davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
How Chewing Gum Is Made

Twenty million dollars worth of chew
ing gum is sold over the retail counter
every year.
Few persons know what the substance
is made Of. Now and then someone
speaks of the horses hoofs and the cows
horns that are by some secret process
transformed into delicious lot of gum.
But they are detractors of the popular
product. There is no foundation i'll fact
for such tales.
The chief ingredient of chewing gum is
chcle, substance procured from the
sapOdilla tree in Mexico and tropical
countries of South America. Chicle is n
resin-like sap which oozes from the sapo-
dilla tree when it is tapped as are naples
in this country. 1t is sent from these
tropical lands to the cooler climate of
Canada to be cleaned and refined 1t
leaves the factory looking very much like
red clay. This is the body of chewing
gum. Chicle is absolutely insoluble.
No liquid has ever been found that will
dissolve it. Alcohol will not affect ii.
nor will any acid. 1t might be chewed
for 800 years and more and still lose
none of its volume.
The manufacture of chewing gum is Il
very simple process. 4 quantity of chicle
is put in vat with about an equal guam
tity of glucose made from corn. This
is heated by steam and churned or
beaten until thoroughly mixed. Then
peppermint, wintergreen, banana, orange
and other favorings are added to give
it the desired taste.
The whole mass-500 pounds ut time
is steamed and churned by machinery
until it begins to harden. 1t is then
placed on Il working table where girls
and women shape it into squares an
inch or more thick and foot square.
1t is then run through rollers which
press it into thin sheets the thickness of
cakes sold ut retail. These sheets are
about six feet long by two wide. An
other machine cuts the sheets into ca kes
the size we buy. Wrapping, boxing and
Grating are done by hand
An ordinary sized factory will produce
several tons of gum in day. Nimblc-fng-
cred girls wrap it. And every one in the
factory chews the product. From the
mixer down to the smallest girl wrap
ping the gum i'll papers the jaws are
working.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
No Subject for Congratulatiop

y young lawyer, not noted for intplH
gence. succeeded i'll having client nc.
quilted of murder. Meeting n friend a
few days afterward. the lawyer was
greeted with warm congratulations.
Yes" said the lawyer. hopping lt.
brow, Il got him off, but. it was a mar
row escape" -
"A narrow escape. How?'
All, the tightest squeeze YOU ever
saw. You know | examined the vl
nesses and made the argument myself
the plea being self defense. The mty
was out two whole days. Finally th..
judge called them before him and asked
what the trouble was.
Only one thing. my lord replied m.
foreman. Was the prisoners counsel
retained by him or appointed by the
court|
No, gentlemen. the prisoner is a man
Of means said the Judge, and engaged
his own COUNSEL
Il could not see what bearing The
question had on the evidence" continued
the lawyer, but ten minutes later in
filed the jury. and what do you think the
verdict wasp
"Whatf' asked his friend
why, not guilty, on the ground of In
sanity. "-Memphis Commercial Appeal
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15

regarded even as irreligious. The fact
that in October. 1912. an order was made
by ST. Johns and Trinity colleges that
every young man who appeared in hall or
chapel in pantaloons or trousers should
be considered as absent is startling
enough, but it would appear that eight
years later the founders of Bethel
+c9apel at Sheffield inserted a clause in
the trust deed ordaining that ''under no
circumstances whatever shall any preach
err be allowed to occupy the pulpit who
wears trousers" This is striking. but il
is even more impressive to find that the
Rev. Hugh Bourne. one of the two
founders of the Primitive Methodist Con-
nexion, said of his cofounder: THAT
trousers wearing, beer drinking Cloves
will never get TO heaven" And it would
need student of the Breeches Bible"
to say precisely when this assumed CON
nection between theology and trousers be-
gan and where the departure from it
will end.-Notes and Queries.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Salton Sea to Dry Up Soon.

Frank H. Bigelow of Washington. a
meteorologist connected with the United
States weather bureau, and c. e. Grun.
sky. consulting engineer i'll the govern
ment reclamation service. arrived in Kau.
sas City yesterday. They are on the
way from Washington to Yuma. Ariz., tC
conduct evaporation test for the govern.
ment in the Saton Sea.
The government is trying to find out
the rate of evaporation" said Mr.. Bige-
low. and we will make extensive tests
and conduct experiments in this great in
land seattle Salton sink-to determine
how fast the water exaporate9 there
The United States weather bureau hopes
by the tests to he able to tell just how
soon a given body of water III the Ari
IONA and California country dries up. Ii
will be of great value in connection witt
the reclamation service. In my opinion
the Salton Sea will completely dry up il
about eight years. kansas City Star.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
CHEAP STOCKS BECAME UsFrTIT
New York Broker Makes Good Sale ~
So-Called Wildcat. VI

Wildcat mining stocks are ra+ .,.
getehr useless or worthless. eitbar, :, " ...,
a New York broker as he huue 1r, IN
telephone receiver. Here's n man 90, .-H
just offered me $50 for enough Imi,..."'
stocks TO have face value Of S-4I..-
He wasn't particular what stocks IT, '.'.
if they only had a paper value Of 81
600. | closed the deal and shall MI ''',
money MON su on ! IT. too; VIA What did he
slightest doubt but that he is .,s-,, ..'-
ready TO go into the bankruptcy con-
and wants to show his creditors W.
his money has been dropped We ofS-g
get such requests and are usually obla ~,
fill them"
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
LoMBARDY PoPLARS.

BEFORE the planters houses old
They stand like statues, stern ana cold,
OF foreign lineage to be,
The poplars tall Of Lombardy.
Soft-clusterng lilacs droop below
Ger banks of lustrous golden glow,
And purple foxgl0ves bend to greet
Green spangled mosses at their feet.
But they lock on with moyeless face,
Nor yield 10 frendliness or grace
In bossOmtng vine or bush or tree
The poplars tall of Lombardy.
why passed New Encland's yeoman by
Their native woods indfferently,
Refused the oak and maple fair.
And gracious elm with breeding rare
And these grim strangers from the Pc,
All taciturn and hard to know
Transplanted here. unloved to be,
The poplars tall of Lombardy?
The hearts Of that undaunted band
Who left in wrath the motherland
Condemned the syren beautys charm,
Or Stunned her features in alarm;
They feared, perhaps, the landscape bare
Would false become if it grew fair,
Wide branching elms might cloak i'm shade
Some graceless thing old earth had made,
But sin or schisn could never shield
From sleeplcss watch. by dyke or field,
OF sentres strict as these would be,
The poplars tail of Lombardy.
So they were set in rows severe.
From sunny spring TO autumn sere
Like mutes Il funeral feasts to stand,
Joy SLunld bourgeoh in the land.
And now they gaze, outworn and old.
on scarce a friend this side the sea,
The poplars tall of Lombardy.
Arthur Wentworth Eaton in 1.-THE Lotos
OF the Nile and Other Poems.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Finds Substitute.

Guy Taking. the superintendent al
King Edwards armorial collection, Is
visiting America To examine the armor
gathered hero. At dinner in New York.
Mr.. Laking told a story about Il pretty
American duchess.
The pretty duchess" he said. SAT IN
her drawing room. and her little son.
the marquis. stood beside her in lace and
velvet
a peer. entering bowed over the
duchess white hand and then said 10
the little marquis:
"Will you give me a kiss. my dear: :
The hoy. shrinking behind his mother.
said hashfuliy:
Mamma will give you one In
diauapoliS Star.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Dog Initiates Ma ster.

Miss Agnes Slack, SECRETARY Of
Worlds w. c. I. T.. praistN ut dim
party in Boston the temperance of "".
en-.
who ever heard" she said. n 49,
an complain about her food: Wta 81.
heard Of women gourmetS: Even F..
really fine cooks Are all men; Tor +"
en- do not take sufficient interest in '.
TO attain TO such excellence in it, ur.
ration as Brillat-Savarian or tfa'
had.
Il am reminded % little story a.a
a man. This sorry would fit many fi'.
but wher is the woman it could he
piled to?
An old gentleman, pointing r.
favorite dog. said proudly:
THAT dog certainly seems AHA.
human at tines
Yes. said his wife. he grows a..
his food as much as you do III .H
auulis journal
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Guarding Against submarine Disasters

To guard against a repetition of the
French submarine boat Lutin sank to the
bottom and could not be raised before
all Of the crew had expired. the naval
constructors are now fitting the Pike
and Grampus. two submarines at Mare
Islands with large hooks fastened to the
sides. to which diver easily can attach
n cable. and enable the boat TO be
hoisted to the surface if her own ma
chinery fails. Bilge keels also are he
ing placed on the sides of these boats,
So that the sailors will have more lib
erty Of movement. it now being danger
Gus for any of the crew to move about
while the boats are submerged and under
way, lest they cause them to dive to the
bot tom.-New y ork Evening Post.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Esperanto for Dancing Masters.

Mr. Turveydrop in his twentieth CEN
Jury development is ambitious. An inter
3ed 5e sG9sFSna IN Gez and ID D
because because it has<>n decided that Esper-
anto shall be the official language. This
is probably the first practical experiment
IL She new language. and we trust that
the movement will prove as gracefully
facie as dancing ought to be.
But besides this there is quite an i'm
posing programme of prizes for new
dances Of all kinds-for ballet. for dra w
ing room. for ball for couples. for chill
dren. and for detailed studies on grace.
bearing and manners. All these matters
are to he disposed of in FIVE days,-Lon-
don Globe.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Presents Good Reason

DIR. Carmichael the new hiS..aH
Montreal Is an Irishman-a native
Tipperarv. He tells a story au"H.
clergyman who was examining SAN
school class aud who chan, j 10 ask
If his small pupils why it was c5is.
cut off dogs tails.
One child replied that il WIS cruel
cause Of the text in the Bible.
What text. my dear:" asked
puzzled clergyman,
The child was thoughtful fer u..i
and then replied: What God has
let no man put asuuder. -E3f'~..
Dispatch.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
WISE AND OTHERWISE.

Honeyed words often have string to
their tail.
Most of the fun to Il girl about being
kissed is pretending she wasn't.
The minute you are nice to some PEG.
pie they want to borrow money fro III
you.
The wise man Is always more stingy
with his wisdom than the fool is with
his folly.
Many 4 fellow would gladly die for a
girl if he felt that she could ever replace
the loss.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
The Intelligent Child.

Little girl after a domestic scene with
her motherD-The best thing for us to do,
is to agree to separation
MeggendOrfer Blaetter.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Before the Ball.

Nov, jimmy
Yes. dad?"
Try to keep that Boston girl outen the
conservatory. \ sudden drop in temper
allure would kill them flowers. Wash
ingtn Herald.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Betty's Discovery.

Tho robins are Italian birds.
I'm sure. because said little Betty
Il see them eating worms out there
Just as Italians eat spaghetti.
-IIarpers Weekly.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
(OmnenSatnrV

First Girl-Miss Scrihbler is awfully
l'.eaSed M that review of her novel.
Second Gjrl-But the writer saws that
her novel is wrctchpd stuff.
First Girl-Ncs; but she is about ~
an know, and the reviewer speaks Of
her as this young writer. "-PicE-Me-Up.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
The Strenuous Life.

Teachcr-IIow long had Washington
been dead when Roosevelt was inaugu-
rated?
Scholar--l dunno, hut it hasn't been
very dead since Teddy has been there
IipnincOtt's.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
So Common.

Was no one injured in the railway
collision. count
NO, but nevertheless ii was a most
painful situation First. second, third and
fourth class passengers all mingled to-
gether, Simply unheard of"'-Fliegende
Blaettcr
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
At Court.

in London did you 20 to courtT'
She asked. He was quickwitted,
And answered. was a comic thought
II did-hut was acquitted
Harold Susman In Lippincott's.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Cheaper.

Wife-Karl. when | 90 to the Riviera
| will dream of you every night"
HuShand.-"I would rather you stayed
here aud dreamed Of the Riviera. Meg
gcndorfer Blaetter.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
The Three.

The baseball has the golden wings,
The masked ball has the flame,
The highball has no wings at all,
But il gets there just the same.
a. New York Sun.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
1t Would Be Asking a Good Deal

First Tramp-lt's pretty cold today;
I'd hate to live at the North pole.
Second Tramp-So would l. | wouldn't
have the nerve to ask for n nights lodg
ing, if the nights were six months long
Smart Set.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
His One Weakness.

SO poor Bills gone has he? How did
he dief"
Three tons of cement fell on his
chest"
Poor fcllcr, lie always was weak
there. -Ilarper'S Weekly.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
A HOPELESS Race.

Higgins--I understand your son is our
suing his studies ut college.
Wiggins-Yes; hut from what | can
ascertain. | dor't believe he will ever
catch up with them.-Chicago Daily
News.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
A Difficult Art.

Instructor in Public Speaking H.
What is the matter with you. Mr.. Jones;
can't you speak any louder? BE more
enthusiastic. Open your mouth and
throw yourself into it,-Harvard Lam
pooh.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Hard Luck.

Mrs. Dash-Mother says that she
wants to be cremated.
Dash-Just my luck! | haven't a
match with me.-Smart Set.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
With Editing.

Dyer-I don't object to my wife having
the last word
Enpec-I wouldn't if mine would cut
out some of those before it.--Smart Set.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
The Careless Watch,

Watch-Eight bells. and al's well.
Mrs. Pohunk Gcebly)-I guess, Josiah,
Life.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
- Humorous Items. Is

~~N-~S~~~~~~~~@-~

Marriage is the result of falling, IN
love at first sight Divorce comes Wheh
you get your second sight.-Smart Set.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Or His Own.

Never" says the Bdena Vista Repub-
lican. Judge a man by the company he
keeps; it may be his wife's folks. Den
yer Post.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Unkind.

so she's about to be married again
DO you know who is the lucky manF
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
At the Show.

Shells that the villain?
He-Oh no-he didn't write the play
Town Topics.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Washing Silk Stockings.-Put tan
Beer Consuming Countries.

So far rs the average amount per head
is concerned. the United Kingdom still
appears at the top of the list of beer
consuming countries, with the singie.cX-
ception of Belgium. The figures that
appear below are taken from the official
return for 1903 on alcoholic beverages:
Gallons
Der henl
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
SOME HELPFUL HINTS.

Polishing Silver.-Before polishing sill
verware wash it in soapsuds and then
rub with a paste made by mixing whiting
with ammonia. Rub dry with channels
cloth. This will remove the worst stains.
Stains on Varnish.-When a slight stain
disfgures vanished surface rub it with
a piece of wooden cloth, dipped in kero-
sene Deep stains or discolorations must
be rubbed with powdered rottenstone and
oil
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15
Trousers Irreligious.

Ii viii assuredly seem more than
strange that within the past hundred
wears the wearing of trousers has been
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15


sene. Deep stains or discolorations must
be rubbed with powdered rottenstone and
oil.
Stains ON Waxed Floors-~Sometimes a
stain or dark line where rug has been
laid will disigure q waXed floor. To
remedy this, rub the spot with cloth
dipped in turpentine. If the place shows
by reason of some of the wax being re-
moved then rub with more wax.
Mutton Tallow ointment.-Cut mutton
suet into small pieces and put into a
stone jar or earthen bowl Set the bowl
in Il dish of hot water over the fire and
stir often until the fat melts. Allow one
teaspoon of carbolic acid into one cup of
liquid fat, after it has cooled enough to
thicken a little.
Care of Angora Cats-Rub an Angora
cat over daily with sponge dipped in
water, to which twenty drops of creoline
have been added for every pint of water;
then comb and brush the hair. Keep
matted hair softened with vaseline. Feed
the cats raw meat and cooked vegetables,
such as carrots and sweet potatoes.
To Clean Hair Brushes.-Dissolve a
rounding tablespoon of boraX in one quart
of boiling water Cool and put enough
of the water into dish to just cover
the bristles of the brushes, but not to
come over the tops. Soak ten or fifteen
minutes. draw a comb through the bris
ties Rinse in plenty of cold water and
set in the open air to dry.
Asbestos Plates.-It is not generally
understood that asbestos plates or sheets
are ruined by moisture. The cook won
ders why a plate gives way in places,
forgetting that she wet it with her dish
cloth in trying to cleanse it. If she had
merely set it on the range, the dirt would
have burned out. \ dozen sheets of as
bestos paper come bound together and
are valuable for using over or under
bread and cake pans or pies.
Washing Silk Stockings.-Put tan or
other colored silk stockings into water
to which salt has been added, in the pro
portion of tablespoon to three quarts;
let soak over night, wiring out and wash
in a lukewarm suds. By no means rub
soap on to the stockings. Rinse thor
oughlv, adding a little vinegar to the
| last water and hang to dry. When about
half dry pull them into shape and press
| with cool iron. Even moderately hot
/ iron quickly scorches either wool or silk,
| This treatment will prevent colors from
running and will retain the new luster.
LILLIAN MASON.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15

From the returns we lind that the
quantity of beer produced in the various
countries varies much less from year to
year than does that of wine. The priu-
cipa. producing countries are given be-
.r1 Hons.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1907-06-15

In 1901 Germany came first with 1865
million gallons. the United Kingdom next
With 1901 million gallons. and the United
States third with 1850 million gallons
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1907-08-14
The Sea Eagle

In summer the principal food Of the
white-tailed sea eagle Is salmon, varied
by sea birds common along the inlets
Of Greenland. IN autumn, when the sal
mon have assembled to the lakes, the
birds resort to the sea. They appear to
have a special fonducss for elder duck.
which are taken BY strategy Stationed
near the water in commanding posi-
ton With background Of cliff, the color
Of which assimilates with that Of the
eagles p1magC. he sits motionless until
flock Of ducks settles near him. After
time one OF two dive in search of
food, but not until all have gone under
together does the eagle make a sign He
then glides swiftly to the spot and cir
cles over it close to the water With
his sharp eye he can detect the birds
before they reach the surface. At first
he Is not usually successful for as soon
as they become aware Of the presence of
tho enemy they dive again instantly.
But in time they are obliged to come
up Tor air, and then one Of them be-
comes an easy victim a fullgrown
elder drake is easily lifted up aud borne
away in the talons Of this powerful pi
rate.--London Field
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1907-08-14
FOR PERMANENT ROADS.

by turning To our news columns today
the reader viii note whit can be done
this year toward the improvement Of
the roads Of the state, BY the regular
fire per cent. tax there is S90.s24.32
available among the separate towns,
and then BY virtue of the recent high.
way improvement law, passed by the
legislature Of 1906, whereby the state
aids the towns, further sum Of So. 55l
Is available Therefore the total amount
which may be expended for improve
ment Of the roads is SIS. 1852. A very
respectable showing might be made if
all the towns in the state would follow
some uniform. or recognized standard,
system Of road building. The new law,
which imposes upon the state an equal
share Of expense with the town that
votes more than the regulation tax, re-
quires that the money shall be expended
under expert or competent supervision,
1t is hoped thereby to have some uni.
formity in the roads of the state. The
construction work is under county su.
peryisors who had previously been in
structed as to the best methods. The
limit which the state can expend in any
one year is $4,000. This year the state
can be called upon for Sil,275. The
good roads movement is bearing fruit.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1907-08-14
SAFETY OF CIRCUS PATRONS.

Who hasn't experienced the sensation
Of trepidation when forced to Chamber
over those stilt.likc pedestals to gain
his seat in the circus teAtl The himsy
boards, the thinner the better for easy
transportation, give" beneath the
weight and seemingly threaten TO de.
post one into the unknown abyss below.
The supports creak and groan with the
weight Of the teetering multitude, hurry
ing scrambling, humping as only circus
crowds can hurry, scramble and bump.
1t has occurred TO nearly every adult
mind, no doubt, that there was posi-
bility for considerable disaster were
the supports to fall. Such disaster
did happen in Burlington the other day,
although happily the magnitude Of the
affair was not great, except in the num-
Der of people injured. The casualties
were limited TO broken limbs and ribs;
but that fact should not divert attention
from the main contention. that too great
reliance is placed on chance, the chance
OF freedom from trouble. 1t is quite
easy for lives TO be lost in the falling Of
sections Of the seating arrangement at
q tent exhibition Then there IS the
possible panic. in consequence, to figure
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1907-08-14
F,HRl(l1,i.1IiR so
'. - q : = - ~ = -
ia North Main St, Barre, Vt.

with Requirements should b imposed
That circus companies pay more heed to
the safeguarding Of the thousands Of
people whom they attract. The state.
ment Of an agent Of the circus IN Bur.
lington that the accident there was caused
BY the collision Of two intoxicated indi,
yiduals falling against the supports Of
the section II admission enough, it seems
70 The Times, that the seats are not
constructed so securely as they ought
to be, II the mere jouncing which
drunken men can give a support ii sufi
Gent to send the structure gathering
TO the ground, then the structure is not
lifted 70 bear the weight of SO many
human beings a. gather on them. The
multitude Of damage suits brought in
Chittenden county may perhaps foi,e the
same conviction home to the circus PEG.
pie themselves.