davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Stark County Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Ohio) 1833-1912, 1907-02-26
NOTICE.

The Stark County Board of School Ex-
aminers will hold meetings for exs NIL
nation of Applicants for teachers
certificates ON the first Saturday OF each
month. High school lists will be given at
each examination. Applicants for special
certificates should notify the clerk at least
ten days before the examination.
Examinations Of pupils under section
,O29 r. g., will be held on the third
saturday Of April and the second satur-
day of May,
than S:15 In the morning. They should
provide themselves with penholders and
pens. The Board VIII furnish INK and
paper.
All examinations will be held in the
Canton high school building.
T, ]. TEEPLE, Clerk, Massillon.
]. w. GUTHRIE, Alliance.
JNO. II. FOCHT, Canal Fulton.
The Stark County Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Ohio) 1833-1912, 1907-02-26

= Daily delivered by carrier. &c per week
The Stark County Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Ohio) 1833-1912, 1907-02-26

DAILY MORNING NEWS
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Income Tax.

A graduated income tax would also have a tendency to reduce the motive for the accumulations of enormous wealth but the Supreme court has held an income tax not to be a valid exercise of power by the Federal gov ernment. The objection to it from a practical standpoint is its inquisitorial character and the premium it puts on perjury In times of great national need, however, an income tax would be of great assistance in furnishing means to carry on the government, and it is not free from doubt how the Supreme court with changed mem- bership, would view new income tax law under such conditions. The court was nearly evenly divided in the last case and during the Civil war, great sums were collected by an income tax without judicial interference and as it was then supposed within the Fed eral power.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20

tive of profit on their part. Again, the tremendous wealth and resources of the Trust are exerted to destroy a rival in a particular locality by selling at very low price in that neighborhood and driving him out of business, and then raising the prices. This can be easily detected by the inequality of the prices which the Trust asks for the same commodity in different localities under the same conditions. Such or like methods bring the company within the description of monopoly, at which the antitrust law is directed. I am in- clined to the opinion that the time is near at hand for an amendment of the antitrust law defining in more detail the evils against which it is aimed, making clearer the distinction between lawful agreements reasonably restrain ing trade and those which are perni- cious in their effect, and particularly denouncing the various devices for monopolizing trade which prosecutions and Investigations have shown to be used in actual practice. The decisions of the courts and the experience of executive and prosecuting officers make the framing of such statute possible. It will have the good effect of making much clearer to those busi- ness men who would obey the laws the methods to be avoided.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Antitrust Law.

Fear of the existence of such an abuse led to the passage of the anti trust law, in 1890. It recognizes two forms in which this evil may be main- tained One is by an agreement among number of different manufacturers of an article for the maintenance of the price of the article and the suppression of competition. This is denounced when the contract is in restraint of inter- state trade as criminal offense against the United States, punishable by fine and Imprisonment, and con- spiracy which may be restrained by in- junction in a civil suit. The other form l. denounced, with similar remedies against it, a monopoly of interstate trade and covers the union of the con- spring companies into one company which, by owing all the plant or near ly all the plant engaged in the manu- facture of the product and by use of other devices, controls the prices. The Supreme court of the United states has not defined what monopoly under this section of the anti-trust law is.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Favors Railway Rate Agreements if Submitted to ana, Approved by In-
 terstate Commerce Commission.

The movement of competing rail-
 way companies to consolidate arose
 originally from fear that the anti trust act forbade them to make agree Iments as to uniform tariffs, If they
 were now permitted to make such agreements subject to the approval of the interstate commerce commission, such @ tendency would lose much of it's force, It is impossible to prevent competing railways from seeking to make their tariffs uniform in order to
 prevent an intending and disastrous tariff war and though such agree Iments are against the law, it is per fectly apparent that tacit arrange ments for uniformity exist. These ar arrangements do not prevent the opera Etion of competition, from time to time, as one company finds that it may acquire new business without loss by a reduction of rate and insists on | it. but they do prevent tariff war which helps neither the public nor the railway by violent fluctuations in Srates. As the public now asserts the ilSHt Io llA HldAllllull ldLeS anu tiuo to eliminate one phase of competition, lit is approved by the Interstate Com meroce commission, tho tribunal ap- pointed to fix rates. The President and the commission both recommend | a provision permitting such agree lments. In this way, there would be irestored that respect for law which many railroad men in the last decade
 seem to have lost. Moreover, every company under such Q system would be a policeman to see to it that ev- cry other company obyyed the agree ment and the law and strictest obedi fence would be secured.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Trusts.

I pass now from railway regulation and the abuses arising in the discharge of a public function to the evils which have grown out of. the Combinations existing in private business, and so come to the subject of Trusts The combination of capital in large plants to manufacture goods with the great est economy is just as necessary as the assembling of the parts of a machine to the economical and more rapid manu- lecture of what in old times was made by hand. The government should not interfere with the one any more than the other. Tn the proper operation of competition the public will soon share with the manufacturer the advantage in lowered prices. When, however, such combinations not only lower the cost to themselves, but are able to control the market and maintain or raise the old prices the public derives no benefit and Is helpless in the hands of a monopoly.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Does Not Favor Immediately Such Federal Legislation But on Next
 Readjustment of Revenues.

l do not favor Federal legislation now to reduce such fortunes either by constitutional amendment to permit an income tax or by graduated in- heritance tax, but whenever the gov ernment revenues need an increase or readjustment, I should strongly favor the imposition of graduated inherit .ance tax and, if necessary for the revenues, a change in the constitution authorizing a Federal income tax, with all the incidental influence of both measures to lessen the motive for accumulation.
 The suppression of monopolies and the abolition of secret rebates and dis criminating privileges by the railroads will lessen the possibility of such enor- nous accumulations as those which have already taken place The evils of too great concentration of money or of any kind of property in a few hands are to be best remedied by the gradual effect of long course of leg islation and not by measures having an immediate and radical effect that are apt to involve injurious conse- quences to the general business com munity.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Statutory Rule For Liability of Inter-
 state Railways to EmpIoyes.

Finally, it has regulated the rules for the liability of an interstate rail- road company to an employe injured in it's service. This is a most im- portant measure, for an unfortunate lack of uniformity has existed hereto fore in respect to the rules of liability in such cases, dependent on the court in which the case has been tried The new statute makes everything uniform as to interstate railroads. It has in- troduced into Federal law what is called the comparative negligence the ory by which if an employe is in- jured, proof of negligence on his part does not forfeit his claim for dam ages entirely unless the accident was due solely to his negligence. If there was negligence by the company, the jury is authorized to a portion the neg ligence and award compensation for the proper part of the damage to the employe and the question of negli- gence is always for the jury.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Frightful Loss of Life and Limb Among Railway Employees Requires
 Stringent Regulations.

The frightful loss of life and limb among the railway employees of this country, reaching more than 4O0O killed and 65,OOO injured in one year, has properly attracted the attention of Congress and the Legislatures. It makes apparent that service in con- nection with trains of railway is an extra hazardous business and may well ell for government supervision and exceptional rules to secure the safety of the passengers and reduce the danger to employees. Congress, years ago, passed stringent laws for the adoption of safety devices to pro- tect both employe and passenger on interstate railways. With the same purpose, it has recently limited the hours of continuous service for which employees on such railways may be engaged,
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Physical Valuation.

Mr. Bryan is most insistent in dis cussing rate regulation that the pres ent physical value of ail roads in the country should be ascertained for the purpose of fixing rates by allowing to the railroad companies ony fair pro- fit on such valuation. Whenever the Interstate commerce commission
 deems it important as an aid in fix | ing rates to determine what it would cost now to rebuild any railroad. it has complete power to do so; but it would doubtless be found in respect to most of them that in spite of over-capital- lization and lack of economy in con- struction, land for terminals and right of way and the cost of con Istruction, have increased so enorm- ously that the total of their securi- ties upon which they pay dividends and interest is not much if any in eX-
 cess of present physical value. More than this, physical valuation, as the President pointed out in his Indiana polls speech, and as the Supreme court had in effect said before him. is only one or d nu0lDPf Dl udtd LO De HDtlStu- cred in reaching what is a fair profit upon the investment; and in determ- ming particular rate, the proper re- lation between that rate and the total net profit of operation is so comph-
 cated with an infinite variety of other circumstances that it is most difficult in ratehxing to use the latter to affect the former The importance of fix-t ing rates, complained of as too great in and of themselves, is much exag-
 gerated; for the overwhelming evid-
 ence is that, on the whole, rates in this country, especially as compared with those of all European railroads, many of which are owned and oper- ated by the government, are low. The
 chief evil consists in unjust discrim- Iination in rates between individuals and localities. I do not object to valuation, if thought relevant to any issue, but I merely deprecate the as sumption that it is to be the chief
 means of a great reform in rates.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
After a Review of President Roose-
 velt's Policies, Concurs in Them.

have thus reviewed at great length what have properly come to be known as President Roosevelts policies and nave discussed them with what I hope you will think Is entire candor. have attempted to point out one or two in stances in which I would qualify de- tails of future policies which he has sretched, but with these minor ex- captions SIS to method, I am glad to cypress my complete, thorough and sincere sympathy with, and admira- tion for, the great conserving and conservative movement which he has with wonderful success initiated and carried So far against bitter opposi- ton, to remedy the evils of our pros perity and preserve to. us. the institu tions we have inherited from our fathers.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Definition of Unlawful Monopoly.

l conceive that it is not sufficiently defined by saying that 1t Is the com bination of large part of the plants in the country engaged in the manu- lecture of a particular product in one corporation. There must be something mcre than the mere union of capital and plant before the law is violated. There must be some use by the com pany of the comparatively great size of its capital and plant and extent of it's output, either to coeree persons to buy of it rather than of some competi- tor, or to coerce those who would com- pete with it, to give up their business. There must in other words, be an ele- ment of duress in the conduct of its business toward the customers in the trade and it's competitors before mere aggregation of plant becomes an un- lawful monopoly. It Is perfectly con- ceivable that in the interest of econ- |ony of production a great number of plants may be legtimately assembled under the ownership of one corpora tion. In such a case 1t is either not a trust, if the term involves unlawful ness, or it is a lawful trust, if trust merely means a company which has assembled large part of the manu- featuring plant of any product. It may be, as Mir Bryan, in his controversy with Senator Beverdge says, that there is a. limit in the union of capital and plant that will effect economy and that after that limit is reached, the in- crease of the plant or the capital rath- CT enlarges the risk in the management of the business, and Is likely to in crease the cost of production rather than to diminish it. If so, then, when corporation goes beyond that limit, there is a reasonable presumption that it is doing so for the purpose of monop- olizing trade.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20

of dealing with trusts, because I be- lieve that such large combinations leg itimately conducted greatly add to the prosperity of the country. The atti- tude of the government toward com binations of capital for the reduction in the cost of production should be exactly the same as toward the com binations of labor for the purpose of bettering the conditions of the wage worker and of increasing his share of the joint profit of capital and labor. They are both to be encouraged in every way as long as they conduct themselves within the law. They both wield enormous power and if yielded for good, can De of inestfma- ble benefit. Their power for evil when in the control of interruptions men is such that if it is to be restrained, it needs the use of all the means which the executive and the courts can law fully command. I think it entirely possible by the rigorous prosecutions of the law against illegal combinations and by the equal and just operation of railways, to prevent a recurrence of what we have had in the past and to restrain within the bounds of legiti- mate and useful business, all these great corporations
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20

acquiesced in by the Courts of Eng land and of this country. Whatever may have been the wisdom of the rule originally, a. change of conditions jus tifies it's abrogation. Public policy can be changed by statute, so that this ex- emption from liability is not secured by the constitution to the railroad com- panies. The abolition of the eXemp- tion certainly furnishes a strong mo- tive to the railroad companies for the exercise of greater care in the selec- ton, supervision and control of all of their employes, which tends not only to the safety of their employees, but also to the safety of their passen- gers.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
EviHs of Swollen Fortunes.

One of the results of the conditions and evils which I have been describ- ing has been the concentration of enormous wealth in the hands of few men. I do not mean to say that all the large fortunes are to be traced to unlawful means but it is quite clear that many of those, described as swoll- en, are due to rebates, or to some form of unlawful monopoly, or to yer-capitalization Of course, great enterprises organized and managed by men of transcendent ability should re- suit in great profit to them. It is proper compensation when they share with the people the Vrofit from the economies that they Introduce in the business by reducing the price. The captains of legitimate industry, there fore, are entitled to large reward, and it is impossible to impose d fixed limitation upon the amount which they may accumulate.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Mir. RooseveIts Trust in Both PeoI
 and Individuals.

MT. Roosevelt believes not only the people but also in the individl as the unit who multiplied makes and gives quality to the people thinks that there is no royal road the elevation of people but by improvement in the intelligence a moral character of the individual. believes in the possibility of the in 1idual's being honest, courageous just and able to resist the influence the money power" to wean him frt the path of duty. He believes Il the people can select individuals W may be trusted as public officers, e cutive, legislative and judicial, wield, without abuse and in the terest of the people, the powers net ed to conduct an efficient governme He has faith in the maintenance an honest, courageous and efficit popular legislature tl will give the rich and poor equal pl tection and opportunity before law.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Mere Aggregation of All Plants in One Ownership Does Not Suppress
 Competition.

It must be borne in mind that in a country like this, where there is an enormous floating capital awaiting in vestment, the time within which com petition by construction of>new plants can be introduced into any business is comparatively short, rarely exceeding a year, and usually in even less time than that. Many enterprises have been organized on the theory that mere ag- gregation of all or nearly all existing plants in line of manufacture, with out regard to economy of production destroys competition. They have most of them gone into bankruptcy. Compe- tition and to perpetuate hold on the business.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Federal License of All Interstate Busi-
 ness Corporations.

MT. Bryan's method of suppressing unlawful trusts would be to require every person, partnership or corpora
 tion, engaged in interstate traffic, to
 take out a Federal license, and by
 Withholding such license from illegal
 trusts, he would make them impos- .sible. It is probable that a statute
 embodying this plan, could be drawn
 which would stand the test of the con- .stitution, It would, however, have to .contain some provision for ultimate
 judicial determination of those appli- |cants for license who were violating the antitrust law and thus involve
 the same litigation we now have There is danger that it's effect would be so to clog the channels of legiti-
 mate interstate trade that after it had
 been tried for a short time, the peo-
 pie of the country would regard it as Iburdenson1e and demand it's repeal. It lis important that in new legislation to
 stamp out evils, we should not so an-
 noy the lawabiding in the community
 as to lose their sympathy in the re-
 form. The suggestion of license came first from MT Garfield and MT.
 Bryan has adopted It. was at first
 inclined to think that this was a prac- tical method, but fuller consideration, for the reasons given. makes me doubt The decision of the Supreme court that corporation cannot re- fuse to disclose facts which will crim- .inate itself, makes less important the advantage which the license system was supposed to furnish in keeping
 the business of corporation under observation Until it is clearer than .at present that the evils of unlawful combinations cannot be suppressed without 1t, 1t seems to me, such plan ought not to be tried.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Best Remedy to be Found in State
 legislation.

The State legislatures have complete control of what shall be done with a mans property on his death He has no right to leave it by will and his children or heirs have no right to re- eeive it which the legislatures may not modify or take away. The States, therefore, can best remedy the dan gers of too great accumulation of wealth in one hand by controlling the descent and devolution of property and they ought to do so. They can adopt the French method which re- quires the division of large part of a mans fortune between all his chill dren and gives him absolute power with respect to only a fraction. This would secure a division in the second generation and probable change for the better in respect to such fortunes. Many of the States have already and properly adopted a graduated inherit ance tax which not only reduces the great fortune but lessens the motive for it's accumulation.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
New Law Will Lead to Settlement of
 Most Claims Without Suit.

With these changes, all claims by employees against railroad companies except in few extreme cases, will
 doubtless be settled by the railway
 companies without litigation, just as they now settle without suit substanti- ally all claims for injuries to passen- gers. The validity of this law is un-
 der consideration by the Supreme court. The only serious doubt in re-
 gard to it's constitutionality grows out ,of some carelessness of language in limiting its application to interstate railways and, therefore, even if the
 present law should fall, there will be no difficulty in re-enacting it in proper form.
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20
Federal Government May Properly Lend Its Aid. Favors Graduated
 Inheritance Tax.

Federal action for a Federal end may legitimately have an indirect eff feet to aid the States in reforms pe- culiarly within their cognizance. When therefore, the government revenues need addition, or readjustment, I be- lieve Federal graduated inheritance tax to be useful means of raising government funds. It is easily and
The daily morning journal and courier., 1907-08-20

welt responsibility for all the reed State legislation looking to the straint of corporations and especial for that which cuts down the passe
 ger rate on State railways. This most unjust, for whether such legI lation is proper or oppressive, Il impetus that carried 1t into law VI given not by Mir. Roosevelt but by tl evils that he has been attempting remedy within the Federal 1urisdi tion- If the State measures are unit to the property rights of the raj ways, they may be corrected in ti courts. If they are unwise, they WI react against the communities
 which they operate by making t service poorer and in other ways al the reaction will lead to their repei The railway can blame no one b themselves if the revelation of tht fragrant violations of law and of thu unjust administration of pub trust have led to an outburst of pop lar indignation and have brought temporary excess.