The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1906-04-22
EARTHQUAKES
Continued from page 1o).

Continued from page 10).
period, and the activity then ceased to
such an extent that the crater was
covered over with vegetation. The ring
/ consists of beds of punice and tuff,
bound together by sheets and bikes of
lava
In So A. D. a severe earthquake did
much damage to the towns about the
gone and cast down many buildings IN
Pompeii. One happened to be temple
the picture of which was then carved
upon a tablet and preserved in the re-
stored edifice. The picture and inscrip-
ton have since been exhumed- the
shocks and warnings seem to have
continued in mild way for sixteen
years, until, in 70, came the great ex-
piosive outbreak which first cast lay
.er of fairly coarse pumice fragments
and subsequently fine dust over Pom
pei. burying the city from sight. The
whole course of events was very much
like that recently exhibited at st.
Pierre The eruptions in the Lesser
] Antilles, both from Mont Pelee and La
Soufriere, began with mild explosive
outbreaks and proceeded with those OF
greater and greater violence to the
subsequent great catastrophes. Her
cuIaneum was overwhelmed by a flow
of mud, precisely as was the Guerln
factory near st. Pierre, while Pompeii,
lying farther south, received the frag-
mental pumice and dust just as did
st. Pierre. The accompanying picture
of La Soufriere during the eruption of
1912 vividly suggests the Pompelian
outbreak in many of its essentials.
The Pompeiian eruption is believed TO
ion
the ring of Monte Somnla and to have
begun the erection of the present dome
like mountain, which rises in the gap.
Between its bottom and the inner base
of Monte Somma is a deep annular val
lev. Vesuvius itself consists of
double mountain; that is, there is the
.dome-like main elevation, and upon it's
top usually a smaller cone which has
Been built up by recent ejectamenta.
When a great eruption breaks out, the
small cone and more or less of the
large one are blown off. Rents may
then pierce through the mountain and
furnish vents for the outflow of lava;
or else, if much fluid lava is not afford
ed. fragmental materials are the prin-
cipal product of the subterranean fore
es. In recent times mild explosions
have been almost constant. We may
therefore say of Vesuvius that its lavas
well up through a conduit in some 1000
feet or more of known rocks, but as to
the depth where lies the great parent
reservoir we do not know.
MONTE NUOyO AND OTHER
EPHEMERAL CONES.
During the years 1886 to 1888 the re-
gion north of Naples and on the other
side of the city from Vesuvius suffered
severely from earthquakes On the 18th
of September, 1888 the shore was ele-
waited so as to add 500 feet to the land.
the sea retiring. Back from the old
shore a depression was formed which
became, on the 29th the scene of frag-
mental eruptions. They We're more pro-
nounced on the Goth, and in a total
activity of three days they sufficed to
build I'D a cone mile and a half in
and 440 feet high. The
forces then subsidized and have
not been active since The result is
simply q crateriike ring, with hol-
low interior 419 feet deep. One can
easily climb the edge and descend to
its floor. At present both outer and
sinner slopes are overgrown with veg /
citation. precisely like any waste place. :
The new mountain has been appropri-
dtely named Monte NuoNo.
Another similar case is Jorullo. in
the state of Michoacan, Mexico, cone
that has become famous through the
description left by Humboldt. In the
night of September 2S-29, 1852 and
many miles from any other active vent,
a fragmental eruption suddenly broke
out. In the morning the inhabitants
found one large and five smaller cones
ARRANGED rpDfiV along the same
great crevice.
There are innumerable cases
in our Western States of little
cones which have been constructed by
explosive eruptions. and which have
been preached by a lava flow.
Not infrequently similar short out
breaks appear beneath the sea, and
serve to build UP temporary cones
which have a brief life and then are
washed away by the waves. For ex-
ample, q submarine vent became ac-
tive in 1881 between sicily and Africa,
and constructed tuff cone from the
bottom, 500 feet to the surface and 200
,eet into the air. 1t is generally called
Traham's Island but it had another
name as Well because a strife broke
nut between rival discoverers for the
honor of christening it. After no great
time the waves cut it down to a shoal,
md effectually settled a case that
otherwise might have needed interna-
ional arbitration
KRAKATUA
The most impressive instance of an |
Explosive volcano among all that have /
been in action within the historic
'eriod is Krakatua, and although it is c