The mirror. (Stillwater, Minn.) 1894-1925, 1906-03-15
Duke of Norfolk (14sn. Besides, the

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twenty-two Imperial, seven Scotch
aud two Irish dukes. Queen Victoria
made three new dukes: the duke of
Westminster in 1872, the Duke of Fife
in 1889, and the Duke of Argyll in
1892. (the latter's Scotch title originated
in 17O1.) The Duke of Argyll is mar
ried to daughter of Queen Victoria;
the Duke of Fife to a daughter of
Edward VII.
The second rank is that of marquis,
which originated in the fourteenth
century. The best known are the
Marquis of Salisbury and Of Lands
down.
The title of earl can be traced to
Anglo-SaxoD times. The Anglo-Saxon
"earldorman," later on, changed to the
Danish "eorl," and then to the English
"earl," used to be the military leader
and judge of his county. But the
centralizing craftsmanship of the Nor
man kings managed to force the earls
out of their political positions by the
appointment of monarchical officials,
called welcomes or sheriffs, and che
Word earl became mere title. Already
In the fourteenth century earls (counts)
were appointed who had no connection
with any county. The oldest of the
now existing earl titles is that of
Huntingdon, 1929. The number of
Imperial earls is one hundred and
tWenty-three; of Scotch, forty-four; of
Irish, sixty-six. The title of sscount" is
used in England only for foreigners;
but the wife of an earl is called count
ess.
The viscOunt is, in name only, the
welcomes or sheriff just mentioned
There is no historical connection be-
tween the two The title is a French
one and was first used in England in
144O. Ireland has the most viscounts,
thirty-seven, England, twenty-nine,
Scotland only nine. Nowadays the
speaker of the Lower House is gener-
ally made viscount. Well known
possessors of this title are Lord Goschen
(19OO), Lord Kitchener and Lord Mil
ner 1902.
The lowest rank of the peers is baron.
The title, during the middle ages,
amounted to the. same as that Of the
present lord. At present England has
three hundred and twenty; Ireland,
slxty-three, and Scotland, twenty-four
barons.
Besides the hereditary peers there
are peers by virtue of Office. To these
belong the archbishops and bishops of
the Anglican Church and the judiciary
lords. There are five at present: the
Lord High Chancellor and the lords of
the appellate court. The judiciary
lords hold their title and office for life;
there wives have the title, lady. When
lord high chancellor is appointed, it
is customary to make him an heredita-
ry peer. The archbishops and bishops
are peers only as long as they hold
Office, and their wives have no title.
The wife of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, who, is the first peer of the
Empire, is plain Mrs. Davidson.
| Tho only the heads of the family be-
long to the nobility, the children of
the peers yet have title which, how
ever, has no legal rights, but is merely
conventional and is called "title of
courtesy" The oldest son and heir of
ia duke, marquis or earl, generally as
sumes the second title of his father.
The system of plurality of titles has
already been mentioned. When a
rank is raised, a new name is
often added to the old. The Duke of
Argyll has ths following secondary
titles: Marquis of Lorne and Kintyre,
Earl Campbell and Cowel, Viscount of
Lochow and Glsngla, Baron Imverary,
Null, Morvern and TRY. The title of
courtesy of his pldest son is the next
highest of his father: Marquis of
Lorne. The olGest son of Earl Rose
berry is called Lord Dalmeny. But
this title is merely conventional. His
legal name is: Mr.. Albert, Edward,
Meyer, Archibald Primrose, called
Lord Dalmeny.
Just like title and dignity OF a peer
is hereditable only in direct line, so
also the title of courtesy. The second
! title Of the Duke Of Devonshire is