davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
SPIELVILLH.

From our regular correspondent
Jan. l., 1905.
Miss Josephine Mikesh was at Con-
over Wednesday.
w. Fry was in town last Wednes-
day.
A. @. Heck was down from Ossian
one day last week.
j. Jarosh, of Little Turkey, was a
business visitor Friday in our vicinity.
Mrs. Mikesh, of Conover, spent the
last week with her daughter, Mrs.
@. Hauser.
Prof. A. l.. Kovarik and J. Mikesh
arrived home from Minneapolis last
week to spend couple of weeks with
relatives.
J. Martinez, of TT. Atkinson, was
calling on friends Sunday.
The teachers of the public school
began work Tuesday.
H. Huber, from the Fort, was the
guest of the Kapler family Wednesday.
G. HAPPIER and wife arrived from
Minnesota Saturday for a visit at his
parental home.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
RIDGEWAY.
From the Review. }

trrOm the Review
A. Dorm and wife drove down to
DEBORAH last Tusday.
Otto Anderson was up from Ossian
over Sunday.
Adolph Ringeon is home from De-
corah for the holiday vacation.
John Aaker, of Velva, N. D., is
home for short vacation.
r. J. Kunth and family are visiting
relatives at Fall Greek this week.
Lou Larson was down from ST. Paul
from Saturday to Tuesday.
Nick Schuetz arrived home from
New Hampton the first of the week.
Rev. G. S. Royse is visiting with
his family at Ellsworth, Mimi, this
week.
The M. 0. Libbey family spent Sun
day with the John Walton family at
Cresco.
Miss Florence Hoyt arrived home
from Fayette last Friday for holiday
vacation at home.
Miss Josie Anfinsen is spending her
holiday vacation at her home near
Satire this week.
Prof. John Baker arrived home from
Michigan, N. D., last Saturday, where
he is teaching school.
Mr. and Mrs. w. H. Klemme and
Geo. Bolles spent Christmas at the
home of DR.. j. ID. Parker at Fayette.
Jens Johnson is visiting at his old
home in Wisconsin this week.
Mrs. Geo. Kaasa went to st. Paul,
Mimi, this morning for medical
treatment.
Prof. Hadwin Williams is ENJOYING
a visit at his parental home at Monona
this week.
Henry Linde and Ed Brekke came
day night.
Miss Dianna Smelly came down from
Albert Lea, Mimi, yesterday for a
visit at the Aaker home.
Andrew Hornberger, of Lake Benton.
is making his parents visit.
Miss Clara Ringeon is visiting at
the home of her sister, Mrs l.. D.
Rue at Nora Springs this week.
Mrs. III w. Haislet, of Woodstock,
MILL, CAME up from D6cOran yeSCer-
day and is the guest of Mrs. Steen
Johnson.
Mr.. and and Mrs. S. R. Ringeon
were visiting at the home of N. HI.
Adams and family from Saturday to
Tuesday.
The third number of the lecture
course will be given Saturday, January
9th, when the Oriole Concert Com
pany will be with us. We will have
more to say about these people next
week.
The hall was filled to OVERLOOKING
last Tuesday night to see rip Van
Winkle.'' The show is the best that
has struck Ridgeway for some years
and everybody expressed themselves
as being we'll satisfied.
On Saturday, December 23rd, about
forty friends and neighbors gathered
at the home of Mr.. and Mrs. j.
Hornberger in honor of Mrs. Horn
berger's 59th birthday. The evening
was pleasantly spent in playing games,
etc., after which an elegant supper
was served. She was presented with
a beautiful rocking chair.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
CANOE
tFram our regular correspondent

tFrom our regular correspondent,
Jan. /, 1906.
Mr.. and Mrs. Martin Faldet visited
with the latter's parents in Highland
township Tuesday.
John Eye is down from Cresco visit
ing friends and relatives.
Edgar Ruffridge was down from
Locust to spend Christmas with his
grandparents.
Mrs. Frank Chapman and children
are hert from Spencer, Iowa, for a
visit.
Nels Faldet spent the past week
with home folks.
Ephraim Matthews was down in this
vicinity last week.
Both schools will open tomorrow
afer weeks vacation.
Mr.. and Mrs. Dave Bowman and
family returned to Burr Oak Tuesday
after few days spent with the latter's
parents. - esfss.l 49,
Mr.. and Mrs. WV. Wilson, Of De-
corah, spent Sunday at d. Musser's.
Mr.. and Mrs. y. Faldet were
literally remembered by their children
Christmas. They presented them
with fine new bed room set, center
table and lamp.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
CLAY HILL
rom our regular correspondent.)

From our regular correspondent
Jan. /, 1906
Ben johnson, of Thompson, was a
guest of friends in our burg last week.
Last Friday evening sleigh load of
young people surprised the Gross
family and spent very enjoyable
evening.
Sleighing is just fine in our burg.
Ii you don't believe it. come and see
for yourself.
Enoch Rygg has sold his farm of
forty acres to Mr.. Linzenmeyer, of
Canoe. The former intends moving
to Washington.
Fred Elwick is home from teaching
for the holidays.
Miss Lizzie Williams returned to
Bluffton to resume her school work,
after spending the holidays with home
folks
Miss Allie Andrews, OF DEBORAH,
was guest of relatives in our burg
last week.
Bert Tyler has purchased swell
new Portland cutter.
There is to be- party at Joe Rastet-
tCi . thio ONOhihS'
Mr.. and Mrs. +. H. Rygg and five
of their children went to Blue Earth,
Mimi, last Friday for two weeks
visit.
Mr.. and Mrs. Will Lang. of Bluff
ton, also Mr.. and Mrs. Puntney, of
Canoe, spent New Years with the
Frank Headington family
Misses Laura and Lille Stoskoph,
of Lucust, were guests Of the Misses
Gross Tuesday.
The l.. w. O. meets with Mrs.
Frank Headinton January 4th.
Roy Tillotson Sundayed with home
folks.
Mrs. John Barthell, of Dakota, was
a guest of Mrs. Fred Tillotson few
DAYS last week.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
Administrators Notice

Notice ofthe appointment of an admins
traitor OF the estate of Ellen Giles deceased.
. Notice is hereby given, that the subscribe,
has been duly appointed administrator with
will annexed of the estate of
ELLEN GILES
late of DEBORAH township, in the county OF
Wlnneshiek, state OF Iowa, deceased, testate
and, has taken upon himself that trust Inv
giving bonds as the law directs. All persons
having demands upon the estate of the said
deceased are required to exhibit the same:
and persons indebted to the said estate are
called upon to make payment to
WIN. FOLTZ
Administrator with will annexed.
Dated at DEBORAH, Iowa, Dec 80, 1905.
14pd FRANK SAYRE- Atty
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
RAVENA

From our regular correspondent.
Dec. 26, 1905.
Too late for last week.
Theodore Eimers is here on an ex.
tended visit from South Dakota.
George Taylor was down near Post.
vile from Saturday till Sunday even
ing the guest of Miss Jane French.
Miss Mildred Doan came out from
Ossian Monday Tor few days. visit
with relatives.
B. Holtey and Henry Miller went
to South Dakota Friday for visit
with relatives.
Several of the young people ot this
vicinity spent Monday evening at
Henry Schweinfus.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
Original Notice.

In the District Court. State of Iowa, in and
for Winneshiek County, January term, "A. ID.
1905
Ole Sanderson, administrator of the estate of
Ole H Opsal, deceased, Plaintiff, VS.. Martin
Opsal, Torger Opsal, ct al. defendants.
To Martin Opsal. Torger Opsal Anon OPP
sal. Isabel Olive Johnson, Henry 0psal, Anton
Opsal, Helmer Opsal, Letta Opsal. Mabel OPP
sal, Rina Opsal, Renold Opsal, Defendants.
You are hereby notified that the petition of
plaintiff the above entitled cause Is on file
In the Office of the Clerk Of tine District Court
of the state OF Iowa, in and for Winneshiek
County. asking in said petition that the Court
construe a certain deed given by said Ole HI.
Opsal to one Mrs. Belle S. Johnson, with refer
ence to what drafts and liabilities, and costs
she Is to pay in said estate, also praying that
the personal property of said estate be sold
and converted into money.
And unless you appear thereto and defend
before noon of the first day of the January
term A.. ID. 1906. of the said Court, which win
commence at Deccrah on the 21th day of Jam
uary, A. ID. 1906. default will be entered
against you and judgment order and decree
rendered as prayed for In said petition.
+. p. JOHNSON,
SD Attorney for Administrator
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
Notice in Probate.

You and each of you are hereby notified to
appear at the Court House in Winneshek
County, Iowa, on the 10Th day of January
A. ID 1906, at 1880 O'Clock p. M, to attend the
probate OF an instrument purporting to be
the last will and testament of Thomas p.
Dawiey late OF DEBORAH Township, in Win
nesheik County, Iowa, deceased, at which
time and place you Will appear and show
mitted to probate.
In testimony whereof have hereunto sub
scribed my name and affixed the seal OF said
Office, this LIST day of January 10 6
S. L. BRICKNER
l-3w Clerk District Court
FRANK SAYRE Attorney
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
Chronic Constipation Cured.

One who suffers with chronic con-
stipation is in danger of many serious
ailments. Orino Laxative Fruit
Syrup cures chronic constipation as it
aids digestion and stimulates the liver
and bowels, restoring the natural
action of these organs. Commence
taking it today and you will feel
better at once. Orino Laxative Fruit
Syrup does not nauseate or grippe and
is very pleasant to take. Refuse
substitutes. -Brunt & Parman.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
A Thousand Dollars Worth of Goods.

A. H. Thurnes, we'll known coal
operator of Buffalo, o., writes: 81
have been afflicted with kidney and
bladder trouble for wears, passing
gravel and stones with excruciating
pain. got no relief from medicine
until / began taking Foley's Kidney
Cure, then the result was surprising.
A few doses started the brick dust
like fine stones and now I have no
pain across my kidneys and feel like
new man. IT has done me $1,000
worth of good. "-Brunt & Parman.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
The Original.

Foley q Co., Chicago, originated
Honey and Tar as throat and lung
remedy, and on account of the great
merit and popularity of Foley's Honey
and Tar many limitations ale offered
for the genuine. These worthless
limitations have similar sounding
names. Beware of them. The genuine
Foley's Honey and Tar is in a yellow
ish package. Ask for it and refuse
any subtitute. 1t is the best remedy
for coughs and colds Brunt & Parman
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
ABRAHAM WEBLEMO
Notice of Appointment

Notice of the appointment OF an execu.
trix of the estate of Ben Erickson, de-
ceased.
Notice is hereby given, that the subscriber
has been duly appointed executrix of the
estate OF
BEN ERICKSON
late of Madison Township, in the County of
Winnesheik, State of Iowa. deceased, testate
and has taken upon herself that trust as the
law directs. All persons having demands upS n
the estate of the said deceased are required to
exhibit the same; and persons indebted to the
said estate are called upon to make payment
to
IA BERT ERICKSON,
Executnx.
Dated at DEBORAH. Iowa. Dec. %, 1905.
w. M. STRAND. Attorney.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
CASTALIA
From our regular correspondence

=
an. 2, 1906.
E. ID. Glossy and Franklin Perry
moved into the house recently. vacated
by AlOnzo Owens. +
Mrs. Cairns, of DEBORAH, was the
guest of Mrs. Chas. Winn a couple
of days of last week.
N. Gibbs came up from Council
Bluffs Monday evening.
Miss Ada Lawson returned to
Chester Saturday.
Dwight Sawyer came down from
North Dakota Wednesday to visit at
the w. +. Smith home.
Miss Mae Clark returned to her
school duties at Freeport Monday.
Miss Ethel Woo.sey was Frank
VILE visitor last week.
James Hunter returned from Chicago
Thursday.
The dance was quite success even
If the roads were in bad condition.
They made enough money to defray
expenses and little over.
Peter Blue moved down into the
Franklin Perry house Thursday.
Miss Jessie Vance, of Ossian, visited
at H. @. Painton's Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer Peck, of Dead
wood, 5. D., were visitors at the
Louis Woolsey home Thursday.
Mrs. Swanson came up from Cler-
mont Thursday to visit her son.
Miss Bessie Mckinley, of Clermont,
visited Miss Nora Floody Friday.
Miss Dora Peterson. of Beulah,
came Tuesday to visit her sister, Mrs.
ID. O. Stearns.
Mrs. Haefner, of Giard, visited her
son, w. H. Haefner, few days last
week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy McMartin and
daughter returned from Mason City
Saturday.
Will auckland leaves for Ames
this week to attend college.
d. g. Malloy's daughters came down
from Ossian Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Nelson Gibbs return.
ed to Council Bluffs, Saturday.
The Pleasant Ridge Telephone Co.
held n meeting Saturday, and the
following officers were elected
President, A. Oxley; treasurer, d.
10. Malloy; secretary, w. Riggs
directors, MessrsAmbrose, McGarahan
q. f. Buchanan and w. Anderson,
of West Union.
Ward M. Allen returned to lows
City Tuesday.
Arthur Kramer leaves for Manches
ter January end. Mrs Kramer will
remain until the latter part of the
week.
Misses Alma and Mary Uhley enter
tained a few friends at progressive
finch Friday evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. L. Richards re-
turned Monday from a few days. visit
at Waterloo.
Miss Ida Oxley, of DEBORAH. and Mr.
Tirk, of Nebraska, visited Irvir
Aliens Monday.
The children's jubilee of gool
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
Administrator Notice.

Notice of the appointment of an Admins
traitor OF the estate of Abraham Weblemo,
deceased.
Notice Is Hereby Given. That the subscriber
has been ouiy appointed administrator of the
estate OF
ABRAHAM WEBLEMO
late of DEBORAH Township, in the county of
Winneshiek, state of Iowa, deceased, intes-
tate, and has taken upon himself that trust
by giving bonds as the law directs. All per-
said deceased are required to exhibit the
same: and persons indebted to the said estate
are called upon to make payment to
c. j. WEISER, Administrators.
Dated at DEBORAH, Iowa, Dec "a, 1905.
law II. r. BARTHELL, Atty.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03
ELLIS ]. HOOK
COUNTY SUPT. SCHOOLS.

School Officers Blanks and Rec
ords, Secretary's Order Books,
Treasurer's Account Books, Di-
rector's Enumeration Records,
Teachers Daily and Classified
ton Records, always kept on
hand. Teachers Examination
the last Friday and Saturday Of
each month.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03

The children's jubilee of good
health follows the use of Bees Laxa-
tive Honey and Tar, the cough syrup
that expels all cold from the system
by acting as cathartic on the bowels.
A certain remedy for Group. Whoop-
ing Cough and all lung and bronchial
affections. -Brunt & Parman.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1906-01-03

Office, Northwest corner ground floor
81 Court House, Decorah. Iowa.
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30

The chief source of evil in our
public affairs and only source of per-
manent danger, lies not in the con-
spiraturs that plot against the people,
but in the Indifference, the Iethargy
and carelessness of the people them
selves. The worst enemy of the re-
public is not the boss nor the corpora
tions, but the voter who does not care
enough about politics to post himself
and vote conscientiously. And then,
there is another trouble, and that is
partisanship, the voters blIndly fol-
lovingly leaders who are in politics
for what there is in it for them.
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30
ROOSEVELT AND CUBA.

president Roosevelt has just
passed through very trying ordeal
that OF engineering the Cuban affair
and while he is not yet out of the
woods, he has acquitted himself so
credltably thus far that his political
enemies must have ceased to hope
that he will make a blunder,' obser-
yes leading western journal. cit
is quite evident now that at no time
did he or his chief advisers seriously
contemplate annexation of Cuba. In
deed, the armed intervention which
lie authorized was a step taken re-
luctantly, and only when it became
evident that something decisive must
be done to prevent condition of
wholesale disorder and anarchy. The
published correspondence between
Acting Secretary Bacon Of the state
department and Consul General Stein
hart at Havana proves this. Follow
ing as it did so closely upon the
brushes with certain of the South
American republics, and coming just
at a time when the issues of ma
tional campaign were in formative
state, the Cuban uprising was par
ticularly inopportune for the admin
istration at Washing ton. A false
step, however trivial, might have
resulted in disorder two years hence.
But President Roosevelt is good
politician. Even his enemies have
never hesitated to accord him that
mild praise: and he is a good poll
tician in large sense. He did not
propose to revive the cry of imperial
ism, or give the opposition spell
binders an opportunity to use such
euphonious words as conquest, 'ag-
grandzement' and 'milltarism', He
may be said, in short, to have en-
gineered very delicate piece of busl-
ness with consummate Skill
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30
DEDICATE LOWELL
GERMAN NJ. T. CHURCH
IMPRESSIVE SERVICES HELD
THERE ON SUNDAY.
Presiding Elder Berg and Rev.
Kdrnopp of This City We're Pre-
sent-ChiefSpedker for the OCCd-
sion Was DIR. Nuelsen of Bered,
OhiO-A Handsome EdifiCe.

Sunday witnessed the dedication of
the new German M. E. Church at Lowell
a new and handsome edifice recently
completed at cost of $1,000. The
event was one in which considerable To-
cal interest centered. a number from
here being in attendance, including
Rey. A. c. Berg, the presiding elder, and
Rev. IL. Karnopp, pastor of the German
NJ. K. church, both Of whom appeared on
the program.
The new edifce is a handsome and
substantial structure, 56x6O feet and is
pronounced one Of the incest in the com
munity. Much credit is due Rev. A. L.
LadWig, who has been the pastor for the
past five years for his untiring efforts in
the upbuilding of the church. The
church is dedicated with debt of only
$500. 1t is equipped with many of the
modern conveniences, including 1925
bell, which was donated by strangers of
the nelghborhood, and an organ cost
ing s162.
The services opened Saturday evening
at o'clock, the feature of the evening
being the sermon by Presiding Elder A.
G. Berg.
The Sunday Morning service, begin
ming at 10 o'clock, opened with a song
by the congregation, followed by pray
er by Rev. III. Karnopp of this city. A
song by the choir, was followed by an
able sermon in German by DR.. j. Nuel-
sen of Berea Ohio, of the German TheoIo-
gical seminary, who delivered the dedi-
catory sermon. A song by the choir was
followed by the dedication rituaIistic
service conducted by Presiding Elder
Berg. The morning service closed with
a song by the congregation and the ben
ediction.
The afternoon service opened at 2:30
o'clock with a song by the congregation.
Rev. Carr offered prayer, after which
the choir rendered song. The preach
ing portion of the afternoon service was
conducted by DR.. Nuelsen, who spoke in
the English language, md delivered a
address to his congregation.
4 resolution of thanks was offered by A.
f. Ladwig and the afternoon service
closed with the benediction.
The. Sunday evening service beginning
at 7:3O o'clock was very impressive,
opening with song by the congregation,
followed by prayer by Rev. j. Menzner.
A pleasing feature of the evening serv-
ice was violin solo rendered by Prof.
j. Kleinmann. The evening preaching
was by Rev. c. Iwert, of Beaver Dam.
formerly pastor of the German NJ. Z.
church in this city. The service closed
with a song by the choir and the bene-
diction.
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30
A YEAR OF BLOOD.

The year Of 1903 will long be re-
membered IN the home of F. N.
Jacket, of Alliance, KY, as year OF
blood which flowed SO coplously from
Mr. Jackets lungs that death seemed
very near. He writes: 'Severe bleed
ing from the lungs and a frightful
cough bad brought me at deaths door,
when [ began taking DR.. Kings Dis
covery for Consumption, with the as
tonishing result that after taking four
bottles was completely restored and
as time has proven permanently cur
ed Guaranteed for Sore Lungs
Coughs and Colds. at Gamms corner
drug store. Price SOC and S1.00. Trial
bottle free.
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30
$4,000 Water Works City
Bonds For Sale.

The undersigned has been author
lied by resolution Of the Common
Council of the City of Watertown, to
offer for public subscription, at par.
the entire issue of Water Works
Bonds authorized by ordinance of
Sept. %, 1906, interest d per cent.
and amounting in the aggregate to
the sum of 10000.
Said subscription list will be opened
at the office of the City Clerk III the
city hall, at 10 O'Clock A. M, Nov.
&c, 1906, and will be closed at 5
o'clock P. M, Dec. 81, 1906.
All subscriptions for the above
mentioned bonus must be made IN
writing, no blanks to be provided for
that purpose, and must be accompanied
by d deposit of five 90 per centum
of the amount subscribed for as an
evidence Of good faith in the matter.
In case the issue is oversubscribed,
the same will be allotted pro rata.
Each and every subscriber will be
required to pay, at the Merchants
Bank in this city, On or before the
26th day of January, 1907. the differ
ence between the said deposit and the
amount of bonds allotted to him, and
said bank will thereupon deliver to
each subscriber complying with these
conditions, the amount of said bonds
allotted to him.
The choice of maturities Of said
bonds will be given to subscribers In
the order of priority beginning with
the date set for receiving subscrlp-
tions, but in case of oversubscription,
no subscriber shall feel aggrieved by
reason of the inability on the part of
the city to allot to him the exact
amount to which he is entitled where
the denomination of said bonds con-
stitutes bar to such division.
Dated Nov. 21st, 1906.
Frank S. Weber, City Clerk.
Watertown weekly leader. [volume] (Watertown, Jefferson County, Wis.) 1906-1908, 1906-11-30

About the first fight which will
occupy Congress after it reasonable
reassembles is whether or not tariff
revision shall take precedence over
currency reform. There is no ques-
ton that both these matters are in
need of attention, also for political
reasons it is not likely that the ad-
ministrations will care TO launch upon
tariff revision so close before a Presi-
dental election. 1t is quite certain
that the House and Senate : leaders,
more particularly the Senate. will be
very much opposed to any such sug-
gestions. At the same time, they
realize in both houses that revislons
must be seriously considered. 1t is
said, that if the recent campaign in
Massachusetts had been made on
tariff revision platform the Demo-
Gratis would have carried the state
This is one of the northern strong
holds of tariff revision and the claim
in all probability is true Further
more, there is decided unrest and
hankerlng all over the country for
something more definite than the
promise that the tariff will be revised
4tby it's friends some time in the
distant future. So the question looms
up large.
But on the other hand, there is a
fine chance for discussion along the
lines of currency revision, and meet
ing of the Currency Commission in
Washington during the past week
promises to put that measure to the
front in such form that it may even
take precedence over all tariff talk
The Currency Commission consists of
s one very able gentleman. It is
generally conceded that 1t is dominat-
ed by Frank A. VanderslIp, formerly