davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11
RoosEvELr AND DE BOLT ANTICIPATED.

De Bolt obtained his inspiration for the
held regarding the overriding of trial courts by the supreme
trial the second
from the recommendation of President Roosevelt
his the present Congress There certainly
strong similarity iverances question
original with Judge De Bolt or Otherwise his expression
of them $ nothe be attacked
the subject is merely to show that the
Supreme of Territory anticipated the recommendation
and further that has not adopted
the repeat the
only yesterday this What the President
below After recommending considerable length the pas
sage actually this giving the Govern
criminal but only upon points " a" e
Presden proceeded
I'm connection with this matter the
unsatisfactory resulting in large part from the
souely unconnec,ed where there at,
failure of substantial justice 1t would
be providing something to the effect that
Judgment trial granted in cause civil
misdeeioh of the jury the improper a
rejection matter of pleading or
procedure unless opinion which the application made
examination the entire cause shall afirmve appear a "
complained resulted in miscarriage of justice
happens Court of Hawaii estald the pei
in of
mi - u th non Of te court v Mr. Justice Hawen in Kapioan
appear the following abstract of
Actually indeed the anticipation stated is years
M m shown hv the court citations from its own previous
quoted
question admby evidence concluding: No
logical reasoning theory makes this action of the
prolative consider Its admission evidence
against defendant and the refusal of his request to take
From this the opinion the court runs
in part folio
But we do not think that ground ought
granted tendency American decisions enlarge the scope in
harmless admitting evidence Wrongful
An appellate ready trial conlec
have based its verdict wholly in part upon the
testimony allowed to make
its differences from ev
than the conclusions of an ecclesiastical trou
lad two although the
sion was not shown at the former riai Inc Judge WI" " ~ ease
ruling and denying trial
trial judge properly refuses
testimony if he thinks that the
probably influenced by the OBJ
trial he to regard the verdict
a
of
all
appeared thereby reached
English
This continued until the Judicature Act of 1873
enacing n should be
admission rejection of evidence unless in the opinion
thereby the trial
| SEVERAL CASES HAS DECLINED TO ORDER A
APPEARED IT TO BE HARMLESS
in Iaw 22l Although do
the rulings the
evidence complained still consider these
remanding trial So Gay Farley
doubtful relevancy 'the
findings the of that
the
his with
official that objected most merely
substantially admitted the
h. the
allow this question, the harmless for the
the the plaintiff defendants
fully shown otherwise
think trials ought to be granted for
believe that they
verdict
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

Bailey
of
Bailey has be rich The
local
failed with detected
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

Editor Advertisers have noticed fooshness than
usual in the Bulletins editorial late-if that be
possible. Who owns that delecable Sheet anyway
INQUIRER
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11
1t is to be hoped that the United States send suit
able squadron here greet and receive the visiting Japanese
and fifty pay the obligations of eourtesy-Star

~
This the intelligent
Government has already chosen
tug when the japanese visitors
bodies
North of
which get attend their local celebrations
lulu has sometimes although
the squadron,
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

bulletin from Southern California
having there would liven the weather report
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

Now watch the San
sylvana
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

The death of Archbishop deprives
California of prelae of much learning spirit.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1907-01-11

BALKAN, probably.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
CONTEST NOTICE.

Department of the Interior, United
States Land Office, Clayton, New Mexico,
September ~, Go, 1907.
A sufficient contest affidavit having been
filed in this office by Lawrence L. Walker
Contestant, against Homestead Entry No.
52Go, made January ,, 1904 for nw4 sec.
50 Twp ron range 3oe by Dorah Is. Bar
ringtUn COntestee, in which 1t is alleged
that said Dorah g.. harrington has wholly
abandoned said tract. that she has changed
her residence thereirom tor more than six
months since making SAID entry, that said
tract IS not settled upon and cultivated BY
said party as required by law. there being
no dwelling or improvements made on said
land nor fenced, and that said alleged alb
sence from the said land was not due TO
her employment in the Army. Navy or
Marine Corps OF the United States, as a
private soldier, officer, seaman or marine
during the war with Spain, or during apy
other war in which the Uulted States NAV
be engaged.
Said parties are hereby notified to an
pear. respond and offer evidence touching
said allegation at Io.oo a. m, ON Nov.m.
bef o, 1907 before Theo. W. Heman. Uni
- '' N'''l'olCll@I' dl Ills Office IN
lucumcarl, New Mexico. land that final
nearing VIII be held a. 1000 O'Clock a. m,
on November -, 1907, before the register
ana RECEIVER at the United States Land
Office IN Clayton. New Mexico.
Inc sad Contestant having in a proper
a~iilGaylt' hled September 20. 1907, set
FORM facts winch show that after due dill
SenCe personal service Of this notice can
not be made, 1t IS hereby ordered and d.
Fected mat such notice be given by due
and proper publication.
Edward ". Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
CONTEST NOTICE.

Drnartment Of the Interior, United
states Land Office, Clayton, New Mexico
September rs, 1907
.pe,cient contest affidavit having been
hled IN lh,s office by Marvin Gibson, Con-
,ast,nt against Homestead Entry No. eoOI
made April "a. 1906 for nw4 sec. II wp.
-, range 32e, by George L. Chapman,
Contestee. in which it is alleged that said
George Chapman never lived on place,
wholly abandoned said tract, hat he
changed his residence theretrom tor
more han six months since making SAID
entry; that said tract is not settled upon
and cultivated by said party as required
by law. no improvements OF any KIND made
on the premises. that said alleged absence
from the said land was not due TO his en-
ployment in the Army, Navy or Marine
Corps Of the United States as a private
soldier. officer, seaman or marine, during
the war with Spain, or during any other
war in which the United States may he en-
gagged
Said parties are hereby notified to APP
pear, respond and offer evidence touching
said allegation at 10 90 a. m, on October
20. 1907, before Theo. w. Heman. United
States Commissioners at his office IN Tu-
cumcari New Mexico land that final hear
ing will be held at 1000 a. m, on Novem-
Der o, 1907 before) the Register and Re-
ceiver at the United States Land Office in
Clayton, New Mexico.
The said Contestant having, in a proper
affidavit, filed September IS, 1907, set
forth facts which show that after due dill
gence personal service of this notice can
not be made, IL is hereby ordered and di-
rected that such notice be gwen by due and
proper publication,
Edward w. Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Homestead Entry No. 1872.
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION

Department Of the Interior, Land
Office at Clayton, n. NJ. Sept. 3, 1907
Notice is hereby given that Francis
co Aragon Of MOntoya, n NJ has filed
notice OF his intention u make final
proof in support OF his claim,
viz: Homestead Entry No. IL. 1872
made July %, 1907 for the lots 3 and
4 and e2 sw4 Sec, % Twp lin range 70
f. NJ, and that said proof will be
made before W Hawkins, u s Com
missioner at Montoya, n VI on Nov.
10, 1907.
He name the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon,
and cultivation Of said land viz:
Miguel BenabideS, TeodOro Garcia
jose Il. Lopes and Alexandra Lucero,
all OF MOntoya, n. M.
Edward w, Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Homestead Entry No. Se7s.
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.

Department OF the Interior, Land Office
at Clayton, y. NJ. Sept 10, 1907.
Notice is hereby given that Ben w Clack
OF Endee y NJ has filed notice Of his in
tention to make hnal Commutation proof
in support of his claim viz Homestead En-
try No. sq7s made July 3 1906 for the ez
ne4 and e. sea Sec IS Twp IN range 36e
and hat said proof will be made before
Eugene + Hedgecoke United States Com
missioner at his Office in Endee y NJ on
October 80 1907.
He names the following witnesses TO
prove his continuous residence upon, and
cultivation of, the land, viz:
L G Rice OF Endee, \ NJ
t { durham
Edward W. Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Contest NOTICE
Department Of the Interior, United States
Land Once, Clayton y. NJ,
September 10. 1907.

September 70, 1907.
A sufficient contest affidavit having
been hled in this office by Samuel fuI-
bright, contestant. against homestead en-
try 80. oIso, made July 10, 1900, /, Tor
e.. " Sec so Twp Sn, Range 3ie' 10y
Robert r. Morris, contestee, in when II
is alleged under date of March %, 1907
that said Robert T.. Morris has wholly
abandoned said tract; that he has changed
his residence therefrom for more than SIX
months since making said entry, that sald
tract is not settled upon and cultivated by
said party as required by law; no improve
ments on same placed 10y said defendant,
and | heard that he sold a REIMBURSEMENT
for said land, and that said alleged alb
sence from the said land was not due TO
his employment in the Army, Navy, or
Marine Corps Of the United States, as a
private soldier, officer, seaman or marine,
during the war with Spain or any other
war in which the United States may be
engaged. said parties are hereby notified
TO appear, respond, and offer evidence
touching said allegation at 10 o'clock a. m.
on October IS, 1907, before Iheo. W.
Heman, United States Commissioner, at
his office in GucumCari, New Mexico,
and that final hearing will be held at 10
o'clock a. m. on November :, 1907, be-
fore)- the Register and Receiver at the
United States Land Office in Clayton,
New Mexico.
The said contestant having, in a proper
affidavit. filed September u, 1907 set
forth facts which show that after due dill
gence persona! service OF this notice can
moi he made 2 ,s hereby ordered and di-
rected that such notice be given by due
and proper publication.
Edward w. Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Homestead Entry No. 1871.
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION

Department of the Interior, Land Office
at Clayton, y. NJ, Sept. 10. 1907.
Notice is hereby given thot Roland w
Hall of San Jon y VI has filed notice of his
intention to make final Communication proof
in support OF his claim VIZ Homestead En-
try No. 1871 made April 7 1906 for the lots
3 and 4 aud 81 nw4 Sec 5 Twp on range
35e and that said proof will be made be-
fore Eugene r Hedgecoke United States
Commissioners at his office in Endee y n
on October 90 1907.
He names the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon. and
cultivation of, the land, viz:
w Austin, NJ X Harbor, W Pitman
and K Austin, all of San Jon \ NJ
Edward w. Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Homestead Entry No. 3osS.
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION

NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
department OF the Interior, Land Ohice
at Clayton, y NJ Aug q 1907.
Notice is hereby gwen that Howard l..
Kohn OF Mcutoya y NJ has filed notice of
his intention to make tIual tive year proof
in support OF his claim viz Homestead En-
try No 1858, made Aug IS 9 for the VIZ
ne4 SEQ mel aud nw4 sea Sec Q Twp ION
range 17e anu that said proof will be made
before W { Hawkins l. 5 Commissioned
at Montoya \ NJ on November II, 1907.
lie names .he following witnesses 10
prove his continuous residence upon, and
cultivation OF the laud, viz
Jesus Segura, George " Kohn, L.iberio
oegura ana Seterino Chayes, all of Mon
toya, y. NJ.
Edward W. Fox, Register.
The Tucumcari news and Tucumcari times. [volume] (Tucumcari, N.M.) 1907-1921, 1907-10-19
Ear Corn and Kaffir.

Plase your orders early Tor fine
Panhandle Corn and KaAir Corn,
either threshed or in head.
RowE MERCANTILE Co..,
d" Rowe, Texas.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
CHANGES SMALL
MOSTLY GAINS
Purchases Had Small Effect on
The Market, Bids Being
Raised.
UNION PACIFIC WAS ACTIVE.
II Made Rise of Three and Il Half
Bank Statement Very Favorable
Glove Strong and Active.

New York, July i3.--Sharp fractional
gains in Union Pacific. Northern Pacific,
Reading and American smelling were the
only features Of the opening dealings In
stocks. which were very dull. Fluctuations
were very narrow, but the Eaina predom-
mated. American Ice sold at an advance
of over yesterdays last prices.
Attempts to purchase stocks disclosed
very little erect on the market and the
bids were lifted gradually until uansac-
tons were made III number Of cases at
Il point or more higher than at yester-
days closing Busincvs was extremely
small and the movement came to a COM
piete halt before IL o'clock American To-
pacco preferred was marked UP ~, Union
paclnc IN. Atchison preferred IA and
Northern Pacific, Great Northern pre-
ferred, Reading, Amaiyamated Copper.
Anaconda. Smelung ana steel tonnuTles
preferred !.
The market closed strong and active.
Prices rose further upon the appearance
OF the unexpectedly favorable bank state
ment with the Hartman and Hill stocks
prominent Union Pacific rose 81, Norttt-
crn preferred 1. The subscription war
rants, st. Paul, Reading, Southern Pa
cific, New York Central ard Missouri Pa
cific, Amalgamated Copper, Anaconda,
Smelling and Distillers' securities lh 10
IN. and Atchlson, Canadian Pacific, Penn
syIvarla, Louisville & Nashville Ninneap-
oils and St Louis, U. =. Steel American
Car and Cotton Oil OF more.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
RECEIVER FOR KING CON.
Park City Company Gets Into Serious
Finar/6al Entanglcments.

A receiver was appointed by Judge
Lewis today In the district court of
the propNiy of the Silver King Con-
solidated Mining company OF Park City
The appointment was made upon re-
quest of Scion Spiro, who Is plaintiff
in the action and who owns 100000
shares of the capital stock of the COM
pany. W. II. Shearman of this city
was appointed as redeiver and his
bond was fixed by the court at $4,000.
In his complaint Mr.. Spiro alleges
that the capital stock of the company
is 50, 500, 0O0 divided into shares OF the
par value of IS each and that he owns
100000 shares. He claims that the COM
Panv is indebted IN the total sum OF
$4,000, of which amount $4,000 are due
him for money advanced and for sal
airy. The value of the mining claims
OF the company is problematical. but
1t has machinery and buildings valued
at $4,000, and also has s14.50O worth OF
bonds left out of an issue OF 500 900
which can probably be sold to advan-
tage.
II is absolutely necessary, he alleges
TO have some one takv charge OF the
property so that 1t may be operated and
cared for and enable the Stockholders
TO get some of their money back. Judg-
ment is asked for the amount due
plaintiff. Upon the showing made
Judge Lewis appointed a receiver for
the property as stated above.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
OTHER DISTRICTS.
BOSTON MARKET.

James A. Pollock G. Co., bankers and
brokers, 6 west Second South street.
furnish the following. received over
their private wire this afternoons:
Bingham Con, closed Is bid.
Boston Con. 81; q; q; q; sales, 200.
b. & London, closed 1isml%.
Butte Coal'n.. 25h; 25st; 2bIk; 25%;
sales, 435.
Con. Mercur, closed 40 asked
Copper Range. 81; s1h; 81; slA; sales,
27O.
Cumberland Ely, 9M; sN; oh; sh;
sales, 200.
DAILY West, &c; 49, 49, 49, sales. 60.
East Butte, 1915; los; io's: 1OH;
sales, 100.
CRANKY, closed 1.25@1.sO.
Greene-c ananea, 16ls; 16h; 1873; 16as
sales. SIS.
Nevada Con. closed 14Ql4S.
Nevada Utah, ~; 5%; sA; $50; sales
1896
North Butte. ssa SAN san, sa%;
sales 4s5.
United Copper, s4%; CAS- sass esss;
sales 1000.
u, $. $. com, 4sss; 4sNs; asa 4sM;
sales 90.
u. $. S. pfd., closed 42laQ4s,
Utah Con. 5lh,; 51l2; SIZE: 51h sales
l54.
Calumet & Arizona 1877; 40; 1867; 10;
sales 76,
Balaklala. sis 9%; 91a: OK sales ESQ.
Davis DAILY, l2h 12h 12h l2h sales
Giroux s,S: SIX: 81; 81; sales so.
Nlpssins, II ilb; lOss; lo& sales
Trinity, closed 2iA6D24s4.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
THE sioux CON.
Presiden, 4. r.. Cutler Optimistic Over
Future of Mine,

Thomas II. Cutler, president Of the
Sioux Consolidated Mining company
returned last evening from a trip to
the Tintlc district where he went 10
make an inspection. not only Of the
Sioux Con. but the Colorado. Beck
Tunnel and other mines In the east
end or the district which is attracting
such widespread attention at the
present time.
President Cutler Is very optimistic
over the future of the Sioux Con,
mine and declared that there Is not
the slightest doubt In his mind that
the Colorado vein Will be cut in the
Phoebe S. claim upon which a shaft
Is now being sunk. Al depth OF IS
feet In the shaft favorable conditions
are showing ana II. is Just possible
that the ore VIII be encountered much
sooner than II has been anticipated
and II has been figured by engineers
and others who have examined the
ground that the vein would likely be
cut somewhere around ESQ feet depth.
ut viii probably take us 25 days
YETI said Mr.. Cutler. ITO install our
new hosting plant and get IL ready
for commission. The work of putting
up the gallows frame was started
yesterday. The company owns some
springs about three miles away and a
pipe line is now being laid to bring
TINS haAhA VNtA " hiAii' u VIII w III
use. But this work is being pushed
ahead rapidly.
yes. / visited the Colorado mine
and | believe II Is the biggest strike
ever made In Tintic, No one knows
yet how big the mine really Is and IL
may take long time 10 find II out.
People have not understood the east
end of the flntlc district heretofore
and they are just beginning 10 find
out that II Is just as rich In ore as
any other part NJ the camp. Uncle
Jesse Knight has had unbOunded faith
IN this end of the district for years.
and the developments made IN tho
several producing properties In which
he rs interested is rapidly demonstrate
ms that he mas been correct 10 his
reading % the formations'
While IN camp Mr. Cutler attended
meeting OF shareholders of the
Utah Consolidated Mining and Milling
company, which owns so acres Of pat,
ented ground situated adjoining the
Sioux Consolidated which resulted In
the election OF the following officers
and directors; Thomas r. Cutler
president Reed smoot. vice president:
who. with Heber s. Cutler, John g,
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
WEEK OF EXCHANGE,
Tintic Issues Closed In Fine Form
Today's Quotations and Sales.

The week closed with the mining
stock market In fine form, with nearly
all of the Tintic stocks at a higher
level than they were week ago. When
Black Jack moved up a few points
the other day. II occurred to someone
that Star Consolidated. the sharehold-
ers OF which are to become owners
OF half interest i'll the former, WAS
selling too low and the buying OF
the stock began. with the result that
the price has been driven from 40
cents yesterday morning up to 60
cents today with everything to indi-
cate higher prices on Monday. Sioux
Consolidated sagged a little today. but
rallied slightly at the close. There
was some strong bidding for Mountain
Lake, which again touched the dollar
mark, while Seven Troughs was In
strong demand around So cents.
Among the unlisteds, Ohio Copper
made up largely for the losses Of
few days ago and towards the end
OF the call, there WIS strong bidding
for the stock at Sc. One lot OF
400 shares sold at $3.50 and several
hundred more at IS. Standard Cop
per sold al SO cents; Signal Peak at
20 cents; East Crown Point at GA
cents and Copper Glance at l61s and
~ cents.
The closing quotations and sales
We're:
A. NJ. LISTED STOCKS.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
LIVESTOCK.
CHICAGO.

Chicago. July -Cattlc--Receipts, 500
market steady. Beeves, 4.ISq1 80; cows
/. 5000: heiiers. 2.oeqS. Isl; calves, eNH
500: good 10 prime steers, S. SG7 30; poor
to medium, i.f5Q15.75; stoekers ana feed
ers. 2.9Va5.S.
Hogs-Receipts. 1000; market .edlf
cents lower. Light, 5.sGdio .l5; mixed, 5:ivi
$40: heavy, 5.2,45 80. rough, s,3Nqe.e2
pigs. &. 400. 20; good to choice heavy, 6.sa1
SIS; bulk. 3. T616.0O.
sheep-Receipts, 1000; market steady
Natives, 3.l5a5.so; western s.!SI I.S ~ !"
ysarlings, s.0oq6.6o; lambs, b,vo@T.ip
western, 5.51df.sS
KANSAS CITY.
Kansas city, July 13.~-Cattle--Receipts
/, 800: market steady. Native steers, 4.'6fl
GbS: native COWS and helfers. 2,tGe. 70
stockers and feeders. 3,ooQpt go; bulls, 2.I'
"a. IS; calves, 4.0095.1 10; western fed steers
L. 50a6.0o; western fed cows, 2.1tQ4.W,
Hogs-Receipts. 1000 market cents
lower. Bulk, 5.75Q5. 30; heavy, 8, 70Wo. %
packers. 5.s5aS. 20; pigs and light 5'sSa
5.aS.
Sheep-Receipts, 500 market nominalls
steady. Muttons. .. 3Gid 90: lambs, T.p1
7.5; range wethers 4.75d5.oc; fed ewes
4. 2595. 80.
Omaha, July -Cattle--Receipts, Lap
market unchanged.
Hogs--Receipts. $500: market shade low
err. Heavy. 5.55d5.75. mixed. 5.l0NS.7S
Hight. 5.I5as ,s7,s; pigs. p,26aa.7o; bulk Of
sales, 6.70Q5.71hs.
sheep--Receipts, 100: market steady
Yearlings. 5.5ou6. 10: wethers; S.oae'oi
ewes. 4,50q5 49, lambs, 6.Od7.ZS.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1907-07-13
SUCCESS COMPANY SUED.
Stakeholder Seeks Courts To Recover
Shares Which Have Become Valuable.

Because the Success Mining company
has refused to transfer to her 10000
shares of stock in said company which
she bought at execution sale, NJ.
Rudell has filed an action in the dis
trict court against the company TO
compel 1t TO transfer the stock to her
upon the order issued out of Justice of
the Peace Dana 7. Smiths court when
the sale of the stock was made by the
constable, Thomas Fowler. The stock
was the property OF p. d. White against
whom plaintiff secured a Judgment in
the Justice court.
That the stock is worth fighting for
is very evident from the fact that the
Success company has been absorbed by
the Colorado Mining company and PCS
shares of stock OF the latter has been
issued for every 1.000 shares of the
former company and that Colorado
stock Is now worth about IS per share.
Plaintiff alleges that she presented the
stock for transfer go that she might re-
ceive 1850 shares of stock In the Colo
RADIO company pursuant to the agree
rnent IF consolidation but that the de-
PENDANT company refused to make the
transfer She asks that " be compelled
to transfer the stock and issue the
Colorado stock In its stead and also
that she recover $500 which has been
paid In dividends on said stock since
the consolidation.