The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1907-09-29

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r"1p'r~d the s't'nHs ant discr~'ior 81
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N" "'h"r ham, H"nrv WIZ vh''~ he pro.
h'h,'ed w" sv, foind-d resius
nrofessor.hips ~ civil Law ~ ~" universe
tics " Oxford and Csmhrrise. and . doctor
ship ~ CIVILIAN ss'tn the highest honorary
degree 'hs' Oxford ran h~sto~. PROTECTION
Somerset wanted IN establish q college ~
Cambridge devoted exclusively 70 IN"
study ~ civil Law and Tudor officials we're
nearly all civilians. mt oanon'sts or com-
mon lawyer. In The sam" seventh ~-ssy
is examined the political philosophy 81
Hobbies and ~ Locke. and the is'ter's re's-
tlons ~ Rousseau. HOBBIES, accepting and
expanding the idea ~ the prcdominance
~ the state. left sovereignty entire In the
hands ~ the monarch Locke associated
monarch and people in its exercise; Rous.
seau restored " all To the people. They
alone. he said. were the legitimate wieldcrs
81 sovereignty; every other sovereign vas
usurper, Man vas born free. but every
where he was in chains. because the people
had hcen cheated oftheir heritage by priests
and kings According to Rousseau. the
only way 10 reform the world was 10 restore
the sovereignty Of the people; and on hat
basis the French revolutionists worked.
Rousseau was the last great expounder
NJ the contract theory; indeed. as the au-
thor OF these essays points out. " was even
before his boob appeared that the bottom
had really been knocked out OF IL by Mon
tesquieu. the parent OF the modern his
torical meg I'D IN political scisnce whereof
Sir Henry None is the chief representative
~ ~ NV DNVb
less historical or less true than Rousseau's
dogma. Man is not born free: he Ia born
helpless. and freedom Ia OF little use to the
infant. IL can only be granted to him
gradually In exceedingly small doses. He
is born into conditions which determine
his life, and Montes1uleu sought TO
trace the influence and show the impor-
lance OF environment upon the develop
ment OF man and his institutions. In a
word. Montesquieu and the historical school
OF which he vas the ounder rejected the
abstract a rr'or' methods OF the Social
Contract school. He perceived that It by
no means followed hat the same thin 10
true or beneficial In all circumstances
Mankin required different systems and
different circumstances. Where only .
few are capable OF rule the few must rule;
democracy IL only possible where the many
have attained . certain degree OF intelli-
gence. self-knowledge and self-control.
WI