Bisbee daily review., 1908-08-07
THE BsBEE REVIEW BsBEE ARIZONA MORNING. AUGUST 2 1908

counts for most waen he is part of some great movement in which ha- naaity moves on rom one to another stadium ia the realization of its des- ltiny
 While 1t is undenlable mat science of necessity requires measurement and comparison, 1t IS Sn error to sup l pose chat mathematical measurement and comparison are the only forms of Human estimate or that scientific knowledge may not be based as firm ' y upon differences as upon reseAl blances and unlformities While the observer of physical phenomena meas l lures them upon scale expressed in lquantitatise units. the observer of historical phenomena measures them upon scale expressed in qualitative differences. The essential basis of science Is variation of experience, !, which may be capable of expression
 in either of two ways; the mathenati cal, which measures it in quantitatiye value; or the ethical. which measures l il in terms of qualitative value.
 -I have used the term ethical in lcontrast to mathematical because understand by ethics the science of value in human conduct. and employ 1, the adjective derived from it for want tof better term Whatever criticism may be passed upon the expression, lthe distinction it is intended to rep 1 resent is indisputable. There exist be- yond question these two forms of value that which is measurable in terms of lsensibility and utility. If, indeed. we undertake for a moment to compare them. we at once remark that quan- titatiye, or mathematical standards are. in reality, mere abstract units derived from the analysis of space and time; while qualitative, or ethi- cal standards, in the broad meaning aere intended, represent those dis functions which affect our sensibih- ties or human purposes, and are, therefore, the measures of the most essential eleme nts of our human ex- perienee.
 ~If am correct in this analysis, 1t is no derogation of the rank and posi- ton of history in the hierarchy of knowledge to say that it is an ethical rather than a mathematical science.
 tfis is 50. and it is evident that the function of the historian in deal
 us Hith historical material is an ,aicsl function; not simply because iJ is his du,y. in common with all other men of science, to discover and to state the truth with a high sense of his responsibility 10 mankind, but because the waole substance of his tory is of an ethical nature. It is the work of the historian to trace the up- ward or downward curve of mans de velopment as displayed in the vari- ous forms of human conduct, such as art industry, thought, literature, and rolitics: and. if possible. to bring to light by following the successive transformations that have affected that development, the forces and con ditions that have, in fact, produced it, and the effect of particular in stances of conduct upon it.
 The necessity of this ethical func- ton on the part of the historian grows directly out of the nature Of the historic process. Although the life of mankind in its tOtality may be. and in some sense is, dependent upon the natural energies that underlfe hu- man existence there is in every in dividual a sense of relation to the past and to the future: that is, a historic consciousness. that distinguishes man
 
 gauic world And this historic con .sciousness not only includes a certain sense of indebtedness for the laboTs and soticitudo of the past. but there is perhaps, no human dndsyiduaI Cer- tainly no typical individual, who does not feel that the forces acting in and through him, whatsoever they are nave ends that ought to be accom- 7.12= aI r,F sF,l lN ought 10 be- as distinguished from what is. whether needed or neglected in practice. Is universally recognized as furnishing a standard for the laus msnt ct conduct as good or bad, gse- fHl cr useless, wise CT unWise, noble .ur isGiCDlC Farther than this, Ire character o7 a Scclal ( smmuaity, or Of a phase or a pei ioG in it's deyel ,- ssg is determined and takes its place in the scale of civilization. Il. cess or failure in cunforning to th forms or standards Of conduct as cE is=ing in the consciousness of the time.
 The enc constant factor in the ais torical process is human nature. wnic i is sometimes governed by reason, but generally moved b. impulse. The business of the historian, therefca e. is not to make history seem reasoIa- ble by placing upon it scientific scamp foreign to its nature; but to display the motives that have deter mined the historic process as it has in reality been unfolded If he is thus faithful in his exposition of mo i've and result, his work will have a