davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

ing floor Of the stable so that four to
six feet of stone, brick or concrete
wall may be counted on. For silo
80 feet deep a foundation wall of
stone should be 13 inches to two feet
thick.
Tramp the ground forming the bot
tom of the silo, so that it will be
solid and then cover with two or
three inches Of good concrete; This is
advisable Because clay soil will spoil
the 'silage if permitted to, rest on it.
In case the wood portion of the silo
rises "a or more feet above the stone
work and the diameter is more than
Is feet it will be best to stay the top
of the wall in some way. If the wood
work rises from the outer edge of the
wall, then building the wall up with
cement SO as to cover the sill will
give the needed strength because the
woodwork will act as a hoop; but if
the silo stands at the inner face of the
wall it will be best to lay pieces of
iron rod in the wall near the top to
act as hoop.
The studding of the atwood round
silo need not be larger than two by
four inches unless the diameter is to
exceed 80 feet, but they should be set
as close together as one foot from CEN
ter to center. This number of studs is
not required for strength, but they are
needed in order to bring the two lay
ers of lining very close together, SO
as to press the paper closely.
When paper is used to make the
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

The deliberations of the body, and the
radical differences with Biblical his
tory as generally accepted, have given
rise to many acrimonious replies from
orthodox Students.
But these disagreements have nei-
ther had the effect of lessening the
membership of the scientific society
or of causing fewer churches to be
built, therefore neither side is the
sufferer by the inquiry into ancient
stories by experts who approach the
subject animated only by the desire to
add to the worlds store of knowledge
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

Jonah did not spend three nights
and three days in the belly of the
whale; Christ did not walk the water;
the liver, not the heart or the brain, is
the seat of the soul.
These three propositions sharply ar
rayed the Bible against science at
recent imposing gathering in Phila-
delphia.
The men who entered into the de-
bate were intellectual heavyweights,
members of the ancient American
Philosophical society, assembled in
their yearly meeting.
There was nothing of irreverence in
the proceedings. Most of those who
took part are protesting Christians,
and philanthropic work. Only a
spirit of research and desire to COM
bat what they believe to be error, fur
nished motive for the attack on
some of the most cherished stories Of
Bible history.
William Lamberton, professor of
Greek language and literature at the
University of Pennsylvania, intro
duced the discussion, questioning
Christ's walking on the water.
He said that the tale grew entirely
out of a Misrepresentation of the
Greek. He explained that ION the wa
ter" should read "by the water" which
would clear away all the mystery. aud
make it evident that during the fam
Gus incident the Master was walking
on the beach
Prof. Lamberton pointed out that
even among the Bible writer's there is
a difference of opinion on the incident
Thus thought Matthew, Mark and
John are substantially agreed. Luke
in his very detailed gospel never men,
tions it at all. AS he was one of those
in the boat, 1t is reasonably certain
that he would have bad something to
say about such wonderful event had
it occurred.
Another theory gained equalled
credence among the noted thinkers of
the convention. This explained the
incident as the result of a state of
stress of mind on the part of the dis
ciples. It will be recalled that the
hostility Of the populace had given oc-
casion for the boat to ride in the
tempest. Christ fearing that attack
might be made on his devoted follow
ers, shipped them to sea- Naturally
they were in an excited frame of mind,
and when they saw Christ, and recog-
nized what they always did in him, a
refuge and leader, the men at the oars
redoubled their efforts and got ashore
so quickly that to their excited minds
Christ seemed to have walked out to
meet them.
This Interpretation of the incident
did not meet with entire acceptance
The part that Peter played was used
to controvert it hv some of those who
prefer a literal belief in every line of
Holy Writ.
In the story as related in the New
Testament, Peter, with characteristic
impulse, was so delighted at seeing
the master that he straightway start
ed to walk to him, but being of little
faith, he sank. and would have drown
ed but for the sustaining hand OF
| christ. Peter could not have sunk in
earth, say Prof. Lamberton's oppon
ents, and unless the Master was really
walking on the water. the entire Incl
! dent as related in the Bible must be
false.
Equally radical were the differences
of opinion provoked by a paper on
the subject of "Jonah's Whale" Prof
Paul Haupt of Johns Hopkins unfver
| sity introduced this subject.
Mr.. Haupt first demonstrated that
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

ing directly into the stable. In case
silage is fed to milking cows, directly
there is a danger of it's odor filling
the stable to the detriment of the
milk. This can to some extent be
avoided by keeping the COWS at the
opposite end of the stable and by
proper ventilation.
Silos may be built of wood, stone,
brick or concrete, or partly of one
and partly of another of these mate
rials. Where lumber is cheap and
stone high, wooden silos are gener-
ally built. Where stone or brick can
be obtained readily these materials
will have the preference. Concrete
silos are the most durable. and all
things considered may be the cheap
est in the end if cement and gravel or
cobble stones are near at hand.
Round silos give the greatest ca
pacity for the wall space and in the
case of wood construction, lighter ma
terial can be used. In the northern
states and Canada the possibility of
freezing must be taken into consid-
Grafton. The sheltered side of the
barn will afford some protection.
: There should be substantial mas
onry foundation for all forms of wood
silos to bring the woodwork every
where at least IL inches above the
earth. The bottom of the silo may
be three feet or more below the feed
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06
Buffalo Tree-Hopper.

swelling which materially weaken the
twigs, frequently causing them to
break of. This, however, might be
beneficial in an old orchard where
the trees receive no pruning, but to
young trees it is at times very injuri-
GUS. Infested twigs should be cut
away and burned during winter and
spring. The orchard and neighbor-
hood shouold be kept as free as pos
sible from weeds.
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

This is one of the most injurious of
the so-called tree hoppers. 1t takes
it's name from it's shape, resembling
somewhat buffalo, but, of course, on
miniature scale It is about one
third inch In length, light green in
Color, with yellow stripes on the
sides. It Injuries the tree while de-
posting its eggs by making Sits in
the twigs. While the slits or wounds
are slight yet they cause abnormal
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06
Designs Are All Pretty.

Plain voiles and those in Pekin or
striped patterns constitute a majority
of the more pretentious costumes
seen, and narrow black and white
stripes are most favored. These are
made up over white Innings, as are al
most all voiles of whatever color, and
are elaborated in many ways.
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06
SUMMER HAT MADE OF TUSCAN STRAW

with a quaint touch Of black ribbon
velvet, a single pink rose, and a shot
black-and-tan ostrich plume. To be
successful, hats must be absolutely in
keeping with the costume, for one Of
that everything should harmonic in
cOlOring.
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

dlings will give good results. Alfalfa
is also excellent when one has access
to it For finishing hogs ration COM
posed of so per cent: corn and 20
tankage is good. Never feed brood
sows heavily on corn.
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06
Build the Silo Where 1t Will Be Handy to Barn

In locating a silo it is well to re-
member that the feeding of the silage
is an every day job during the whole
winter and spring. Other things be-
ing equal the nearest available place
is the best. If the ground is dry out.
side the barn the silo may be built
alongside, providing for doors open
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

Pig PhiIosophy.-It does not follow
that because one litter Of pigs will
bring so much money, 20 litters will
bring 20 times that sum. For the
beginner in hog raising three or four
sows may be enough to start with.
Try to get good ones, however, and
the boar should be as fine as you can
afford to3buy. For brood sows during
the CESSATION period equal parts by
measure of.corn and oats. ground fine.
and an equal measure Of good mid
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

The Real Roup.-The forerunners of
roup are canker, sneezing, distemper,
heavy cold, swelled head, ulcers in
mouth, discharge from nostrils-but it
only becomes case of roup when a
fetid stencil accompanies these symp-
toms.
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

The Bird That Sells.-It is not the
largest turkey that sells the quickest.
It is the fat, plump bird, of medium
size, for which an extra price can be-
obtained at all seasons. =z.s ~ s : ss..s NJ
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

joints between boards air tight, as
represented in the illustration, it is
extremely important that good quail
ity be used that will not decay and is
waterproof. go
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06
Simple in Ornament, But of the Lat
'est Design.

The brims Of the majority of the
new hats certainly have a downward
tendency, giving "roof-like" appear
The Cook County herald. [volume] (Grand Marais, Minn.) 1893-1909, 1907-07-06

h i. -.-y- s1~s1"~s~s-x.-.:1f H-.--R
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
DRIVING HINDUS
OUT Of COUNTRY
Citizens Could No Longer Stand In.
science of Invaders and Attempt
to Rid the Town Of Them.
A Drive Of the Hindus" at BelIin1.
ham, Wash Results In About sew.
en- Hundred Heading for Cana.
ds and -Four Hundred Seek
Protection az Jail

BollInrham. Wash Six badly boat
on Hindus are in the hospital 500
frightened and hultnak.d Sikhs are Boo
the Jail and corridors OF the city hall.
guarded boy policemen. ard somewhere
between BollinEham and the British
Columbia line are 75u natives OF In.
dia beaten. hungry. naked and half
clothed. making their way along the
Great Northern railway. bound for Ca.
madam territory and the protection NJ
the British nag Tho long expected
has occurred aud drive out the Him.
dus' was heard throughout the city and
along the water front Wednesday
uight and early Thursday morning
The police were helpless. All au.
thority was paralyzcd aud for Eve
hours a mob Of half q thousand white
mon raided the mills where the blacks
working, battered down doors Of lodg.'
Ing houses sheltorng ihc foreigners.
and dragging the invaders from their
beds and with q beating started them
for the city limits with orders to keep
on going.
All that the police could do was
here and there save a native from tho
violence Of the mob Several were
pulled from the water. whore they hod
boon chased others were found naked.
covering beneath the docks ON the
tide nnts. others bruised aud bleeding
mud were picked up aud sent To the
hospital
Tho city is quiet now. but there Is
q strong unlur.urrnut oi opinion watch
apparently approves ihH mubs action
and 90 may ho found impossible TO pro.
sogutc th" leaders
Racial feeling has played but o
small part lu the 1nalr Every day
whites are being replaced 900 the mills
hy blacks The invaders have Dee.
come bold and lnsplont many In.
stances of women being pushed into
the gutter iuultcd ON street cars.
etc being reported. aud general nm.
oasinoss being given as reasons for the
outbreak,
Jobs have been offered the Hlndus
ngnip by tho min moH ana protection
guaranteed. hut the Hlndus have boon
so thoroughly frightened that they are
drawing their pay under police protoc.
ton and are disposed 10 leave for Van.
COuVpr
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
ATTACK
ON 0RIENTALS
Japanese and Cheese Looked Alike
to Frenzisd Mo- at Vancouver,
British Columbia.
steady STREAM sffuro0sans Coming
into the Pacific Sorthuest be- Re-
scented By ps.ss Who Have
Long Beer sss.dents Of
Thar g.ton.

Seattle wa,- A special 10 tho
rusrlntellIgmcc. rum Vancouver o..
O.. says. Fdlnvg riot early Sat
nrday evening lu uucouyor. iu which
chinatown aid fhs Japanese quarter
wen" raidcd mi lmlge done approx
mating $500 further deacon
'ifaiion occurpI DO the early morn.
Ing hours Suha Do which XXI Yiru
lhhii chief of tUt bureau OF foreign
commerce and head of the Japanese
consular service mI Consul Subuiu
liiHamidzu. U Seattle. were the cen.
'Hi figures and which riot number.
'rss people utf, bruised and injured
boy broken bottle. nd flying brickbats
boz the hands Of mob ln the thrucs uf
frenzy haruh lshl aud Consul lisi.
mldzu finally made their escape
through the mol iad the affair was
Immediately abl,I 40 Toxic Comet
dent with the HOT Ws the arrival Of q
steamship having oa board at least 500
Japanese With a common lmpulsr
the mob surgd tU t' water front and
as the japanese can, down the gaul
plank they werr ni. by the rioters
Seven or eight OF ho Japanese were
uncoromoniously pIdol mp and thrown
into Rurrnrd inlet
SIN further rI1Hns occurred Sun.
day evening about 200 o'clock. when %
crowd of about lUu Iuborrrs again
started ON the wuw'h but were nu.
ally qucllod by the police after about
twenty successful arrests had been
made Chinatown b. ropod on aud
the quarters oftho wivntals are guard
ed by the police
Baron lshli give uui an Interview
la which hc stated that he had cn
blod 10 Ambassador Kunoko at Lon.
don, apprlHing him M the stirring
events Indemnity from the city Ia
the amount Of i25O0 viii be- claimed
Mayor lioihuns drcarcs the indom
nifty will not BE- pah. and the afair
will be taken up with the Dominion
government III rpting was the
worst IN. tho histy " western Cana.
do. international complications ar"
looked for
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
GOLDFIELD MINING TROUBLES
ARE SETTLED FOR 4 TIME


H....N Sow. .
H.... ... |
OH. Uu..r"..
Sunday
moss .....
T.. "
Hu| f.. Consolidated ..m...
tNHf 'N. m.u ... A" ... '.
300. b.. I w '. ' ...
Cor mu .... '. .. 'H'
an 'h.. ".. ..H." NN.. ". 900
FhIiI uu 'N.m .u '.. '....I HN0 ..0
ih, un uu'H. d.nH.r. H.r otter
garment U' operation '" 0. reversed
when EH.Ha "T .".H I." company Dr.
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
EXPLORERS REPORTED LOST
IN LAND OF SNOW AND ICE
Three Members Of the Anglo.A~erlean
Arctic Expedition LEFT the Ship I'M
February and Have Never Re-
turned

'.NuH1..l Landing Canada N,ns
of .H" probable Joss Cd. 90. schooner
Ug.H.. of Bedford. tho ship belonging
fu 'H. AHaIu.AmDricau Arctic o,puiI.
t.Yu which had hopes tu find new
continent north of the Mackenzie river.
WNs brought here by Alfred Harrison.
wh. MH been beyond the Arctic cir.
Gle tur Two years and vino came here
900 fhu steamer Midnight Sun MIR
Harrison says Ernest Stofaussou NJ
Harvard university after whom the
expedition has been called himself
brought the news OF the loss OF their
boat 10 llor-chol island he also
brought the news OF the disappearance
of thto" members ot 40" party and ca.
pressed the fear that they had met
death iu the frozen north
The missing men are Captain Mix.
kolsuu. a Dane. Ernest lofniuHwull Of
Chicago and y MARKS They luft the
ship in February with sixty days
provisions. for thr supposed land of
the north and had been gone seventy
days and uu news had been received
from them
one of their teams OF dogs had co..
turned and Dc i4 feared thy party viii
never bee heard from again The
schooner Duchess OF Bedford stcfauH
son thought had probably sunk The
ship had nllud with water probably
from the icr strain. bu. they had been
able tu remove cyuytiug of value 10
the main shore
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
JUDGE TAKES PRISONERS
AGE INTO CONSIDERATION
louis Glass. Convicted Of BrIbin8 San
Francisco Supervisor. Sentenced 10
Five Years imprisonment


san F1n'Isr" To- ne pI's'n'" ~
a small crowd. Louis GLASS. inc Woe
president ana FORMER H''.' u, manager
oi ih' racine l'I'l.oh' anu ''I'tI'In
company "as "h W'lh' N'l 7'"''o'
''t i' hh' years lH'I, .H"i'i''"l 0" TO"
star" prni''n'lnfN. no. 'Nli'n' pun.
ishm'n' under ih' laws "I '"' state
Tor ll' crime "h''h "'''' WIS con.
'lcl'l Is fourteen years
Ih' Judge. 10 passing sentence aa'N'
Ih'r' are IVY" E,,.'''' con. lN'r''
il'hH pressing upon '.' i''Uu vi inc
court ln determining 'n' n'ga'"'' "t
punishment h l"'' ''s'. 'n. "Tal
turns upon the situation OF ihe dolrud'
ant himself \ man wei advanced In
years he has appeared Ia this court
charged for the FIRST time with tho
commission of % public onvnsc The
o,b.r confederation fla tho nature az
a.. ,,sr,.,,s. aud ,i,,, ,,f.rt NJ spcb. ,rl,,
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
Find Body in Mississippi.

New Orleans when the river
steamer Trudeau arrived In New or.
leans Friday, lis crew told OF finding
bsdlymuulatcd body at jamestown.
Ia. and said that the body answered
,hc description Of Peter LAmana.
.uthW Of the kidnapped lamana boy.
Persons az jamestown saw large box
boating down the Mississippi Fri
day and when they went out Ia a skin
and lowed Il ashore, 10 was found 10
contain the body OF a large. darkroom,
ploEioned man who, TO all appearances,
had been foully murdered
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
Train Wrecked BY AnarehIst,.

Berlln.-The Prusslan railroad ad
ministratlon has offered a reward for
the discovery OF the persons who
wrecked the st. Petersburg. Berlin
express between Strauabourg and Reb-
feldt, near Berlin, shortly before mid.
night Wednesday, resulting IN eleven
persons being injured Presumably
II was the work Of anarchists or RUS.
sian reyolutlonlsts, who hoped 10 XIII
a member OF the imperial family who
was said 10 have been on the train.
The train was derailod and several
Sars telescoped and caught Are.
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
CAUGHT IN FRAME FlRe Trap.
People Are Forced to Witness Hotel
Patrons Burned Alive.

Tacoma, Wash Flr- at Shelton.
wash at l:i5 Thursday morning dee.
suoyod the Hotel Wonh a three.
story frame structure, and other prop.
crty Al least eleven persons are
dead. several are mis- Ing and one
more will die. Seventeen wore lu.
jurcd
The buildings burned In the block
were. Hotol Webb and annex, run by
Manager Henry Faubou, Bordeaux
Bros. Bailcys saloon and restaurant
sam HuEhcs's shoe shop Across the
street from the hotel T. Connellys
residence was burned Tho total loss
IS estimated at $4,000 The insurance
will only be $500
Screams Of pain and fright from the
imprisoned guests awakened many per-
sons Ia the ncighborhCod, and the
work NJ rescue began Immediately.
There Is no organized IRE depart.
ment and no apparatus in Shelton,
and many persons had 20 stand by and
see people burning 10 death before
their very eyes.
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13

Reno. Nev.-At a conference here
between George Wingheld, United
States Senator Nixon and Attorney
Bryant, for the Consolidated Mines
Co, and McKinnon. Vlco and Ham
ilton for the Goldheld Miners union,
an agreement was reached for the ter,
mination Of the strike Ia the Mohawk
and Combination mines OF Goldheld,
which II believed will end the strike,
as II Is thought by both sides that the
union will ratify the action OF It's com
mittee, The best Of feeling marked
the conference.
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
WoMAN pLANNro 40 eRIME.
Count rs Shot That Woman Friend
Might Collect LIE Insurance.

Venice Count Kumlrny1ky 10 colo.
moi OF The nltlonl guard and council.
lur of state. who was shot %. hls rDsl.
dHuco here 600 September % hy Nlchpl.
us Nlumun SON of au ex-governor Of
Perm. died ON Sunday
Knmauuky. who Do p Russian. was
dressing when Nuumnn called to see
him and was permitted 10 go 10 tho
counts room Immediately they came
face Ia face tho assassin fired and then
fed. Although unable to speak. the
count Hcrihblod tho asBassln'H name on
a pad of paper Naumon. who IL also
a Russian and formerly lived at Perm.
was arrested several days later at We
rnna. and confessed that he had shot
Kamaroyzky lie explained that he
had visited Venice expressly for the
purpose of settling delicate personal
questions between himself and tho
count
Madame TaNnayuskn. with whom tho
count was acquainted uud In whose ia.
yor hc had insured his life for 100000.
was also arrested Lawyer PHlukon
has admitted that the murder of Kan.
Wnyzly was arranged hy Madame Tax.
uayuHln. Nuumun being mere tool
The woman hoped to obtain tho iu
Huruncv un the counts life
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
FOSSIL FINDS IN WYOMING.
Animal That Became Extinct Millions
Of Years Ago.

Cheyenne. wyo- Some valuable ud
dltiuns to fossil knowledge have been
made by Professor W. n Reed. pa.
lontu'usIst OF the University OF Wyo.
mlug who has just completed cNtrn.
sIv" research In the "HoI's Half
Acre district OF Natrunl county.
thIty0yc miles southwcs. Of Casper
ono of The hrrost fossils uuoarthrd
hy Professor Reed ~ the perfect skull
of q cali uanothcium. am animal
which became extinct possibly q mill
lion years before many of the oldest
known fossils were created IN con
fmat to ho skull OF tho uuuothprlum
lH thut u' 70 beaver which was found
near lN mI which iB scarcely larger
than flHt off modern mouse. lu
every other respect the fossil bruyor.r
skull 's counterpart OF that of ~,
present day animal one uf PROBES
Hur Reeds most important finds g.
the complete skeleton NJ horse uu
nrsnr than q fox. Every bone Of THU
skeleton is present aud II Indicate
beyond doubt that the equine race ar
isinn'HI Boo Wyoming
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13

Madrid The Globe iuitcratos that
llscurd exists between King Alfonso
and Premier Mauu regarding SPANS
Moroccan policy. The paper adds.
SENIOR Mauro intends TO ask the Nng
whether he has confidence IN the min.
istry which involves tho possibility OF
ministerial crisis, which would put
the liberals In power. Il the sentiment
loo favor Of Intervention H. Morocco was
stronger in Spain the government
would dispatch 1000 men and a mum.
por OF warships to Morocco,
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
Salt Lake Man Attempts His LIE In
~, Of Dementia.

lua1n Utah robert $. Campbell
formerly g0nrm manager OF the Utah
liEhf 81 Railway company NJ Salt
Lake NO 90 OF temporary dcmontla,
sunday 1f.upon. attempted 10 take
hlf own .IIo by cutting his throat with
% clasp m'v and only the most dos
puufo efforts Ut his wife and son Leo
prevented iho accomplishment Of his
purpose NE now lies In a procarious
condition 10 the local hospital al
though ihr physicians hold out hopo
chat Au win racoyor.
The Coalville times. [volume] (Coalville, Utah) 1894-1923, 1907-09-13
Soldiers Against Officers.

Junction city, kas A mob OF near.
ly 'U soldiers OF the farriers school
az Fort Riley came hcrr about 1
O'Clock sunday morning for tho pur.
pose ut releasing a Comrade who was
confined iu the county jail, The shor.
in and city police force were mott,
fled NJ their coming and from posi-.
lions In windows above the jail opened
o Nrr that quickly dispersed the mob
CO.'S u sought To force an entrance The
authorities 90 Fort Riley placed guards
az the jail and are aiding IN the effort
ca Mud the members OF the mob Two
arrests have been made