davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1906-12-18
Oldest in the Land

rms building was the first To- bo erect
ed IN America for the exclusive use NJ
Masons. and for many years was re-
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1906-12-18
Afternoon Session.

Report Of committee on vineyards and
small fruits. II. j. Dmwiddic chairman.
Report Of committee ON new fruits and
nomenclature. II. J.. Price. chairman
Nursery Needs OF Virginia" Professor
j. J.. Phillips. Blackshurg Discussion nv
j. G. Watkins. OF Hallsboro. G.. u. Wen
ger Dayton. Va. W r. Hood. Of Rich
mnnd. and Maltcr WhateIN of Crnznt
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16

fteroam. Gr ipar erft f%elbitftGnbig in
2ei0en t6Gtig, iieoelte aber 1851 nad)
Mmfteroam iiber, mo er 1884 Die f6One
Sasha bon llplenburg beiratbete, Die
1912 ftdrb. Sroboem @embranot NIT
fetnen 9emGloen piel 9elo perbient
bate, seristb er infolee oss anssmeinen
Hiidganes bes Wpblftanoes. fotpie fei<
nsr toitipielisen Neisunsen als @amms
Ter in @9ulben, 10 baB er 1856 fir
sablungsunfdbig ertldrt unb fein 9aus
uno feline Sammlung amtli9 beriteie
CERT tpuroen. Hembranot ftarb 1869.
SIM Sabre 1852 tpuroe inn au Mmiters
bam elm 9enfmal sefebt. Ius Mnlab
Der 300. Wieoerfebr feines @eburts<
tages bat man borten ferner Rems
bran0ts Wpbnbars our bleibenoen Grs
baltnns a~nsefauft. tpGbrenb in 2eioen
am Is. Suli b. s. Elm ebernes Stanos
bilo bes uniterbli6sn Meifters entbini
piro.
Sas 5auptsebiet Membranbts nor
oas portrGt. &einer Dor INN ~perfono
es 10, Dem meni9liaen 3opfe fein IN
bibibuelles @eprdse gu perIeibsn. Seine
Stoffe entletnte Rembrandt meift Benz
beimatbliden 2eber. 9ie bsrbfte Sisur
I'M Bplfe CAB ibm Mnlab gum Stu
blum uno setpann unter feiner 9ano
einen ma6tbol padenoen Musorud
9arafteriftif9er Wirflidfeit. Mber
aud als 2anoI4uftsmaler mar @em>
brandt ausgeaeidnet. Muberoroents
Ii9e Seinbeit Der 3ompoiition, marine
@ertiefuns in bas Detail uno poeti5ds
@mpfinouns finb bier feline @prsiise.
Cine pefentlide @~rsdnauns Der tiinit=
lerifden 9bdtisfeit @~embranbts bilSen
feline M~aoirunsen, tpel9e ebenio {ebr
ben 9Obepunft Der bondnoifden Ros
6trtunft be5eidnen. pie feine 8iloer ben
Der holIdn6fhen Walerei.
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16

Wit Ginre9 nungpp Huiz
ff6=Mfen Q7,3O5,O 2O Nuabrat>&is
lometer) unb BEN tiirfii9en geIibunz
oen unb @afaQen in Mien
umb Mfrifa (5,71O,780 Nuabrat<ai<
lometer) betrdst Der gefummte Gplos
nialbeIib Der europdii9en Staaten
1892 1888 Nnabrat@&ilOmeter slsia
81 prpsent bes sansen SeItldnoss.
@ilber 1T BON 8ulfaner
bisher Bel spei 9~eleeenbeiten ausgez
iporfen pprben. Die 4fhe zines
Musbru6s bes gptopari i'm Sabre
1885 entbielt auf ie $1,000 Sbeile
einen She'll Silfer, unb in Der aus
benz Sunsurasue in ben @noen BON
Ecuador, tpurbe 386 auf ie 100000
Sbeile elm @etpidtstheil Silber Ct,
funben.
Our6 8aG1pnperud DE ga,
BEN fi6 iiberraidenb niebrige 5empes
raturen Der b09ften 2uftf9i9ten
na9neiisn iaTen, 3. 9. 80 @rao unz
ter Nun in Der 901e ron Ia, 795 Me=
tern. Tiemfrbr in Wnn fanb aber
81h @rab &dlte fdpn in Der 9Sbe
bon 97l4 Mstsrn. Die itGrfits Som,
mertpdrme ideint in biefen 9Oben.
f9i9ten i'm Sttpber 81 berri4en. bic
ftrensite WintertGlte basesen i'm
Mpril.
6eimerf4eib. Germ gmil
6ierb bon bier, 9o4ofenbirettor Der
GoderiGf9en Embellishments Su Ssrs
aina, bat bic belsii4e &esierung oas
Ritterfreua bes 2eopOlborbens psrlies
ben. = Oas 9otel Raters IN Saul.
gigenthum Der Wittpt 6aniens
Morau bon 2urembeus purbe Germ
Rit Maters gum Preife sbpn 26,600
NJ. nit 1872 prOaent Mufsslb befi<
nitip aunefhlanen.
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16
Blu @brsm finss alton a%alsiffrs.
9ie 6eier oes 500. Seburtstaees ees be-
riihmfen G2aIerS Rembrandt.


ribmtem gaaIers Rewbranot.
Die &ulturldn0er Der Groe, 9olIanb
an Der Spite, riiiten fid, Die 800.
Wieoertebr bes Sages gu feiern, on
Dem Hembranot ban Hijn gu 2eioen
oas 3i9t Der @elt erblidte. Dieter
tpunoerbare Mann, Der lange Sabre
untpeit Ser i9mubigiten Winfel oes
4m iteroamer Suoenpiertels tpohnte,
Sem bas Self unfel ser 9ab9en unb
@ra6ten Der groBen nieberldnoii9en
Metropple CUR Nuele elmer pOaig neuer
&unftaufaFung ipuros, mar elmer Der
prigineait item Maler, BEN Die Grbe ie see
feben. Sbne piienf9aftli9e 8orbil>
Dung, obre grobe 4nleituns unb ohne
@nf9auun9 GROCER Meiftertperfe er;
rei9te Gembranbt cine auberprbentli9e
S0be.
@eboren ON Is. SuIi 1906 als
Sobn zines Miiaers, erbielt Hems
brandt Cen erften l1nterri6t bur9 Den
Maler S. ban Spanenburg6 uno mar
Aann S9iiler bon g. 2atman in @mz
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16

aIs er mod in jusenblidem Nlter mar,
nit ibm mad Sapette Gountp. 81. ga.
Sofepb $. @aines befu9te Die uniperz
fiat BON s@irsinien iotpie bie
prineetonzl1niperfitdt, 81. s., on pelz
der lebtsren 6o9f9ule @aines 1886
srabuirte. SIM Sabre 1887 CUR Barre
suselahen, iibte er in Sapettepiae, 90.
3d., oie @npaltspraris aus. 8un
1897 Biz 1901 tpar @aines Ser. Staa=
ten=Sitrittsz @npult fir Wef>8irgiz
MEN.
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16
A.praftntant .. 9. @aints.
Der ttrbeber Der 9iu besaeIid1 Der NabIi3i
tat Der &abIaussabeu.

&eprdientant Spiepb $. 9aines bon
<@irsinien, Der llrbeber Der &on@
grebbia beSiisli9 Der publiSitGt Der
Wablaussaben, lit Al Sabre alt unb
gebOrt Dem nationalen unterbauie felt
1901 an. Gr puroe i'm 9iitrift Gos
lumbia %seboren; feline @ltern peraosen,
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16
Ginamsieass.

Hltr Ietheu geIb auf RbbeIn unb ginuos, obue biz
- feibsn res3nHebmen. ebeuio auf ubren uni
Tiamanten.
Central soan Co.. EOS Gtate Sife EIbe.
Indiana tribuÌˆne. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1878-1907, 1906-06-16
GrebS SpeaiaIif.

Or. 6otparo, iiber orei5is Sabre erfoIareide Rrebsz
SebausluHs tn indianapolis. Office ia Shb
Suinois StraBe.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
SANYO DOMINGO PLANS.
The Columbia Ordered There from
Other Vessels to Go.

Washington, July 5.-The Navy Department
received formal notice to-day from the State
Department that. as the Panama elections were
over. there was longer any occasion for the
presence of the cruiser Columbia in the harbor
of Colon. The department then cabled orders
to the commander Of that ship to sail for Guam
tanamo. She will take on coal there, and then
proceed to SantO Domingo.
AS indicated by Secretary Root last week.
the authorities here intend to take all proper
precautions to prevent an uprising in Santo
Domingo that would jeOpardize American inter-
ests which, Of course. involves the protection OF
the system Of custom house control which has
obtained for the last year. 1t was said at the
NAVY Department to-day that in order to carry
out Secretary Roots plan for a close and COM
pIete system of protection the gunbOat May
flower, comonly known the Presidents yacht.
had been ordered to santo Domingo. and that
she would be joined by the Dixie with a number
Of marines aboard and later on by the Tacoma.
The result will be that an American man-Of
war will be in every harbor Of SancO Domingo
where there is a custom house with an American
collector
The Celtic, naval supply and refrigerating
ship has been ordered TO proceed TO SantO Do
mingO as soon as she is fitted for sailing. She
will give the men Of the squadron supplies which
are not obtainable except from supply snip
OF the character OF the Celtic
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06

to date not dollar has been expended for repairs
account Of wear.
The sanitary qualities OF wood pavements are
unusually high. despite the porous character OF the
material. because the imp=egnation OF the blocks
vish creosote makes them thoroughly antissptic
In fact. germs falling upon the wood pavements
are probably Instantly destroyed. on account OF
the presence OF this powerful disinfectant
The use OF wood street paving material Is
universal in Europe. Every city employs IL TO
some extent and in the more important capitals
ii IS employed on every boulevard or thoroughfare
of Importance
The Bureau Of Highways has announced IT'S in
tenton OF paving practically all the streets in the
office buildings district Witn wood. on the ground
that the noiseless feature OF the pavement tusti-
hes It's use contribution TO public health ana
comfort. When It is considered how many people
are annoyed by the uproar created by q single
truck 1Ouncing over a stone pavement IN the
neighbOrhood OF an Office building this view OF the
matter Is certainly justified. Vehicles make little
sound on wood. and the ring OF horses shoes is
deadened as TO be almost unnOticeabIe. New
York has often been called one or the uoisiest
cities in the world. and this fact may be held to
account in some part for The characteristic uer-
vOusness OF New YoEkeFs. The continuation of a
policy to make our City GuietsE VIII meet assa
pretty general essroDAuon-
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06

The paving OF lower Broadway with the new
wood block pavement has called attention again
to the enterprise which is being displayed by the
Bureau OF Highways in replacing the worn granite
block with this modern pavement.
1t has already been demonstrated that these
wood blocks are going to have long and salts
factory a life as any pavement that We have. Thus
far, the only cases OF damage TO the pavement
can be traced 20 the abomnable habit Of con-
tinuaI excavation for underground pipe and wire
connections. This necessitates. IN the Of the
wooden pavements. thorough work in replacing the
concrete foundation. and the companies which
have laid the pavement under a guarantee have
had to keep continual watch OF the streets IN
order 10 restore ths solid foundation wherever It
was tampeFed with.
One OF the London streets. which showed good
results when paved with wood is reported not to
have been tampered with for excavation during
twenty years. a fact which undoubtedly had an
important bearing on the durability Of the pave
ment It is recommended object lesson 20
our city engineers.
The wood blocks made rot proof and water
proof by the creO-Tesinate process. They are laid
on u foundation of concrete which prevents the
slightest change OF level. They have bean used
extensively IN th.s country Cor SIX years. and ~
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
CHINA JUDGE NAMED.
L. r. Wdfey AppOinted-NatiVs
Succeeds Him en- Philippines.

Washington. July 5.-AttOrney General LED
beus r. WHEY, Of the Philippine Islands, has
been appointed to the new judgeship Q, tna
limited States Court In China which Is 70 Feplaes
I'm a large measure the present consular court
Judge Wiley Is a native Of St Louis. and N
1901 was appointed judge OF the Court OF klrs'
Instance OF the Philippines. A few months later
he became attorney general OF the Islands
The new post carries a salary Of $1,000. with
a liberal allowance for travelling expenses 4S
was created by Congress, at the instance OL
Secretary Root, for the purpose Of cOrrectins
abuses which have grown up in the aGMlniStfe-
tiOn OF justice in the Orient through the con-
suIar courts. The cOnsulS are not to be deprived
altogether OF their judicial functions, but are %
be limited In their practice TO small cases. and
even in these the parties in interest may appee4
10 the United States judge OF the Chinese court
Headquarters for the new court VIII oe ~
SHANGHAI but there will be circuit. including
the principal Chinese cities
CFegOriO Araneta. solicitor general OF the E1ll-
fppfnes. has been selected to succeed Nr. Whey
as attorney general. at salary OF 5000 year.
The selection was made by Secretary Taft Seflo:
Araneta IS about thirty-five years old He was
born at Ilo IlO. on the island Of Panays and ts a
native VlSayau-
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
PLANS BRIGADE POSTS.
General Staf''s Policy Likely To BE
Opp0sed by Politicians.
From The Tribune bureau. ]

Washington, July 5.-The Secretary OF war;
acting on the advice OF the general staff has
determined upon policy which is undoubtedly
for the best interests of the army, but when
will inevitably incur the vigorous opposition ot
the politicians This policy is TO establish bri-
gade posts to replace the small regimentaI ana
SQUADRON posts now in existence, and VIII. or
course involve the abandonment of the smaller
posts Strong reasons are set forth by the
members of the general staff for the assembling
of the army in bodies Of not less than a brigade
while the only objection to the plan viii come
from those Senators and members OF Congress
who have small posts in their states ana DIS
fricts which they will be loath to see abandoned.
The present plans of the War Departfnen,
confeInplate the establishment Of brigade posts
at Forts Riley. LeaVenworth. Robinson, Russel
SIN and Sam Houston, also at some point on the
Pacific Coast and at some point, yet to De Sc
Iecfed in either Pennsylvania or New York.
and possiblly at Chickamauga.
II Is argued that, the days OF Indian out
breaks having passed. there is no longer any
reason for splitting the army up into little de-
4acbrnents while the advantages OF large posts.
cach under the command of a brigadier general.
are ol,y-ioue Such posts would permit OF
q,rivs5e drills would have greater dignity and
,To,,Id make for economy Of administrations In
the selection OF sites for these posts the ques-
tion Of economy viii play an important part,
and no attempt viii be made TO place them
where the land is held At fancy prices
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
REPUBLICS MAY ARBITRATE.
Guatemala and Salvador Wish TO Settle Diff
ferences Amieably.

Washington July 5.-Guatemala and Salvador
are making ovcrtures for the arbitration Of their
troubles resulting from the alleged activity OF
Salvador in support of the revolutionary move
ment against President Cabrera OF Guatemala,
and it is likely that the United States will be
selected as the country in which the board OF
arbitration will meet. The State Department
has been advised OF the desire Of the two coun-
tries which are almost at war, to have their diff
ferences settled by arbitration and although
formal negotiations have not been made as yet
there seems little doubt that an amicable sette-
ment will be effected.
At the first intimatiOn OF outside interference
in Guatemalan affairs the United States State
Department sent the Marblehead from Panama
TO prevent meddlins. Mexico and the United
States both made 1t clear that they would look
with disfavOr on any combination Of Central
American powers to overthrow President Ca
brera. When this attitude became known Sal
vador announced the appointment OF a special
envoy TO explain its position to the American
authorities. and prevent any serious interna-
been advised OF the starting Of Mr.. PacUs, the
special envoy, for this country but ii is not be-
lieVed that he Will arrive in Washington for
several weeks because Of difficulty Of reaching
this country from Salvador.
Guatemala has complained bitterly 70 the
United States OF the conduct OF Salvador and
charges that the latter government has taken
ton. Il is alleged that Salvador not only winked
at all expeditions which crossed her boundary
into Guatemalan territory but actually sent
troops into Guatemalan territory and committed
many acts which could not be regarded as less
than invasion.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
BIG GUN PRACTICE.
Wisconsin, Baltimore and Perry
Lead an Their Respective Glasses.

Washington. July 5.-The Navy Department made
public to-day the results OF rifle practice with the
big guns of the navy various ships. The trophy
winners are the Wisconsin in the battleship class
the Baltimore IN the cruiser class and the Perry
in the torpedo boat class. The gunboat class has
not yet been decided. The following the stand
ings Of the different ships In the competition IN
the order named. the figures showing the final
merits:
BATTLEsHP CLAss-wisconsin 1s25 Missouri.
$40; Kearsarge 791 Kentucky. 1913 06O Colorado
1915: Maryland. 112 4so; Indiana 112 S9s; Illinois
11O234: Ohio 1OSO49; Pennsylvania,
i0S.4 AS: Texas. 9059T West Virginia, s7.9OS; Maine
s3515; Iowa, 42S12
CRUISER CIAASS-BaltimOTe 1A1 1O2 Chicago. ia 97O
Raleigh lOSs97 Boston, s45sO: Cincinnati, 76O6S Mar
blehead 72.TT5.
TORPEDO BOAT CIAASS-PerTy. 1920; Paul Jones.
l1571s: 1885, Preble 9S SsOS Rodgers 1885,
Hopkins 66915; Stewart 66147 Baeley 63T13: Porter
62 5sO Lawrence 4s2 MacDOnough. $685. Nicholson
q s21; Dupont as 25S; Wordsn. 43.637.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
TO MANGUVRE WITHOUT SIGNALS.
New Feature To Be introduced in Fleet EyO-
IutiOns This Year.

Washington. July 5.-Plans for extensive ma
noeuvres OF the North Atlantic fleet are being
matured by the general naval board and Rear
Admiral Evans. commanding the fleet Admiral
Dewey, president of the board. has sent to Ad-
miral Evans a copy Of the programme Of the
maneuvres Of the French fleet in the Mediter-
ranean. These manCeuvres are under command
Of Vice Admiral Fournier. who not long ago vis-
tied the United States and was a guest OF some
Of naval officers.
Before autumn Admiral Evans will have q
feet OF sixteen battleships, which will be the
largest feet OF effective vessels ever assembled
at one time by the United States A new feature
Is to be introduced in the nanCeuvreS this year.
and the ships are to practise evOlutions with
out signals in order 20 meet emergencies in bat
tie when. owing to smoke or when signal appa-
ratus has been shot away, signals can no longer
be given. While it Is regarded as somewhat haz-
arGOus to mRnOeuvre the big battleships with
out signals, it is thought necessary to have the
officers familiar with this duty.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
PLACE FOR NEW STAR ON FLAG.
1t VIII Appear at Lower Right Hand Cor
ner After JulY I. 1907.

Washington. July 5-After consultation be.
tween Quartermaster General Humphreys and
Admiral Cowles, chief Of the equipment huEeag
OF the Navy Department. the two officers VIA
are charged with the making and issuing of tina
national flags to the army and navy respective
IL, It has been decided that the admission into
the union OF the State OF Oklahoma shall b re-
corded by the addition OF a star In the blue 1eA1
Of the nag. placed at the lower rlsAr nalh
corner
As several things remain to be done before t1s
new state Is actually admitted. and as tls law
provides that the additional star shall Be Ssr -
the field only at the beginning OF the next hsca-
year after the state IS In fact the Oklahoma
star will not be seen on the national enslSr
until July 1. 1907.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
NIAGARA HEARING POSTPONED.
Mr.. Taft Puts It Of to Give All interested
a Chance To Be Heard.
LErom ne Tribuns Rureau. !

lErOm The Tribune bureau
Washington. July 5.-The Secretary Os War
postponed to-day the hearing Niagara Falls
water rights until Friday. July 13 By the bIn
for the preservation OG Niagara Falls Congress
placed on Secretary Taft the responsibility
OF appOrtioning the amount Of water power
among the several companies now utilizing ths
Niagara River for this purpose. The Secretary
is most anxious 10 DO justice 20 all concerned
Nine companies We're represented IN his once
to-day. but al interested were not there he
determined 20 postpone the hearing 50 as TO
afford all opportunity to be heard Those
who fail 10 appear on Friday OF next week wiz.
IN the opinion Of the Secretary. have only them
selves to blame il their interests are not con-
served.
The firms represented at tO-days ueeting
were the Ontario Power Company, the Niagara
I.ockpOrt and Ontario Power Company. the
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu-
featuring Company. the Niagara Falls Elec-
trical Transmission Company. the Electrical De-
velOpment Company OF Ontario. Ltd; the Mag
ara Falls Power Company, the Canadian Mag
ara Power Company. the Niagara Falls NEus-
Company and the Albion Power Company
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
v,vNNg.s RESIGNATION ACCEPTED.

Washington, July 5.-The resignation Of captain
Robert +. Wynne. United states Marine CORPS "as
accept.d bY Secretary Bona aparte to-day All Iests-
nations must he accepted by ore ll,4l o. si,e
lorestde1t and the action OF The PresldSht 9n LlS
convf martial fndlngs and the FeconTnendtllon OI
nc Secretary of the Navy IS regarded s olI
the acceptance Of the resignation OF captain SNN
when GeuEGF2Qs
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
HIS CAKE IS DOUGH.
AlmshOuse Baker Dropped from City's Roll
After Serving Fifty.seven Years.

After baking bread for hfty-seven years at the
Kings County Almshouse, in ClarksOn street,
Brooklyn. Abe Coombs has az last been forced
10 retire by illness He is nearly eighty-one
years old. His complaint is rheumatism. He
viii be dismissed under that rule OF the civil
Service Commission which provides that the
name Of emplOye who has been sick more
than twenty days shall be dropped from tae
paYEou.
New-York tribune., 1906-07-06
cONGREss- Not ALONE TO BLAME.

believe there IS the gravest need Cor legislation
@ @l.en VIII provide scientific system OF banlnote
currency ! believe, too, that there Is group OF
men upon which The responsibility for such legis-
-slgh lies so heavily II does upon the members
q TIE New York State Bankers Association. Con-
gIess Is not alone TO blame II We are lacking IN
H-se currency laws II financial leaders are ut
ssrIy ooliRious the necessity for such laws; II
1aAnAers even after they 10 the conclusion
llal legislation is desirable are unable to reach
90 asIeeLnsAL what sort OF legislation IS ex-
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1906-05-18
PLAN FOR SHIPPING CATTLE.

In shipping by freight, it is generally
necessary for some man to accom-
pany the stock as an attendant, and
then feed, bedding, ETC., is supplied for
the trip, and the attendant is expected
to care for, feed and water the stock.
The animals can be placed in stalls
that are made in the car, or in stan
chions which run the length of the
car. These are made by taking two
four or five-inch pieces at top and two
more at bottom, and at regular inter.
walls place an upright which is securely
fastened to these pieces, and also to
the floor and roof of the car; then in
between these pieces or uprights,
place a piece that reaches from floor
just to the top of the frame, being
pinned at the base SO that it will move
enough at the top to allow the ami
mails head to enter the space, then
close the space and put in another pin
at the top to hold it there firmly. The
diagram shows this stanchion. The
animals, of course, stand sideways in
the car, and unless exceptionally large
will have ample room in the ordinary
eight-foot-wide car, and leave a space
/ III ITOuC OIL tue SIduCIllOn lOT IceulHS
| Hay in small bales can be carried ovel
the animals by building a sort Of g
floor over them. Water can be carried
in barrels near the doorways to bt
used in case of necessity or haste
Where only one of two animals are tt
be shipped by freight, suggests the Ru
raj New Yorker, they can be tied il
the end of the car, or a cheap stal
made. Almost all railways requir
the presence of an attendant, and ger
orally give free fare, at least one way
and sometimes both ways.