The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1906-09-06

| crater from both the NV and NE
sides. walking round the summit, and
examining many points of interest. My
meteorological observations are given
il the second volume OF my "Observa-
/ lions Of a Naturalist in the Pacific"
but these notes on the volcanic phe-
nomena have not been published. It is
possible that at some future time they
may be OF interest TO anyone working
up the history OF this volcano. and for
this reason venture 10 send them TO
the Survey Department Of the Hawai-
ian Government
GREAT ANTIQUITY OF THE era
TER OF AwEOWEO-As far
as the observations between Is4o and
1897 can guide me, II would seem that
the data support the inference drawn
by Captain Dutton from his visit in
1872 that il existed through all the later
stages and perhaps through the middle
stage or the growth OF the volcano.
There 5 buG slight evidence Of ex-
plosive action at all commensurate
HiJh the size Of the vent. The con 80
of eruption could have never been
more than 200 or 500 feet IN height
Those noticed by the earlier irvestl-
gators in the floor OF the main crater
have for the most part disappeared:
whilst the accommodations Of ashes are
insignificant and have played a very
minor part in the building up Of the
mountain
THE CRATER OF MOKUAwEo-
wEO NOT SUBSTANTIALLY
CHANGED SINCE THE TIME OF
COMMODORE WILKES, C1S40l.-In its
main features the crater of 1897 as
observed by me is the same with that
Of 1870 as partially delineated by
Wilkes Nor does the maximum depth
differ much at the beginning and the
end Of this period Of half 4 century.
wilkes ascertained by angular meas
urernent (the plummet-Iine proving in
applicable} that the height of the west
wall Of the crater was 7sz feet and
that Of the east wall 40 feet.
This closely corresponds with the
result obtained by Professor Alex
ander III his survey Of 1885. the maxi
mum depth being placed al 500 feet I
made no attempt al actual measure
nent in 1897. but as far as the eye
. could guide me there could have been
but little change in depth during the
previous twelve years. Any great al
iteration would have completely altered
the appearance OF the floor Of the great
cavity which in its main features re-
manned unchanged. This IS also shown
indirectly by the similarity IN depth
both in 1885 and IN 1897 Of the great
cavity itself and Of the Pit-crater Of
South Mokuaweoweo. Prof Dana in
his characteristics Ct Volcanoes"
1890. argued from the Use or a plum
met-line By recent party Of observers
that there had been a considerable in
crease Of depth since the date OF Alex
ander,s survey. Wilkes found this
method inappiicabIe, as before stated;
and / am inclined to think that the re-
suits Of angular measurement are more
TO be depended on
The general run Of the evidence at
my disposal goes 10 establish that this
great cavity had experienced change
only in its minor features between 1e4o
and 1897, or even since 1884. when Mr..
Douglas visited the summit In this
connection II is Of interest 70 quote
Mr.. Brigham's opinion formed after
his visit 10 the summit in 1854 The
partial survey Of Wilkes Of 1910 rep
resents. as he tells US, the condition
found by him in 1864. That the gen
eraI condition has remained materially
the same IN later times il evidenced
By Mr. Lydgate's plan Of 1874. Captain
buttons excellent panoramic sketch OF
1882. Professor Alexander's survey Of
1885. and my own rough plan Of 1897.
Although the map OF 1885 is the most
Nu~gE-f ~ E-z raf
plans. II is apparent from all Of them
that from the time OF Wilkes in 1s4s
Iand by Implication we can extend the
period back to the visit Of Douglas in
1880 there have always existed the
great central cavity, the north and
south banks. and the pit-crater Of
South Mokuaweoweo opening into the
main cavity. The idea that this enor-
nous cavity has been at any time dur
ing this period more or less filed with
lava IL quite untenable.
THE CRATER-PRODUCI PRO
CEsSES NOW IN OPERATION ON
THE SUMMIT OF AAUSA LOAN
order 70 form e preliminary notion Of
the origin Of the great central basin OF
Aokuaweeweo proper. Il vii De z7eees-
sary TO ascertain what processes appear
TO De working IN that direction IN our
avn tine. We find evidence Of such
processes
fa) In thu formation Of lesser pit
cra1ers. sometimes within the great
cavity. but more usually n TIE area
Immediately surrounding il
Co) In The continual lateral enlarge
ment Of this great cavity bE slips from
its sides.
fc1 In Tia occurrence Oh the north
eas- and northwest SIDES Of the sum
mir of Two areas where the constant
discharge Of aqueous vaD0r and the
great agtera ton Of the Iava-surface n
65eare the extension n those directions
~ -ra activity u The volcanic forces
THE LESSER PIT CRATE Rs
These remarkable cavities situated FOR
-he most part outside -he great crateral
Ho7,ovv known as EoEuaweoEeo had for
The res sons given below received o0S
scarr attention I'D 70 the time Of my
z-5sir Though OF 2 much smaller scale.
they represent n all their other cfiaT-