The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1906-11-20
Gy WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN.

were taught to be thankful for any
faVorS however small that lie ''Iit-
tie Father" saw fit to bestosv. AMI
they were likewise taught that il was
dangerous to complain whom thc most
fundamental right was ignored Now
there is a doulna, attd the douma is
an Institution still lives 40 pIe can
predict through what trials anG trib-
uldtlOnS the country may Yet pass.
but constitutional government VIII yet
be hers. As in the winter time we
cannot foresee or foreteII what days
viii be pleasant and what days
stormy, but do know that iu a few
months we shall have summer 50
without being able to determine
through what tumults or riots or rcv-
olutions Russia must pass. We know
that in a few years she VIII have
stable government in which her pco-
pie viii have a voice.
In Japan the government IS some
what mixed in its form. She has
parliament but the executive branch
Of the government is not yet in the
hands of the people. The tendency in
Japun, as everywhere is toward
further limitations of the power Of the
sovereign and further enforcement Of
the power of the people. The vital
political question there now is Wheth-
er the emperor SHAH select MS adviS-
or from the members of the party
which dominates the parliament.
There is, Of course, no doubt OF the
ultimate triumph Of the parliamentary
party. Denmark witnessed a similar
struggle. which lasted for nearly a
generation and terminated as such
struggles always do, in the triumph Of
the parliament
In China they have . mixture Of
monarchy and aristocracy. The mon
arch is unlimited in his power. but
he is so h"dged about by the arlstoc-
racy that he really has very littIe in
dependence. Like some Of the ma
tive princes who rule under Dutch re-
gents, the Chinese ruler is the serN-
ant rather than the master Of his Of
icia's. Living in the forbidden city
and meeting personally but few Of
his people, he is quite dependent
upon the mandarins. The aristoc-
racy of China is not an aristocracy OF
birth or Of wealth, but a civil
service aristocracy. While positions
are often bought-somctimeS even
sold at auction when the emperor
needs moncy-yet as a rule the civil
servants of China are selected by eX-
animation. These systems, while 50
antiqUated that they have been re
Gently very materially modified, wera
intended to he fair as between appli-
cants. The course of study was not
'1iil -! tiltitSiNt anu ttit TESTS stiDl'ilf'i
gave but little idea of ones fitness for
office. These mon. once in power
We're the rulers in all local affairs and
the higher officials were influential in
all matters of state, and yet. in spite
of this SVStCn Nor because of it.
whichever the reader win nave it
China slumbcred while the nations
around awakened, The fact that the
appointces to the civil service had to
go through certain routine eXamina-
tions prescribed by those who had al
ready passed through the same rou-
tine and as it was not necessary that
the appointees should be interested ir
any rae but themselves, they showed
no concern about the people from
whom they drew their salaries 1t was
. system calculated to develop the
SelhShncsS which seemed an inherent
part Of Chinese life and philosophy
Now that the school examinations
have been substituted for civil service
examinations. an Improvement may be
expected in the service, but even the
modified system Will not keep the
servant in touch with those whom he
serves.
In Europe the constitutional mon
archy has undergone q constant de-
VelOpmcnt until iii many countries the
king is but figurehe4d. In England
the sovereign would net think Of We
toing bill passed by the legislative
body. and the house OF lords seldom
Vetoes a bill passed by the house OF
commons. The prime minister is a
much more political factor in govern
ment than the king himself. In Den
mark the government is brought even
nearer To the people by the substitu-
ton Of one Legislative body for two,
that body being elected by the people
under universal suffrage. The king
OF Norway is even less Likely To at
tempt 10 ohstruct the viii OF pariia-
ment than the king OF England. Nor
way has reduced monarchy To q min
imum and placed the government ia
the hands OF the voters te do with It
as they please.
In Switzerland the republican form
Of government has stood the test Of
experiments In the absence Of pomo
and ceremony and official eEtraEa-
Gance. the government of Switzerland