davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15
Springfield
Consolidated
Railway Time
Table

Time Table of Springfield Consolidated
Railway Co.
Cars for North Fifth street will
leave Fifth and Monroe every tn
minutes from 6:07 a. m, until 500 p.
M; every 10 minutes from 500 D. m.
until 1920 p. M; owl cars will leave
at 11:A p. m, 1907 and 1880 a. m.
Cars for South Fifth street will
leave Fifth and Monroe every TN
minutes from 6:07 a. m. until 7:45 o..
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from 500 a. m. until 11:24 p. M; owl
cars leave at 11:48 p. m, 1900 mid
night and 1924 a. m.
Cars for North Seventh street leave
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from 800 a. m. until 1924 p. M; owl
cars leave at 11:48 p. m. and 1924
a. m.
Cars for Spring street leave Fifth
and Monroe every IL minutes from
s:o8 a. m. until 11:20 p. M; owl cars
leave at 11:44 p. M, 1908 and 1890
q. m.
Cars for East Carpenter street leave
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from sos a. m. until 1890 p. M; owl
cars leave at 11:44 p. m, 1907 and
1890 a. m.
Cars for South Grand avenue leave
Fifth and Monroe every Is minutes
from 6O7 a. m. until 11:22 p. M; owl
cars leave at 11:45 p. m. 1907 and
1890 a. m.
Cars for Lawrence avenue leave
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from 800 a. m, until Sc p. M; owl
cars leave at 1900 midnight and 1880
4. m.
Cars for North Ninth street leave
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from 600 a. m. until 1886 p. m.
Cars for East Capitol avenue leave
Fifth and Monroe every IL minutes
from 900 a. m. until 1885 p. M; owl
cars leave at 1900 midnight and 1880
4. m.
Cars for South Eleventh and Rut-
ledge streets leave Fifth and Wash
ington every Is minutes from 6:07 a.
m. until 11:22 p. M; owl cars leave at
1852 p. m. and 1922 a. m.
Cars for West WASHINGTON street
leave Fifth and Monroe every Is min
utes from 500 q. m. until 11:15 D. M;
owl cars leave at HAS p. m. and 1907
a. m.
Cars for Governor street leave Fifth
and Monroe every Is minutes from
S:07 a. m. until 11:22 p. M; owl cars
leave at 1890 a. m.
Cars for South Eighth street leave
Fifth and Monroe every Is minutes
from 500 a. m. until Ills p. m.
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15
II 10 Hardly Credible

That Speaker Joe Cannon made
a speech down in North Caro-
lima lndorsing disfranchisement
of the Negro because he is Me-
gro. Who can believe that I'M
Gle Joe made speech down in
North Carolina that he was
afraid to stand for up in Illinois?
Who can believe tibet of Speaker
Cannon, who met Congressman
John M. Langston, colored. in
the aisle of the House of Repre-
sentatives in the 51st Congress,
and kissed him when he was seat
ed over white man from Vir-
glnia? Uncle Joe was so much
elated over the Negroes victory
over an unreconstructed rebel,
as he put it, that he kissed hum.
Who can believe that man who
would kiss another Negro man
not woman, but man, because
he had been seated over white
man, would now g t up and say
in public that all Negroes ought
TO be difranchised?
Uncle Joe has the reputation
of pelng "a brave man; and it is
hard to believe that be has de-
velOped into such d moral coward
that he is afraid IT, let his con.
Sqtuents know what he says.
Uncle Joe owes his constituents
an explanaliun.
1t is said that Speaker Can
mons speech al GuiIford College
IN North Carolina. wa such
red hot defense of the Snuth's
notification scheme that his pri-
vate eecretary had 1t suppressed
for fear it would PLAY havoc with
the party in tn North. 1t is re-
ported that the old mao enrausi-
astic.y praised the North Caro-
lima and other Southern disfran.
chlslng amendments. Mr.. Can
non must explain. The Atlanta,
Ca, independent.
Bro. Davis, where did you get
his .'incred bic data? joe
Cannon is considered up here.
THE noblest Roman of them
ALL Surely he did not say it.
We have come to the conclusion
that it is nonsense to worry and
fret because one man says; II am
better than you" we simply say
you are liar SIR" l am as
good as you, no better. no worse,
Of course, so far as politics is
concerned. the burden of proof
is on Cannon to deny the alllega-
ton.
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15

Don't wait to hear what the public
thinks before you express your opin-
ion. Say what you think II you believe
you are right.
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15
ST. Augustine's Mission.

1920 South Grand Ave-, East. Ser
vices every Sunday. Sunday School,
p. m; Divine services, 7:45 p. M
All are invited. Conducted by Rev.
Jefferson.
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15
Lee Monroe,
N. e. Corner Sixth and Ks
asas, Avenues, Topega, Kansas.

Calhoun Ave- rooms. good cell
lar, walks. well and cistern; $4,000;
$500 cash. bal. SIS and $40 per month
South Pasfield ST., 3 blocks south of
Laurel ST. room house, good cement
driveway, cement walks, good barn,
good cellar cemented. with sewer. $22SO;
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15

Do you know that single Crop
wheat in Western Kansas will pay
the purchase price of the land on
which it is grown and profit besides?
I have several thousands acres of CHI
dice wheat land in the counties of Ell
lis, Trego, Grove, Wallace, Lane, Gree
ley, Kearney and Morton bought ex-
ceedingly low during hard times Will
CHI l now want to close out at once
and which I offer to sell far below or
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15
Buy Kansas
Wheat Lands!
Direct from Owner at Bargain Counter
Prices!

binary market prices.
l WANT TO DEAL WITH PUR
CHASER DIRECT.
Write me for full particulars no
" l can save you money
The forum. [volume] (Springfield, Ill.) 1904-192?, 1907-06-15

We must not spend so much money
on Excursions.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
TWO REPORTS ARE
SUBMITTED IN HOUSE
Thompson Bill the One Over
Which Battle Will
Occur. s..!
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION 4
AND ART ARE DIVIDED
Majority Recommends That the
Bill Do Not Pass the
House.

The opening gun in the battle in the
House over the question Of consolida-
tion OF the University and the Agricul-
noon when the Committee on Education
and Art reported back the Thompson
bill. Two reports were submitted, the
majority recommending that the bill do
not pass, the minority. Messrs. Mills,
Westphal, Parry and Richards, report
ing in favor Of the bill. When the re-
ports came up in the regular order Mr.
kuchler moved to adopt the majority
report. Mr.. Speaker, who had called
Mr.. Tolton to the chair, moved as a |
substitute motion that the bill be made !
q special order for Monday, as the
father Of the measure, Mr.. Thompson.
was not present, being detained by ILL
ness in his family. This brought sew
eral members 10 their feet. and wordy
war for some time resulted Finally the
motion of Mr.. Speaker was adopted and
the battle has, therefore. been post
poned for three days. The calendar,
which is heavy one, was partly cleared
during the afternoon.
Work in the Senate.
The forty y-sixth day Of the Senate
was devoted entirely to work. A large
time and reported upon favorably by
the standing committees. Five bills
were passed and like number were in
troduced. A communication from the
House stated that that body had re-
fused to concur IN the amendments OF
the Senate made yesterday before the
passage of the bill. This is the bill
which raises the salary of the Board
of Equalization from $500 to $500 per
annum for each of the four members.
The communication stated that it had
been referred to a conference commit
tee and asked that a committee of three
members of the Senate be appointed TO
act with like number appointed from
the House to further consider the pro-
visions of the bill. The president ap-
pointed as such committee Senators
Gardner, Williams and Johnson.
Senator Williams introduced bill
which, if it becomes q law, will make
Utah a warm place for gamblers. It
makes gambling in any form felony,
and provides for the eoniseation and
destruction of all gambling apparatus Of
whatever name or MANURE.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
HOUSE HARD AT WORK.
Calendar Has Been Pretty Well
Cleared Up.

Promptly at | clock on Thursday
the House was in order. Prayer was
offered by the chaplain. after which the
journal was read and approved. A COM
munication from the Senate reported
the passage of a number Of bills, The
reports were adopted. save in the case
of House bill No. 10. The bills and
the committee 70 which they were re-
ferred follow:
Senate bill No 81. by Park, relating
10 the military staff OF Utah its militia,
etc Referred TO Committee on Military;
Affairs.
senate bill No 121. by Hollingsworth,
fixing the salaries and providing for
the allowance Of necessary and actual
expenses of District ATTORNEYS. Re-
ferred TO the Committee on Judiciary.
Senate bill No. l29, by Benner Y.
Smith. providing for the collection of
fees of County Recorders. Referred to
Committee or Salaries.
Senate bill No. ia. by Benner Y.
Smith, relating to validating written
instruments. This is in the nature of
nlittee on Judiciary.
Senate bill No. lSl. by Benner Y
Smith, relating TO powers and decisions
Of trial courts. Referred TO the Judi
ciarv committee.
Senate bill No. 81, by Bullen. relat ting
to the instructions to the Jury. Referred
10 the Judiciary committee
Senate bill No. l13. BY Benner X.
Smith, pertaining TO appeals from JUS
tees courts. Referred to the Commit
tee on Judiciary.
Senate bill No. $50. BY Bonner Y.
Smith, relating 70 decisions OF the Su-
preme court. Referred to the Commit
tee on Judiciary.
Senate bill No. lla, by Hollingsworth,
providing FOR mileage for District
Judges and District Attorneys. Re-
ferred TO the Committee on Salaries
and Fees,
Senate bill No 100, by Holingswortb.
relating to salaries Of District Judges
and allowances of actual expenses. The
bill provides for actual and necessary
travelling expenses. IN addition to the
$4,000 year salary he now receives.
Referred 10 the Committee on Salaries
and Fees.
Senate bin No. 10 By Robinson, Gre
ating State Board of Equalization.
providing the manner of its apportion-
ment, fixing the term of office and sal
aries of its members. providing the man.
ner of It's organization, defining Its du.
ties, came up on special order The bill
was amended by making the Board OF
instead of three. for the purpose of
making said board non-psTtissn. The
bill was further recommended so as to
terminate the office of the present In.
cumbents upon the approval Of the act,
in order that all may share IN the Inc
crease of salary of $500 per annum, In
stead Of $500. as now provided. Thus
amended, the bill passed. The last
is rider and Mr., Robinson
moved effectively TO non.concur in the
and asked that the meas
ure go to conference committee. The
Speaker named Messrs. Robinson, Tol-
ton and Heurie as the committee.
House bill No. 16. by Callam. urging
an appropriation of Sl500 to aid in
building 4 Lrid0a over tho Bio ViIUia
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
LABOR OUTLOOK IN
BUTTE IS BRIGHTER
Prospects Now Are for Settle
ment on Sliding Scale
of Wages.
: :. 4 = = :. = i. i. !. = :. = = :; !. +

= :. + = = = = :. i. = = r !: = = !.
= Special TO The Tribune.
i BUTTE, Mont, Feb. 2s.-
= While there is no outward evi-
: dence of any change in the labor
= situation tonight, there is an un-
= dercurrent which portends an
= early settlement of all differ
+ ences which may exist between
= the mine and smelter employees
y and the mine management. 1t
= has been impossible 10 learn
= anything definite as to the re-
= suit of the conference between
= the committees from the Mill
= and Smeltermeu S union, the En-
= Miners union. but it is secretly
= reported that much progress has
= been made toward adjustment.
:. From a very good source it is
= learned that the smeltermen and
= the miners will accede to a slid
:: ing scale, which will FIX the
= wages of mine and smelter en-
= ployees at figure commensu-
i rate with the skill required. In
: any event, however, the lowest
= day s wage Will be 1915. There
= is positively no fear of close
: down Of the mines or of a strike,
:. and there are Indications that
= within week or two the mines
= Of all the big companies will be
:. running full blast, including de.
: velopment work.
= :, !. = \ i. = :. i. :. :. !. :. :. i. :.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
RICH FARMER KILLS
THREE WOMEN AND MAN
Terrible Tragedy Grows Out of
Alleged Criminal Assault
Upon Girl,

BLOOMINGTON. H., Feb. Is
Thomas Baldwin, a rich farmer and
former merchant of ColfaX, shot and
killed Charles Kennedy and wife, and
Mrs. Sin Eisman and daughter Cora,
today. Baldwin was arrested
Baldwin. who Is siXty-eight years old,
aud widower, is under bond charged
with criminal assault on Cora Eisman,
who is but fourteen years of age. He
had settled with the girls father for
sum Of money, but was subsequently
arrested. and blamed the Kennedys and
Mrs Eisman for the prosecution.
Baldwin narrowly escaped lynchng
al the hands of angry farmers. He was
driven to Saybrook and brought by
train to Bloomington
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
DON'T KNOW HIM,
PARENT TASTRANGER
Neither Chief Sheets Nor Detec-
tive Raleigh Ever Saw
Him Here.
HE MADE NO CONFESSION:
OFFICERS AGREE ON THIS
Reporter Refused Admission to
Parent to Hear His Yer
sion Of This.

Chief of Police George A. Sheets and
Detective George Raleigh will be ar
raigned before Judge Whitaker in the
civil division of the City court at 10
o clock this morning to answer TO tho
charge of conspiracy, on complaint
sworn to last Monday by Alexander
McWhirter, one of the two Scotchmen
who a1lege that they were bunkoed out
of over $4,000 In card game In this
city last September The plea Of both
officers will be "not guilty. Whether
the preliminary examination will be
waived and the case at once taken TO
the District court, or date set for the
preliminary examination, has not yet
been given out.
Since the arrest OF the two officers,
reference has been made to an alleged
confession of w. Il. Parent, who was
arrested in Denver on February Is and
brought to this city on the charge of
having been connected with the al
legged robbery Of the McWhirter broth
ers A representative Of The Tribune
waited on Chief Sheets and Detective
Raleigh at the police station last night
and asked them what they knew about
Parent and his alleged confession. 81
do not think that the man Parent ever
made the confession that he is credited
has uttered falsehood as far as my
connection with him is concerned.
do not know the man and, as far as [
know, ! have never seen HIM in my life.
| do not believe that hs ever made the
confession that he is alleged to have
made.
Detective Raleigh said: 81 do not
know the man and have no recollection
of ever seeing him
An effort was made to see Parent at
the county Jail, with view to asking
him if he knew Chief Sheets or Mr.. Ra-
leigh. and if he was IN Salt Lake on
the date Of the alleged robbery, Septem-
Der 10, 1906.
Sheriff Emery informed The Tribune
representative that at the request of
Parent. as we'll as that of his attorney,
Judge 0. n, Hilton of Denver, ne had
refused admission to all who had asked
to see Parent.
" Parent informed me when he ar
rived in Salt Lake that be did not wish
To be interviewed by anyone, and that
If | admitted them 10 see him he would
refuse TO talk to them. Judge Hilton
told Parent in my presence not to talk
TO anyone about the case unless they
had an order from him. ] am trying to
follow the instructions of the prisoner
and his counsel - said the Sheriff.
Sheriff Emery and Deputy Sheriff ice
Sharp, the two officers who brought
Parent to this city from Denver, as
well as County Attorney Willard Han
son. denied to The Tribune that Parent
had made any confession; they knew
of none or any basis for the claim that
he had made confession of any kind.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
Entries at Elneryville.
The Tribune

Special to The Tribune.
OAKLAND. Feb. 38.-FoIIcwine are the
entries for the races at Emeryville Fri
day afternoon.
First race. four furlongs. selling
LeonardsdaIe, 1i2. Billy Watkins. 112;
Adena 112; Heathersco,t, 1l2; Boegs.
il2. Orena 100: Paierots. 1O7. Rhine
stone, 107: Ed b. 107. Wayne, loI.
Second race, eleven stXteerths OF a
milo. selling-Ilmator. loa; The Broker
lOp; Canar5o 1oe: FL Primero. 10e; Black
Sam. 1O9. Bright Albert. 100: Fred Thrig
l0e: Red Era lOa Manila s. lo9. Rubl-
vino. 1Oa; Modesie. 1o9; Queen Alamo.
l0T
Third race. six furlongs, selling-Me-
chant 100: Duke ot Orleans, lo9; ROYAL
Maxim 100; Tawasentha. 1o6; Blanche
C.. lOs; Pelcroso. 1o5, Frascualc. los !:
Pimkin lO5; Seven Bells. 105 Cold
Heather. lo2. Gala l02 Jezebel 100.
Fourth race, mile and one sixteenth
seiIng-Rlack Prince liz. Talamund
IL; The Only Way. ne: Boollsan. li2
Little Mrthful. 1l2: Cardinal Sarto, ll2
Ro;rou. i09. Judge, 1o-; Geo. T, McNalr
l0i; Canejn. l02.
Fifth race. six furlongs, selling-Man-
sard. li2: Fanness. 109; Sir Briliar. 1O7 :;
Romalne. los: Lord OF the Forest 1Ol
sixth race. Ginnctte handicap. seven
cghths of a mie-Martinmas. log; Joe
und. 100. PontoDoc. 1O5; Neptun,is los :
Fisher Boy. l0i: Blue Eyes 103; Sea
Lid 100. tSca Lad and Neptunus. Cain
enLg..)
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
CONSULT
RAILROAD OFFICIALS
Will Discuss and Suggest the
Needed Improvements in
Transportation of Stock.
Special TO The Tribune.

SpeCl6J 10 Inc Tribune,
CHEYENNE. Wyo, Feb. 2S-Represen-
tatives OF the Western railroads and var
ious committees from the National and
State Woolgrowers association Will con-
vene in Cheyenne next Thursday to dis
cuss the car shortage question and other
problems in connection with improving
the service for the benefit Of livestock
parently unable 10 render satisfactory
service 10 shippers and the sheep men
are anxious TO offer suggestions that will
he acceptable TO railroad officers.
The latter Will be asked 10 adopt a
speed limit rule in operating trains of
livestock so that there will be less delay
in delivering shipments TO their destina-
tion. If these suggestions are adopted it
Will mean that minimum rate schedule
perhaps fifteen or twenty miles an hour,
including all stops, VIII be used as a basis
The usual charges for transportation Will
apply TO this minimum rate. The rail-
roads will then have the privilege of run
ming trains with minimum speed eN-
ceedine this schedule by running al a
an hour for which they may require from
the shipper transportation rates In eN-
cess OF the customary charges. An ar
raugement OF this kind would adjust
many of the difficulties which now exist
In the livestock transportation business
and would not conflict with any of the
laws and regulations now in force.
Other suggestions Will be made with a
View TO averting further inconvenlences
because OF the shortage OF stock cars.
One OF these will be that the stock cars
he used for the purpose for which they
were originally designed instead of con-
verting them into cars for the transpor-
tation OF sugar beets. coal. etc, as has
been done heretofore. From promises OF
cooperation made by the railroad Off
cals during the last Woolgrowe5 con
vention the sheep men anticipate thar
arrangements which Will a least better
conditions viii be made during the con-
ference
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
HEAVY LOSS ON ORANGES.
Shortage of Cars Prevents Transporta,
tion of Fruit.

Los ANGELES, Feb, 2s.-Orsnge
shipments from Southern California for
February are about 1000 carloads short
of the figure estimated by the growers
to be necessary for the moving of the
crop and TO insure against loss The
trouble is laid TO car shortage. The
railroads say they have not sufficient
motive power to move the freight.
The railroads proposed informally 10
furnish the fruit shippers with an av
erage of 100 cars daily during February
and averaged but IA. President +. b.
Fay of the California Citrus union
stated today that In his opinion there
would be 1000 cars or more OF oranges
left on the trees at the end Of the
season.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
Close. Priced Horses Failed.

SAN FRANCISCO Feb 2s.-A number
OF close priced horses failed 10 make good
al the Emeryville track today. Gal
moore, at lo 10 !, got nice start in the
first event and brought home the purse
IsmaiIan. a TO l. took the third race.
and Nahonassar at 30 TO l. got show. In
The The nth race Golden Rule. the fsvorite,
faded away before Judge at q TO |, who
made a game and successful effort 10
head the procession.
First race. -four furlongss selling-Gal-
moore l12 C.. Williams. 10 to !: won;
Husky. l12 CRettig). 10 2. second :;
Rusller.. loI (Musgravel. $50 &c, 10 l. third
wee. Gin Hee. Leouardsdale, Brookleaf,
Zoe Young. Rathmont and Lila also ran.
Second race, one mile and one eighth;
selllng-Lady Fashion; los tSGoyilIeli y
teri 10 10 l. second. Ink. 1l0 (Sandyp.
ii TO ;, third. Time. l:5S Is. kenova.
Daniel c., Reality. Chestnut. Modicum'
The only Way, Galice and Cartoons also
Third race. mile and an eighth. selling
-Tsmailan. 1o5 fMcIntyrel. 10 l, won;
Nabonassar. 1lo CBoreD, 30 10 !; third.
Time. 15T-I-5 Vincentio, The Missouri
ian. Briar,horpe, Prickels. Rough Rider.
Bearskin. Busy Bee and Last knight also
Fourth race. mile zeli7s-Andrew
Mack liz (KoernerD. even won; Lucian.
100 tGrahaml ls to >, second Black Black
l:43, Orchan. Elevation. Rolla and Flor
ence Fonso also ran.
Fifth race, tuturity course. selling. 4
wear ods-Judge. l21 Davis. 10 L.,
won: Aaron J.. l29 (Rettlg). . TO /, sec
ond: Hersian. i27 (Saudy). ~ TO I. third.
Time. l:12 80. Or Sclarff Golden Rule.
Titus H. Rell Reed. Follow Me. Paddy
Lynch and sharp Boy also ran.
Sixth race. SIX and half furlongs.
purse, &-year- -ol5s-Malitah. l0I tKosr-
ner). Is 10 T. won. Johnny Lyons. ll2
(HaYesl. s TO l. second, Triumphant lie
,Scnyille1. to l. third Time. I 20 Is.
GemmeU Louise Fitzgibbon. Furze and
Lsiinnlne EMsh also ran.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
Results at OaklaWD.

HOT SPRINGS, Feb 2S.-The results
At Oaklawn today We're as follows:
First race. three and a half furlongs-
Boil Weevil won. Spunky second Rifle
Range third, Time. AZ AS
Second race mile and seventy yards
Flip won. King Leopold second. j. u,
Dunn third. Time. l:44 Is.
Third race. five and a half furlongs
sellng-Quintilla won. Dulsura second
Ballad third. Time 40 2-5.
Fourth race. six furlones handicap
Mike Sutton won. Merrick second Gala
bash third, Time .l5 2-5,
Fifth race, mile and seventy yards
j. p. Mayberry won. Jack Lory second
Niperine third. Time. t49 3-5.
Sixth race. six furlongs-Adesso won
Shenandoah second. Rustling SILK third
Time, 1916 2-5.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1907-03-01
PEOPLE MUST PAY SHOOTS EXPENSES
Special to The Tribune.

WASHINGTON D. c. Feb 2SAn echo of the SmoOt heard
today when Senator Sutherland offered addition
eny bill f
him for alleged incurred in defending his
the alleged have
toned told colleague that he had
Salt Lake Washington
bill and M Sutherland SIS 600
and will
in the bi This
The Government
a