davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
Finds Fortnne in Cabbage

Frank Jordan has found 1t pays to
/ work for ones self says the Yakima
| Republic. He has also found a spot
in the Yakima valley where cabbages
can be made a profitable product. For
many years Mr.. Jordan has worked as
a carpenter and furniture man in
North Yakima This summer he.
with an uncle, went to the Columbia
river near Priest Rapids and set one
third of an acre of a homentead to
cabbage plants Yesterday Mr.. Jor-
day returned to his home In this city
and told his neighbors how one third
of an acre of land not under any irri-
CATION project will yield cabbage to
the amount of $500 this year.
Mr.. Jordan expects to pick Is tons
of cabbage off the small patch plant
ed this year. At $40 a ton he will
have realized 5000 from the outlay
And this is nearly all profit The
gardeners will not be out one cent for
water On the land there are three
or four springs that furnish an ade-
pudN' N"lNl supply MS WIS II UIN
year and still the springs sent forth
an abundance of water for all garden
purposes
Mr.. Jordan's ranch is about eli
miles from North Yakima. 1t is es-
pocially adapted to truck farming as
the soil is black and sandy. And the .
results obtained are due, largely. to
care and cultivation. There are 25
or 30 acres of this same kind of soil
md next year Mr., Jordan expects to
plant many more cabbages.
The heads this year viii average 10
pounds each. One head picked few
lays ago weighed 81 pounds This
sounds like n fish story. but It isn't:
{ is Just a plain cabbage head story.
we'll within the facts The product
s disposed of in North Yakima. be-
ng Grated and sold to local grocers ,
md table supply houses.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
PORTLAND GRAIN
MARKET IS DULL
SIMILAR CONDITIONS
ALL ALONG THE COAST.
While Holders Seem Anxious TO Sell
They Are Not Willing to Make Con-
cesslons In Prices on Any Kind of
Grain-Quotations for Best Kind of
Pork Have Dropped TO so.

Portland, Oregon, October "a
Extreme dullness is shown in every
line OF the grain market today The
dullness Is not only confined to this
market but the situation Is similar In
both San Francisco and on Puget
sound. Every one is full Of grain
and every one wants to sell, but at his
own price.
While the demand to sell Is quite
persistent there Is no pressure on the
part OF holders TO lower their asking
values-thus indicating that all grain
prices are on debatable ground with
holders in a position to keep their
supplies off the market for awhile.
on the board of trade today there
was no interest displayed in either
one of the three grain markets and
Yesterdays quotations were continued
over today
Hogs Still Dropping.
Portland Union StOckyards, Oct. 22.
There Is a continuance OF very lib
eral arrivals Of hogs in the local
yards and in consequence prices are
25c lower for the day with the mar
ket not any too firm at SO for best
stuff The price in the east shows |
decline Of sc to 1Oc and this renewed |
weakness has been reflected upon To-
cal conditions.
Hogs are not bringing over SIC in
the yards today" says Mr. Hunt OF
Hunt & Lacy. although sales were
made late yesterday afternoon as high
as $500. Cattle are showing no
change"
The weakness in hogs began to
make Itself felt late yesterday after
noon and the transactions at that
time were at prices somewhat shaded
from the quotations printed in the
Journal yesterday. These sales were
made after the Journals report had
been written and printed.
Following is the general range OF
values on stock ruling in the yards
Tor late shipments:
Hogs-Best east of mountains, SO:
ordinary S5.75G6; blockers and q
'hina fats. $5G $50; stockers and '
'eeders. $4.7565. I
Cattle-Select east Of mountains |
teers, 81; medium steers. $3.50: or I
iinary, 1925; best cows. s2.S5d3; e
lelfers, 1925: medium cows sea
.25; stays, $2.5Od3; bulls. 80.
Sheep-Rest wethers. $3.50: ordi-
Iary wethers. sS25 lambs. 81:
tralght ewes, SO: mixed lots. S2.5Om y
rs. O
Veal-Choice young calves. $3.50: H
attic and sheep Srm; all values un- f
hanged. \
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
CONFIRMED PROOF.
Residents OF Pendleton Cannot Doubt
What Has Been Twice Prived.

In gratitude for complete relief from
aches and pains of bad backs-from
( distressing kidney ills - thousands
have publicly recommended Doan's
/ Kidney Pills, Residents Of Pendleton
who so testified years ago, now say
their cures are permanent. This tes-
timony doubly proves the worth OF
Doan's Kidney Pills to Pendleton
kidney sufferers.
Mrs. c. Oliver, living at 612 Maple
street, Pendleton, Ore, says: 81 am
just as pleased to endorse Doan's
Kidney Pills at this time as when /
gave statement recommending
them in 1905. 1t is over five years
since l procured them at the PEN
dleton Drug Co. and was perman-
emily cured of a severe attack of kid
ney trouble which had caused me
much suffering. For six months
prior to procuring Doan's Kidney
Pills / could not bear to be on my feet
on account of the bearing down pains
through my back and kidneys. The
secretions We're also too frequent in
action, attended with pain and gave
me great annoyance. I was gradual
ly growing worse instead of better.
and in spite of many remedies. failed
to find relief until Doans Kidney
Pills came to my notice and I pro-
cured a box. They soon went to the
seat of the trouble, was so encour-
aged that l continued their use. and
a permanent cure was the result.
know OF others who have used Doan's
Kidney Pills and have been perman-
emily cured by them"
For sale by all dealers. Price 80
cents. Foster-Milburn Co.. Buffalo,
New York. sole agents for the United
States.
Remember the name-Doan's-
md take no other.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
DISFIGURED
For Life Is the Despairing Cry
of Thousands

or shn-tortured and disfigured VIC
tins OF humors, eczemas, letters, and
Irashes, who have tried and found want
ing many remedies, and who have lost
faith in all. To such Cuticura Soap,
Ointment, and Pills appeal with irresist-
ible force. They are absolutely pure,
sweet, gentle, and wholesome. They
afford immediate relief in the most dis
tr!essing cases, and point to a speedy cure
when all else fails.
- Complete External and Internal Treatment for
Eyery Humor OF Infants, Children. and Adults
consists OF Cutcura Soap (25c.) 10 Cleanse the SKIN
Cuucura ointment t5Ocl 10 Heal the Skin, and
Sutlcura hesoyent t5Oc or In the form OF Chocolate
Soa,ed Pllls 25c per vial OF 60l TO Purify the Blood
sod throughout the world. Potter Drug a Chem
Corn. sole Props. Boston Mass
Hf-halled Free. cutlcua Book on Skin Diseases
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
CAR SHORTAGE AT wAsHTUCNA
Wheat Shipments Are Practically at a
Standstill.

Washtucna. Wash, oct. 23.-Wheat
shipments are almost at standstill
owing to a scarcity of cars. None of
the Palouse branch stations, except
the Pacific Elevator company's at
Washtucna. has shipped grain within
the last six days. While all the
warehouses contain considerable
wheat there is no congestion. as before
the early part of last week shipments
were made daily
Little wheat is selling at the pres
cnt price of 40 cents for bluestem and
IS cents for red. Wheat hauling to
the local market will end with the
present week
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

You take Kodol just for a little
while when you have slight attacks
Of indigestion, and you take 1t just a
little longer in order to get relief
from severe attacks of indigestion or
Nervous Dyspepsia Try Kodol to-
day. Sold by Tallman & Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
Music Teacher.

A. H Johnson, instructor OF band
and orchestra in Pendleton academy.
VIII accept a limited number OF pu-
pills on violin, cornet clarionet or any
band or orchestra instrument. Pu
pills may join the academy band an,
orchestra II they so desire. Studio at
Pendleton academy. Residence, COL
Post street; phone, Black 1852.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

WANTED-CLASSIFIED ADS, SUCH
as help wanted; rooms or houses
for rent; secondhand goods for sale;
In fact, any want you want to get
filled, the East Oregonian wants your
want ad. Rates: Three lines one
time, 20 cents; two times, 80 cents;
six times. 10 cents. Five lines, one
time, 80 cents; two times, 45 cents;
six times, ;1.15. Count six words to
the line. Send your classified ads to
the office or mail to the East Oregon
ian. enclosing silver or stamps to
cover the amount.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

Kodol is a combination of the nat
ural digestive juices and it digests
all classes of food and every kind OF
food, so you see II will do the work
that the stomach itself does. Sold by
Tallman & Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

Kennedy's Laxative Cough Syrup
drives the cold out Of the system
through its laxative principle by as
suring a free and gentle action of the
bowels. Sold by Tallman & Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

660-acre farm for rent; 200 acres
In summer fallow. only two miles
from Pendleton. Enquire Frank B.
Clopton & Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
lost

Lady's silver watch with gold fob,
IN. r. B." on fob. Leave at tele-
phone office and receive reward.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
INSURANCE AND LAND BUSINESS

HARTMAN ABSTRACT CO., MAKES
reliable abstracts of title to all lands
in Umatilla county. Loans on city
and farm property. Buys and sells
all kinds of real estate. Does a gen.
eral brokerage business. Pays taxes
and makes investments for non-resi-
dents. References, any bank in Pen
dleton.
JAMES JOHNS, Pres.
w S. HENNINGER, Vice-Pres.
c. H. MARSH, Sec.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
FUNERAL DIRECTORS.

NJ. A. RAIDER, FUNERAL DIREC-
tor and licensed embalmer. Grad
uate Of the Chicago College Of EN-
oalming. Corner Main and Webb
streets. Phone main 100. Funeral
parlors in connection.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

For Sale---Five-acre ranch. well
improved, * miles east Of Pendle-
ten. Address Box $40 P. o.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
WANTED.

WANTED-SECoND-HAND 10 OR
12-horse power steam boiler. Can
be either Horizontal or vertical. Fire
box type. State condition and price.
J. S. West, Hermiston, Ore.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

For rent-Store room in the East
oregonian building on Main street
Inquire at this office.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
Oysters! Oysters.

Fresh oysters in bulk at the Delta
One-halt pints, pints and quarts
Phone 3091.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

FOR SALE - OLD NEWSPAPERS,
wrapped in bundles OF $50 each,
suitable for wrapping, putting under
carpets, etc. Price, 15c per bundle,
two bundles Csc. Enquire this office.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

BAKER & FOLSOM. FUNERAL d.
rectors and licensed embalmers.
opposite postofflce. Funeral parlor.
Two funeral cars. Calls responded to
day or night. Phone main rs.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

THE SENATE FOR FIRsT-CLAss
rooms. Everything clean and mod
ern. Hot and cold water in all rooms.
Bath. Rates SOC, 75c and 81. Over
Pastime theater. Bill Campbell
Phone black Bill.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
( Want Advertisements 7.
FOR SALE.

FOR SALE-160 ACRES, PARTLY
seeded to alfalfa; two good or.
chards; house nicely furnished. Sew
eral nice springs; fine sheep ranch;
good range; no reserve; very near
railroad, and arranged for two fami-
lies. Address 607, Weatherby, Ore.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
FOR RENT.
ROOSIING HOUSES.

ST. ELMO ROOMS, MRS. ALLEN
Rhodes. Everything new and first
class. Rates soc, 75c and 81. One
block from depot over Dime theater,
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

WANTED - MEN, WOMEN AND
families to take advantage Of our
fine premium offers, given to old or
new subscribers TO the Daily, Weekly
and Semi Weekly East Oregonian.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
VETERINARY SURGEONS.
LIVERY AND FEED STABLES.

CITY LIVERY STABLE, THOMPSON
street, Carney & Kennedy Props
Livery, feed and sale stable. Good
rigs at all times. Cab line in connee
ton. Phone main 10.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

ENGRAVED CARDS. INVITATIONS.
etc. Very latest styles. Leave Or
ders at East Oregonian office.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

DIR. LYNN K. BLAKESLEE. CHRO-
mic ami nervous diseases, and dis
eases OF women. X-Ray and Electro
Therapeutics. Judd building, corner
Main and Court streets. Office phone,
Main 70; residence phone, Main 554.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
SECONDHAND DEALERS.

V. STROBLE. DEALER IN SECOND
hand goods. II there is anything
you need in new and secondhand
furniture, stoves, graniteware and
crockery, call and get his price. No.
212 Court street.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
Classified DIRECTORY
PHYSICIANS.

II. S. GARFIELD, NJ. D., HOMEo-
pathic physician and surgeon. Of
flee Judd block. Telephones: Office,
black 3411; residence, red 1888.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

SUBSCRIBERS TO MAGAZINES, If
you want to subscribe TO ma, zine,
or newspapers in the United States OF
Europe, remit by postal note, check
OF send to the EAST OREGONIAN
the net publishers price of the publ.
cation you desire, and we will have II
sent you and assume all the risk OF
the money being lost in the mails. II
Will save you both trouble and risS.
II you are subscriber to the EAS
OREGONIAN, in remltting you car
deduct 10 per cent from the publish.
er's price. Address EAST OREGON
IAN PUB. CO., Pendleton, Ore.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

IF YOU see It in the East oregonian,
It's so.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

While watching the particu- I
lar classification that appeals to Z
you do not overlook all the Z
other want ads. {
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23
OSTEOPATHS.

DRS. HoISINGToN, KIRKSvILLE
graduates, Association Block. Tele-
phones; Office. Main sos; residence.
black 2791. All diseases treated.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

j. NJ. BENTLEY REPRESENTS THE
Oldest and most reliable fire and
accident insurance companies Office
with Hartman Abstract Co.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

T. NJ. KELLER, PLASTERINC
brick and cement work. Estimates
free. Work guaranteed
Phone red 1881
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1908-10-23

D, A. MAY. CONTRACTOR AND
Builder. Estimates furnished or
all kinds of masonry. cement walks
stone walls, etc. Leave orders at East
Oregonian office.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
Might as Well Enjoy Il.

Mr.. Jackson. who had but recently
moved into the suburb. knew his
neighbors on either hand by sight only,
and consequently on cold winters
night when his home caught fire he
was surprised and pleased by the alac-
rity with which they came to render
their assistance.
Say" Jackson yelled ezcitedly to
his right hand neighbor. Twill you run
down to the corner and turn in the
alarm 2"
I'm awfully sorry. sir" the man an
swered. but have a lame leg and
can't run"
while I'm getting out some Of the
things will you yell fre?' said Jack.
son, turning to the other man.
Got laryngitis and can't yell.' said
the other in stage whisper.
Jackson gasped; but. pulling himself
together, he exclaimed:
We'll. both of you 60 into the house
and bring out chairs, then sit down
and enjoy the frer-Youth's Compan
ion
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
A Woman and a Watch

Women don't deserve to own watch
es,'' recently remarked jeweler
'They don't know how to take care Of
them. A woman bought watch from
my firm recently, and | gave her strict
instructions to wind it every twenty
four hours and always at the same
hour as nearly as possible Two days
later she came back with 1t and said
it had stopped. Well, | found it had
run down. told her. but she insisted
she had wound it. Two or three days
later she came back with the same
complaint, and again I tried to i'm
press her with the necessity for wind
ing it. Again she insisted she had done
so and went away miffed. The third
time she came asked her to show me
how she had wound it. Then | made
a peculiar discovery. The woman was
left handed, and in attempting to wind
the watch she had wound it the wrong
way I've had peculiar experiences
with customers, but that beats ALL
New York Sun.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
Origin Of 5Iacknail.

The etymology Of the expression
"blackmair' IL historically interesting
1t appears to have its origin on the
Scottish border and dating from times
when frequent political feuds between
the then two kingdoms of our islands
tacitiy justified sort of perennial ter
restriai buecaneering as between Dor
derers OF each realm Many of these
depredators We're outlaws on both sides
of the border. Their neighboring vic
tins to save their cattle from being
lifted sometimes compounded for safe
ty by an annual payment as insurance
to the bandits This fee not only gave
them Immunity. but entailed them
to protect them from rival freeboot-
ers. 1t was their mail" or pro.
lection The mail coach was so
named because it had its armed guard
with loaded blunderbuss on the dickey.
But the mail paid by border farmers
was not for honest royal protection.
but for guardianship by thieves and
hence was ''black" mail. the color of
black being typical of what was nefa-
rfous. whether in art or in guardian
ship. while the guardian of this stamp
was known as the .'blackguard' of the
district. The last named latter day
term of reproach seems to have OBJ
tanned its expression originally as here
described.-London Field.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06

again when Elise wrote the letter that
told when she would start for home
Little Watts brought me the letter e
read.
II shall reach home about the last
day of October" she wrote You need
not send me any more money am
afraid you have sent me too much now
1t is time for me to begin paying It
back to you. You must be here next
year and at home working and earn
ing money for you. If I'm not too
tired. shall sing for you and mother
the very night come. I'm SO anxious
to show you how well your money has
been spent.r
She was delayed little and came on
the third day of November. 1t was on
the afternoon of the first day OF that
month that the man whose duty it now
was to give out the papers said to me:
Little Watts didn't show up for his
papers this morning It's the first
morning he's failed TO come since I've
| been here. I wonder if he's sick 2
.Not that / know off, replied 1T
was terribly stormy morning, you
know"
"The weather has never made any
difference with him before. He's been
on hand the first one many morning
worse than this. Poor little chap!
How he's escaped pneumonia as long
as he has is a wonder to me-"
The sun had not shone for three
DAYS. First rain and then snow had
fallen nearly all the time. A fierce cold
wind had swept down from the noun
taifis. The barren town had never
seemed so gloomy and cheerless and
desolate to me as it did now,
At noon / went to see Little Watts.
His mother came to the door and said
briefly and in low tone, for Little
Watts was in the next room and the
door was open:
Hes real sick. The doctor is afraid
it's going to be pneumonia I've tried
to keep him in the last three days, but
kk.he would go out You see why"
Her eyes were full of tears as she
kpefnfed toward the corner of the room
There stood shining upright piano,
with Ia stool of crimson velvet be
fore It
HE made the first payment on them
yesterday" Mrs. Watts said. "He was
so anxious to have them here for
Elise
'tWell. he's a perfect little hero. Mrs.
Watts | said under mys Breath, but
| heartily Il believe he wifi be able to
fight off even the pneumonia for the
sake of Elise
He was worse the next day.
Hell never be any better" said the
doctor in the afternoon when | met
him coming out of the shabby little
house.
In the evening Little Watts said in II
whisper:
She'll be here in the morning, won't
she?"
AT 8 O'clock said.
"Then ri hear her sing again." he
answered
The wind died away In the night
The skies cleared All Of the distant
ranges, the nearer hills and the streets
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
Painting a Yawn.

A picture by Miss Maud Earl. who
has been called the lady Landseer. en-
titled The yagabonds." is a marvel
Gus portrait of two decidedly bohemian
Irish terriers. one of which is yawning
widely at the spectator. Miss Earl
found that her canine model would not
yawn. so she had to sit in front of him
and yawn herself for long time.
Suddenly he took the hint and proved
an admira BILE sitter But when the pic
ture was exhibited it made all the PEG
pie who came to see it yawn them.
selves. and Miss Earl used to mingle
with the crowd and watch with in
tense amusement the yawns running
round the mpany.-London NJ. A. P.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06

of the town were white with snow
when the sun came out the next morn
Ing.
Elise came at o'clock. Little Watts
pulled himself up on his pillows to
meet her and welcome her.
There was no sign in his eyes or
face of sorrow in his heart at this end
ing of all his own hopes and plans for
the future. He met Elise with smile
and with fearless eyes, For moment
she thought it must all have been a
mistake about his being so ill.
Now go and sing for me-" he said
after few minutes.
They rolled his bed to the door that
he might see her at the new piano.
Elise sat before it with streaming eyes
and sang the little ballads and the old
songs he had loved so well.
There was one" he WHISPERED.
"about the shining shore and nv Fa-
Their hath many mansions Won't Won
sing that, EliseY
She sang it with trembling voice. and
while she was singing Little Watts
looked up with wide open eyes as if
he were gazing at something wonder
full that he could not see and then
sank back, his eyes closed forever.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
wonderfully clear and sweet voice
laid down my book to listen. The

wonderfully clear ard sweet voice
/ laid down my book to listen The
words came distinct and beautiful:
Flow gently. sweet Alton. among thy
green braes-
Flow gently: I'll sing thee a song in thy
praise
Could it be Little Watts singing In
such voice? While | looked and lis
tened | saw Little Watts coming from
well at the back Of the house with q
pail of water.
could not restrain my curiosity. As
he came near my window asked
Who is that singingy
My sister Elise he answered eager
IL, his face beaming.
s'She has wonderful voice." said.
Hasn't she. thought exclaimed Lit
tie Watts, with more enthusiasm than
had ever before seen in him.
did you ever hear any of those big
singers" he went on.
Yes"
Can they sing any better than she
canY'
well, they are much older than your
sister, and of course they are highly
trained How old is your sisterY
sixteen
Before many days | and others IN
our neighborhood sat in the scantily
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1908-05-06
sieqe Of Gibraltar.

There have been many sieges of the
famous rock of Gibraltar, but the
greatest was the one sustained from
the combined land and sea forces Of
France and Spain. 1779-S3. For four
years all the powers and resources Of
the science of the time were exhausted
BY the assailants without success. I'm
der the inspiring leadership of Sir
George Eliot the besieged more than
held their own in one of the most
memorable sieges In all history.