davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
Republican Leaders Say Middle
West Will be the Battle Ground

| in the senate and House and they
don't like 1t.
1.-THE people of that section want the
presidents program carried forward.
| They are so earnest that IL they
| thought it necessary to elect Demo
cratic administration in order to carry
! it forward they would do 1t. Party
lines are weakening through the west
| La Toilette has had the effect OF
lessening party allegiance and the peo-
pie are voting more Independently
than ever before. They are voting for
measures and rot for parties.
There Is danger in this middle
western situation. If the Democratic
convention at Denver should have a
lucid interval and nominate johnson,
/ should think there would be good
chance of losing two or three middle
not happen. The Denver convention
will nominate Mr.. Bryan and he is no
stronger now than he was in 1900 I'M
less he is made stronger by the failure
of the Republican convention to take
advantage of its opportunities.
''The strength in the Republican
situation lies in the fact that while Mr..
Taft is thoroughly committed to the
Roosevelt policies yet he is recognized
as personally conservative mana
man who will do even radical things
in conservative way
ut is on this account that Mr. Taft
will have the confidence of that ele-
ment in the east which has not been
in sympathy with the Roosevelt pro-
gram, while he will have equally the
confidence of those in the west VINO
have accepted Taft because of the
presidents endorsement Of him Taft
does things differently than Roosevelt.
He could have done precisely the
things that Roosevelt has done and
have had the good viii OF the very
man whom he was restraining with
out making ripple in the surface Of
business. He is diplomat; he pours
oil and smiles all the time"
Senator Dolliver of Iowa is Mr..
SCOTS choice for the vice presidency.
'Dolliyer is popular in the middle
west where the struggle will be keen
est" said Mr.. Scott "He is thorough
ly identified with the administration s
progressive policies. He is very
attractive orator and would draw as
good crowds as Bryan and entertain
| them better. Mr. Taft is an eastern
man and his acquaintance are in
this section. He was educated in New
England and the people of the Atlantic
coast know him as we'll as they know
any New York man or better. Also,
do not see how New York can pos
sibly vote for Bryan, SO that we do not
need New York man for second
place on the ticket"
]. c. WelliYer
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
EppYvILLE.

Eddyvile-John A. Bell. of Seevera,
who has for many years been a CORES
pondent for different newspapers, is
visiting a few days with his friends,
Mr. and Mrs William Bennett, who
resides just south of town on the OF
tumwa road.
Ivan Albaugh. Fred Padgette and
Mr. Johnson were among the callers IN
Ottumwa Saturday
John Plummer was called to Kansas
City Saturday morning by the serious
illness of his nephew. Frank Noel, who
is in the hospital and Is very low. Mr..
Noel has underwent three surgical
operations and is expecting to undergo
another
Attorney George GILES, formerly of
this place but now of Ottumwa but
was in town on business and received
a telegram Saturday morning that his
mother at Cadillac. Mich. was dying.
He left for that place Saturday morn
ing.
Miss Laura Reed returned to her
home in Green Ridge Saturday morn
inng after visiting about a week ut
the VIM. Lucas home on North Fourth
street.
George Dilliner of Oskaloosa. came
down Saturday morning for few
days visit with his sister, Mrs. Ed.
Scrigner, who resides north of town.
Rev. w. s. Right, formerly of this
place but now of Salem, was here and
spent Friday evening at the Swan
home and visited with other friends
while en- route to Algona Iowa.
Henry Christwell, of Oskaloosa-
came down Saturday afternoon Tor All
lover Sunday visit
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
BoNAPARTE.

Bonaparte.-The ladies of the
Maccabees had lawn supper Satur-
day evening at the home of Mrs. E.
G. Smith
l.. c. Meek left Saturday on a bus
mess trip to New York city.
Master Charles Cox of Douds, is
visiting his grandmother. Mrs. Emma
Bridge.
Mrs A. w. Sherman has returned Il,
her home in Burlington after a visit
at the j. G. Whiteley home.
Mrs. William Haywood and Mrs.
Nina Morris and children of Selma,
visited over Sunday with the w. B.
Ryland family
w. A. Packer left Saturday for an
extended commercial trip through
Kansas and Oklahoma.
Clyde Algire Of Des Moines. was a
business caller here Saturday.
Mrs Myrtle Hughes, Of Allerton,
was called here recently by the death
of her grandmother, Mrs. Sarah Hea-
ton of Big Mount.
Mrs. Mary Mohler of Bentonsport
has been making short visit here
with relatives.
Miss Stella Wright was in Farming
ton Saturday.
Mrs O. J. Coolidge and Earl Miller
are spending the week in Eldon with
the J. F. Vass family.
Mrs Charles Thompson has returned
to her home in Moline, ILL.,. after an
extended visit with relatives.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
Y. P. S. c. {. TO
MEET HERE SOON
NEXT DISTRICT CONVENTION OF
THIS SOCIETY SLATED
FOR JUNE.
DATE NOT SETTLED
Rev. c. e. Chambers, Vice President
Of tho organlxatIon--Plan Are
Being Made for Success
full Meeting.

The Tenth Iowa district of the Y,
P. S. c. q will hold its annual. con-
vention in this city the latter part OF
this month, the date has not been set
by the officers and the executive com.
mittee. This action was taken at the
last session 6f the convention which
was held at Keokuk last year.
The holding Of the convention here
is the result Of the efforts of Rev. G.
e. Chambers OF this city, who was
elected vice president of the organi.
cation and who extended the invita-.
ton to the society to come to Ottum-
wa for the next annual convention
The following are the officers:
President-Rev. Harry G. Rogers
Ft. Madison.
Vice President Rev G. E. Cham
bers, Ottumwa.
secretary--Mrs. w. I. Morrison, FIT
Madison.
Treasurer-Russell Bryum, Mt
Pleasant.
There will be about rs distrist dele
gates in attendance at the convention
The reports last year show total
number of f1fty-flve active societies in
the district, with a total membership
of 1,547. Total associate membership
208: total honorary membership, 1854
It's the happiness of the whole bic
world,
It's praises loud are heard;
It's made life happy, healthy and
bright,
It's Rocky Mountain Tea taken a,
night.
Sargent, the true druggist, corner
Market and Main.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
SCHOOL cLosEs-A
SPLENDID PROGRAM

Ormanville.-Miss Hull closed an
eight months term of school here The
program moffolws:
Songs Spring is Coming. School
When Papa was a
Little Boy---Ira Downing.
Keeping Store
Recitation-oh Avery Ramsey
Song-"The Hurdy Gurdy Man.
Recitation-Mo Waist-Merrill
Durham.
Recitation-wh Likes Rain.-Pat-
rick Wilson.
Recitation Black Sheep Orion
Scott.
Dialogue--How Girls study.
Song.-"The Butterfly.
Recitation--What, Betty Thinks OF
Bobby---Lena Souer.
Recitation--Half Past Eight.-Avery
Ramsey.
Song-''The Wind.
Dialogue-A Fishing Party.
Recitation--The Reason Why
Dialogue-Giving Aunt Jane a
Shock.
Recitation-Paul Revere's Ride
Donovan Hay.
song--"1n Spring Lilly Heckart
and Bertha Leonard.
Dialogue-A Neighborly Call
Dialogue-The Spelling Lesson.
Recitation--What Boy Can Do
Mack Davis.
Recitation--The sheep--willie kim.
mer.
Recitation-when I'm a Manly
| ten boys.
| song-"The OWL
Dialogue-The Sewing Society.
Recttation--The Sea Beach Pebbles
ANDREW Souer.
! RecitationPit and Pat-Harve,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
CHARLTON.

Chariton.---Mesdam H. Fl. Lart-
mer, Alice Larimer, S. McKlveen, e. u.
Wilson, j. McKlveen, VIM. Scheiber,
w. H. Argo, Roscoe Moler and Mr..
and Mrs. Fred Larimer went to Rus
sell yesterday to attend the funeral If
Mrs. Frank Delano, which was held
yesterday afternoon.
Miss Minnie Lindauist returned to
Red Oak yesterday after an extended
visit with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Aug. Lingquist.
Miss Victoria Lynn, of Orient, and
nephew. Master Leland Daily, Of
Kellerton. returned home yesterday
after a visit with her aunt, Mrs. 4.
Courier
Mrs. Carl Swanson and little son,
Hassel, left yesterday for visit with
friends in Loncoln, Neb.
Mrs. v. E. Winslow is spending a
few days with relatives in Birming
ham.
Mrs. s. L. Smith and son. Charles.
went to Lucas yesterday to visit her
daughter, Mrs. ]. H. Harding.
Dr. Theo. Barnes made business
trip to Leon yesterday.
from a visit in Davis City with her
father, r. M. Gravatt, who is serious
ly ILL.,
Miss Halle swope, of Garden Grove,
came yesterday for a visit with her
sister, Mrs. r. D. Piper.
Mr.. and Mrs. Nelson Cackler are
spending few days with relatives in
Lacona.
Spencer Mayhem left last evening
for visit in Des Moines with his
mother. who is studying music ct
Drake university.
Mrs. Lottie Ley. of Denison, return
ed home last evening after a few days
visit with her aunt Mrs. B. F. Murphy
and other relatives.
John Gustafson, of Lincoln town
ship, departed last night for a threa
months visit in his native country,
Sweden. He was accompanied by
Miss Tina Sandahl, who had been
spending some time with relatives here
and who does not expect to return to
this country.
Fred Bartholomew, of Minneapolis,
Mimi. who had been here visiting his
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. o. A. Barthalo-
new and attending the marriage of his
brother to Miss Maud Smith returned
his duties last evening.
Miss Jessie Croker left last even
ing to join her mother, brothers and
sister in visit with relatives in
Minneapolis.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
LEAVES HUSBAND;'
TAKES CHILDREN
MRS. LENA RISK LEAVES FOR
HER FATHERS HOME
IN ASsYRIA.
DOMESTIC TROUBLE
is Woman Who Lost 500 Bill Night
Before Easter--she Was Lost
For a Time and Worried
Friends.
From Wednesdays Daily

From Wednesdays Daily
An affecting scene was enacted at
the Union depot last night as Bur.
lington passenger train No. was
about to leave the city Mrs. Lena
Risk, her husband, two children and
several friends were the principals.
Mother and the two children left hus.
band and father and departed for the
mothers home in far off Assyria.
The circumstances leading to the
separation of the woman from her
husband are the sad conditions aris-
ing from want Of harmony In their
domestic life. The couple have, 1T
seems no been happy in their home
life and affairs finally reached that
point where Mrs. Risk concluded TO
take her two children and go to the
home of her father in Assyria, who Is
reputed to be quite wealthy.
Friends Gather.
Perhaps two dozen friends and fell
low country men from Cedar Rapids
and other points out of the city were
at the depot to see the mother and
two small children take their depart
ure. The husband, Rena Risk ac-
companied them to Fairfield.
1t will be remembered that Mrs.
Risk is the woman who lost the 500
bill on Main near Market street on
the Saturday evening before Easter,
Mrs. John Smith of South College
street was shortly afterwards tried IN
Justice Ayres' court for finding the
bill and her husband Ca mullatto) was
| accused of taking the bill to Oska-
loosa where he changed it at the Ma
haska county bank.
Woman Left Home.
The case created considerable in
terest at the time and the outcome
was thought for time to have af-
fected the mind of Mrs. Risk. She dis
appeared for time and her husband
! with other relatives, were deeply con-
cerned for her welfare as fear for
her mind was entertained. This is
said by friends of the people to have
largely tended to disturb their do
nestle harmony and was possibly the
cause Of her desire to return to her
old home.
4 Risk for some time operated q
fruit stand on East Main near College
street and for time was employed
at the packing plant. The family later
moved to Abba subsequently coming
back to Ottumwa where they have re-
sided since. The out of town friends
left for their homes today.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
RE TURN REQUEST
TO Be PRINTED
PosToFFTCE DEPARTMENT is
SUES IMPORTANT INFoRMA-
TON TO PATRONS.
STAMPED
ENVELOPES
Prices, Quality and Variety Shown in
Instructions Of the Department
Covering All Classes
Of Patrons.

A pamphlet has been issued by the
postoftice department calling attention
to the arrangements under which
stamped envelopes are dispensed by
the department The government
states that it will print return re-
quests upon the envelopes under GER
tain conditions whereby all may
avail themselves of the envelopes if
they so desire. This applies to the
rural free delivery in the same man
ner as it does to city delivery.
Return Requests.
When ordered in lots of 500 or its
multiple the department will print in
the upper left corner of stamped
envelopes, upon request, without extra
charge, the purchasers name and ad
dress with request to return if not
delivered to addressed
For patrons of the service who do
not have occasion to purchase so
large a quantity as 500, stamped
envelopes are provided bearing the
following blank form of return request
which are sold by rural carriers in
any quantity from one up:
After. days. return to
................ .......
W. -. MUTE NO.
Washington, Ala.
Dead Letter Office.
Letters without return request are
sent to the dead letter Office If mis-.
directed, or if for any reason they can
not be delivered to the addressee;
but Is a letter bearing return re-
quest fails of delivery it is returned
direct to sender without additional
postage.
Price List.
A price list showing all the different
sizes, denominations and colors Of
stamped envelopes may be consulted
through any rural carrier or at any
pOstofice.
The No. 5 first quality envelope
(Which is the size most generally used
for business purposes) sells at the
rate of s envelopes for one cent in
addition to the value of the stamps i'm.
pressed thereon: af the No second
quality, 8 envelopes are sold for one
cent in addition to the postage value.
Government stamped envelopes are
made OF an excellent quality of writ
ing paper, of good weight, strength,
and finish. There are twelve different
| sizes of stamped envelopes ranging
from 2 rs by 5 Ia inches to 4 3-S by
10 Is inches. Colors, white, amber,
buff, blue. The white and amber
envelopes, known as first quality, are
Of somewhat heavier and stronger
paper than the .uff and blue (second
quality. and the prices of the latter
are less.
Stamped envelopes are redeemed
from the original purchaser at post
age value if spoiled--an advantage
which does not apply to adhesive
stamps; and the stamp can not be-
come detached in transit through the
mails, as may happen with adhesive
postage stamps when carelessly
affixed A. I. Lawshe,
Third Assistant Postmaster General.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
DouDs.

Douds.-The annual district conven-
ton of the knights of Pythias, will be
held at Leando park, June 10. under
the auspices of Star Light lodge. No.
$50, of this place.
Among the prominent members Of
the order who are expected to be pre-
sent and will speak, are: W. S. Bilby
of Knoxville. B. I. Sallinger, of Carroll,
|C. C. Dowell. of Des Moines, Bernard
Murphy of vinton, and Rice H. Bell.
of Keokuk Other speakers of this
county and vicinity will also be pre-
sent. A picnic dinner will be served in
the park. In the evening banquet
will be given by Star Light lodge to
the members of the order.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
BAlN.LoWENBERe WEDDING
AT BLOOMFIELD

Bloomfield-Fred Lowenberg and
Miss Ona Balm were married Satur-
day evening at s o'clock at the home
of Mr.. and Mrs. Sam England. Elder
M. Downing was the officiating min
lister. Mr.. and Mrs. -Lowenberg vii.
make their home for the present with
Mr.. Lowenberg's mother.
Children's Day.
Children's day was observed by the
Christian church Sunday school with
the following program, given at the
church Sunday evening: 4
Opening chorus-By children.
Scripture Northumberland Hazel
wood
Prayer.
Duet-Petitt brothers.
Welcome-Iarry Wishard.
Glass observation-disclosures Jewels amt
song. Little Hands."-Mrs. Thomp-
sons primary class.
Recitation-Willie Baker
Solo--Nellie Young.
Recitation-Claude York
Solo-Oren Petit and Concealed
chorus.
Recitation--Harold Wishard.
Song-"Send the Gospel Light. -
Boys of Miss Hutton's class.
Recitation--Laura Canady
Recitation-Robert Dooley
Chrysantheumuson Gin costume -
BY five little girls
Song and recitation--"Living Links"
Miss Fullers class.
Recitation-Paris.
Duet--"Darls Africa.'-Nine Murphy,
Effie Richardson.
Concert recitation-The Way OF the
Flowers-six little girls
Neutrality-suspicious. the Crowns
Mrs. Rokey's class.
Glass exercises and son-Cross and
Crown--Mrs. Reeves class
Closing song bv congregation
Coronation" Il
The Woodmen observed Sunday as
Memorial day. A short program was
given at the hall. consisting Of adj
dresses by Attorney Dabney and
Bence and music by the band, after
which the lodge marched to the ceme-
terry and decorated the graves Of tha
deceased members of the order.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles H Young ar
rived Sunday evening from Vine
mont, Ala, where they were married
| at high noon Sunday. May 81. Miss
Young was Miss Daisy Wanita Min
nick, former Davis county girl and
successful school teacher, who has
made her home for the past year In
the south.
E. G. Walker and Frank Black made
a business trip to Lancaster Mo-, the
| last of the week
Mrs. John Scarborough was an OF
tumwa visitor Saturday
| Mrs. w. w. Russell and Mrs. A. I.
Colliver visited over Sunday at this
j. Q. Berry and Cliff Atwood homes
| in Ottumwa.
Ed Songer was in Ottumwa Sunday
evening to see his brother Tarvey
Songer and wife of Pueblo. Colo, who
We're passing through on their way
to Philadelphia to attend the conven-
ton of the KNIGHTS of Ladies' of
Security. Mrs. Joseph Reed, Mrs.
Songer's mother, met them in Ottum-
| wa and brought their two children
over to Bloomfield to remain until
the returne of Mr.. and Mrs. Songer
from Philadelphia.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
BLAcKHAWk.

Blackhawk.--Mrs. Aida Kinsingel
and daughter, of Bunch, visited Sat
urday night and Sunday at the par
entail Brown home.
Miss Clara Smith was the guest OF
Birdie Bean Sunday evening.
Miss Iva Garner, Ethel and Ellen
Martz were recent callers ct Bunch
James Smith nassed through this
place Sunday evening.
Children's day exercises will be OBJ
served at Pleasant Hill Sunday even
ing, June IA. All are invited.
Miss Jessie Brown and Lulu Elder
Of th11 place attended Children's da.
exercises at Pleasant Valley Sunday
evening.
Rev. Ed. Hastings will I'LL his regu-
lar appointment at Pleasant Hill Sat.
urday. Sunday and Sunday night. June
10, and IA.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
Washington Bureau of
The Ottumwa Courier
Washington, d. G., June 10.

Washington, D. c., June 10.
Republican leaders believe that the
battle-ground of the presidential cam
paign will be in the middle west and
not In the east as in former years. AT
the same time, they admit the situa-
ton in the west has large elements of
danger. They do not know which way
the radical vote will go which gave
to Roosevelt his tremendous plurali-
ties in that section in 1904
Party lines. Republican leaders, say,
have been badly shattered in the past
two presidential campaigns. Whether
Taft will be able to hold the great
following which the progressive Roose-
welt policies have in the middle west
u the problem that is worrying the
managers. Some of them admit, with
rather surprising frankness, that John
son would certainly take away from
Taft several Of these states which
Roosevelt carried with enormous
votes, and further that 1t is question
whether Taft will be able to hold them
against Bryan.
Representative Charles F. Scott of
Kansas expressed this fear today He
is the Republican chairman Of the
House committee on agriculture, Is
the proprietor of big newspaper and
a keen political observer Mr.. Scott
believes that the conservative capital
istic interests which are falling over
themselves to get behind Taft will
hurt the latter in the west. He says
also that the do-nothing record of the
last session of congress viii be re-
scented by the progressive-radicals OF
that quarter.
Here are the states which Mr..
Scott says will determine the presi-
Dental battle, together with the votes
cacf in 1904.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
1903 JUNE CORN
BEATS JUNE OF
ACREAGE AS GIVEN BY DR.. CHAP
PEI WILL PRODUCE TOTAL
OF 6,O3s, 700 BUSHELS.

Condition of fruit--Apples OF;
plums, ST; peaches 81; cherries II;
grapes 81; strawberries 81; raspber-
ries 81; blackberries SO.
Condition of live stock--Cattle 90;
hogs "a: horses 9s; sheep 99; foais
"a: spring pigs 80.
Des Moines. June 10.--Cheer up.
lowa's crops are better in every parti-
cular than they were june 1, last year.
Dr. George M Chapel of the Iowa
Crop bureau demonstrates this to be a
fact in his first report as to conditions,
issued today. In most particulars DR..
Chapel agrees with George A. Wells,
secretary of the Iowa Grain Dealers
association, who issued his first re-
ports last week.
DR.. Chapel, however, takes up po-
tatoes, meadows, fruit and stock, with
which Secretary Wells does not deal.
These figures show additional cause
for congratulation. for they show ex-
.cellent conditions.
acreage, which permits the first esti-
mates on corn. 1t is, of course, too
early to make any definite predictions
on Iowa's total corn crop. but it is in
teresting to note that with an average
yield of thiry-three bushels to the
acre upon the acreage planted June /,
the total corn crop this year will be
Aoo,uo0,i VV puSllelS DIS dSdilSt Af5,uVV,-
600 last year.
The Bulletin in Detail.
Here is DR.. Chappels findings in de-
tail: !,
"Corn-The estimated number of
acres of corn planted appears to be
S,970,000, or an increase of 112,S20
acres as compared with the area har-
vested in 1907. 1t is probable that
Nf ,rfa y, :
planted will have to be abandoned,
necessitating revision of the above
estimate and the revised report will
be given in July together with tho
acreage by counties. The average
condition of the corn already planted
on June ] was nlaced at 80 per cen.
for the state, as against IS per cent
on June 1, 1907.
''Wheat-The acre of spring wheat
is estimated to be 323467 acres, and
winter wheat S5,147 acres. making a
total wheat acreage of 40S,614 acres
This is 1851 acres less than was har-
vested in 1907. The estimated condi.
ton of winter wheat was 101 per cent
and spring wheat 100 as compared
with 81 and So Der cent, respectively
on the same date last year
"Oats-The acreage of oats is placed
at 81 per cent, and the average condi-
ton at LUZ per cent Last year the
condition on June l was SO per cent
t.BarIey-Acreage sown 3s7 ,40s acre
or 1873 acres more than last year, TIL;
average condition is 101 per cent a!
compared with 81 per cent on June :.
1907.
"Rye-Acreage 81 per cent of las
year: estimated condition 1o1 per cent
as compared with 81 per cent last year
"F1ax-Area seeded, S5 per cent
4 rnn6jfjOn 96 T7er canf 4
'Potatoes-Acreage planted. lO1 pc
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11

cent; condition. 90 per cent Last year
the condition was SO per cent
MISUNDERSTANDING, 90 per cent:
condition. 104 per cent, as compared
with II per cent last year. The av-
erage condition of meadows on June /
during the past five years is SO pei
cent.
"Pastures-The acreage is about -
per cent, and the condition is 100 per
cent. Last year the condition was 50
per cent"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1908-06-11
STOCKPORT.

Stockport.-w. s. Whitaker came
horne from Annes college last Friday to
spend his vacation. His brother Dick
will return with him in September
Mrs. B.. F. Oldt and Mrs. Harry
Robinson We're visiting in FIT. Madi-
son last week
Mrs c. o. Swan who has been