davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emmett index. [volume] (Emmett, Idaho) 1893-1925, 1907-10-03

For SALE Forty acres, in one tract
or 10-acre plats. Part payment
down, balance to suit. Inquire of
Ed. C. Vahlberg or this office.
The Emmett index. [volume] (Emmett, Idaho) 1893-1925, 1907-10-03

For SALE-28 acres, part of D.
Knox place, l mile west of town.
$500. C. W. Seydell, or this office.
The Emmett index. [volume] (Emmett, Idaho) 1893-1925, 1907-10-03

For SALE Nine pigs II weeks old.
w. L. Burton.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Estimates from Field Work.

Farther south in New Mexico and
Arizona. on some OF the reserves At
lower attitudes. the wolves are com
mon throughout the year and breed
on the reserves. where cattle furnish
them abundant food at all times
Wolves depend on cattle for food
far more than on game. and like ah
wild animals. their distribution de-
ponds largely Oh food supply.
The abundance OF wolves IN given
area cannot, OF course. De determined
with any great accuracy. but a fair cs-
innate can be made from recent fielc
work and the reports Of field natural
lists and ranchmen. The field reports.
however. cover only part OF the
wolf country. some. moreover. date
hack several years and the conditions
may have changed since they were
written. Records Of bOunties paid bv
States. counties. and local stOckmeu' s
associations are a partial index To tho
abundance OF the animals. but they
record dead wolves and not those re-
naming alive, and II must also boo
borne In mind that many wolves aye
killed on which no bounty IS COLI
lcCted
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Breed Below Forest Reserves.

The wolves breed mainly below the
edce Of the forest reserves or on the
reserves only where partly open foot
hill country IS Included continues
Mr.. Bailey In his report In talking
with hunters. trappers. raDchmen. and
forest rangers who have beer much IN
the northern mountains in. winter
have not found one who ever saw
wolf tracks In the mOTnJa'os during
the breeding season or knew OF wolf
den above the foothills. All agree that
the wolves leave the mountains when
tho cattle come down In the fall and
return only when the cattle are driven
into the mountains again in June.
The records OF bOunties paid during
the last twelve years IN Wyoming, in
the very heart OF the wolf country
indicate I'm a general way the abund-
auce Of wolves. The figures huctuate
considerably from year 20 year. partly
because the amount available for
bounty payments in any year IS linn
tied. so shat with its exhaustion this
incentive to wolf-hunting is removed
The record cannot be taken to show
that the number Of wolves has mark
edlv decreased under the bounty sys-
TEN The total Tor the dozen years
shows SCI, SCI paid In bounties in Wy
ominC on %. SIG wolves
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

crowded out Of the more thickly set
tied regions. The largo gray wolf
of the plains and Middle West is at
present the most abundant species
in the United States ana the most
destructive to stock. over the thin
ly settled ranch country OF Montana,
the western parts Of the Dakotas and
Nebraska, and of Wyoming, Color
ado, New Mexico. and western Tex
as, where stock raising In the pr1n-
cipal industry, the wolves have held
their own. and in favorabis sections
have increased since the destruction
of their former prey, the buffalo. and
the introduction Of still greater num-
bers of domestic cattle-this, too, In
the face of a fierce warfare waged by
ranchnen, trappers, and hunters.
BY reference TO the map shown or
this page. it Will be seen that the
present distribution OF wolves includes
most of the forest reserves OF the
western United States, except those Of
California. The natural Inference
would be that these forest reserves
serve as breeding grounds. from which
the wolves raid the surrounding coun-
try. killing stock and retreating again
10 forest cover. Such is not the case.
however
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Mexico Is the Owner of All Its Churches

forms of worship IN tEe republic IL
will only prosecute and chasJize such
acts and practice as. though sane
TONED by forms Of worship involve
misdemeanor or delinquency under the
criminal Laws
The same law. however. laid down
that no religious service should be held
outside the churches
other points comprised in The law
were the declaUati that Marriage 5
civil contract. the absolute seculariza-
ton OF public Instruction and the pro
hihition Of religious orders
But there are two points 10 which We
consider that il Is pertinent TO draw
attention.
u has been seen that the state while
allowing the rec exercise Of all forms
OF worship. reserved TO itself the right
Of vigilance over them all I'm so far
as should be necessary for the maiuJe-
nance Of public order and to prevent
any infringement of the general pre-
cepts Of the law governing such mat
tiers as for example, the precept for
bidding open-air services.
In other words. the State assumes
certain police functions in regard TO
worship i'm the interests Of peace and
order and Of the general welfare Of
the community.
IL also undertakes 10 assure the
people Of all religious faiths the free
right Of practicing their particular
forms of Worship. and, therefore, as
sumes the obligation Of protecting
them against the attacks of the intol-
Grant of other creeds.
But. in order that it may perform
this elementary duty. the state needs
to be Informed as TO the churches {
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

other edifces in which religious vor-
snip is conducted, and, therefore. -arti-
Gle . Of the law Of December. 1874.
laid down that when a church was
opened for worship notice must be
given by those concerned TO the local
political authorities.
This provision. which is unuuestiOn-
ably Obeyed both by Catholics and
PruJeStants i'm this country. is Of spe-
cial interest i'm view OF the church
conflict i'm France, for many persons
have claimed 10 find in the require
ment in question similarity to the
notices which the French authorities
were willing 10 accept as legaHzing
religious worship under the law OF
ISL and which the Pope has forbidden
the French clergy TO give.
Be this as il may there can be no
doubt that article 10 of VIII tamRy be
called the Mexican separation law is
much more liberal and much wiser
than French law for. settling the status
Of ecclesiastical editices and their con-
tents.
The Mexican law simply stated that,
while all churches which had been na-
uOnaliZed continued TO be the property
Of the nation, the religious bodies IN
charge of them should rema1D3 without
any further formality, In undisturbed
and exclusive possession thereof. with
the privilege and duty Of maintaining
and improving them, subject. however.
10 the states right ultimately 10 dis
pose otherwise OF the property II Il
should see fit.
Here was "A full assertion Of the
states eminent domain over the
churches as national property. but the
legislators OF Mexico saga ciously
avoided running any risk OF being
forced by their adroit clerical oppO-
nents into odium-breedinG interference
with a given form OF worship.
The trainers Of the separation law in
France have not followed the sans
wise course whether this be owing TO
The bureaucratic OF 70 the anticlerical
spirit or both.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Cattle the Main Prey.

Recent reports from Montana show
that IN various portions OF that State
wolves have been very destructive TO
stock. especially calves. colts. and
sheep. Records indicate that wolves
are as plentiful there as I'm Wyoming
In the Dakotas. Nebraska. Kansas.
Colorado Texas. Louisiana, Florida.
Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri. Mich
gan. Wisconsin. Minnesota Utah. Ne
vada. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. and
Alaska reports show that stockmen.
ranchmen. and farmers are much an
noyed through wolves inroads ru
their cattle
The stock killed by wolves con-
tinues Mr.. Baileys report ''is mainly
cattle. Calves and yearlings are gen
orally selected. but II these are not
available. cows. and even fun grown
steers are killed They are usually at
tackled from behind. and literally eaten
alive. Occasionally an animal will rs-
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Destruction of Game.

Talking with hunters and trappers
who spend much time in the noun
tains when the snow is on the ground
brought little positive information on
The destruction of elk or deer by
wolves" continues MIR. Bailey
George Glover. a forest ranger long
familiar with the Wind River noun
tains. in both winter and summer, said
that he had found a large blacktail
buck which the wolves had eaten, but
that he suspected il had been previ-
ously shot by hunters. In many win
ters of trapping where elk were
abundant. Mr.. Glover has never found
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

amy evidence that eIk had been killed
by wolves. Coyotes constantly follow
the elk herds. especially in spring
when the calves are being born, and
probably destroy many OF the Young.
but wolves apparently do not share
this habit. II seems probable. how
ever JhaI in summer the young OF
both elk and deer suffer 10 some eN-
tent while the wolves are among them
in the mountains
Many deer are killed by wolves IN
the timbered regions Of northern Michi-
iSau Wisconsin. and Minnesota, and
parts Of Canada. especially during the
winter. when snow is deep and dOmes-
tic animals are housed. on Grand Is
land. in Lake Superior. a gray Wolf
appeared on the game preserve OF the
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

States wolves I'm great numbers or
iginauy preyed on the buffalo herds.
but the buffalo wolf has now become
prominently the cattle wolf
The methods usually employed for
the destruction Of wolves are hunting
with rife or with dogs and horses.
capturing the young in the dens. trap
ping, and poisoning
Hunting wolves with dogs and horses
has been so fully described by Presi-
dent Roosevelt from his own and his
associates experience that little can
be added For thrilling sport ana for
a test Of skill and nerve II can hardly
be excelled. but as a method of de-
stroyiug wolves II IS costly In horse
flesh. dogs. and the time OF the best
riders
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Grave thon vs. generally kuouu
POcks Or,',Cy stocl1r,,en from Canada to mpxro

from one den near Lander. on May !.
1906.
1.-THE reports OF the wolves killed.
though coming from only few ranch
men and trappers, included a number
whereon no bounty had been collected
in Fremont county. including most OF
the Wind River and Sweet Water Val
leys. and a large part OF the Green
River Valley. bounties were paid or
sixty-nine wolves in 1893. and on forty
five wolves from January ! 70 May /,
in 1906. Reports from different sec
tons or wyoming show that in 1893
wolves were common In the Green
River Valley. on the head of La Barge
creek. and in the Pumpkin Butte coun-
fr-r~
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

VI a desire TO possess some in
formation I'm regard 20 the
nature or the separation Of church
and state ir Mexico. says the Mexi-
can Herald. the recognized organ of
The government. printed at MeXIcO
city. which then offers this eNplana-
ton
That great principle. enough ii ma
been de facto achieved was not pro
claimed specially and ca.egorically IN
I'll September -, 1873. when the main
features of reform laws were embodied
in the nations Magma ClIarta IN the
form of constitutional amendments
The first OF these amendments WIS
as follows;
State and church are Independent
of each other. Congress cannot enact
any law establishing or prohibiting eay
religion.
This precept was somawh hat amLii-
fed by article I OF the law OF Deem
Der Il. 1S47. Of which the aim was to
lay down rules of practice for the ob-
servanCe of the constitutional amend
ments Of September -. 1872 The an
plified clause was as follows:
state and church are independent
OF each other. Congress cannot enact
any law establishing OF prohibiting any
religion; but the state exercises aU-
thority over all of them in so far as
relates to the preservati n Of pubic
order and the observance Of legal in
stitutions.'
The second article of the law Of De
cember, 1874, was a declaration OF
religious tolerance and freedom of
worship, in the following terms: The
State guarantees the exercise OF all
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

East Slope of Wind River Mountains,
Near TOrrey Like, Wyo. Nine Wolf
Dens Are Along the South Slope of the
Ridge, Between the Crosses.
cape the wolf with great piece torn
out OF its ham. while the wolf goes
on TO catch and XIII another. Tn"
ranchmen I'm the wolf country main
tain that a 'critter' even slightly Bit
ten by a wolf viii de Of blood poison
ing. and many detailed instances seem
FUZZY to substantial this More cattle
are therefore killed tnan are eaten.
Evidently the wolves prefer freshly
killed beef. In summer they rarely re-
turn for even a second meal from tl~
same animal: but in winter. when IL
the snowy north The cattle are gath
cred into pastures or stables, they
often return to a carcass until its
bones are picked.
The actual number OF cattle killed
by wolves can not be determined.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
4 Change of Diet.

Wherever wolves iuhabit timuered
country they are destructive 10 game
I'm proportion 10 their abundance, TO
the abundance Of game, and 70 the
scarcity of domestic cattle In the far
north caribou. moose. and musk OK
are their principal prey. while in some
parts Of the United States and Canada
they Kill many deer every year over
the Central Plains region Of the United
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

mind the wild packs that haunt the
woods and plains OF various portions
Of the Old world-such as Siberia,
Russia. France. and Germany; the
thrilling story OF the Fri King and
weird tales Of ''the bloody snow
But there is enough OF danger from
these predatory beasts. right here In
the United States-and over an aston
ishingIy wide area-to cause attempts
in many States TO wipe them out.
The danger from wolves In Uncle
Sans domain. however, is not through
their attacks upon human beings. but
through tn enormous losses suffered
by stockmsn on the Western cattle
ranges and the destruction or game In
the forest reserves, game preserves.
and IN national parks
So annoying have the depredatious
OF the genus lupus become. that the
Biological Survey, in cooperation with
the Forest Service, has been making
special Investigations with the inten-
ton Of finding the best methods for
destroying the pests.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

Ci-yclaud-CHnS Iron Company in
January, 1906. when the snow was two
feet deep. Wit1in the next thirty days
IL killed thirteen deer and one caribou
the carcasses of Which were found by
the party organized TO hunt the wolf.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Bailey Tells of DepredatIOns.

Vernon Bailey, assistant I'm charge
OF Geographic Distribution, Biological
Surevy, through Clifford Pinchot. for
ester Of the Department Of Agricul-
ture. has issued a report on the sub
jcct Of wolves, the chief object Of
which is to place in the hands Of hunt
ers. trappers, forest rangers. and
ranchmen directions for trapping, pois-
oning. and hunting wolves and finding
the dens Of the young. Il IS believed
that with the help OF the directions
therein given, the number OF the
wolves can be so reduced that the
depredationB will cease to be a serious
menace to stock raising.
Prime wolf skins are worth from
81 to Sc each. enough 10 induce trap
pers and enterDrising ranch boys TO
make an effort to secure them.
Mr.. Bailey says in his report.
The wolves OF North America are
divided into two groups-the smaller
coyotes. or prairie wolves Of the west
ern United States, Mexico. and south
western Canada. comprising several
species and subspecies; the red wolf
Of southern Texas. the brindIed wolf
OF Mexico, the light gray wolf OF the
Central Plains region. the dark gray
wolf OF eastern Canada, the almost
white wolf or northern Canada and
Alaska. and the large black or dusky
wolf Of the Northwest coast region.
For present purposes, however. they
may be treated as one species Their
habits differ mainly IN adaptation to
the varied conditions Of their environ
ment-timber, plains, mountains. des-
erts. or northern barren grounds-and
in the methods of pursuit and cap
ture Of different kinds OF animals for
food. AS a rule, the largest forms
occur r. the far north; the light gray
wolf OF the Middle Plains region Is
slightly smaller. and the forms OF the
lower AUstral zone of Texas and the
southern United States are the small
o.. or all
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Courtesy OF 4. =. Dept OF AgIicuJur-
THESE AREN'T TEDDY" BEARS.
They're Nine Wolf Pups Snapped II
Front Of Their Den in Wyoming.

comparatively few animals are found
10y Catuemen and hunters. when fresh
ly killed with wolf tracks around them
and wolf marks on them Not all Of
the adult cattle missing from herd
can surely he charged 20 the depreda-
tions Of wolves. while missing calves
may have been taken by wolves. by
mountain lions or by 'rustlers.
J. +. Jennctt. Of Stanford. Mont
says in Recreation.
~ family or wolves will destroy
about 5000 worth or stock per an
mum.
Some goats and hogs are destroyed
by wolves. especially IN parts of New
Mexico Texas. Colorado, Louisiana,
and Arkansas.
The amount Of game killed is even
less easily determined than Of cattle.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOLVES UNITED STATES.
The Portion Abound The Black Spot
Forest
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Swarm in Wyoming.

In the upper Green River Valley OF
wyoming. between the Salt River and
Wind River mountains. wolves We're
apparently just as numerous In March
1906. as thirteen years ago Between
March "a and April q. 1906, four dens,
containing thirty-two pups, were found
with two old wolves at each den; and
evidently there were two or three 9th
er dens in the valley. Forty old
wolves. or approximately one TO
township, would seem "a fair estimate
of the number In this valley. while as
far as could be learned, the number
that had been killed over the same
area during the previous fall. winter,
and spring was but sixteen. Along the
east base Of the Wind River noun
tains. from Miners Delight TO Union
at least nineteen wolves were killed
during 1905. and five pups were taken
WOLVES IN UNITED STATES.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

Olives are more Of a
menace IN this cOun-.
try than Is commonly
supposed
The mention OF a
u.oIf Ysilally calls TO
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17
Occupy Original Range.

wolves still occupy most of
their original range, except where
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1907-02-17

EE ANY or our English speaking
Nh readers have expI essed to us
a desire to possess some in
formation i'm regard 20 the
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1907-01-06
RECEIVING PARTY.

DR.. and Mrs. Samuel L. Lerbetter have
invited the following to assist them in re-
ceiving at the celebration of their silveu
wedding anniversary, which will occur
on the evening of Friday, January Il:
Mr.. and Mrs. John M. CALDWELL Mr..
and Mrs. Hugh Morrow, Mr.. and Mrs
B. A. Hagood of Charleston, S. c., Mr.,
and Mrs r.. S. Catheart of Charleston
S. c.. Judge and Mrs. Dan A. Green, Mr..
and Mrs. George NJ. Cruikshank, Dr. and
Mrs. Chiles Clifton Terrell of the Uni
Versity of Mississippi, Major and Mrs. Ed
ward M. Tutwiler, Mr.. and Mrs Robert
Jemison, Jr., Mr.. and Mrs. Edward II.
Cabaniss, Mr.. and Mrs. George B. Nc
Cormack, Mr.. and Mrs. Jones G. Moore,
Mr.. and Mrs. Lewis Minor, Mr.. and Mrs.
Joseph r. Smith, Mr.. and Mrs. Henry f.
DeBardeleben, Mr.. and Mrs. S. f.
Thompson, Mr. and Mrs John S. Jemison,
Mr.. and Mrs. j. ID. Moore, Mr.. and Mrs.
James b. Cobbs, Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph ".
Allen, Mr. and Mrs j. Rivers Carter, Mr..
and Mrs. N. M Malone Mr.. and Mrs.
Charles Sticl1ney, Mr.. and Mrs. j. f.
Graham, DIR. and Mrs. b. L. Wyman, DR..
and Mrs. d. p. Riggs, Mr. and Mrs. VIII
liam G. Estes, DIR. and Mrs. John D..
Dabney, Mr.. and Mrs. T. o. Smith. Mr..
and Mr.. Sydenham Moore. DR. and Mrs.
Thomas d. Parke, Mr.. and Mrs. Lee c.
Bradley, Mr.. and Mrs. Mark B. Lewis,
Mr.. and Mrs. Sterling Lanier, Mr.. and
Mrs. r.. 7. Taliaferro, Mr.. and Mrs. John
G. Catalan DIR. and Mrs. J. e. Frazier,
DR.. and Mrs b. d. Sibley.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1907-01-06
DINNER PARTY IN HONOR
OF MISS SARA BELL JAMES.

Miss Lillian Moore gave an elaborate
dinner party on Friday evening at her
home on South Eighteenth street, in
honor of Miss Sara Bell James, who will
be married on the afternoon of Thurs
cay to Mr.. Bozeman Arthur Pepperman.
The guests included the members of
thel wedding party and also Miss Fern
MnAr Miss Laura Oliver and MISS Maple
Moore.
The dining table was particularly at
traetive, on a large lace centerpleee was
q vase OF lilies of the valley and brides
maids roses. The place cards We're the
work of the hostess and were beauti-
full as well as original. The cards were
oblong and each one had cluster OF
bridesmaids roses done in water colors
and at the stems was tied a boy OF
pink satin ribbon with the name OF the
guest on the ribbon in gilt letters.
The table was otherwise beautiful with
silver candelabra with the pink candles
sailed nuts and bonbons.
Miss James wore a becoming gown OF
white net over silk with trimmings OF
pink. Miss Moore wore a yellow taffeta,
Fashioned empire. Miss Mable Moore wore
blue silk. Miss Laura Oliver wore rose
colored crepe de chine Miss Fern Minor
wore a tan net over silk, and Miss Lucille
Davidson wore black chiffon, embroidered
in gold.
The men were the members of the we'd
ing party: Mr.. b. A. Pepperman, Mi.
J. C. Orrison Mr.. William Orrison, Mr..
| e. Irwin, Mr.. Schoaff and Mr.. Reid Law
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1907-01-06
IN HONOR OF
MRS. T. n. WILSON.

Mrs. Willard ]. Wilson gave an elap-
crate reception yesterday afternoon in
honor Of her mother, Mrs I. II. wilson OF
Cleveland, o., who is her guest. The en-
tire lower floor was thrown into one
and was attractively decorated with
ferns, palms and cut flowers. The guests
were received in the drawing room by
Mrs. w. J. Wilson, Mrs. T. II. Wilson.
Mrs. ]. T. Harwell, Mrs r. II. Carter,
Mrs w S. Going, Mrs J. r. Estes Mrs,
A. G. McAndrew, Miss Carrie Luckie,
Miss Sue Lnekie and Miss Virginia zelL
In the dining room the table was elab-
orately decorated with ferns pink car
nations and roses, surrounded by sailed
almonds, crystalized fruits and bonbons. A
two course buffet luncheon was served
the guests. In the hall punch was served
by Miss Sarah Luckie, Miss Mary zell
and Miss Louise Zell. All of the ehande-
liers were wrapped in pink crepe paper
and festooned with ferns.
Potted plants were used effectively
through the reception hall and drawing
room and large vases of pink carnations
were on the tables and mantels. Mrs
W. j. Wilson wore a handsome black
wolfe, trimmed with lace; Mrs. Ihomas
H. Wilson wore a Partisan gown of black
spangIed net over blue silk. with trim,
mings of blue silk. During the afternoon
about 100 guests called.
Mrs. Wilson has only lived in Birming-
ham a few years, but has been great
addition to the social world and always
entertains delightfully."- her parties being
thoroughly informal.