davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03
JUNTA LEADER
IS SENTENCED
MEXICAN REVOLUTlONIST, JUAN
SARABIA, ESCAPES DEATH
SENTENCE WHICH FRIENDS
HAD FEARED.

Ell Paso, Tex, Feb. 2.-Juan Sarabia
former head of the Mexican reyou-
tonary juna in ST. Louis. has bee7
convicted n criminal charge in Chi
huahua. Mexico, and sentenced to a
term Of .eyen years and one month in
a prison at Ulna, Mexico.
The sentence is regarded as a light
one. Il was anticipated in many quar-
tiers that Sarabia, because of his well.
known activity in opposing the Diaz
government would be shst. Tn Wild
publicity given 70 his case and 10 the
attempt 20 extradite his colleague ea
now it. the United States is believed
to have helped Sarabia
Two of his colleagues. arrested in 81
Louis, wee freed by federal officers
there. and a tdird. Antonio villa cal. IS
resisting efforts at extradition in E.
Paso. where he is a prisoner.
one Sanales a comrade Of sarabia
received the ame sentence. Vincent
de la Tore ano. her alleg d consipra-
tor. was fenced TO FIVE years and
six months. Eduardo Gonzales TO three
years and six months. Nenisi0 Teie35
TO TIVE ~ ars and six months. and thi-
teen others 20 one and two years each
No ef these convicted appealed
and we're started under q guard Of
forty ruralss for the City Of Mexico
Their appeal will be heard in the
circuit c-urt there.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03
BAILEY IS RICH;
WAS ONCE POOR
GAlNSVlLLE BANKER, WITNESS
AT INQUIRY, SAYS SIX YEARS
AGO TEXAS SENATOR HAD
NOTHING.


Austin rex Feo' 1T d7FeiopeI
today from the testimony OF a Games
vile banker at the Bailey inyetiga
ton that SIX years ago Senator Bailey
had practically nothing and was, n
fact behind with his accounts, II was
e tilted by the same Tanker that
Senator Bailey today owns PR tlcally
100000 worth OF property IN his
home county in atd Tin 10 MS other
holdings in the state and country
John II Kirby president ot tee
Kirby Lumber conpa-y SAID tfat ne
has po1 Senator Bailey upward OF
$l50,ooo in me Ia hree years tot
services rendered; that on one ocoa-
sion Senator Bailey vent on his note
for $25,o00 and that he went on sen
ator Bailey's nte fer like amount
lie said that he once turned over to
Senator Bailey over $l50ooo worth o.
tock, hat Senator Raile7 sold it ani
paid him the money He testified tnat
Senato- Baiiey's connection with The
Kirby Lumber complny has not
ended but is still in force.
Says Bailey Fought Kim.
He testified that he never had any
thing d. with any legislation he
fore coaerc except the plag to make
Port Arthur Tex, porr Of cntrE
that he appeared before the senate
committee in that instance and that
while Mr Bailey Introduced him 70
the mombers Of the committee he
said:
'T am sorry that | have to lick you
snd he proceeded" said Mr.. Kirby,
"to licF me"
Mr., Ki.by aid that Senator Fai e.
not snly the best lawey bat IS tn
best business man that he has ever
seen; that he compelled Ia, Calhoun
If New York, to reduce to the posses
sion Of the Kirby Lumber company
$1,G0Q 900 worth Of securities belong
ing 10 The company Rhlnh ne had g5t
ten possession Of and put mp as Sc
cnriy for a loan.
Re testified TO transactions in
which b. r. Yoakum II. G. Pierce an
others bought large shares of S eek IN
his companies and that Mr. Bailey
engineered the deals that on one Oc-
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03
ITALIAN HAS SCHEME.
Wants to Furnish 10000 Laborers at
Reasonable Wages.

Kings on Feb. 2.-Sgnor Gusmini
a contractor Of Milan, Italy, has gone
to Colon Gusmini said he has ar
ranged contracts with 30 200 Italian
and Spanish laborers to work on the
lsthmian canal al reasonable wages
and that he was pr pared o land this
number OF men on the Isthmus within
six months. He believed the under
taking can be completed with the la
bcr a his disposal His object in
visiting The lsthmus is to cffer Ia
Chief Engineer John S stevens the
services of his army Of contract work.
men.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03
DIE IN SNOW AVALANCHE.

Toulouse. France. Feb. 2-The CA
s-no and twenty house III Bsrfz-s. a
well known pa near Lor-daz. Rave
been dcs'rc.ed by an avaIa-che o..
snow. Several persons are believe
-5 BE- bu-.ea il the -uizs.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03
SENATOR'S DEATH KILLS WIFE.

Pueblo COL Feb. 2-The WIDOW
of former United States Senator
Thomas NJ. Bowen oi Pueblo died yes
terday from grief over he husband s
death a month ago. Mrs Bowen had
been i'll from Brieht's disease some
time before Senator Bowen died and
after his death she began to fail
rapidly and frequently EXPIRE sed the
wish to die.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03

y rfolk Neb. Feb "a fail of 90
degrees IN tempe-a'ure i zEorn
here today TO hav. developed since
YESTERDAY The minimum todya was
seven below zero.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03

(cOueludsa or sixth Pagel
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03

IT CAN NOT BE said that you real.
Iy are in earnest about selling any
thing until ycu advertise H.
The Cairo bulletin., 1907-02-03

MAKE NEW BUSINESS acquaint
ances by inviting new people to your
store through advertising.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
LITTLE POCKET PHYSICIAN.
Hyomei Is Guaranteed by l.. p. Van
Werden To Cure Cdtdrrh.

Thousands who have been cured by
Hy-o-mei call the inhaler that comes
with every outfit the "Little Pocket
Physician" as it is so small that it can
be carried in the pocket or purse.
There is really no excuse whatever
for any having catarrh now that Hy-o-
mel is so readily obtainable. If you
have any doubt about it's value, L. P
Van Werden will let you have COM
plete outfit, with the understanding
that unless it cures catarrh, it will
not cost you cent.
The complete Hy-o-mei outfit consists
of the ''Little Pocket Physician" and
a bottle of Hy-o-mei and costs only
S1.00, making it the most economical as
we'll as the only guaranteed treatment
for the cure of catarrh. Remember
that Hy-o-mei cures catarrh without
stomach dosing, applying the medica
tion and healing where the disease
germs are present.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
TWICE-A-WEEK REPUBLIC.
Three Years for One Dollar.

Until June 80, 1907, the Twice-A-Week
REPUBLIC, of st. Louis, Mo-, the oldest
and best known semi-weekly newspaper
in the United States, will accept sub
scriptions at the remarkable rate of
three years for $1.00. At this price you
cannot afford to be without this big
semi-weekly newspaper.
Your friends and neighbors will also
want to subscribe. Tell them about
this great reduction in price, and ask
them to send in their subscribers. Old
subscribers as we'll as new may come in
at this price. If you are already sub
scriber, your order will be accepted
now for a renewal, to begin when your
present subscription expires. Remem-
Der, dollar before June 80 pays for
three full years 312 eight-page papers.
Send all orders to THE REPUBLIC,
st. Louis, Mo.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Natural spectacles.

Many birds are provided with natural
spectacles, transparent membrane
called the third eyelid. This third eye
lid when not in use lies folded In the
inner corner Of the eye. Two muscles
work it, spreading it over the cornea or
folding it up again much more cleverly
than man can put on or take off his
spectacles. But for its third eyelid the
eagle could not look at the sun The
specialized bear belongs to Chile. Its
Latin name is Ursus ornatus. 1t is
black, and around it's eyes pale rings
are drawn which have exactly the ap-
pearance Of pair Of goggles.-St.
Louis Globe Democrat.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Wind Velocity.

The average velocity Of the wind is
low, in most places between five and
ten miles an hour, corresponding re-
spectively to wind pressure Of from
two ounces to eight ounces a square
foot. During portions Of nearly every
day, however, somewhat higher veloc-
tiles are recorded, since the averages
contain considera BILE periods Of very
light breezes occurring often within a
few hours before and after sunrise
and sunset. There are few days with
out periods Of brisk breezes Of from
fifteen to twenty miles an hour.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
he latter read it and turned pale.

Ten minutes later the claim was
withdrawn, and claimant and defend
ant left the courtroom, the former
broken down woman, the latter serene
ly victorious. This was the codicil:
'To be used only in case Rebecca
Hubbell attempts to break this will
For years she has dominated me. She
tried to force me to marry her. She
has kept my niece, Jane Terry, from
me-"
Jane Terry did not need to open So
cial doors with golden keys. Her en-
envy was silenced. There was no fur
Their opposition to her entrance.
EA1MALINE C. BURKE.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
ARE YOUGOING
TO LOOK OVER THE
NORTHWEST?

If you are, with the view of locat
ing, write to the secretary of the Com
mercial Club. Mimic. n. D. We claim
to have the best farm lands to be
found anywhere in the Red River val
ley. Our method is to put prospective
buyers in touch with the actual prop
erty owner, thereby eliminating all
profits and commissions of the middle
man or broker, which in most cases
have been eXorbitant, and out of all
proportion. If interested write to
P J. CAROLINE,
Secretary Commercial Club.
Mimic, N. D.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Swastika, good-luck symbol.

Swastika, good-luck symbol.
for the less expensive form of decora-
tion of gold or silver, ranging from $40
to $50. Pearls are the favorite stones
for the setting, although in the more ex-
pensive orders diamonds are used.
The Swastika, or symbol of good luck,
was known and revered by prehistoric
nations. 1t was familiar to ancient as
tronomers, as part Of the constellation,
"Ursa Major" 1t was found among the
relics of the Mound Builders and the
Cliff Dwellers, and the Indians of the
southwest at the present day treasure
it is an ornament and an amulet, a
charm to drive away evil and bring
good luck to the wearer.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Prof. E. P. Conwell returned from
Montana last week where he has been
engaged as principal of good school
at a handsome salary of $3.50 per month.
He will remain here and visit relatives
a few days and will go from here to Lee
banon, Tennessee, to take course in
Law College. Prof. Conwell has made
rapid strides in attaining an education
and has proven his ability as teacher
and will no doubt be equally as success
full in his new profession. Grand River
Local.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

A sharp little thunder-gust passed
over Morgan and Woodland township,
over in Decatur county, last Sunday
evening. The rain fell in torrents,
mixed with some hail and the wind blew
at the rate of 60 miles an hour. Some
out buildings were upset and John
Grogans house was moved from it's
foundation but no very serious damage
was done. The storm was lively one,
but it only lasted about eight minutes.
-Lineville Tribune.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Mrs. A. B. McClaran has flock of 14O
hens which she has kept an account of
all eggs sold from since January LIST and
in the five months sold 1891 dozen
which amounted to $100.51. This does
not include what the family have ate
and used in the culinary department.
With a small farm few hundred hens
and good common judgment, a person
can make more clear money here than
he can off of the whole broad prairies of
the Dakotas. -Pleasanton Index.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
The Very Thing,

Eyes, ma'am," said the salesman, "an
establishment like ours has it's own lit
erary staff Here, for example, is an
ode to Our Furniture Polish written
by our own poet and set to music by
our own musician"
can ode to furniture POLISH" ex-
claimed Miss Peekay- Boob. why, that
would be just the thing to take home
and try on the pianow- Chicago Trib-
une.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
The Dim Past.

Professor Qecturing)- Oxygen, gen
tlemen, is essential to all animal exist
ence. There could be no life without it.
Strange to say, it was not discovered
until century ago, when Student
What did they do before it was discov-
cred, professor?
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Back in 1886 Campbell's Varnish
Stains were originated and offered to
housekeepers for retaining and refinish-
ing furniture and interior woodwork
The makers claim, and rightly too, that
twenty years experience making warn
ish stains enables them to make bet
ter article than can be made by those
new at the business. Ask for Campbell's
Varnish Stains. Mr.. w. A. Alexander
sells it.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Something Refreshing

in the form ia beverage is desired by
everyone, especially in summer, but be
careful what that something is. Before
you take it into yourssystem know that
it is pure and wholesome, that it is free
from disease germs or chemical adulter-
ations injurious to health. Therefore
when you drink, drink OTTUMWA
BEER, which has stood every known
test for absolute purity and healthfuI-
ness.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Rather Causttc.

did you tell your father I was hui
morist?' asked the tall young man
with long hair.
81 did" replied the pretty girl, land
he laughed
Laughed? Why, 1 thought he used
to say writing jokes was hard on the
brain"
$50 he did; but he says he never
heard Of your writing any jokes. -
Chicago News
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

W. R. Ward, of Dyresburg, Tenn,
writes: 'This is to- certify that l have
used Orino Laxative Fruit Syrup for
chronic constipation, and it has proven,
without doubt, to be thorough
remedy for this trouble, and it is with
pleasure offer my conscientious refer
ence." Bell & Robinson.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Pineules for the kidneys strengthen
these organs and assist in drawing pois-
on from the blood, Try them for rheu-
matism, kidney, bladder trouble, for
lumbago and tired worn out feeling.
They bring quick relief. Satisfaction
Guaranteed. w. G. Stempel & Co.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Hundreds of people yearly go through
painful operations needlessly, because
they never tried Man Ian Pile Remedy.
1t is put in such form that it can be
applied right where the trouble lies.
1t relieves the pain and infiamma-
tion. 1t is for any form of piles. Price
SO cts. Sold by w. G. Stempel & Co.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

If you will make inquiry it will be
revelation to you how many succumb to
kidney or bladder troubles in one form
or another. If the patient is not beyond
medical aid, Foley's Kidney Cure will
cure. 1t never disappoints. Bell &
Robinson,
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Man Zan Pile Remedy com

Man Fan Pile Remedy comes put up
in collapsible tube with nozzle.
Easy to apply right where soreness and
Inflammation exists. 1t relieves at once
blind, bleeding, itching or protruding
piles. Guaranteed. Price soc. Get it
today. Sold by W. G. Stempel & Co.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Summer coughs and colds yield at
once to Bees Laxative Cough Syrup,
Contains honey and tar but no opiates.
Children like it. Pleasant to take. It's
laxative qualities recommend it to
mothers. Hoarseness, coughs, Group
yield quickly. Sold by w. G. stempel
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

When man is ready to prove every
thing he says we wonder if maybe he is
lying good deal.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

When we see how proud parents are
of their children, who do we'll, we
wonder that any of them turn out bad
"
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Every once in while you get a ia
vor from some one you never cared
about.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
The SWastlka Fad Reiqns.

Are you wearing a Swatsika? No?
Then you're away behind the times.
What's Swastika?
Don't you know what Swastika is?
Why?
Don't know what Swastika is? Why,
Swastika is the latest fad in jewelry.
1t comes in stick-pin emblems. buttons,
hat pins, brooches, belt buckles and
whispergarter clasp.
1t is fact that the "Swastika" craze
has taken such firm hold in this city
that dealers find it difficult matter to
supply the demand for this paticular
form of ointment.
The Swastika is a symbol of good
luck, in the form of a cross and the old
est symbol in the world. For the pres
ent, at least, it has superseded the
horseshoe as typical of good fortune to
the possessor.
Its origin is unknown, although it is
said to date from remotest antiquity,
The Swastika is symbol that is most
readily adaptable to various forms of
design, and makes a very appropriate
ornamentation for the person in the
jewelers. craft.
Just now there is "Swastika" fad
sweeping the country. Who or what is
responsible for the spread of this fad is
as shrouded in mystery as the real sig
nifcance of the symbolic design itself.
Orders for the symbol in various
forms, such as stickpins, cuff buttons,
fobs, watch charms, lodge emblems, hat
pins, brooches, scarf pins, belt buckles,
garter clasps, breast pins, designs for
card cases, cigarette cases, match box
es and jewelry cases are pouring in up
on the leading jewelers. in such number
that they are unable to supply the de-
mand promptly.
In the majority of cases the call is
for inexpensive designs, although many
jewellers have received orders for
"Swatiska's,' costing from S175 to $3.50.
AS general rule. however, the call is
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20
Immense.

whats the difference between VI
sion and sight?"
"See those two girls across the
street,"
"Yes."
well, the pretty one I would call
vision Of loneliness, but the other one
she's sight" = Cleveland Plain
Dealer
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Really, most of the things you are
asked not to tell are of little import
ance.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1907-06-20

Are you wearing Swatsika? No?
Then you're away behind the times.
What's Swastika?
Don't you know what a Swastika is?
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Ring Found on Grape Stem.

With the stem encircled with a gold
ring. which must have been on all
the while the fruit was growing from
bloom to maturity, bunch of grapes
was discovered in Long Beach yester-
day. Charles Schwitzer, a peddler.
was weighing some grapes for a Gus.
toner when the glitter of an object in
a cluster caught his attention. It was
a gold bangle ring around the stem
midway in the bunch, and with grapes
both above 1t and below it.--Los An.
geles Times.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Persian CrtIeltv.

According to the authors of Queer
Things About Persia" cruelty is com.
mon there. The executioner cuts
Threats In public square and the
spectacle excites little interest. Crlmi-
nails are sometimes crucified and
sometimes walled up alive. Women,
for certain offenses. are cast head
long from tower. The Persian is a
gentleman of surprising courtesy and
politeness, but, say these writer's:
THE same man who drops rose petals
under your feet in order to make
them avoid the hardness CT the road
will not hesitate to make you suffer
the most cruel tortures. He delights
In the murmur of the rivuiet in the
moonshine, but the sound OF blood
flowing from an open wound has also
for him its fascination. The singing
Of the nightingale fills him with rap.
ture In the night, but he quivers with
pleasure at the cry of pain from a
victim"
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Want Column

Fof Sale or Rent-A six roomed
house with first class appointments:
also full sets OF furniture. Apply to
Ferdinand Jacobsen, 80 East Fourth
South. wc
Rooms to Rent-2Ol North First
East. VIC
Monev to Loan at 8 per cent on
farms. j. Y. Stewart. II
H.. J. Hansen, Westfield, city scayen.
ger and backyard work. Bell phone
I4Sz
For Sale-Lucerne and timothy hay
and straw. G. Balling, 316, So. Main;
Indepent phone 342, Bell 32lb. VIC
sell Real Estate, Loan Money and
write Insurance. Call and see me when
you want either. J. u. Stewart. VIC
For Sale-sO acres Of good farm land
and 20 acres OF first.class hay land:
small payment down, balance on
reasonable terms. DAVID REESE. W G
For Sale-Jonathan, Winesap and
Winter Pearmane apples. Geo. Kirk.
ham, Canyon street, first house east OF
OF the old rock mill, same side street.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Origin Of Common Terms.

Ballot as generally used, has
wandered far from its oriyr al mean.
Ing OF little ball" Even "blackball.
ing" is no longer necessarily literal.
Language has several fossil relics of
primitive methods of voting. Most
famous Is "ostracism," which perpet-
yates the memory of the ostrakon,"
the potsherd or shell upon which the
Athenian citizen voted for The Danish.
ment of a too priminent parsonage.
Another instance is "spondulicks," the
slang word for money. A "Bpondulos,"
properly vertebra of the spine, came
to mean any round thing aud in par.
ticuiar the voting pebble or its metal
equivalent.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Had No Use for "Jockey Pants"

John Sharp Williams is extremely
careless about his dress ana does not
care about fine clothes on anyone else.
In a recent campaign he offered his
services to the Democratic speakers
bureau and was sent north to help
out a congressional nominee. When
he returned to headquarters and was
piled with questions he said: Don't
you know that fellow came down to
meet me in a pair of fashionable rid
ing breeches and started to go around
with me with them on. just up and
told him that II he wanted to go to
congress he had better take off those
Jockey pants. After he left the blamed
things off we got along all right
Chicago Tribune
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Force Of q Cyclone.

Careful estimate of force of a cy.
clone and the energy required to
keep hurricane in active operation.
reveals the presence Of power that
makes the mightiest efforts Of a man
appear as nothing in comparison. A
force equal to more than 400, 000.horse-
power was estimated as developed in
West Indian cyclone. This greatly
exceeds the power that could be de-
veioped by all the means within the
range Of mans capabilities. Were
steam, water. windmllls and the
strength Of all men and animals com.
bined they could not even approach
the tremendous force Of this mighty
power.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
A Strain on Credulity.

Little Ma lie passed t. e summer at
seaside resort where mosquitoes
abounded. On the first Sunday after
her return to town her Sunday school
teacher told Of Noah and the ark.
and concluded by inquiring IL any
child would like to ask cues.
ton.
Il would" ventured Margie.
What would you like to know,
dear?' inquired the teacher.
I'D like to know II you are quite
sure that Noah only took two 'skeeters
into the ark" said the little GIRL
Harper's Weekly.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Making Raw Carbon.

One Of the most important electrical
Industries at Niagara Falls, Ont,
manufactures graphite from anthra-
cite coal and petroleum coke and con-
verts into graphite the forms Of raw
carbon used In electric furnace work.
where high temperature Is required.
and for electrolytic work, such as the
manufacture of caustic sodas. bleach
ing powders. etc.-in fact practically
all methods of electrolysis. The raw
materials used consist Of anthracite
coal, glass sand, foundry coke and a
sawdust. all of which are imported
from the United States, except the
sawdust.-Baltimore American.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1907-12-25
Black Wainuts Good Fuel,

Black walnuts are better for fuel
than coal. They burn easier. make a
quicker and hotter fire and last well.
There Is big crop of black walnuts
in Owen county this year. Gather
them and dry them in the barn with
the hulls on them and use them Just
the same as you would coal. You can
mix with coal or wood II you prefer.
A ton of black walnuts will make
more and better heat than ton Of
coal. Coal is very high this year. Save
your walnut crop and you will save
Just that much money. Try 1t and you
will be convinced.-Owen County Dem.
ocrat.