davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1908-03-22
I'll

Passing to the sense Of hearing, we find
our author expressing doubt whether this
exists in insects. There is no evidence
that hearing ever guides insects to each
other at best il is but q rudimentary sense
in them, and its organs are those which
serve also to register muscular activity.
II is in insects refined muscular sense
Again the auditory sense, II it exists at all
in insects, is probably confined TO those
which like the cricket, produce sounds.
The weight Of evidence is against the ex-
istence Of reaction to sounds in ants, and
as regards the auditory sense in bees there
is also a difference Of opinion. Lubbock
failed entirely to get bees 10 respond TO any
kind Of artificial sound, and Forel is posi-
tive that they cannot hear. Bethe believes
the buzzing sounds produced by bees 10 be
entirely involuntary.
The sense Of hearing so long absent or
problemadcal in the ascending scale Of ami
NAL forms, reaches great Importance in
the life Of birds and mammals. Some
birds, at least are capable Of pitch discHmi-
nations Of wide range and great acuteneas
The pow ers Of imitation 50 often exemphhed
In bird song are proof that this is the case.
Conrad found that English sparrows reared
by canaries acquired recognizable bits Of
the canary song. How far various man.
mails have the same range Of auditory
qualities that human being has, what
their capacity for pitch discrimination
may be, has been but little invest gated.
Our author recalls that raccoons have
been taught TO discriminate between the
notes by climbing on box 10 be fed when
the high note was sounded and by staying
down when they heard the low one. Our
author deems it probable that the variety Of
auditory qualities entering into the expert
ence Of the highest vertebratcs s large.
In chapter on visual d.scr' miaat'on our
author tells us that the most elaborate
and careful experiments that have yet been
The sun., 1908-03-22
The Animal Mind.

The latest addition 10 the Animal Be-
havior Series now in course Of publica-
ton by the Macmillan company is a text
book Of comparative psychology called
The Animal Mind, by MAR0ARET F. WASH
BURSE, Phi. D., associate professor Of
philosophy in vassar College As the
author points out, the title Of this book
might more appropriately have been THE
Animal Mind Deduced From Experimental
Evidence for the facts here set forth are
very largely the results Of the experimental
method in comparative psychology, The
mass Of experimental material that mas
been accumulated from the researches Of
Psychologists and psychologists is already
great but is also for the most part mac
cessible 10 the ordinary student, being
widely scattered and TO a considerable e1-
tent published in the journals Of specialists,
which the average college library does not
contain. Hence the usefulness Of the
present book. We purpose TO eIemplify
the value Of this interesting work by d.
recting attention to certain chapters in
which the author discusses the three classes
Of sensations whose existence in the animal
mind can be traced most satisfactorily;
namely. the chemical sense, under which
smell and taste belong; secondly. the sense
Of hearing, and finally. the sense Of sight.
The sun., 1908-03-22

made on the sense Of vision In the lover
animals are thoss Of Ysrkes on The Japane,s
dancing moubs. Light blue and orange
green and red, violet and red, we're dis.
orimlnatod by the mice, even whom tha
degrees Of brightness were conSldershv
varied. No ability 10 discriminate grc~n
and blue was displayed, unless tho tVo
oolors were made very different In resDel
Of brightness. We learn with interest the
there are reasons for thinking that the rel
end Of the spectrum Ia much darker to the
mouses eye than 10 the human eye. Tho
mouse retina also seems to be lacking u
CONES. Allowing for the possibility Of de.
orminahon based on differences Of bngh'.
ness other than those appredAble 10 human
beings, Yerkes arrived at the conclus on
that mice have a certain degree Of ability
to distinguish red, green and violet
Among the methods Of investigating the
visual image formed by the lower animals
may be mentioned particularly the size
test and the form test, Discrimination Of
boxes differing In size but alike In form.
placed In a row along board, food having
been put in one, was learned, but only i'm.
perfectly, by two maoacus monkeys; the
errors leaned In the direction Of taking the
larger vessel. Raccoons have been taught
10 distinguish perfectly between two cards
one e11 by 6H inches square and the othsr
~ by VI, shown 10 them sucoessively. The
animals learned to climb on box for fool
when the larger card was shown and 10
stay down when the smaller one appeared
As regards the form test, the japaneso
dancing mouse could not learn to distln
Rush two equally illuminated areas OF
different forms Raccoong, on the Other
hand, could discriminate a round care
from a square one. Thorndyke taugh
the two Cebus monkeys under his observa
ton 10 come down to the bottom Of the
cage for food when a card bearing the wor1
Yes" printed on ii was exposed, and to
stay I'd when a card bearing the letter "
was shown. The two macacus monkey
upon which Kinnaman experiments
proved able to distinguish vessels Of dir
ferent forms: "a wide mouthed bottle.
a small cylindrical glass, an elhptoal t.0
box, a triangular paper box, rectangular
paper box, and a tall cylindrical can
After recounting the results OF multi
tude Of interesting experiments our author
arrives at the conclusion that while ideas
are probably present 70 some extent in III"
minds Of the higher mammals, they ar
hardly 40 far freed from connection With
external stimuli that the animal can shu
out the world Of sense from its conscious
meas and dwell in world Of ideas
The sun., 1908-03-22

reminds us that Sir John Lubbook was
among the earliest observers 70 indicate
the lmportanoe'of chemical stimuli In the
life Of ants. He demonstrated that II Is
by chemical stimulation that ants are able
to follow each other to supplies OF food
or 10 lsrVe, for an ants behavior 10 an ant
larva found In the course Of It's wander
ing is like its behavior TO food: the larva
Is picked no and carried 10 the nest, Lub-
book put some larve on glass plate At
little distance from one OF his artificial
ant nests and set a similar empty plate
beside II. He then made a bridge OF a
strip Of paper leading from the nest toward
the plates and connected each OF these
with this bridge by q separate short paper
strip. He placed a marked ant at the
larve; she picked up one Of them and re-
turned to the meet. She soon reappeared,
followed by several other ants; when she
had reached the larv@, and before the
others had arrived at the dividing OF the
ways, Lubbock exchanged the short strips
Of paper 20 that the one over which the
marked ant had passed now led to the empty
plate. The following ants all took THIS
path, indicating that they we're guided
by some trace which her footsteps had
left. II is a fair deduction from this and
other experiments that the smell OF food
or larvR about an ant returning laden 70
the nest is a stimulus to her nest mates
TO follow her, and that this smell Is stronger
the larger the stock she has found and
hence acts as a more powerful stimulant'
II Ia pronounced probable however, that
different species Of ants vary In the de-
gree 10 which they make use Of smell as a
guide, Lubbocks experimentS indicated
that in finding their way back to the nest
ants relied mainlyupOn the oliactory sense,
but Pieron found that one species, Formica
cinerea, depended more upon vision.
How do ants recognize nest mates' II
has long been known that an ant entering
a strange nest, although il may be Of the
same species with the inmates, is likely to
meet with rough treatment and even TO be
put to death. 1t is probable that each
nest Of ants has a peculiar odor which is
the basis Of the distinction between friends
and foes. Bethe tested this theory by
dipping an ant first in weak alcohol, then
in water and then in the juice obtained
by crushing the bodies Of number Of ants
OF another species. He found that an ant
thus treated would be attacked and killed
by its own nest mates, but could be intro
duced though not so easily, into the nest
whose odor it now presumably bore, even
though its appearance should be quite
different from that Of the ants therein.
The sun., 1908-03-22
HATCHING FISH EGGS.
Temperature Governs the Period and th'
Development Of the Fry.


Development Of the Fry.
While the eggs Of various kinds Of flshe'
require different periods for their Matching
out yet the eggs Of any species OF hsh
might require a longer or shorter time
than normal. according to the temperature
Of the water In a hatchery the same
conditions govern in the development Of
the young fry, as may sometimes be seen
illustrated in the model hatchery at che
Aquarium.
For instance. a difference OF one degree
in the temperature Of the water would
make a difference Of four or five days IN
the Matching period Of brook trout eggs
as il likewise would in the development of
the fry. The young fish comes out Of the
egg with the yolk sac, from which in ~
early existence II derives its sustenance
attached; and at this stage Of It's life, with
the yolk sac attached, II lies on the bottom
here on the bottom OF the hatohing trough
not until II has absorbed It's yolk sac does
the young fish rise and swim.
But Of young fry hatched from the same
batch OF eggs placed in the egg trays a. the
same time you may see one lot put In thai
section OF the hAtching ttoughs that was
remotest from the inflow Of water swarm
ing and swimming about freely. while lot
put in the :roughs nearest the inflow would
still be lying on the bottom. their yok sacs
not yet absorbed.
In flowing down the troughs the water
had been warmed by the temperature in
the building about one degree TO bring the
little fishes at the farther end into their
complete existence four or Eve days earlier
than their more backward companions In
the colder water up the trough.
The sun., 1908-03-22
I |.

Plainly discernible, however alongside
and parallel TO the popular romantic drama
is a scholarly drama which stretches from
the early limitations OF Plautus TO the Sene-
can plays which cluster about the end Of
Elizabeth 3 reig gn and we're succeeded by the
college dramas which hourshed throughout
the rei gns Of James and Charles. Eventu-
ally there arose a great man in this school,
who had definite purpose in art and was
a represent tive Of scholarship srSlicd tc
ne drama as Marlowe and Shakespeare
we're representatives OF the romantic Italian
treatment, and as Dekker and Middleton
we're eXponents Of popular realism. with
Ben Jonson emerged what may perhaps
not inaptly be termed the school Of oon-
scious effort, manifestlng itself especially
in it's admirable and vigorous application
Of classic methods, and at times Of classic
limitations. 10 the existing conditions and
demands Of the Elizabethan stage This
species Of drama showed itself in various
forms; for example. In the classically con-
structed and we'll wrought tragedies "Se-
janus and THE Fall Of Catiline,' distin-
OF Seneca and from Shakespeare's un-
scholarly and romantic yet mastery treat
ment Of subjects from Roman history;
and again In dramatic satire Of a type
plainly referable TO an intimate aoquaint-
ance with Horace and Juvenal-in the
comedy Of humors," as Jonson called It,
and in the later outgrowth OF this last, the
comedy Of manners. Prof. Schelling con-
siders the performance Of Jonson's Every
Man in His 'Humor' in 1893. In which the
comedy OF manners for the first time took
definite form, an event of the utmost i'm
portance in the history Of the English stage,
As time went on this kind Of satirical
comedy united with the robust vernacular
type eXemplined in Middleton. and led in
Restoration times 10 the later comedy OF
manners, passing on through CongTeve, Van
brlgh and Goldsmith TO Sheridan and our
own days. As our author reminds us, -the
comedy OF manners is the most persistent
species OF drama In the language, and forms
with the romantic drama one Of the two
permanent types,'
Thus we see that the tendency Of the
Elizabethan and j acobean theatre was
toward greater diversity in the species Of
the drama. At first EngHshmen had only
the sacred drama illustrating the Scrip
tures. then was added the morality an
abstract Of life intended 10 promote right
eous living and correctness in dogma; then
followed the nterlude, devised only to
amuse, and finally the regular drama,
comedy, tragedy romantically or classically
conceived, on subjects drawn from ancient
and modern history, legend, and folklore,
whether relating to times remote and local.
ties foreign, or TO episodes English and
contemporaneous Our author finds the
diversity Of the Elizabethan drama nowhere
eXempHhed better than in the work Of
Shakespeare, who tried nearly every dra-
matte form and variety known to his re.
Thus in his earlier career he initiated u ,
The sun., 1908-03-22
I I.

In bees the sense Of smell s equally well
verted question whether or not they make
more use OF this sense than Of that Of sight,
Complicated also is the problem as TO how
bees find their way back 10 the hive, Ii is
obvious that the ant method Of following a
chemical trail is ruled out for insects that
fly. Bethe abandoned the puzzle as in
soluble and came TO the conclusion that the
bee in its homng fight lie guided by an
unknown force. Won Buttel- Reopen, on
the other hand, believes that the ooopera-
ton OF visual memory and the olfactory
sense will explain all the facts The nest
smell which characterizes each beehive and
prevents the reception Of strangers, who
are treated precisely after The fashion OF
ants in similar circumstances, is composed,
according TO Won Buttel-Reepen, Of the
following odors: the individual odor OF
different workers, the family odor, common
TO all the offspring Of the same queen; the
larval smell and food smell, the drone smell,
the wax smell and the honey smell. Curl
ously enough, bee laden with honey
can get itself received by a foreign stock
that has exchanged hives with it, where an
unladen bee is attacked. Here the smell
OF the honey seems 10 overcome the foreign
odor. The queen odor, however, is the
strongest factor in the complex nest smell,
in swarming it overoomes the tendency to
return to the old nest, and queenless swarms
will Join themselves to foreign swarms hav-
ing a queen There seems to be no doubt
that bees as we'll as ants are capable OF
distinguishing a considerable number OF
smell qualities.
When we come 10 the mammalia, we hnd
in the great majority Of types very high
development Of qualitative determinations
in the sense OF smell. That sense is the
chief defensive weapon Of wild animals,
and II has retained great keenness in many
domeeticated ones. The cat, for instance,
may be awakened from slumber in garret
by the odor, quite undscernible by human
nostrls, Of some favorite food being pre-
pared in the kitchen, Then, again. cat is
thrown into ecstasy by faint whih of cat
nip. T.b dog, hoTSv5T, % Tho nero ui tiis
field Of mental prOwess Some extraor-
dnary experiments made by Romanes
showed not only that the dog Gun expe-
rience a variety Of smell qualities. which is
the case also with human beings, but thatit
has the power to analyze fusion Of differ
ent odors, and attend exclusively TO one
component, power that men lack almost
entirely, The dog can analyze a smell
fusion az trained musician analyses
chord. Our author points out that in this
If L. i
in US degeneration. The fact is due ap-
parently to the habit Of relying mainly
upon the sense OF sight.
The sun., 1908-03-22
Rents In City OF Mexico.
From Ne Balfimors AmeriooI

From ne Balfmors american.
The prices that are asked for rental Of
houses In the city Of Mexico are Somethirs
appalling TO Americans said George g.
Leasing Of St. Louis.
! expected 10 remain there the better par.
Of the year and thought I'D get a house suo
send for my family. With this idea / ~
forth In search OF a domicle, but was s'ag
gered at the cost. For the commonest Kind
from $50 to 900 a month, and from that up M
", 900 month for those Of more preteut,o'
architecture. u II true that these tg
are In Mexican money which is just one -ltI
> he Nalne OF our own currency. bt wen .'
this allowance the rPuts sre far IA exc, u
hos chirged IN the cities ot the ,.'eI
STATES. Ia many other respects .hNIuL o.
Mexico 10 very reasona ble.'
The sun., 1908-03-22

What was the origin Of the Elizabethan
drama and what are the main influences
traceable in it's growth There is no doubt
that the Elisabethan drama was an artistic
graft on the old sacred drama, which had
found it's subjects in the Bible and in the
legends Of saints and martyrs The pur-
pose OF the sacred drama was the teaching
Of Christian dogma, whether manifested
directly in the form OF miracle plays or
carried out by the schoolmaster in 'morali-
ties" or scholastic interludes. The first
principal element therefore in the English
drama was the religious element, TO which
the first chapter Of the book before us is
devoted. The religious element in English
medieval drama, however. had worked
itself out by the time OF the coming Of the
Spanish Armada G5ss).
The young graft Of Eizabethan drama
found sap from another element almost as
old as religion itself This was the dis
tinotiveIy veTnacular or English element,
In the earliest times this element had mani
tested itself in the crude and realistic sim
phcty with which the personages and situa-
tons Of Biblical story we're translated into
the terms OF contemporary conditions; by
which, for instance. Joseph became an
awkward elderly original Of Snug the
Joiner, Herod brawling braggart and
Noahs wife common village scold,
Scenes OF comedy indeed, drawn from real
life enter into the English drama from its
very beginning and are TO be found accom-
panying ii in each Of the successive stages
Of It's development. Another form Of g.
lar drama was arising which had its inc
ton In the growing national spirit q
sought TO express itself in plays detai ling
the deeds Of the heroes Of old ballads and
the doings Of English mobiles and princes,
Such were the medieval pieces about
Robin Hood and later the crude dramatzed
chronicles like "The Famous Victories Of
Henry " The interest in the past, as set
forth by means Of the drama, extended
from EaEhsh themes 20 thoto Of other lanes
The author points out that in all these
chronicle plays, whether treating OF Eng
Hsh or Of foreign life and history, the old
symbolic and didactic purpose OF the miracle
PLAYS and smoralities' had waned almost
20 extinction and a new artistic purpose
had sprung up to make a great literature
possible Then as the drama advanced the
old farcical scenes we're superseded by a
higher form Of comedy in the plays Of
Robert Greene and others, or we're diverted
10 q powerful expression Of tragic emotion
by the unknown author Of Arden Of Fever
sham, while history was raised by the hand
Of Marlowe and Shakespeare to one Of the
most potent and distinctive forms Of Eliza
bethan literature. In the last decade Of
the sixteenth century came Dekker, Hey
wood and Middleton, In whose hands the
simple realistic representation Of contem-
porary everyday life reached a height only
surpassed by the more highly poetic and
The sun., 1908-03-22

Passing over the authors account Of the
reactions or responses Of the lowest orders
Of animals 10 the sensations OF smell and
taste, we turn at once 10 what she has to
tell US about the chemical sense In insects.
II is found that ants to whom honey mixed
with strychnine Is fed will taste 1t. but
then stop, and will do this even when the
antenne or mouth palpi are removed, indi-
eating that the taste organs are in the mouth
itself, Similar results have been obtained
from similar tests on wasps, and II has been
noted that wssps 80 treated will aiterward
hesitate even when pure honey Ia offered
to them. It has also been demonstrated
By experiments that insects are able 70
discriminate between odorS. There is much
evidence 10 show that the antenne are the
true organs Of smell In insects Various
flies and beetles which are In the habit Of
laying their eggs in putreiying flesh will not
react 10 the smell Of such a substance when
their antenne are removed.
How do ants hnd foodl Our author
The sun., 1908-03-22
2O.OOO LITTLE SALMON.
An Attractive Exhibit In the Aquarium :
Matching TrOughs.


HGtchIng TrOughS.
A sight that many visitors at the Aouar.
ium linger over Is that Of about 10000 little
Chinook salmon. with their yolk sacs still
attached just Matched out In the Aquar'
ium's hatchery.
Salmon eggs are about as big as pea
and Of the traditional pink salmon color
Spread out in the egg trays Of the Matching
troughs they make q striking exhibit thai
is sure to catch the eye.
Then as the processes OF Matching al.
vance the eggs become little paler and
DINNER In tint, and later Of a still duller
purplish hue, this being the color OF a thin
filmy outer shell that the Matched out fell
leaves when. with It's yolk sac attached, il
emerges and which then crumbles into
waste.
But II the eggs had thus outwardly grown
gradually somewhat DINNER in color, the
volk sacs with which the little fishes CONF
out OF them are brighter in color than the
eggs ever we're, for these are more than OF
a pink salmon color, they are Of q bright
deep clear pink that is all but red and all
of that same high tint. And here in the
Matching troughs are close TO 20 900 Of these
little salmon, each having one Of those
little bright red yolk sacs attached to IT,
the sac being Of about the size and shape
Of O small bean somewhat hattened, with
the little salmon's head appearing at one
end Of IL, while at the other its wiggly little
tail projects, the little fish being now about
an inch In length; and as they are always
wiggling, these innumerable little bright
red objects In the trough with fishes heaos
and tails attached are ever In motion.
The mouths Of the fishes are not yet open
the yolk sacs are really food sacs from which
at this period Of their existence they absorb
food and sustenanoe, and gradually theT
will absorb the sac itself and become eac'
a complete and perfect little fish, and the
nature will open their mouths and they viii
bao;n IN faad In tho uaial waV
The sun., 1908-03-22
v I.

Some OF tine most notable pages In Prof.
Schelling's book are allotted TO the decade
which elapsed between the death Of Mar
lowe Q59Sl and the accession Of King James
L. or, II we prefer TO take our dates from
the history Of the staee from the presenta-
tion Of Richard III 10 that OF Hamlet =
These ten years constituted the heyday
The sun., 1908-03-22
~

Outside Of their incesSant collaboration
our author has found il hard to determine
the personal relations Of men Like Decker
and Haywood. The former seems to have
been hopelessly improvident, spending
years in a debtors prison. II Is difficult,
we learn, to hnd a contemporary play
wright with whom Decker cannot be shown
10 have been at one time or another in
active collaboration; while for mending,
The sun., 1908-03-22
AQUARIUM ATTRACTS THEN.
More People Than Ever BefSre GStng ThiI
Year 70 See the Fishes.

The visitors at the Aquarium In January
Of the present year numbered $4,000; in
no previous January did the attendance
exceed 10000. In February this year
l2e 900 people passed In 10 see the eity's
great fsh show, while In no previous Feb
ruary did the number Of visitors rescl
10000; and thus far In the present month
the attendance has been ahead OF the March
record OF sssh date.