davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19
Mr.. Hughes.

So far Ny. HuGHFS has made a tour OF
the upstate counties, a trip hroug
Long Island, and delivered n number OF
speeches in this city. His attitude
toward his audiences and his discussion
of the campaign issues have been such
as TO increase greatly the confidence and
esteem in which the intelligent public
holds him.
Mr.. HUGHEs's addresses have been
free from rant, from appeals to passion
from abuse and from vulgarity. He has
not made the mistake so many men new
20 political campaigning do of talking
down" to his auditors. He has treated
them as if they were human beings OF
ordinary intelligence, acquainted with
the duties, functions and limitations OF
government, and honestly DESTROYS OF
obtaining the best administration pro-
durable. His speeches have been free
from promises impossible Of perform
ance; dignifed, reasonable and logical.
Against s-ensationalism and wild denun-
citation he has put logic and coldfact. The
superiority Of his appeal is demonstrated
most c~onspicuously by the fact that
although he began his canvass on the
defensive, he is now the aggressor, and
his opponents have been reduced to a
situation in which continuous explana-
ton and apology mark their plight.
In gaining the advantage he now holds
Mr.. HUGHES has displayed the possession
of qualities most desirable in a public
man. He has shown intellectual hon.
esty, the power of concentration, the
ability to see every side of a complex
and involved situation. He has given
no sign of reliance on the cheap tricks
of the hack politician. He has faced
every situation as it presented itself
~concealing nothing, treating himself tc
no dreams, and indulging in no wilo
hopes of Utopia. A hard headed, close
reasoning, practical man, Mr.. HUGHES
has already given ample indication thai
his election to the Governorship will b.
for the highest good of the State, MOI
only because it will keep WILLIAM RAN
DoLPH HEARST out, but because he il
eminently qualified to perform the duties
of the Office with credit to himself anC
10 the community.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

From Bulletin Of the American Geographical Society.
Grottoes and caverns are used. more OF less, as
shelters by primitive peoples, and thus Inhabited
caves are, OF course. most frequent in Africa. A
considerable number OF natives make their home
in caves along the southern shore of the Strait Of
Gibraltar, and In some of these caves arr found the
polished stones and ~arrowheads OF the stone age.
Troplodyte villages are frequent in the Tebessa
territory OF Algeria, one of which. at Djeurf, $50
feet above the gorge of the Wadi Hallail. is reached
by steps cut In the rock. The Inhabitants of the
Tunisian Island OF Galite are cave jewellers. their
habitatIons being ~grottoes which they have dug
out of the limestone, or ancient burial cavems that
they have enlarged. The subterranean villages Of
Matnata and Of Medenine, hewn out Of the rock,
are in southern Tunisia. A Christian monastery
hull, under ground In the twelfth century still eK-
ists at Goba. Abyssinia. The explorer Chevalier
found many troglodytcs 10 the north OF Baguirmi.
The enormous cavern discovered several years ago
within two hours walk OF the port of ranga In Ger
man East Africa contains rooms whose roofs are
from 40 TO 80 feet above the noor. Only q few OF
these vast chambers have yet been explored. for
the entire csyem seems 70 be Inhabited by mill
ions of bats, one OF these, killed with . stick,
measured nearly Ave feet across Its extended wings.
The stories about the grottoes OF Katanga. Congo
Free state, which were said to have been dug by
the natives as dwelling places, are now declared
10 have no other foundation than the fact that the
natives often retire to openings In the dolomitic
rock which serve as places Of refuge from their
enemies. Many troglodytcs are living In cavems
In British East Africa 70 the north OF Mount Kenia.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19
CURRENCY REFORM
A Commission Needed; Automatic Regu-
IatiOn Declared Impossible.

To THE EDITOR or The SUN-Sir: There
Is little to be gained by random discussion OF
the currency question. What is needed above
all things at this time Is a commission OF the
character Of the great Parliamentary Com
mission of 1857, which was attended not only
by the leading bankers OF England, but by
the best thinkers and writer's on economic
questions, including such men as Gladstone,
John stuart Mil. Lord Overstone and others.
Before such q commission loose thinking ana
careless definitions would be quickly sifted
out.
Permit me a word further in reply to Mr..
Luttgen's letter. l did not say that national
hank notes. volume for volume. affected
prices the same as an equal volume OF green
backs or gold and silver certificates, out tnat
to the extent that bank notes circulate as
obligations as money they affect prices and
help 10 determine price levels, the same as so
much of any other kind of money
Mr.. Luttgen proposes 70 ave autoHnstiC
controlled by It's metal reserve and expand
in answer to the requirements OF commerce
and contract by being called in as the HFetai
Does he expect the production Of gold to
increase about harvest time, 50 az, TO allow a
larger issue of paper currency, and then con-
matically- to contract TO allow the desired
contraction when the crop demand Tor spe-
cial issues OF currency ceasesG
There never was In any country IN tne
world a system OF paper currency made auto
matically to expand and contract as prices
rise and fan, and as stated In, my former
letter. there IL no such relation DetwSen tne
iim}tiess and practically .costless,, and the
demand for money (which depends largely
on prices, which the issue Of such currency
helps TO mateI as to ADMIT 81 sIsSmstic
NEW YORK. October IS.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

From Bureau Of StdttSncspB bulletin No. ~.
OF the total wheat acreage Of Europe. amounting
on the average for the years 1889 1905 TO about
IFS. $40 900 acres, the share Of European Russia.
including Poland and nor,hsTl Caucasia, was
Is,O7o,O 900 acres, OF t24 per cent, while OF the total
production OF wheat In Europe. which for the same
years amounted TO I.sSe. 10000 bushels. only IsO.
600. 900 bushels were supplied BY Russia. or asa
per cent.
To state the case In q different way: While the
acreage Of entire Europe outside of Russia was TO
that Of European Russia as lSo TO 100. Its wheat pro-
duction was othat of European Russia as 2ss to 100.
We're the productivity Of tho wheat nelds Of Russia
as great as that Of the rest OF Europe on the aver
age, the total production of wheat In European
Russia would have been about $50. OO0.0 900 bushels.
The acreage OF Russia 10 ten times 40 large a.
that OF Germany. its immediate neighbOr on the
west. but the production of wheat Is only three and
one half times As great. With q yield equal TO that
OF Germany. European Russia would boast Of .
production OF almost 100. 100000 bushels.
Notwithstanding the exceptional fertility Of the
black soil which covers nearly the whole Of the
Russian wheat belt, the yield Of wheat In Russia
is found 70 be invariably smaller than In any other
country. with the possible exception OF Argentina.
which suffers from Its own peculiar dinioultiss.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

versity commission Is whether there II
any reason in the nature OF things why
Oxford and Cambridge should be less
accessible to poor men than they used
to be. About the fact there is no
dispute. An article in the Independent
Reuieu has lately shown that while the
attendance at most other universities In
the United Kingdom has been increased,
the number Of undergraduates at Oxford
is stationary, and but for the influx OF
Rhodes scholars would show a decline.
There can be no insuperable obstacle 70
economy at Oxford or Cambridge, and it
should be possible for undergraduates to
live at either of those seats Of learning
for less than $500 a year, which sum the
Independent ReeieD assigns as the limit
Of tolerable economy. There is no doubt
that the whole scale Of college charges
ought to be cut down, but a university
commission would be needed for the
purpose, because the college authorities
feel themselves impoverished by the
shrinkage Of their income, which Is de-
rived mainly from land.
II the falling of which has been here
noted In the last decade shall continue,
the day is evidently not distant when,
instead Of being the rule, it will be the
exception for a clergyman Of the Church
of England to be a graduate Of Oxford
or Cambridge.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

From fHe LONDON CNFOHtctc'
A. a grand entertainment given in the h'teen'n
century By the sergeAnts- at law at Ely place. hol-
born. the Lord Treasurer. Baron RuthNen. refused
to recognise that IS the sovereign's Immediate
representative the Lord Mayor was bound 10 take
precedence of every other subject within the lmI''
ofthe city. The bold bad Baron sat stolidly. there
fore. at table in the most honorable place. where.
upon the Lord Mayor Instantly withdrew. followed
BY his faithful aldermen and sheriffs and oil tue
other citizens.
The person Of the Lord Mayor was once held
TO be sacred and Inviolable. and none dare approach
been hanged for forcible resistance to his authority
and IL is ON record that one Richard Byfrld, IN tho
year iGTV. was nned ESQ for presuming 10 kneel 100
close to his IordshIp at st. E~Tkenwalds shrine
More awe inspiring still. the Lord Mayor once
commanded the services of a merSy andrew ana 4
poet laureate, whose wit and verse, had they 'A'
listed now, would have been employed In the Nho"
which . month hence is to body forth seven cen
turtles Of the city's civic life.
Ben J0nson himself was q Lord Mayors laureat'
and even his supreme talent was not thought eqla'
to the high duty Of singing the praises Of the Com
mon Council. Ben must have performed his dlt'''
not too Traclously, for we know that he "f'lr \
letter complaining OF the Corporation withdIaN'
ing from him their "chAndlery pension for verlw'o
and mustard" Upon which letter a champion Of
the city made the comment that the pension "ss
mot 50 chAndlery. for II amounted 10 E3 ~ 81,
a sum which may at least stand comparison VIA
what has been at any time allowed other lalJ'a''N
of higher degree" Il was much more man Na'
allowed even to the Kings laureate in Ben Joh''H >
days. for. I'm 1880. the pension wasbui iWmai"s
without a sip of canary.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

To The EDITOR OF THE SuS-Sir; Mr. Albert
Gerry Of Reading. Ra.. writing TO you on the "Llmi-
tauons Of Cement" seeks TO belittle concrete con
struction. closing with this paragraph:
in refractory qualities brick has no competi-
tor: II rejoices In FIRE and heat. and. indeed, know
ing experts have whispered, In confidence that the
hearthstone Of hell Is made OF this irrefrangible
material"
II would seem 10 be the duty of some charitable
person to remind Mr.. Gerry that his desire to pro
mote the brick industry at the expense of concretets
not sufncientreason 70 grossly misrepresent facts. and
that 70 persist In 40 doing may result In his having
70 occupy a front seat on the aforesaid hearthstone
In case this should happen We beg TO remind him
that bricks will not avail. but that he might escape
a great deal Of pain by taking preeaution to have
himself encAsed in about four inches of good con
crete. Indeed. this iS why experts have whis
pered in confidence" for once the virtues OF con
crete as a durable and fire resisting material be
come known there viii be no further demand in
he'll for Reading bricks. Z. A. TREoo.
PHILADELPHIA, october II.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

nalism to a Captaincy Of artillery in the
army Of liberation, his willingness TO
expose himself TO a scattering Spanish
fire having made a powerful impression
on the Cuban Generals. But in 1898,
February OF March, it seems, FUNSTON
reached the conclusion that the brand OF
warfare he had become involved In was
not exactly what he had imaginefin his
dreams, and he made up his mind to re-
turn to the United States. Among those
who applied 10 MAKING GOMEZ about
that time for an honorable discharge
were two young fellows from Baltimore,
OsMUN JANNEY and STUART LATRoBE,
the latter nov a Lieutenant OF the Eighth
Cavalry, stationed in the Philippines.
GOMEZ withheld his permission. A small
squad Of Spanish prisoners had just been
brutally butchered by the heroes and
GOMEZ did not want the news OF it to
reach this country, where it might con-
fict with the noble and resounding poetry
then issuing daily from the luxurious
offices of the Junta in the Raleigh Hotel
at Washington. The party thereupon
broke up. JANNEY and LATRoBE re-
turned to their immediate commander,
who released them soon afterward, while
FUNSTON presented himself" to the
nearest Spanish officer in authority and
was eventually, after much hard work
on the part of EITZHUGH LEE, Con-
sul-General at Havana, permitted to sail
for Key West. But the assumption that
these Americans were inspired in their
effort TO escape from MAXiMo GOMEZ BY
patriotic anxiety to participate in the
war with Spain is repudiated by JANNEY
and LATRoBE. These young gentlemen
have been heard TO declare on several
occasions that they knew absolutely
nothing of the war in question until they
reached Tampa and found the noise and
stir Of martial preparation. Possibly
FUNSTON had some mysterious premoni-
ton, though he did not take the others
into his confidence. In that event, it
must be admitted that he displayed an
almost sublime desperation Of courage
in surrendering to the Spanish COM
mander. Swimming the Bagbag River
under the deadly fire of fifteen bolOs was
amere bagatelle in comparison.
As we say, however, it seems to us
that General FUNSTON has been made
the victim of a maudlin uproar by SEN
| sational fiction mongers. The chances
| all are that he has pretended to nothing
beyond that which he really did. We
now see, however, that the circumstances
of the ease should have forbidden his
assignment to Cuba in the capacity Of q
p%aciicator, and it was to have been ex-
pected of Secretary TAFT that he would
cancel SO inauspicious an arrangement
as soon as its possibilities were brought
to his attention.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19
other Lights on Funston.

SO much romance in connection with
General FUNSTON has been set afloat and
credulously absorbed that it may serve
a useful purpose to give the facts, SO far
as they can be assembled on reasonable
warrant. We have seen, for example,
a thrilling account of his indomitable
efforts, finally successful, to obtain
employment in the army of liberation
some ten years ago. This story, told
with great elaboration and highly dra-
matte suggestion, amounts to the simple
statement that the Junta operating in
this country did not want and would not
accept any volunteer of less than heroic
or expert equipment. After that we
are led along the path Of warlike aspira-
ton and almost superhuman subtlety
whereby FUNSTON at last gratified his
Homeric aspirations and burst, like some
flaming Boabdil, into the red crater of
the n Further along we are told
all about FUNsToN's patriotic rage on
hearing of the war between Spain and
the United States, and furnished with a
vivid diagram Of the incredible ingenuity
whereby he escaped from Cuba to offer
his lifeblood on the country's altar. And
90 it goes.
OF course, FUNSTON cannot be held
responsible for these and other ebullitions
of folderol. Our impression OF him is
that of a good, square, manly fellow,
who wanted to do something out OF the
humdrum rut of commonplace and who
did it as best he could in the dim light Of
inexperience and under the excitement
OF a novel passion. The chances all are
that he has never inspired even remotely
any of the absurd stories TO which we
refer. His fate seems to be that Of every
one who abandoned private life and civil
ian pursuits during the hysterical cpl
sode we now describe as the Spanish
War" He has been clad in buckTam not
of his own choosing, and crowned with
laurel which he knows as cheapest tin
sci imitation. He suffers with the others,
with the heroes of San Juan Hill who
were not there at all; with the despera-
does of bloody and devastating battles
which never occurred. We can easily
believe that he would like to drown the
whole crop Of fairy tales in that famous
Bagbag River-whIch he did not swim.
As far as we have gone in the matter
Of information, Funston went to Cuba
as the correspondent of some New York
periodical, armed only with a kodak.
Like many other Americans, attracted
by rumors Of "m~artyrdom' inthe caus OF
liberty, and the prospect of earning I'M
mortality in sanguinary clashes that
would make the fields of Gettysburg and
Austerlitz look like Peekskill sham bat
ties, he bulged into Cuba with a snapshot
package under n arm and his strong
right hand hungering for the deadly
blunderbuss. . We are told that n day
he was promoted from illustrated jour
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19
|, caLTFORNLA BOYCOFT CASE.

The supreme Court OF the State Of Cali
fornia has inst contributed a decision to the
growing lfat OF authorities on the law OF
Injunction as applied to the acts OF LABOR
unions. This tribunal overruled a demurrer
in the case Of GoEdberg. Bowen A Co. plaintm'
against Stablemen's Union. Local No. s.7eO.
1t al. defendants, and held that the plaintiff
had set forth a cause OF action entitfing 10 70
an Injunction. The following facts. among
others, were alleged:
The plaintiff was q corporation engaged IN
selling groceries and other merchandise in
the city Of San Francisco. In September
1904. the defendants Informed the plaintln
that IL must continue 10 pay certain wages
to those persons employed at its stable or
the defendants would order q strike and cause
all OF the union stablemen in the piamtin
employ TO quit work at once. A few weeks
later the plaintiff. in reply. stated thath Woulo
pay its stablemen what employees were oeihs
paid for the same kind OF work elsewhere.
This reply proved unsatisfactory TO the
unionists. who straightway imposed q boy
colt, established q picket in front OF the
places of busIn ess Of the plaintiff. and, among
other things, had It's representatives carry
pIacards and transparencies through me
streets with the following announcement
Unfair nTm. Reduced wages OF employees
30 cents a day. Please don't patroniSe.
By these means the unionists succeeded both
w utNEfThhK OubNOhhACAe
with the plaintiff and In persuading It's en-
ployees, not only in the stable, to quit work.
The Supreme Court. sustaining the lower
court, continued the Injunction, which de-
clared that the union and Its representatives
-be, and they hereby are. enjoined and re-
strained from interfering with or harassing
or obstructing plaintiff in the conduct OF ios
busin ess at any Of it's said places OF business
. by causing any agent or agents.. rep
resentative cr representatives., Hr apv picke'
| or pickets. or any person or persons. TO De
stationed In front of or In the immediate
vicinity Of said places Of business. with q
placard or transparency having on It the
words and figures as alleged in the COM
plant herein, or any placard or trsnspsKency
| having words or figures Of similar import,
and from, at said places Of busin esss. or In
front thereof. or in the immediate vicinity
thereof, by means Of pickets or Transparent
J cies or othe wise, threatening or intimidatins
any person or persons transacting or desiring
10 transact busin ess with said plaintiff, OF
being employe ed at said place or places by
the plaintiff"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19
DESIGNATION or ASIA.
Failure Of the water supply . Potent cause
OF Vibrations.

From the Geographical Journal.
The phenomena of rivers. large and small,
Of springs. lakes. ruins and vegetstion' all
seem to point to a gradual desiccation OF
Chinese Turkestan for nearly 1900 males
east and west and 500 north and south. The
records Of antiquity indicate that the Caspian
and Aral seas were once more extensive than
now, and presumably that the tributary
rivers were much larger. Trsnscaspia, east
ern Persia and the ~neighboring regions ap-
pear to have been subject 70 a desiccatlon
similar to that Of Turkeetan. and indicated
by similar phenomena. Thus all the more
arid part OF Asia. from the Caspian sea east
ward for more than $500 miles, appears to
have been subject to q climatic change where
by IL has been growing less and less habitable
for the last two or three thousand years.
tan Afshanistan, Russian Turkestan and
Chinese Turkestan. and probably an even
larger area. and coPysrttng thousands OF
can hardly fail to have had some enect, upon
human distribution and history. In Chinese
appear to have been abandoned delibeT-
became limited. Movements of the same
scale ali over the ard. parts. Of Asia. In
1904 500 COesack nOmads, with, their hooks
and herds. came 10 L3o Sot. an1 wV Sbo,nbs1
River II Chinese soldiers had not driven them
out with bloodshed. The nomads had come
from the AltAl 0ROuhbhlie, WhchO
had become too scantY either because OF in
creasing drought or increasing population.
or more probably both. Such movements
only need 20 be maGnifled to cause invasions
like those OF the Dark Ages. That they we're
maRnihed in Turkestan when the BUDDHIST
towns were abandoned appears highly prob
able, The abandonment took place in the
early centuries Of the Christian era, and for
most OF the time from that day to this the
whole country from Kertya eastward for 800
miles, almost TO China proper, remained prac-
ticalIy uninhabited, even more so than to-day.
Not only the inhabitants Of the towns dis
| appeared. but also the shepherd tribes amo ng
the mountains. who. Judging from names,
traditions and ancient roads and dwellings,,
were formerly numerous. and who would reel
| the pinch Of arSdity more quickly and keenly
than the townspeople, Part Of the popula-
ton may have been killed in war or have
! died in the epidemics which rage when a
country Is overpopulated. but the rest must
have migrated. II. though only in bands
Of a few thousands. they invaded regions
! already well Populated. where the means
| of livelihood were growing less because OF
| desiccatiOn. distress and wars would ensue
| and the only relief would lie in further and
greater migrations. Thus. all central Asia
| being under the same ever increasing stress.
a succession of dry years, or a change such
as has taken place In Chinese TurkestRn since
faOo. from an increasing to a decreasing
quantity OF water In the rivers. might cause
migrations equal to the greatest recorded in
higtory.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1906-10-19

From thc English Illustrated Mdodsine,
One OF the most curious OF Zulu ideas IL that
expressed by the word "hlonlpa." This. originally
meaning to be ashamed. or TO behave mOdestly,"
is synonymous with "propnety" or etiquette"
and covers a variety OF curious customs. For
instance. a woman must always "hlonipa" the
names Of her father. her husband. the head Of
the family. and the chief, /. G.. avoid uttering them;
and in the case OF a great chief the prohibition
extends also to the men Of the tribe. II the name
happens to have a meaning OF its own, some sub
stitute must be found for II In ordinary converse
ton. Il is as though English women whose family
name was Smith were not allowed TO talk about
a blacksmith. but must call him a worker In iron.
Thus the women of the family whose name is
-mtimkulu." The Great Tree" are obliged TO md
some other word for "A tree" or medicine" both
of which are init" In Zulu.