davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1908-03-03
Committee Important.

Certainly there is not a more i'm
portant committee on the whole list. %
said Mrs. Lockwood.
Mrs. Lockwood paid high tribute 10
Senator Beveridge for his position in
favor OF suffrage and on other matters.
1T stamps him as among the foremost
statesmen OF his time" said AIra. Lock-
wood. Senator Johnston. Senator CLAW.
and Senator Burkett were also com
mended as Senators whom the suffra-
gists were willing to trust.
Mrs. Fannie Fernauld, president OF
The Maine Suffrage Association; Mrs.
Isabella c. Ballard Of New York, Miss
Annie +. Miller. granddaughter OF Ger
Tit Smith. Mrs. Ella 6. Stewart, presi-
dent Of the Illinois Suffrage Associa-
ton; Mrs. Ida Hustled Harper, biOgraph-
CT OF Miss Anthony; Mrs. Carrie Chap
man Gait. president OF the international
Woman Suffrage Alliance, and Mrs.
Ella Crossett, State president o. New
York, were among those who addressed
the committee.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11

she is right, intends to putsu" her
policy as already outlined.
The French press is displaying. day
by day more irritation, which has
been increased by the expulsion yes,
terday Of Pierre Adigard. monbsr of
the French chamber OF deputies. from
the German manouvre ground in A.
Lorraine. Furthermore. a" re-.
port received today that Emperor vi
lian Intends TO cross the French
frottier from Alsace Lorraine 20 view
the landscape from the top 1f noun
tain in France furnishes fresh oc
casion for sensational Journal 20
cry "provocation" La Patrie SAYS.
"T'hC presence Of Emperor William
on French soil at the same time that
"a French deputy is driven from an
neNed territory looks like defiance
AMI bravsdo."
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
FRANCO-SPA PAN|SH
NOTE IS READY
POWERS ANXIOUS TO LEARN
HOW NATIONS STAND ON
MOROCCAN MATTER.
REJECTION FORECASTfD
BY the German Prcss-French News
papers Growing More lrritated
Daily-Serious Compi-
cations Feared.

Taris, Sept lot Is officially an
nornced that the Spanish note
relating to the Moroccan situation has
been definitely drafted and sent to
Madrid for veritication, after which II
will be Immediately communicated to
the powers.
T'he, tone of the German press, in
conmenting upon the Moroccan sit
uatiCn, and especially the utterances
Of the organ OF the imperial chaace!-
Ior, Prince Won Beulow, in forecast
ing Gurmanys rejection Of the Franco
Spanish note regarding Morocco, has
revived measiness here.
The report that Vassel, German
consul at Tangier, who is now at
Foz. intends to exact the reinstate-
ment of Remiqui, governor of ElKa-
zar, who was dismissed on the recon-
Incubation of ElMouebhu former Mo-
foeean minister of war, for briga1d-
aga. has emphasized the bad impress
siop
The renewal Of tension hetweeu
France aud Germany, and poss.,'y IN
acute international compile litea, IS
feared. French official circles. how
over. remain calm, and 1t Is there an
nounced that France, conscious that
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
R :CE|VER FOR
BOOTH COMPANY
FISH AND OYSTER FIRM EN-.
BARRASSED-PhN PARTLY
RESPONSIBLE ONLY TEN.
PORARY SAYS PRESIDENT.

Chicago Sept l0.-The fish and
oyster firm of A. Booth and company
WAS placed in the hands of a receiver
this Afternoon.
The petition asserts that the liza.
.biIities are $5,500,000 and assets sS,.
100000, The troubles of the com.
pany are alleged to be due in large
measure to the indequacy of capital,
coupled with the financial depression
OF last fall Coincident with the re
ceivership proceedings, an attach
ment for the funds or the company
was secured today by an attorney
representing the Glrard National
Bank, of Philadelphia, on a claim of
$4,000. w. " Booth, president OF
the company said the receivership is
declared to have been rendered nee
essary because instead of mortgagin8
the property, the company has relied
for funds upon the sale of its short
time commercial paper, some of
which ii has been unable to renew
THE management he said lis con
fdent the embarrassment will be but
temporary,
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
SPEAKER CANNON
TOLD FALSEHOOO
SAYS WIN. J. BRYAN WHEN HE
PLACED LATTER'S WEALTH
AT MILLION DOLLARS.
DEFIES CONGRESSMAN
T) Tell the People How He Acquired
His Money-Candidate's Trip
to Evansville event
fuI One.

Evansville Ind, Sent, 10-He3vy
personal cnslaughts on Speaker GlA-
non were made today by Bryan in TIC
course of his travels through Illinois.
The Democratic candidate attacked
Mr.. Cannon from all sides. He
charged the speaker with being a
fayorite of predatory corporations,
with having strangled reform leeisla
tion and with having falsified the facts
with regard to Bryan's wealth.
At Olney, Ill, he openly accused
the speaker of telling a falsehoCd
whom the speaker fixed Bryan's
wealth at a million dollars.
In great detail Bryan gave figures
showing how his money had been ac-
quired from the day he entered con-
gross until the present time. He de.
MED emphatically that he was worth
a million dollars and fixed the amount
at $150.000 as the eXtrcem limit.
He had come by it honestly, he
said, through saving a portion of bis
congressional salary and from re
ccipts derived from his lectures and
writings.
He demanded that Cannon be as
frank rs himself and tell the public
whether he had made any through
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
MOT|ONOvERRULEO
Springfield Judge Refuses to ouash
indictments Against Raymor--De.
fendant Pleads Not Guilty

Springfield H. Sept. tl0.--Judge
Creighton in the Sangamon circuit
court today oyerruled the motion by
the counsel for Abe Raymor indicted
on charge of murder in the lynch.
ing of William H. Donnogan colored.
the night of August Is, and for rioting
and melting riot, to have the indict-
.ments declared void and illegal on
1.-THE ground that the states attorney
did not show the public the justice re-
quired In the conyening of the special
grand jury. Raymor then plead mot
guilty" to all counts.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
RESIGNATION REGRETTED

Washington, Sept i0.-"I regret ex-
ceedingly that III health has caused
the resignation of Bishop Spalding,"
said Monsignor Falconie, apostolic
delegate, at the papal legation to-
night. The resignation has not reach.
ed the legation, but when IL is IT will
be dispatched to Rome. The bishop,
said Falconie, has distinguished him
self as preacher writer and arbI.
traitor"
w. + Hughes. private secretary 10
the papal delegate. stated that there
will be an Immediately meeting of
the irremoyable rectors of the Peoria
diocese TO choose three priests as can
didates for the vacancy The bishops
of the Province of Chicago will meet
with Archbishop Quigley. OF Chicago.
and select three names These six
names will he sent to the Pope. who
will select from the list Salding's
successor
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
FATHER AND TWO
SONS Die WHILE
FIGHTING FIRES

Calumet. Mich. Sept. t0.-After
sending his wife and two small chill
drcn to safety at a neighbor's half
mile away, Jacob Hernesniemi, with
his two sons, 2 and IA years old, met
death Tuesday while trying to fight
off the forest fires that swept their
homestead, near Otto river, clear of
every building and all harvested
crops.
The news of the tragedy reached
here this afternoon, The body Of
Hernesniemi with the clothing partly
burned off was found drowned yester.
dav al a well on the fire swept farm,
but there was no trace Of the sons.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
PEORIA pRELATE CONCLUDES TO
REtlRE ON ACCOUNT or
ILL HEALTH.
ACTION is REGRETTED
Pope Also Expresses Regret at
Loss OF so influential
Blshon.

Peoria, H., Sept 10-The resign1-
ton of the Right Rev. John Lancaster
Spalding, bishop of the diocese ef
Peoria, was officially announced from
his residence today In the following
note:
Bishop Spaldlng, having been "
for three years and half, and fore
seeing that some years must eIapse
before he may hope to resume active
duty In the diocese of Peoria, has
after due consideration, resolved tn
tender his resignation as Bishop of
Peoria to Pope Plus X. The bishop
Is now In hts sixty-uinth year and still
suffers from tie paralysis which
brought his near to death"
Constant application to the work Of
diocese and his literary pursuits
weakened the constitution o fthe bis
hop and eight years ago he asked the
appointment of Assistant. Rev p. !,
.O'Reilly was at that time appointed
auxiliary bishop. Spaulding continued
his work until four years ago when he
was stricken with paralysis. since
which time the duties have largely
developed upon his assistant.
A second stroke of paralysis TO
some weeks was regarded as fatal.
but after long rest AT his old home
IN Lebanon, KY. and at health re
sorts. the Bishop recovered sufficient
iy to partially resume his work.
He will remain at the head Of the
diocese until the selection of his sue
cessor. when be will live in retire
ment here and II possible continue
his literary work. He has published a
number OF volumes mainly on labor
and religious topics. and has frequent.
ly refused elevation at the hand of
the church. He was one of the arbi-
traitors named by President Roosevelt
to settle the anthracite coal strike.
He was consecrated bishop May /
1876. and was the first bishop OF
Peoria.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
POPE REGRETS LOSS.

Rome. Sept 1O.--The Pope tonight
expressed deep regret al losing the
active cooperation OF such an impor.
tant member Of the American Episco-
pacy as Bishop Spaiding Few bis
hops" said his holiness. had so great
an infcuce on the life Of the people
even outside of religion and outside
Of the Catholic denomination. as hal
Bishop Spalding"
Further commenting on the resigna-
tion the Pope Is reported as saying
that il was impossible to replace such
man as Spalding
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
MUST PRODUCE LETTERS
Order Issued Upon Standard OIL
Official az lnstipstion Of
Frank o. Kellogg.

New York Sept 1b.-Frank B Kel-
logg. special deputy attorney general,
who is prosecuting the government s
suit against the Standard q ilCompany
Of New Jersey. resorted to the United
states circuit court today to forc-
the production of letters he bad pre-
,iuusly demanded from c. T. Ceilings.
second vice president Of the Standard
oil company. OF Kentucky
The court issued an order for Col
lings 10 produce the missing letters
Monday morning
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
SMASHES OWN RECORD
AerorsUt Wright Stays IN Ar e5
Minutes and So Seconds At Fort
myer Yesterday

Washington. Sept. 10-Orvifes
Wright today broke the worlds re.
cord for time and distance for heaa-
ierthan air flying machines which he
established YESTERDAY IN a flight 70
guirins great skill on account Of a
ten mile wind. he circle1 around the
drill ground al Fort Nyer fftyeight
times tn siNty-ive minutes and ifty-
two seconds. exceeding the time II
yesterdays record fight by three min
rites and thirty-seven seconds.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
GOVERNOR HUGHES TALKS
AT PLAY GROUND CONGRESS

New York. Sept le.-Govenos
Hughes was the principal speaker at
'tonights session Of the Fairgrounds
congress. He was introduced By Act
iEg Mayor McGowaB. a leading Dem
ocrat. who declared that Hughes was
The best governor the stale has hal
in many a day" Hhe governors
speech vas in full sympathy with Oh
iects 0f the congress.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
GERMAN SPY CONFESSES
Declares He Acted Under Direction Of
German Authorities for Several
Years Past.

Orleans. France. Sept 9.-The Ger
man arrested here a few days ago on
a charge of being spy confessed to-
day that he had been acting in this
capacity for several years past under
the direction of the German military
authorities Of Alsace Lorraine. The
man was taken into custody while at.
tempting to brbe a French soldier To
abstract the important parts Of a
field gun
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
AGREEMENT IN IOWA
Legislature Adjoe sqs tceyIng sena-
torship to Be Decided at
Prmray.

Des Moines, Iowa, Sept l0.-TRc
stand-patters an' progressiYes tits
afternoon united on a resolution to
adjourn the legislature until Novem
Der "a. While the resolution did mot
embody the provision, it was under.
stood between the stand.patters and
the progressives that whoever re.
ceiyed the primary nomination for
the long term would be cecte' for
both the short and long terms,
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
MADE new RECORD
Minor Heir PAGES Mile in 1:5oA at
MiIwaukee--Fastest Time For
Wisconsin Track.

Milwaukee. Wis, Sept 10. Miner
Heir, driven by Charles Dean, OF Lib.
ertyville. H., paced an exhibition mile
on the state fair mile track this
afternoon in l;b912, the fastest mile
ever stepped on a Wisconsin track.
a wind shield, but the PAGER was aided
by prompter, Time taken by:
;29% 80; 1929 and l.59h
Miner Heirs previous rect rd Is
2:GoA f eming Boy ca. tured the
2:29 trot in 2:o7M Citation the 2:0i
pace in 2:05 and Hazel Simmons the
2:l9 pace in 2:07A.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
FROM HEADQUARTERS.

Chicago Sept. 10.-John W. Kern.
Democratic pice presidential candi.
date viii make a speaking trip in the
south in October. Senator Gore. ~
oklahoma and George Fred Williams
Of Massachusetts,. are TO stump the
northwestern states.
Colonel Wetmore. Of the finance
bureau. announced tonight that 500
Democratic newspapers had Joined in
the movement to raise popular sub
ecrirtion fund with which 10 run the
Democratic campaign.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
u. S. MARSHAL KILLED
As Result Of Difference With Police
Authorities at Richmond w. Va.
Policeman Shot.

Richmond. " Va. Sept i0-As a
result Of bad feeling between the
local police authorities and the de-
putty United States Marshal. the Ia
ter. William Rutherford, was shot
and killed by Chief of Police e. F.
Bryan. whose right arm was shat
tered ny a bullet from Rutherford's 5
gun. Policeman William Graft wss
shot through the lungs and hip and
may die.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
Welded IN COPENHAGEN
Daughter of American Minister TO
Denmark Msrries Californian
Roosevelt congrstulstes.

Copenhagen. Sept. 10 Miss Pa
tricia Egsn. daughter Of Maurice p
Egan. American minister TO Denmark
was married IN this city today to
Jerome P. Murphy Of Los Angeles
Ca
Cougratuiatory telegrams were re-
reivs-i from President Roosevelt the
kink and Queen Of Denmark Princess
Naicemar Cardinal Gibbons and the
Pope.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
HARTMAN BANoUETED.

Omaha Sept 1o-E. n. Hartman
AMI family were bsngueted this even
ing by the Omaha Commercial club.
Hartman stopping his special train
hero for three horrs while 81 route
to New York Informal speeches
were made. HarrimsH's tax being
ren iniscent Of the last panic.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
GAS EXPLOSION CAUSES
FfRE-TWO ARE DEAD.

Pitisburg. Pa. Sent 10.-Two pc
sons we're burned fn death tonight.
and two others seriously injured hy
falling walls as a result cf a gas ex-
piosion at the home Of Rev. Father
Misyual. Of the Greek Orthodox
Catholic church this evening
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11

lecturing and writing and 10 what eX-
tent his money making had been
hampered by strict attention to pub
lie duties
Not since the campaign begun has
Bryan spoke with such vehemencc,
and IL is sold to be the first time a
presidential candidate ever went out
of his way to attack a candidate for
congress.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11

Admiral Rohley u. Evans. to r. Har-
rison Symington, son Of Major W.
Stuart Symington OF Maryland Thu
lcouplc viii spend their honeymoon
travelling on the continent and will
then return TO make their home in
Chicago.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
TWO DIE N FIRE.

St Louis. sept fa-A frame dveii
ing Of the farm Of William A. Sm tn
six miles north of Clayton. wss
hrrned today and two members n
the family. Claud Smith and JAMS
DuFhanl. 50 years old. lost their lives
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11
CASUALTIES NUMBERED 1000.

Calomb- -Bechar. SEPT 1o--Details
received here Of a recent engagement
between the French column and Ber-
aber tribesmen a. Boudenib show that
the Beraber casualties numbered
three thousand.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1908-09-11

The federal corrts have not laid
any bar in legal decisions AGAINST
agreements between employers and
tmployes, or against peaceahle strikes
to procure an increase in wages.
do not believe that the supreme court
viii ever decide against such agree.
mente or strikes When IL does. I
shall go hot-foot to aid in changinz
the law. for 7 believe in organized
efforts. in combination Of interests
csI eciaIly Of men employed i'm labor
As wage earners To- better their condl-
tion have never opposed such com
biratiou and organization.
Mr. Gompers has served a useful
purpose in scting as the head Of the
! American Federation Of Labor and
representing that organization in con-
lccrferences with employers Of labor.
I The heads Of the various railway or
CARNATIONS and their committees have
served a more beneficial purpose IN
CONCLUDED On Fourth Page.)
The star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1908-1909, 1908-04-08
MISS MALONEY MAY
FIND HERSELF TIED
YOUNG OSBORNE
Heiress's Chief Contention for
Annulment of Marriage
Floored by Letter.
NEVER LIVED AS MAN AND
WIFE, HER SALIENT POINT
But Epistle from Husband to Of
fetal Who Performed Ceres
mony Repudiates Statement.

PHILADELPHIA, April S.--The com
handing respect for the law held by
former Justice of the Peace William a.
Boyd, of Mamaroneck. has at the last
moment caused him to publish i'm
portant documentary testimony bearing
on the marriage of Helen Maloney and
Arthur Herbert Osborne. This testi-
mony appears to raise a barrier in the
way of an annulment of the marriage,
either by the law of his country or by
the Vatican.
Mr.. Boyd has in his possession a let
ter written soon after the wedding, in
which Osborne tells how he and the
former Miss Maloncy were living as
man n wife in Pittsburg.
All the 4 testimony before Referee
Cohalan in the suit brought by Martin
Maloncy, the Standard Oil millionaire,
of Philadelphia, TO annual the marriage
of his daughter to the young curb
broker of this city, is said to have been
taken, and the referee is now ready to
make his report.
1t is reported that Osborne, finding
his wife was infatuated with Clarkson,
was willing their marriage should be
annulled, and in his testimony before
Referee Cohalan also tool the view
point that the marriage was a joke.
One of the strong points brought for
ward by the Maloneys in the annul-
ment proceedings was that the couple
had never lived together after their
marriage. This fact would furnish a
ground for annulment, both in the civil
and church laws.
But William A. Boyd, who performed
the ceremony, is not willing to accept
the premises that he oficiated at a
mock marriage. He has a letter from
young Osborne, written a month after
the marriage ceremony, which he be
lieves proves that the marriage was
anything else but a joke. He had this
letter ready to offer in testimony be-
fore Referee Cohalan, and declares that
he offered it to the attorney for Os-
borne in the annulment suit. 1T wa:
not called for either by the referee or
much to Mr.. Boyd's surprise, Osborne:
counsel.
In view of the fact that his testi
mony was not presented, the referee
may see fit to reopen the case before
he makes his report, or it may be called
for by the judge of the Supreme Cour
who is called on to pass OH the referee
report.
The star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1908-1909, 1908-04-08
JULIA MARLOWE
NAMED IN QUEER
SUIT FOR DIVORCE
Actress Made Correspondent by
Mrs. Won Hermann, Wife
of Former Manager.
PLAINTIFF WON'T TALK OF
CASE EXCEPT FOR MONEY
Man Known as "VOn Hermann"
Offered to Sell Story to
Newspapers.

SALEM, Mass. April s.-The divorce
suit filed in the Essex County Superior
Court here by Mrs. Clara L. von Her
mann, in which Miss Julia Marlowe, the
actress, is named as a correspondent, is
the subject of much speculation today.
According to the complaint, Stephen
Won Hermann, the defendant, was for
merly press agent and assistant man.
ager for the actress. Mrs. Won Her
mann, who also names Mrs. Maude T.
Backus, of Brooklyn, charges that her
husband was unfaithful to her at va
rious places in this country and Eu
rope while with Miss Marlowe.
A curious phase of the affair is that
Mrs. Won Hermann is quote as re-
fusing information about the suit or
pictures of herself except for a money
consideration. Another odd thing is
that a man known as "Von Hermann
is said to have offered to sell the story
to newspapers several days ago.
Miss Marlowe refuses to discuss the
affair. Mrs. Foster T. Backu denies
even knowing the Won Hermanns.
The star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1908-1909, 1908-04-08
DEMON Of DRINK
IS TRIMMED SOM:
IN TWO STATES
Local Option Victory in Illinois
Will Close l,5OO Saloons
for Two Years.

CHICAGO, April S.-Returns today
show that as a result of the vote on
local option in 1,150 of the 1926 town
ships in Illinois, between 1,5OO and 1000
saloons will be closed for two years.
The local option forces made gains in
all the rural districts with two or three
exceptions. Most of the larger cities
voted wet" by large majorities.
NATION was voted dry" Lewis L.
] ,hman, Mayor, resigned his office
when he was informed that the "drys"
had Won. He is president of the First
National Bank and trustee of the Uni
versity of Illinois. Dwight, the home
of the "Keely cure" was the only for
mer dry town in Livingston County
hat went wet" The prohibition
forces lost by So votes.
LINCOLN, April S.-Returns from 800
towns in Nebraska show that the Pro-
hibitionists have made substantial
gains. The fercest battle was in Lin
coin, where more votes were cast than
in any Presidential contest. The issue
as submitted was between complete
prohibition and the daylight saloon,
running from 7 in the morning until I
at night. Prohibition was beaten by
202 votes in a total of 5000. The women
OF the city held an all-night prayer
meeting in behalf of prohibition.
MILWAUKEE, April S.-The Anti
Saloon League has received its first
check since it's campaign in Wisconsin
was begun. Hitherto the ~anti-saloon
men have not had organization oppo-
sition, but this year the Germans with
the cry of personal liberty, made war
on the leaguers. Victory as a rule was
with the vets. The saloon issue was
not featured in any of the larger cities
of the State, but where two ear ago
half of the places where the issue was
raised went dry, this year only two of
the towns reported have gone dry.
The star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1908-1909, 1908-04-08
HUDSON REPUBLICAN SPLIT.
New Idea Men to G0 1t Alone
on Omen Primaries Issue.

JERSEY CITY, April S.-Refusal of
County Clerk John Rotherham's fol
lowers to agree to open primaries for
the election of members of the Hudson
County Republican Committee is as
signed as the cause of the break be-
tween the New Idea faction of the Re-
publican party here and the Regulars.
The split was emphasized yesterday
when the executive committee of the
Central Republican Committee de-
termined to put into the field a full
ticket Of delegates to the Congressional
and State conventions.
The star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1908-1909, 1908-04-08
Y. M. C. A. NOTES

The final athletic contest of the local
physical department viii be on April
%, when the events will be 400-yard
run and sack race. The final swim
ming contest will be on April 20 in the
100-yard swim.
The employment department Bible
class win meet tomorrow night.
The fire brigade win have its BUSH
ness meeting and monthly sociable to-