davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21

NII ' rams rom west ana NoTth cams
Into Norfolk on Schedule Time-No
Snow Between Long Pine and Chad.
ron-heavier in Black Hills.
Omaha, Neb., Feb. 1s.-Special to
The News BY far the worst storm
Of the present winter is prevailing in
the vicinity of Omaha today
A terrific snow storm, with high
wind, has been prevailing all day.
Fourteen Inches Of Snow.
In this place and all down the Mis-
souri, valley a very heavy snow storm
is raging. At noon fourteen inches of
snow had fallen, and the snow was
still coming down.
Trains Blocked at Omaha.
Trains were badly blocked in the
Omaha union station this morning and
all roads entering here were badly
congested. 1t required a long time to
get the trains out.
Storm Right in Valley.
The storm seems TO have centered
down in the valley Trains from the
east this morning reached Council
Bluffs all right and then they were
stuck, going down into the valley.
Electric cars have had trouble in
working and wires are tangled and in
trouble.
All business has been badly demon
allied around Omaha by the storm.
When Omaha people awoke this
morning they found the city buried be-
meath fourteen solid inches of snow
and the driving blizzard which started
early was still in progress late today.
Drifts were five feet deep in many
places and business was at a stand
still all day.
Only very few street cars in the
city were running.
y.
Street sweepers worked all night
but the snow blew faster than they
could sweep it out.
Omaha Shut Of From World.
Communication with the outside
world was almost totally destroyed.
Trains from all directions were from
one 10 six hours late, the delays being
worst on the Union Pacific and Bur.
| lington.
One Of the severest storms of the
winter prevailed over north Nebraska
Tuesday, but it was by no means so
severe as the storm east OF Fremont.
Reports received at Northwestern
railroad headquarters in Norfolk
showed that about the same storm as
prevailed in Norfolk extended west to
Long Pine and north into the Rose
bud country.
Snow Stops at Long Pine.
West Of Long Pine, between there
and Chadron, there was no snow.
Heavy in Black Hills.
But in the Black Hills the snow was
still heavier, ranging from three to
five inches in depth.
Trains arriving in Norfolk from the
west and north were all on time, but
| those from the east were delayed an
hour or so, by the storm in the Mis-
souri, valley.
The weather forecast was for snow
and colder Tuesday night, with warm
er weather Wednesday.
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21
DEATH OF BARBARA SCOTT.
Daughter Of the Late bob" Scott, Sue
cumbs at Fremont.

SshDS at T'e''oHe.
Fremont, Neb., Feb. 10. - Barbara
Scott, young woman seventeen years
OF age, died about midnight at the res
idence of Mr.. and Mrs. Scott Wall.
Miss Scott came to Fremont from Bat
tie Creek, Neb., few days ago for a
visit. She was in poor health, being
a sufferer from diabetes. Brief funeral
services were held here, Rev. DR.. Spy
ker officiating, and the body shipped
to Battle Creek for interment.
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21
NEW PILL ROLLERS.

Secretary George 3. christoph Makes
Up Pharmacy List.
Secretary George B. Christoph of
the state board of pharmacy has ar
rived at the results of the recent ex-
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21

Miss Scott was the daughter of the
late Bob" Scott, publisher of the
Battle Creek Enterprise until his
death.
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21
WILL ATTEND HEARING
THREE COMMERCIAL CLUB pl.
REcToRs TO LINCOLN.
WHEN FREIGHT RATES ARE UP

II Was Decided by Directors Of the
Norfolk Commercial Club That Three
Representatives viii Appear Before
the State Railway Commission.
The Norfolk weekly news-journal. (Norfolk, Neb.) 1900-19??, 1908-02-21
TERRIFIC STORM
RAGING At OMAHA
FOURTEEN INCHES OF SNOW
ALONG MISSOURI RIVER.
TRAIN SERVICE contested
MANY TRAINS WE'RE STALLED AT
OMAHA UNION STATION.
TRAIN SERVICE
NOT so BAD IN NORTHWEST

All Trains From West and North Cams
Into Norfolk on Schedule Time-No
Snow Between Long Pine and Chad.
ron-heaVier in Black Hills.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
Vegetable Stones.

These are vegetable stones" said
a geologist. Stones, that is, that
grow In vegetables.
Here is tabasheer. II Is found
In the joints of certain kinds Of BAN
boo. It is always round and brown,
like this. Here is the cocoanut stone
You find It in the endosperm of the
Javanese cocoanut Round or pear
shaped, ii has always this milk-white
luster like pearl. The smaller stone.
with its pearly luster a little tar.
nished, is found In the pomegranate.
It is pure carbonate OF lime. These
stones are formed from silicious and
calcareous juices circulating in the
plant organism. They are the result
OF a diseased condition. Man him
self, you know. occasionally puts forth
stony growths; and they must be re-
moved, or the human stone-grower
dies In excruciating pain"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
RorHscHlLDs ONE LARGE CLAN.
Remarkable Number Of Unions Be-
tween Cousins Belonging to Family.

The founder of the Rothschild fam.
lily, Mayer Amschel Of the Red Shield
dying in 1912. exhorted his five sons
engaged as loanmongers under him In
Frankfort, Vienna. London, Paris and
Naples, not only to remain faithful to
the law of Moses and stand ever
united. but to undertake nothing OF
Importance without first consulting
their mother.
Nathan, founder of the London
branch. also was so convinced of the
business capacities Of his wife. a
Cohen, that he not only left the huge
residue OF his fortune at her disposal,
but, says the Ladies' Realm. added
Instructions that his sons we're to en-
gage in no undertaking Of moment
without her consent.
How far the instruction was OBJ
served one is not in a position to say,
but 1t is certain the Rothschilds have
done their best to live in family
unity, for from the Gentle point of
view the number that have married
cousins is appalling. OF the five chill
dren of the great Nathan each mar
rled a cousin.
And, coming to contemporaries,
Lord Rothschild is the son of cousins
and the husband of a cousin. Re
turning to Nathan, the Sidonia Of
"Coningsby," though his offspring
married cousins. a reaction followed
in the next generation, for three Of his
granddaughter, two Of whom have
been already named, married not only
out of the family, but out Of the
faith.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
TALE OF ITALIAN WITCH.
Twentieth Century sorceress Who
Has Surprised Civilized Humanity.
Joe Dews,
City Clerk.


Is 1t possible that witches still ex-
list and find credulous victims to CO.
zen and fleece? It is true the voodoo
woman may be found in the south
and the medicine man is not yet ex-
tinct among the Indian tribes, yet
they are believed to be survivals only
possibly among the uncivilized of the
negro and Indian people, says the
Springfield Republican. Yet the real
witch with the caldron In which she
brews her magic philters, with her
spells and curses, are things so who'll
ly Of the past that 1t is a shock to
read of a sorceress having been ar
rested In fair Perugia. Perhaps the
account Is the invention of news
paper reporter bound to produce a
sensation for the benefit OF his Jour
nal However that may be, the story
is a good one.
It sets forth, with a due care for
details, the maze of alleys in suburb
of the city, where a house whose
doors are closed to all but women who
seek powerful love potions to bring
back the affections of lost lovers, or
fatal drafts that shall properly pre-
serve faithless husbands-shelters
famous sorceress.
Rumors having got about concern
Ing the unholy rites and ceremonies
practiced in that house, the police,
so the story goes. gain admittance
through a pretext, seize the witch
and search the premises and find Its
walls hung with mysterious symbols,
human skulls and bones, heads Of
various animals, strange weapons.
many books OF evil import, full Of In
carnations and spells and other aids
such as witches are supposed to use.
The woman, who was old and sup
posed to be fabulously wealthy, was
seized and all her paraphernalia cox
lected and conveyed away for trial
and all Perugia. and presumably
Italy, ia supposed to be in state OF
suspense until the worst is known.
Supposing this tale true, what would
be an adequate punishment for
witch? In the good old times. so much
lamented, there would have been but
one end possible. The witch would
have been burned at the stake Put
in 1908 q term Of imprisonment IL
probably the worst that could happen,
and that would be a fiat ending Of
the story. But the days Of what L
called romance are over.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
STRAIN IS GREAT
Hundreds Of chlckasha Readers Find
Daily Toll a Burden.

Hundreds Of chlckasha Readers Find
Daily Toll a Burden.
The hustle and worry of business
men,
The hard work and STOPPING of
workmen,
The woman's household cares,
Are to great a strain on the kid
neys.
Backache, headache, sideache.
Kidney troubles, urinary troubles fol-
low.
A Chickasha citizens tells you how
to cure them all.
j. P. Simmons, living at 912 South
Third street, Chickasha, Okla, says;
Il have symptoms of kidney trouble
ever since my service in the army.
About five years ago this trouble an
noyed me a great deal. The kidney
secretions were too frequent in ac-
ton and l was forced to arise often
at night, consequently ran down in
health through not obtaining my prop
er rest. My back was weak and at
times would be nervous. Hearing of
Doan's Kidney Pills, procured box
at the Owl Drug Store and began their
use. / can say that am now entirely
free from kidney troubles, and believe
that this remedy. if taken as directed
will cure any case of kidney com
plant"
For sale by all dealers. Price 81
cents. Foster-Milburn Co., New York
sole agents for the United States.
Remember the -Doan's-anC
take no other.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
Well Known Hotel Keeper Uses and
Recommends chambsrlaln's Collie,
Cholera and DIarrhoea
Remedy.

Il take pleasure In saying that !
have kept chamberlain's Collie, Cholera
and Diarrhoea Remedy in my family
medicine chest for about fifteen years.
and have always had satisfactory re-
suits from It's use. have administedod
It to a great many travelling men who
we're suffering from troubles for which
1t is recommended, and have never
failed to relieve Them" says ]. C. Jen-
kins, Of Glasgow. Ky. This remedy is
for sale by all druggists. DEW
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
is PASSING TO THOSE WHO
TILL THE SOIL

A 227.
$40 acres. tour miles from railroad
town, $40 per acre. See US quick.
C 2o1.
100 acres. 90 in cultivation, one mile
from railroad town, Grady county,
bargain. $50 per acre.
C 2o2.
Two 40-acre tracts. two miles from
ehickashA. we'll located. $40 and $50
per acre.
A 22s.
40 acres three and one-half miles
from ChicAasha. Oh section line, s2s
per acre.
A 22s.
60 acres. COED upland, two miles
from good railroad town, Grady coun-
y. all fenced, so per care.
A 23o.
80 acres. one and oRe-half miles from
last named town. $25 per acre. number
one land.
See us for leases.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
published Oct. 10. l9OS.)
ORDINANCE NO. 314.

An ordinance establishing a bench
iark and datum in the city Of Chick
sha.
Be It ordained by the mayor and
ouncilmen of the city Of Chickasha,
klahoma:
Section 1. That the following de-
cribed bench mark, with the eleva-
ion set opposite the description, shall
standard reference of elevation
bove the city datum:
Chickasha avenue and Second street,
at the southwest corner Of Chickasha
venue and Second street, the elevation
the top Of the cast iron cylinder with
opper cap. set in the foundation Of
uilding is ten hundred, ninety-one and
tx one-hundredths (1091.06) feet.
Datum. Sec. 2. That zero of the
ity datum is tide water at the Gulf
Mexico.
To Take Effect. Sec, 9. That this
ordinance shall take effect and be in
force from and after its passage, ap-
proval and publication.
Passed and approved this 18th day
I October 1908.
B. B. Bridges,
test: Mayor
Joe Dews,
atsA.. ell.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1908-10-22
SERIES OF TEN TALKS ON ADVERTISING NJ n
wrhtsa b ssyno~ Eaton Of Philadelphia NO. =


The man who succeeds must fill his job full
that he bulges out little at the top; where people
can see him. The successful store must do the
thing, only in a different way.
The goods must be on hand the prices must be
right; the service must be commendable the trading
must be square; the kind of square that has four
equal sides and four right angles.
Every successful store has its trademark whether
the merchant knows it not Its advertising and its
service have created public sentiment in its favor
which neither fire time obliter-
ate. Nine times out of ten this trademark is the
stores biggest asset.
Much of the ordinary store advertising is a hand
to-mouth sort of business effort TO make tomor-
rows sales equal to todays yesterdays; and this
is just true of the department store of the small
shop. The advertisement appears in the morning
and the merchant figures out the net results in the
evening 1t is true that the bargain advertisement
of today is of little, if any next week 1t is for
gotten in twenty-four hours but if the store makes
feature of genuine bargains then each bargain sale
helps to advertise the bargain department. The
advertising ought to be done in such a way as to
permanently advertise the department as well as to
emphasize the bargains of the day
Don't 60 at it as if you were advertising an
auction sale AS said at the outset your store is the
seed in the soil the advertising is the rain and the
sunshine inexperienced advertisers dig up the seed
every evening to if it is growing; pull up the
young plant by the roots because it didn't bear fruit
or flowers the first week.
1t is safe to say that not more than third of
the people looking for bargains the other two
thirds looking for quality and style The very fact
that the goods offered at bargain prices leaves the
impression that there is something wrong with the
quality that the style is a behind. Good
advertising should enable merchant to sell $40 coats
at SIS instead Of SIS coais at $3.50 in other words
it should create confidence rather than doubt AS in
stocks and bonds the securities quoted above par are
always desirable in the thought of the investing
public than those quoted at discount.
Advertising is tremendous force which in action
contradicts all mechanical laws. The circumference
and speed and working power increase, while the
motor remains the same.
Make your advertising continuous. This is the
first great secret of Copy and medium and
circulation all subordinate to keeping everlastngy
at it.
2yn,oua5t9x
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
RlcHM0MD'S HEw MAYOR
TAKES OATh Of OFFICE
Mr.. David r. Rlchardsen Urges All
to Work Together In Mar
mony."

RICHMOND, VA, Sept. 1!-Busf'
ness xas suspended In every once
in the city hall At noon today while
the city o6lcis1s and . multitude OF
citizens, gathered In the reception
room Of the mayors ONCE, enthustt'
cally cheered and appended the
speech Of David Crockett Richardson.
the new mayor Of Richmond.
let u all work together In har-
mony and let our object BE- to make
Richmond the proud capital q z
great commonwealth," were the cor
cludinE words Of what YES pro
nounced by many Of Judge Richard-
sons closest friends one Of the finest
addresses he has ever made.
The new mayors speech foIlowed
the presentation Of . mammoth 1or.
al horseshoe. the gift Of personal
friends.
Captain Mccarthy, the outgoing
mayor, was not among those present
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
SINH LIME STONES
70 Be DESTROYED


orsses, Aasye~ lastrvessd - % AWey
VIVA 0ristes Te0Ueosse
BRISTOL. VA. sevt.. 1.-Throaeh
Attorney General AoaeFSn0. Of W.T.
sinis. the Supreme Cssrt q toe Usm'
q states has instructed Mayor w. l.
Rsce. a Bristol. Va, % not only re.
1--WE. bss 70 totally destroy. the osd
virU11so-fesaessce state line stones.
49, zen ycsrs ssa By the sctson
q u LEGISLATURES Of eithr state ana
tie sanction of Coaeress. the Stsse
Iiue waa changed and rua directly W
the center Of state street, the prsncs.
psl bszisess fhoroashsspe Instead OF
IN froat os the baildines o. the VIZ
ginia side Of the thoFUaghfare.
This has cAuscd mssy cc0psicstsoes
to arise. wheN reooessce peeeeo
the ysm Cvv strrrt COR Isv y ~ an
easy matter to wade q. - csp rsn
down the street ose.salf h eheeT
0ssse and co,orcd paDe1esn veee r
SalrcA IN 81, on the virgissa ssds.
Ether city ID slsowe1 10 NJ oee
ran % To street car me. vht1e We
stre<s vss PAVED joess1y.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
DaItimore Produce Market,

BALTIMORE. Md. Sept. L.
unchanged.
WHEAT-frmer: spot contract 96K
a 81: Southern on grade S3A q 96h
CORN--dull: spot mixed -; No
2 White -; Southern Yellow 81 q
|S4.
OATS-steady: No. 2 mixed 81 q
SIN.
RYE-easier: No. 2 western Do
nestle 80 q 81.
BUTTER-quiet and unchanged
fancy imitation 20 a u: do creamery
Is; do ladle 20; store packed 1871 q
III.
EGGS-steady. % q %.
CHEESE-firmer;n new large 12A
do fats 12%; do small 1874.
SUGAR-unchanged: coarse granu
lated SO; fine $40.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
cssten crep Failing on.
nv Assocjsted ProoD).

WASHINGTON. ID. C.. Sept. l.
The crop reporting board q the
bureau Of statistics Of the Unsteu
States department Of aericaltnre an
Rounced that the average coodttSoo q
cotton crop on Angus Is. vas Isl per
cent. Of q normal. The b comparea
with 90 on July 18th last, TT On
August 18th. 1907: rs On August 2sth.
1895 and 7a.S the average of tie
August 18th conditions for Tie -
ten years-
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
SALE OF VALUABLE
REAL ESTATE, LOCATED ON
THE NORTH SIDE OF 18TH


Pursuant to the provisions of q Ger.
tain deed of trust dated the Goth day
of June. 1902 recorded in Deed Book
No. y, page 49,. records Of the Clerk,s
once Of the Corporation Court OF the
City Of Newport News. Va. the SAID
deed being executed by ID. 8. Jones
Lumber and Manufacturing Company.
to the undersigned Trustees. either Of
whbm may act. default having been
made in the payment OF iIe debt there
in secured, and at the request OF the
benenciaries named in said deed, we
vii! offer for sale At public auction
on the premises on
FRIDAY. SEPTEMBER II, 1858 At
1880 O'CLOCK A. NJ
All that certain lot OF land with the
improvements thereon. situated and
being In the City Of Newport News.
Va. on the North side Of Twenty
flfth street. being known and destg.
mated by tn lot No. -. tn block No.
q e. a. ia said deed rccited.
improvements consist 81 two stor,
frame dwelling. Terms: Cash as q
the sspw Of S5S1.,e the costs Of satc
yaxc. and unpaid insurance premiums
As to balance. terms announced on
day Of sslc.
BENJAMIN c. wHERRY.
CONSTANTINE n. WILLIAMSON.
Trustees.
For further information apply "a
BARRETT & WEST. rs Twcnty-nnh
street. Newport Ncws. Va
s2s-s-s11.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
New York Money Market.

NEW YORK, Sept. Mooney on
call, l a ~ per cent; ruling rate i;
closing bid 1: offered at l. Time
Looms very dull and steady: S.xty
days 2, and ninety days ~ to "a:
six months 2h.
Close: Prime mercantile paper 3k
o ~ per cent: sterling exchange
steady, with actual business In bank
ers' bills at 4s4.25 q 4S4.s5 for sixty
day bills, and at 1850 for demand.
Commercial bills 4S3N 4S4. Bar
silver 5lh. Mexican dollars Is.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
LOST.

LOST - SUN % $500 sATUR-
Day brtvccn G. q O. station and
Twcntysixt stree; and WASHING
sna avenue. SatfsS,c rcvsra u ~
turned 70 Daily Psess OOcs.
a1-A
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
TIGERS Are Defeated Again.

Tigers Are Defeated Again.
DETROIT, MICH. Sept. DE
troit filled the BASES in the first In
ming with two out on an error, single
and pass, and after that got but one
man to first. Joss and Winter did
splendid work. The lone tally came
On q hit, by Lajoic. a sacrifice. an
infleld out and a short single by Biz
mingham. Cobb made Detroit's lone
hit.
Score: R. H. T..
Detroit ......0oo0oOo0O-O y
Cleveland ....0lOOOO0O0| I
Batteries: Winter and Schmidt;
Joss and N. Clarke. Time, 1850. Um-
pires, Sheridan.
White Cox WaiIop Browns.
ST. LOUIS MO-, Sept. 1.-Chicago
defeated st. Louis In the second game
of the series today by the decisive
score Of Is. to Graham only allow
ed three hits until the seventh, when
he was knocked out. Bailey repIac-
ed Graham and was hit for he runs
In the eighth.
Score: r. H. z.
Chicago ....00000O4sO-1s Is 1
st Louis ...0O0100O20-3 S 3
Batteries: F. Smith and Sullivan:
Graham. Bailey. Cross and 8. Smith.
Time, 1854. Umpires, OEoughlin and
! Hurst. =: {.
4. Yankees and Athletics Split.
NEW YORK. Sept. 1.-Affer the
Philadelphia players had tied the
score in the seventh inning, the To-
Gals carried OF the first game Of a
double header here today in the
twelfth inning. In the second game
the visitors compelled the locals to
capitula:e. taking the game BY score
OF I to o.
First game:
Phila. ...O1000O20000o3.s 2
New York 00o0sOoO0OO1-4 Is 2
Batteries: Coombs and Blue; Man.
ming and Sweeney. Time. 1:56. I'm
pire. Connolly.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
Senators Blank Red sox.

WASHINGTON, d. c.. Sept. Il
Srr!th held Boston to four scattered
11IIts today and Washington hit CT
cote hard and won out easily. 6 to D.
Score: r. H. e.
Washington ..1O2210OOx-6 II I
Boston ....OOO0OOOO0-0 4 0
Batteries: Smith, Hughes and
Warner: Cicotte. Arellanes and DON
ohue. Time, 1:25. Umpire. Evans.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02

Games To-day.
Pittsburg at Cincinnati.
st. Louis at Chicago.
New York at Boston.
Brooklyn at Philadelphia.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1908-09-02
SALE OF VALUABLE
REAL ESTATE, LOCATED ON
THE SOUTH SIDE OF 3lST

STREET, NEWPORT NEWS, VA.
- Pursuant to the provisions OF Ger!
tain deed of trust dated the 18th day
Of June, 1908, recorded in Deed Book
No. Is. page II, records Of the Clerks
ONCE OF the Corporation Court Of the
City of Newport News, Va, the said
deed being executed by John w.
knight and wife. to the undersigned
Trustees, either Of whom may act, de-
fault having been made in the pay
ment Of the debt therein secured. anu
at the request Of the benefciaries
named In said deed. We will offer for
sale at public auction on the premises
on
FRIDAY, SEPT, II. 1908, AT 10:3U
O'CLOCK A. NJ.
All that certain lot of land with the
improvements thereon, situated and
being in the City of Newport News,
Va, on the South side of Thirty-frsr
street, being known and designated BY
the lot No. so, in block No. 2 C., as in
said deed recited.
Improvements consist Of two story
frame store and dwelling. Terms:
Cash as to the sum Of $6S4.52, the
cost Of sale and unpaid taxes and In
surance premiums; as to balance,
terms announced on day of sale.
BENJAMIN C. WHERRY,
CONSTANTINE H. WILLIAMSON,
Trustees.
For further Information apply to
BARRETT 4 WEST, rs Twenty-nfth
sfraeS NevDOvt Neva- Va.
S72-Ss-s-l1. .