Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1906-07-01
WAR AND ARBITRATION
What The Hague Tribunal Must
Work For.
MARITIME LAW IN WAR
Questions to Be Solved by the Next
Conference.
NEW WHITE CROSS SOCIETY
Efforts Made in England to Be Taken
Up With Cars Universal
Peace Proposals.

inc International arbitra tons OF the last
century, which has justly been termed the
era of congresses, they do not seem to be
detached incidents in its history. We wit
ness the formation of this new institution
with satisfaction, because it is a new or
gan which plays for harmonious relations
between states. with functions entirely its
own. 1t is an evolution, in fact. of those
tribunals established in different countries
centuries ago for the settlement of domestic
purposes only. 1t was toward the sixteenth
ana seventeenth centuries that the world
was first given permanent embassies and
means of conducting friendly intercourse
between nations. Slowly but steadily inter-
national law began TO grow, and then in
the eighteenth century the rudiments Of
rational law of neutrality were known.
From this came what is known as interna-
ticna! arbitration. which William Penn said
Is the best method to insure peace.
Subjective Institutions.
international arbitration is not only an
excellent institution for amicable ad justment
of either simple difficult msunderstand-
ings.' said prominent diplomat. ut has
given rise to other subjective institutions,
such societies which in themselves are
crusade against international enmity There
are many such, but as an example / shall
call your attention to the well known Red
Cross
q nave peace temple, "neT6 a KING
or an emperor a plain president may air
| his troubles, so to speak. For instance. at
the next peace conference there are num-
be- of questions to be answered and many
problems to be solved. How could 1t be
done in a better way than to have the ag
grieved parties brought together under one
roof and an independent judicial party body
to counsel them2'
Can you tell me what these questions
are. was asked.
Questions to Answer.
mo definite questions are yet known"
was the reply. There will be points to be
elucidated. which were caused by the late
Russo-Japanese war; there Will be some
reference to the Moroccan question. rela-
tive to France and Germany, which, IN
spite of the Algeclras agreement, Is not
definitely settled: the South African at
fairs, such Great Britain and Egypt:
France and some of the extreme southern
colonies; Belgium and the Congo Free
State, Turkey and the adjacent Balkan
states: Russia and her relations with Po-
land. likely: Japan's influence In the far
east. the unity of China and her relations
with The powers; boundary questions and
SONS others which for the moment escape
me-
But what to my mind seems very i'm
portant. is the set of questions that hinge
upon Incidents resulting in the Russo-Jap-
anese war, for the settlement of which no
precedent Is had The solutions must be
them. They are on the subj ect of maritime
war, and they were prepared by Prof T.
f. Holland of England. an authority on
maritime law. and they will be presented
to the conference through the proper chan
neis. The questions are:
Maritime Law Puzzling
Are subsidized liners within the prohibit
ton of sale to a beiligerent by a neutral
government ships OF war?
neutral government hound 70 INT
fere with the use OF its territory for the
maintenance of belligerent communications
by wireless biography?
Can 1t prevent the exit OF even partially
equipped warships?
Must it prevent. with more care than
has hitherto been customary. the exporta-
ton OF supplies. especially of coal, to bel
ligcrent fleets at sea?
by what specific precautions must
neutral prevent abuse of the asylum af-
forded by Its ports to belliserent ships OF
war with especial reference to the bring
ing III of prizes. duration of stay, conse-
Qutnces OF over-prolonged stay, the stimuli
taneous presence of vessels of mutually
hostile nationalities. repairs and approvis-
comment during stay, and, in particular.
renewal of stocks of coal
How is this duty to be construed with
reference to Interruption of safe~navigation
over territorial waters and the high seas.
respectively?
10 nave the distance from the scene or
operations at which the right of visit may
properly be exercised?
''What is to be the protection from the ex-
ercise OF this right afforded by the presence
of neutral convoy?
The time and place at which so-called
volunteer fleets and subsidized liners may
exchange the mercantile for a naval char
acter?
what is to be the immunity for mail
ships or their mail bags.
The requirement of actual warning to
blockade runners and the application to
blockade of the doctrine OF continuous voy-
ages?
What is the distinction between abso-
Lutte and conditional contraband. with
pecal reference to food and coaly
The doctrine OF continuous voyages with
reference to contraband?
The cases. IL any, In which neutral
prize may lawfully be sunk at sea, instead
of being brought in for adjudication?
THE due constitution OF prize courts?
The legitimacy OF rule condemning the
ship itself when more than a certain pro-
portion of her cargo is OF contraband char
acter?
Historical Causes.
LAS you see," continued the diplomat
I'VE have here set of questions that GER
tainly are perplexing to the student of in
ternationai law. Most OF these questions
have come up for the first time only re-
Gently. whe1 Russian ship sank On Amer
lean liner, and a Russian fleet DESTROYED
several nshing boats OF the British coest.
the Lena's asylum at San Francisco and
the refuge OF several Russian cruisers in
Shanghai harbor after the destruction of
Rodjestsvensky's feet.
The White Cross Society.
There Is now" IT WIS said in conclusion.
"a proposal Of organizing White Cross
Society. on the same plans OF the Red
Cross, but whose duties must be to destroy
the meters OF war. In England efforts
have lately been made in a social way,
with the corporation OF men of eminence.
This White Cross Society question will be
taken up in conjunction with Emperor
Nicholas plan of universal peace. As soon
as have looked the matter UP I shall let
you know about 1t in more detailed way"