davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
OBITUARY..

Henry II. Triggs died at the home of his
brother, VIM. F. Triggs, No. Pearl street,
Saturday afternoon at O'Clock. He was a
native of New Hampshire and the son of
William and Ann (Maleham) Triggs. One
brother, VIM. F. Triggs of this city, and a
sister, Mrs. Emeline E. Smith of Bangor,
survive. His wife, formerly Sarah Wiley
of Bangor, died many years ago. His only
daughter died in infancy and his son went
west 90 years ago and is supposed, if living,
to be in klondike. He was a house car
penter and veteran of the Civil war, serv-
ing in New York Cavalry Regiment. The
deceased had made his home with his broth
er two years and the funeral took place at
his late home Monday at O'clock, Rev. D.
II. McQuarrie, pastor of the Baptist church,
officiating. The remains were taken to
Bangor, accompanied by his brother, and
placed in Pine Grove cemetery in the Triggs
family lot.
The funeral of Joshua E. Cross was held
at his late home in Morrill, Sunday after
noon, Oct. 9Th, Rev. E. f. Morse officiating
Simon Payson, Simon Erskine, William
NASH anu Ddulel hickey were lQ6 pail
bearers. There were great many beauti-
full flowers, that spoke silently, but certain
ly, of the esteem and regard in which Mr..
Cross was held by friends and neighbors
Mr.. Cross was born in Morrill,, Feb. 9, 1922,
and was one of ten children of Deacon
Joseph and Lucy jackson Cross, and was
the last one of his family. His wife, Phebe
Cross, died Oct. 10, 1902. Mr.. Cross had
four sons, Luther, Joseph, Roscoe and Gil
bert, and is survived by Roscoe and his
family-Phebe, Ray, Earle, Lee, Norman
and Ada Cross. Mr.. Cross was born on the
farm on which he died, and lived his entire
life in Morrill,. He was a hard working
man. remarkably strong and active even in
his Old age, and retained his faculties until
his last sickness. His soE Roscoe and his
wife, with whom he lived, faithfully and
tenderly cared for him in his declining
years and during his last sickness The
lnterment was in the Cross family burying
ground
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10

cid. sch. Brina P. Pendleton, Portland; s,
old, sch. Pendleton Sisters. Salem.
Baltimore, Oct. 5. Ar, sch. Glad Tidings,
New Haven; 6, sailed, ship Edward Sewall,
Brunswick, Ga, Oct. l. Ar. bark Rachel
Emery. New York sch. VIM. E. Downes,
do; 2, sid, sch. VIM. Fl. Sumner, Satilla.
Jacksonville, Oct. 1. Ar, sch. Georgia
Gilkey, Boston sailed, bark Kremlin, New
York; Z, ar, sch. Star Of the Sea, Baltimore.
kell, Brunswick.
Port Reading, Oct. l. Cid, sch. Edward
Stewart. Bangor; 4, cleared. sch. Menawa,
Quincy Point.
Savannah, Oct. l. Ar. sch. White Wings,
Newport News, Oct. 2. Ar, sch. Edward
7: Stotesbury; sid, schs. Daylight, Boston !;
Elm City. Bangor; 8. sid. sch. Helen Thonl-
Norfolk. Oct. 2. Sid, schs. VIM. H. Cliff
+. Kreger,, do 3, sid, sch. Gov Ames. Sears
port; 4, sid. sch. Addison E. Billiard, Sears
port; 6, ar, schs. Winfield s. Schuster, Sears
port; William Booth. Hurricane Island.
San Francisco, Sept: q. Sid, ship A. J.
Fuller, Sydney. n, S. w.. (not Newcastle).
cock. Jersey City; sch. Clifford N. Carver,
Carteret, n. j.
Bridgeport, Ct, Oct. g. AR, sch. Willis &
Guy. Bangor.
pt Bangor, Oct. 2; AT, sch; Joseph G. Ray,
philadelphia; 3, sailed, schs. Independent,
Newport News; Puritan, New Haven; 4,
ar, sch Florence & Lillian, Elizabethport;
6, sid. sch. Florence A, New York; s, ar,
Schs; Annie P: Chase, South Amboy Irene
b. Meservey. Port Reading; Edward Stew
art, do.
Portland, Oct. T. Ar, schs George :,
Hudson, Newport News; George W. Wells
Baltimore; Pendleton Bros, Philadelphia;
Clara 2. Randall, do, Alice E. Clark, do;
Jacob S. Winslow, do
Winterport, Me-, Oct. 6. Ar, sch. Sadie
Willcutt, South Amboy.
Washington, D. c., Oct. 7, Cleared, sch.
Sallie ron, Boston.
Frankfort, Me-, Oct 4. Ar, sch. Susan N.
Pickering, Rock land.
FOREIGN PORTS.
Newcastle, n. S. W, Sept g. Ar, ship S.
u. Carleton. Caleta Colosa (not sailed, as
before reported).
Kingston, Jamaica, Sept. 20. Ar, schooner
Fred W. Aver, Gulfport.
Honolulu, Oct. 6. Ar, ship Gov. Robe,
Newcastle, n. S. w..
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10

Jones, X. Lindgren and T. E. BOwker. In
teresting features were the browning of the
new king, and the seating in the "Siege
Perilous" of one of the knights who had
done a great deed Of Drawn. This is a
highly coveted honor and carries with it
advancement in knightly rank. The Cas-
tie will work the first degree at its next
meeting tomorrow, Friday, evening at half
after seven. After the work the chance.-
lors will provide an interesting program
H. NJ. Prentiss remains as Seneschal and T.
E. Bowker as Master of Exchequer.
Prof. R. J. Spyague of the department of
sociology, University of Maine, has ac-
cepted an invitation to speak before the
Mems club of the Congregational church on
Oct. 10th, and will be the guest of honor at
the club banquet on that evening. The
club will also hold its annual business meet
ing on the 10Th and elect officers for the en-
suing year. The following brief sketch of
Prof. Sprague is from the 1908 Prism:
Robert James Sprague, NJ. D., Phi. D.,
Professor of Economics and Sociology,
University of Maine. Born at Frankfort,
Me-, Jan. 10, 1868; Boston University, A. b.,
1890; Boston University A NJ, 1899; Har-
vald, Nj. A., 1900; Boston University, Phi.
D. 1901. Special work in Europe, 1898 and
1908; Instructor in Maine Wesleyan Semi
nary at Womens College, 1897 9S Professor
of Economics and History, Knox College,
Salisbury H., 19O1-06: Professor of econom-
les and sociology University of Maine,
1906; Fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science; engaged
in special research work for the Carnegie
Institution of Washington; author of vari-
Gus articles on economic and sociological
topics. Beta Theta Pi.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
NEWS OF THE ORANGES.

Granite Grange, North SearSport, held Il
regular meeting Oct 5th. Two applications
were received for membership and one
candidate was instructed in the third and
fourth degrees. a fine program was rem
dered. The Grange closed in form.
North Waldo Pomona Grange met with
South Branch Grange, Prospect, Oct 2nd
degree by Worthy Master Parker and after
the usual routine of business the following
committee on time, place and program was
appointed: l. F. Cook, b. NJ. Eames, Jennie
Dockham. A recess was then taken for
dinner. When the grange was again called
to order the committee on time, place and
program reported as follows: time, Nov.
9th place, Star of Progress Grange, Jack
son. The address of welcome was given by
Alice Nj. Page; response by T. d. Clement.
The question, sis it for the best interest of
the farmers to represent farming more
profitable than it really is" was opened by
7. }. Dill. Remainder of program by Star
of Progress Grange. The Master then de-
clared an open grange for the benefit of
those who wished to attend and the follow
ing program was given: address of welcome
by lrez Ward Libby; response by A. Stin-
son music by choir; question, "Resolved,
That the county and State Grange should
use their influence in our legislature to
have such laws enacted as would obiige
telephone companies in our State to con-
meet their lines; Opened by l. F. Cook and
discussed by members; song by Gertie Cliff
ford recitation by Jennie Dockham read
ing by Lizzie Lane; recitation by Alice
Dock ham music by choir.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
DIED.

BURNS In Rockland, September %. Hiram G
Burns, aged SO years.
CARLETON. In " interport, October i, Cadde
Crockett, wife OF Charles Carleton.
CROSS. In morrill, October A, Joshua E. Cross,
aged SIS years, months and "a days
o, Mrs. Julia A. Chapman, aged 81 years, II
months and 8 days.
FARR1NGToN. In Rockland. September 81,
Margaret ST. widow of Allen P. Harrington, aged
Sc years.
HITCHCOCK. In Rockand, September 81, FL
mira &C., wife OF Isaac G. Hitchcock, aged &c
years.
HOPKINS. In Vmalhaven, September 80, Miss
Lora NJ. Hopkins, aged 25 years and months.
QUIGLEY. In Bangor, October 5, James NJ.
Qulgley, aged 46 years and months Interment
in Wnterport.
MALAY. In South Liberty, October 6, George
Malay, aged Sc years.
PALMER. In Troy, October 3, Alvin Palmer,
aged 81 years.
SAILS In Bucksport September 2s, John Fl.
Sails aged 81 years.
1RlGGs. In Belfast, Oct. 5th, Henry H. Triggs,
aged rs years, 10 months and II days.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
STOCKTON SPRINGS.

MI Samuel E. Rendell spent Saturday in
Bangor on business.
The store of NJ f. LaFurley was bur
glarized Saturday night.
Mrs. Avalina Griffin returned Saturday
from weeks visit with friends in Belfast.
Miss Helen A. Godfrey of Pasadena, Cal,
arrived last Saturday to visit her nephe W,
Rev. II. E. Roullard and family.
The Young Ladies Guild will be enter
tanned Friday Afternoon by Misses Lizzie
B., Evelyn L. and Ethel Colcord.
Mr.. Ralph Stowell came from Oakland
last saturday to call upon his parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Henry Stowell. Hereturned that
evening.
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Gerry are settled
in their housekeeping on the second floor of
Capt. Horace Staples residence for the
winter, at least.
DR.. C. E. Britto was obliged to take an
insane man to the hospital in Bangor, from
Cape Jelison, last Thursday. Alcoholism
was the cause Of the arrangement.
The meeting of the Ladies' Aid Society
will be held Thursday afternoon, October
18th, Gnstead of the present week, as an
nounced) with Mrs. Albert c. COlcord.
The Ladies' Aid Society will hold social
and card party, at Hicbborn Hall, this,
Thursday, evening. Come and have
pleasant union Of neighbors!
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank L. Marston moved
last Saturday from the Capt. Nathaniel
Clifford place into the second floor rent Of
Capt. C. A. Sprague's house. We are glad
they are to remain on Church street.
Miss Emma Hichborn, Miss Nellie HIGH
born and Miss ma L. Wildes, their guest,
spept Friday In Bangor and attended that
DAVIS program at the Music Festival. Miss
Nellie went up again for the Calve concert.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
Gt0D WORK.

Done Daily in Belfast Many Citizens Tell
of It.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
SHIP NEWS.
AMERICAN PORTS.


New York, Oct. /. Ar, sch. R. L. Tay,
Bangor; 2, ar, schs. Flora Condor, Stock
ton; Andrew Nebinger, Bangor; Margaret
M Ford, Stonington; Edward Stewart, Port
Reading for Bangor; passed City Island,
schs. Northern Light, New York for Ban
gor; e; 3; Clark, Jersey City for Bangor ;
Ella NJ. Storer and Winnie Lawry, New
York for eastern ports 4, ar, schs. Ruth b.
Cobb, Savannah; Almeda Wiley, Washing
ton for Portsmouth; passed City Island,
schs. w. r. Perkins, Jersey City for Ban
gor; Sadie Willcutt, South Amboy for Win
terport; 5, ar, schs. Adelaide Barbour, Fer
nandina Lizzie B. Wiley Port Royal Hat
SCH Telumah, H0bOken for Bucksport; Z,
ar, schs. Mollie Rhodes, Jonesboro; N. E.
Aver, Bangor for Elizabethport; Scotia,
Georgetown; NorOmbega, Philadelphia for
Lynn; Miles M. Merry, Bangor; James
Pierce, Bangor for Newport News; bark
Charleston John Bracewell, Green Island !;
8, cid, sch. Gladys, San Juan.
Boston, Oct. 2. Ar. schs. Eagle, Bangor !;
Mentor, do; Mary FarrOw, do ;St. Leon, do !;
Robert Pettis, do; Mary E. Lynch, Stoning-
ton; 8, ar, sch: Ned P. Walker, Bangor; be-
low, James s w. Paul, Jr, Newpors Ne News;
sld Sch Go iH. Po%sps, Newport News
W. Paul, Jr.. Newport News; Mabel E.
GOss, StOnington; James A. Webster, do;
J. R. BOdwell, in tow, from Vineyard Ha-
ven; 6, ar, sch. Mary E. Lynch, Stonington;
I, ar, schs. Mertie b. Crowley, Philadelphia ;
Frank Barnet, Brunswick; Daylight, New
port News; IS, ar, sch. J. Manchester Haynes,
Newport News; sid. sch. Mark Pendleton,
Charleston.
Philadelphia, Oct. 2. Ar, schs. Charles
n, Klinck, Long Cove; Charles Davenport,
Bangor; John B. Coyle, Portland cid, schs.
Lynn; Florence LELAND, do;
Augustus q. Babcock, Port Tampa; 3, ar,
schs. Frank T. Stinson, Rockland; Marion
N. Cobb, do; Brina P. PendletOn, Portland !;
cid, sch. Mertie b. Crowley, Boston; Helen
z. Taft, Bangor; 8, cid, schs. Charles Dav-
export, Bangor; Frank T. Stinson, DO; Z,
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
MARRIED..

BATES-LEACH. In Penobscot September 25
Samue! l.. Bates OF Portland and Miss Annie E
Leach of Penobscot.
DART CROKER. In Rockland, October Q
illlam Chase Dart OF Providence, Il. l., and
Adelaide May Croker OF Rockiand.
HARRINGTON CLINGENBEBGER. In Rock
land, October ., Naynaru 1rancis harrington
of foston and Maybel Annie Clingenberger OF
Rockland
LokD-DAY. In ROckland. September y, Ed
ward W. Lord ana Cleroise Day, both of Rock
land
William "cLain Jl., Of Rockland and Miss Eve
Ign Wyllie of Warren.
MELVIN ORCHARDS. In Camden, October /
Arthur Melvin and Miss Nellie Is. Richardson
both of Camuen.
WILEY-MooDY. In Camden, September 81
Ralph c. Wiley of Lincoinyille and Miss Fannie
E. Moody of Hope.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
X-RAY VIEW OF A LIVING HAND


Professor Caldwell is one of the most success
ful specialists in all chronic and long standing
diseases. Catarrh, Throat Troubles, bronchitis,
Consumption, Blood Disorders - Scrofua all
Kinds of Iumors diseases of the stomach and
digestive Tract Those fearful nervous diseases
OF men and Women-no matter from what cause
arlSlng-FaraySis, Headache, Prostitution, Lame
Back. Scatica and rheumatism, Diseases of the
Heart, Liver and Kidneys and bladder. WOMEN,
women who are racked with pain in the pelYis,
side, back OF head, or suffering from nervousness
and many troubles peculiar to their sex, can find
speedy relief and permanent cure without eX-
animation. Years of suffering and severe opera
tons may be avoided by consultation and using
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
BORN.

CHAPLIN. In Brooklyn. n. Y. September %, to
Mr.. and Mrs. Waldo NJ. Chaplin, a daughter,
Dorothy May.
HEATH In Penobscot, September %. to Mr.
and Mrs. Charle W. Healh a daughter.
MoULToN. In Unity, september 30. to Mr.. and
Mrs. Eli Moulton. daughter.
NICHOLS, In West hIooksville, September 20,
to Mr.. and Mrs. njamin Nichols, a son.
RICHARDSON. In Bockland, September 30 to
Mr. and Mrs. John Richardson. a daughter.
SANBoRN. In Brooksyile, September 49, to
MIR. and Mrs. John c. SaubOrn. daughter, Maud
SAWYER. In Searsport, October 4, to MIR. and
Mrs. Charles o. Sawyer. a daughter.
WARDWELL In Castine, September IS, to Mr.
and Mrs. Virgil p Wardwell, a son.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10
Who Likes Lemon Pie !?

make In the old way You should try at once
"OUR-PIE" Preparation for delicious Lemon
pies It is made from the choicest ingredients p.
thousands q others. A lady says: II viii never
again try to make Lemon pie In the old way while
can get 'OUR.PlE' Preparation" Each pack.
age enough for two large pies. l0c.
The Republican journal. [volume] (Belfast, Me.) 1829-current, 1907-10-10

the new treatment. All male trouhr
from whatever cause, quickly cuu...
There is large class OF Sutlerrr.
not really SICK, but miserable, rs
ways tired-WhO are passing thr ur0
of tones. StimulautS, opiatrS and +.
tai INTO a state of supreme mi,ei.u
These troubles are simply electro
Arising from disturbance of the g..
the body, and can be effectuatiy
electricity. A few applications a'
OTTER a single process of eltctrlca
will remove difficulties of yeal
fact. il is the only agent to be reurl
effectual cure of all eases of chrur
ment and functuai disease.
The sun., 1907-08-18

have it here. dear. by the heart that loves
you most
Livid, with bitten lip and starting eyes,
large sprang tor'ard, and ss quick de-
strained him.
AT least I will have the money" he per-
listed in breat'; lit will give us living
chancet--" 90.
But no; knew that his physical pluck
was weaker than the wind, and as for me,
! might have tassed that old woman from
our pat sort Of careless; but beautyous
girl, filed with life, thrilled with love, no!
Even az we struggled seen great hand
reach out from the alcove' nearest to the
telephone stand. IL cart that slinder throat
there was a hutter OF pritty draperies and
the young girl disappeared, as II dragged
by some monster into his den. There wasn't
peep, but in the next instant, Big Sharteil
strobe out into the centre OF the room, the
beauty roll in his grasp.
He counted over the yallers, and their
radiunce lighted even his stolid face. Thin
out he wint, We sinking far behind sick and
faint.
We watched him from under the great
oak where he, too, had hid, as he proceeded
down the road, bulky, deliberate. assured
OF his own safety in the completeness Of our
didly peril. The loom Of his farm dominat ed
the landscape for moment from the crist
OF the hill thin. as il lessened still lowering,
like t'under head rollin' away, we put for
the woods Of our dub'us salvashun.
The sun., 1907-08-18

crassed the ridge2 She may have worked
the searchlight more than wanst from the
workshop in the rear; I recall now lookin
up in surprise at the stunts the moon was
a-doin'"
-You recall? For the Lard's sake,
Smithers, stop with your t'eorizing and try
to do something"
Il have done nothing" / cried springing
TO me feet. the ropes falling in loops around
me. Did you t'ink for a moment. large.
that such BOBBY knots cud hold a man
who had slipped the darbies time and again?
I'd been out OF thin with me teet' II neces-
sary." And the mkt moment he too shook
hisself free.
sYis. but locked in. pinniless. without
arms. what kin we do2' complained large.
There's initial enough in that bed for a
screwdriver to twist off that lock. Amy
change Is for the better. large. II we
hang about here Wen hang about there
And med a significant gesture.
. We crep' to the window to reconnitre.
The dawn was advancin' slow and uncer-
tain. as II abashed to be up and out so early.
Near the main entrance TO the courtyard
the group Of rustics fingered on guard.
I'VE might make a break t'roo the little
side dure we inferred, =. said large more
hopefully. -The scrubbery forms a shield;
there is no wan betune the driveway and
the wood"
Jest thin bulky farm loomed out from
jest beyond the road. 1t was SharteIl.
The sun., 1907-08-18

that used to lie between the new iron pier
and Surf avenue. Thispark was maintained
oy the Culver Railroad. At the right OF
the photograph Ia shown Doyles pavilion.
while at the extreme right are the old iron
pier and the old clubhouse In which so
many prtzehghts we're held.
what is now Seaside Park was Mt that
time barren waste, and only used for ball
games or 90 enable pedestrians TO make
a short out. The Sea Beach Palace was
then In its glory. At that time the Brighton
Beach Music Hall was situated at a point
nearly thousa nd feet out In the ocean
from the main porch Of the Brighton Beach
Hotel az IL is to-day.
There 10 not now much left OF the
eoney Island Of fifteen years ago to remind
one how the old place looked, said Lewis NJ.
Potter, Coney Island business man. when
L was going to school the island had no
sonool OF her own, and 40 school children
went to tho school at Gravesend just this
side OF Ulmer Park.
There were only seven children who at
tended school from Coney Island. 80 YOU
can imagine the size Of the place thirty
years ago These children we're the two
The sun., 1907-08-18


beach hsve beai as great a. 10 any o;bcr
particular.
In ons Of fhs ptcturss, etscwtng the now
Iron pisr 90 IL was a. that time, ore enn see
snat tbs beach sxtsnded nearly 20 tbcwtcsr
portion OF The ptsr' Nov sb0 teet OF ms
sand has boon carried away and fiss water
et hish tide dashes AGAINST brwakwsteT
burt &C tho spot m ths foreground whcse
the man " standing. ."
In the Photograph Of the old from pisr
fully $50 feet Of sand Is I'm view, willis 20
The lsft the beach stretches away rod Ssss
further. Now none Of this sandy sercsch
II viSlble except a few fec& at low sids as
the extsvms right hand side In front of
Dreamiand. which now occupies the spot.
A few yean before the time tlss photo.
graph was taken the beach was even wtdw
and at low tids 10 was possible 10 wai<
around tho seward end Of the old pler on
dry sand. One could walk or drive aIoniy
the wide. hard beach from Brighton Beach
10 Norfon's Point. now Sea Gate.
CSzsv .s.Sz.aa-= .ooa forward q, .sss .,r-,s
The sun., 1907-08-18

lumbus. Ohio, being the piOnssr manu-
facturer Of this dslicacy, and the only ons
then doing business. Nov, at ccnssrvs-
tive estimate, there are 800 manufacturers
Of the candy doing good buslnsss on the
island.
Coney Island was then gathering place
for fishermen. On Saturday night great
numbers OF them carne down, stayed all
night, and spent the whole day Sunday
fishing. Boats were for hire along tho
beach and ane catchss were common,
for In th0se days the nearby waters teemed
with nuke. sea bass and bluensh. and sbesps-
head we're sometimes caught. the nsh from
which Sheepshcad Bay derived Ito name.
Probably not a single fish Of this kind has
been caught near Coney Island for years.
With the exception Of the row Of houses
on each side Of Surf avenue and those along
the Bowery near the ocean, the territory
to the westward was nearly all salt meadows.
Lots couh be bought. with very few buyers.
at $50 each. Now a largo part of this land
has been filed In. and 1t 10 scarcely possible
to buy a lot for less than 81. 500. and the
owners are none too anxious TO sell.
For transportation there were one horse
car line and four steam n 9 OF limited
capacity beeides the ste boats. The
horse car line ran from the Jwer part Of
Prospect Park down Coney Is and avenue
and terminated at West Fifth street.
The steam roads included the Sea Beach
line. which ran to Bay Ridge. where IL con-
nected with ferry to New York: tbs Brook
lyn, Bath and West End Railroad. whose
route was down New Utrecht avenue.
through Bytbebourne. Bath Bench, and
Timer Park. and the Prospect Park and
Coney Island Railroad. which ran to Ninth
street. Brooklyn. and there connected with
the Vanderbilt avenue horse cars for New
York.
1t took one hour and forty five minutes
to ride from the park TO the island by tho
horse car line, while the time OF the steam
roads from New York was about the same.
Now the trains make the distance in thirty
two minutes from the island TO Park Row.
Nothing is now distressing the shorc
ront owners more than the inroads made
by the ocean currents upon the broad
beach formerly possessed by Coney Island.
In the last fifteen yea RS the changes in the