davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18
COBALT PRICES IN TORONTO.

furnished and corrected daily by Stewart & Lockwood
No. 43 Exchange Place)
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18

= u
A quarterly dividend OF Five (5oc) Per upon
this this day been de-
clared payable 1905. stockholders Of record
on the closing books IL o'clock noon
Sept 1908 Books will reopen Oct. End, 1908,
s. 20 O'Clock A. NJ
WILLIAM NJ LAWS, Secretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18
DiUidend Notices.
TOLEDO. ST. LOUIS & WESTERN
RAILROAD COMPANY

so Wall ST, York September 10, 1908.
A seuai-annual dividend OF Two Per Cent. on the
Preferred Stock has been declared out
OF the surplus the Company, payable Octo-
her 1s 1908 holders OF record OF said stock on
october 6, 1908.
the transfer books % the Preferred Stock of this
Company will be closed the close of business on
october 1905, the transfer office Of the CompanI
No. New York City. and VIII be re-
al opening Of business October 16, 1908
The above dividend will be paid by check, mailed to
the furnished the stockholders to
agent before the closing Of the books
STEIART MACKIE. Secretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18
THE AEOLIAN WEBER PIANO AND


AT q rneetins OF the Board of Directors held this
Gay, the regular quarterly dividend OF ONE AND
FiREF-oUARTERS PER CENT. declared upon
the Preferred Stock Of Company, payable the Both
Transfer books viii be closed Sept. 21st and
reopened Oct 2nd. 1908
WI. E. wHEELoCK. Treasurer.
Sept 18th, 1905
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18

E@5 . EEss 7HsaJ @s
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1908-09-18
NEW YORK CITY BONDS.

scouYon or rssistsrea-
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
Spice Injected Into Martin
ChitWood Hearing in Cir
cult Court Today.
THE DEFENSE HAS INNING.
WITNESSES ARE PLACED ON THE
STAND TODAY QUESTION OF
SANITY WILL DECIDE $4,000
WILL CONTEST.

Spice was injected into the monoto-
my of the Martin-Chitwood case. on
trial in the Wayne circuit court this
morning. 1t came in nice big pack
ages, all tied up and properly sealed
and stamped with the criss-cross OF
sarcasm. II was exported or import
ed as the case might be by attorneys
Mckee and Study, who of course, rep
resent the opposing litigants.
Said Mr.. Study, addressing no one
in particular: Il wish Mr.. Mckee
would keep his nose out of other peo
pies business
To which the man from Connersville
replied: "I'll put my nose wherever
want to, and this is my business.
Gentlemen. gentlemen" exclaimed
the court.
1t was but a moment later, when Nc.
Kee took exceptions to Study's meth.
cd in examining the witness. Study
| did not like McKee's attitude very vel
when he stated his objections, and TOLD
| the court he did not think Mckee was
very gentlemanly."
| Why, how can I be a gentleman
asked Mckee, in apparent astonisn
ment. when I have to associate witt
you?''
stop it. gentlemen; stop it: let the
witness leave the stand" implored tn,
| court.
The jurors laughed. others of th'
counsel smiled, the spectators laughed
and the bailiff raped for order. Tn,
| pleasantries were ended for the mo
ment and the case continued.
Witnesses for the defense occupie,
the stand today. Just as the plain
| tiffs witnesses had asserted Georg
Frybarger was insane the witnesses to
day insisted he was sane To tE,
jury IL is question of was he, or wa
he not. and upon their answer depend
the settlement of the controversy In
vofving $1,000 estate.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
!5453
Circulation and going up.

indianapolis to Charlottesville, crashed
into local car from Charlottesville
near here at nine O'Clock this morning.
Both cars were badly damaged and
eighteen persons were injured. Mo-
torman Sullivan of the limited was the
most seriously hurt The local was
just starting to take siding during a
heavy snowstorm, and Sullivan could
not see it.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
Albert KidWeII Brings Wife to
This City to Visit His
Aged Mother.
SERVED A TERM IN OHIO.
sLAMES BRoTHER-IN-LAW FOR
DOWNFALL AND SAYS HE is
READY TO DO WHAT is RIGHT
WILL WORK IN RICHMOND.
M ME. STElNHElL.

There was a reunion in this city yes
terday. 1t was that of Albert Kid
well and his girl wife and Albert's
mother, who resides in Riverdale Mr..
and Mrs. kidwell intend to go to the
far west for the benefit of the latter's
health. Richmond was the first stop
on the journey after leaving Dayton,
the home of Mrs Kidwell's parents.
Wednesday, Mrs. Kidwell awaited the
return of her husband from Columbus,
Ohio. She was in an isolation tent at
the Miami Valley hospital. as she is a
sufferer from tuberculosis. Her hus-
band had just been released from the
Ohio penitentiary and he was coming
back to her
Kidwell says he has reformed and
intends to follow the straight and mar
row way. He never was in any ser
ious trouble, when residing in this
city, although his father was sent to
the penitentiary for stealing horse
blanket from the Carpenter mill. This
punishment always was regarded as
undeserved by the police department
owing to its severity. Albert was with
his father at the time. but was not
incriminated. Some time afterward
he left Richmond and it was not long
until he and a sister took up their
residence at Dayton.
He became an excellent penman
and afterward met 'Bill' Heath. Kid
well says Heath led him to drink
Heath had diamonds, made good ap
pearance and found Kidwell willing to
lcnntinned on Page Eight
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04

The Association 112s12s Park Row Build
Of devised this plan Of its own ] he
their business doubted Mr.
Ans while in h @ @ h
examination Mr. Austin goes into s every h a d
issued also compares the number OF ona " 9 m ~
os other the
the in the United states
claim circulation than he could give
" e T M ai issues in addition to the certificate
advertisers we'll
This detailed report
paid for at least one
Palladium presents this report to its ad
the Paladum Rich
the past three due due entirely " policy policy
possible them avoiding the holer than thou a
of which
9os co c1 d vanes
Lowel-Ayers sarsaparila Hair vigor Etc
-Hyomei Mona Hyomei
California Fig Syrup Co. San of & Figs
Pi
ooieei Silk Nils Florence Macoree Spool Silk Etc.
pann ~a c Reeh e wh ssn Sen Products
baltimore Setter.
Eupepsia Chemical St Louis-Eupepsia-
Farbank
& Phladepha-Fels
w. Fleisher, Phiadephia--Worsted and
General Electric Co, Schenectady, YEecca1
Genesee Pure Food Co, Leroy N. YJelLO
Hall & Rucke, New York-Sozodont
H.
Huylerts New York-Cocoa, Chocolates,
Dr. kimer & Co, Bnghampton, n Y.-Swamp Root
Melns
MerrellSoue
Enoch Morgan's Sons York-Sapolo
Newbros Hepde - wbrosH .
Omega Chemical Co, York-Omega
inc No 1andOr No
Pabst Brewing Co, Mnwaukee-Pabst
Paris Medicine St
Parke, Davis & Observation-Disclosures
Peruna Drug Mfg Co, Coumbus-Peruna ManaIn Lacup
Arthur Peter &
Lydia E. Pmkham Medicine
Postum Cereal Co, Ltd Battle
Quaker Oats Co.
Runford Chemical Works.
Andreas saxehner New York-IIunyadi Janos
JOS Schutz Brewing Co., misunderstanding
Scott d BOVINE New 4orkScotts
STERLING Remedy Co, Kramer To-Bac Cascare
van Camp Packing
T. 5 Wells Jersey Ciy-"Rough
worries Dspensa Medical Association
~NN-NeS Aies'
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
EIGHTEEN INJURED
Limited Traction Car Crashes
Into Local on CraW-
fordsviIIe Line.
SNOWSTORM THE CAUSE.

C1ermont, Ind. Dec. 4-The Ben Hur
Limited traction car. westbound from
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
APPRAISERS REPoRT.

Henry Stiens and Joseph Hassen-
busch. appraisers in the case of Will
liam Fuller VS.. Patrick Fuller, have
filed their report with the county clerk
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
THE WEATHER PROPHET.

iNDiANA-Partiy cloudy and colder
Saturday; fresh south winds be-
coming variable.
OHio-Partiy cloudy Friday night and
Saturday. with probably showers
in north portion: colder Saturday;
fresh south winds becoming vari-
able.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04

new laws at Jne
coming session.
Two years ago
he railroad men
we're before the
legislature ask
ing for numer-
us laws for the
)etterme Mt of
heir condition
md to protect
ind to safeguard
them against in
Jury or death.
Committees were
I,s- %h n
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
CIRCULATION EXAMINED
Investigator of Association of American Advertisers Shows
Palladium Standing in Richmond Newspaper Fed

On Palladium and the
Clarence Austin official examiner
Of American Advertisers
reproduction OF
circulation for the year
issued in Richmond or in the
Indiana
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04
RAILROAD MEN
WILL WATCH
LEGISLATURE
Beneficial Laws Passed by
Last Legislature Will Be
Protected by Railway Or
ganizations.
MARSHALL WILL STAND
FOR A NEW DEAL
1auuart and His Crowd Will
Not Dictate Where Plums
Shall Be observation-disclosures
rich RetireS.

indianapolis, Dec 4.-Railroad labor
organizations in Indiana are SO well
satisfied with the work of the last leg
islature, that they will not ask for any
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04

CONTINUED on Page Eight.)
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04

CONTINUED on Page seven-) .
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1908-12-04

.iCoptinued ON Page S!x.)
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05

the banks controlled by groups Of
financial interests the power at will
to expand or contract the volume OF
our circulating media shall con.
tinue to urge the establishment Of q
guarantee fund to protect depositors
10 national banks
favor the enactment Of q law pro.
viding for federal inspection and
grading Of grain.
favor a law compelling publicity
OF contributions to the funds Of DO.
'litical parties.
Justice to the interests lof labor
demands the enactment Of a law 70.
stricting the use Of lnjunctions in
labor disputes.
believe in building a navy sum.
Gent for our needs, and further be.
lieve that the time to prepare for war
Is before the opening of hostilities.
The soldiers, 20 whose valor Is due
the preservation Of our government.
are entitled to liberal treatment. and
IN this matter false notions in ecen.
omy must not be permitted to inter.
fere.
Liberal appropriations should DO
made for the improvement Of our
naVlgable rivers in order to facilitate
the carrying of our stupendous inter.
nal commerce.
Irrigation and drainage should re.
ce1ve such federal encouragement az
1t is possible under the constitution to
give, wherever the magnitude of the
project is such that local and state
efforts are Insufficient
The encouragement Of forestry and
other projects for the conservation of
our natural resources is of the great.
est Importance.
I favor the retention ~ the public
of all deposits Of mineral wealth not
already passed into private owner.
ship.
l favor the erection. as speedily an
consistent with rational economy, OF
public buildings throughout the land
for the housing Of public officials.
1 would have no man compromise
his principles, but wherever differ.
ences within the party extend only to
the question of choice of party candi.
dates I believe that mutual forbear.
ance is desirable.
OF my record in this and the pre-.
ceding congress 1 invite the closest
scrutiny. I may have made mistaken
In the analysis of present conditions
and committed errors in the solution
Of the problems confronting us, but
I have ever endeavored to keep my
oath Of office and to serve the pub.
lie by aiding in the enactment Of laws
designed to carry out policies which
appeared to me to subserve the Inc
terest of the public.
These policies and this record I 70.
specially submit for consideration.
A. J. Gronna,
Washington, April IS, 1908.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05

George M. Young, of Valley City, N.
D., was born in Huron county, Ontario.
He came to Michigan in 1883 and to
North Dakota in 1890. He IS a self
made man, has served two terms in the
house and two sessions in the state SEN
ate. He was the pioneer in legislation
looking to better grain grading condi-
ion and also had IL bill passed estab-
fishing flour mill and grain testing
plant at Fargo, tor the farmers benefit,
the first of the kind in the United States
under state control. He led the fight on
the floor of the house for the fellow
servant bill, known as the personal
Injury" bill, which the railroad en-
ployes had long waited for. He also
had passed the corrupt practice act with
the object of securing cleaner elections.
He introduced and made vigorous
fight for the enactment of an anti pass
bill. His legislative record is such that
his platform promises are taken at full
value.
He is in full sympathy with the peo-
pie and is by education and training
we'll qualified to represent this state in
congress.
Mr.. Young is honest and honorable
and fearless advocate of the right. He
belongs to the wing of the republican
party known as progressives or insur-
gents, but if elected will without doubt
be the servant of all the people.-Valley
City Times Record.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
GRONNA'SPLATFORM
North Dakota Congressman Tells the
Voters What He Stands for in
National Legislation.
TO the People Of the State Of Nor:l

To the People of the State of North
Dakota:
Having decided again to become a
candidate for nomination and election
as a representative in congress from
North Dakota, deem it proper to
issue a statement expressing my pres
ent convictions in regard to the ques-
lions OF national import now confront
Ing the people of the United States.
AS republican and asking for the
suffrages Of republican voters, I SUBJ
scribe to the cardinal principle of pro-
lection to American Industries. pc
leVe, however, that the time has come
To subject the schedules Of the pres
ent tariff to close scrutiny in order
that duties which give undue prefer
ence or which are ineffective may be
changed to meet present conditions
l believe that notably in the case Of
IRON. coal, lumber, and wood pulp the
tariff should be removed, except such
countervailing duties as may be nee
essary to Offset export duties levied
Dy other countries on the raw ma
terial
l believe that no backward step
should be taken in the enforcement
OF what have come to be known as the
roosevelt policies" in order that the
public may be protected from arbi-
trary exercises of the power resulting
from the enormous aggregatons Of
corporate wealth made possible by
our institutions.
l believe that all public service COR
porat1ons should be subjected to gov
eminent control, and that for the pur-
pose of taxation and regulation a.
physical valuation should be made of
an corporate property. To be efec-
1--WE, control must extend to the capi-
tai Of corporations Capitalization
OF franchises and Of monopoly rights
should not be permitted.
1 believe that in the not remote fu.
ture a law should be enacted requir-
ing corporations engaged in Interstate
business to incorporate under nation-
al laws. The Sherman Anti Trust
Law. should be SO changed as not to
prohibit combinations not against the
public interes
favor the speedy enactment of
laws providing for a graduated in.
come tax and a graduated Inheritance
tax.
1 believe that the time has come to
consider the question of radical
change in our currency system, but I
am unalterably opposed to any sys-
tenn Or any alteration or modification
OF the present system which will give
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
TONGUE RIVER

Crowded out last weekly \.
Rev. Whaler occupied the pulpit here
Sunday morning.
Mrs. Fox Of Tyner visited with her
son, Thomas Fox, and family on Sunday
last.
Mr.. Lornie Gibney purchased a fine
driving horse recently from Louis Baker
near Hamilton.
Mr.. Garth johnson WINS the guest of
Tongue River friends on Sunday. Mr.
Johnston is teaching school in the Ley
den district.
Quite number of the farmers in this
nelghborhood are taking their cream to
the Cavalier creamery and are we'll
pleased with results.
Mr.. Thomas Waugh left for Stoughton,
Sask., on Wednesday, and from there
will accompany his son Charles to Mon
tana where they expect to purchase a
number of horses.
The remains of Mrs. John Diamond of
Langdon we're inferred in the catholic
cemetery at Bathgate on Thursday last.
Mrs. Diamond was one of the earliest
settlers in this locality end her old
neighbors sympathize deeply with the
bereaved family.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05

l am a candidate for the Republican
nomination for member of Congress be-
fore the primaries to be held on the oath
day of June next, and earnestly solicit
your support
I believe in the repeal of the tariff on
lumber and in general revision of the
tariff schedules. Am in favor of ma
tional grain inspection law and in the
general policies which have been advo-
Gated by President Roosevelt. I have
lived in the state of North Dakota for
over twenty-six years and have a
thorough knowledge of the needs of our
people.
Should be nominated and elected,
will use by best efforts for the best in
terests of all the people and all parts of
the state.
Respectfully,
L. B. HANNA.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
Primary Nominations for
Pembina County.


Last week in the hurry of the last
minutes before going to press we neg
lected to read our candidate list over by
copy and hence we left out j. D. Win
law as candidate of the democratic party
for register of deeds, which was some-
thing like having the play of Hamlet
with Hamlet left out. Our apologies
are due. We also made another mistake,
which was straight bull on the part of
the writer, in making Mr.. j. J. O'Con-
nor candidate for county commissioner
on the republican ticket, when he is a
candidate for the legislature on the
democratic ticket, and we also have to
apologize to him.
This week we give the corrected list
and also add such new names as have
since been added under the provision of
the law which allows vacancies to be
filed any time before twenty days be-
fore election.
CThe letters following the names desig-
nate republican or democrat.)
Sheriff George Roadhouse, Neche, r.
Auditor-W. w. Felson, Pembina, R.
Clerk Court-Geo. Peterson, Pembina, r.
VIM. A. See, Carlisle, D.
Treasurer-F. H. Anderson, Walhalla, R.
Joseph Fay, Crystal, D.
County Judge-H. G.Vick, Thomas, R.
T. r. Shaw, Pembina, D.
Register John f. Gill, Flora, r.
j. D. Winlaw, Pembina, D.
Supt. Schools
Isabella A. Burley, Pembina, r.
Anne G. Conmy, Pembina, d.
States Atty-M. Brynjolfson, Cavalier, d.
Public Administrator
Ellis Thorwaldson, Mountain, R.
Coroner
DIR. f. M. Burrows, Bathgate, r.
Senator, 1st District
J. LaMoure, ST., Pembina, r.
A. D. McMurray, Walhalla, D.
Representatives, LIST District
w. J. Watts, st. Joseph, r.
George A. McCrea, Drayton, r.
J. J. O'Connor, Neche, D.
Walter Wexford, Pembina, d.
Representative, End District
Christian Ganssle, ST. Thomas, R.
Fred Weiss, ST., Crystal, d.
County Commissioner, End District
John K. Olafson, Gardar, r.
County Commissioner, 4th District
John G. johnson, Neche, r.
Joseph NORM, D.
in. Horgan, d.
County Justices-C. Murphy, Neche, R.
R. Huffman, Walhalla, r.
B. Dalsted, Svold, R. ~
County Constables- -
Oddur Dahlman, Gardar, R.
A. Slagerman, Neche, R.
T. G. Mcconnell, Cavalier, R.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
CLERK OF COURT.

Having filed my petition and affidavit
l as candidate for the nomination by the
democratic party of this county for the
Office of clerk of court, would respect
fully ask the support of the electors for
that nomination at the primary on June
Oath, and at the ensuing election in Nov
ember.
William A. See.
Carlisle, N. D.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05

A provision of the primary law is to
the effect that where vacancy exists in
the primary election ballot of any party
by reason of petitions noe being filled for
such nomination before May Goth, then
in that case the same may 10 filed by
petition and affidavit as previously, any
time before twenty days before the prl-
mary on payment of one half of the reg
ular fee.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
Senator LIST District.
Walhalla, N. D., May 20, 'Os.

Democrats of the lst Legislative Dis
trict:
Friends:-Owing to the fact that it is
impossible for me to see you personally
at this time, take this means of ex-
pressing my appreciation to the many
democrats who signed my petition for
Senator of the First District, and to the
democrats also, who would have signed
had it been possible to reach all.
Your hearty support and cooperation
at the primary election to be held on
June oath, 1908, is especially solicited
and will be properly appreciated by me.
Yours sincerely,
A. D. McMURRAY.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
CLERK z OF COURT

| hereby announce myself as candi-
date for recollection to the Office Of Clerk
of the District Court for Pembina
county, on the Republican ticket, and
solicit your support sat the primaries.
II elected 4 viii continue to give the
Office my entire personal attention and
fulfil the duties 81 the Office as faith
fully and efficiently as it has been my
aim to do since the last election.
GEORGE PETERSON. rs
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
COUNTY TREASURER.

1 hereby announce myself as Repub
lican candidate for second term for the
office of Treasurer of Pembina county
N. D., subject to the result of the pri.
mary election in June, 1908.
If elected promise to give my per.
sonal attention to the office and shall
endeavor to run same in a courteous and
like manner.
I respectfully ask the support ohthe
of the county.
FRANK III. ANDERSON.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
FOR COUNTY JUDGE

l hereby announce my candidacy for
the Republican nomination for County
Judge and respectfully solicit the sup
port of the voters at the primary cleo
ton.
Ifmy management of the Office has
met with the approval of the people Of
the county should appreciate the en-
dorsement of being nominated and
elected, for another term.
~ II. g. WICK.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05

duties Of my Office faithfully and hon.
estly. II again honored with nomina-
tion and election, shall continue in
those endeavofs. OF those who believe
that my record has been such as to war
rant this Endorsement, solicit the vote
and support. Respectfully,
A. j. GRONNA.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
COUNTY AUDITOR.

I hereby announce my candidacy for
the Republican nomination for re-elec-
ton to the Office of County Auditor for
Pembina county. The support of my
friends will be appreciated.
VIM. w. FELSON,
Pembina, n. D..
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
FOR CONGRESS

To the Voters of North Dakota:
lam candidate for the republican
nomination, at the primaries to be held
the oath of June next, as a representa-
tive in congress from North Dakota.
During the three years that I have
served in this capacity, have, although
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1908-06-05
SHERIFF..

1t it pleases the Republican voters of
this county to nominate me at the pri-
mary on June oath, for reelection to the
office of sheriff, shall be very grateful
for such endorsement, and if elected I
will endeavor to perform the duties of
that office with all diligence and with
the greater efficiency gained from ex-
perience.