The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1908-09-10

| the attacks of numbers of predaceous
and parasitic enemies. Among the
former are Syrphid flies, two-wngeC
insects, which place their eggs among
the colonies, the eggs Matching into
hungry maggots which consume large
numbers of lice The so-called lady
birds" beetles belonging to the family
Coccinellidae, do the same thing, their
grubs or young devouring enormous
numbers of aphids.
Among their parasitic enemies the
most prominent, in fact the parasite
through whose work In normal years
both Toxoptera and Macrosiphum are
kept in check, is small four-winged
hymenopterous insect, Lysiphlebus tri-
tici which, upon the advent of warm
weather in the south last summer, rap.
idly increased and reduced the hordes
of lice. This insect we found in the
north, last summer, and reared 1t re.
peateGly from Toxoptera. Unfortun.
ately l.. tritici does not reproduce
freely at low temperatures; below
56 degrees F. 1t is said to be inactive.
or as Webster puts 1t, it is active only
when the temperature is 25 degrees
above that at which the green bug
breeds freely. The method of attack
on the part of this parasite is shown
in Fig. 2 Of one of our illustrations,
and represents an individual of
Lysiphlebus sp. in the act of oviposit-
ing in a specimen of NJ granaria.
Normally l.. triticl, as observed by MS,
approaches Toxoptera very deliberate.
ly, generally from behind, though FIRE.
quently from the front, and oviposits
with but little, or at least without ei-
fective resistance on the part of that
louise: but Macrosiphum appears to
be more on the defensive, and a foe
requiring finer tactics. This may ac-
count for the method of attack as
shown. The egg placed in the body
of the louise, matches in a few days.
The larva feeds upon the tissues of Its
host, preventing, ii is claimed, any
great production of young, and in this
way, even before the death of its host,
doing much to check the increase Of
the pest. Later, about week from
Matching possibly the parasite has G!.
tanned its full size, and with the prop.
er light and magnification. can be dis
tinguished through the body wall of
its host, Fig. 3. The body of the louise
swells, the individual dies, the skin
darkens and hardens, and in a short
time the little parasite emerges as a
four-winged fly from round hole cut
L. sha Oh nj - n T..
sect, Fig. 4, prepared to mate and
carry on the good work, If only the
weather will permit. Millions of this
| genus Of parasites are In our fields
working not only upon Toxoptera,
when present, but upon some other
plant lice, notably Macrosiphum, and
in ordinary years are the principal
means Of keeping these pests In
check II is an encouraee cement TO
know that young lice destined to be
winged are frequently parsitized; I;
helce, when the image migrant flies TO
other fields. IL frequently carries the
beneficial insect with ii. II is worthy
of note also in connection with the
subjects OF parasltism, that we find In
the north climatic conditions which
aye directly opposed to any disastrous
outbreak of grain plant lice. In other
words, We have cold winters and warm
summers. the first factor preventing
any undue increase OF lice unattended
by parasitism, and the warm sum,
mers allowing of a rapid increase
of parasites before the lice have
gained much headway.