davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
The fan.... Sraridae,s.


The name~of Claridge's Is we'll known
to every visitor to London. The IA
nous hotel In which priices and mil
lionaires are, so to speak, ''three d
penny" is about TO celebrate its GEN.
tenary. When It was opened, early in
lSOS, 1t was known as Mivart's. after
the name Of its founder, NJ. Mlvart, a
celebrated chef of the period. Mivar,
has one great claim TO fame which nc
visitor to London should deny. He
was the first hotel proprietor to pro.
vide his patrons with bathroom. a
fact which he advertised extensively
In 1850 Mivart sold the business TO Mr..
and Mrs. Clarldge, butler and house.
Keeper In ducal family. 1t is now
run by company.-Argonaut.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Light From Darkness.

Il learned new trick the other day.
admitted the man who thinks he
knows about all the tricks there are to
be known. Il was making call on a
friend whose apartment Is fitted with
gas mantle lights. The light In the re.
ception room was poor because the
mantle had turned black. But my
friends wife knew the secret OF turn
Ing 1t back to Its original color and I
stood amazed to see her throw salt
into the chimney all over the mantle.
The salt caused the flame to blaze up
all around the mnntle.. idnd gradually
the ahara disappeared. aisAI tho Light
Was as bright and clear .as when the
mantle was new, That's a, thing, Worth
knowing."-New York GIobe
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Effect Of tho Bio Guns.

Considerable damage has been done
at Dover, England. by the firing Of the
heavy guns from the forts which have
been erected to protect the national
harbor. The town crier was sent
around the town to advise the inhab-
itants to leave their windows open.
but upon the firing of the nine inch
guns the vibration was so great that
IN many cases portions of the ceiling
fell. many ornaments were knocked
down and broken and windows were
cracked
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The fact that a band OF train
robbers were foiled on the very
spot where the James and Younger
boys pulled off such successful
job some years ago lends credence
TO the theory that there never was
as successful band of robbers
as the notorious one. For all of
which the travelling public should
be duly thankful.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Coffee In France.

DIR. Fernet. an eminent French ply.
slcian. is quoted by the British Med
hal Journal MS an authority for tie
statcmen: that the use OF coffee has in
creased In France to such an extent
that 1t Is now common for the people
of that country to drink n quart or
more OF a decoction Of coffee daily.
The habit is especially common among
laborlng women. great numbers OF
whom are received at the hospitals for
treatment for disorders solely attrib.
utable to II.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
EDUCATORS
ASSEMBLE
More Uniformity in Educa-
tion Sought by the
Leaders.

Washington, Feb. 24.-The first
conference ever called between
state superintendent of instruc-
ton, members OF educational boards
and school officers throughout the
country. met at the New willard
today on invitation OF United States
Commissioners of Education Wilmer
Il. Brown. The conference is for
the purpose of securing greater
uniformity in educational movement.
The opening address was made by
Commissioner Brown.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Daniel Up TO pats.

Jimmy aged five, was told the story
Of Daniel In the lions den by his
grandmother. When she had finished
the story she asked Jimmy what he
thought Daniel did the very first thing
when he found he was saved from the
lions. ~ mhG
"Oh. guess he telephoned home to
his wife to tell her hc was all right"
answered Jimmy. - Philadelphia Rec
ord. " FfN .s..s,.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Words Men of soIsne.,, Use.

In the columns Of tho London Times
a dispute continues to be waged stout
~ In regard to the language common
ly used by men OF science. The chief
point insisted upon IL that there is not
In science any truth so abstract that
1t cannot he expressed In plain and
clear English. The man of science
who takes refuge in technical terms.
such as zygotes and galnetns, sporozo-
cites and gapetocytes. Il, the corrc-
spondents allege, really c0nfessing to
lack OF education.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
HALF MILLION
MEN NEEDED
That Number Would be Re,
quired to Fully Garrison
Pacific Coast.

New York, Feb. 24.-General
Fred Grant declared in speech at a
banquet here that 100000 troops
would not properly garrison the
Pacific coast in case of war with
Japan.
Gen. Grant, speaking of the Japan
|ese, said:
Their army is so well trained and
so strong that don't think that we
could get along with less than 1O0O,-
900 troops there. The same is true
of the Atlantic, or would be II we
were attacked by some great power.
You may see for yourselves how many
troops would be needed in the event
of disaste" to the navy.
''On the eastern end OF Long ISL
and we have Montauk Point, in the
harbor of which an enemy could
place Its ships within forty eight
hours OF Chesapeake bay. Virginia,
and OF Eastport. Me. OF course,
this could not happen except in case
of disaster to our navy. There are
two powers to which numerical pre-
ponderance might give chance OF
victory on the sea-"
Here General Grant turned to Ad-
miral Goodsich22 NJ, who was
guest at the dinner, and asked HI
the relative strength OF the Unified
States navy as compared with ~
ira-jes oTflF world e Then The gspj
teral1 ~ that the navi& .ofS1snaland
and Fance outhumbered thatsof fhe
United States white that of Germany
was about on an equal footing.
IN they could once land 10000 men
at Moptauk Point" continued Cen
eral Grant, "we could not drive them
out In a long time. for they would
have a short line to fortifv. which
2OO0 OF their men could hold effect
lively. We would have two points OF
concentration and we'd have. 10 resort
TO the prolonged tactics OF q siege. {"
Gold Medal Flour Is best for pastry.
liEAwucE
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

me pennsylvania railway com
pany has just completed a tunne,
under New York city. The public
seems to think the railroads have
Tor some time been trying to un-
dermine the whole country.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The Portuguese do not seem TO be
satisfied with Strengthening king
and crown prince, but are plotting
against the life of another king. The
smell OF royal blood must be perfume
IN the nostrils of the Portuguese.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

yIf 'Uneie. Sam persists inahis pro-
test against Japan's encroachment in
China, ii will be JapaRs turn to
shake in her boots over the pros
poets of a war.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Shorthand.

Shorthand is one Of the arts that
have never been lost 1t is believed
that It was practiccd In PhocnicIa be.
fore the Greeks existed as people and
possibly also Mt Babylon. One finds no
trace of 1t in China or Japan. primarily
because the first named country has
always and the second until recently
opposed all manner of labor and time
saving devices. t.h~l z
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Governor Hughes favo,s

Governor Hughes favols placing
trust magnates in the penitentiarv.
instead of assessing fines against
them' That ought to settle his nomi-
nation' SO far as the money power
is concerned.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

Peruvians entered in the ceIebra.
tion of WashinGton's birthday with
as much vigor as though Washing
ton had been the daddy of that
country too.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The Monroe doctrine Is enough
to make any and all countries in
the Western hemisphere celebrate
Washington's birthday.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
Business and Professional
LIITLE ADS. LIKE THESE BRING
PEOPLE TOHETHER WHO WANT 10
DO BUSINESS.

IT'S BRUNSkiLL AS USUAL.
Photographs taken under all con-
ditions of weather. Our plan Is just
a little better than others. Come
any time. etb1,
BRUNS<lDL STUDIO.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
An Expensive Commission.

The public service commission OF
New York city will require $1,005. 900
for Its expenses during this year. Eight
hundred and fifty thousand dollars of
this will be for saiaifes. $4,000 FOR
rentals and Telephones s25. 600 forS Sem-
ployees and counselo 100000 for con-
tlngencies, fdpfd transit Studies. spe-
ciaH seryjeef ,apd d5ipFestigsN NQpag fp'he
remainder is waited for supplies, I'm
struments. maps, prints and advertis.
ing.-New York Herald.
A Suicide Machins.
1t Is said there formerly existed In
India a machine for the use OF the
would be suicides whereby they could
cut Off their heads. 1t was half moon
shaped, with a sharp edge, was fasten'
ed at the back OF the neck, chains be.
ing attached to the ends. The mau
who donned this instrument Of death
put his feet In the chains. gave a sharp
jerk downward and severed ibis head
from the body.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

1T seems rather strarge that Speak
er Cannon should oppose anything
like the naval probe when he knows
President Roosevelt fayors It.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The farmers do not appear to be
worrying very much about getting
help to harvest next years crops.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

"In your opinion" asked the pompous
member Of the investigating commit
tee, ''what n the cause Of the evident
unrest among the lndlsnsT'
Comanche Pete. the noted scout. blew
a cloud Of tobacco smoke into the at'|
mosphere.
Then he took his pipe out Of BID
mouth.
"TIeas." he answered = Chicago Trib.|
une.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The question now is, Who will
Japan send over here to pacify the
people of the United States?
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

The panic did not seem to mater
tally affect the size of the quarterly
dividend declared by the Standard
Oil company OF New Jersey the
IetAsr 4ay.Ss ~
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

Have you noticed that the price
of oil .Ihg onet Abeen adyaneca usince
the panic began?
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

An engineer went to school to pass
for a seconds certificate. "Well,"
said the examiner. "what steps would
you take II the main steam pipe were
giving out?" The engineer replied, II
would take the engine room steps three
mt time" He passed the door.-Mel-
bourne Times.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
THE J. w. CLARK REAL ESTATE
COMPANY.

Negotiates Loans. Aucti0neerins
Cry Sales, Buy, Sell and Exchange
keai Estate. Homes very cheap.
Cali at office, ia Court street.
headquarters for everything IN
our line. /,
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
ASTRONOMICAL EVENTS:
JUDICIAL BACKBONE

Judge Phillips, of Cleveland, recent
,IY gave the people of the whole
country something to think about
when, from the bench he scored a
fury for the verdict 1t had returned
IN criminal case. The case was one
IN which, according to the judges
way of viewing the testimony, the
hccused was unquestionably guilty of
Imurder in the first degree. At the
Same moment the jury signaled 1t
had reached verdict, the prisoner
$ignifed his willingness TO plead
xuilty to the charge OF granddaughter,
Shich is in reality murder in the
Nhird degree, a crime punishable by
twenty years in the penitentiary. The
Verdict returned by the jury was that
81 assault and battery, crime pun
shable by sentence OF six months
in workhouse and a fine OF 5000.
After Judge Phillips had recovered
sufficiently from the shock occa-
stoned by the Righteousness Of such
a-yerdict. he expressed himself. in the
folloyiRg LANGUAGE In addressing
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

what" asks the Wyoming Tribune,
"has become Of the old fashioned.
freckled faced boy who got tine water
chopped the wood, split the kindling.
MIXED the cows. fed the pigs. curried
the horse and did such other chores ~
his parents found for him to do?" He's
probably being kept busy handing his
lazy son money with which to buy
rolled up trousers and cigarettes. --Dsn-
yer Post H,e ~ 1la., 5 4. .-,.-,-sf :,
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24
WASTE PAPER.

We pay SOC cwt. for books. maglf,
zines and folded newspapers. Will
call any place In city. Telephone
In. MALO, ,
2S2-292 Farming Street.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

WfNIFRnD! ----v
Gold Medal Flour Is best for pastry.
liEAvlncE.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1908-02-24

Ioo..A1ss-&'s..
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
JoYs of the Interne.

eff you could see some of the vicious home treatment applied to cuts" the young interne at Bellevue said. you'd wonder at the comparatively few cases of teianus. If playful mongrel pup snaps at you. the east side knows that the only thing to do Is to put some of the hair of the dog that did the biting the hair must be from that particular dog-inio the cut. They come with in cisions reeking with all the filth imag- inable-the dirtiest cobwebs from the garret. for Instance. which are even more popular as a pouItice than those made of a chew of tobacco. Two boys came in recently the same day with cuts to which cigar butts had been bound down because. they explained. they don't chew tobacco. You can't convince the east side that it's wrong. Don't waste time. but clean the wound scientifically. pray for good luck and yeIl 'Next- New York Cor. Plitsburg Dferafrh
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
NOTICE.

Notice is hereby given that there will be a public hearing before the Board of Commissioners of Public Works, al o'clock p. m, July IA, 1908, in the City Hall Annex, cor ner of Leavenworth street and West Main street, on the application and petition of the N. Y., N. H. & II. R. R. Co, for the double tracking of West Main stree, at Church street, at which time and place, all those interested in the said application and petition may appear and be heard in relation n@thereto.
 By order of Board of Commission CTS of Public Works.
 Dated at Waterbury this Ed day of July, 1908.
 Attest:
 J. R. LAWLOR, 7-3-2 Assistant City Clerk.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
THE zislaStzki. i.MarkS Co. 11o-116 SOUTH MAIN ST.
AT THE CLEVELAND FUNERAL.
Three Persons Independently Slug.
 gested Wadsworth Poem.

They said that Grover Cleveland would be buried without sermon. eulogy or song, but they were wrong. The funeral was turned into poem that was itself a song, eulogy and a sermon. The most beautiful eulogy ever written by William Wordsworth was read over the coffined form of the former president and applied to him and to his life . | By a remarkable coincidence, or concurrence in the minds of the i three persons nearest to Mir Cleve- land, the great poem of Wordsworth was chosen separately and individuai- ly by the three as the one human ex- pression most fitting to portray the life and character of the dead. No greater tribute could be paid to the character of Mir Cleveland than this fact that his life and deeds were such that, when those who loved him best sought independently of each other. to find a suitable expression of bis character, they turned spontaneously to the Wordsworth poem that pictdfes a happy warrior with greatness ai- most sublime.
 The selection of the Wordsworth poem was remarkable incident la the funeral arrangements. The in- cident was suggestive almost of the supernatural in the coincidence and agreement of the mental processes that led to the selection. Without any suggestion that a poem should be read at the funeral, the Wordsworth poem was selected separately by Mrs Cleveland. the widow: by Rose Eliza beth Cleveland. the sister of the dead man, and by Dr Henry van Dyke, who was closer to MT Cleveland than any other friend in the last few weeks o< the fatal illness.
 After the death of Mir Cleveland. Dr van Dyke, who lives across Bay- ard lane from the Cleveland home. was sitting with Mrs Cleveland and Rose Cleveland After a long pause in the conversation Mrs Cleveland said:
 | T have been thinking of a poem about the happy warrior. The poem appeals to me almost as a prophetfe description of my husband. It was written more than a hundred years ago. and it may be that 1t is not so fitting as I think"
 Nothing could be more appro- and no poet could have been more prophetic" said Dr van Dyke, draw ing from his pocket a copy Of Wordsworth's poems. That is the very poem I have thought of as being opposite and well adapted to the character of Mir Cleveland" Rose Cleveland. in amazemenf. held out a memorandum In writing. In thinking of some fitting tribute fo her brother she had written down fke name of Wordsworth's poem. -Char- aeter of the Happy Warrior"
 So impressed were they by fhfs singular agreement upon the poefs that they determined to have the poem read at the funeral. n waa chosen to take the place of an suicry and song.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
srhs er.ss... w.ss~.r.s


 This Is said 10 be the title of a cHnr. inc essay evolved some years ago bf q hoy Ia q Welsh bocrd school:
 King Henry VIII. was the gr~sfszt widower that ever lived. He was bora st Anno Domini in the rear fosa ue had 510 wives besidee chlldren. Ihz arst was beheadrd and erecufef- 1&4 second vas revoked she nsrer srr<1<|< agaia- Bat she said the word rx1k would he found on Der hearf after n&< death The greatest nnn in tkis r<<<< vas Lord Sir (sarrst wolse7. us xx< sir rsned the Boy Baehzior. Be ~<1 born af the age of IS unmxrr1tx Henu VIII vas succected o1 <<& throne by bis ereat-rrzn1no<t<r. <I1 beautiful and nccnupiishe1 M1<1+ queen of ecstx sonefin<< knsuu 1m fhs Ls1y o< tke Lsksr
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
MISS NoRDsTRoM ENTERTAINs.
Reception of New Leading Lady at
 the Jacques.

Yesterday afternoon reeep- ton was held at the Jacques theater after the matinee for the new lead ing lady of the stock company. Miss Frances Nordstrom. Miss Nordstrom welcomed the guests with the other members of the company. Miss Nordstrom will be remembered as having met with great success with the company last year. and on which account she had many of her friends of last year to see her. As each woman came upon the stage she YVES presented with a carnation by the reception committee of the company. and a most delightful afternoon was spent
 Miss Nordstrom will make her iirst appearance Monday as Nance Olden in the famous play dramatized from one of the latest novels, '1n the Bishops Carriage" This role is just fitted to Miss Nordstrom's abil- ity. Monday afternoon the manage rsent has decided 10 give free seats to the first fifty women applying sster l o'clock.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
LDMInISl SlRlTOR'S SALE.

Pursuant 10 an order of the Probate Court shall sell at pub lie auction at 2 D. m-. July Is. 1908. on the premises. unless pre- viously disposed of at private sale. the real property of the estate of Mary Cavansugh. deceased. situated on the easterly side of River street In Waterbury.
 The property consists of a six family frame dwelling. a one fam fly frame dwelling, and a building lo:.
 T.. r. CARMoDY.
 Administrator.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
Violent s,nrm Interfer..

The violent shower which passed over Holvoke and did much damage prevented the ball game between the 'Papermakers~ and Meriden yesterday. The rain completely flooded the diamond long before 5.5e. and in several places dug deep into the surface. Both teams vili clash this sf ernoon at Neriden. Umpire Rortv. vho wss scheduled 10 oncisfe al Holyoke yesterday. wss unable to get any farther than the Wes; SpriagHeld-aoIyoke line. owing to the trolley service. After waiting soma tine he returned to this city.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to notify the public that l will not pay any debts nor be re- sponsible for any pills contracted by my son, Felicio Salinardi, after this date. ROCCO SALINARDI.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
rn n..h .fM

fsrreae-Hov does 1t happen that you Cont trade Et cIeavers any more7 Ton used 10 brsg abOut the nIce cuts of neat he always sent you. Is ft because he wouldn't give you credit7 Gray-0n the coutrsry. if is because he did--Bos- ton Trsnscript
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

NOTCH do trucking or all kinds and make a speciality of furniture moving; also furnish hacks for weddings. chrisenings. funerals or other occasions. Prices are right and service the best. David Carroll. s3 Pleasant st Telephone l127-s.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
WALL PAPER sALEl

0.Q0O kolls at 4c q kolL Ceiling and Border to match Hang ing paper He a roll We furnish Is- Dor and paper for sz room 10 per cent of for czsh- CenI. Ds'rinl5 G. Q Ase"<t Ave
 Oct ths s.-kt stors
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
To--v.I..rs-

Tonuie-BHs. mamma. enesrs were Eade before forss Neuua-Tes. my boy. and dir vas made before pie but you prefer pie. dos't yoz. Tonnisi -Yonkers sszsezu.n
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03
NEW ADVERTISEMENT.

TO RENT-Large well furnished front room, light and airy. all mod ern conveniences; also room foi light housekeeping; price low. Mrs Greene. 32 Abbott ave, over frui, store. 7-3-3
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

LADIES, ATTENTION-Shi waist suits SIPS up, silk waists soc, chil- dren's dresses 35c, babies 25c, bathing suits 40c, every day waists 25c. 909 East Main, 15 minutes walk from center. G-26-12
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Six room tenement with improvements at 122 Round Hill st, rent SIS. Inquire Elbin on prem ises or in Lockhart's drug store on the corner I-1-3
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Tenement of rooms at 27 Hawkins st, newly renovated.
 Inquire on premises, top floor. 7-2-6
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Two tenements, one of 3 rooms, the other of ' rooms. h. quire of Mrs Rusbton on premises. 13 Rushton place. 7-2-6
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

M. 4. BULAC. builder and contrac. tor. stair builder and cabinet max. CT. store fitting speciality. ofn~e and shop with J. E. Smith q Co. 66 Benedict ct. Waterbury. Conn. Res idence @ Tracy ave: oostotSics ocy ll9.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Splendid 5 and 6 room
 tenements in the Griffin building, 276-2S4 North Main st, all modern
 Improvements, including heating and janitor service; rents from SIS to $25 per month each. Inquire of D. J. Grif1in, 43 East Main st. 7-2-6
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

THE DUTY Is or alcohol: that's why the old Dsnbury Hat Store at "A Grand st is selling better hat than ever for s1.90 and $1.40. Remem- Der the number. "A Grand st, just around the corner from Bark st. Only one toll. from maker to wear or. 11-5-tf
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Tenement of 4 rooms, first floor, 12S Franklin st. Inquire up stairs. 7-1-3
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

WANTED-The people to know if they have not $7 for a ton of coal they can get big bag of Otto Coke from their grocer for a dime.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

FOUND-At 313 Bank st. '. V. Lu- cas's cigar store. one of the largest and best selected stocks of pipes and smokers articles and all the favor. Ste brands of cigars and tobacco. Cigars by the box . speciality. Call and see us and yoa Will surely come again.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-5 room tenement in block cor West Main and Mattatuck sts. Inquire on premises or at my house, 21 State st. George A. Up ham, builder. 6-30-tf
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

TO RENT-Tenement ofy2 rooms, all Improvements, for light housekeep- ing. Inquire 97 Walnut st. 7-1-3
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1908-07-03

FOUND-Ladies' purse containing sum of money. Owner may obtain same by calling on Mrs D. Adams, 2S Second ave. Call tonight or to- morrow morning before o'clock. 7-1-3