davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
The IIappy MaIIOruuin,

Az for the people, be II undcgtood
that II MnIloranin II no more u Npnn.
lard than II Hhrilnndcr IN n Scot Like
his Moro Aragonese forbcnrn. ho n n
lazy, III conditioned, uncntcrprlsIng
alDth, with but one idea Of llfr-. thnt of
HIcatn, The number Of those who 1--we
by active md visible lnbor IN Hstonsh.
lngly sinnIl. The first thing That strikes
you on landing IN Palmn N that II Ia a
place where everything long ago left
or happening. Palma II Az quiet M
Mnltn ~ noisy md that In saying n
good deal Food II chcap and abun
dnnt, A robbcr N ~ rare ns n beggar.
nnd life nnd property nrc perfectly NO.
cure IN every corner Of tho island. The
people, II not active IN the cultivation
u moral virtue. At lcaHt show want
Of sympathy for TINT which Ia violent
or nnchnrItabc. Though ignorant. Idle
ana HuperHtItioua, they nre honest and
lnofrensivc mud live In the bond Of
peace. II n couple OF common folk have
u difference they strnighten II out with
their fists aud neither Ia tho worse.
Chambers Journal
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
EYES OF WILD BIRDS.
rkwy seem az lie keeneSt For Motion
Against the Light.

we nrc accustomed 10 think and
speak Of most small things, especially
Of birds and the lesser quadrnpclH, as
hnyiug peculiarly sharp cycslght." sayb
n writer, "but the more one watches
them the more one II tempted 10 bo'
leve that in truth their cycsiRht az
Judged by human standards, ~ ex'
trernciy Indifferent Tint many smaE
birds pick up from the ground and feed
upon seeds which we. walking by, can
not scr In true but the seeds are ~
large 10 them ~ oranges 10 us, ana
their eyes are not more thhn one ihch
or one and n half inches from the
ground while they are l0okIsg for them
II. moreover, you Hto0p down. 80 ~ 10
bring your syea within. say. three feet
bf the ground where a bird has been
cleaning, you will be surprised to see
how many seeds, visible enough TO you,
he overlooked Most small Wild AMI
mails will also see us long before We
see them when we are walking. but II
human being sits motIonlcss there II
hardly II wild thing which appears to
he able 10 distinguish him from IN"
surrounding trees and stones.
"Now. the Wild or brush turkey OF
North America II supposed 10 he one OF
the kecnrst sighted birds that live, ana
very ou.ck they arc TO take alarm at
ANYTHING moving. But hunters have
discovered Il have shot them ana /
know Tint they are easily called by
Initiating their note. and also that H.
| when chilling. you sit Oh the ground IN
| front Of tree instead of behind 1t
they WIN come right up 10 you before
! they recognize your presence. Hut II
Won hide beh!nd n tree you must sooner
or later look round the trunk, That
makes n movement against the SKY
line md long before II Is possible TO
| get shot the birds are Of. But sit
| ting between them and Il tree trunk
YOU can raise your gun 10 your shout
der and pot them. II you Will. ut your
leisure. II appears TO be motion against
the light only that catches their eye.
1T IL the same With wild geese, The
| alncrItv with which they catch sight Of
| n human head ns soon as II breaks the
sky line IL dishcartenlng enough, Dut
when they have been coming In IN the
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

evening 10 spend the night on a lake
bngc stood motionleAs, nearly waist
deep in the water. with the full light
Of the setting sun shining on me and
around me on all sides, the surface un-
broken even by patch Of reeds for
fifty Yards or more, and those wariest
Of fowl, the Canada geese, have come
on IN their long line. honking Ike 80
many trumfctIng elephants as they
came, flying 80 low that their wings
At each downward stroke nearly
touched the water, and have not seen
mo tIlI their outstrctched nccks almost
touched my chest and they have had
to break lin" TO pass on either side.'--
Chjcngo New"
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
He GOT From Under.

The yrtoron telegraph operator at
length tool part In the general r."
counting o' incident. and adventure
hy his fellow craftsmen.
"Out III California several year
ago" he said. # was at the key In the
only Telegraph ofFl"r In rapidly rising
town. Early one morning received
Il message addressed 10 the cashier Of
the local bank from It's president, to
the effect that his plan had failed and
TO close the banks doors and suspend
payments until further notice. | had
5000 In that bank. the savings OF
eleven years. 1t was my duty TO send
the message and see my savings van
ish. Then an idea occurred to me. II
was not my duty TO forward the mes
sage personally, and the only boy |
had was delivering a dispatch and
wougint De back for at least an bow
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

Dearest" he said, "do you know
that the average consumption Of sugar
In this country is seventy-fiye pounds
a yearT
She carameled an inaudble reply.
well, It Is he went on, "and I fig
ure on the basis Of the five pound
boxes bought that last year you got
1916 pounds ahead Of the average"
NO wonder you call me Sweet
heart" she marshmalowed gleefully
and ate on. Philadelphia Ledger.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

IN perfect running order the balance
wheel Of a timeplece makes 1900 VI
brations per hour. The number Of
miles year the movement Of a cor
rectly adjusted balance wheel will
equal Is 1858. To make this run less
than one-tenth Of drop Of oil ia con.
sumed. In order to keep watch In
proper condition 1t Is advisable to have
the timepiece thoroughly overhauled
semiannually. The life Of a watch Is
heightened by having 1t house clean
ed" every six months.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

>spectncuiar Exhibition of Darrbaak
- WidtEM un sious Reservation.

N"'bA ph S'bHA h'NeANh'"hs
h WAS during the progress Of tho
grent festival held every ycnr by The
RlouA Indians on their reservation IN
koulh Dakota that once had the op'
portunty of seeing nn exhibition OF
bareback riding Tint 0utdld the most
spectacular features Of amy circus ring
IN the world
Midway Of the prairie II COW was
tied, She wna fat. mnlronly nnd pos
tcspcd OF that dignity which bespcnks
gentle MUD aud simple character,
About her horde Of horscnen gath
cred late In the afternoon, Here was
something wished 10 ecc, 30 worm.
cd my way into the press OF nll these
thousands every one rides. aud II foot
man ls rare enough 10 cause II conmo.
tion Lat him bear n camera aud ho
II u curiosity. Not only that, bui he
IN IN danger Of being irnmpIcd by tho
ranks Of riders. who stampede hllher
and yon IN solid phnnnx, the ponies
croWdIug iii they are carried from
their feet
Patient surprise was In the dark eyes
OF the cow nH ropes were pusacd around
her bust the word docH not seem right
and he who would WAS invited to
ride
Every tnnc sport" | thought M !
focused, for she had gons to grazing
again When 10 one volunteered. !
mnrvcled. Evidently these men Hc0rn'
ell such crIpple's work. and th"r" waa
joke IN II somewhere II was II
sagnw'a game Al lnst man dis.
tithnird, shook ofr hat aud coat aud
/cinchcd up hla belt ! marFelcd more,
for be had been pointed out IN the best
rider on the reservation aud had bust
I'D bronchos for Mr.. Cody IN most OF tho
great ,i.icA Og the world STOOD nenr
the cow while she mnnchrd her grasr
and tappcd a ty from her cnr, Then
one large nnd liquid eye winkcd. Yes.
she wnkcd nt me Understandings, and
| began to wonder II this Was ia" com
Hl'il( w EHlAlNI WV Va VIZ ''''N - 80
pcrchanec. the blood Of Texas ran In
her veins
The indian approached aud lcaprd to
her bncs Ike II cat winding his fingers
into tho rope surcluglc
Never before hud seen nn nthNisn
to recognise IT, That cow mcnin" "A
raging demon Her eyes narrowed t"
omlnoua strcly Blis. ! ntu quit" sure.
her ears nnttrncd bnCk. aud Eh" barred
her teeth In grin Of dIabolic fury
The peaceful aud agricultural lines OF
motherhood left her frame. Will" her
architecture became that of dragon
IN IT. Shc swore horribly IN n conr"e
bass voice, lcapcd like an antelope,
wrgglrJ like suakc. side stepped lik"
"A pugili.t. aud the champion bronrho
buster Honrcd through the air R.~lrnad
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

The perfectly healthy tongue Ia rlrnn.
moist. Hes loosely IN the mouth IL
round Rt the edge and has 10 proLI
nrnt pnpillnc The tongu" mHy b"
furred from local causcs or from gym
pnthy with the fiomncl. iu'rHi1t ~
liver The dry tongue Urrrra luoat ire
q,rnily IN fever and Indicates trrv
ors prostrNtIon or depression. .. @!t"
tongnc IA dlagnostc simply of ilr e.
rrrIsh condition. win perhaps a di.nr
drrcd stomach When II Is moist ~
ycllowisl brown Il shows dls0ricrr,
digratlon Dry and brown indichjrs .
low state ~ the system. Whcu th'
tongue Is dry aud rcd mud smooth. l1oI
out for Inflammation, glAtr!" ~ mites
,inal. When the papil1e Oh the rnI 81
the tongue nrc raised and very ri"i, Wr
cnll II Il strawberry tongue, AMI thai
may mean scarlet fever \ sharp
pointed red tongue viii point to brl,!
irritation or Inflammation. aud o ycl
low coating Indicates liver derangc
ment.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

Oranges came originally from India,
having been carried westward by the
Arabs. The fruit crossed from Africa
to Spain with Mohammedanlsm, while
probably the crusaders are to be thank.
ed for bringing 1t to Italy and western
Europe among their trophies Of the
east. The name is Arabic, "naranJ,"
and Of eastern origin, though the leg
end that II comes from two words
meaning "elephant' and "be ILL.," be.
cause elephants ate oranges to make
themselves III, Is absurd. Probably In
French the initial IN" is dropped of
from naranji with the final m Of the
indefinite article. just as ian apron"
represents "a napron," and the spelling
with nm 20" points 10 false association
with "or" gold,
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

settings or n necklace pilr ~ ear
rings and Ave rings. They were mag.
hifcent settings, worth n deal Of mon
ny. ! could not help wondering what
The stones, which had beer roughly
iorn out Of them, we're like.
"Thcse jewels, Of course, hnd been
stolen The settings were given to
charity by the thief. The stones them.
selves would be rccut md sold
Around this gifi wag note TINT said
"'Hcll for the sick. Ny conscience
goes m far ns this New York Preps
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

mnding between his shoulder blades
with the cough Of escaping breath.
Eventually tho beast was ridden, but
finer bit Of cowmnnahlp | have never
seen nor more wonderful ground and
lofty tumbllng. Rex H. Bcnrd In Ap'
plcton's BoOlloycrE' Magazine,
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
Serious Enough.

Your daughter Is such a frivolous
society butterfly" remarked the sedate
friend Of the family Don't you think
she would be happier il she had some
serious purpose in Iife?'
"Oh, she has replied the mother;
"she's looking for a rich husbandv'--
Detroit Free Press
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
Thiers Giu 20 Charity.

An officer Of one Of New Yorks char
tiles In MD Of ronsumptlyes told Of the
mnry odd things found IN subscription
boxes which ARE scattered about In Nil
parts ~ The tate.
"On onrajn@ rcrrutly II box IN It rail
road druo' H.. tad. # found the gold
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
A Cheerful Breakfast.

II may be uimost SAID as goes break
fpst NO goes The day. The appearance
of the break fast table has power for
good or III over the appetite. 1t Il not
no much the Kind Of food placed before
one az It ~ the way in which II IN
served that mAkcs II inviting or uIIln
yiiug. so, bIO, II makes a vast deal OF
difference whether one sits down 10
breakfast IN Il thankful pleasant frame
Of mind or 10 n moody and faiIt hhd'
ing spirit, breakfast should be eaten
amid smiles aud chccry conversation.
Bright looks and merry words are most
excellent appetlzers and digesters, bet,
ter tonIcs then any ap0thecary can rec
onmend. Mr., II 1t can be helped. IL
ones breakfast 10 be eaten hurr!edly.
IL is much wiser 10 abridge the morn
Ing nap than 10 abridgc the morning
meal. II yor want 10 be a pesslmist
and win tho reputation Of chronic
growlcr. you are on The right road TO
success. 4 generous half hour devoted
to brcukfaf' is time well apcnt. Eat
leisurrly anl not too heartily, aud you
VIII he strol-cr aud happier for it all
the day. TIE art Of brcakfastlng right
ly Il one Of the distinguishing marks OF
higher civilization.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

"Why don't you demand $4,000 in,
stead OF s5OOOT said the lawyer.
"Oh, because" explained the lady OF
the breach Of promise suit Then be
might change his mind and want to
marry me" Detroit Free Press.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

so. win q clear conscience. slDpen
on my coat, rushed to the bank and
withdrew my deposit. An hour later
the crash came, but I was not under
meath"
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08

"Archie's new automobile blew up
with him on the first trip, and he sued
the firm that sold him the machine"
did he recover anything"
Everything, believe, but one finger
and a part Of an ear."-Chicago Trib-
une.
The morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1899-1930, 1906-03-08
F'nnny.

Bill-so me dentist pulled the wrong
tooth, did be?
Jlll-Yes.
Bni-Funny, wasn't IT.
nIl-Fmny+ Why. fairly howIed
about it.-YOnkers Statesman.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
EARLY MORNING SHOTS

Patrolman Lyons. of the Second Pre-
cinct, who was patrolling Seventh street
at 2.4O o'clock this morning, was startled
by hearing four shots from a revolver
fired from a window of the home of
Valenti Tasowski, who is thirty-one
years old On investigation the police
man found that there had been a serious
quarrel between Tasowski and Frank
Barri, of No. 11S Pavonia avenue. and
that Tasowski had been cut on the left
arm with a pen-knife. Barri claims that
Tasowski assaulted him first. When
Tasowski found he had been cut he fired
the shots out of his revolver in order to
attract the attention of the police instead
of firing at Barri. Barri was arrested
and held on a charge of atrocious as
sault and battery and Tasowski was held
on charge of violating city ordinance
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
PRICE ONE CENT

feet broad rooted by train shed Of iron
and glass. The second level will be used
for exit purposes only.
The third level. which will be at a
depth below the surface of the street cor
responding to the heighth of a four-story
building. is the track level. When the
two tracks emerge from the tubes under
the Hudson and reach the entrance to the,
station yards at Tenth avenue they will
begin to multiply, and at Ninth avenue
and extending into the station the total
number will be twenty-one. There will
also be reduction in the number Of
tracks leading out of the station to the
east to total of four for the main line,
two passing under Thirty and two
under thirty-third street. and thence un-
der the East river to the Long Island
City yards. The track surface of the sta
tion may be compared to two unfolded
fans joined together at the open ends, the
handle of one extending under the Hud-
son and that of the other under East
river. Within the station area, covering
twenty-five acres of ground space, there
will be sixteen miles of tracks.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
BY Sharp Batting Rally
They Get Four Runs In
the Last Inning
PROVIDENCE BEAT NEWARK
MONTREAL BEAT ROCHESTER,,
BUT ROCHESTER, WAS AWARD
ED THE GAME-BUFFALo WON
AGAIN.

1t looked somewhat dubious for Jersey
City when the Skeeters went to the bat
in he ninth inning in yesterdays contest.
The score up to that time stood to / in
favor of the Orioles, but with the deter
mination to do or die they fell on Mason
hard. The Baltimore pitcher had held
them down to two hits, but in that last
inning they managed to connect with his
curves for four more, which, with cou-
pie of errors on the part of the Birds,
netted them as many runs. 1t was dis
gusted lot of Baltimore fans that left the
grandstand and bleachers.
The score:-
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
MERELY
MENTIONED

Assemblyman Berg. who has been
talking his head off ever since the Leg
islature adjourned, says he will run for
Congress in the Tenth District. AS Jim
my" Hamill is to be the Democratic can
didate in this district, what will become
of Berg can easily be imagined. Berg
is Faganite from head to foot, yet the
Pagan leaders do not think well enough
of him to give him the nomination in
the Ninth District. where he might have
a chance of winning out
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
FLORIDA AND CAROLINA RE-
SORTS, ATLANTA, BlRMING-
HAM AND MEMPHIS

The seaboard Air Line Railway is the
shortest route to Pinehurst, Camden. Sa-
vannah. Jacksonville. Tampa and all re-
sorts in Florida and the Carolinas. Three
daily trains with through sleeping and
dining cars New York to Atlanta, Bir-
mingham and Memphis. For resort book
lets or information address W. E. Gonk-
lyn, G. E. P. Agent, 1888 Broadway,
New York.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
LAKE SHORE RY,s ELKs ToUR

to Colorado. leaving Buffalo July 18th.
In Denver July 18th to 10Th, during Elks
convention, afterwards visiting Colorado
Springs. Garden of the Gods, Pixies
Peak, Cripple Greek, Pueblo and through
the heart of the Rockies, including the
Grand Canon of the Arkansas. Royal
Gorge and Marshall Pass. Twelve days
all-expense trip, $500. Many Elks'
lodges in the states of New York and
Pennsylvania have already Joined this
excursion. which is open to Elks, then
friends and the public. The tour is of
fered at absolutely net cost and at the
same rate to everybody. No charge is
made by the Lake Shore Railway for ar
ranging and conducting it's tours and no
body is carried free at the expense oi
others Write for itinerary. j. w
DAILY, Chief Asst. G. P. A.. Buffalo
N. Y.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
FESTIVAL AT ST. PETERS

st. Peters Hall, York and Van Worst
streets, will be the scene of festive gath
erings on Monday and Tuesday evenings
Of next week. One each occasion there
will be splendid stage entertainment,
a strawberry festival and a reception.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
ST. MATTHEW'S PICNIC

ST. Matthews Evangelical Lutheran
Sunday School, Of aWyne street, will
hold its annual picnic at ArmbrusteE 8
schuerzen Park, Grenville, on Monday
evening next.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
TROLLEY MEMS BENEFIT

The Greenville Terminal Benevolent
Association, composed of trolley car men,
will hold picnic at the Greenville
sehuetzen Park on the evening of Fri
day. June Is, for the benefit Of sick and
disabled members of the Association.
Music will be furnished by Prof Beggs,
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02

and the same will be payable to the
Water Registrar, at the office of the
Water Department, Room 10, City Hall.
Jersey City, N. J.
Penalties for non-payment will be add
ed as follows:-On all rents remaining
unpaid on the LIST day of July. ONE d
PER CENT.
On the LIST day of September. TWO
(2l PER CENT.
On the 1st day of November, THREE
80 PER CENT.
Interest at the rate of SEVEN II
PER CENT. per annum will be added
to all rents remaining unpaid on the 20th
day of December, following.
Water rents for the year 1906-190T
will not be received for property in ar
rears until such arrears are paid.
All property In arrears for water rents
will, at a date moi later than June 1ss,
1906. be liable to have the water shuE
off therefrom without further notice.
For the Board of Street and Water
GEO. II. BoUToN.
Clerk.
Dated. Jersey City. April %. 1905.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
SMALL FIRE

A lamp explosion caused fire in the
apartments of Charles Viva on the first
aoor Of the three-story frame tenement
bouse No. 374 Third street, early this
morning. Firemen subdued the hamAs'
hut not before the apartment had been
badly damaged. The house is owned by
Patrick Rooney.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
Totals. 49,. 5 6 81 -
BALTIMORE.

Baltimore $50. 30 O 0 O o.
Jersey City 80. o o 0 0 O O 4-5
Two-base hit-Merritt. Sacrifice hits
Merritt, Hunter, Hanford, Woods.
Stolen bases Mullen, O'Hara, Kelly (2),
Keister, Jennings. Double play--Grubb,
Mullen and Hunter. Bases on balls
Off Mason, 2; off Moren, 3. Hit by
pitcher-By Mason, 2; by Moren, /.
Struck out-By Mason, 6; by Moren, 4.
Left on bases-Baltimore 8; Jersey City,
4. First base on errors-Baltimore, /.
Time of game hour and 80 minutes.
Umpire-Mr. Kerins. Attendance-S07
The Sailors were defeated by the
Champions yesterday by a score of to
l. The game was won by Poland, who
was sent in to bat for Cooper in the
sixth, who cracked out three-bagger,
sending two men home He also reached
home
The score by innings
Newark ........ o o 0 o o 0 o 0-1
Providence ..... 900 0 0 0 0 O-3
Batteries Mccoy and McAuley; Poole
Cooper and Barton.
By heavy hitting, aided by errors in
the ninth, the Royals yesterday defeated
the Broncos by score of Z to 6. The
game, however, was forfeited to Roches-
Ter. 9 to 0, on account of the Royals
late arrival. 1t was played under pro
test.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
BUcKLEYs TO DANCE

Baldwin Park threatens to be over-run
with merry pielers tonight. The J. F.
Buckley and the J. A. Lemken Associa-
tions will hold joint picnic. Both as
sociations are strong socially.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
NO VEsPERs AT ST. LUCY's

After tomorrow evening the vesper
services at st. Lucy's R. c. Church will
be discontinued for the summer months
The usual masses will be held tomorrow.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
BEvlN CLUBS PICNIC

The John ]. Nevin Association held it's
annual picnic at the Greenyille Scheutzen
Park last night, The affair was largely
attended and was an enjoya Bile one.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
LECTURE At CENTENARY

On Tuesday evening, June II, the Rev.
M. Palmer, pastor Of Centenary Church,
win deliver lecture the title q "nlch
win be uSeven Weeks in Seven Lands
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02

President Roosevelt seems to be rub
bing it in a bit on the Faganites. Yes
terday he sent to the Senate the nomina-
tion of Edward Martin for Postmaster
of Hoboken, William Armbuster of
Union Hill and Charles Eichorn of West
Hoboken. 1t was against these men that
Mayor Pagan recently preferred charges
of pernicious political activity and asked
for their removal from office. Not only
were the postmasters not removed, but
they have been given another term each,
which goes to show how President
Roosevelt stands regarding the Repubi-
can factional fight in Hudson.
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02
srANpING on THE CLUES.
GAMES SCHEDULED FOR TODAY

Jersey City in Baltimore.
Providence in Newark.
Toronto in Buffalo.
Montreal in RochesteTS
The Jersey City news., 1906-06-02

Why is Mayor Pagan so anxious that
the license fee for saloons should be rails
ed from $3.50 to $500? This is what the
liquor dealers are trying to find out. At
a meeting of the Liquor Dealers Afso-
citation yesterday Excise Commissioner
OBrien, who is the owner of three sa-
looms, couldn't tell them. Neither could
anybody else. The impression prevailed
that the cabinet is in a quandary which
politics. and that he is trying to curry
favor with the clergymen who so ardent
" supported the Bishops bill that was
cut to pieces by the Legislature. One
saloon keeper hit the nail on the head
when he declared that the Faganites had
got all they could out of the saloon keep
ers and that now they were ready to
throw them aside in the hope of gaining
the support of the church element.