davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

sank deeper and deeper beneath the
river bed, until, when the workmen
were 1917 feet below water level, the
shifts had been reduced to two day
of 45 minutes each. The sand hogs"
we're provided with dressing rooms,
hot baths, steam elevators to carry
them to the surface, and plenty Of
hot coffee. Some of the men were
attacked by calsson disease, but none
of them ended fatally
This great public work was not to
be accomplished, however, without
the usual tribute of human life. The
working force on the bridge varied
from 400 to 500 men. Twenty of
them were killed, mostly by falls. AS
was the case with the Brooklyn
bridge, some of the escapes were
grotesque, some almost miraculous
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Contrary to Home BujIdinu,

Trade is the life of the agricultural
town. Any system that diverts this
trade is injurious to the community.
Here lies the evils of the mail order
system. BY drawing the trade from
the towns, the principal support goes,
and with its going disappears the en-
ployment for the people, the school
system, and the churches and all the
advantages that the town affords to
the people of the community. Not
alone this but home markets are de-
stroyed and the farmer finds the value
of his land reduced. Have the impor-
lance of home trading and home sup
port instilled into the minds of the
farmers in general and there will be
rapid falling off of the catalogue
house patronage.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
SAFEGUARD THE HOME
GOOD CITIZENS ARE THE Bull.
WARK OF THE NATION.
EDUCATION AND PROTECTION
Two Vital Things to Be Considered by
Those Who Would See the
Greatest Progress and
Advancement.

Where is found the greatest ad-
vancement and civilization there is
also found among the people the high
est type of fealty and love of home.
The American homes are the most
substantial pillars of the nations
greatness, and in American citizen
ship is found the bulwark of our re-
publican government.
Where the home life is ideal, there
is found genuine patriotism which is
always commensurate with the en-
lightenment and the domestic happi-
ness of the people. How important it
is then that every safeguard be
thrown about the home, which is the
hotbed where are produced for devel
,opment all the strength that is neces
sary for the perpetuation of govern
ment and the maintenance of a ma
tons greatness.
The student who will study into
conditions of the countries that are
continually wrecked by internal tur-
moil such as Russia and the Central
American republics, will discover the
lOllGo are ldl lIOll IuSCll uOlSO, anu
that there is an absence of the love
of country that should be found in the
hearts Of it's citizens. There is duty
that involves upon all, and which is
due to the generations growing and to
come. The duty is to surround the
home with such environments as will
make it attractive and develop in the
growing youth the highest qualities of
| manhood and womanhood. Where the
people are oppressed by monarchy
and feudalism there is no incentive to
develop the highest state of home life.
In America where all are upon an
| equal plane and opportunities are
open to every citizen and where the
people are secure in their rights to
homes, there is every reason why
each one should make the greatest en-
deavor to found for himself and his
progeny a residence place that will
be sure from intrusion and be an in
centive to higher mental and social
development.
Education Is all important and no
other country in the world offers to
all such glorious advantages to re-
ceive enlightenment as does the Unit.
ed States. 1t is important that the
home be located near good schools
Good schools are generally found
where there are good homes and good
towns. The quality of citizenship of a
community can generally be gagged by
the standard of it's educational insti
buttons. 1t is important to the home
builder that the town wherein he is 10
Gated or which he may reside near
be progressive place And the bet
ter that this town be, the better will
be it's educational facilities for the
youth. 1t is essential to the greatest
good of a community that it be real
lied by all residing within it that the
more wealthy it can be made, the
greater will be it's advantages both as
to education and otherwise. By sup
port to home institutions the home is
made better in every way. Patriotic
citizens will make it their first aim tt
be loyal to their own home interest:
and then their state and nation. One
who is loyal to home is general!
faithful in the performance of all the
duties that good citizenship implies.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Who Makes the Town?

The editor of the paper at Coyle,
Okla, asks in large letters, who
makes the town." To make town
requires the work of many people. 1t
is surely not the man who earns his
wages in the town and then spends
his earnings elsewhere; not the farm
er who sells his produce to the home
merchant and then takes the money
to the express or post Office and sends
1t to the Chicago mail order house
for the goods he needs; nor the minis
ter who is paid for preaching by the
business interests of the place, and
spends his spare time in working up
grocery clubs for an outside concern.
No, brother, these men do not make
towns.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Importance of Good Roads.

The town that has good roads lead
ing to it is blessed. Surely there is
no more disagreeable thing, nor any
thing more adverse to the business
interests of a place than impossible
Doggy roads. There is little excuse
in the well settled community for poor
roads. 1t may in the beginning be
somewhat expensive to put the roads
in order, but in the end it will prove
that the saving in wear and tear on
wagons and horses will well repay all
the additional expense. And to the
town good roads are almost vital The
average farmer would rather drive
three or four miles farther to a town
over good roads than do his trading
when it is necessary to go hub deep in
mud to the nearer place.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Dangers of Compressed Air.

With all precautions It Is apparent
~ impossible to prevent "the bends"
claiming it's victims. Two sand
hogs died in one day last October,
for instance, because, as the doctors
believed, they had passed too quickly
from the compressed airlocks to the
surface. A conspicuous example was
the death of young Claiming Billiard
on January 8, last. Billiard was a
big, husky fellow, graduate of Cam
bridge Latin school, and an expert
electrician. He started to learn tun-
neling, and decided to begin at the
bottom by becoming a sand hog"
He passed the examinations and went
to work on a Monday morning as a
hydraulic filter in the Pennsylvania
tunnel under the East river. When
he came to the surface that night he
almost tainted with "the bends" The
physician took him back into the tun-
mel, put him in the medical airlock
at the foot Of the shaft, and, as is
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
AduIterated Eoodstuffs.

Recently a number of samples of
coffee, extracts and canned goods
sent out by a premium giving concern
were examined by chemists in Mis-
souri, and in South Dakota and found
to be greatly adulterated. These goods
were sold at prices as high as the
local grocers charge for the best class
of articles. Those who are careful of
health should not buy foodstuif that
comes from the mail order houses, or
from the premium giving concerns.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

I'm going to see a new American
play tonight" she was saying. Its
by an English author All the best
American plays these days are written
by English authors"
81 hope they are more apropos than
the songs they write" remarked her
friend. Have you forgotten the Eng
hsh song that had chorus about the
Cotton fields way down in Old New
Jersey 2"
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
CIV Folk IN Home Trade

1--WE are proud of our splendid cities
and we want them to increase in
wealth and population and we also
want our country town to grow. We
wish the city merchants to build up
but we also desire the country mer-
chants to prosper. l do not believe in
the mail order citizen. If place is
good enough for a man to live in and
make his money in, it is good enough
for him to spend his money in"
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

It Is impossible to build up towns
without there being business to en-
ploy the people who reside in them.
The mail order system of doing bust
ness is killing off the small town, and
as result the farmers residing near
them suffer by having a poor market,
and poor schools and other blessings
OF the kind that go with the live town,
Not alone this but farm values are
kept down.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
williamsburg Bridge Fire.

Many New Workers will recall the
splendid spectacle one night early in
November, 1902, when burning oil and
woodwork atop the Manhattan tower
Of the bridge shone over the city like
blazing meteor. Then the firemen,
powerless to fight the blaze 100 feet
in the air, watched the flames spread
to the swaying foot bridges until they
became great festoons Of running
fire
Several men were on the bridge at
the time, but they all escaped. One
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Spanning Wide Rivers, Erecting Skyscrapers,
Boring Tunnels and Sideways, Not Done
Without Many Fatalities.
Tales OF Heroism Relieve Recital of Appalling Disasters
Hairbreadth Escapes and Startling Adventures Form
Part of the Building Up of the Great City of the
Future-"Tmmunes" Sought All Over Earth

New York.-Not millions Of dollars
alone, nor the skill of designers. nor
the cunning Of craftsmen enter into
the making of great city. Sky
scrapers, bridges, tunnels and sub
ways, must be purchased at heavy
cost of human life. Few realize how
many men die that great public
work may be created. Engineers and
builders say that the sacrifice Is in
evitable. Six tunnel systems are be-
ing constructed under the North and
East rivers. According to one esti-
mate, there is one man killed In them,
on an average, for every day OF the
year. A well-known engineer has es-
Itimated that every floor Of modern
building Of pretentious size has cost
q life, either in the forests where the
timber has been cut, In the coal and
iron mines, and stone quarries, the
steel mills, the caissons sunk deep in
the earth for the foundations. or in
the steel superstructures that rise
ilacelike to the sky.
Hairbreadth Escapes.
Yet the spirit of adventure walks
hand in hand with death. While many
lives were lost that the Brooklyn and
Williamsburg bridges might be built,
there were escapes by the workmen
engaged on them that would seem
grotesque and improbable IL put into
a novel. A man may die for every day
of the year during the construction
'of cassion or river tunnel, but the
men who escape tell stories that
would enhance the fame of Hugo, Poe,
or Eugene Sue. The sacrifice of life
in public works, too, Is a story apart
from the record Of seven lives ended
by violence In this city for every day
in the year. 1t takes no count Of the
men, women and children killed by
accidents in the streets-one victim
for every sunset.
A hint OF the sacrifice of life in pub
Tic works was found in the records o.
the board of aoroners in Manhattan
Last year there were 2.160 deaths by
violence in the boroughs, and 6S4, OF
nearly one-third were caused by falls
explosions, the collapse of earth in ex
cavations, premature blasts, and fall
ling rocks and timbers. The river tun
nels were pushed forward at the cos
of 68 lives, or 43 in the Pennsylvania
terminal works, 20 in the Belmont
tunnel, two in the subway borings un
der the East river and three in Tia,
Hudson company's terminal at Church
and Dey streets.
The erection of the Brooklyn bridge
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

between 1870 and 1888 advanced to
the accompaniment of casualty and
death. John A. Roebling, the first en-
gineer in chief, lost his life as the re-
suit of his responsibilities and an in
fury received while at work on the
bridge. His eldest son, Col. W. A,
Roebling, succeeded him. but the
bridge was still in its early stages
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

usually the case, "recompressed" him
that is, treated him under the pres
sure of compressed air. The next
morning Billiard was unconscious. He
was sent to a hospital, and died that
evening. In his case it was said that
he had Bright's disease which devel-
oped rapidly under air pressure.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

workmen, three belonged to the en-
cheering staff, and II were persons
not connected with the operations.
In the two years the subway cost 16
lives, all but one of the victims being
workmen. Again in 1902 the list was
formidable. Twenty-one lives were
lost and 214 persons we're hurt, 1919
of them being employees.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

though as many as $50 men worked
at once under compressed air in the
oaissons, not single death from the
bends" was reported, The hard
lessons of the Brooklyn bridge Gals
sons had been we'll learned. At first
the sand hogs worked in eight-hour
shifts. The working periods were
gradually reduced as the caissons
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

Wnen ne became al luVullu lIOlu SA-
posure, overwork and anxiety.
The Deadly "Bends,"
The centers of interest in this great
engineering feat were the caissons--
huge wooden boxes sunk 40 feet be-
low the water line, to hold the founda-
tions-and in these caisson disease,
or "the bends" caused endless anxiety.
The disease is the more dangerous be-
cause the physicians have not made
up their minds precisely what it is.
Men who work under compressed air
in tunnels or caissons are seized with
cramps, severe pains in the joints,
and dizziness, and are doubled up
like jackknives. Not infrequently
paralysis and death follow. The re-
ports of the building of the Brooklyn
bridge show that there were % cases
of the bends three of them ending
in death.
While the caisson work was under
way a disastrous fire occurred In the
box on the Brooklyn side In Deem
Der, 1870. The chamber was flooded,
and the damage cost weeks of labor
and delay. On the day Of the fire Col.
Roebling spent seven hours in the
caisson. When he returned to the
surface he was partially paralyzed.
This was one of the causes of his i'll
health.
There were between 80 and 40 fatal
accidents while the towers and super
structure of the bridge were building.
Three of the workmen were killed by
falling derricks on the Brooklyn
tower. Two more fell from the Man
haitian tower and received fatal in
juries.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Border on Humorous.

Border on Humorous.
Some of the escapes, miraculous as
they seemed to be, were not without
their suggestions of humor. One
workman fell from the Manhattan
anchorage to the ground, so feet be-
low, struck pile Of lumber, and lived
to tell of 1t. He struck the lumber
with such force that he broke one Of
the planks neatly in the middle. An
other workman plunged into one Of
the well holes in the Brooklyn tower.
At the bottom, 104 feet below, was a
pool of water with an empty cement
barrel floating around in it. The fall
ing man landed on the barrel and
rolled off into the water He was
only slightly hurt.
An unprecedented record was made
when the Williamsburg bridge was
built between 1897 and 1904. AL
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Search World for Mmmunes."

The necessity Of obtaining sand
hogs" with these peculiar physical
qualifications, with tunnel building in
this city to an extent hitherto I'M
precedented for tunnel workers, and
not little difficulty in obtaining the
required number. The Pennsylvania
railroad, for instance, literally
searched the world for men of ex-
perience to build the tunnels. On
the crosstown shafts they have scores
of Austrians who get their experience
in the Simplop tunnel. The engineers
and foremen include men who have
tunneled in Egypt, South Africa and
England. AS many as 5000 men have
been employed at one time on the Nc
Adoo tunnel project. On account of
the constant menace to life and limb,
their wages are pPoportionately large.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04
Chief Cause of Danger.

The large number of casualties on
the North river works is explained
by the peculiar difficulties of the
work. The East river tunnels were
driven largely through rock. In the
North river the tunnels must be
driven through masses of soft silt,
varying from oozing mud to treacher-
Gus quicksands. The compressed air
must be maintained at a higher pres
sure to keep out the water. The dan
ger is greatest from a blowout" or
leak, with its sudden thrush of
water. Indeed, the old heading of the
tunnel which crosses the North river
at Morton street was abandoned at
one time because so many lives were
lost by "blowouts."
Last January eight sand hogA"
| fought for their lives in a caisson
nearly 100 feet under ground at the
Hudson companies terminal at Fulton
and Church streets. There was a
blowout" and a sudden thrush OF
water. The eight men scrambled fol-
the ladder reaching up to the deol
of the airlock. The opening was only
large enough for one man to pass
through at a time, and the men fought
on the ladder to be the first to reacl
it, Two of them fell back into the
water in a struggling heap. A thirC
got his head through the door and wal
dragged back by two others, All three
fell ON a fourth, and all had duck
u.
lock hoisted them from their trap.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

of them crossed the traverse platform
from one blazing foot bridge to the
other just as the burning structure
fell. For awhile he hung there over
the river swaying to and fro like a
spider whose web is torn by the
wind. Then he climbed to the big
cable overhead and crawled slowly to
the Brooklyn tower.
When the bridge was nearly fin
form and fell $50 feet to the East
river. He turned several somersaults
on his way down, struck the water
with great splash, and was fished
out almost uninjured. Later a rivet-
er's apprentice stepped on a greasy
girder, slipped and fell to the ground,
100 feet beneath. He landed in a
heap of sand, got up and looked
around, as he said later, Ito see If
he was dead" His only injuries were
a broken arm and some bruises.
Lives Lost in Subway.
In the building of the subway
there have been nearly $50 accidents,
costing 80 lives, or four victims for
every mile of track. Hardly had the
work been started, in 1900, when fall
ing rock in the south heading of the
One Hundred and Sixty-eighth street
tunnel killed five workmen and in
jured two others. A similar accident
in one of the Murray Hill tunnels cost
the life of Maj, Ira A. Shaler, sub
contractor Chief Engineer William
b. Parsons, who was with him, had a
narrow escape.
The explosion of dynamite in the
same section of the work, near Forty.
second sereet, on January 27, 1902
shattered the windows for blocks
around and killed five persons, four
of them being in the Murray Hill
hotel In October, 1908, another fall
of rock near Fort George killed ter
workmen.
1t was not these more serious acct
dents, however, that swelled the list
of dead in subway building to for
midable total. Rather was it the
casualty to single workmen or t
some careless bystander-death il
the dark recesses of the East rive
tunnels or a Harlem bluff, the re
suits of misstep that sent a work
man crashing into the depths of al
open trench, injuries from falling
timbers, or lives snuffed out by mis-
| calculated blasts, or an avalanche o
3 soggy soil. In 1900, when the sui
. way was started, 27 workmen an
l eight outsiders were involved in acc
j. dents more or less serious Cor
t structive work was in progress a
r many points in 1901, and the humble
e of casualties was swelled to NC. G
5 those killed or injured, 1855 wer
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1907-07-04

when he became an invalid from ex
posture, overwork and anxiety
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1907-10-31
RUSSIAN NLlTINEERS I'M
FIERCE NAVAL BATTLE

Z Z vi4ADIvosToCK. October so.-An.
exciting little naval battle took place
In this harbor to-day Between the
mutinous crew OF a Russian torpedo;-!
boat destroyer and their loyal COM
rades. The mutineers finally We're sub
3dued, hut not before a number of men
had been Killed or wounded. The Hlu-
stinous. boat is the Slory, and she gave
fight to the gunboat Mandschur, the
Sdestroyers Garsovoz, Smelyand and
zerditz. and the garrison Of one of the
harhor forts, manned by the Twelfth
Regiment OF Artillery.
The Skory soon was overwhelmed.
and she had to be beached to save her
from sinking. This was not accom-
1pltshed, however, before her guns had
done considerable damage and several
soifcers and men OF the other ships had
been killed or wounded.
The crew OF the SkorS5 We're incited
by agitators, including Jews, who had
managed stos get on board and take
charge of the Destroyer She steamed
out into the harhor with tho red flag
flying, and at once opened fire on tho
town and forts. a gunbont and three
idestroye RS SEw ere sent out to engage
her and with the aid OF The forts. soon
had the Skory rlddled and helpless.
SHE then turned and ran through the
surf and was beached. Those members
of the crew who had not been KILLED
az wounded by the gnn-fire We're ar,
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1907-10-31
FEAR OYSTER PIRATES
WILL DESTROY STATE FLEET
-rspecial 70 THE Times pIspat Oh, /

SpcClal 10 ne
NORFOLK, VA, October 30.-Dis-
pleased with the Virginia Oyster Navy
because OF its activity in breaking up
sthelrsillicit business. oyster pirates OF
chesapeake Bay and James River
have. 1T Is charged, determined on the
annlhiliation of the navy, The action
of the eSplrates and private Information
has convinced President Macdonald
Lee, OF the State Board OF Fisheries,
that the pirates have banded together
In conspiracy to either blow up or
burn every vessel OF tho navy.
3 ''I feel assured that the pirates will
stop at nothing short of destroying
the entire oyster fleet said President
Lee this evening.
MATTERS have come to a pass that
could hardly be believed by one not
possessed of personal information In
the matter. People simply smile an
incredulous smile when you tell them
of the doings Of these bold and des-
perate men. Following the scuttllng
of one of our boats, an attempt has
nov been made to destroy the Grey
hound, another vessel Of the navy.
They set fire to that vessel, the Flames
having heen started from waste satu-
rated with gasolene spirited into the
forecastle. 1t is said they have de-
signed to torpedo the Commodore
Many flagship of the tleet ss
Pirates captured within the last few
weeks have heen fined thousands Of
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1907-10-31
DIVORCE is MRS. HOWE
Judge White, Of Charlottesville
Grants Papers OF Separation.

Judge White, Of Charlottesville,
Grants Papers OF Separation.
Especial to The Times D.spatch.1
CHARLOTTESVILLE VA, October
30.-Mrs. Virginia Peyton Howe has
been granted divorce from her hus-
band. J. Wilson Howe. OF Philadelphia,
together with costs OF suit, by Judge
John NJ. White, In the Circuit Court.
Judge r. T. w. Duke appeared for
Mrs. Howe, who prior to her marriage
to j. Wilson Howe, nephew Of Pres
.ident Woodrow Wilson. OF Princeton,
was Miss Virginia Reyton Knight. Of
Va.
The ground for divorce. as set forth
In the decree. Is "wilful. abandon
ment" OF the plaintiff for a term OF
three years by the defendant.
It was agreed between the plaintiff
and defendant that the only surviving
child, Wilson Howe, Jr.. should spend
six months OF the year In the custody
Of the father and six with hls5mother.
j. Wilson Howe is now in the em-
p1oy Of railway company, and Is
living In Philadelphia. Mrs. Howe left
here some ten days ago for New York
T35 Z