davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1907-08-03

rod or iron until the desired thickness is
obtained. After the pipe thus produced
mas been submitted to heavy pressure the
exterior Is covered with sand and the whole
cooieo IN water. The core is then removed.
ana the outer surface covered with a water
proof product.
a Cleveland skyscraper twenty stories
nrt, .psn VIII De topped by Goddess Of Lib
erty holding torch, from which leaping
name OF gas will be burning at all times
The exact hour of the day and night will be
indicated by causing the flame to shoot high
into the air during the minute preceding
each hour
Dynamos have been successfully and eco
nomically driven by gas engines In Boston
The first street to be lighted by gas was
Pail Mall. This was in January. 1907.
China produces 100000 ounces of gold
yearly.
Japan is experiencing serious labor con.
fiicts.
One of the newest domestic conveniences
is jointed clothes prop which folds up for
convenience in storing away.
The Yosemite Valley railroad has been
finished from Merced. on the Southern pa
enc, TO the Yosemite National Park dis
lance OF eighty-five miles. 1t rises 1900 feet
In that distance
On the Pennsylvania railroads lines
east OF Pittsburg there are 952 more loco
motlVes thaH passenger cars to handle the
traffc. There are in service upon these
lines 4.C92 locomotives and 3,147 passenger
cars.
The policy Y o. the railroad companies re-
Gard.ng accidents has been to give out no
iu9orIpation and to make use Of every
Evening star., 1907-08-03

as in this country there are some drawbacks
connected with it's use. Gas has been found
more suited for use on the American CONT
nent The electrical engineers have been
giving this matter some attention recently.
with the result that the arc system Is now
being seriously experimented with by one
prominent western railroad company. Stor-
age batteries are carried beneath the cars
and the lamps are so disposed of In the
dome Of the car that they have the ap-
pearance Of the familiar gasiight mas
much as the lights and mechanism are hid
den behind a bowl-shape Of ground glass
Work on the Tehuantepec railroad is pro-
crossing rapidly, and 1t will not be great
while before 1t will be ready for business
1t consists Of a system across the isthmus
of Tehauntepec, which Will, no doubt. be
formidable rival to the Panama canal 1t
offers route between New Orleans and
San Francisco, which Is 400 miles shorter
than the Panama route and cuts off 1000
miles between European and Pacific ports.
An advantage which the Tehauntepec route
will have Is that it will be opened at least
eight years before the Panama canal, and
will be one of the recognized transportation
routes before the great canal will be ready
for traffic.
The la,ge1 kind OF West Indian freely
gives light so brilliant that by it printed
ma tier may be read at a distance of two
or three inones.
The coal consumption per head is greater
in England than Of any other country.
A healthy adult breathes from fourteen
TO twenty fou- times per minute. The rate
of the pulse is four times that of the res
piration.
The machine which cuts up wood to
rake matches turns out 10000 "splints,"
a. they sre called, in single minute.
The project for electric railways which
since the late war have been put forward
iu japan aggregate an estimated expendi-
turs OF $500 COO 900.
Evening star., 1907-08-03

means Of keeping the real details from the
newspapers and others; but recently there
mas BEEN a somewhat general change of
heart in this respect. The action Of the
Fennsylvania railroad in giving out to the
pupIc the reports Of its commission re-
garding the Mineral Point disaster was one
Of thu first steps in this direction. This at
| tfude toward the papers and public was
urged. however, some time ago by the vice
pl esideHr OF the Southern Pacific line and
lis utteranoes on this subject were the
cause of a great deal of discussion among
railroad men Recently orders have been
given to the employees Of the Southern and
Union Pacific lines that in case of accident
every facility shall be given to the news
papers TO secure the full and correct de-
tails Of the matter.
The average elevation of North America
L :se. $50 feet and of South America ''so0
Ostrich feathers can be taken every
eight months. The plumes are not, as some
suppose. pulled, bat are cut with a sharp
knife. The stumps wither and fall out.
Needlemakers and file cutters seem to
follow the occupation most susceptible to
the ravages of consumption
green witt wear Is that the bichromate or
potash used in dyeing is converted by the
action OF the air into green chronic oxide.
ouly eighteen years. while that Of British
vessel is twenty-six years The Scandf-
nayian average is the best. 1t Is thirty
years
Electric train lighting is more general
abroad than in this country, because the
runs are much shorter and the battery
system IL therefore practical there, where
Evening star., 1907-08-03

tances, masses and other elements of the
solar system hung. and also all the exact
astronomical predictions depending on solar
theory"
Cause of Earthquakes
This oscillation of the pole has an effect
on tides. says one observer, and the same
astronomer puts forward the statement
that apparently earthquakes are more nu-
merous when the vibra ton Is greatest
This observer compares the earth to a
steamer. The vibration Of the earth. owing
to the oscillation of the axis as the earth
whirls around he says, wakes and wanes
much as that OF a steamer wakes and
waneS if the twin screws are not running
quite together Now. the passenger on the
steamer would be prepared to find that
breakages would be more numerous during
the times OF vigorous oscillation, and It
seems probable that In a similar way the
little cracks in the earths skin. which We
call great earthquakes. are more numerous
when these unbalanced vibrations are at
their maximum; that IS to say about once
every seven years.
Whether or not earthquakes and the wan
dertns or the pole go hand in hand, MIR.
Abbot explained that the International Geo.
detic Associa ton had established four sta
tlons almost exactly in the same Latitude in
a circle round the globe. These are at
Carloforte on the Island of San Pietro, In
Italy. at Mlsusawa. Japan: at Ukiah, Cal.
and at Gaithersburg, Md. To these have
recently been added two stations in the
southern hemisphere. namely, at Baywater,
Western Australia. and at q dOncativo, Ar
gentlne Republic. 1t has already been de-
termined that the webbing of the earth s
axis Is produced. as Mr.. Abbot expresses it,
by the joint action of two periodic factors
one of about 437 days and one annual.
the first OF constant the second of variable
amplitude"
In connection with the relation of this
wobbling to earthquakes, Mr.. Abbot con-
Guided 1T Is interesting. though not con-
elusive. to note that the severe earthquakes
OF 1906 occurred soon after the time of
maximum activity of the pole
Evening star., 1907-08-03
STUDYING THE SUN
RevivaI of General Activity in
Solar Observation.
|NTEPEST INTERNATIONAL
Estrony yners all Over World Pursuing
Detailed Investigations.
|EAS RING HEAT OF RAYS
.esear by Astrophysical observa-
tory Smithsonian Institution
--eIop Valuable Facts.
|IEAS RING HEAT OF RAYS

l"EacE die return OF the time of max
hum ST. .ut occurrence brings with It a
(eshen, crest and renewed activity In
blar O. -atIons." remarked Mr.. G. G..
lbbot tor OF the United States as
|ophysi observatory, in speaking of the
|arke6 .-rcss recently made by investi-
btors .er the world in translating into
howie t.e results Of many months OF
Iin tel -c work.
lThe a. PHYSICAL observatory was estab-
bhed L c late Prof s. F. Langley In
300. in r.er that when he became secre-
Try OF .e Smithsonian Institution, he
Light ~ge his work begun at Allie
.eny LOW supported by an annual
Pvernr appropriation. and adminis-
red Smithsonian Institution. 1t Is
voted study of the makeup OF the
&avenIg IS and their effect upon the
I nth. - abbot has for several years
en- m INVESTIGATIONS in Washington
d the LIST two summers at Mount VIII
n Ca .ru.g. which have resulted in the
ccessl Measurement of the amount Of
at ira l.tted by the sun to the earth
has alD determined also that this
k6unt heat varies from year to year,
"a thai the suns heat dlminishes or
reases the prevailing temperature of
8 cart Is correspOndingly cooler or
rrner
Evening star., 1907-08-03

past few years in New York the end OF
each school term shows that the Jewish
children have obtained more honors than
all the others put together"
Evening star., 1907-08-03

Electric train lighting is more general
abroad than in this country. because the
runs are much shorter and the battery
system IL therefore practical there, where
Evening star., 1907-08-03

The machine which cuts up wood to
rake matches turns out 10000 "splints," I"
a. they sre called. in a single minute.
Evening star., 1907-08-03

A healthy adult breathes from fourteen
TO twenty fou- times per minute The rate
OF the puls.. is four times that of the res
p!ration
Evening star., 1907-08-03

The project for electric railways which
since the late war have been put forward
iu japan aggregate an estimated expendi-
turs Of $3.50 600 900.
Evening star., 1907-08-03

tances, masses and other elements of the
| solar system hung. and also all the exact
astronomical predictions depending on solar
|
Evening star., 1907-08-03

The policy o. the railroad companies re-
Sard.ng accidents has been to give out no
iu1orIpation and to make use Of every
Evening star., 1907-08-03

The reason why black cloth becomes
green witt wear Is that the bichromate OF
potash used in dyeing is converted by the
action OF the air into green chronic oxide.
Evening star., 1907-08-03

Copyright, 1907. BY John Elfreth Watkins)
Special Correspondence of The Star.
NEW YORK. August 1. 1907
Evening star., 1907-08-03

Tho average life of an American ship IS
ouly eighteen years. while that Of British
vessel is twenty-six years The Scandi-
navian average is the best. 1t Is thirty
Evening star., 1907-08-03
For Colds and Hoarseness.

For colds and hoarseness lemons are ar
old and approved remedy. For cold the
lemon should be baked whole until thor
oughly tender. then eaten hot with LOAF
sugar to sweeten just before retiring Foy
hoarseness the juice of a lemon mixed with
the stiffiy beaten white of egg and LOAF
sugar or honey to sweeten Is most effica-
ciOuS.
Evening star., 1907-08-03

The coal consumption per head is greater
in England than of any other country
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

Prince OF Wales and Wyndham, and
Sir Charles Wyndham, who controls
the New and the Criterion Theaters,
are also identified with the syndicate
Frohman's rise in the thea trical
world has been remarkable. Fifteen
years ago or more he was desirous of
putting on the boards Bronson How
ards Shenandoah" but neither the
author nor the would-be manager had
the money 10 produce Il. They went
among their personal friends 90 make
up a purse of 5000, and among the
subscribers was the late Uncle Dick
Hooley. proprietor of Hooley's Theater.
on Randolph street, Chicago. who put
up $500 out of the pure goodness of
his heart. and obtained a fourth inter
est In the production. So little did
Uncle Dick think of his Investment
that he gave it to Harry Powers. his
manager. for a Christmas present: but
the first year the play was on the road
the one-fourth interest netted SIS, 900,
and for many years afterward was a
big winner, and the four men who
were interested in II were made
wealthy Frohman was quick to take
advantage of his good fortune He
soon had other companies on the road.
and now controls from twenty to
twenty-five organizations
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

or, and the system that they have or
iginsted is the most complete and sat
isfactory that has ever been known
IN the theatrical business Even their
enemies admit tnat this clearing
house for theatrical dates has been
an excellent thing. In the old days
the local manager was Obliged TO do
his own booking. Outlines he was at
the mercy Of rival managers and his
theater was empty. Now his play
house always has an attraction.
When once they obtained a monopoly
Of the booking business: when they
were In a position 10 dictate where
this show or that show should go, ard
when it should go. they had an ad-
vantage over all rivals that could not
be duplicated. II was then that they
began drawing the lines OF the syndi-
cate toward the little central organi-
zation with it's headquarters In New
York There was Frohman. with his
productions az home ano abruad
There were Nixon * Zimmerman
controlling Philadelphia ard many
travelling combinations. There was
Al iIa.ulan. with his wide experience
and his control OF many millions, and
there. foremost OF all. were Klaw q
Granger. with all the great produc-
ticns Of the United States under con-
tract and tightly bottled up. The man
ager who "buclxed'' the Theater trust
found himself With n showIess house.
and a showless house means a dollar
less t!ll
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

York. IN the Far West, Hay:nan had
control OF many playhouses. and
klaw & Erlanser had control OF the
best houses on the route from Wash
irgton to New Orleans. Now. there
are few companies strong enough
financially 20 make a jump between
Washington and New Orleans, and so
far as as the Southern situation vas
concerned. with the finest theaters I'm
Norfolk Columbia. Richmond. Mont
gomeFy. Atlanta. and Mobile in the
syndicate. the battle wes won. A
little later the trust had control OF
the houses on the route south through
Ohio. Pennsylvania. and Tennessee.
ard mus it had in its power all theat-
real companies going. from Cincin-
natl, PittsbUrg. or Chicago 10 New
Orleans Down in New Orleans a
manager named GreenwaH tried his
best 10 keep New Orleans open. but
failed. The same plans of operations
were adopted IN all parts of the coup
try. To be under the control OF {he
syndicate il is n9t necessary that a
city shah have all it's theaters tied UP
by the syndicate. All that is neces-
sary for the syndicate to be in com
manC OF the situation is for Il 10
block the routes leading 10 the city
For instance. In San Francisco there
could be an independent theaIer. buv
If all the big cities and towns on the
way there were controlled by the
trust, it would not pay an independent
company to make the jump across the
continent for the mere sake OF play
ing in a San Francisco theatsr-
But gradually all the places Of any
importance were gathered In by the
syndicate, until, at the close OF the
season OF 1906, fully $50 theaters-per-
haps 7U0-werS in the combination. Of
these 10 are hTst-claSs theaJers. and
OF this number thirty are in Greater
New Tcrk. FIVE in Philadelphia, two ins
Washington, ana the others scattered
in various cities Of the country. The
other theaters are of the second and
third class type. and there are two or
The Washington times., 1907-07-28
Won Many Hard Battles

Many bitter fights have been made
on the syndicate. but as the situa-
ton stands today, David Belasco. the
New York Jheater proprietor. and Har-
risOn Grey Fiske. the editor OF the
Dramatic Mirror. and manager OF
Minnie Mad6ern Fiske. his wife. are
the only independent producers IN the
country Fiske opposed the syndicate
from the outset The next manager
to Join in the war against II was
Maurlee Campbell, whose wife. Hen
rietta Crcsman. made a success IN
Mistress Nell" For a long time
Miss Crosman made speeches from
the stage in various cities denouncing
the Organization Among the other
opponents Of the syndicate were Fran
els Wilson and James X Hackett.
both OF whom showed their hostility
70 the combination BY making fre-
quent stage talks About four years
ago Fiske. Campbell. Hackett and
Weber and Fields formed a combina-
ton to down the syndicate, but the
movement fell through. Somethins
like a year later the Shuberts ioined
forces with Belasco. Fiske, and Henry
Miller as independent producers. and
this combination was In existence TIL
recently. when the Shuberts made q
working arrangement with the syndi-
cate. Shich. however. did not initiate
against contracts between the Shu-
berts and Belssco.
The fight against the syndicate
finally got Into the courts. and as =
climax to the legal proceedings Dis
trict Attorney Jerome. Of New York
county. secured indictments against
Rlaw & ErlanEer. Al Hayman. Charles
FTohman. and Nixon & Zimmerman.
under the antitrust law for conspiracy
IN restrainst Of trade Proceedings 70
quash the indictment resulted recent
lv in an opinion handed down by Judge
RosaIsLy. OF the court Of seneral
sessions in which he held that
theater and a theatrical production
are private enterprises. and cannot
restrain trade. and therefore. the in
atctrnsnts were dismissed. This was
the last bar 20 the full operation Of
,be syndicate. which now has a clear
field for the complete absorption Of
the theatrical interests In America and
IN Europe
As to the ethics or the thing-thzt
is another question As to the art
OF the thing-whether these six men
who are at the head and front OF the
syndicate can make the selections OF
the plays, produce them, present
them and stage them to the tastes Of
the people OF two hemispheres-well.
that is another question, too.
Copyright 1907. Frederick Boyd Stevenson
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

road and were a power 20 be recKoned
with. But the real power Of the syn
dieate is Klaw & -Erlanger. In con-
troll Of the booking business of the
country. they have the key TO the
whole situation. 1t was Erlanger's
shrewdness and foresight that saw the
immense advantage he could gain II
once he obtained control of the book
ing OF the theaters of the country.
An attempt to form a theater trust
had been made some years before Err
LANCER put his project into tangible
shape. Jack Haverly. the minstrel
man, conceived the idea of The Hav-
erly Chain OF Theaters," extending
from the Atlantic TO the Pacific coasts,
and for a time ne met with success,
but the local managers. not beins
under mis- control. made their terms
prohibitive and he died in poverty.
Next came Brooks and Dickson. and,
while they did not carry on their op-
GRAFTON on so large a scale as Haver-
ly. they had the same genera; plan.
They also failed. After that came
Jacobs and Proctor, the originators
of the 10. 20. and 30 cent system of
theaters tn the larger cities. They
obtained control of thirty to forty
theaters and for q time were very
successful, but the novelty soon wore
off. and Proctor, seeing that disaster
was coming. Withdrew and became
pioneer in furnishing polite vaude-
Vile" while Jacobs struggled along
with the old combination until 1t went
TO pieces.
Then Erlanger evolved his scheme.
He saw where those who had gone be-
fore him had made their mistakes.
He saw that the whole trouble was the
competition between local managers
and the visiting attractions. and that
thereby terms were forced up AM per-
eentages made uncertain. The first
thing 10 be considered, then, was to
secure the books in the hrst-cless the
sters in all the large cities OF the
country These bookings we're secured
through the skill OF Klaw and Erlang-
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

cate was but al Outgrowth Of this
booking exchange Each man who
was SELECTED 20 become one of its
members was chosen because OF his
especial fitness to fH the position as
signed to him.
Charles Frohman is good man 20
have in the syndicate. His name is
aSout as well known IN theatrical cir
cles IN England rs it IS in the United
States. lie is unquestionably the
u,ost influential theatrical manager in
this country. and at the time Of his
admission 10 the syndicate was the
only one OF the combination producing
plays and controlling first-class com
panies upon the road Today ne and
the men associated with him have
practically d corner on the plays Of
foreign playwrights and Of American
authors of established reputation In
the last few years they have been get
ting closer and closer TO the European
situation. Frohman IS connected IN a
business way with Seymour Hicks. of
London. and l[law & ETlangor have
for some time had working agree
meBts with other big theatrical man
ayers on the other side The cOmbina-
ton hegan connecting the American
and European theatrical interests by
importing the Drury Lane spectacles
and pantomimes. and have since stead
fly increased its hold on English pro-
ducuons. Frohman already controls
In London the Comedy Theater. the
Duke of York. the Aldwich and the
Hicks, where in the latter two are
presented his American successes.
George Edwardes, who has been as
sociated with FrOhman and has pro-
duced many plays in connection with
him in New York, is the manager of
the Gayety and Daily Theaters in Lon
don. considered the two finest musical
comedy houses in England Other
English managers. among them Beer
bohm Tree, of His Majesty's Theater
the leading dramatic house in London;
George Alexander. of the fashionable
St. James; Frank CUrzon. of the
The Washington times., 1907-07-28

three Of them in all cities over 5Oo.On
population. ana one or more IN SONS
Of the larger towns
The scope Of the new 800. oo0.0 900 cor.
poFation Is best explained by Mr.
ETlangeT himself he denies that an1
attempt is being made 20 form a the
Rtrical merger It's sole purpose, he
says, Is the purchase OF theatrical
realty al over the world Where a is
practical. properties in Europe viii be
bought outright. and conducted on the
1ect. he says. Is the purchase of big
vaudeville theatars. The vaudeville
theaters will bs-Operated by the United
States Amusement Company. one os
the organizations Of the com binat:on,
and the legitimate theatsTs that are
acquired viii be conducted in conjunc-
tion with the theatrical syndicate.
Mr.. Erlanser says positively;
II desire Il 70 be clearly and en-
phsticsily understood that the nev
corporation vim be an institution en-
urely separate from the Unitsd States
Amusement Company and the syndi-
ea7e, but VIII work and prove bene-
hcial q both.
There are naturally two sides %
every question. Those who are IN the
syndicate and beneht by the syndicate
say that IN Is good proposition.
Those who are Opposed 20 q cannot be
too bitter in their denunciation OF its
methods
The Washington times., 1907-07-28
The PrimarT Cause OF Sueeess.

Marc klsw says that the primary in
spirat ton OF the syndicate was due 20
the fact that local. managers. owing
to their Reorganization. were rapidly
approschins bankruptcy. The theaters
would be built IN a town that was ca
Pable of supporting only one, and To-
cal rivalry was fast driving the the
atrical business to the bad Formerly
there was clash Of dates; frequently
attractions Of similar nature would
same town. always resulting dlsas-
trously 10 the last conner. Instead of
taking Eve OF six months ef their time
70 book q route. managers found they
could go into the Office OF Klaw g. Err
langsr. and inside q an hour book
q consecutive route. which would save
50 per cent Of their railroad fares This
system OF booking is the. best ever
originated. on big sheet IN the form
OF a diary each theater whose book
ings KlaW & Erlanger control is en-
:ergd. and al q glance one may see
What dates nave been secured and
what remain open Sometimes the
most desirable dates for the larger
cities are secured two seasons ahead.
but usually the dates are made early
I'm the season for the season 10 fol
low. There IS an entire absence OF
friction. and that there Is a great ad-
vantage over the old slip-shod system.
or rather lack OF system, no one can
teny. Then there IS another point 20
be considered Here frst-class theat-
rcal interests OF America were brought
under one roof. The unreliable man
ayers found themselves in a position
where they could not take a company
on the road without proper financial
b-lCking. and az = result the sJrandinE
Of baru-stCrming COMPANIES have be-
come an almost unheard Of Incident
Salaries are now paid. and paid
promptly, and II Is claimed that since
the syndicate came into power the pay
Of actors Of every grade has Increased
almost 8 per cent Players. Il Is said.
who could formerly only command A
salary Cf 500, now find themselves IN
a position TO demand 500 and $50 A
week