davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1907-08-28
Up-tO-ddte Meat Market.

kept in zero temperature, in spotless,
sanitary surroundings, carefully dressed
and quickly delivered from our ice-chests
to yours in covered baskets. Prices no
higher than fy brown goods offered else
where. Yours for Cleanliness, Quality
and Satisfaction. We invite inspection
and comparison.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1907-08-28
A BROILED STEAK
FOR BREAKFAST

is dish for the gods, and Prime Roast
is another. Juicy, tender, and carefully
selected Beef, Lamb, Veal, etc., is right
here in our
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

About this time Stephen D. Field
and Thomas Edison in the United
States began experimenting. In 1880
Edison was operating at Menlo Park
an electric locomotive which pulled
two cars.
Tho First Electric Railroad.
The first regular electric line to be
established was at Lichterfelde, Ger
many, ear Berlin. It was only a nile
and a half in length and opened for
traffic i'll May 1881. The trains car
lied twenty-six passengers, at a maxi
clum speed of thirty miles an hour.
The first electric car to be operated
regularly in the United States IA in
stalled by Deft on the Hamden branch
Of the Baltimore Union Passenger
Railway i'll August, 1886. That
was barely twenty years ago. So
great as the skepticism of the public
and railway mel generally that the con-
tract under which the road was built
withheld payment one year so that it
might be determined whether the cars
would run. NO n but a knave or
! fool would undertake such a thing"
safd a well known scientist at the
time. Scientists sometimes have trouble
..seep1ng mp with the procession. About
...ie same time small cars We're oper-
ated by Van Derpoele at South Bend,
Ind, followed by other small roads in
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

er;es. rms IS sa,u 10 nave .Deen the re.
suit Of accident. A workman coupled
i machine to a live circuit by mis-.
cake and was greatly astonished to see
It begin to rotate. This reversibility
Of function was publicly demonstrated
for the first time at the Vienna expo.
sition in 1873.
Not until 1879 was the first electric
railway put in operation, taking the
current from a dynamo, using a mod.
ern motor and carrying passengers.
TINS novelty was in operation at the
Berlin exposition and was a mile and
~two-thirds, in length. The train con-
sisted Of a small locomotive and three
small cars. capable Of carrying TWEEN.
ty people. It reached a speed Of eight
miles an hour.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

SYSTEM which has D6eh In operation
several years. is famous. From one
central power station over two hun
dred miles Of road are operated, or will
be as soon as the line to Belvidere Is
completed. Electricity at wholesale Is
sold to cities and villages along the
route for lighting purposes: electricity
for power is sold to farmers. Trains
Of elegant cars run into Chicago at q
speed which would have seemed i'm.
possible a few years ago. Passengers
wave good bye to steam trains on q
paraileling railroad, which they pass
easily. A parlor and dining car is one
q. the luxuries which the suburbanitcs
enjoy going to and from the city. and
the railroad seems a veritable gold
mine FOL. .it9 oWESnrs..
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

lied TWO passengers. at Dover, View
Hampshire.
Then the United States congress be.
came interested. By special grants
Professor Page Of Smithsonian insti.
tute was aided in the construction Of
several forms Of motors. One Of them
was used as a locomotive and, driven
by a battery Of one hundred Grove
elements, was tried April 90. 1851, on
a railroad running from Washington
to Bladensburg. A speed Of nineteen
miles an hour was developed. 50 great
tnat 1t destroyed the batteries.
Numerous other experiments fol.
lowed, all commercial failures because
the motors were crude and the source
OF power a primary battery. The de.
velopment of the wonderful modern
dynamo was necessary before electric.
r%ailroading could become q commercial
success. The first great step was In
1850. when nm Italian named Pacinot.
d invented a continuous current dy.
namo. Three years later the first
practical commercial machine for con.
tinuous current operation was made
BY Gramme. Il
Still the modern electric 1 wal In.
possible. The "reversibility Or func.
zion" had yet to be discovered. fnvol.
Wing electrical transmission OF energy
through two machines, one driven 81,
power and generating electricity: the
other reversing theNoperatioD. receivs
Ing electricity ana d~eySloping me.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

miles OF electric railroad track. n
only about one hundred Motors and
motor n In 1905 there were nearly
thirty thousand miles of electric TRACK
in the United States alone.
This change was not accomplished
without opposition, encouragement
and financial difficulties. Mr.. Sprague
himself, who was 80 potent a factor in
working this change. has told the story
Of his first important contract. In the
spring Of 1887, the Union Passenger
Railway company Of Richmond. Va,
engaged him to build an electric rail
way. The first car was " out one
night while the skeptical people slept,
to make sure 1t could climb the hills.
It started out In a blaze Of glory and
ignominiously was towed back again
by four big mules. But Sprague per
sisted until on Feb. 2, 1888, In q
drizzling rain, the road opened for
business.
From that time forward the future
Of electric railroading was assured and
events moved rapidly. City after city
adopted the new motive power; horse
cars became things OF the past; In
terurban roads began to gridiron the
country everywhere. and in each In
stance ! commercial success was
scored. Electric interurban lines have
been money makers from, the start.
The greatest development has been
~ the east; hut the west IL not far
behind. The Aurora. Elgin and Chi:
cago Electric. railway. 1.-THE thtrd:raIl
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

Tie horse cdr has Tong since drsap-
peared. Will the iron horse, the great
steam locomotive, be supplanted also;
THIS question occurs to all who cun
see the significance Of passing events.
Probably not for many years to come,
as far as heavy freight traffic is con
cerned, because steam is especially ap-
plicable to the hauling Of freight. But
the action Of the New York Central in
electrifying thirty-ive miles of its road
leading out of New York, and the
popular agitation for similar improve.
ment in chicago and elsewhere, would
seem to point to a time not far distant
when electric railroads will connect
distant cities and greatly shorten the
hours Of travel.
Chicsg go to New York in Ten Hours.
In fact such a railway already is
bein, built between Chicago and New
York by the Chicago-New York Elec-
trio Air Line Railroad company, of
chicago. This company, headed by u
group Of practical railroad men. pro-
UDSES ~ iul IlIlitCu llolliS, uIUhluS HUI
more than three stops, through to New
lork or Chicago, in ten hours. The
thought fairly takes ones breath away
at first, but the project considered
soberly seems practical enough, and
certainly is Sc consummation devoutly
to be wished" The work of grading
began Sept. 1 near LaPorte, Ind.
A.. 49, ny, ,o,7 .-:ll ~ -. ~.
with few curves. the route surveyed
is 100 miles shorter than the Pennsyl.
vania Short Line, and 23O miles
shorter than the Lake Shore and
New York Central, each of which u n
trains covering the distance in eighteen
hours. Taking into consideration the
shorter route of the AIR Line, this Is
Equivalent to a fourteen-hour service
With low grades, a straight track and
no grade crossings, the seventy-five
GILES an our average necessary to q
ten-hour service ought easily to be
maintained. Even on the first class
steam roads of today ninety miles an
hour is not uncommon for short dis
tances.
The Scientific American Of Feb. IS.
1905. speaking editorially of the New
York Central experiment, says, 1.-THE
success Of this installation. of which
there can be no doubt whatever, marks
the first step in the gradual substi-
tuition Of the electric for the steam
locomotive in the operation Of long dis
tance express trains" The Chicago
New York project may be regarded the
second step.
Mr.. Sprague himself says that speed
Is "a matter Of finance" what then
will determine the future?" he asks.
Chiefly the financial factor, as it must
the future of any other great industrial
problem. When savings in operation
and the increased return for traffic
will more than pay a fair dividend on
money invested for electrical equip
ment, will trunk lines be operated by
electricity"
Professor Charles P. Steinmetz,
Of the greatest authorities on cleo.
trtcity, is quoted as saying, There is
no limit to the speed that may be de-
vcloped in electric traction-that is,
there is no limit up to $50 or 200 miles
an hour. Higher speed than that the
car wheels could not stand. They
would fly to pieces from centrifugal
force. Not only can a speed Of 100
miles an hour he maintained on a
train equipped with electricity. but in
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

1l0 EXpOSltlons 1873
natural. over an invention which
threatens to relegate them to a sausage
factory"
That was less than twenty years
ago. Today the New York Central
Railroad Company is expanding $780,
600, 900 in the identification of the first
tnlrty-five miles of its system. and the
car horses were long ago RELOCATED to
the boneyard, II not to the sausage
factory"
They" have done marvellous things
since the increasing knowledge OF
electricity opened up a new world OF
achievement, and we have scarcely
| crossed the threshold. In 1880 the cleo
trio a was a dream; In 1890. an ex-
pertinent; In 1900, a great and wonder.
full fact which Is revolutionizing pas.
senger transportation and will enable
human beings to move from place to
place twice as fast as they do at pres
ent.
= Born In Old Vermont.
When In 1884 Thomas Davenport, OF
Brandon, vt, ran a toy motor mounted
on wheels on a small circular railway,
the modern electric railroad with its
possible speed Of over one hundred
miles an hour was born.
In 1888 Robert Davidson, Of Aber.
deem, Scotland, built an electric loco
motive which actually reached a speed
Of four miles an hour OF the Edin.
burgh-G Glasgow railway. Nine years
later Professor Moses G. Farmer op.
Grated an experimental a which a
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15
FROM HORSE CAR
TO THE TROLLEY
Story Of the Wonderful De-
velopment in Electric
Traction During the
Past Twenty
Years.
PASSING Of STEAM TRACTION
Gradual Eliminatton Of Distance
Through tho Development OF
ehe Electric Locomotive
. Chicago to Now
+ York in Ton
Hours.
OF STEAM TRACTION

During the summer Of 1887, there
Appeared. in the New York Sun the
following facetious Jews item:
"They tried an electric a on
Fourth avenue yesterday. 1t created
an amount Of surprise and consterna-
don from Third st. to One Hundred
and Seventeenth St. that was some
thing like that caused by the first
steamboat on the Hudson. Small boys
yelled "dynamite! and rats" and
nade similar appreciative remarks I'M
til they were hoarse. Newly-appointed
policemen debated arresting it, but
went no further. The car horses
which were net on the other track
kicked without exception, as was
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

First Regular Electric Railway In United
States. Baltimore. $3.50.
my opinion it is an entirely feasible
scheme from the commercial point Of
view,
AT any rate, the world seems on
the eve Of great things, and no scien-
fist dares say today as was said twen-
ity years ago., "a man is a knave or a
fool" The attitude Of the American
public is n Of faith ana expectancy,
best expressed by a recent remark Of
an old lady in her last sickness:
II don't want to die, she said, II
want to see what they are going to
do"
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15
CORN ROOT WORM.
Readily Controlled by Following
CrOp Rotation.

Readily Controlled by Following
Crop Rotation.
The beetle may be readily distin-
guished from the southern corn root
worm by Its color, which is nearly uni
form, pale, but usually distinctly grass
green or greenish yellow. 1t Is about
the same size as the striped cucumber
beetle, one-fifth of an inch long or q
little more. 1t is q little more slender
and less pear shaped. The larvae
when fully mature attain lengths Of
only four-tenths of an inch.
1t occurs from Nova Scotia to Kan
sas and Nebraska, but injurious occur
rences are limited to Illinois, where 1t
ia most troublesome; Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio and Missouri.
Corn is the only known host plant of
the larvae. The beetles show q dispo-
sition to feed on q variety of plants.
but are more choice of the southern
species. They are naturally pollen feed
ers, are partial to the blossoms of this
tie, sunflower and golden rod and are
seldom found on cucurbits. Probably
they do some damage to corn by eating
the pollen and gnawing the silk and
%tassels, thus preventing cross fertiliza-
ton and causing a partial blasting of
ears.
The species Is said to be single brood
ed. The beetles occur normally in the
field until November and in open win
ter have been noted abroad as late as
the middle of December. Eggs so far
as known are deposited in cornfelds
late in the season and hatch the follow
ing spring. Larvae have been seen in
central Illinois the second week In
June, and the beetles have been report
ed in southeastern Iowa toward the
end of June. Eight or nine weeks Is
required for a generation to mature.
The eggs hatch from about May Is to
July Is or q little later. Eggs are de-
posted in the earth in more or less
scattered clusters Of three to ten at a
depth of one to six inches, all being
placed about the roots in a space Of a
few inches around each hill, the larvae
feeding on the roots, which they mine.
They seem able to travel from one root
to another. Pupation takes place I'M
d%erground. When the beetles begin to
issue, toward the latter part of August,
they are first n%oticeably abundant on
thistle blossoms and afterward on 9TH
er plants blooming at this season.
This species is readily controlled sim
ply by following crop rotation. Since
the insect as far as observed feeds in
it's larval condition only on corn, the
planting of infested land to any other
crop leads to the starvation of the
young when they hatch in the spring.
This is no mere inference, but has
been tested time and again. In Illinois
it is ordinarily safe to plant corn in
fields or meadows in which the beetle
has been observed in great abundance
on clover and various weeds in late
October the previous year. One other
measure, to be recommended as q
general farm practice, consists in the
maintenance of the fertility of the soil
by the use of and other fer
tilizers. Although this does not dimin'
ish attack, it sometimes enables the
plants to Withstand injury.-F. q. Chit
tenden, United States Department OF
Agriculture.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15

psrimsntally n Msnio Park, 1880
Windsor, Canada; Appleton, Wis; Port
Huron, Mich; Scranton, Pa, and
Montgomery, Ala. In the autumn Of
1884 Frank L. Sprague. whose name
Is inseparably connected with electric
traction, began to attract attention
with his motors.
Twenty Years Of Achievement.
At the beginning Of 1887 there were
in the whole Eorld less than sixty
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15
e. A. LAMB.

A. TORLAND, M. d..
Late of the Vienna Imperial Hospital.
PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON,
- -
EsstisL, S%casdinavlan and German Spoken
Underwood, North Dakota.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1907-02-15


collar and extends back under the sur
cingle, where it is attached to q heavy
ring.
Through this ring is passed q rope or
strap CM), which is attached to straps
on the hind hooks at S. This is made
loose enough so that the animal may
walk comfortably, but too tight to al
low the animal to kick. After wearing
this harness awhile the horse will cease
to try to kick in harness and may be
driven without dificulty.-Farm and
Home.
i Hog Cholera.
For fourteen years we lived in a
sandy portion of northern Nebraska.
At that time we all confidently cOn-
graduated ourselves on the fact that
hog cholera would never gain much
Roadway on that kind Of soil. All the
time we lived there we never lost a
hog with cholera. This year reports
from there indicate the loss of a large
per cent of the crop raised, with the
disease still unchecked. 1t seems, after
all, that hog cholera is no respecter Of
soil or climate. No one had better brag
on his herd having been free from the
disease or the first thing he knows he
will lose about nine-tenths of them
FL. II. in Iowa Homestead.
Apple Boxes.
This is my third season in what may
be termed experimenting with boxes
for shipping apples. Have shipped to
commission houses in Pittsburg, Cleve-
land and other points, and without ex-
ception the fruit in boxes has netted
20 per cent more than when shipped in
barrels and from 20 to IS per cent
more than when sold to local dealers.
The box used is made up Of IL by IA
inch elm head and one-half inch No. 2
pine. the length INSIDE sixteen inches.
Three boxes cost less than one barrel.
II. Fl. B. In Farm and FiresIde.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1907-04-18
FRANK ORME,
 Secy. and Treas.

was cleared of every available cask during the session or in the late trading in the af- ternoon. The opening, Wednesday. April 10th, was firm at 671s @ &c. The market immediately shifted to the inside price and remained practically unintarruptedy at this value during the rest of the week. The close yesterday was firm at 67c, or a net decline of %c from the out3Ide Ievcl of Wednesday.
 The demand. was principally for domes- tic requirements, and as a matter of fact, foreign buyers were taking supplies of tur- pentine in the seven days on meager scale. There was no foreign shipments of turpentine in the seven days.
 The inspection committee of the Board of Trade is camping on the trail of those habit of sending turpentne into the port in barrels which have been only indiffer- ently coopered and glued. The commit tee Is seeking to have rule passed in which the cost of repairing and the cost of packing" the turpentine lost through leakage in transit. as a result of the shod- dy gluing will be charged to the produc- CT In some instances over three gallons of turpentine lost through leakage while in transit. The trade aptly points out that at the prevailing price of "turps" this Is rather a costly item at the end of a season. It can be very easily obviated. they say by exercising care in cooperage
 The receipts; Tuesday, 609; week, 2,615. month 4,463. season 446S.
 The exports Tuesday, 1,619; week 4,190 month 6, 743: season 6,743, Sales total 2,3S8 Stock on hand 4,179.
 Rosins continued firm throughout the week, with continued upward trend The ter white $5.75m so. window glass $5 65 N $5 6O M So 40; So 35; l S4 90; H s4 70; a,52i2 FEE s4. 50; D 40; CBA
 The receipts yesterday were 1,6S3 barrels; week 7,5S5 month 13.O43; season 13,O43.
 The exports: Tuesday 232 week 5,637; month l5 SO1; season 15,SO1 Sales total for the week 6.692. Stock 4O,l5S. Foreign ex- ports 300 barrels.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1907-04-18
MILES M. DAWSON,
 Consulting Actuary

few small sales have been made. Furnacet are disposed to quote for this for distant delivery but it is not expected that much business will be done at present.
 Heavy buying by the railroads is again q feature of the market. The Tennessee Coal Iron and Railroad Company has sold forty. six thousand tons of open hearth rails foI 1908 delivery at $30 00 Locomotive shopi report that orders for new engines. which decreased for time. are now coming ip freely; numerous orders for structural ma teial pending and many orders for car, have recently been entered.
 NAVAL STORES.
 Savannah April 17-Turpentine firm 66 lsc; sales 507; receipts 46O; shipments 166.
 Rosn firm; sales 1882: receipts 9s3; shin. ments 691: stock 4O.430. Quote: ABC s4 30, S4. 4O@$4. 45; EFF $4 50; G $4.62hG G$55i H 70; s.90; K $5 35; M $5. 40; N S5 60 VIC $5 .65; wv $5.75.
 Charleston, April 17.-Turpentine and ros, in. nothing doing.
 Wilmington. April 17.-Spirits turpentlns firm. nothing doing; receipts 32 casks,
 Rosin nothing doing: receipts 212
 Tar firm s2 30; receipts 91.
 Crude turpentine firm S3. 50, $5. O0 and $5. 25; receipts one
The Montgomery advertiser., 1907-04-18
TREAURY BALANCES.
CHICAGO GRAIN AND PRODUCE.

Chicago, April 17.-seliins on liberal ] scale caused weakness today in the local net loss of kc. Corn was down Hc. Oats were &c lower. Provisions were 2hc lower | to 6c higher.
 The selling of wheat continued for the | greater part of the session today on the belitt that improved weather conditions for the new crop are at hand = and because May contracts The market opened excited and strong on the report of killing frosts throughout Kansas, Missouri Iowa and Ilii- nois.
 and Nebraska aided the bullish sentiment Before the end of the first half hour, how ever, a brisk selling movement developed under which prices broke sharply: The immediate reason for the change in senti- me nr was the official forecast of showers for several sections of the winter wheat belt
 on covering by shorts. but declined again just before the close on the report of snow in Nebraska. The close was weak with May wheat opened Kexc to %aHc higher at 7s%c to 7sho sold off to 77%c and closed at 77% a Nc
 higher at 80%c to S1c, sold at s1hc and at TsNo.
 Primary receipts were 5s1,ooo. against
 iSGun &inneapolis ns' Duluth % and Chicago reported receipts of ss4 cars, against ss4 last week and 100 year ago.
 The corn market opened firm in sympa- thy with wheat but frequent selling by local bull soon caused an easier feeling Small local receipts held prices steady after the first hour. The close was steady.
 May corn opened xc to Ac higher at 47H @47kc. sold off to 4e% a &c and clos
 July corn opened Hc to Nc higher at 47kc to 47%c sold off to 47c and closed at 47Ac.
 Local receipts were 214 cars with of contract grade.
 Oats opened higher on reports of damage by frost but later weakened on realizing sales The weakness of the wheat market was a depressing factor.
 May oats opened Nc to Nc higher at 43Gc to 43%c. sold off to 43c and closed at 43Ae.
 40ac to 40%c declined to 4oc and closed at 4oahc. Loal receipts 176 cars.
 Provisions easier early in the day beause of a five cents decline in the price of live hogs. Later the market became firmer on buying by shorts. Trading ia the May option comparative nothing. At the close July pork was up 5c at s15. s7h. July lard was 2hc lower at ss 10 @sS.72h. July ribs were unchanged at ss.s5
 Estimated receipts for tomorrow: Wheat 25 cars; corn 17s cars; oats 201 cars; hogs 25, 900 head.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1907-04-18
THE IRON TRADE REVIEW.

CleVc,dnu. O., April 1.-The Iron Trade Review tomorrow will say:
 The heavy buying of steel making pig irons in the Pittsburg district last week has had tendency to increase interest On the part of other buyers of all grades of iron although this effect Is more noticeable In other centers than at the actual scene of the recent transactions Especially in Chicago, Ctncinniati and Cleveland are there tndicati tions of increased activity. Sales of fair tonnages of foundry iron have been made for the last half of the year and prices are hardening In the South. al though SIS 50 can still be done for fourth quarter. off last half iron $19. % appears to be the minimum for third quarter iron An occasional inquiry is being received for iron for the first quarter of 1908. and .