davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

Throughout the ak months OF immuniza :
ton every horse takes frequent doses OF
tetanus antitoxin 10 protect IL against
nance infection with the germs OF lock-
jaw. In addition, skilled veterinarians are
constantly on hand to see that the animal
does not develop any one Of the hundred
and one equine diseases. So careful are all
of these precautions that the diphtheria
antitoxin sold by reputable druggists ia
invariably perfectly pure.
When the antitoxin treatment was at
first proposed there was the usual chorus
of protest from the advocates Of older
methods and for O while it made it's way
but slowly. But before long its remark
able efficacy became evident and to-day
it is Used In nearly every hospital in Chris
tendon. Returns from the chief American
cities indicate that II has reduced the NOR
tally from the disease fully IS per cent.
This means hat il Is now saving at least
5000 lives every year in the United States.
D~lpththeria Is primarily a malady Of chill
dren. though IL is perfectly possible for
year it is comparatively rare. but from
that time 10 the eighth year IL is very POM
mon. After the age Of Is 1t is encountered
but seldom.
In the great majority Of cases the seat Of
infection is the mucous membrane Of the
throat, but II is also possible for il TO occur
In other places. The diphtheria bacillus
Is rather widely distributed and not infre-
ouently IL may be found in the air passages
OF healthy persons.
The fact that these persons do not de-
velop the disease indicates that they pos
sess some measure OF natural immunity.
The bacillus remains In the throats Of oon-
valescents, as has been stated, for some
time. In one case II was found no less than
twenty-five months after recovery.
One OF the most serious after effects OF
diphtheria Ia paralysis, According 20 sew
eral investigators this N caused not by the
toxins but by certain other minute bodies
called toXons. IL was observed a few years
ago that there we're more cases OF paralysis
among patients treated with antitoxin thar
among those not 10 treated, and the con.
clusion was drawn that the ~antitoJin wa,
to blame.
But Il ia now believed that this is not
true. The explanation lies in the TACT thai
the antitoxin now saves many evere Gases
which under former conditions would have
ended In death before paralysis had a chanct
to develop. A. a matter OF fact, there IN
good reason 20 believe that the antitoNif
combats the toJons an we'll az the toxin,
and that IL often prevents paralysis.
The comparatively high cost OF antitorir
treatment stands Inthe way OF " immediRts
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

The lower row Of blocks rested on a
bed Of rubble mostly d~etrital, but which
on closer examination proved TO be in
part composed of broken pieces OF baked
earthernware vases, an almost convincing
proof OF the existence Of a metropolis on
the same spot over which the wall was
built. This substance was evenly stratifed
over the whole surface between the wall
and the space where the well shaped tombs
were discovered (See plan, C & e..
This being removed the virgin soil vas
reached. Subsequently, on April 20. a well
shaped tomb was discovered to the right
OF the wall Cplan, d.. large enough to con-
tain a dolium OF ordinary dimensions, but
entirely empty.
As the whole space had now practically
been explored the excavations were con-
tinued under the wall itself. This was the
most hazardous undertaking OF the kind
in modern archaeological art.
The wall could not be removed, much
less damaged; it could almost not even be
touched. Strong wooden beams were &C
cordingly introduced under the lower row
OF tufa blocks and we're made TO support
these while the earth underneath was care
fully removed.
More detritus was encountered mere, and
under it was discovered a rectangular tomb
for inhumation (plan, F a g.. The tomb
was covered by a tufa slab which showed
signs Of having been removed from its
original place. presumably by Gallo or
other ~depredators who were In the habit
OF violating sepulohres in order to steal
the valuable objects they were known 20
contain, but this tomb was not empty.
Besides remains Of human bones a scyphus
or drinking cup OF earthenware, with traces
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

throat, but before 1t is at for use he must
rid il OF all other varieties of germs.
To do this requires skill and time, but It
can be done, and the result Ia always a
strain OF healthy and vigorous diphther1a
bacilli.
These bacilli, when grown In some appro-
pirate medium, produce toxin just as 90
piously as II they were growing Z In a human
throat. As a rule, some Rort OF bouillon lie
the medium employed.
After the bacllli have been growing In IL
for four or five days it becomes thoroughly
pirate device, the bacilli are killed apd
strained of, and the result lie a strong sold-
ton of toxin In bouillon. There are no
more baoilli in II, but only their toxins
= II Is his bouillon which rs employed In
immupizing horses. A str9ag, healthy h
TO kill a guinea pig Is injected into Ito blood
This Ia not enough to kill or even seriously
incommode the horse. but all the same
its blood begins forming antitoxin TO hight
the injected toxin. In three days enough
antitoxin has been formed to overcome
Next day more bouillon Is infected and
this time the dose is larger. But the horses
blood Is nov on the alert, as II were, n 30
IL forms enough a%ntitoxin 10 overcome
this larger dose Of toxin, with very little
difficulty.
-Four days later a still larger dose Ia in
jected. After that, for ak months. the pro-
cess Is repeated-always with larger and
larger dqAes. BY the end Of the six months
the horse Is able TO stand a dose Of toxin
which at the start would have killed It In
a few hours,
When the work OF immunigation Ia oom-
pleted, the animals blood Is heavy with
antitoxin, and IL is this blood which In used
10 cure human patients. To obtain IL an
incision is made In the jugular vein and -four
or five quarts are drawn. The blood ID
put aside until the clear serum separates
from the red oorpuscles and other matter
in IL. aud the serum. which contains the
antitoxin. ~ then tested.
A unit OF serum is one which il capable OF
saving a guinea pig from death after u
has received 100 ordinarily fatal doses OF
toxin. The serum lie put up in aseptio
glass syringes containing from 1000 ~
1000 units.
They range In price from $3.50 for the
former TO 81 or more for the latter. lnaE'
much az II IL sometimes necessary 10 give
n patient 5000. or even more units, IL vii
be seen that the cure Of diphtheria 10y the
antitoxin process Ia very expensive.
The a~ntitoTin 10 administered by the
simple method Of injecting II unde t'
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09
CONQUEST OF DlPHTHERIA
SAVING OF LIFE ACCOMPLISHED
By ANTITOXIN

Death Rate Reduced From 30 10 10 Per
Cent--Why the Healing Serum Is
COSuy-ProceSs OF Manufacture q
JeeeOns Believed 70 Have Been Met.
A dozen years ago d~iphtheria was one
If the most terrible mAladies Of childhood
and Of those who developed it fully 80 per
cent. died. To-day the mortality IL rather
lena than 10 per cent. and each year It sinks
q BIT more. For all this saving Of lives hui
nsanity haa TO thank the men who devised
and p%rfectSd diphtheria antitoxin.
To understand the nature Of antitoxin
and the manner Of lie action IL Ia necessary
10 consider hrSt Of all the cause OF diph-
liberia. The organism which produces
the disease In man is q minute bacillus
discovered by Klebs. q German. In 1888.
II 10 an immovable. rod shaped little plant
pot an animal remember, but a plant
about a. long a. the bacillus Of tuberculosis.
but almost twice as thick. Unde. a micro
scope rnaRnifytng 1000 diameters It may be
observed very plainly.
II "a present by the billion in the mem
brane which appears In a ~diphtheritio
throat. AZ q rule the bacilli gather in
clustarA, and sometimes half a dozen OF
them collect In a form which recalls the
outstretohed fingers OF the hand.
Hkp practically al other virulent organ
lsms, the diphthenA bacillus does little di-
rect harm itself but Ia dangerous chiefly on
account Of the poison or toxin II eecretes
At the soat Of infooton-whioh ts almost
n:ways somewhere In the throat-the bAcilll
mako themsslvos at home and reproduce
their Kind In vast multitudes.
The body tries 10 conhne them TO one
tpot by forming a sort Of scar around them
and the white corrNs"lcs Of the blood at
task thcm and ~ swallow them The
result Of this double battle is O mass OF
'"h"s dead bacilli, dead white corpuscles
md bits Of dnad membrane and other tissu"
Ihb debris collects ~ - tou
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

that the pomarium Of the ancient Palatins
oity surrounded the hill down to lie bass,
while Festus INT Solinus afi rm thdt the
Roma Quadrata was only a small portion
Of the crest, that named Cermalus,
When the walls which tradition assigns
TO Romulus were discovered they vers
found not around the hill. but on its very
summit. Evidently later republican build.
ihRsl had completely changed the DON.
Aguration Of the hill. and hence historians
described Rome as it was in their own time
without taking into account its trans
formation and development.
There is ancient evidence OF the eTistencs
OF tombs on the slopes Of the PalRtinN
hence these slopes were uninhabited. There
a. every reason for believing therefore that
/ he old city was limited to only the top o
the hill.
The city was supposed to be r~ectangulN
in shape, hence its appellation OF Roma
Quadrata. Ancient writers are not 10
accord about the shape Of Rome, and the
expression squadrata,' square. may have
referred either to a small square space In
front OF the temple OF Apollo or to an ARA
which from the Selva PalatinS extended 10
the steps Of Cacus; perhaps the expression
referred to the Saxum QuadTatum, or the
square stones composing the walls OF the
city.
The topography OF the Palatine Itself
which Is composed Of three hills, excluded
the possibility Of a square city. The walls
built by Romulus consisted very probably
only Of an agger, l. g., an artificial mound
or rampant. or a large ~embankment Of
earth strengthened by trunks OF tres,
surmounted by palisades, no trace OF which
il naturally left to-day.
Both Cicero and Lvy allude to a volos Of
warning from the gods heard by a certain
| Cedricus before the Gallo invasion. sug.
costing that the walls Of Rome should be
fortified. The Gauls RACED the city TO the
ground and burned it and Servius Tullius
| ~afterward built the walls remains Of which
are seen now.
These walls were built not before the
fourth century B. O., and consequently after
the time during which the locality WA
used as a burial place. The Forum in all
probability was not included in the Original
city on the Palatine. but was used as a burial
place, and the discovery by Prof. Boni Of
Romulus's tomb there corroborates this
theory.
Such are briefly the results obtained from
the discovery Of a few tombs on the Pala'
tine and the finding Of an earthenware
vase. The early topography Of Rome has
practically been altered. traditions that
had survived for centuries and centuries
have been proved false, and Rome, the
greatest city Of the world, did not rise on
virgin soil, but was built on the remains Of
a metropolis. which shows that an earlier
civiliz alton had preceded it.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

fabric over the seat Of infection and con-
stitutes the familiar membrane.
In some cases death may be caused by
the consequent blocking Of the air passages
that is to say, the patient may suffocate-
but in the great majority OF instances the
greatest damage is done by the toxins cast
OF by the bacilli. These toxins dissolve
in the blood stream and are carried to ell
parts Of the body. They cause fever,
nervousness, insomnia, loss OF appetite
and various severe pains. In the END
unless something is done TO overcome them
they paralyze the heart.
Now, Just as soon as these toxins enter
the blood the latter begins TO attack them
In an effort to neutrahze and destroy, them
The agents Of its warfare are minute bodies
called antitoxins. We don't know what
thew are and we don't know how they are
formed, but we do know that whenever
diphtheria toxins appear in q human beings
blood, that blood begins to manufacture
diphtheria a~ntitoxins. ,
In alb out so per cent. OF all cases the oloou
produces enough antitoxin TO overcome all
OF the toxin liberated by the baoilli. This
explains thu fact that before the present
method Of treatment was adopted so per
cent. OF all patients recovered. In the
other so per cent. the toxins overcome the
a%ntitoxins.. In other words. naii Oh al
natural disposition to recover from H.
while the other half have a natural disposi.
ton TO die Of IL.
Il is evident. however. that II We can
help out the latter half by Increasing Their
store OF antitoxin s%rtihcially, we can aid
Thorn very much in their bait lie with the
toxins and go give them a chance TO win.
This artificial reinforcement Of natural anti
toxin Is exactly what is done by the mod
ern serum method. AutitoJin Ia generated
ON a large scale In horses and injected into
the Veins OF human patients 10 help out the
aptitoxin produced by their own blood.
The horse is selected for many reasons,
In the frst place he IL q large animal, and
In consequence Is able 20 produce a large
amount Of ~antitoIin.
liz The second place he is clean and not
prone 10 disease. In the third place he
has a natural antipAthy 10 diphtheria toxin
and makes q much more vigorous q ghi
The process Of ~immunizing a horne Ia
elaborate and costly, and 20 this fact, a,
We shsll zee later on, Ia due the present
high price Of diphthena antitoun. First
OF all, the bactehologtEt In charge Of the
work must procure a good culture OF NTu'
| lent d~iphtheta germs.
This he gets from pone human patients
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

patient's skin or into n OF his blood yes
sels. II treatment 10 begun during the
first stages OF the ~disease-whioh means
before the bacilli have had a chance TO
secrete a great deal OF Yin imProvte We
ment is immediate. All OF the toxin IN the
patients blood stream is neutralDed and
he seems improved at once.
But II the use Of antitoxin is delayed, the
amount OF toxin in the patients blood is
aha it takes an enormou amount
Of antitoxin to overcome 1t. In the early
DAVIS OF the serum treatment doctors were
afraid Of giving large doses OF antito1in.
and 30 a great many patients died. But
recent Investigations have. proved that II
Is we'll nigh impossible 70 give too much.
Therefore, IL 10 now the custom TO re-
peat the dose again and again. until i'm
provement 10 noted. Usually from 1000
10 5000 units suffice, but sometimes II ie
necessary TO give $4,000. $1,000 or even
100, 900 units. ExperieAce has shown that
an excess Of antitoxin does no damage.
Its eject upon a healthy human being, in
fact, IL unnoticeable, and the old fear that
II might cause heart failure was without
Besides It's use in the cure Of diphtheria
antito1in 10 also valuable for preventing
the disease. With this object In view ii is
often injected, in small doses, into persons
who nave been exposed 10 diphtheria CON-
tagion, In such cases II overoomes in
stantly the toxins Of any germs that may
happen 10 stray luuO tue tuIotN' dHd ~
makes it impossible for the disease to de-
velop.
Il In highly important that every person
in the household should have a pre-
Ventive injection OF antitoxin. Five hum
dred units are usually sufficient and the proc
eas OF incubation Is attended by very
little inconvenience.
In the production OF diphtheria anti
toxin, IL will be observed, the horse ls in
ooulated not with bacilll Of the disease
but with their toxins. The result is that
the antitoIin acts pom the toxins only.
and so far as we know does not ahec the
germs except indirectly.
This accounts for the fact that cured
patients are frequently found TO have
v~irulent bacilli still In their throats and
air passages. II 10 necessary before these
patients are permitted 10 associate with
other persons that the surviving bacilll
he killed. Fortunately. every competent
physician In familiar with many methods
Of accomplishing this.
The horses used for the production OF
AntitoIin AFRO protected In an elaborate
and painstAking manne from contact
with the germs Of other diseaSoa.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09
MULE HOLDS UP THE ERIE.
For 7s Minutes an Express Train waits on
an Aged Animal.

an AHe0 Animal.
A small, bobtailed mule attached TO a
riokety express wagon held up traffic on
the main line Of the Erie Railroad for rs
minutes the other day. A few moments
before q through Express was due the
mule and q rattly wagon crawled up to a
crossing a short distance above Patterson
and stopped in the centre OF the tracks.
Spreading his trembling forelegs wide,
the beast stretched out a thin neck and
began TO feed at a little mound OF hay jolted
from a passing farmers wagon.
Suddenly the gong at the crossing be-
gan. The grizzled negro driver, half
doing on his seat. awoke, and noting the
approach OF a train brought down a heavy
club on his steed's backbone. The mule
twitched one ear and declined to move.
A loud blast Of the whistle passed I'M
noticed, as did also a continuous application
OF the big stick. The heavy train came
to a standstill a few feet from the peacefully
breakfssting mule.
Windows shot up and a dozen heads APP
peared. The old negro. now thoroughly
aroused, piled his club with energy and
regularity. but the mule simply wagged his
stubby tail. Advice and sarcastic comment
came from the passengers. The driver
lowered himself TO the ground and taking
the mule by the bride attempted 10 lead
him onward. The beast laid his ears
alons, his neck. displayed a double row
traces. The conductor and a brakeman
each grabbed a wheel and showed.
Nothing doing. Two passengers pushed
against the back OF the wagon. Still no
result. The workmen ceased in order TO
mop their foreheads, and the darby sd-
dressed the cause OF all the trouble IA en-
treating, csioling and finally in threatening
terms, winding up with q SCOT ching blast
rejecting on the mules ancestry, present
social status and ultimate destination. No
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

RAAx, May so.-1weuty-six centuries
AEo, according to tha most commonly re-
ceivod legend Of Rome t. foundation. Rom
illus, SON of the vestai Thea Silvia and the
god Mars, built a city On the Palatine Hill.
The first inhabitants Of the city we're shep-
herds from Alba Tonga, who fed from the
threatening neighborhood of a volcano
until they came to a hill surrounded 70
perpendicular cliffs and protected by a
circuit Of deep marshes.
Here they found springs OF pure water
in a grotto, the Lupercal, which they dedi-
Gated to Faun, their god, the driver away
Of wolves" and the protector of their
herds. and here they settled and built a
village, or rather a huge sheepfold. The
hill on the banks Of the Tiber was named
Palladium, or Palatinus Mons. from Pales,
the goddess Of shepherds, pdstcrum ded,
whose feast fell on April 81.
The river then had no special name; it
was simply called Rumon, meaning a
stream or river. Hence the new settle
ment became known as Roma, or the town
by the river. ROM was founded In the
ISith year before Christ
II seems probable that the original fol-
lowers Of Romulus did not exceed about
,UUU Inch. nc IbOluulhh Clly was SOh-
lined TO the western part Of the Palatine,
as IL Shown by the circumstance that what
remains Of monuments and memorials
Of Romulus exist to-day are confined to
this district.
Around the base Of the city a wall was
erected in a q~uadrangular, or lozengelike
form, whence the name Of Roma Quadrata.
This wall, according TO Tacitus, was built
with Etruecan rites. The pomprium, or
sacred space around it, was marked out
by q furrow made with a plough drawn
by q COW and a bull. the clods were care
fully thrown inward and the plough was
lined over the profane spaces necessary
for the gates.
The city founded with these religious
ritss may be considered as a sacred enclo-
sure. The first defensive enclosure prob.
ably consisted Of a simple agger formed
with the earth and stones extracted from
a ditch which ran all around the brow Of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

effect. A redfaced man from Ridgewood
advised building a fire under the mule, oui
this plan was rejected.
Ten, fifteen, twenty minutes had elapsed
with no material change in the situation
Then R shout went up as a man came loI,i
ward from the baggage car bearing a COZ
Of heavy rope. This wa fastened 70 ons
shaft, a half hitch taken around the mulet
head and a dozen hands laid hold Of the
other end. 81.
1t was a case Of either pulling the mules
head of or removing the obstruction 0ns
In favor OF the latter alternative. He
shambled across the rails, twisted his bon!
skull back into it's proper position anu
gazed inquiringly after the putting train
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09

general adoption, but many municipal
health O Ulcers now give it away to the
poor, just as they give away vaccine virus:
1t Is likely that the price OF the serum will
be reduced in future, but 80 long as horses
are valuable and bacteriologists can com
mand good salaries it will never be really
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-06-09
ROME,S RECORDED EARLY HIS
TORY DECLARED FALSE.

Traditions Heretofore Accepted Upset by Discoveries Just
Made on the Palatine Hill-A Vase That May Cause
History to Be Rewritten-Rome Not Built on virgin
Soil, But on the Remains of an Older Civilization
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1907-10-30

terville, Under The Gas Light" or "In The Shadows of Old New York;" in acts, by the Waterville Thespian club.
 Nov 26--St Thomas hall, Beacon street. eception and dance given by the men of St Thomas parish.
 Nov 15-City hall. Seventh annual masquerade given by the Hamilton Park A. c.
 Nov 13-20-Lithuanian aall Grand fair given by the Lithuanian Women's society ruta.
 Nov. 14-Odd Fellows hall, sociable and dance given by the Albermarle club.
 Nov 1S-Eagles' hall. Seventh an- nual sociable and dance given by Wa terbury Hebrew Ladies' Aid associa- tlOn.
 Nov 21-Knights of Columbus hail. Old fashioned dance given by the railroad employees.
 Nov 22-LeavenwOrth hall. So- ciable and dance given by tic Rhy- mers.
 Dec 1-City hall. Tenth anniver- sary jubilee of the "Bund'
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1907-10-30
s @I
 P LIS -$ZI
WHEN KNIGHTHOOD WAS IN
 .. FLOWER.

The setting of Ernest Shipman's s great production of When Knight hood Was in Flower" which will be seen at Polls tomorrow afternoon and evening, are gorgeously hand some and appropriate, the characters are strikingly and handsomely cos tuned in Tudor style, and there is much to charm the ear and satisfy the eye about the play. Yet after all Miss Grace Merritt, as Mary Tudor" :" permeates the entire substances so completely that she becomes more than the Hamlet of the piece, she is the Hamlet, Ophelia, Polonius and ghost all compressed into one central figure, a creature of many contradic- tions, yet radiant in the grace and power of true womanwod, this daugh- ter of line of kings-a woman more profound than Rosalind, more real than Juliet, and altogether splendid in her possibilities, is the alpha and omega of the play, which Paul Kes- ter has drawn with great art from Charles Majors story. Prices, mati- nee 25 and 50 cents. Evening 25c to $1. Seats now on sale.