davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
Esneci,I Attention to WeeviI.

The Experiment Stations during
the coming season will pay especial
attention to experimenting with the
growing of products that will bene-
fit the farmers in the cotton sections
of the State infested with the boil wee
vii. The North Louisiana Expert
ment station has already sent out
pamphlet on truck growing.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04

zens met and organized good gov
ernment league, to aid the officers in
enforcing the law and especially the
Prohibition Law, which goes into
effect Jan. /. A H. Humphrey is
President, and H. E. Buch, Secretary
Several hundred men have signed the
membership roll.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
Rare Coins Melted Up.

According TO the employees of the
New Orleans United States Assay
Office. $500 worth of the famous
Bechtler coins was received a short
time ago at their bullion value and
were remelted. The fact was an
nounced at a dinner given by Thorn
as l.. Elder to thirty-five of the rep
resentatiye coin collectors from all
parts of the United States. To say
that the numismatics were Jared
is putting it mildly.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04

it has been in a number of seasons.
The quickness with which the cane
was ground this year is not due so
much to short crop, as the crop has
been a fair one, but was made possi-
BILE by an abundant supply of labor
and splendid weather conditions.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
Attempt to Intimidaae Labor.

At mass melting held in the Of
flee of William Drew at Corbin, in
the parish of Livingston, seventy
eight citizens denounced alleged at
tempt to intimidate negro laborers
assured the blacks protection under
the law. William Drew moved to
that place from Morgan City, and is
erecting there large sawmill and
hardwood plant. He brought with
him some family servants who were
ordered away Saturday night last.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
Comnissinns 10 Officers.

The commissions to the State Off
cials who were elected in November
will be issued this week by the Sec
retary of State, and the different OIL
cials take Office about Dec. 4, the
date of the commissions. The COM
missions have been made up by the
Secretary of State, signed by that ON
cial and by Governor Sanders.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
The assesment rolls 0 fthe PARISH

The assessment rolls fthe parish
es of Lafayette and Lafourche are
still missing fro mthe State Audi
tors Office. The failure of these rolls
TO reach that Office up to date has
rendered impossible the compilation
of the rolls, and the exact figures
shown by the assessment OF l9oS
are as vet problematical.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
Requirements of State Board.

In conformity with the State Ii
brary law, the High School OF Napo-
leonville has installed in each of its
rooms library for the use OF the
teachers and pupils. These libraries
were purchased by funds raised by
the teachers and pupils, and the
School Board will be asked to appro-
pirate $50.
Good Government League Formed
A number of Lake Charles citi-
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04
NEW SERIES VOL. XVI.

We will pay your Railroad
Fare within q. radius of so
miles cf ViCksburg on all
cash purchases of s25.CO
or ove~. Freight charges
on mail orders of $500
or over.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1908-12-04

Ladies' wraps and child
ren's fine all-wool swea-
terS.
Handsome h a IN m e r ed
brass jardinneres and
fern pots.
Exquisite assortment of
dainty handkerchiefS in
silk, linen and cambria.
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07
KITTREDGE AND THE LAND
THIEVES NO. IL

Senator Kittredge admits full re-
sponsibility for preventing the APP
pointment of w. G. Bristol of Oregon
to prosecute the land-thieves. He
said as much at Mitchell. For this
the voters should be thankful, for it
should clear up any doubts they
might have as to Kittredge's part in
blocking President Poosevelt's efforts
to secure prosecution of men in the
great conspiracy to loot the public
domain.
Senator Kittredge spent a great
deal of time in his Mitchell speech, it
is related, in defending his opposition
to Bristol. His defense consisted en-
tirely of a letter said to have been
written by Bristol and upon which
the land thieves of Oregon put a on
struction rejecting upon the integrity
of Bristol.
The Press will IN due time take up
that letter and show that it was sim
ply the shadow of a pretext upon
which to oppose President Roosevelts
selection of a man who, the thieves all
knew, would prosecute them into the
darkest cells of the ~penitentiary.
But Senator Kittredge forgot some
things in telling the Bristol story, if
we may believe the report of his speech
published in his own newspaper.
Kittredge forgot to say that Presi-
dent Roosevelt reappointed Bristol
THREE TIMES after the investiga-
ton of the letter because of which
Kittredge says he opposed the APP
pointment.
Kittredge forgot to tell that Francis
j. Heney, who convicted thirty-four
of the Oregon land-thieyes, said on De
cember 27, 1907, two years after the
letter written by Bristol had been in
vestigated:-
Bristol was opposed before the sub.
committed by Senator Fulton, of Ore.
gon, who, | understand, brought q
charge against Bristol which ]
FOUND TO BE BASELESS AND
EXPLAINED TO THE SUBCOM
MITTEE. All the important person:
who have been implicated in the Ore
gon land frauds are friends of Senator
Fulton. Therefore, it appears whim
steal to me that Senator Fultor
through the power of senatorial cour
tesy, should be able to defeat thu
nomination of Mr.. Bristol, who is cap
able of making it unpleasant for the
vet unconvicted land thieves of Ore
gon."
Senator Kittredge forgot to tell tina
Secretary Taft, to whom he offered W
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07
ROOSEVELT AT BAY.

President Roosevelt's denunciatory
message to congress Friday has arous-
ed the whole country, and even foreign
attention, because it was written in
righteous indignation, says the Sioux
Fails Press.
A year ago congress had President
Roosevelt's recommendations oflegis-
lation designed to throw greater re-
straints upon dishonest wealth Then
congress refused TO act on these e
concentrations on the ground that it
was the short session.
Again this session, President Roose-
Welt urged a national license for cor
porations, power for the interstate
commerce commission to regulate
stock issues. an Inheritance or income
tax. and improvement of the Sherman
antitrust law.
But even before thepresidentis mes
sage was read to congress, even before
that body convened in December, an
inspired dispatch from Washington
announced there would be no legisla.
ton by this session of congress except
perhaps a currency bill. And seven
weeks have elapsed in fulfllment of
that prediction. Those who have con-
trolled national Legislation had decid-
ed to ignore the presidents recon-
mendations. Advantage was to be
taken Of the fact that this is the last
session of congress during Rooscvelt's
term. He was to be calmly set aside
as one who had already lost his pow
err.
And now the president sends a mes
sage boiling over with his anger at the
great interests that, he sees, have not
only set themselves against futher Leg
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07

islation, but have begun an attack even
upon the department of justice for
hauling them into criminal courts.
President Roosevelt sees all this in
its true significance as a struggle for
supremacy between the government
and those who seem to hold themselves
more powerful than the government.
What a poetic outcome would 1T be
if the shameless attacks upon the pres
ident by Big Business should in truth
compel him to accept another term
and carry on the work which he says
is only begun?
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07

Monday evening, February Bird,
occurred the institution of De Smet
Lodge. X. of p, No. Sc, with a mem
bership Of between 30 and 40, eight of
whom were old members of the order.
The affair was an important event
in lodge circles in this city. Geo. c..
Ryan, of Lead, grand chancellor, w.
A. Roberts, of Huron, grand keeper
of records and seals, and Carl South
wick, Of Watertown, one of the lead
ing members of the order in this state
were present to institute the lodge.
The Huron lodge degree team and
members to the number of As charter
ed a special train for the occasion and
came prepared to confer the degrees
upon the candidates in a first-class
manner. Those competent to judge
say that the work of the Huron team
was perfect. The work was not con
cluded until we'll on into the morn
ing when the special steamed up and
carried the visitors home.
At midnight a fine supper was serv-
at G. E. NewelIs restaurant.
This new lodge starts out with
good membership and in good finan'
cial condition, being able to purchase
all its paraphernalia forcash and have
a reasonable fund in the treasury.
Following are the officers installed
for the ensuing year:
Chancellor Comp. A. Carroll.
V. G. Com. w. A, Williams.
Prelate-C. l.. Brownell.
Keeper of Records and Seals F. A
Carpenter.
Master of Finance-Jesse Whalen
Master of Exchequer-Thos. Parry
Master at Arms j. w. Tackaberry
Inside Guard -Cbas. Baine.
Outside Guard-W. @. McCline.
Master of Work Lester Hanson.
Trustees Fl. HI. Leu, VIM. Robin
son, and Thos. Warner.
Past Chancellors Sd. w. Tacka
berry and w. A. Williams.
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07
VITAL STATISTICS

Following are the vital statistics
for K~ingsbury county for the month
Of January as recorded in the clerk
of courts office:
MARRIAGES
Arthur G. Conitz to Mabel Shaw,
Oldham, Dec. 81.
B. O. Callison to Nettie Gomsrud,
Baker township, Jan. /.
Herbert Edward Scott to Minnie
Hazel Stoner, Iroquois, Jan. /.
Gustaf A. Widen to Mary S. Erick-
son, Arlington, Jan. j.
Heny Anderson to Kate Sullivan,
Arlington, Jan. II.
William w. Anderson to Jennette
Burg, Hartland township, Jan. Il.
Thos. S. Dorothy to Marie Speas,
De Smet, Jan. p.
Otto F. CHASER to Wilhelmina AL
brecht, De Smet, Jan. &c.
DEATH
Lars Gaardsted, Erwin, Jan. 4, So
years, ! month.
Martin Brennan, Whitewood, Dec.
2, SO years old.
Ermastine F. Stengraber, Erwin
Jan. II, 70 years old.
Glen Ostroot, Lake Preston, Jan.
s, l year, IL months, 10 days old.
Zadie Wilmarth, Iroquois, Jan. %,
"a years old.
BIRTHS
Twenty one births are reported.
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07

long periods of praise at Mitchell, in
yestigated the charges against Bristol
and reported to Roosevelt that they
were baseless.
Senator Kittredge forgot to tell that
Secretary Metcalf investigated the
charges against Bristol and reported
to Roosevelt that they were baseless.
Senator Kittredge forgot to tell that
Secretary Root investigated the charg-
es against Bristol and reported to
Roosevelt that they were baseless.
Senator Kittredge frogotto tell that
Secretary Bonaparte, now attorney
general of the United States, investi-
gated the charges against Bristol and
reported to Roosevelt that they were
ba~seless.
Senator Kittredge neglected to say
that President Roosevelt DID NOT
depose w. G. Bristol as ces APP
pointee to the position of United States
district attorney for Oregon, but that
he acted in that office, helping Special
Prosecutor Francis j. Heney prose
cute the Hall Mays conspiracy case
now on trial, and hal he will continue
so to act until his uccesso has been
confirmed by the senate.
Senator Kittredge forgot to tell that
once more President Roosevelt has ig-
nored Senator Fulton, at whose in.
stance Kittredge opposed Bristol, by
sending to the senate the name of
Christian Schubel of Oregon City to
be United States district attorney.
Why didn't Senator Kittredge tell
it all?-Sioux Falls Press.
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07
EXAMINATION

An examination for all grades OF
certificates will be held at the office
of the county superintendent, Thurs
day and Friday, Feb. 20 and q, 1908.
beginning at s a. m.
Branches given at one period viii
not be given at another.
Applicants should come supplied
with writing material except paper
which will be furnished.
An examination will also be held in
April and one in June.
3 wks. A. H. Seymour, Co. Supt.
Kingsbury County independent. (DeSmet, Kingsbury County, S.D.) 1894-1929, 1908-02-07
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS LODGE.

Twenty one births are reported.
The Mississippi Union advocate and Southern farm and home. (Jackson, Miss.) 1907-1909, 1908-05-20
KEEP THE HOGS OUT OF THE SPRING.

TWENTY-SIX YEARS HAVE BLOWN INTO ETERNITY
SINCE THE ALLIANCE FIRST SAW LIGHT NEARLY SIX
TEEN YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE IT'S DEMISE BECAUSE
THE GRANGE, ALLIANCE AND OTHER KINDRED MOVE
MENTS FAILED TO REACH THE GOAL OF FINAL. SUCCESS
DOES THAT MEAN THAT WE MUST GIVE TT UP? DO WE
TEACH OUR CHILDREN THAT SORT OF LESSON? OR DO WE
TELL THEM FAIL. UP AND AT IT AGAInJ9 THE
MOVEMENTS NOW GONE INTO HISTORY HAVE TAUGHT
US THE LESSON. TIME WAS WHEN THE GREAT MASS OF
THE PEOPLE OWNED THE GREAT MASS OF THE WEALTH
OF THE NATION BUT TODAY LESS THAN TEN PER CENT
OF THE POPULATION OWN NINETY PER CENT OF THE Ma
TIONS WEALTH WE NEED NOT HAVE TOLD YOU THIS
YOU WERE ALREADY AWARE OF IT. IF YOU ASK us WHY
WE ANSWER YOU THUS. GREAT SCHENINC SLIME COVER
Ed GRAFTPOLUTED, SIOOTHTONGUED SCOUNDRELS
WORK SHIRKERs -DEADBEATs -WALLOWED THEIR
SLIME COVERED CARCASS IN THE STREAM OF LIFE AND
EVER SINCE THE WATERS HAVE BEEN MUDDIED WITH
HOPES CRUSHED, AMBITIONS LOST, PURPOSES FOILED
DRIVE THE HOGS OUT OF THE SPRING AND THE WATER
IN THE BRANCH STREAM, OR BROOKLET WILL CLEAR OF
ITSELF. THE SPRINGS WHICH FED GRANGE THE AL
LANCE AND OTHER ALLIED MOVEMENTS WERE PURE AS
CRYSTAL. HOGS WALLOWED IN THE SPRING. THE WA
TIERS GOT MUDDY. THE HUMAN SYSTEM WOULD NOT PAR
TAKE OF THE polluted WATER AND THE DRYING UP OF
THOSE SPRINGS, THOSE NOBLE PURPOSES, RESULTED IN
THE DEATH OF THOSE GLORIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
EQUITY, JUSTICE AND THE GOLDEN RULE ARE THE BED
ROCK PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THIS ORGANIZATION WAS
FOUNDED. GENTLEMEN ARE THERE ANY HOGS WALLOW-
ING IN THE SPRING? KEEP YOUR EYES AND EARS WIDE
OPEN FOR A SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE HOGS WE HAVE
GROWN TO SUCH STRENGTH AND POWER THAT TT rs NOW
TIME WHEN HOGS WILL BE COMING, IF THEY ARE NOT
ALREADY HERE TO WALLOW IN THE WATER OF THE
SPRING. WATCH, EVER READY TO DEFEND THE SPRING.
The Mississippi Union advocate and Southern farm and home. (Jackson, Miss.) 1907-1909, 1908-05-20
No. is

Among fre e m e n,
there should be no
masters but justice
and duty and love Of
right and Of feIIowman
The Mississippi Union advocate and Southern farm and home. (Jackson, Miss.) 1907-1909, 1908-05-20

Take you heed Of
this. AS sure as you
live, the producers are
the feeders and the
cIothiers of the world.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
REI EAsEp on DEATH MISSION.
italian Lovers Vengeance Aided BY .
TALLER.

Giuseppe Serao, a workman. aged Is.
was arrested some weeks ago at Bari.
Italy. for q burglary in which he was
implicated and sentenced to four
months Imprisonment.
He spent the first part Of his I'M
prisonment In counting the days until
his release, when he would be married
to his sweetheart. who had sworn that
she would never forsake him.
But one day the jailer told him that
the marriage banns Of the girl and an
other man had been published.
Serao was terribly upset, and de-
clared that he would rather see the
girl dead than married to anyone else.
The jailer later agreed that he was
right. and after some hesitation he
acceded to the prisoners request TO
let him 60 and kill her.
Serao swore solmenly that he would
not tarry an instant longer than was
necessary for the deed, and the Jailer
released him to fulfill the noble duty
of lover.
Ssrao returned to prison a couple
of hours later He had stabbed the girl
dead, and was content to await his
own further punishment. The jailer
has been arrested,
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
JUDGE PARKER MAKES A GOOD
START.

The tone of Judge Parkers first
campaign speech indicates that the
Esopus man Is not going to give half
hearted support to Bryan and Kern.
Even Col. Watterson himself could
hardly be expected to be more pi>in
spoken and emphatic in his denun'
citation OF the Republican party aid
It's methods than was Judge Parker
The judge did not want to see Bry-
an nominated and would have pre-
vented It II possible. But now that
Bryan Is the party nominee Parker's
opposition Is q thing OF the past, and
he is doing all his fighting against
the Republicans. The people OF the
South have not felt especially kindly
toward the Judge since the last Pres
dental election. The start he has
made In this campaign. however. Is
likely to cause a change inscnti-
ment.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07

count of the positions they accupy
In the community, ought to take the
lead In such things. ,
The soliciting committee will meet
In day or two and discuss plans
for carrying out the work assigned
to It. Anyone who desires to join
the progress forces without being
appealed to will do well to look
around for committeeman this
morning.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
APPEAL TO VANITY SUCCEEDED
Idea Of Church Worker Has Great,
Increased Collections.

Here is a story OF church worker
who stands a pretty good show OF
some day becoming secretary OF the
United States treasury. He serves In
a church that is popular with young
men. Shortly after he assumed the
duties OF ushes there was an apparent
increase In the general collections.
At the same time it was noticed that
the young men who attended church
singly or in pairs We're seated. when
ever 1t was possible. In a pew where
there was at least one good-looking
girl. At first it was thought that that
circumstance might indicate a possible
connection on the young mans part
with a matrimonial agency. but that
suggestion he denied Indignantly.
III you'll Just watch the collections.
he said. you'll know why seat them
so. I've kept an eye on those co-edu-
cational pews and I find that any man
will contribute twice as much money
to the church when there is young
woman sitting beside him to see how
much he gives. PropinQuity may In
some such cases promote matrimony,
but that is not my lookout. 1t Is the
collections I am interested in"
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
Sinoino Pigeons.

The queer Chinese change pigeons
into song birds by fastening whis-
ties to their breasts. The wind Of
their flight then causes a weird and
plaintive music that Is seldom ST.
fenced in the pigeon-haunted cities Of
Picking and Canton.
The Belgians, great pigeon flyers.
fasten Whistles beneath the wings Of
valuable racing carriers. asserting that
the shrill noise is a sure protection
against hawks and other birds Of
prey.
As a similar protection. reeds. emit
ting an odd wai!ing sound. are fixed
to the tail feathers Of the dispatch
bearing pigeons Of the German army.
Philadelphia Bulletin.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
o.
A Boat In a knapsack.

A Servian named Merchep has de-
visad what he terms "a boat in a
knapsack" for army purposes. The
boat is composed Of linen rendered
impermeab!e by a coating Of rubber:
1t Is provided with oars. which fold
into each other to the size Of an or
binary walking stick, and a cork seat,
which also serves to keep it taut
when open. The model can accommo-
date one person only. but larger ones
may be made on the same plan for
the conveyance Of troops and bag
gage when crossing rivers. Merchep's
invention has been tried on the Seine
by naval experts. who speak Of It in
high terms.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
Her Trouble.

Old Mrs Smith was a chronic COM
palmer and was constantly sending
for the family physician and giving
him a list OF her fancied ailmeats. He
always listened quite patiently. but
was getting a little tired Of hearing
the same things over and over.
One day when the old lady con-
sidcred herself in an unusually bad
way she sent for the doctor and after
going over the usual list. ended BY
saving: Really doctor. 7 do not know
what in the world IL wrong with me
I can neither lay nor set"
The doctor looked At her a moment
then said in . solemn tone: Madam.
You must be q rooster"
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
THE IDEAL At HOME" POLICY
OF THE COUNCIL.

Perhaps 81 first glance those. who
read the account Of the proceedings
Of the common council Tuesday even
ing were surprised to note that
contract for several cars OF sewer
.pipe was awarded to firm whose
bid was about $50 above the lowest.
That the lowest bidder was COM
pany located out Of the state. while
the contract went to Newport
News arm, should be sufficient ex'
PLANTATION for the action.
or course It would not be wise ~
the council to make any rule concern
ing preferences to be given local
dealers over those from the outside
When an outsider can furnish the
same thing nj u materially lower price
than local parties. then the purchase
should be made from the outsider.
But It is right aud proper that the
city authorities should have a lean
ing toward the local dealer. and give
him every advantage possible. What
ever profits accrue to the home man
from q contract remain here NJ
home: the outsider takes It all away.
With discretion. the council can do
great deal of good with the deal
ct home" policy.
This same principle Is preached to
the public Of every city Of the smaller
class by the newspapers and public
spirited citizens. II is essential to the
prosperity Of every city that its peo-
pie spend their money with local es-
Establishments. The man who is truly
Interested In his city buys what he
eats and wears from home mer-
chants: II he wants house built
De employees q home builder: II he
b sick. he sends for q home doc
tar; II he nnds II necessary TO 80
" CO0SS NC sStosuc uoHsS hoSySs'
and last. but not least. II the girl
says yes" he gets a home preacher
20 tie the knot. This is the kind OF
citizen Newport News wants: she
has some Of them now. but she mus
have more.
II has been pretty generally agreed
that the knocker Is the worst Of all
undesirables. A close second TO the
knocker. though, Is the Newport News
man who goes to Norfolk. Richmon1
Or Baltimore to buy himself a sui;
Of clothes or his wife a hat. hoping
20 save . few cents by the deal.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
TINE PROGRESS MOVEMENT.

Not less than one hundred sigma
nres should BE- affixed to the pa
pers which are being circulated In
coanecfioa with the proposed rcor'
oanizatioa q the Chamber Of Com
1erce before the regular meeting o:
the CHAMBER In September. when the
result Of the progress movement wil!
Be officially brought to the attention
q that body with the request that
steps be taken toward affecting q ~
Organisation In accordance With the
nsw plan.
There are one hundred and more
0sa in Newport News Who should no,
vsit 20 he asked to toia in this move
Dest. They should make u Z poin'
Do ioo& 40 . member Of the commit
tee before another day passes. U
nay BE- necessary to DO some sole
ft1sG 10 increase tss sumber to IL
q -, bot the committee hos . rish
% expecs that the Sra trndrcd WI
- Ds1e - % De nes VIA. . -
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-08-07
Work upIiftS-

Ali business and al work should
hfr W. and not hold down: II should
make free. and not ensiave: II
should cnnohie. and not degrade. II
II as honorable to make shoes or
anchors as u Is to pain, pictures
or write books. The shoemaker
should learn the secre; through HE
work 81 finding the sandals Of man.
hood for his o~n feet. The black
smith should learn. through the max
Ing Of anchors for hts great shipe.
20 Una the anchor that is 90 hold his
owl soul tn the truth amid the storms
OF life-Rev J. W Lee. n d.