Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1907-04-13
BY DR.. LELAND E. COFER.
Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. s. Pub
lie Health and Marine Hospital
Service-Chief Quarantine
Officer Hawaiian
Islands
PART TW0--ln which DR.. Golfer
Deals with Diseases that Tend
to Follow in Wake of Commerce)
CONTINUED from Last Saturday,

iOOHtlHueu ITOm LdSt NdtuTuHyD
The modern large steam vessels
ore rapidly replacing those of the
old type on the trans-Pacifc routes,
and there is no doubt that as disease
carriers they are far safer than the
old type of vessels. The large steam
,rs are so expensive to maintain
that their runs are quicker and their
time in port much shortened. all of
which has "a bearing on the chances
Of their becoming infected with the
intermediate hosts of certain quar-
antinable diseases. These vessels
are equipped with all the modern APP
lliances for ventilating and for the
automatic flushing of latrincs. Be-
low the water-line the hull Is divid-
ed into compartments by water-tight
bulkheads which probably limit the
migration of vermin. Even the lofti-
ness of the hull affords some protec-
ton TO the ingress Of vermin.
The old-type steam iron vessels
present rather the reverse of the con-
ditions enumerated above. and for
this reason are classified separately
In determining fheir probable status
from Il quarantine point of view.
Naval vessels and military trans
ports, while they do ut times become
infected with. and are therefore ca
pablo of carrying, quarantinable dis
case, are comparatively safe. for the
Ieagon that commercialism enters
nOwise into their conduct. and every
officer on board Is officially and NOR
ally the guardian of the sanitary In
tegrity Of such vessel.
Steel sailing vessels and tramp
steamers usually make long voyages,
visit many countries, have the carry
ing OF freight as their sole aim, and
in short present the greatest hazard
to the quarantine officer of any of
the varieties of ocean-carriers.
Wooden vessels are placed I'm u
class to themselves simply because
once infected they present, on NJ
count of their construction, a great
many obstacles to proper disinfec-
ton. The route between Oriental
and North American ports Is travers-
cd principally. by the large modern
steamers, and steel sailing vessels.
Between the Philippine Islands
and North American ports military
transports predominant.
The South American ports do the
greater part of their exporting II,
steel sailing vessels.
between the lsthmian and North
American ports the old-type steam
vessel predominates.
The route between Australasian
and North American ports Is travers.
ed Iartly by modern and partly by
oid-type steamers. of a class distinct.
ly inferior to those plying between
China and the United States. The
wooden sailing vessel is also com
monty used over the Australasian'
North American run. There are
however, exceptions to all OF these
general rules. The steamers plying
between China and the United States
hHuulls 'tlly VI
crews, but on all of the other routes
the crews are either white or mixed
The passenger routes are those be
tween the Australasian, Philippine
Islands, and Oriental ports on the
one hand and the North American
ports on the other. The bulk %
freight goes to the Orient, the bull
of ballast comes from the Orient
The steerage passengers on the ORR
cntal-Occidental route are for the
most part Chinese and Japanese coo
lies, on the other routes they are
keither white Of mixed The freigh
carried consists of general merchan
disc on all vessels bound South ant
West. Vessels bound East from thu
Orient carry principally silk AM
Oriental fOOdstuffs. Steamers from
the South are usually light with gen
eral cargo while sailing vessels from
the South usually carry coal.