davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15
Sill @una % andre. gf Mini Mnter

Sill Muna % andre, Mf Mini Mnter.
s. Micbebougs 6orlag> &riitia-
nia. 6aaes bos 6. &asmusien
Sub. 60. @ris $1.00.
Gette CT en- imuf lille Samling
6ortaIlinger. bpis Gmner er ier=
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Sc / 8p og paa 2an6. Ser er life
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Sen be6ite er biin1of ben, Ser er
brugt til 8ogens Eitel, men Sc gjgr.
ct troberoigt Snotrpf> og Ser eaar
EN- 1iltalenoe Strem at &~eligieiitet
og en- BARN 4jprligbe6 til 5nmfu11-
bets Smaafolf gjennem 2inierne.
u2ilzQnna" er en- rerenoe 5filbring
at bborleoes en- lille ibagelig Bige,
Der ligger og benter pqa Dg6en, noe
rer en- naipt-gla6 6orbaabning ON
en- fin 8egrabeIle, og bborlebes bette
@aab 6l1Imer benoes 5merter % to-
ger 8roo6n af De6ens 8nitterbeo.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15

90 e I t ligt t.. ST.,
.Sbrenien (ber, ON Motten er pparo
..@eien biem fra Mubben): rSdr.
,8e oer, bDao er set for en- Uniform.
lGebar poo, bDa6 er aeres 8eitil.
Iliug?21 @
Manoen:: .SSeg er 2pgtetanoer 4
5prenien: p2pgteianberl So,
men men bporfor gaar Sc iaa % iluffer
l2pgternes22a 5---a sus s,s3 I'll i. f..
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15
GiterQtul.
Mps Bigger,

9iniioes Mtlanten. af 81. ggren.
len. S aommisiion Dos sen Mi-
loife BogbanoeI, Doenie.
Der Ct efterbaanoen potset Ell pan
lille oanif-amerifanif 2iteratur pp
.tbla1not os, % 6enne in6taqer so.
|Sersrieas file BOG en- imuf BIa0s..
Den er iabnt og naturligt ifrepet, og
man faar sssnotrpf al, at set ser for
1qlleS Ben for Ell flor Del er baie.
ret paa Selpopleoelie eller. / bbe,1rtt
Talo Hammer ira fgrite &qano. Ser
er intet Sorieg eiort paa at faite
roget poettif Sfer ODER Sc 8erloner,
lom filoreS. Set er iepne Mnbnq-
ger amlier, baar6t arbeioen6e oan.
tie 8gn6ermqn0 og -&binoer, lom
6ar begpn6t Na Sen bare 8un6, Ga
lo1n | Mrbejoets boaroe &par far
tabtSoealerne, ON De bar bQbt 1ogIe,
at Spne> men iom bog life er bIepet
mere jor6bun6ne, emo at Sc be0 Ell
Nrit fra oct gamIe &iem faar Sc
res balbt glemte 2%engsIer efter Set
tie oGfteoe. Sg Ser fortplleS ON
n1ge W}eno> Ser bar peret @ienitono
TOR nogen %oan6eltg Noapirf1inq /
9lemlanoet og boloer folt eQa 0enne
og laoer Jig leoe al 6en, noar Sc bli.
per lttlleoe oberfor en- go0 Sag. 8o-
gems 9opeoperion, 8%on6eipmnen %
Semtarilten &anS Mielien, ser er
fomlnen berober, for6i ban life fun6e
finoe Jig t%ilrette / 6e Sorbolo, ban
Dor tb1lnget in6 / biemme er en-
fiqrneinno Natltr, Ser ebentprer Jig
go6t om beropre> in6en ban timber
iin 2tpSgierning / &pjfolearbeioe.
&unot ON bette iamler ser fig en-
Geffe forngielige Gfil6ringer fra ct
for nmpet 6anif=amerifonif &e6af-
1tonstontor, fra 2ibet / en- italienit
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blomitrcn6e oamife Mpbpg6. Silt og
ber Tan @fil6ringerne foloe li6t 11be-
biRlpiomme> iaale6es 1aar Sc frem-
fommer / 6orm al ct langt 8reb el-
Ter | an6en &oan6s Sortellinger.
Set er en- Stoffage, Ser ilet fife er
n%d6pen6ig for en- iao go6 Sorteller
JONI Gorfatteren, og lom giber Sssn16-
1rpffet al en- l1bebialplombe6 / Sr6-
ningen al Stoffet og 6ets Gremleg,
gelie Men set er fun Sitting. So
pc6iagen er, at Dor 2tteratur berobre
bar fact en- birfelig 8erigelie be6
6e111e n6rneligt og ~r6gternt %ifrebre
8og, Ser fortjener &la6s / Dbert
6onif-amerifanif Stem.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15

Sammenlisu bette 8lobs otter.
retninger fra BET gamIe 9ono mer
.ar1ore BLADES og preo, ON Sc noget
anoet Steos finber hem fuIoiaere ell.
'e- mere paclioeIicc
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15

9ette 8tab az meo 1T rigt ofnefs.
5I[eenoe SHglobplb 81 tiltnlenoe lloitnreI--
E | HorboD i'll lin Iris nopertruf.
Sfet Of nrget1 nnbet. 8Iao Der Can,
bet TONNE aammss ss5proas- abonlier poa
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1907-02-15
Gm li6em @ijebDg for Siemmet. lis

@n liben @iiebog for @iemmet. ,lo-
gipet al 9arl Seip. $. Mi;Ges
bougs 6orlag, &riitianio. 6oncs
bos 6. &asmus len Eub. 60. NriS
2j Gents. y;
9enne uli6e1 @iisbog" bar eli ST.
itorte, Ser ffrtbes / be foa Sr0
u2550e Guii16e". Scar en- @og fan
trpffes 255>OOO Gfsemplorer og
fan be6blipe at lelges / Splag efter
0plag, moa SEN bore noget par0,
og Bette CT netop Silfel6et mes 6en-
ne fignne lille San9bog> ser in6e-
boloer 1888 Gange. 6lertallet al
oiSie er norife, og man timber blanot
DEM baaoe Galmer, Golfejange>
.Siemteoigte og -&iier, Slim og a6r
iftlligt anOet> 6el5 poa 8ogmaal,
bells 2onos- og 8pg6emaol. Mem o.
iao for 6anife @lifere of Gang bill
Den babe ret betb6elig Gpr0i, ioet
Den moebol6er noget al SEN be6lte
oonifeSan6ifatog repreienterer bore
a%ller6eoite og fjereite 6allife 9igtere.
Weon bill fer fin6e @onge al @runot-
big SSngemann, 8ron6t, 8irfeSal,
&aolun0, @br. &icbar6t og mango
andre. 6oru6en at ielpfblgelig De
norife Gigtere ret ful6talltgt er toget
,meo. 8oge1 er femiif rem for lette
@iier.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18
w..

Before discussing the limited number OF
verifable assertions which tend to illus
trate the character Of this organization our
author refers briefly to what was accom-
plished by the Aztec C~Onfederacy in the
way Of acquiring territorial domination
during the short period Of its existence.
From A. d. 1929 to 1920. a term Of ninety
four years. the confederacy was engaged
in frequent wars with adjacent tribes, and
particularly with the feeble Village Indians
located southwark from the valley Of
Mexico to the Pacific, and thence eastward
we'll along toward Guatemala. The vii.
lagos which in this southeastern direction
lay nearest to the valley we're. it seems.
numerous but small, consisting in many
cases Of a single large structure Of adobe
brick or OF stone. and in some cases Of
several such structures grouped together.
These joint tenement houses presented
serious hindrances to Aztec nques
which did not prove insuperable. however.
The forays' were continued from time to
time for the avowed object of gathering
spoils. imposing tribute and capturing
prisoners for sacrifice. until the principal
tribes within the southern and southeastern
territories named we're with some exoep-
| lions subdued and made tributary.
Touching the custom Of offering captives
on their affairs. Or. Morgan has an in
teresting ~footnote. Recalling that the
Aztecs. like the northern Indians. neither
| exchanged nor released prisoners, he re-
| minds US that among the latter the stake
was the doom OF the captive. unless he was
saved by adoption. Among the former. o.
the other hand, under the teachings Of the
| priesthood. the captive was offered as a
sacrifice to the principal god whom they
worshipped. To utilize the life Of a prisoner
in the service Of the gods. a life forfeited
by the immemorial and universal usages of
savages and bsrbarians was the high con-
ception OF the first hierarchy in the order
Of institutions. An organized priesthood
first appeared among the American abo-
rhymes 10 the middle status Of barbarism,
and il stands connected with the invention
OF idols and human sacrifices as a means Of
acquiring authority over mankind through
the religious sentiments.
Returning TO the outlire OF Mexican his
tory. we find that no attempt was made
to incorporate in the Aztec G ~nfederacy
the conquered but outlying and alien tribes.
Under Aztec institutions the barrier of
language rendered such incorporation inn
possible. The conquered aliens were left
under the government Of their own chiefs
and allowed to practise their own customs.
In some cases indeed a collector Of tribute
resided among them. A domination Of
the strong over The weak for no other object
than to enforce an unwilling tribute could
not tend to the formation of a nation: an
individual alien could only become a men,
Der Of q government like the Aztec Con-
federacy made up OF tribes which again
were subdivided into gentes. and no way
was provided for the admission Of a gems.
except by its incorporation among the
Aztec Tszcuoan or Thcopan gentes Under
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18
SALVATION ARMY COLONIES.
Detail Of Gen.. Booths scheme 10 Found
Canadian Towns.

A great colonization scheme in Canada,
drawn up by the heads OF the Salvation
Army, has just been approved in principle
by Gen. Booth and Government officials,
says the London Chronicle. and il only
awaits the sanction OF a joint commission
OF the army and the Canadian Governments
to be carried into effect.
These are its chief features:
The Government to sell to the Salvation
Army ten townships in the great clay belt,
comprising some 23O 900 acres. (The land
is in the districts Of Nipissing and Algoma,
northwest Ontario.) The price to be Is
cents per acre, payment OF the same TO he
spread over a period Of ten years, without
interest. The army to locate 144 settlers
on every township, each having the usual
sized homestead-100 acres. These settlers
to be under the supervision Of Canadians
experienced In clearing land for agricul-
tural purposes as well as Of officials Of the
army trained in settlement work.
The commission referred to recently
surveyed the land and is now on its way to
the Salvation Army headquarters in London.
The commission, so a prominent officer
associated with the Salvation Army emigra,
ton department informed a Daily Chronicle
representative in London yesterday. com
prised Representatives OF the Canadian
Gov eminent and OF the Salvation Army
with the Hon. Senator Cox, who is financing
he undertaking.
Nothing Is settled, this official remarked.
nor can anything be done until the report
10 received. n the land and other matters
such as climatic conditions are satisfactory
the scheme will in all probability proceed
IL. on the other hand, the report is Of an I'M
satisfactory character we shall have TO
cast about for more suitable land
Thu plans OF the scheme were submitted
to Gen. Booth during his recent tour in
Canada.
Tn ultimate idea. Of course, is that ths
settlers may acquire the land they have
cultivated. This In the essence of the
principle upon which the Salvation Army
authorities proceed and carries ont her
main object Of giving every man a chance
OF doing something for himself in the ne"
land Of his adoption.
The Hon. Senator Cox has advance on
loan 20 the army authorities a sum OF ah"nt
sJO,OO Tor the prosecution OF the scheme
at a reasonable rate Of interest oil the sec'ir'
ity Of The land.
senator Cox's financial support Is re-
Rarded as a sound business proposition
The army principals declare that the
Canadian authorities are satisfied with their
emigration work and are anxious ~ sea
the development Of the land. II the Wesen.
scheme 10 successful il Ia believed tns'
similar efforts will he made in other dS-
uiots Of the Dominion
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18
SOME NEW BOOKS.
MANS Progress In America In Prc-Coiuni-
blnD Days.

DIR LEWIS n. MORGAN, well known 70
American readers IA the author Of THE
League Of tho Iroquois" and Systems Of
C~onsanguinity and Affinity OF the Human
Family" has lately published a oompre-
heneive and suggestive study OF Ancient
Society Henry Holt h Coz. The main
purpose Of this book IL TO demonstrate
the truth of the dictnn uttered years age
by Prof. Whitney in his Oriental and
Linguistic Studies" that mo dern science
claims 10 be proving by the most careful
and ~ haustive study Of man and his work
that Or race began It's existence on earth
at the bottom Of the scale, instead OF at the
top. and gradually has been working up
ward, that human powers have had a his
tory Of development; that all the elements
Of culture. all the appliances. the iumina
tors and the inspirers OF life-art. science
language, religion and philosophy-have
heen wrought OUT by slow and painful
effort in the conflict between the mind OF
man on the one hand and external nature on
the other. What Whitney could fairly de-
scribe az a claim" science has now made
good. The great antiquity OF mankind upon
the earth has been established conclHeively'
Our author in a preface directs attention
to the singularity OF the fact that the de-
cisive proofs should have been discovered
as recently as within the last thirty years
and that the present generation should be
the first called upon to recognize so I'M
portant a fact.
II il Obvious that the history Of the ascent
Of the human race may be considered from
four points of view: inventions and dis
coveries; social and civil institutions;
family systems, the idea of property.
These four classes Of facts constitute
the principal subjects of discussion in this
volume. The author. however, has also a
specific aim. lie reminds us that there il
one field of labor in which rs Americans
We rave a special Aterest IA we'll as a
special duty. Rich as the American con-
tinent il known to be in material wealth.
Il Is also the richest OF all the continents
in chronological, pathological and arche-
illogical materials illustrative OF the great
period Of barbarism. Obviously it be-
hooves us to make the most of those ma
terials while they are still accessible. for
the history and experience Of the American
Indian tribes represent more or less nearly
the history and experience OF our own re-
mote ancestors when these were in cor
responding conditions. The institutions.
arts, inventions and practical experiences
of the red men possess a high and special
value, reaching far beyond the Indian race
itself.
II ia to the outcome OF DIR. Morgan's
effort TO attain this specific aim that we
shall here mainly confine ourselves, in the
$50 pa ges which Zeal with the ~lroquois and
with the Aztecs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18

the circumstances. the Aztec ~Confederacy
could gain no military strength 10y the
terrorism II created, or by holding upder
burdens alien tribes inspired with enmity
and ever ready to revolt. II SCENE. indeed.
that the conSederates sometimes used the
lighting bands Of subjugated tribes and
shared with them the spoils. The utmost
that the AZtecs could hope to do. utter form
ing the ~confedcracy. would be to expand
IL over the remaining Nahuatlac or kindred
tribes. Even this they were unable to ac-
complish. The Xochimiloas and Chalcans
were not regular. constituent OF
the confederacy. but enjoyed a nominal In
dependence. though they were tributary.
It is Dr. MorRan's conviction that his Is
about all that now can he discovered con-
corning the material basis Of the so-cailed
kingdom or empire OF the Aztecs. Their
confederacy was confronted by hostile and
independent tribes on the west. northwest.
northeast, east and southeast sides. In
none OF these several directions did the do
minion OF the Aztec Confederacy extend a
hundred miles beyond the valley OF Mexico
and a portion OF the surrounding area was
undoubtedly neutral ground separating the
confederacy from per petual enemies. Out
Of such limited materials the Kingdom OF
Mexico" feigned by the Spanish chronicles
was fabricated. and has since been mag
nified into the Aztec Empire Of current
history.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18
III.

Our author holds that the two highest
examples Of Indian c~onfederacy in North
America we're those OF the Iroquois and
Of the Aztecs. From their acknowledged
superiority as military powers and from
their geographical position these confedera-
cies in both cases produced remarkable re-
suits. Our knowledge OF the principles and
the structure OF the former il definite and
complete, but it is DR.. Morgan's judgment
that the Aztec confederscy has been handled
in such q manner historically as to leave
il doubtful whether it was an offensive
and defensive league Of three kindred
tribes or a systematic federation like that
Of the ~Iroquois. He comedies, however.
that what is true Of the latter was probably
true to a certain extent Of the former, so
thata knowledge Of one will tend TO elucidate
the other.
The Iroquois have furnished an excellent
illustration Of the manner In which a con-
federacy is formed by natural growth
assisted by skilful legislation. Originally
emigrants from beyond the Mississippi.
and probably a branch Of the Dakota stock.
they first made their way to the valley OF
the st. Lawrence and settled near Montreal.
Forced to leave this region by the hostility
Of surrounding tribes, they sought the
central region OF New York. which seems
reviously TO rave been a part Of the area
occupied by the Algonquin tribes. Their
traditions declare that q long period OF
time elapsed after their settlement in New
York before the ~confederacy was formed.
during which, however. they made common
cause against their enemies and thus
learned the advantages Of the federal prin-
ciple both for aggression and defence.
They resided in villages which usually
were surrounded with stockades. and they
subsisted upon fish and game and the prod
ucts of a limited agriculture In DR..
Morgsn's opinion they did not at any time
exceed 2O.OOO souls. il they ever reached
that number. Enshrouded in the great
forests which then o~verspread New York
the Iroquois were first discovered A.. -.
1907. About 1875 they ttaine their cul-
minating point when their dominion reached
over an area remarkably large. covering
the greater parts Of New York, Pennsyi-
vania and Ohio, together with portions OF
Canada north OF Lake Ontario. A. the time
Of their discovery they were, in our authors
opinion, the highest Representatives OF the
red race northsf New Mexico in intelligence
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18
".

Such are some OF the differences bet ween
the lower and the middle status OF barbar-
ism, as illustrated in the pooh before us. bv
the relative conditions eventually attained
by the lroquois on the one hand and the
Aztecs on the other, both of whom Doubt
less originally had the same in~stitutiops
Our author proceeds TO set forth the large
amount OF indirect and fragmentary evil
dence obtainable from the Spanish writsr.
as to the existence OF gentes and phratries
among the Nahuatlac tribes, after which
he examines in detail the tenure and func-
ions OF the Office OF principal war chief
whom the companions Of Cortez called the
Emperor" The native name of the NOS,
held by Montezuma was simply Teioti
which means a war chief. and was added
in the manner Of n urname 70 the proner
name of a person advanced 10 his dignity
In his capacity or member Of the oounc;I
OF chiefs no was sometimes called T,atosni
which signifies speaker. This Office NJ
supreme military commander was tho
highest known To- the Aztecs. II was the
same oAicc and it was held by the same
tenure as that OF principal wal chief in
tho Iroquois Confederacy Il made Tho
person ex officio a member OF the counc,I
OF chiefs. as our author inferp from tbs
fact that in some Of the tribes the princdnaI
war chief had precedence In the council
both IN debate and in pronouuoing IN
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18


result was accomplished IL accounted one
OF the greatest achievements OF tho Aztecs
and one without which they probably would
not have risen above tie plane Of the SUR
rounding tribes. Independence and pros
perity followed and ultimately brought
a controlling influence owe all the valley
tribes. Such was the manner, and 40
recent the time. OF founding tho pueblo
OF Tenocntitlan, according TO Aztec tradi-
tons. which are accepted by u author
as substantially trustworthy.
Al the epoch, then, OF the Spanish Con-
quest. five OF the seven Nahuatlac tribes,
namely. the Aztecs. Teycucans, ~Tlacopans,
Soohilmilcas and Chalcans, resided in the
valley OF Mexico. which comprehended
an area OF quite limited dimensions not much
larger than that of the State OF Rhode
Island. geographically described, this
valley was a mountain OF uDlan basin
having no outlet, oval in form being long"
est from north to SOUTH, a hundred and
twenty miles In circuit, and embracing
about sixteen hundred square miles, ex-
Guiding the surface covered by water.
Encompassod as IL is by a series OF hills,
the valley has been provided by nature with
a mountain barrier. h five tribes just
named resided in some thirty pueblos, Of
WHOM that OF Mexico or ienocntftiah was
.he largest: mere /" no eViaence .hat any
considerable portion OF the Ave tribes had
sent forth colonies outside OF the valley
and the adjacent hill slopes; IN the con
trary. there is abundant testimony TINT the
remainder OF modern Mexico was then &C.
cupi d by numerous tribes. that with a few
exceptions, TO be mentioned presently.
spoke languages oi"ereh' ITO" 'he Nahu-
a'iac' -.
Aho'her point wherein pr' Morgan uii-
teis ,hu'er.any from o.her houern eA-
pounuers OF the suoJect 10 IN MS assertion
mat previously 10 a i'|o, ~hen lne
AA,ec Oonieoeracy was io,meo' very h.',e
Oh nistoricai Importance mao occurred IN
I'VE auaiis u u ,rioes 'es,u'ns III neai
me Vaney ., nnamuac' we near ho'nihs
rom u. u tne io'ueos' VINO nave zen
a'so',eu Wy sono W hsse e.oiseu
so,N.hAA'ion h,sne' 'nah'na'o, 'ne H~'eoe
anu rom WHICH .he s'aee Vi 1ui'u'e iepie-
sen'eo ny the iat'er was a regeneration
ou. su,nor 'hsis's nat sh'eceuentiy 10
Is@o' 'ess 'hsna century oeio'e u opaihsn
Nonques,. 'he Naney ,iioee "eto uieu'"'eu
anu Deinsereh anu "i'ho,t ihnuenoe
neyonu their immeuiate looailt'es' ABOUT
."o ua'e na no ,o o"pe1Oi
'oposiaphtoa posl',oh y 'hoA Nuecs oesah
. HaNi,est : iesu,us ma p'eponue'anoe
% nuIhoets u s''ens'n' onoer tneii
war cn,ei i'Nooa'i .ne PREVIOUS s~soenuancy
y u ie1oucanS u Alaoopans was over
thrown anu a peasue u Ionieueracy was
iolmicu WIN 'neln asa suUs'"ute . oneii
eaIne, ~ars asainS' eaoh otne'' n
conieueracy was an ailance oe,weeh the
'nlee Ii,oes' onehs,.e anu ueiehs'se' WIN
stIpuia''ons ioi a u's's,oh among mem 10
certain proportions Oh .ne spols snu Oh the
tributes uosequen'' oo.ec'eu rom SUP
Jusavou w "n'0" oon,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18

Let us pass to the seventh chapter. in
which the misconceptions long current
concerning the status and nature Of Aztec
society are exposed. II is the well known
contention Of DIR. Morgan that the Spanish
adventures who captured the pueblo Of
Mexico were in error when they adopted
the theory that the Aztec Government was
a monarchy analogous in essential aspects
to contemporary monarchies in Europe.
The theory was accepted generally by the
early Spanish writer's. who made no minute
Investigation OF the structure and princi-
pies Of the Aztec social system, and who
employed a t~erminology not in agreement
with the real Aztec institutions. a termi-
nology which has vitisted the historical
narrative nearly as completely a. though IL
were in the main a studied fabrication.
While the histories OF Spanish America
may be trusted in whatever relates TO the
acts OF the Spaniards n TO the acts and
personal characteristics Of the Indians: in
whatever relates 10 their weapons. imple-
ments and utensils, fabrics. food and raj
ment, yet in whatever pertains 10 Indian
society and government. the social relations
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-08-18

There seems TO he no doubt that at the
epoch Of their discovery by Europeans
not only the Iroquois but the American
- = -R-"~s - $3.50 >-S.aD