davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1907-05-03
WATERBURY PROOF.

John J. McNamara, brass workerl of 13 Third street. Waterbury. Conni says: ''I hurt myself lifting soms years ago and 1t seemed to affect my back. Whether caught cold or not Ieannot say. but my back began pain- Ing me and continued to hurt for months. I worked many a day in per- feet misery. and in spite of the many remedies I used I constantiy grew worse. I had heard a great deal about Doan's Kidney Pills and vent to the H. W. Lake Drug Co. gos a box and began using them ros relief before I had finished one bori but continued the treatment unti1 ths trouble had all disappeared It ksx never returned"
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

and not naked like the elephants of India and
Africa, was accidentally found in Siberia by
peasant. 1t was standing upright, fast bound
in mass of ice, and looked so life-like that
the man was at first afraid to break the icy
covering. After visiting the imprisoned ele-
phant several times he broke the ice and took
away the ivory tusks.
In the year 1903, Mr.. Adams rediscovered
the mammoth, which in the meantime had
fallen from the ice, and been to great ex-
the exception of the tusks and one leg which
had entirely disappeared, was afterward con-
veyed to ST. Petersburg, and placed in the
museum there.
OF apparatus. By far the most useful thing is
hammer, and it is advisable to be provided
witt, one when doing geological field work of
any kind.
A very good form of hammer-head is one
which is square at one end and chiselshaped
at the other. The square end can be used
for breaking down rocks, and the other for
trimming. specimens The head may be all
steel, or have steel ends welded upon an iron
body. A very serviceable weight is one-half
to three quarters of a pound
The shaft should be twelve inches. long, and
preferably made of ash, which has great
strength, toughness and elasticity. Smart
blows may be struck with hammer having a
shaft of ash wood, with less risk of splitting
the latter than when other kinds of wood
are used.
The fossils, when collected, may be carried in
the coat pocket, but it is much better to be
provided with canvas or leather bag for this
purpose.
In some districts cold chisel-i e., chisel
commonly used for cutting cold iron or steel
is often useful for cutting specimens from
the face of a hard rock. A pocketbook for
sketches and notes, and paper for wrapping up
specimens should be provided.
Some of the fossils that are met with NAV
be very small or the details very fine, and
for he examination of these a pocket lens
will +. of great service
The fossil hunter will find as he examines
rocks, that, while some of them are full of
fossils, others in the same neighborhood con-
tain very few, or perhaps none at all. When
this is the case, such a difference may be ex-
planned by the fact that the rocks belong to
different formations, or were formed or de-
posted under different circumstances.
Any good book on geology will give infor-
nation to the formations or series of rocks
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

same time placing there store of food for
the larvae. Others make little earthen cells
on the stems of plants and store in them a
little honey for the young.
But it is the social wasp that chiefly inter
ests us. If a wasp's nest is laid bare in No
vember, three distinct kinds of wasps will be
seen--small neuters, or workers, now few in
number; middle-sized, stingless males, and
from two hundred to three hundred large
Rasps. The latter are the queens, or fertil-
ized mothers and alone survive the winter.
Some few of them remain in the nest, but
the greater portion of them hibernate in
warm and sheltered spots in hooks and cram
MES, in the attics of houses or barn-lofts.
With the bright sun of April they are re-
viyed to life and activity, and then may be
seen about every fence or hedge, seeking for a
suitable hole in the ground, where each may
found vespiary, or commonwealth.
Having chosen spot, the queen at once
commences to SCOOP out the soil and carry il
away in her jaws, and soon vaulted cham
ber is made a foot or more beneath the
ground. Next she proceeds to old stumps
and decayed woods, from whence she nibbles
small fragments Of woody tissue by means
Of her strong mandibles. These she carries
home in the form of small rounded pellets,
masticates them thoroughly, mingles them
with giutinous saliva, and finally manufac-
lures a strong kind of paper.
Unlike the queen bee, whose sole business
is to lay eggs, the queen wasp has to work
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
WASPS. AND THEIR NESTS

hard all day long, With the paper she makes
she twists strong cord, which is fixed firmly
to the roof of her abode.
She then makes cell at the other end Of
the cord; around this she proceeds to build
many other cells, and in each of these she
lays an egg. In due time the eggs are hatch
ed, and footless grubs emerge; these pass
through the larva and pupa stages, and
eventually a young colony of wasps is started
Henceforth the queen leaves the nest no
more. The wasp exhibits as much ingenuity
in making her nest of paper as the bee her
comb of wax, but they start on different
footing.
According to Lord Brougham, both bees
and wasps are marvellous mathematicians,
since they have solved the problem of max
ing perfect six-sided cells with the least ex-
penditure of material: but this, Mr.. Yates
points outs, is scientific fallacy, since in the
h-st i,ace the cells are not strictly hexago-
nal, and in the second, place. the workman,
ship does not proceed from thought and
measurement, but results from the mutual
pressure of adjoining cells. and thus the pro-
cess is entirely mechanical.
The combs of bees are arranged vertically,
those of wasps horizontally, and the reason
of this difference is not far to seek.
Bees collect and store the honey, which, of
course, would run away if the cells looked
downward; but as wasps collect no stores,
their cells may safely look downward.
Wasps clothe their vespiary with ten or
twelve layers of paper. through which. at
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
srRAr1FIn ROCKS

|9 surface and are not imbedded at ALL There
treason to believe that many such petrifica-
ESns are Of recent formation and not in any
|nse relics Of antiquity
yfhe great value of fossils, then, is due to
Ac fact that when carefully studied, they
be made to afford information about the
It history of the earth and its inhabitants
hey furnish evidence of the former exist
be of lakes, rivers and seas in places where
Eh do not exist now, of changes in climate
In the distribution Of animals and plants
er the surface of the earth.
~ -is very important for the intending fos-
y hunter to know what fossils are, 80 as to
e able to readily distinguish them.
Young collectors, when on their first ex-
PRISONS, usually have difficulty in telling
tpe OF the fossils they find, and are apt to
'kef home and treasure up stones because
leyfar marked in some peculiar way, where
such marking may be entirely accidental
The common idea that a fossil is an animal
| plant, or some part of these converted into
|pne, Is only partly correct, since it does not
Ike into account many objects which are un-
Aubted fossils.
pThe burrows and tracks of worms found in
lndstone, shale and slate frequently, are as
[uch fossils as the well-known trilobites which
te so common in the great series of grits, flags.
|ates and limestones called Cambrian and
Elurian.
will soon find that the fossil remains of
(me animals are more abundant than those
! others.
THE chief reason for this is that only the
$rder and less perishable parts are likely to
preserved, since after death the softer It's
les would soon decay and disappear.
)On this account fossil shells, corals, teeth
I'D bones are commonly found, whereas fos-
J jelly-fsh and slugs are unknown In some
IRE cases, indeed, the entire body of an ami
lal, bones, flesh and hair and have been pre-
rived.
Thus, at the beginning of the present CEN
bry, an entire mammoth, or extinct species
elephant. clothed with wool and long hair,
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

er natural or artificial) in which such rocks
are exposed, and look around for some spot
which appears to be fresh and unworked by
other fossil hunters.
Freshly fallen heaps of rock are often to be
found at the sides of cuttings, quarries or
other excavations. Such heaps, which occur
very frequently in limestone districts, are
usually produced by the action Of frost and
rain, which loosens the rocks in the following
way: During winter the water lying in the
crevices of the rock is frozen, and at the same
time exerts such pressure upon the sides OF
the creyices as to split the exposed parts of
the rocks. Water expands at the moment Of
its conversion into ice, so as to occupy about
one and tenth as much space as it did be
fore freezing, and thus it is capable of exerting
a very great pressure in the one case against
the rocks in the cavities of which it lies.
Although the rocks are split at the time of
freezing they do not fall away then, but wait
until the thaw loosens the bonds of ice.
Rocks, especially limestone rocks, are also
loosened by the action of rain water, which
percolates through, and dissolves and washes
which are mainly composed of carbonate of
lime are readily dissolved by rain water, which
contains carbonic acid in solution.
Bv the continued action of frost and rain
sill hunters work, at least so far as the use of
tLe hammer is concerned, is very much les
sened. He has only to sit down upon or near
the heap and carefully examine the broken
rocks to find shells, corals, trilobites plants or
whatever else they may contain.
If no freshly fallen heaps can be found, be-
pin to break the exposed rocks with the square
end of the hammer, taking care not to deface
any specimens which can be seen. 1t will be
found that few fossil lbearing rocks are hard
to break up, and that some will scarcely re-
ouire to be touched with the hammer. There
are some very hard and tough rocks, such
as basalt and granite, but these, as remarked
before, contain no fossils.
There is one important rule which every
fossil hunter should constantly bear in mind
viz, that no heap of rocks should be left
until it has been thoroughly and carefully ex.
look carelessly at few of the stones from the
heap, and then to look out for another heap
ii nothing of Importance be found. Such a
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

method Of collecting rarely succeeds. as the
fossil hunter is led to wander in this way
over large areas without obtaining many speci-
mems.
On the other hand those who work among
the heaps thoroughly are likely to obtain many
FOSSILS, and often some of value. The stones
should be picked up one by one, and carefully
examined on every side; it no fossils are seen;
the stones may be thrown by the side OF, and
not upon, the heap.
Some of the larger stones may be advantage
ously broken with the hammer, on the chance
OF finding fossil enclosed. The stone will
often break so as to expose specimen, If one
Is enclosed for the presence of fossil In the
stone appears to weaken the latter where the
fassil occurs.
The breaking should be effected by one
smart tap, not heavier than is required, go as
to lessen the chance of splintering the stone,
and I'd SO breaking up any enclosed fossil.
There are found in many strata globular
and other nodules. which appear to have been
formed by the deposition Of mineral matter
upon shell, leaf or fish.
whenever these. are found they should be
carefully broken, because they often contain
specimens in a wonderfully perfect state of
preservation.
Pieces of rock may be found which contain
several fossils, some Of them either very small
or in badly.preserved or broken state. The
est or value NAL be chipped off by means of
the chiseFshaped end of the hammer, care
being taken not to split the selected fossils
The stone when struck will usually break
at the weakest part, and as this is frequently
where the largest and best specimen lies. the
fossil collector is likely to have the mortifica-
tion of seeing his "prize" split across the
middle OF. if it be delicate, broken into frag-
ments.
Good fossils are occasionally seen on the face
of the rocks in the quarry, or other excavation,
and these should be cut out with chisel, un-
less the rock can be easily broken away.
Some beautiful leaf fossils may be found in
coal, and the soft coal which abounds on the
Western prairie is very rich in these finds
As a rule, the prairie States are poor fields
for the fossilhunter, and the best fields are in
mountainous regions.
A few. concluding remarks may now be made
about the naming and keeping of the speci-
mems. Each fossil, before being placed in the
bag. should be wrapped in one of the wrap
ping papers, and the latter marked with the
locality where the specimen was found.
| This simple practice will enable the fossil
collector to fix The locality with certainly when
he is arranging his specimens at home Pro
vided the fossils are not too delicate, they may
be cleaned after returning home, by washing
or brushing.
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

for entrance, the other for exit. thus avoid
ing mutual collision. The thick LAYERS of
paper thoroughly protect the comb from wind
and rain, whether on the ground or built in
bushes,
When the nest has to be increased IN size
more soil is dug out and carried away. and
thus the vaulted chamber is enlarged; then
the inner layer of paper is removed and util-
lied for the enlargement of the circumfer-
ence OF the comb and for the fabrication of
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
T FOSSIL.
lfoaMArroR--...
| LosALi1y
NAME

The names of the fossils, and also the for
nations or formation to which they belong,
should be found out by referring to the de-
scriptions and drawings of fossils given in
geological books; or, if museum be near at
classified fossils exhibited in the museum.
Finally the name locality and formation of
each fossil should be written on label of the
kind shown in the annexed sketch, such label
being gummed upon the specimen, if the latter
be large enough to receive it, or upon the box
intended to contain the fossil when it is Of
small size.
Ordinary pill boxes are very serviceable for
keeping small or delicate specimens in.
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

remarked here that fossils are found almost
exclusively in stratified rocks, such as lime
stones, shales, states and sandstones, and not
in unstratifed rocks. such as basalt and gran
ite.
Again, even stratified rocks are sometimes
very poor in fossils, especially the red sand
stones. Limestones, shales and some of the
clays usually contain numerous specimens.
When the collectors object is to obtain fos-
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
Using His Credit

("WilI Won trust me for cents worth Of
~ asked the small boy, the top of whose
ead was on a level with the counter,
t%Wbv' YES, III trust you. You look like
sOh' 'iye YES, Pm honest; but you'd better give
he the cent and let me buy some canoy next
oor. | prefer candy to gum"
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

sils from formation in which he takes an
especial interest, he should find out where
such rocks are exposed. and work among them
Systematically and thoroughly.
Having decided upon the series of rocks
among which it is intended to work, find some
quarry, cliff, cavern or railway cutting (wheth-
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
Did Not Like It

praleman--But don't you think that dol
= Dian snd half day is rather small pay for
y iabteen teen hours work on the top Of freight
Hr |Hrrn,ner;ntendent-But you forget that we
,srge nothing for travelling. Let's see: You
va something like two hundred miles daily,
M n doesn't cost you a cent.
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
Not the Kind Mother Meant

James, my son, where have you been all
this long day . inquired the fond mother.
"Bin?. Playin' ball. O. course" was Jimmy
Tuffboy's answer.
Il shall speak to your father and have him
lay down some new rules"
81 wish you would, ma. Tell him to get
last years rules again. They make the game
better"
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
Knowing

Troy three-year-old, when rebuked BY
her mother for some childish iniquity, mads
answer:
"You didn't see me-"
"But somebody did, who was it?''
"Dod; but He won't tel" said the tot.
Lots Of older -ersons have the same spirit
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
copyrIght b. James nlyeraon.

PTN HERE are few districts in the United
States where fossils cannot be found,
* and for any one who is fond of ex-
3gi amining the works of nature, fossil
collecting forms a healthful as well
as an attractive and amusing exer-
|e.
Moreover, the collecting Of fossils is very
len the first step to the fascinating study Of
Rlogy. the science which inquiries into the
tory Of the changes which the earth and
animal and plant life have undergone.
Fossil is term formerly applied to any
ing dug out of the earth, whether mineral
organic, but it is now restricted to the re-
ns OF plants and animals imbedded in the
this crust.
Petrifications are not always fossils; such,
instance, as the petrified trees of Colora-
Arizona and New Mexico, which lie on
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22

-hsps. the solitary and the social. The first,
It's name applies, lives hermit life, max
t. 'ss curious % burrows in the sand, or construct
bs s tubes Of earthly paste on the sides Of walls,
4 4 which they form cells for their eggs, at the
Los Angeles herald., 1907-09-22
Copyright by James Eiverson

VERY farmers boy knows what a
wasp is, but as he knows it chiefly
from its looks and sting, short
study of the insect and its home
may be novel as well as interesting.
There are two noted varieties OF
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01
TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBIT

A travelling tuberculosis exhibit is the
next thing in order for the general edu-
cation of the people of Maryland. Such
an exhibit is being arranged by the Mary
land Association for the Prevention and
Relief of Tuberculosis and will be in
charge Of Mr.. William T. Reynolds, As
sistsnt Secretary of the Association. Be-
sides showing charts, photographs, patho-
logical specimens, and models, the Asso-
citation will provide for lectures with
stereoptican views where lanterns are
available, and without such views, where
they are not. The exhibit may be Sc
cured for one or two weeks by the people
of any county who are willing to make
provisions for a room large enough to
accomodate the exhibit and the people
who want to see it. Those in charge of
the fight against tuberculosis throughout
the country feel that such an exhibit is
one of the most potent influences for the
betterment of conditions that has yet
been devised. The address of the office
Of the Association is 10l W. Saratoga
street, Baltimore.
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01
BILL OF 81, 900 BY p1NKERroEs

DOVER, DEL, May, I7.-Now that the
Marvin case has been disposed Of the
State of Delaware has received its bill
from the Pinkerton Detective Agency
for the services of its sIeuths in investi-
eating the case.
The charges made by the Pinkerton
detectives will eat up all of the $4,000
appropriated by the Legislature for an
investigation ofthe case. 1t is understood
that the bill is trile in excess of So, 900
but the exact figures could not be learned
at the State House to-day.
When the Marvin case developed into
mystery Representative Wilson intro
duced in the Legislature bill appropria-
ting $4,000 to be placed at the disposal
of Governor Lea in engaging detectives to
ferret out the case. He engaged the
Pinkerton Agency in addition to starting
the State authorities on the case.
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01
WELL AND HAPPY AT 1o4

"The Lord has been good to me,
ought to love Him and l do" In a
strong, clear voice, absolutely devoid OF
tremor, with bright eyes that the sun
rises and sunsets Of century and four
more years had apparently failed to
dim. Mrs. Elizabeth Walker WonderIy
expresses her sentiments at the close of
her one hundred and fourth birthday
party held on Friday afternoon at her
apartments in the Methodist Episcopal
Home, Belmont and Monument avenues,
Philadelphia.
Mrs. Wonderly is a native of Smyrna,
Del, and lived there until quite a young
woman. With her father she went to
Philadelphia to see Lafayette. 1t was
great city to her then and she decided to
remain. Left widow after a few years
of married life, she decided not to marry
again. She has lived in her present home
% years. ST am very happy here" she
said, 'and want to stay here until the
good Lord calls me-"
On Friday her many friends gave her
birthday partyin honor of the one hun
dred and fourth anniversary of her birth.
She received numerous callers without
showing any signs of fatigue. Among
some of the presents sent her was bunch
Of carnations containing 104 flowers, and
little bank from girl friend containing
l04 bright new pennies.
When young, Mrs. Wonderly was famed
in Delaware as beauty and despite her
age, she invariably beams with enjoyment
when she is told she is still pretty. For
this reason she likes flowers and think
they enhance her owniappearance. 81 am
not SO old that / do not want to look
pretty and flowers always make woman
look prettier when she wears them," she
declares.
Her memory is perfect. She talks
freely Of occurrences now read in the his
tories at school, and retains the use of all
her faculties.
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01
THE ROMAN ANGARIA

The carefully organized postal system
of to-day is of course more complete than
the angaria of the ancient Romans, yet
their mail travelled with considerable
speed.
The system of angaria or couriers on
horseback, was borrowed from the Per-
slams, who, according to Zenophon, had
established it under Cyrus the Elder.
The Roman adaptation of it was the best
system OF transmitting letters among the
ancient states.
Ali along the great Roman roads houses
were erected at distance of five or six
miles from each other. At each of these
stations forty horses we're constantly kept
and by the help of relays it was easy to
travel hundred miles in day.
These services were intended for the
state only, it being imperative to secure
the rapid interchange of official communi.
cations. In the time of Julius Caesar the
system was so we'll organized that of two
letters the great soldier wrote from Brit
ain to Cicero at Rome the one reached its
destination in twenty-six and the other in
twenty-eight days.
Private citizens had to trust to the
services of slaves, and it is not until the
end of the third century that we hear OF
the establishment OF postal system fOT
private persons by the Emperor Diocle-
tian, but how long this system remained
history does not say.
The supply of horses and their mainten-
ance was compulsory, and only the en-
peror could grant exemption from either.
The word angaria therefore came to mean
compulsory service in dispatching the
royal mail.
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01

TIE TRAsscRIrr, 81 per year.
Middletown transcript., 1907-06-01
WILL BURN SMOKE

John Henry Parsons, one of the best
known engineers of the Delaware Rail-
road, has invented smoke consumer for
use on the locomotives of the PenDsyl-
vania Railroad. This device has been
tested now for more than a month and it
has proven satisfactory. It completely
does away with the black smoke from the
locomotives, and at the same time is a
great fuel saver. Last week two engines
were fitted out with the device, one rum
ming from Philadelphia to Delmar and
from Philadelphia to Washington. In
passing through the tunnel at Union
Station, at Baltimore, it was noticed that
not bit of black smoke issued from the
engine. On each engine was an expert
from the motive power division of the
Pennsylvania Railroad and it was noted
that the device saved just one-third of
the fuel as usually used on each of these
runs. 1t is said that both experts made
most favorable report to the Altoona
shops on the invention, and it is almost
certain now that the Pennsylvania Rail-
road will adopt the device.