davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
President to Go on Another Hunt for
Bear This Fall.

klamath Falls. Ore-According TO
u dispatch received here, John ID.
Goff, the guide who accompanied
President Roosevelt on his hunt In
Colorado for big game some years ago,
will visit klamath county next Sep
TENDER for the purpose OF investigat'
ing the big game district OF this re
gion. 1t is stated that Mr.. Con will
make the trip especially for the pur'
pose OF advising President Roosevelt
as to the best season to hunt bear
and mountain lions in this state
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

The Arabian Nights" 10 an extss,
sive collection Of tales forming part
OF the Arabic literature. and the en-
act title Of which ID The Book Of the
Thousand and One Nighta- Thsy
were hrst made known to Europe ~
Antoine Gslland. between 17o< and
TIT. He was French orisntalist,
who succeeded. after much EFFORT, n
obtaining manuscript. which no sup
plemensef by gathering tales from pro
fessional story-tsllers. whom he met
during his travels in the east.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Prisoner Threatens Judge.

New York.-Threats Of death at
the hands of the Malta were made
to Judge Rosalcky In court on Mon
day Just after he had pronounced
sentence on an Italian. The Mana
will get you for this" shouted the
enraged man. Then, turning to some
Of his friends in the court room. he
cried: HE has given me ten years;
take care of him for me- The
prisoner pleaded guilty to q charge
Of attempting to rob bank messen-
ger Of $4,000.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Conference on OIL Trust Cases.

Lenox, Mass.-An important con
ference. presumably regarding new
action to be taken by the department
OF Justice In the Standard oil cases,
il TO be held here. Attorney General
Bonaparte. who is here for the sum
ner. has arranged to have Frank b
Kellogg OF Minnesota and a number
of officials OF the department OF Jus
tiee In Washington come TO Lenor
for a discussion Of the situation arts
ing from the recent decision OF the
limited States circuit court OF ap
peals at Chicago reversing the nnd
ing of Judge Lands against the
Standard OH company.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

The colored people OF the seacoase
Of the carolinas. like ali supcrstitious
classes. take fearsome and hystsr-
teal pleasure In = funeral. and regard
II ~ enjoyable affair. They ara oftsn
heard. when about to attend = funeral.
TO wish each other . pleasant time.
The gardener Of family In the
town Of O. once went to ChArieston
on visit Of week. Upon his return
homo the lady for whom he worked
said: sam, did you have q pleasant
time In ChariestonY'
mo. maam." replied Sam. - very
poor one. And n one Of my friends
had not died whiis was there would
not have enjoyed myself II ALL"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
VIII Destroy $500 100000.

Washington The United States
treasury has on hand the laborious
trsk of destroying $500 ooo. coo Of cur
rency. most Of II bright. new. crisr
tills. engraved and printed for ma
ronal banks throughout the country
Because OF the addition Of three
words. and other securities. made
necessary by the Ai6rich-Vree!nnd
act. the Old plates from which the ma
tional bank currency had been print
ed must be destroyed. and likewise
an OF the paper money printed from
them for the reason that all the
money issued must be uniform
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Cadets Dismissed from Academy.

washington.--The papers In the
case of the eight cadets whose dis
rnissal from the military academy
was recommended by a board aF
pointed by Colonel Scott. the superin'
tendent of the academy. have been
returned 20 the war department from
oyster BAY. bearing the approval OF
President Roosevelt Of the findings
and sentence OF the board. Secre-
tarv Wright has not yet issued his
order dismiafing the cadets and may
not until he has discussed the matter
with the president. who expressed a
wish to talk the matter over.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
AT MERCY OF WAVES.
Deadly Typhoon Sweeps Over Hong
Kong, Many Chinese Being
Drowned.

Hong Kong.-A typhoon struck
Hong Kong shortly before IL O'Clock
Monday night, causing unusually
high seas to rise. A number OF Chi
pese were drowned. Members of the
crew of the British cruiser Astraea,
with a searchlight. started out in a
cutter to the rescue OF thirteen men
who were fighting for life against the
angry waves After an hours battle
they succeeded in rescuing six OF
them, the others being drowned. No
damage TO any European vessels is
reported The property loss on
shore is very heavy.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Nssdad : chanas ef AIr.

John Talbot Smith says that % one
occasion . well known and ssteefAe1
priest called upon Archbishop Ryan 70
ask for vacation on tho ground that
his health required Il. A. he was
noted for his frequent absence from
hia parish. the archbishop could not
forcEo the opportunity Of . good NJ,
tured dig:
The physicians say that you need
change OF air. fnthers"
They do. your grace"
"How would IL do to try the air Of
your parish for q month or 30 Cor .
change f'--Freema Journal.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06


All infractions OF love and equity In
our social relations are speedily pun
ishcd. They are punished by fear.
Whiist ! stand In simple relations 10
my feilow-man. ! have no displeasurs
In meeting him. We meet ~ water
meets water. or ~ two currents OF air
mix-with perfect difsiusion and inter
probation Of nature. But ~ soon %
there 10 any departure from sim
piicity. and attempt at halfneaa. OF
good for me that 10 not good for him,
my reighhor feels the wrong: h
shrinks from me a. far N have
shrunk from him: his eyes no Longer
seek mine. there Ia war between us;
there II hate In him. and fear In me
Emerson.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Trouble Over a Necklace.

Berlin.--A pearl necklace OF extra
ordinary beauty. valued at $4,000,
which mysteriously disappeared from
the apartments of Countess Won War
teusleben one evening last February.
when she was attending the opera.
has iust been found The countess
maid had been arrested in connection
with the abstraction of the necklace.
owing TO the fact Of the window In
the maids room was found open,
INT no evidence was found against
her and she was permitted TO 10 free
: he maid has been arrested again.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Useful Friends.

People are loved not for their good
ness. their beauty. their wit or their
wisdom. bat for their utility. Can he
or she be Of any use 10 met" 10 the
question which arises IN the minds Of
many men and women when intro.
d1eed. and n the answer IL 10 the
negative there IL no continuance Of
he acquslnfaneenhlp. Cent e Woman.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

We experienced great dificuify In
keeping track OF bills. receipts and
other Important household papers. un-
III We got an indexed letter fiis. such
as Ia used in ofiees. Nov. when aues-
ton arises concerning . bill. II 10
quickly settled by producing the ris.
These are inexpensive and occupy
very little room. ---tiarper's Bazaar.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

When the nrst passenger train IN
England took its trial spin along tho
tracks OF the Stockton . Darlington
railway In iSeS. . horseman. bearing
q red danger mas. gailopsd along Just
ahead Of the engine To warn the
crowds OF spectators. and to act ~
part OF what was intended - rail-
way pageant.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

BY q Norwegian process. sap n
forced GU, OF green tree trunks and
dye 10 injected In its place. This 10
claimed to give coiored wood for fur
nitute and nnish that with not warp
and 10 much more durable than ordin-
AIRY wood.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

eauteous the fragrant night
balmy June the weather,
she and l, with fond delight,
gayly forth together
he was fairer than the sight
blossoms in the heather.
% the rude vacation crowd
wandered forth together.
n the moonlight soft we vowed
never moreno never
fod and heartless world, and proud,
love should ever sever!
II to seek a foreign shore
billet douX were clever
hen, somehow, she wrote no more
AVS we spent together.
toYe is now of cherished lore
hapter of the heather.
feVer come vacation days
oalmy June-time weather.
recall where sunset plays
The blooms and heather
long to tread with her the ways
lost to me forever!
600
On the Wing.
have a very nice warm muller
would like to trade for a porch
an ivory-handled fan, or what
you?
H., 4 4 4
father neckties for men are said
popular in some parts. And rope
10 be used, for the same purpose,
khers.
pretty young woman Of Wiscon-
married A Camden the other day.
Ppe she was not a goose in her
pal selection.
4 4 4
Kansas newspaper man is mad be
fe Mrs. Guinness didn't get the
pW who rocks the boat before she
'ed in her checks.
4 Z 4
AlehlSan paper says, The condi-
OF Grandpa Timothy Hay Is caus
MS friends genuine alarm" What's
ma'ter-hay fever?
Z Z 4
ne Silver Cliff, Colo. Rustler has
'o'ered that a Mr.. Meal is running
mayor of a PENNSYLVANIA town
me editor hastens to line up on
side Of the Meal ticket.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
cannon's Face In CLOUDS.

PHILADELPHIA dark gray cloud In
the southwestern sky ar twilight The
other evening vas viewed by hundreds
of persons along Lehish avenue II
RESENT led in outline a colossal profits
OF a man. and was a striking likeness
Of Uncle Joe" Cannon. even 20 bis
perpetual smile It stood out boldly
in the pink sky. bat gradually faded.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

NV R~
round, and the swinging
as come in with a thralldom
behold. Blind mans bun has
e several better by the Castle
where you are thrown into
passageway and teetered
long and sinuous avenues of
b blackness. When you get
laugh hilariously at your res
another bevy Of pleasure
hearing your exclamation Of
|istakes it for a good time and
In your footsteps.
old days the banister was
bugh for coasting, but now you
|urself on a smooth surface
down a winding incline that
lakes your breath away. That
n not being sufficiently nerve
x, bumps are raised in the
of your fight and your back
te Jared loose as you bounce
be precipice.
now comes the pneumatic
They load you into q cylindri-
sule of heavy wire, slip you in
lube, pull a trigger and shoot
ough space and darkness like
fired from a gun. l haven't
lis last bit of mechanism yet,
that, being some portly, | may
/ gun and stick. I'd hate to
but in pieces at the end of a
or a corkscrew.
It's queer what city folks will
Utter all over a 40 acre lot,
Sg their money freely and ma
bemselves happy because they
bath in the face a dozen times
tie, and still live!
600
Maid of the Heather.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

The only news have to tell you"
wrote the ililiyilie citizen. 'is-the
river has rix an Gr0Nnded all yer cat.
ile. an yer uncle has broke Jail an bis
right leg, also iightnln Killed yer two
mules ten minutes 'sote the sheriff
eAins TO levy % EN-"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Heads for Drink and FOOD.

GlenoIden. Pa-With two perfectly
formed heads and four legs. . freak
chicken was Matched by bsn owned
By John Pieehner Of this borough.
The freak is perfectly healthy and
can eat with one head and drink with
the other.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
NN4-~>W M.o.us
The unaporeeia,iv. onao,.,

"e onapprecistive londoner.
1oon is q marvel: but we Lon
IS DO not wax passionate over its
'ues as the enthusiastic French
0oes over his Paris. There is
r. beauty. more charm. more
'A' more culture and more art to
'04hd in London than anywhere in
s9fid, and We stolid English peo-
not really appreciate it-Lon-
F Graphic
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

The Washington man who was
freed by dead bear understands the
feelings OF the man who took OF his
shoes to slip up the stairs quietly and
then discovered that his wife wasn't
home from her suffrage club.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
To Ask Pardon for Lo.

his condition being so serious that II
Is not believed he can Withstand con
fiuement much longer. He has a lit.
tie more than four years 20 serve In
order to complete his sentence.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

During q recent storm at Stoke-onr
Trent. Eng. q young woman had =
narrow escape. Her spectacles were
struck by lightning. The frames
were split. the glasses broken. She
escaped injury.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

A nswspaper quotation claims that
relief from hiccoaga can be obtained
by holding the arms straight above
tho head. and keeping up inspiration
"a long as possible so N to retain the
air In the lungs for = long time
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

A man who tried to pay his old
debts was promptly charged with In
sanity. II seems q pity that In some
localities common honesty Ii looked
apon ~ . mental alteration. --Cieve
and Plain Dealer.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

A new and profitable vocation for
women 10 suggested By the statement
OF Col Walsh. In command OF s.
Georges barracks recruiting station,
that females are eligible a. recruiting
agents for the army .--London Woman.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

An Atchison man with few drinks
to the bad went into a store the other
day and tried 10 show on. A lady
clerk didn't do thing TO him but BE-
extra nice and sell him stun he had
no use for whateyer.--Atchison Globe.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

Found Stone Toad IN pscaysd Trss.
A petrified toad inciosed In bark wac
found In an old dead tree BY Il. J.
Healy At Indian Rock. Conn. II 10 b.
lieved the toad was electrocufed IS
years ago. when lightning struck ne
tree and partially killed IL
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

The new Law offices of state Repre-
sentative Harry J. Robinson are In
rooms lo2.i03 Mercantile Block. Salt
Lake City. Utah, TO whom all who
are In need OF legal advice sre re-
ferred
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

Word from Josh Wise
---Ae a dog viii gnaw a bone when
hungry, a naggin' man viii
: when he amt angry.-
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Burma's Peanut Industry

Burma is making money out OF pea.
nut growing. The peanut increased
from $500 acres in 1903 to 50. 1000 acres
in 1907
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
On. comsors for Johnny.

YES" said Mrs, LapsIing: Johnny
tries my patience sometimes, but l
never spank him. | don't believe In
corpulent punishment"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
BITS WITH
LZVGZEHY
.basinq a Butterfly.

HAT city people
will do at the
parks to ensnare
n e W sensation 8,
sometimes calle ID
pleasure, Is VIC n
derful. The old
and celebrating
toboggan slide h as
given way to the
roller Goa Q t 2 r
where you dash
through space ike
a catapult, whirl
around corn e r s
like a tangent q. nd
reach the bottom
all out of brea tn.
and safely-soIne-
times. The Fei' ris
wheel has tai ken
tho Mace Of the
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
SECRECY OVER A SHIP.

GERS are In sympathy with them. for
under the new order OF things 1t will
De practically impossible for work
man to obtain promotion except by a
competitive examination.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

COUNTY Clerks. write 10 Pembroke
Stationery Co. Salt Lake. about the
new loose leaf County Record Book.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06
Can You undsrstand-

Can You Understand
How q man who invariably watches
his hat in restaurant can turn round
Ind lose several hundred dollars In .
bank failurey
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1908-08-06

Canton has fewer than 500 foreign
residentk
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23
TALKS ON ADVERTISING-NO.5
How Alexander United
the Knot.
By Herbert Kaufman.


Alexander the Great being shown the Gordian
Knot. 1T can't be united, they told him; "every
who tried to do it fell down.
But Alexander was not discouraged because the
rest had funked. He simply realized that he would
have to go at it in different way. And instead of
wasting time with his fingers he drew his sword and
slashed it apart
Every day great business general is shown
knot which has proven too much for his competitors,
and he succeeds because he finds way to cut it, The
fumbler has show SO long there is brother
chant who doesn't waste time trying to accomplish
the impossible-who takes lessons from the failures
about him and avoids the methods which were their
downfall
The knottest problems in trade are:
1.-The problem of location.
2-7he problem of getting the cro.Ods
3-7he problem of keeping the cro.ods.
1.-The problem Of minimizing fixed expenses.
5-The problem Of creating valuable good lviN.
None of these knots is going to be united by fun
bling fingers They are too complicated. They're all
involved together-twsted and entangled over and
about each other-so intertwined that they can't be
solved singly-like the Gordan Knot they be cut
through at stroke. And you can't cut the knot
with any sword except the newspaper-because:
IA store that is constantly before the people
makes its ovn neighborhood.
2CCrowds can be brought from, anywhere by
daily advertising.
3-Customers can always be held by induce
nents.
Affixed expenses only be reduced by in
creasing the uolune Of sales.
GOOD viN only be created through pub.
Hcity.
Advertising is breeding new giants every year and
making them powerful every hour. Publicity is
the sustaining food of powerful store and the only
strengthening nourshment for weak The
taller who delays his entry into advertising must pay
the penalty of his representation by facing giant
competitors every month of opportunity slips by.
Personal abiltyas close purchaser and a clever
seller doesn't count for hang long other
equally we'll posted and the sword of publicity to
boot They able to tie your business into constantly
closer knots while you cannot retalate because there
knot which their advertising cannot cut for them
Yesterday you lost customer-today they took
one-tomorrow they'll get another. You cannot cope
with their competition because you haven't the weapon
with which to oppose it. You can't unite your Gordian
Knot because it can't be Mtied-youve got to cut it.
You must become advertiser you must pay
the penalty of incompetence.
You not only require the newspaper to fight for
hopeful tomorrow, but to keep todays situation
from becoming hopeless.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23
Won1an'sWorld
MISS ISABEL BOYLE.

Woman Steward Of the Hoffman
House, New York City.
The only woman in New York who
Is steward Of big hotel is Isabel
Boyle Of the Hoffman House. and 50
capable has she proved herself during
her five years Of stewardship that she
has become the right hand Of the pro-
prietor.
Mr. Caddagan, the manager Of the
Hoffman House, claims that having a
woman steward is his own idea. and
the discovery of this particular woman
is his also.
Mr.. Caddagan's sisters were sent to
a convent in Virginia to complete their
education, and there as n fellow stu
dent they met Isabel Boyle, with whom
they became warm friends. When
they left the convent in Virginia the
Misses Caddagan invited Miss Boyle to
visit them in their northern home.
This in due time she did. but her fam
lily had got into financial difficulties,
and the girl was anxious to carve out
her own way in the world, so she
asked her friends to help her find a
position. Mr.. Caddagan. who happened
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23
Mrs. Taft In tho White House.

MRS. arr IN tho Wntte 0ouSes
Mrs. William II. Taft will move amid
familiar scenes if she becomes the
first lady Of the land and Is at the
head of the White House menage.
Mrs. Taft is a daughter Of John w.
Heron, who was the law partner Of
former President Rutherford B. Hayes.
The Hayes and the Heron families
were closely connected by ties Of
friendship. and to Miss Heron Mr..
and Mrs. Hayes were always uncle"
and aunt" Miss Heron spent many
Of her holidays from school with the
Hayeses in the White House. In re-
cent conversation Mrs. Taft said:
Nothing In my life exceeds the climax
Of human bliss which l felt as a girl
Of sixteen. when was first entertain
ed at the White House. The thing
that seemed remarkable to me was
that, although the Hayeses occupied
the most exalted position in the land,
they were just rs they had been at
home In Ohio. They weren't changed
a bit. couldn't understand 1t then.
for I supposed, Of course, that their
manners must change with their adj
vent to the White House to be In keep
ing with my conceptions Of the altera-
ton In their position In life"
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23
CITY FIRE ALARM BOXES.

Below is given the location of the
real and imaginary boxes, the latter
being marked with an asterisk (s):
sBox No. Young and Thomas.
North Aberdeen.
BOX No. 5-B and Cleveland
streets. Highland Home.
BOX No. 7-Terrace avenue and
D street, High School.
"Box No. 8.-Burrows' Dock.
sBox No. 9-Hume and K streets.
Northern Pacific Railroad Depot.
BOX No. 12-Boone and King
streets. South Aberdeen.
Box No. 16-Wilson Bros Mill.
Boz No. It's. e. Slade Mill.
Box No. 21.-Market and r
streets.
Box No. 23.-American Mill.
Box No. 25.-Heron and F streets.
Boz No. 27-Fourth and @ streets.
sBox No. 31-Franklin School.
Market, between Jefferson and n
streets.
Box No. 32-Hume and H streets.
Box No. 36-Anderson & Middle
ton Mill.
Nox No. 87-Heron and Broadway.
Box No. 3S-Third and Broadway.
Boz No. l2-Hart-Wood Lumber
Co.'S Mill.
Box No. l6-Western Cooperage.
Box No. l7-Hume and Washing
ton streets.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23

The Xssall twaee . wssk ten Il I'll.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1908-11-23
Grec1an lines, and the style, ct oHee
simple and artistic. nrevaileA

Grecian lines, and the style, ct 0aes
simple and artistic, prevailed.
30 the original directoire was born
Of the Greek ana adapted to the re.
quirements Of the present day" Of the
closing Of the eighteenth century, and
| the directoire Of the moment Is the re-
vival Of that Of hundred years ago,
with just sufficient amendment to suit
it to our present day" needs.
The characterizing features Of the
directoire style are: Skirts scant and
clinging and en- traine. with a high
waist band; sleeves small, close fitting
and long; collars high; pockets large;
| revers exaggerated: buttons numerous.
One, all or any number Of these char
| acteristics may be discovered in one
| garment.
The Introduction Of the directoire
has caused radical change in cos
| tune building. The effect must be of
swathing, Of seamless robe, no mat
ter how much scanning, darting and
goring may be employed in the con.
| struction of the foundation.
Distinguishing characteristics Of the
incroyable are the coats-lOng of, tail
and cut of squarely and abruptly
above the waist line in front, with
long sleeves, massively cuffed, with
huge revers and pocket haps-all much
bebuttoned.
| Merveilleuse stands for the scant,
clinging, swathing style.
! t.
the directoire, even as the directoire
period merged into the empire. The
chief difference between the two styles
lies in the greater fullness Of the en-
| pre-