davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

soil. 1t should lie applied in sach quan,
titles as to penetrate to the roots. If
pure liquid from a manure heap or
urine oi animals IS use4. at least one
half water shoall he added All hen
manrre lcom the poultry houses should
bo kept in barrels or boxes In dry
place until sgrin., When making Il
liqnl of hen manure. use about one
lashcl to 4 barrel of water and apply
it literally e. your garden crop ana see
how delieh 'Ully surprised you will b,
in vigorous and rank growth of vege.
tation.
The liquid manure contains the great
er percentage Of potash and is thus
particularly valuable for fruits. SAYS
the Clio Farmer. Barnyards and
manure So - should be provided with
proper ca,ch basins ana so graded as
to praVc@t ...o teaching and washiu.
away Of the soluble fertility. If the
manure yard is graded into a basin
shape ANA given coating Of clay or
coacroto. Tie arm Will have Il savings
bank that vi! be in constant operation
day AMI niclt.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
ST SSEP,a
GASOLINE ENGINE FLOWING srUBrLE.

men to run it than the smaller ore.
True, but tbs is not the only point one
has TO consider. There are many fields
where the SMALLER engine could be at
work that the big one could not nego-
tiatc at all.
Then, again, when we come to
thrashing. we have much more
powerful engine than is necessary and
not by any means so handy. l would
much prefer. on a large farm. to have
two ordinary sized engines constructed.
of course. for steam cultivatng pur-
poses. Breakdowns will happen with
large or small engines, ana should one
be thrown out the other would be doing
something and not leave the farmer en-
tirely in the hole. Then. again, with the
addition of a separator the thrashing
would be run through in half the time
and the engines get back to work on
fall blowing.
The greatest objection l have to
very heavy engines is that they have
not only to develop more power to pro
pei themselves. but they are increasing
the work to ne done by the plow If
the land is nj all sticky. the soil will he
turned up in great Jumps, which will
again increase after operations upon it
before it is reduced to good seed bed.
There is no doubt but that the trou-
bic in keeping the plow in the ground
Is due to the hard and uneven surface
caused by the wheels Of the heavy en-
CINE The result of this is that the
plOws are becoming heavier and heavi-
er. The land to be operated on is the
same as would be broken by the horse
plow. Then why so much heavier for
steam? Not merely on account of the
greater speed or the unlimited power
of the engine, but to cut through that
portion of the ground which has been
compressed by the engine wheels
in England, where the direct system
was abandoned many years AGO. it is
to some extent taking hold again, due
mainly to the Introduction Of the petrol
engine. Those now in use are mostly
of eighteen horsepower and their
weight does not exceed $500 pounds
With this size Of engine, three furrow
pillow is used, working to n depth of
seven or eight inches in stubble They
are also used for cultivating, harrow
ing, rolling, seeding, reaping, thrashiug
and hauling"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
FARM BREVITIES

Thousands of acres are still moved
with a scythe where a horse mower
might be used. Rocks and roughness
cut no figure with the modern mower
properly handled.
Here is good pointer to remember;
When the tools are put away for the
winter let them be scraped, wiped dry
and creased.
Look out for pear blight. Promptly
cut out every diseased twig or branch.
Eternal vigilance is the price OF pear
success.
See that your fowls have a plentiful
supply of water If you would have
healthy ones and enough grit to enable
them to grind up well all that goes
into the gizzard.
During the hot weather be careful OF
the colt teams. They are more easily
injured than mature horses.
The beauty SIDE of farming should
never be lost sight Of Let the farmer
and each member of the family 90
something each year toward making
the farm more beautiful and attractive
as q home. There is no place on earth
where a more attractive home may be
built than out in the country on the
farm. And how many there are that
live there that lose sight OF this 1acti
They do not seem to see the natural
beauties that are all about them.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
DRY LAND FARMING.

"""t Has Been Accomplished by
the campbell System"
Nhat western people have become
accustomed to calling the Campbell
system Of dry farming" consists sim
nv IN the exercise of intelligence, care,
Fauehce and tireless industry. 1t diff
WIS IN details from the good farming"
Methods practiced and taught at the
'"ious agricultural experiment sta
.OiiS' but the underlying principles are
tie same
~, ihese principles are two in number.
4He hrst is to keep the surface of the
~'iu under cultivation finely pull
,'i'@ed' This forms a soil mulch that
PRINTS the rains and melting SHOWS to
p0'Volate readily through to the COM
racteu soil beneath and that at the
l"ile tme prevents the moisture stored
~ ue ground from being brought to
4e surface by capillary attraction, to
absorbed by the hot, dry air. The
seolu Is to keep the subsoil finely pull
e'ized and firmly compacted, increas-
ca s Is water holding capa9ty and its
~ p'iiary attraction and placing it in
na e oest possible physical condition for
'uiihatlon of seed and the develop
A.. An OF plant root. The "dry farmer"
ss as stores water, not in dams and ar
'DV'ai reservoirs, but right where it
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
CONCRETE FENCE POSTS.

How Colorado R1nchman Makes
Then 81 ifttEv Expense.
y r.5,}emdn named George Wright
who ms a rcn.h near Holly. Prowers
county. tells in Denver Field and Farm
hoH, Il, culs il half a bic item in fence
building ly making his posts of con.
crete THE cheapest fence post we
can get il eastern Colorado" he says.
cost Us is cents even when bought
in carload lots, which makes fenc.
ng an expensive luxury in the con
duct Of cattle ranch. Cement is com.
paratively cheap and we have sand in
unlimited quantities. About a year arc
l hit upon the idea of making fence
posts of cement | tried it and have
found by actual tests that fence posts
capable Of lasting an age, which will
withstand the destructive prairie fires,
may be made for S cents each.
My men are now putting in all their
spare time making concrete fence
posts. The molds are Of very simple
construction. \ level plot of ground is
selected on which a floor is built of
inch lumber. laid on stringers. This
section of floor IS rs wide as the posts
are long, and along both sides and
ends are nailed strips of inch lumber
making a big fiat shallow trough
Then crosswise are fastened other inch
strips five inches high or as high as the
posts are to be wide. They are placed
slightly diagonal that the posts may
taper from eight inches at the bottom
to four inches at the top.
Large spikes are then fixed along
the molds at intervals to make holes for
the wire fastenings, and then the molds
are ready to receive the concrete. In
mixing the concrete for fence posts no
crushed rock or gravel is used, but only
screened sand in proportions of about
five parts of sand to one of cement. 1t
is mixed dry at first, and then enough
water is added to make a slightly fluid
substance. Pieces of barbed wire cut
the length of the post are then placed
in the mold. and the concrete is poured
over them and firmly tamped.
"This wire serves to re-enforce the
concrete and gives it greater resisting
power After lying about twelve hours
the concrete is set, and the posts are
ready to be taken out, while the molds
can be used fora second batch Owing
to the scarcity of timber in all parts Of
the country, concrete is quite generally
used for building purposes; but, so far
as / know, am the first person to use
it in making fence posts. l am very
well satisfied with my experiments and
intend to keep up the manufacture.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
SAVE LIQUID MANURE.

Valuable For Crops, as 1t Contains
Nutriment and Moisture.
Liquid manure contains both nutri
ment and moisture and can be applied
to growing plants at any time and pro
duce immediate results. If the straw
berry plants seem to be lacking in Wig
or Just before blooming, give them a
tonic in the form of liquid manure
The plants will then produce much
liner and better fruit. If any garden
crop is suffering from drought or lack
Of nourishment, it will find an immedi-
Rte sustenance In liquid manure. A
great quantity Of valuable plant food
goes to waste in many stables every
winter. The extra profit to crops
would in one season more than pay for
the expense of saving the liquid ma
nure.
Cement floors with a very little slope
and drain will last for years. The
floors should be made with a little
roughness of surface, and the animals
should be given fresh bedding often,
The liquid may be drained into els
tern made for that purpose. Liquid
manure can be made when wanted by
putting four or five shoyeliu!s of good
manure into barrel of water.
1t is the only prompt and efectral
stimulant for young trees on a poor
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

used for garden crops for many years,
but aboG; cirat years ago Mr.. Fish con
ceivGd the IDEA Of constructing an irri-
CATION plant as he suffered much loss
on his crops during seasons Of drought
He had uevar seen an irrigation Sys-
TEN; but, beng a close student and of
an invcu re tvrn of mind. he thought
he could bring the water from near
by stream upon his fields and thus
countcract the action Of Old Sol on Il
hot day
Tho first step was the construction of
Il dam aero the stream. forming a
pond Of about one-half acre in extent
and ab0lt ten feet in depth, says
writer in the Ohio Farmer in describ-
ing the plant This pond has always
furnished an ample supply of water,
even when the fields were being almost
constantly sprinhled in very d Y wealth
or The water is raised to the level of
the fields above by a pump. operated
by four horsepower gasoline engine.
The pump throws two barrels of water
minute AS the engine requires but
little attention. it can he kept running
almost continually. and with the stor-
age tanks, Mr.. Fish is able to sprinkle
1000 barrels of water on his growing
crops in Il day The pump is located
at the edge of the water, the engine
part way up the bank, while the stand
pipe is up on the level of the fields
above
This standpipe, which is kept pumped
full Of water to the top. regulates the
flow Of water throughout the entire
system and civcs about seven pounds
pressure TO the square inch on the
spriukling hose. The standpipe is made
of fifteen inch sewer pipe joined to-
gcthor With cement, and is sixteen feet
hich. Iron pipes. three inches in diam
cter, run from the pump TO the stand
pipe. and the water is then conducted
TO the different parts Of the fields by
line Of four inch sewer pipe, the sec
tons Of the pipe being joined together
with portland cement in and around
the joints aal laid in 4 trench two and
a half feet underground ON an average.
This work was done by Mr.. Fish and
a helper, care being taken to press the
cement well into the joints, and an in
gcnious wiper was made which fitted
the inside Of the pipe loosely and was
drawn past each joint as it was made.
thus keeping the pipe free from an eX-
cess Of cement on the inside.
At intervals of about fifty feet along
the pipe line uprights three inches in
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
FnGi !. ! 0EE LABELS.
Those ssa,.e CT Sheet Zine Said tc
Lest 3tany Nears.

Those mad CT Sheet Zine Said to
La>t 7i5ny Nears
Sheet zinc cut into strips an inch
wide and to.r OF i've inches long make
permaacn. t.e" lIaeIS If the name is
written ea sac zinc with soft lead
pencil it remains f1r Years.
The label must pc properly attached
because the 2uc is soft and il hung 10
w.re by means Of Il hole in the END
of the zine label the constant Tapping
in the wind viii soon wear the hole
out and the label will drop to the
ground. Some 0rchardStS simply wrap
the label itself around one of the low
er limbs, where it will remain and ex-
paud as the limb grows. This is Il good
plan, says 4 writer in Farm, Field ana
Fircstde. ana satisfactory except that
owing to the color of the zinc and the
bark Of the limb being SO much alike
the label is inconspicuous. Another
objection is that it is easily removed
by mischievouS persons.
The better way is to loop the tags
securely on piece of galvanized wire
about No. 12) The wire should be
eight Or ten inches long in order to
make loon big enough to hang loose
" on one O. the lower limbs. Then
if the ends OF the wire are twisted to-
gether with pair of pliers the label
probably will remain on the tree as
long as wanted. The connection be
tween the label and the wire must
prevent the swinging and tapping OF
the label, but this may be easily pre-
vented by looping the zine on to the
Wire and clinching it down tight with
the pliers.
\ good ink for writing on the zinc
labels may be made 10y mixing in an
earthenware dish one ounce of verdi
girls one ounce of sal ammoniac, half
an ounce Of lampblack and half a pint
of rain water. This ink should be used
with 4 quill zen upon bright zinc and
should be we.l shaken in the bottle be
fore using.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
P-.-, i%G EY STEAM.

.inars Tlrs,s -:n~ Traction IN
mes l.5 Re i.r.i In This Work.
cal. owing has beaa condemned
i iaI| ply bee sa Ju,y have p"t
{ "rd.a r.. -.o.. engine On heavier
"otN tA..a !, o:as bui,. 20 10. and the
result was broken gears. lost time and
heavy bI!s Tor rcpJigs In writing on
this subject il the Orange Judd Farm
er' A. 3. Greg Of Manitoba says:
Il am SURG that farmers owning ordi-
MytnrHSh.n@ traction euginesos eight
cen 70 twenty-five horsepower would
III manJ Instances derive considerable
benefit 1tos4 their use for blowing.
To do this would suggest their re-
placing the cast iron gears with steel
adding eS'eusion rings to the drawing
wheels, us.Hg plow suited to the size
OF the engine and rot expect to pillow
the Whole farm up in day As steam
pioWin% ha@ deveIoned the size and
weight of the cuisine have increased.
somewhat mixed blessing. The argu-
ment used in favor of The large engine
IS that it COG not require any more
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
THE srANDp1pE STORAGE TANK.

diameter are placed and extend about
five inches above the ground, to which
may be attached the sprinkling hose.
When not in use the opening is made
water tight by a round wooden lid and
rubber ring. which fits into the flange
Of the pipe and is held in place by an
iron clamp and screw. invented for the
purpose by Mr.. Fish. 1t requires but
a moment to attach the hose to one of
these uprights.
The first season Mr.. Fish had his
system in operation he made nice
sum off a caulflower crop. He set
out three acres that year. 1t turned in
hot and dry; he pumped water almost
continually for six weeks and kept the
ground wet. The farmers who did not
irrigate lost their crops by drought
Mr.. Fish considers celery about the best
paying crop to grow, if one is fixed to
irrigate it and is in touch with a good
market.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

can be reac..ed b.. i. roo.s Of ,-.a0-tne
crops.
Through those pies r,"...!l Of
twelve iachas caa Ill., conserved 50 Of
fectively that it produce better re-
suits than are u r expec. of an
annual precipita ~ of t~,"ty-four
inches in humid lea. Tie ,.iscov-
erer and demonstration of these princi-
pies deserves 10 rank among the GREAT
est OF national benefactors. He has nor
merely made two blades of grass grow,
where only one grew before. but he has
mace it possible to cover with wheat
and corn. alfalfa and other useful
crops ten OF thousands OF square miles
OF ier-.e i5Ga on which nothing hut
sd&ebtu>h. c&c,us, Kansas sunaowers
ana odacA Grass are now found.-From
JohA l.. Co"dn's Dry Farming-The
hope Of the Tios-." in Century.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
1Eu.hrnor,s For sInrI,et.

Mushroom growing for the market is
very profitable If properly managed
Those having greenhouses can grow
this delicious vegetable under the
benches to advantage ut this season.
1t will do well in cellars where the
temperature can be kept at about 80 or
CO. says Outing Magazine. This should
be kept as even as possible to secure
best results. Collect 4 lot of fresh
horse manure, rejecting the coarser
portions of It, Spread it out to prevent
premature heating and fork it over
several times at intervals of a few
days before using It, Make the beds
about eighteen inches deep and three
of four feet wide. Pound the manure
down we'll Let it ferment thoroughly
before spawning it. Test its tempera-
ture with reliable thermometer by
inserting the instrument in the soil and
leaving it there until the full tempera-
ture OF the bed is registered. When it
indicates so or 90 degrees, sow your
spawn, which should be of the best
and which can be procured of nearly
all seedsmen or florists in the larger
towns. Break it in pieces about the
size of a small egg and put it two
inches under the surface and about six
or eight inches apart. After about a
weeks time cover the bed with two
inches of fine loan and wait for re-
Sults
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

After the laying and harvesting have
been completed the fields should be
gone over and the headlands of plowed
fields and fence corners cleared of any
weeds and bushes that may have start
ed into growth. These viii thrive Won
derfully if only let alone. but this
should be no part of the farmers
creed or practice. \ little carelessness
in this respect will be regretted in the
time to come. according to tine old say
ing, One years seeding makes seven
years wee3ing." 1t would be a good
idea to get rid of all unnecessary in
terror fences as fast as possible, as
these are coming to he only a nuisance.
Once they Wee considered necessary.
but that time has passed, and with our
farming machinery the less fencing the
better
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

Immediately after the silage corn is
Off the ground should be seeded with =
cover crop.
II Is 1'lE!Se to pl0w the corn stubble
as the seed bed thus becomes too loose
ana fun If lar@e air spaces, greatly re-
tarding seed termination. As soon rs
the corn is Oft go over the ground
with the disk cutaway few times.
tollowci by Il float or drag to level the
field. Thus / can make an almost ideal
seed bed for winter grain fine ana
loose on tor firm below, inducing the
capillary w'ter TO come up and GER.
inmate the -a"d and incidentally bring
up some fertility for its needs With
this wheat | SOW liberal seeding Of
grass seed consisting Of six quarts of
timothy. four quarts of redtop and
usually few quarts of orchard grass.
two pounds of alSille clover and GEN
orally small quantity of red clover
but tie MAJ sowing of clover is in the
spring ana this generally results in
sod not to be GeSp5ed. though it is not
to he compared to the sod made bv
sowing the Grass seed by itself, but then
we get FROM SO to $50 worth of wheat
and lot Of much needed straw from
each acre. fair per cent of which is
profit. Where the corn is removed
later rye is generally more desirable.
because the rye plant is more hardy
and will make later fall and earlier
spring growth. 1t is hard matter to
make 4 good sod in rye field, as the
rye is poor nurse O. crop.-L. W.
Lightly in National Stockman.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21

In the midst of the Gy season own
ers of live stock viii be interested in
the method successfully pursued by
DR.. Peters, veterinarian at the Nebras-
ka experiment station, for combating
the pest. lie took an ordinary oil bar
rel ana put into it 4 wooden spigot
using the barrel as a storage tank
Two and half gallons of zenoleum.
with five Gallons Of cottonseed oil,
were placed in the barrel and enough
water added to Fill it. AS required, the
mixture thus formed was drawn from
the barrel aad sprayed upon cattle and
horses or applied with a sponge or
cloth as occasion demanded The con
troll Of the Hes was not only quite per-
feet, but il had one marked advantage
not p0Ssesse, by most other mixtures
for the purpose in that the solution
was not greasy and sticky, but left the
coat Of the animal in fine condition.
The mixture has the further advantage
of beng a very economical one. Il bar
rel Of it being compounded at very
small cost.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
ROAD DnAG USED BY MAPLE DALE GOOD
ROADS CLUB.


ROADS CLUB.
abroad base. ana the team Is fastened
nit by means of 4 chain. The Maple
Dale drag has only 4 single blade, to
which is fitted rigid pole or tongue.
which keeps it from tipping. The head
Of the drdg consists of a plank three
ar more inches thick and about a foot
vide and eight feet long, to the front
ace o' which is bolted a steel blade.
which forms the cutting edge 4 semi
circular iron brace holds it at the de-
sired angle to the tongue Different
holes ldr5U. II the Semicircular brace
a. the point where it crosses the pole
allow OF its being set at any angle. A
p.ir of o,d p!oW handles fastened In
the rear complete the outfit and make
very cheap and effective tool. In
6nt.at.aE il it is sometimes weighted
with BAG of sand or stones, while
tie driver walks behind and guides it
by means Of the handles. This is some
times an advantage when particular
care /, called for in finishing up q job,
bat usually it is more satisfactory for
the driver to stand ON a board thrown
across Tie pole and the brace stepping
FROM SIDE TO side to guide it by means
ofhis weight.
In Orange county in 1905 the Maple
Dale Good Roads club improved four
mile, OF road us an object lesson at
cost o. less than $500 a mile, and this
highway has remained in splendid con
Giou The perfectly oval crown to
tie road, combined with thin coating
Of good Shale or gravel. and an occa-
sioaal use of the drag are the secrets
OtSuecess
The farmers of New York state are
on record through the state grange as
tayorng such an expenditure of the
dOoCU0000 to be raised for road i'm
roremeat as viii give every com
nWiiY in the state share IN the bene-
fits derived. The original plan as pro-
lUlgatod was to spend it all upon one.
tenth Of the mileage Of the state. Il
writer in TIE Rural New Yorker says.
There are about 1900 miles of high
way in New York state and if every
nile Of it could be made as good as the
section improved by the Maple Dale
du3 ait a cost of 5000 per mile less
than $l50O0,000 would be required to
0mp,ete the whole job, and every
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
How Opium Is Obtained.

Opium is obtained by cutting the
capsule of the poppy flower with
notched iron instrument at sunrise,
and by the next morning a drop or so
of Juice has oozed out. This is scraped
off and saved by the grower, and. after
he has a vessel full of it, it is strained
and dried 1t takes a great many pop
pies to make a poun1 of opium, and 4
goes through a number Of processes
before it is ready for the market. In a
liquid state it looks like dark straw
berry jam.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1906-09-21
Use For Snnfovver Seed.

F. D. Cobmn is thinking Of issuing
a bulletin advising Kansas farmers to
devote Il ...tlc and and little time
to the culture OF the Russian sunhow-
er. Mr.. Cobuin has found that there is
a good market in England and other
countries of Europe for the suntlower
seeds, which when ground and crushed
produce an oil that is used in the man
ufacture of the finest toilet soaps. Mr..
Coburn learned of this through letter
from II. \. w. Corfield Of London, who
asked that the names of farmers who
produce the sunhower seeds lie sent to
him. Mr.. Corfield is a grain importer.
Mr.. Cobun started in to learn all
about the sunaower seeds because if
there was anything useful that could
be made from them he wanted to
know it and tell the Kansas farmer
about it-Kansas City Journal.