davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
NOTES FROM
OTHER SCHOOLS

Cap and Bells. the Dramatic Club Oi
Williams College. will give il first per
f"rmance Of the season on Friday night
Dec. IL. Two plays vii be presented.
I The cornerstone OF the new library
of the University of California was laid
on Thanksgiving Day. The cost of the
new structure is estimated at $,ij0. 900.
/ The site for the Princeton freshman
dormtory for which Mrs. Russell Sage
has provided 25O.00O dollars has been
selected. The building i, to be J.
shaped.
The three hundredth anniversary of
the birth of John Milton will be OBJ
served with appropriate exercises at
Columbia University. and also at the
University of Wisconsin,
Instruction in the short winter
courses in Agriculture have begun at
Cornell University. Registration. still
incomplete. will. it is believed. reach
35". The number last year was 2dS.
Iale'> Dramatic Association will pre-
sent in New York. Bridgeport. Hart
ford. Waterbury. and Meridian. Shrri-
dams play the Critic" and The Fire.
Eater" of Charles Selby The latter
play. it is said. will be rendered for
the first time in America
A. G. Spalding recently gave to til"
collection of sporting books at Chicago
University a collection of books on the
history of baseball. Many books on
baseball are in the sporting library now,
hut the gift of Mr. Spalding fills in
many gaps that have hitherto been I'M
filled
William Howard Taft. President
elect. has accepted the invitation OF the
University of Pennsylvania to deliver
the Grafton in Philadelphia on Washing
tons Birthday. Pennsylvania has al
ways observed Washington's Birthday
As University Day" and a succession
Of distinguished speakers have made
the day memorable. President McKin-
ley was the orator in 1898. President
Roosevelt in 1905. and last year Joseph
Il. Choate.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
7TTRACFS DFVFJ OPMENT OF THE. UNIVERSITY IDEAL

of students as Paris is the archetype
of the university of masters. As an
institution the university of students
has disappeared. Its power lay IN the
fact that professors lived from the IN
come they derived from students fees
and the students could break up
university by migrating elsewhere.
AT BOLOGNA, FACULTY is
IN BONDAGE TO STUDENTS
But while the university of students
has disappeared as an actual lnstitu-
tion the office of rector in the Scotch
universities carries us back directly to
the rector of the university OF students
at Bologna The Scotch office Is now
an honorary position, to which the stu
dents annually elect some man distin-
ruished in science literature, or public
life. But at Bologna there was
yerv real substance behind this form.
The professors were held in bondage by
the students. for there were no build
ing, or property owned by the college
of masters. and if the students de-
camped to another place the university
disappeared with them. Professors
might be summoned to appear before
the students rector or interrupted In
the middle of their lectures by rector
ial proclamation: they were forbidden
to be absent a single day from their
lectures without permission from their
students: they were obliged to begin
their lectures when the bell of st. Pc
trr'- began To ring for mass under
heavy penalty: and they were regulat-
ed with the utmost precision and de-
tail i'm the actual conduct of these lee
lures. so that they could not postpone
a difficulty to the end OF the lecture
lest it should be cvaded altogether
or spend di>proportionate time over
the earlier chapters of the textbook or
skip any chapters or portion of the
work prescribed. And with view to
enforcing obedience to their statutes
on the part Of professors Il committee
Of students WAS appointed by their rec
tor to observe the conduct of the pro-
fessors and report their irregularities
to the rector
The University of Bologna is. as |
have said. the archetype of the student
and the University of Par
is of the master universities. Both
of them exercised profound influence on
the university system of Europe. They
We're both founded about the same
time. namely. in the last thirty years
Of the twelfth century. The Bologna !
of students. however. seems |
to have completed its organization
earlier than the Partisan So
'iety of masters. But the latter. |
though the later organization. in time
became the more influential and re- |
nOWned.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
MODERN UNIVERSITY
IDEA NOT HISTORICAL

This. however. doe, not dero"atr
from its dignity as a university: for
the notion that university is school
in which all the faculties or branches
of knowledge are represented has no
warrant in history. though it is un-
doubtedly the ideal of the best modern
universities. Salerno i'm this respect
was no worse off than Bologna and
but little inferior to Paris for Bologna
was exclusively school of law and
Paris. though having an arts faculty.
pre-eminently school of scholastic
philosophy and theology. And the
fame of Salerno as a school of medi-
cine was not inferior to that of Bo-
lo@na As a school of law or Paris as
school of theology. 1t reached the
zenith of its renown when it was Wis
tied by Robert, Duke of Normandy.
who came to be cured of a wound after
the Crusade of 1909. and there receiv
ed the news of the death of his broth
er. William III of England. But the
origin of the school is veiled in impen-
etrable obscurity. Certain. however.
ii is that in the eleventh century there
was revival of medical as we'll a.
legal. theological. and dialectical study
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

With religious fanatics fighting Il
pitched battle with the police in han>a>
City. and. in st. Louis the mysterious
death OF a prominent society leader
and business man following the deaths
by suicide of two other prominent men.
and all coming so soon after other sen
sational crimes and tragedies "a they
do. it seems probable that the country
is now suffering from a crime wave.
ID. II. SCOTT.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

The question of relations between
the President and the Speaker is not
by any means an unimportant one
Working together they may accomplish
great deal. and in the same degree
opposition might cause much trouble.
The question as to what kind of a
team these two officials will make dur
ing the next administration is a puzzle.
with considerable interest, especially in
reference to the proposed revision OF
the tariff.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
ABELARD CREATOR OF
INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT

As the fame of Bologna is connected
with lrnerius. 50 the origin of the
University of Paris has been traced to
Abelard. But no university existed
IN Abelards time. That great man
was born in 1919 and the first trace of
the University of Paris is not found
until nearly century later-until the
year ll1O. Nevertheless it is a lust
historic instinct which connects the
name of Abeard with the foundation
lof the University. For the rise of
the University of Paris was due to
that profound intellectual movement OF
which Abelard must he regarded AS
the creator. or at any rate the most
conspicuous representative. It was the
fame of Ahclard which drew to Pari,
from all Europe those multitudes of
students whose presence necessitated
the multiplication of masters ont OF
whom the university eventually grew.
Paris became IA city of teachers. And
in that age of guilds the formation of
Il teaching guild was inevitable. And
with the formation of a guild of doc
tors or teachers the model of all mas
ter-universities was born. Thus the
University of Paris was the product of
the intense intellectual life which Abe
lard more than any other man initi
ated IN Paris. As Rashdali saws. from
the days of Abclard Paris was as de-
cldedly the centre of European thought
and culture as Athens in the days of
PerIcles. or Florence in the davs of
Lorenzo de Medici." And the stream
OF pilgrim scholars which set in TO-
wards Paris in the days of Abeiard
flowed continuously for at least cen
tury and half
As Bologna was school of law so
rar'> was a school of scholastic phi
'"sophy and theology. The study of logic
DR. dlalectics was the characteristic fea-
ture of the education of the time And
IN logic the one type which fascinated
-he Middle Ages was the metaphysical
question of the reality of uniyersals.
'ut OF which the whole controversy he.
.ween nominalism and realism arose
his seems to us very dry and barren |
.oP'c and common sense would dispose |
II 1t in a short time Yet the thinker
VIII find himself led by this question
rom logic to metaphysics and from
metaphysics to theology And it is
'ot difficult to make clear the theolop-
rai bearings Of the logical puzzle. Does
NY reality correspond to general
erms: If there is. then whatever
'aiIty individuals of that class DOS
ess can be understood as derived from
ne reality which corresponds to the
eneral terms.
IN this way the doctrine of the Trim
!! and OF transubstantiation could he ,
lade ineligible. On the other hand ,
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
UNIVERSITY CALENDAR

De'' ~ anu H. inauguration ENer
cises'
T.
vi 'n' '"''''e'. y
'"' ho"i" vi N"l''oi>' ho'"
~ ".'''','"''''
'''''' ,'''' d. H. i'i III"
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
Education's Final Goal !,
Uplifting of Whole
People.

if there be no reality corresponding 10
general terms, the only realities in ~,
world are individuals. And from ~.
point OF view it is impossible to u,a,-
stand how three individual real;t;s.
could be one person. This nom;,r
as the later doctrine was called, Seem.
ed to involve tri-theism AZ ~ =,
other hand the alternative doctr;,. :.
realism easily ran into pantheism Thu,
it was in the questions at issue b.,,r.
medlaeval realism and mediaeval nom;
nalism, out of which arose tb,, -,
lectual movement of which tho ,r;,..-
sites were the on" t"rowth and of wh;.,
they afterwards became the o,o.-
Scholastic theology was an attemnt ..
ratiOnalize theology by an apnl;c.,;o.
of dialectical methods. to tbeoIoo;o.,
problems. Abelard was the represen.
tative OF the principle of free and nm
fettered inquiry in matters of rel;v.
ion. And this was the principle oric.
inally embodied in the University of
Paris. And ii was in devotion to th;s
principle that Abcar,i alike in the fold
of logic, philosophy. and theology cast
such profound spell over the SIN.
dents of his generation.
But however radical OF independent
the new university may have been. ia
essential mission wa, to serve Tho
church. The MASSES OF the people Law
Ill ignorance. The military classes
had no desire for education. II w..
Ichurchmen only who needed education
in France, and to supply this education
was the mission of the new university
The location of the University at Paris
"a great European capital. gave it a
place in the political and ecclesiss ie:;
world which 10 other university has
ever occupied. Its influence in the
state is indicated by the title conferred
upon it by Charles V as the eldest
daughter of the Ming And when
the orthodox scholastic theology had
triumphed alike over >keptics and reae-
tionaries. the University of Paris be-
come also the first school of the
church"
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
SPIRIT OF THE NEWS

Speaker Cannon's request for a con
ference with President elect Taft comes
as the first move in the relations be-
tween the President -tobe and the man
who is almost certain to be reelected
Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
ANCIENT SALERNO SCHOOL
HAD WOMEN AS STUDENTS

There is. however. one curious fea
| tur" of the school which will always
secure for it the sympathetic regard OF
a democracy which respect, the rights
of women. The school oI SalcrnO not
only admitted women a> students but
The names Of women as practitioners.
teachers. and writer's adorn its palmi
est days.
The ri>" of the University of Bolog
ma is connected with the revived study
of the civil law. This was one side
Of that wonderful deepening and broad
ening of human culture which cIiarac
terized the twelfth century. In France
this renascencc burst out into theolo"
zeal and philosophical speculation. In
Italy it took the form of a revival of
trast. however marked. Is not ineXpli-
cable. In Paris all intellectual life
was confined to the cloiSter; the GOV
crning class consisted of the military
and clerical orders. and only in the lat
ter was there any demand for learn
ing. In Italy and especially in north
crn Italy on the other hand the mlInic
ipal institutions of Rome had remained
as fact or at least a. a memory.
And historic circumstances in combina
tiOn with the inherent vitality of their
civic life had tended to develop the
Lombard towns into practically indie
pendent republics. The intellectual
renascence of the twelfth century CO.
incided with this struggle for indepcnd-
cnce. And consequently tie revival
of intellectual activity took political
and legal direction. There was de
mand for fruitful knowledge and eS-
pecially for science applicable to the
regulation of social life. This demand
was met by revived study of the
great monuments of Roman iuriSpru
dcnce. No wonder that under these
the science of law aroused
in Bologna the same genuine intellcc-
tual enthusiasm which attended the
lectures of theOlogianS and philOso-
piers in Paris. And the glory of Abe
lard in Paris may be matched with the
lame of lrnerims in Bologna. 1t was
[rnerius. whose teaching belongs to the
irst third of the twelfth century. who
irst raised Bologna to European fame.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

! The substance of the recent diplo-
matte correspondence between Secretary
! Root and representatives of the Japan
esc government seems likely to become
the basis of a new treaty with Japan.
This treaty. which will probably BE-
submitted to the Senate before the end
deal with the question of Japanese i'm
migration to the United States. about
which the Japanese government is a-
anxious a. our own. Japan wishes To
keep her laborcrS at home. or. if they
must 90. would prefer to send them
TO her newly acquired possessions.
The one remaining" obstacle is how
~ word the treaty without casting any
reflection on the Japanese. who merit
40 such thing and who would properly
resent it. As a people, the .Iapancs"
deserve nothing but praise for their at
,itude toward Eastern questions before.
,lurin" and since their war with Rus
Sia. They have shown an appreciation
of international questions which could
he nothing hut complimentary to the
most enlightened Of nations.
Besides >rttlin" the immi grafton
question. the treaty would make more
bindn" the sentiments which have al
ready been expressed by the tw" gov
ernmcnt>. since a diplomatic communi-
cation Is to Il treaty much a> Il spoken
promise i (" Il legal contract.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

1t is to he hoped that the visitors
this week will not confuse the name
mules as applied here with any pro-
duet of the State Farm.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
TRACES EXPANSION OF
STUDIES IN UNIVERSITY

But the new university was not
merely school of theology and phil
osophy. There was at a very early
period differentiated within the univer.
sity an organization composed of mas
tiers of arts. And indeed the faculty
of arts eventually became predominant
in the university. And this twofod
object of the University of Paris-arts
and theOlOgy-is reproduced in the
University of Oxford. which is a daugh-
ter of Paris. But the University of
Paris did not content itself with these
two branches of study. which were,
however. recognized even in the time
of Abelard The teachin" of the civil
law was introduced into the university
soon after the revival of that study
under Irnerius at Bologna. Nor was
a department of medicine wanting. al
though the Partisan school of medi-
cine never equalled the fame either Of
SalernO or Montpelier The summary
OF Alexander Neckham, who studied at
Paris near the close of the twelfth cen
tury. shows that the four faculties
We're already in existence at that time:
"lic flOrent artes. cOelestis pagina
regnat.
Slant leges. lucet jus: medieina
viget."
The University Of Paris was called
into being by the need of professional E
training for ecclesiasticS In the Mid
die Ages at least this was regarded as
the highest profession and the sub
Jects of professional study absorbed the
interests of the day. The
University of Bologna was called into
existence to furnish professional train
ing for jurists. The social and polit'-
cal conditions of northern Italy called
for experts in the science of law. Ihe
University of Salerno was a school 1or
the training of phy,icians-a class OF
experts naturally in demand in fam
GUS health resort. The University OF
Paris as described by Neckham
was therefore union OF pr0fes-
'iOnal schools for ecclesiastics. Jurists'
md physicians with a school vi
liberal arts. in which candidates 1or
he professional schools receiver
heir preliminary education. ln's
,rln lnf -, Il al,
ustifies Paul-en', assertion that al 2
'ublic institutions Of learning are car
d into existence by social needs, anu
irst of all by the technieal-praet'ea'
necessities. Theoretical interests ma!
cad to the founding Of private assn
iatiOns. such as the Greek phiioso-
hers schools: public schools owe tne" s
rigin to the social need for proie'
iOnal training"
S UNIVERSITY ONLY
UNION OF SCH00IS9
Shall we then say that university
, a union of schools of law. medicine
nd theology in combination VIII
,hool of liberal arts which gives SUI
ents a general education prePafa'"''
D professional study? Or is this Gu"
,ption adequate when we aekno""
nat since the nineteenth century even
ne school of arts has taken on SUN
ling Of the character of a proies
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
WORK OF IRNERIUS IN
LEGAL EDUCATION

! 1rnerils indeed was not the rediscov-
erer of Roman law nor the first teacher
of law at Bologna. But if he did not
introduce the digest into the course
at Bologna he at least gave it new
prominence. And the digest. which j.,
composed of the response prudentum-
the great jurist> who made Roman
law what it was-alOnc adequately re-
veals the spirit of Roman law. the In
stitutes whicl. had been previously
used being a mere Introductory text
book. Irnerius also introduced il clos
or, more critical. and at the same time
a more professional study of the orig
inal source of law. He also began
that organization of the regular cur
rlculum of an ordinary legal education.
which extended itself in time to all
the universities of Europe. and which
has today to large extent descended
to modern universities He also diff
ferentiated law studies from general
or liberal studies and law students
from arts students.
One consequence of the change lust
described was the growth of IA class of
students older and more independent
than the students of the earlier Middle
Ages. And when it is born in mind
that these law students were lavmen
and generally of good social position
we can understand how i'm an age given
to the organization of guilds or socie
ties they should have formed them
selves into student guild. which grad
ually asserted its powers and enlarged
its jurisdiction until it compelIed the
professors under pain of ban which
would have deprived them OF pupils
and income to swear obedience to the
head of the student guild and to obey
my other regulations which the guild !
might see fit to impose upon them. The |
student guild was called a university !!
md the head of it rector. BOLOGNA
hen is the archetype of the university
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

The SHOW Ne" spirit at Missouri
this week gives way to desire to
"Show Others"
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10
UNIVERSITIES FIRST
FORM THAT OF GUILD

But though Paris was the greatest
and in its historical influence by far
the most important. ii was not the
earliest Of universities The original
form Of Il university was that of Il
guild. The institution was product
of the instinct of association which in
the course of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries was peculiarly active and
fruitful among the towns of Europe.
These guilds sprang int" existence
without any express authorization of
prince or pope. But the scholastic bod
les which thus originated were of Nv"
distinct types: they We're either guilds
of masters OF guilds of students. The
archctyp" "i the guilds or >ocic
ties of masters was Paris. And the
arcletype of the guilds or clubs OF
students was Bologna. Paris and Boil
o"na are accordingly the Two arche-
typal universities. And every later
university from that day 4" this.
HttH'l CbBSCiouSIN eE UfitoISCFitSiN.
i> an imitation more or less vague
Of one or other of these types. Even
the most modern universities. whose
students are ignorant of the glorious
histories of Paris and Bologna. unwit
tingly retain the constitutional fea-
lures or u>a"cs which have come di
rectly from the Bologna students or the
Partisan masters seven hundred years
ago.
Although these parent universities
arose durin" the last three decades of
the twelfth century there is another
of still earlier date. Salcr- |
no is the oldest of universities. Its !
appears to have been diff |
ferent from that of either Paris or |
Bologna. But i'm the history of uni |
'erSitieS il is of little Importance be
.ause it was devoid of that remarkable
power of reproduction or propagation
which characterized the universities of I
Bologna and Paris. Salcrno was c>-
cntially. if not indeed exclusively. a
chOOl of medicine.
University Missourian. [volume] (Columbia, Mo.) 1908-1916, 1908-12-10

The fact that. though Kin" Edward
i too i'll to meet his engagements. the
London newspapers say that he Is sui
fcring from Il slight cold recalls the
time when he was to be crowned and
London newspapers said he was slightly
indispo>cd even when his life WAS in
danger. Even though his slight cold
i SO serious aS to call for Il con~ulta
tion of London specialists. tIe public
him.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-07-05

tussor-a domestic production. finer
of thread than shantung and less un-
even. This also comes only in the
natural color, and it Is quite without
luster. 1t is twenty-six inches wide.
and may be bought for IS cents the
yard
A new material called shantung-
tussor has been manufactured for
automobile coats and strictly tailored
suits. This is thick. dull and very
wiry: the thread is even. and 1t is
made only in the natural color. 1t Is
also domestic. measures a yard in
width and costs $1.75.
The more dressy pongees are rajah
and mirage. both domestic. and both
made in all colors-which accounts
for their popularity. The first, rajah.
known as the aristocratic member Of
the family, is beautiful fabric. much
resembling shantung; in fact, they
are frequently confused. although the
imported silk is never dyed. Rajah is
twenty-seven inches wide and costs
$1.35 the yard.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1908-07-05

Der OF the family deserves its own
history.
At first pongee was very generic
term. used to denote an Eastern silk
of uneven thread and in the natural.
unbleached color only; but when the
manufacture in the West was begun
the silk was dyed. and each variety
was called by a different name. Now
the pongee that is known as pongee
is a fabric Of even and fine thread.
1t may be purchased in all colors. and
is procurable with faint. even
stripe in self-tone. 1t is twenty
seven inches in width and costs 81
the yard.
The fabric OF natural color usually
called pongee is known as shantung.
The thread is uneven. although it Is
closely woven, and the material has
little luster.. 1t is very cool and
much worn in the East, where 1t Is
manufactured. It's width is thirty
three inches and its price is 81 the
yard.
The next member Of the family is