davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
THAW'S WILL ADMITTED.
Document Finally Received In Evil
dence and Read to Jury.

Document Finally Received In Evil
dence and Read to Jury.
New York, Feb. 1S.-At the after
noon session Of the Thaw trial Mr..
Delmas offered the will Of Harry Thaw
in evidence, but District Attorney Je-
rome objected. DR.. Evans was then
further questioned regarding his opin-
ion Of the sanity of the defendant at
the time the document was drawn and
Mr.. Jerome finally withdrew his objec-
lions to the will and it was read to
the jury by sections. One of the para
graphs Of the will provided for setting
aside $4,000 for the prosecution of
any person who might be suspected of
having caused his (Thaw's) death by
violence. The codicil to the will be-
oueathed $500 for obtaining legal re-
dress against Stanford White and an
other sum for four young women men,
tened as victims of the architect.
Fifty thousand dollars is left in trust
for Evelyn Nesbit Thaw and an an
nuity of $500 to Howard Nesbit,
brother of Mrs. Thaw.
The separate circumstances of the
alleged degrading assaults" upon the
four young were mentioned in
the codicil. One of the young women
was declared to be acting at Lew
Fields theater at the time.
The codicil also left to Rev. DR..
Charles H. Parkhurst, Frederick w.
Longfellow and Anthony Comstock
sums of $500 each for the purpose
of securing evidence of any assaults
by Stanford White and obtaining re-
dress for the victims.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
NORTH DAKOTA NEWS
ITEMS OF A WEEK FROM vARl.
Gus PARTS OF THE STATE.
Major Murphy, the Ward County Poll
tician, Created Sensation in Court
At Fargo by an Attack Upon
Judne pollock -
Judge Pollock.

After being sentenced to eighteen
months in the ~penitentiary for forging
a road tax receipt, Major J. s. Murphy
of Minot, a Ward county politician of
state wide fame, created a sensation
in the state circuit court at Fargo by
openly accusing Judge Pollock, who
sentenced him, of using undue infu-
ence with the jury. Excitement Great
ed by the incident was heightened
when Judge Pollock began a spirited
reply, justifying the verdict in en-
phatic terms. Owing to Major Muir
phys prominence in state politics, the
trial, which was long and %stubbornly
contested, has attracted unusual atten-
ton and developments have brought
the case into even greater promi-
enc Major Murphy was convicted
last December and the passing of
the sentence will be followed by
an appeal to the supreme court Of
North Dakota. Murphy furnished a
$1,500 bond.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Friday, Feb. Is.

William J. Bryan addressed the
Minnesota State Editorial association
In session at st. Paul.
Princess Cristina Ruspoli Bonaparte,
widow Of Prince Charles Bonaparte, Is
dead at Rome. She was ~sixty-four
years old.
The American National Red Cross
has cabled an additional $4,000. to Con
sui General Rodgers, at Shanghai, for
the famine sufferers.
Mgr. Manuel Santander, formerly
bishop of Havana, is dead at Madrid
Of paralysis. He resigned his bishopric
in 1899, when Cuba was lost to
Spain.
Colonel James Findley Harrison, a
grandson of President William Henry
Harrison, is dead at Mound City, Kan,
aged eighty-two years. He vas born
in Cincinnati, fought under Major
General Zachary Taylor in the Mex
lean war and went through the Civil
wal as colonel Of the Eleventh Ohio
volunteers.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
TRIPLE TRAGEDY IN MISSOURI.
Saloonkeeper Kills Two Men and Is
Himself Shot Dead.

Maiden. Mo, Feb. 19.-"Doctor" A.
L. Brannon, a saloonkeeper, who at
night shot and killed Attorney D. B.
Cox and DR.. j. w. Beall in the latter's
office. was shot and killed himself a
few hours later while being removed
from the Jail at Maiden to Kennett
Tor safe keeping. The killing of Bran
non was by an unidentified person
standing in the shadow of a building
lear the Maiden Jail.
The trouble leading up to the kill
ing of Cox and Beall is said to have
been over the liquor question.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Costly Fire at crary.

Fire at Crary last week destroyed
the following buildings and their con-
tents: Crazy opera house, Henry
Doe, owner, loss SIS, 900; Leduc Bros.
livery, $4,000; w. H. Wake, store,
$4,000; Kavanaugh & McLeod's hard
ware store and p~ostofice, SIS, 900;
Southam's store, $4,000; Aliens meat
market, $1,000. Some residence prop
erty also was destroyed, making the
total loss $4,000 to 100000. probably
half covered covered by insurance.
The origin of the fire is unknown.
Thirty firemen with considerable ap-
paratus, including steam and chemi-
cal engines, Went from Devils Lake on
a special train and assisted in getting
the fire under control.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
OVER HALF A MILLION DOLLARS.
Value Of Securities Taken by Missing
Bank Treasurer.

Bank Treasurer.
New Britain, Conn, Feb. 14.-Securi-
ties valued at $565,000 were taken
from the vaults Of the savings bank of
New Britain by the missing treasurer.
William F. Walker, according to a
statement Issued by the board of d.
rectors following an examination by
the state bank commissioners. There
is left a surplus of about $143, 900 over
and above the amount due to deposit
tors. The directors believe the great
er part of the securities will be re.
covered.
AS the bank commissioners were
preparing their statement, Mayor
George M. Landers sent a letter to
Governor Woodruff asking that Com
missioner Kendall be removed from
office for neglect Of duty and incom.
potency. He pointed out that when
Mr.. Kendall began an examination of
the bank last Thursday, Treasurer
Walker on a plea of illness left the
bank and Commissioner Kendall did
not continue his work but returned
home to await Walkers convenience.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
AFTER EXTENDED HEARING.
Wisconsin Railroad Commission Or
ders Reduced Fares.

Madison Wis, Feb. 1S.-The state
railway commission has handed down
a decision in the 2-cent railroad rate
question. 1t is ordered by the com
mission that the railways in the state
give a fiat 2k-cent passenger fare and
it is recommended that family mile
age books of 500 miles be issued for
$40.
The last legislature enacted a law
creating the state railway commits
sion with power to fix rates and regu-
late service. The decision just hand
ed down is the result of an extended
hearing before the state railway COM
mission, during which time representa-
tiyes of the various railways operat-
ing in Wisconsin have appeared be-
fore the commission, when the aues-
lions of rates and service we're thor.
oughly reviewed.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Given LONG Sentences.

Sentences ranging from fourteen to
twenty years were passed against the
Sawyer bank robbers. The sentences
are as follows: Charles Sullivan,
eighteen years; John Hays, seventeen
years; r. G.. Robinson, fourteen years
and ten months; Robert Conroy, TWEEN
ty years. Robinson was let off easy
because he was first to confess. The
bandits showed not a sign of emotion.
They were brought before Judge Goss
separately guarded by two bailiffs.
They were taken to Bismarck. They
were charged with looting the Sawyer
State bank of approximately $4,000.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
POLICE RAID UNIVERSITY.

Seventy-one RevoIutionists Arrested
at Public Meeting.
st. Petersburg, Feb. 18.-The Social
Revolutionists have been holding
meetings in the university building
here under the cover of university
autonomy. The police, however, de-
termined to put an end to these gath
erings and, surrounding the univer-
sity, arrested s%eventy-one revolution
lists and seized 1900 pounds of incen-
diary proclamations.
The project of police has ordered
the arrest of all persons distributing
election literature in behalf of the
Radical party and closed two printing
establishments where Radical ballots
were being prepared.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
INDIANA TRIPLE TRAGEDY.
Woman Kills Her Two Young Daugh-
tiers and Herself.

Connersville, Ind, Feb. 18.-Mrs. J..
s. Mundelle, aged thirty-ive years,
killed her two daughters, aged four
years and seven months respectively,
and then committed suicide. She was
alone in the house with the children
and when Mr.. Mundelle returned home
for luncheon he found the house
locked and the blinds drawn. In a
down stairs bedroom lying side by
side OF a bed with their threats cut
were the woman and two children.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
AGREE TO PROPOSAL
NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS SIG.
NIFY WILLINGNESS TO ARBl.
TRATE DIFFERENCES.

Washington, Feb. A.-Dispatches
received by the president from the
presidents of Nicaragua and Honduras
give assurance of the maintenance of
peaceful relations between those two
countries. In response to the joint
note of the United States, Mexico,
Guatemala and other Central Amer
lean countries both presidents have
signifed their willingness to agree to
any step which may be taken leading
up to the submission of the questions
in dispute to an arbitration court and
to abide by the decision.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Caught in Belt and Killed.

The ,thirteen-year-old son of John
Lynch of Dogden, near Minot, was
caught in the belt of a gasoline en-.
CINE and was hurled to his death.
The boy was going through the feed
mill OF the town, and as he passed the
engine his clothing in some manner
caught. He was carried up the belt
n his body was badly bruised and
mangled. When finally released he
was dead.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Thursday, Feb. ID.

Senate - Filibuster followed at
tempt to force the adoption of the
conference agreement on the immigra-
ton bill. This report carries a pro-
vision intended to aid in the settle
ment of the Acknowledgements prob
lem and speedy action was desired by
administration senator's.
House-Entire day spent in consid-
ering the naval appropriation bill, only
one section not being disposed Of at:
the time Of adjournment.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
BIackie Not Identified.

The Identification of Elmer Gar
field as "Blackie" has not been effect
ed and the Valley City officers are
disappointed. The sanborn people,
who, it was expected would positively
identify the suspect as the notorious
murderer, failed to recognize the sus.
pect as the man who is wanted for the
murder of Officer Personals. Charles
shafer of sanborn who thought he
recognized the photograph of the Spo.
kane suspect as "Blackie," failed to
pick the suspect even after having
seer his photograph, from among six
men.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Coal Gas Kills a Man.

o. G. Cleveland is dead and John
Flora had a narrow escape from a
similar fate as the result of asphyxia-
ton by coal gas at Finley. The men
occupied a room adjoining a pool room
owned by Flora, and were overcome
by the fumes escaping from a defect
i've stove in the pool room. When
discovered. both men were uncon-
scious. Medical assistance was sum-.
moned, and after hard work Flora was
resuscitated. Cleveland. however, was
too far gone, and died a few hours
after being discovered.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Monday, Feb. 10.

House-Conference report. on the
immigration bill adopted under sus-
pension of the rules, the Democrats
voting solidly against the passport
provision as we'll as that requiring in
creased air space in vessels.
Senate-Agricultural appropriation
bill discussed for more than five hours.
Salary Of Clifford Pinchot, chief of the
bureau of forestry, increased from
$500 to $4,000.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
MORE THAN A HUNDRED OTHERS
INJURED IN ELECTRIC RAIL.
ROAD DISASTER.
Train Running Seventy Miles an Hour
Is DeraiIed in the Outskirts of New
York City, the Coaches Being Torn
to Pieces and the Occupants Strewn
Along the Tracks for a Distance of
One Hundred Yards.

New York, Feb. 1S.-Twenty dead,
two fatally hurt and las more or less
seriously injured is the result of a
wreck Of an electric express train on
lie New York Central railroad at Two
Hundred and Fifth street and Web
ster avenue. OF the large number of
Mjured fifty are seriously hurt.
The train, filled with matinee
crowds and commuters, was made up
Of five coaches.
The train was rounding a sharp
lurye when the three real coaches
We're derailed and, tumbling OF their
sldes, were dragged 100 yards before
she couplings gave way and the four
shrs piled together in ruins at the foot
81 a low embankment.
A sheet of electric flame that sig
1aled the disaster enveloped the rear
Or and for a moment threatened to
Toast alive the victims pinioned in
lie debris.
There was death for many, while
practically every one in the four
coaches received injuries of some sort.
The speed was so great that the
overturned coaches were dragged 100
Yards.
Uninjured Dragged to Death.
While this distance was being
:raversed men, women and children
Tho had escaped injury in the over
turning Of the coaches we're dragged
Is death.
Finally the coaches plowed up
euodgh dirt and snow in front of them
TO bring the engine to a halt. The
lead and dying were strewn along the
tracks. The victims were utterly I'M
recognizable.
1t IA with difficulty that the res
cuers could tell whether the victims
we're white or black. Many of them
aad their clothing torn Off and were
almost nude when found.
Scattered over the tracks were the
nutilated remains Of the passengers.
IN gathering them up the %rescuers
made no attempt to place them to-
gether, but separate piles were made
If each part of the human anatomy
.ound.
Police reserves from half a dozen
or more stations were ordered imme-
iiately to the scene of the disaster.
The spreading of the rails is said to
have caused the wreck. The train
was going at a seventy-mile an hour
rate.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Friday, Feb. is.

Observation-Disclosures to naval appro-
priation bill striking out the provision
for all additional battleship of the
Dreadnought class defeated-114 to
LAG. The bill, carrying SOC, o 1000,
was then passed.
Senate - Discussion of proposed
amendment to immigration bill in
tended to shut out Japanese coolie
labor occupied most of the day. Sen
ators Bacon and Tillman were the
principal speakers, both opposing the
amendment.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
WORK OF CONGRESS-
Wednesday, Feb. 13.

senate-Bh passed giving the gov
eminent the right to appeal to the
supreme court for a construction of
the constitutionality of any law in
volved in a criminal suit. Night SEES
sion held and 991 pension bills passed.
House-Entire day devoted to the
laval appropriation bill, forty-fve
pages being disposed of at time of
adjournment.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
AMENDMENT DEFEATED.

Naval Bill Provides for Two Immense
BattIeships.
Washington, FEB. 16.-The United
States navy may have two new first
class battleships if the senate passes
the naval appropriation bill as passed
by the house.
This action is provided for in the
naval appropriation bill, which was
under discussion late in the session.
Mr.. Burton opposed the building of a
second large warship, but after a long
discussion the house rejected his
amendment by a viva voce vote on the
roll call Of 146 as against ia in favor
of the amendment.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Saturday, Feb. 16.

Senate-Amendment to immigration
bill authorizing president to exclude
Japanese laborers approved.
House-Postofice appropriation bill
under discussion, but general debate
was not concluded at the time of adj
journment.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Duluth Wheat and Flax.

Duluth, Feb. 1S.-Wheat-To arrive
and on track-No. 1 hard, 81Ac; No.
1 Northern, 80Mc; No. 2 Northern,
7SAc: May, S0Ac; July, 80kc; Sept,
78Ac. F1ax-To arrive and on track,
$1.2Oh; May, $1.22; July. $1.21M;
Sept, $1.18h.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Four Men Blown to Atoms.

London, KY, Feb. 1s.-Foreman
Sutton and three of his crew were
killed by a dynamite explosion near
Halle Patch, in this county, while
working on the Louisville and Nash
Vile railroad. The bodies we're blown
to atoms.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
st. Paul Union Stock Yards.

st. Paul, Feb. 18.-Cattle-Good to
choice steers, $5.50@8.25; common to
good, $4.00@6.O0; good to choice COWS
and heifers, $3.50@4.75; veals, $4,000.
5.75. Hogs-$6.70@6.80. Sheep-weth-
ers, $4.75@5.26; good to prime spring
lambs, $6.50@7.15.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Chicago Union Stock Yards.

Chicago. Feb. 18.-Cattle-Beeves,
$4.00@6.90; COWS and heifers, $1,000
5.25; stockers and feeders, $2.50@
40; Texans, $3.60@4.75; calves. 5000
OTIS. Hogs-Mixed and butchers,
$6.80@7.1O; good heavy, $1,000
7.12k; rough heavy. $6.S0@6.90; light,
$6.S0@7.05; pigs, $6.15@6.86. sheep.
$2A005.50; lambs. $4.B007.50.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
CHICAGO Grain and Provisions.

Chicago. Feb. 18.-Wheat-May,
7SAc; July, 1875 78Ac. Corn-May,
47@47Ac; July, 46%@ 46Ac. Oats
May, 40%c; July, 37Ac. Pork-May,
$16.75; July, $16.80@16.85. Butter
Creameries, 22@32kc; diaries, 200
S0c. Eggs-22@24c. Poultry-Tur-
keys, lie; chickens, lie; springs,
101hc.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
MARKET
MINNEAPOLIS Wheat.

Minneapolis, Feb, 18.-Wheat-May,
79Ac; July. 79%c; Sept, 1870. On
track-No. 1 hard, SIC; No. 1 North
ern, Sic; No. 2 Northern, 1917 @79c;
No. 3 Northern, 74@76c.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
NEWS CONDENSATION
Wednesday, Feb. 10.

N f.<y m FfgS e
Harold S. Van Buren, of New York,
the American consul at Nice, France,
Is dead.
A severe earthquake shock, lasting
seven seconds, was felt at Albania,
Spain, Tuesday.
In the. series of cabinet dinners Sec
rotary Wilson Tuesday night enter
tanned the president and Mrs. Roose-
velt.
President Alfred Walter of the Sea-
board Air Line is dead in New York
city. He had been i'll about two weeks.
Frank Tilton, for thirty-three years
editor of the Green Bay (Wis.) Advo-
cate and one of the foremost news.
paper men of his time in Wisconsin,
is dead, aged seventy-one years.
The Chicago and Northwestern rail-
road established a new record for live
stock traffic Monday by bringing to
Chicago 1923 carloads of stock, the
largest amount ever brought there in
a single day by any railroad.
Thursday, Feb. ID.
James Bryce, British ambassador to
the United States, sailed from Liver.
pool for New York Wednesday. =
The political situation in several
provinces of Argentina is alarming.
Extraordinary precautions to preserve
order have been taken.
At Rogersville, Tenn, Policeman
James Wright and James Barrett of
Middlesboro, KY, shot and killed each
other during a raid on an alleged gam
bling resort.
Rodolphe Julian, the noted art
teacher, is dead at Paris. He was
sixty-six years old. Many foreigners,
especially Americans, attended Ju-
lian's school.
Salt Lake City has, since the first
of the year, been in the grip of an
epidemic of cerebro spinal meningitis.
Since Jan. 1 there have been twenty
four deaths and of these eight have
been since Feb. i.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
ACT OF PROVIDENCE
HARRY rHAw's STORY OF STAN.
FORD WHITES DEATH As
TOLD TO ALlENisT.

Declared He Had No Desire or
Thought Of Killing the Architect,
but Providence Stepped in and Took
Charge-WiII of the Defendant FL
nalIy Admitted in Evidence and
Read to the Jury.
New York, Feb. 18.-The trial of
Harry X. Thaw was resumed during
the day before Justice Fitzgerald.
Juror Bolton, whose wife died last
Thursday, was again in his place and
Ne indications now are that the trial
will go ahead as rapidly as both de-
tense and prosecution can push it.
The jury will not again be kept to-
gether until it begins the considera-
ton of a verdict. .
Doctors B. D. Evans and Charles F.
Wagner, two Of the alienists repre-
senting the defense, were on the wit
ness stand and continued to give the
reasons on which they based their
conclusions that Thaw at the time he
Killed Stanford White and for several
months subsequent to the homicide
was of unsound mind.
1t was testified that Thaw- told the
doctors he had not intended to kill
Stanford White, but had sought to
have him brought to justice in a court
Of law. He accused White of seeking
to destroy the virtue of every woman
with whom he came in contact, de-
claring he had poisoned and drugged
many innocent young girls.
eff you had no desire or thought of
killing White, why did you do it?"
DR.. Evans said he put this question
to Thaw in the Tombs and the pris-
one replied:
providence stepped in and took
charge; 1t was an act of Providence"
DR.. Wagner said Thaw had told him
that it was his (Thaw's) province to
protect young girls and lead them in
moral paths.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
SLABS HIMSELF in BREAST.
Condemned Man Attempts to Commit
Suicide.

00HuetH'eu WaH NteSI1PtU 20 OU9HTU1t
Suicide.
Kansas City. Feb. 18.-Frank Holt
man. under sentence of death with
Mrs.Aggie Myers for killing Clarence
Myers, the woman's husband, attempt
ed to commit suicide in his cell in
the county jail here, stabbing himself
in the breast. He may die. During
the night Hoffman had soaked matches
in water and drank the liquid, but
without effect.
Hoffman had recently been granted
a respite to April. Mrs. Myers is In
Jail at Liberty, Mo. Her case has
been appealed to the United States
supreme court.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Warm Weather Saves Cattle.

The warm weather Of the past week
has cleared the hillsides in the west
ern part Of the state and will be the
salvation Of the stock interests. The
losses have been very light 80 far.
Had the weather not CHANGED they
would have been heavy.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
Tuesday, Feb. 19.

Nineteen persons were frozen to
death at various places in East and
West Prussia during the past few
days.
After one sitting the senate com.
mfttee IN naval affairs authorized a
favorable report or the naval appro-
priation bill.
Count Van Bylandt, the we'll known
sportsman of The Hague, was killed
at st. Moritz, Switzerland, during
c on the famous toboggan course.
Anna Howard Shaw of Swarthmore,
Pa, has been unanimously reelected
president of the National Woman Suf-
frage association. in session at Chi.
cago.
The British embassy at Washington
is now the best paid post In the Brit
ish diplomatic service, the salary Of
the ambassador having been raised
with the appointment Of James Bryce
to $4,000 per year.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21

Washington, Feb. 19.-Under sus-
pension of the rules the house adopt
ed the conference report on the immi-
grafton bill, although the Democrats
generally made a party issue against
the passport provision as well as to
that requiring increased air space in
vessels.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
SIXTY WOMEN ARRESTED.
Women S%uffraeists Storm the British
Parliament.

London, Feb. 14.-The women suf-
fragists, whose leaders have worn
not to desist in their violent agitation
until parliament has granted their de-
Mands, made a more determined and
better organized demonstration than
ever. Before it was suppressed more
than sixty women were arrested.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1907-02-21
BARS JAP LABORERS
SENATE APPROVES CONFERENCE
REPORT ON THE IMMi-
GRAFTON BILL.

Washington, Feb. 16.-The admins
tration plan to settle the California
Japanese situation was approved by
the senate today in the adoption of
the conference report on the immigra-
ton bill. This report contains a pro-
vision which authorizes the president
to exclude Japanese laborers from
the United States at, his discretion.
The report nov will go to the house
for its approval, which, it has been
stated, is assured.