davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1907-05-04
ARLY EVERYBODY IN WASHINGTON READS THE SUNDAY STAR
STAR BRANCH OFFICES.

STAR BRANCH OFFICES.
II not convenient to call at The
Star office, 18th street and Penn
sylvanIa avenue. leave your advef-
tisement at any of the following
Branch Offices:
NORTHWEST BRANCHES:
Gentner's Drug Store 18th and SITS
Epplry's Drug Store, 14th and yelling pl.
Portmau's Drug store. 18th and r: ~, Il Az. "s
kIDt91T Drug store ,s Ns,mp na a, s.
Holtzclaw's News Stand. 1905 Pa. ave.
Hcrbst's Drug Store. 21th and Pa. ave.
Criswrlrs Drug Store. 9TH and L sts-
Postal Telegraph Once. 1928 Conn. ave.
Postal Telegraph Once. OLE Pa. ave:
Postal Telegraph once. 9th and sts s,..,,,
3 k'nn. Sons & Co.. Information bntea n,
Woodward Lothrop. superintendent aess.
Interior Dept. sth 4 SITS. Telegraph o OMce'
Commercial Bank bldg. Telegraph ONCE.
Corridor u. s. Capitol.
Godenhcrg's Department Store. sl2-2S TN
st. Bureau OF Information. ~
The ilntchns; Hsnner Drug Co. , lafn ave.
Louis y. Cas.ell, Pharmacist. 300 lin 81.
Dupont Pharmacy. Chns- s. Boston, p'0p''
GEORGETOWN:
o.Donnclrs Drug Store. s2d and n sta
onounclrs Drug Store. 32d and st''
Adams Express Office. 1922 SOD ST.
Priie's Pharmacy. 2sth and p sts-
NORTHEAST:
Kencaly'S Pharmacy. n. Capitol ana ! SIS
Haley's Pharmacy. 11th and Z. Capitol sts-
Mlburn's Pharmacy. l3tt and II SITS.
Buffers Pharmacy Ith and Stanton place.
SOUTHEAST:
Bradlcy's Drug Store, sth and = sts
O'Dohnelrs Drug Store Sd and Pa. ave.
SOUTHWEST:
Sullivnn's Drug Store, 18th and n SITS.
Eleventh Street Wharf. o Brien & Hail.
CLas. ). Walter 0O1 Az ST.
ANACOSTIA:
c. G. Lohr, - Monroe
ALEXANDRIA:
A. s. DonIphan. 127 King st.
BRIGHTwooD. D. c.:
VIM. Thomas, Brightwood ave. and Long
fellow st.
TENLEYToWN D. c.;
Geo. =. Parton, Druggist, Wisconsin ave.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1907-05-04

OF ALL KINDS OF JEWELLERY.
Repairing a speciality. Diamonds set while you
walt BY skilled workmen; also watch repairing.
We buy diamonds, old gold and silver for our own
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
AMONG THE CHURCHES
Items Of Interest Cleaned from Pull
pit and Sanctuary.

Rev. Al. Luscombe, of Cedar Rapids
preached at the morning services al
the Baptist church and delivered an
excellent sermon. Mr.. Luscombe was
formerly member of that church
when he lived in the city AM it was
with much good feeling tha4 he was
permitted to fill the pulpit yesterday
Mr.. Luscombe has been in the city at.
tending the national holiness conyen,
tiOa. The church was beautifully
decorated Sunday evening with flowers
and foliage ami the Children's day ex.
ercises which were given were quite
pleasing. The attendance was large
and every number on the long pro
gram was carried out successfully. Es-
peciaTiy good was the flag drill by ten
girls which closed the evenings en-
tertainment. In addition to the pro
gram which had been published there
were two instrumental solos, one by
Paul Stump and the other by Made
line Stump. Mr.. Ross and daughter
Edith also rendered an instrumental
duet.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
IOWA CROP BULLETIN
CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT THE
STATE AS NOTED BY THE
WEATHER BUREAU.

Des Moines, Ia, June 1S.-The week
opened with cool, wet ald cloudy
weather, and excessive moisture in the
fields in the larger part of the state.
But the skies were quickly cleared,
with rising temperature and normal
sunshine, and n the latter half of tne
week conditions we're generally favor
able for field work and the growth OF
all crops. Reports indicate that fair
progress has been made in cleaning
out the weedy corn fields, and the
plants are showing better color and
the good effects of sunshine and
warmth. The week was very favor
able for grass and small grain. The
pastures are especially good, and the
meadows give promise Of better hay
crop than seemed possible few weeks
ago, though the average yield will be
materially short in comparison with
recent years Potatoes and gardens
are doing notably WELL
Secretary Greene reports that the
general condition OF fruit In Iowa IL
"a per cent below the estimate made
In June last year, and apples cannot
exceed half crop.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
NO MORE SWIMMING,
Boys Are Barred From the Refresh
ing esprit Lake,

The small boy will have to go fur
Their out of the city to go swimming,
since Constable Geo. Andrews has pro,
hibited him swimming in pond east
on the Rock Island, .licknaned by the
boys spirit Lake"
Mr.. Gilcnrist, VINO owns the proper.
ty on which the pond is located, swore
out John Doe warrant in Justice Ba-
cons court charging a number of lads
with unlawful assembly. 1t seems
that Spirit Lake" is the only place
near the city where "swimmin' is
good. Since the hot weather has
come the boys nave found this out and
for the past two weeks they have been
spending the afternoon swimming and
diving AMI playing in the lake. The
presence of the boys in the pond
scared the cattle and prohibited wom-
en- from going near the place.
Armed with "a warrant yesterday
Constable Andrews went to the lake
and found about twenty-five boys bath
ing. Eacn one was cited to appear be-
fore Justice Bacon this morning to
answer to the charge of unlawful as
sembly. , ~
1t is said that some days there are
one hundred boys in the pond ald on
Sunday it is estimated that two hUl-
bred boys enjoyed swim in the place.
But the die is cast, and another
swimming hole must be found. p.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
A NEW SLEEPER.
oskaloosa Has Another Candidate For
Racing Honors.

Oskaloosa has new bidder for hon,
ors in the circle of fancy horses owned
locally. The newcomer is a stallion
pure bred, registered and a good step
per H. e, Motto purchased the hose
at Hedriek and after spending the sea
son locally will be tracked for the
fall harness events. The horse is a
standard bred trotter and has been
registered. He is a seal brown and
weighs about twelve hundred pounds
as a six-year-oid. He was bred and
owned by George Cowan of ottumwa
and snows some excellent blood His
name is Shade Baron, sired by I1dica-
tor, by Electioneer. He by George
Wilkes by Hamiltonian Ten. The
dam is by Onslaught, By Onward In
the pedigree of the animal, four differ
eat and separate back crosses are
shown, somewhat unusual occur
renee.
The horse is thus far without a
mark, but his capabilities are known
and he is expected to give a good ac-
count of himself this fall He was
brought to the city last week by Mr..
Motto and Tom Combs, who is in
charge.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

! and there may be the cab hire to con
slider. Graduation aight the girls
bloom fortn in full glory, silks and
laces for some, always pretty mus
| lins. with q well made outfit to go
with it. The friends who have been
honored vita announcements are ex-
pected to send presents and hot house
flowers are Indispensable. Cabs and
ice cream fall to the boys lot.
Then the graduates with great dig
Unity and eclat attend the Junior re-
|ception, which means another dress
for the girl and another cab for the
boy.
All this from the poor mans col
lege." Do you say the poor man will
not allow his children such useless
Injuries? 1t is there you touch hui
mainly on the raw. The poor boy or
girl is both sensitive and proud, and
can not bear to be outdone by his
wealthy classmate.
The Outsider knew a poor woman
in this town, one who gave music les
sons and took in sewing to exc out an
existence, yet who declared that the
graduation of ner daughter cost her
500. Foolish? OF course it was, but hui
manity is foolish. and you just must
take that fact into consideration at
all times. Many a man depriyes MS
child of the last years work in high
school-just because of the expense
graduation.
That our school authorities are be-
ginning to believe this was proved
last year when they ordered the class
to graduate in cap and gown. But
this only added to the expense the
rental of the academic toggery.
There is only one way to deal with
the graduation problem--only one
Do away with it altogether. Let the
class that finishes in June do just as
the class does that finishes in Janu-
airy. Let them take tleir diplomas
and go nome. o., .a.,...
OF course they are a lot of foolish
young people who love the fuss and
fiummery of graduation week. There
are also number of sentimental Old
people who want to see my boy lor
girl in the l!melight just once.
Their are city superintendent who
enjoy their own grandstand part, and
it is hiated that some school boards
do not object to their position on the
stage, where each may suppose him
self the cynosure of all eyes. But all
this does not prove that graduation
is necessary, is wise or is right, and
the Outsider will always contend that
the poor mans college" must be so
as to best benefit the poor
man. -.-
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

the ribbon bearers. Miss Florence
Sprague and Miss Ethel Edinges
stretched the ribbons for the bride
and groom to advance TO the altar.
They were followed by Miss Dorothy
Spragne carrying a basket Of roses
containing the ring. The bride was
beautifully gowned in a net dress
WITH ribbon and lace trimmings. She
wore a tulle veil tied with lilies of
the valley and carried shower bou-
quet Of white roses. Rev. Sweet
awaited them at the altar and read the
impressive marriage service to the
soft strains of music. The newly
welded couple left the church to the
wedding march from Lohengrin and
went to the home of Rev. and Mrs.
Sweet Of Capitol avenue, where they
heM reception to number OF their
friends. The parlors were tastefully
decorated with smilax and white ros-
es Here they were assisted by Mrs.
Edinger and Mrs. Trueblood. Follow
ing congratulations a wedding lunch
con was served in the dining room,
where pink and white carnations and
roses presented charming effect.
The guests who attended the ~ecep-
ton numbered about one hundred
The out of town guests present at the
and reception were Mrs. d.
w. Roberts, Miss Minnie Rhodes and
Miss Carrie Roberts of 0skaloosa;
Mr.. Cliff Roberts of LaGrande, Ia;
Mrs. Willitts of Alliance, Neb., and
Miss Eva of Canton, Ill.
DR.. and Mrs. Roberts will take a
short trip and will be at home at 745
street. Mrs. Roberts will
be remembered as assistant at the Ed
niger studio for a number of years
and later with the Webster studio.
DR.. Roberts is of the firm of Roberts
Z Higgins, physicians"
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
MRS. BURKE HONORED
Appreciation Shown For Work Dur
ing Recent Biennial.

About seventy-fiye members of the
oskaloosa Woman's Club were preseat
at a social given Tuesday afternoon in
the Y. NJ. G. A. rooms which proved a
most happy occasion. Order was call
ed by the president and short bust.
ness session was neatly and quickly
dispatched. Then in words beftting
the occasion, presentation Of hand
some case Of solid silver knives, forks
and spoons was made to Mrs. Menza
Burke.
This compliment extended to her
Is only a slight manifestation Of the
regard with which she is held in O.
w. G. n'#
Her selfRacriflcing work as con-
trolling force Of the recent biennial
has moro than ever endeared her to
the club. While all worked with Q
will, they needed her true and keen po'
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
Elrst Presbyterian Church.


Children's Day was observed by the
Presbyterian Sunday scnool in the
morning. and the program was unus-
ually attractive with the professionals
and drills in addition to the accus-
toned singing and recitations, which
were all good. A large number of the
cniIdren appeared in more or less pro
minelt parts during the morning,
making the exercises very interesting
to the large audience. These exercis-
es are the result of much labor on the
part of the different committees on
account of the large number who took
part and the dimInutiye size of the
singers and speakers and the pleas
ing success with which all was car
ried out is credit to those who had
charge of the preparation.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
Harness oiled, dressed and re-
paired at L L HULL'S.
224d2 W.
THE CARNIVAL IS ON.
Auspicious Opening of Great Attrac-
ton at Ball Park.

With whoop the doors of the big
pike were thrown open at the SEIZED,
uled nour last night and the fun is on.
The carnival crowd was there with all
the enthusiasm of old. The shows are
great and not disappointment was
met with. Monday night was free for
the news boys and the Herald carriers
were there in force, some twenty-five
strong. A clean sweep was made Of
the place and the mysteries explored
from the ghost show to the Alps.
The motto of the Cosmopolitan
Amusement Company is to exhibit the
best of everything in the amusement
world and to furnish high moral at.
fractions to which any one can, with.
out fear of being molested, bring their
families along and enjoy day of real
pleasure. All the old aggregation is
there with the Ferris wheeI,the merry
go-round and the beautiful Mamie, but
with them are found many new sensa-
lions and surprises.
The Londch Ghost Show is among
the best. No lover of the comical or
mysterious should miss this remarB.
able production. Prof Darlington S
museum is an exhibit of real merit
The specimens are wonders and the
lectures which ne gives are very in,
structiye. DIR. Carri7gton is an ex.
pert in natural history and has spent
his life in geological and archaeolog-
ical research and all Of his specimens
are of his own discovery. Of particu'
lar interest is the mummy which he
found two years ago in our own coul
try in the cliffs of Arizona. The Snow
is fully as good as represented and
the curiosities are interesting and wor
thy of patronage.
In the Outlaw show is realistic pro
ductio1 of the Thaw murder trial and
events preceding it. Stanford Whites
courtship of Evelyn Nesbit is good and
the story is continued through the
murder of White by Thaw and the
closing of the Investigations of the
insane commission. In another view
of the same show President Roosevelt
is seen at jamestown. All OF the dis
plays are strictly up-to-date.
Chief among the attractions 10 the
mammoth Wild West and Hippodromt
circus with the brolcho busting, boom
erang throwing and sharp shooting
The closing act and the browning feat
ure of the whole carnival is Prof. Strah
in his high dive from the dizzy height
of 100 feet into probably the smalles
life net ever used. Last evening tht
dive was made but az the electric
lighting system had not been fully ar
ranged the height of the ladder wai
not as great as it will be from nov
on aad all visitors were allowed to re
tain their tickets, which will be gooC
for any performance during the week
The show is well worth the price ask
ed.
The attendance was good for the op
ening night and with fine weather tn,
undertaking will prove a great finan
cial success to the Base Bali Associa
tiol, under whose auspices the carni
val Is being given.
Wednesday afternoon all children
under IA will be admitted to any o
the attractions for half price. Tni
will be chlldrea1s day. and no doub
the little folks will make the mos
OF it.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

litical insight for their guidance. With
her understanding of public questions
IN general and her knowledge of the
relation which we should sustain to
other organizations made her position
as chairman of Biennial Board invalu-
able to the club. When differences Of
opinion were liable to make trouble
IN our work, her tactfulless never de-
serted her and harmony prevailed.
Mrs. Burke was taken completely
by surprise. but she soon recovered her
usual bright manner and the meeting
became most informal and happy
affair. Refreshments were served and
everyone weat nome happy.
journalist
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
Large stock suit cases; prices
low at Z. L. HULL'S. 244d2w2
Y. NJ. c. A. BOYS CAMP.
Twenty Lads viii Spend Ten Days On
the River.

Today the Y. NJ. C. Alloys started
in wagons and on wheels with abuld-
ant provisions and tents for their tel
days outing on the Des Moines river.
Three officers nave been appointed
over the camp. Wilbur Hoy, superin-
tendent; Paul A. Lewis, assistant sup
erintendent, and Herbert Smith camp
cook. Twenty boys in all will follow
during the day and tomorrow. They
are Scott Grail, Clarence Paris, John
Porter, Edwin Dodds, Edgar Reute-,
Floyd Reuter-. Paul Noel, Thurlow Tel.
mis- Allen Rodgers, Lewis Cox, Walter
Henley, Blanchard Preston, Ea.l Ster.
ling, Howard Hoffman, Eugene Little,
Clyde Anderson, Glenn Hatehett, Ira
Barnhart, Sidney Hirsch, Lee Johnson,
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
Mnst GO 10 PrIson.

James Sparegroye of williamsburg
must go to the penitentiary for two
years as per Judge Bylngtoa's sell
tence. The man was convicted in the
Iowa county court, under an indict-
ment charging him with wilfully de-
sertiag a two-year-old child aad expos
ing IL to peril and death. He was ac-
cused Of leaving the babe ON a door
step In WILLIAMSBURG.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND
DEATHS.
MARRIAGE LICRNsEs.

Following is the list of marriage IL
csnses issued by the clerk since our
last report;
no. NAME. RESIDENCE. A9E.
arc + John Robinson Springfield Ill as
Lille Scribner, same, ..-,......,..37
a,o { Herman d Shultz, Buxton, -
80 Emma v Hoffman, city,
s9o ( John Mc0arty, oskaloosa, 20
lAlice Dow, same, ...,-.-..-...--....... 20
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

The estate of James Cullen. the
Charles City murderer, Is not nearly
az large as was supposed. and the
total will probably reach $1,000 IN
stead OF $4,000 as reported al the
time Of bis death.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

ROBERTS RAWLINS.-of we'd
ding interesting to friends here the
Des Moines Tribune says: "The mar
riage Of Miss Minnie Rawlins a7d DR..
d. Winfred Roberts was solemnized
last evening at the Friends church,
Ninth and Grand avenue. east. Pink
and white was the color scheme for
the wedding. Palms and pink and
white carnations were used in decor
ating the church. The two hundred
friends who attended the wedding
were ushered by Mr.. Gilbert Roberts
OF wisconsin ana Mr.. William Roberts
OF this city. At 8 o'clock the strains
Of Me1delssohns wedding march By
Miss Goebel on the violin aecompan-
lied BY Miss Gail Clark at the organ,
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

MACE The funeral services of
Mrs. Sarah Mace win be Sunday morn
ing at the residence of her daughter,
1909 First avenue West, at $3.50. The
body will then be taken TO Eddyville,
where services will be neld at the
Baptist church at 1880 p. m.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

F0X.-The funeral services of Mrs,
Jennie Fox will be held at Wesley
chapel Sunday, June 16, at p. m.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

IRWIN.-Died, at mis- home in New
Sharon, Iowa, after long AID pain
full illness, Mr.. John Woodside Irwin,
aged &c years and months. Hi" wife,
daughter, Mrs. ]. H. Allen, of Union
Mills, VIM. A. Irwin of Red Oak, Iowa,
George F., of Pittsburg, Kan, and john
c., of Lincoln, Nebr., with three grand
children are left to mourn a loving
husband and father.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

JOHNSON.--Died, at the home OF
mis- parents, 500 West F avenue, Mon
day, June IL, 1907, at p. m. the in
FAINT son of Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. Johnson.
A private funeral service will be held
at the residence at p. M, Tuesday,
June is, and interment in Forest Gem.
etery.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20
SPICY COOKING

Women often wonder why they seldom
get the same results cooking food in which
spices are used. The reason is that the
tpieeS vary in quality and strength. This
variation is the outcome of buying in
balks for spices sold in this way are inyari-
ably weakened BY exposure. If you tell
your dealer that you want
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

CHICHESTER WISER. Married,
on Wednesday, June 5, 1907, at the
home of the brides pareI+s, Mr.. and
Mrs. John Wiser, near Abba, Miss
Florence Wiser to Mr.. Harvey Che
dester, both Of Abba, Rev. J. Ran
dolph of Pleasant Home officiating.
The wedding was quiet affair.
Many friends extend congratulations.
The Oskaloosa herald. (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa) 1885-1919, 1907-06-20

N0RRIS.-We desire to thank our
many kind friends and neighbors who
so kindly assisted us in the sickness
and death of our beloved mother, Mrs
Phoebe Ann Norris, who departed this
life June IL, 1907. Also for the may
beautiful floral offerings.
Mr.. Albert Norris.
Mr.. and Mrs. Tom White.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Pilgrim.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1907-02-23
Neural
gia

The acute, paroXysmal pain of
neuralgia is agonizing. Weak
ened nerves are nearly always the
real cause.
Keep the nerves firm, strength
en- them, tone them up and the
body thrills with the vigor of
health instead of being racked
with neuralgia pains.
Paine's Celery Compound, en-
dOrsed by neuropaths and spec
ciaIists, has been for 10 years the
standard nerve tonic of the
world.
Read the formula and the
statements of the medical au-
thorities and you will understand
just how and just why it is.
Paine's Celery Compound con-
tains no alcohol, no cOcain, no
opium, no harmful drugs of any
nature. 1t has stood the test of
generations.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1907-02-23
YOUTHFUL ORATORS
HEARD BY MANY
AN IMMENSE CROWD AT ROOF
GARDEN EXERCISES IN HONOR
OF WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY.

One Of the largest gatherings ever
seen on the Young Hotel roof garden
was that of last night at the celebra-
ton of Washington's Birthday under
the auspices of the Hawaiian Chapter
of the Sons of the American Revolu-
ton The gathering almost filled the
entire space of the roof garden. The
roof was lighted up with vari-colored
electric lights The inirals of the So
ciety We're outlined in large letters. A
stand had been erected at the makai
end of the roof garden with an inn
mense American flag as a background.
Governor Carter, one of the members
of the Society, presided. The exercises
consisted of the five orations which
were the prize winners in the contests
for the prizes offered by the Sons Of
the American Revolution at oahu Col
lege, st. Louis College, Honolulu High
School, Kamehameha School and the
Royal School The prize winning rep
resentatives of these five schools were
seated with the Governor on the plat
form. Madame Alapaf and native
orchestra rendered several patriotic Sc
lections america" 'Hed White and
Blue" Hawaii Ponoi" and the star
Spangied Banner"
Tie first grafton was by Miss Tho >
ence Hoffman, representing Oahu Col
lege. Miss Hoffman's grafton was OK
cellently received and she was given
much applause.
IN introducing Daniel Neal the rep
resentative of st. Louis College, Gov
ernor Carter spoke OF him as IAN Ha-
waiian born boy with Hawaiian blood
in his veins" Neal was in excellent
voice and was frequently applauded.
In introducing Miss Agnes Cassidy,
who represented the Honolulu High
School Governor Carter said she "has
not the honor of having Hawaiian
blood in her veins" Miss Cassidy took
a broad view Of Patriotism" as being
something more than a mere invinciblc
pride in ones country, but as involv-
! ing obligations of duty and activity,