davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21

above Johnstown was filled to its
capacity.
About o'clock in the morning the
dam gave way and the flood came
laundering down the valley, a noun
tain of water so feet high. The chaos
that existed when the flood struck
Johnstown is indescribable. The city
was devastated and whole buildings
were lifted up bodily and carried
away with the flood. A great mass
Of wreckage became lodge against a
railroad bridge and caught fire, which
added greatly to the horror. Several
hundred persons were burned to
death.
The entire country was horror
stricken by the Galveston flood in
1900. A great tidal wave, accompan-
led by a hurricane, overwhelmed Gal
weston on the night of September g..
A gale of about 100 miles an hour
was blowing. Business blocks and
residences and other structures were
crushed as though they had bee con-
structed of pastboard. About 5000
people lost their lives.
Only one person out of about 10000
who lived in st. Pierre, Island of
Martinique, survived the eruption of
Mount Pelee. The one survivor was
an illiterate negro who was confined
in Jail at the time of the disaster The
eruption was at its worst May 8, 1902.
Tons upon tons Of rock and masses
Of molten lava thrown from Mount
Pelee were precipitated upon the In
habitants of the city, and practically
every structure in town was crushed.
The people tried to escape, but were
either killed by the falling buildings
or the rocks.
The eruption of Mount Krakatoa,
in the Strait of Sunda, in the year
1888. destroyed half the Island of
Krakatoa. The eruption caused great
tidal waves which swept upon neigh
boring islands, drowning 10000 peo-
pie. Half of the island of Krakatoa
sand beneath the waves.
In 1868 about 10000 lives were
lost in Peru by an earthquake which
extended along the coast from Callao
to Iquique. The principal loss of life
occurred in the cities, where the in
habitants had been given no warn
ing of the impending disaster. Fl
The earthquake which wrecked
Charleston in 1886 caused property
loss of about s5,000,000. But few
lives were lost. Earthquake shocks
were felt over n large part of the
country, extending from New York
as far west as Chicago and as far
south as Jacksonville, Fla.
Up to the present time Chicago has
held the record for the greatest fires.
The fire broke out Sunday night, Oc-
tober s, 1871, and burned for two days
before II could be checked. The
| burned area covered about three and
one-third square miles. and the direct
| property loss was placed at about
$3.50, 000,O 900. Boston was visited by
a terrible fire in 1872, when property
valued at $50, 900, 900 was burned. The
burned district covered about 65
acres.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21
NO PRINTERS IN PRISON.
Pcnitentiary Paper May Suspend for
Lack of Skilled Labor.

Lend a Hand" is the name of a
neat little monthly paper published
in the state penitentiary at Salem,
says the Oregon Daily Journal. But
the April number of the publication
will be late in coming out because
there are no convicts who are printers.
The last printer, who was serving a
short sentence. was discharged some
time ago.
The paper is edited by convict No.
1882, who was sent to the prison sew
eral years ago from Grants Pass. He
is a well-educated young man and
has charge of the prison library as
well as the editorial work. But he is
worried on account of the lack of a
printer. The April number of Lend a
Hand may be delayed until time for
the May number to be issued. The
editor can kick the jobber" that
prints the paper, but he does not
know the cases well enough to stick
type.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21
MODERN HOLOCAUSTS.
Loss of 10000 Lives In Lisbon by Far
the Greatest.

BY far the greatest catastrophe of
modern years was the earthquake
which totally destroyed the city of
Lisbon, Portugal, in 1855. 1t was es-
timated that about $4,000 persons
were either killed by the earthquake
or drowned by the tidal wave which
swept over the city following the
earthquake. The earth opened up in
one place and engulfed thousands of
people.
The first shock occurred early in
the morning when most of the popu-
lace was ahead. 1t was very violent,
and many were killed in their beds by
the caving in of the buildings. Every
structure in the city was either de-
molished or badly damaged. Two
other shocks followed the first shock
Thousands of the survivors gathered
upon an immense stone wharf at the
edge of the bay to escape the crum-
bling buildings.
without warning the earth opened
and the wharf, with all the people
who had sought refuge upon 1t and
several large ships in the harbor
were ensulfed. The huge gap CLOSED
up and the bodies of those who were
engulfed were never found. A huge
tidal wave swept in from the ocear
over the city destroying all that hat
withstood the earthquake. Larg,
ships were deposited among the ruin,
OF the city
The Johnstown flood was the great
est disaster in the history of thi
country. 1t is estimated that full!
10000 persons or more lost theii
lives. The property loss was placed
Mt $10,000,000. Heavy rains had. beer
falling in Western Pennsylvania ant
a large reservoir situated few mile
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21
Veterinarian LAW Sustained.

A decision was yesterday made in
the supreme court granting a writ Of
mandate to compel the state auditor.
Robert S. Bragaw, to issue state war;
rants in payment of State Veterinary
G. f. Mobiles salary and certain eX-
penses. The original application for
the writ was brought into the su-
preme court by Richards & Haga. at
torneys for DR.. Noble. The opinion
was written by Justice Sullivan. Chief
Justice Stockslager concurs and Jus.
tice Ailshie concurs to the extent only
that the law Of 1905 creating the Of
flee of state veterinary surgeon. 4:
valad and constitutional. Boise
Statesman.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21
EXPOSING A CRAFT
AND INCIDENTALLY THE
APOLOGISTs FOR GRAFT

The Government Pays More Money
for Carrying Mail Sacks Than for
Carrying the Mail Itself-The Pos
tai Deficit Last Year Was $4,000
OOO-If the Government Paid Pos
tage There Would Be No Deficit
Only 40 Per Cent Of Weight Is
Paid Matter.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1906-04-21

The Tacoma Chamber of Commerce
appropriated $4,000 for the Sar
San Francisco relief fund.
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
MODERN SHOE DRESSINGS.
Their Making a Different Proposition
from That Of Old Time Backing.
From tho New York Sun.

From the New York Sun.
Time was" said a manufacturer OF
shoe dressings. when everybody wore
! black shoes, and the leather common
" worn was calfskin. In those days
shoe backing was to most people just
shoe backing. a paste backing put up
in a round fiat tin box.
We did import from France a paste
hlacAing that came in oblong square
y. oGc,f boxes. and from England a
Liquid polish that came In wide
l.outi.4 ono n%ot.lcs. put lle great
majority of people when they wanted
shoe backing just bought a box OF
the backing of the size they wanted
ANA that Was ak there was to 1T;
though even ~ these days there wa,
an art in the manufacture OF shoe
backing, and ONE manufacturer!
turned cut q product th.st came to be
we'll and widely known.
still. shoe backing was then tc
most people just shoe backing; while
today there are plenty OF people who
never saw one of those Once rnivcrsal'
ly familiar old-time flat ro,:nd tr
boxes. and shoe dressings arc noN
made in great variety and put ap IL
man forms. ana the manufacture o.
shoe dressings has progressed from ar
art to n science. in which the chemiS
plays his daily part.
These great changes In the bust.
ness have been brought about mainly
by the modern Introduction into gen.
eral Use. for shoes, OF many differen,
kinds of leather. and of feathers of diff.
ferent colors and shades Of color, anc
by the widespread use of canvas shoes
these including great numbers of white
shoes, calling for white dressings.
so. while once the manufactures o:
shoe backing simply continued to
make hoe backing. With such I'm.
p-lOVerlentS in its composition AS eX.
pericnce suggested, now the manufac-
turer of snoe dressings keeps track o:
the leather markets, of all the new
feathers and other materials put OUT
for use I'm shoes. and he must know to
what extent these are likely to prove
popular. and be prepared with dress
ings suitable for them when the shoes
come on the market.
The chemist comes in here in the
compromising of a dressing that shall
not only be suitable but advantageous.
IL adapted 10 the leather upon which
it is to be used.
And so we now have dressings IN
the form of powders and of cakes. and
we have cleaners and dyes. as well as
many liquid and paste dressings. And
while formerly the sale of the b~lackings
produced here was practically confined
to this country. American shoe dress
ings now follow American sho,e ali
over the WOrld.'
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
Spelling Now and Sixty Years Ago.
From the METROPOLITAN Magazine.

NAAT VA
j. NJ. Greenwood in the Kansas City Star,
Not many weeks ago j. r. Riley. prin.
cipal OF n Springfield. Mass, school. ir
runmaging AROUND in an ola .,arret. found
a mustv volume, containing a list of TWEEN.
~ words that had been given as Il spelling
test To a class OF eighty-iive pupils in the
Springfield high school in 1916. The exam
nation papers OF sixty years ago had also
been carefully graded and put away.
where they remained forgotten, no doubt
l gave the list of words to AIS of our
seventh grade pupils in the Franklin.
humboldt. Irving. jefferson. I.athrop, Lin
wood. Whittier and Woodland schools:
also to 19 sixth grade pupils in the Lin.
colin. Whittier and Woodland schools and
20 thirty-nine seventh grade pupils in tho
Lincoln school. with the results recorded
further on as compared with the results
OF 1876. and again with the Springfield
pupils spelling in 1906.
The first list shows tho spelling OF the
Springfield pupils sixty years ago. These
high school pupils had been in school. I
suppose. about ten years. willie our pupils
nave been in school nearly seven years
and those OF the sixth grade not quite six
years. The following table of the Spring
held test of 1916 shows how many pupils
spelled each word correctly ani how many
spelled each word incorrectly:
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19

WIN. j. Ryan IN success Magazine.
II every Asne1fnnn could visit China the
question OF Chinese immigration would
soon 10 ssttled upna q permanent basis.
3or no one can boc0ms acquainted with the
Chinese cooiiv without recognizing the i'm
possibility III opening tho doors OF our
countr TO him without injustice TO our
w labottnx men. Decentralization to our
social idraa. injury to China's reputation
among aB. and danger to our diplomatic
relations with that country.
1 mld0 Il a point 10 inquire among tho
ChiHcno whom I met. In order to ascer-
tain tbs rcni sentiment back OF the boy
cort. I had heard of students being sub
3ected to harsh regulations at ports of
entry, Of traveiera Inundated by conline-
meut In uncomfortable sheds. and of mer-
chants treated rrdely. and 1 supposed that
these things had aroused the resentment.
1 FOUND. however. that tho things COM
plained OF were moro difficult to deal with
and tho concessions demanded impossible
to grant In order to understand the boy
cott ono must know somethin. of Chinese
history. A. China has never had repre-
sentative government the people have been
compelled to bring their complaints before
officials by petition, and. where the petit
ton has been ignored. they have been
accustomed to bring ouch pressure to bear
as was within their power. and the boy
colt has often been resOrtcd to as a mems
oI competing 0c<iOn upon the part or off,
Gals. They. therefore. conceived tho idea
OF q boycott aKainst American goods for
the double purpose OF urging their own
government 10 favorable action and OF
calling the attention OF tho American gov
ernment to their complaint. our officials
arc dotnE what she7 can to convince tho
Chinese government OF tho injustice and
FOLLY OF the boycott. and the Chinese OFF,
Gals with whom ! convcrsed seemed anx-
ious To CO Cooperate with out minister and
consuls. Immediate action upon the part
or our congross. whether favorable or UNI
favorable to the Chinese. will remove tho
excuse for a boycott: and our government
should not b Influenced In It's action by
any threats affecting trade. for the subject
II too grave to BE- Determined by CONNER
Cial considerations
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
oeeAvEn STARCH.

i. 4 HooA DsoAFesA.
An Ashesille man tells how right
food dlA That whsch medicines had fail
Cd to acupnpiish:
..For mere than Is years." he says
" was aAicted With stomach trouble
and intestinal ~indiesstion, gas forming
in stomach saa bowels and giving ma
great dlstnsaA These conditions were
undoaAted1y ane b the Starchy food
ate. whtte broad potatoes, etc. aud
DIDN'T dieasE grew worse with time,
till : ysars sen. I had nm attack which
the Aoctsr diaepossa - appendicitis
When TIE Rrrem operated on me,
however. II vss feaald that my trouble
was uicer e thu pancreas. instead OF
.appsodi1tiA
.Slnce tAat. tAne I have had sey.
eral sarA stsnckA saRsrng dees''. al
uisoG. n hst attack vas about 3
meak1s -. ~ I sndsrcd untold agon'
-
sTAe dseeor tAa 0M that I woui1
have b eat ~ scarcely stun. 90 be.
gan the ~ - Crape-NutS food. for
knew Il - - peligFsted, and hava
ceatinus0 mms Win INST gratifying
rssllta Il ~ bufls ~ up wonder.
fully. I Rhsa - psun1s m tic first q
weea.a NJ Isued 0rapeNutA, my. gen.
esal heslkh - beteee than ever before,
NJ hsk = easnler and ny nerves
GtroaSer.
~Foe lesakfhst - dinner. each. I
tahe Z tenspp0f9ls It Grnpe-Nuts witt,
cfean. . sRaD size q dry toast. an
eeg eslt laneA 9e . cup Of Postum :
and I 0lAe ~ evening meal on Grape.
Nutn Ind eruan alsne-thls gives me \
eeeAaighkb ~ - J sm well agnin."
kamD 11sun u Heseon Co., Battle
Cfed1. ll1cA
TReoyo.1UaA Read thu little
GoskSx11 49, - Wsuvilia." III pkea
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
When the Gear Proposed.

Td ~
At Walton-on-Tham,s tho 80, 49,,
met the lady whom he wished 10 nj.
ms wife. and he had Obtained her IA
thers consent to the match. but n stiI,
remained for him 10 make his pronosn
TO the girl herself.
But the sacred words had TO he M.
tered IN the old formula which Russia
casions. 0S" oc-
Seating himself beside the girl. lo
The emperor. my father" he said
mas commanded me to make YOU th.
offer of my hand and heart" N''
MY grandmother. the queen" she
rephed: her eyes twinklinS with mis-
he Otter OF you hand" s
Then she broke into a MERRY. ,aur,
Your heart sha added. II TAX. ~
my own ACCORD" -
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
A Promise podacd,

from fn4 NGW Iorx Pres0.
A portiy man walker into q Gilded Ge-
henna on Broadway tho other night and
requested the barkeoper to pour him out
, drink of Scotch. h portly man kept
his thumb tightly thrust into the arm
holes OF his wAtstcoMk The barkeeper
poured out the whisky and showed the
ilass across the bar.
''-Thanks." said shs portly man. "Now
would you mind holding the glass I'D to
ny mouth while I drink Mr'
VITA . wondering stare the barkeeper
held up tbs glass and the rotund customer
drank the W1isky with = sigh of satisfac-
ton.
A man who I'D watched the proceed
Mgs with lnfsrest touched him on the
yhoulAse. 'TaaFeea NA. str" he said, 'if I
seem q - unduly inQuisitive. but you
seem to b possessed Of two good hands.
Would you mind telling me why you could
not lift that xAns youxSelfT'
20. that's MI right" replied the gentle
man OF the rohsast build with . mellow
rumble. Yea sss ! promised my wife that
never a8atn would ] raise a glass OF
whisky to my lipsl Promises to q wife
are sacred. you know"
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19

The class average In spelling In 1876 was
4o.0 per cent. PRINCIPAL Riley gave the
same list OF words to 25 pupils OF the ninth
grade In the Springfield schools recently
ana the result averaged al.2 per cent.
me result of the test made bv ATS sey-
Snth grade pupils in the Kansas civ
schools showed an average of as.s4 per
cent. which is Is per cent. higher than the
grace made by the high school pupils in
1916 and '.6 .rr cent. higher than the
erade made by the ninth grade pupils in
opfinIfcld since tn" discovery of the list,
me result of the test made hy ITO sixth
grade pupils in the Kansas City schools
averaged sos per cent. or ONLY .our-
tenths less than the grade made .Dy the
ninth grade pupils in the Springfield
schools.
The test made by the seventh grade
pupils In the Lincoln school averaged az
per cent.
dates and localities, &c have:
Springfield. Mass.
p u !.uli's .s....-....hj as
i0 e'"-' co'TecF sptiiinS.....4e.6 STA
Kansas
City.
Mo.
40. white pupils In seventh grads "a rS''
fcr cent. correct spelling ~ ca
Fer Icuc " on puiils In sixth grade.......lis
80 cent. correct spelling ~, q
40. negro pupils in seventh grade ~
fer cent. correct spelling -. X.
J. WIN be seen that the list of words 4,
n oitncuit ore to spell. 1t is such a ora
as WIN ,esi the ability OF persons some
what widely read.
one 'h'ns the resu';s show IL that white
children of younger Years and ,ess ,,otm.,
minds as a class spoil better now tb,n d.,
.nis spccia! class of cighty-five pupils in
me Springfield high school sixty ycars,pn
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19


..,u ,,., n,ka one or two In
tN'
Next morning We had a hote from
Miss Smith. recountihs shorty ana &c,
cprttely the very tnciatn's "hich l naa
seen. but the pith or me ie,'e' LAY ~
the postscript:
II an sure that YOU will Respect my
confidence My Holmes. when'J tell You
fh.tt my laca here has become difficult.
nvsiny ~ ne fart hat my employer
~ron.incnl inat his feelings are most
d.~r ma most honorable. At The sam-
,inla my nroraig, Is Of course given.
ff. ,,aL ny. rerusel ynrv seriously. but
aIso yarv gontiv. You can understand,
! however ;naf Tho situation IS a little
I s;r1inod,
Ia ,at-
'4i Vu'h ''.Si.' 1I,l,,.s
li!S .-'tv H'fP 1919, t.tf.,
~4"3 as 49, iN4sn''t - s,
! m '1Ss s.''l'ts i.'9e-' .,infi-
features o. ih''ifSi anu Hi"t, l
lty ~ a. ''yii"Nh 'l,'" i n'-'
~ tnpNSnl. l sANNli pr ioiif ,HV o'a
lor Il ',t,e'' i'"',' "i u"s 90 ,,iis
NY aiEi l ann ii'!iit" '" iu. " .h,s
ai'r noon a"u 'f7' ~ VI '"o
NhifA | nifr i"iil''N'
Holmes quiet Day in tho country had
? singular termination. for he afriV"n
at Baker street lttr III Inc evening
'NitA a Guy w. and Il niseoi"re'i lump
uioa his forehead. besides a general
air OF dissipation which would nave
made his Owl person The ilitlnS OBJECT
Of "a Scotland Yard Investigation. lie
WAS immensely tickled by his " adj
ventures. and laughed heartily as he re-
counted them.
Il get 50 little activ exercise that
it IS always a treat" said he. 'You are
aware that | have some proficiency in
the good old British sport of boxing.
occasionally. il is OF service: today, for
example. 1 should have come To very
ignominious grief without it,"
bnrr.d hin, 10 tell me what had oc-
crrr,d.
II fund ,,a, country nuh which
had already ,ecommonaed tn com, no.
lice. ana ther. made NV djscreet IN
u~uiries vas in rho hnr ana a onr,,l-
lnl. IL ndlord vas yiyins ,na III tbat
wanted. Williamson is n white
bearded man and bn li,os alnne Win
a small st.ff Of servants at The hall
Thara - eo,no ,,,,or 40, Ia t. or bas
been n clerev,nau. hut one or Two Incl
dents of his short rasidance at me han
struck mo as noci1l,nrlv ,,narclcsiasti-
cal. bavn alraadv ,n,da somn in
uurios at a cl,rIral arenry and thew
tell mo man ,here was a man of mar
name in orders whose coree- has been
y, sinnIl,rIv d,,l, ono mo landIord
further info,mad mo ,hat thor, are
usually week end visi,ors-a warm lot.
sirLat the hall, and especially one
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
Eve never ate the apple.

I've never ate the apple.
/. Because there Is no Indication in
the bible hat Eve did cat it.
=. n" apples have ever been known
to grow in hat region.
). II n did it was probably a uuince.
Mrs. Lille DevereuX Blake thus neat
ly disposes of the earliest scandal, And
Mrs. Blake. being a daughter many
times remOved of the famous lady i'm
question. has doubtless as inttmate ~
knowledge of the fact as any authority
extant. She made the assertion I'm all
yesterday at the meeting
of the Legislative league in New York
and created a tlutter in the doyecote
which no argument for woman's rights
has caused
Mrs Flake was combating the state.
ment made by Mrs. Johnson, the speak
er of the day. who in proof of woman
Importance. said:
There Is n fact often quoted
which still remains u%ndisputed. Eve
ate h apple"
WhereupOn Mrs. Blake s~traigh.way
threw the ounce at her. Every won.
nm In the room was very much shocked
greatly relieved and a trifie disap.
pointed. They are still wondering i,
Eve did not EFT the apple What the
serpent IA to TO with the case.
Mrs. Blake has vouchsafed no inror-
nation on that head.
The most popular acceptance of tho
location of the Garden Of Eden places
u " western Asia. near the sour,a n.
the i'Sris II Euphrates.
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
My Endorsement OF Pc-ru.na is
Based On Its Merlts-"
I'd. CrLmbo
I'D. CRUMBO, Ex-Mayor of Now
IL Albany, Ind, writes from ~

I'D. CRUMEO, Ex-Mayor of Now
L. Albany, Ind, writes from III i.
Oak street: :.
my endorsement of peYuna ia
based on it's merits.
IF a mar is sick he looks anx-
iously for something which will
cure him, and Peruna will do the
work.
II know that it will. cure cata7rh
Of the head or stomach, indigestion,
headache and any weary or sick
feeling.
cit is bound to help anyone, il
used according to directions.
II also know dozens OF men who spcal;
In the highest terms of Peruna and have
Yet to hear of anyone being disappointed
in it,"
MIR. Crumbo, in a later letter. dated
Aug. %. 1904, says:
My health is good. at present. but II
I should nave to take any more medi-
cine l will fall back on peruna."
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
ForSivinu.

An Ohio farmer had = ''hired man. y
steady. phlagmatic worker. who was al
ways on tins and had not missed 4 day in
more than . year. Cns morning ne ap-
peared In his Sunday clothes and an
nouncod that ~ had Ito 30 bel his wife's
funeral" Ths following day he appeared
~ usual "a wsn his work In his
careful. m~sthodicAl nAnne Less than a
fortnight later M again came before his
employer In hi blAek suit and asked for q
lay on.
Jake. I hate - refuse you. but you
know Ws On prstty bsxy now. Wouldn't
4 DO just ~ vel next wsekr'
6 ABS. i de1ks nicAk." said lake: 'may-
~ I botag ~ ArA. II been my wedding
sill.'s
"Whati Ter weOafns9 Why. you bur-
Nd your WE only week before last"
IA" rstusnso hike calnsly. but l don't
told srtts lsn9."
Tho pouch a . pelican large
. enough to costAin from ssvcn to eight
- -~A.
Forest City press. (Forest City, Potter County, D.T. [S.D.]) 1883-19??, 1906-04-19
SAYS EVE ATE NO APPLE.
Mrs. Blake Finds Scripture and His.
tory at variance-Was a Ounce.

.A;.o!e-The fruit of a rosaceols tree.
tyIus maius. IA native probably of Cen
trail Al.
ouince-Fruit of the tree Pyrus cydo-
mai. 1t is p~ear-shaped, or in one va
riety appie-shared: large. sometimes
Weighing a pound: of a golden yellow
color when ripe. and very fragrant. The
ounce was known to the a~ncients. and
1T has been argued that the golden APP
pies of the Hesperides were ounces.
The origin of the ounce is not clearly
known. but it occurs simultaneously
from northwestern india. westward
through the Mediterranean basin.-Cen-
fury Dictionary.