious metals.
 The conquest of India and South Africa, the settlement of California, Australia and Alaska all originated in the desire to obtain golden treasure, and the search for gold has carried the torch of civilization throughout the world. It is curious fact, however, that the English speaking people alone produce today nearly seven. eighths of the worlds production of gold.
 Asia possesses a remarkable capacity for the absorption of gold and silver and much of the precious metals sent there seems to be permanently with drawn from our stocks available for money. It may be that much of this Is boarded or buried in the ground and lost, becoming practically non-existent. Asia has been called the sink of gold and silver and it's sbility>to absorb or lose these metals has been subject of remark ever since the time of Alex snder the Great.
 Among all civilized peoples, gold and silver have derived their chief impor- tance from their use as money. In the earlier period, the first money known and even still In use among undeveloped or isolated communities consists of skins, salt, shells, soap, slaves, cattle, sheep, olive oil, tobacco, iron, tin, lead, copper, nickle and platinum. In such communities tran sportation facilities were Parliamentary, commercial operations were limited to small areas and carried forward, slowly on a small scale. Money has been defined as that which passes from hand to hand throughout the com munity in final discharge of debts and as full payment for commodities or survice, being accepted without reference to the character or credit of the person who offers 1t.
 For many reasons, the metals finally superseded all other forms of money and gold is gradually displacing all other metals and driving them from the field. Cattle die, iron rusts, slaves grow old, but gold and silver, and more especially gold, fulhils all the requirements of money, better than anything else we know of. Gold is of small volume compared with it's weight and value, it is of uniform goodness and quality, easy of trans- port, easily guarded, readily divided and reunite,1 without loss. It's identity is perfect, it is easily recognized and is beautiful, brilliant and durable almost to eternity. It is probable that gold which was in use at the time of Solo, mon is in active service still. Gold does not deteriorate with storage or time and it's firm and compact texture
Douglas Island news., 1908-04-29

Northern Light Rebekah Lodge No. r,sets at Odd Bellows hall second and fourth Saturdays.
 Visitors are cordially invited.
 MRS. MATILDA MILLER, N. G. MRS. GERTRUDE LAUGHLIN, Seo'y.
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
SIXTEENTH ASSEMBLY DISTRICT

% s Eso9 Ds i5 is sSanda .s BY s2a a6
The second Election District bounded by and within
third street diagonal line from the corner Of East
Forty-third and Second the Of
ILld avenue and East torty-second street ahd 1hiro
street Propect blacs East Forv-secni street 20 third
avenue. a diagonal corner Of Third
and East Forty second street 20 the eorner Of East Forty
third street and Second avenue and Second avenue.
Ps Fourth Election District is bounded by and within
street and Second avenue.
The Fifth Election District by within
The Sixth Election District by within
East Forty-nnth street avenue. FoTt-si1th
The Seventh Election District is bounded by within
East Fortynnth street First avenue East Fory-eghth
street Second avenue East Fortyseventh street and
The Eiehth Election District by within
Second avenue East Forteighth street and First
The Ninth Election District by within
East Fify-aird street, East river. East Fortyninth
The Tenth Election District by and within
Is t@ss. Z sns ~, sscSns t1 sveTne ''
The Eleventh Election District is bounded by and within
Fify-frst Second avenue East Fortyninth
street and Third
The Election District IS bounded by and within
East Ffty-third Third avenue East Foryinth
gs 7 75irteenS Election District is bounded by
within East Fifty-second street First avneue, East
The Tso,Tteenth Election District bounded by and
within East Fifty-thrd First East Fifty
The Fifteenh Election District is within
Fast Tifvxth street Third avenue. Fifty-fourh
street second East FifyiT street and Lezing
The iTteenh Election District within
East Fifty-sixth First avenue East F1ftyhfth
street East fourth street ana Ihro
Tbe seventeenth Election District and
within East Fift-hfth First avenue. East Fifty
third street Second avenue.
The Eighteenth Election District is bounded by and
third street and First avenue
The Nineteenth Election District rs bounded ~ ana
within the entire island ot Blackwelrs Island
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
SEVENTEENTH ASSEMBLY DISTRICT,

The First Election District bounded by and within
-5ighty-tHird street and Columbus Avenue >, .-s
within west Eghty-ninth street Central Park west
The third Election District bounded by and With
West Nnety-frst street Central PARK west ="
The Fourth Election DisTict is bounded by and
The fth Election District IS bounded by within
Niney-hird Broadway. West Ninety-nrst street
The siSfh Election District bounded by and With
Ninety-fourth street Broadway, West Ninety-third
TIE 'z Seventh Election is bounded by and
within West Ninetg-lfh street; cent? Genarai ] FarK west
The Eighth Election District is bounded by and
Vest Ninety street and Columbus avenue
The Ninth Election District is bounded by and With
in West Ninety-sixth street Columbus avenue west
Ninety-ftth street and BroadTay- Ao,,,aos =, and
within West Ninetyseyen{h street: BrqS@~ay % nf fe
5oL1rt6 street and Hudson river.
The Eeyentn EIe1tioa Rissfet re+ coiTnl6us ayenne
west Ninety sixth street and Br9adWag ~ ,,nsd by and
7bfn t5e Vest Nnetyeighth street, Columbus avenue.
The thirteenth Election District is bounded by an9
within West one Hundred and First street West End
T e5"e NimefyeightS street west Ninety
he F5areenth @ Fiection bounded by and
sIsnne West one tiundredth street Columbus avenue
Ninety ninth street and W est Enc hnGa5 nv and
within West Ninety-ninth street Columbus & avenue
Tho sixteenth Election District is bounded by ma
Ninety-ninth street central faih "oSs'
west NS5nefv-efEhth street and Columbus avenue
yIit7 west one Hundred and First street. tentrai
park West West Nnety-nintn street 60 unlnus ave
me IVES. One TIundredtE street and Manhattan ave
Tto Fsghteeuth Election District is bounded by anu
-thfT, west one Hundred and Second street Centrsi
pa-I, West, west Hundred and First street man
haitian avenue. West One Hundredth street ana GO
TtH Nineteenth Election District is bounded By ana
,ttf, west ore Hundred and First street toIuTfoos
/ syenue west one Hundredth street and Amsterdam
by and
vy.tbfn West one Hundred and Second street CouTn
( West One f1uHoiS" anu A'-7' S''N -
e TETenty-nrs Election District is bounded BY and
Thin west One and Third street Colurno ous
avenue west Hundred and Second street ana Am
sterdam avenue ~
- 1,.bir yes+ one Hundred and Third street, Cen
go psrL West West Hundred and Second street
Tvrenfv-thtrd Election District Is bounded by
- 1,,.t,n west One Hundred and Fifth street Man
E-t,sn svent,e west One Hundred and Fourth street
@ntTsl PARK west one Hundred and Third street
and Columbus avenue -, r,,-.-... =. bo,.ra.S b,,
o,d gy,tbfn west Ons Hundred and Fifth street Co
i,,rb,,a avenue West One Hundred and Third street
an Tve1tv-nfth Election District is ooundeo ~
- Hi,bin West one Hundred and sixth street Man
aasI.ar avenue. west one Hundred aud Flfth street
and Amsterdam avenue ,,,-.-... 4. bo,,5A5 h.,
"a ]r,+btn west One Hundred and Seventh street
S.o+rsI park west. West One Hundred ana FOUR 2
! -,ras+ Manhattan west One auhureo dno
e,vtb street and Columbus avenue
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
Election Notice.
FIFTEENTH ASSEMBLY n1srR1cr-cantlnu.a.

FIFTEENTH ASSEMBLY DIsTRCT-Continued.
w.F Tenth Election District s bounded by and within
seyenty-seoond street ana srcadwsy "0''
within West GognSss sv.aus a
seyentT~fourth Street snd BroodWay. west west
The The Twelfth Election District is bounded by and
West Seventy seventh Central PARK West West
NTH street and Amsterdam avenue "e' 'e'eH''-
within The rseeR Mss Ees91 District s1uassa
fh. fsa sfsgentsohfth Eff stree. and Hudson river
Eighty second street Broadway. West seveny-eighth
The Fifteenth Election District is bounded by and
Wlthh MIN e West Eghty-seoond street Amsterdam avenue
tt 4he S1teenth Election District is bounded hy and
i6 sit.s street Central Park West West Seventy
street ret end g.i..A Amsterdaza avenues
within West Eighty-thrd street. Central Park West
"gSa bs EFEsht,.fIst Fhs street and Columbus
within With West Eighty street Columbus avenue
The Nneteenth Election @ pstriof Is Rounded bv and
s4a West EightyfouTh street Columbus avenue West
The Twentieth Election District is bounded by and
West Eighty street. Broadway West Eightyourth
street Amsterdam avenue West Eighty second street
The. The THent{hTst Election end
WITHIN West Eighty street. West End avenue West
1ghjy-sixth street Amsterdam avenue, West Eighty
End avenue West Eigty-fourth river
whin West EEhtv-sixth street Columbus avenue, West
en- street Tad and Amssrdsm avenue ~ and
within West Eighyninth street. Columbus West
within West Eighfy-nath street Broadvay Eighty
eighth street, Amsterdam avenue West Eighty-sixth
street West End avenue, West Eightyhfth street ana
The Twentyafth Election District is bounded by
Ninetieth stree Columbus West Eighty ninth
Broadway. West Eighty-ninth and Hudson river
within west Ninetysecond stree Columbus avenue West
Ninetteth street and Amsterdam avenue
within West Ninetyfoprth street Columbus West
first street and Broadway.
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
,r1vr,,,rv-rH1RD ASSEMBLY DISTRICT.

7. First Election District bounded ry and within
West Hundred and S,'sfr tt AMI sev
e b second Election bounded by and within
diagonal line from the corner OF Seyenan , ~ tIe or
g Of I@no1 avenue and one Hundred and Thirty
ninth street Lenox ave ayenny eyfb e aye1ge
The Third Election District is bounded by and WITHIN
" S,1s iIundTed and Thrty-nnth diagonal
line from the corner West one Hundred ana lhlIl
One Hundred and Thr. street and Seventh ave
The Fourth Election Dlstrt is bounded BY and within
west One Hundred and Fortieth street and seventh
The Fifth Election District is bounded By and within
west one Hundred Forty third street Lenox ave
me Hundred and Forty-hrst street and Sew
The sixth Election District is bounded by and within
Fortv-thrd street and Seventh avenue
The Seventh Election District is bounded by and within
Harlem river Seventh avenue. West one Hundred and
Fiftysecond street Bradhurst avenue West One Hun
and F1fty-ffth street. St Nicholas place and Speed
way. -. r,,.,-,-. l. ,--s.s ,.,,
v1 9e 5s sl an5dTe and Fifseeond see, se1entb
nue. Hundred and Forty-nnth street and Brad
The Ninth Election District is bounded by and within
West One Hundred and Forty-eighth street and
The Tenth Election District is bounded by and within
West One Hundred and Ffy-ffth street Bradhurst
avenue. West one Hundred and Fortyhfth street and
Tho Eleventh Election District bounded with
avenue West One Hundred and Forty-sixth street and
West One Hundred and Fortysixh street. Seventh ave
West One Hundred and Fortythird and Eighth
The Thirteenth Election District is bounded by and
within West one Hundred Fortv-third street Sev-
enth West Forty-secon5 street
and Bradhurst ~
The Fourteenth Election District IS bounded bv and
within West One Hundred Forty street s4v-
enth avenue West One Hundred Forty-nrst street
and Edgecombe avenue. ~
The Fifteenth Election District bounded by and within
West One Hundred and Forty-hfth street Eighth avenue
West One Hundred Forty-hird street Bradhurst
avenue Edgecombe avenue West One
first street and St Ni-holas
The sixteenth Election District within
West One Hundred and Fortyhfth street. St Nicholas
West One Hundred Forty-hrst str and
Amsterdam
The Seventeenth Election District Is bounded by and
within Wast one Hundred Forty-third street Am
ster1am West One Hundred Fory-hrs
and Hudson river.
Tia Eighteenth Election District $ bounded by and
within Hundred and FoTty-sixth street Am
avenue. West one Hundred Forythird
ana Hudson river
Tho Nineteenth Election District 5 bounded by and
within Hundred and Forty eighth street Con
vent avenue West One Hundred and Fortysxth street
and Hudson River.
The Twentieth Election District is bounded by and
within West Hundred and Forty-etghth street, st
Nicholas place. Ono Hundred and F1ftieth
Edgecombe West One Hundred and Forty-hfth
street, Amsterdam avenue. West One Hundred and For
ty-sIxth street and Convent
The Tweny-hr Election District is bounded by and
within West one Hundred and FoTty-nlnh street. Am
Stsrdsm Vast oas undrsa ana knueth strest,
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
rwENTY-F1Rsr ASSEMBLY DISTRICT

The First Election District is bounded by and within
West One Hundred genty-ffh street, St Nicholas
avenue West One Hundred and Twenty-sixth street,
Eighth avenue. West One Hundred and Twenty-third
street AMI Morningside East.
Tha Second District is bounded within
West Hundred ana Twenty-seventh street. Eighth
avenue Hundred and Twenty-sixth street 81.
Nicholas avenue, West one Hundred and TEenty-hfth
street and Morningside avenue East
The Third Election District is bounded by and within
west One Hundred and Twenty-nnth street Seventh
avenue West One Hundred and Twenty seventh street
and Eighth avenue
mo Fourth Election District by within
West one Hundred Twenty street Lsnox
nue. West Hundred and rwenty-seventh street and
Seventh
The Fifth Election District E bounded By ana within
diagonal ne from the corner OF Lenox avenue and West
one Hundred and Twenty eighth Street to the OK
5Yrst one Hundred and Twenty-ninth and Fifth
avenue Fifth avenue. West One Hundred and Twenty
seventh street and Lenox
Election District bounded By and within
diagonal the LenoX and West
one Hundred and Thirty-iirst the OF
Fifth avenue Hundred and Thretn street.
Fifth 10 West one Hundred and Twenty-ntnt h
street, diagonal lne from the corner Of West
Hundred and Twenty ninth sirssi enc FGa aYsnus
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
rrcHrEENTH ASSEMBLY DISTRICT

rr First Election District bounded by and within
as+ FIfty-nnth second avenue East Fliysktn
street end Third avenue. . >--..s -, -. - ,,h,,
80 zift,erhth street First avenue East F1ftYsixth
and Second avenue
bs T9ird Election District is bounded by and within
East Fffty-eighth street EAs' n's4' HAs' fii'S A
80 Eanrtb Election District Is bounded by and within
usst FiStv-nnth street East river, East Ffy-cghth
street Second avenue.
re Fifth Election District il bounded by ana within
cfxfvsecond street, East Ffftynlnt
sfr~e. Trrd avenue East SXtieth street and eecond
~ sixth Election District is bound>d by and within
Last Sxty-third street, sseoad A'ehue' ESt SNIe'h
~ ca1enfh Eloctiou District lie bounded by and with
g., Tsst sxty-ffth street. First avenue East Sixty
.6 street second avenue East SiIty-thtrc street and
Third avenue T.. ..n-,a.S -. ,ra ,r,,h,r
rsf sfTtyfh East river East Fifty ninth street
e Hyiufh Election District Is bounded by and within
~ sixth street East river, East sxtyhf street
and Second avenue &, ,.,... -, .xs -,.,,.
rsI seveptIe street river East siHtysxth street
and First avenue L.. Ao,,r6o. -, -,
East Sixty ninth street. hHs1 avenue 1s hJexih
street Second avenue -. l.. -. g. -. -
The Twelfth Election Dlstrlc - "oIiee Y ho
in East Sixty-ninth street nSO"h1 AFe"uS' AN' SKY
nfth street Third avenue E. l....s - -.
The Thirtselth Elsetien Dsuse' u BOUNDED W Ala
New-York tribune., 1908-10-04
Election Notice.

TwHNTYLTFuRD ASSEMBLY DIsTRICT-Contnusd
Convent avenue West One Hundred and FOrty-eghth
re Tventy Election District bounded by and
within West One HundTed aTd Il1syTSt 1 Ss
street and Hudson river --.-... .-.., - and
within West One Hundred and Fify-dfth street. 81
Nicholas place svenne WS: W. one IN. HunS
ana Forty-eghh street. Convent avenue West one Hu
The Twenty-fourtn Election District is bounded by
and within West one H1Dareq sna s5 %
street Convent avenue Hundred ana Fifeth
S' The eRa T%ehtyf Election District bounded by and
within West One Hundred ana d street
ana b dig%Sen Election District by and
within west one-Hundred and F1ftyeightn street. spec
way West One Hundred and flftS-nith Su's' anu i14
& 5s Hsdtsa EaS9a DstFisf s4 fSd
Amsterdam avenue West one 1d hunTsdi nd Fify-eghth
Ts TyeneTht6 T Election District is boGnded BY and
within west one Hundred and sixty-nrst street Boa1-
West one Hundred and Si1ty.eGonq G f.nb street
Broadway west one and Ffty-eishth street ana
b Tentynnth Election District Is bounded by and
Enln & Met one Ons ndred and sixfourth street Broad
way. West One Hundred and Sixty-hrs' su07 an"
TSe Thrtisth Election District Is bounded BY Ian and
speedvay west one Hundred and sixty-sseond sues'
The ThiTrst Election District Is Tg Rogndsd d sy & aPH
and seventy
is PvSr west one Hundred and sixty-sixh street ana
Hudson Iiver Election District bounded By and
within West One Hundred and ns ssventy seventh
street Fro3dyav west Hundred and
Amsterdam washington
ISiSer IVesf one Hundred and Seventy-hrst stl0e '
The Thirt-third Election District Is Teet Broad
Wd.' Wit ~ Ona Hundred and Seventy-ntnth street s
etcTdan avenue West one Hundred an1 o sssva-b
Hundred and SSF
strest Tenot lane West one Hundred ana Se'Sii'' ~
euth Hudson f{iVer--..-. by
The Thirty-fo1rth Election District Is ,n}pg street An
. a2s,yn West one Hundred and seventy
street and Broadway ,,,.-io+ e. bounded by and
v,tbin 1nwood street Dyckman street a.,srisr1
We, one Hundred and Eighty street
avenue West one Hundred and @ EIghSutnnr paT ''9-'
washington Bridge and Hudson ttlses orz
Election District Is bolIISt
,itbir shin canal Spuyten Duyvt creek. HsasI A'
Invvood street and HUDSON INl'ei