The Montgomery advertiser., 1908-07-02

(Ccnfsnued from Page seven.t
 roxernment. should not be wrested to punish conduct innocent In itself, nor to strain after indirect consequences
 Tne last shot in the Civil War was ( dred on the Rio Grande May 2. lx6s. The last Confederate army surrendered May 2s, 1865. But as I have before until April. 1866, and in Texas not until August 20. 1ss6. And again. some years elapsed before real peace came It was not until the winter Of 1b78-7 that the last military occupa tiDn of the South came to an end.
 What. then. was the condition of the South after 1t had laid down its arms and after it's flag had been finally furl-
 Eleven States passed ordinances Of seeession. One of these was divided and West Virginia admitted into the Union as separate State All sorts of opinions were expressed. On the one hand it was claimed that the case had conqasrsd con and by s force Of rrns arms annexed the territory occupied by these eleven States: that their boundaries sd..s asd bsen s wiped ofl M the maj map; that they hey Louisiana Purchase or the Northwest Territory. or the domain acquired bv ronouest and purchase from Mexico time to time formed and admitted into tho Union as Congress- might see ft. ft was declared that this was not at eu admitting the doctrine of secession
 At the other extreme 1t was asserted and the laws of the United States were no longer opposed the eIevn States had only. to elect their Senators and Represenfatives and resume their share In the conduct of the Federal Govern mont. This theory was based upon the proposition that while individuals could singly or together engage in fn- However guilty the individual might be, the State was necessarily innocent
 If there had been nothing to con- si1er excert logic and pure reason this debate might have gone on forever. with every opportunity to both sides to display dialectfc skill. But there was q most practical side to the whole nbosished by the Characterization Proc-i iAmation. At was not touched in i've of the fifteen slave States. and from it's terms: nor was it made un- lawful anywhere. Hence if the seceu- ign states simply resumed their places would still be unsettled.
 Again. there were in certaia of the seeding States a considerable number Of peFsons ho,is1 who had meyer sympathl5;ed CT the United States coupled parts and at all times all of these States, these persona had cast their lot with the Union. But the great majority was the other way. and 1t was insited that 70 do nothing would be to leave this minority helpless and swith0st proIet. fUn4 To carry on the war an enor- nous debt had been contracted. It could not be expected that the south ern States in their ruined condition. would be fAvorabiy inclined 10 taxa that they would willingly undertake to ruise money to pension the soldfeFe and sailors of the army and navy of the United States while their own cit- tzems had hardly strength enough keep the wolf from the door. And there fwns. besides all this. the question of knHnt political party.
 I ehafi not of course. attempt tc frace the results Of these differences Reconstruction and the part in 'stS problems that belonged to the Execu- tive and to Congress gave Mir. Lincoln most anxious days. 1t soon brought on bitter quarrel between President .f0hnNor and CorgreJs tEa, cHrninated in tho efforts of Congress to dispIace him by Impeachment. The old States were finally restored territoffaIiy fn- tact with the execution of Virginia. but not unfil many years of military rule and tie enforced passage of the
 with ail this the Supreme Court had
 fn the spring of 1887 the state oe nTississippi asked leave to file bill to prevent Andrew Johnson as Presl- dent of the United States or citizen feet the Reconstruction Acts. both of which he vetoed as unconstitutional. but which had been passed over hts veto. These were the laws which