davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond daily palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1905-1906, 1906-02-06
Wheat.

Wheat.
Wheat, 60 lbs, zoe to $1.15
Miscellaneous.
Rye, per bu., ........ soc to 60c
Straw, baled per ton, $3.50 to $500
Millet, ............$ $500 to $500
RETAIL MEATS.
FURNISHED by Hadley Meat Market.)
Roast Pork, per h., =, .121ac to 15c
Veal, per h., ........,10 to zoe
Beefsteak, per h., 80. .1212c to 15c
Fresh Pork, per h., -. 10 to 15c
Chuck Ro st, per h., ...r.... .10c
Beef to boil, per h., .... &c to 15c
Pork chops, per h., .121ac
Fish, per h., ................ .15c
Richmond Livestock
paid tv Richmond Abbatoir CO..
Hogs, top, heavy, $500 to 1925 per
hundred.
Hogs, 400 lbs, common and rough.
$500 to 1926 per hundred.
Hogs, 200 to $50 lbs average $3.50
to $500 per hundred
Choice butcher steers, $500 to
$4.25 per hundred.
Lambs, $3.50 to Sc per hundred.
Calves $500 to $3.50 per hundred.
Richmond daily palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1905-1906, 1906-02-06
Indianapolis Grain.
s.

Wheat-Steady; No. cred, SOC
track; No. 2 red, S912c through bill
ing; No. 3 red, s5c track; No. red,
soc track; rejected, soc track; Feb
ruary, soc; March, Ss12; unmer-
charitable, Zoe
Corn-Easier; No. white 1890,
through billing 1890; No. 3 white
4312c, through billing 1880; No. 4
white, 411ac; No. 2 white mixed
4312c, through billing 4312c; No.
white mixed 1870, through billing
4312c, No. 4 white mixed, 4114c; No.
2 yellow 4312c, through billing
1890, No. yellow, 4315c; No.
mixed 1919, through billing 4314c;
No. 3 mixed 1870, through billing
43Hc; No. 4 mixed, 4115c.
Oats-Easier; No. 2 white, 311ac;
No. 3 white Sic, through billing
3112c; No. 4 white, Csc; No. mixed
3lc; No. 3 mixed, 3O12c; No. 4 mix
ed, 2Sc; rejected, 26c.
Hay-Steadyi No. l timothy,
$1,000
Rye-No. rye, 64c.
Indianapolis Wagon Market.
February S.
Cor~-40045c.
Sheaf Oats-s7 OO@s.0O.
Now Shelled Oats-3O035c.
Millet-$7OO@s.00.
Hay-Timothy, se.OO611.0O; clo-
yer. $7.006s.0O; mixed hay, $1,000
900; straw, $5.00(06.00.
Other Grain Markets.
Liverpool, February 5-Glose
Wheat-Snot, nominal; futures
easy: March, 6s 1Os6d: Nav. SIS
Sgd; July, &c sgd. Corn-Spot,
quiet; American mixed, new, IS
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
THE FOURTH OF JULY.
This Day Will be Observed by Many
Places IN AlAehua County.

The Glorious Fourth-the event OF
the nations birthday which gave ~ all
the right OF Independents 10 becoming
more aud more recognized in this coun.
try ~ the years roll by, with the re-
suit that even the hamlets show recog-
milton OF the haR by having their pic.
mics and speakings -nd athlethic games
In commemorAtion Of the occasion,
On the approaching Fourth, which
will arrive Wednesday II nothing pre-
vents, not only Gainesville, but many
OF the lrAding villages aud towns Of
the county will demonstrate their
patriotism Nth appropriate exercises.
The news comes from Bell, Trenton
Jennings Lake and othrr places IN the
wcst. and Merese, ToNuseud aud
other points IN the east, that there
will be big bssket picuics, speaking,
athletic sports ard other attractions.
The good people OF these respective
communities are very enthusiastic In
anticipation, Ard ia many instances
most elaborate programs have been
arranged
County Superintendent Dr. J l.
Kelley has been invited to deliver the
orAtion Of the day 81 Trenton, while
Col. Christopher MAiheson 10 expect
rd to iill the same function at Jen.
ming. Lake
The public IL cordially invited TO At
end all places Of Amu'ement, and also
invtrt 10 bring Rl1ng vell.hlIed
bAskcts
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
arranged
WiIls'ord Notes

willriord, June 20 Mrs W G.
Maxwell received Friday n telegram
announcing the critical Illness Of heT
father. Mr. Common, At Raiford, and
she departed on thu noon train SAtur'
day for that place.
Miss Mary Hague lstt saturday fol
her home at Hague, whsrs che vii
spend II short vacation With her pa
rents
Mr. kennaEd. the machine agent
was 10 town "wednesday looking after
che interest ~ his business
wAtsrmslons arr plentiful In onI
section Three two.hof,s wagon load,
sold Wednesday
Il l. FloWsrs made . business trip
90 Jacksonville Friday
Mr.. W H. Muuhss Of starks Il
spending thls week With her husband
who 10 foreman - the standard o..
prsss Company
J H. Kirtlsnd hn returned from
Tampa. where he went attend tbs
funeral Of bic father.
A esrtain gentleman accuses HE wiis
Of having gathered ell the mosq ul,oss
and placed them In his room for hIs
special bsnsnt. bot Ws really thinh she
has neglected her Job she last tSu
dsys. 80 We have moss o, our house
than We san manage.
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
Root VIII Walt Chile.

Washington. June 1s,--eesss,ary
Rho, will acoep. the hospitality Of
Chile and make par, % his tFip along
the wes, coast OF South AmeFioa IA .
Chilean warsAlp. The uAiesA States
orVnsss charlsatoa. on whloA esaee
tsry IIooi will sail for ssaaA Amegiea.
ID too large a craft ~ v0st Ne say
sonE the Inside passass from The
strait Of hsssllaa 10 vaipassiso.
Chils ARd csusssssntly tie Aassiean
sssrsiary ~ state sAA his Party wtil
PROBABLY leave the ChASlsstea "a s@n'
~ Poin, In the Strata - hagefiaa
AAa - aboard q ChilsaA man % var
whlsh Gao SoEh lie say amSaG tbs
iaisnAs Of the vest osast. thas shsFt
snisE the trip BY several hundred
miles. sad snAbiins Mr. Root " TO
msia IesEsr In Chile
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

Birmingham. Ala. June 30 "a sps
elai "a the News from Linden Ala
says that Robert RichArdAon a Bssro
was Hanged o. that place ~ nooh ~,
day Ne protested his inAsessss 90
the sesHold The crime for which
Richardson wa hanged wss the nur
sss u Or TTaak T.. Hoseus. . premi
hsa, eiiIrsn u Domopeiis. VIA "a.
uayisi4. shot 10 death sal fobbea Oas
ewing IL months ago While out walk
tag near his home nossr Richard
son. his brosssF. Aissyt Richardson
aaa joan Hopkins. ali sssssss. usfs
arrested f0S The marasr. Hopkins
vas gives . iifs ssatsass. Albert
Richardson haaesA himself In IAii
whiis swAitiaE snsestiOa
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

oAassy. = G.. Jaas 10 M RAissy.
sDOn vhin the ssaik ssnisnes 90 q
charge u raps sss paassd hsFs ThsrS
aay h the afst psfpo1 ~ receive the
ssath ssaisues 10 chssokss eoaeiy Ne
vii has6 s~pssmbsF "a A HsGFo
ssri ~ ys4Fs old aied ~ Rslnsys
has4s "A 01d o0inei1sses Ia IAis
Ease vss that iais IL ths ass, asaiA
ssntsass psOaggas "a Ia chssoass. ssd
ths hrss ssash s~nisa~s1 Dsonsaassa
~ JsiEe Prise. ne trial 1sass Rat
49, 10 8 nsGre
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
MAA KILLED SELF
IN PRESENCE OF WIFE
Because She PSrsistsntly Re.
fused to Live With Him.
MRS. STRIKE THEN DISAPPEARS
For ssVArl Msnths Husband and
wife Have seen ssPsrsssd-strIks
Went 10 See Hls wife to Enoot q
R~oooe ~ alton.

Atlanta, June No. After pleading In
vain with hts Vitc To forget the past
and live with him again lsad0ro
Strike. q Russian jew, rhurslay NJ.
terOooA drained battle 81 carhOlic
acid Ia her Eresenco aud Thursday
night Died at the Grady hospital mod
heal aid being unable 10 saw his llto.
For severed months strike aud hia
wife have teen separated from each
Wvher. nnding II Impossible To live
happy Iprriod life lie has been
ll~ing out IN the country. while sho
has bsou boarding ut w Piedmont av'
snuo.
Thursday afternoon, whom every
one waa ont except Mrs Strike. who
VAS sitting on the front porch. her
husband came O. the place lie tried
~ enctt reconciliation but she TO
fused
lie thun took a bottle ~ caTbollo
acid out ot his pocket. ami she snatch
cd It away from him lie was pre-
pared Tor this, aud taklng second
bottle drank the contents
PsucS officers we're summoned. and
Ofncsrs Lindsey and Holcomb 70
sponaSd When they arrived the naA
was IN agony, 50 the Grady hospltal
ambulance was called >.
Mrs Strike was frantic. and raa Ia
ter the Ambulance 10 the hospital This
was the last seen ~ her Evsry posei
bic aid was given 10 strike ~ the
hospital A. o'clock Thursday HieAt
no died
n was impossible 10 ind Mrs. Strike
and tho people with whom she was
boarding have not seen her since they
woHt away and left her In the house.
when they returned TO the house thsy
found Il locked. just As thsy had left
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

wasbinE'os. Juns - --AppsseiaiisE
that sss afs, ssssioa ~ ne hf,y ainth
eoasrsus IL rapidly hsariaE q close NE
hoass started oa rhafstsy snOsnisG 10
clear tie legislative t@ksrs with.
osf ssbafs 80 rstofi "a too biil &C.
hsisE 'ss y i - ifnmaaiiy ~ wit
nsssss usass tas ln,srsiais commsTes
act vaa saspssa aiso ths sanfsFsaes
Fsesst rsisfins 70 sh~ asAgss ~ vss,
seis bstwssa sasset sd saasisa
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
Mitchell In Kansas City.

Kansas Cisy. June 3o.--John Mitch.
oil. president OF the United Mine
Workers, arrived here Friday muring
from indianapolis TO confer with mem.
bors OF the Southwestern Coal opera
tors association over local differences
In the Novinger Missouri and some u
the Arkansas dlstrictsV In the 40
Vinger district the operators say that
because Of railroad conditions, they
cannot operate under the Kansas CT!
agreemen, with profit In ArkansHs
the trouble Is over the mine run
law. passed BY the recent Legislature
the miners asserting that 70 carry out
the Kansas city agreement. they muGt
violate this statute
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

san Inselms Cat Jsns % --Tbs
Rev William AissshisE. On I'D.
prafssSos u shsfch history In ths
PrsseYfsrtsa Tasoiogisai seminArY
4let a. kss home bsFs Frs4aY SEE
Ssa eorN n PosssyiVaaia IN isii Ne
Erafasis3 from lsasrna coiisEs e
isst al frD@ Psnosssa Tssatosiesi
esm1aary 10 isfi
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

Chicago. June 80 -ThuFsdAy vas
shs hottest dsS ~ The year the thsF.
monster registering ~ degrees IN ,hs
United states OossfsAtOfy. and touch.
ina " in the street -FOUR persons
sore fatally strieksa ana II others
we're huyrlsd IA hospitals 90 ihsiY
hsmss In the hoys ~ avinE their
usO8
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

the murder Charge behind three other
prisoners. enc Of whom was negro
charged With larceny He was dress.
ed In the same gray suit, which he
wore yesterday, with white shirt
and collar and a black bow tie. His
appearance was very little different
IrOm that OF yesterday. except that he
was slightly paler He stood with
his back to an open window at the
north end Of the room and chattsd
with the court officers while the prs.
ons1s were being arraigned. When
his case was called. Thaw stepped
NFishly 70 the barrier. inside Of which
bic counsel. Judge Olcott and T. J
McMAnus. we're sitting at a table with
Assisrapt Attorneys GarxSp and Mott
WhSvClSrk Tenny road the charge OF
N Isr In the first degree for the kill
IL OF standard White. he asked Mr..
Thaw what he had to say In regard n
the Indictment. and the prisoner an.
Swered distinctly "Not guilty" His
counsel Immediately interposed an
amSndmSnt to the plea. asking leave
OF the court TO withdraw the plea sny
time Np 10 next Iaesday This was
granted and q moment later the prIs
oner was taken away from the bar
aud rOsnte red the prison.
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
RAILROAD ACCIDENT
WAS A SERIOUS ONE
In Peculiar Collision Conductor
Smoak and Brakeman Killed.
CONDUCTOR WAS CREmArEo

NWer NaVlnB oeeh 'eVV'oN "snB'eu
Between Cars, BODY Was Burned to
q Crlsp-Severe Fire Loss, ARgre.
eating Thousands Of Dollars.
One Of the most disastrous wrecks
known IN this section o; the state oc'
Cured during Friday night on the Al.
lautir Coast Line, which not only cost
a large properly value, but the lives oi
Conductor {. &. SmuAS who was Ia.
stantly killed and afterwards ore
mated, aRd 4 negro brakeman, name
unknown,
The wreck occurred GA steep grade,
about a quarter Of mile north OF Mar.
tin. on the Florida southern division.
Summary Of the loss runs into
thousands OF dollars. to say nothing
OF the lose OF human lie
Fron the best information obtain.
able, II appears that Extra No is,
Engine 10, Conductor J. p philpol
aud Engineer Dave Haddock, was In
the sldetrack at Martin upon orders 10
permit Extra No 02O, Engine 6lO,
Conduc SmoAk and Engineer Bran.
lett, pass
In compliance with de orders, the
extra did pass, hut upon reaching the
steep grade. the train stalled, ~ the
engine failed - sufficiently respond.
A signal WAS sent 10 No 10 To assist
No. go. which was heavily loaded
over the hill, when Engineer HAddoek
detached his engine and proceeded TO
the scene Ills engine Sas coupled 90
the cAboose AZ the rear. when he ~.
veFsed the same and went back to the
foot Oi the hill for y good start. be-.
levin 2 that he had the entire train
with him but the coupling pin be-.
tween the cnbooss and the main train
had broken. Which left the latter
standing on the TRACK.
After reaching the foot ~ the hill
Engineer HAddock reversed his Ell.
CINE and pot on foil steam. eoliiding
with the detached portion Of No. $50
~ q terrible force. tsleseoping the ca.
boose ard running the engine into .
car loaded with naval stores. which
became Immediately ignitsd. Con.
ductoI smoak snd the negro brakeman
we're on the rear Of the train. and both
we're instantly killed, the former being
cFemated 70 soch an sztspt that only
few Of he bone, were found
The property lose uas . biG one, As
Engine No 10. which v one Of the To-
eOmotiVss performing through service
ON the pssss niger train between Jack.
sou Viils. Gainesville and 4, Pstsrs-
burg. and ons Of the ansst Ia the ser.
Wee. vas buFnsd Tvo carloads OF
naval stores. one carload Of lumber
and thrss carloads Of wa,srmslons
we're also burned.
Conductor smoah was . yoang man.
and resided % ~, PstsvbaTe BE
he'd masy friends from one ssd Of ths
Atlantic Coast Line 10 Florida 10 en-.
other. all Of whom viii regret bic On.
timely death
While hls engine wAs banned. M.
gissst Haddoek and bic hSsman usFs
sninIassd
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
srssLs VI. nssL; WI. FsII. Deed

Cincinnati. Juno 3o.--A special frOm
hilIersburs. o. says that vhils las
PstievNoa and hia vifs. both a.AriJ
20 years Of AEs. livins near BiseEssId
were visiuaE their daughter. Mr.
Hsnry wosk. vvst % here. the cid man
fell sows The cellar steps. bfsukias bis
bsos lie died iAstsstiy HIs sGeA
vifs who wt'Esssss the acciasu, fen
ovss 9th seart sissass aas ais avi;h
h. Q short ,ins th~rsaftss Both sill
Ss buried IN ons grave
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

Philadelphia. June 3O.--The Colonial
Express from Boston 10 Washington
on the Pennsylvania railroad. arrived
here Thursday night with George NJ
Maxwell. the engineer. dead at the
throttle. When the train failed 10
slacksn spec dat q suburb station.
James HHckett, the fireman. called
to Engineer Maxwell who was at his
post Receiving no reply Hacketi
climbed over TO the engineers side
OF the cab and found Maxwell dead. his
fingers rigid on the throttle Maxweii's
death was due 10 heart failure. lie
was Is years old
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

FairmOnt. w Va. June 20 --Aselus
Kodl. q former resident Of Manning
ton. an oil town IL miles vest ~ here.
returned home after e long absence.
and hnding his Wife living with an.
other man. killed them both Then
be turned the 'reaolvcr on himself.
INJECTING a probably fatal wound Dur.
Ing the time Kodi was out Of the state.
his wife had obtained q divorce and
remarked II l. the supposition that
be vas no, aware % this The al.
vorce Was granted here during q 70
cent session u court
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02
kK TO FACE
l JURY FOR MURDER
liter Examination He Is Indict.
ed for Murder.
aNTERs PLEA OF NOT GUILTY
Vie Defense, II ls Announced, Plans
TO Bring Out tire Whole Story Of
Whites Lie and His Relations With
Evelyn Nssblt

gNelyn NesoL
New York June 30-Ann ounce
ment that the defense will make
femotionaI insanity" the basis for It's
Mght for the release VI Harry X.
Thaw In jail indicted for the murder
"a Stanford White set at rest the
spscula,ion on this point Friday j..
9ihable homicide and the straight pisa
( 90 insanity has been suggested as a
line of defense, but Thaw himself
made the insanity move impossible by
his refusal to consider It, and by do.
Ginning to allow allonists 10 question
him.
Il will not be cliA7ed that the young
man Is Insane now such a plea would
mean a sentence to the asylum for
criminal insane al Matteawan
Il This new line means trial, and II
abe plea OF emotional Insanity Is
; Justified. TLaw will be a free man.
a Tie defence. It has also been IN.
nuuuoed, plans 10 bring out the whole
s.ory Of Whites life, OF his relations
( with Evelyn Nesbit before she mar.
r.ed Inaw. and VI his subsequent &C
. tions. wlic. ;ae Gylerso claims an
H.. "a Mrs. TEaw aud Soaded Thaw to
then 10 the shooting
N Mrs. Thaw will be n witness for her
y husband al the trial She has de
clared her willingness to tell all she
knows.
Thaws action In telephOning An.
F. ebony ComstoCk aroused much inter
est MIR. Comstock Is quoted as say.
lag that he Is willing to appear for the
defense. II called on. and give evidence
c. ~ Whites conduct
About a year and half ago" said
Mr. Comstock. "Thaw came to me aAd
complained about Whites actions. Al.
Ter his marriage he came to me many
times He saw me again about two
weeks before the shooting.
As TO Thaws purpose In furnish.
ing me with this evidences against
Waite. firmly believe n vas prompt.
sd by the purest motives. | 10 not
n.,aa that Thaw thought White
,.cr'A ~ murdered. but that he
should be- taken out the community
by legal process and put In prisoa.
TAaN seemed 10 have an awful weight
rpor his heart when he visited ne
bu. I was unable TO fathom II. and he
never volunteered any Information on
80 subject
Ca the subject Of this Information
and from tina, received In anonymous
\ letters which ooTro9Oraied ThaWt
,,atemeuts. I sndeavoraed 20 get ~
SAe truth with . view OF securing =
convieuos " possible. bu, when n
cane 70 preparing case AGAINST
White many eimSultiss confronted ne.
4 aAd no substantial evidence 20 oh,T
An q IsEai acton vAieh would make q
soavIctisH certain
Ny ~ success "a 10; bringing
waite u ,ria, seemed 70 dspress Mf
Fhaw As - whether | believe IAis
eepr.s.lou caused Thav 20 commit
a. murder o. ho' care u say
Mira Thav according 20 The prison
ers avyers ha nj b~cn doSu tDvl
ssrtaE ne icrtE JoG. poi 40 was n
t-.-.ei % CssI on her haas4nd As sviI
a. 80 isEai advisers ~oms Tine Afsf
h. tar t4y AccprdiSx 20 tAe Ciots
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

naSlinGtOn. w., Jaas ~ The Dem.
oersis 90 ths hrss congressional de.
trie' aosaiRaisd X y Cnn % Fair
havsa. The sseOsa district Democrats
A0rnlnstsd Iohn N ssntsr. u Mostvs.
nsF for congress
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

ils~isi0s. Ns. Iuns E0--Amons M
hoHsfSfy Degrees eonfsFrsd Al Rstez
esslisss e0mlasafasnf Nas taaf Of
lad, spoe rhllaaesr claytoa. psofss.
sot a slses,igu 81 Tsansssae ungsee
ssty
Gainesville daily sun. (Gainesville, Fla.) 190?-1938, 1906-07-02

., Iss . .s..s. It yg..s. .,'; .l.:.
telspAeest - ~ fpss ess a
The Goldfield news. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1904-1911, 1906-09-22
PHONOLITE LIKE CRIPPLE CREEK

1t is not uncomm for mining writ
ers here on the desert to utilize Cripple
Creek as a unit of comparison when ex-
patiating upon the riches of Nevada's
newer gold camps and their production
at relatively a same stage of develop
ment. Neither Cripple Creek nor Ne
vada nave lost pretige by these COMPARE
sons, although in either instance they
have not been altogether fair owing to
dis-similarity in geological formation
and other local causes. Within the last
two months. however, a district has been
discovered in this state whose geological
strata is practically Identical with that
obtaining in the famous Colorado camp,
and surface values are quite on par with
those resultant in the Gold King. Inde-
pendence, Portland and Gold Coin boz
nanzas. BY strange coincidence. former
Cripple Checkers are the discoveries of
the new district.
The camp is called Phonolite and is To-
Gated IL miles northwest of lone
some times called Midas. A number OF
Manhattanites are interested in the
future of this latest addition to Ne
vada's rapidly growing list of gold
camps, among them being Frank Bene
The Goldfield news. [volume] (Goldfield, Nev.) 1904-1911, 1906-09-22

diet. formerly a prominent mining man
of Cripple Creek and later a resident of
Salt Lake City and Mercur. The first
stake was driven last mcntn on what is
termed the Silent Friend claim, where
a well defined ledge Carrying 2 feet of
$50 ore and showing rusty gold is ex-
posed. Hitherto the latter feature hiss
been a characteristic almost solely dis
tinctive OF Cripple Creek ores. Two
miles south of the Silent Friend a ledge
has been opened up on two claims which
carries from 4 to 6 inches of quartz
that shows s~ylvanite and assays from
$500 to $4,000 per ton. Samples from
all three claims were brought into Man
haitian this week by Charles Benson.
formerly of Cripple Greek. all of which
either show rusty gold or sylvanite.
Mr.. BENSON states that the vein in
trusions occur in andesite porphyry
through which white phonolite dykes
cut in every direction. The vein matter
shows a heavy fluorine stain. carries
manganese and jasper quartz n is In
every sense Identical with the ores OF
Cripple Creek. save that instead of be
ing surrounded by granite the coIntr.
roc is of volcanic origin.