davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-01-02

Now therefore. in the name of the
State of Oregon, and in compliance with
said warrant. dul endorsed on said as
sessment roll. will, on Saturday, the
lst day of February, 1908. at the hour
OF ten O'Clock a. m. of said day, at the
front door of the Court honse in Hepp-
ner, Morrow County. Oregon, and from
day to day thereafter until all of said
real property is sold, offer for 8 le the
above described real property at public
auction. for cash. subject to REDEEM pton,
to satisfy said warrant, to the person
who will pay the taxes, penalties and
interest and costs, and take certificate
of sale at the lowest rate of interest :;
provided however. the maximum rate
shall not exceed ten per cent.
Dated the End day of Jan. 1908.
E. NJ. SHUT.
Sheriff and Tax Collector for Morrow
County, Oregon.
SHERIFF's NOTE
Any person owning any of the above
deecribed real property and desirous of
paving the taxes on the same before the
date of sale, and thus savi'g their
property from going to sale, will be re
CURED to pay the taxes, penalties and
interest as given opposite eat h parcel of
real property, and in addition to this
sum, twenty-five cents for each line
used in describing said real property
and giving the taxes and tie costs there
on in the above advertisement
E. M. SHUT, Sheriff
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-01-02
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION
Department Of the Interior,
Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon.

U6pHFtme1t OF the IHttrlOT,
Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon.
Dec. 7, 1907.
Notice Is hereby given that Thomas NJ. Scott,
OF Lexington. Oregon. has fled notice of his iu-
tention to make final fve-year proof in
support of his claim, viz: Homestead Entry
No. 1O:39 made Dec. 1lth, 1901. for the 81 SEA
of Sec. 27th Nj NEk Section 81, Township NJ.
Range %. E., w. NJ. and that said proof will lbe
made before J. p. Williams. U. s. Commissioner,
at his Office at Heppner. Oregon, on Feb. 4. 1908.
He names the following witnesses to prove
his continuous residence upon, and cultivation
of the land. viz:
Harvey l.. McAlister. Olin Hodsdon, William
B. Tucker. all of Lexington. Oregon. and David
Hynd, of Heppner, Oregon.
Decl2-Janl6 C. W. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-01-02
Notice For Publication.
Department Of the Interior,
Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon,

Land Office ut The Dalles, Oregon.
Dec. Z, 1907.
Notice is hereby given that Saddle Bowen,
OF Heppner, Oregon, has filed notice OF her In
tention to make final tive-year proof in support
of her claim, viz: Homestead Entry No ll72S
made Nov, 5th, 1902, for the So SEA Section 30,
NEA NEk Section 81. NWA NWL Section 80
Township 3, s., Range % E. W. NJ, and that said
proof will be made before J. p. Williams. U. 8.
Commissioner at Heppper. Oregon, on Feb
1905.
She names the following witnesses to prove
her continuous residence upon, and cultivation
OF, the land. viz:
William Hendrix, Henry scherzinger, Mile
Miller, and Emil Grotkopp, all of Heppner,
Oregon.
Decl2-Janli C, W, MOORE. Resfstsr.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1908-01-02
Sheriff's Sale.
Continued from page eight.

Brenner. Melvina, NV or of section l6 and
e hf and e hf W hf of section II In
township 8 south Of range q ewm
and hf go or of section ! and NV or
ne or and ne qrnw or of section -
all in township & south of range 25 g
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
ROBBERS TORTURE
AGED FARMER WITH
RED HOT IRON

aG 49,
Fort Iarvias. Sept. l6.-De.cctives Of
the Lackawanna, the Erie and the On
tario n Western railroads are search
ing all trains in an endeayor to capture
n of the three men who tortured
William Hartley. an aged arme OF
gGlenwood. SusQuenanna county, Pa.
The day preceding the robbery the
farmer sold q number OF sheep and re-
cetved $1,000, He SEM his daughter ia
MoNtrose to deposit the money.
Three robbers entered his home be-
9fore the girls return. All wore masks.
They demanded the money Of Hartley.
He told them he had sent It to the
bank. They would not believe him,
and falling to make him reveal its sup
posed hiding place they heated an iron
until red hot and applied 1t to his feet.
HARTLEY screamed In agony. but M
Histsd HIS daughter had taken Tito the
bank. The nen then searched the house
md found $3.50. EnraEed at not ind
Ing more they BEAT the aged farmer
until he waH inscnRibIe and rode away.
Two Of them were captured. They
gave their names al William wandeii
and Oscar Platt. The third IL still at
lnrge
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
SPRECKELS' PROFIT ON
GAS PLANT, $1,75O,OOO

San Francisco, Sept. 1s.-In an af1i-
dayit made for the San Francisco Gas
and Electric company, as q protest
against the city gas rate of SIS cents,
there Is revealed the great profit made
by Claus S~preckels in selling the oppo-
sition plant to the gas
Spreckels started the opposition com.
pany because the old concern refused
to put a smoke consuming evice in its
chimney and allowed the SCOT to drive
against the Spreckels' fine building.
Spreckels made such q bitter fight that
the old company, after three years paid
him $500, 900 for what cost him only
-. 10000. Thus he netted 81. 75o. 600
profit.
Spreckels appealed to the public
against the grinding monopoly and
scored his sua success. When he
sold out the public simply laughed and
said that they had been bunkoed, as
Joaquin Valley railroad and then sold
out to the nj Fe.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
FEDERAL COURT DEALS
OUT JUSTICE TO BUNCH
OF OFFENDERS OF LAW

Deadwood, S. D., Sept. .6.-United
States circuit court which has been III
session in this city during the past
week has adjourned and most of the
officers and witnesses have left for the
eastern part OF the state.
The jury disagreed in the case of w.
E. C~aNanaugh, charged with having
counterfeit money in his possession
with intent to defraud Cavanaugh
claims that he obtained the money
while operating q gambling device in
case will now go over to the October
term which will be held at Sioux Falls.
VIM. Black was found guilty of steal
ing a horse on the Yankto reservation
and sentenced to five years in tho
United States penitentiary at Leaven~
worth, Kan.
s. B. Scheiderman, a partner of Cav
anaugh's in the counterfeit money
charge, will be tried in October.
j. B. Baker and II. c. Wyatt pleaded
guilty to the charge of ~defrauding the
These men We're located at Bonesteel
during the Rosebud land lotteries.
Their scheme was to sell the land To-
Gated by civil war veterans, who were
willing to abuse their right.
Charging Eagle, pleading guilty, was
sentenced to five years at Leavenworth
for stealing a horse from the Rosebud
reservation.
The jury returned a vel dict of mot
guilty" in the case of Luther f. Pierce,
charged with selling liquor to an In
dian at Mobridge, S. D..
Newberry, Bouche and Murray re-
ceived one year and a day each in
the pe~nitentiary for selling liquor on
the reservation
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
HUBBY WON'T DYE
HAIR; SEEKS DIVORCE

Paris, Sept. 15.-It would be difficult
to conceive a more narrowing tale of
mans callous Indifference for woman's
finer susceptibilities than the one dis
closed in an application for divorce
just filed before the Paris courts.
The wife who makes the petition has
such a delicate and artistic nature that
She suffers fortunes from the hideous
discord existing between the color of
her drawing room upholstery and the
color of her husbands hair. Incred-
ible though 1t may SEEM, the husband,
actually refused to dye his hair to
some less dtscordant hue.
h they were married the hus-
bands hair was a delicate pale golden
color, which went admirably with the
drawing room furniture and hangings,
then of a cool gray tint. some time
ago the wife refurnished her salon in
q pale. sad green. and every time her
husband enters 1t his straw colored
locks set his wife's nerves on edge.
Appeals. ear and fainting fits all
failed to induce the brute Of a husband
to dye his yellow hair, not necessarily
sage green, but some tint HARMONIC
ing with the furniture, so, in despair,
the wife finally petitioned the divorce
court to free her from a partner
whose artistic abstruseness was MAX
ing her life one long nightmare.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

Until 1890 Heligoland. in fortifyine
which Germany Is to spend many mill
lions, was under the sway of Great
Britain, who had captured it from the
Danes in the Napoleonic wars. The
island, which now claims to be he
o fashionable Of German watering
places, was always q coveted spot. and
ne old sea rovers fought frequently
Tor Its possession before 1t settled down
under the dukes OF Holstein, with oc-
casional periods "in pawn" to the city
OF Hamburg as security for loans to
the needy dukes. Its great temple of
Hertha was the goal OF many an an
Gent pilgrimage until st. Willebrod
arrived in the island to preach Chris
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
1870 ENGINES HANDLE
BUSINESS AT

Huron, S. d., Sept. 16.-The railways
centered here made splendid records in
the transportation OF the vast crowds
here during state fair week. The Chi
cago & Northwestern gave EXCEPTIONAL
ly satisfactory services and not an ac-
cident even of a minor nature was re-
ported.
There are o 6S crews of trainmen
working on the freight service ON his
division. a larger force of men than
has ever been employed before on
freight traffic. There are 100 engines
located at Huron to handle the i'm
mense business this fall. Fifteen pass
enger crews are also in regular pass
nger service.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
OFFICIALS GET TOGETHER
In RUSTIN CASE

Omaha, Neb., Sept. 16.-County At
torney English and Chief Of Police
Donahue held a conference this morn
ing in regard to the Rustin tragedy for
the purpose OF bringing the work Of
their departments into closer touch
than heretofore.
The county attorney has complained
that the police department has failed
to submit possible clues to him which
they consider unimportant, but which
raveling he mystery Of Dr.. Rustin's
death. This Chief Donahue declares.
shall not happen again. The chief,
however, too occasion to deny some
of the alleged clues that have been re-
ported in the Newspapers.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
SAY WILLIAM PENN rs
BURIED IN ENGLAND

Washington, Sept. 15.-The acting
secretary of state, Mr.. Adee. a a
letter which says that William Penn
Is buried in England and net in this
country. He read a part of his let
ter to the Philadelphia delegation who
were here in connection with the Quak.
er City anniversary celebration. The
letter is from John II. Camp, jr., Of
MoreIton, Mo. He says:
while in England with the Kimball
family, I visited the site Of an old
church about 100 miles from London.
There I discovered that William Penn
was buried beneath the floor. Above
the grave is q suitable slab and inscrip-
tion.,
MT. Adee said the department had
not investigated the statement. He re-
called that General Horace Porter had
not been reimbursed the 1000 which he
spent in discovering the body OF John
Paul Jones.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
TO HAVE
A DUSTLESS ROAD

Chicago, Sept. 16.-Chicago is to have
a dustless road and superintendent
DohertY, Of the department of streets,
and the superintendent of all the park
systems are watching the result of the
experiment with interest. The road is,
to be constructed of blast furnace Stag,
combined with asphalt or tar, by the
Office Of public Dad of the United
States department Of agriculture. It
will be one of O number Of experiments,
conducted by the department in an eff
fort to give the nation dust proof thor
oughfares. Possibly the road will be-
constructed in one Of The south side
parks.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
TWO ELECTORAL TICKETS
FILED WITH SECRETARY

Pierre, S. D., Sept. 15.-The %certif-
Gates OF nomination Of the republican
and socialist presidential electors We're
filed with h secretary Of state today.
The republican electors, named at the
Mitchell convention are: J. L. Browne,
Of Aberdeen; c. H. Lien, of Sisseton;
]. F. Schrader, of Rapid City; Gottholf
Doering, OF Trip.
The socialist electors selected at their
convention in Deadwood are: Ira. w.
Siebas, of Mansfield; D. E. Mullins, of
Central City; Christopher Crosse, of
Elk Point; Henry Oiala. Of Lead.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
PIckPockETs RESIST
EFFORT AT REOUISITION

Huron, S. D., Sept. 16.--The men
taken into custody here a day or two
since, believed to be pickpockets and
connected with the recent silk robbery
in Winona. give their names as Harry
Cole, j. K. Hastings, e. ]. Neary and
Harry Hallett.
Requtsitfon papers were issued by
Governor Johnson, of Minnesota, and
were brought here by Sheriff Parr, of
Winona, who expected to take the men
to that city. The requisition is being
resisted by counsel for the prisoners
and an effort is being made to secure
ings.
The matter has been referred to
Judge Whiting, of the ninth circuit,
VINO is holding court at Deadwood, for.
Judge Rice n the men will remain
In custody here until the question of
requisition Is passed upon by him.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
SOUTH DAKOTA


The ownership OF race horses by
royalty Is a very old institution. Queen
Anne, although she was the mother Of
an enormous family, not one OF whom
lived to grow up. was a patron of rae
Ing n won a cup at York on the
eve OF her death. George " was pas
sionately fond of it and news of what
had happened to Ascot was brought
to him when he was lynn on his death
PED. Apart from his love OF the sport,
the king follows the turf because he
- astute enough to see h a 1t Is a
pursuit which interests a great number
OF his fellow subjects. To cry u
when the tide OF luck is adverse is
the last thing a real sportsman does,
good sportsman, 7
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

At Aurora, Ill, there is frequently to.
% seen as many Is $4,000 sheep at one
time housed In ~fattening sheds where
they are put In prime condition for the
market. Herds numbering 76. 900 are
g be encountered N the raches OF the
Tar West, but at Aurora. 80 many sheep
" 2 bunch. right in the midst OF q
populous farming district. is q novel
sight. The sheds at this point have ac-
commodatiors for $4,000 animals, but
there has yet been no occasion to tax
fhe es~tablishment to Its full nacitY
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
CRAWFORD INVITED TO
DEEP WATERWAY MEET

Pierre, S. D.. Sept. 15.-By the direc-
ton of the board of governors of the
Deep Waterways association, Governor
Crawford has been invited to be pres
waterway convention to be held in Chi
cago October z, s and g.
The governor is a member of the adj
visory board of the association. At this
meeting both Taft and Bryan will
speak on the day of the 9Th. While in
Chicago, Governor Crawford will be the
guest of the Chicago Commercial asso-
citation.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
CORN WEATHER MAKES
ICE FAMINE INTENSE

DeSmet, S. D., Sept. 16.-The dry, hot
weather, of the last fortnight, besides
helping corn out of the way OF frost,
has served to emphasize the ice famine
which is affecting a number of the
smaller towns of the state. Local deal
ers obtained one car from Huron. hut
We're refused any more. Redfeld sue
ceeded IN buying a carload from Mitch
ell, but the supply Is running low there.
also. Miller has been buying Ice OF
Pierre for some time. The shortage
there IS SO serious that an artesian we'll
Is being put down to create a lake from
which q bountiful harvest of ice may
be taken next winter.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
A $4,000 BLAZE
ScORCHES KEQs1UQUA

kcosauoua, Ia. Sept. ia $50. 1000
firc here early this morning wiped out
two 81 the best business blocks IN town
and threatened the whole business Sec
ton.
The heaviest losers are: StrIck!and &.
Davidson. millinery stock and buJid-
Ing. $4,000; Trait, grocery, $l5. bo0.
Manning, bank. 5000; Jnck*os, Iy:l.s.
company, 81 ,00D.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

Two noblernen OF the British peerara
nave the privilege of standing covered
before the king. These are Lord Kingl
seie.# n premier baron In the peeraga
of Ireland, on whose ancestor the priy3
Nege 81 appearing covered In the presl
ence Of his sovereign was conferred
by King John. n Lord Forester. o.
whose ancestor. William Forester. q.
c0mrnoner, the like privilege was con-
3erred by Henry VIII.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
ROBBED
IN CHICAGO HOTEL
The Postmaster of Mitchell
Captures Thief Just Too
Late to Get Money.

Chicago, Sept. 15.-Two daring
thieves, who crept up 10 h fourth
floor of the Brevoort hotel early today,
robbed J.. E. Wells, postmaster of
Mitchell, S. D, of a wallet containing
sS5 while the victim was sleeping. Mr..
Wells arose and, pursuing one of the
robbers down the corridor, captured
him Just as he brew the Wallet to his
who was standing on the
lower landing of the stairs. While
Wells was struggling with his prisoner,
the other thief fed through the hotel
and escaped.
Mr.. Wells, with his wife, a been
stopping at the hotel several days and
was to leave the city today.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

The Westralian gold output from 1886
20 q END Of last May amounted to
ing to $S7,37S,640 have been paid Ia
stockholders In that period. There arc
1000 stamps in western Australia IN
use and h machinery employed al tina
mines IL valued at 1901 00. 900. over 90
c0o men are employed in the mining
industry.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
CAPITOL COMMISSION
PLANNING DECORATIONS

Pierre, S. D., Sept. 15.-The capitol
commission, which is composed of Cow
ernor Coo l. Crawford, State Treasurer
Cassell, State Auditor Hirning, Com
missioner of School and Public Lands
Doken, and Secretary of State Wipf,
will leave here for Montana Thursday.
The commission will investigate the
Montana capitol building, which served
as a general model for the architectural
plan Of the capitol building now In
course of construction of this state
Tho question of interior decoration and
furnishings will be looked into by the
commission.
artistic interior finish in the new cap
itol is growing stronger with the in
habitants of the state, and the data
which will be collected on this trip by
the commission, will be presented to the
legislature in January.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
DEER INvADEs a HEN YARD.

Winsted, Conn. Sept. l5.-Mrs. 3. 81.
Frink. Of Canaan Valley. heard a COM
morton In her hen yard. and on IL.
~vestigation found q young deer anon
the fowls. The animal seemed ia he
tired As the family gathered ii sprane
against the fence, breaking 1t down
and bounded away In the woods.
farmer. has killed fuur deer which wers
despoiltng his gardens. The yenisonI
~ donated to the county hospital.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
WAkONDA MONITOR PASSES
UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT

Wakonda, S. D., Sept. 15.-Edward
p. Olson, for some time editor and pro-
prietor of the Monitor, a weekly news
paper published at this place, has sold
the paper to P. G. Estee, who will con-
duct it in future. The paper under
the direction Of Editor Estee will sup
port the principles of the republican
party.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

What 8ts regarded as the leadtng
mine OF the world Is the Robinson
mine, Of the Transvaal, South Africa,
which shows an operating profit OF
xA.Ssb,710. which is 10 per cent Of it's
totaI gold production. The annual div
;i0ends to $3,201. 600. A lar
ger n was crushed by the
Aomestake mine, OF South Dakota. and,
more bullion wal yielded by the Gold,
eld-Consolidated, Of Nevada, but the
60ut African mines holds the palm
Tor actual profits.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
WANT BIBLES IN SCHOOLS.

Tamaqua, Pa, Sept. ia resolu-
Endorsed by nearly all the patriotic
societies In this place, calling upon the
school board to place q bible In each
schoolroom to be used as a Textbook
presented to the board TO-DAY. but
no action was taken.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

In q recently published biography of
Mischa EIman, the violinist, the writer
The boy came honestly by his
!ove Tor music, for his mother and his
maternal grandfather were good vio-
!inists. When he was 4 years old he,
begged for a violin. and one was bought
70 please the child. Two days after he
mad received what his parents gave
MIN as a toy he ran to his father, who
was q school teacher, and said: lis
ten, ! can play your waltz His father
took him to the next meeting of the
village orchestral consisted of six
pieces-and the boy played the waltz
ana another like n who had had
Of experience"
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

a United States consular report
states that 22.419 miles Of telegraph
lines We're operated by the Imperial
Chinese Telegraph company In 1906.
The system has 34,473 miles OF wire. q
submarine cable Of 946 miles and $40
oH1ces, Ct which 02 were open day and
night and 317 for day service oniv
The number Of Instruments was 76S.
A. the head office In Shanghai the stair
81 and the general star g.
17b, while inspectors. linemen, etc.
brought the total up to 2.4OO.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
HARRY THAW CHANGES
PRISONS AND KEEPERS

P0ughlseeps.e.. ". Y, Sept, 16.-
Harry X. Thaw left the Duchess com
ty Jail today In custody of under
Sheriff Townsend for the Westminster
county Jail, where Thaw will hereafter
be confined.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17
FATALLY INJURED
IN REVOLVER PLAY

Marsha;ltoWn, Ia, Sept. 16.-Leona
Yingst, aged "a. was probably fatally
injured at State Center Sunday after
noon when her cousin. James Higgins.
aged IA. found a revolver and play
fully pointed 1t at her.
h gun was discharged and the balh
entered h girls right side.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

A.larxe majority III aliens admitted
70 the port Of New York are under IA
years OF age.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

England's dream of a united South
Africa is coming true. The premiers of
Cape Colony, the T%ransvaal and the
orange River Colony recently moved,
in their respective Legislative Assem-
blies, the adoption OF the resolution of
the tnter-colonial customs and railway
conferences calling for an early union
q the British crown. Natal is no
white behind hand and the resolution OF
the conference specially referred to the
Inclusion of Rhodesia in the great
South African state at a c%onyenien
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1908-09-17

Richard Wilmington. a merchant In
the state OF Washington. claims to be
9 direct" descendant of Sir Richard
Whittington-the real Dick, not the
nursery tale Dick-and is said to pos
sess a genealogical tree proving this.
Lately his daughter created a sensation
at q fancy dress ball, being costumed
as her ancestress, Dame Whittington.
spouse OF the knight. There is said to
De, however, one fatal flaw in respect
OF Richard Whittington's ancestry. Ac-
cording to the best authorities. Sir
Richard Wilmington and his worthy
helpmate died childless.