The star. (Reynoldsville, Pa.) 1892-1946, 1906-06-13
masrs OF THE HOUSE FLY.



earliest times he has been with us, and
tha most ancient writer's have men.
toned and described him, still very
little was known of his origin and
history.
1t remained for the eminent Boston
biologist, DR.. A. s. Packard, in 1873,
to make known his origin, habits ana
transformations from the egg through
the larva state with fits two changes
to the pupa state, then to the perfect
hy. /
Near the first of August the female
lays about 120 eggs of a dull gray
color, selecting fresh horse manure In
which to deposit her eggs, and so Sc.
cretes them that they are rarely seen;
II takes only twenty-four hours for
them to hatch into the first form Of
larva. a white worm one-quarter Of
an inch in length and one-tenth In a.
ameter. They feed on the decayine
matter Of their environment, and two
ehnnges or casting Of skins occur be-
fore they turn into the pupa state; this
change comes very suddenly. The en-
tire period from the egg to the pupa
state is from three to four days. IL
moist food is wanting when In this
condition they will eat each other ana
thus decrease their number. Heat ana
humidity greatly assist their develop.
ment, as upon careful computation
each pound of manure around stables
and outhouses develops under favora.
BILE conditions over one thousand fiies.
1t is no wonder that where these con-
ditions exist, we have such a veritable
harvest of the fly pest.
In the pupa state when the fly 10
about to emerge, the end Of the pupa
case splits Off, making hole through
which the fly pushes a portion of it's
head; but here 1t seems to encounter
difficulty; the pupa case is too stiff and
hard to pass through, but nature comes
to its assistance, and sort Of bladder
like substance forms behind the head,
which swells out apparently filed with
air; It acts as means of pushing away
the pupa case and releases the fly.
When the fly first emerges 1t runs
around with its wings soft, small and
baggy; It Is pale and the colors ara
not set; its head rapidly expands and
the bladder formation passes away
within few hours the wings grow and
harden, 1t is now perfect fly.
The whole time from the depJsiting
Of the egg to the perfect fly is not over
ten days in duration. Many persons
who observe small flies in midsummer
suppose they are the young, but such
Is not the case, they are flies that are
lmperfectly nourisbed in the larvae
and pupae states, and do not attain
full size, In fact, they are the dwarfs
Of their race. The male fly differs
from the female in the front Of the
head between the eyes, being at least
one-third narrower, though inCsize the
female is rather smaller.
In the pupa state they are often fed
upon by the larvae of some of the
beetles, notably that of the carpet
beetle, whose pupa, the dreaded buff
falo "moth," will attack the young
fly in the pupa case and eating 1t pos
sess the case for itself.
| Adult flies, like most other creatures,
have parasites of minute size that prey
upon them; these can often be seen as
| presenting small red specks over the
body of the fly.
Another enemy in the form Of fun.
gus often attacks the fly in the early
| autumn. This makes its appearances
as a white swelling and the white
spores of the disease can be seen pene-
tratlng the body of the fly, which IT
finally distends and ruptures.
The fly hibernates in winter, but with
his usual secretive habit, 1t is very diff
ficult to find him in his winter quar-"
ters. With the first chill Of autumn
the flies feeling the cold, seek tenn
porary warmth In houses, and cluster
Ing together form punches in the cor
ners of walls and other places. They
are then sluggish and not so active as
In the warm weather However, they
do not make permanent stay indoors,
but on the first mild, sunny day, seek
the windows to get out and find their
permanent winter hiding place; many
prefer to make their homes In the roots
Of grass on lawns where they hide
themselves 80 effectually that the ice
and snow Of winter does not destroy
them in their alternating state. II In
the first warm days Of spring when the
snow is gone and the grass on the
lawns becomes dry and warm, long be-
fore the yellow dandelion shows its
head, a close observer may see num-
bers of files crawling up on the grass
to get the welcome sunshine. their
wings standing out stiff and useless;
but they soon acquire the power OF
fight in the warm rays of the sun. A
great many days, however. elapse be-
fore they appear in the homes Of men.
where they are such unwelcome Wis.,
itors.
In recent years, the medical profess
sion have demonstrated that while the
fly itself does not propagate disease. 1t
is one of the most industrious carriers
of disease germs which by contact adj
here to his feet, hairy legs and body,
distributing them to innocent victims.
| II every house-kepDer could know all