davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

Washington, July 22.-The terms of
thirty-one senators will expire the
third day of next March and it has al
ready been settled that number of
them will not be returned. Primary
elections have sealed the fate of some
and others have been eliminated by
one process of another. The strength
of the movement against those tenden-
cies in government and in affairs that
the president has termed Freactionary"
has weakened the hold of a number of
senators on their offices.
How strong this sentiment is and
how effectively it is working was
shown in the Iowa result a few weeks
ago. In this, Senator William B. ALI
son; the oldest member of the senate
in point of service and one of its
strongest members, escaped defeat by
remarkably narrow margin. The
campaign argument against him was
that he was affiliated with the forces
of reaction. Though Senator Allison
was running for the seventh consecu-
tive term and ordinarily would have
been elec'ed without opposition, the
feeling tnat he had not stood for pro-
grescive legislation as he should
hive done made the campaign against
; him possible.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

Hattiesburg Camp, No. 44s.-W o.
VA ]. Morrison, G. c.; J. W.
Brookshire, clerk; J. A. Welsh, bf,t:
er. Meets Thursday nights In ocd
Fellows hall at 8 o'clock.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
Thirty.One Members Are Now on
the Anxious Seat and May
A Not Be Returned.
MANY Are SERVING
Their LAST Term

Foraker and Other Reactionaries Are
Likely to Go Down in Defeat When
New Membership of the Upper
House Is Made Up.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
Hansbrough Is Beaten.

The latest senator to go down in de-
feat is Henry c. Hansbrough, of North
Dakota, who has been beaten in the
primaries of his state. Senator Hans
brough's enemies raised the cry
against him. unjustly as many thought,
of being a corporation candidate, and
Thomas F. Marshall led in the ballot
ing. He'is chairman of the senate pub
lie lands committee and has taken an
important part in senate affairs 1t is
one Of the strange features of Senator
Hansbrough's turning down by his
state that a study of his votes shows
he has almost invariably voted against
the Wishes of the senate Republican
leaders in railroad matters. where cor
poration questions were involved. Yet
his enemies waged a campaign against
him on the ground that he was a
railroad and corporation man and sue
ceeded in beating him.
Senator Fulton. of Oregon, has been
beaten in the primaries and Governor
George E. Chamberlain, a Democrat,
is expected to succeed him. Senator
Alfred B. Kittridge, of South Dakota
was recently beaten in the primaries
by Governor Coe l. Crawford. Both
these senator's were freely charged
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

WooDMEN OF THE WORLD.
Leaf River Camp, No. 28.-W. o.zW.
-B. F. Miller, C c., w. J. Fowler.
clerk; ]. A. Shannon, banker. Dleets
Tuesday nights in Odd Fellow hs .
at O'Clock.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

WANTED-Ten hustling boys to
sell the Daily News every afternoon.
Ask for the Circulation Manager.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
oop FELLows.

Hattiesburg Lodge No. 1877, i..o. o.
FLA. f. James, noble grand; VIM.
Busby, vice grand; r. P. Anderson. re-
cording secretary; II ,Katz. financial
secretary; H. H. Orr, treasurer. Meets
Monday nights in !. 0. 0. F. hall at
sso'clock.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
WANTED

Ten men Of Good Appearance to do
soliciting; $40 to $25 per week.. Apply
at once to Daily News Office.
JUNIOR ORDER UNITED AMERi-
CAN MECHANICS.
Junior Order United American Me-
chanlcs-James e. Hewlett, council.
lor; William Bnsby, secretary. Meets
second and fourth Thursday nights in
Odd Fellows hall at o'clock.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

Petal Camp, No. s2s. w. o. W..
B. Clack, c. c.; w. r. Ward. clerk;
J. A. Pace banker. Meets first and
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
MASONIC.

Hattiesburs Royal Arch Chapter No
f14-R. F. Barton. r. p. @. & s. /
freight Office; }. ID. Bennett, Score
tary. Meets Thursday nights In the
Masonic Temple at s o'clock.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23

Grove, Circle No. s6.--W. o. w.
Mrs. T. B. boucher, guardian: Mrs.
u w. Brookshire, clerk.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1908-07-23
ORDER OF EAGLES.

FraternaI Order OF Eagles, Aerie No.
1557.-Mr. A F. James, president.
Meets Thursday nights in hall in the
Pitts building on Railroad street, at 8
o'clock.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
MONT plpeRs KEEP oUsY.


rhc nighl ridorr have gone into the
peanut patch 4 row nightn ago near
The point whore The Nashville A Chai
innoupn railroad CROSSES The Toun"H
n,o nyor. bccnuH" peanut grower
had sold frw sacks h. man taken
away from hin home by crowd of
mnskod men. and hiH wiio was also
m,lt,d to como with them aud see
him whipped.
Nnor uovornl Hvltch cudH were worn
out un the unfortunate man the butts
were ri,cn to him tu take home To
servo na gentle reminder that h"
should obncr,s The rules laid down by
tho peanut pool
II seems that the peanut growers,
man, uf thtm have pooled their crops
tor nu advance lu prlcc The man
who vnH whipped had been ill turlng
the summer aud wan sore pressed Tor
focal to sustain himself aud hia lltilo
family llc aod u part of hiu crop of
r,nuulu I'm ordcr to avoid want For
thls d, vas taken ont ami whipped ol.
most tu death
Thua thoy viii run along unless
sonr one is arrested and the next
hmr We hear uf win h' barn huruinr.
au1 then wo will have u murder en-
iva iu thu peanut rcgiou
We have hod much crNinE for iudi
,idua aud personal llhcrt, during the
lat several months We have had
many prcachmcuts In favor Of every
man being pcrmitt,'l To- pursue health.
happiness and prosperity In any
mothod he chose
We have had much talk about the
right or property ANA the right of cv
cty man tn ,lo what he plcnscs with
his property, hut never In the history
of this country have people gone so
Ear away ns thcy are nov from the
tact that " ~ MANS privilege to
do what he plcascs with his hands,
to sell hls labor whore II plcascs him
aud mhcu it plcasCa him. and to sell
tho fruits of his toll Tor greater or
lcss price. Just as he scs it,
II the man who murdered Captain
Rankin. or II two or three men took
part I'm hls murder. is caught, are
triCh are convicted and hangoh there
viii hc q halt all along the line In
barn burning, Gin posting, whippiue
VI peanut rrowcrs aud other people
hy those who. for the most part. r,,
fuse tn work themselves and do not
want others to profit hv thcir owu
/ toll Cincinnati Appeal
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
OKLAHOMA NOTES.
lFrom the Oklahomanl

(F'rom the Oklahoman.)
The Chickasha Journal wakes most
virtuously indignant because some
girls in Chickasha spend all they
make on dress. Well bet the editor
himself hasn't much left after he gets
his winter overcoat and hat and a girl
is doing mighty well to dress herself,
and not depend on the old man.
Nine hunters claim 600 ducks as
their bag on the salt plains. The
ducks should form a union.
A large consignment of Hungarian
1artridges has been ordered by the
Lee. .;ue OF American Sportsmen OF
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
,,<

II Senator Foraker has donc wrong
tt would pccm proper to ncnd MN
tn prison "aftcr the election to kcop
th, beef trust company.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
-xi,

u isn't likely that Mr Nrchhold
was In the hualucss vi recommending
Judges when tr Tart was urst Hp'
pointed tn the federal hcnch
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
S~~rxtsN. stste Chemist rrsise.
IetteieHe

Mr ! u McCanGssS S'a'e Cas-,is'
- Georgia. Aeiors rcccri gathering
save eu'rhati, testimony ~ the hish
cu8h,y 81 CoJtclens lie sad,
rTas SsNe ~ tNis p0>3ugt Sa3 ne T-ee~
Nt--assa- ghAt d - rasSe frarn ccItH- srss'
sIl Rave ssve rl,re ~ Nrlns cottor s~e.
81 tgsaghralN ans faVNraoly oefore ~
rs,s,is thar ANYTHING slse .r re,c.s 10
tarv
Mr.. McCsnGicSS ;Aen rolrsed oE'
Why 4 pare rekaea ceses&las ol Aass
s,sA As Is used in Costolens IS ,h'
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Some strcctp In the very heart o'
tho city are pcrrly IN uccd NJ paving
il,cn sldcwalka would hc boon to
rrdcatrinna on central broadway,
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Scorotury Lake Wright nnNn Mt
Nryan u not democrat II is rrotV
nnfn to eay that he isn't the hnd
that Wright ~.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

John - tn 1nrt y know that
YOU could not dlaacmhlo your love
nut why did You kick mo down
,tnlrng'
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

NoaJc3 Ny Siy W1''sw n y Ns>
sr',r N y. q syndicate - N'oS' sr
sNor,swcu has o9yvcJ ,oHa,N,rs
~ sN,H0, an tww,osc private cswc
prescy,c covering thousands ~ sS-.s
sua Containing spc,''wcrs 80 sU tNc
villa suir'a's native to C,N,rs5a 'n
tNc vicinity ~ lake GyN-S, ,N mites
west ~ C,,'o-N,N SNriUES N,'c cH
tNc C,N'vs3' Midland ra',Na3 ~,
uosSoo tV sc'>yiUS N,,Nrs3N Ao- tnt
rie Nuuuur r0cscNc is sivcn hos
we ro,c iNst his cNN''lcocv, NNJ'
distinguished s'N,vsmNp president
TNc,3o7e Roosevelt. DTNN'crs ~ hun'
iu C,Novs5o q, Spy oshor >,rsiSn n
yhc VuUed states rae NaslIshuaes
MI eNnsnA slsS eNN ~ sA~,~ ven
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

"po womcu drcss tc please mcn'
Inquiries trwlulnc Writcr We don't
know. We hanll, think thcN dress
iu tho am rut vain horo ~ pleasing
tho other Vomcu. however
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Uncle Bill Cross was amazed al the
water In the Atlantic ocean. Uncle
BUl comes from a prohibition state
however. II shouN De remembered.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Farmers in some sections can sit in
their dooryards and husk the corn
from outlying fields when the wind is
in the right direction. the stalks be-
ing so long that they sway within
reach.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

There never Vas political cam
palrn In Witch tho q. ", T. throw
w many scarcp rrNhnMN Tor the rur
pono ot ahakwluE the Contributors,
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Rcnd up uu the propoe'd 'har''t
,,, Nrdmn,, and ho prepared to vote
Intelligent, uoNt w"ok
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

The Sulphur Springs Gazette says
that everybody is interested in good
roads. When the roads are improved
the country improves and the people
are prosperous.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

SEE THE NEW REzNoRs USED
WITHOUT STOVE PIPE.
1stf ARDMoRE SUPPLY co.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

SEE TIE NEW REzNoRs USED
WITHOUT STOVE PIPE.
ist kRoMoRE SUPPLY co
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
AlBATROSS

That's the name OF the best noui
sold in Arimore.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Nsrpcr.g Williams having sailed 'v
sec iUtc ;re 'wcNert iu yee RAt
Ran 'mrN'S'o. is tNiuE ~ r'cS a
GasrDl WNN }>Aucc HccSuse - =
s,oNct cEat 5u CSSa R'&ncN
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10


all the W mes
They have their their
And his time
His being
The "Ns ShasesrrAres
dramas will te Robson with
Miss MAY Sdng la Rnane wearing the
Ral ot the Princess said that the by this
heading lssnuel G the
thoatrsa ~Nh N this support
y will
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10
AlBAIROSS

rNAts Sc name ~ tNe Nest tcr'
$50 In AuADSce
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

Lawton for the Wichita game
serve.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

sCE TNE NEw sE.Ncss USED
MlrNcNr STOVE pleE.
'Sv ASCNcsg sNeslN co.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1908-11-10

rNs sssh
Is StSlct oVe- r,,N ara Ne can a
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08
A BIT TOO sHREwD.


one veassrs I'm which the Capitals
overreached Hfmse1f.
One OF Uncle Sans customs officialA
noted for his success In unmasking
smugglers, said the other day in a dis
cusslon Of a customs officers duties:
zone must be shrewd. but not too
shrewd; otherwise one overreaches
oneself, like Captain Harrow OF Isles
borough.
captain Harrow OF Islesborough
was trading at Key West In a small
vessel. Business took him up the coas'
TO Tampa Bay. and he bought tv--sy
dozen chickens from a farmc- at 81 a
dozen.
The chickens were all sizes-some
few days old and no bigger than ca
nary birds: some fat and large. ESe
turkey gobblers. The captain expect
ed TO make lot OF money out Of them
ne was very shrewd at a trade.
well. at Key West a hotel man
came aboard and looked the chickens
over.
They are fine birds he said. How
muchy
ar you pick them out yourself,
said Captain Harrow shrewdly, IN
have to charge you IS dozen II !
pick them out, can let you have them
for So
"'All right. You pick them out said
the hotel man.
Captain Harrow picked out dozen
chickens OF the canary bird size.
"'Here you are. twelve prime broih
ers,' he sxsd, with leer.
AGO ahead said the hotel man calm
ly; another DOZEN
The next dozen was OF necessity
larger.
"'Go on, said the hotel man. Keep
on picking them out
"And the third dozen was larger rtin
The captain looked at his patron anx
iously.
keep right on
'sThe next dozen was fine and piunr,
and the next comprised the hvrxcst
and latest OF the chickens
keep right on picking them out
captain
Then at last Captain Harrow saw
now he had overreached himself. The
hotel man bought his whole lot Of
chickens at SO. and thus the captain
lost on the speculation $40 In cash. to
say nothing OF feed and lsbor.--Cin-
cinnafi Enquirer.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08

AZ he trudged Up TO the old farm house.
his face was frightened BY the thoughts
OF his newly formed plans.
"Helio. Bessl" he called. as q slim
girl OF 10 met him.
you're back early. Phil" Bess re-
piled. you can't expect supper yet q
while. Why. the sun is an hour high"
"Oh, I'm not after supper" the boy
responded. 1--WE made up my mind TO
quit for good. Bess. I'm going to the
city"
His sister stared at him In amaze
ment for a moment Phil continued In
explanation OF his sudden announce
ment: I'm going 70 get position ia
the city. and leave the farm for good.
I've just had talk with I'd Spencer,
and be says he can get me position
when l want H."
ed Spencer Is he home again r
asked Bess.
-Only for few days. He can't stand
IL here much longer than a few days
At time. It's so slow. don't blame
him, either. Tor II is siow-terrIbly slow
and dull"
The boy removed bis hat and wiped
bis forehead.
But. Pun. II you 90 TO the city, what
will become Of meT' querled his sister
in q weak voice.
~Youi Why. can't you stay here with
Aunt Aatty and Uncle Ned1" There
was genuine surprise In the boys voice.
and this was Increased when be saw
that Bess had turned n shade paler
than usual
-oh. yes. l suppose / could stay"
was the quiet answer. hut did Il ever
occur 20 you that | might be lonely
and-and--"
There Was a suspicious weakness In
the voice. and when Il grew HUSKY. the
girl stopped and turned her face away.
why. Bess. don't see-why. In
time I'd take you 10 the city. too. I'D
get \ good position. and work IN II.
and then we'd live there together"
Yes bat how many years would !
have 10 waltz rcsentfully replied the
girl. do you think Ia Spencer could
support his sisterf And n be eouh.
why doesn't hef I'm sure she has a
hard enough time 10 pinch along"
But began Phil Ia self-extenua-
iion--I'm not like ia In some respects.
and"
NO. and I'm thankful you're not. .
interrupted Besz
A glow Of pride made Phil quiet and
more thoughtful. lie remembered now
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08

that Eds sister worked hard az dress
making. besides her duties on the farm.
70 make both ends meet In dim way
be seemed 20 remember several Of Eds
eelash ways when they were school
companions. and be admitted that be
did not treat his sister literally. The
dash Of the. roll Of bills appeared before
bis mind. and be wondered II I'd would
present his Woodworking sister with
some Of the money. Probably they were
all for her-a birthday present. per-
haps. for Mandy was i6 that month.
soh. I'd has his bad points" he re
piled. "and 10 has every fellow. But
he's doing well IN the city. and ! don't
see why shouldn't do as we'll wns
always smarter in my studies than
Ed
-Yeu. and IN everything else" loyalty
responded Besk
'-Thcn why shouldn't 20 TO the city
and make something OF mysclfi can
never do II here"
"Phii. don't think you would do
much better" protested Bess. In
few years now yos-we-will have the
farm 70 ourselves. Uncle Ned and Aunt
Matty must turn Il over 20 us then
they only hold II In trust until you be
come OF age. you know-and they'll be
glad TO get rid OF the responsibility.
Then we can
Phil kicked viciously at a stone. This
sort OF argument did not please him.
~But. Bess there's no money In FARM
ing" he interrupted. "Uncle Ned says
that. and everybody else. what's the
use OF killing yourself on the farm fos
nothlngT'
"But what would you do with itT
gasped Bess In surprise.
"Oh. sell II. or-or let Uncle Ned
run Il until become OF age. Then"
new light shone In his eycs-"then
the money win start me In business.
I'll have the experience. and-and---"
',Oh, PHIL" exclaimed Bess In a palm
ed voice, "how could you sell III"
why notT stubbornly asked Phil.
Bess did not reply. II he could not
understand the sacredness OF the asso-
Citations that clustered about the old
homestead. she could not make him.
She turned abruptly and walked away.
but not until Phil saw a tear glistcning
In her eyes
"Girls are no funny nnd-and- I'M
reasoning" tho discontented boy re-
marked aloud.
Phil was strongly minded and deter
mined In his way. Once his mind was
made up, IL was dhlcuit for him to
change bis point Of view For three
years now be had Leen pteadIly DRIFT.
ing toward this important decision. He
longed for the city, and wished to make
his mark in a wider field than farm
Ing.
~Bess will be terribly disappointed at
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08
YUKON MINERS FIND MAsroDos

Huge Animal in Perfect state Of
Preservation Is Dag Up-
John FrolIng has just returned to his
home In this city after an absence Of
nearly seven years in Alaska and the
Yukon territory. says Tacoma dis
patch TO the New York Herald Dur
Ing bis absence Mr.. Froling Travelled
over the mountains and followed the
river and creek valleys Of the far north
for years. In a fevered search for tbs
yellow metal
Mfr. Froling brings the facts Of the
finding OF the remains OF q mastodon
In an almost complete state OF preser-
walton The body OF the mammoth was
found forty feet below the surface. Mr..
Froling says. seven miles up Wood
choppers creek. a small stream that
flows into the Yukon about forty or
fifty miles above Circle City.
Several miners there had staked out
claims and were going through the
frosty earth In an effort TO strike pay
dirt They were operating a steam
plant. running down points. and were
one day surprised BY noticing Pc
culiar smell OF 6esh emansfing from
the excavation
Upon investigating they found that
they were Immediately upon the car
cass OF some immense animal. which
the almost red-hot steam was rapidly
decaying after Il had lain IN the frozen
clasp OF it's earthly bed for untold
years.
By great effort they got the carcsss
out OF the earth. the task proving a
most disagreeable one. owing to the
fetid doors arising from IT. Much OF
the meat was still IN good state OF
preservation and was eaten By the dogs
and wild animals that came about the
camp at night The bones OF the man.
moth were all Intact and the last Mr..
Froling heard arrangements were being
made to preserve the skeleton
In bis long travels over the Yukon
country Mr. Froling found many spots
where the bones OF the mastodon were
numerous. everything pointing to a
time when some sudden cataclysm had
brought unexpected death upon all the
animal life. He says these spots where
the mastodon bones are found 50 plen-
tlful are invariably sheltered valleys.
where the animals undoubtedly congre-
gated In their extremitles to shelter
themselves from the hardships OF the
weather.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08

Thsrs esas a message 70 ths vins,
A whisper 10 the tres
TIE blusbird saw the secret Sign
And mefFliy sang be-
And like silver strinx the brook
Trsmbled with music sweet
Enchanting notes In every nook
For echo TO repeat.
A magic touch transformed the fields.
Greener each hour they grew,
Until they shone like FURNISHED shields
All jeweled DER with dew.
Scattered upon the forest floor
A million bits Of bloom
Breathsd fragrance forth thro' mornings
door
Into the days brlFSa ssom.
Thea bud BY bud the vine confessed
The secret Il had heard.
And In the leaves the arure-breasf
Sang the delightful word
Glad flowers upsprang amid the grass
And dung their banners gay.
And suddeniy Il cams 10 PASS
Gods miracle Of May
Ladies Home Journal.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1908-10-08

ds hundreds Of notberA widows weeds iuxoy
dressed but all the graves OF ost o
- .-.s
saved even Dy
pound OF nezn claimed Dy
started right When ycn
mothers 90 you 90
ebu Will be there such little ming
sonnymotheF que7
wrong Then you run GOWN
quickly learns 10 nos
OF him You him that isn't 90
what boy other mothers s
him out OF doors play 90
OF forbidden thing boy
laughed at
butt for family jokes AND nus
mother father busy that be lives
but
you'll
warning laugh at his silly ideas OF
needed II mothers
duv 10 hand Will being formed