davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Baxter Springs news. [volume] (Baxter Springs, Kan.) 1882-1919, 1908-12-31

Once more the News rises to
ask why it would not be a good
idea to work the county prisoners
on the county roads; after a con-
viction, of course. Right now a
lot of worthless fellows who al
ways spend the winter in jail are
getting ready to commit some
kind of devilment so as to break
in until the grass comes again.
If they had to work for their
board they would not do nearly
so much breaking in.
Baxter Springs news. [volume] (Baxter Springs, Kan.) 1882-1919, 1908-12-31

For Sale Cheap-A good organ,
Inquire of Mrs. F. H. Bartlett.
Baxter Springs news. [volume] (Baxter Springs, Kan.) 1882-1919, 1908-12-31

John Marshall, of Winfield,
has been appointed as first assis-
tant attorney general by Attor.
ney General Fred s. jackson, to
succeed John S. Dawson, who
will become the private secretary
of Gov. w. r. Stubs. Mr.. Mar
shall has become well known
throughout the state because OF
his work as an attorney for the
State Temperance Union, and is
now one of the assistant attor-
neys-general for Crawford county.
He is a good lawyer, and a level
headed man.
Baxter Springs news. [volume] (Baxter Springs, Kan.) 1882-1919, 1908-12-31
news FROM
The MINES.

Total sale. .......... I52.77o 10000
Value; zinc, ago.: lead, $7ao; total,
$3,6S4.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
sTRAKER STRICKEN
SUDDENLY BY
DEATH
wELL,kNowN coLoRED ATToR-
NEY CARRIED OFF BY GRIP
AND PNEUMONIA AFTER ONLY
A WEEKS ILLNESS.

ID. Augustus Straker, one OF the
best known colored men In this part
OF the country, died Friday morning
after weeks illness with grip and
pneumonia.
He was born In 1912 in the West
Indies and came to the United States
when % years old Getting an educa-
ton while working. he taught school
for time In Louisville. and attended
the law school OF Howard university,
Washington. graduating in 1871. Ar.
ter working in the auditing depart
ment of the treasury for several
yvars, he went to South Carolina az
inspector of customs. He practiced
law In Orangeburg. S. c., and was
elected Republican member OF the
Legislature during the stormy recon
struction period He was appointed
dean OF Allen university. a colored IN
stitution in Charleston, 8. c.. in 1882.
but came north In 1887, after the dis
reimbursement OF the Negroes
In 1892 he was elected circuit court
commissioner OF Wayne county and
served with honor two terms. In 1902
he received the degree OF Ii. d. from
Howard university. His wife who was
daughter OF the late John ID. Rich
ards, OF Detroit, died short time ago
and he is survived only by an adopted
daughter. Mrs. Glover.
The funeral will be held from the
residence, No. $50 Bagg-st., Monday.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
SCHOOL
INSPECTORS PAID
FOR SERVICES
EXPERT DIGS INTO BOOKS AND
MAKES INTERESTING REvELA-
TIoNs -coNrRAcToR TRAvEs
VS.. SUPERVISOR STEWART.

Interesting revelations concerning
the dcings OF the old Fairview schooi
board are contained in report SUB
mitted TO the Detroit board OF educa'
ton, Thursday night, by lormer Dep
uty Controller Howard Beck, now
head OF q firm OF expert accountants
who was engaged TO go over the ac'
counts of the Fairview school trus'
tees preparatory to the assumption
BY the local board of some or the FAIR
view districts debts. The report
shows that some one had received
commissions on the purchase or text
books from the American Book Co,
II appearing that Trustees Peter De-
fer and Thomas Renaud had sent the
company $40 in settlement or Dill
of S126.I6. On one occasion an IN
spector received a commission or TWO
per cent for negotiating loan OF ~
600 for the board Although there Is
no provision In the statutes for the
payment of salaries to school trus-
tees. the Fairview trustees. In July.
1903. voted themselves. for services
varying amounts as follows: Thomas
Renaud, $221; Peter Defer. $500
Thomas Simms. 500: Theo. Kramer,
S24: ]. C. Otto. $44
Contractor William II. Traves sent
a letter TO the board saying he had
stopped work on the Moore school be-
cause the face brick ordered by Presl-
dent George and Supervisor Stewart
from F. b. Stevens & Co. was ''of all
coiors and Sizes" and he had been
told, he said, that IL the brick
used were not up to the sample he
would be obliged to do the work over
again. The communication was refer
red TO the real estate committee with
out being printed In the proceedings.
"Of course we selected brick Of diff
ferent shades" said Supervisor Stew
art to The Times. That's the fash
lon now and the effect Is quite attrac-
tive. But that's all rot about the brick
being of different sizes. There may
be a few culls, but Traves Is not ex-
pacfed to use those. He is expected
10 throw them out and make the brick
dealer give him good ones for them.
Now, what's bothering Traves Is this:
Some OF the mason work on the Moore
school Is perfect, but there is one sec
ton where the work Is imperfect and
he has been ordered TO tear that part
down and rebuild IT,. That's why ne
Is making this holler." 80
Traves sent another communication
TO the board relative to statement
by Supervisor Stewart that many OF
the bricks used in the Wingert school
we're defective, and he insists that no
complaint was made until after the
trouble arose over the Moore school
contract, which was first awarded to
George d. Mutt, though Traves was
the lowest bidder. To this Mr. Stewart
replies that the defects in the brick
were not discovered until after the
building was washed down, and this
was before the trouble over the Moore
school, he says.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
WIFE SPANKED HIM
AND SPIT IN
HIS FACE
AGED. CHRISTIAN czoLBE PUT IN
STRENUOUS TIME DURING
BRIEF PERIOD OF welded LIFE
AND WANTS A DIVORCE.

Christian Czolbe. an understood man
of 20 years, who is seeking a divorce
from his wife. Minnie. aged &c. tesu-
fed in Judge Murphy's court Friday
morning that his wife met him one
night when he returned from work,
pinched him until his arm was black
and blue, spanked him with her slip
per. and then spit in his face.
The old couple were married In Sep
tomber. 1906. and separated In April,
1907. During the few months they
lived together the husband says he
put in a strenuous time. He charges
that his wife brought her daughter by
former husband to live with them,
together with her husband and two
children. He says they agreed to pay
Sc per week board. but the money
was never forthcoming.
Mrs. Czolbe denies most OF her hus-
bands charges. and says that before
she married him he represented him
self as a wealthy man. She found
out later that he had nothing, and
could not earn enough to support her.
Judge Murphy withheld his decision.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
HAS GRIEVANCE
AGAINST GAS CO.
UNDERTAKEN BUCK SAYS HE'S
ASKED TO PUT UP cuARAN-
TEE or $50.

Claiming extortion by the Detroit
City Gas Co., John ID. Buck, an under
taker ut No. 22 Madison-ave.. appealed
TO Corporation Counsel Tarsney Fri
day morning for redress.
Il complained Of my high gas bills,
which are about double this winter
what they were last" says Mr.. Buck.
"On my request, test meter was pur
In, which ran about the same figures
~ the regular meter. Then the COM
pany demanded that put up $50 as .
guarantee. refused, having paid all
my gas bills, and the meter was taken
out. putting me to great trouble, loss
and Inconvenience.
II shall try To mandamus the COM
pany to see IL can be forced to put
up any such amount OF money TO
get gas"
Tarsney stated that he could find
no provision in the gas ordinance per-
hitting such action and promised to
take the matter up with Bucks attor-
ney.
X. w. Kurz, the mayors secretary.
to whom the complaint was also TAX
en-, told Buck that he did not see any
violation of the law.
1T is purely a private matter with
the company, which insist on being
secured for two months, gas biiis.r he
said. "A few days ago three Chinese
were In here. who were compelled 20
put up $3.50 to get gas. We could DO
nothing for them
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
WARRANTS FOR
TRIO OF SUSPECTS
MetALE, MALoNEY AND WARD
WITH euReLARiz- +
ING SKIRT FACTORY.

Warrants charging grand larceny
and burglary were issued against
William McHale, Edward Maloney and
Walter Ward by Justice Stein Friday
morning. The warrants cover both
OF the Babbitt-Taylor-I,ane Co. Jobs. "
Maloney and McHale are charged
with grand larceny In connection with
the first burglary, when goods valued
at 81 700 were stolen. Another war
rant charges all three with burglary.
This is in connection with the second
lob" when 81 bolts OF silk valued at
$4,000 were stolen. The goods have
been located in New York and Capt.
Mcdonnell has wired the New York
police to ship them back TO this city.
They will be used as evidence against
the trio
julius Berman, Louis Solomon and
two brothers named Muscoyitch. held
as witnesses against McHale, Ward
snd Maloney, will give bail during the
afternoon for their appearance at the
trial.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
JOS. F. SCHAEFER
PREVENTED FROM
SUICIDE
X A L A M AGO MANAGER OF
ECLIPSE CLOTHING CO., OF DE-
TRoiT. WANTED ON CHARGE or
EMeEzZLlNo FROM CONCERN.

CINCINNATI, o.. Feb. 14.-(Spc-
cial.) Joseph r. Schaefer, manager OF
the Kalamazoo branch OF the Eclipse
Clothing Co. of Detroit, Mich, was
arrested here late last night. just in
time to prevent him from committing
suicide.
A bottle of carbolic acid he had just
purchased was found ia his pocket
when he was searched at police head
quarters. and he admitted that ne
would have been dead man In two
hours, had he not been arrested.
Schaefer is accused OF embezzline
$500 from the clothing company OF
which he was branch manager He
Is a cultivated man. and is said TO be.
long 10 a well-to-do family.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
BIC STICK IS At TER
MORE RAILWAYS
IN MICHIGAN
WILL PROSECUTE ALL VIOLATING
LAW CALLING FOR USE OF
SAFETY APPLIANcEs-sPEciAl
COUNSEL TO HANDLE CASES.

The Big Stick is being welded on
the railroads OF Michigan.
Following on the heels OF suits re-
Gently fled against the Grand Trunk
lines. District Attorney Frank Watson
Is preparing cases against most OF The
other roads In this district 10 make
them comply with the safety appli,
ances act OF congress.
In this he is acting under instruc-
lions direct from washington, and the
department of justice will send special
attorneys here TO assist in the prose.
cution OF the cases. While an endeav
or to enforce this act, which compeis
the roads to use safety couplings,
brakes and other devices that will
minimize the danger OF mutilation and
death to trainmen, the Michigan cases
are among the earliest. No cases
havo yet been decided under the law.
Il am going after all the roads In
my district" said Watson Friday
"They have got to obey the law"
A force of inspectors has been in
vestigating conditions here. reporting
all cases where the roads have failed
to put on safety appliances on their
cars and where the safety appliances
are allowed to go broken, brakemen
being thereby forced TO go between
the cars in making couplings.
The Michigan Central is about the
only road against which proceedings
are not started. There are com
plants against the Ann Arbor, Pere
Marquette, Wabash and Detroit G. To-
ledo Shore Line.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
GATHER IN
ELEVEN ALLEGED
CRAP-sH00TERs
MAKE EARLY MORNING RAID or
isAooRE MARKS sALooN--rHE
CROWD SPENDS NIGHT IN po.
LICE STATION.

Isadore Marks saloon at No. 27z
Gratiotave., was raided by the police
shortly after O'Clock and the pro-
prietor was arrested along with 10
young men who. IL Is alleged. were
engaged In crap game. crap Ia
BILE together with other paraphernalI3
was seized and will be confiscated. All
OF those arrested were locked up in
central station on a charge OF being
disorderly persons. The alleged crap
shooters are: Harry Goldstein. q.
salegman. No 22n Mnntcalm=st east :
Meyer Gerson. 90, salesman, No. rs
Adeleide-st-; Max Goldberg. 21. mail
clerk. No. zee High-st. east; Max Solo
mon. %. No. 446 Brush-st.; Mepdla
Mesiter, ~, bartender, No 323 HigH-
st. east; Eugene Dorr. z2. No IA Ma
comb-st: Charles Munk. %, No. ED
Gratfotave.: Charles Kessler. 20, ga
loonkeeper, No. 1873 Gratiot-aye.:. Sam
Cerson, %, cigar dealer, No. Is Ade~
laide-st; Samuel Price, IS, merchant.
No. SO Baker-st.. and Saloonkecper
Marx.
Friends OF the parties at once got
busy and tried to secure the release
OF the crowd. but their efforts were
in vain. Capt. Baker was called out
OF bed to answer his telephone. and
the request did not appeal TO him at
all Several OF the young men, It II
said. have been arrested before for
shooting craps and have been warned
by the police to keep away from the
game.
Incidentally the police may enter Z
complaint against Marx for failing ia
close his saloon at 1880.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
Scion Yanked from
Show Girls Grasp
by Rich Pas Agent

CHICAGO. Eel 44.--Frank J. Moore,
Jr.. who became infatuated with Hell
enc Gordon. show girl, when she
was In Philadelphia, and followed her
here. was taken In charge yesterday
by H. J. Davis, who was sent here
from Philadelphia by the young mans
wealthy father to bring him back
home.
Mr.. Davis, with the aid OF two de-
tectives, found Moore and Miss Cor
don at the Victoria hotel. He had
occupied box at the theater earlier
In the evening, and after lne show
the two had dinner at the Victoria
that cost $40. The young man, after
much persuasion by the lawyer, told
Miss Gordon he would see her
later" and consented to return to
Philadelphia. Mr.. Davis had settled
the hotel bills for dinners, luncheons,
room rents and other items and noti.
fed Clerk Ed Carr to refuse the young
man any further credit. Moore en-
! deavored to follow Miss Gordon onto
Z the stage Monday night, according to
the stage employees. and had TO be
ordered out. He then took box.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
MONEY BEHIND
BAUb|E SCHEME
ONE OF PROMOTERS HACKERS
COULD DRAW CHECK FOR
MILLION, IT'S SAID.

I'VE would rather do business with
the ID. u. r., but II we cannot deal
with that company on fair basis. We
viii, deal with some one else says
Mayor Thompson In discussing the
Detroit Traction Co. franchise, which
is to be discussed by the council ran
ohise committee Monday. These peo.
pie are knocking at our doors with
AN offer of three-cent fares, and they
are entitled TO a hearing"
IL would appear that William T.
Baubie, the promoter Of the new com.
pany, has been more explicit with the
mayors office than with the aldermen
SO .ar as TO his backing.
II know there Is plenty OF money
behind Beaubie," said Ernest w. Kurz
mayors secretary. There are several
men interested who are very wealthy
One OF them could draw check Sor
a million dollars any time"
The mayor left early Friday after
noon for Cincinnati, where ne will
help the Detroit bowling contingen;
plug for the next American bowling
congress tournament
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
SETTLE
sQUABBLE OVER
MEOBURY BABE
LITTLE GIRL GIVEN INTO POSSES
SION OF MOTHERS SISTER AND
PAIR MAY SEE HER AS OFTEN
AS THEY PLEASE.

Fighting over the possession OF a
chubby little girl OF two years. Mr..
and Mrs. Samuel Medbury were ia
Judge Murphy's court Friday morn
ing. where the husband appeared In
response TO the order of the court.
The order was issued on petition oil
the wife, who charged that her hus-
band had kidnapped the child while she
was absent from her home.
The Medburys have been separated
for two months, and II Is said the hus-
band will institute divorce proceed
ings.
Before the court was ready to hear
the case the interested parties re-
NAMED out in the corridor, Mrs Med
bury holding tightly to her child. who
was seated on window sill. The
little girl displayed considerable afrec-
ton for her mother, kissing her fire.
Quently, stroking her hair, and vainly
endeavoring to dry the mothers tears,
which flowed continually. Attorneys
for the two were active. number of
conferences were held, relatives In
terceded with both parties. and finally
Ii was announced that a settlement
had been reached. The case was ac-
cordingly withdrawn.
Under the terms OF settlement the
child will be placed In charge of Mrs.
Medbury's sister. where the father and
mother can see 1t as often as they
please
Samuel Medbury is son OF the late
Mrs. Elizabeth Medbury, and is one
Of the principal heirs of the Medbury
estate, which amounts TO upwards of
100000. His share was left In trust
TO Cyrus Lathrop. who was given en-
tire charge Of the property. Medbury
has endeavored several times through
the courts to get possession OF the
money much faster than Mr. Lathrop
sees fit to pay il out
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
$25o,ooo FIRE AT
BUFFALO LITHO CO.

BUFFALO, N. Y, Feb. 14.-Fire
which broke out on the fourth floor
Of the plant OF the Courier Litho
graphing Co.. 1877 Main-st., and ex
tending through TO 204 Washington
st., early today. caused loss estlmat
ed at this time at s250.000. The plant
is one Of the largest of its kind In
the country.
The press department OF the Buff
falo Evening Times. adjoining, was
damaged to the extent of $4,000. The
Evening News has offered the Times
the use OF its presses, and the Times
will be run of today from the News
presses.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
AZ ARE ENTOMbEO
IN NATAL MINE
DESPERATE EFFORTS BEING
MADE TO RESCUE VICTIMS
OF EXPLOSION.

DURHAM, Natal. Feb. 14.--Forty
two men were entombed In a coal
mine at Glencoe today. Rescuing par
ties are making desperate efforts to
reach them. but they are blocked
by after-damp In the mine. 1t Is
feared all OF the entombed men have
persisted.
The explosion was terrific. rocking
the earth as an earthquake would
Miners and their wives rushed from
their homes to the mouth OF the shaft
where the relatives Of the entombed
wept and called upon the rescuers to
renew their efforts.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
Try to Prove "Creat
American Affidavit
Maker" . Lunatic

NEW YORK, Feb. 14.--Declaring
Robert Caldwell, 'the great American
affidavit-maker,. was insane when he
made his famous bruce and Stewart
affidavits and when he gave his testi-
mony In the bruce case in London. w.
c. Cabell, his attorney. today present
ed to Commissioner Alexander In the
extradition proceedings instituted BY
the British government the certifi-
Gates OF two examiners In iunacy that
Caldwell is now an irrational parano-
lac aud has been such for long
time.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
TAFT WOULD
REVISE TARIFF

In his speech Thursday afternoon,
Secretary Taft told" the lumbermen
that he did not know whether he ia
vored removal Of the tariff on lumber
Oh not. This caused some comment
as to his general tariff policy. When
seen after the meeting. Secretary Taft
said:
II have not changed In my general
policy. | stand where I did when I
made the Columbus speech. II Is not
necessary to repeat those views"
In the Columbus speech, Taft de-
clared for tariff revision.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
NINE. N0RO|CA
HERE MARCH 10

Nine. Lillian Nordica, the famous
soprano, has been engaged by Man
ager James e. Devoe to give recital
In the Light Guard armory, Friday
evening, March 13. During the early
part OF the season, Nine. Nordica APP
peared In the Manhattan opera house
In New York, but more recently has
been touring with the New York Sym
phony orchestra. Mr.. Devoe has also
engaged Jean Gerardy. the well-known
'cellist, to be the soioist with the Or
phous club at the annual concert OF
that organization TO be given Ia the
Church of Our Father, Wednesday
evening. March 25.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
WOMAN FAILS TO
IDENTIFY WHITMORE

NEW YORK, Feb 1.-THE case
against Theodore s. Whitmore. sus-
pected slayer OF his wife, Helena
wtitmore, the New Jersey swamp
mystery victim. was taken up by the
county authorities OF Hudson county
for presentation to the grand jury to-
day, after Mrs. Margaret Beiber. of
Jersey City. had failed TO identify the
prisoner as the man who called at
her house with a woman on the night
before Christmas.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
WHY MONTREALERS
HOLD d. u. r. STOCK

Many Detroiters have been wonder
Ing for a long time how 1t Is that in
vestors In Montreal hold so much of
the stock OF the Detroit United rail-
way. A story current among BUSH
ness men on Griswold-st. explains
this
II am told that when a big block OF
ID. u. r. bonds was foated In Mon
trcal. there was large bonus OF stock
given the banks and brokers who sold
the bonds" said a business man. 1T
seems that the stock was sold TO the
same people who bought the bonds.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
SUFFRAGETTES DRAW
SIX WEEKS IN JAIL

LONDON, Feb. l4.--Mrs. Park,
hurst, the well known leader OF the
women suffragists. and the other dele
gates OF the organization who were
arrested yesterday when they attempt
ed to make demonstration In tho
house OF commons. all went TO jail to-
day for term OF six weeks rather
than give sureties for their good be-
haylor.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
ASK RECEIVER FOR
MUTUAL RESERVE

NEW YORK, Feb. 14.--In the in
terests OF the az 900 policy-holders- OF
the Mutual Rerserve Life Insurance
Co.. Atty. Gen. Jackson today an
nounced that he had decided to apply
for receiver for the company In an
action TO wind up its affairs.
His decision, he said. was reached
as result Of State Superintendent OF
Insurance Kelsey's report and an in
, dependent investigation conducted by
one of his deputies.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
MITCHELL MENTIONED
FOR ILLINOIS GOVERNOR

CHICAGO. Feb. 14.--John Mitchell.
who IL soon to retire as president OF
the United Mine Workers OF America.
IL mentioned as Democratic candidate
for governor OF Illinois. Mr.. Mitchell
will not make any statement until az
ter his retirement.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
TOMMY GOOD SOAKED
FOR CARRYING A GUN

"It's funny man cant hunt for a
Job without being arrested" said
Thomas Good. when he faced Justice
Jeffries this morning.
Good was released from Marquette
prison last week, arrested on suspicion
Thursday and tried Friday for carry
ing concealed weapons.
"A man can't get job going after
IL with revolver" said the Judge.
pay $50 or serve 30 days"
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
AMERICAN SYNDICATE
WANTS LONDON TIMES

LONDON. Feb. N14--The\ Chronicle
says that an American syndicate has
made substantial offer for the pur-
chase OF the Times.
The proposal was discussed at
private meeting OF some of the pro
prietors yesterday. and II was viewed
on the whole unfavorably.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
HARTMAN ORDERED
TO ANSWER COURT

NEW YORK, Feb. 14.--E. II. Harri-
nan and Otto Kuhn, OF Kuhn. Loeb e.
Co., were ordered today by Justice
Hough. OF the United States circuit
court, to answer the questions which
they refused to answer before the In
teretate commerce commission. The
questions refer 10 their holdings in
The Union and Southern Pacific, and
they must also give the commission In
formation concerning the merger OF
the Hartman roads with other lines.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1908-02-14
CANAL WORK HAMPERED
BY WEATHER

Wet weather has made the work OF
digging canals on Belle Isle very DIT
ficult the past two days. The trenches
I'LL with water. and horses and men
have been fioundering 10 mud. An ef-
fort win be made to get pumps rugged
to pump out the water. Finding that
a number OF the laborers were not cit.
liens, Supt- Digger has-di discharged
them. replacing them with others who
are citizens.