davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Far beneath the bed of the East river,
at D. m. yesterday. the two ends of the
north tube of the East river tunnel,
running from the Battery to the foot OF
sJoralemon street, Brooklyn, were CON
ks1ected at a point almost beneath the
lsxaiddle of theefiver. The connection CEN
sisted of a ten-ineh pipe, but the rest
Will be easy, and by Wednesday it is e9-
pected the tube will be so far perfected
that the mayer, borough presidents
rapid transit commissioners, and other
CITY officials will be able to walk under
the river from the Brooklyn to the Man
haitian terminal on a trip of inspection
What pleased the engineers most was
the fact that the two ends-one bored
from the Brooklyn side and the other
from the Manhattan side-Would meet
with deviation of less than one-tenth
of an inch.
This is regarded as a remarkable en-
cheering feat. 1t surprised the engl-
neers theIns elves. Thomas ]. Brown, the
General slIperintendent made a substan-
tial wager with Frederick Noble. dlvf-
sion engineer, that the lines of the two
ends would not be within one-tenth or
a foot Mr.. Noble took the bet, but he
never believed that the difference woutq
he actually .ess than one-tenth OF an
inch. 49, -, =,
s,,,.faee If the river When the shield
which had been boring from the Man
bS++an side reached q point 2,4OO feet
from the shore it was stopped ! ne
two shields were only slx{y-HNe AeSe
anart. and preparations were mace 70
arfac+ the connection with the iron
i1aeos,,ra taken for the purpose OF
nl.aolri1o the lines of the two bores be-
80 1.,i17sing the shields tosether--NeW
York World.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

1.-THE popular song brought down to date
Trysit on q bass drum or tin pan-l
In 2 down town store,
With a thousand more.
Stood a maiden and a lad;
1t was Christmas week
They were out to Ss et
Gifts. to, make some poor heart glad.
Said she, F'Jack, I fear
There is no chance here
ITO gefsWaited On-let'S slider
But Jack paused to say,
= = We have got all day.
Then he Rugged her close and cried:
s.Cheer up. Mary. don't be signing, sigh
We vii. get there by and by;
Do not mind the mob, keep trying, trying
IT'S DO use to fret and cry 80
There are others who are just as tired,
Just as tired as you and l.
Mary dear, dry that tear,
Clerks viii reach US by and by"
Still they stood. about.
Hearing shoppers shout: -,
Won't you wait on me right quick?'
TIL poor. Mary said.
Jack, I'm nearly dead,
Let's go home for I feel sick.
But Jack answered low,
I'VE will never go .
TIL we've reached that counters side"
Then her, face grew white
But he clas3ed her tight,
And imoatiently he cried:
FCheer up, Mary, don't be signing, sigh
Twill be our. turn by and by: T.,
There are others who are trying, trying
Just. the same as you and l.
Christmas gifts, I'll not deny
Mary dear, dry that tear,
Clerks will reach US by and BY!
e. "A Brininstool in the Los Angeles
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
REFLECTIONS OF a BACHELOR.
[From the New York Press.l

FTOIn IIIe new = q a ess-I
A woman likes a lot to be loved,
but she likes a lot more to be made
love to-
Probably it would be a good deal cas-
Ter to stay so if it were harder to get
married.
The average man would rather see his
currency not mere elastic but more ad-
hesive.
There is nothing that takes the hui
NOR out of a joke like having to listen
to it when you want to tell it.
What a girl likes about being engaged
is thinking that if she wasn't her moth
er would scold her for what she let's
him do.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

liant. and when he started fire under
the STANDARD Oil company he made
himself extremely popular with his peo-
pie. Much of this popularity he sacri-
fieced, however. when he lined up with
the standpatters and against tariff re-
vision
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

san Francisco now has a just cause
to get hot at Japan. The Japs say they
viii not send their battleships over to
san Francisco harbor because they re
member what happened to the Maine
at Havana That's about as mean a
thing as the japanese could say and
San Francisco has a right to object.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

or course eastern people think
Hutchinson is out in the wild and
vooliy west but what will they think
when they hear that an eagle few into
Hutchinson and went to roost in lum-
her yard there.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

II Philip Pitt Campbell had been less
anxious to please Uncle Joe Cannon and
more anxious to do what the people OF
kansas desire, he would now have
setter chance Of winning IN the coming
senatorial fight. Mr.. Campbell is bril-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Much is said. in. these latter days about
'the unwritten law The unwritten law.
Is extremely vague in its provisions.
If 1t is a good thing why not have it
written 50 there can be no mistake
aill11f Il
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Secretaries Hitchcock and Wilson
thought they ought to have the right
20 set aside that Indian forest reserve,
and so they went ahead and did it any
way, even if they had no authority to
do so. This might do in a case of ex-
treme emergency where there IS no
question as to the right and wrong of
a proposition. but it is a dangerous
thing to do where there is a doubt in
r.oIved.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Er. Guggenheim. who is running for
United States senator out in Colorado,
Is said to be a pretty decent sort of
chap, in his way, but his name will
make the old time Populists think Of
TcIxAlhefrner
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

chelle Sunday. spoke with. becoming
pride of his adopted state, and said
that its grain crop last year was large
enough to supply twenty bushels to
every family in the United States
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Down at Kansas city the saloons are
allowed to keep open twenty. hours
day and they don't ike It because they
are obliged to close The other four
from one to five o'clock in the morning
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

1Iurdock and Miller have already
done something in the present session Of
congress for the good of the people,
Now let the other eight Kansas mem
bers get busy.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

If members Of congress are anxious
to make bigger salaries, let them re-
sign and get Jobs as presidents Of base
ball leagues.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Enllstments are few and assertions
are many in the United States army.
Uncle Sam may have to raise the
wages Of his soldiers yet.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

II the president keep on writing spe-
cial messages the senate won't have
time to adjourn for Christmas.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
MAKING PROGREss-

Mr.. Edison promises a cheap motor
car, and NJ Santos-Dumont is satisfied
that his new aeroplane will be the
best runabout Meanwhile the walk
ing will be good. provided pedestrians
are expert at dodging.-St. Louis Globe
Democrat
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

A Chanute man who hurt his finger
while playing ball twenty years ago is
now having serious trouble with it.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Speaking OF the recent address OF
Chancellor Day defending mi1Hopaires'
and money. a pert paragrap her refers
TO it as another Day break"
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
IIPTON

Sir Thomas is coming again. as ev-
erybody hoped he would. And he says
he is going to have wholesome boat
this time He couldn't please the peo-
pie Of this country half so much in any
other Way.-BostOn Globe,
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
CARNEGIE AND SLANG

Andrew Carnegie told the students OF
"Old Nassau that. if his mother could
have chosen a college for him ut would
have been Princeton. dead sure" Is
to simplifed slang?-New York World
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

The Christmas shopper is now on the
home stretch He or she is also trying
to stretch his or her pocketbook suffi-
ciently to meet the demands upon it.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
KEEP THEM RITSY

Congressman who expect to be able
to cit around during the. present term
and f"Iet we'll enough alone" are likely
to discover that their seats may be
heavily electrified by the pressure of a
button in the White House.-Chicago
Record-Herald. -
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

for babies under two years olQ. vas
it a success2" "Howling. Life.
The western senator had purchased
a home in the east. do you INTEND
to abandon your state ?" he was asked
mot at ALL he replied. II need II for
Public Ledger.
He-"Everything in this house looks
run downl" She-.But. dear; you
haven't seen the bills this month -
Detroit Free Press.
'I can't see anything of special in
terest in that manuscript OF yours
said the publisher to the aspiring au-
thor Il didn't anticipate that you
would" replied the author But 1
thought possibly yours readers might
have more intelligence. '-A1dlwaukee
Sentinel.
"Yis. ma'am," said Bridget. III be
Havin' We. I don't like thot snip Of a
dude that does be calm on MISS
Mabel" 1.-THE ideay exclaimed her
mistress. He doesn't call to see you,
so what Il know he don't ma am,
but I'm afraid some o. the neighbors
might think he does. '-Philadelphia
Press.
Overheard at the Opera-Blobbs-"Be Beau
tiful! Exquisitel Her voice has matchiess
me like a whole sawmill in operation
Philadelphia Record
fob money, doncher know, because. law
don't WEAKLY need it, Miss Ca6stique-
for brains. ''-Chicago Daily News.
Now that your busy season is about to
open, Senator. I presume you are begin.
''Neeth in Oo Of the kind. replied senafor
Badger. Now days public officials don I
have to crate. It's the money that talks
Milwaukee Sentinel
Company Manners.-Jane-'Wel have
you made your choice cut of the half
dozen fellows who want ant to 0. marry sou;
say in the city. I've. posted letters Of
allotment and regret. Judy.
why don't you get somebody to en-
aiiy' MY friend friend" answered Senator
endorsements You want on your notes,
policies don't make such lot of differ-
enee w ashington star. ,s&
"Old man A1lingham seems to have q
very high opinion of his daughter. = Yes
heard him say that any titled foreigner
who ranked beioW a duke ought ought to be
glad to get her TtnoS5 any bonus wat
They had arranged to meet downtown
during the afternoon. and she had kept
do you mean by keeping me standing on
the corner like fool?' demanded the
angry husband. Now, don't start any
thing, dear" calmly rejoined his wife, L
can't help the way you stand. Chicago
Daily News. AZ
Eyes. he married in haste" And re-
pented at Ieisure?" mo. The girl ID in
dependently rich" - Cleveland Plain
Dealer
Ma, what's silhouette?" IT'S one Of
them pert. silly girls that dances and
sings in the pieces they play on the
stage. Baltimore American.
mr.. Jingle's writings show a great deal
of imagination. don't you think?' Yes.
they show that he imagines he can write
poetry. '-Philadelphia Ledger.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
JARRELL's SUGGESTION.

1t is understood that William Allen
White will establish a branch of his
Peoples Lobby in Topeka this winter
We beg to suggest that Albert Griffin,
J. Ware Butterfeld. Mrs. Burton, Vox
PopuH, Tax Payer, Constant Reader
and More Anon be- included in the
membership.-Hol Signal.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
AWFTJLLY SYMPATHETIC

Russia is so sympatheti that it in,
sists on offering to assist US in keep
ing the Jap in his place But. really,
we may be pardoned for doubling, IL
in the light of recent history, the sup
port Of Russia would be of much. as
-Pittsburg Dispatch. 81
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Very likely the sugar trust would not
object to more fines as long as each fine
gives it-an excuse. to boost the price of
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

You would naturally suppose that the
way of the ice trust would be smooth
and slippery. but it is also sometimes
hard
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Up in Minnesota and Dakota the rail-
roads have taken to running coal trains
on passenger time in emergencies. That
IS one way to relieve a fuel famine
and a pretty good way.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

It is very evident that the men
who showed Poultney Bigelow. about In
Panama were busy at something else
when the president was there.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Senator Foraker has found out about
the Brownsville affair, but it IS doubt
full if the Information was entirely sat
isfactory to him.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Mr.. Brander Matthews will stay by
the reformed style of spelling anyway.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

This is about the time. Horatio, when
the senatorial. candidates quit jockeying
and begin to get down to business.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

was dug out alive a day or two since
after being buried for 40 hours under
a cargo of coffee. He will probably
drink something else for the rest Of
his life.-Boston Transcript.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

A good grove is a mighty handy
thing to have about the premises dur
Ing a coal famine
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Congress isn't keeping up its end of
the correspondence. s1tsowes the presi-
dent several letters new in reply to
hose he has. sent it this week.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
RECKLESS TRA1NMEN.

There will evidently be no such thing
as "a -wreclxless railroad until the. reck-
less trainman is Rbolished.-New Or
leans Times-Democrat
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
THE EDUcATED MONKEY.

Count Boni should pause and reflect
before going on the vaudeville stage.
The educated monkey act has been very
much overdone lately--Washingt
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

; The recorder Of Kansas City's Tenn
pie of the Mystic Shrine has landed in
jail. charged fifth embezzling $7,614
from the orders tn easury, which. rem
dered into Arabic. signifies 1903 quarts
and one pint.1Hutchinson News.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

pierce Jay, the commissioner OF
banks of Massachusetts, az eng a1ti III
IN ST Louis. advocated better ac-
counting system - =, q
But aoo ~ his idea. I've want intel
n niseuse'9 # embezzlement is to be thor
o1ghly put down. Systems are good
b1f Intelligence is better, and in CASH
ie1s and telIers and bookkeepers and
note clerks we want 3ta the sane Efen
0'' nC Ca ia lay very i'll. One day he got
hearted, feeling that his case was
~ "a. peIS fear. doctor, he said, there isn't
much hope for me-.
" "soh. yes, there is, the doctor an n.
swered. Three years ago I was in
your condition precisely, and look at
me ..cack, intelligent and alert. said
g w What doctor did you have -
Los Angeles Times.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

The author of Quo Vadis'' has dared
to denounce the kaiser because of the
unjust treatment of the school chill
dren in Polish Prussia. Perhaps Stem
kiewicz courts OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
Plain Dealer.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
SIMPLIFIED YELLING.

If Prof. BTauderE Matthews and tn
president would order the colleges t
simplify yelling everybody would b.
happy.-Charleston News and Courier
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Peary called upon the president Sat-
urday. We think his first call should
have been upon Vice President Fair
banks, who is the north pole of Ameri-
can manship.-Houston Post.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
ROOsEVELT's EXAMPLE.

ROOSEVELT and his kind have given
the Republican party a new faith, and
the Kansas voters demand that their
leaders live up to it, If they don't, we
will do exactly. what Roosevelt did in
congress When corporation and trust
influences made. the Republican sen
welt accepted the services of the Dem
ocfats. Kansas Republican voters
want their party to represent their
interests, but If they refuse to do it,
by heavens wezwill seek the services
we-swant among the Democrats.-Sa-
betha Herald
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
GOMPERS, PLANs.

After Mr. cof1lpers has succeeded il
reconstructing the United States to hi
general. plan Of creation.EChicago Tri
bune.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
KANSAS C0NMENT
WHITE ON sTUBRs.


I. From Lawrence comes the tenta :.
tive announcement that-W r. Stubbs
viii be a candidate for the United
States senate. This announcement has
generally be- expected by the PUBIC
for some time, But for the month fast
past. those ueaKest Mr. Stubs have
been doubtful fwhether or not ne
would get into24he fight for hlmsef,
or help =thoseSWho were trying to de-
feat the schemes of the railroads and
the politicians The announcement,
however, will be we'll received in every
honest source. The entrance OF any
strong honest man into the race,
makes itathat much more probable that
an. honest man will win, and therefore
Stubs annOuncement is a good thing
for Kansas. These words are written
by one who is not for Stubs for SEN
ator, but who is for Joseph L. Bris-
tow. first, last and all the time. But
the candidacy of Bristow or of Muir
dock or Of Benson or~of Getty will be
helped by the entrance of Stubs into
the fight, for, he is. a strong, honest,
practical man, about whom enthusi-
asts gather. If he does not win him
self, he will add something to the
fight that Will keep the railroads and
politicians from winning, and if he
does win himself, he will make as good
a senator as any state in the union
now has In the United States senate.
He has stood IN Kansas for clean poll
tics. If he is a United States senator,
he will make one of whom Kansas al
ways will be proud.-Emporia Gazette.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
HUMoR OF THE NY

Mrs. Baker, gave a Christmas party
for babies under two years old. was
it a success2 2" "Howling. Life.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Sap1eigh-'I- nevah mawry
fob money, doncher know. because. law
don't WEAKLY need it, Miss Caustfque-
IF you ever marry. I suppose it Will be
for brains. Chicago Daily News
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Now that your busy season is about to
open, Senator, I presume you are begin
ming to brush UP on your oratory-
Nothing of the kind" replied Senator
Badger. Now days public officials don t
have to crate. It's the money that talks. -
Milwaukee Sentinel.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
Another ssThad'' stevens Anecdote.


one winter, when Thaddeus Stevens
had come back to his Vermont home.
he was the victim Of a severe cold and
could not leave the house for many
weeks One of his callers was the late
Lewis Clary, a man OF short stature.
and who in earlier days had been a
PLAYMATE of the "Old Commoner.' and
was a near neighbor of the Stevens
family in their Peacham home. Yer
monters had just begun to wear buff
falo coats, and Mr. Clark arrived at
the stevens home almost lost in coat
which reached to the ground His up
turned collar completely covered his
ears and face. while e. fur cap com
pIeted the disguise.
as that you, Lewis? ?" asked Mr..
stevens, in an incredulous tone
yes, Thad." he replied
ssWeIl, skin yourself and sit down,
exclaimed the other.
During the interesting conversation
which followed. Mr. Clark asked Stew
ems if he wouldn't come back to his
Vermont home and live
NO" replied Stevens. You have
but two seasons here-winter and late
in the fall.''-Harper's Weekly
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Overheard at the Observation-Disclosures Beau
tifull ExQuisitel Her voice has matchless
timbre" Slobbs-"Timber? 1t sounds to
me like a whole sawmill in operation. =
Philadelphia Record
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

Company Manners.-Jane-''We have
you made your choice cut of the half
dozen fellows who want to marry you.
poor things?' Grace-"Oh, yes; as they
say in the city, I've posted letters OF
allotment and regret Judy.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21
aCHFER uP NfARY.s

1.-THE popular song. brought down to date
Trysit on a bass drum or tin pan.l
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

He-"Everything in this house look
run DOWN. She-sBut. dear, yci
haven't seen the bills this month =
Detroit Free Press.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

The western senator had purchased
a home in the east. "Do you intend
to abandon your state ?" he was asked
mot at ALL he replied. Il need II for
purposes of mileage. "-Phtladelphla
Public Ledger.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

''I can't see anything of special In
terest in that manuscript Of yours
said the publisher to the aspiring au-
thor Il didn't anticipate that you
would" replied the author But I
thought possibly yours readers might
have more intelligence. '-N4dlwaukee
Sentinel.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

''Yis, ma'am," said Bridget, III be
Favin' We. I don't like thot snip Of a
dude that does be calm on Miss
Mabel" 1.-THE ideav' exclaimed her
mistress. HE doesn't call to see you,
so what Il know he don't ma'am,
but I'm afraid some o. the neighbors
might think he does. '-Philadelphia
Press.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

why don't you get somebody to en-
dorse your policy2" asked the political
ally. MY friend" answered Senator
Sorghum. so long as you can get az the
policies don't make such lot of difEer-
ence. w asIingtOn Star. s2A
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1906-12-21

"old man AlIingham seems to have a
very high opinion of his daughter. Yes.
he's almost foolish on the subject i once
who ranked below a duke ought to be
glad to get her without any bonus what
ever. Chicago Record-Herald.
The Lexington dispatch. [volume] (Lexington, South Carolina) 1870-1917, 1906-02-07
A Painful Accident.

On last Saturday afternoon Cleo,
the thirteen-year-old daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. S. r. Smith, was severely,
though not fatally burned. While
she was alone in the kitchen her
clothing caught fire; she ran toward
her mother who met her in the yard.
Almost all her clothing was burned
off and her lower limbs and hands
were painfully burned. Her life was
saved only by the heroic efforts CT
her mother and sisters, whose hands
we're badly burned. Dr.. Kneece, of
PelioD, is treating the burns, and the
patient is doing extremely we'll.
Cleo, by her gentle disposition, has
won love and esteem from those who
know her, and they do sincerely SYM
psthizs with her in this intense suf-
fering. A eloom is especially cast
over Smith Branch school, of which
she was faithful, pains taking pupil