davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
4 PARTIES MAY
RUN FULL TICKET
LIST OF CANDIDATES GIVEN BUT
NOT a FAC sIMILB Or THE
BALLOTS,

Des Moines, May 6. - The execu-
tive council has directed the county
auditors Of the state to put the names
of the candidates for county Office of
the prohibition and socialist parties
on the official ballots.
In a notice to the auditors sent out
yesterday the council suggested a
form in which the voters might be no.
titled, under the primary law, of the
candidates who will be before the pri-
maries. Under this suggestion the
candidates senatorial, state, legis-
lative, electoral, county and township
OF each Of the four parties, are to
be included In the notice published by
the auditors in the newspapers, the
tickets following one another in the
columns. This disposes Of the plan of
printing fac smile of the ballots of
each of the parties in the newspapers.
The list Of candidates SO published
by the auditor will have this introduc-
ton:
Notice is hereby given that a pri-
mary election in accordance with the
provisions of the primary election
law of this state will be held in this
county on the second day of June,
1908. Polling places will be open in
each voting precinct at the usual
places for holding elections. The
polls will be open as required by sec
tion 1087-6 of the 1907 supplement to
the code, which provides in effect that
in all cities of $500 population or
over the polls shall be open from Z
a. m. to 8 p. M, and in cities of less
than $500 population and in country
precincts, from / p. m. to 8 p. m.
"The various offices to be filled and
the persons who have filed nomina
| tion papers and affidavits and who are
entitled to have their names printed
on the official primary ballot are as
| follows"
Secretary Davldsons letter from
the executive council to the county
auditors says: "The following is q
suggestive form of notice to be pub
lished by the auditor of each county
and to be furnished to each city
town and township clerk as provided
!. in section 10S7a12 of the 1907 supple
ment of the code. Blank spaces to be
filed as may be required. Sent uot BY
direction of the executive council ant
with the approval of the attorney
1 general"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
WEATHER MAN
BRINGS blues
TOMORROW NEVERTHELESS MAY
SEE OLD SOL SHINING
BRIGHTLY.

The weather man still persists in
continuing the weather the likes OF
which" is calculated tc keep up the
blues in an ordinary mortal, but not
only has the dispenser OF the daily
weather bulletin dished out a big
mess of the blues to Cttumwan but
he has also cheated the citizens of
the city out of the summer cars which
would have been put II service May
/, had the weather at that time con.
timed as it was one week earlier.
The indications are this afternoon
that old Sol will chime out tomorrow
in all his glory.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
YOUNG BOY CUTS
THROATS OF five
YOUTH believed no Be AGENT
OF BLACK HAND, PERPE..
TRATEs OUTRAGE.

New York, May GA sixteen-year-
old boy known only as Carmello, en-
ployed in barber shop in Brooklyn.
early today cut the throats Of his
employer, Antonio Peraso, Mrs. Peraso
and three BARRIERS while they lay
asleep in Peraso's apartment The
wounds Of Peraso and his wife are
believed to be mortal, while those OF
the three BARRIERS are probably not
fatal. The boy escaped. The police
have a theory that the boy was an
agent of the black hand gang which
has been demanding money of Peraso
under the threat Of doing him injury
and that the blackmailers placed the
boy in the shop in order to punish
Peraso for his refusal to satisfy their
demands.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
2. =. Cameron Addresses LODGE,

Muscatine, May 6.-State Manager
R. T. Cameron of Ottumwa. was pres
ent at the regplc. weekly meeting of
the Court Of Eonor lodge last night.
On account of the ipclemcnt weather
the attendance was light. Two mem,
bers were taken into the order. The
Following this Mr. Cameron spoke for
a short time, upon the good Of the
order and that the coming meeting
Of the Court of Honor lodge at Spring
field would be the largest ever held by
that organization. He briefly out
lined the advantages of fraternal in
surance, and complimented the Mus
catine lodge as it is the second largest
in the state. Refreshments were sery
ed at the close of the meeting.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
PASSING OF OLD cHuRcH's KEYS
Rector Receives the OFFICIAL Symbols
of Office at Trinity Edlfice Ia
New York,

New York, May 6.-With hundreds
peering through the Broadway fence
and hundreds more looking down from
Office windows in the surrounding
skyscrapers the keys of Trinity
church and every chapel in its do
cese were passed to the new rector,
the Rev. Or. w. T. Manning, yester-
day afternoon.
Forty-six years ago there was sim
liar ceremony in the same place. To
day there were ten keys to be placed
in the keeping Of the new rector.
Colonel William Jay, the senior war
den, who received the keys from ths
several sections and placed them In
DR.. Mannings hands, was vestry-
lnan when DR.. Morgan Dix, the late
rector, was elevated.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
JOHNSON CONFIDENT
Governors Supporters Claim That
They VIII Carry Minnesota DEM
ocratic Primaries,

St. Paul, May 6.-Democratic pri-
maries are being held throughout
Minnesota today TO select delegates
to the county conventions which will
be held Saturday The most strenu-
ous contest is being wagcd between
the Bryan and Johnson factions for
control of these conventions. which
will select delegates to the Democratic
state delegate convention or May Il.
The Johnson men claim everything i'll
sight while the Bryan men concede
some sections of the state to their op-
ponents.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
OHIO STATE DEMOCRATIC CON.
vENTIoN IN SESSION AT col
UMBus INsTRucTs FOR Me-
RRASkAN AFTER FIGHT.
POLICE CALLED TO
QUIET DlSTURBERS
PLATFORM KEEPS OFF NATION.
AL ISSUES ONLY EXCEPT AS
THEY AFFECT THE STATE mo
ANTl.TEMPERANcE PLANK /.

Columbus, O., May G. - The Demo
cratic state convention to nominate
full state ticket and four delegates-
at-large to the national convention,
met at 10 o'clock this morning. The
platform as informally agreed upon by
the committee on resolutions, strong
ly endorses Bryan and instructs the
delegates-at-larg to vote for him. The
unit rule is provided for Other recon-
mendations are:
Direct vote for United States asaa
tor.
Initiative and referendum.
Employers liability.
Child labor.
Eight hour law.
No temperance or anti.temperancA
plank is provided for. National issues
are not alluded to except as they az
feet the state.
Judson Harmon Nominated.
The platform as submitted by the
committee was unanimously adopted.
Atlee Pomerene, Judson Harmon,
Gen. i. r. Sherwood and q. A. r.
Snadles were placed in nomination for
governor. Sherwood withdrew after
the second ballot. During the count
ing Of the votes there was much dis
| cord among the Hamilton county dele
cation and the police had to be called
to quiet the disturbance. Harmon was
nominated on the second ballot.
Temporary Organization Made.
The convention met last night In
the Goodale street auditorium. For.
mer Mayor Edward M. Moore OF
Youngstown was the temporary chair
man and State Senator Benjamin r.
Gayman of Columbus temporary Sec
retary. The temporary organization
was made permanent.
Following the speech of Chairman
Moore there were cries for Mayor
Johnson, who addressed the conven-
tion. He followed up his attack upon
Judson Harmon, candidate for COVER
nor, made earlier in the day In q
signed statement, in his address to
the convention.
/ Mayor Johnson assailed the politi.
cal record of the former attorney gen.
eral of the United States and declar'
ed his position on some Of the leading
questions of the day would not be con
sistent with the platform that would
be adopted by the party. Senator Co
hen of Cincinnati then made warm
defense of Mr.. Harmon.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
TOM M'NALLY is LOCATED.
Missing Chicagoan, Sought In 81
I oIIis Said RI he in Erisco

First Went to Los Angeles.
Chicago, May 6.-Thomas j. Nc
Nally, the missing Chicago politician,
has been found in San Francisco, ac-
cording to telegram received in Chi
cago yesterday from McNally person
ally. Although the contents of the
telegram and the name of it's recipi-
ent were kept secret, it was positive,
ly stated that McNally had been found
and he would soon be in Chicago.
Another phase of mystery was
thrown into the case when City Prose
custor John J. Cavertly reached Chi
cago from st. Louis, where he had
been personally Investigating the dis
appearance. He declared that he had
traced McNally up to 1880 O'Clock
Friday evening on April "a, and tina,
at that time McNally positively stated
that he was going home.
According to information received
by his friends here, McNally went tirst
to Los Angeles and then to San Fran
cisco.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
EDWARDSGETS
LIFE TERM IN
PEN|TENT|ARY
vERMILloN SENTENCES
NEGRO WHO ASSAULTED MRS.
CLARA ERWIN TO ANAMosA RE-
FoRMAToRY.
From Tuesdays Daily.

From, Tuesdays Daily. -
Leroy Edwards, convicted Of GRIM
inally assaulting Mrs. Clara Erwin,
was today sentenced for life in the
Anamosa reformatory by Judge Yer
million, following motion for a new
trial by counsel for the defendant. un-
less sooner released by the board Of
pardons under the indeterminate SEN
tence law.
When asked what he had to say
why sentence should not be imposed
upon him, Edwards said the police
were unduly active and wove fabri-
cation to convict an innocent man.
To this the court replied that 'it Is
the duty of the police force to ferret
out crimes and they only did their
duty in this case"
In Hearty Accord.
II am in hearty accord with the
verdict reached by the jury and be
lieve 1t was amply supported by the
evidence. The alibi that you present.
ed did not show that you could have
been at the scene of the crime when
it was committed. The evidence also
shows that you took a longer route
home, according to you own evidence
than could have been taken. I will
sentence you to the Anamosa reform
atory according to law, which car
ries sentence for a period Of not
greater than your natural life, unless
sooner released by the board of par
dons, which will depend on your be
havior at that institution"
Is 48 Years Old.
Edwards saiys that he is 48 years
old, although he does not look to be
| over 80.
The prisoner was led from the
court room by Sheriff Jackson, follow
ed by Deputy Garyin. He will be TAX
] en- to Anamosa this evening or tonior
row.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
twelve BITTEN
BY A MAD DOG
KENOsHA, WIS, PEOPLE HURRY
TO CHICAGO PAsTEUR INsTI-
TUTENCHILDREN VICTIMS

Chicago, May 6.-Ten leading resi-
dents of Kenosha recently bitten by a
mad dog are undergoing treatment at
the Chicago Pasteur institute, 228
Dearborn avenue. Among those bit
ten are Chester G. Allen, widely
known as a golfer and one of the
wealthiest residents of Kenosha;
Henry B. Robinson, president of tho
Merchants and Savings bank; Mrs.
Robinson and their three children,
and Milton H. Petit, secretary of the
M. H. Petit Mailing company.
The dog was a bull pup belonging
to Mr.. Petit, and 1t had been a great
favorite among the members of the
Petit and Robinson families. Mr..
April 27, but no attention was paid
dog showed no signs of being infect
ed with rabies.
Last Sunday the dog suddenly be-
came mad, and attacked Mr.. Allen,
who was visiting at the residence of
Mr. Petit. 1t also bit little jeanette
Robinson, 10 years old. Mr. Petit
shot the dog and Immediately shipped
the carcass to the Pasteur institute
for an examination.
Evidence Of Rabies Found.
DR.. A. Lagorio, head of the insti
tute, examined the dogs brain and
found that 1t showed evidence OF
acute rabies. On Monday seven OF
those bitten went to the institute and
received hypodermic injections, and
yesterday Elizabeth and Frederick
Robinson, IL and 7 years old, respec..
lively, registered at the institute fol
treatment. Arrangements were made
for daily course Of treatment at the
institute during the next two weeks
necessitating daily. trip from Ke
nosha to Chicago for each of the ter
persons bitten.
DR.. G. B. Bruno, assistant surgeon
at the institute, said in the evenins
that no symptoms Of hydrophobia hat
developed SO far in any Of the patients
and that there is every chance tina
all of them will recover from the
bites.
Pup Affected for Two Weeks.
Before going into commissions th'
dog had been affected with rabies $,
least two weeks. In that time tht
animal constantly snapped at and bt
every person coming near it. MI
Robinson was bitten April 27 and OF
the following day Mrs. Gertrude Rob
inson was bitten slightly on the hand
A few days later Fred R. Petit,
brother of M. H. Petit, was bitten
F. H. Carpenter, former resident Q
Evanston, was bitten April 29, ant
April 80 Miss Anna Setterkvist wa
snapped at receiving a slight scratcl
on the hand
The wounds are mostly small
scratches. The outcome of the treat
ment is being watched with the great
!, est anxiety in Kenosha on account o
the fact that the persons bitten ar
widely known throughout souther
Wisconsin and in Chicago and ST
burbs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07

Roosevelt's Cousin Lives Like Cowboy
Waukegan, ILL.,, May 6.-John Keene
Roosevelt, cousin Of the president, has
arrived at Libertyville from Phoenix,
Ariz., with a consignment Of race
horses. He intends to leave for Long
Island in few days, planning to
make the trip on horse back. His
wealthy father has stock farm near
there. Just now Roosevelt is living
"a cowboys life with the horsemen at
the Libertyville track. He sleeps out
doors in a hammock and cooks his
own breakfast over the camp stQYe.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07

San Francisco, May 6.
The greatest prepara-
tions for a month Of fes-
tivities are being made to
welcome the fleet here.
Governor Gillette figures
prominently in the enter.
tainment as the represen-
tative of California. The
mayor and city officials
are working with the
committee to perfect
plans Of entertainment.
The jackies will have
plenty of amusement to
suit their fancy. Dances
are being planned at
which the beautiful Cali
fornia girls will do their
best to show them a good
time. Many elaborate So
cial functions are being
prepared for the officers.
The fleet will sail for
San Francisco at 8 p.
m. today, arriving at 9 p.
m. 1t will anchor until
tomorrow morning and
then sail into the Golden
Gate.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
CONNECTICUT FOR TAFT
Twelve of Fourteen Delegates
structed for Secretary
Daa,o.eik Calo.oad
Roosevelt Endorsed.

Hartford, Conn, May 6. - Presi.
dent Roosevelt's administration was
Heartily endorsed today by the Con-
necticut Republican state convention,
and twelve of the fourteen delegates
to the national convention at Chicago
were instructed to vote for Taft for
the party's presidential nomination.
Two of the congressional districts,
the first and third, voted against in
structions.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Arnov RilI carrIes ses .aeo .ooo.

Washington, D. G., May g. sena-
tor Warren today reported to the SEN
ate complete agreement of the con-
ference on the army appropriation
bill. 1t was adopted. 1t makes the flat
increase of $500 a year in the pay of
the officers and 35 per cent in the pay
of the enlisted men. The bill as final
ly agreed upon carries $98,382,00O.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
SETTLES FOR $500.
Estate of Young Massachusetts, Won,-
an Sued for $4,000 for Death, But
Accepts Smaller Sum.

Boston, Mass, May 6.-Frederick Q.
Thompson Of Des Moines, the Har-
ward law student who was recently
acquitted of criminal responsibility for
the death of Mary J. Mcintosh, who
was killed by his automobile at Water.
town, settled with the estate of the
young woman in the sum OF $500. The
settlement grew out Of a suit that
was filed claiming damages in the
sum of $4,000 The adjustment dis
poses finally of the entire matter.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Prominent oskaIoosa Girl to Wed.

Oskaloosa. May 6.-Miss Winifred
Bomar, well known here. reached
home last night from Chicago, to pre-
pare for her wedding to Paul Wetz.
stein Of Cedar Rapids, son of a prom
inent wholesale jeweler. Mr.. Wetz-
stein is now in albuquerque, N. M. :,
where he is engaged in the Indian
curio business. Owing to i'll health
he will not return north, but Miss
Bomar will go to Albuquerque to meet
him and be married there. Miss Bo.
mar ha5 been in Chicago for the past
three years, in the employ of Mar.
snail Field.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Whites Secretary Sentenced to Year

Whites Secretary Sentenced to Year.
Washington, May 6-Lindsay Wat
son, 50 years old. formerly private
secretary to Stanford White, killed by
Harry Thaw, has been sentenced to
one year in jail for attacking a z
year-old girl.
Watson has been here as the repre-
sentative of the architect firm of
Carera E. Hastings, New York, design
ers Of the Carnegie Institute building.
The little girl is the daughter Of one
of the contractors on the buildings.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Taft Honored at Colon

Colon. May 6. The cruiser Pral-
rie, with Secretary Taft and party on
board. arrived here at this morn
ing. The secretary was welcomed by
the officials representing the repub-
lie Of Panama and the canal com
mission.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Pope Refuses to See P.Jnce De SAGA,

Pope Refuses to See P,ince De sagan.
Rome, May 6.-The pope refused
even to receive Prince Helie de
Sagan in audience His Holiness said
positively that he will never allow a
priest to officiate at Nine. Goulds
marriage Nine. Anna Gould and the
prince are still in Rome. They an
nounced that they were about to de.
part from this city, and they carried
out the preliminaries of leaving sc
we'll that many people were deceived
They are still at the Grand hote, here
and have not yet decided when they
will leave
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Morse Curtis and Heinz In Court

New York, May 6.-The trials of
Charles w. Morse, Alfred H. Curtis,
+ Augustus Heinze on charges grow
ing ont of their conduct in New York
banks viii begin late in June All
three were arranged in court today
and pleaded not guilty
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Roosevelt Leads
in the Primaries
at San Francisco

. sss s.ssss Z
San Francisco, caI.,. May g.
Out of a total vote Of 3,1e9 In
yesterdays republican primary
election, Roosevelt received H.
355, Taft 1882, Hughes 210,
scattering 372.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Iowan Died in chicauo.

Chicago, May 6.-John N. Lytle,
2170 Lincoln street, Evanston, died
yesterday morning at the age of 70
years. The body was taken 80
Minona, iowa for burial. Mr.. Lytle
was the father of J. C. Lytle, attor.
ney for Mcneil, Higgins & Co., 8
State street, Chicago.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Wind and Rain In South,

Memphis, Tenn. May 6. Three
persons are dead and several others
injured and considerable property loss
and decentralization of traffic resulted
from storm of wind and rain which
swept over southern Arkansas, west.
ern Tennessee and Mississippi Mon
day night Tuesday the wind attain
ed almost the proportions of a tor
nado.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Ohio Troops Protect Farmers,

Columbus, o., May s. - Troop B OF
the Ohio national guard left today on
a special train for the tobacco dis
trict in Brown county, where the to-
bacco farmers are terrorized by the
night riders from Kentucky.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Crossley Gipen
a Federal Post
by President

Washington, May e.-Pres-
+ dent Roosevelt announced today
he would send to the senate
the nomination of James j.
Crossley Of Iowa to be United
States attorney for the third
district of Alaska.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Illinois Prohibitionists Name DELEGATE

Illinois Prohibitionists Name Delegates
Springfield, ILL.,, May 6.-The Pro-
hibition state convention today elected
as delegates at large to the national
convention; Robert H. Patton Of
Springfield; Alonzo E. Wilson Of
Wheaton; Daniel R. Sheen, of Peoria;
Oliver Stewart, of Peoria; E. w.
Chain, of Chicago and G. B. James Of
Chicago.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
ReImont,s Norman III Winner.

BeImonts Norman TT Winner.
London. May 6. The two thousand
guinea stakes for colts and fillies
foaled in 1905, run at Newmarket to-
dav, was won by August Belmont's
Norman III.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Orchard Granted a Reprieve

Boise, Idaho, May 6. - Governor
Gooding today granted reprieve to
Harry Orchard, who was sentenced to
be hanged Friday, to July 2.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
Murderess May be Living.

From out Of the mass and tangles
of sensational evidence which indi-
Gates that Mrs. Bella Guinness was not
only the most monstrous murderess of
the century, but that her beautiful
well kept farm mile from Laporte
was clearing house Of assassination
and crime, there developed today, the
startling theory that the woman did
not die in the fire which destroyed her
home on the night of April %, and
that she is still alive and in hiding,
probably in Chicago.
This theory was strengthened by
the fact that the head Of the body of
the woman found in the ruins of the
Guinness home after the fire is still
missing. The officers will make a
post mortem examination Of the re.
mains supposed to be those Of Mrs.
Guinness and subject them to more
careful analysis to learn whether or
not the woman was herself killed in
the fire or had substituted the re
mains of one of her female victims
for herself and then set fire to the
house In order to cover up the crime
In case it is proved Mrs. Guinness did
substitute the body Of another woman
for her own it is very likely she was
also guilty of the murder of her three
children
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-05-07
coRPsEs OF FIVE FOUND IN
GROUNDS SURROUNDING HOME
OF BELLE GUINNESS YEsTER.
y DAY.
MURDERESS MAY
BE STILL ALIVE
BODY FOUND IN RUINS OF BURN
ED HOME is NOT THOUGHT. TO
BE HERs-MoRE VICTIMS MAY
BE FOUND TODAY.

Laporte, Ind, May 6.-The
skeleton Of the sixth body was
unearthed on the Guinness farm at
II o'clock today. The body Is an
adult and was found in pine
box, face downward. It had been
buried probably two years. 1t
has not been identified.
Laporte, Ind, May g. The
mystery of the Guinness farm is
far from solution. With every
passing hour the Developments
add to the story with amazing
rapidity and before the end of the
day it is expected by the county
officials that they will have evil
dence Of the most fendish plots
In the history of the country, one
that will rival in every way the
famous Bender case of Kansas.
In many of its details the Gun
ness case resembles that Of the
Bender family, wealthy men being
lured to the pretty country home
of Mrs. Guinness to be robbed of
their money and then assassinat-
ed and buried on the farm.
The police are today making a
careful search of the Guinness
premises. A concrete floor which
Mrs. Guinness had put in the base
ment two years ago will be torn
up as 1t is thought there may be
another burial" beneath it.