davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

0Ok0 Will buy corner lot Sixth
VOVU ave- and Montana. This
is a cracker-jack.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

c00 Will buy two lots, corner
UUU JaneauX and 10th ave, if
sold within ten days.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

0h0 Will buy triangular piece
OVU of ground about equal
TO 3 lots, corner Idaho and Third ave.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

conn Will buy 2 lots corner
VOUU Evelyn and Fifth ave.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

n n, n Elegant new 6-roOmed
Desirable location.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08
CITY PROPERTY

$2,5OU and Id two S"' lots e hard finish
all modern improvements. Rents for
$500 per month.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

90 Ann Will buy 8 lots in block
w ,fUU 2, StaffOrd's First addition
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

nm Acres Plenty of water. Good
nOS stock range. Well imprOv-
ed. Price $500 per acre.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

nm Acres of land within five miles
IH of Lewistown. Good four
lZU roomed log house, Installed
log barn; extra large stock shed good
log granery. Price. $40 per acre. All
wire fenced.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

n nm Will buy fine new 5-room
Z,ZUU house extra large rooms
and lots, corner Brassey and Fourth
ave-; rents $25.O0 per month steadily.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

n Enn Will buy houses and =
Z,OUU lots side by each" near
Catholic church. Will rent for $4,000
per month.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08

4,OOO house %'' 'a and . lot s'? 30 X '! SS~
good 3 room house back of lot-rent-
ed-will earn 5 per cent.
Fergus County argus. [volume] (Lewistown, Mont.) 1886-1946, 1906-06-08


The report urges a compulsory ex-
animation after slaughter; inclusion
of goats, now exempt from inspection.
intended for foreign or interstate conf
merce, in the list subject to the In
spection of the bureau of animal Undue
try, and that they should be equally
controlled by the regulations OF the
secretary of agriculture; increase of
inspectors for night inspection and
special work: legislation prohibiting
declarations of government inspection
on food products unless subject to gov
eminent inspection at every stage OF
preparations; prohibiting interstate
transportation of any meat or meat
food products not inspected and label.
ed: urges consideration of the specific
labelling of all carcasses sold as fresh
meat which upon examination after
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
The American Indian.

In connection with the Indian
appropriation bill for 1908, 900
now before congress the follow
ing interesting facts about the
Indian race in the United States
were brought to light:
1t was shown that the total
Indian population is now 285, ,079
and that the Indian is rapidly as
suming citizens dress. Ten
years ago there were $1,000
Indians who wore citizens dress,
while last year the number was
10000. Ten years ago S3, 900
Indians read English, while last
year the numder had increased
to $1,000 and those who speak
the language number 20, 900. Of
the total Indian population 38, 900
are members of regularly estab-
lished churches.
The Indian has today in the
United States treasury funds
amounting to $35, ,375, 900, upon
which an annual interest is paid
amounting to 81, ,725, 900. The
government pays to the Indians
annually under treaty obligations
more than tnree-qarters of a
million dollars. The land owned
by the Indians outside of the
territories amount to 81, All, 900
acres, an average for every
man, woman and child of 271
acres.
Representative Sherman deni-
ed that the Indian is gradually
disappearing and said statistics
show that last year there were
316 more births than deaths. /"
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21

wesselmann. $3.50. 50 acres in 2.s1.l
West.
Clearwater Short Line Ry. Co. TO /.
Reiger. Part of 23-24-ss-iW.
N. A. Greene to F. 9. Greene. 81.
Part OF 19-30-3E.
w. H. Gross TO Annetta Hinders.
$500. Lands in S-s2-4E.
w. X. S. Gregory to ]. W. and a. @.
Gill. $500. Lands in S-12-28-lE,
F. Bernthal to A. Schleier. etal. $50
Landsin 2-29-2E.
GRANGEvILLE. @. 7. Mcdonald to a.
Angel. $140O. Part Of Lot 2 Blk. "Fn
Schmadeka's 4th Add.
coTToNWooD. J. Aichlnayr to T. B.
Crawford. sl25. Lots 5-6-Blk. l2.
Aichlmayr's Add.
sTITHs, D. Landen to Presbyterian
Church. $125. Lots, Blk. Is.
Greg Hall to w. Packer. 400. Part
Of Lots 5-6-Blk 13.
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21

Spokane. He has two brothers
at Burke and a sister in Spo-
kane. His property is valued at
about $4,000.
G. A. Sherlin, who is well
known in this section, died Tues
day evening at Nezperce from
tuberculosis following a two
months illness with pneumonia.
He was 46 years Of age and
quite prominent in Nez Perce
county.
Joseph Rosencrans, a resident
of Lookout, was mistaken for a
deer and shot and killed Satur-
day above Harpster by j. F..
Lowe, of near Grangeville.
Lowe had been pursuing a deer
which followed up draw behind
the other men and when he saw
what he thought was the deer
Lowe made a quick shot and kill
ed his companion. The coroner's s
jury exonerated him.
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
Real Estate Transfers.

Reported by the Inland Abstract and
Investment Co. Ltd. OF Grangeville, Ida
REcEvER's REcEIPTs. To George
Woodward. 100 acres in 21-2s-27-IW.
To w. A. Chamberlain. 40 acres
in 9-20-3E.
PATENTS. To D. A. Wilson so acres
in n'l1-IS-2E.
To H. W. Coope. 100 acres in s-28-l
East.
DEEDS. ]. Uhlenkott to Aug Uhlen-
kott. $500. 100 acres in 1S-S1-1E.
]. UhIenkott to Kath. Uhlenkott.
$4O0. 80 acres in l9-3l-1E.
]. Uhlenkott to G. Uhlenkott. $500.
12O acres in 1s-8l-1E and 40 acrvs in
Sl-Sl-IW.
F. ]. Fassenaeht & F. Allen to Clear
water Short Line Ry. Co. 1915. Part
Of g. -15-3O-2E.
F. J. Fassenacht & F. Allen to Clear
water shora Line Ry. Co. 500. Part
of 9-SO-2E.
F. ]. Fassenacht & D. Frew to Clear
water Short Line Ry. Co. $lOS.5O.
Part Of l9-sO-2E.
Geo Woodward to Jones & Behean.
s4OO. 100 acres in 2l-2s-27-IW.
Jamea Woodward to Forsmannn &
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
To Our Readers.

Owing to a break in our big
cylinder press we are fored to
issue the CHRoNIcEL this week
in the old 5-column size and may
have to do so several weeks until
we can get a new casting made.
This naturally puts US to great
inconvenience and we hope our
readers will kindly overlook any
short comings in the paper until
we can get the big press to
running again.
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
0. r. & N. To
Build South
Surveyors Will Come Up Lawyer
Canyon and Then Connect with
p. & /. N. Road at Meadows to
Make NOrth-SOuth Road.

Inc past TeW Gays nave
brought to light facts relative to
the work of railroad surveying
crews which go a long way to
substantiate the report circulat-
ed at the time the 0. R. & N.
surveyors started operations
along the upper Clearwater that
the company was engaged in
completing surveys for a north
and south Idaho railroad, and
that conditions point clearly to
the fact that all is not friendli-
ness between the Northern
Pacific and 0. R. & N. in this
field.
Information reached the city
yesterday that the 0. R. & N.
crew who started work at Spald-
ing and who recently moved
camp to a point near Ahsahka,
will continue their line to Peck
where it will tie onto the survey
run by another crew from Peck
to Kamiah. The information Sc
cured also shows that the crew
that has been working at KAN
iah has started the line toward
Camas Prairie and it is under
stood will utilize the Lawyer
Canyon route. Upon reaching
the prairie the survey is to be
continued to a connection with
the p. & l. N. survey, the pre-
liminary of which was completed
last summer. The crews will be
in the field the entire winter and
the engineers continue to do the
most thorough work on all sec
tions of the line being run, this
fact Indicating that the survey
now being made is to be a per-
manent one. The work is being
done under the direction of
Engineer S. "A. Cobb of Portland,
who is with one of the parties. =
Tuesdays Lewiston Tribune.
The above item will no doubt
interest orr readers as MANY of
our people still have faith in the
o. R. & N. company extending
its line from the south and Civ
ing a north and south road
through the state. If it does
this Cottonwood will be on the
line as that company has made
several surveys of the proposed
north and south road and each
survey run through this place.
The first survey was made near
" 80 years ago and others were
made later and only 8 or 8 years
ago that company went so far as
to purchase right of way along
the line and through this place.
Then complications arose and
Hill brought enough pressure tC
bear to cause all operations tc
cease. Now, however, it looks
as if each road would build its
own line and if the much desired
north and south line is construct
ed Cottonwood will have the ad-
vantage Of being on both lines
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
News AroVnd
The Stale
Items From Various Places Re-
produced for the Benefit of our
Readers-Stories Rehashed from
our Exchanges.

The home of Clifford Staples, 6
miles south of Forest, was de-
stroyed by fire Sunday morning
while the family was away from
home.
According to State Examiner
Loveland there are now 126
banks in Idaho and deposits
have increased 25 per cent in the
last seven months.
Frank Rainwater, a Culdesac
barber, was taken to Lewiston
Tuesday and locked up for
threatening to assault his wife
with a hatchet and wanting to
kill his 12-year old son.
The trial over the shooting
scrape at Kendrick recently re-
suited in verdict of simple as
sault being returned against
Siegmund, who shot Sadler in a
drunken row in a saloon.
Burt Lawrence, an employee of
the Casche Lumber company of
Ilo, was caught between two
heavy logs Monday morning and
had his body badly crushed. An
operation was later performed
but the man is still in pretty bad
shape.
A. w. Strahorn, a young man
of Lewiston, received a fall at
the roller skating rink Monday
night which rendered him un-
conscious for IL hours. A slight
hemorrhage Of the brain probab-
ly occurred but the young man
will soon be well again.
About 1890 acres of land
lying east of Kamiah, Kooskia
and Sites was opened for filing
at the Lewiston land office Tues
day. Much of the land has been
occupied for several years and is
quite valuable. On all land not
occupied by bona fide settlers the
state has a prior fling right of
60 days.
The friends of Ed. White, of
the firm of White Bros & Crnm,
of Lewiston, are making a strong
effort to have Mr.. White recon-
mended by Senator Hepburn as
receiver of the Lewiston land
office to succeed Chas. H. CARLY,
whose term expires next spring.
1t is stated Senator Hepburn
may recommend B. C. Barbour,
of Nezperce, hence the effort in
Mr.. Whites behalf.
Erick Anderson, farmer
about 40 years of age, was found
lying dead in his field with his
throat cut and a bloody knife in
his hand Saturday morning near
Nezperce. Charlie Larson, a
neighbor, made the discovery
and at once reported to the
authorities. Anderson was a
bachelor and boarded at Lason's s.
He had been a resident of that
section for ten years and had
one of the finest farms on the
reservation besides owning a
farm in the Twin Falls country.
He had been acting queer for
some time and is thought to
have been respondent over a
love affair with a woman in
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21

A. v. McCarty last week ship
ped 400 head of cattle from
Sites to Carsteen Bros. at Seat
tie. The cattle were from the
Salmon river country and had
been fed for some weeks out
near Denver.
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
Greencreek Gatherings.

A fine baby girl arrived at F.
G. Nuxoll's last week.
Miss Mary Helm is staying
with Anton Nuxoll and family at
present.
John Sonnen and family enter
tanned several friends and neigh
bors Sunday afternoon.
Emil Haenner and John H.
Nuxoll with their families visited
at Jos. Nuxolls Sunday.
We wish the Editor and fam
lily and the many readers of this
paper, a Merry Christmas.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Haenner,
of Ferdinand, visited relatives
and friends at this place last
Friday and Saturday.
According to rumor wedding
bells will s 'on be ringing but
of course we are not at liberty to
say more about it just yet.
Felix Martzen attended SER
vices at st. Anthony's church
Sunday and paid some of his
friends a pleasant call afterward.
John Lund, N. P. tie inspector,
was in the city yesterday from
Rathdrum.
Read the new ad. of the
Grangeville Implement Com
pany in this issue.
Read the new ads. of the Bee
Hive Store and the Camas
Prairie Land Company.
Mart Browning is still quite i'll
with fever and it is not known
just how his illness will termi-
nate.
With all residence and busi-
ness houses occupied and every
one enjoying good trade it GER
tainly looks as if Cottonwood
was in good shape to close one
prosperous year and start on an
other.
Owing to the inclement
weather the ladies of the library
club have decided to postpone
their Poverty social and will
not hold it until better prospects
for a good attendance prevail.
Announcement will be made in
due time.
George Stuber left Monday for
Kooskia with six carloads of fat
hogs which will be shipped to
the Seattle market. Mr.. Stuber
has been feeding this shipment
for some time and many of the
porkers weighed over 900 pounds
when they left the yard.
The snow Wednesday turned
to rain during the night and con-
tinued all day yesterday, melting
much Of the snow that had fallen
before and putting the sleighing
out Of sight again. Unless colo
weather follows soon all the
snow will disappear in a few
days.
To Our Readers.
Camas Prairie chronicle. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1901-1917, 1906-12-21
AUcTIoNEERI Il

lam still at the old stand and
ready to cry sales anywhere in
the county on short notice. /
have had over twenty years
experience and guarantee sat-
isfaction or no money. Rates
satisfactory. Write or phone
me at Ferdinand, Idaho.
H. G. ouigIey.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16

and mileage. Green deputies are COM
PEELED to be satisfied with $3.50 annu-
ally and Swedish members of the Sec
ond branch of the diet receive still less
about $500 for each session of four
months.
Norway has adopted the per diem
method, paying members of the storth-
Ing 1920 and mileage. Members of
the Swiss national council are paid
1886 day and travelling expenses.
Japan Is more generous to her ligis-
lators than most of the countries of
the old world, paying both peers and
representatives 1000 yen in addition
to mileage.
1t will be seen that none of these
compensations compares in generos-
ity with the $4,000 annual salary and
the 2O-cent mileage given to the SEN
ators and representatives in the con-
gress of the United States. In point
of fact the allowance for stationery at
Washington is not far from equaling
the compensation paid to some legis-
lators in other countries. Therefore
the small compensation proposed for
members of the British house of COM
mons may fairly be considered as little
more than provision toward actual
expenses and would hardly open the
way to the evils alleged to result from
the high pay of American members of
congress.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16
ANCIENT WEAPON IS FOUND.

A gentleman of Monroe county, Miss
issippi, says the New Orleans Times
Democrat, while fishing in the Tom
bigbee about two miles south of Aber-
deem found in the edge of the river,
partly imbedded in the soft clay, an
old Spanish halberd.
There Is peculiar interest in this
find, because there<is little doubt that
it is relic of the expedition of Her.
nando De Soto, then on his way un-
consciously to the discovery of the
mighty river SO closely associated with
his name. There is no remnant of the
wooden handle. the metal is heavily in
crusted with rust and the once keen
edges have worn away, but the form
OF the weapon is we'll preserved and
when struck against hard substance
the steel rings almost as true as when
it left the armorer's hand more than
300 year ago.
1t has the spear point on top. battle-
ak on one side and a curved knife on
the other, reminding one of the ancient
instructions to the halberdier in train
ing, who was taught that III the az
stroke should fail to repair his mis-
take with prompt thrust of the IDked
head"
De Soto went into cap for the winter
In what Is now Pontotoc county and
the remains of his intrenchments were
In evidence few years ago and may
possibly be still visible. In April, 154l,
he continued his march to the north
west until he rachel what is now De
Soto county, where he turned due west
and came out upon the bluffs over
looking the Mississippi. which he here
saw for the first time.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16
COL. LOUNSBERRY WRITES ON
EARLY N. DAKOTA MATTER
Col c. A. Lounsberry Who Established the First Newspaper
in North Dakota-The Bismarck Tribune - Furnishes
the Forum an Interesting Scrap Of History
Concerning Much Discussed North
Dakotan.

Senator McCumber's Pension Bill,
known in G. A. R. circles as Senate
Bill 976, granting pensions to certain
enlisted men, soldiers and officers
who served in the war of the rebel
lion, has passed the senate as it was
reported from the senate committee.
1t is likely to pass the house. Grand
Army Posts all over the country are
passing resolutions endorsing the bill
and commencing Senator McCumber
for his interest in behalf of the G. A.
R. Nearly 1000 such resolutions have
already been received. There are $50
old soldiers in North Dakota who have
had their pension increased an average
of $40 per month through the work of
Senator McCumber, backed up by a
united delegation. This is a matter
of 100000 a year. When you turn
the ''old gang" out do you think there
will be any such results either on this
line or any other line?
Perhaps one of the greatest things
that can happen for North Dakota
will be the passage of Senator Nc
Cumber's grain inspection bill. The
recent decision of Judge Sanborn of
the United States Federal court has
strengthened the bill very materially
as it sustains every charge made by
Senator McCumber in reference to
the system of inspection now per-
petrated upon helpless public.
The system of inspection now per-
chance established the fact that the
Minnesota system is fraudulent. but
the state of Wisconsin is powerless
to remedy the trouble because it in
wolves question of interstate COM
merce which can only be reached by
congress. In congress alone lies the
remedy and congress is most likely
to apply it.
l believe that honest inspection of
North Dakota wheat will add ten
cents bushel to the value of over
100000 bushels of North Dakota
wheat annually. Figure that up. Do
you think it will improve the chances
of getting this bill through congress
by turning down good and efficient
working delegation who are stand
ing together to do things?
see some North Dakota editor
asks the question, Who is this man
Alex. Mckenzie any way?" When I
went to Bismarck in 1873 there was
tall, slim young fellow there doing
a legitimate business in a small way,
delivering his goods himself in a
wheel barrow, trying to make an
honest living. He came in with the
men who built the railroad, in charge
of gang of track layers. Strong as
an OK. with a head to manage, he was
regarded one of the most efficient men
on the works. He was always temper
ate, always kind hearted, going out
of his way to help others. A sheriff
was elected that fall and the board
refused to approve his bond. A sue
cessor was appointed and he was
drowned. AleX.McKenzie was appoint
ed in his stead. He held the Office
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16
At EafRO.

AqE n1%'!Gss."s s ~ 49, ~ i .e July 80. 81;
is p Ii. II. IS. 10. 20; July 6.
+" E a. ,,, =, 20 10.
is. ~
%. 80: AUG ~ S. e io' July 20 "a
Aug. ii. %, g. Se i - o July 90 81 S''
81 90 A, n.,,,,
winnpeg-June is. 10, 20; Aug. 8. 4.
Grand Forks-June 81, %, %, "a;
Aug 81 Sept. 1. 2, g..
targo.MaS 50 z9' 80 80; July q 3,
FargoGMay IS, 20. 80, 80; July . g.
90, Hs% 's il 8. ., 10; July 10, 81
s5: aug. 8. 5. H. - July 20 a.
Lake LindemMM t; '' 81; june june i. q 8. so
July = i0' 80 4. 10 ,v,,.,,.
q, grand Eor Is Va II, 49, 10; July
FarsoNMav 81 81 o.: Aug 40 81.
.bpluth.May q, "a "a, IS, 2s; July 12.
ID H iai hug j S, g. s; July 90 a.
Hancock-June l. 2, 9; JULY IL. is. 10.
CaIumet-june I, s. 8; july 10, 20 II;
Lake Linden-June IL. 1a. IA: lime
ii. is. l6: July %. -. IS. IS
A. I1o.vhtnn
ar Mlh n uhe 2s' - tattefnoon;
Grand ForEs-Julv 20. 20. Anr
:. 5. ''' w. Nue' "
ISarro-June 15 10 II f,ftarnoon,.
June $. Is ~ (ev.n io 'ai'efhooh''
Duluth-July 81; Aug. 1, 2.
3. i, i; Aug !, 5; Sept. i, 3, 8. July l.
i.a1: %. ! indan-N,y ., 90 90. 1,,
g. s. ~ IL il: AHSe 81. 80 81 July D.
u,.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16
Hang Up Snakes to Cure Colds.

Inc Indian cobras at the New York
geological Park, in the Bronx, not to
mention Charles Snyder, their keeper,
are having hard time, says the New
YORK World. It's all because influenza
has attacked the snakes. No one seems
to know just what caused the disease,
but two cases were discovered yester-
day morning.
Snyder was Immediately sent for,
and when he learned what was the
matter he rolled up his sleeves with
sigh. Taking cobra in either hand,
Snyder hung them over the convenient
branch of a tree. Then, while he held
them in the middle, so that the liquid
might not penetrate through to much
OF their anatomy. Snyder's assistants
injected large quantity of solution of
dioxygen down the threats of the help
less reptiles.
Another cobra, dead one this time,
created considerable excitement at the
Zoo yesterday. Selma, a female, five
feet long, who was brought from India
five years ago, died last Tuesday. She
had laid 36 eggs. For a time Rajah,
her mate. watched her eggs as Selma
might have done. but gradually he
seemed to lose interest. All day long
he lay in his grotto, and yesterday he
died.
Raymond Ditmars. curator of the
reptile house, yesterday performed an
autopsy on Rajah. The most careful
examination failed to discover any,
thing wrong with the reptile, and last
night Mr.. Ditmars declared that the
cobra had mourned for his dead mate
until he died of broken heart.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1906-05-16
ELK CONVENTION.
State Association, B. P. o. Elks Of Min.
nesota, to Gather ut St. Cloud
June 14.15.

Quite a number of the members of
Grand Forks lodge No. 255, B. P. o.
Elks, have announced it as their in
tention to attend the second annual
convention of the Minnesota State as
ISOLATION. B. p. O. Elks, which will
convene at st Cloud on June Ia and
last through the 18th.
The following invitation is being cir
culated extensively among members
of the order. The missive gives good
idea of the "doings" that will be
done" 1t says:
Hello, Bill: This is to remind you
that on June the IA and IS, 1906, there
will be general roundup of the Min
nesota Elks in the Granite City, st.
Cloud. Well, If you don't know it,
It's about time you was hammering it
into your think tank, and make it, a
household word, SO your wife, sister
or sweetheart will kown about 1t and
get interested, for we want you to
bring them with you This is just an
announcement of the June festivities.
There will be lot of diddings, besides
the more serious business of the con-
vention. Be sure and come and bring
the ladies. You will have lots of fun.
Honestly. you will, Bill. If this con-
vention is going to interfere with your
business, cut out the business for a
few days. When you leave home do
not be particular about making any
rash promises to your wife about when