davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
MEANS SUCCESS OR FAILURE.
knowledge In Dairying Is Of the Most
Vital Importance.

knowledge is valuable in dairying
TO very great extent. more so than
in some other occupations of an agri-
cultural nature. The effect of a single
piece of information may make all the
difference there is between success
and failure in dairy operations. This
is true in the matter of feeds, espe-
cially, for 1t is very easy for a man to
so on feeding his COWS a food that
costs great deal and yet that will
produce less result than a food that
costs less. We had an illustration
of this during the long years when
farmers raised and fed to their cows
timothy hay rather than clover hay.
Some even went into the markets and
purchased timothy hay at a higher
price by so per cent than they would
have had to pay for sweet, bright
clover hay. This was due to ignor-
ance of the feeding value of the two
kinds of hay, the clover being worth
more ton for ton than the timothy
Think of the vast sums of money that
have been paid out alone on account
of this one item
What is true of the two kinds of hay
is also true of the concentrated feeds.
There is certain prejudice in favor
of certain concentrated feed in each
neighborhood and this is allowed to
dictate the course to be followed
rather than the choice of feeds after
thorough investigation. Many of the
mills are now turning out brans that
are of little value for feeding pur-
poses. This is true, too, of the kind
of feed known as Shorts" which in
some cases consist of bran ground
over and over till they are fine. The
man that will inform himself about the
various kinds of concentrated feeds
will be able to feed intelligently and
that is good way to save money.
The value Of knowledge as to the
capacity of cows is very great The
man that begins the study of his cows
as to their capacities and the results
they are giving will be able TO turn off
his poorest cows and get better ones
In their places. Some of our dairymen
and farmers would be able to make
good profits out of their herds of cows
If they would do this, while at the
present time they are just about max
ing expenses.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
SALTlNG BUTTER.
Even Distribution Of Moisture ESSEN
tal to the Process.

The following thoughts were sug-
gested to the writer by reading a re-
port from the Iowa station:
No established rule for sailing but.
ter properly can be given. The butter
maker will have to be governed en-
tirely by local conditions.
The amount of salt to be incorporat-
ed in the butter depends directly on
the amount Of moisture the butter con-
tains. Butter fat is not salt dissolv-
ing substance This can be done only
by the moisture in the butter. The
first thing, then, to get a uniform
amount of dissolved salt in butter Is
to get uniform amount of moisture
The water should be evenly distrib-
uted through the mass of butter. III
1t is present in pockets or crevices in
the butter when the salt is added,
much salt will be lost in the form Of
brine, besides those particles of butter
near the pockets will contain more salt
than those farther away.
Best results are obtained by allow
ing and then apply the salt. In no
case should salt be added till the but
ter has assumed a gathered condition.
When the butter is medium soft
after being worked, it has been found
chat from three-fourths to an ounce of
salt for each pound of butter is not
far from the correct amount.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
Diagram of the Hotbed.

hotbed. G is the true bottom, made
of wood, and distance about six inches
from the sheet iron bottom; d and E
are small boxes, each big enough to
hold a one-wick oil stove. A two
wick oil stove will make the soil too
hot just above the flame. Each box
is fitted with a door in which are
bored a few holes to admit air. The
dirt is placed on the sheet iron bot
tom to depth of six inches, the warm
air circulates between the wooden bot
tom and the sheet iron one, but no
fumes from the oil stove ever reach
the interior of the hotbed proper,
The woodwork at the under side Of
the hotbed should not be too tight; a
few small cracks should be left, or
there will be no circulation of air for
the lamps, and they will smoke. l
once showed hotbeds made like this
to an Englishman, the private gard
ener to rich man. This gardener
makes his hotbeds by the help of ma
nure. l told him after got tho hang
of my oil stove hotbeds l never had a
failure. He said: you are, then,
ahead of me, for with all my care my
manure beds are not always a sue.
cess, and it is some work to make
them"
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

then afterward fattened and sold for
beef The short list that we have
given is enlarged to suit the various
localities as follows Shorthorns,
South Devons, Jerseys, Guernseys,
suitable for good land Welsh, Ayr
shires, Shorthorns, Kerries, Dexters,
Lincoln Reds, Redpolls, suitable for
exposed country; Shorthorns, Welsh,
Ayrshires, Kerries and Dexters, Dutch,
specially adapted for milk-selling; Jer-
seys, Guernseys, and South Devons,
most suitable for butter-making. In
purchasing dairy cattle the points to
be considered are: % Temperament
of the ANIMAL (2) shape of the udder;
CD general appearance denoting milk
ing qualities; (4) indications regard
ing quantity of milk yielded; 60
points indicating constitution ad quail
ty of milk yielded In examining
dairy cows, the points which past ex,
perience has taught are indicative of
milking strain must be taken into
consideration. By temperament it is
meant that the COW should be quiet
when handled, possess a clean coat
long neck, and be gentle and phleg-
matte in temperament In regard to
the shape of the udder they say: THE
udder, or bag. should extend well for
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
TOMATO BLIGHT.
Is Fungus Gre With That Begins Attack
in the Seed Bed.

Tomato blight is due to fungus,
part in the seed bed This being the
case, there can be, no remedy for the
plant after II Is once attacked. This
is true, for Il Q reason that the fungus
grows on the inside of the plants and
evidently enters only the rootlets of
young plants. By examining the tis
sues of young plant with a micro
scope, the threads of the fungus may
be seen clogging the cells where they
interfere with the passage of food ma
terial. At the present time then, we
see no hope of ever being able to COM
bat this blight successfully in the field.
But we do hope to find a method of
prevention by improving the sanitary
condition of the seed beds With this
end in view, we believe it will pay to
thoroughly clean and disinfect the
frames or flats in which the seeds are
planted. This may be done by wash
ing or spraying all of the parts after
the dirt and soil have been removed,
with a strong solution of copper sui
phate. Then fresh soil and manure
should be procured, which should also
be sterilized. THIS can be best done by
steam. This may be done at small
cost by fitting up small system of
two-inch iron pipes which are to be
placed in the bottom of bed made
for the purpose. Three ten or II foot
lengths of pipe will be ample, and
small holes must be drilled in them
about six inches apart to allow steam
to escape. The pipes are now placed
parallel to each other and connected
at both ends, so that they are about
Is inches apart. The apparatus
may be connected to traction engine
or other available source of steam sup
ply. Soil should be filled into the bed
over the pipes to the depth of about
one foot, then the surface covered with
gunny sacks or some similar material.
II steam is turned on for an hour, the
low organisms will be killed, and
plants which will be practically free
from blight should be raised in soil
which has been treated in this man.
ner.-W Paddock
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

ward, whilst the fore teat in some
cows will be found in vertical line
with the hip bone. The udder should
be full, and come up well behind under
the tail, the whole vessel showing
great capacity, each quarter being
sound and the teats easy to draw.
The teats should be equidistant apart,
squarely set on, and of useful size for
milking" They also insist, as far as
general appearance goes, on the wedge
shape, capacious abdomen and a
clean and thin flank. OF the indica-
tions regarding the quantity of milk
yielded, it is said, milk veins should
be large, prominent and branched,
and the milk wells. where the blood
vessels enter the belly, highly develop
ed Milk veins are blood-vessels car
rying away impure blood from the
udder back to the heart and lungs for
publication; as milk is derived direct
ly from the blood, 1t follows that the
greater the supply of blood passing
through the udder the greater the
possibilities of the production of a
large quantity of milk. The escut-
cheon' or milk mirror should be wide
at the thighs, and If of the 'flandrin'
order, run in broad band up to the
vulva. The back of the udder just
above the teats should show two
'ovals' of down-growing hair, the skin
being fine and elastic and having a
mellow touch"
Among the points indicating the
quality and color of milk touch
counts for a good deal. 1t is best
judged by taking hold of a portion OF
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
GOOSEBERRY AND
CURRANT PLANTS
BY Prof. j. r. Volta, Gustavus
AdoIphus College.

Only few farmers and others who
grow gooseberries and currants to
any extent give much thought TO how
to get new plants in the spring. New
plants from the old stock may be OBJ
tanned in the spring with but little ef-
fort In the fall on the part of the
owner
This may be done by bending down
and partially covering firmly with
earth small portion of half a dozen
branches, each separately, leaving the
ends sticking out. Covering the small
portion of the branches just deep
enough so that they will not work
out
The portion covered will In good
growing weather take root and the
next spring may be cut from the old
plant, dug up and set out as a new
plant. Many new plants may easily
be obtained by this method. You can
layer the grape vines in the same
way.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
DAIRY DolNGS.

A separator is easily washed after
the owner learns how to do it.
Denmark has about 1900 creameries
and they make annually about 10000
tons of butter.
Every intelligent man can make
dairying pay because intelligent meth
DDS always win.
The man that owns separator can
often sell sweet skimmilk to city peo-
pie at good price.
So far as is possible avoid metals
about butter. The salt will cause rust
and stain the butter.
Sunshine is a great enemy of bac.
terra. Place the milking utensils in
the sun when not in use.
The feeding of grain or a highly
nitrogenous food is always dangerous
when carried to excess.
The green pasture is a healthy place
for the cows, If no diseased animals
are permitted to Craze on it.
One extra good cow will produce
better results at the end of the year
than three or four poor ones.
Every time dairy COW is abused or
frightened her milk and butter ma
chinery is thrown out of gear.
Fattening old cows for beef is not
generally a very profitable operation
and it becomes less so as corn goes
higher In price.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

that of whip grating. The usual plan,
says Orange Judd Farmer, is for a
man to set the buds with boy fol-
lowing closely to do the tying.
The bud should be taken from wood
of the present seasons growth. Since
the work of budding is done during
the season of active growth, the bud
sticks are prepared so that the petiole
or stem of each leaf is left attached
to serve as handle to aid in pushing
the bud home when inserting it be-
meath the bark of the stock This
is what is usually called shield bud.
1t is cut so that small portion of
the woody tissue of the branch is re-
moved with the bud The bud stick
and method of cutting is shown in
the accompanying figure by Prof. Cor
bett
The stock for budding should be at
least as thick as an ordinary lead
pencil. With apple and pear, second
seasons growth will be necessary to
develop this size, while with peach, a
single season will suffice; hence,
peach stocks can be budded the same
season the pits are planted. Conse-
Quently the peach is left until as late
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
THE SELECTION OF BEST
TYPES OF DAIRY CATTLE
English
Point View.

Two very eminent authorities, in
the persons of T. r. Robinson and
C. w. Walker-Tisdale, contribute to
the Journal OF the board of agricul-
ture of England very practical paper
on this subject. What they point out
may be regarded by some as truisms,
but they are truisms that are too
often neglected. In the first place.
then it is necessary for the farmer to
decide whether his dairy is to be kept
for milk selling or for making but
ter. If the former of these be his OBJ
ject, 1t is essential that he should
choose COW which will at once give
a quality of milk exceeding the limit
prescribed by law, and yet not so ex-
cessively rich as to cause a cores
ponding reduction in quantity. On the
other hand, butter may be the object,
or cheese. The two authors unhesitat-
ingly recommend Shorthorns for milk
ing, Jerseys and Guernseys for butter
and Ayreshires for cheese. They
somewhat laXly say that cows that
will yield the quantity of milk speci-
fed may be bred or bought. AS they
estimate that the average quantity of
milk yielded per COW per annum
throughout the country is little more
than 400 gallons, it is evident that the
practice thus recommended is not
very successful. The dairy farmer
might be more usefully recommended
to build up his herd by breeding only
from those which have the special
qualities that suit his purpose; but
the authors keep one eye on the butch
er, and recommend dual-purpose COWS,
which may be MIXED for a time and
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

A Suggestion Which VIII Prove valu.
able Next Spring.

For years, says a writer in Rural
New Yorker, had a hotbed 15 or IS
feet long to start tomato plants. II
was heated by two one-wick oil
stoves, and was perfect success
after | found how to manage 1t. l
will try to tell how one can have an
oil stove hotbed to grow pepper, to-
mato plants, egg plants and the like
to perfection. The hotbed must be
elevated on blocks of wood high
enough so that person can get under
il to care for the lamps; 1t should be
sheltered from the winds, but not
near enough to any building to cause
danger if the hotbed should get on
fire. In the accompanying diagram A
represents the glass area, is false
bottom made of sheet-iron and rest
ing on iron rods run crossways of the
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

far as to use it as a substitute for all
modes of grating, save whip grating,
in the propagation of the dwarf pear.
Budding is economical in the amount
In this method, single bud does the
work of two or three or more upon
the scion used in grating. But while
it is economical of wood, it is ex-
pensive in the use of stocks, a Seeding
being required for each tree, while,
with the piece-roots system of graft
ing, two, three or more stocks can be
made from a single seeding.
The operation of budding is simple,
and can be done with great speed by
expert builders. The expense of the
operation is, therefore, not more than
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
The Farmers Vegetable Garden.

The farmers vegetable garden is
growing in popularity with the farm
ers that wish their families to have
the greatest amount of comforts in
their farm life. A half acre devoted to
this work can be made a constant
source of pleasure, not only on account
of the vegetables it will produce but
also on account of the large amount
of information it will yield up relative
to what treatment of the soil will give
the best results. Such garden should
be very heavily manured, so that II
will be always at its best for produc-
ing crops. We would put on manure
both fall and spring and see that the
manure gets into the soil. Such gar
den il properly worked can but be
profitable and be constant source OF
delight.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

in the season as is practicable, to OBJ
tain stocks of suitable size. The height
at which buds are inserted varies
with the operator. In general, the
nearer the ground the better.
To bud a plant, make cut for the
reception Of the bud in the shape of
a letter T as shown at a. Usually
the crosscut is not quite at right
angles with the body of the tree and
the stem TO the T starts at the cross
cut and extends toward the root for
an inch or more. Loosen the flaps
of bark caused by the intersection of
the two cuts as seen at b, with the
ivory heel of the budding knife.
Grasp the bud by the leaf stem as
a handle, insert it under the flaps and
push 1t firmly in place until it's cut
surface is entirely inscontact with the
peeled body of the stocks as shown at
a. Tie tightly above and below the bud,
as indicated at b. to hold it in place
until union shall be formed. Raffia
or wrapping cotton (ordinary cotton
string) about ten to IL inches long,
makes a most convenient tying ma
terial. AS soon as the buds have
united with the stock the ligature
should be cut, to prevent girdling the
stock. This done, the operation is COM
plete until the following spring. Trees
in which the buds have taken should
have the top cut of just above the bud
as seen at c.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
NEEDLESS WASTE
OF CORN STALKS
BY Prof. H. j. Waters.

1t is estimated that between so and
30 million tons of stover are produced
on the S0,000.000 acre normally plant
ed to corn in the United States each
year. The magnitude of this annual
crop of roughness will be more fully
appreciated when we consider that
the annual hay crop of the United
States is between 60 and 70 million
tons, and Is estimated to have a mon
ey value on the farm of something
like $500,000,000.
While the stover is carefully har-
vested and fed in the more densely
populated states Of the east, 1t is
nevertheless true that in the great
corn belt of the middle west, where
more than half of the corn of the ma
tion is produced, there Is a prodigious
and profiigate waste of this valuable
material. In this section valuable
land is used for the production of tim
othy hay upon every farm to be used
for roughness and acres of corn stover
are allowed to go almost entirely to
waste.
1t is safe to estimate that some
thing like seven million tons of
corn stover are produced in Missouri
in the average year. Certainly three
and half million tons or one-half of
all that is produced is allowed to go
to waste, A better idea of the mean
Ing OF this waste may be formed when
il is realized that the average hay
crop of the state is very little more
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

when the cows head is turned slight
ly towards you. The skin should be
loose and rather thin and of a slight
ly oily nature, and the hair soft and
velvety. Then comes a little essay on
milking of very useful and practical
kind, in which the virtues of gentle
ness and cleanliness are well incul-
Gated, the whole matter being sum
married. in this paragraph. The es-
sentials of good milking are that 1t
should be performed Cd Quietly: that
is to say, the milk should be with
drawn in manner that will cause no
discomfort to the COW. (2) Quickly:
II performed quickly more milk is OBJ
tanned, for rapid milking appears to
be beneficial in increasing the flow.
The comparison of the results obtain
ed by good and inferior mixers makes
this point very clear. A good mixer
is able to milk form seven to ten cows
in an hour, the common indication of
good milking being the production of
plenty of froth or head" upon the
milk in the pail. CD Thoroughly: the
last milk, being the richest, must al
ways be withdrawn. Finally the au-
thors impress on their readers the
very great necessity for recording and
testing the yield of milk.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
The Mean poa.

When the cows come down to the
stables with their heels all slit up,
their tails swinging wildly in the air
and dog tight to their starboard
quarterg. don't be surprised If you get
scanty milk of decidedly poor quail
ity. The price is just what you ought
to pay for allowing mean dog in your
yard. says Farm Journal. Good, intel
ligent dogs, or none, should be the
motto.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
Breaking the Calf to Drink.

1t requires sweet disposition as
well as sweet milk to break the calf to
eat from the bucket. One can make
about es much success with the hand
fed calf on sour milk as on sour dis
position.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
HOGS Better Than Chickens.

Hogs in the orchard to destroy
windfalls are more effective than
chickens. The latter pick out only
the soft fruit around the core leaving
the pest therein. while hogs eat the
entire apple, core. worm and all
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
Cows Milk.

Cows milk win be consumed by
nearly every living creature. However,
it rarely can be made to take the place
of water. Every form of life living
upon 1t. from the infant to the calf. pig
or colt. requires water in addition to
milk.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

than 100000 tons and is estimated
to have value on the farm of over
$2O,OO0,000 1t is safe to estimate that
half of this hay crop is timothy-a ma
terial that supplies the same class of
nutrients found in corn stover
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
Prevents Self.Sucklng.

together behind the ears as head
stall. The bit will prevent her tongue
from getting in suction shape, but,
declares the correspondent of the Val
ley Farmer, she can eat and drink as
usual.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
Winter kIIIlna of crops.

Crops rarely winter kill on soils
which are well drained. II is the pres
ence OF great deal OF water that can
not drain away that causes the crops
to winter kill. Under drainage byt
means Of tile is the only remedy.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

OOlll llllOh use VIII
be described here.
Budding is one of
the most economi-
cal forms of artif-
cial reproduction,
and each year
witnesses its more
general use. Some
nurSerymen go so
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
The Milking Stool.

Then take piece of grain sacking,
nail to three sides of stool and stun
with excelsior or something similar.
In Wisconsin, where we milk three
hours day, writes the correspondent
OF the Missouri Valley Farmer, we
find the need of cushions.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

In many of our farmers gardens
the ground is not fertilized as highly
as it should be to get the best results
with early vegetables.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
BITING A SUCKING COW.
Wire Contrivance and How to Adjust
II on Animal.

Use wire about the size OF tele-
graph wire. Have it long enough to
60 through mouth as a bit and to hook
sGNK A1an
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17

Wanted, Horses of Good Quality
There is a steady demand for horses
OF good quality.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
A COMFORTABLE MILK STOOL.
Seat Is Cushioned to Make Long Task
Easier.

Make box of inch boards 12x16
inches and 4 inches deep. Make legs
three inches wide, nine inches long.
The Beaver herald. [volume] (Beaver, O.T. [Okla.]) 1895-1923, 1907-10-17
HORTICULTURE
kAH&ehs3IMMRGsa
sASSs~ ~eS
PRACTICAL BUDDING METHODS.
Some Advice Which May Be Kept for
Next Years Use.

There are numerous styles of bud
ding, but only the one in the most