davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

Plus KS curt rejection Of the request Of the
Brazilian government for the restoration Of the
Ooncordat and for the resumption of diplomatic
relations between the Papacy and the great
South American republic has a very important
bearing upon the present situation Of the Roman
Catholic Church IN France. For II has occurred
az moment when il IS calculated 10 strengthen
The arguments Of those shrewd and far sighted
statesmen and students who insist that the
position II that Church viii become far more
important and powerful, now that the Concordat
has been repealed, than during the time when
The Intercourse between the Papacy and France
was governed by the treaty imposed by the first
Napoleon as conqueror upon Plus VII and
which remained in force until a couple OF years
ago Diplomatic relations between Brazil and
The Vatican were broken on, and their Concordat
was terminated. on the occasion Of the dethrone-
hent q Emperor Dom Pedro and the proclama-
ton of the republic at Rio. After time the
Catholics IN Brazil commenced, under the guild
Anee of their bishops and priests 10 organize
themselves into a political party. which has be-
come 50 powerful that the government greatly
alarmed. has endeavored 10 obtain from the Pope
revival Of the Concordat and the re-estab
hshment al Rio OF a PapaI embassy. in the eX-
pectation that the nuncio would help 20 keep the
leaders Of the Catholic party under control In
tAct, the government hoped 20 be able TO eXer-
else. through the Vatican and through the lat
uers diplomatic representative IN Brazil. modi-
lying influence upon the activity OF the Clerical
Party. After due consideration Of the matter
Plus and his Secretary Of State returned
Negative reply 10 the Rio government, acting in
The matter in accordance with the advice Of the
episcopacy and clergy OF Brazil. who pointed
out that the Church there had become far richer
and more influential since fl had been freed from
he control imposed upon IL until 1883 by the
Concordat
In France, where the terms Of the Concorda'
We're Of much more restrictive character than
IA thai OF Brazil, its repeal. although accom-
piishec by the foes OF the Church cannot fail. In
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

course of time, to prove Of inestimable advantage
10 the latter by rendering it, just as in Brazil
more rich and more powerful because more free'
So long as the Concordat devised by Napoleon
remained in existence the political activity OF the
Church in France was hampered in every possi-
BILE way and in spite of all that Is stated to the
contrary its importance as a political factor was
ridicllIously small 1hen compared with future
possibilities In that direction. Political action,
indeed by the Church in France was always re-
garded as being directed from Rome through
the nuncio in Paris. and the idea OF French
poltical party being subject 10 the influence OF
q foreign embassy on the banks Of the Seine was
in itself calculated 10 excite Ill VIII being re-
pugnant 10 patriotic Frenchmen, no matter how
feryent their Catholicism. True, the Concordat
sought TO prevent the exercise Of any such in
auence by the Papal Nuncio at Paris. For
Article . Of the organic law, which constitutes
its corollary expressly stipulates that no In
dividual describing himself as nuncio' legate
or vicar apostolic shall exercise on French ter
ritorv anv control or render himself guilty of
any interference in the affairs OF the Church IN
France" The Concordat. in a word. endeavored
10 bind down the Papal Nunco TO purely diplo-
matte functions. insisting that all his Intercourse
with the Catholic episcopacy and clergy in
France should be carried through the gov
ernrnent State Department Of Public Worship,
st the head of which is member Of the Cabinet.
II was because Of the repeated violations both
~ the letter and Of the spirit OF this understand
ing by the last two nuncios at Paris that the
French government broke off diplomatic rela-
tions with the Papacy and was able. by cleverly
exploiting the lack Of discretion on the part of
the prelates IN question, 10 secure from Parlia-
rnent its consent 10 a repeal OF the Concordat
While French Catholics. especially when i'm
bued with patriotism, have hesitated to allow
themselves to be made the instruments Of a
policy directed by foreign ambassador at Paris
IN the person Of the nuncio they have no such
compunction about Identifying themselves with
the policy or of submitting to the influence Of
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
Ex-Atache Discusses Its Probable Effect Upon the
Roman Catholic Church in France.

the decline in the resources of the Holy Seat that
the Pope is insttuting economies in every direc-
ton and abolishing all sorts of useless Offices.
Among these may be included the nunciatures
and the suggestion that they be done away with
is now under discussion. That they are source
OF great expense 70 the Papacy is admitted az
the Vatican. and II cannot be denied that there
is no corresponding benefit. either political or
material, TO the Church or even to the Papacy
For in every country where they are still main
tained they convey the idea that the Catholic
Church is a foreign power and tend TO render It
unpopular by exposing the nuncios 10 the sus-
picion of using il 10 trespass beyond their purely
diplomatic functions into the forbidden domain
of the domestic politics of the country to which
they are accredited. Interference Of this kind by
foreign diplomats is always resented, as Lord
Sackvilie found 10 his cost during the Presidency
Of Grover Cleveland In Austria and Hungary.
for instance. where the nuncio is popuIarly be-
lieved to be the instigator and prime mover OF
all the ultra-clerical opposition 10 the Liberal
legislation OF the recent Cabinets. the Liberal
newspapers throughout the dual empire filed
10 such an extent with abuse and denUnciation OF
this diplomatic representative OF the Pope as 20
gravely affect the popularity of the Church by
convincing all those who derive their political
opinions from what they read in the newspapers
that the Papacy and the Church are an obstacle
to all popular measures. on two occasions the
imperial government has been compelled, not
merely to protest against the political activity OF
the nuncios at Vienna. but even 10 demand their
recall; while in Bavaria the Papal Embassy has
been centre of political strife for more than a
hundred years.
AS illustration of the political interference
Of the nuncios in the affairs of the country 10
which thay are accredited. need merely call
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
CROWNED WITH SUCCESS

moreover. grave doubts if the earlier custom of
Hberating the lobster fry soon as Matched is
any improvement on natural conditions, for the
many fish which haunt the waters where the
eggs are Matched cause tremendous mortality.
To know that the mother lobster bears. the
average ten or twelve thousand eggs would lead
one TO believe that nature had we'll provided for
the perpetuation of this species but in all proba-
blhty not one egg in a thousand ever develops
TO the adult lobster. Thus it is almost a miracle
II a lobster ever becomes a marketable size when
one considers the immense number Of free SWIM
ming lobster Larvae which are consumed each
season by the nyriads of fish TO whom the lob
sterlngs." even though unboied, are an article
Of delicacy. For these reasons it must be doubted
that newly hatched Holsters when turned loose
in the water meet with a more agreeable fate
than that which comes to their brothers hatched
by the natural process, while the mother lobster
remains among the rocks and weeds Of the sea
bottom.
Far more successful than the work OF the
United States Fish Commission has proved the
work of DR.. A. D. Mead, not in the Matching
alone. but also in the raising of the young lob
sters to the time when they are able TO provide
for and protect themselves
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
by Philip B. Hadley.

AZ the thought of the possible extinction of
our American lobster, the epicurean whose taste
leads him 10 fancy this crustacean delicacy
holds up his hands in horror. And well he may
for the lobster the red broiler of tables. the
frequent cause Of indigestion and nights Of
wakefulness, seems 10 be slowly passing TO ex-
t.nction- One OF the most important fishing in
dustries OF the Atlantic seaboard is in grave
danger and its preservation depends no longer
upon legislation alone, but upon the actual
hatching and raising of Holsters by purely arti-
ociGI means. That such methods are possible
and tn The highest degree practicable has been
Demonstrated by the results OF the efforts Of Dr.
4 .. Mead. Of Brown University, on behalf Of
the Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fish
cries at the state hatchery at Wexford, R. /,
and there some two hundred thousand young
Holsters viii be turned loose this summer 10
stock the depleted lobster grounds of Rhode
Island
As result OF this important work the waters
Of Narragansett Bay have been stocked with
lobster fry so that never. IN the memory Of the
oldest fishermen, have short Holsters been so
,,s--ieul IN the Narragansett waters at the
present time. This fact is demonstrated by the
rsultitudes Of small HOLSTERS. from three TO seven
inches IN length, which hasten 10 wriggle out OF
the lobster pots as soon as they are raised 10 the
surface Of the water. Such a condition indi-
cares that before many years have passed the
lobster fishing industry Of Narragansett Bay at
)east. viii have been revived a good way toward
SIS oldtime standing
The mere Matching Of Holsters has never proved
q difficult problem. i was first undertaken by
The United states Fish Commission at the WOOD
Hole station. where glass cylinders and running
salt water Were alI-suffcient 10 insure the SAFE
Matching Of vast numbers Of the eggs which had
been placed in the jars. But at this stage in the
process difficulties arose. For youngsters win
such pugnacious dispositions and such Voraclous
anretites the small newly hatched Holsters are
extremely delicate little animals. It is not two
hours after Matching that their canniballsuc
tendencies are developed TO a high degree, and
the young Holsters have not the least compunc-
ton against devouring whatever neighbor they
happen 10 run across. In these life struggles the
successful conbatant is not so often the larger
a the two as the one which first secures the
better hold on his opponent.
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

atteGtion 10 the fact that it was almost entirely
due TO the influence of Cardinal Rampola while
Papai Ambassador at Madrid that the bishops
and clergy of Spain abstained from participa-
ton in any political movement against the
widowed Queen Christina and the present King
in his early childhood In fact. if Don Alfonso
is to-day the throne of Span he owes 1t
largely, if not entirely, TO RampoIla. Spain IS
probably far happier to-day under the rule Of
that CHEEKY and popular young monarch. whose
wedding festivities are now in progress than
she would ever have been under the reactionary
sceptre Of the disreputsble Legitimist Preten-
der. Don Carlos, Yet, although the activity of
Rampolla while nuncio. on behalf Of the King
has proved of advantage TO Spain. it was
case OF ilLcgitimate interference by foreign
diplomat in the internal political affairs Of the
country 10 which he was accredited
II is in the countries where there is no nuncio
that the political power OF the Catholics is the
greatest, and In the German Empire for In
stance. where the Protestants exceed in number
the Catholics by three-ffths. il is nevertheless
the Catholic party in the parliament OF the
empire al Berlin that holds the balance Of leg
islative power. and which is able TO impose It's
will upon the government the latter being un-
able 10 secure legislation without It's sanction.
But there is no PapaI Nuncio at Berlin. En-
peror William. like the late Prince Bismarck
wished TO have one there. in order 20 be able 10
control the Centre. or the Catholic party. through
the Papal Embassy But the proposal was 50
bitterly opposed by the Catholic leaders in the
Reichstag. on the ground that II would impair
their liberty OF action and diminish the power
and popularity Of their party. that the Pope
abandoned the idea Again. in England there
is nuncio. and each time that the question has
been raised OF accrediting a resident PapaI
envoy 10 the Court OF ST. James's the idea has
been vigorously opposed by the bishops. the
clergy and the principal Catholic laitv OF the
United Kingdom on the ground that the pres
ence Of a Papal Embassy IN London. conveying
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
THE HATCHING APPARATUS.

The operations Of Matching and raising the
young Holsters at the WEXFORD hatchery are
conducted upon a large, floating houseboat fifty
two feet long Upon the deck are two houses,
one for the engine and machinery. the other
containing the laboratory apparatus. On each
side Of the houseboat IS moored a large float,
each one containing, suspended in the water,
five large canvas bags. These are twelve feet
square and sunk in the water 10 a depth of
332 feet, that only the edges rise above the
surface. The corners are made fast to stout
beams, and fitted with a mechanical device
for raising and lowering the bags. which occa-
sionally must be removed from the basins to re-
ceive. inside and out, the thorough scrubbing
TO the wellbeing of the young Holsters in this
critical period OF their early life
A long period Of experimentation wherein the
young fellows. kept in small cylindrical bags.
We're constantly stirred with the blade of an
oar, revealed the fact that continuous motion
OF the young Holsters was positively essential TO
success in raising them. Such stirring had a
double purpose: first, 10 keep the lobster Larvae
of the bottom where they would otherwise be-
come covered with a deposit of decayed food
and silt; secondly, to bring them in contact
with quantities of food. without which the most
atrocious cannibalsm ensues. To gain these
two ends. each canvas bag is fitted with a ro-
tating paddle which by its motion, creates a
constant current through the water in the bag,
the water being drawn in through window
Of copper screening in the bottom and passing
off by means of two similarly screened windows
at the top and sides of the bag. The paddle
in each bag is turned by connection with the
long line of horizontal shafting which extends
along each of the side floats, and to which
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

their own clergy and bishops, who, Frenchmen
like themselves are imbued with their own love
for Ia Patrie." Now that the clergy are no
longer subject to the suspicion of receiving their
instructions and of taking their orders from the
nunciature Paris, their influence over their
locks, alone in spiritual but also in political
matters, is becoming much greater than hereto
fore. Bishops and priests able to take part
in political life as never before No longer in
the pay Of the government they have become
free agents, and are liberty 10 devote all their
energies to the organizati ton of great Catholic
party in French politics the patriotism of which
will be above suspicion Ieproach. and which
sooner or later, may become, as in Brazil the
dominant factor in the parliamentary lite Of
France. After al. the Galcan clergy have lost
nothing by the repeal Of the Concordat but the
$2OO0OOO annually paid by the state toward the
stipends OF the bishops and priests. a subventon
which was a mere drop in the ocean when COM
pared with the colossal sums subscribed until
now by French Catholics TO all sorts of religious
enterprises on the other hand, the Church has
recovered its freedom from the CALLING restric-
tions imposed upon it by the first Napoeon's
Concordat.
While the abolition of the government stipends
TO the clergy in France has had the effect OF
rendering the contributions of Catholics TO the
cause of the Gallican Church much more gen
erous. II has had. on the other hand. the result
Of diminishing. in "A corresponding sense. the rev
enues OF the Papacy. The French were among
the largest subscribers TO the Peters Pence
Fund but the money which was formerly sent
10 Rome is now kept in France and devoted to
the maintenance of the clergy at home rather
than 10 the maintenance of those Italian prel-
ates who constitute the Curia or Senate OF the
Roman Catholic Church. In fact so serious IS
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
ANOTHER DANGER.

Not only this difficulty is met with, but Holsters
kerr II such close confinement soon begin to
gather upon their bodies growth Of alGe and
rro-oz1a- which ultimately kills the young fel-
lows by preventing their eating and swimming
81 that unless they are very fortunate they
either starve or are smothered by the debris
which accumulates over them.
such difficulties. together with those OF keep
ing the young 'qobsterlings" in motion and fur
nished with an adequate supply Of food. has
prevented the work Of the Woods Hole hatchery
from reaching ultimate success. There are.
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

hatchery of the Rhode Island Fish Commits
sion- At the present time the state OF Connect
cut is establishing at Noank a hatchery which
VIII be nearly the counterpart Of that OF Rhode
Island Furthermore. the United States Fish
Commission is already actively engaged In con-
sTGct1ng at Boothbay. Me. lobster hatchery
modelled after that OF the Rhode Island hatch
cry, whose example, showing the possibility
Of artificial lobster propagation. bids fair to
revolutionize the waning enterprise OF the lob
ster fisheries throughout the world
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
BORN TO TROUBLE.

During the months of May. June and part
of July the female Holsters are caught in large
numbers and if they bear eggs they sent
without delay TO the Wexford hatchery. These
Holsters are said to be in berry"-that is, they
are bearing under the tail, the large mass Of
eggs which appears very large bunch Of
very small grapes. When the egg Holsters ar
rive the eggs are for the most part. green and
unripe Then the Holsters are placed on the
waiting list so to speak, in large cars, where
they remain until the eggs begin 10 turn red
dish. this being a sign that the time of Matching
is drawing near
When this time has come the ripe" Holsters
are removed from the storage cars and placed
in groups of a dozen more in floating crates
with open sides. These allowed to drift on
the surface of the water within the large bags.
Here the 'lobsterlings" begin to make their ap-
pearance escaping through the Stats OF their
crates, whereupon they find themselves in cap
tivity imprisoned by four strong white walls,
and borne about in huge, never-ending circles
by the strange current which never allows them
a moments rest.
Thus the young lobster begins its life-a life
full of dangers and mishaps. And Yet here
II is for a time at least as if in haven OF
rest where without an effort, il is carried in the
ceaseless circuits of the great white paddle.
where no enemy save the sneaking vagranE
shrimp. which sometimes steals into the bags
unawares. can molest. and where the palatable
dishes of ground clans are served al every min
ute OF the day and night. If the innocent little
lobster might have only half a surnise of the
trials of its after Iife-the homely exgencies of
the mOutings when it changes its old shell for
new one, and is likely at any moment TO be COB
bled up by some wandering crustacean as it
lies soft and helpless among the alge of it's
rocky bed; or the learning of caution sufficient
TO insure self-preservation, even when hard
shelled and strong, against its old enemies. the
cod and dogfish; if it could know Of the bloody
conflicts with its own race for the supremacy in
some rocky niche, or the ever present dangers
Of the enticing banquets OF the innocent appear
ing lobster pots-f all this might be foreseen,
ii would indeed be a courageous lobsterIing who
would test his little weak claws and then
solve to start out life's journey.
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

less strong when the trial Of strength is at hand
So off ne plunges his lfes course with his
TWO big eyes. his bristling little claws. and
with hatred for his friends and the spirit OF
atroclous cannihalism deeply rooted in his
Hardly have three days passed when arrives
the time or his first mouIt. His old skin cracks
open and, after brief period OF wriggling out
ne comes with new coat quite formed Such
tlrnes OF casting off the old shell come often in
the !obsters life One might with truth say
that his whole life is only long series of stages
so-called, each stage representing his period of
lie between any two successive mouths In his
early life he mOUlts most frequently usually four
umes In the first twenty days. From this time
on however, the stage periods are Of longer in
terVal SO that aged Holsters probably do not
cast their Shell oftener than once in three or
TOUR years In the little Holsters the skin is soft
ana delicate. but the shells of the older Holsters
are intensely hard and durable, owing 10 the
absorption of abundance of lime salts from
the surrounding water. Such tough and re-
slSllng covering does not allow the lobster to
increase in length between moults, but within an
hour after the old shell has been cast we find he
may have increased anywhere from 10 per cent
to - per cent of his previous length
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
QUICK CHANGE HABIT.

But our 'lobsterling'' does not linger long in
the second stage, where we last left him. In
four or five days he again finds his old coat
too small for him. out he crawls 10 appear
as a lobster of the third stage, a little larger
than before. but still hardly over two-ffths Of
an inch in length, and not even yet looking al
all like a real lobster. Four or five days must
now elapse before he sheds his skin for third
time and enters the fourth larval stage. When
he has done SO. however can readily see
that in this one moult he has accomplished the
most important change to be noted in his whole
existence
He emerges from his by this time fuzzy coat
with a new and decidedly lObsterlike appearance
With the old skin those paddelike swimming
appendageS of his early days lost. His
body is wonderfully straight. and his little
claws, which before hung limp. are now stretched
straight ahead as he darts through the water,
with definiteness and direction characterizing
every movement. The antennSa have suddenly
expanded into long. whiplike lashes. which for
the first time become really useful he care
fully explores the dark recesses of his cage.
When danger threatens, the little claws are
suddenly raised in an attitude of defence, ana
two opposing Holsters may often be seen with
their claws so locked together that neither can
do bit Of harm to the other and the result
is no more dangerous than that of a warm
embrace. During the first part of the fourth
stage the young Holsters seem attracted by the
light, and swim in large numbers near the
surface Of the water In the latter part Of the
stage, however there is evident a gradual
change. and the fou~th mouIJing time draws
near the young Holsters show a greater ten
dency to avoid the light and find a hiding place
by burrowing in the sand or beneath some shell
or rock, if such be provided them. This char
acteristic prominent in the adult. is first
strongly shown in the fifth stage lobster In
this stage. when he is about three-quarters of
an inch long. he has changed little from the
every succeeding mOult. resemble 10 greater
decree the habits OF the adult From this time
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03

on his mouting periods are less frequent so that
II may be ten days more before he enters
the sixth and another two weeks before he
enters the seventh stage
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
Narraeansett Bay Fishermen Report Great
Little Lobsers Since the Waters Have Been
Stocked with State Hatchery Fry.

the power is transmitted through the medium
of universal joint" from the gasolene engine
running night and day in the engine house
aboard the housebOat
New-York tribune., 1906-06-03
HIS EARLY LIFE.

But now he has nothing 10 say; he is only the
victim Of circumstances, and if he be pampered
with luxuries in his early life, as is the rule
among all our crustaceans which are favored
with artificial bringing-up. he will not be