davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

eight pounds Of milk is calculated to
give one pound of butter.
The running expenses are more than
covered by figuring the returned
skinned and churned milk at 1 or 81
ore Gan ore is equal to one-quarter OF
an American cent) per pound. What
is saved on that account during the
year is paid out to the members, ac-
cording to the quantity of milk de-
ivered. =
To get clever and experienced per-
sons to run the dairy naturally caused
some difficulty at first, but clever men
and women from all classes soon began
to educate themselves for those posi-
tons and for many years there has
been no lack of suitable persons.
Large diaries pays best, for the rea-
son that it is cheaper to build dairy
with capacity for 100000 pounds
of milk annually, than three equally
well equipped dairies with 100000
pounds capacity each. Besides, large
butter manufacturer obtains higher
price for his products than the three
smaller ones, and it is of course cheaper
for the larger dairy to pay a first class
manager, than it is for the three small
ones to pay three first class men.
Here in DenmarE it is to the large
dairies we owe most Of the improve
ments. In fact the whole wonderful
development Of our butter production is
due to them. They have united and
established experimental laboratories
and helped intelligent men and women
to take postgraduate courses, thus in
creasing their knowledge and useful
ness.
The cooperative diaries have accom-
plished. more. They have created 4
large industry of oleomargarin, of
which commodity over 100000
pounds now are used annually in Den
mark. Whyi Because all the butter
now produced is Of so fine q quality
| that the masses cannot afford TO use it.
| The majority of the Danish people
therefore eat oleomargarin or inferior
butter imported from other countries.
But they eat it with smiling faces.
They all know. that the dream of the
4 wide awake Danish farmer of thirty
years ago has come true and that his
widest expectations have been far sur.
passed.
It is not only the small farmer, but
the so-called husmando houseman) J.,
/ the man with house and tiny bit OF
land, perhaps just big enough to feed
one or two cows, who is now producing
butter of finest quality. The man with
! one or two cows is actually reaping the
same profits, comparatively of course,
i as the big farmer possessing hundreds
of cows, and this wonderful result is
accomplished thru the principle of co.
operation.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

these conditions on the advance or
eastern side Of the large low pressure
areas. The warm, moist, surface, air
which feeds in on the eastern side. is
carried into higher attitudes where it
is cooled by the adiabatic process and
also by mixture with cooler air Of
higher levels. The air which flows into
the rear or west side is, usually drawn
as an interchange Of currents from a,
higher pressure area and as it has set
tied down from higher levels it is cool
and dry. so that carrying it, into higher
attitudes again doesonot reduce it to the
dew point. Thus it has come to be
RECOGNIZED by local observers that a
falling barometer presaoes rising tenn
perature and damp or rainy weather,
while a rising barometer indicates prob
able clearing and cooler. You can now
understand why the temperature some
times continues to fall when the sky is
clear and the sun at the zenith and
also why it frequently warns rapidly
with densely clouded sky or even dur
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

process we call condensation. When
the moisture becomes visible it loses
the properties Of gas and falls from
it be absorbed by lower strata of air,
in that case we call it precipitation,
applying the term in a general way to
rain, snow, hail and dew. y
Since heat converts water into vapor,
there must be a limit to the amount
Of water which given amount Of heat
can maintain in a gaseous state. under
any given pressure. Also, as pressure
determines the density Of a gas, you
can understand that air at a constant
temperature and a constant pressure
has constant capacity for moisture.
When this capacity is filed the air is
saturated and is said to be at dew
point. However, but 40, so or 80 per
cent of this capacity may be filed by
moisture and this percentage or re-
lative amount we call relative hui
Nudity. Thus we may say the relative
humidity. is IS per cent, meaning that
50 per cent of the capacity Of the air,
under existing temperature and pres
sure conditions, is occupied. The ca
pacity of the air for moisture varies
a great deal in different localities on
account of differences in temperature
and pressure. The more sudden changes
in temperature are caused by changes
in pressure. To better understand these
relations, let us consider a given guam.
tity of air and moisture under vary
ing conditions. Suppose we have under
control, at the earth 8 surface, a given
amount of air, Of known relative hui
Nudity and temperature. Now if we
move this quantity Of air into higher
, attitudes the pressure upon it will be
less and it will expand until it is of
the same density as the surrounding
air. The vapor will expand with the
air and if the temperature were to re-
main the same the relative humidity
would not be materially changed. How
ever, the heat is also distributed over
/ the greater volume and the tempera-
| tures at any given point in this space
| is reduced. The cooling lessons the re-
lative capacity Of the air for moisture
and the relative humidity is increased.
| !. !. +
Conversely, if we move quantity
of air from higher attitudes into lower
levels the pressure and temperature are
,, increased and this increases the ca
pacity for moisture. IF no moisture is
added to the air, and the capacity is
! increased, the relative humidity is de
creased and the air seems dryer. This
process, called the adiabatic heating and
cooling Of the atmosphere, is the prin.
tipaI factor in the production of rain.
fall. In the Mississippi basin we find
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

VO!Co May De hel OI1ueQ.
A A singular phenomenon in connec-
ton with voice character by colors is
the fact that one may reform his voice.
If a person finds out that he has an
immoral voice-say, a blackish- brown,
denoting malice and sensuality-he can
decide to rectify his disposition. After
while, if he perseveres in the straight
and narrow path, his voice will change,
as his disposition alters. After six or
eight months hard striving towards
good, he may be endowed with a pale
reddish-pink voice which, according to
Mrs. Wilson, denotes high unselfsh af-
lection; and then later on, may even
attain to the philanthropic hue Of pale
pink, denoting love for humanity.
Thus it will be seen, the possibilities
Of the new discovery are enormous. A
drunkard with dark brown voice may
take the pledge. If he keeps it, he
will be rewarded by the. deep blue hue
Of pure religion. A jealous person, with
a voice that looks like patch Of burnt
sienna streaked with tongues of fire,
and struck by lightning, may develop
a pale grey voice signifying "devotion
to noble ideal. - : ..,s.
When; Mrs. Wilson first began to see
these colors proceeding from the voices
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
FOR THE RURAL READER.
Boston Herald.


A few years ago, while I was living
in Lebanon, n. H., there was certain
Mr.: Bagley there who was noted for
trying to use big words, and also for
getting his remarks somewhat twisted.
On certain occasion he had been to
farmers meeting at Hanover and. while
returning, one of his neighbors drove
up behind him and the conversation
turned on crops.
His neighbor asked: How is your
hay crop this season; ~
Bagley replied: "Well, my hay crop
is rather short. but shall get my cows
thru the winter all right, for I shall
have the two solos full of mucilage.'
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

and consequently did not get the full
value out Of the milk. On the other
hand they did not get all the milk from
each farmer as promised, nor did they
get the best quality Of milk, because
it happened now and then, that the
farmers wife needed some cream in her
household and helped herself before the
milk was delivered to the dairy Any
way the proprietors of these early
diaries, in most cases failed after a
few years, and did not only lose their
own money, but as rule some Of the
farmers means as well, and the dairies
came to be looked upon as an evil.
In spite of this bad beginning, the
idea of cooperation did not die out
among the farmers, for while years
rolled by and the prices of, grain grad
ually lowered, the prices of butter in
creased, and it became plain to most
everyone that only in finding way
to make the buttermaking profitable to
the smaller farmer lay the salvation
of the country. Then came, in 1878
the invention Of the centrifuge, which
started new life in the Danish dairy
world and bred new hope in the heart
of the small farmer.
As early as January, 1881, ninety
centrifuges were in use in various dis
tricts of the country and in the winter
of5188l-l882 the first, cooperative dairy
was started in Jutland by small farm,
ers, who induced clever young dairy.
man to organize and run it. It was
started with milk guaranteed from 4OC
cows. 1t was a success from the start
and became the forerunner of the great
development Of the Danish dairy in.
terest.
Others Follow Lead.
The following summer other coop,
erative dairies followed and each year
the number has increased until Den
mark, in the year 1897, was the proud
possessor of Las dairies with an in
vested capital of about 81 100000. Ter
years after the first cooperative dairy
was started Denmark s export of but
ter had grown from 1914, 100000 pounds
i to, s, $4,000, 900, and sixteen years after
it had grown to 153,010,O0O,0 It has
been growing since and is growing still
| Gin 1903 it was 160,027, 100000 pounds
This is the history and the results
of the Danish cooperative dairies. How
have the farmers managed to start theil
cooperative dairiesa A number OF
farmers in certain section of the
country owning from 500 to 800 cows
simply unite and organize a society
The capital necessary, amounting
usually to about kr. so ($7.5o) pei
COW is either subscribed by the mem
bers or, what is more general, taker
~
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
THE COOPERATIVE
...... DAIRY PERFECTED
MeeRea. Employed BY Little Denmark Which
Have Made 1T the Greatest Butter Producing
Country In the World


So 81 = a.
TT EVER people see their benefit in
initiating something, it is a pretty
sure sign that thing is a superior
article, and Danish butter has been
initiated again and again especially in
England, where it fol. a generation has
been considered he very, best in the
market. That tsthe, little kingdom of
Denmark has been able to place her
self in the foremost place among the.
worlds butter producing countries does
credit to her pluck and to &the method
she has employed She: has given
lesson Of great value. and interest to
the rest Of the world---a lesson, which,
if listened to and followed, will work
wonders everywhere, for it is lecture
on a great principle cooperation.
Less than twenty-five years ago it
was only the big farms, Of which Den
mark has a good1y number, which were
capable of producing butter thought
fit for expectation. The. owner Of the
small farm did not produce the re-
CURED quantity Of milk and conse-
quently, even if MISUNDERSTOOD the art
of making good butter, he could not
produce enough tossreach the foreign
market. It is true tho, that some mer-
chants then bought up butter from
some of the small producers, mixed it
and worked it together for exporta-
ton, but naturally, SO many different
qualities Of butter mixed together made
an inferior article and could not com
mand a satisfactory price. The result
was, that it did not. pay the small
farmers to produce butter, because they
! had to sell it alta very low figure for
home consumption mostly, and as far
back as in the sixties they began to
understand, that only by joining hands
would it be possible for them to reap
the same profit as the large producer.
Diaries Spring Up.
Enterprising individuals utilized this
growing feeling and started diaries in
different sections of the country, buy
ing the milk from a certain number of
farmers, but tho it was a step in the
I right direction, they did not succeed,
[ because they were Handicapped in many
ways. In the first place, they did not
then have the later invented centrifuge,
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
NO. Nv. II
Temperature, Moisture and Precipita'

I'm THE discussion of air circula-
ton it was determined that one
= law or condition stood out promi-
aently as the primary cause Of all at
nospheric movement. Likewise in con-.
idering the moisture conditions of the
atmosphere we find, one principle or
aw paramount under all circumstances.
IN a general way this law is easily
Understood and at the same time it in
Fo1ves many technical points.
tThe capacity Of warm air for the
detention of moisture is greater than
hat Of cold air under the same pres
lure conditions. - ...,r.':-..--. ~
Technically, this statement may be
somewhat misleading unless more fully
explained. It is not intended to con-
tey the idea that the air absorbs the
fapor in the same manner as sponge
Ibsorbs water. The water is drawn
nto the sponge by capillary attraction
nd mechanically held by the same
orce. In the case of air and the water
apor, the air simply offers the op-
lortunity for the vapor to intermingle
nth it and occupy the same space.
The action Of heat expands the vapor
! o Ill Tie space, WHICH IL OCCUPIES IL
lependently of any sustaining power
f the air, but the warmer the air,
ther conditions remaining unchanged,
he greater is the opportunity or ca
lacity for water vapor. With this ex-
.lanation, we may continue to employ
he terms absorption and saturation.
you will understand saturation to mean
he condition that exists when all the
opacity or the space for water vapor
. occupied and if any more vapor were
be added to the space it could not
emain. Take a glass of water and add
lowly a little common table salt. A
ertain amount Of the salt will become
Invisible and occupy the same space
nth the water. After the capacity of
he water is filed, if any more salt
sesadded it remains visible and settles
the bottom Of the glass.
When heat is applied to water, the
lquid is changed to a vapor and in
aking a gaseous form it partakes Of
he nature of a igas and tends to ex-
and in all directions. If air, which
) not saturated, is passed over water,
he opportunity is offered for the vapor
D expand and I'LL the remaining ca
acity. This process we call evapora-
lon. When saturated air is cooled so
hat its capacity for moisture is les
ened, part of the moisture must leave
he space and in so doing the minute
articles Of vapor unite until they be-
ONE large enough to be visible. This
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

up as loan in some bank. OF course,
large diaries are cheaper per cow than
smaller ones, 50 very few have less
than 100 cows and the majority have
from 500 to 800, and here and there
some are found with even from. 1 200 to
1900 cows. Some have more. In gen
eral the number of cows has been grow
ing with all Of them. In most cases
the annual profit Of each cow is in
creased, because the cows having been
better fed, have developed better milk
giving qualities. ...4.~s
Laws for Diaries.
The co-operativesda diaries are ruled Eby
laws, which are very much alike all
over the country. The common aim of
all the societies is stto get, the greatest
possible profit out of the milk, not only
by producing good butter and cheese,
but also. by returning good SKINNED
milk for use in the different members
households" This last aim was soon
found to be of the greatest import
ance, because if the housewife is sure
Of getting good milk back from the
dairy she will not hesitate to send the
institution all the new milk she can
spare.
All the milk is utilized by the cen
trifuge and the housewife is spared
handling a part Of the milk at home.
The officers Of the society consist in
some places Of five, in other places Of
seven or nine and up to seventeen men.
They are as rule elected for term
of two years, half Of the members re-
firing each year. The officers are
elected at. the annual or semi-annual
| meetings. The meetings are the highest
authorities for the corporation, and all
questions are decided by simple ma
| jority, without regard to the number
of cows the individual members may
own.
The members are not only responsible
for their society's loans and liabilities,
but each member is compelled to de-
liver all his milk to the dairy during
the ten or fifteen years, for which the
society generally is started. With the
. exception Of small sales to poor people,
! in his neighborhood, no member is al
! lowed to sell milk, butter or cheese. AL
+ the milk not used in the members own
( household shall each day be delivered
/ to the dairy, and only by death of the
member or by sale of his farm can he
Sbe released from this obligation Many
sof the large farmers hesitated in the
beginning to give all their milk to the
dairy, hence this severe clause. Now
it is no longer needed because it has
been proved that the farmers cannot
use their milk to better advantage than
/ by taking it to the diaries.
The production and handling Of the
milk is controlled by the officers. They
have the right to look after the barns
the feed-rooms, the cleaning of the milk
pals, the milking, the cooling of the
milk, etc. In the beginning it was also
stipulated how and with what the cows
should be fed, but such a stipulation is
no longer necessary, as the farmers
have been taught that it is to their
iown interest to feed and treat the cows
well and deliver as much and as good
milk as possible.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

The small bucket, observed just below the
funnel, is divided in the center and balanced
on an axle in such a manner that one hundredth
Of an inch of rainfall over the surface Of the
top of the gage is Just sufficient to tip the
bucket. Then the other side fills to the tip
ping point, etc. With each. tip of the bucket
an electric circuit is closed with the recording
instrument below. and thus not only the
amount of rainfall is recorded, but the rate
at which it fell.
ing the night. The effect of the sun s
rays in warming the, atmosphere acts
much more slowly than does a pressure
change and dense cloudiness frequently
aids in the warming process, especiany
at night, by preventing the radiation
Of heat from the lower atmosphere.
! i
When a cold wave sweeps across the
country, during the winter season, we
are apt to think that the northerly
wind is bringing the cold air directly
from the arctic regions. However, If
we consult the weather map we not in
frequently find that a few hundred
miles to the north of us, it is warmer
than in our own locality. The north
erly wind is natural condition on the
advance of a high pressure area. as it
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07

blows spiral1y outward from the center,
and the cold air is settling down, on
us from higher levels. At an altitude
of six miles the mean temperature Of
the atmosphere is about 60 degrees sbes
low zero. Were it not for the fact that
the air warmssin its descent by increase
of pressure the effect Of high pressure
areas would sometimes be to cause I'M
endurably low temperatures to prevail
at the surface of the earth.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
weight Governs Price.

The milk is paid for according to its
weight and according to the percentage
of cream it contains. Generally twenty
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
The Most 7alked-of !
Thing ir, the World
"A Series of Easy Weather Lessons, Written f
The Sunday Journal ~#...
Written for

BY GEORGE S. BLISS ..--.- -
Office, nneap
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-01-07
Voice May Be Reformed.

same colors always attached to persons
IF similar disnosition I..s-s
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1906-05-11
sPINsTER TURNS DRUMMER
Miss Pratt, Aged 81, Has Beaten All
Records for Canvassers in Her
Section Of State.

Middletown, N. Y.-Although In her
eighty-seventh year, Miss Serepta
Pratt, who lives near Walton, has
taken a position as saleswoman for
large Philadelphia house, and is can.
wasting for the sale of shears. Miss
Pratt commenced work on her last
birthday and disposed of five pairs
within the first hour, taking orders IL
nearly every house at which she called
One hundred pairs have thus far been
disposed of by the aged lady, and only
very small portion of the territory
assigned to her has been covered.
Miss Pratt is in excellent health and
covers much of the country on foot.
being convinced that her health is i'm
proved by walking. The record made
by the aged drummer" surpasses that
of any other canvasser who has
worked in that territory for any line OF
goods, and her friends are astonished
that she has been able to accomplish
SO much. Having been employed for
years as a tailoress, Miss Pratt under
stands all about shears, and, being a
ready conversationalist, is able to ex-
plain the good quality of her goods in
such a manner that many women are
persuaded to buy when they really are
not in need of them. IS.
Miss Pratt is believed to be the old
est canvasser employed by any firm in
the United States, and her present
physical and mental condition give
promise that she will reach the one
hundredth milestone In lifes journey
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1906-05-11
AWFUL EXPERIENCE
IN BURNING mine
PUMPMAN's FIGHT FOR LIFE
FAR UNDERGROUND.
PERlLs OF FIRE AND GAS
Writes Farewell Message and Will on
Board-Falls Unconscious While
Seeking Escape and Is FL
nally Rescued.

Ouray, Col.-Alone for many hours
far beneath the surface In strange
mine that was burning and full of
smoke and deadly gases, cropping his
way in Stygian darkness through a
labyrinth of workings miles in ag-
gregate length, writing what he
thought was his last message and will,
then falling unconscious in the main
tunnel, which was deep with water,
and being rescued is the remarkable
experience through which Lawrence
Withrow, graveyard pumpman at
the Revenue mine, passed through the
other day.
Withrow's escape from death is
considered remarkable by all mining
men, who cannot conceive how he
escaped alive after breathing the nox-
ious and deadly gases in the mine
workings for so long time. The next
day the young pumpman was in a
serious condition, his lungs being in.
famed from his exertions and the
smoke and gases, but he will recover
unless unexpected developments oc-
sur. He is glad to be alive, but shud
ders when telling of his terrible IL
hours alone in the bowels of the earth
The collar of the shaft No. at the
Revenue was set on fire at three
o'clock in the morning by miners
candle stuck carelessly into the tim
bers. The candle was left by the
men, who went off at three o'clock
and no one was supposed to be in the
workings after that time. The fire
was not discovered for hours.
Withrow, who was working at the
350-foot station, soon realized the dan
ger from above when he saw the col
lar of the shaft burning, the smoke
from which was being sucked down
into the shaft and workings in heavy
volumes. He quickly abandoned the
pump where he was working and rar
to the nearest telephone in the mine