Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1906-01-28


gentine, Brazil Chile and
chronic Mexico: the second Bolivia.
Disturbers. Ecuador. Paraguay. Peru
and Uruguay; the third.
Costa Rica. Guatemala, Honduras, Mica
raxua Salvador Colombia. Santo Domingo
and Venezuela The states Of the third cate
CORY because OF their chronic turbulence.
constitute. for the United States and their
peaceful and prosperous neighbors and for
Europe. q source OF care and vexation.
The governments of New Grenada, Ecua-
| dor and Venezuela were merged under the
name of Colombia in 1919. and Gen. Simon
| Bolivar was elected president. whom the
Venezuelans have likened to Gen. Washing
| Tor as the father OF his country. But Boil
var was accused by the tickle people or as
/ hiring to the Dictatorship and he abdtcated
| his power. In 1889 Ecuador elected Gen.
Flores president, having organized an lnde-
pendent republic. By the constitution GATED
| 1884, with notifications In 1SS! and 1915,
the executive Office Is vested In prest-
dent elected for term of four years. with
a legislative power confded to congress
! of two houses: the first consisting or two
senators for each province, chosen Tor TWO
years. and the second of deputies on the
basis of one deputy for every 1o,0Oo inhao-
/ itants. chosen for two years. both elected
| by adults who can read and write.
Congress assemblies every year on August
| 10 at Quito the capital The election Of the
president Is by a direct vote of the people.
and also that of the vice president, whose
| term of office is likewise for four years.
| but the latter's election is two years subse-
| quent to that OF the president, so that he
| is a member Of two distinct administra-
| tons. The vice president may be called
| upon to occupy the presidential chair, al
| though he is regularly charged with the
| duty of presiding over the council or state
| The president receives q salary OF 1000
sucres year-equal to about I'll .64o-and
l tool lxy f1u fryVa
| cabinet of five ministers, who, together
| with himself, may be impeached by con-
gress and who, with seven other members,
| form council Of state. The president has
the power of veto. but If congress insist
| bill vetoed may be passed. He may sum-
| mon an extra session of congress for a
specified purpose. but he cannot dissolve the
| chambers or shorten their sittings. By the
| terms Of the constitution all men are free
! and equal, but for a fact most of the In
dams are In bondage. An edict Of 1898
| exempted Indians from taxation, ana they
| were admitted nomnally to citizenship. The
! provinces are administered by governors ap
| pointed by, the state; the subdivisions or
cantons by political chiefs and the parishes
| by political lieutenants. The Galapagos
| Archipelago Is under a local administration.
| X
| Tradition relates that about the seventh
| century nation of Indians named the Car
as invaded and conquered the
| AS~o> coast OF ECudQOr ana SUD-
| History. sequentIy seized and occupied
Quito.
| In the sixteenth century the country was
| taken by the Incas. In 1888 Pizarro and
his heutenants took the country and placed
| 1t under the authority Of the viceroy Of
| Peru. and about that time was founded the
| cities of Guayaquil, Cuenca and Lola.
| strife has marked the history OF Ecuador
| down to the presidency of Garcia Moreno.
| who introduced many reforms, but who was
assassinated in 1875. The struggle between
| conservatives. liberals and radicals brought
| about coalition of the three governments.
| which united in 1883 and elected Cameno
president. who was followed by Antonio
| Flores. 1sss-1s92, and Alfaro on the 18th Of
| January, 1887.
| A dispatch from GuayaquiI on January 10
reported that Gen. Alfaro occupied Quito
on the 18th instant, and that a junta Of
notables met and formed new government.
| electtng Vice President Baguerizo Moreno
as president. There was rioting and rifle
| shots. This was at pm. the 18th. At
ed Gen. Eloy Alfaro (the former president),
and in his absence DR.. Emilio Arrevalo was
given provisional authority.
On the 22d instant another dispatch stated
that Gen. Alfaro had a four hours fight at
the village of Malachi with the government
| troops under Col. Larrea, resulting in 300
killed and 200 wounded. which shows that
! the fighting was unusually serious.
This Is the second time Gen. AIfaro is
president of Ecuador. 1t appears that he Is
a man after the heart Of Ecuadorians-with
him revolution is a business. He has been
| done almost to death dozen times by
assassins. He was born in Ecuador but
has been involved in all the revolutions in
South America. Returning to Quito in 1895,
he became dictator in 1898
The instruction Just closed dates from
the month Of August last, when Gen. Leon
idas Plaza was succeeded by Senior Garcia,
who in turn appointed Gen. Plaza minister
| to the United States.
| While writing these lines third dispatch
| from Guayaquil announces an uprising at
Rio Bamba against Gen. Alfaros govern
ment, headed by Col. Costes a conserva-
tive.
Venezuela was discovered by Christopher
Columbus In 1893. and the following year 1t
was explored by O1eda and
ht1e Americas Vespucius. The name
Venice" of Little Venice was given
because Of the lake habita-
lions of the Indians of Maracaibo. In 1927
Juan de Ampuez founded Coro. but Charles
the Fifth infeoffed the country for twenty
| years to the banker Weltsen of Augsburg,
who exploited 1t to the utmost. In lo47 Juan
Perez de Tolosa re-established In Venezuela
the authority of the crown. In the seven
aged Maracaibo. In the eighteenth century
the colony acquired Importance due to its
| commerce in Callao, and was established as
| a captain generalcy in TIT. In 1910 Fene-
, zuela. after many vain attempts rose
| against the Spaniards and the captain gen.
| eral resigned his powers to an insurrec-
) tional Junta. and when the provinces made
| common cause with the capital in 1911 a
congress proclaimed the Independence of
Venezuela. In 1872 the SpaniaFds, COM
J manded by Monteverde. again took the Of
| fensive and forced the old Gen. Miranda to
lay down his arms. In 1918 an army led by
Simon Bolivar defeated the Spanish at Va
lencia and entered Caracas In August.
| Monteverde, who had fled to Puerto Cabello,
. came out in 1915 to reconQuer the whole
country, and on the 10th of May, 1919, con-
| gress proclaimed anew the independence Of
| Venezuela, and a few months later it was
| united with New Grenada under the title of
Colombia.
Bolivar, partisan of the federation of tho
American states. could not cause his ideas
to prevail in the congress at Panama QS26),
and from 1880 Venezuela separated from
| New Grenada and was governed by an
| oligarchy of rich creoles, Paez, Vergas and
Soublette. who divided the presidency
| among themselves from 1880 to 1915 At
the expiration of the presidency of Soub-
i