davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Ore and Bullion.

Ore and bullion settlements i'm this city
yesterday, as reported by Mccormick &
Co. amounted to $4,000. as follows: Sill
yer. lead. gold and copper ores, $1,000;
base bullion $4,000.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
BOND ISSUE IS :
ALL ARRANGED
Lower Mammoth viii Sell
100000 Worth on Terms
Here Explained.

Details of the Lower Mammoth COM
pany's $4,000 bond issue were all ar
ranged at the meeting of directors yes
terday afternoon, 1t was decided t.
have coo bonds Of 500 each, They are
to be issued on March 2. and will ma
tuTe on March 2. 1910. thus giving them
a life of two years. They viii boa
interest of per cent. payable annual
iy, and will be subject to conversion
into stock of the company at par, o.
81 per share. any time during the frs
year.
Subscriptions to these bonds will be
received from anybody up to the de tc
OF issue next month. Shareholders OF
the company will receive preference l.
making allotments, and other sub
scribers will then be given a right t.
what is left IN the event that not a..
of the bonds should be subscribed TO.
by the date of issue, the disposition C
the unsOld reserve will be left to tn.
discretion of the directors.
There is practically no question but
that the issue viii be oveTsubscribe
first, because the investment is extra
silt-edsed as regards interest and Sc
curity, while the right to convert the
bonds into stock at 81 6 Nshare within
q year gives an opportunity for MAX
ing big money such as is rarely of
fered. With $4,000 in the treasury
and with nearly all of it available TO
mine development, it is safe to say
that every bond viii have been con
verted into stock long before tn
twelve months option has expired.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
GRANITE MOUNTAIN
COMING TO THE FRONT

Superintendent R. E. Stingley, of the
Granite Mountain Mining & Development
company's property, in the Dolly Warden
region. just over the Nevada line, came
in from camp Thursday night to remain
over till Monday. He states that a new
working shaft is now down twenty-seven
feet and that. while il is not being sunk
in one of the previously developed shoots
of ore. he already has the bottom full OF
rock that averages % per cent lead At
depth of fifty feet he will crosscut to
get under one of the shoots developed i'll
surface workings and for which he eX-
poets to. run about seventy feet At the
10o-foot level he will shoot right out
through the great ledge for the contact
with the poryhyry side, a distance of $50
feet
1--WE have got what l believe is about
the biggest mineral-bearing ledge ever
discovered in this country" said Mr..
Stingley, and it is my best judgment
that a great boom will hit the district in
the spring 1t is only an eighteen-mile
haul to the railroad. and we expect to find
ready market for all the ore at the big
smelling works now being built at Nc
Gill. The ledge has now been proved up
for five miles and everybody operating
upon it is encountering all kinds of fine
ore. ore running as high as Y per cent
lead and in some places as high as 40 per
cent "copper" while over the divide, a few
miles away, the richest kind of silver ore
Is being opened up We have certainly
got the goods over there and ii is now
simply case of opening up the store
houses of wealth already proven to exist. >
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Mining Notes.

Six carloads of ore from Utah mines
iwere released from the Taylor & Brunton
sampler yesterday.
Two carloads of ore from Idaho were
released from the Pioneer sampler at
Sandy yesterd ~ morning.
Manager Nicholas Treweek went out
to the Wabash at Park City yesterday to
note the progress of developments at that
sprOUting bonanza mine.
A party of wealthy Michigan operators
came in from the east yesterday and left
last night for "Trip into the Gold Springs
mining district, Iron county.
Shipments from the Tintic district dur
ing the past week amounted to fifty
seven carloads of ore, as follows: Bullion
Beck. >: Observation-Disclosures, 43; Eureka
Hill, 6, and Tintic Iron, 8.
The production of copper in this state
for the month of January is estimated at
for the month of December. The falling
off is due to the closing down of the val
ley smelters. The past months produc-
ton came largely from the Garfield
plant.
VIII J. DoOley came in from the south
ern country Thursday and left again last
night with the Stateline district as his
destination. He expects to be gone sew
eral days unless he gets word to return
here on business that has been pending
for some time. He was not willing to
discuss the business that has been keep
ing him down south
The Scotia Extension Mining company
filed articles of incorporation with the
secretary of state yesterday. The head
Robinson, Juab' county, and the capital
stock is $4,000 with shares at cents
each. The officers are: 7. L. Evans.
president; r. E. Jones. vice president
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
DRILLING RIGS
FOR JUAB FIELD
Juab Oil Company Orders Best
Keystone Rig and 5000
Feet of Casing.

One of the finest Keystone drilling rigs
that money can buy, and including all
necessary tools and 5000 feet of standard
steel casing, has been ordered by the Juab
OIL company. Manager f. w. Dunn stated
yesterday that the outfit would require
three days TO load it and that the Key
stone company had promised TO ship it at
once from its Beaver Falls, Pa, works.
The company will send its own expert
driller and crew with the outfit" said
Mr.. Gum, the contract specifying that
the rig shall be installed and operated by
the cOmpany's experts during the sinking
or the tlrSt Well. We hope 10 nave lne
outfit here by the first of the coming
month and in commission. If it is longer
thaR that it will be the fault of the rail-
roads.
The steel casing ordered is in graded
sizes down from 12-inch. To accommodate
this casing the bore will have to be IL
inches in diameter at the start. The Ilrst
well is TO be sunk at point about l,20O
feet from the San Pedro station house az
Juab and we expect to get the tlrst oil
bearing strata at depth OF less than 4UOO
feet, while three more of the five known
stratas in the field will be encountered
inside of 1000 feet. Our ground is in sec
ton 10, northeast of the station"
AS illustrating the interest that Is now
being taken in the Juab field, 1t may be
stated that the San Fedro railroad crowd
is now moving a standard rig onto section
H. where Salida, Colorado, outfit Is also
preparing TO install machinery ordered a
few weeks ago. The Juab Central COM
pany is preparing to bore on section 8,
and V. Carter West, the representative
of the English syndicate which recently
secured extensive holdings from local
men, promises to begin drilling by March
Is on section 90 while a syndicate of ONO
men are about ready to start work on
section 3.
From this it is evident that within a
month there will be not less than seven
rigs boring for oil, all within couple OF
miles or so of Juab station.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Government Buys More Silver.

4 Washington. Feb. THE treasury y
y department today purchased 100000 =
+ ounces of silver for delivery at Den 4
= yer at SO .3l7 cents per fine ounce. .
<%%$%%%N%%@%%%
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
SALE OF CENTURY
CONTROL is DENIED

Il was reported on the street yesterday
that p. w. Madsen. who with his close
associates, control the Century Gold Min
ing company. with property in the Park
Valley district, Box Elder county, has sold
out to an eastern syndicate. When ques-
toned on the matter during the after
noon Mr.. Madsen said:
There is absolutely no truth in the
statement that the coptrol of the property
has been sold. l can1say Just as positively
that no one has an option on the control
Two different parties have been negOtiat-
ing for the control. but up to the present
time nothing at all has been done and
do not know that anything will come of
it
The report was that $1,000 shares had
been secured from Mr. Madsen at SOC a
share and that that amount of stock, with
what had been picked up through other
channels, gave the purchasers control.
Century stock strengthened on the ex-
change as a result of the report that was
put in circulation.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Mines and Mining Stocks
MINING STOCK EXCHAN GE
Market is Still Slowing, Down While
Prices Are Holding Steady.

The volume OF business on the mining
exchange is gradually slowing down and,
while prices are holding pretty steady,
there is nothing in sight to suggest an
early bull movement Buyers are now taxi
ing on stocks to hold and the expectation
IS that 1t will be sixty to ninety days be-
fore any real bull movement may be look
ed Tor. Everything depends on the metal
markets and the behavior of the smelling
and transportation companies toward the
producer. The latter has evidently de-
clded 10 play a waiting game and play it
to a finish
During the two regular and open board
calls total of 5, POI shares of stock, with
a selling value of S25, S00.19 changed hands.
Following is the list of final quotations
and record of sales made during the day:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
WELL IN VIRGIN
GETS MORE OIL
RhyoIite Well Now Producing
Fifty Barrels DaiIy-GaS
in Martin Well.

H. H. Clark received a message from
DR.. L. E. Benson at Virgin City yes
terday advising him that a remarkable
oil showing had been made in the
original well of the Rhyolite company,
the well from which oil was supplied
to the other companies for fuel pur-
poses after the strike was made, and
from which twenty-seven to thirty
barrels a day was being pumped to
supply the demand. After that had
been going on for some time the own
ers undertook to "shOot" the we'll with
giant powder and with little regard to
consequences. The result was that the
hole was practically spoiled and it be-
came necessary to put the drilling rig
up again to clean it out. DIR. Benson's
message states that the hole has been
cleaned and sunk 100 feet deeper than
it was without reaching the bottom of
the first Oil-bearing sand strata. In
stead Of having thirty barrels eapaei-
ty, the well now pumps fifty barrels
without an effort and without the bot
tom having been shot.
Il don't know what people here are
going to think OF. well that is capa-
BILE Of producing fifty barrels of fine oil
day without its having been shot, t"
said Mr.. Clark, but / do know that,
in nearly any field in thed Unite
tionaIIy fine. That means over 1,500
gallons a day. They don't get that
much oil, in a large majority of the
wells in the best known fields"
DR.. BensOns dispatch also contains
the most welcome information that a
great flow of gas has been struck in
the David Martin well, which is To-
Gated about two miles east of the Rhy-
olite No. l well, at a depth of over 1000
feet. This property adjoins the possess
sions of the Southwestern Utah Oil
company, in which Mr.. Clark is in
teTested, and he consequently is feel
ing jubilant over that. He believes
that a gusher will be struck in that
portion of the field.
Mr.. Clark yesterday received a letter
advising him that the big drilling out
fit recently ordered by him left Pitts
burg on the 2Sth of January. He ex-
poets it to reach here very soon. 1t
will be placed in commission at a point
seventeen miles south and a little east
of Virgin City. just as soon after its
arrival as possible
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Metal Market.

Silver, 551sc per ounce.
Copper (cathodesl, Is slice per pound
Lead S. % per 100 pounds.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Forenoon Sales.

Columbus Con.-15O at 1671L.
DAILY Judges at 4.6215
Indian Queen 900 at 81
Lower MammOth-1O0 at IS: 400 at 80
Nevada HILLSIDE at 3.25; 100 at 3.271k.
buyer so.
Bingham Amalgamated-1O0 at 26lh: 30
at 26; 143 at %; 80 at q.
Beck Tunnel-609 at n; go at ~: 1,O0OO at
~ seller 60; 1.O0O at a. buyer 80.
Black Jack COn.-1.000 at S.
ColOradO-500 at 2471a; 100 at 247Ia, buyer
Iron Blossom-5OO at $751;
Mountain Lake-fOO at 3315
New YOrk-1.100 at 20; 1000 at 1872: ZOO
at 1917. seller so.
Scottish Chief. 900 at g.
South Columbus COn.-5G0 at 65
Seven Troughs-1.J00 at IS.
TetrO-1. 500 at 8
Wabash-1O0 at 81: 100 at Sc; 400 at IS.
Yankee-100 at 3d..
Open Board.
Black Jack-1.O0O at go; 500 at So. seller
80; 200 at 3d..
Butler Liberal-1.e2S at s.
Colorado-S00 at 24712; 100 at 2471s. seller
Lower MammOth-100 at s.
SiouX-7G0 at 1872.
South Columbus Con.-250 at 90; 800 at
g. seller 30.
Seven TrOughs-5OO at 3S, buyer 80.
Yanl1ee-100 at S5l5
Shares sold. % 1876.
Selling value. s11621.S2
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Afternoon Sales.


Lower MammOth-21O at So
May Day-600 at 1872.
Uncle Sam, 300 at So: 800 at 60. buver 30
Beck Tunnel-9OO at 20.
Black jack 900 at So
Century,. 800 at %: at III
Colorado-20O at 2.4712; 400 at 2.471k, seller
New York;. 900 at 49,
South Columbus-100 at 81
SiouX-1.500 at 49,. buyer 90; 100 at 49,.
Seven TTOughs-500 at 371a; 5000 at 3S.
Victor-5G0 at IL.
Wabash-1OO at 81; 800 at IS: 100 at SO.
Open Board.
Black Jack-2.O0O at Sc, buyer 60
Century-200 at %.
Crown Point 500 at H.
ColOrado-500 at 24712, buyer 60: 100 at
J. 421z.
Iron BlOssom-5O0 at 351b. seller 80.
Lead King-1.000 at 92z.
Mountain Lake-4O0 at 49,
New YOrk-200 at 49,,
South Columbus-500 at 81. seller go: LOO
at So.
Sioux Con.-501 at Is.
Uncle Sam-500 at 65: 5000 at g.
Yankee-100 at 49,
Shares sold. 26005
Selling value. $14.17S.37
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
Pierce
Great Arrow
aA1k=.,
]0;8
As H. P. Six Cylinder.

70 II 7 ~ = IIIIN1NIs
Pierce will prove that vibration has
been reduced to a minimum. This COM
fort, this added touch of luxury TO a
car already most efficient in construc-
ton. makes the Pierce six-cylinder the
ideal car for the man who wants
everything. The best mechanical de-
scription ever written will not be as
convincing to you as a single hours
demonstration.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
COPPER STOCKS IN.
BOSTON AND NEW YORK

Following is the daily market comment
of Paine Weber * Co, Boston, together
with the range of prices of copper stocks
and other Boston listings iii which the
west is interested, as well as similar
report on New York curb transactions,
bv James a Pollock & Co, and from
which il is secured for use in this depart
ment of The Herald:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08

Union Assay ONCE.
M S. Hanauer. ]. V. Sadler.
i62 So West Temple. p. o. Box 144k
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
D0INGS OF UNLISTED
STOCKS ON EXCHANGE

Federal Ely sold yesterday at 16c and
there was quite a little inquiry for the
stock. Mason Valley went at 81 .121k to
81 Is. Ohio Copper sold at sos, Bingham
Standard brought pc and Yerington Cop
per was picked up at &c and 4lzc per
share.
Cellar was offered at SC. Ely Witch II
doc and Copper Glance at bic while
$50 was bid for Newhouse and lie for
Uintah Treasure Hill. Naildriver was
quoted at pc at 34c and Silver King Coal
ition at SO 80 at 50 10
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08

Stocks in San Francisco.
The closing quotations on Nevada stocks
in San Francisco yesterday, as reported
over the private wires of James A. Pol
lnck & On follows,
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1908-02-08
COPPER COMPANIES
BONDS 0VERSUBSCRIBED
pollock Private Wire.l

Boston, Feb. lit was learned late yes
terday that the 81. 900 of the Utah Cop
per company bonds and the S. OO0.O00 of the
Nevada Consolidated convertible bonds
have been fully subscribed for by the
Guggenheim interests and their friends.
In fact. it is said that the issues were
very largely over-subscribed and all SUBJ
scriptions had TO be cut down on the al
lotment.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
MATANZAS.

May 1S.-The farmers made
good use of the fair weather. There
has been a good deal of corn planted
in this section.
Roy Tichsnor and wife, of Beaver
Dam, visited relatives and attended
church here last Sunday.
Rev. L. w. Tichenor filled his reg
ular appointment al theBaptist church
here last Sunday and administered
baptism to four candidates.
Everette Tichenor and wife, of Cen
tertown, attended church here last
Sunday.
Messrs. L. w. Igleheart and Joe
Hill are attending court at Hartford
this week.
Theo. Hill went to greensboro last
Saturday
Hollis Ticnenor, OF SmallEous spent
SAT- rday night and Sunday here.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
HOPEWELL.
tie Riley

May 1S.--Mrs. Mary G. HOrseman,
Of Beaver Dam, who has been visiting
Mrs. c. G. Taylor, of this place, has
returned home.
Mrs. c. W. Overton, Of this COM
munity, is very sick.
Mrs Sarah Hunley is still on the
sick list and is no better.
Mr.. C. q. Taylor has gone to see
has only aunt, Mrs. Acenith Rhoads,
of Muhlenberg county She will soon
be SS years old and is real active for
one of her age.
Mrs. Henry Cominer got a little
spider in her ear some time ago,
causing her great pain. She now has
the rheumatism.
Farmers are very busy blowing and
planting.
Our Sunday School is very interest
ing. We ask questions. Ours for next
Sunday is: "Why was the word Je-
hova left out of the New Testament?
Mrs. Tom Engler, of McHenry, is
visiting Mrs. L. S. Engler, of this
neighborhood.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20

ly throwing out theFairbanks delegates
and seating the TafI delegations, thus
increasing the Taft strength TO that
extent and decreasing the Fairbanks
strength to the same extent-maling a
difference OF, i,044." The statement
continues by claiming that under the
circumst Stances Bradley made a remark
able race for delegate from the state-at-
large, being defeatd by Burnam by
200 votes and by Bullitt by 1876. In
other words the statement says that
if the Taft people bad not "approprlat
ed" 522 delegates thus making Il net
difference OF 1,044, the Bradley and
Fairbanks forces would have been in
the majority. Senator Bradley has
concurred in the statement issued
and the war between the Republican
factions goes merIily on.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
A Pleasant Occasion.

The Arrah Wanna Club was most de
lightfully entertained Monday evening
by Miss Pearle Thomas and Florence
Jones, at the home of the former
The TALES were kodak scenes at
tached to fragrant flowers. Eight
games OF finch were played. High
est honors were won by Misses Eva
Taylor, Debbie Taylor, and Kate Thorn
as, each winning games. At 10
O'Clock a dainty two-course luncheon
was served.
The guests of honor were: Miss
Lille Miller, Cromwell, KY, Mesdames
f. G. Jones, Drakesboro, KY; J. E.
Hillyard, FredOnia, Ky; f. B. Pen
dleton, c. n. Barnett, S. A. Ander-
son, d. F.. Thomas, j. c. Berry, w. II.
Riley and Laura Warmer. Members
present: Elba Bean, Debbie Taylor
Norine Bennett, Leone Maddox, zella
Maye Male, Lizzie Miller, Lille Bur-
ton, Effie Render, Kate Thomas, Het-
tie Riley.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
Another Boat Excursion.

Another one of those delightful ex-
culsions will be given by the boat
We Three down Rough river next Sun
day. The boat will start at 1 O'Clock
p. M, and the objective poin, Will be
Ross Ripple, about IA mikes below
Gown.
The last excursion of the We Three
about two weeks ago was the most
enjoyable ever given. There was a
large crowd aboard and everybody had
a fine time. The trip next Sunday IS
expected to be another just like it.
Every provision will be made for the
comfort of all. Ladies and children
especially provided fer. 1t will be an
ideal pleasure trip and those who
go will not regret it. There will be
music all the way by a string band.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
FRIEDALAND.

May 1S.--Rev. P. w. Farrls filled
his regular appointment at Cane Run
last Saturday and Sunday.
Mr.. w. r. Hoover, of this place, WIS.,
lied his brot her, Mr.. J. J. Hoover, al
Prentis, last Saturday and Sunday.
Rev. Bob Oldham gave us a fine
Sunday School lecture last Sunday at
Cane Run.
j. ]. Hoover has returned home from
Hartford, where he has been working
at The carpenters trade.
People OF this community got one
weeks work on their farms and they
made good use of il.
Mrs. Mary F. Hoover, an account OF
whose illness has appeared several
times, is no better, with but little
hope OF any improvement.
Mr.. /. n. Fcrd's family are down
with measles. Also ]. w. Ford's fam
lily and w. r. Sanders family They
are well scattered in this neighbour
hood.
Mr.. James Golf is teaching singing
ut Magrada church. MIR. G. S. Christ
ian also is teaching singing at Sui
phur Springs.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
HERBERT.
r. A. ANDERSON. Adgt.

May 16--Nl'. D.A. Miller and daugh-
ter, Miss Halle, went to Whitesville
this afternoon.
Miss Baxter Miller is expected home
from Fordsville to-day.
Miss Mary Chambers went to
Whitesville one day this week
Mr.. viii Grove and little daugh-
ter, Zella, attended the funeral of
his aunt, Mrs. Malinda Helm,at Whites
Vile, yesterday.
Mrs. Leonard Taylor and children
are visiting her father-in-law near
Haynesville this week.
Mr.. Jack BiGdle went to Whitesville
to-day.
Miss Mary Chambers entertained
her Sunday School class at her home
his afternoon.
Mr.. Ben Miller and wife, of Ow-
ensboro, visited relatives here a few
days this week
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
Who Stole These Votes?

In a statement issued by the
friends of Senator Bradley, account
ing for his being knocked down and
tramped on in the State convention
at Louisville appears the following,
which would appear tan,amount TO the
charge that the Taft people commit
ted larceny of 522 votes: "Howev-
err, the main fact must not be lost
sight of,for It must be remembered thu I
the committee on credentials, by ply
steal force and without justification
or excuse, al propriated 522 votes
which belonged to Fairbanks by bodi-
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
Odd Question Decided.

The Court Of Appeals of Kentucky
last week decided peculiar case and
holds that the board of trustees OF a
school have a right to demand that a
pupil shall take part in the commence
ment exercises at the close of school.
This was the second appeal of the
case. 1t was styled Waite Cross, ETC.,
against the Trustees of the Walton
Graded School, on appeal from the
Boone Circuit Court. The opinion was
written by Judge Settle and the lower
court was affirmed. Cross, who was
IS years old, was a pupil at the school
and was assigned part as an Irish
character in the play to be given by
the school at the close. The boy had
tried an Irish part once, before and
had made ii failure, so he told the
teacher that he could not take the
part. The teacher insisted and the
boy still declared that it was not suit
ed to him, so he was suspended. The
suit was brought to wipe this suspen-
sion off the records, it being con-
tended that The boy should not have
been suspended. The court holds
that the teacher had a right to put
him in the play and he should have
taken the part.
The Hartford herald. [volume] (Hartford, Ky.) 1875-1926, 1908-05-20
And This is True.

The Madisonyille Hustler says:
If the authorities whose duty it is
to take action in such matters will
apply the probe of the law as rigidly
against the robber tobacco trust as
the authorities of Western Kentucky
are applying it to the night riders
whose actions terrorized that Sec
ton, the plauGits of the great mass
es of the people will be won. The
enforcement of the laws against the
trust and against the night riders
are naturally difficult propositions,
but both can be enforced and ought
to be enforced.