New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-16

ended yet There are others which, If not exactly
enabling 1m to S9nte16 that 5e 9ot o mo- more
wealth than the majority, yet enable them TO Oh
it Of the two classes is ana these ars%nents ass
specially deserving OF eNaminatlon nrStiy DeCaVSe
they have the authority OF the most GeieDIa'eu VI
the orthodox economsts-nameiy, MIL AiiIu, bfc-
9n 9se tbe ~ we SHAH bes. 2rr~e at reaiza
ton of the hard practical truth Ihess afgniIeqIs
itv ynId nroduce No more than fraction of the
wealth watch is produced now, yet ability IN , the
absence Of labor would produce absolutely nothing
4nd 5o In 5ne 9peh eas %th situation Of this
kind in way which is eminenuy aPpncaPtb5G Pill, 70
ers -. says Mil, have debated whether nature or
Industry than in another; and he goes on 10 con-
tend that this question is useless anu u,1 his il
dhS @ TiS1L"are equally necessary for
producing the effect at all, it is unmeaning 10 say
that much of it is produced by one ana SO Jc
by another. 1t is like attempting to decide whl S
Of the factors Aye or six has most 10 40 m 's
applicable to nature and human lnq9suy hS d
whole it would appear to be applicable TO 1aoG 3
order to produce wealth of a given amount and
quality-oT what Mil would speak of as the ef-
Mil himself brings IT forward with special ref
stance. take the products OF any farm-sy mboliz-
ing these. for convenience sake, as one IoaI OF
bread acre; and ii will be obviously unnle9h!IIs
to inquire which produces most Oh sach l0al' sre
only one farm in the world anu every aCT "a -. 81
whey the amount of labor was applied 10 IT,
that is to say, one loaf-Mills assertion would ne
true The actual state Of the case however thoqgh
particular Acres vary greatly In quaLty; ana ana IL
and suppose them all TO be cultivated by an equal
amount of labor, shall find X the poorest ylSlu
ing to their superiority will yield product Of two
loayes Of three OF four Here th the he diti6na
loaves resulting in three only, II Is obvious
and the larger cannot be due to the labor and yet
Ia 1ya IN tai lla
superior acres, and present in the INTERIOR IN
3 9arts Daysd resPeetyey by land and labor
indefinite and incommensurable pIeGlSely as Nh NJ
product or the eject remain tho same; these parts
become measurable Immediately that the erect pc
gins to vary. and one OF the causes ana oh'y o"e
Ana the same Criticism is applicable to the pro-
ouCt b} OF "SatL t az manual labor on the one
~ Wlch are Ieleliie - 90 abiIit,, IN. which
labor is directed on the other. II man for man
duced the same total output Of wealth. II relatively
TO its population the country never soI IcF ne si
future laborers and the directors or lanor
always the same routine. the two Ssiu7s D l.55
be- as MIL contends, AT once !ss Sa,Isel
meaning to say that one OF the Necessary ti"o
But the principal feature Of the modern WGGIaQt
which the economist has to consider Is nov Wiz ~.
repeats itself but is a series Of different effects
amount OF average labor involved in them has dee.
AIDE by decade been decreasing loa ootis 7 of Ibe
hundred and fifty years Now the GIarLIIgs, % ,
human being in point OF manual stfsnsiih am ~
dpXtcritV have hardly increased SlItt NV NtLy v
the ancient world-as wo see by the work Of the
were inferior to the handlcrafts or thf RTS'
therefore, of any thousand men has certainly not
changed its quality in the course OF tIe I,tsiriI
Countries Of the world. the output Of wealth per
thousand of the men engaged In INDUSTRY Is I'm I'm
INNING Of the period IN question. -,....,
Now however this augmented effect IS proc
.ySr the new socialists such as sidney Webb al =
nil that II has two causes-namely, ability ana
sSI e. average labor alone But since the aver
age manual power OF the average 's5 br Ier9d in
0Ucstiou-siuce the mere manual labor OF =. l,.ou
n thousand men IN the days Of our great-ET"ih9J-
fathers and since. on the other name. IL Is 7iitsI
obvious that tho ability ~ which labor is @
has undergone changes OF very import tLt RtI'I
among these being is increased e0icT O. nv h,I,4
that the excess II wealth produced per head OF .e
tivn garer4ti6ns ago IL due 10 the cause that has
undergone marked variation. and not 10 or tns
Let us turn back 20 the illustration given by NtllI.
Tor i've and Six does most produce the result
thirty what Mil overlooked was that the KIM Of
result concerned with Is nor d result -
car be represented by one number sAGh as ILiI'
6 6ey has Tisen 10 sixty ana viii be before long
eighty. ninety or a hundred The question, tnere-
IGIo tRlrfy but whether when the result Is raised
from thirty 20 sixty the Increase IS cue 20 me- i
10 ,,51fIrving number, which VIII have risen from
six 70 tweyc W4eR HE Qq,s{bon or the number
i've Is in short the industrial unit and directing
l nereSsngly muItipIedEthe Increment being due
10 the multiplying number which increases, n0L 20
the number multiplied. which remains VFt"aAy
the same.
ONE SHIPYARD ~ THE WORLD.
Let mo give you a simple illustration. n there
were only one shipyard in the world, ana this al
working under the direction Of the same master;
and If Il always took hese men one wear o lG no
divide the vessel into so many separate parts ana
1S5 So man, by Inc men directing them But il a
new master builder for year took the place or
Tia new master, produced in that year. not one
lowing the master disappeared and the old
One more resulted I'm tho production not OF two
vessels. but Of only one as before then we should
regard to the year during which the two vessels
were built that the second vessel whatever might
be the case with the first, was duo wholly to tho
ability of the master by whom the labor OF the
workmen was directed. In other words. the abil-
the product or of that products value exceeds
what produced by the laborcrs before their
labor was directed by him. and ceases 10 he pro-
duced by them any longer as soon as his direction
IS Withdrawn.
practical be ascrbed average labor will be
yet more apparent n we SUPPOSE that the pr3duc-
ton OF il was not beneficial, but criminal ] cam
explain my meaning best by taking mn illustration
activity hundred Russian workmen all OF them
loyal to the Car, are. we will suppose; employed
cellar and another hundred are employed MI
this cellar with vino cases. \ week after the
and he passes the citizens house killed by an
explosion from below II is then apparent that the
so-called cellar was mine, and that the so-CaIled
wine really filled with dynamite. Now.
If all those concerned in the contamination Of this
catastrophe were tried is perfectly evident that
the part played by the workmen would be sharp
pIoying them, and that although no doubt they
contributed something to the result they contrib
It is equally evident that the increment OF wealth