New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1907-02-15
LABOR AND CAPITAL.
1ECTURES ON SOCIALISM,.
TT, II. MaIlock Giuea Second Id
dress Of His Course.

".
~, second lecture socialism yesterday at Column
- T-rjve~sty, under ihe auspices of the public
,.~trre bureau Of the National Civic Federation
Wis first lecture WAS delivered on Tuesday and two
ere are 10 follow.
IN Tuesday Air. MaIIorI outlined his course The
seizure yesterday was in The nature OF a refuta-
.ion Of the idea that "one man is practically so
to~aI 10 another that the amount of wealth pro-
Sn,ed by him IS measurable ly the hours which
~ labo-s" lie said that condition held only in
.,societies in a very low state Of Development
labor without direction he SAID. was Illustrated
nv tie work done uy any race Of savages
He then went into the question OF capital, which
he deemed essential II the wealth OF q country
20 increase and called it productive because It
she means by which the minds OF few direct the
labor q many. Without this direction industrial
labor became useless. he said.
Nj MaIock said that this direction Of labor by
cspltaI was just what socialism was protesting
against The emancipation of labor which the So
cjasts demanded, he said, simply the eman-
CITATION O: one mind from superior mind. Il
vas The argument that Michael Angelo could paint
vel because he had majority OF brushes, and
that therefore the state ought 10 possess a mo
ropDly Of the brushes that every man would be
able 10 paint Ike him. lie said that the recent
socialisuc proposals TO abolish distinctions by max
iag an equal provision for all, without any regard
70 the work done. was 10 descend into economic
slavery, for the state would then have TO enforce
It's labor like discipline is enforced from soldiers
OF good behavior from child. His lecture fol-
lows:
pointed out last Tuesday that when we speak
ar moi speakn Of any re sstem. bUt mere
j Of e-el or theory that such system IS posi-
fnIise II socisI;Sgll-raI5slI. tr,st eli I'0 osi,b
EC0HlG be- distributed with substantial equality
win regard 10 The human agencies by which he
Wealth IN question IS produced. this theory being
that The only human agency involved is average
manual --hoI' in respect OF which one -
practically 50 equal 10 another that the amount OF
N5.--I $4,000 ~ MN IS -nedSLr2Dle 10y the
hours winch 10 laport ! propose to-day, TAX
ing .Iis J-eaIN Tor "a text. inquire how ie- il is
!nd maj while il IS adeuIIate if apnIied 10 Sole
ties pa a very low state OF Development. l. pro-
IN ql,S-5, -. il, H. IL If f,.iIi-2i 800 II
To begin men the doctrine that labor is the sole
he wealth could be produced without IT. Moreover
ties Only But among certn popuiations stii exist
" IA ne countries OF the modern world In which
By turning 10 examples OF these We can see what
n. l-I -5'o5, lsheh by ltse- produces, Sucn eX-
s-ll-eS ere luiLlSlied Us IN abundance by the low
esi saFases. HLD work without cooperation and
gubsisence, BIT even such savages use Certain
tuoe implements which may be called the germ OF
to5v rna- he rirrlZ, IN III D .i,@1e y! my
ca culinary or 6ssiIized Ii g.sg need 90 16 9I1 *
BACK 10 s&Fages 10 ma examples OF populations
agent There sun exist in civilized Countries
peasant families who own their land and till it.
VINO build their own houses and weave their own
clothes, without any aid or guidance except their
Now what kind and what amount OF wealth do
IoR1.a Cons sSea as Iaese produce? Let me read
this kind which are taken from a very celebrated
book: They labor busily, early and late. They
s stu on them. They earn their firewood with a
laboT so intense that the common English people
human anir9ais You an me i5 nos eht{aee OF
Of la
misery Of labor when enslayed by capital As a
mater Of fact It is description by German
writer, which John Stuart Mil quotes in his
1settlse on political economy illustrating the
5dTliraole position OF German peasant proprietors
no own their land and the Instruments Of produc-
tTl-,se -ti - u.s. ana nave no masters except
bN t2elr labor? These untirable animals gain ac-
keep themselves above the level Of actual want
And both this author and Mil hold them up to our
shining examples Of the magic effects of ownership
IN intensifying human labor.
WEALTH PRODUCED BY CAPITALISM.
and now, let Us compare tho wealth which is
Iroduced under the system which the socialists
9eIounee as capitalism. The contrast between the
y Lan II Is by the socialists themselves A given
nohn Of the earlier stages az s6,e WI n 20 Say
Two thTee -FOUR or five times the amount OF wealth
dred and fifty years ago This is. indeed one OF
II, II practical reasons why the socialists demand
ma inns huge output should be redivided
ne great question. then. which is inevitably
}
ONLY agency IN the production Of wealth IS ordinary
tfan thov PRODUCED Working IN he ye P -so9 more
- 70 SOCIALISTS answer thai knowledge has IN
creased, that the methods Of production have i'm
Indefinitely moro productive Put 20 saw fbis il
OILY hegeing the question. To Whist IS this increase
= 90 6i.o%.eeEe ana these improvements Of method
c. Are jhey due n average manual labor itself7
: -. Gt9 70 manual labor IN any sense This
thi1kers who start with the doctrine that labor
euced: ana two classes Of answer have been . Of
!erea; which viii give rs set forth by two dis
lowest to its highest efccrce by , r,,a de Us
IoIahe- ~. lahnf. even the lowest. requires, he
f2id; q mind o; some kind TO direct the operation
r the muscle; and among the majority Of man
- - 1rr,a1 I5 f'i.l hlusc!es approHlfna 10
-, - norman sia5datd bGt among a considerable
rarf 70 lie manual rsc1ifis 5 C ana mus IN
own F-,certioraI o-iClty4ss - ,ir1 - Iol tedr
enable one brickaYer 10 lay a given time more
ties Of kind higher and rarer will apah1a dh
hands OF Michael Angelo to paint his picture Of
man can only Wlitewash fence Skill. in fact is
possess 10 he abor or HIS oyn 7BP a1ds By lbs ls
longs ~ m personally, and is, Ruslin rightly
saws. incommuuicable
Products or EXCEPTIONAL SKILL.
Noa: in sf.ll as thus defined; we have no doubt
produces products whose value is great. while in
lively iufnitesimal But these products. whose
value is due 10 exceptional Skin, though they form
portion ~ the wealth Of the modern world not
typical Of H. The products due TO exceptional skill
or craftsmanship --such Illuminated Iuissal
Cor exa;arie-are always few in number. and can
Be possessed by the few only, and from the nature
OF the case are costly. The distinctive feature Of
modern wealth production, the contrary, is the
uipc&tion Of goods relatively to the time spent
81 producing them. and The cOnseqI ent cheapening
Of each article Individually. Skill, therefore, affords
explanation OF how manual labor a whole
can ever become more productive in period
than IN is in another.