The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-11-10

E
ths extended over = large portion
81 The globe. Trade With Russia was carried
on partly through JivCOiA ard partly
through Archangel. whithe~ two sauadrO1s
went every year. Hs-s Eugiisb apd Freuoh
competition hal almost CsESsd. In Nor
way chs HOllBD0e: = zIvpNsS 81 o.hsE nations
IN the innpprtRros If ,l,sir &C Ug'usrUg. Me-
chan tErsO hundred ohiDs were Employed
therein. With Denmark tho Dutch repubbO
had a considerable tTafic, but much more
impOrtsni WAS .bs cOmmsroS with sweden.
whsre the gOllaniera had ,nad8 them-
selves The ilasteys ~ the ssUOrtaGiOn OF
y iron ana stOsl. 5OEt Of tho trade
with the other Baltic coasts, from PomerAniA
20 Iivonia. had come 20 be transaoted by
the Dutch, who made ths greatest sSertiOns
70 retain the northern commerce.
Trade with Germany went principally
along the large rivers from the Msuse
10 the EIbe. At the chief entrsp0ts. Ham
burg and Bremen. the Dutch were the
most prominent merchants. From Emden,
Minister and Paterborn the products OF
Fttsia and WeAtphslia were shipped by
Dutch vessels to the republic. The Rhine
trade Of the Hollanders was considerable.
The Spanish Netherlands were commercially
quite dependent on the Seven United Pro-
vtnCss. The expectation OF their own
products was entirely in Dutch hands in
consequences Of n closing Of the ScheIdt
and the waters leading to Client and Bruges.
! Even into England. which since the NaviRa-
tion act was supposed to have its export and
import trade and hat OF its American
colonies wholly in it's own hands, spices. OF
which the East India Company possesssd a
monopoly. we're still imported through
Connivanoe In Dutch vessels. Trade with
France. once 10 important. had much
diminished owing IN the obstacles which
had been placed in it's way after t64s on
account Of political differences. Spain.
on the other hand after the Peace OF MOn-
ster favored Dutch commerce greatly, and
gradually a large part of h former Franco
Spanish trade passed into Dutch hands.
English competition alone had 60 DO con-
tended with. Cadiz was the great con
mercisl port where goods from Spain's
t~ransmarine possessions were imported
and immediately transferred 70 Dutch and
English vessels. by which they were trans
mitted TO all Europe. Navigation 70 Cadiz
and back employed every year thirty large
ships. After the peace with Portugal in
1891 trafhc with that country became COn-
siderable and the Hollanders crowded out
. EAlhNh NoiAAINtAVVNHs
The IN Of the Dutch in the
Mediterranean Sea had become by the end
OF the seventeenth century ono Of the
most important branches Of their BUSINESS.
It had been primarily Levant trade. and
had been carried on under the supervision
OF directors at Amsterdam. Thirty ships
distributed into three or four squadrons
sailed annually 20 Turkish ports, whittier
the countries Of western Asia, IA far as
Persia, sent their products by caravan.
Considerable also was the direct trade
with Italy. where tho great plaoes for
expectation were Genoa. Venice. LekhOrn,
Naples and Messins. Many Dutch vessels
voyaged from the republic to the Barbary
coasts, whence they transported COM
mOditieS TO the Levant. and 20 which they
conveyed Levsntine goods.
Turning TO h East, We ind that in 100
the trade Of Ceylon and the Malay Grchi-
pelago was wholly in Dutch hands, the
English having been driven out of the
MOluccaR in 1885. In the States Of the
Great Mogul the H~ollanders made exten-
sive purchases and carried them as far
away IA IN the spanish AND Portuguese
colonies in America.
The manufactures carried ON by the in
habitanSs Of the Netherlands were still
hourishing nc the end of the seventeenth
century: indeed, they had greatly increased
through the cooperation 81 the large num-
Der Of HuguenOt manufacturer and trades
men who had settled in the Seven United
Provinces in the last part OF the reign Of
Louis XIV. Thenceforth some articles OF
French make encountered serious compe-
tition from the Dutch. From Holland were
now to be obtained belts. feathers. kars.
gloves. masks, headdresses. clocks and
mirrors: in fact. fashionable goods in gen
ersI; ribbons and lsces, trimmings. Rouen
buttons. Norman pins and needles. gold
and silver cloths. silks and velvets OF Lyons
and Tours. paper Of Auvergne, Poitou.
Limoges; the wine of Champagne and
French brandies. With natural vexation
the French beheld the considerable diminu-
ton of their sales. whereof the causes we're
the wars Against the Dutch Republic and
khe hostile commercial policy. together with
the intolerance TO which the Huguenots
had been subjected. While the French
manufacturing cities l~aDguished and their
inhabitants suffered from want Of work
and hunger. the Dutch towns could not
fad hands enough 10 30 che ~Orh. The
hat. silk. gauze. velvet, fine leather and
trimmings factories in Amsterdam, Haar-
lem, OtreCnJ ana OLnSr plAceS expanded
every year, and native H~Ollsndsrs ook
part In this industrial development. The
dLstilleries. where brandy. and in the last
years Of tho seventeenth century gin also.
was distilled belonged among the now
industries that had arisen in the first war
against France. About 1900 the Dutch silk
factories we're the foremos in the world:
they were helped "a much ss possible by
protective legislation. IT, 10 said the silk
industry alone at this time gave work in the
Netherlands 20 more hands than the Fast
India Company itself.
10 goes without saying that great changes
must nave taken place In the industrial con-
ditions Of the Dutch Republic. The old
nome industries were replaced in the last
thirty years OF the seventeenth century by
extensive Wholesale industries. eaoh Of
which employed hundreds of workmen nm
der a single roof and brought into existence
many great factories The example Of
the new manufactures had also its influence
on the old cloth and wOollen industry. which
likewise was developed into a wholesale
system. equipped with large factories and
controlling a considerable working popula-
ton. The change could not fail 10 nave a
powerful effect On the economic condition OF
the people. A current Of migration set in