The Birmingham age-herald., 1907-06-17

tirely to industrial and manual training work.
 In 1870 drawing was introduced in the schools of Boston, but owing to the Puri- tan adherence of art. il had a hard fight for existence, and littl etime was allowed it. In 1921 @ Boston private school intro duced physical science, music and needle work the celebrated Dorothy Dix being the teacher of the last named branch. Baltimore had an opportunity to be the pioneer in the matter of introducing drawing in the schools of the United States, but did not take advantage of il. William Minfie taught it there in ISIS and lost his place because his ideas were deemed so unorthodox and peculiar.
 The agricultural college has become one of the greatest factors in the mod ern movement of learning to do thing by doing 1t. Washington, who wrote much on the subject of agriculture al- ways had in mind great national uni versity where the arts and sciences might be taught after a practical fashion. Ag- ricultural societies go far back in Amer ican history, Philadelphia organizing one in 17S5 with Washington and Franklin as members and South Carolina organ , izing one the same year. The oneida institute, one of the community llghts that did not fail, taught practical agrl- culture early in the past century. In
  professor of agriculture. The national department of agriculture came into be- ing as a bureau In 1862, and that same year congress made a grant of land for each state and territory for the purpose of establishing agricultural colleges.
 Since then other national appropria- tions have been made, and in these col leges the boys of each state are learning by practical application the principles of agriculture, Horticulture, forestry, dairy ing, agricultural. chemical, mining, me- chanical, sanitary, textile, civil and cleo trical engineering, veterinary science and other practical scientific branches. Since 1890 the government has expended nearly 20 GOO GOO on agricultural colleges and over 6a000 boys are now In attendance. Boys who attend these institutions return to the farms to develop the resources there after modern fashion, to intro duce new machinery and new methods. 0 practice rotation in crops and conserve the energies of the soil. They save the nation many millions of dollars year in the importation of food stuffs, and in the increase of the value of farm products. The need of technical educa- ton arose with the development of the country, the opening of mines and fac- tories and the improvement of transpor- tation
 me earlier the hands of a child are trained, the better for the child. 1t Is not necessary to train him with the one aim in view that he may make living by this or that trade, but also for the good the training may do him. This was one of the causes oI Froebels founding the kindergarten system. The idea is not new. Says a noted educator, it is the one "whicn Quintilian dimly conceived, which Comenius proposed and which Pestaloz- zi cherished" Because Friedrich Froe- l.at aaItf drawn in later life to all children and because his own little hands had so often ached for the want of congenial work or for some harmless playthng, he begged the privilege of teaching tiny children the things he wanted to know and to do. I.ls opportunity came to him there among his German people, although he had many difficulties to overcome on account of the unpopularity of his ideas.
 Froebels first 'child garden" was open ed in 1S40. In 1854 Dr. Henry Barnard wrote a pamphlet advocating the intro duction of kindergartens in America. The first one opened in the United States was in Columbus Ohio, in 1S5S by Miss Caroline Louise Frankenburg. In 1859 Miss Elizabeth Peabody established Kindergarten in Boston, and her work at tracted general attention. In 1861 Ger man colony opened one in Hoboken, N. J., and New York followed in 1864. In 1893 St Louis opened experimental kin dergartens, and later made them a per manent feature of public school work. In 1871 the first charity Kindergarten was -~ened in Florence, Mass, and the move
 eon spread throughout the country
 me of her great disaster San
 n this work, having forty
 I by the Golden Gate