davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES
Democratic Party Cannot Claim I'm
sullied Virtue as to Source OF It's
Revenues

(From GOV Hughes Youngstown
Speech
Mr. Bryan also has much to say
with regard to corrupt practices and
campaign expenditures. But he omits
to give due credit TO the Republican
party for what IL has accomplished
with regard to these important reforms,
an accomplishment the more notewor-
thy in the light of Mr. Bryan's reiter-
ated criticisms of contributions to Re
publican campaign funds. In the state
OF New York a Republican Legislature
In 1906 passed statute prohibiting
corporations from making any political
contributions directly or indirectly. and
providing that officers. directors or
stockholders participating In or con-
senting 10 the violation OF the law
should be guilty of criminal offense.
And | know OF no more drastic statute
in this country with regard TO the pub
Lefty OF campaign contributions and
for the prevention OF corrupt practices
than that passed In New York under
Republican auspices. These were not
promises Of an opposition party seek
ing power, but enactments by party
in power securing genuine reforms.
Proper recognition must. Of course, be
given to the patriotic Democrats who
supported these reforms. hut they We're
enacted by a Republican administra-
ton Congress has also legislated
against political contributions by cor
porations. Purity of elections and free
opportunity for the interrupted express
sion Of he popular will lie at the foun-
dation Of every reform and cannot be
too carefully safeguardcd. And there
should be federal legislation securing
proper publicity of aud accounting for
campaign contributions la connection
with federal elections. But IL must
fairly be- recognized that the skirts OF
neither party have been clean II we
search Mr. Bryan's following We shall
find not a few who have sinned and
also those who. If we may judge from
their local activities. are still unrepent-
ant. The Democratic party cannot
claim unsullied virtue either with re-
gard to the source OF its revenues or
it's readiness to receive them"
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

lie talks in the morning aud talks in
the night.
lie talks when he's wrong and he
talks when he's right
lie talks in the office and talks IN the
hall.
He talks in the church and he talks at
the ball.
He talks to the Senate and talks to the
House.
He talks to the people as poor common
souse;
lie talks to the press and he talks to
the crowd,
lie talks and he talks with a voice long
and loud.
Like an old clapper mill he'll sound to
the end
Aud die disappointed for Office and
friend
John A. Joyce in Baltimore Amcr'-
can
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
LABOR IN DEMOCRATIC STATES.
Coal Miners in Alabama subjugstsd
Into Cringing Dependencies.

That there's rift within the lutte"
of the Gompers proposition to deliver
the labor vote OF the country to Dem
ocracy In becoming more apparent.
While Mr.. Bryan and Mr.. Gompers are
making special appeals to labor, neither
refers To the deplorable condition OF
laber In the Democratic South. Mr..
John T. White, for six years president
of the Iowa United Mine Workers, and
now one of the national officers of the
United Mine Workers Association, who
investigated mining labor conditions In
the South. is not SO reticent. In re-
cent address to Local Union No. 81 of
Abba, Iowa he told Of prosecutions OF
labor IN Alabama where a coal miners
strike was In progress. lie is reported
as saving: .rhe miners OF Alabama
have been subjugated until majority
have become cringing dependencies. Al
most daily some of the laborlng men of
that State were mercilessly shot down
for daring TO assert their rights as
American citizens. Ninety-one members
Of the Mine Workers Association were
thrown into Jail without having COM
mitted any crime other than becoming
members Of the organization" Ala
eama is a State absolutely under con-
troll Of BRYAN Democracy.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
TO APPEAL CASE.

Judgment was rendered by Justice
Cartwright yesterday in favor of the
plaintiff in the case of DIR. II. II. Rich
ardson against White Pine county for
approximately S35. covering the ply
sicians fees for having performed
an autopsy at the request of the cor
oner. The decision followed PRO-
longed arguments between the attor-
neys. District Attorney Eddy gave
notice of appeal to the district court
and was given 80 days in which TO
file his formal petition.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
SUCCESSFUL ENTERTAINMENT.
Mr.. Gilman's Illustrated Lecture
Drew Large Attendance nj
SmelteP.

Mr. Gilman's illustrated lecture on
the Holy Land and life in the Syrian
province of the Turkish empire, at
Smelter last night. was largely at
tended.
Nearly Two hundred people looked
upon the views, and many expressions
of approval were given the lecturer
at the close. Mr.. Farley IL. Liddle's
singing of THE Holy City also met
with commentator.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Rnainc.. Men Hnn,sf.

The business men Of our community
as whole are honest and their meth
DDS are sound. The President has
never said otherwise Indeed, it is
chiefly in the interest OF the great body
OF honest business men that he has
made his eight for lawful business
methods Hon VIM. H. Taft, to Mer-
chants ami Manufacturers Association,
Boston. Mass
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
SUPERSTITION PARTY.

At a meeting of the members of
the Epworth league at the parsonage
of the Methodist church last night
it was decided to have a ''supersti-
ton social at the parsonage Friday
evening. November Is.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
TERRELL CoNvALEscENT.

F. p. Terrell, the real estate man.
who has been suffering from a severe
case of pneumonia at his home on
Clark street. is conyalescent and is
able 10 be about the house. \ few
DAYS ago, Mr. Terrels condition was
extremely critical
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
BIJO-Coming, Watch.
RrSHING no NEM cAMp.

TeIegraphlc communication was fe-
ceived in Ely yesterday. telling of the
influx of fortune seekers into the new
gold camp, Sylvanite, near Hachita,
y. NJ Prospectors are entering the
camp at the rate of about 200 daily.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
EAST ELY MAIL GROWS.

East Ely mail receipts are grow
ing rapidly, due TO the changing of
addresses since opening of the office
the first of the week. If residing in
East Ely notify your correspondents
and have your mail addressed here
after to that point, thus aiding both
the Ely and East Ely offices.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
BIJO-Coming. Watch.
MEETING TONIGHT.

Another attempt will be made to
hold meeting by the members of the
Labor Day committee this evening.
A favorable report on the settlement
of all Indebtedness incurred in con-
nection with the Labor Day eelebra>
ton is expected.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
TO REMOVE PRISONER.

John Doe Carr, invalid prisoner,
now in the county Jail. will be remoy-
ed to quarters constructed especially
for his safe keeping. adjoining the
county hospital This action has been
taken as result of an order made by
Judge Brown during the special ses-
sion of court last week.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Vote for sohenck for Assessor.
TO DRAW PLANS.

At the regular meeting of White
Pine aerie, f. O. f., Tuesday night
committee was named to arrange
plans for the proposed club house,
which will be under construction be-
fore the end of the year. This COM
mittee has also been empowered to
arrange bonds to be sold among the
members in order to obtain the neces-
sary funds for the erection of the
building.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
INSTRUMENT FILED.

Formal recording of appointment
of Lester Osterman as trustee of the
American Commercial & Trading Co..
as announced in the News several
days ago. was brought about yester-
day. Osterman is to dispose of the
property and effects of the company
to the best advantage of the credit
ors
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
SPECIAL MEETING.

\ special meeting will be conduct
ed by the city council this evening.
The meeting is called for the purpose
of closing negotiation with Seward
& Co. purchasers of the municipal
bonds
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Roosevelt on Taft.

hope and believe that all far
sighted citizens who wish to see
this country prosperous In mate
rial things will support Mr.. Taft,
but above all | ask for support
for him because be stands for the
moral uplift OF the nation, be-
cause his deeds have made good
his words, and because the poll
cies TO which he Is committed are
OF immcasurable consequence
alike TO the honor and Interest of
the whole American people.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
WISE AND OTHERWISE.

Mrs Wade Parker. Dear. let me
have 81 please. want to go TO the
matinee" Mr. Wade Parker. Hon
estly. | haven't got more than 20
cents and Mrs. Wade Parker.
"Oh. we'll. let me have that and
I'll go shopping instead. - Cleveland
Leader.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
WILL GIVE DANCE.

the ladies of St. Bartholomew Guild
will give dance ON Thanksgiving
eve 1t is proposed to make the oe-
easion a most pleasurable one. Ex-
eelent music and other features are
being arranged for.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Grntituae 10 MckInIer.

The highest claim of William Nc
Kinley for the gratitude of his coun-
trymen is that. in spite Of the abuse
and contumely that was heaped upon
his head for this policy, he placed our
country in the forefront OF nations as
a ciyilizer and uplifter OF unfortunate
peoples. Hon WIN. II. Taft. at Clevs-
and, Ohio.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
TO BUILD RESIDENCE.

DIR. w. E. Ferrebee, OF Murray
Utah, who is now visitor here,
states that he will erect a residence
in this city. DR.. Ferrebee is owner
of considerable Ely real estate. lie
has great confidence In the future of
the camp.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
WORTHLESS CHECKS.

A clever swindler, representing
himself TO be a travelling salesman
for a Chicago firm, worked of
worthless check for the sum of $50
at the Arlington hotel In Carson and
it is likely that he played the same
clever swindle at Reno, Virginia City
and other places in the vicinity
where he visited. The man visited
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

The Ely Gun club will shoot this
afternoon, this event being included
in the contest for the prizes. The next
and last shoot of the season will be
held Sunday, following which the
prizes will be distributed.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
SITUATION EASIER.

The Nevada Northern has succeed
ed In relieving the congestion of
freight in the Cobre yards and also
in getting empties in transit back to
that point Though the situation is
now easier, the road is using all the
men and motive power it has and
could make use of more of both.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
TO GIVE DANCE.

A dance is to be given at the skat-
ing rink on Thanksgiving eve under
the auspices of the local aerie OF
Eagles and the public will be invited
10 attend. A committee has been ap-
pointed to make preparations for the
affair.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
HII.I.ocK N TOWN.

Ed Hilloek, Of Detroit, Mich, Ior-
merly a business man of Ely, arrived
in the city last night. He will re-
main in Ely several days looking aft
er his interests here.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
EAST ELY PROPERTY.

Charles S. Chandler has purchased
from the Ely Townsite Co., lots IA
and Is, in block 30. Park addition,
lots 22 and % in block 10, and lots
33 and 81 in block %. Ely City plat
81 and other considerations.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
REPAIRING CROSSING

The crossing on Aultman and Fifth
streets was being repaired yesterday,
a heavy layer of gravel and sand be-
ing put down.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
DOWN FROM KIMBERLY.

". J. Mckinley, nominee for justice
of the peace of the Kimberly precinct
on the Republican ticket, was in town
Yesterday.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
WORK COMPLETED.

grading the north end of hurry street
was completed yesterday and the
street is now ready to receive the
gravel.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
HAS TYPHOID FEVER.

Y. \. McGill Is at his home In Ely
with a case of walking typhoid fever.
His condition at this time IS not con-
sidered dangerous.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

The Bank of Ely. McGnl branch,
will open permanently Nov 1st, in
charge of Mr.. ". Y McGill 14-14
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

Wesley Bee. an employe of the
Cumberland Ely Copper Co. at Vet
eran. is suffering from an attack of
typhoid fever.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

Get your cold meats and col
lunches at Fuller's, Aultman ST.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
NISIToRS EROM EiST.

NJ. Noolf arrived in the city last
evening frcm NeH York lie repre-
sents large mercantile house
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
LOCAL-PERSONAL
IN FROM SHELTER.
STRIckEN NTH FEVER.

DR.. Tolhurst came in from SmelteI
last evening for a visit with friends
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

Fashionable dressmaker. Corner
hurry and High streets. Il
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

Phone 63-K when wanting laundry
called for and work will be salts
faetorily done by the Troy laundry.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
FROM SALT LAKE

M. +. Cover, a Salt Lake business
man, arrived in Ely last evening for
a stay of few days.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
BJO-Coming! Watch.
VISITORS FROM VETERAN.

William A. Slater and wife. OF Vet
eran, visited friends in Ely and East
Ely yesterday,
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

FOR SALE-GooD LUNCH STAND.
with bakery goods in connection.
sos Aultman street. or Box Csc.
Ely. 16-tf
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
BIJO-Coming. Watch
FROM THE COAST

P. L. Becker arrived in Ely last
night from San Francisco for short
business visit
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

". 3. Gnyton, a Chicago travelling
man, arrived in Ely last evening for
"A brief stay.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
CHICAGO TRAVELLING MAN.

Vote for schenck for Assessor.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

FOR RENT NEATLY FURNISHED
housekeeping rooms. conveniently
located. Mrs. Mingus, 4th and
Court streets, Ely. Il
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Gun CLUE MEET.

BIJO-Coming. Watch.
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29

WANTED - EXPERIENCED GRO.
oeryman. work at Riepetown. En-
qulre Newcomb Com. Co, Ely. II
The White Pine news. [volume] (Ely, Nev.) 1906-1910, 1908-10-29
Happenings OF
A Day in the
District

FROM OGDEN.
p. H. Cook, Ogden business man,
Is a visitor in town.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
NEW KING DISAPPOINTED IN LOVE

STOCKHOLM, Jan. 1.-Sweden's
new king, Gustav V, is the direct
opposite in character of his late
father, Oscar. He is austere, opin-
donated, formal. intensely moral.
and lacks all the bonhomie and
good fellowship that characterized
King Oscar.
Gustav had love affair in his
early youth wit ha maid in wait
ing at the Swedish court, but was
compelled for state reasons to mar
ry Princess Victoria, daughter of
the grand duke of Baden. The mar
riage was the opposite of love
match, and Gustav's interest in the
good things of life vanished when
he lost his maid of honor sweet
heart. From his marriage he de-
voted himself entirely to the stern
business of kingship, all the kindli-
ness of his nature gone. To rid
himself of his sorrow, he spent all
his time studying statecraft, indus
try, commerce and all the knowl-
edge that should go into the max
ing of king. Women had no more
attraction for him and he became
a man of iron. Had he been king
at the time of the Norwegian re-
volt. war would surely have been
caused.
Gustav has the reputation OF
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
LABOR OUTLOOK
HAS IMPROVED

The local labor situation Is rap
idly improving along all lines. Re-
Gently men flocked to this city from
all over the adjacent territory. Me-
chanics from British Columbia
towns came looking for employ
ment. This created an unsatisfac.
tory condition of affairs for local
workmen and was in many respects
a menace to those located here per-
manently and having homes and
families. An investigation among
the representatives of the local
unions shows that to a great extent
these non-residents have left the
city, and conditions are again be-
coming normal. Where this class of
labor goes to is not known. but it
is believed that in great majority
of instances many return to their
homes to secure any employment
they can or await better conditions.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
S. p. REBATE CRIMES
.STARTLE UNCLE SAM
special Correspondence to The Press

Special Correspondence to The Press
WASHINGTON. Jan. Prose
cution Of the Southern Pacific on no
less than 100 counts of rebating as
a result of hearings held by Inter
'Ttate Commerce Commissioner F.
X. Lane is said to be certain.
Evidence now in the possession
OF the commission, which will soon
be turned over to the department
OF justice for action, Is known to
be the most sensational ever gath
cred against any railroad Appar-
emily fearless of consequences. the
s. p. operated more gigantic sys-
tenn OF rebating than the Chicago
q Alton, because 1t entered all in
dustries, while the c. & A. confined
itself principally to the Standard
Oil. So extensive was the system
OF the S. p. that 1t related on hauls
of few miles. for instance on
shipments between San Francisco
and Colma. to throttle team compe-
tition for the benefit of big shippers
that did an interstate business.
In one instance the S. p. related
under circumstances never thought
to the attention OF the railroad
world. On a shipment of oranges
between Arlington and Riverside on
the Santa Fee, the Southern Pacific
related to the Penn Fruit Co.
$25621, which was one-half the to-
tai charges. This remarkable re-
bate on freight carried on another
line was to induce the shipper to
use the S. p. line on the outhaul
from Riverside.
The commission has evidence that
1853 persons received rebates. The
s. p does not deny the granting OF
rebates, but takes the position they
were on state shipments, over
which the interstate commerce com
mission has no jurisdiction
The attorneys for the commits
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
SPORTING SNAP SHOTS

The S. A. A. c. took two
wrestling and one boxing bout in
the contest with the Multnomah
club last night at Portland. Gene
Sullivan knocked out Ed West;
John Adams beat Edgar Frank and
Homer Tilley put William Dennis
down. For the Multnomahs Meek.
en- knocked out Earl Ritchey
Coast amateurs are sore at the
s. A. A. c. for sending over the
Sullivans after the mixup here. 1t
is reported that the Butte meal
tickets will go to California from
Portland and that Gene will break
into the professional game.
The Y. M. G. A. turned out a
class of more than 40 last night for
exhibition gymnasium work and
put up a very creditable demonstra
ton Of training under direction OF
J. T. Cowley. Two matches OF
basketball and one of volley ball
ended the program.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
BUILDERS BREAK
CONTRACTS

SEATTLE, Jan. 1.-The Builders
exchange. including a majority of
the big contractors of the city, has
served formal notice on the unions
that it intends to break the wage
agreement entered into a year ago
to extend into July. 1909, covering
the work on the AlaskaYuk ex-
position.
Work has already been stopped
on a number of buildings by in
dividual contractors breaking their
union agreements and it is expect
ed that general sympathetic
strike will follow this wholesale
reputation of the agreement. The
object of the employers is to estab-
fish the open shop.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
MUDDY FIELD
At PORTLAND

PORTLAND, Jan. 1.-The day
opened cold and cloudy following a
heavy nights rain, and the pros
poets are that Multnomah field will
be heavy, factor regarded as ia
vorable to the Multnomah club
team, which meets the st. Louis
university here this afternoon. Dud-
ley Clarke, Oregon's fullback and
best punter in the Northwest, ar
rived yesterday and will play. Carl
Wolfe, of Oregon Agricultural col
lege, will also be in Multnomah
club uniform, but may not play on
account of injury to his leg.
The st. Louis men are in fine
condition. Yesterday they were en-
tertained by the Portland CONNER
cial club.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01

sion have abundant evidence that
many OF the alleged state shipments
were parts of interstate shipments.
In nearly every case the rebates
were out of the treasury of an in
terstate carrier and went into the
treasury of interstate shippers.
Small dealers and the general
public were excluded from 'insude
rates" Big corporations were sin
gled out and given rebates that
enabled them to meet or sti1e com.
petition.
For instance, the Union Ice Co.
the ice trust of the west--was en-
abled to manufacture ice and ship
1t couple of hundred miles and
compete with local ice concerns
that had no freight charges to pay
The Union Ice Co. received an
average of $3.50 day in rebates
from the s. p,
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01

are ready to relinquish their
claims.
Hoppe, just back from Europe,
lines up with Morningstar and has
challenged the masters to meet
him over the green cloth. He
wants to play 1900 points a night
at either game, for three or four
nights. He prefers to play Sutton
for the 1872 title and Schaefer for
the 10 title
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
IN ACTION, AND WILLIE HOPPE

Ora Mornigstor and Willie
Hoppe are dead set against the bill.
lard trust as they term the George
Sutton-Jacob Schaefer combina.
ton which just now holds the 1872
and the 1871 balk line champion.
ships.
Morningstar Is sure the two
cracks have formed a defensive al
lance to hold the titles until they
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
NORTH POLE HUNTER
COMING OUT ALONE

NOME, Alaska. JAN Captain
Mikkelson, Arctic explorer. has ar.
rived at Candle creek, on Kotzetne,
a short distance from Nome. and
will reach here sometime within the
week. He made the trip from Her
sChel island. where his boat was
wrecked. alone. Confident that he
will find land at the North Pole,
Captain Mikkelson has announced
his intention of refitting ami re-
turning next season. He will leave
for Seattle by the way of Fairbanks
and Valdez.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
THEATERS
SPOKANE

The Primrose Ministries last
night opened their engagement
here to full house. Tonight con-
cludes the performance. LAS Told
in the Hills" is the Thursday night
bill.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1908-01-01
BLACK HAND AFTER BAIT

MINNEAPOLIS. Jan. 1.-Battlins
Nelson, lightweight pugilist, recent
ly has received two black hand
letters demanding $500, Nelson is
not worried over the letters, but is
carrying a magazine revolver oil
large caliber.