The Garland globe. [volume] (Garland, Utah) 1906-191?, 1906-06-09

phenomena has been recognized from
the earliest times. Volcanic eruptions,
indeed. are invariably heralded or ac-
companied by earthquake shocks. The
eruptions of Vesuvius and other vol
canoes are nearly always preceded
either by a considerable earthquake, or
by a succession of small ones. While
the volcano of Kilauea, In the Sand
witch islands, was In eruption In 1887
61S earthquake shocks were felt In the
course of 10 hours; In an eruption In
were recorded in a single night. while
during the eruption In 1866 more than
1000 shocks are said to have been
counted in five days. At one time. in
deed, the connection between earth
quakes and volcanoes was believed to
be so intimate that earthquakes were
defined as resulting from "uncompleted
efforts to form a volcano" More ex-
tended study, however, has convinced
biologists that, while volcanic out
bursts are always accompanied BY
earthquakes, the converse of this state
ment Is by no means true. Many
earthquakes-and perhaps the greatest
and most destructive Of them-may and
do occur In districts where no signs Of
volcanic activity exist. The great dis
placements accompanied by fractures
("faultsO, which we now know to be
continually occurring In the earth's
solid crust. account for many OF the
vibrations or waves transmitted
through the solid rock-masses which
constitute earthquakes. In some
cascades molten material find a way
of escape through these fractures.
Observations carried on in deep
mines. tunnels and wells, have shown
that there is everywhere In the earth's
crust rise Of temperature as We go
downwards, and this rise OF tempera-
ture is sufficiently rapid to lead to the
inference that, II It Is maintained, the
rocks at a few miles from the surface
must be so hot as to be either In
fluid condition, or only retained In the
solid state by the enormous pressure
under which they lie. When we come
to analyze these temperature observa-
tions, however. we find In different
areas the most diverse results have
been attained In some cases the in
crease OF temperature Is so rapid that
II amounts TO one degree +. for every
20 feet of descent. while In others we
have to pass through ten or ~ times
the distance to find the same rise of
one degree. Until the discovery of the
development of heat by radium It was
very difficult to account for this local
and seemingly capricious distribution
of heat In different parts Of the earth'a
crust. Now, II is possible to find at
least probable explanation of these
effects In the slow but certain changes
which have been proved to he going on
in certain of the chemical elements
which build up rocks
But every change of temperature Is
accompanied by changes of bulk-ex-
pansion or contraction-in the great
rock-masses building up the earth's
crust. A rise or fall of temperature Of
| a very few degrees must result In enor-
nous displacement of masses of rock,
having a bulk of hundreds or thou
sands of cubic miles. We must not be
surprised, therefore. when In studying
the rock-masses of the earths crust
we Hnd everywhere signs OF great in
ternal Notwithstanding. folding,
| erumpling, fracturlng and crushing.
PROF, ], W. JUDD. G. b.