davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
FRYE-BRUHN WILL BUILD.
Portland Certain OF Securing n Second
Packing Plant.

II deal which Is being arranged
today goes through successfully an
other large packing plant will be
added to the huge animal packing in
dustrles now being planned for the
peninsula, says the Oregon Daily
Journal
Charles II. Frye. president of the
Frye-Bruhn company of Seattle, is
In Portland today, at the Portland ho-
tel, endeavoring to perfect arrange
ments for the building of a large
packing plant for his firm. which he
will use to supply the Oriental and
Alaskan trade Of the Frye Bruhn COM
pany
Some months ago. before the an
nouncement OF the plans for the i'm
mense new Swift plant to be built on
the peninsula, the Frye-Bruhn COM
pany secured options for a large tract
Of land adjoining the Swift property
for a nominal price This option Mr..
Frye stll holds. and 1t is said he ar
ranged this morning to take over the
property.
Mr. Frye said this afternoon that he
had been comforting with the Portland
Union stockyards officials this morn
ing and expected to make satisfactory
arrangements with them.
The Frye-Bruhn company has been
the largest packing firm on the Pacific
coast for years. 1t controls all the
Alaska trade and much Of the meat
shlpped to the orient comes from the
Seattle packing house Of the company.
Mr.. Frye said this morning that If he
can perfect arrangements for the new
plant here he will use the Seattle plant
TO supply his Puget sound territory and
shin all Alaska and oriental consign-
ments direct from Portland, thus saw
ing n great leal of money on freight.
81 consider Portland the best pack
ing house center in the country" said
Mr.. Frye today in talking to a local
packer. e.ta
with the -Bruhn plant, Port
land will have the largest packing
houses in the west, counting the new
Swift and Schwartzschild & Sulzbur-
ger packing houses now being plan
ned.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

this stage for the past two months.
River men predict a rise within the
next few days, and II warm chinook
wind prevails, a spring freshet is
predicted.
The completion Of the lewiston Ri
paria line is believed to mark the
passing Of the Snake river steamer as
an important factor in the freight
business, as a large per cent OF the
grain crop that makes possible the
operation OF the steamers during the
winter months will be handled by
the railroad company. Arrange
ments are now being made to make
the necessary changes in the north
bank warehouses SO that the grain
can be handled by the railroad, and
a number of new warehouses will be
installed early In the summer to ac-
commodate the grain and fruit ship
ments during the summer and fall.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
BOOSTS UMAT|LLA
COAST MAGAZINE WILL
TELL or RESOURCES
List Of Local Writers TO Prepare Ar
tlcles for April Number of Seattle
Magazlne-All Phases of develop
ment and Resources VIII be Ably
Explolted--Entlrc Issue 10 BE De,
voted TO Umatilla.

II. l.. Wilhelm, editor OF the Coast
Magazine Of Seattle, will devote the
April number of his magazine ia
Umatllla county and has secured q
number Of articles on the various
features Of the county from local
writer's.
The entire April number will tell
of Umatilla county and thousands OF
copies will be sent east for advertising
purposes. Every phase of the coun-
tvs resources and development will
be exploited in the list of articles and
illustrations and that the county will
enjoy excellent results from this pub
licatlon Is apparent.
Following is list of subjects and
writers so far secured by Mr.. Will
helm:
"Umatilla County" Judge t. P.
Gllllland.
Early History" Bert Huffman.
editor East oregonlan.
"The Indian Reservation" Major
Lee Moorhouse.
Opportunities of Our County," Ex-
Governor T, T. Geer, Tribune.
Wheat Raising and FIGURING
Mills" Il. w. McComas.
Horticulture" S. A. Miller.
"The Poultry Industry" j. L. Vim
son.
Real Estate Values and Taxa
tion," c. p. Strain, assessor.
"The Schools Of the County" Frank
X. Weles.
Churches and Religious Life,
Rev, w. T. custer.
Columbia College," w. C. Howard.
oregon State Normal" B. w
French.
"Pendleton Academy" W. H.
Bleakney.
est. Joseph's Academy" The Sis
ters Of st. Francis.
"Pendleton," ex-Mayor James A.
Fee.
"Pendleton Commercial CITY," NJ.
A. RAIDER.
Athena" DR.. Plamondon, mayor.
Milton" ~ A. Davis, mayor
'Freewater," d. C. Sanderson, ed
itor The Times.
"Pilot Rock" J. p. McManus, ed
ltor Record
Echo" Louis Scholl. jr.. mayor.
"Hermiston," Harry Burke, editor
Independent.
weston" NJ. A. Baker, mayor.
"Hellx." ]. w. Smith.
"Umatlla| = d. S. Brownell
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
Hotel st. GeOrpe

]. f. Clenquely, San Francisco: A.
f. Sundell, Chicago; Mrs. ]. w
Spalding. Drain: Miss L. Grace New
ell, Portland; John Clancy, Portland;
Clifton Cleaver, Prairie City: ]. F.
Peterson, Portland; F. Steinbart, Port
land; ]. c. James and wife, Spokane;
o. p. Morton; j. Sedore, Spokane; ].
Peters, Spokane; f. H. Burke, Port
land; E. Dudley. Athena; c. f. Tay-
lor, omaha; Walter NJ. Pierce, Hot
Lake; H. Ruppe, city; o. Tupper.
city; ]. 7. Langsley Portland: b. G.
Mashburn. Portland; Sam Lee. Port
land; j. a. Allison Portland: NJ,
Schal Chicago Clifton Cleaver,
Prairie City; j. V. Cloughley, San
Francisco; j. NJ. Means, The Dalles;
n. S. Stanfield, Echo: J. j. Hogan,
Portland; c. Berkeley, Portland; j,
c. Moore, Portland; f. f. Siegenthale,
Seattle; NJ. c. Wood. Chicago; L. Ros-
enberg, San Francisco; w. McClaire,
New York E. Culp, Portland; G. H.
Clark, Portland; G. II. Clark, Port
land; VIM. Dawson, Portland; c.
Campbell, Wheatland. c. II. Hulse,
Ely. New; V. NJ. Handel, Seattle: S,
N. Mair, Seattle; w. E. Stull, Port
land Z. b. Jemison. Portland.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

Many sufferers from nasal catarrh
say they get splendid results by US
ing an atomizer. For their benefit
fe prepare Ely's Liquid Cream Balm
Except that 1t is liquid 1t is in all re-
spects like the healing helpful, pain
allaying Cream Balm that the public
has been familiar with for years. No
cocaine nor other dangerous drug in
1t. The soothing spray is a remedy
that relieves at once, All druggists
15c, including spraying tube, or mail
ed by Ely Bros, Sc Warren street.
New York.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
FIX LAND SALE DATES
Resumption Of Land Sales Indication
OF General Improvement I'm Finan-
clal Conditions.

OF General Improvement I'm Finan-
clal Conditions.
The state land department is now
fixing the dates for the sale Of state
land in the northern counties, accord
| ing to a. statement of state Land
Agent c. j. Munson, who was an ar
rival In the city last night en- route
to the Salmon river section, where an
inspection of state holdings will be
made, says the Lewiston Teller.
The resumption of the state sales
is regarded as one of the best indi-
cations of a general improvement In
financial conditions, as sales in
these counties were cancelled because
of the financial furry.
At the beginning OF the financial
troubles sales were advertised for
Idaho, Nez Perce, Latah and other
northern counties. The sales were
conducted in the counties named and
with the exception of Nez Perce coun-
ty the bidding was very light because
of the money tieup. After the con-
clusion of the Latah county sale the
sales advertised for other sections
were cancelled by order of the state
board.
The people in the northern counties
are again in a condition to submit
bids for the state lands and have
petitioned the state board that the
dates for the sales may be again fix
ed 1t is expected the board will an
nounce the sales within the next few
days.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
PASSING or SNAKE STEAMER.
Completion of New Riparia-Lewiston
Line Will Injurc Steamer Freight

Steamboat men engaged in the
traffic between Lewiston and RI
paria report a heavy grain business
on down trips, but a light freight
business on the up trips, says the
Lewiston Teller
The three o. II. & N. steamers are
now engaged in the grain traffic, and
because of the absence OF sidetracks
the boats are moving the greater por-
ton Of the grain from the ware
houses built along the new railroad
between Almota and Riparia. The
passenger steamers make two trips
each week to Asotin after wheat and
barley, and It is expected the grain,
hauling will provide a profitable busl-
ness until the movement of the fruit
crop begins.
The river now registers about two
and half feet above the low water
mark, and has been at standstill at
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
Good for Everybody.

Mr.. Norman r. Coulter, a promi-
nent architect, In the Delbert Build
ing, San Francisco, says: Il fully en-
dorse all that has been said of Elec-
trio Bitters as a tonic medicine. 1t
is good for everybody. 1t corrects
stomach, liver and kidney disorders
in prompt and efficient manner and
builds up the system" Electric Bit
ters is the best spring medicine ever
sold over a druggists counter; as a
blood purifier 1t is unequaled. soc
at Tallman & Co.'s drug store.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
NO ONE EXPECTS 1T.

Without the use of Sexine Pills a
weak or rundown person cannot ex-
pect to become thoroughly strong.
Sexine Pills are the strongest and sur
est tonic in the world The price is
81 box, six boxes IS, with full
guarantee. Address or call the PEN
dleton Drug Co. This is the store that
sells all the principal remedies and
does not substitute.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

The Matching season is now open
and am prepared to furnish settings
of full blood, single comb white leg
horn eggs, to the trade in any guam
tity desired 81 per hundred. For
further information phone Main SS,
A. Nolte
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

The old Pennsylvania Dutch Dunk
ars recommended Hickory Bark
Cough Remedy" Guaranteed to cure
your cough, and guaranteed to be
pure. Made from the bark of the
shell bark or white hickory tree. For
sale by any druggist and all dealers
everywhere. Pendleton Drug Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
The Lucky Quarter.

Is the one you pay out for a box of
DR.. Kings New Life Pills. They bring
you the health that's more precious
than jewels. Try them for head
ache, billiousness, constipation and
malaria. If they disappoint you the
price will be cheerfully refunded at
Tallman & Co.'s drug store.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

TITS so sweet OF you Mr.. Guffy."
she gurgled. "to want me to marry
you. But papa says I'm such an ex-
travagant girl. Do you think you
could dress me?"
We'll" he stammered blushing.
Il think l could. If you don't have
those waists that fasten in the back
with hooks and eyes. Cleveland
Leader.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
FOR OREGON s GOOD.
PASSENGER AGENTS MAY
COME TO PORTLAND
Thousands OF Copies OF Oregon Cir
culars Being Sent Out from All
Parts OF the State-Prlzes for Ar
ticles on Oregon VIII be Awarded
March 15-Expert Coming TO PORT
land TO Help Out Rose Carnival.

Portland, March. 2.-The executive
committee Of the American Associa-
tlon sofbTraveling Passenger Agents Is
meeting in Chicago this week to de-
eide up on the details of their con-
vention this coming summer, to be
held in Seattle. J.H. ONeiH, of
Portland, is member of this COM
mittee, and when he left for the east
last Friday carried with him a most
cordial invitation from the Port
land Commercial club to include. at
least two days sojourn In the
"Rose City" in the itinerary of the
associations northwestern trip.
Their frlendliness for Oregon has
been manifested by the travelling pas
senger agents on innumerable occa-
sions.
Expert for Rose Show.
John Harper, who will superin-
tend the float making for the rose
festival In June, is an expert in this
line, and for many years has had
charge of this feature for the "Veil-
ed Prophet OF st. Louis
Boosting Oregon.
Various organizations in the Ore
gon Development league are adopt
ing a special letterhead for use dur
ing March and April only-some-
thing so striking that the colonlst
rates cannot be overlooked by its re-
cipient. Business men are using the
same stationery. Already answers
are arriving to advertisements in
serted in the greatest agricultural,
fruit and dairy journals OF the
countrysby the league about the mid
die Of February. and long lists of
enquirers are being sent to the diff
ferent commercial secretaries whose
organizations are affiliated with the
state body.
Hundreds of thousands of pieces of
literature are going east from every
part of oregon. Every mail carries
its message. Especially valuable
are the fruit bulletins and report of
the Oregon State Dairy association
sent from the home office. The Los
Angeles Information bureau main
tained by Oregon reports a number
of people coming north immediate
ly as consequence Of its few weeks
work
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

Kennedy's Laxative Cough Syrup
acts gently vet promptly on the bow
els and allays inflammation at the
same time. 1t is pleasant to take
Sold by Tallman & Co..
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
MlstOOk His Man.

Green-I undertook to make him
eat his words, but
Brown-But what?
Green--He turned out to be one
of those chaps who would rather fight
thap eat.-Chicago News.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
10y.

u feel" safd the Boston girl. that
| have been on earth before. in some
remote period"
THE glacial, maybe" ventured the
reckless man.-Washingto Herald.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

Notice the smile of pity that old
married folks show when they wit
ness the enthusiasm of the newly mar
ried
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02

DeWitt's Little Early Risers, small,
safe, sure little liver pills. Sold by
Tallman G. Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-03-02
To Award Prizes.

March Is has been named by the
judges of the Commercial clubs s5.-
600 contest as the date when their
labors will probably be completed. It
Is proving an arduous task to Judge
the hundreds of papers submitted.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
A Well Known Liberty Man
Strips Horse of Its Har-
ness in Public.
THE THIEF WAS CAPTURED.
OFFICERS GREATLY SURPRISED
WHEN MAN ADMITTED THE
CRIME BUT GOOD PROMISES Sc
CURE HIM HIS LIBERTY.

Liberty, Ind, June 23.-Prominence
of the thief in local society circles and
his promises to desist from repeti-
ton of such tactics will save him
from prosecution after one of the bold
est pieces of thievery known to the
local police. Within fifty feet of a
large group of persons Saturday night,
the thief stripped a horse belonging
to Lester Snyder of all its harness ex-
cept the bride and reins. Snyder had
hitched at public rack and was away
from his rig only about half an hour.
Upon returning he found the horse
and buggy but the harness was gone.
1t was a new set and Snyder was per-
turbed so that he reported the theft
to the police.
diligent search was instituted and
it was not long until the harness was
located. The man in whose possession
it was found ranks high locally and
the police were surprised when he
admitted the, crime. The harness was
restored unchanged and after prom
Uses had been made the police permit
ted the guilty. person his liberty with
out prosecution.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
GREENSBORO, IND.

Greensboro, Ind, June 23-Mr. and
Mrs. John Ernsberger delightfully."- en-
tertained at their beautiful country
home south of Greensboro The guest
of honor was Miss Edith Bond, whose
marriage to Mr.. Joseph Morgan of In.
dianapolis, will occur Wednesday,
June "a. Also part of the evening a
miscellaneous shower was given for
the bride, after which the gentlemen
were entertained and a three course
luncheon served.
Miss Ada Cause spent Monday in
Richmond.
An excellent program was rendered
at the children's meeting at the Metho-
dist church Sunday evening A great
number were in attendance and the
songs and recitations by the children
were enjoyed by all. The choir also
rendered some beautiful songs The
event was success in every way.
Miss Nettie Lamb spent Monday in
Richmond.
Mrs. Borton of Straughn is the guest
of her daughter, Mrs. Will Roller
Mr.. and Mrs. Byron Pierce of Econ.
omy. spent Sunday with Mrs. LISA
Bond.
Ernest Scruggs and wife, John Mil.
Ter, Mrs. Anna Bennett and Mr.. and
Mrs. James Scruggs, attended the flu
neral of the infant son or Mr.. and Mrs
Carl Phenis at Webster, Sunday.
Elvin Oler and family Of Economy
were guests of Will Roller Sunday. v
Mr. and Mrs. Lark Hoover and
daughter. Marie, Mr.. and Mrs. William
Byrd, Mr.. and Mrs. Tom Gunckel, Mrs
Florence Snyder and Mr.. and Mrs
John Linderman, were guests Of Mr.
and Mrs. Fred Gunckle at Williams
burg, Sunday.
Word has been received from Ora
| Smith and Paul Brooks, who went tc
| Oklahoma City a few weeks ago. thai
| they like the country very much. They
are employed on a ranch at this time
but contemplate getting a position il
the city soon.
| Wayne County Lumber company de
livered two wagon loads of buildins
material to contractors in Richmond
Saturday.
Rev. Bunday of Bethel. filled his reg
ular appointment at the Friends
church Sunday morning.
Miss Clarice Foster of Richmond
spent Sunday at home
/ Misses Wood and Halle Roller hav,
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
NEW PARIS, OHIO.

New Paris, O., June 23.-Mr. and
Mrs. Bushman of Modoc, Ind, visited
Miss Nellie Mcneil Sunday.
Harold Mitchell Of Indianapolis was
home over Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Kuth and Jess
Addleman and family spent Sunday
with Lou Morrison and family.
Mr.. Elmer Mckee, day fireman at
the pumping station, is taking vaca-
ton this week.
ment was held in the Christian
church. The graduates were Marion
Miller and Orville Richards and both
delivered their orations in an eloquent
manner. Excellent music was fur
nished by Kirkpatrick's orchestra.
Mr.. Elmer Mckee and Fred Partridge
spent Monday with Mr.. and Mrs. Alva
Marshall.
Mrs. J. o. Purviance entertained the
Thimble club. Those present were
Mrs. Alice Young. Miss Ada Young
Mrs. F. G. Behner, Mrs. Began, Mrs
Dowler. Mrs. Means and daughter Fan.
ME, Mrs. Pence, Mrs. Price, Mrs. Clara
Sherer, Pearl Halter, Mrs. w. B. Shi
rey and Mrs. O'Leary of Eaton, Mrs
Sadie Newcome of Richmond, Miss
Margaret Kneier, Mrs. Ella Bloona
Mrs. Mcpherson, Mrs. DR.. Bevington
Mrs. Trippert, Mrs. Wilson and Mrs
Oliver Fry Of Richmond and Eva Nc
Kee. Rice pudding and ice cream
cake Marguerites and coffee were serv
ed. The afternoon was we'll enjoyed
by all.
C. L. Colby was home over Sunday.
Miss Carmah Bomgardener and Mer
Saxton, spent Sunday In Knightstown
Ind.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
CENTERVILLE, IND.

Centerville, Ind, June 23.-Mr. and
Mrs. Luther King of Webster, were
delightfully."- surprised by a company
of relatives arriving at their home on
Sunday and bringing supplies for a
bountiful dinner. Those present were
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles King and family,
Mr.. and Mrs. Elijah King and family,
of Webster; Mr. and Mrs. John c.
King, Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas King and
family, Mr.. and Mrs. Charles King and
son Jesse, of Centerville; DR.. James
King and family, Mrs. AIDA Chees-
man and daughter Carrie, Masters
Forest, Iril and Keith King of Rich
mond
Mr.. and Mrs. John w. Morgan and
Mr.. and Mrs. Noah Plankenhorn of
near Abingdon were recent guests of
Mr.. and Mrs. Lindley Morgan.
Mrs. B. F. Terry and daughter Ada,
have gone to Milford Center, O., to
visit relatives.
Ralph Price of Richmond. is the
guest for several days of his grand
parents Mr.. and Mrs. M. A. Wilson.
While Charles Pike was hewing a
block of wood with a chisel on Mon
day the tool slipped and cut the flexor
tendon of the third finger of the left
hand.
Mrs. John Thacara of Casstown, o.
is spending the week with her daugh.
ter, Mrs. Will Callahan.
Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Rhodes enter.
tanned on Sunday Mr.. and Mrs. Harry
Rhodes of Richmond
Bishop Halleck Floyd of Dublin was
the guest on Monday of Mr.. and Mrs
E. w. Green.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
Wheat Will Be Cut Earlier
This Year Than Usual
1t Is Said.
THE WARM WEATHER AIDS.
WHEAT is RIPENlNG MUCH FAST.
Err THAN USUAL AND A BAN
NER CROP is EXPECTED THIS
YEAR.

The earliest wheat harvest known
in this county in many years is ex-
pected this season unless next week
should be one of severe rains. Wheat
has ripened rapidly under the broil-
ing suns of the past week and it is
predicted that almost all will be cut
by July 4. For many years it has not
been customary to complete the wheat
harvest in this county until the latter
part of July. This condition has been
due solely to the weather. Several
farmers have undertaken to place bin
ders in the fields but no cutting has
been reported in this county. Henry
county farmers have come to the fore,
however, and in the vicinity of Dun
reith one field was cut last week.
Some farmers assert there is no
haste. The wheat will be in better
condition if not cut too soon, it is as
serted. The heavy winds of last Fri
day and Saturday placed much of the
| grain in this county on the ground.
1t was beaten down to such an extent
that at the time some fear was ex-
| pressed the straw would not be strong
enough to regain it's upright position.
The grain is browning rapidly and
no rust or other damage has been de-
tected. The farmers have been re-
markedly free from complaints
| against the condition of grain this
year. There was no early lament
about the bugs and now that the
warm weather has begun in earnest
nothing has been said about rust. The
banner crop for many years is expect
ed in Wayne county.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-06-23
How to Cure
Consultation

Few people altogether escape disor-
der of the bowels. You may catch cold,
over-eat, over-drink, worry too much,
not exercise enough or do hundred and
one other things that result in constipa-
ton or costiveness. When the trouble
comes 1t Is well to know what to do for it.
In the opinion of thousands there is no
better cure for constipation than DR..
Caldwells Syrup Pepsin, which anyone
can obtain for so cents or 81 at drug
store. We all have constipation occa-
sionally, and the sensible thing to do is
to have o bottle OF this remedy always In the
house. You take it at night on retiring, for
example and when you wake up in the morning
at your usual hour 1t produces it's results.
Your stomach instan thy becomes lighter. your
head clearer. your eyes brighter. you feel active
and spry once again. your appetite has re-
turned and you are ready to work with enthu-
siasm and vigor. All this may not have taken
more than q dose or two. at q cost not to exceed
two or three cents Can you AFFORD TO feel bad
when you can feel good for so nttlef
DR.. Wilson Brown. OF Metropolis. nj. has no
hesitancy In saying that DR.. Caldwell's Syrup
frankly admits to his patients that II they used
It when the stomach. liver or bowels got out OF
order they would have less need of him. It is
without doubt the best cure for occasional OF
chronic constipation. dyspepsia. biliousness
jaundice. sour stomach lazy liver. datulency.
young. II Is q thousand times better than salts
or purgative waters. acts gently but surely. is
pleasant to the taste. does not grippe, and cure:
permanently.
60 70 your drugaist and get 50 cent or q
bottle and see II our claims are not justified.