davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1907-09-06
Never Touched him.

N6V6r oUchod HIM.
\ hate work, J" said Languid Lewis.
Il don't see why" rejoined Humble
Harry. It's q safe bet dat work new
Or done y0use no HARM" ~ Chicago
News.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1907-09-06
MAKES WORK EASIER
Bemidji People Are Pleased to Learn
How II Is Done

Bemidji People Are Pleased to Learn
How II Is Done
It's pretty hard to attend to duties
With a constantly aching back;
With annoying urinary disorders.
Doan's Kidney Pills make work
easier.
They cure backache.
They cure every kidney i'll.
Frank Howes, engineer on the
Milwaukee X. R., 3O1l Cedar Ave-,
Minneapolis, Mimi, says: L used
Doan's Kidney Pills in the fall of
1899 with beneficial results. Like,
most railroad men, continual jar and
jolting brought on kidney trouble,
bad pain in my back and loins. I
doctored without success until I pro-
cured Doan's Kidney Pills at drug
store. They, soon cured me and
there has been no ign of return"
For sale by all dealers. Price so
cents. Froster- Milbnrn Co., Buffalo,
New York, sole agents for the United
States. -
Remember the name-Doan's-
and take no other.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
A VERDICT FOR
MISS HOWETH

Salisbury, Md, June 3.-After n
four-day legal battle in the Circuit
Court for Wicomico county a YER
diet of $4,000 and costs was rendered
IN favor Of the plaintm by the Jury
IN the Howeth- Brinsheld Islander
SUIT Philips Lee Goldsborough :
Frederick Pitcher. of Cambridge.
and James e, Ellegood, OF this city.
conducted the case for the pdaintifr
Miss Mamie b. Howeth, and John II.
Patuson, of Cambridge, and Il. Stan
ley Toadvine, of Salisbury. appeared
for the defendant. Zorah Brinheld.
Miss Howeth brought suit for SIS
90 for alleged SANDER public re-
marks directed against her reputa-
ton as school teacher. Seventy
four witnesses, among whom were
some OF the most prominent citl-
zens of Dorchester county. were sum-
moned i'm the case and about S5
testified.
The case dates back to April. 1905
When' according TO the testimony.
the defendant made a statement to
school commissioner OF Dorchester
county TO the effect that Miss How
eth was UNFIT to teach public school.
II was also shown that he had en-
deavored to use his influence TO
keep her from securing a position as
teacher.
Mr. Brinsfeld firmly denied all of
the accusations against him, but his
testimony connicted with that of
nearly every other witness during the
trial Miss Howeth was occompani
during all the sessions OF the trial
by her sisters, Misses Geneviene and
Whsle Howeth, and her father. CLAY
Howeth. The case had become noted
an account Of the prominence OF the
parties interested. Mr.. Brinsfeld
stated on the witness stand that his
income was about $1,000 year.
and that he was worth about $75.-
600.
Miss Howeth has always been re-
spected in Dorchester county and
has excellent family connections.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

ago Postmaster General Meyer re-
ceived letter from mail carriers
suggesting that the postal regula-
tions state that carriers when wear
ing shirt waists, must wear dark ties.
Then II continued:
Il desire very much to know
whether the wearing of ties is COM
pulsory for a member OF a religious
sect that does not allow members to
wear ties at all. Does not the consti-
tuition OF the United States insure
religious freedom to every legal citi-
zen?"
Postmaster General Meyer. reply
ing to the communication, said:
Under the postal regulations. n
letter carrier wishes to wear a
shirt waist, he must also wear a turn
down collar with a dark tie and a
neat belt"
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
FIRST WHITES
THESE JAPANESE
= HAD EVER SEEN
But They Knew Many
White Mems Tricks.
Echo of a Shipwreck on
Japan's Coast.
Experience of Passengers
On the Vessel.

New York, June 3-With graph
ic account Of how he, his wife and
daughter were saved from the wreck
OF the Dakota in Japanese waters,
John j. Ryan, a theatrical manager
OF Cincinnati, returned here today in
the steamer Kaiser Wilhelm der
Crosse. Mr.. Ryan lost nearly all his
personal effects in the wreck, and 1t
was only through his own efforts that
he, his wife and daughter were got
ten ashore alive.
THE Dakota was wrecked at Shir-
ahan, a fishing cillage As miles from
Yokohama, said Mr.. Ryan, land the
people of Shrahan had never seen
a white man or white woman until
we went ashore. have read how Col
umbus was received by the saVages,
and ] can appreciate his experience,
because the japanese at this little fish
ing village came over to us and
pinced out arms and felt our cheeks
TO make sure that we were alive.
I'VE landed at the Molina beacon.
The natives were half scared to
death when we walked of the beach.
They ran away and 1t took us half
ay to coax them back. But they
knew how TO loot a ship well. Moth
ing that came ashore escaped them.
They touched us to see that we
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
y !'!!i k&:zM!E!!!K6itoIk&WGSterr
Schedule I'm Erect
Janualy 6, 1907.

Leave Bluedold 9:S5 a. m. for p =,
anoke. Lynchburg, Norfolk and al
points on the Shenandoah dIyisjo,,
pullman sleeper TO Roanoke ami Re-
anoke to New York. via Hagelstow
farlor car Roanoke to Norfolk
S:lb a. IN. daily for Roanoke ana
intermediate points
2:55 p. m for Roanoke and I.vp.l
burg and intermediate stations anf
me shenandoah Valley. PhnadelphI,
and New York Sleeper TO PhuadeI
phia Roanoke to Richmond
633 p. m for Roanoke. Lynch
burg. Richmond. Norfolk. Pullman
leeper East Radford 10 Norfolk and
Lynchburg to Richmond. Cafe car
Trains arrive at BmefiaId from the
east at y 5S a. m, 2:1O p. m. $40
p IN, and $40. p. m
From the west at 500 a m 500
a. m. 2:05 p. m. and 8:1S D. m
Leave Blueheld at S:2C D. m. for
Kenova. Columbus and all pojnts
west and northwest Pullman eileen.
ers for Columbus and Cincinnati. o
Cafe car.
@:OS m. ;or Kenova. Cincinnati
Portsmouth. Columbus, st. Louis
Through Pullman sIeepers 20 CoIuD
bus. Cafe car
Leave 9:15 a m. and 2:25 p. m
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
EVERY MAN HIS OWN DOCTOR.

The average man cannot AFFORD
10 employ physician for every all
ment or injury that may occur in his
family. nor can he afford to neglect
them, as so slight an injury as the
scratch of a pin has been known to
cause the loss OF limb. Hence every
man must from necessity be his own
doctor for this class OF ailments
Success often depends upon prompt
treatment, which can only be had
when suitable medicines are kept at
hand. Chamberlain's Remedies have
been in the market for many years
and enjoy a good reputation.
Chamberlain's Collie, Cholera and
Diaroea Remedy for bowel com
plants.
Chamberlain's Cough Remedy for
coughs. colds, Group and whooplng
cough.
Chamberlain's Pain Balm Can an
tiseptic linimenD for cuts, bruises.
burns, sprains, swellIngs, lame back
and rheumatic pain.
Chamberlaln's Stomach and Liver
Tablets for constipation, biliousness
and stomach troubles.
Chamberlain's Salve for diseases
of the skin.
One bottle of each OF these Ave
preparations costs but 1925. For
sale by The White Pharmacy. Cor.
Princenton Avenue and Bland st.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

daily for Tazewell. Norton. and all
stations on Clinch Valley division.
Arrive from Norton aud all points
the Clinch valley division Z 2:4O
and 1855 p. m.
Leave $3.50 a. m. eor Re,iova and
intermediate stations via Wayne.
Leave 800 and 2:4O y. IN. for
WEIGH and intermediate stations.
For Pocahontas & SO n. IN. 9:0s
a m. 2:40 y IN and $40 u m. Ar
rive from Pocahontas at 500 a. IN
1908 p. m. and Sis y. IN.
For Bramwell. leave Bluedeld $3.50
a IN, SOS a m, 2:40 p IN and SEQ
p. m.
Call on agent Norfolk and Western
Railway. for tickets. maps, and add.
tional information.
w. y. BEVILL. G. p. A.
Roanoke Va
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

Surely the quFintest of the Whit
suntide custom still surviving in
England is the practice at St. ives
of throwing dice for Bibles. 1t dates
from 1875, by the will OF a DR.. Rob
ert Wilde. Every year six boys and
six girls. from church and unconfor-
mist Sunday-schools. cast dice for
Bibles in the presence OF the vicar.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
TETTER CURED.

\ lady customer of ours had sur.
fered with letter for two or three
years. 1t got so bad on her hands
mat she could not attend to her
household duties. One box OF Cham
berlain's Salve cured her. Chamber
Ia'n's medicines give splendid salts
faction in this community.-M. II.
Rodney 4 Co, Almond, Ala. Cham
berlan's medicines are for sale by
The White Pharmacy. Cor Prluoc.on
avenue and Bland street.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
PILEsl PIIEs. puEsi

Williams' Indian Pile Ointment will
cure Blind, Bleeding and Itching
Piles. 1t absorbs the tumOrs, allays
itching at once, acts as poultlco
gives instant relief williams In
dian Pile Ointment prepared for
Piles and itching OF the private parts
Mail soc. and 800, williams mtg
Co, Cleveland, O.
Sold by the White Pharmacy.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

4 big cart-horse parade was held
lately at Regents park. London. at
which all English entries were eclips-
I'd by j Ogden Armour's magnih-
cent team Of grays from Chicago.
What a sensation they caused is APP
parent from the statement that a
special body OF police had TO be
told OF to prevent them from being
mobbed by admirers.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
MUST WEAR DARK
TIE WHITE WAIST
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT
MAKES NO PROVISION CON
CORNING RELIGIOUS
RULES.

Washington. June 3.-Letter car
riers, desiring to wear shirt waists
must wear dark ties and neat belts
This was determined officially by the
post Office department A few days
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
WHO is WHO?

Parkersburg, Huntington and
Charleston are stl scrapping over
the census takers report OF the city
OF Charleston. We would like to
know who is who AS TO the 'popu-
lation OF these three cities look Ia
your laurels, Charleston Parkers-
burg and Huntington. as Blueneld is
not far behind
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
Woman'sLife Saved
Not One But Thousands.

Kalamazoo. Mich. Looking hack over nearly
thirty years of medical service rrulpr, tu suiICr-
ing humanity. 10 h. one OF the mU-t pleasing r.
Elections OF my lfr that by careful rtspslrph and
study. l have hscn enabled not only iu gencnl
practice. bat 10y special rvnedies. TO be instru-
mental IN saving life. promoting health. and
bringing happiuess 10 thousands and thousands
OF suffering uurtalS '-kEv. X. PEN0ELLY. VI. d.
Inquiry "a Kalamazoo. Mich. discloSsS the fact
that In mentioning special remedies above. Dr.
Pcngclly referred to his experience of more than
twenty year. OF actual practice iu the treatment
of the diseases of women. during which time he
invariably prescribed LoaPhofa the well-known
"Nomhu's Friend and regulator. and which has
found ready sale among the reliable druggists OF
the land. II YOU are sick or Ailiug. you VII un-
doubleday desire 60 test the merits OF this valuable
wOmnn's mcdiciue Just ask your druggist for
Zoa- Phora. No other explanation will 10 needed.
You will get the Prescription used ~ successfully
by Or. Pengelly, already prepared and com
pounded IN just the right proportions and put up
In sealed. sterilized. one dollar bottles.
I'm each package will BE- found copy OF DR..
fengelly's Advice 20 Women" medical book.
giving Interesting and instructive information
about all the diseases OF women and the way TO
successfully treat them I'm the privacy OF your own
home without any publicity whatever. Editorl
For sale at Whites Pharmacy. Cor.
Princeton aenue and Bland street.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

A 9O7-ton steam yacht just built
at Leith for an American multimil-
lionaire is said to carry more stores
than any yacht in service. Express
ed in cases of champagne and quarts
OF cocktails the capacity OF the noble
craft would doubtless astound tn,
eye OF the proletarian.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

Prisoners from whom informa-
ton is desired are tortured to the
extent that they are taken away from
their fanatics and kept in dark.
damp cells. with little or practically
no food.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
TO THE POINT.
MAY HAVE FOUND 1T

Perhaps that man Peary really
found the north pole and carclcssly
left IL lying around loose somewhere
in this locality or country.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

Mr.. G.. M. Caldwell OF OKcenc.
w. va. representing tho w. NJ Ritter
Lumber Company id I'm the city ON
business.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

We're alive and they touched me in
several other ways before got
away"
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

U. S. Ar
my, able bodied, unmar-
ried men between ages of
81 and So; citizens of Uni
ted States, of good charac-
ter and temperate habits,
who can speak, read and
write English. For infor-
nation apply at Recruit
ing Office, Thornton Build
ing, BIucicld, w. Va.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

opportunity will
"0s m sIueieIds most desirable
uron every point of Of BIueie
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
CLASSIFIED

WANT ADS. oNE-HALF GENT PER
WORD.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

FOR SALE.-Good driving horse.
Address G. r. B. Box III City.
5-19-tf.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04

FOR SALE:-PoDy- age 8 years.
Drives and saddles nicely. Gentle.
Price $4,000. Y. NJ. Barger.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1907-06-04
Lots will be Staked and Maps Made
You Just Wait.
you CAN AFFORD TO WAIT FOR THIS

dont De led off by brass
man
Gene around TO our office and let US discuss This
property the future home censr Of sturdy progressive
population.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20
"The Box Party"

The Westminster league of the Pres
byterian Church gave most delight
full reception at the home OF Capt W.
C. Davis on Friday evening. The prime
object OF the entertainment was to RAISE
funds to aid the cause of Missions, as
well as to give social pleasure tc' the
young people of the town.
The managers of this pleasant and
profitable affair arranged and carried
OFT the program Of box party on ar
original plan, each young lady present
was invited by committee to bring
box of something to tempt the eye, ap'
petite, and generosity OF the youns
gentlemen.
This invitation was responded to lit,
orally and literally.
The boxes came decorated in many
colored ribbons and flowers. and the
Young men found themselves sin box
when the auctioneer began to cry his
wares. He who would bid highest or
each as it was offered for sale would re
ceive it, and on opening it would dis
cover the name Of the young lady tc
whom it originally belonged. She
must then share the contents with the
purchaser. The sale of these boxes a.
mounted to twenty dollars.
One delightful feature OF the even
ing was very interesting talk by Mr.
Davis on his trip to New York, Boston
and Nova Scotia last summer.
When the hour fer departing came
the young folks declared that they had
spent most pleasant evening.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20

II ever town was imposed upon by
tax-dodgers, and the unequal assess.
ment OF property, it is the town OF Man.
ming. and some of the hardest kicks are
among the greatest tax-dodgers. What
Manning needs is a board of property
assessors who are honest themselves
and who have the manhood to make
other people honest that are not dis
posed to be. a scrutiny of the tax.
books of this town will show there are
people who own valuation OF SO, ,OOC
that pay but little more taxes than
some who only own valuation OF
$1,000. It is unfair and there should be
a remedy.
The people are prone to blame coun-
Gil, and we have no doubt council is
remiss in many things. but to our Ger
tain knowledge, men who are daily
hurting maledicsions upon the heads OF
council for raising the tax levy, are
not paving half the taxes an honest
assessment would require of them. We
were opposed to the raise in the tax
levy, because we believe then, and we
believe now, little use of financial
Judgment would have been sufficient
to make the town easy, and we also
believe our own property is somewhat
under assessed, but it is fact the
amount paid by US is several dollars
more than some who OVID a great deal
more property, and whose property
would bring in open market a great
deal more than ours. The blame for
this condition may not be on council If it
has no authority to have an assessment
higher than that made by the county
board, but if such is the case the law
needs correcting, and we should have a
law which will make these loudmouthed
skulkers and kickers pay their honest
proportion towards the town govern
maOt
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20
Editor THE MANNING TIN

Editor THE MANNING TINES:
Your letter of Nov 10Th asking this
Office to furnish you for publication
certain information concerning the
Towns financial condition, received.
Question l. What was the total in
come and disbursements for the years
1908, 1904, 1905, 1906, up to August 30,
1907:
Our fiscal year closes April 18th each
year, so that the following is an exhibit
from the annual reports rendered and
published by you each year.
For the year ending April 10th. 1903,
the total receipts were s77,31S.46, in
cluding an unexpended cash balance
the preceding year Of S627.94, leaving
the true income for that wear 81, l,O9O. 81;
total spent for all purposes was 81, 720.15
leaving a cash balance for the follow
inc year of S2,59S.31. The sum total
ending April Is, 1904 was sl0,406.97,
which, less the cash balance last re-
ported, leaves the net receipts S., Sl0.66.
The expenditures for all purposes were
S5,3O2.61, leaving a balance for the
next year Of SIS, 106.36, including bills
receivable of $3.50 "a, or a net cash bal
ance of S4,S55.42. The following year
the total was Sl3,S15.4G. Deducting the
cash balance 81, ,S55.42 leaves the true
income from all'sources for the year to
April is, 1905, SIS, ,959.9S. The expendi-
lures for all purposes for that year was
81, $50. l3. The total receipts for year
ending April Is, 1906, were sl1, ,0S4,10.
Deduct the cash balance S2,265,27 and
we have net income of sS,S19.43. The
total expenditures were S9.l97.24. For
year to April Is, 1907, the totalreceipts
were s9,377.74, including the cash bal.
ance of 81, ,SS7,46, or a net income OF
81 7,490,2S. The expenditures were
ss,3Se.26, leaving cash balance to be-
gin the present year of s9SS.4S The
total receipts for the year beginning
April Is, 1907, up to the present time
are SO, ,236.5S. Expenditures S8,4l6.43.
Outstanding debts, s., %. Cash on
hand and in Bank, SS20.l5. Net in
debtedness, s2,004.l4.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20

Died last Monday morning, Mrs Dc
ra Gamble, wife OF Sheriff E. B. Gam
bic, aged ~ years. The deceased was
a devoted wife and mother, and leaves
nine children. Mrs. CANDLES death
was unexpected, she gave birth to ar
infant and was considered in sp lendid
condition. Sunday night she complain
ed of not feeling well, and then relaps-
edin to unconsciousness from which she
never recovered. Her death was Sc
we're shock to her ia lily and friends,
We but voice the s~ntiment of this
community when we extend our heart.
felt sympathy to Sheriff Gamble, and
his family in this their hour OF great
est afliction. The funeral took place
in the Manning cemetery Yesterday
Rev. C. A. Waters, assisted by Rev.
D. A. Phillips, conducted the service.
The pail bearers were: a; ~, |: bar
Y. Jackson, Il. NJ. a1ahoney and a.
I White
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20

II will be noticed that Mr.. Browne
goes beyond our questions in bringing
in the receipts and disbursements to
date, when we only wanted inforna..
ton to August 80, 1907. The object OF
wanting information to August 80,
1907 was to avoid mixing the present
tax collection with the towns fund be-
fore the present collection began, so
that the taxpayers could Judge whether
or not there was good financial judg-
ment exercised in raising the property
levy $50 per cent, and the street tax
| 80 per cent. After going over Mr..
Brownies statement we confess that
his unasked for explanations are about
as clear as mud to US, but perhaps to
those more accustomed to handling
books and figures it may be clearer, we
hope so.
If the statement above published is
from the town books, and we must pre-
sumo it is, those books needs auditing
so that clear understanding can be
obtained from them. We will venture
that there is not an accountant in this
town who can take the town clerks
statement, and tell how much the town
was in debt prior to the tax collection.
Take the matter of notes neld by the
Bank of Manning, Mr.. Browne says the
aggregate is S2,362.I4, but ae does not
say that to reduce this amount to
S2,362.14, there was a considerable sum
taken from the present tax collection.
The public estimate of the towns in
debtedness prior to the present collec-
+ioo ,cas hetWaen $4,000 and S5000 and
the statement by the Clerk has moi
| lowered the estimate. If however the
town was only in debt for the small
amount the statement indicates, then
there was no necessity for such a dras'
tic raise proper financing should have
brought relief.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1907-11-20

Question 2. What was the total
amount of the Towns Indebtedness up
to August 30, 1907, for which notes
were given to secure?
Owing to the nature of the various
transactions, cannot well furnish you
the condition on August 80, and have
therefore brought the general summary
down to the present date. The Towns
revenue in the way of monthly receipts
from the dispensary has been changed,
so that we get our portion every quar-
ter, and only one-third of the net
profits. whereas we formerly received
one-half. We have not gotten so far
an average monthly amount equal to
that under the old fornl.1
The town has had large expenses to
meet this year, and was compelled TO
borrow several times from the bank to
to enable it to meet all its accounts.
The new fire engine cost net 81, 600, the
ola one repurchased $212.50. The hose,
Lose reel, FIRE horses aud other equip
ments cost several hundred more. The
town has had ten cisterns constructed
so far, the largest ones costing slightly
in excess of $500 each, and the smaller
ones slightly in excess OF $3.50 each, or
about an everage Of SII5 each for the
ten that have been constructed.
The total taxes collected so lar
amount to s2,557.32. The balance yet
to be collected together with the dis
pensary profits anticipated at the end
of the next quarter should put the
town on cash basis again. All current
expenses to date have been met.
Question 8. What was the total
amount OF the Towns Indebtedness for
which no notes have been given, so far
as came to yonr official knowledge up
to August 80, 1907:
Of the outstanding Indebtedness the
Bank of Manning holds notes aggre-
eating 81, 2,362.l4, of which only 81, ,oOC
was borrowed to meet local eNpendi-
lures, she balance being notes to the
Howe Engine Company, which the
Bank discounted and accounts due by
the town of S462l5 for brick, cement,
oil. horse feed, ETC. I certify that the
above exhibit is correct.
Z. J. BROWNE,
Clerk and Treas.