davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
GREAT FALLS, MONT.

Died, in Spokane Wash, October 26.
1907, Mrs. Elizabeth S. Blake, aged 6S
years.
The subject of this notice will be re-
membered by the people of Choteau.
says the Acantha, as having been a
resident of this place for a great many
years.
Mrs. Blake was born in 1889, and
from the time of her marriage had
been 3 resident of the western coun-
try. She and her husband, Richard
Blake, travelled on their wedding tour
from New York City to San Francisco
by steamer, going by way of Cape
Horn, and afterward settled in 1863 at
San Juan Island, in Washington terri
tory. Later in the same year Mrs.
Blake and her husband travelled on
horseback from Washington to Helena.
which was then but a mining camp,
containing nothing but log shacks.
Here Mrs. Blake lived until 1891, when
she came to Choteau.
Throughout her life Mrs. Blake was
a devout and humble Christian. She
was a true friend, faithful wife, a
devoted and loving mother, and good
and kind neighbor. During the fifteen
years that she lived in Choteau she
lived an exemplary and upright Chris
tan life, and the news of her death
will be received here with regret by a
large circle of friends.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
St. Ciara Orphanaoe..

The Franci car listers in charge of
st. Clara's orphanage are endeavoring
now to raise Tuuds for the equipment
of a manuel training department for
the boys and Firls under their care So
far it has been possible to teach the
children common school branches and
10 do it thoroughly. but the sisters have
concluded that it viii be of immeasur-
able value to their little charges if
they can be taught trade which will
insure them the means of livelihood.
They have a good sized building. but
the equipment for a manual training
department viii be exceedingly expen-
sive. The sisters want to make provi-
sion for the instruction of at least 300
boys and girls and this viii require no
small sum of money.
In the training school. girls could be
taught 10 sew and to cook and be given
the rudiments of millinery, and the
boys could learn carpentering. mechan-
les, wood carving and other useful
things. st. Clara's is in a flourishing
condition now and the sisters feel that
the time is ripe for the undertaking
which has been close to their hearts
for many years.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Hospital Association.

Three well-known and influential
priests Of Denver have been placed on
the board Of trustees Of the Saturday
and Sunday hospital association. They
are Rev. William O'Ryan. Rev. Joseph
P. Carrigan and Rev. Hugh L. McMen-
amin
In its brief life the association has
made rapid strides to gain public favor
and is firmly established. BY means
Of the fund raised annually on the Sat
urday and Sunday following Thanks
giving, the poor Of every denomination
are cared for, in the four large hospi-
tails of Denver. Application made
through any church. Catholic or Pro-
testant insures admission and the best
of care to the worthy poor
On Saturday the Queens Daughters
took a hand in helping secure the mon
ey. They had one stand in the Albany
hotel which gathered in as neat a sum
as was raised anywhere i'm the city.
Miss Angela Gilmore divided her time
between the mercantile and continental
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
VIRGINIA CITY, NEV.

Rev. Father Reynolds died last even
ing about 8 o'clock, after an illness
lasting from the 18th of last January.
On that date he suffered a stroke of
paralysis, and for a time seemed to be
improving, but on the 1st of August
another stroke came on. His condi-
ton was considered hopeless, but his
splendid constitution asserted itself,
and he was cheerful and hopeful. How
ever, a third stroke of paralysis oc-
CURED week ago yesterday. and the
end was considered but few hours
or days off, and he passed peacefully
away yesterday afternoon.
Father Reynolds had a distinguished
career in All Hallows college, Dublin,
and after completing his course he was
ordained a priest at All Hallows COL
lege for the Sacramento diocese. He
was pastor of the church at Willows
Cal, and later was in charge of the
diocese at Reno for number of years.
He then took charge in this city, where
he made friends of all, both among his
own parshioners and members of other
denominations. He was a man of fine
and his broad views on re-
ligious questions made him scores of
friends everywhere.
The funeral arrangements have not
been completed. beyond the fact that
interment will be in Carson City. 1t is
most likely that a solemn requiem mass
will be celebrated by about twenty or
twenty-five priests from California and
this state, at which services Bishop
Grace will probably officiate. Father
Reynolds was a native of Ireland.
aged about 4S years. and news of his
death will be learned with the deepest
regret wherever he was knoWn.-Vir-
sinia Enterprise, Nov. 90
Rev. Father Garland of Carson ar
lived this week.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
GRAND JUNCTION, COLO.

Mr.. and Mrs. J. Ruppe celebrated
their golden wedding on last Sunday,
Nov. "a. Solemn high mass was cele-
brated by Rev. T. NJ. Conway, Rev. C.
Poirier and Rev. w. Bruner of West
Cliff, who, being a German, was in
vited down to take part in this grand
celebration. He gave a very nice SER
mon in German, and at the end of
mass, Father Conway gave one of his
touching and eff1cacious sermons that
always is so fitting for the occasion. He
congratulated the old couple for adj
herring to the Catholic doctrine, and
amid the storm of life's troubles, stood
by each other and with Gods grace
preserved the sacred vows-made fifty
years ago.
George Lander went up the narrow
gauge one day last week. O
The Elk lodge is preparing to give
play this week. Several are taking
part.
Miss Anna Zerwas will give a mu-
steal recital in the Margery hall next
Friday evening.
The sugar factory has issued a scrip
Of their own, bearing per cent inter-
est, and that looks as good and if not
better than the money to many people
in these times.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
COLORADO SPRINGS.
(special Correspondence.)

I
A big town. Baltimore" But we
would rather subsist on rabbit potpie in
! Colorado Springs than dwell at Hotel
Rennert in the Monumental city. And
possibly we know something about 1t,
leaving the fish and oysters out" for
we were born and brought up there.
Now we live close to the soil, and it
beats Baltimore to a fragile.
Richard Beckett, one of Colorado
Springs well-to-do bachelors, left this
week on a prospecting tour of two
weeks in Salt Lake City. 1t is said
Dick read an article in The Intermoun-
tain Catholic recently about a prosper
Gus colony of beautiful and lonely old
maids located somewhere near Salt
Lake. Utah. and he has gone away
quietly to find out for himself whether
or not the article is true ere Advent
sets in. Of course it is true, If he saw
it in The Intermountain Catholic.
We are pleased to note that the
plumbing contract for the new Clock
ner sanitarium was let to the well
known firm of n. w. Haas & Co., on
last Thursday. Much success to you,
Norbert and Tom.
James F. Burke road superintendent
of construction on the Delaware &
Hudson railroad At Scranton, Pa, is
staying at the Alta Vista hotel for
several days, en- route home from a trip
to the Pacific coast. Mr.. Burke attend
ed high mass at st. Marys on last
Sunday.
A Christmas hint: Present your
friend with years subscription to
The Intermountain Catholic.
Colorado Springs has demonstrated
1IT-ir l7n HFa ia1 iGtt
as il has on previous occasions, that it
is a sound and solid business commu-
nifty. That is the reason why Colorado
Springs remains busy, contented and
year in and year out, and
at this particular time.
James l.. McHugh of Kansas City,
Mo, arrived here on Saturday. Mr..
McHugh attended high mass at st.
Mary's church on Sunday, and left on
Monday for the Queen City.
Thomas ]. Collins, aged "a years, son
Of the late Captain Collins of Wash |
ngton, D. c., died at his home, "a North |
Sierra Madre street. at o'clock Satur- |
lay morning. He is survived by three |
sisters the Misses Clara, Ellen and |
Blanche Collins. Requiem high mass
was held at st. Mary's Catholic church |
Monday morning at 9 o'clock.
Thanksgiving cheer sweeps over Col
orado Springs since the grand old fes-
,fval has become national one.
Mrs. Marie ellis and George w. Nc
Nabb were married Thursday noon of |
asst week in the rectory of st. Mary's
Catholic church.. the Rev. Father Ra-
Ter officiating. A wedding dinner was
erved at the Acacia hotel after the
ceremony. Mr. and Mrs. McNabb will
eside at 209 East Cimarron street.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
RHY0LITE, NEW.

]. E. Busch. secretary of the Virgin
River Oil & Development company. op-
Grating in the Virgin river field. Utah.
has just returned from a trip to the
company's property, and reports much
activity throughout the entire section.
]. F. Phelan of the Rhyolite meat
market left Thursday for Milford
Utah, where he has purchased two car
loads Of stock, one for Rhyolite and
the other for Las Vegas.
Mrs. ]. B. Cries entertained infor-
mally at cards Monday evening in hon
or of her brother-in-law, Henry A.
Cries, who left the following day for
San Francisco. Five hundred was
played, and refreshments were served.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
CARSON CITY, NEV.

Willard Catlin returned from short
visit to Reno this week.
Eddy WEIGH, who for some time
made Carson his home. being employed
by the Nevada Press company, but
who is now employed in the job print
ing department of the Reno Journal,
is spending several days in the city.
The services for the deceased Father
Reynolds of Virginia City will be by Fa-
Their Murphy, Virvinia City. celebrant;
Father O'Donnell of Gold Hill deacon;
Father Clyne of Nevada City, Cal,
sub-deacon, and Father Garland of
Carson, master of ceremonies.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Personal,

Miss Anna Hartley was hostess on
Saturday at a china shower" for Miss
Eugenia Allen, who on Wednesday in
st. Elizabeth's church became the bride
of Theodore Nicholas STREET.
x X x
Miss Margaret Goodwin of HOO
Clarkson street entertains Saturday,
Nov. 80. at a handkerchief shower
for Miss May Kelly, whose marriage to
Lemar Cobb is to be an event of the
near future.
Mrs. Margaret Hubbard of 272O Law
renee street is i'll with the grip.
X
Misses Lillian and May Ryan have
returned from an extended sojourn in
Los Angeles.
X
Mr.. John A Flynn has recovered
from a recent severe Illness.
X x X
Miss Anna Charles was hostess on
Tuesday at a party complimentary to
Miss Helen Grant, a bride of the week.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Knights of ST. John Auxiliary En-.
terrain.

st. Elizabeth's auxiliary to the nights
of st. John entertained at a dance
Tuesday evening at Da Pron's hall, 22C
Broadway The arrangement commit
tee was composed of Miss Alice Bal
las, Miss Augusta Bertagnolli and Miss
Evelyn Weithoff.
X X X
Mrs. Maria McCabe, who died at the
family home 1929 West Twenty fifth
avenue, last week, was buried from st.
Dominic's church Friday morning, re-
QUEEN mass being sung by Rev. Father
O'Neil. The funeral was from the res
idence of Mrs. McCabe's brother,
Frederick Carlin. Interment was in
Mount Olivet cemetery.
X X
Mrs. D. ]. Kelly, the daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. John Schmidt, was buried
from st. Joseph's church on Tuesday
afternoon.
X *
The funeral of Mrs Ellen Carroll took
place Monday afternoon from the
Church of the Sacred Heart. Interment
was in Calvary cemetery.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
ANACONDA, MONT.

Anaconda Irishmen, assisted by
Butte people of the same nationality,
remembered the execution of the Man
chester martyrs at Hibernian hall Sun
day evening. The time was spent in
song and story. Refreshments were
served. The entertainment was given
under the direction of the Phil Sheri-
dan club of this city and the members
of the Robert Emmett Literary society
and Hibernians of Butte, and the Hi
bernians of this city joined in honor
ing the memory of Allen, Larkin and
O'Brien, who were hanged for conspir-
acy in Manchester, England, Novem-
Der %. 1867.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Young Ladies' sodaIity of ST. Pat
rick's,

On Monday evening at Weir hall. the
Young Ladies sodality of ST. Patrick's
church entertained at a social dance.
Old fashioned dances for the older mar
ried people was a feature of the even
ing. The chaperons to the young peo-
pie were Mrs. McGovern, Mrs. Floyd,
Mrs. Luher, Mrs. Hartford and Mrs.
Dowd. The officers of the sodality who
are chiefly responsible for the social
success Of the party are Miss Nellie
Lennon, Miss Rose Seller, Miss Anna
O'Neil and Miss Mary McCrudden. The
floor committee consisted of Messrs
McAndrews. Sheridan Kelly. Charles
Nickerson, Hartford, Connolly, Burke.
Ryan and Tracy
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
EVANSTON, WYo.

Garrett O'Neill and family wish to
extend their sincere thanks to all
friends for their kindness and sympa-
thy rendered to them during their late
bereavement.
Mrs. H. e. Heiner and Mrs. Ed
O'Hara left on Thursday evening for
Salt Lake, to visit the formers sister,
Miss Annie Hoyt, who underwent an
operation for appendicitis. She will be
released from the hospital this week.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Examination of Junior Clergy

From all parts of the diocese of Den
Yer. which covers the entire state Of
Colorado, the priests ordained within
the past few years gathered on Tuesday
Of this week for the annual examina-
ton of the junior clergy. The board Of
examiners consists Of Rt. Rev Monsig-
nor Henry Robinson, pastor of the An
nunciation church, president: Rev
Richard Brady, chaplain of Fort Logan
and Loretto Heights academy. and Rev.
William Organ, pastor Of st. Leo's
church.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
PerSnnal.

Mrs. Eugene Weckbach, who under
went an operation at st. Joseph's hos
pital on Saturday last. is much i'm
proved. Drs Fleming and Lemon are
in attendance on her.
Edward, the 19-year-old son of Mr..
and Mrs S. I. Monarch of $50 Grant
avenue. who has been seriously ill., is
reported to be on the road to recovery.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Obituary.

Within month almost an entire
family has been wiped out by disease.
Mrs. Margaret Flood, who died last
week and was buried from st. Leo's
church on Wednesday afternoon, was
the widow of Hugh Flood of SAT Kala-
math street, who passed away Oct. 80.
Seven days before Mr.. Floods death,
the little son of the couple succumbed
to spinal meningitis. Mrs. Flood died
at St. Joseph's hospital. The entire
family is buried in Mount Calvary Gem
eteTy.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
The Moments Retreat.

The exercises of the retreat which
win be given for the young women of
the cathedral parish on December 4, .,
and viii be held only in the evening.
Solemn pontificaI high mass with SER
mon by Bishop Matz will close the re-
treat on the Feast of the Immaculate
Conception. Sunday, December s. That
evening there will be a reception of new
members in the Young Women's and
Blessed VIRGINS sodalities.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Knights of Columbus Memorial Scrv.
ices

Instead of the annual evening me-
mortal service for departed members
of Denver council 539. Knights of Co
lumbus, requiem mass was sung. this
year on Thanksgiving day in Logan
Avenue chapel by the chaplain, Rev.
H. l. McMenamin. In former years
the knights had a memorial similar to
that followed by the EIl1s, but the mass
Of requiem was decided upon as being
more devotional. The hour was S:15
O clock and the chapel was more than
filed by loving friends of departed
knights. There was no sermon. The
members of Denver council who have
passed into the Great Beyond are:
James A. Finnerty. November, 'O3:
James z. Bourke, September, 'O4: J. H.
Krigbaum. April, "a; W. NJ. Carroll,
August, o.; John z. Sharp, December,
'04: Edward z. Sullivan, March, '05;
Thomas A. Walsh. May. 'O5; William
T. DAILY, July. 'O5: Louis ]. Weldon,
August, '05; Albert Lesace, November,
'05; Emil P. Hensgen, November, 'G5;
John A. Hoban, December, '05; P. ].
Hussey, February, '06; Ferdinand J.
Kramer, May. 06; Charles H. Wilkin.
November. '06; Dennis Murto, April, '07:
William H Walsh. July. '07; Charles J.
Rowland, September, '07.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Rev. Father Organ at Broadway
Theatre.

Rev. William Organ. pastor of St.
Leo's church, was selected to speak on
The Homes of Our Land" at the pub
lie Thanksgiving day service held in
the Broadway theater on Thursday
morning at 1890 o'clock. Miss BERTHE
Berlin of st. Leo's qUartette sang
The Star-Spangled Banner
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
LANDER, WY0.

Senator William Madden has been a
Lander visitor for several days this
past week.
Hon. James A. McAvoy came in town
last Friday from the mines and will
spend several days in the county seat
transacting business.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
at. Rev. Bishop Matt Preaches.

on the gospel of the day the last
Sunday Of the ecclesiastical year. Bish-
op n. c. Matz preached an interesting
sermon at the $50 and 1870 O'Clock
masses in Logan Avenue chapel In
stead Of its being q terrible picture of
anguish and despair on the last day.
the sermon breathed of Gods mercy
and was comforting to a degree
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Mass for Catholic Benevolent Society

On Friday morning. November %. in
Logan Avenue chapel requiem high
mass for the deceased members of the
local branches of the Ladies' Catholic
Benevolent association, was sung. The
Junior choir assisted in the service.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Requiem Mas for c. x. william.

On Tuesday, November 26. high mass
Of requiem was sung by Rev. Father
McMenanim in Logan. Avenue chapel
marking the first anniversary of the
death of Charles II. Wilkin, once
prominent member of the cathedral
parish.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
THE MTERMoNTAM AND COLORADO cATHoc NOVEMBER &c.

sang his first high mass at st. Pat
rick's church, North Denver, at 1890
o'clock last Sunday morning. Father
Timmons remained only a few days in
Denver, leaving later in the week for
Cheyenne, Wyo. He was ordained for
Bishop ]. ]. Keare of Cheyenne.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Wedding Bells.

Miss Lillian Woodland, a recent con-
vert to the Catholic church, became the
bride Of Aloysius Thompson at a pref
~ ceremony in Logan Avenue chapel of
Tuesday evening. Rev. Father Nc
Menamin offfciated
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
CHEYENNE, WY0.

Miss Margaret Scanlon entertained
the G. S. club on Saturday afternoon
from 2:SO until o'clock. After music
and various games had been enjoyed
the guests gathered around the prettily
decorated table and were served with
delicious lunch. Those who enjoyed
the afternoons pleasure were Misses
Frances Gilmore, Ray Burgman, Ha-
Eel Schmitt. Margaret Scanlon and Ha-
eel Gilmore.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30

buildings. Among the Queens Daugh-
ters who assisted her were Miss Mamie
Gilmore. Miss Julia Merryweather,
Miss Helen Merryweather and Miss
Flora Blodt In the Lewis store Miss
Regina McPhee lent her services.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
HELENA, MONT.

The body of Eddie sennett. the 10
year-old son of Mrs. Michael Sennett
of Butte, whose death occurred in that
city Sunday, was brought to this city
Tuesday at 1 o'clock. The body was
taken from the train direct to the
Catholic cemetery, where burial took
place. The funeral services were held
in Butte early Tuesday morning, after
which the body was placed on the
train,
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
ELY, NEW.

Thomas H. O'Neill and L. johnson
have sold to D. s. Dickerson, for a
stated consideration of $1,000, the John
son Bar, Mobile Lily. Copper Plate and
Gold Run mining claims in this dis
trict. The deeds were filed.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Rev. Father Donovan in Denver.

Rev. Father NJ. W. Donovan. former
ly assistant pastor of the cathedral in
Denver and now located at Ouray. was
in Denver for a few days this week,
having come TO attend the annual ex-
animation of the junior clergy.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Sacred Heart Aid Society.

The annual election of officers of the
Sacred Heart Ladies' Aid society will
take place at the regular meeting
Thursday, Dec. 5, at the residence of
Mrs. Henry Abel 2642 LafaYette street.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
ST. Vineent,s &c Society.

The last meeting of st. Vincent's Aid
society to be held before the annual
New Years ball, will be on Tuesday
afternoon, Dec. 8. att the home of Mrs.
William H. Andrew, lilo Clarkson
street. 1t will be an important session.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Rev. Louis Haqus in Denver.

Rev. Louis S. Hagus came up from
Colorado Springs 10 spend Thanksgiv-
ing day with his father and mother
Mr.. and Mrs. John ]. Hagus, 1859
WASHINGTON avenue
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
ST. Mary's Academy Exercises.

In honor of the feast of st. Cecilia.
patron Of music, the pupils of st.
Mary's academy gave a recital last
Friday afternoon, ST. Mary's mandolip
club acquitted itself creditably. sus-
tanning the RICH reputation already es-
tablished Thirty instruments. includ-
ing mandolins, violins, cellos and gui-
tars were used by the orchestra. Vo-
cal solos by Miss Ursula Forhan, Miss
Ivy Dolan and Miss Margaret Phoenix
were pleasing, and the chorus work was
exceptional. "St. Cecilia" was the sub
ject of an original paper by Miss Hell
oise Kennedy.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Rev. Father Ferrari at saIida.

Rev. Father Ferrari is at Salida this
week looking after the parochial duties
of Rev. Joseph Wolihan. who came to
Denver for the examination of Junior
clergy.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Bishop Matz on Thanksgiving Service

Bishop Matz issued a notice to his
priests throughout the diocese. calling
for a special Thanksgiving service to
consist of mass and benediction of the
blessed sacrament
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
EUREKA, NEW.

H. P. Murphy came over from Salt
Lake last Saturday and went down to
Mt. Hope Monday to look over some
mining ground in that section.
The Intermountain Catholic. (Salt Lake City [Utah] ;) 1899-1920, 1907-11-30
Rev. Father ReIzar convaIescine.

Rev. John Belzar, assistant pastor of
the pro-cathedral, has resumed his du-
ties after an enforced vacation on ac-
count of illness.