davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
RESTAURANTS.

ADVERTISEMENT and subscriptions for
Tho Tribune received a. their Uptown
Office, No. 1864 Broadway. between a6th
and 87th sts until O'Clock p. m Adver-
tisements received at the following branch
orrices at regular office rates until o'clock
2. m. viz: 2S4 sth ave, 5 = cor. I'D ~.
a51 West 42d St. between 9TH and Sth aVes
263 West lo5th ST. 1883 81 ave between
10th and nth SITS. 1929 Sd ave near 6lst
81 i7OS .1st ave, near s9th st 1877 East
l25th st. T56 fremont ave. $50 81 ave
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

Tickets ~ l49. +2S. 1855 I+S4 bICtdWay.
n Y: 3So Fulton St. Bklyn- 'pa!ly.
except Sunday. zLesves Christopher So.
@ 10 p. NJ. weekdays
n. Y. y. Fl. & HARTFORD r. r.
Trans depart from Grand Central Station.
+2d 81. and 4th Ave. as follows for
BOSTON. via New London & PTov.-f1S:00.
ttlI1o;oo. .xl,lo:o2 4 M a. - o 90 10
T NJ; via WilHmantic-fFS:O \. NJ,
1900 P. ri: via Sntd.-t914 A M
4rI2:OO .'l4:ON al 90 2 NJ
vor' ster & FITCH. Via Putnam. 1888 p NJ
Lakeville & Norf.-tS:4o A. NJ. 1881 p NJ
CT harrington. Stockbridge. Lenox, PITTS
feld-+4.54. 1870 4. NJ. and 1881 p NJ.
Ticket Offices at cGrand Central station
and c125th St. also az c2i5. 1900. c1354
e way. C25 Union Square. c1S2 Fifth Ave.
c245 columbus Ave, cs49 Madison Ave.
clos w 125tb St. 2T9s Third Ave In
R-rckIvn. CT Court St. iI9 Nostrand Ave.
800 r way.
.paily. +Eycept SUNDAYS 'Sto1s AZ
i2Ith 81. xStcDs At 125th 81. Sundays only.
1rarlor Cas- limited. lFas dining car
crarlor ana s.eeninF Car tickets also.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
Worer'S Enuse Dresses

Percale, Seersucker and
Cambrlc-neat stripes. checks
end figures-all sizAs-one and
TWO piece-RegularIy 81 40. go.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
FURNISHED ROOMS TO LEI.

PARLOR FRONT ROOM and small rooms
single or couples: running water: heat.
30 East l04th st.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

rooms may be had. free OF charge. at
the Uptown Ofice OF The New-York
Tribune. 1864 Broadway between 36th
and S7th sts
55TH ST. So EAST.-Comfortab fur
nished rooms; clean. wei heated private
house: select nelghborhood; references; rea-
sonabIs.
1ITH ST. II EAST.-The Alabama -Ele-
gartiy furnished apartment private bath,
81 30 daily; including meals. two, SIS week
iy; ore. S15
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
Crildrer's WeIkirr rnats

Cloth. BearpIush. Astrakhan.
variety of best colors-warmIv
lined and tnteTlined-trim'd IN
many pretty ways or plain
Instead OF 81. .9s s
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

49TH ST. 8S EAST.-Two attractive rooms
in private house; refined neighborhood;
for gentlemen; references.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
WCEe1'S Tailored Suits
Woren's Taffeta Waists

1okes Of Val or CIunv lace =
Fancy Inserted bodices-also
natty tailored styIes-vaIus s.. "a
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
LaCkawanna Railroad.

Leave y. Y, Barclay. Christopher ". I'D
SITS
IS. 90 A M.-For Binghamton and Elnira-
80 90 A. M.-For Buffalo. Chicago and ST
Louis.
81 4OP N-F'or Buffalo and Chicago.
- OP. M-For Scranton and Plymouth.
,s6.15 P M-For Buffalo and Chicago.
's AZ p. M-For Buffalo Syracuse Ithaca.
a. 90 A. M.-Chlcag go-Sleepers open ESQ
p NJ
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

103D ST, 1 WEST. second loor.-Two or
three connecting rooms. furnished; bath.
heat. Duchamp.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
Babies Long Clcaks

All wool Cashmere and Bedford j..
Cord-CaIeS. trim'd with silk
braid and ribbon-were 81 aS
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
Wcmen's Black Kersey C9ats

80 inch lenEth-double breast
stitched strappings-
fancy braid trim-bodies
Hled-value S119S ...........J
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
DREssMAKING AND MILLINERY.

PATH ST. "a EAST.-NeatIy furnished
front and back parlor; FOR two or three
geutleTpen MOebiuS.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

100 WEST 133D ST-Handsome large and
small sunny rooms; private house; newly
furnished all conveniences: near subway.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
81 5isS' Long Dresses

Fine Lawn and Nainsook-yoEes
have lace. emby and hem oS
stitched tuCks-skirts trirl'd 40
to UatCh-value 81 30 -
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
Real Arabian Lace Panel,
Oriental Tapestrv Portiere,

IN Bagdaa or Moorish Designs
heavy fringe. top and bottom !
value S6.eS
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

IC->S 1901 or West Tweaty-third ST.
ana Desbfosses and Cortlandt Sts
W me leaving time from Desbrosses and
Cortlandt SITS. is five minutes Late than that
gwen oeio" Tor TIVE enty-third 81. Station.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30

PRIVATE HOUSE.-Two front rooms:
double 50: single. s.. so; privilege bath:
nice locality; near T. station; references.
Private. Box SO. Tribune ONCE.
New-York tribune., 1906-11-30
WCmer's TSilored Suits

Plaid and Mixed Cheviots-
Medium length Coats Pony
and fitted styies-vaIue Sf+. 9s.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

tell them am here and claim the reward; 10 IS
more than YOU need And then atterward, he
r,,t1sed for a brief moment look after the boy
The farmer rose and strobe up and down the
room Don't ask mel Don't say any more! ne
exclaimed d" cOuldn @! It's blood money!
The man looked III him cur1Ouslv. Think. ne
exclaimed Sooner later they viii take me-
cannot escape them always, and then the boy VII
be uncared for Now | know he viii be safe, and L
can gladly do what l must do. Oh, man, mani ne
cried passiOnately, Il have counted the cost;
must stand my punishment. But as YOU love the
God 70 whom YOU pray 10 not make my load heavier
bear.
MI that evening the farmer and the man talked
in WHISPERS. The following morning they had an
other talk and then the farmer h1tched ms horse
and drove away toward the village
After he had gone the man seemed happier and
stronger than he had been in many days lie man
aged 10 90 for a ramble with the boy, and he talked
10 him OF MANY things of the high ambitions OF his
bOvhood, OF the happy DAYS OF his married HE OF
the boys mother. All his life the boy reInem oered
that talk and cherished his most blessed memory
Then thew returned TO the house and went TO their
room. There the man made the boy 90 down upon
his knees and pray for himself and his father When
he was done, his father took him in his arms and
made him promise that never, no matter what
temptations came. would be forget his honor. He
was still holding the boy when there came knock
upon the door The man opened It. and, seeing the
farmer there, stepped quickly INTO the hail and
closed the door behind him.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

covering to hide you from the bitter winter that Is
coming so fast. "
Again the farmer bowed his head; but the man
could that his face had grown gray with the
anguish OF 1t.
Listen still more, he continued sOlemnly. If
] should show YOU how YOU could obtain this money
Lonorably-not enough 20 pay the interest only,
hut the principal well-if | should show YOU the
way, woul3 YOU swear by the God who IS above
YOU TO dohvhat l ask"
Il wodd be grateful all my life, said the farmer
hrokenly =" II YOU know way, Tor Gods sake tell
me- tell me at once!'
Wait said the man, raising his hand -. wait!
II Is my boy OF whom | am thinking. II l tell YOU
how TO this money, promise me that YOU viii
watch him all the days OF your life; promise
that will cherish him and love him. that
YOU vii each him to walk in paths OF honor and
righteousness; that you will show him that only the
hard way OF duty leads to happiness; that YOU viii
bring him at last 10 mans estate as a man should
come, strong and brave and gentle"
The farmer raised his hand. "All these things
promise, so help me GOdl" he said.
For long time the man gazed at HIM. ut last
he spoke. Il am a fugitive from justice, ne said,
81 criminal. There IS price upon my head.
The farmer gazed at him in wide-eyed amazement
and started to speak, but the man raised his hand
authortatively.
mol" he commanded. Hear 10 the end.
| said there was price upon my head. 1t Is hve
thousand dollars Oh, L not lying; YOU VIII
ind in the paper there. Go to the nearest town,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

Well he asked brcathle-,lv did YOU -a..
The farmer nodded. The men are va...-. .-
YOU down stairs now he answered.
The man gasped and for "a weak mOmc.-
against the wall
The farmer mOriOHed toward the room .r....
YOU wish 10 say gOOd-by> he said
No. the man answered, / can - ...- .-,
more
Then he gathered himself together and -.--.f
70 descend. once he paused Nou VIII keen. -.---
promise. ne asked, looking nzedly al amer.
face.
The latter returned he gaze sole'anly au
50 help me God. he replied.
That al. Without another wo-z The -.-
walked through the door and climbed Into b.
wagon IN which son strange men uar. -r.f-i-..
At once they drove him away. and sadI -..
turned and started up the stairs 90 OH. ...-a
who sat waiting ior his father % return
You may know that the man sacri... was -.
in vain, Tor there came q time when Il-.-.-
elected Governor 81 his State and hor.-.f b. q
who knew him. l. Tommy hir. .r9
me his fathers story. He had died i- prison.
Tommy had had the body removed a ...
country ChuTchyard. and placed over ...-e ...-
the mans name under which were ..... r..
There Is a repentance rore noble t.ar .-rD. .
ITSELF
rs we stood beside the grave when lr a. mis-
Tommy turned 70 me suddenly and said fI- III
in prison a convicted telon, Tut ] think IVA.
good a man as ever lived.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09
Cost of Unstamped Money

BLANKS for nickclS cost fourteen cents hundred
~ and blanks Tor cents cost seven and three-tenthS
cents hundred They are sent TO the mint in
Philadelphia. where al minor COINS are made, and
each Is struck with the design that gives 70 it
commercial standing.
Obviously, the evolution of the cent begins IN
the copper mines. The metal comes from the de
posts about Lake Michigan and from the neighbOr-
hood OF Butte. Montana. The ordinary smelling
processes are applied 10 the and the impurities
IRON lead silver. and gold-separated. The Turi-
fed copper goes 10 dealers who have agents IN al
liz cities and Is bought from these agents market
7. rs, by the firm IN Waterbury, for about twelve
ard one-half cents pound avoirdupOis.
Vt Waterbury the metal Is mixed with an
alloy according to recipe prescribed by The Treas
uTy Department at Washington, which Is ninety
nye per cent. copper, three per cent tin. and two
per cent. zinc. Pure copper is too soft; but tins
alloy has been found by long experiment. 70 be
wholly satisfactory IL Is mallcable, not brittle
and eXcelertly retains its original polish.
The copper, when purchased by the Waterbury
concern is the shape of bricks These are cut
into slices and pressed out under heavy roller into
strips, the thickness of cent. These strips are
passed beneath punches that work rapidly up and
down. stamping our, one by one, the httle disks,
which tall into "a receptacle below. The disks, after
Icing put into a chemical bath, raked ont and
Transferred "a revolving barrel full ot >avdust
where they turned about until friction with The
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

E evolution of a copper penny
IS a romantic story. And yet
this statement, as referring TO
what IS about 10 be written. IS
misleading, as it Is a cent
the half of real penny-that
is under consideration, and the
material of the coin IS bronze.
The earliest cents issued by
this Government. near the end
of the eighteenth century,
We're ofpure copper-big cart
wheels, weighing two hundred
and sixty-four grains apiece.
1t was soon asCertained that
their worth as crude metal was
actually greater than their
coined value, and so it was
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

- cmcd necessary 70 TcduCe Then weight. IN Los
tbs was done, and the weight of the coin brought
10 two hundred and eight grains, and three years
Liter the weight was again reduced to one hundred
and sixty-eight grains. The present current cent
Weighs only forty-eight grains
The fact IS. that while the Government loses
money its gold coinage, and gains more or less
on the silver pieces it issues, il comes out away
.Lead on the cents and nickcls Into gold eagle,
Tor example, Is put city ten dollars worth OF the
in as a hardening ALLOW and the cost OF mintng. y
silver piece OF any denomination Is half prott, III
expenses pad. But the profit on the manufacture
nickels and pennies Is enormous. The blanks Tor
these sO-Caled minor COnS-SmOOth disks OF the
proper size and weight-are furnished 10 the Gov
eminent on contract by firm in Waterbury, Con-
ncCtiCut.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

thar M 90 1880 there was ro .-
the cent as legal tender tr.
Offer ten thousand cents I'm pavu.r
dct- o.. one hundred dollars. S,u..
however. rhe cen, has been legal
only up tp twenty-five cents.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

A : fast rs these old coins
- treasury. they have been
OF the new Stvle. ju- -hi.
with the millions Of pieces
outstanding The old COPPER
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

People say, What becomes
Of IL the pins That Is easily
answered. Pins soon CorTCde,
and thus are soon transformed
into nothing that IS recogniz-
able. y copper cent. on the
other hand. IS indeStructitle,
comparatively speaking But
the solution OF the problem
seems To be that cents are sub
ject 10 more accidents than any
other COINS they change hands
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

Ten times Is
often as dimes,
iOr example,
and. being OF
small value.
they are not
cared for.
nus il Is
that the mint
in Philadelphia
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09

Is Obliged % keep turn
ing out pennies ar an
average rate OF about
four millions a month.
in order to keep up
The supply. The PEN
Observation-Disclosures
have greatly increased
the demand tJr cents.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09
By Julian HeatwO1e

sawdust rubs of their dull-hued rnattractiveness
and they become bright and shining.
In fact a box full OF cent blanks, newly manutac-
tured Is a pretty sight, the fresh copper disks
looking like 50 much yellow gold. one might in
deed say that they look more golden than The gold
itself irasrnuch as copper, when bright and new,
has a sheen more brilliant than that'Ot gold.
The blanks are led 70 machines, which mint
them at the rate OF eighty a minute, stamping by
dies both sides OF the coin at once and autOa ticaly
dispOsng OF one while receiving another. The com
Ileted pennies are dropped into boxes beneath, and
all that remains TO be done Is The counting OF the
newly made pieces which is done with marvellous
rapditv by the worker who thinks nothing Of reckon
ing three thousand OF them thirty seconds. He uses
a device known as the counting board which reCkOns
1--WE hundred at a time. This Is an inclined plane,
with columns the exact width OF a cent separated
by metal partitions, which, in height, exactly equal
the thickness Of the coin. The cents are spread
over this board and drop into The grooves prepared
for then1 all surplus pieces falling of.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1906-09-09
Value of Pennies by the Pound

nNE pound avoirduIois OF the cent blanks makes
- dollar and fortv cents worth OF pennies when
coined; in other words. there one hundred and
forty blanks 10 the pound. The blanks are shipped
20 the mint in strong wooden boxes.
The stream Of copper which flows out continually
from Philadelphia has a history Ike that OF many
rivers in deserts which lost nnally in the
sand. Nobody knows what becomes of the millions
on millions of cents that are mnted annually (the
production varies from TWENTY-FIVE million ninety
million pr drriU1); they simply vanlsh from sight
and are gone forever. The phenomenon
seerls stranne md 1, r.t Oily lccOL,rrol t-r.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
QUICK JUSTICE IN KENTUCKY
Negro Assailant of White Woman il
aally Executed at Mayfield.

Mayfield, Ky, Aug. 1.-The hanging
of Allen Mathis, the negro who Grim
inally assaulted Miss Ethel Mccain
last Wednesday night took place at
s o'clock last night in a legal man
ner in the yard of the county jail
Fully 10000 people were on the scene,
but only few hundred could see the
execution, although almost the entire
fence surrounding the scaffold had
been torn down by the enraged citi-
zens while the trial was going on
1t was only fifty minutes from the
time the jury was sworn in until the
negro was pronounced dead Mathis
arrived here at GAO p. m. from Louis
vile in charge of deputy sheriffs and
the military company of Hopkinsville.
The local military met the train and
the negro was marched to the court
house. Several attempts We're made
to seize the negro and he was twice
in the possession of the mob, but the
soldiers finally succeeded in forcing
their way with their prisoner to the
courthouse, where Mathis trial was
at once begun.
There We're rumors that another ne.
gro in Jail from Hickman county
charged with a similar offense, was
to be lynched, but it is understood
that he was spirited away
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
WEATHER. Crop BULLETIN.

The week was slightly cooler than
usual, though the day temperatures
were normally high and generally fav-
orable for harvest operations. The
rainfall was extremely variable. rang
ing from tenth of an inch to over
two inches. Except in very small
areas. the amount of soil moisture is
ample for present needs of the staple
crops.
The conditions were favorable for
finishing the harvest of hay oats and
barley, and in the larger part of the
state these crops have been put into
shocks, stacks or barns. Threshing
barley and oats is in progress, and re-
ports of yield show fair returns. In
the spring wheat districts that crop is
ready for harvesting, with good pros
pect as to yield. The corn crop still
maintains its high standard in all sec
tions, giving promise of more than an
average yield. The pastures are very
good in all districts, except in locali-
ties where the rainfall has been de-
ficient for several consecutive weeks.
Late potatoes have been benefited by
recent showers. The apple crop is do
ing fairly we'll.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
TELEGRAMS TERsELY TOLD

The volcanoes on savaii. Samoa,
are still active and the island is in
creasing in area.
Winston Churchill, in the house OF
commons, explained the governments
plans to confer a constitution on the
Transvaal.
William Woods of ST. Louis shot
and killed his young wife. who had
been residing with her sister, Mrs.
Thomas, at Mobile, Ala. Woods es-
capped.
The directors of the United States
Steel corporation declared a dividend
equal TO l per cent. on the common
stock. This is the first dividend on
common stock since December, 1903
During a conflict between Greeks
and Bulgarians at the village of Cor
andjan. near Florin, two Bulgarian
sentries were killed. Turkish troops
came to the assistance of the Bulga
rians and the Greeks We're defeated
with the loss of fifteen men killed
The Greene and Gaynor case has
been appealed to the United State!
circuit court The transcript of The
grounds was forwarded to Charles II
Ledrum of New Orleans, clerk of tn,
court. The main ground claimed
therein was the modus procendi o
the drawing of the jury.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
HAR1JE TRIAL NEARING END
Attorneys for Pittsburg Millionaire
Unexpectedly Close Their Case.


Pittsburg, Aug. 1.-Attorneys for
Augustus Hartje, who is seeking a
divorce from his wife, Mrs. Mary
Scott Hartje, somewhat Unexpectedly
closed their case. All the evidence
in support of Hartje's petition is now
in. Attorneys for Mrs. Hartie asked
for and obtained an adjournment un-
til morning to prepare their plans for
presenting evidence in rebuttal.
Augustus Hartje on the stand de-
MED the charges mace by Nadine re-
garding the blonde woman episode
and that he had offered Nadine
money to testify that man was al
the Hartje home alone with Mrs
Hartje while Eartje was away. Hart
je admitted owning house at which
he was said to have visited Josephine
Wright He swore that he did not
know the woman and did not know
the character Of the house until il
came out at the trial
The much disputed Helen Scott let
tiers We're admitted as evidence. 4
lengthy and heated argument pre-
ceded their admission, which is re
garded as a signal victory for the Ii
belant. These are the letters pur
porting to be from Helen Scott to he,
sister. Mrs. Hartje, which counsel fo
the libelant assert prove that Heller
was a go-between for TON" Nadine
one of the coachman correspondents
and Mrs. Hartje.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
STRAWBERRIES ALL SEASON.
An Iowa Scientist Who is Genius
in Horticulture

Howard Rockhill of Conrad, Grundy
county, living east of Eldora, is known
as the plant wizard and by con-
tinual experimenting has been enabl
ed to produce some new species of
plant life which have been attracting
much attention, and which will fur
nish to lovers of the strawberry this
popular fruit the year around.
The latest find of the young scien-
fist of Conrad, is the propagation of
new species of strawberry plants. He
has growing at his place near Conrad
some hybrid strawberry plants which
are indeed wonderful, being nothing
more nor less than ever-bearing plants
that throw up fruit blossoms from the
runners, repeating the phenomena from
one to seven times in each plant, maxi
ing for the vegetable world something
unheard of or seen before. From one
plant the Conrad scientist may gather
blossoms and on the stem find green
buds, green berries and berries half
ripe. In producing plant that will
grow berries all the season through and
in such abundance as indicated by the
runners, yielding fruit and blossoms
in several places continually from
spring to late fall, when frost comes.
Mr.. Rockhill believes that he will be
enabled to produce fresh strawberries
the year around.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
Survivor of pietz Fia!,t.

Milwaukee, Aug. Ia special from
Raddisson, Wis, says that after crawl
ing on his hands and knees for a great
distance, Duyo Rogich of Milwaukee
wounded in three places by Clarence
Dietz, reached the homestead of Chas
Johnson and was later carried into
Winter, where he secured medical at
tention. Slight hope is entertained
for his recovery. He had been terri
bly, exposed when he reached the
Johnson place and his wounds had
become filled with dirt.
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
Prospectors pyinq from Heat,

Los Angeles, Cal. Aug. Accord
ing to reports which have reached this
city, terrible heat conditions are pre-
vailing in the Iryo county gold fields
and adjacent desert. and mining pros
pectors are dying daily from the heat.
w. III. Adams, mining engineer, who
lett Los Angeles July for the Pana-
mint range and who has just returned
to the city, states that eight prospect
ors were brought in dead from the
heat while he was in the region. The
heat. he says. is terrible. and I'M
The Denison review. [volume] (Denison, Iowa) 1867-current, 1906-08-02
S1OO REWARD S1OO

The readers OF this paper viii be- pleased to
learn tn 1t there is al last he dreaded di,
IT'S stages. and ,ha, is l,a,arrh. Halls
Catarrh is the only positive cure now known
70 the medical fraternity Cntarrh being a
constitutional disease, requires II coastitn
tionsl treatment HANS Catarrh Cure is
taken Internally. acting directly upon the
blool and mucous surfaces of the system
her by destroying the foundation of the
disease. aud giving the patient strength ny
building up TIL constitution anu assisting
nature in dong its work. The proprietors
have so much faith in its curative powers
that they offer One Hundred Dollars for any
case that it fails II cure. Send for list vi
testimonials.
Address: +. j. cHENNEY, s Co, Toledo, O
Sold by Druggists 1ac.
Take HILLS Family Pills for constitution.