davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
WROTE LETTER IN FLOOD
Girl COMMITTEES Suicide with Gas AZ.
ter WITHIN Pathetic Note.

ter Writing Pathetic Note.
YORK, Pa. Nay S.-aIiss E.sie ngen
fritz, aged "A years. committed suicide
~ iahal.2g gas. She was foreiady n
a Philadelphia department store, al
vas suffering from nervousness. caus
ca BY oyerwor Her home was q
Camden. bat SIZE VS. in tnis city o.
a vacation, in hopes OF regainging her
health.
Il her room was found letter writ
ten in her owa blood with the point
50 pin TIE aCi5 with which she
wrote hGa been drawn from beneath
Ter finger nails. but the writing was
cute plair. The letter read:
"My Dearest Mother: Do rot grieve
;'r ! cannot st1ul il any longer. You
have becn a socd mother. Trust in
Cod ana pray for your daughter.
2 "a SO sorry I nust 90 this. but no che
Knows what / lcve suG> red
Mother dear ard papa. do not
worry; trust we VIII meet in a bet
t-r world WI re there wiz be no sor-
rev. Love 90 YOU and my friends
- no have been 81 good 20 me-
The letter was unsigned. aud toward
tue end the writing was only family
circeIlihle
Coroner a. NJ. Grove was called f..
but after viewing the body and the
letter decided that an inquest was
unnecessary. and gave a certificate OF
death from asphyxiaton. with suicidal
intent
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
Raitea "Black nand.v

Johnstown, Pa, May 6.-Ccunty De
tcctive Berkebile and IS members Of
Troop =. or the state constabulary, ar
rested IA Italians at Barncsboro on
charges OF conspiracy. Preceding tho
raid. an Italian was shot and badly
wounded by q member of the Black
Hand because ne refused TO advance
the society a sum OF money The ar
rests were made without difficulty.
Trouble had been anticipated. as the
Italians threatened all sorts Il trou-
bio If any attemp; was ever made TO
modest them. Not one OF them, how
ever. had a word 10 say.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
BLACK HAND" GANG GUILTY
Eleven Convicted by Wilkss-Barre
Jury Of Conspiracy.

Wilkes Barre. Pa, May Eleven
Cf the Is Italians who had been on
trial here. charged with "Black-Hand'-
crimes. were declared guilty in the
Luzerne county court when the sealed
verdict Of the jury was opened. The
other two defendants were acquitted.
Those found guilty are Charles Bunu-
lima. Antonio Tagloriana, Charles Con
zaza. J0sep Ccrnella, Steven Latore.
Salvatore LuchInna. Pietro Luchinna.
Charles Donon!can. Guachina Cim-
moae. Vincent Loubouna and Chrales
Cosnela. s-aoso acquitted are Saliva
tore Volpani and Andrea Palermo stra.
The principal charge against the men
at the trial was the blowing up OF the
home OF an Italian named Rizzo be-
cause he refused TO pay money TO a
band OF men calling themselves the
"Black-Hand" Society.
Counsel for the II convicted men
made motions for a new trial Judge
Halsey said he would hear argument
on the motion next Saturday. The
penalty for the crime for which the
Italians were convicted is two years.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
men and women. were treated with
unspeakable brutality.

men and women, were treated with
unspeakable brutality.
A further portrayal of existing
conditions is here set forth:
IL. As result &C four days Of
iawlessaess there are In this glad
ChristHastime widows OF both races
mourning their husbands, and aus
bands OF both races mourning for
their wives; there are orphan chill
dren OF both races who cry out in
vain Tor faces they viii see no more :
there are grown men of both races
disabled for life, and all this sorrow
has come 20 people who are abso-
ntely innocent of any wrOng-doing.
These extracts may well be pom
dered over by every thoughtful. pa
triotic citizen They viii serve 20
bring the American people to a full
realization OF the great questions
now confronting the nation. Law
lessness is stalking in the land un-
reouked and there are evidences
That an Industrial crisis will pre-
oipitate a condition of affairs. both
appalling iu IT'S consequences and
disastrous in its results
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

Richmond Va, Nay 7-Tae house
OF Robert WoodsCn negro. OF Zen.
rico county. was completely VT ackad
by an explosion Of dynamite. AT tho
ti-ac 90 the explosion Wo7lson. his
mother. father and three children were
Steering En- the house. and. vli,e the
furniture vas DESTROYED. ali the ia
rctc- escaped withou. serious injury.
There is no clue 20 the perpctrator.
II is thought that some person who
bore a Crud 20 sEain~, Woodson is re
sponsible for the crime. though he
declared that he did not know be had
IN enemy.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
WEALriY NAN DROWNED

Alexander Mccoy. Of Philadelphia, Les;
Life Fcs.iug % Isis Yacht.
Philadelpalr. May 6. - Alexander
Mccoy. wealthy manufacture OF this
city was drowned in the De awar,
rived "a few mixes below this city. and
his body has not yet been rocos cred
Mccoy am hls brotherinlaw. William
Wharton, had gone 20 Essington to
prepare Mr.. McCoys yacht the 40
komis for o trip Co the jamestown lex.
position lhe yacht was lying a few
hundred yards fron shore. and Ga
two mon strr'el To row 70 che craft
When near tie Nckom s. TIE rov1oat
overturned and tre men were ttr,wr
INFO the water. Neither carI swim
and before assistance reached taem
Mt Mccoy sank.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
MANIAC KILLS SIX PERSONS
Shot Them Gown One After Another
In Rcardinu House.

San Francisco, May g - Walter
Charley Davis. a carpenter. in a At of
insanity. shot and killed a family Of
six persons with whom he resided, at
4t4 Pierres street. in this city
One ledger IN the house escaped.
She was a girl OF Il. Davis pointed
his gun at her and was preparing to
shoot when he said she resembled
his daughter. so he spared her life.
The shooting was done with a dou.
ble-harroled shotgun. Davis, who slept
in the same room with young Bush
and Beard armed himself with the
gun and shot his two roommates. Then
he visited each room In turn. killing
the occupants
Davis fancied that the people in
the house had formed a plot 70 kill
him and take bis money.
When the policemen came 20 arrest
Davis he fought like a demon. and a
riot call was turned I'm. Seven officers
were required 10 CverpOwer him.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
FOLLOWING THE COLOR line

The facts concerning the Atlanta
Riot viii continue to furnish valu-
able information to the impartial
observer for years TO come. Mr..
Ray Stannard Bakers narrative de-
serves the careful consideration of
every citizen in this republic. In
speaking OF the arrest and trial of
the colored people of Brownsville
Georgia, he said:
And after the riot In Brownsville,
what2 Here was a seIf-respectine
con- muHity Of hard-working Negroes
disturbing no one, getting an honest
living. How did the riot affect
them? Well. it has demoralized
them, set them back for wears.
Not only were four men killed and
several wounded, but sixty of their
citizens we're in. jail. Nearly every
family had to go to the lawyers. who
would not take their cases without
money in hand. Hence the little
homes had to be sold or mortgaged,
or money borrowed in some other
way to defend those arrested, doc
tors bills were TO be paid, the un-
'dertaker must be settled with.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

HARRISBURG. Pc, May S.-The gov
ernor signed the bill 10 tax fer state
purposes all stock, bill. note. exchange.
merchandise. real estate or pawn
brokers. factors or commission mer-
chants, whether firms, limited partner
ships or corporations, upon the annual
gross receipts es follows: Gross re
ceipts less than 5000. SO: $1,000 70
$4,000. $25. $1,000 to 5000. $50:
$4,000 and upward, 500. The act
takes effect Immediately.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
JHT PLANT e Issued weekly. Thes-becrtu-
slon price A. 40 per year 81 advAnce.

JHE PLANT e issue6 weekly. Theerbecriu-
SION price If $50 per year ln advance
There arc FOUR WAVE by witch money can b.
sent 10y nail 80 our r7sk-in Post Ofice Mon
~ Order, by Bank Cheek OF Draft or an Err-
press Money Order. and "a hen none OF these
Ean be procured. In - Reg stored Letter
EoNEY OBDIHe.-Gc-- can tuv y Money Or
der 20 your Post-Cthos payable A. the Rich
Cor its safe arrival
express MONEY CanEEE can he obtained AZ
any o.Ice OF the Arlc-tcAu Express CO.. the
United states ENpret- Co, and She Wells Far.
~ Ai1 - - * llI',1 Ne.-lteIg. n VIII b. re-
spon-iole ior money sent ~ Any of these com
paulcs. The Exprezs honcy order d. "a safe
And convenient WY fer fore srding money.
REGISTERED LErrER--E e money Orie-
Fost-Oihce or an hxpross ottce g. not within
your rcac b, your Pos tfn asler viii Negister tine
letter you wish 20 sano us On payment ~ t.n
cents. Then n tre letter 81 i-sf or stolen fr
can De- traced. Ny1 can send money an This
manner az our risk.
We cannot be rrEpO-. sole Tor money SEM n,
letters in any other wev shan one 81 the for--
ways mentioned above. III yuu send your mon
ely IN any other way. Tcu must dc 30 al your
VIA risk.
RENEwA1s, F1C.-Tf You do not want .rHr
SLASEr continued Tor smother year afte- vcur
subscription has run out. yul then notify a. bv
Postal Card 90 discontinue 10. The cou-ts hnv.
decided that subscribers e. newEpaper- W mo DO
not order thetr paper Discontinued az the cv-
f.rntiOn Of time for which AZ haz been pnid
Er hold liable for tne payment % the sur rcr-if-
r11 up p date when they order the pepper i.--
continued
COMMUNICATION When writing % ia to
-crrv your subscription or todiscontinue -orl-
rar,tr you should gave Your name and I'D y -,.-
on 1921 otherwise We cannot nn1 your name GA
cur books.
CHANGr or ADnREss. -Iu oroer O. chn-re
.rc address of a subscriber we raust ho SEM
ihe former a. wel a. The pr sent addross-
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
KILLE0 rEFCNoiNo NuRoE
Inmate CT so'o,e-.' Here FasaIy saol

''"'otl CT ~~'rtc'I tffr'c sally Shot
Ey Creua,0 Man.
Woshin0cn. 'i.- 2. - William
PARKS 81 years clI. of Zanesvine.
Ohio. an iums,c OF Che National Sol
diers' Home here. shot and fatally
wounded James Leslie. OF Chicago. 80
years old. also an inmate. aud after.
wards committed suicide. Parks had
been drinking. and entering one OF the
wards of the hospital. was directed 20
leave hy one OF the nurses. Sister
Paula. Sparks Immediately drew a
revolver and was about 20 shoot when
Leslie stepped In between them. r..
cciyiug The bullet Intended for the
nurse. While Leslie was STRUGGLING
with Parks a blind inmate grappled
With the wouli-le murderer. but was
unable 90 sold him.
Leslie died Few hours later az the
Soldiers Homo hospital. without hav-
irg recaincd Consciousness.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
GETS p YEARS FOR ASSAULT
Wenonah, N. =, Negro Given Heavy
Sentence FOR Attacking Girl.

Sentence For Attacking Girl.
Woodbury.. n. j.. May 4.-Swift JUS
tcc was metci QUE 20 Edward Gibson,
q negro. who on Monday night last az.
tackled Miss Dorothy Paris, 10 years
ole, OF Wononah. Gibson made no de-
tense when arralgned. and he was sen
fenced TO - years imprisonment and
10 Fay fine OF $4,000. This is the ex-
trome penalty for the onense. Miss
Paris is student at the Friends
school in Philadelphia She was cross
irg a vacant lot near her home In We
nonah when the negro attacked her.
Her cries for help were heard and the
negro was captured. He was badly
beaten by his captors before the police
took him Ca a police Office
The sentence rs practically a Ire
one, as Gibson cannot be released unt1
the $1,000 inc is paid.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
Twas False

Patience-You are very successful
in the selection OF hats
Patrice--Yes. they tell me every
thing put on my head becomes me"
"Oh. well, wouldn't say that. l
don't like that hair you're wearing now
nearly as well AS that you wore last
week!"-Yonkers Statesman.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

We have received q copy OF the
very able address OF President w.
". Finley of the Southern Railway
Company II is able. scholarly and
impressive. II is filled with words
Of wisdom and noted for its good
advice. Its plea for conservatism
and good business principles in
dealing Win the financial concerns
OF the country is i-s leading feature
The recently chosen head of this
great corporation is evidently the
right man ia the right place
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

nited States at the time OF and be-
fore registration shall produce 10
the registration officers their certi-
Icate of naturalization or a duly
certified copy thereof"
The amendment thus proposed
viii be submitted 20 popular vote in
November, 1908. and there is little
ooubt but that il viii carry. II a.
COPIED. or course. a test case VIII
oe made up by some Negro citizen
or citizens OF Florida and taken 20
tnc United states Supreme Court
Counsel for the State OF Florida
VIII admit that its provision is in
direct conflict with the fifteenth a.
mendment 20 the Constitution of
the United states. but. will argue
that that amendment was unconsti-
tutonaly adopted. and is therefore
without force and effect
TT viii not be difficult TO establish
the trutniulness of that contention.
but that the court will set the ff-
teeutn amendment aside. after il
mas stood for generation or more.
with the acquiescenCc of the sew
eral states. is contingency So
Improbable that we are at loss to
know how some men could nave
treated Sc seriously.
Everybody in the United States
win entertain the opinion expressed
by our esteemed contemporary. if q
moments consideration is taken and
the truths of history are considered
i'm the light of past experiences. We
do not include in this statement
however the opinion that the Amend
ments were unconsutuuonsIly az
dopted:
This journal continues.
Tle Times-Dispatch held from
the first that toe entire movement
was il-adyised. aud WEE fear that fl
VIII involve other States than Flor
ida in serious difficulties. The on-|
y thing 90 ho gained IS that the
Facts of history viii Doe threshed ont
and the outragcs of reconsfruction
exposed. But we can see no rood
% come out of suCh % resurrection
The past has been buried and tb.
grave which holds &c is fun OF bit-
terness. Ina God s. name. let it for
ever remain closed sepulchre.
The above expressions should De
voiced by every patriotic citizen
But these rampant demagorues.
Pharaoh-Iike viii not De satisfied
They are rushing on TO certain di-
saster and so far as the citizen of
color is concerned. Sc viii prove a
blessing in disguise.
10 VIII force a crisis I'm the polifi-
cal Affairs of this country and we
see i'm &c much harm for the South
land. IL VIII open the eyes OF the
North 20 realization OF the true
teoline. and present attitude OF q
iarge proportion OF educated south
erners. and viii dispel the dream OF
Roosevelt that the DAYS OF har-
mony are here and the comnleto
unihcation of aIl sections of the
country under his administration
has been accomplished.
Let them test the Amendment
The Supreme Court OF the United
States has done much dodrinr. but
this is one time that it will be forced
to meet the issue squarely.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
a sENsELEss RESURRECTION"


The legislature of Florida mas de-
ciaed 20 test the Fifteenth Amend.
ment TO the Constitution OF the T.
nited States and to that eui has
passed an amendment TO the State
Constitution disfranchising colored
citizens. The Richmond. Va. Times
Dispatch in its issue Of the 4th inst.
says:
Whether judicious or not. Florida
proposes TO bring the fifteenth a.
mendment TO trial and test its valid
ity. To that end. the Legislature
has adopted a joint resolution pro-
posing the following amendment 10
the State Constitution:
Every wb!te male person of the
age OF twen .y-one years and up
wards that shall. at the time OF reg
istTation, be citizen Of the United
States, and that shall have resided
and had his habitation, dOmicile,
home and place of permanent abode
in Florida for one year, and in the
county for six months. shall in such
county be deemed a qualified elector
at all elections under this Constitu-
ton. Naturalized citizens of the u
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

ilazieton. Pa, Nay S.--A H.otaer and
her two children were burned Ia death
IN fire whieh destroyed block OF
houses occupied ly three families al
Beaver Ero0g. p mining village near
here. The teaa women Is Mrs. JosenA
nitravey. the w.:H ~ miner. The
chiisren were infsnts. It Is believed
the IRE was due to an overaea.ed
stove IN the Ditcayey home.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
The snaIIsh WAY.

Beacon-Railway servants in Eng
land are supposed to receive $500
900 a year In tips.
Egbert-Some OF the money gees
to attendants for allowing you to look
after your own trunk.-Yonkers
Statesman.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
~. Ercentions-

do you expect to make the people
believe on yol saye"
no ansHcred Senator Sorghum.
"it will be pretty good job II
convince thcm that 7 believe all OF #
myself Washington star
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

We return thanks for an invita-
tion TO the annual public meeting Of
the Social Study Club of Virginia
Union University, j. b. simpson,
President; r. j.. Watts. Secretary.
The exercises took place May 10. 'O7
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
eRlpE rs MELANchoLY
Married On Saturday, She Ends Life
~ inhsiinu Gas.

Eoadins Pa. LAY S-Nre Joseph
McKentlv ~ Spr.nS valley. q suburb.
took her lie by inhaling Illuminating
gas her maiden name WIS Sctia
II. Baum, and she was marrio5 20 Mr.
Mckentiy last Saturday aftcsl on.
Her friends say that she was mclan-
choly ever since the wedding. She
was As years CID.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

We have received "The Cheroot
Girl" "a musical selection by r. a.
Caslie. 1417 Brown ST.. Richmond
Virginia. IL is q popular selection
and may De obtained from the au-
thor.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

Draweth nigh tle tme when Kids.
Barefooted. viii ser hence
To ball paFks-therc 20 mad "a knot
Hole in che hiyh board fence
And eke the yells that we shall hear
They ne'er shall be forgotten
When from the crowd comes 90 our car
de umpire's getun' rotten"
-Mllw4uNee Sentinel
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
KURoKo srARrs eAsr
Japanese Party On Their Way

japanese Party On Their Way 70
jamestown Exposition.
Seattle May General Baron Ku.
roli and party with General MacAr.
thur and star as an escort left Seattle
for the east At the station a hundred
prominent japanese gathered. Mrs. $.
Kismidau. wife OF the Japanese con
sui az Seattle. save the general r large
houQue- o. roses GO hr1at OF the Ia
dies pa riC c. 60 cly. @ neral Kuro-
III and party VIII represent Japan at
tie Je.ost .wn E.lnsltL0n
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
A Mistaken Notion.

That woman who presented her
surgeons receipt as an evidence OF
her social standing made a big mis-
take"
What was it?"
ITO take it for granted that 1t was
a sign Of being in aristocratic society
to pay ones bills. baltimore Amor
lean.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
"eet the Hook.

Gunner-Did you hear the cele-
brated basso sing Rocked In the era.
die OF the Deep?
Guyer-Yes. and thought II was
pretty fishy.
Gunner-Fishy? How so?
Guyer-Why. wasn't it a deep-sea
bass?"
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

scious oy Iaiiiag hail an may die. She
is still unconscious
The hail storm was the worst ever
known here. Balls as large as hens
eggs fell 10 a depth Of two inches. In
Cassville windows are all broken. the
trees are stripped of foliage and crops
are greatly damaged.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
Roth Leas 80 81 81 rrollev.

Harrisburg. Pa. May Mrs. julia
simmons. OF Elkwood, CuaberlanI
county WIS run over by a trfey car
on the Valley Traction line in front
OF her home. Both legs were crushs.
OF.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

We return thanks for an invita-
lion to attend the 26rh Anuiyersary
Exercises of the Tuskegee Normal
and Industrial Institute at Tuskegee
Institute Alabama. May 80. 1907.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
sh-cnd Gu-ss.

"Niss Darling must be- very popular.
ludeug .-.m Che size og aer mail"
Eyes. . thiuk most 90 d, consists OF
sealed proposals. baltimore Ameri.
can.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
TERMS u ADVANCE


a. POSTAGE STAMPS OF A nTGHER DE-
NOMINATION THAN TWO CENTS NOT
RECEIVED on SUBSCRIPTIONS
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

We return thanks for an invita-
tion TO the commencement exercises
OF the Christiansburg Industrial In
stitute, May - 20 1C. inclusive.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
STUNNED BY HAIL

16-Year-Oid Girl Rendered Unconscious
and May Die.
Cassville. Va, May ALLIE Beeson.
aged 16 years. was rendered uncon-
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

Entered et the Post Once Of Richmond. Va.
's stcond-clnsa matter
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11
JOHN MITCHELL, JR. EDITOR.

Al communications intended for Publication
oould be sent so "A u reech Is By WEDNESDAY
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

The above is the logical outcome
He continued.
Richmond planet. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1883-1938, 1907-05-11

This is indeed a terrible indict-
ment Of southern methods and Of the
mob. The following conclusion is
obviously true:
- AS twelve persons were killed
and seventy were murderouslv as
saulted, and as. by all accounts a
number took part in each assault. III
IS clear that several hundred muir
derers or would-be murderers are at
large in this community.
That the upheaval failed to accom-
plish the purpose intended is en-
phasized by Mr.. Baker. when he
said:
At first after the riot. there was
an Inclination In some quarters to
say:
We'll. at any rate, the riot cleared
the atmosphere. The Negroes have
had their lesson There won't be
any more trouble soon"
But read the sober conclusions in
Ihe committees report. The riot
- E.Cf0AN AQA iAtI crime.
Il. Although less than thraa
months nave passed since the riot
events have already demonstrated
that the slaughter of the inaocent
does not deter the criminal class from
committing more crimes. Rapes
ana robbery have been committed
IN the city during that time.
10 Tie slaughter Of the innocent
does drive away good citizens. From
one small neighborhood twenty-five
ianilie have gone. A great many
or them were buying homes on the
installment plan
l6. The crimes of the mob include
ROBBERY as well as murder. In a
number OF cases the property OF in
nocent and unoffending people was
taken. Furniture was DESTROYED
small shops were looted, windows
were smashed, trunks were burst
open, money was taken from the
small hoard. and articles of value
were appropriated. In the commits
sion OF these crimes the victims. both