davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
BOHflS WOULD NOT PLEAD
Denver Post Proprietor on Trial for
Cowardly Assault Upon
Senator Patterson.

Denver, Dec. 2S.-Fred q. Bonfils. one
of the proprietOrs of the Denver Post.
refused to plead 10 the complaint
charging him with assault and battery
upon former Senator Thomas M PAT
tersOn, principal owner of the Rocky
Mountain News and the Denver Times.
i'm Justice Thomas Cartons court to-
day The court thereupon entered a
plea of not guilty and the trial was be-
gun. Mr.. Patterson related the cir
cumstances Of the attack upon him.
and before his examination was fin
ished the hearing was adjourned until
Monday next.
In a statement to tine court Mr. BOufils
attorney declared that his client was Jus
titled in asssulting Mr.. Patterson, as his
newspapers had made false charges of
biackmailing against Mr.. Bonfils and
state that he should be sent to the peni-
Tertiary or driven out of town. Mr. Ron
tom asked Mr.. Patterson to name specific
instances of the Matchmaking of which he
accused the proprietOrs of the Post The
attorneys for the prosecution objected to
this question. but their objection was
OVerruled. Mr.. Patterson then gave the
names of several merchants who he said
in lis opinion had been assailed by the
Post in order to force them to advertise
in the newspaper.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
DANIEL SITS IN JUDGMENT
Creditors of Mrs. Leslie Carter
Payne Cannot Attach Her Abil-
ity as an Actress.

New York, Dec. 2S.-A decision which
will prove of considerable interest TO
lawyers and theatrical people mas been
filed by Justice Hough in the United
States district court i'm the matter of
bankruptcy of Mrs. Leslie Carter
Payne.
Judge HouSh decides that the ability
of a player is not an asset that can be
touched by creditors or a receiver In
bankruptcy. The receiver took over the
scenery and properties of ''Zaza" and
"Du Barry" in which Mrs. Carter had
been appearing. and demanded a share
fin the contracts under which she Is to
appear in la TOsca" and Fedora"
Judge Hough orders the return of the
property taken and ruled that the re-
ceiver is not entitled TO any interest in
the contracts or in the salary she OBJ
tains for her work. 1t is said the case
will be appealed.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
DESPERATE MURDERER.
New York Police Lieutenant Shot
Trying to Effect an Arrest.

New York. Dec. 2S.-While Police
Lieutenant Rocco Csvani and two other
New York detectives were attempting
to arrest Nicolo BOnnanO. an alleged
murderer, at Kingsland, n. J., Bonnano
shot Cavani and then shot himself
Lieutenant Cavani is not thought to be
fatally hurt, but Bdnnano probably
will die. The police had been searching
for Bonnano to arrest him on a charge
of having killed Mariana Calti during
4 row i'm East Twenty-eighth street, on
last Christmas day. Cavan and his
two companions who had traced the
fugitive to Kingsland. found BOnnanO
as he was about to board a train at the
railroad station there. this morning.
Wien the lieutenant attempted to take
him into custody BonnanO whipped out
a revolver and fired. The bullet struck
Cavani in the head. Then, before the
other officers could interfere, the Ital-
ian sent two bullets into his own head.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
CONSPIRACY TO OBTAIN
SICK WOMAN'S PROPERTY

Chicago, Dec. 2S.-Warrants charging
conspiracy were today served upon At
tOrney Moses d. Brown. A. 5. Kelley,
a broker, and Mrs. Ruth z. Laughlin.
in connection with the case of Miss
Anna Nolan, who is now i'll with pneu-
mOnia in st. Bernard's hospital 1t is
alleged that the two men and Mrs
Laughlin endeavored to keep possession
of Miss Nolan for the sake of acquir-
ing her property. 1t is asserted that
they procured from her a deed con-
veying valuable property for the con-
sideration of s.. Miss Nolan has de-
clared that she never knowingly signed
any deed. Brown, Kelley and Mrs.
Laughlin will be tried on the charge
of conspiracy to obtain possession of
Miss. Nolan's property.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
LAD OF FIFTEEN
BEFORE THE MAST
Howard Ray Shanghaied at
Norfolk, Va, by British
Sailing Vessel.
TAKEN TO RIO JANEIRO
AID REFUSED BY AMERICAN
CONSUL.

Pittsburg, Dec 2S.-Howard Ray, a
fifteen-year-old lad on his way to san
Francisco hoping TO find his home and
his parents whom he left before the
earthquake. told a wonderful story of
adventure as a sailor, of being shang-
hated by the crew of British ship and
OF being mistreated by q United States
consul in Brazil to whom he applied for
relief, in the police station here last
night, when ne applied for lodging.
When 13 years old, he said, he shipped
as cabin boy at San Francisco on the
steamship Chile, bound for Capetown.
AS cabin boy and as ordinary seaman
often performing the full duties of a
grown man, he worked his way on diff
ferent ships to Sydney. Melbourne and
to many other points, finally landing at
Rio Janeiro, Brazil, where he was seized
with a desire to return home. He
shipped on a boat bound for Norfolk,
Va, and reached that port without ad-
venture and was given his pay for the
voyage and his discharge.
Shanghaied at Norfolk.
Walking through the streets of Nor
folk. he says, he was suddenly seized
by sailors from the British coal steamer
I1taud ana carried ABOARD, Wnere he
was kept a prisoner for several days
until the ship sailed. Then he was re-
leased and put to work as a sailor
The ship was short of men and he was
forcibly taken as a recruit. In the
course of time he was again in Rio jan
Giro. where he complained to the Unit
ed States consul. That official, the lad
AYERS, gave him curt treatment, hushed
up the fact of his having been shang
haied after several conferences with
the British consul and finally refused to
help him to get back to the united
States because he could not produce
proof that he was an American citizen.
The British consul, the lad says, Sc
cured him a chance to work his way
back to New York, where he arrived
few days ago. He stole his way to Al
toona on a freight train. he says, and
the authorities at the latter place gave
him transportation to Pittsburg. He
hopes to be given help here and at 9TH
er points that will take him to San
Francisco. Whether he will find his
parents there, he does not know. He
has heard nothing from them since the
earthquake. Pittsburg authorities will
probably give him some help.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
BODY NOT YET IDENTIFIED
Mystery Surrounding Death of Wo-
man at Harrison, N. j., Far
From Solution.

Newark, N j., Dec. 2S.-The mystery
surrounding the death of the woman
whose body was found in a pond in
Harrison last Thursday appears to be
little If any nearer solution today.
About the only hope the officials on
the case have thus far received in their
attempt to establish the identity of the
victim came today when the manager
of an employment bureau said she rec
ognized the body as that of woman
who had sought work several weeks
ago.
Mrs. Margaret Wright, who has en-
ployment offices at Montclair. n. j.,
said she is certain the body In the
morgue is that of a woman who called
a her Office early in December and
her name is Anna Nevins. The appii-
cant gave no address, but said she had
been employed as a housekeeper in
Brooklyn and wanted a similar position
in Newark or Montclair. The identifi-
cation by Mrs. Wright is not accepted
as positive by the police. The hands
of the dead woman have been careful
ly cared for and showed no traces OF
rough work.
An anonymous letteNTeceived at New
York police headquarters today said the
writer was certain the victim was
Miss Smith. once employed as tele-
phone operator at the Hotel Girard IN
New York. The writer said she was
known to have had trouble with a man
in Newark.
A detective who went TO the Hotel
Girard with a description of the dead
woman was told that it answered very
closely the appearance of the former
telephone operator.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
OPTIMISTIC ARCHBISHOP
His Grace Of Lyons Expects Every
thing Will Right Itself in the
End in France.

Lyons Dec 2S.-Cardinal Collie arch
bishop of Lyons. has issued a pastoral
letter in which he describes in the most
vigorous language what he terms the
"sacrilegious robbery" of the church in
France during the first year of the ap-
pication of the law" He predicts
that the state Will persist i'm its efforts
TO laicize the hospitals, suppress the
Catholic orders that still remain and
put an end 10 Catholic schools The
cardinal complains that while a few of
the faithful have expressed impotent in
dignatiOn, the majority are welded to
their pleasures and business and. de-
ceived by the newspapers, have shown
themselves Indifferent to what is hap
pening. He concludes with an appeal
to Catholics TO remain faithful and
says:
THE evil days will pass and eventu-
ally we will taste the joys of victory"
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

The epidemic of Grin is so wide
spread as to interfere with affairs
Cabinet Meeting broken up becausa
the Secretary of the Treasury and the
Secretary OF the Interior are abed with
Grip.
Social functions. especially at bridge
and dinner parties. the hostess is at
her wits end TO find substitutes.
The Stage, the louged for opportuni-
ty of the uuderstudy is frequent in the
times OF sick stars
The Opera, the gathering audience
approach the foyer with dread fearing
TO, see the sign. change of bill. so fro
quenJly displayed in times of sickness.
The College and school classes are
slender so many pupils, especially
girls being laid up with Grip.
Offices and factories are crippled 10y
absentees, and yet
Humphreys Seventy is TIE
remedy par excellence for Grip. Take
early cuts it short promptly, taken
during its prevalence. it preOccUpics
the system and prevents its invasion
Carry "A bottle i'm your pocket, keep il
handy All Drug Stores. 25C.
Humphreys Homeo Medicine Co. cor
William and john streets. New York
ingbreath, you have Catarrh and I can
cure it
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
NEW YEARS GREETINGS
BY CARRIER PIGEONS

Minneapolis. Dee. 2S.-New Years
greetings from Mayor Haynes of Mime
apolis will be sent TO the mayor of
Boston by carrier pigeons, 1t is thought
the birds can complete the long jour-
ney of 1900 miles in about forty-six
hours The entire trip. however. Will
not be made by the same pigeons. Two
birds will be liberated here, each hav-
ing the message tied to it's leg, and they
will fly to their home town. Aurora,
ILL.,. where the message will be trans
ferred TO a bird which is to make the
fight from Aurora to Philadelphia,
where the message will be fastened to
the pigeon which is expected to deliver
II
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY.
Little Comfort for Caleb Powers in
Judge Morris Words.

Georgetown. Ky, Dec. 2S.-Judge
Norris delivered his instructions to the
Caleb Powers jury this afternoon. The
instructions. which are almost iden-
tically the same as those delivered by
Special Judge Robbins on the third
trial of Powers, simply deal with the
existence of a conspiracy to murder
Goebel. If the jury believes from evil
dence beyond reasonable doubt Powers
guilty of being accessory, as charged,
Judge Morris said they should find
him guilty and fix his punishment at
death or life Imprisonment After the
instructions had been read court ad-
iourned until Monday. when the aTgu-
mentS will begin.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
MEMBER OF CLASS OF 80.
Dispute as to Oldest Living Yale
Graduate Settled.

New Haven, Conn.,, Dec. 2S.-The
much-disputed question of who is the
oldest living Yale graduate has been
decided by an official statement made
by Rev. Arson Phelps Stokes. secre-
tary of the Yale corporation. He gives
the honor to William Davis Ely re-
tired lawyer living in Providence. He
was a member of the class of 1886, and
was born in 1915. Two alumni are
older in years than Mr.. Ely, George T.
Spencer. class of 81, of Corning. n. Y,
and Chester Dalton. class of SO. of
Concordia. Kans., both of whom were
born in 1914.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
BAMBERGER ROAD TO OGDEN
MAKES GOOD PROGRESS In 1907

Simon Bamberger made good progress
during the year in his design to connect
salt Lake City and Ogden by interurban
line. The road was completed for steam
10 a point within three miles of Ogden.
At that point a great deal of work was
done. Here a cut 80 feet in depth had to
be made and the Weber river bridged Ex-
cellent progress was made in the cut by
utilizing water to wash out the sand This
was found to be much more effective and
much more economical than the use of
the steam shovel
After the financial squeeze struck the
east Mr.. Bamberger decided to build a
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
DISPOSITIONS FOR DEFENSE.

Boise Dec all of
sin N e reading OF dispositions OF San Francisco witnesses the
ono under the vesbule residence
the usual time adjournment
defense will
seso
Of
In the building
Ceaner contractor who had charge the and r. Lewis
described
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
INDEX TO THIS PAPER.
industrial section-f6 Pages.

Industrial Section-16 Pages.
Page 1-Growth of Salt Lake City-Sah
Lake Observation-Disclosures I'M
prOVements.
Page 2-Jobbing Record in Utah-Live-
stock in 19O7-Poultry Record
Page 3-Beauty Spots Around Salt Lake
Great Output of Beet, Sugar.
Page Marvellous Possibilities in Fruit
Culture-Record-Br Breaking Year
in Canning
Page 5-SnapshOts Around the City-Big
Irrigation Enterprises-Growth
of Postal Business.
Page 6-Salt Lakes Fine Educational
System-Great Year in City Real
Estate.
Page Work Done by p. J. Moran.
Page S-ChronOlogy of the Year.
Page STORY of Oil Development IN
Dixie
Page 1O-ogden's Bright Record for the
Page 11-ogden Continued.
Page 12-Development in Southeastern
Idaho.
Page 13-Week at the Theatres.
Page AZ. c. NJ. !.
Page 15-Oriental Journey. by Charles L.
Rood.
Page 16-Short Stories.
Cover Section in CoIors-4 Pages.
Page 1-Design by H. L. A. Culmer
Pages 2, 8, 4-Artistic Advertisements.
Mining Section-16 Pages.
Page 1-Comparison of Metal Production
and Dividends Paid-Record of
Mines-Dividend Tabe-Ore Pro-
duction Table-Analysis of Divi-
dends-Two COttonwoods.
Page Record of Bingham for the Year.
Page 3-Garfield and the Smelters-Park
City for 1907
Page 4-Tintic's Big Year-Silver King
COahtion-Lower Mammoth.
Page Beaver County Record-The
Dsly-West-La sars Big Devel-
Opment.
Page 6-Pioche and Its Future-Tmport-
ant Year for American Fork
Page Nevada 5 Great Year
Page S-COaI in Utah.
Page 9-Wyoming Deals in Sheen.
Page l0-COlumbus Consolidated at Alta.
Page u-American Smelling & Refining
Page I2-Record of Big Mines.
Page l3-Utah Consolidated.
Page 1AEducational.
Page 15-Educational-Fo Forest Service
Page 16-Dry Farming in Utah.
Magazine Sections Pages.
Page Herald Art Calendar.
Page 2-"Schemes of Colonel Clay
Page 3-HOtel Clerk Looks Back at 1907.
Page federal Heights
Page 5-Federal Heights
Page "a Pleasant Evening "-Robert
W. Chambers.
Page STRATEGY of Arlington"
Page S-Denver Auditorium for Demo-
cratic National Convention.
& Merchants Associ-
alton Sections Pages.
Page Record of NJ. & NJ. with cuts Of
officers
Page &Utah's Forward Movement
Page @Utah-Idaho Sugar Co.
Page federal Officers of Utah.
Page 5-Bank Reconsideration of
Salt Lake Banks
Page 6EducatiOn in Utah.
Page Education in Utah-Sketches.
Page Slow Utah Soil is Made H
Paul.
Comic Section Pages.
Pages ! to 4-PictuTes in ColorS and
Comic Sketches.
News Section.
Pages to 20-News and Ads.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

temporary bridge over the Weber in or
der that he might run into Ogden without
the expenditure of large sum of money.
He will adhere TO this plan. His line ex-
tends through Ogden to the mouth of Og-
den canyon. The line was operated reg
ularly between Salt Lake City and Lay
ton during the greater part of the year.
The entire line will be completed for
steam before a change is made to cleo
tricity. The complete identification of the
system will involve the expenditure of
$4,000 During the year Mr.. Bamberger
secured valuable ground in the northern
part of the city for shops and switch
yards.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
ENGINEER KILLED.

Duncan. Okla. Dec. 2S.-Henry
White. engineer, was killed and two
mail clerks and two express messen-
gers injured, when Rock Island pas
senger train No %. a double-header
was wrecked near here this afternoon
Otto Koonty of Kansas City, assistant
bagga geman, may die
Engineer Whites two children were
burned TO death when fire destroyed
his residence in Fort Worth few
weeks ago.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
ROOSEVELT GOSSIP.
President Leaves Pine Knot on a
Wild Turkey Hunt.

Charlottesville, Dec 2S.-Accompa-
MED by Dick Mcdaniel. President
Roosevelt left Pine Knot at noon to-
day for a wild turkey hunt on Green
mountain. the scene of his former con-
quest last December, when he pulled
down a big gObbler on the wing after
it had been flushed by his negro guide.
The president met with no success on
yesterdays hunt due to the stiff wind
which prevented him getting close
enough to the flock to obtain shot
Mrs Roosevelt went for another
horseback ride this afternoon, accom-
panied by Joseph Wilmer.
Tomorrow afternoon the party will
attend worship at Christ church. half
mile from the hunting lodge. The ser
mon will be preached by Rev. W H.
Darke. the new rector.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
INDIANA BANKS BROKE.

Rensselaer,. Ind. Dec. 2S.-Auditor of
the State Billheimer today petitioned
the circuit court to appoint receivers
for the Baldwin bank, at Goodland, and
the Parker bank, at Remington 1t is
said that the liabilities at the Remins-
ton bank will reach $780, 200, with assets
less than 500, 900.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
SLOW PROGRESS.

Ely. Ney., Dec. 2S.-F'ifteen feet were
made yesterday on the rescue work on
the Alpha shaft, where three miners
are entombed. The reScueTs have not
vet reached solid ground, therefore
progress is slow. The imprisoned men
are cheerful and in good health.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
WILL RUN FULL TIME.

Toronto. Dec. 2S.-Representatives of
the Canadian cotton interests say their
mills contemplate no such action as
that of the New England mills, which
are curtailing their output 25 per cent
Canadian mills will, il is stated, con-
time to run full time all winter.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
MORE PAY ASKED,

New Haven, Conn.,, Dec, 2S.-The en-
gineers and fiTemen on the New Haven
railroad have asked for an increase in
pay reported IS 10 per cent. The pass
enger engineers are receiving 3S1s cents
an hour, the fremen 22h cents. and
freight engineers and firemen slightly
larger pay
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

purest, hnest chocolate IS used; because every
egg is the very freshest the cream nch and
fresh; because every ingredient Is carefully
selected; because able experts and trained labor
are employed; because Mcdonald is very,
very particular as to quality; because the factory
is equipped with latest machinery; because the
factory is spotlessl clean---and because McDon-
aid is as particular OF the goods he puts out as
woman is of her name.
Just think it over until New Years day and
then make resolution to always buy Dutch
chocolates
Mcdonald. manufacturer
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
WANTED FOR MURDER.

Chicago, Dec. 2S-Omer Rochelle ana
his wife were arrested here today They
are wanted in Montreal on a charge
brought in connection with the death
Of the mans first wife, who died in
Quebec NeN. IL.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
FITZGERALD Is OIL.

Baltimore, Dec. 28-Thomas Fitzger-
aid. general manager of the Baltimore
& Ohio railroad, has resigned his posi-
ton, to take effect Jan. I.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
Certain to Continue.

The increase both in the number and
in the seriousness of mine explosions in
the United States during past years
may be expected to continue unless,
through Investigations made in the
United States such as have proved eff
fectiVe in other coal producing cOun-
tries, information can be obtained and
published concerning the explosives
used, the conditions under which they
may be used safely in the presence of
coal dust or gas. and the general con-
ditions which make for health and safe
ty In coal mining operations. Such in
formation, obtained through compre-
hensive and impartial Investigations.
may serve in this. as in other countries,
as an intelligent basis both for leginla-
tive enactment and for agreements
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

increasing. but many areas from which
coal is being taken are either deeper or
farther from the entrance where good
ventilation is more difficult and the dan
gerous accumulations of explosive gas
more frequent
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

q You have been very gener-
Gus to us in your patronage
during 1907.
al We hope and believe that
the satisfaction we feel has
been mutual.
G For every dollar you have
spent here we have tried
to give full value in honest
merchandise and fair and
courteous treatment.
eli 1t has been our aim to do
this, always, and in 1908
we will try and deserve,
even more, your buying
consideration.
ReA4xSs71rHAar
172 MAIN STREET.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
BLANK BOOK MAKING
Tribune Reporter Pig. Co.. &c W. I'd Sc
Phil KIlpple's Carriage Shop

Moved TO rear 14s w. N. Temple 81
silver Bros. iron works buildings.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29
Legal Blanks.

Tribune Reporter Pig. Co. 66 W. I'd So.
Uncalled-for suits and uvercoats. SO
and up. Daniels. 81 w. I'd South.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

Salt Lake. Photo Supply Co., kodaks,
Finishing. Framing, AZ South Main.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1907-12-29

Why do you hear
so much Of the ex-
ceIlence of McDon-
AIDS chocolates p?
Because they are
the best chocolates
made in the world.
Better because the
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1907-11-02

Tea, not from leaves. but from the
1owers alone Of the plant. is rarely en-
countered In commerce. The petals.
stamens, ETC., are sun dried. and the
resulting tea is of rich, deep brown
hue of peculiarly delicate odor, and
gives q pale amber colored infusion
rather more astringent in taste than
that from the average fair grade leaf.
The taste for It is an acquired one,
and even II this tea could be made
commercially possible. 1t is doubtful d
It would ever become popular.
The American tea trade could adj
vantageously take suggestion from
the brick tea of the far east. In our
country, the tea dust, some Of which
is good quality, Is not properly
utilized. In Europe It IL . regular
article of trade. and 1t is advertised
and sold as tea dust. In America It ID
sold to thousands of cheap restau'
rants, who make from 1t the mixture
of tanic acid. sugar and boiled mill
which they sell as tea" If, as in the
orient, this dust was compressed into
bricks. good tea could be made from