davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
GOOD ROADS MOVEMENT.
Millions Of Dollars Annually Saved to
the Farmers Of the United States.

One of the most important move
ments that has been inaugurated of
recent years. and which has resulted
in wonderful benefit to the people Is
the good roads movement. Within the
United States there are approximately
about 100000 farmers. If during a
year each of those farmers can be
saved $40 in time, or in wear and tear
upon horses and wagons by means Of
improved roads, it means saving Of
$SO,OOO.000 annually; but the truth is
that the improved roads that have
been built up the past half dozen years
through agitation of the good roads
movement saves each farmer in the
land from $50 to 500. Thus 1t can be
seen that the savings Brought about
through this movement aggregate hun
dreds of millions of dollars each year.
Good roads are important to the
progressive town. This fact has be-
come so recognized tina; wherever
there exists live agricuitl raj town
its citizens will be found TO be staunch
advocates of road improvement, and
there is a civic pride and friendly COM
petition in the matter of having good
roads leading to the towns. The work
of road improvement has only fairly
begun. A number of state legislatures
have taken up the work and during
the next dozen years great changes
will be wrought as TO the building and
maintenance of public highways.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.
Two Vital Things for the Welfare Of
the Masses.

There is wisdom in the old slogan,
"A school on every hill top and a
church in every valley" Citizens of
the United States may well feel proud
of the great educational system which
makes 1t possible for all classes to &C.
quire the proper mental cultivation.
They may also feel proud of the re-
ligious liberty that each and every
citizen enjoys. There is no estab-
lished church to interfere with the
free exc of conscience, neither Is
there any law that interferes with the
exercise of religious belief.
The United States can be looked
upon as patton where schools and
churches flourish to the fullest. The
public school system is one of the
most perfect that civilization has yet
evolved. OF course there are com
munities where local conditions are
not SO favorable for schools as other
places. It will be observed that the
more important is the city or the
town, the more advanced are the edu-
cational facilities offered the people.
The residents of rural communities
have their state or district school, the
curriculums of which are restricted
1t is to the nearby town that the chill
dren who are residents of the farm
districts must look for their higher
education. which is necessary prep
aration for entry into college, and for
business life. How important 1t is,
then, to the resident of the farm dis.
trict that his home town be an active
place and of sufficient business i'm.
portance to Justify the maintenance OF
high class school. 1t can be seen
how each resident of farming COM
munity should be interested In the
home town and all that pertains to its
upbuilding. II on no other account,
purely on account of the educational
facilities.
Running parallel in Importance with
the schools are the churches. The
better the home town the better are
the church buildings. and the grea .er
is the talent that fills the pulpit Both
schools and churches have education
al qualities that should not be lightly
valued. They mean the highest men
tai and moral development, and upon
this development depends the good
citizenship and the advancement and
perpetuation OF the nation.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
CENTENNIAL OF
4m VOTAc1B OF
THE CLEPr1ONT'
Robert Fulton. q PennsyMania
genius. first steamed his boat
Up the HudSon August T.. 1907.
Practically tho BEGINNING Of
modern ste an naNIQafTOn

next found as an officer in the Con-
tinental army. The Indians took him
prisoner, and he was removed into
the Northwest territory. He made a
map of the then little known country
west of the Alleghenies. and subse-
quently came to Philadelphia. Here
at one time he lived on Second street.
near Vine, but began his inquiry into
steam navigation at his place at Ne
shaminy.
With Fitch the idea was not orig
inal any more than 1t was with any Of
his predecessors. or with those who
followed him. While he was engaged
as a civil engineer in the southeastern
part of Pennsylvania. he came into
contact with William Henry. and II he
did not see the latter's invention he
at least met him and heard OF 1t. At
any rate, in 1887 Fitch did construct
a steamboat which he set in motion
on the Delaware river.
Fiteh's Scheme Lansuished.
Two years before Fitch had APP
peared before the American Philo
sophical society and showed a model
of a steamboat which he intended to
construct, and in 1890 he had a steam
boat on the river that could make
eight miles an hour, and was adver-
tised to make regular runs between
this city and Trenton three days a
week.
A virginian. James Rumsey. at the
time Fitch was requesting various
state legislatures to grant him assist
ance. claimed to have invented a
steamboat prior to that of Fitch.
Rumsey's claim. however. was discred
tied. even by his own state. Fitchs
lack of support and the GOODNESS with
which the country viewed the project.
although one small boat had made no
fewer than 81 advertised trips without
accident, permitted Fitch's scheme to
become quiescent.
Fulton never disclaimed the obliga-
ton he owed to Fitchs steamboat. At
the time the first Fitch boat was
shown here Fulton was an apprentice
to Edward Duffield, a silversmith, who
was in business on Second street be-
low Chestnut. The old frame build
ing. lately numbered 121. was standing
until 25 years ago. 1t is only natural
to infer that the active young appren-
tice should have enough curiosity to
see the invention. especially as he was
something of an ingenious mechanic
himself.
Robert Fulton's Career.
Robert Fulton was born in Little
Britain township. Lancaster county
November IA. 1865, his father being a
native of Kilkenny, Ireland. The Full
tons moved to Lancaster city when
Robert was an infant, and it was in
the schools of that city that the in
genious young inventor received his
education. He is said to have known
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

by the ready separation of the bark
from the wood. The union of the
two. the bud and the stock, takes
place at the edges of the bark of the
inserted bud; for this reason the bud
should be inserted as soon as 1t is
cut from the twig so as to avoid dry
ing out. In climates having severe
winters budding is most satisfactory
when performed near the end of the
growing season. The buds should be
plump and mature when taken from
the shoots of the current years
growth. The bud stocks should be
cut the day the buds are to be in
serted, trimmed and wrapped at once
in damp cloth to prevent drying on.
Trimming consists in cutting of the
leaves. saving a bit of the stem to
use as q handle in inserting. In cut
ting the buds. use sharp knives; in
sert blade of knife one.fourth inch be-
low bud. cut upward just behind bud,
removing but little of wood, coming
out about one-fourth of an inch above
bud. (See fig. az
To insert bud, make T-shaped in
cision in stock about two inches above
ground (See Fig. b. With the
spatula or budding knife loosen the
lips of bark in angle of the cut and
slip in the bud. (See Fig. b. The
bud must be held firmly in place by
bandage wound above and below, be-
ing careful to leave the eye of the
bud uncovered. Raffia fibre (weD,
bast, candle wick or waxed cloth may
be used for tying. Raffia is usually
employed. If the bud takes" re-
move the bandage in about ten days
by cutting loose on back side of stock
to prevent the hindering of growth of
bud. In three or four weeks cut off
the stock just above bud to stimulate
the growth of new bud.
Peaches are budded in the same
year that the pits are planted. AS
soon as the seedlings are large
enough to hold bud they are ready
for budding.
After budding, examine the stock
frequently and remove any suckers
that may start at base of Seeding.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
COOLING FRUITS.
Found That They Keep Better in Ship
ment When So Treated.

Cooling summer fruits before ship
ment now seems likely to become the
general practice for good many for
warding agents have discovered that
it is the proper caper. Within few
years all important fruit-shipping sta
lions will probably be equipped with
cooling apparatus and the cars will
also be chilled down before taking on
their loads. Two or three years ex-
perience seems to show good profit in
cooling the fruit before starting on its
journey in hot weather for the per-
centage of decay is largely reduced by
this process. Experiments thus far
carried on go to show that fruit thor
oughly cooled before 1t is started, and
with the interior of the car thoroughly
cooled before 1t is iced, show
marked lessening in the quantity OF
ice required for the car to complete
the journey. At the same time, says
Field and Farm, the fruit is kept in
much better condition than when
placed on board when warm and then
cooled after the car has been closed
up. a condition that to certain ex
tent causes sweating of the fruit, in.
ducing decay. If the fruit is thor
oughly dried and cooled and the car
is also chilled. the decay is reduced
to almost a minimum and the cost OF
Icing is practically one-half.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
COSTLY LESSONS IN ECONOMY.
It Is Not Always a Matter Of Saving to
Buy Cheap Goods.

Almost every rural community has
within its confines people who have
paid well for experience and have
learned costly lessons as to buying
of goods.
Not long ago in western town q
citizen desired to buy a kitchen range
A visit to the local hardware store
was made and the prices asked by
the dealer were not satisfactory to
the prospective purchaser, who by
the way had his attention attracted
by the advertising in his farm paper
of "a bargain" in a kitchen range.
The range was advertised as equal to
those costing twice the money at the
local store" The citizen sent
money order to the concern advertis-
ing the range. and in the course of a
few weeks he was notified by the rail
road agent that the range had ar
rived. In removing it from the sta
ton to the farm house. in some mex
plainable way part of it was broken.
The broken pieces were taken to the
local hardware store but could not be
duplicated. A letter was written to
the range company and in the course
of q few weeks duplicate of the
broken part was received, but it was
discovered that it would not fit the
stove. 1t had to be returned and a
few weeks later another piece was
sent; then the stove was placed in
use Within six months the top had
become so warped that it interfered
seriously with the drafts. At the end
of the year the stove was burned out
and ready for the junk heap. The
purchaser of the stove then deter
mined that he would secure another
range from the home dealer. II paid
the home dealer the price he was
asked which was about one-third more
than the poor range cost, and after a
few years the range was found to be
as good almost as when first bought
This is one illustration of how econ
omy wrongfully practiced is ex-
pensive. 1t is not always wise to
seek the bargain counters when good
articles are wanted. Neither is 1t
wise idea to buy goods before You
have an opportunity to carefully ex-
anime them and determine their
value.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

weighers that the system devised by
Carrie c. Hungerford of the railway
mail service is employed.
The Weighing of the mails for the
purpose of awarding the contract is
not new departure" said Mr.. Hun
gerford. That was part Of the old
system. The mail weighers have
cards on which they record the weight
of the mail taken on at each station
on the route, and also the weight put
of. Another card records the weight
on the return trip between the same
points.
This process of daily weighing is
kept up for 80 days. and the totals
must be footed at the end of each
week and the end of the whole period
Formerly each days report was en-
tered by the clerks on a large tabu
lating sheet three feet long and two
feet wide, and figures had to be totaled
vertically and horizontally.
THE size of the job can be seen
when tell you that the report of just
two trains on long run for the period
of so days took up Is of these large
sheets.
The work kept 25 men busy In the
Chicago headquarters during the ene
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
HORTICULTURAL NOTES.

Spray grapevines with Bordeaux to
prevent rot. etc. We told you about
this before.
Beware of the red rust in the black
cap or blackberry patti. When it APP
pears, at once dig out a'.G burn the in
fected plant.
Continue to cultivate and hoe the
strawberry plants set this spring.
When enough runners are secured in
each row, cut of all others, Just as #
they were weeds.
Extra-fine grapes are secured by
cutting OFF the weaker inferior
punches, or where punches are toe
close together. and then enclosing
each remaining bunch in paper bag.
Cheap. ordinary paper bags. pinned OF
tied into place, will do. Bagged fruit
escapes insect ravages, ripens better
and earlier, and is choicer in quality
and finer in appearance.-Farm Jour
nal
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

Philadelphia--Whil New Workers
were jubilating over the centennial OF
the historic journey of Robert Full
toms steamboat Ciermont, which made
the trip from New York city to Albany
under her own steam. on August 7,
1907. Pennsylvanians have a more
than ordinary interest in the honors
to be paid to the inventor, for he was
son of this commonwealth, and 1t
was here that he obtained his first
ideas OF method Of propelling boats
by the use of steam
In some quarters Fulton, rather In
correctly. has been Landed as the In
ventor of the steamboat. As has been
well said. neither the steam engine
nor the steamboat was. In the strict
sense Of the word. invented. Fulton
was not the inventor of the steam
boat. but neither can any other person
be so characterized. The steamboat
was good many years being invented
and there were many hands at the
work. This fact, however, does not
lessen the brightness of Fulton's
achievement. for. had he never been
connected with the Inauguration of
steam navigation. he showed so many
other evidences of mechanical invent
iveness and of artistic effort that it is
extremely probable that his name
would not be forgotten.
Projects Before Fuiton's.
More than 100 years before Fulton
began his experiments the idea had
possessed inventors in other parts of
the world. In 1890 Papin proposed
the use of a steam engine for the pur-
pose of propelling boats through the
water. and exactly a century before
the Clermont made its famous run the
inventor actually constructed such a
boat. which he used on the River Full
da, at Cassel The boat was of rude
construction. and the method of pro-
pulsion consisted of raising water by
means of steam pump. which water
was then applied to n water wheel
and drove a set of paddles on the same
shaft. What influence this invention
might have had upon the commerce of
the world will never be known. for 1t
was not allowed to prosper. being de-
stroyed by some ignorant fanatics.
In the century which interviewed
there was considerable talk of apply
ing the steam engine to the use of
boats. Nothing came of it in a prac-
teal way until an American blazed
the way. The first of these pioneers
was also a Pennsylvanian-Willi
Henry. native of Chester county, but
at the time of his experiment a resi-
dent of Lancaster county. About 1868
Henry. who had just returned from a
visit to England. took up the subject
of steamboat. He constructed
small boat, or rather attached an en-
CINE to an old bateau. This consisted
of pair of paddles. and with this
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

Few realize how continually the
plants that grow on the earth are
pumping water from the soil into the
air. Every normal plant is engaged
in this work, and the surface of thR
earth is covered with them except in
the regions of eternal frost and the
great deserts. Experiments made in
Utah showed that through June, July
and August of one year each foot of
soil lost by evaporation of moisture
through plants over nine pounds of
water. When this is multiplied by the
number of feet in an acre it gives
over 100 tons of water for a single
acre. When this is extended to the
plant-covered surface of the world it
indicates the fact that a good-sized
ocean of water is by the plants
pumped up into the air each year and
that for each day a good-sized sea is
so returned back to the element from
which 1t came-the air.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

something of a genius. 1t is told OF
him that at the age of ten years he
had made for himself his own lead
pencils. They were crude affairs, OF
course, but at that time they were
nearly as good as could be purchased
At IA he devised skyrocket. and had
invented an airgun. His biographer
says that it was at this time that tha
idea of steam propulsion for vessels
first took possession of him. and that
he actually made a model of boat
that could be propelled by means of
paddles.
Experiments on the Hudson.
After he went to England, where he
studied painting, in which art the nu-
merous examples of his work extant
show him to have been proficient no
went to France. There he became
busy on a plan for steam navigation.
which he succeeded in getting pre-
sented to the first consul; but the
French government was too much pre-
occupied to pay much attention to the
young Americans representations. A
friendship, however, most important
for the future of steam navigation,
sprang up between Fulton and our min
lister to France, Robert r. Livingston.
formerly chancellor of the state of
New York. Livingston had become In
terested in steam. and had built a yes
sci and made experiments on the Hud
son. In 1898 the New York legislature
gave him a monopoly of navigating
the waters of New York by steam.
provided that within one year he
should propel by steam a vessel of 20
tons four miles an hour. This he
failed to do, but his interest in the
problem never tagged. The two men
formed a partnership and made an ex-
pertinent on the Seine. which. how
ever proved failure. Then they de-
cided to make experiments on the
Hudson, and the New York legisla-
ture granted another potential monop-
oily similar to that granted to Liv-
ingston.
Another vessel was built at a ship
yard on the East river. according to
plans carefully worked out by Fulton.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
WEIGH MAIL ON CARS.
Done Every Four Years as Basis for
Railroad Contracts.

The railroads are paid for carrying
the mails on the basis of a contract
running four years. Once during this
period additional men are put on the
mail cars. whose duty is to weigh all
mail received and delivered at each
station.
The figures thus secured are as
sumed to represent an average of the
amount of mail carried on that route.
and become the basis of the contract.
Four years later new period of
weighing is begun. and the contract is
revised in accordance with the new
figures.
The United States is divided into
four contract districts. says System.
and the weighing is carried on stimuli
taneously in all parts of a district. The
following year some other district is
weighed. and thus the circuit of the
country is covered in the four year
period.
1t is in the tabulation and compila
Of the reports sent in by these oficial
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
HOW TO CUT WHEN PRUNING.
Don't Leave a Long Piece Of Branch
Sticking From Tree.

When a branch is cut of, the ex.
posed wood has no power to heal
itself as the wood cells are lifeless.
but II the conditions are right, mass
of tissue pushes out from the cam.
blum layer (the living layer between
outer bark and wood and covers the
wound. The covering is protection.
The wound. until covered. is exposed
to the weather, fungi and insects.
The greatest mistake is usually made
in cutting off the branch too far from
its origin. If a large stub 1t left, a
IL can never heal over, as no food
passes out to this point.
The cut should be made as close
as possible to trunk of trees. b, from
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
The Proper Cut.

which 1t originated. says Farm and
Home. The wound at this point will
be larger but will heal over sooner;
the food in passing down the cam
blum layer is constantly passing the
wound and, pushing out, callus over II.
Large wounds require several years to
heal over. During this time the wound
should be covered with something
which will shut out the rain and dis.
eases. Any good paint makes by far
the best covering. Tar, wax, white.
wash. etc, are sometimes used but
are poor substitutes for paint. The
picture shows common way of cut.
ting, which leaves a long stub. also the
right way to cut close.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

In the garden and in the fruit patch
the balance Of soil and water has a
great deal to do with the success of
the cultural operations. Many of our
orchards do not produce the fruit they
should because the soil has never
been drained and the soil becomes
waterlogged after heavy rains and so
remains for long time after fair
weather has come. The drains in clay
soil should be at least 80 inches deep,
SO that the water table may be low
cred to that point. More drains in
our orchards would make it possible
to get better results from the fruit
trees and fruit plants growing in
them
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

There are good reasons for permit
ting poultry to run in the orchard
find it good plan to get enough wire
to run around dozen apple trees and
confine chickens and hens in the yard
thus provided, says writer in the
N. f. Homestead. Let the old ones
go to roost in the trees and provide
coops for the smaller ones under the
trees. If hawks bother, shoot them
Crows are also apt to bother. I have
scattered corn on the top Of the
ground and they have left that and
gone to pulling the corn. set steel
traps for them. and if one gets caught,
let him yell.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
.lN7N7e q lze GG0Ha0zY

primitive continuance he boldly es.
sayed to steam down the Conestoga
river. From what can be learned of
the attempt, it was far from being I'M
successful. but by an accident the
boat was sunk. and the steamboat had
to wait another quarter of a century
before it was to be given practical
shape.
Distinction Due Fitch.
This time 1t was a resident of Phil
adelphia, John Fitch, who from all APP
pearances lacked only support to be
known for all time as the man to
whom modern steam navigation is
due. Fitch had an adventurous ca,
reer. He was born in Connecticut.
At the time of the revolution he was
matchmaker at Trenton. but the
British destroyed his stock and he is
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
Pruning Fruit Trees,

There are some people that object
to the pruning of fruit trees, as they
say 1t is against nature. But that is
not matter worthy to be taken into
consideration. Nature does not give
large. plump. juicy sweet fruit, but
generally fruit that is hard and hardy.
but small and lacking in flavor. This
particularly applies to the apple, a
natural specimen of which has not vet
been found that equals the improved
varieties. We have enough data on
the results of pruning trees to know
that better fruit and more of 1t is OBJ
tanned from pruned than from un-
pruned trees.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21

Once in awhile there are still to be
seen fields of grain in the shock, that
have been there since the first of July
The owner is taking chances waiting
for a thresher. rather than put his
grain in the stack, where he can safe
ly keep it until cold weather if he
wants to. There is room for more
surprise at the dislike some exhibit
about doing a little grain stacking.
The Lamar register., 1907-08-21
BUDDING.
The Operations Which Are Necessary
to Success.

Budding consists in taking bud
from one tree and inserting it under
the bark of another tree. 1t is used
to take the place of grating. and is
practiced in commercial way In
propagating peaches. plums, cherries,
roses and certain varieties of orna-
mental trees and shrubs. 1t is essen
tial that the bud and stock unite free
ly. To have this occur the cells of the
cambium layer of the stock must be
in q state of active division, indicated