davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Miss wells, Halloween.


Halloween was celebrated right
jollily by d number of the friends OF
Miss Elsie Wells by masquerade
party at her home on Pine street Fri
day evening. Miss Wells proved to be
a most delightful hostess and gave heI
guests splendid evenings enjoyment.
The evening was spent in playing Hal
lowe'en games and dancing, followed
by an elaborate luncheon at which
m miniature jack-o-lanterns, and
"squeekers were appropriate favors.
Among those present we're Misses
Elsie Wells, Isabel Slater, Jessie San
som, Lora Bockoyen, Edyth Timmins,
Alice Prost, Alice Sturges, Gladys
Ayers, Margaret O'Brien, Messrs.
David Owens, Stoddard Prost, Edward
Guerin, Gordon Heath, Harold Veidt,
Allen Whitaker, Hugh Nesbit, Thorn
as Fortier, Armin Hoffman and Clar-
ence Wells.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
A Deserved Promotion.

With regrets the many friends OF
Harry r. Sutphin, local agent of fhe
U. s. Express company, learned that
he would leave Morristown. Mr..
Sutphin came here two years ago and
he has made hosts of friends to whom
he is known as "Suttie." He has
been most satisfactory to the business
men and has increased the facilities
in the express company here. Through
his instrumentality the salaries of the
employees were increased. The ex.
press boys gave an expression of their
regard in the form of dinner of eigh-
teen covers, at which time they pre-,
sented him with a handsome travel
ing bag as a parting gift. Mr.. SUIT
phen is promoted to the agency in
Utica, N. T., and the good wishes ol
the public go with him in his new
position.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Fire sweeps Nolan,s Point.

Nolan's Point, on the easterly shore
OF Lake HopaGcong, was swept bare by
fire Sunday. The blaze was discovered
in Aliens pavilion, and destroyed a
stable, frame structure used as an
office, and sleeping quarters for ice
cutters and a power plant, all the
property of the Lake Hopatcong Ice
company; frame building occupied
by the postoffice, Aliens boat house, a
row of frame shacks used in the sum-
mer as shooting gallery, photograph
gallery and as souvenir store and
coal sheds and two loaded coal cars be-
longing to the Central Railroad of New
Jersey. The pavilion was occupied by
Harry Bishop, caretaker, and his wife
and child and Bishops mother-in-law,
Mrs. Mary Pantern, and her two sons,
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
OHIO is REPUBLICAN.
Taft Carries His Own State, but a
Democrat May Be Governor.

StHSSt@~ tVNy ~S SSNOitiSts
Columbus, O., Nov. 4. Secretary
Taft's home state has given him ma
jority considerably smaller than the ma
jority of Mr.. Roosevelt four years ago.
The strong Democratic fight did not
avail to carry the state for Mr..
Bryan, but pulled down the Re-
publican vote in all parts of the state,
and Judson Harmon, Democrat, is
probably elected governor by $4,000.
Large Democratic gains are reported
from most of the large cities and
towns. The rural districts generally,
however, have remained Republican.
The fight made by Governor Andrew
L. Harris, candidate for reelection, for
local option was an important factor
in the result, as was foreshadowed in
the county elections. The governors
activity lost him votes among the SO
called liberal" element, the loss show
ing in the returns from Cincinnati,
Cleyaland, Toledo and other cities.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

At least one Morristown man appre-
ciates the garbage cans provided by
the Civic association. The man occu-
pies an apartment on Park place and
he says that since the cans have been
put in he is relieved Of the question OF
garbage disposal, for can is within a
few hundred feet of his apartment.
He is deslrous, however, that can be
placed Immediately in front of the
building which he occupies and thinks
that with little practice he could
stand in an upper window and throw
his garbage in the can without the
necessity Of carrying it down stairs.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Michigan Governor In Doubt

Detroit, Mich, Nov 4.-With Taft
and Sherman carrying the state by a
large majority, generally estimated at
about 100000, the successful candidate
for governor of Michigan is in doubt.
Returns from the state were slower
than they had been for years. Lawton
t. Hemans, the Democratic candidate
for governor, on the returns available
has an undisputed lead over Governor
Fred M. Warner, but the Republican
leaders assert that later returns will
overcome this lead Governor Warner
himself, while declining to make IL
statement until more returns are at
hand, was cheerful about his prospects.
The lateness of the returns is an indi-
cation in itself of the great amount of
splitting Of tickets.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

The Republicans gained two Repre-
sentatiyes in the Sixth disUrict, where
Thomas Foxhall defeated William
Hughes, who was a candidate for re-
election, and in the EighUh district,
where LIE Gage Pratt, the Democratic
candidate for reelection, was defeated
by former Congressman William H.
Wiley,
The new Legislature will be over.
whelmingly Republican, The next
Senate will be composed of fourteen
Republicans and seven Democrats, the
same as this year, but in the Assembly
the Republican gained five members,
the next house standing ,-Republi-
cans, forty-fye; Democrats, fifteen.
On joint ballot the Republican major
ity is thirty-five. Senator Joseph S.
Frelinghuysen defeated Nelson Y.
DUNCAN, the Democratic candidate,
who was backed by the Anti-Saloon
league, after one of the bitterest 30.
litical contests that Somerset county
has ever seen.
Senator Everett Colby was reelected
in Essex county, and Senator Ernest
r. Alderman carried Union county by
plurality as great as Taft received.
The election of William Fellows
Morgan in Essex is claimed by 5000
Thomas Connolly, the Republican can
didaUe for sheriff, in Hudson, was de
feated.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
HUNT DRAWS MANY.
Riders Numerous who Follow Essex
Hounds saturday.

Essex Hunt members enjoyed run
Saturday afternoon. The start was
from the Whippany River club house.
At Edward P. Thebaud's was the
throw in, the dogs leading the riders
over the fields to the Brookside school
house and arcoss to tJack'' Tall
madge's place near Mendham, the fin
ish being near Brookside. Among the
riders we're Master Of Fox Hounds
Charles Pfizer on Duke of York, Ben
jamin Nicoll on, Lenox, John G. Will
merding on Larkspilr, Edward P.
Learned on Ladybird, Richard Stew
ems riding Perion, Lechmefe Tilney
on FIickaway, Richard II. Williams,
jr., on Gipsey, A. Fillmore Hyde on
Lamster, Mrs. William Bayard Black
well on Donlora, J. B. Mitchell on
Gambler, Mrs. George r. D. Schieffe-
lin on Hickory, Mr.. dePeyster on
Goodenough, Mr.. Maynard on Golden
Chance, Mr.. Brown ON Venture, Mr..
Snow on ChariOla, Mr.. Jones on Red
Rover, Mr.. Fowler ON Scout. Hunts
man " Willien Howard riding MIN
nette, and Whips Dixon on Squire
Gray and McClaughey ON Gray Bon
nett we're in charge Of the pack.
After the hunt many of the riders
returned to the Whippany River club
where Hallow Fen dinners were given
by Mrs. Jacob e. Ward to twenty
guests, Mrs. Landon Humphreys to
eight guests, Charles Pfzer was the
host Of eleven and George G. Freling-
huysen entertained seven. The tables
were decorated with shocks Of corn,
jack o'lanterns. black cats and other
suggestions of witches night. Sew
eral hundred attended the dance that
followed, the scene being a gay one
with the beautiful gowns of the ladies
and the pink coats of the huntsmen.
Music was by Van Barr and at eleven
thirty supper was served.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Taft Wins In Delaware.

Wilmington, Del, Nov. 4.-Taft's In
dicated plurality in Delaware is 5000
and the Republican state ticket, head
ed by Simeon S. Pennewill for govern
or and William Fl. Heald for congress,
is elected by about the same plurality,
with the exception that Davis, 'Repub-
lican candidate for attorney general, is
probably defeated by Andrew @. Gray,
Democrat
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
TAFT AND
SHERMAN.
Sweep the Country. RepubG-
cans Garry New York, New
Jersey, Indiana and Illinois.
LARGE ELECTORAL MAJORITY

New York, Nov. 4.-General election
returns from throughout the United
States show the following results:
William Howard Taft of Ohio has
been elected president, with 29S votes
secure and 13 doubtful.
Practically no change is indicated in
the complexion Of the national house
of representatives.
The United States senate will retain
its present Republican majority.
Governor Charles e. Hughes has
been reelected in New York state by
about 10000 plurality.
Indiana has gone for Taft by from
$4,000 to $4,000 plurality.
Bryan apparently has carried Ne
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
PRESIDENT ELECT TAFT.

braska although the Republicans still
claim the state
Ohio returns have been seriously de-
layed oEing to the immense size of the
ballot, but Taft has carried the state
by majority ranging from $4,000 to
75,000
Taft carried New York city by about
11000 plurality, this being the first
time the city has given its vote to a
Republican presidential since
1885, when Mr. Mckinley had a small
plurality.
Mr.. Taft received a greater plurality
in New York state than President
Roosevelt did four years ago, the indi-
cations pointing to 100000 for Mr.. Taft
as against 175.000 for Mr.. Roosevelt.
Hisgen, the Independence party cam
didate for president, received about
2S,000 votes in Greater New York.
The Indications are that Democratic
governors have been elected in several
of the middle western states that have
given their presidential votes to Taft,
notably in Indiana.
Mr.. Taft has exceeded Mr.. Roose-
vets plurallJy IN New Jersey ana IN
Massachusetts,, as well as in New
York.
Mr.. Taft carried practically every so
called doubtful state, except Nebraska,
where the indications point to Dem
ocratic victory Mr.. Bryan has car
ried Nevada and Montana in addition
to the solid south, which includes Mis-
souri,.
Returns from Colorado are still too
conflicting to form definiF. onclu-
sion as to the states alignment.
The latest Republican advices are
that Taft has carried Maryland by
about 1900.
The Electoral Vote.
The votes in the electoral college
will probably stand thus:
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Charitable Society Elects onicers.

At the ninety fifth annual meeting
Of the Morristown' Charitable society
held in the First church chapel Mon
day afternoon the following officers
were elected First directress, Mrs.
Henry w. Miller; second directress,
Mrs. Thomas @. Bushnell; secretary,
Miss Louise Stevenson; treasurer, Miss
Louisa Keasbey: board of managers
Mrs. John G. Lord, Mrs. S. P. Johnson,
Mrs. l. r. Pierson, Miss j. Freeman,
Mrs. Alexander Bennell, Mrs. Theo-
dore Little, Mrs. Frank Headley, Mrs.
L. 0. Stiles, Mrs. T. w. Cauldwell,
Mrs. George Hull.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
rrolley ApplleatIon conslaered.

No opposition developed at the hear
ing on the application of the Morris
County Traction company for a fran
chise to continue it's trolley line along
Speedwell avenue at Morris Plains
which was given by the board of free
holders on Saturday morning. The
ordinance granting the franchise was
placed on second reading and then re-
ferred for final consideration to a
meeting of the board to be held on
November 1lth.
The Hanover township committee
also gave hearing to the application
on Saturday morning. A committee
consisting of A. M. Webb, w. B..
Davis, D. A. Hopping and Counsel
Elmer King was appointed to meet
with the trolley officials and draft an
ordinance TO be presented next Satur-
day. A question as to the style OF
rail to be used developed and some of
the Morris Plains residents insisted
that the trolley company should light
the street, but it was pointed out by
President Alleman that the company
paid the township good sum in taxes
and the company thought the town
ship could do the lighting out of that
amount.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
confidently expected their state ticket

confidently expected their state ticket
to be elected.
The tremendous gain for Bryan III
the city Of Lincoln was the wonder Of
the election. Not only did Mr.. Bryan
reverse a Republican plurality of 1,60O
in his home city, but he carried it by
a plurality Of something in excess Of
800.
Returns outside of Lincoln and Oma,
ha show an average Democratic gain
of eight to the precinct If this is
maintained throughout Bryan has won
by a little over 5000 aside from Lin
coin and Omaha and Shallenberger is
elected governor by the same plurality.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Gamma sIgma soelety @ pebate.

SIS the conquest of the air worth
while" win be debated by members of
the Gamma Sigma society Wednesday
evening, in the Association hall, in
open debate. Joseph A, Preim and F..
Flagg Vogt will represent the afirma,
tive side of the question and Harold
L. Meyers and Stewart M. Ford will
be their opponents. The Gamma Sig
ma members have given these open
debates annually for the past three
years and they have always proven to
be most interesting affairs.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Close MARGIN In West virainia

Cincinnati, Nov. A. = Returns from
West Virginia came in slowly, but
enough has been resolved to indicate a
slight advantage for Taft, although
the margin was so slight that the state
could still be called doubtful. On the
first $50 precincts the advantage in
favor of Taft indicated probably 1000
plurality for him. The same precincts
gave figures indicating the election OF
Bennett, Democrat, for governor over
G1asscock, Republican, by larger plu-
rality than that indicated for Taft.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Taft Wins IN Wisoorsir

Milwaukee, wis, Nov. 4.-Mr. Taft's
majority In this state is $4,000, being
61,057 less than the majority rolled up
by Mr.. Roosevelt four years ago. Gov
ernor James 0. Davidson has been re-
elected The legislature win be Re-
publican, and Senator Stephenson will
be reelected.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Pays Tribute to Commuters.

Morristown's population would
hardly be 5000 were it not fer the com
muters, " said DR.. Stephen Pierson in
the course Of his address at the Repub-
lican meeting inLyceum hall last Tues
day evening. go to the station some
morning in time for the $50 train and
see the trains go out loaded with men
whose business is In the city" !" said he,
" they are certainly entitled to repre-
sentation in the town government for
their homes and families are here but
not being in the town during the day
to protect and care for them personally
they have deeper interest in the gov
ernment of the town and depend upon
it for protection more than the citizens
who have their business here"
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
OBITUARY.
MRS. JAMES G. TINIMoNs.

Mrs. Sarah Whitehead, wife OF
James Timmons, died at her home on
Washington street Tuesday evening
at midnight. She had been i'll for a
long time. Mrs. Timmons was fifty
nine years old. Funeral services will
be held at her late residence Friday
morning at nine o'clock. Interment
will be in Cypress Hills Cemetery,
Brooklyn.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Much poubt In colorado.

, Denver, Nov. 4-With thousands of
scratched ballots yet to be counted and
returns on straight ballots complete in
no city, town or county in Colorado,
conditions We're such that it was i'm
possible to give even an idea of how
the state has gone.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
NEW JERSEY REPUBLICAN,.
Taft Carries State, and Legislature Ia
Held by His Party.

Held by His Party.
Trenton, N, j., Nov. 4.-The returns
from New Jersey showed victory for
the Republicans not only in the ma
tional election, but also in the state.
OF the ten representatives elected the
Republicans took seven. In the elec-
ton of state senators the result again
favored the Republicans, for only one
Democrat was elected.
Both houses of the legislature will be
strongly Republican. The senate will
stand IA Republicans to Democrats,
the same as last year, and the house
will probably have Al Republicans, and
16 Democrats, loss of for the Dem
ocrats. The Democrats lost 3 mem.
bers in Monmouth, 2 in Middlesex and
will probably gain in Salem.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
WASHINGTON.

Seattle, Wash, Nov 4.-Washington's
five electoral votes will be cast for
Taft, the Republican candidate having
carried this state. Samuel G. Cos
grove, Republican, has been elected
governor, and the states legislature
will remain Republican.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

Morristown school was defeated by
Pingry school, of Elizabeth, Saturday
afternoon by score Of 81 to 0. The
local lads we're outclassed and out
weighted but played good up hill
struggle. Pingry made eleven points
in the first Of the two twenty-minute
halves.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
ILLINOIS FOR TAFT.
His Success Carries With It the Re-
election of Governor Deneen.


election of Governor Deneen.
Chicago, Nov. a. The returns show
ed that Taft carried the state by from
10000 to 175,000. Deneen, the Re-
publican candidate for governor, was
elected by plurality estimated at
from 10000 to 65,000 The next legis-
lature, which is to choose a successor
to United States Senator Albert G..
Hopkins, will be composed of So Re
publicans and "a Democrats in the
senate and 215 Republicans and 176
Democrats in the house.
The next state legislature win be
strongly Republican on joint ballot.
This means the reelection to the Unit
ed States senate Of Albert ]. Hopkins.
Speaker Cannon has been reelected
ln the Eighteenth district.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

Boston, Nov. 4.-Complete vote Of
Massachusetts for president is: Taft,
250,221; Bryan, 165,S60; Taft's plurali-
ty, S4,361. For governor: Draper
Rep,), 233,S74; vahey Dem.), 1885;
Draper's plurality, 60,539.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
New Hampshire Still Republican.

Concord, n. f., Nov. 4.-New Hamp-
shire gave Mr.. Taft almost as large a
vote as it did Mr.. Roosevelt four years
ago. Henry B. Quinby, Republican
has been elected governor by very
small majority.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Wyoming For TAFT.

Cheyenne, Wyo.. Nov. 4.+This states
three electoral votes wiz be cast for
William H. Taft, but hib popular ma
jority is considerably below that Of
Mr.. RooEavalt.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
PACIFIC COAST FOR TAFT.
California, Oregon. and Washington Ii
Republican Column.

San Francisco, Nov. 4.-There was no
state election in California to compli-
cate the issues, and the Republican ma
tional ticket carried the state. In 1904
Roosevelt carried the state by 115,S22
over Parker
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Democratic Candidate Carries His Own
State and Ills Own City.

Lincoln, Neb., Nov. 4. - Indications
are that Nebraska has gone Democrat
ic by a plurality not far from 10000
for Bryan and a plurality scarcely
this for Shallenberger (Dem.) for gov
ernor. The result was surprise and
a disappointment to Republican man
agements, who, admitting the state
was doubtful on the national ticket.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

towns, is 1859 as against 73,149 for
Mr. Bryan. Debs polled 2,S04 and
Chain, the Prohibitionist, 2,2S0.
The plurality for George L. Lilley,
against whom a great fight was
waged, was 16,004 over Judge A. Hea-
ton Robertson, his Democratic OPP
ponent for the goyernorship. The Re
publican gains extend to the legisla-
ture. In the senate Senator Donovan,
Democrat, was defeated in Norwalk
by Mr.. Silliam.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Colby Re-eIected.

Newark, Nov. 4.-Everett Colby, the
leader of the New Idea faction of the
Republican party, has been reelected
to the state senate
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
Oregon.

Portland, Ore, Nov. 4.-Returns from
all parts of the state indicate that Taft
has won. There was no state election.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
TAFT WINS IN CONNECTICUT.

His Majority Greater Than That Given
to Roosevelt.
New Haven, Conn.,, Nov. 4. = The
great size of the Republican victory in
Connecticut was evident when the
towns were all in save two, and Will
liam H. Taft was found to have a
plurality which will be greater than
that given to President Roosevelt four
years ago. The plurality is 38,450.
His vote, not including the missing
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03

Score at end of first -Kearney
six, Thistles one. Final score Kear-
ney eight, Thistles two. Referee
Donaldson. Linemen-Fitz atri G k
and Hayes. Goals-by Tawney, j..
Phalon 2, Duff, r. Phalon, McGraw 2,
Parks, A. Black 2. Time of halves
30 minutes.
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
THISTLES WERE BEATEN.

Kearney a. G. Oueclasses the Local
soccer Team Saturday Afternoon.
The Thistles were outcIassed by the
Kearney A. G. Saturday afternoon in
a soccer game on Cutler field. The
Morristonians were beaten eight to
two.s Both Of Morristown's goals were
made by A.. Black whose fine work and
that Of his brother, J. Black, were the
features of the game. Wildey, also,
was there at crucial moments. Fitz-
patrick was given try-out in the first
half but took the bench and Halpin
played in the second period. The line
The Morris County chronicle. [volume] (Morristown, N.J.) 1877-1915, 1908-11-03
NEBRASKA SAFE FOR BRYAN.

sDoubtfuI. 8 votes.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-11-27
GRAIN AND PROVISIONS

DETROIT. Nov 27.-Ciose Wheat
was Cuiet and strong early on Friday.
but closed steady. The market had
plenty % bullish conditions without
the shortage I'm acreage % the Ameri-
can winter wheat crop damage In Ar
gen'fna and the near let-up In north
western receipts and argue that these
points with the concentrated holding &c
in Chicago. should advance prices. The
hears have little 20 back up their opin-
icr excepting the high price and heavy
Eurrlies
wheat quntations-Cash No. red
car AT 81 05 aEked. December opened
anS cloged az 81 ~ Nav opened at
SIOsi. advanced 10 100. and closed
al 81 0sit July opened at 81 O3ih
gained Nc and dropepd back 20 the
opening 80 red g. o2. sample I
Csr - o. No white car ~ sio4
Cssh 80 ? sac. No, yellow. car
okTs-cssh No WHITE. cars at
s2ilo. rejected. car a; 50c
~g-cssh S2i5 December. ?
oa-v o." " - January s2i5 hid
CfOrFp gpFD-Prime SPOT an bags
- y - March p0n hays 80 sS TO. sam
ne - haVs 80 $50 20 80 t52s Is At
tr10 y - IS ~ f47s sample al
Ve-sefrfs 81 40 Detroit market Fri
fsy Included I 900 bills 81 -four. oar-
- whoa ~ com. of osts. and %
I'VE Withdrawals were 700 bbis %
aour stocks s-e SIS sis bu OF wheat.
22f lsz b. 81 corn. is7.257 bu 81 oats
ara saIp bu ef rye
wheat receints =, Kansas CITY. 14s
ce~a for two days
Wheat IN Liverpool closed IA lower
20 IA higher. and corn Nd lower.