davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
HABITUAL DRUNKARDS.
English Physician Says lnebriety Is
Due 70 Defect In Mental Mechanism.

After a twenty-five years study OF
the inebriate, DR.. D. Welsh Brant-
waite, the inspector under the inc
briates act, has come to the conclusion
so he informed the society for the
study Of Lnebriety in his Norman Kerr
memorial lecture, says the London
Post-that inebriety is due to inher-
ent defect in mental mechanism, gen.
orally congenital, sometimes more or
less acquired.
Alcohol" he said, far from being
the chief cause of chronic alcoholism,
l., merely the medium which brings
into prominence certain defects which
might otherwise have remained hidden
but for its exposing or developing in
fiuence. 1t seems to me exceedingly
doubtful whether habitual inebriety is
ever really acquired in the strictest
sense Of the word, that is, in the alb
sence of some measure of pre- existing
defect. In other words, l am skeptical
very skeptical, indeed-as to the
probability of any normally CONSTITUTE
ed individual becoming a habitual
drunkard, even If he permits himself to
indulge occasionally in a fair measure
Of careless drinking, without the inter-
vention Of nerve shock or other infiu-
ence sufficiently potent to disturb the
equilibrium of nervous and mental
mechanism.
or the 2,277 admissions to state and
certified inebriate reformatories pre-
vious TO December OF last year, 62 per
cent were proved, he said, to be either
insane or defective in varying degree,
and only a little over 81 per cent could
be described as Of average mental ca
pacity." In regard to the insane inc
briates, the lecturer was satisfied that
the majority had become alcoholic be-
cause of their tendency to insanity, not
insane as the result Of alcoholism, and
that the preceding drunkenness was
merely precursory evidence Of ap-
preaching mental disorder. Those
classified as mentally defective showed
certain physical signs Of arrested or
distorted development, such as abnor-
mally small or misshapen heads, ir-
regularity in the upper or lower jaw,
and deeply placed eyes. Such cases
always gave evidence Of impaired de-
velopment Of moral sense, imperfect
control over impulse, and defect in
power Of judgment. Even in regard to
those classified as of average mental
capacity" it could not be said that they
were composed of entirely reformable
individuals; everything depended upon
the degree Of mental defect.
Dealing with the control and treat
ment of alcohol, the lecturer held that
the influences which incite or
strengthen moral resolution are useful
only when applied to inebriates whose
mental condition approaches the nor
mall" He considered that drugs were
extremely valuable for the transition
from long continued drunkenness to
enforced sobriety. When 1t became a
matter of physical control, the lectur-
er pointed out that benefit from such
treatment was often lost by too long
delay in applying it. Control should
be applied before the ori~tna' defect
| is increased by added des seneracy."
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
SOME HOMICIDE FACTS.
Significant Figures In Murder Cases

Significant Figures In Murder Cases
OF the 2,O44 persons committed to
Jail for homicide in 1904, fewer than
5 per cent were sentenced to death and
were awaiting execution Of that SEN
tcnce, according to John Koren's sta
tistics on homicide, which have re-
Gently been presented to the National
Prison congress, says the Boston
Transcript. These figures are highly
significant as showing the difficulty in
securing conviction in murder cases
In the six states in which homicides
were most frequent, Kentucky, Ten
nessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississip-
pi and Texas, with total Of TAB cases
in one year, only four persons Of this
great number of persons found guilty
were condemned to die; three in Texas
and one in Mississippi. Perhaps a
larger percentage Of the 700 might have
lost their lives than did had they TAX
en- a series of automobile excursions.
No responsible statistics concerning
the volume of homicide in the United
States have ever been compiled. Judge
William H. Thomas Of Alabama, COM
putes that the annual number Of hom-
icides in the United States is 9,S29, or
a fraction over 129 to each 100000
population. This is approximately the
guess furnished by a western newspa-
per that makes a specially of statisti-
cally exploiting suicides and illegal
killings.
II it were true that nearly 10000
homicides are committed yearly in the
United States the situation would in
deed, be deplorable. Mr.. Koren, who
is a special expert of the census bu-
reau and who deals in figures Of fact
rather than in figures of speech, makes
no estimate, but directs attention to
the 444 persons sentenced to prison In
1904 for homicide. For continental
United states this figure Is equivalent
to 30 in each 100000 population. Of
course, not all of these homicides were
committed in 1904, but the figure de-
notes, roughly, the annual census of
convictions for the offense in question.
Some slayers are lynched and never
get behind the bars; some kill them
selves after killing their victims and
thus make no showing in prison ros-
ters: some are never apprehended, and
some are acquitted on the ground of
insanity or for other reasons. But as
sumption that the number of these
cases in which Imprisonment takes
place is not easy. On the basis Of Mr..
Koren's showing as to the volume Of
sentences in 1904, 1t is probable that
the annual census of homicides in con-
tinental United States is much nearer
5000 than 10000, and that thick
slice needs to be cut from the loaf of
popular impression.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

AN IDEAL JURY.-The difficulty OF
impaneling jury in the early courts
of Wisconsin may be seen from a sto-
ry related by lawyer Of that state
afterward senator of the United
States, according to the New York
Times.
Judge Irwin was on the bench and
a murder trial was pending. G. l.
Long, Familiarity knowR as Lucy
Long. was under-sheriff There was
difficulty in getting jury that knew
nothing about the facts Of the case
The regular panel had been exhausted
and a special venire had been issued
and was finally returned.
well. Mr.. Long" asked the judge
have you at last secured sufficient
number of jurymen who know nothing
about this case?"'
Yes, your honor" replied Long
six Of them know nothing about this
case and the other six know nothing
at all"
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

HE HAD 10 Goa Chicago medico
tells of two physicians in a Wisconsin
town, the one elderly, with long rec
ord Of cures, the other young, with his
record still to make. The older doc
tor, 1t appears, was inclined to sur
render some Of his night work to the
younger man. One bitter night in win
ter the veteran was aroused by two
farmers from hamlet eight miles
away, the wife Of one Of whom was Sc
riously i'll. The doctor at once refer
red them to his young colleague, but
they refused the latters services.
VERY WELL" replied the doctor, think
ing to put a convincing argument be-
fore them. I'm that case my fee Is $40,
payable now"
Whereupon there ensued a remon-
STRANGE on the part Of the farmers. but
the doctor was obdurate. Finally one
Of the men asked the other:
We'll, what do you think I ought to
do?"
II think you'd better pay him the
S10," said the other. "The funeral
would cost you more" - Harpers
Weekly.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
CASH OR CREDIT.
YORK FURNITURE co.
j. G. WILBORN
= FOR SALE

Four nice building lots on East Mad
ison street; three tenant houses on the
lots. For a quick sale. Property oi
]. w. Dobson.
One House and Lot on West Madi-
son street. Property Of ]. w. Dobson
IS Acres-More or less, IL miles
Pineville, n. c.; near school and
church; 40 acres open land in cult.
vation, balance timber; adjoins u: T
.ailes, Fort Mill township.
100 Acres-35 acres in woods, bal.
ance in cultivation; level land; 2C
acres fine bottom land, not subject tc
overflow. Price $3.50 per Acre
Steele Creek, N. C.
Kendrick Home Place-134 acres
Lower Steele Creek on Yorkville and
Charlotte road, IL miles Charlotte;
80 acres In woods and pasture, balance
in high state cultivation; no waste
land, all level; 9-room dwelling; barn
gin, all necessary outbuildings; four
tenant houses.
1 have many bargains in land. Come
talk your wants with me. ! do moi
advertise all my lands.
j. C. WILBORN, Real Estate.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

yarns one third. This action goes in
to effect November 29th, or sooner as
the individual mills may desire. II
was decided to keep this schedule In
force until January Isl, at which time
should the market justify it, the pro-
duction will be put back on its origi-
nal footing This association Is COM
posed of a large majority Of the yarn
mills of the county and their action Is
in accord with similar step taken re-
Gently by the Southern Hard yarn
Spinners' association.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

LosLIG THE OPRoRTUNITY.-Mars
p. Wilder told a suffering story at a
dinner in Chicago.
II hate suffering stories as rule
he said. but this one is rather good
1t is about two blacksmiths, both slut
terers. The first snatched a hump OF
red-hot iron from the forge, rushed
with it to the anvil and then began
this conversation:
"'N-n-nOw, th-th-then, st-strike!
Qu-quickly!'
"'W-w-where shall I st-strike?
III just at the end. H.-h-hurry
up
"'Th- this end?'
Yes, of c-c-course. Mind you, hit
-s-straight.'
"'An r-r-right. N-n-now! Shall
l-l-let her g-g-go?'
"'N-n-no. you f-f-fool; the irons
c-c-cOld.' .'-Washington Star.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
YORK FURNITURE CO
FURNITURE, STOVES,
Undertaking Supplies
PAINTS, OILS, Etc.
THE PLACE
FOR FURNITURE

We have the BEST ASSORTED and
LARGEST STOCK of FURNITURE
and HOUSE FURNISHING we have
ever carried.
We buy in large quantities, and we
get the best prices. We give our GUS
toners the best prices possible, where
quality is considered.
Just received neat and pretty pat
terms In LACE and HALL CURTAINS.
Open FRANKLIN HEATERS at
$1,000.
WOOD HEATERS from $1.00 up.
We are selling our Wood Heaters at a
saerifice-get one before they are all
gone.
COAL GRATES-We have several
sizes Of Crates, at the right price.
See us for your wants and we will
convince you we are Headquarters for
,very thing in our line.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

"a His holiness the Pope has lace es-
timated at something like $1,O00,00(
value. 1t is kept in cedar wood cab
inets in the Vatican, and as it is the
custom of the royal and noble Catho-
lie family Of Italy. Spain and Austria
to present their bridal lace to the
church, the collection Is an ever-grow-
ing one.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

"a. The worlds record for the creates
number of divorce cases is held by the
Hungarian city of Avad. Last years
statistics show that 23O divorce cases
were tried by the courts and 21O di-
vorces granted. At present there are
$40 divorce cases awaiting trial. Avad
has less than 10000 inhabitants.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

UNNECESSARY NoIsE-Once when
Judge Gray of Chicago was tiryng a
case, so says an exchange, he was dis
turbed by young man who kept NOV
ing about in the rear of the room, lift
ing chairs and looking under things.
Young man." Judge Gray called out,
you are making great deal of un-
necessary noise. What are you about?"
Your honor" replied the young
man. II have lost my overcoat and am
trying to find it,"
Well" said the venerable jurist,
people often lose whole suits in here
without making all that disturbance"
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
TERMS AND CONDITIONS

close on SATURDAY,
20, al
be responsible payment
returned him or her
Of such oppage where SUD
discontinued
portion
whom
name was on
delivered
settlement
Clubmakes the right
decide credng
for one
Aft a has
Cubmakers
the fairness OF this provision The Cubmake who
will be called especially
Clubmak This
o he
Subscribers Wherever
address
ha right to return 1t this
sending
Cubmake
Clubmaker stands
In initials
this will be the Of avoiding much
troub
In the premiums TWO WEEKS will
be allowed working of Of the tie
contest 2s
of Clubs formed
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
There Are Liberal Premiums For All
Clubs of Whatever Size.
EVERY WORKER TO GET FULL PAY.
NEW SUBSCRIBERS GET THE ENQUIRER FROM THIS
DATE TO JANUARY IST, 1909, AT THE PRICE
OF YEARS SUBSCRIPTION

YORKvnLLE ENQUIRER is THE MOST THoRoUGHGoING
that fills its field more COM
material
defending developing ell
Al
controlling motives points back htTo
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
GLENN & ALLISON
Is YOUR CLOCK RUNNING?

IN HAT old Clock that has been
i standing for years, and which you
would like to have keeping time again;
but which you think cannot be fixed
at a reasonable price. Bring 1t to
me.
I do reliable, honest work on
Watches.
H D. MARLEY
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
CLOTHES CLEANING

T AM prepared to clean gentlemen's
l. clothes and ladies' skirts In a thor
oughly satisfactory manner, at rea-
sonable prices. Work may be sent d.
rect to my home or left at w. e. Fer
guson's store.
Mrs. r. a McCLAIN.
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19

THE CLUB OFFERS ENQUIRER the most
Carolina and
In
ITER ATHFIS
CLUB the entire competition to DO
edvith 81. ..s
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
HERE IS THE PROPOSITION

in for credit as E rapd @ m as @ sos aS
nss % include @ 1 An Psf sa% nPsT
March h s9 ss lses 1s As are on sa
ah5 ns e
aa ha E sG fss tas a iFfss rs s
Set sussy
oa these hy s s fsnSes 5 @ a ssa1n
ssn. e Rss. @ Because Ha ss 8
as su ns sas there these Bus
NEW SUBSCRIBERS
a s ne t. 1ss @ fs5
s1y 1o 1908 1909 for the price of
cLUBMAKERs
@ fSFe @ Ss
get the heF se ese u IN s s
Ssst'fsf a $ S 4on S5s
WHAT A CLUB is
Club. g9 he prize ses 9 s. s9s s SIX % t
ss5 Sssn 7sRHx 4 ?ss s Ssi
OTHER PREMIUMS
war. s che asssz s1s2 g;
@ our ss sa the %
FOX the folSWr
aa other sssSs
s ye @ %Hs AsS
zhfo FOX EIGHT aRz % rs nsS
7F SSS1Ss IT,
ss p z
Hunting GS c NY
sS S5 Az s % % zsa Ham,
5Ss Eass pR s s;E
WINCHESTER Colts Repeating Rihe as-'a
@ HHs R5E @ssss sysa III:
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
sosToN.

Il
| Gastonia Gazette, November Is: Mr..
and Mrs. Meek l.. Smith of Clover,
passed through Gastonia yesterday on
their way to Gaffney. A. Mr.. Lowe
and Miss Jones, Of the Macphelah
church neighborhood, surprised their
friends Sunday by driving through to
Bowling Green, where they were unit
ed in marriage. The bride is a daugh-
ter of Mr.. Ed Jones. Mr.. T. F..
Drum, who lives near Catawba, cele-
Ibrated his 18th birthday on Tuesday
Iof last week with q family reunion.
Mr. Drum has fifteen living children,
Ieighty grandchildren and eight great
grandchildren, more than 100 descend
ants in all. or the fifteen children,
seven were present, including Mrs. H.
M. Campbell of Gastonia. There were
sixty persons present at the reunion.
..... .Erskine Boyce, son of Mr.. S. N.
Boyce, was quite painfully, though not
seriously injured yesterday afternoon
| by being thrown from the horse he
was riding. The accident occurred on
West Airline street near the York
street crossing, where his horse be-
came frightened at the escaping steam
from a passing freight engine. His
Injury consisted of deep cash on the
| head, but there was no fracture Of the
skull, and be was reported this morn
ling as doing very we'll. . Mr.. Charles
t M. Hoffman died last night at his home
lin Dallas from locked bowel after an
illness of only a few days. He had
been confined to his bed since Monday.
Mr. Hoffman was u son of the late Mr..
John Hoffman and was about 40 years
of age. He is survived by wife and
four children. His widow was. before
her marriage, Miss Priscilla Brown, a
daughter Of Rev. S. ID. Brown of this
state. The funeral was held at Dallas
this afternoon, being conducted by the
Masons, of which order he was men,
Der. Interment will be made in the
Presbyterian cemetery at Dallas. 49,.
Capt. W. B. Smith of Glover, returned
|
where he went last Monday to consult
specialists at Johns Hopkins hospital
regarding his condition. He was ac-
companied by his son, Mr.. w. P.
Smith, and DR.. f. w. PRESLEY who re-
turned with him to Glover through the
country from Gastonia yesterday
morning. Some weeks ago, Captain
Smith suffered a stroke of paralysis
and his friends were apprehensive for
time as to his condition. The con-
sultation in Baltimore resulted in very
reassuring information and Captain
Smiths many friends at Glover and
elsewhere will be glad to learn that he
is much improved. AT a meeting Of
the CASTOR County Textile Manufac-
turers association Tuesday afternoon,
it was decided to curtail the output of
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
MAKE A CLUB
FOR THE ENQUIRER!

$3.50 Worth of Rock Hill Buggies to Be
Given Away as Premiums.
The Clubmaker of Each Township Return
ing and Paying for the Largest Num-
} Der of Names to Get Seventy
|: Dollar Quarter Leather
/ Top Buggy!
BUGGY FOR BULLoCKS CREEK
BUGGY FOR KINGS MOUNTAIN!
BUGGY FOR BROAD RIVERl
BUGGY FOR EBENEZER!
BUGGY FOR CATAWBA!
a.. BUGGY FOR FORT MILL!
BUGGY FOR BETHESDAi
BUGGY FOR BETHEL
BUGGY FOR YORK!
Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, 1907-11-19
WHAT A CLUB IS

The price of Single Subscription Is 81 year, or
Clubs the price for six months, $175 Tor yea
two or more names returned by the same Cubmaker ~
or NEW-that is people who now taking THE ENC
not been taking the 18th day Of last March-an
two or more at time, with without the cash, to su
the Clubmaker.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1907-02-21
Womsn's Stylish Shoes, | SO

Box calf, vici and patent
leather. sizes az to 7, Cuban
or Military heel, value 2.4o,
special at. .......,....1.9 %
Perth Amboy evening news., 1907-02-21
ru,n Erins Of Fashion.

With ishtail skirts. pony jackets OF
an elephant or mouse gray hue. topped
by torpedo toques. the up-to-date wom
ans garb sounds rather peculiar Y
the uninitiated.
A fur toque should be carefully Sc
lected. If it is the least BIT too large
Il has a heavy. unhecomng apnear'
ance, and further, fnrs ire not uniNer'
sally becoming
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1907-11-08
HOW TO CURE DYSPEPSIA.
Simply Observe a Few important
Rules of Health.

1t is amazing that SO common a diff.
Guilty as dyspepsia should be so little
understood by the general public, and
that its remedy should be so hard TO
find. But it can be cured. and without
any marvellous nostrims, by observing
a few important rules Of health.
The ~dyspeptic must first fix in his
mind the fact that his ailment is the
result of bad habits Of eating and liv-
ing, and that these must be changed;
that drugs Will do him no good. He
must begin by avoiding all starchy
foods, as potatoes, rice, oatmeal,
beans, etc, Meats. soft boiled eggs,
milk. toast, swieback. etc, are the
best foods for avoiding fermentation,
and the gas that causes dyspepsia
pains. In serious cases buttermilk Is
n of the best dependencies; another
Is boiled milk with a slight addition Of
llmewater, Either of these will en-
able the most chronic ~dyspeptic to
proc1re some sustenance without seri-
Gus distress, He should drink freely
Of hot water, at least two quarts a
day, always taking a glass half an
hour before mealtime. He should not
crowd his meals close together, as
with an impaired digestion it ia often
best to have the meals six or seven
hours or more apart. The rule to be
followed Is that a new meal should not
be eaten until the previous one Is d..
gested or out Of the way, and the
stomach has had a little rest, and
there must be further rest after eat.
Ing.
1t is absolutely essential to eat slow.
ly and chew with the greatest thor.
.oughness. Complete chewing in the
mouth, permitting no washing down
with coffee or tea, salivates the food
so that 1t is ready for digestion when
1t goes into the stomach, and persist.
ence In the practice will put good flesh
on any lean dyspeptic.
There is a theory that when solid
food is chewed In the mouth to an alb.
pulp the organs in the back OF
the mouth exercise a selective action
and send to the stomach only that
which is fitted to be converted into
blood and tissue. thus relieving the
digestive organs OF handling the waste.
Whether or not this is correct is for
the science of the future to deter
mine; certain 1t is that nature gave us
teeth for the purpose of chew
Ing IL food, and never intended that
we should swallow ii unchewed, as
do those animals having more than
one s.omach.-Metropolitan Magazine.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1907-11-08

$50 MIS
70 roit LAMP THIEVES.
Socket Which Locks, But Which 10
Not Rigid-Turns, But Does
Not UnscreW.

II is frequently desirable to prevent
theft of incandescent lamp bulbs In
public places. To effect this, a socket
has been produced that locks the lamp
SO that 1t cannot be removed by an I'M
authorized person. Says a writer In
The Western Electrician:
"Curiously enough. this is not &C
complished by actually securing the
lamp base rigidly In the socket, as
might appear the first solution, though
a moments consideration would show
that with the base thus prevented from
turning, a slight effort would twist the
glass bulb out the base, resulting In
the destruction OF the lamp anyway.
Instead, on attempted removal by
unscrewing, the lamp turns easily and
promisingly for 10 or Is turns OF un-
I'll the nninitiated would-be remover
begins TO notice that the lamp is no
farther out of the socket than when
he commenced his efforts. The inter.
nal-threaded cup which carries the
lamp is free to turn on a swivel, so
that, unless its movement Is arrested
during the twisting operation. 1t turns
with the lamp base, from which it
does not unscrew. A key (H) is ar
ranged to be inserted in thes side
of the socket, which locks the cup
against rotation while the lamp is be-
ing inserted or unscrewed.
The inventor of this thief-proof
socket describes a form Of construc-
ton which has certain important prac-
teal advantages. It may be strongly,
lightly and cheaply made and involves
the minimum of alteration of the or.
binary standard socket, utilizing most
OF the parts without change. No
change In the exterior shell is neces-
sary except the hole for receiving the
lateral key-shell. The screw-socket
or cup Is not liable to be strained or
distorted If the lamp be too forcibly
screwed In; no distortion or wear Of
the parts can affect the conductive
contact with the switch in the closed
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1907-11-08
EVER WRITTEN
PREscRiPTioM WHICH ANYONE
GAN EAsilY MIX.


Nix the following by shaking -
IN q bottle, and take in teaspoosfrl
doses after meals and at bedtime:
Fluid Extract Dandelion, one-AaIf
ounce; Compound Kargon. one ounes.
Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla. thru.
ounces. A prominent physician il IL
authority that these simple, harmle,a
Ingredients can be obtained at non.
inal cost from any druggist even 4
the smaller towns.
The mixture Is said to cleanse an6
strengthen the clogged and inactiye
Kidneys, overcoming Backache, Blad.
der weakness and Urinary trouble a
all kinds, II taken before the stage q
Bright's disease.
Those who have tried this say 1t Dos
itively overcomes pain in the back.
clears the urine Of sediment and regu.
lates urination, especially at night.
curing even the worst forms Of blad.
der weakness.
Every man or woman here who feels
that the kidneys are not strong or act.
ing in a healthy manner should mix
this prescription at home and give II
a trial, as 1t is said to do wonders for
many persons.
The Scranton (Pa.) Times was frst
to print this remarkable prescription,
in October. Of 1905, since when all the
leading newspapers Of New York, Bos-
ton, Philadelphia, Pittsburg and other
cities have made many announcements
of it to their readers.