davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16

eyes the spectacle Of outcasts who
and women by the power of the
Christian religion.
How Sons Excel Fathers.
Undoubtedly the missionaries are
transforming their people. One of the
Methodist missionaries at Lucknow
pointed out to me a young man be.
longing to their church, the youngest
OF three sons, whose father never
earned more than eight rupees a
month in his life. All the bows are
products of the Methodist school. One
OF them is secretary to the governor
and all are in government employ
winning their places in competitive
examination; and the salary of the
most poorly paid is $50 rupees a
month, or 10 times that of his father,
This is the sort of thing that is being
accomplished all over India.
The schools of India are the CROWN
ing glory of mission work: thew arc
the mills of which manhood ora
womanhood is the finished product
OF few of them l shall speak more
in detail next week, in my final article
upon India. They are a distinct and
powerful contribution to the forces
which are creating a modern national
consciousness in India.
One phase of missions to which the
government contributes its support,
financial and otherwise, is the indus.
trial school work The Indian is
proverbially unprogressive and unin.
ventive; the mission schools are teach
ing the manual arts and in modern
fashion, so that new enterprises for
| the winning of the livelihood are he
ing created and old ones revived.
For the Christians, be it understood
are practically caste by themselves
in most places They are cast off nv
/ their families, friends and co.religion
! lists; and 1t is necessary that some
means of livelihood, not dependent
upon neighborhood favor, be taught
them. Thus industrial training has .
most practical relation to missionary
success; since not all, nor, in these
days of great ingathering, very
/ large percentage of the native Chris
tians can be employed by the mission
aries in any capacity
The powerful social leverage which
! Is exerted by female education In {
land where women are kept "behinc
the curtain" is almost incompre
hensible to one accustomed TO tn,
liberty of the west, and to the equality
of the sexes. The missionaries have
J far-sightedly set TO work to make the
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16

very springs of India society Chris.
tian.
Physical hardships are more numer.
Gus for missionaries in India than for
those In any oriental land. ! came to
India In the hot season; some mis-
sionaries were cruel enough to gloat
over this fact, for most travellers see
India only in its delightful cool" sea.
son, and then wonder why anybody
should complain of the climate. The
missionaries have my sympathy; peo-
pie who work as they do in tempera-
ture ranging up to $50 degrees are not
out for a pleasant time. Trying to ac-
company them on their rounds nearly
finished me; hereafter prefer to read
about their labors in a book.
Accustomed though the American
be TO the plague as an occasional hor-
ror which merely peeps in at one of
our seaports, it is not congenial to go
ranging about the native quarters of
cities where the deaths from plague
number more than 200 a day, Yet
there lies the missionary's lot, and he
will explain that very few white per-
sons die from plague, although chol-
era exacts heavy toll. Nobody
seems to know just what the plague
is; even the natives have come to a
hazy realization Of the fact that it
is transmitted by some sort of dirt
germ. Therefore, during plague sea-
son, many natives may be seen wear
ing shoes and sandals, to avoid cuts
on their feet through which the plague
might enter.
Snakes are a real peril in India,
some $4,000 persons dying annually
from snake bite. A certain missionary
upon whom | called had native
nurse for each of his two little chill
dren; perhaps he thought l looked as
If I regarded this as missionary ex-
travagance, for he explained that they
dare not trust child outdoors for a
minute alone because of the danger
from snakes. Altogether, missionary
work in India is not an Edoenic ex-
perlence-especially since at some
place the missionaries labor for years
without convert. One British vet
eran has had only three converts in
Is years. At Benares the three strong
missions average only two or three
accessions year
Copyright, by Joseph B. Bowles.)
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16

cient names of the catacombs were
taken from those of the owners of
the land
With the passing Of time and the
increase in the number of Christians
the original cemeteries were extend
ed, excavations on larger scale were
undertaken and gradually the cata-
combs were formed.
The catacombs originally were used
exclusively as cemeteries, but later
they provided places for religious as
sembly and in some cases worship
In apostolic times they generally met
in the house of some wealthy men,
Der of the community. Later they
built churches. After Diocletian in
303 ordered the churches to be de-
stroyed the Christians evidently then
took refuge in the catacombs, which,
although known by their prosecutors
to exist, could not be reached or
entered, as neither their precise po-
sition nor their entrances could be
ascertained.
The catacombs were also used occa-
sionally as places of concealment
Several popes used them as hiding
places from the beginning of the sec
ond century onward. st. Stephen was
murdered in the catacombs, where he
had lived for some time during the
Valerian prosecutions, and his sue
cessor, st, SiXtus, was also martyred
| IN the Catacombs.
For several centuries the cata.
combs We're used as places of devo.
| ton. The entrances of the cata.
combs were rendered public. Shafts
or air holes called luminaria were
opened for purposes of ventilation.
| About the middle of the fifth cen
| fury portion Of the catacombs was
! rited by the barbarians in hopes of
finding treasures, and thus began the
devastation which led ultimately to
their neglect and ruin.
From the thirteenth to the fifteenth
century all knowledge of the ancient
cemeteries seems to have persisted
The accidental falling in Of portion
of the high road outside the Porta
Salaria in 1878 led to the discovery
of the Catacomb of ST. Priscilla
Public interest in the subterranear
Christian cemeteries was awakened
and archaeologists turned their at
tention to their examination anC
study.
The name catacomb is, compare
lively speaking, modern. The Chris
ton cemeteries We're named either
after some saint buried in them OIL
the person who originally owned the
land where they were situated. TIL,
use of the present name dates bacl
to about the sixteenth century.
Almost all the catacombs are out
side the walls of the city, The ag
gregate length of their galleries 4
said to be about 5S7 miles. and the.
are eXcavated on different levels an,
cross and recross each other. Henc
although the area which they under
lie is not considerable, yet If tn
galleries were stretched in a contint
Gus line they would extend throug
the whole of Italy
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16

a national uprising against the white
mans rule, (as one precaution, the
native troops have never been per-
mitted TO serve artillery since the
mutiny) it cannot be denied that the
deep-fowing, ever-increasing and
widely manifested tide of India's ma
tional sentiment is worthy of most
serious consideration.
In every city of the empire the
"Swadeshi' signs may be seen in
abundance on the stores of tradesmen
who have pledged themselves to deal
in India.made wares exclusively. This
commercial and industrial side of the
"Swadeshi" movement has direct re.
lation to the industrial teaching in
-oission schools. The native papers
are full of "Swadeshi" talk; and it is
not wholly absent from the praise
worthy national missionary organiza-
ton which Indians have organized, the
object being to further the evangeli-
cation by native Christians alone, I'M
aided by foreigners. Furthermore, ono
frequently runs across "Swadeshi"
mass meetings; | found one under
way in College square here, with hun
dreds of students listening eagerly to
the impassioned speeches. 1t was
rather surprising that the Y. NJ. C. A.
student leaders were able to gather a
crowd, fully half as large, only so
yards away.
The oriental dearly loves intrigue
and agitation especially is this true
of the Bengal "babus," or educated
Bengalis. who are foremost in the
"Swadeshi" movement The Bengali
contemptuously declares the Briton,
is an idle, boastful talker, and neither
fighter nor a worker. My own in.
quirles developed the repeated assur-
ance, on the part of informed persons,
that the "Swadeshi' movement has
not, to any percepuble degree, at
least, extended TO the villages, which
contain 80 per cent. of the native pop
ulation. Bearing in mind the undoubt'
ed Christian revival which is to be
found in some parts of India, and the
potency of this new national move,
ment il is evident that mission work
here is bound to take an added inter.
est during the next few years.
Making Men of outcasts.
Whatever tends to put the stamina
OF manhood into this people con
tributes Indirectly to the missionary
undertaking. For the first and last
factor of Indian life is the caste sys
tenn, which dooms the majority of the
people to lot esteemed lower thar
that of the cow IL II were not 70
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16
.CATACOMBS OF ROME
CURloSlTlES OF THE EARLY
CHRISTIAN CEMETERIES.
Their History and Purpose Made
Clear by Modern Research-Gal-
lerles Extending Hundreds OF
Miles Under Ground.

Romc.-Modern research has estab.
lished beyond doubt the original ex-
elusive use of the catacombs by the
Christians as places of burial and of
holding religious assemblies, and the
various other theories put forth to eX'
plain the origin of these cemeteries
have all been proved to be unfounded.
The Christian mode Of burial in the
oatacombs seems to have been cop
led from the Jews. A short time be-
fore the birth of Christ Judea was
made tributary to Rome by Pompey
and many thousands of its inhabitants
were transferred to Rome, where
special district on the right bank of
the Tiber was assigned for their hab-
itation.
These first Jewish settlers adhered
to the customs of their forefathers,
especially in q matter so sacred as
funeral rites, and they laid their dead
in rocky sepulchers outside the gate
nearest their quarter. Here, in fact.
was discovered in 1860 the so-called
Jewish catacomb, which it may be as
sumed was the prototype of later
Christian sepulchers.
The earliest Roman Christians were
very probably converted Jews, were
naturally familiar with the Jewish
mode of burial, and in all prob
ability adopted it for themselves. A
gravestone discovered in one of
the Roman catacombs bears the date
of the third year of the reign of
Vespasian, A. D. II, and thus affords
proof of the antiquity of the cata-
combs as places of burial
In early times Christians were
probably buried on property, a garden
or vineyard, belonging to private fam
lilies, and in fact nearly all the an
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16

leg-o'-mutton sail on a skiff would APP
pear at a distance of four miles.
Every shot was hit, and the fourth
and last destroyed the target. The
! entire round was fired in one minute
and nine seconds.
One of the firing tests is called
fire command" In this test the gun
ners are expected to change the fire
from one target to another of the
three in the string as directed and hit
it without changing the speed of the
fire. The targets are supposed to rep
resent the vitals Of warship. This
mythical vessel is considered to have
freeboard, or height out of water, of
"a feet. In estimating the hits, the
basis is that of representative bat
tleship. A shot which does not actual
ly hit the target, but which would have
pierced vessel had it been where the
target was, is counted hit. officers
on the tug towing the targets work
out the score by means of the grange
rake" This is an implement which
looks like a garden rake with short
handle. The spaces between the
teeth each represent a given number
of yards. When shot strikes the
officers sight along the handle and
note how many spaces to the right or
left of the center the shot hit.
A gunner of the old school would
turn gray if he had suddenly to adapt
himself to the new methods in the
face of the enemy. Hairline tele-
scopes, surveying instruments, barom-
eters, thermometers, thermometers,
weather vanes, tide gauges and stop
watches are required to secure the
requisite results. The accuracy of the
fire is obtained only by taking into
consideration such details as the curry
ature of the earth, the speed of the
target or the hostile warship, the
range or distance of the object
from the gun, the pressure or
density of the air, the speed and direcy
ton of the wind, the temperature and
age of the powder when placed in the
gun, the height of the tide at the mo.
ment of firing the shot and the drift
, of the projectile. There can be no
guesswork in securing such artistic
results as making hits with successive
shots.
The effect of all of these factors
| in the combination under all possible
| conditions has been worked out by
experiments and computations and the
result utilized in devising apparatus
which automatically registers the in
| formation which is essential at such
speed that half a dozen half-ton
shots can be thrown into a ship from a
single battery in the space of less
than four minutes. The drift" of the
shot is the distance to the right
which a revolving projectile from
rifed gun will go in the course of
given distance. The range and the
| point where a vessel will be at the
moment shot could reach it are reck-
oned in actual practice at least once
in every 20 seconds. The establish
ment of 20 seconds as the interval
when fresh survey shall be taken is
based upon the fact that no boat could
change its speed or its course suffi-
GENTLY in that space of time to affect
the probability of shot hitting it,
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16
Receives Praise From RooseveIt

Senator Henry Clay Hansbrough of
North Dakota is one of the few sena-
tors who have received praise from
President Roosevelt directly. After
the passage of the denatured alcohol
bill last session, an act which meant
a great deal to the farmers, and for
which the senator waged a persistent
fight, the president sent a personal
letter commencing him and inclosed
the pen with which the bill was
signed.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16
Available Substitute for Tin

Aluminium is regarded as probably
the most available substitute for tin
in the great majority of uses to which
that metal is put, owing to the diminu,
ton in the price of aluminium, the
practically limitless supply of the raw
material, and the favorable physical
properties of the metal. AS the pro.
duction of aluminium is cheapened so
will the uses for it increase. The de-
mand steadily keeps ahead of the
supply.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1908-01-16
RoYal Visitors, Inns

Some London papers say that Gus.
tom fixes $3.50 a day as the amount
to be paid in tips by royal visitors
at Windsor castle. This amount IS
frequently exceeded, according To
these newspaper authorities, and ona
of them states that Kaiser Wilhelm's
recent short stay with King Edward
cost him $4,000 in gratuities to ser.
wants.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1908-09-04
ITEMS OF INTEREST.

West Virginia ranks next to Penn
sylvania in coke production.
The government is preparing for the
next census. The estimated cost will
be over $14, 900, 900.
Caroline folks are rejoicing over a
snake with two heads. Both heads are
on the same end of the snake.
An Oklahoma Judge heard the augu-
ment and issued an injunction the 9TH
er day whilst in the barber shop and
still lathered for shaving.
1t is said that there are no baldhead-
ed men in the insane ssylums of the
country. but that lots of them are found
in states prisons. Which chance do
you prefer?
The American Bar Association at its
recent meeting in Seattle adopted reso-
lutions strongly protesting against de-
lays and unnecessary costs in litiga-
tions. When the lawyers themselves
protest the case must be bad indeed.
Failure to comply with the law re-
quiring annual registeration has result
ed in the closing Of no less than 200
concerns In this State, covering a great
variety of subjects. No less than 20
social clubs are among the number for
feiting charters.
Foreign immigration to this country
has fallen off. according to the state
ment of the Commissioner of Immipra-
ton, over 20 per cent this season, and
many thousands of those who came here
few years ago have returned to their
native countries.
Another crab story looms up, this
one from Florida. A man caught a
large crab and it was holding between
Its claws An old coin. which, when ex-
amined, turned out to be a Spanish
doubloon. Now the crab catcher thinks
he has found or will shortly, the spot
where Spanish buccaneers camped and
buried treasures long years ago.
Last October, when the toilers of
our country were keyed up to the keen
est energy, ready and willing, rs usual.
to perform their great service to socie-
ty, monstrous, unnecessary and purely
artificial panic was thrust upon our peo-
pie through the manipulations of the
princes of finance. Since then nearly
1000. 900 of our wealth producers have
been thrown upon the streets in idleness.
Lightning striking the earth usually
enters leaving no mark. but in dry sand
Its entry shows very plainly. as the
sand is fused or melted into a tube.
Some OF these have been measured and
found to be 80 feet long and an inch
and-a-half in diameter. That such a
difficult substance to melt as sand should
be thus fused and cast into the shape of
tube so long as the one mentioned is
a wonderful illustration of the immense
heat of lightning stroke.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1908-09-04
MORE ABOUT THE STORM
Last Weeks Storm Worse in Forty
Years.-DestructiOn Extends
From Maine to The Gulf of
Mexico and as Far
West as Colorado.
DEATH LIST LARGE.

The receeding floods in the South left
much desolation in its track. The
financial loss is hard to estimate, but is
probably not less than 81, 500, 900. The
destruction of crops is immense, cotton
and corn being damaged at time when
the advanced season prevents all hope
of replanting. In many places the land
is stripped of soil down to bed rock by
the rushing waters.
Reports from Atlanta, Ca. are sum-
moned up as follows: The number of
dead is estimated at 100 and the finan-
nancial loss placed at from So, 600. 900
to $1,000. 900. Cities have been sub
merged, business demoralized, stocks of
goods covered with dirt, fine furniture
and house furnishings ruined and build
ings undermined and collapsed. In the
country section, county and railroad
bridges have been washed away in all
and railroad traffic at a
standstill several days. Among the
farms hundreds of acres of land have
been wiped clean of growing crops,
while other hundreds are covered with
beds of sand and are practically ruined.
The water reached the height
of 40 feet in Augusta, Ga.
and the loss there is estimated at more
than million dollars. At least sixty lives
were lost in that city by drowning and
business houses and residences were
submerged in from four to nine feet of
water. When the river began to rise
people could be seen going through the
streets with what little bedding and
other articles they could hurriedly
gather up and handily carry on their
backs. Women with children in their
arms made their way toward higher
places. while the men drove live stock.
Railroad traffic was suspended several
days, tracks being washed away, and the
city left without light or water supply.
While the food was at it's height five
fires broke out, adding to a night of
terror. There were several other smaller
fires. The flames from the burning
structures illuminated the skies and
sent terror to the hearts of the people.
Relief work has been established with
Captain Huget.Of United States Army,
directing, and provisions have been
pouring in to the sufferers. 1t is ex-
pected that the War Department will
make available $lS, 900 from the depart
ment's contingent fund. Water seems
to be the chief necessity. Though the
mains are opened each day for three
hours, the water is not fit for drinking
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1908-09-04
Mr.. OYSTER.

Welcome, Mr.. Oyster, to this happy
oyster town;
The signs are in the window and the
rawbar screens are down.
Good morning, Mr.. Bugeye, from the
sunlit seas of blue,
And, Mr.. Oyster Pungy, here's a heart
and hand to you:
Put on your apron, Rastus,
And let yoh ole knife swing,
It's oysters in the autumn,
And it's apple-bloom in spring.
Walk right up to Pratt street, Mr..
Schooner from the bay,
We're waitin' for the cargo that
you're gwine to land today;
The pickalilly's ready and the man who
grinds the wheel
Has the fresh horseradish grated Wake
up, 'Rastus. make 'em squeal!
Pile up the Tangier beauties,
We're waitin' by the bar,
The feet of Light street swinging
To the bos'n's old guitari
Well, maybe kings were happy with
the feasts Lucullus spread
They never looked on 'Rastus. with his
kinky-wooly head,
Or watched him open oysters with a
knife that fairly CLEANS
Between two shells of beauty where
the fat Lynnhaven dreams;
Oh, Cherry Stone and Blue Point,
Ring out. yoh 'Rastus tune,
The r is in September
And the roses are in Junei
Now, what's the use of money and
what's the use of pride?
The richest kings on all the earth when
time came stopped and died;
There's sights of other pleasures, and
linin' up is one,
When autumn brings the oyster from
the blue bays seas of sun;
Roll up yoh shirt sleeves, 'Rastus,
The marchin' hosts are here
A lemon and a cracker
And bugeye at the pier!
Away with trifiin' subjects, stewed
chicken and baked ham,
The partridge in October and the yellow
roasted yam;
They boast on Epicurus, but figs on
what he knew
Who never tasted oysters on the shell
or in stew:
The ships are on the ocean,
The storm is on the sea;
The pungies are at Pratt street.
And the raw bars callin' mel
We're writin' for the mornin', we're
whistlin' honey-sweet;
Get out your jewsharp, 'Rastus, and
elucidate your feetl
They've SKINNED the Mobjack waters
and raked Horn Harbor deep,
The bugeyes are at Pratt Street and
the kings of Egypt sleep:
Put on your apron, darky,
The hour is on the way
To open half-she oysters
From the blue deeps of the bay!
Baltimore Sun.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1908-09-04

tack the vital organs, causing catarrh of
the bladder, or the kidneys themselves
break down and waste away cell by cell.
Bladder troubles almost always result
from arrangement of the kidneys and
a cure is obtained quickest by a proper
treatment ofthe kidneys. If you are feel
ing badly you can make no mistake by
taking DIR. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, the
great kidney, liver and bladder remedy.
1t corrects inability to hold urine and
scalding pain in passing it, and over
comes that unpleasant necessity of being
compelled to go often through the day,
and to get up many times during the
night. The mild and the extraordinary
effect of Swamp-Root is soon realized.
1t stands the highest for its wonderful
cures of the most distressing cases.
Swamp-Root is pleasant to take and is
sold by all druggists in ffty-cent and
one-dollar size bottles. You may have a
sample bottle of this wonderful new dis
covery and a book that tells all about il,
both sent free by mail. Address, DIR. Kill
mer & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. When
writing mention reading this generous
offer IN this paper. Don't make any
mistake, but remember the name, Swamp
Root, DR.. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, and the
address, Binghamton, N. Y, ON every
bottle.