davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1907-10-08
Council Meeting

The city council met in regula
session yesterday afternoon.
Present, The Mavor, Parnin,
Turner, Gelders, Hayes, Bigham
and MOsher.
The regular pay roll was approx
ed and ordered paid on recon.
dation of the finance committee.
A motion to reduce circus licen-
SEES from $1O0 to $50 failed.
A resolution to increase the sal
aries of the mayor, aldermen and
other officials to the limit set by
the charter, to take effect from the
LIST of September was adopted.
A resolution to vote $780, 900 Of
school bonds was voted down.
The meeting was short and un-
eventful one.
Pull for Fitzgerald or Pull Out.
ViCe-President ChambIeSS.
Mr.. E. F. Chambless was last
week, elected vice president of the
Exchange National Bank with the
special duties of management in
!! connection with Cashier John ID.
Dorminy.
Vice President Chambless and
Cashier Dorminy will be in charge
of the bank after Cashier Stetson's
resignation has gone into effect.
Mr.. Chambless is one of the best
known business men in the com
munity. His business as whole
sale grocer has given him Opportu
| nifty to know the people and his
knowledge of the comparative
financial responsibility of TIL e
business men of this section stands
him well in hand as a director of
the banks affairs. He is conser-
vative and painstaking; one of the
most thorough business men in the
city.
Vice President Chambless and
Cashier DOrminey will have the
active support, encouragement,
and advice of the Banks strong
Board of Directors and the banks
affairs will be in safe hands.
Pull for Fitzgerald or Pull Out.
Mrs. Tony Howell, who is suf-
fering from tuberculosis, took her
departure this morning over the
A. B. 4 A. for California. She was
accompanied by her children,
Mrs. Allie Perry, and DR.. Tom
White. The latter will go as far
as Montgomery Ala, where she
will be placed in a thro sleeper
she will not leave until she reach
es her destination. The Enter
prise hopes she may realize her
highest expectations in the way
of health
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1907-10-08

Borrowed money has built many fortunes
many railroads and many cities
This is particularly an era of bond issues.
No city has accomplished any great thing without
borrowed money or bond issues
Fitzgerald, Ben Hill county and some of the
industries and enterprises as well as private citi-
may find it necessary to borrow money to keep
the wheels of progress turning especially if We
pect to hold respectable position in the process
sion
We need $50, 900 for school building, not
dollar less will be adequate to the demand. We
need $75, 900 for sewerage, 100000 would be
more in keeping with the demands as the exten-
ton of the water mains to every section of the city
is necessary.
Ben Hill county needs $10O, 900 for county
buildings 500, 900 more than it would be exped
lent to raise by taxation at the beginning.
$3.50, 900 of bonds foT Fitzgerald and Ben Hill
county is quite some, but we are right much in
need of the money and amply able to owe it.
Future generations can pay off the debt with
out realizing it, They will be the real benecialies
We are building for them. Fitzgerald and Ben
Hill county will soon literally and actually belong
to them The property for which the money is in
vested will belong to them. They will not object
to the burden imposed any more than they will
object to the investments made in their interest.
So far as we are concerned we are ready for the
bond issues and it matters but little which comes
first For time we thought we had a choice we
were willing to take them in detail. The school
: bonds the sewer bonds and the county bonds. But
it really doesn't matter how they come since we
must have them
fOr Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1907-10-08
Superior Court.

Superior Court was convened by
Judge U. V. Whipple on the Sec
ond floor of the Fitzgerald Opera
House yesterday morning.
After Sheriff Fountains an
nouncement Clerk Whitley called
the list of grand jurors which was
organized as shown below after
charge to the grand jury the ira
verse jurors were sworn in by So
licitor E. D. Graham and Civil
Docket as published in last weeks
Enterprise was taken up.
GRAND JURY AS ORGANIZED.
L. Robitszch, Foreman,
T. M. Parson,
G. A. Roberts,
F. J. Clark,
J. III. Harris,
r. F. Robitzsch,
w. r. Luke,
G. A. Miller,
Isador Gelders,
J. L. Googe,
S. d. Walker,
J. D. Small,
NJ. w. Garbutt,
J. B. Seanor,
Geo. VelbOOn,
G. r. Cooper,
J. G. Knapp,
w. B. Stone,
J. L. Dorminy,
J. A. Parrott,
James Fletcher,
s. Y. Gibbs,
A. B. Cook
TRAY ERSE ~ RORS
J. III. Williamson,
L. 7. Stone,
J. F. Barnes,
w. T. Hinson,
J. r. Horton,
Fred Isler,
J. T. Hendricks,
Wilson DERRICK,
Jesse Taylor,
W. J. Crawford,
Homer Tisdel,
Ancil Troup
A. III. Hitchcock,
3. P. Keefer,
VIM. Williams,
w. H. Bishop,
Burton Johnson,
j. A. Jones,
E. X. Farmer,
7. J. Livingston,
John Wash.
S. FL. Hendley,
J. J. Dykes,
Geo. Mink.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1907-10-08

The cane crop is long and juicy.
Fitzgerald "
The only trouble about prosperity is there is
too much of it,
Full for Fitzgerald Pull Out
Fitzgerald's cotton receipts are fairly satisfac-
tory up to date.
fitzgerald oil
big hay crop in the fall is very valuable
asset the next spring.
for Fitzgerald o
The average man dOsn't know when he gets
enough. These times are good.
fitzgerald Pull
Fitzgerald ought to be the biggest thing in
South Georgia and that is about what it is
Pull Fitzgerald Pull
Talk about hard times, these are the best we
ever saw and we have seen some of the best kind.
Pull for Fitzgerald Pull Out
The A. B. & A. will put on through sleeper
service from Brunswick to Atlanta and New York
for the winter travel 1t will be great boon to the
travelling public here and along the line
Fitzgerald Pun
Fitzgerald must get her school Bond issue out
of the way for the sewerage bonds which should be
disposed of this winter to give the rightOfway to
the county which will float the courthouse bond
Sometime next spring
fOr Fitzgerald or
Does prohibition prohibit? Well we should
say it did in this good town of Fitzgerald. There
is but one real blind tiger in the community and
preparations being made to put that to road
building If anybody in town has ever doubted
the prOhbitive virtue of prohibition they now
have their minds disabused
or Fitzgerald or
We see Hon. Jesse Mercer prominently
spoken of as candidate for prison commits
siOner In fact Col Mercer has reproduced
several editorial comments and failed to deny
the mmOr in any case. We don't know of
man in Georgia who would fill the place any
better any and we hope to have his formal an
nouncement in short time The Third Con
gressiOnal District will give him solid vote.
-MOntezuma Record.
FOL Fitzgerald or
Editor Henderson of the Fitzgerald Journal
q is one of the very best newspaper men of South
Georgia; he has made Fitzgerald most valu-
able man; Fitzgerald is not large enough for
two papers and we believe that the time will
come when their will be only one paper there
and that good one with Col. Mercer editor
ncheif and Il NJ Henderson managing editor;
such paper a as this would be popular with
all of their people. Henderson the phylOso
pher of peace as managing editor would unite
the warning factions of town as few things
would. Get together boys andgve Fitzgerald
a.real live Hp-tep date daily you capable
of dOing.-Cordele Rambler.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
SmokeIess Furnaces?

Nothing less than a smokelcSS lur-
me-. is INC latest announcement from
Chicago-not merely a furnace whlch
win not fill the cellar and whole house
win smoke. nut from which there IS
no smoke t. go up the chimney. Dally
demonstrations are being given by
narties who claim to see in the near
fu.i,rn = srOtlcss town on the tOWnSlte
of darkest Chicago. The chairman Oh
the smoke committee Of the city cup
and the british vice-consul are among
Inc most Interested daily visitors. The
inventors say the new device IS not
smoke consumer. but smokeleSS fur
mace. III, fuel is burned in a circular
box surrounded by Il central cylinder
shapcd combustion chamber Of fire
clay. The flame al white heat may be
seen leaning up the throat Of this
cha nber. the draught being furnished
through I rcrf"ration in the base. The
flame is entirely gaseous, the carbon
or smoke having been drawn out be-
fore. leaving Tin" chamber.
The demonstrations 50 far have been
conducted with anthracite coal. tn"
funI Of Chicago. but t"st Of bituni-
nous coal is to be made. pending
which the representative of III" city
club reserves his report, frankly an
norncirg. however. that If this device
can burn Soft coal without producing
smoke Ii will be one of the most im-
pnrtant inventions Of the century.
Several days repeated u" Of anthrA-
cite coal have failed to produce any
visible smoke.
The British vicn-consul believes the
new furnace would BE- a godsend 70
London. Il am going to write my
countrymcn." he says, and tell them
what I've found. While London is slow
IL accept IN innovation. ! cannot but
believe that they will he convinced by
this" IT would also bc a godscnd to
our American manufacturing cities.
but skeptical people will insist that
thu. wonderful story is only the ShreWd
advertisement Of some firm of furnace
makers IN the meantime we are told
that the demonstrations are proceed
ing daily. Ten radiators are furnished
with sizzling steam ard keep warm
good-Sized room. while not trace of
smoke emerges from the chimney.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
EASTERN STEAMSHIP COMPANY
KENNEBEC DIVISION
RESUMPTION OF SERVICE

Commencing Thursday April 25. 1901.
steamer City Of Augusta" leaves Au-
gusta at 80 p. NJ. Hallowel at 80 P.
NJ, connecting with Maine line steamer
leaving Gardiner at 335 p. NJ, Richmond
at . 10 p. NJ. Dresden at 40 p. NJ, Bath
at 100 p. NJ. Tuesdays, Thursdays and
Saturdays. due in Boston at 100 A. NJ.
RETURNING
Steamer leaves North side Union
Wharf, Boston, at 500 Z. NJ, Mondays,
Wednesdays and Fridays for Bath,
Richmond. Dresden and Gardiner CON
Meeting with steamer city of Augusta"
for HlllDwcll ard Augusta
First-claSs fare between Augusta or
Hallowell and Boston 500 one way, $50
rOun1 trip.
Steamers OF this line are always COM
Portable and the trip ut this season o.
the year is a very delightful one.
Freight rates are always as low as
other lines.
All freight. except live stock, is insured
against fire and marine risk.
ALLEN PARTRIDGE. Agent, Augusta,
G. a. COLE, Agent, Hallowell, Maine.
apr1Sdtf
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
April 10 in American History.

Discussion regarding Patriots day,
time this year, brings out tine interest
ing fact which as been generally over
looked. that April ~, the date Of Lex
ingtan and Concord. has also been the
date upon which many other things Of
great importance have happened in
American history. 1t was just eight
years after the day when the first
blood of thc Revolution was shed, or on
April 10, 1888, that the cessation of hos
tilities was officially proclaimed to the
American army. On April 10, 1861, the
first blood Of the Civil War was shed
by sons of Observation-Disclosures mem
beers Of the 9th regiment who were
fired upon by a mob in the streets of
Baltimore. On April 10. 1865. the
funeral services Of the martyred Lin
coin were held in the White House at
Washington. On April 10. 1898. Con-
greSs passed the joint resolutions de-
handing the evacuation of Cuba by
Spain and authorizing the President to
resolutions. On April 10. 1S47. during
the war with Mexico. the American
troops entered Jalapa ana on April 10,
1862 the battle Of Coldwater was
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
RAILROADS AND STEAMBOAT,
[JN|gKE[I|lIsn
In Effect Dec. 9, 1906.

Trains leave Augusta as follows:
GOING MEST-2.2J A. NJ, except Mon
day, Portland and Boston; $40 A. M,
Lewiston, Pennington, Rangeley, Rock
lard Portland, Boston, Montreal and
Quebec; 1910 A. NJ. Brunswick. Lewiston
Farming ton, Rpckiand, Portland, Boston,
$40 II. NJ, local; 40 f. NJ, (exprcssj
Brunswick, Rockiand, Portland, Boston:
$50 +. NJ, Portland; 0.45 +. NJ, Lewiston
Bath. Portland, Boston. Sundays, 1923 A,
NJ, 326 1915 =. NJ, Portland, Boston.
GOING EAST-12.59 A. NJ, Skowhegan
Bangor, Bar Harbor, st. John, Halifax
Aroostook. Sunday morning does not
connect for Skowhcgan, or beyond Ban
gor except to Bar Harbor, 2.58 A. N. Eek
prcsSD Bangor. Calais AMI Bar Harbor;
537 4. Nj. local to Belfast. FoXcroft and
Bangor; 80 a. NJ, local to Belfast and
Bangor; 12Gj noon, Waterville. FOXcruft
Bangor, y. & A. Il. r., Calais. ST. John
and Halifax: 2.22 J.. NJ. express Water.
willie. Bangor. Bar HarbOr: 3.2J r. NJ.
Wntervile. Bingham, Skowhegan. Bel.
fast. FOxcroft. Bangor and Mattawam-
keag: 7.2J p. NJ, WatervilIe and Skowhe-
gan; go A. NJ. Sundays only, Bangor
gor except to Bar Harbor: 2.5S A. NJ, lex
Leave Augusta for Hallowelh Gardiner
and 50. Gardiner at $40 A. NJ, 200, SO,
61j and go +. NJ.
GFO +. EVANS, v. P. G. Gen. Mgr
+. F.. BOOTHBY, G. p. & T. A.
Portland, Me-
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
American Athletic at Oxford.

The plan for another meeting in field
sentatives of Oxford and Cambridge on
one side and those of Harvard and
Yale on the other seems 20 meet with
the favor Of all concerned and will
probably take place in this country
early in the summer At once the
point is raised regarding the participa-
ton of the American athletes at OK
ford and some newspaper writers on
this side express the opinion that Har-
ward and Yale should protest against
their appearance as the representatives.
Of oxford. But why in the world
should this be done? If the Americans
at oxford, whose work, by the way,
gave Oxford it's victory in the dual
games with Cambridge. do not wish to
comnete against the American uni
versities, that is one matter. But for
our universities to enter any protest
against them would be something
neither logical nor defensible.
Harvard and Yale should not press
any objection to such entries, and it is
not probable that they will do so. The
holders Of the Rhodes scholarships are
as much oxford men as any under
graduates there, and if they are other
wise qualified for entry any objection
from this side of the water would be
with poor grace The American hold
ers Ct the Rhodes scholarships have
made a good record for themselves in
England in an athletic way, and sew
eral of them would surely appear as
contestants against the American col
leges. And why should the American
colleges object? Perhaps, in the event
Of being defeated by the English uni
vcrsities. the sting of the defeat might
he Iessened by the knowledge that
American Drawn had contributed to the
defeat. The Boston Advertiser very
aptly suggests that any objection TO
participation by the Rhodes scholars
Gf there is to be any such objectlom
should logically come from the Eng
Iishmen. not from the Americans.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
Lewiston, Augusta and
WatervilIe Street RAILWAY

Time table in effect December 10, 1906
Cars leave Augusta Post Office as fol-
For Winthrop: 6.25. S..25, $50. 9.55. n.25
For Togus: $50, $50, 80, ., 1870, r.
SO 5. 40, 6. 4 S, 9. 1879: ..,u
half hour from A. NJ, to 10 p. M. HALO
well only 1890 and II P. NJ.
Gardner for for August ,s g k sl5 NJ then
fn HaIIoWeli TO for augusta: Sos 4. M. then
every half hour till l03S P. NJ.
every iarg'V half hour h TIL i022 p, NJ 'A'D
10 o.. i, i2s3; ?, $. $50, s. 7S5. = g. ~
:. $50, s. $50. 7.3O, $50, $50. IL.
sDaiiy except Sunday.
saturday only.
iii. theatre is not over at 1880 car waltz
Sunday cars start two hours later.
Local Car: Leaves State House for
I RGspi12 e. e. s s5 S. S. 49, si H. re
SIS Leaves Post Office ten minutes later
Leaves Hospital for State House. $50.
81: Is. liz liz As, ' 585 $50 10 SO. Leave:
TRAIN CONNECTIONS.
The A NJ. car from Togus connects at
Augusta with train west.
The SIS A. NJ. car from Gardiner. SIS
from Hallowell and 8.55 from augusta,
makes close connections at Winthrop
with train for Lewiston and Pennington,
also connects with the 10 As train east.
The 1.55 P. NJ. car from Augusta con.
meets at Winthrop with the 259 train east
and the $40 express and the ST local
west.
The P NJ. car from Augusta connects
at Winthrop with the train east at 7S.
The trains arriving at Winthrop at 10 4s
A. NJ and 259 P. NJ. make good connec-
tons with cars for Augusta.
The regular forenoon train leaving Oak
land at $50 Belgrade at 9.46 and Read
field 95e make close connection with car
for Augusta II train Ii late car waits
for II.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11

WHEREAS Arvcsta Gibson Of Litch-
field in the County Of K"nnCbcc and
State of Maine. by her mortgage decd.
dated the twelfth day Of August, a. ID.
1901. and recorded in the KCnnebec
County Registry II Deeds. Book i5S. Page
1874, conveyed Ia one, Wilson NJ. IIartrn.
late of I.itchic in the said County Of
K"rn,.bcC a certain parcel of real estate
with The buildings thereon situated in
Iitchfield in the said county of kcnnabec
and bounded and described as follows.
viZ:-('amntncin2 AZ the Southwest cor
ner of land of the heirs Of William G.
Williams at Il stake and stones. thence
running West Northwest seven and one
bali rods by the Town r bad to LAND Of
the heirs Of Susan PurinGton: thence
North Northeast by the lana 1T the heirs
of Susan Pu"inCton II the Mill Pond ;
Thence by Saiu Mill POLd to land for
merly Of Amos Potter, now " tn heirs
of William G.. Williams: thence South
Southwest on lard OF said heirs Of Wit
liarn G.. Williams TO TIE bounds first mem
toned. containing three fourthS of an
acre more or less: and whereas the con-
ditiop If said mortgage has Decn broken.
now therefore, by reason Of the breach
Of the conditions thereof. I claim a fore
closure Of said mortgage as the executor
of thu, estate of the said Wilson NJ. Hat
ten. -
GEO. W. HESET.TON.
Exc. WILSON NJ. HATTEN.
Dated ut Gardiner, Maine, May "a. l9i1-
may4 -sat3t
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
Keep the Balance UP.

1t has been truthfully said that any
disturbance of the even balance OF
health causes serious trouble. Nobody
can be too careful to keep this balance
up. When people begin to lose appe-
tite, or to get tired easily, the least
imprudence brings on sickness, weak
ness, or debility. The system needs
tonic. Graves it. and should not ta
denied it; and the best tonic of which
we have any knowledge is Hoods
Sarsaparila. What this medicine has
done in keeping healthy people
healthy. in keeping up the even
balance Of health. gives it the same
distinction as a preventive that it en-
joys as a cure. Its early use has
illustrated the wisdom of the old say
ing that a stitch in time saves nine.
Take Hoods for appetite. strength, and
endurance.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
The interest in this section in tn

greater by the announcement that the
presiding judge is 4 Mainc-born man.
Judge Fremont Wood is native of
Winthrop ana is about 30 years Of age
He vas 4 student at Bates College in
the class of 1852. but did not remain to
graduate, and after leaving college he
studied law in the office of Hon. l.. r.
Carleton in Winthrop. He has been
in the West about p years and that he
is the presiding judge at this famous
trial is IN evidence of the success he
has attained.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11

writer in one of our exchanges in
dulsrs in 4 long argument to prove
that the real elemental Americana" is
not that which leads men to kill 9th
ers who have invaded their homes, but
rather the 'raze for spending money.
Certainly this amounts to little less
than Il f""m Of insanity with large
and growing class i'll this country and
it leads to many other things which
ar" much worse than the mere act Of
putting money in circulation.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
TO CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS

Sealed proposals will be received by the
until II o'clock a. NJ. Mon
day, May 18Th, 1907. for furnishing mate
rails and labor to build and complete eY Y-
and altera lions in First Male
Wing of the Maine insane Hospital, Az.
gusta. Maine. alterations to include Guy
Granite Work. Stone Masonry, Brick
Work. Carpentry. Steel Beams, Ere
Proof Flooring, copper Work, State III
ing. PlaSterng. etc. Plans and Spncitica-
tons may be seen and al informant N OBJ
tanned at the Office of the Superintendent
at the HOSPITAL. Augusta. Maine. and at
the Office OF CoonIbs x Gibbs, Architects,
Lewiston, Maine.
Proposals will he received for the
whole or parts of III" work and materials.
Proposals must fix date Of completion.
All proposals to be addressed To the
Trustees. Maine Insane Hospital. Angus
ia, Maine and mailed to or left with Or.
d. r. Sanborn, Superintendent, at the
Hospital.
The right is reserved to reject any or
all proposals. n,
MRS. FREDERICK CONY,
THOMAS WHITE,
Building Committee.
apr24-27 may1-4-s-11
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11
Aerial Navigation.

Doctor Alexander Graham Bell has
caused the great nations of Europe to
experience a cold chill, by declaring
that important developments are about
due in the field of aerial navigation
and shat he had "inside information
become the field of maneuvering bat
tleships of enormous sizes. Two or
three years ago the doubling Thomas
Is would have greeted such an an
nouncement with a hilarious burst
Of derisive laughter, but doubling
Thomases are becoming somewhat rare
and far between in these days of mod
ern miracles. What few remain have
lost most of their old-time chestiness,
and are disposed to conceal their mis-
givings from a cold, unsympathetic
world. The people who used to char
acteriZc experimenters in the field of
aerial navigation as Darius Greens are
no longer in evidence. The world has
forward to the time when it will be an
accomplished fact. There is therefore
great interest attached to the assertion
of DR.. Bell of telephone fame, one of
the worlds greatest scientists that the
fundamental difficulties of air naviga
ton have finally been solved and that
some practical demonstrations in this
field that will astonish the world, are
reasonably sure to be among the de
velopments Of the next few months
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11

Some Of inc newspapers seem to have
confused the Courc tennis championship
which young Jay Gould has won. with
the lawn tennis championship which is
very different matter Court ten
of tennis which was played by royalty
centuries ago in England. France and
Scotland. 1t has been called court
from the modern and more democratic
lawn tennis. and for the reason that
it is played in a costly and elaborate
incl"Scd court. against the slopins
walls or roofs of which the ball is
caused 10 bound in the course of play.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1907-05-11

Probably the municipal affairs of
Memphis. Tenn, are more muddled just
now than those Of any other city in the
land. The city does not know whether
1t is governed by mayor and the
ordinary officials or by a commission
modelled on the Galveston plan. 1t
only knows that both mayor and COM
mission are sworn in and claim office
The mayor was elected in 1905. and
still has some months to serve. a few
months ago the Tennessee Legislature
was induced to pass an act amending
the city's charter and providing that
Memphis should be henceforth gov
erned by q commission. the first COM
mission TO be appointed by the gov
ernor, to take Office Immediately upon
appointment and to remain until an
election in 1905. But the mayor has
refused to step aside, and has taken
the matter to the courts, with the re-
suit that although the commissioners
have been commissioned and taken
oath they are prevented from taking
Office. Pending a decision of the
matter, which will be carried finally to
the state supreme court, both sides
have taken action which ties up the
eity's funds.