The sun., 1908-08-09


adapted to It's growth. As. however. white
men could not labor continuously in those
hot regions. demand arose for slave
labor; and thus slavery, which otherwise
might have perishod, was confirmed and
strengthened by Whitnoy's invention. Some
of the States indeed In which slavery con-
tinued tn exist were not equally suitable
with the two Carolinas and Georgia for the
cultivation Of cotton. Nobody would assert
that white men could not work and thrive
in the comparatively temperate regions Of
Virginia. Delaware and Maryland, but
'the salubrious climate Of those States
produced Q hardy negro laborer who was
In great request In the sugar and cotton
distriots.' Thus those border States be-
came the producers Of the slaves reared to
work In the more southern States.
Sir Spencer Wslpols goes On to put his
finger on the point that the ak Southern
States which. owing 10 the invention Of the
cotton gin and the resultant increase In the
demand for slave labor. had become deeply
interested In slavery were originally about
as populous az and moro wealthy than the
seven Northern States IN which slavery was
abolished. The slave owning aristooraoy
Of the South. moreover. sent mon Of mark
and leading to the Federal Legislature.
who exercised an influence In Congress
which the representatives Of the North
could hardly claim. But as the nineteenth
century wore on the South saw with sur
prise and apprehension that its own polit-
ioal power at Washington was beginning to
wane. The North was growing faster than
the South. "In 1870 the two sections had
been nearly equal In population; but in 1890
In total Of les than ten millions there was
a difference Of nearly 100000 in favor Of the
North Sir Spencer shows how the ar
made In the year last named.
and known as the Missouri Compromise.
rendered II possible to maintain peaoe be-
tween North and South for decades. and
how the repeal Of It by the Nebraska bill
led to the agitation which produced tho
American civil war, Sir Spencer indeed
seems to imagine that the Clay compromise
measure Of 1850 brought about the seoes-
sion movement. while as q matter Of fact
1t postponed 1t for some years. Tho sig.
nificance Of the annexation Of Texas and
Of the acquisition Of California and New
Mexico is well brought out In this essay.
but tho author seems 10 have overlooked
the fact that Texas was at liberty to divide
itself into q number Of States which would
have givon the pro-slavery party perrna-
nent asoendenoy IN the Senate. Had re-.
course been made to this expedient seces-
sion would have been superfuous. Patent,
however. to the author Of these papers is
the unquestionable fact that although ala
very was the root and cause Of our civil war
the immediate issue did not turn directly
upon slavery. The South took It's stand on
she right which 1t alleged each State pos
sessed to withdraw from the Union. Tho
North rested its case on the alleged para
mount necessity Of maintaining the Union
II was this issue which at the outset
most affected the deoisions Of mon on
,ither side In the terribls struggle. Ex-
President Buchanan and Douglas, who In
Isa0 had been o candidate for the Preai-
iency, were both men who sympathiAed
With the South on the slavery question.
out both threw In their lot with the North
and resolved to follow the Gag. Loo. on
he contrary. whnse achievements a.
General were to make his name house.
aold word. thought slsvery a positive evil
and the Union q glorious result Of Waah-
ngton's labors. But he oonsid~red that
,is allegiance was due primarily to his
own State, and when Virginia seoeded |
rom the Union he resigned bis commission |
n the United States Army, which other |
Eiss hs might have commanded. Thus |
ZACH Of the parties to tho quarrel ignored
or while the cause which had brought |
matters to an extremity and rested his |
,ase on other grounds. The South hest |
k~I A1 RxzS Ill pt,
opinion by avowing that 1t was fighting |
or slavery. So too the North on Its |
tide rsfrained from alleging that It was
an institution on the expediency |
II whose continuance opinion was divided !
Ind asserted it's intention to uphold the |
Union, as to which purpose opinion In the |
North was unanimous. These are facts |
which, az Sir Spencer sees. have to be borne |
n mind II we would account for the SYM |
,athy for the South which undoubtedly
vas atteeted by many Englishmen, although |
he author OF these essays was not one OF |
hem. or the Southern leaders Sir Spencer
that Jefferson Davis will always |
70 reoolleoted a. tho man who placed HIM |
'elf at tho bead Of few seeding States. |
md who. In spite OF Inferior numbers and |
he disadvantages OF isolation. organized |
victory. He holds, on the other |
land. that Grant. in all that constitutes !
was inferior to Lee. He In |
'ists that Grants grestest achievements
the captures Of Fort Donelson and vicks-
,urg-were won against inferior comman-
lers: and that although he wore down
Lee In the end by the process Of attrition |
,e never showed himself Lees equal In |
single crisis of the campaign Of the Wilder
,ees. On the whole. Sir Spencer Is inclined |
o think that OF all the men born to the !
lnglo-Saxon raoe In tho nineteenth century |
lincoln deserves the highest place In his |
ory. "The ultimate defeat of the Con- |
ederacy was much more due to hia per-
'istence than to the strategy of Sherman
" the sword OF Grant
Tho mstrical tales Of George Crabbe are |
,ow seldom read on this side OF the Atlantic, |
~. in an essay devoted to the subject J
,ir Spencer Walpcle contends that the |
sast Anglian poet had a mastery over
he English language and a capacity to |
move the heart which few OF England's |
reat writer's have excelled. As EXAM |
lies OF Crabbe's merit he reproduoes a |
'assage which Tennyson quoted to Fitz-
'erald. and also another which pleased |