davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

BoARDMAN-On Monday. February IS 1901 Augusta
Oriental No La,sJ cts Pace Wednesday.
in SGted'' y AT ~ a H. '''''''7 ana ''''o' az
BoLwELI-o.n Tueseay February ~ At As- resIdencs
widow Of Charles oixs IL the sea yeaS Of her ass
Funeral services o. FRIDAY February 20 - $50 ? m
New York. Railroad
ECssEI4-I.E-Diea; at Upper Montclalr y. J; Tues
months. Funeral private.
4a ETY. 5n ussa S2 % S'ii I'm Martha SS
widow Andrew Charles Notice q funeral hereafter.
CooK-on February Il. Matthias Mum Cook in the s2d
Hanover. \. J. on Wednesday. February 60 at ESQ
Railroad aSad;soa-
fsqs ; 99fS FsneTai services win b held held fro5,
Cleveland papers please copy
rvEs-sgd4snly. February 10 Ta,i y. NJ shsr
funeral hereafter
5s5 F Kara s l2 or $500 P At s9
lynch and daugh'9r Of ne late John :, A3nsoulsry-
Station ct 1920
MoERIsAt East oran-. y. J on Tssrrarv Is. 1901.
RS t1nsrsl from her lats residence 70 - aarTsol
at 3.I5 p m
oLDEN-ou Friday. Febr1arg -. 1907. a. TTyoa. \ G.
OIien. o., Pri1cetoa y j. Intermea in PRINCETON CEN
ete-y at the convenience % the family
PM. . On Tg2s4ay at WsesTuZ com David scot.
his Iate residence
SINGLETON February Is 1907 a. her residence. No
Louis r. Singleton. Funeral services Stephens
ayes Brooklyn, WedHesdsy February o. $50 p m
gie1oH. on February u. 1897.
IN the S7,s Tea4 ~ M r IA lR s's q S5
90 HICKS St Brooklyu on We5rssia February 81 al
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

Three different exhibitions have Just been opened
at the Knoedler gallery-two Of paintings and one
OF prints Mr. August Franzen shows collection
Of nine new portraits In which he reveals the very
great advance he has made since the time Of that
first exhibition OF his, in which he applied the
methods OF impressiOuism TO the free and almost
violent treatment OF sunlit scenes in his native
Sweden. His has been purified. his method
has been matured, and he has altogether u more
refined conception OF the things that go to the
making OF Il picture. More than one OF his por-
traits Is. properly speaking. picture. In tho
Miss marguerite Baxter and the "Jessamine-
land he hanks back, in a measure. 10 the spirit
OF the eighteenth century Englishmen and gives
his sitters a romantic environment In these and
IN other canvases he adopts scheme OF color that
is at once broad and restrained; the quiet tones
arc loosely yet carefully handled. In his portraits
of men he practises closer, more solid touch and
his work in this direction commands much respect
The Hon. A. r Clearwater IS especially good.
But the characteristic note of this group OF por-
traits is struck in the studies OF women. in the
graceful "Jassamineand." and in the capital pro-
file Of Miss Laura Stedman"
In the same room Mr. T. Irving Couse presents
number OF Indian pictures They vary IN merit.
Two or three Of the types. notably AN Indian
Maiden" and AN Indian Boy" are good as studies
OF character are freely painted, and show excel
lent toual qualities, Too often. however. Mr. Couse
loses his effect through a certain dryness OF tone
and through the immobility OF his figures His
Indians may have been painted out OF doors, but
they give the impression OF figures posed in the
studio and set adventitlously against backgrounds
previously worked up. The result is absence of
picturesqueness where that virtue is peculiarly In
dspensable
The third Of the Knoeder shows is given up to
superb OF the plates forming Turner's ''Liber
studiorum" These engravings form precious
souvenir OF the English master. Their source In
hts resolution TO rival Claude is we'll known TO
students OF his career but one who goes thor
oughly into the subject can make the mistake OF
dwelling overong the comparison between the
two artists that the "Liber Veritntas' and the
.IJber Studiorum'' invite. The differences between
the two men cut 10 the bone. Claude was clas-
sicist with an unfailing instinct for nature.
Turner n naturalist with an intermittent in
stinct for the classic ideal Some Of the English
mans plates wildly illustrate his aptitude for the
grand manner. but most OF them exhibit him in the
role Of a modern lover Of landscape, pastoral
heroic. the may be, but always saturated
in q more artess sentiment than that which domi-
mates in the art Of the French master. The set
at the KnoedlsT gallery Is made Up almost ak
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
IoHN CARTER BROWN.

Providence FeS. I9-Johu Carter Brown. prom
Ineut banker and grandson OF Nicholas Brown.
the founder OF Brown University, died OF pneumo-
mia to-day. lie was born ia New York In ls4'-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
nr1,re opnrRs OF MERIr.

with regard % tire English order Of Merit. There
q number 81 other nations tat have
Kntghthoods similarly na-aoe. even IN tne New
World Venezuela having had order Of Merit
for rig last sixty years. and the Republic Of
Brazl for the asst twelve sears. while the Negro
Republic ri Liberia or tic West Coas' q Africa,
lkswlse cepfeTs IN Order - Merit upon those " 10
have acquired lts good VIII.
But noae Of these orders can compare in prestige
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
WlLLIAM J. puFFEY.

Norfolk. Va. Feb. I9.-Wnliam J. Dufey. aged
slxtv-nve. a veteran theatrical manager OF New
York died to-day at 81. Einceut's Hospital from
double pneumonia. At the time OF his death he
ems with IJeber & Co He arrived here on Sunday
morning with h!s company. THE Squaw Man and
was sent 20 the hospital yesterday The body
VIII rrohahv be sent % New York
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
PROMINENT ARRIVALS AT THE HOTELS

BREsL.IN-Henry Broughton, Troy; FIFTH
AVF,NTTF-J Ross Robertson Toronto HOLLAND
IS " Fordyce, 81 Louis IMPERIAL-GoionIe
Montreal VICTORIA-C- c. kimball, Boston;
NAIDORF-ASTORLA-Jam Werner Scaits ana
a ! Barr, Pittsburg.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
QUEEN BUYS HOUSE OF cARDuccI

Rome, Feb. ls.-Queen Margherita has purchased
the house and library of Giosue Carducci, the
Italian poet. who died in Bologna February Is,
and has presented them TO the city of Bologna
the conditions that the rooms inhabited for twenty
years by the poet shall remain unchanged and that
the house shall be open to the public.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
EDWARD WELLS.

Burlington. VT Feb. IA private telegram re-
ceyed to-day from Miami Fla. announced the
death there OF Edward Wells, prominent mer-
chant and banker Of this city
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
THE WEATHER REPORT.

UniciaI Record ana Observation-Disclosures Feb. u
The weather IS cloudy unsettled tonight in Atlantic
Coast states with light local rains from the East Gulf
states 10 New England. Elsewhere fair weather continues
,cef locally in the Missouri Valley. where light snow
mas fallen An area high pressure with considerable
~ Ter, eratur.s is advancing southeastwRrd tho
a,o,as and pressure Is low IN Atlantic Coast regions
l-oir and colder weather Is probable "Wednesday in
tEst rain IS Indicated for
t5iarida and along Tho South Atlantic coast Colder
the upper Mississippi alley
80 r. iaile region The weather Thursday VII! ba
Generally fair In districts and unsetsd In tho
stlss{ssiDrl valley and ths plains states
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

for Special Iocallhes-fot now IhBiai1e'
fair to-day preceded by snow IN northern portion colder
Thursday. fa!r: fresh west winds
For Eastern New York Eastern Pennsylvania sew Jer-
y,.I.c-s,e Maryland and the District Of Columbia,
.Ssr and today; Thursday, partly cloudy fresh
ESar Western kew and Western Pennsylvania,
r,6ah snow and colder to-day Thursday paruy
'in1dv- Fresh winds.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

Highest tempsra yesterday. - degrees lowest
a. corresponding date last year Is; average
corresponding date last twenty-five years. ~.
Local TO-DAY. fair and colder Thursday,
partly cloudy, fzesh west windS.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
Tribune suhscrintinn Rate.

THE TRIBUNE will be by mail to any address IN
country abroad and address changed as often a.
desired Subscriptions may be given your regular
before leaving. or II convenient hand Ther
IN at THE TRIBUNE once.
SINGLE COPIES
SUNDAY. 3 cents WEEKLY FARMER. ; cent.
DAILY. 8 cer-sI TEtI -VEEkLY. csrts
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
AMBASSADOR FRANcIs's TRIP.

Vienna, Feb ls-Charles S. Francis. the Amsri-
can Ambassador accompanied by his daughter
Mrs. Warren left here to-day on a trip 70 Athens.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
''Burnstt's Vanilla Is Pure Food
Died.

Death notices appearing in THE TRIBUNE viii b
republished in The TriWeekIy Tribune withOus ext-@
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

HOPES YET OF AN HEIR TO THE THRONE.
II Is, however by no means certain that the con
tnge1cy Of the Grand Duke OF SAKE Veiuar being
called upon TO decide whether or not he accepts
The Dutch crown will ever arise. For Queen WI
helnine is barely twenty-seven years old is much
stronger than she has been for n considerable
time past and IS by no means precIuded from the
expectations OF motherhood. These would have been
realized last fall had Il not been for imprudences-
;npruoences which have been the cause Of previous
otsappointments OF The same nature. In fact the
most eminent gynecologists Of Europe have re
gently declared that there IS no reason whatever
Why the young Queen should not have a whole
family Of children II she would only take proper
care Of herself and avoid imprudences. She is de-
voted 10 her husband, and the stories the effect
that there Is any misunderstanding between them
are efsctually dispelled by the fact that they
always together, sharing each others interests,
occupations and pasurnes, and by the look OF
genuine and happy affection and complete sym
PATTY apparent the Queens face whenever she
is seen talking and laughing with him at court
functions IL public.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
Rates 20 Foreign Countrle..


in Europe and all countries in tire [ nivsrsAI
j. THE TRIBUNE Will be mailed at the fol-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

Ioc,l oniciai Record.-The following Official record
from the weather Bureau shows the changes in the
nera tl,re for the last twenty hours in
,,a rison vita the corresponding date of last year
P''-''
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
UNDERWRITERS.

FRANK r CAMPBELL co. e4I-s West 2sd 81.
G. a2es Prvae public ambzlances ChalssA-
Rev. stephen Merritt. the wo-Id-v known under
taker. only place Of business. Sth and 18th
St. largest in the world Tel 124 Chelsea
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20
CEMETERIES.
TUE wOODLAwN CEMETERY

Is readily accesshIs by Harlem trains from Grand
central station. Webster and Jerome Avenue t-oeys
and by carriage. Lots st@5 up Telephone ASS Gram
Grey for Book 81 Views preventative.
Once. 20 East Esd St. New York City.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

BoarGman Funeral services her late residences.
Hotel Oriental. No. 4SO Latay Wednesday.
February %, 10 n. Relatives and friends are
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

DAILY
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-20

No. 200 Bellevue a-e. Upper Moutclar, n J. Fanny.
widow OF Charles RoiweIl IL the SGD OF her
Funeral services FRIDAY February % 40 ?.
after arrival Of u O'Clock train from Chambers
New York VIA
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
CLEVELAND.MATHEWS
 HARDWARE COMPANY

An entire page of this issue of the Graphic is used by the progressive and up to date new hardware firm, the Observation-Disclosures Hardware Compa- ny, in giving the public few spe- cial prices on useful articles in their line. During the balance of this month it will pay any one who is con- templating buying a cook stove, a steel range, refrigerator, ice cream freezers, water coolers, water filters, lawn mowers, garden hose, granite ware of all kinds, tinware, should drop in their new store, corner of Fourth avenue and Main street, and see these bargains. They have something nev in the way of garden hose to offer at a special price. This hose is made of the best Ably rubber covered with } woven coating of galvanized steel
 which prevents the hose from beine broken as ordinary hose will, and al
 so braces it so it can stand any pres
 sure of water Or steam. The cook stovl
 they are offering is beauty, heavily nickeled and up to date in every par
 ticular. The weight of this stove i;
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
NOTICE YO SUBSCRIBERS.

Persons who desire the Daily Gra- phic delivered at their homes must ex- pect to pay their subscriptions prompt Iy when our collector calls We should not be required to send collector more than once for the collection of a small subscription account. Our cOl- Iectors have q very great many people to call on every month, and should be paid romptly when they call. Here- after subscribers who remain delfn- quent for two successive months will have their papers stopped at the end of the second month until all arrear- ages are paid. The price of subscrip- tiOn does not more than cover the cost of paper, delivery and collecting, and at the present time the Graphic is furnishign a cOlOred comic cover every Sunday which considerably 1n- creases the cost and we must there- fore insist upon prompt settlement Those who are delinquent in their suh- scriptiOn accounts should bear these fcats in mind and settle all past fn- debtedness at once if they want to continue to receive the paper. The Graphic pays it's employees every week and we must insist upon the prompt payment of all accounts due this of- flee. .s
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Methodist Sunday School.

Methodist Sunday SCHOOL. Sunday School 9:30 a. III. sharp, Following is the order of servi:": Piano Voluntary.
 Silent Prayer and Invocation. Song "Scatter Sunshine. Sixty-ffth Psalm read resDcnsive- ly.
 Prayer.
 Response by Teachers and Off, ficers.
 Roll Call.
 Song, "The Sunday School Army" Scripture Lesson.
 Record of Classes.
 Thirty Minutes recitation of ies- son.
 Piano Interlude.
 Song, Sweet Galiles." Secretary's report and announce ments.
 Violin Solo.
 Closing Response.
 Benediction.
 Everybody most cordially invited to all services. Cool house and an abundance of ice cold lemonade free to all. Come and enjoy yourselves
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

300 pounds. As to the Reliance range they advertise many hundred are in use in Pine Bluff and each one is guaranteed. The Cleveland Matthews Hardware Company have been in busi- ness only a little over two years, but they are fast coming to the front as the men connected with the company know their business, and you can al ways depend on getting your goods promptly.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
SIMPSON AND WEBB FURNITURE
 COMPANY.

The Simpson and Webb Furni ture company in their ad today tells interesting news ttt, fff}if H | II3et4se- keep CTS. The Simpson and Webb Furni- lure company always live up to what they adverties. Mir. Simpson returned from the Eastern market where he made purchases for his firm. His purchases this season have Mir. Simpsons years of experience enables him to make selections that suit the trade and he promises the people of Pine Bluff that an up-to- date stock will be for their inspect ion.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Lakeside Methodist Church.

The pastor, Reverend w. c. Wat son, of the Lakeside Methodist church, will preach Sunday morning at II o'clock on "A Spirit Filled Church" and at D. m. on the ssRe- quirement of Love-" Sunday School at 9:30 a. m. and Senior League at p.m.. Junion League at 4:15 D. m. Good music and everybody invit ed
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
THE WOLF NICHOLS
 DRY GOODS co.

On July 22 the Wolf Nichols Dry Goods Co. will begin 8 clean sweep sale. A $30,000 stock of goods to se- lect from at prices never before heard of in Pine Bluff. All new, stylish and fashionable goods to select from. h all departments goods will be sold fer less than cost. It will be to your in- terest to attend. This clean sweep sale begins Monday morning and last 20 days.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

spent by her guests, and those pres
 eht were Misses Rosa Sonnenschein
 l5funette Sllbernagle, Mineette Veil
 CT, Hennie Weller, Florence Mala- caoWsky, Beulah Walker Hattie Simon and Beulah Kahn of Memphis, Eva and Helen Sokolosky and Mary Hallibur- ton Of Little Rock Dannie Silberna- gle, Alvin Strauss, Sol klarburg, Char les MalachoWsky, Albert Rutstein, Ar thur Johnson and Able Thalheimer.
 Mrs. B. Gottlieb entertained Rabbi and Mrs. J. s. Kornfeld at her home on West Barraque street Friday night with a six o'clock dinner. Docto: kornfeld was formerly rabbi of tn. Jewish synagogue in this city, but is now a resident of Columbus, Ohio.
 Miss lola Philpot delightfully."- enter. tained the young ladies of this city who attended Elizabeth College of Charlotte, North Carolina, during tn ! past year, and the members of the Sigma Nu fraternity, at her home on West Fifth avenue Saturday evening in honor of her brother, Eugene, who at that time celebrated his eighteenth birthday. Eugene Philpot is we'll known member of the Sigma Nu fra ternity, while Miss Philpot is grad uate of Elizabeth college. The guests were shown into the dining room at z o'clock, where an elegant five course funehton Was served. Th Q young ladies remained in their seats throughout the luncheon, while the young men progressed from one table to another, moving after each course was served
 After the luncheon, a large loving cup was passed around, and everyon drank a toast to the honoree of the occasion, Eugene. At each plate there was large Sigma Nu paper badge, ar tistically drawn and painted on paper Each girl was also presented with a large bow of black, white and gold ribbon, the fraternity colors. The brick cream was also ill the three colors oi the fraternity, and the color desig!, was carried out ill the decorations.
 After the luncheon the unique ant interesting amusement of progressiv' conversation was enjoyed. In this the young gentlemen again progressed But Miss Philpot reminded her guests tha this was a progressive age, anl
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
THE HAVERTY
 FURNITURE COMPANY

This firm will on August close up their business and opportunity is now offered the citizens of Tine Bluff to secure bargains in thei- line never before offered The stCc.: ls offered to the customers for Cash or good GO day notes.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
At Christian ChruCh.

Doctor c. c. Cline, pastor of the Christian Church, will preach on Present Christian Socialism," or the Rights and Wrongs of Labor Unions'' Sunday night, and at the morning hour of the service he has selected as his subject Why So Few Men Attend Church" He has announced that gentlemen who wish to, may remove their coats during these services.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Carr Memorial Church

Services at First Ward school building at II a. n. and s D. m Services will be conducted by Rev. McClintock. Sunday School at 9:45 a. m. Our Woman's Home Mission Society will give musical enter
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

that she thought it very appropriata 2 for everything to be progressive on the first day of her brothers eigh- teenth year
 The topics which were discussed were fraternites, weather, college life, matrimOny, Forest Park and the moon.
 At late hour the guests voted Miss Philpot a charming hostess and wish ed Eugene many happy returns of the day.
 Those who enjoyed Miss Philpot's 5 hospitality were Misses Annie Owen, Mary Kate Riley, Sallie Jarvis (Bank- head, Juanita Hinemon (Arkadel- phia), Rosalie Philpot, Julia Houston Mary Halliburton (Little Rock), Lola Mann, Victoria Goree, Marguerite, Hen niger Uittle Rock), lola Phil )t; Messrs. Sorrells Dewoody, James Go rec, Bruce Green, Roy Gould, John Bloom, Cage Cross, Hicks Stone, P. J Thompson and Eugene Philpot
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

DRY GOODS co.

The Sivess-Walton Dry Goods Com pany's July clearance sale is now on, and all summer goods have foun1 their way to the bargain counter. They offer bargains in shirt waists, skirts. suits, silks. dress goods wash goods and millinery at half price.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Lutheran Church.

The Evangelical Lutheran Trim ity church 1120 East Sixth avenue. English services in the morning at 1O:45. Sunday school at 10 am. All are welcome.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

-Nimmons and Bennett Heading Factory is offering stovewood de livered to any part of the city. Now is the time to buy your winter sup ply. Prompt Delivery. Your order will receive immediate attention. Both Phones.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Fi,... Baptist (>lInr;k l.

The pa tor Ross Moore will preach ;.t both A1u"s Gi service Subject , ,he morning :'sctA'se, "A Brc.en Promise Evr'as snn' ject, "Why Believe in Christ Sunday School at 9:30 a. m. B. Y. P U
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
.~ AT THE CHURCHES >>

tainment ill connection with an Ca cream supper at the residence of Mrs R. B. Malone, No. 1908 East Sixth avenue, Wednesday July 24. All are invited.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
THE WEEK Ild SOCIETY


Sulphur Springs, our nearest sum-
 ner refuge from dust and heat, is in creasing in popularity. Among those who will leave shortly for that place are Mrs. Mollie Van Valkenburg, Mr l and Mrs. Felix G. Smart and little 1 daughter Corinne, for a week; Mrs Edgar Brewster and children, wh, will spend month; and Miss Sande- fur and Mrs. R. s. Cherry and chil dren for two weeks or more.
 Miss Henrietta Taylor entertained during the week house party con- sisting of Misses Olivia Alexander, Fannie Gillespie and Caroline Cald- well at the elegant home of her uncle MT. A. w. Nunn.
 Miss Jo Angell's Sunday school class we're entertained on Saturday afternoon by Master John Toney at his home on Olive street. The party assembled at 3:30 o'clock, and with Mrs. Toney and Miss Willie May Ton ey as hostesses, assisted by Miss Jo Angel, the boys immediately "got ready" for a royal time. Games were played with much enjoyment, a word contest being the main feature of the afternoon. The contest which afford ed much amusement to all resulted in tie between Rob Lee Byrd, Joe Clements and John Toney. A drawing decided in favor of Joe Clements, who became the possessor of the prize, a baseball Delicious refreshments were served on the lawn, and it is hardly necessary to add that the boys enjoy ed this part of the afternoon par ticularly. Those present were Joe Clements, George and Jay Sloan, Rob- ert Lee Byrd, Willis Adams, John Toney and Hartell Toney. The class will be entertained next month by Master Joe Clements.
 Miss Florence Ma 'achowsFy delisht- fully entertained a number of her friends at her home on West Barra- que street Friday night With q dance and a watermelon party the first wat ermelon of the season tha' has been Aeard of The first part of the ger Aan was led by Charles Ma -achow2ky 74nd Miss Brunette Silbernagle, and the second half by Dannie. SiiDtroa- 5 gle and Miss Beulah Kahn of Mem phis. A very enjoyable evening was
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21

Miss Gladyss Eilbott will enter tain a number of CT friends Sunday night in honor of Miss Beulah Kahn of Memphis, Tennessee.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1907-07-21
Christian Science Service.

No. 108 Pine Street.
 Sunday 1 1 d. n. Subject I:I'h. Reading roum same address E1s1- tors.