The sun., 1907-09-15

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rsfiwnvs inss~~t ~ w eke lrrs.sssry ~ tks
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their enterprises tI~u,uses hes n"ps ~
ne sdvswsss~~ either n is~tsnss ~ n n~l.
sisrr IN r~sp~vs n cosrpsr,n~~s. tho cg,nsry
c~ns,s'lrs n . w~~serr prnsr~uls tJu.tsrdn
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ssvs IN th~w s~psss'- s~cti~ws n th~ SWIM
'rv hsvs w b~ supplemented ~ numerous
AMI s-m~~hs' expensive Ferry lines "
1877 q pressure brought ~ h~sr on the
oovcvnment ny the agricultural comsnun,-
" r-~ulsst IN . substantial Sesiac' Ion ~
rs'~s and tss~s. owing IN which however,
and ~ an advance In the pricr ~ cosI ant
irom. " ~es found In iv7 shss the ra,~s snd
fsr~s would have onee more ~ be increased
IN order 20 secure q resronable return on
he operation ~ tho rail~sy-
In Italy tho operation NJ railways ny the
State has been so defective 80 20 attain tive
proportions ~ public scantal Such has
come 70 no the disorsanisstion ~ the free
transportation service that cotton from
Esyp, destined for tn. mills in northern
Italy now reaches its destination via Ant
werp. Rotterdam or Havr. instead ~ by an
Italian port. Because ~ like demoraliza-
tion ~ tho merchandise service mapufsctur-
ers in I.ombardy and even in Piedmont can
no longer depend on getting English coal by
way of Genoa hut have instead "a obtain
their supplies from Germany. The funda-
mental reason for the reign OF confusion
ilh' .trated by these examples is to he found
IN the reciprocal influence of railways and
politics. Under State operation the e1er-
else of strict discipline over railway SER
wants, who are mostly electors and whose
votes are q matter to he reckoned with by
the Government of the day, has practically
disappeared. IL is the railway servants
who intimidate the Minister Of Railways
rather than the Minister oe Railways who
controls the railway servants. How the
railway problem will he solved eventually
in Italy is doubtful. and there are students OF
the situation who think that IL must lead to
something like chaos unless the system Of
private ownership he reverted TO. Il In
averred on excellent authority chat the
proportion Of expenses To gross receipts
on the Italian railways has risen TO the
enormous figure Of $50 per cent.