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The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01
PROBLEMS AT JAMESTOWN.
Transportation Facilities and Ac-
commodations for the Expected
Crowds.

Norfolk, April 24-This city is ac-
lively engaged in meeting the prob
lem Of transportation to the James
town Exposition grounds, and in pro-
viding for the accommodation at
night Of the thousands Of visitors ex-
peeted here for the opening on Fri
day next. 1t is said that a majority
of the citizens of Norfolk, Portsmouth
and Newport News have arranged to
open their homes to visitors. Several
new hotels are about ready to open.
In addition to street car lines, ar
rangements have been made to use
the tracks Of the new Tidewater Rail
road and run trains directly to the
main gate.
Of the many attractive features at
the exposition, one which is counted
uopn to surpass the efforts Of other
cities is the electrical display. Even
the incomplete buildings have been
wired, and vari-colored incandescent
bulbs and arc lights put in position,
so that on Friday night there will be
no defects to mar the scene.
Already the ''War. Path" figures in
slang expression, and, like The Mid
way" at Chicago and e"The Pike" at
st. Louis, this feature promises to be
one of the drawing cards.
An example has been set by the
management of the ter-centennial
which doubtless viii be e,nulated by
other cities that have expositions in
prospect. When it was decided to
commemorate the settlement in Vir-
ginia Of the English the promoters Of
the plan bought the ground in the Vi
cinty Of Pine Beach and formed an
Exposition Company. Improvements
of a permanent character were start
ed even before the holding Of the ex-
position was assured. Among other
preparations an old apple orchard
was transplanted to the grounds, and
border of mature trees was put
around what was later set aside as
the military parade. This was two
years ago, and last year the trees
blossomed and bore a little fruit.
The trees are now covered with pink
and white blossoms.
All Of the State buildings face
Hampton Roads. Around the water
line is being constructed a wide
boardwalk, and inside that is being
built Willoughby Boulevard, which
will be connected with a permanent
drive to Norfolk. The boardwalk
stretches along the entire water front
of the exposition reservation, dis
tance of more than two miles. 1t
leads to the government pier, which
is ,uilding, and to the CONNER
Gle ,ier, which will be ready for use
on the opening day. 1t has been ar
ranged to have President Roosevelt
and his party disembark there from
the Mayfower.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01

Recent tests Of the hardwoods Of
Western Australia have revealed the
extraordinary properties Of yate, be-
Iieved to be the strongest of all
known woods. It's average tensile
strength is $4,000 pounds to the
square irch, equaling that Of cast
iron. Many specimens are mucn
stronger. and one was tested up to
II 1-2 tons to the square inch, which
is equal to the tensile strength OF
wrought iron.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01
LUMBER FAMINE PREDICTED.
The United States Consumes An
nually Four Times as Much Timber
as ALI Forests Produce.

Washington, April 2s.@The United
States uses six times as much wood
as all European countries ACCORDING
to statement issued today by the
forestry bureau of the department Of
agriculture The country consumes
every year between three and four
times more wood than the forests of
the United States grow in the same
time and timber famine is predict
ed unless government control or
other means can be instituted to Sc
cure a. more economic use OF lum-
ber.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01

Washington. April 27.-The jury II:
the case of Binger Harmann, Of Ose>
gon, the former land commissioner
charged with destroying government
records, returned a verdict OF not
guilty today The jury had been out
since 1856 yesterday afternoon. The
jury received some additional iny
struction from the court this morRs
ing, q;
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01
DISASTER IN BALTIMORE.
Baltimore & Ohio Pier Collapsed
Burying Many WorlHnen in the
Ruins.

Burying Many Worlnnen in the
Ruins.
Baltimore, Nd, April PA new
pier which was in course Of construc-
ton by the Baltimore and Ohio rail-
road collapsed about IL o'clock to-
day. 1t is believed the supports OF
one end gave way causing the dis 8
ter. 1t buried large number of
workmen in the debris. 1t is esti-
mated the list Of dead and injured
will reach between fifty and seventy
five. Up to noon four bodies had
been recovered. Every reserve po-
liceman was rushed to the scene and
all the ambulances and medical help
available was hurried to assist in the
relief work. The pier was being con-
structed as a terminal for the North
German Lloyd Steamship Company.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01
spaRTANBURG BUYS PLANT.
Transaction Said to Involve About
s2Oo. .OO0-The Change Takes Place

spartanburg, April 25.-An agree
ment has ben reached between the
city and the Home Water Supply
company hereby the company's
plant is tc be acquired for sum in
the neishborhood Of 100000. Mr..
John B. Cleveland owns seven-eighths
of the stock Of the water company.
The city will probably take over the
system for operation about July 1.
About $4,000 will be spent in eX-
tending and improving the system to
give the city the desired fire protec-
ton.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01
ROOSEVELT MADE A MISTAKE.
Representative Brownlow Declares
the People Demand That He Serve
Another Term.

the People Demand That He Serve
another Term.
Washington, April 2s.-"President
Roosevelt made a serious mistake
when de declared on the night Of the
election that he would not be can
didate again." says Representative
Brownlow, Of Tennessee. The peo-
pie Of the country will convince him
Of his error by compelling him to
run again. No man ought to declare
himself against the wish Of the peo-
pie as long as he is able in every
way to serve them. The public will,
based on the conviction that Presi-
dent Roosevelt is better equipped
than ever for the presidency, de-
mands that his service be continued
for another term
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1907-05-01

Up to this time the diameter of
the globe has not been arrived at
within 1000 feet, but Nikola Tesla
says that his system Of wireless teles-
raphy will be the means Of reducing
this margin of error to within SO
feet OF less. A,,ua,Hja L.iazi ii&2
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31

chantable timber in the infected districts ia ez.
timated at not less than 100000 0JO feet boarf
measure. ard there is twice as much more q
dead. half rot,er. tirneer when must come down.
Additionally. there are thousands OF small treas
too small for use cf sawmilI5. out which can IA
used for fence posts. hrewoOd and rline timbe-,
all of which muse be cleared out in order q,
save the other portions OF the Black Hills from
the little beetle
The insect has only been at work in the hlI,
for few years. yet in that time it has increased
so rapidly that it has got beyond the control q:
the forest reserve service. and drastic action Is
now necessary to prevent further loss
The beetle only attacks trees OF the Western
yellow or bull pine species In its adult stat.
the beetle is only from one-six,h to one-quartsr
of inch long. and makes it's appearances IN
July August and September. and. flying n
swarms. attacks the healthy green trees Work.
ing In pairs. the HetIe Insects excavate Ions!-
tUdinal galleries through the inner layer Of tho
bark and groove the surface OF tbs wood. Ths
female deposits her eggs at intervals along this
gallery and then dies. The oEgs soon hatch
into small white grubs which mine at right
angles 10 the primary gallery through the inner
bark which they feed The larvse from al
1acent galleries. working IN the same mannsr,
completely girdIe the tree. which dies.
The larvR pass the winter IN the trees. and IN
the spring develop into the pupa stage and
thence into adults. when they emerge and the
process is repeated.
Soon after the attack by the beetle the wood
Of the pine begins to turn blue due 70 fungus
in the wood cells After infection the trees
remain green until spring. when the leaves be-
gin to die. In this condition the wood Is Just
as good as that OF healthy trees.
The dead timber is that from which the IN
sects have emerged and whose needles have
died It's condition depends upon the length Of
time Il has been dead. Two years after the
attack the trees begin to TOT and their sound
ness Is uncertain from ,ha; time onward
When lumber was sawed from trees in the blue
stage experiments made in the civil engineering
department. OF Washington University Of St.
Louis showed this lumber to be slightly strong
er than the lumber from green trees How
ever. its durability when exposed to moisture
is not so great as that OF the green IUmber-
For building purposes, where the wood IS not
exposed TO moisture. it's durability Is almost ss
great as that % healthy lumber
The government is offering this infected tim
ber standing. 20 sawmiH men az 81 a thousand
feet. whereas the healthy. green trees sell for
So a thousand feet.
The forest reserve service viii attempt 20 Sc
cure bids from the great lumber companies, who
will work rapidly and cut trees by the thousand
II is estimated that three years viii be re-
CURED to cut all the trees deemed necessary,
and while this work is going on government eN-.
perts will be working along other lines IN their
efforts 10 destroy the little beetle which has
caused such heavy loss among the pine trees.
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
THIRTEEN RIVER TUNNELS.

There are to-day in the thirteen river tunnels
about New York a hundred brave men who
would give up their lives to meet any tunnel
emergency; their employers respect them. their
fellow sand hogs love them. but we of the
normal air are too much interested in our own
affairs to think much about the bravery OF the
fellow who is working 100 feet below US We
are more interested in the value Of our new lots
on Long Island when the tunnel goes through
than i'm the iot OF the sand hog who digs it
through New York should have a Saturday
afternoon parade Of her tunnel diggers from
chief engineer to sand hogs" all dressed IL
tne3f working clothes. In order that may re-
move our hats and cheer them as they pass in
review before their grateful fellow citizens.
me Royal Society Of ENGLAND has recently
issued an account OF the compressed air expert
ments conducted by DR.. Leonard Hill and M
steel cylinder made expressly for their purpose.
IL was large enough for their comfort and fitted
with telephone. cot bed and electric light
compression OF ll2 pounds within an hour was
secured Dy means OF a specially constructed air
pump There were two decOmpressicn taps.
with means for constant ventilation in order 10
eliminate the carbon diOXiGe which some have
believed is instrumental in causing ca iSson dis
ease. or the bends" These men found they
could undergo total pressure OF 100 pounds
they did not risk rapid decOmpression. They
lelt the necessity Of muscular and joint move
inenfs while under this high pressure
There were changes in the voice with anses-
thesia q the lips and a peculiar warm general
sense. Ot pressure. Anxiety or excitement ~
once made both Of them suffer nervouslY frn,,
the knowledge Of the increased pressure more
inan from the pressure itself. One Of them NJ
the nfst experiment vas troubled with deafness
and intense ear pain from the pressure on the
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
Tunnel Work Becoming so Gen
eral That Sand-Hog's Worst
Enemy Must Be Better
Understood.
BY Dr. Richard Ellls, A. NJ.

The time has come for a scientific study OF
caisson disease.
The greatest force in the world so far discov-
cred for doing work for mankind is steam.
Electricity viii soon take the first place. closely
followed by compressed air.
Compressed air as a power for doing work has
not been studied with the intense enthusiasm
attending the study Of electrical force, because
there is 50 much less I'm It in every vay-less en-
ergy. less mystery. There is enough in II. how
ever. 10 warrant careful study by experts. in
order that VIC may get out of this wonderful
force al that there IS In il. It's use begins with
the Alpha Of doing delicate work and ends with
fhe Omega 0s doing heavy work. In the Cramp
shipyares there are in use to-day over three
hundred compressed cir tools. doing special work
better than II could be done by hand All rail-
ro2ds in America are using pneumatic tools and
Griils for many kinds Of work from boring steel
e painting wood. Finally. tunnels aye being
constructed by means Of compressed air. 50 that
large numbers OF men are toiling more and more
all the time in compressed cir every day. sub
jecting themselves 10 caissOn disease in lis Wors.
forms
The csisson workers in foundation construc-
fion seldom suffer from oaisson disease. The
air pressure is only sixteen pounds fer every
thiriy-four fee:. so II is seldom the caissor
woIlser Is in more than twenty-five pounds air
pressure Engineers Try 10 spare their workers
BY lin.iting tunnel work 10 thirty-fiv4 or forty
pounds Of air pressure. Great danger begins at
2 6epth OF 100 feet with fifty pounds Of press
uso, and increases 10 l2O feet with sixty pounds
pressure. which is the limit adopted by the
British Admiralty for English divers. Many
persons under great necessity have gone deeper
but always At serious risk 10 life.
Pearl divers with a heavy stone fastened TO
TIE feat sometimes 20 down 100 feet where they
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
AMERICANS TO THE FORE
Distributing the Famine Funds to
Starring Chinamen.
by William t. Ellis.

Copyright 1907. by Joseph r BowlesD
The whole world has heard of Chna's great
famine out there are few evidences that the world
knows of the connection of the missionaries there
with. which is interesting story by itself. al
though it cannot he separated from tho warp and
woof of the tragic tale of this overwhelming ca
IamIty BY an interesting coincidence. just at the
moment of Sir Ernest SatOw's attack upon mis-
sionaries in China. the latter are silently answer
ing his kindred criticisms and justifyng their
presence in the interior OF this engmatical coun-
try by saving the lives Of thousands tens of thou
sands and hundreds OF thousands of starving
Chinese.
months tour Of the famine district which is 81
that no other traveller had been there before
us; and prepared to say that the presence of
the missionaries alone makes it possible for the
worlds relief to he administered. and that were it
not for these Americans of the myrads Of
starving people would be permitted 10 perish
In this correspondence many sharp criticisms of
missionaries have been written Here however.
is state Of affairs which, Endorsement Of
the missionaries by the Far East speaks itself.
The simple fact that the North China famine
lief committee. composed of the cOnsuls. leading
merchants government officials and other prom
inent citizens OF Shanghai has pledged its word TO
distribute all its immense relief funds exclusively
through the responsible hands of the missionaries
shows what the Settlement residents really think
of the missionary body. For by intrusting this
gigantic task of relief distribution to the M SSion
aries the business community here indi ,ates
uainly its confidence IN the capacity well as the
integrity of the foreign missionary. Shanghai may
not Ike the missioaarys views or work, but it
n
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
BUG RUINS PINE TREES.
Large AmOunt of Lumber To BE
CIT in Black Hills to SAGE 1T.

Because little black bug, scarcely One-sfxth
of an inch long. has got among the pine trees in
the Black Hills. the government has been forced
practically to denude the entire southern portion
of the mountains. and arrangements have been
made 20 cut and half billion feet OF pine
lumber from these hills the coming summer.
So ravenous is the little black bug that every
year he kills thousands OF the finest trees of the
Black Hills forest reserve. and so threatening is
his work that in order to prevent the scourge
from spreading 10 the Wyoming mountains the
government has decided to take the drastic ac-
tIon OF cutting all the timber In the infected dis
tricts. which extend over a number OF counties
IN the southern Black Hills. The sound. rner-
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
GIVING CAIssON

remain without air about one minute. Every
year some Of these divers die from general par
alyss. The deepest dive on record is one Of 2O4
feet 99 pounds pressure). but the diver died soon
after coming to the surface. Lambert, the fa-
nous diver, who rescued $JO0O00 in gold from
a depth Of 1GO feet. remained at this depth
twenty minutes and spent another twenty min
utes in ascending. In his last descent he re-
mained longer, only TO suffer a permanent in
jury therefrom. This Lambert is the same brave
man who descended into the almost flooded
Severn tunnel and CROPPED his way through 400
yards of danger in order TO close the flood
gates
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
VICTIMS OF THE ''BENDs."

watch caissOn and tunnel work prove this.
VICTIMS OF THE BENDS"
This brings us TO the history Of victims Of the
bends" or caisson disease 1t has been known
since man first began to go down into the depths
of the sea after its treasures. The Greek sponge
and coral divers have suffered much-some have
died. many have been paralyzed. The Brooklyn
Bridge caissOn work at its close required thirty
six pounds pressure. with shifts OF from two TO
four hours resulting in 10 cases OF bends In
four months. with three deaths At the Water
loo Railway tunnel there were only forty-seven
cases with no deaths Among the workers
at the st. Louis bridge there were twelve
deaths among seventy-six victims. and four
deaths at the Londonderry Bridge The Forth
Bridge and the Blackwall tunnel we're finished
with no loss of life. The two Pennsylvania
Railrod tunnels across the North River have
been carried forward with no loss Of life from
the. compressed air. In the compressed air work
at the DOuchy mine, thirty-nne OF the siXty-fOur
men employed continued until the work was COM
pleted-twenty-flve being compelled to give up
their places, In the work connected with the
Rhine bridge at StrasbuTg only one death OC-
CURED from too rapid decOmpressiOn-the rule
there twelve minutes for decOmpFessing
thirty pounds. At the st, Louis bridge. where the
depth was no feet. or Il pressure Of fifty pounds
the doctor in charge describes Seventy-seVen
cases of CaissOn disease. with eight deaths. all
showing at the pOst-mOrteEl general congestion
especially OF the brain and spinal cord.
Dr. Wainwright cites case where there was
so much air hunger that the patient. who was
seized after reaching his home, came near dying
before his friends could get him to the hospital
lock for the air pressure.
Another interesting case IS that OF young en-
gineer who completely Frustrated after
coming out OF the air lock. His friends carried
him to the hospital lock. where the doctors found
almost complete paralysis. -Four days later an
expert in nervous diseases stated he would live
only few days. Four months later he was
walking about with canes. but with no control
OF certain important functions OF the body.
Another sand hog anxious to get home 70
dinner. slipped IN the air lock with the mud car
to avoid the time of decomposition. When the
door opened 10 let out the mud car this Iaborer
appeared with a smile on his face. for he knew
he had broken the law against coming out with
the mud. In one hour he dead.
Death may occur at once on emerging fr,r,
the air. or Il may follow the ea-ly paralysis
New-York tribune., 1907-03-31
TESTS WITH ANIMALS.

Mr.. Greenwood in later experiments endured
a pressure of 10 pounds, or seven atmospheres
The functions Of the body were normal during
hve hours OF high pressure There was no dis
tress on emerging into norma air They wisely
did not try the most dangerous experiments on
themselves, though they may decide to do so.
They did not so INTO this cylinder blndIy, hut
after experimenting with various animals such
as dogs cats, rats, mice and monkeys Many
Of these animals could resist even pressure Of
Ioo pouncs, or depth of 800 feet. if plenty of
time were taken in decompressng the air two
hours.
They put monkey through most wonderful
course of air stunts" This monkey endured
three times week for month four-hour
seances Of l2S pounds air pressure equal TO n
water depth Of 26i feet without any evidences
or distress. These experiments may not please
those opposed to vivisection, because comDressed
mails than Vivisecton. Surely II is better that
Few animals should suffer acutely II we may
learn from their suffering how To Danish caisson
disease from the thousands Of men who are TO
build tunnels.
Since these experiments many have learned
that rapid decomposition from high air often
produces paralysis and DEATH so that il IS al
most proved that the chief cause of severe
piTaiysiS ana death from compressed air is
TOO rapid cecomDresson. or locking out" Fiji
teen minutes should be spent in decompressinS
thirty pounds. twenty minutes in decornnraseiD,r
forty pounds; but this rule would he diffjcuIt ~
enforce. II is not practicable to spend a long
IlIlle an locking out-the work will not allow it.
ana tle workers would not endure it, 1t is not
practical TO wrap each worker in warm blan
hets' ana carry him carefully to a warm he'd
anu not dinner Immediately after ne comes
OUT out OF the lock The worker will not allow it
ne ne VIII VIII not accept coddllng-he does not accent
uot Sotee; ne Goes not wish 10 rest after finish
lhe ms work He does want 10 go home The
prObieta IS how best 10 care for the men win
me me least fuss and the least interference with
ths tunnel construction. The work must 60 an
ana ana II must cost human lives-almost every ad-
vance does. As the tunnel doctor saws. ..11Ta
are not holding tea parties; we are b,,ildi,
tunnels" "1i'uils
Enslneers know exactly what compressed aIr
ooes IN the tunnel II Is time for the medical
profession 70 know exactly what compressed
ar does 10 the men. Busy engineers pass sleep-
less nights thinking over the problems OF COM
pressed air in river tunnels but members os