davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
Jurors
Discuss
Insanity
AN EMPHATIC OPINION FROM
MURDER CASE

The insanity defense continues to be
the principal subject discussed in the
examinations of jurors to try Frank
Johnson for murder. This morning
the jury box was filled and peremptory
challenges began the prosecution eX-
eusing Chaplin. William Buckle qua
lifted to take his place and Attorney
Harrison for the defense challenged j.
Lemon. w. NJ. Buchanan was called
to the box. The following were left
at this stage of the trial. j. Haughton
S. Lesser, Walter Kilman, j. Irderstein
A. S. Robertson, E. o. White, Harry
Lyman, w. Rose, c. F. Merrifeld, John
Coffee, w Buckle, w. NJ. Buchanan.
w. r. Waters expressed an emphatic
opinion during his examination yes
terday afternoon, on the subject of in
sanity. While being questioned as to
whether he had any prejudice against
the insanity defense he announced his
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

The governments side of the beef
trust proposition, as far as it is in
volved in the discussion on demurrer,
was presented to United States Judge
Dole this morning in a brilliant argu-
ment by Assistant District Attorney
j. ]. Dunno. Dunno was evidently
well primed with authorities and argu-
ments and he presented an eloquent
and elaborate analysis of the bill as
filed, defending it from attacks made
by the various counsel for the defense
and contending with great force that
the charges of an unlawful combina-
ton are very completely set forth in
the bill in question.
Besides quoting legal decisions Dunno
entered the fields of science and litera-
ture. He quoted Herbert Spencer and
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
KANEALII TRIAL
TO Be A LONG One
KAUAI CIRCUIT COURT TAKES UP TRIAL SUPERVISOR
ELECT WHO is ALLEGED TO HAVE FORGED THE
SIGNATURES ALTON PAPERS BY WHICH HE
PLACED BALLOT


in
a of S that
petition
qualify trial
a be decare vacant
him
be the to
he
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
Continued from page fve)
BEEF CASE CLOSING

The closing arguments are being
given this afternoon in the beef trust
case, before Judge Dole. United States
Attorney Dunno has closed for the
government and Ballou made the first
reply. wilmington came next. 1t is
expected that the case will be sub
mitted this afternoon.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
YOUR ATTENTION.

X. Yamamoto wholesale dealer
in japanese goods, will show you
choice samples. Special attention
given to plantation orders. Telephone
Main S99. p. O. Box $40. Hotel street
near Nuuanu.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

JAPANESE CHURCH STARTED.
The work of building the new Japa-
nese Congregational church in Makiki
district has bee nstarted. The contract
was awarded to NJ. Ota.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
FATHER
VALENTIN
May co
A REPORT THAT HE MAY BE SENT
TO THE AZORES IF STACKABLE
CN'T.

There was an apparently authentic
report this morning that in the event OF
Customs Collector Stackable being un-
able to go to the Azores that Father
f. H. Valentin of the Catholic Mission
here. would go.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

st. Augustine and Hamlets THE plays
the thing" was paraphrased, on the au-
thority of a decision to "the plots the
thing" by way of contending that even
an action by the respondents innocent
in itself, was not innocent if part Of
a general scheme or plan to carry out
an unlawful combination. The at
torney also quoted from English his
tory old-time moves against monopoly,
and among modern and very recent
decisions there was an entertaining va
riety of trusts brought into the case.
Dunno skipped from railroad mergers
to meat packers, from the sugar trust
to the tobacco trust, showing alleged
resemblances between the beef mar
CONTINUED on page f1ve)
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
no SUFFERING HUMANITY.

Are you troubled with sciatica, lame
back or rheumatism? Give Chamber
lain's Pain Balm a trial and you win
be delighted with the result our ap-
plication gives some relief from pain.
For sale by all dealers, Benson, Smith
& Co., agents for Hawaii.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
MUSIC

The Charles Guitar and Mandolin
Studio has been removed to the resi-
dence, 1852 Lunalilo street. Instru-
ments given to pupils without extra
charge.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
SALE on EMBRoIpERIEs.

Sachs big sale of embroideries be-
gins Monday morning, March 10th. Ex-
ceptional opportunity to lay in a sup
ply for present and future use.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
ISLAND sPECIALTIEs.

All kinds of island jams, jellies and
pickles. Mrs. Kearns, 1874 Hotel st.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
GOOD VALUEs In I.INNN

Received large stock of Irish Linen
for dresses, waists, pillow easing, fancy
work and handkerchiefs, this shipment
comes direct from the factory our
prices very reasonable, Pacific Import
70
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
RESUMED PRACTICE.

George d. Gear has opened law Of
fees in the rooms formerly occupied by
Justice Hatch on Kaahumanu street.
Telephone Main PA.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

Special sale of Armstrong; great
book around the World with a King
Reduced 81 60 to 81. 30. At Arleigh's.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
YOU SHOULD KNOW.

We have reduced the price on certain
lines of fine stationery. Your money
savers. Wall, Nichols Co., Ltd
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
INVESTIGATE.

Investigate the stories of the ex-
cellence of the Criterion cuisine. They
will be found to be well founded.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

Automobiles can pe nired day or
night at Club Stables, Fort Street.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

An effort was made to see Father
Valentin but he was absent having gone
up Manoa Valley with the Bishop.
Father Valentin is well acquainted
with both the Portuguese and the Por-
tuguese language.
There has been no formal meeting OF
the Board of immigration lately
The old scheme of bringing Philip
pine labor here has been resurrected
and it is said that Joe Marsden advo-
Gates it,
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

Lutted's Taro Flour, for sale by Hen
ry May & Co. and c. ]. Day & Co.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER.

The more you know about beer the
better you win lige Rainier Beer.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
REPRESENTATIVE PATTERSON is DEAD.

REPRESENTATIVE PATTERSON
WASHINGTON D. c. March 2Reprntatve Patterson Pennsy
S
Of of
He FROM
Pennsylvania
AUTHORIZES
MILTON, A D Whitney,
ed dhereo
Her noted Mother Goose
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
.DUNNE TALKS
ELOQUENTLY
OF BEEF

THE BEEF TRUST PROPOSITION PRE-
sENTED AN ABLE ARGUMENT THE AS
s1sTANT DISTRICT ATToRNEY-THE AGREEMENT
ALLEGED
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21
BO0p Claims
Are S310,OOO,0OO
ASSOCIATED Gable to The SarO
2Th
been
ASSOCIATED Press Gable to The star0
PUPILS $R0rEs7 5H


the
y o
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1906-03-21

tcontlnued on page hvel
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20

81, 800: First prize, $50 silver cup, won
by two-cylinder, ten horsepower Buick,
owned by W. H: Wheeler and driven by
Fl. J. Mich; time, Al seconds. Second
prize, $25 silver cup, won by two-cylin-
der twenty-five horsepower Buick,
owned by H.. e.. Pence and driven by
E.. Z. Weiant; time, 48A seconds.
Third prize, ribbon, won by two;cylin-
der, twenty-five horsepower Buick,
owned by E. n. Young and driven by
H. E. Pence; time, 51A seconds. Queen,
owned and driven by J. A. O'Brien
time, 93ss seconds. Jackson, owned
and driven by j. s. Spargo; time, l
minute and IL second. Franklin, owned
and driven by Robb; time, l minute
and 5 seconds. Granite Motor car,
owned by Lende and Sween and driven
by Claus Lende; time, l minute and 10
seconds. Model Gas Engine Co., owned
and driven by A. L. Cedarholm; time,
minute and 45% seconds. -, -. .-r-.s~
-. Glass III Cars. -. -. =
Glass III cars costing from $1,000 to
/ 5000. First prize, $65 silver. cup, won
by four-cylinder, twenty-four to thirty
horsepower Mitchell, owned by G. G..
Evans and driven by Erne Thompson
Time, 431a seconds. Second prize, $50
silver cup, won by four-cylinder, TWEEN
ty-eight horsepower Old owned by J.
j. Barclay and driven by William Fol
berth. Time, 43 "a seconds. Third
prize, 1926. silver cup, won by six-cylin-
der, forty horsepower Ford owned by
Phelps and driven by w. e. Wheeler.
J Time AK econds. Ford, owned and
driven by w. E. Wheeler, time 451s
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20

seconds. Franklin, owned and driven
by Charles Meyer, time 5l5s seconds;
Rambler, owned by L. II. Fawkes and
driven by Ed Clark, time 81 e seconds.
Olds, T. r. Brooks owner and driver,
time 52A seconds. Frayer-Miller, M.
W. Savage, owner, W. G. Thornhill, driv-
ere, time san seconds. National, owned
by L. H. Fawkes and driven by H. L..
Jenkins, time 81 seconds. Franklin,
owned and driven by Gus sRinglund,
time 59A seconds. Marmon, owned
by A. F. Chase and driven by Fl. B.
Allen, time 59A seconds. s....-.> r.
: Glass ~ cars costing $4,000 or more:
First prize, $25 silver cup, won by four
cylinder, thirty five to forty horsepower
!Pope-Toledo, owned by II. E. Pence and
driven by George Sou1es; time 3734 sec
'onds. Second prize, $25 silver cup, won
by four.eylinder, fifty horsepower
Thomas Flyer, owned by J: j. Barclay
and driven by William Ripper; time,
1871 seconds. Third prize, ribbon, won
by four-cylinder, thirtyfve horsepower
Peerless, owned and driven by Charles
Meyers; time, 40 seconds. Peerless.
owned and driven by Gus Ringlund,
time A seconds. Thomas Flyer, owned
by J. J. Barclay, and driven by George
G: Hilgers, time 45 seconds. Royal
Tourist, owned by G. w. Caplin and
driven by T. M. Anderson, time 46 sec
onds. Thomas, owned by P. Fl. Brooks
and driven by Carl Arosin, time 591a
seconds. -'-
I Glass V, no prizes, freak and stripped
cars: First, freak steamer, owned and
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20

cars, by stopping at the further end
Of the Washington avenue bridge and
buying out the stock Of small grocery
store. g.. -.
The Glass Winners. :.
Gus Ringlund, driving his own Cadil-
lac, took first honors in Glass I. w. H.
Wheeler s Buick, driven by II. J. Mich,
won the Glass II event. Erne Simpson
drove c. G. Evans Mitchell to victory
in the Glass III contest. Harry Pence IS
Pope-Toledo with George Soules at the
wheel made the short time in Glass ~.
The Wilson racer had things its own
way in the freak and stripped class and
made the record, tho it did not cut its
unofficial time of 81 seconds for the
course, made earlier in the week. In
Glass vi, R. Douglas and his jackson
had no opposition. ,--. ,.--.-,
Under the direction of Secretary Ri
Smith, the timers put up an excellent
line of team work with their telephone
system connecting the start and finish,
which were out Of sight Of each other
Had no records been made the meet
would be noteworthy for the dispatch
and regularity with which the big cars
started over the course. =
The officials. ,.:. -
The officials who did this excellent
work were: -
Referee-Alf F. Pillsbury. .e,~,..
Judges-G. F. Piper, Thomas P. Pease. Georgt
Christian, 6. T. Homstain M. W Savage. I -
Tmers-L. Metzger George A. Rose, c. W
Gardner, John Leslie, E. Mares. II. K. Yerxa
P. W. Peck f. L. Schoon1naker. ~
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20
Royal Tourist Taking the cuivert, r. M.
Anderson Driving.



Pence's Class vi Cup Winner at the Start.
Clerks Of Course A. o'Brien, G. e. Gee,
: Umpires-s. NJ. Colburn e. J. Copper, George
B. Norris of>' srElt*:s-- H.. -. =
scorer-Rj Smith. 80" .. l.s,..
Policing Course-Dr. Louis Koch, A. E.
Paegel. - = ..-...-..... ,.>-a., .
Telephones-George W. Dulany, Jr W. P.
Devereaux. 80: - ~.>.~ go. ~.
An informal gathering at the new
club rooms in, the Plaza last night
concluded the day. sport. At this
meeting the cups were presented to
the winners. 49,. 80
w.. The Cars Entered.
The cars entered in the contest with
their time, were as follows: -.n,.,>.
:. Glass L, open to cars costing $500 OF
less: First, prize, $50 silver cup, won
/ by a one-cylinder,r ten horsepower Ca,
dillac, owned and driven by Gus Ring.
lund; time, l minute and 16% seconds
Second prize $25. silver cup, won by
two-cylinder 49, fourteen horsepower
Wayne, owned and driven by F., M
Overholt; time, ! minutes and "a sec.
opds., Third prize, a ribbon, won by
one-cylinder, eight horsepower REQ
owned and driven by W.. G.. Thornhill:
time, 1 minute and Is Is seconds
Maxwell, owned by.W. G. Northrop an6
driven by G. s. Norris, time l minute
and 28M seconds. Wayne, Model II
owned by L. H. Fawkes and driven BY
I: Beard; time, 4 minute and 571l
seconds. @ltt -, II: ~ s=@..H. -
Glass II, cars costing from $500 &
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20

perfect Minnesota spring day and a
winding road furnishing a rise. of
~ feet in run of I 1870 feet, made a
course which could not be surpassed.
The striking costumes of the women
and the rough and-ready automobile
togs Of the men added their touch
of. color to the picture. To crown it
all, the efficient management of the
event did away with all the delays and
bitches which too often mar meets of
this character. The good work of the
police kept the track free from people
and not only were there no accidents,
but there were no hairbreadth escapes.
Spectacular Climb.
From a speed point of view, the per
Torrance Of the home-built steam
racer, made and owned by N. G. Viii
son was the most spectacular. The
featherweight car, with it's two cyl
inders and four and a half horse power,
shot up the grade with speed which
was phenomenal and fixed the hill rec
ord at 32M. seconds. Tho this car
was barred from the competition and
was entered for a record only, its
performance was probably the most
noteworthy Of any Of the cars entered
Harry E. Pence was the big winner at
this meet, ais four cars, either owned OF
coming from his garage, won places
He himself drove and took third place
in Class n, with a car belonging tc
p. n. Young, and captured the Glass
" trophy with his own car. It was the
Pence party which inaugurated the
stunt of affxing brooms to the winning
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20
BIC CARS ARE RIVALS
ON RIVERSIDE HILL
AUTOMOBILE CLUBS CONTEST A
SUCCESS.
Fast Time Made, Excellent Work Done
by Officials, Spectacular Dash for
Exhibition and Big Crowd Attracted
to Witness" Competition on Perfect
Course in Ideal Weather.

Ideal weather, perfect management
and a good course made the automobile
hill-cimbing contest, held at Riyerside
hill by the Minneapolis Automobile club
yesterday afternoon, q complete sue
sons lined bs eorse and crowded. abou
the finish to see the big cars fash
past.
Scenery, ranking with the most pic
turesque to be found in the state, a
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20
SQUAD GIVES DANCE

Crack Cadets Prepare for Final Func-
-. ton of Year. -.
The. crack squad. T., Of the university
dance at the university, Monday eve
ming, May FL, in Wilson's hall. The
squad will appear at several entertain
ments in the city in the near future.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20
STORY OF REFORMATION
Entertainment Out Of the Ordinary at
the Auditorium,

Managed and participated in BY
members of St. John s., Salem, and st.
Marks English Evangelical Lutheran
churches, an entertainment entitled
''The Story Of the Reformation, or
the Life Of Martin ,Luther,' will be
given Tuesday evening at the Auditor
ium. The program includes lecture
and tableaux -vivant, vocal and instru-
mental numbers, and portrays scenes in
the life of the great reformer.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1906-05-20

driven by N. c. Wilson, maker; time,
32H seconds. Royal Tourist, owned by
George G. Caplin and driven by Harry
Jardine, time, Al seconds.
-, Glass VI, secondhand cars, made
prior to 1905, no prizes: First, Jack
son, owned by A. W. Strong and driven
| by John Nelson; time. l:00A.
The Miller sun. (Miller, Hand County, S.D.) 190?-19??, 1906-06-06
MINERS WIN IN ILLINOIS.
Operators Decide to Yield to Unions
Demands.

Coal operators have decided to yield
to the demands OF the miners for the
scale of 1903. The question of set
detail and by the beginning of next
week mining will be resumed in I'LL
nois with union men.
IN return for the restoration Of the
1903 scale OF wages the Illinois miners
have agreed to pay the wages of shot
firers and to ask for the repeal OF the
law by the next Legislature. They
have agreed also to indemnify the OPP
orators for the loss sustained through
the action of the pit committees in
calling unauthorized strikes. This
latter grievance was one of the most
serious objections the operators had
against the union. Under the new
agreement the union will be response
BILE for the conduct Of the miners and
guarantee that no such strikes will b.
permitted in the future
AT conference Of the representa-
tives of the Ohio and Illinois opera
tors the latter asked to be released
from their agreement not to settle
With tbs miners Until a settlement
should be reached also in Ohio and
Indiana. The request was granted.
leaving the Illinois operators free to
settle with the union miners. The
scale committee Of the operators and
miners met at Springfield Tuesday to
submit report to the joint conven-
rfon Wednesday which will, 1t is be-
lieyed, end the long suspension.
The QUESTION Of a settlement in Hi.
nois has been left by the miners to o
committee consisting Of President
John B. Mitchell, Herman c. Perry
president Of the Illinois district, and
w. D. Ryan, secretary of the district,
The officials with an equal number Of
operators have agreed to the terms OF
peace and will recommend the signing
OF contract In the convention We'd
nesday. The strike has been In force
since April / and involved $1,000 min.
erS. --~-5
The Miller sun. (Miller, Hand County, S.D.) 190?-19??, 1906-06-06
sTINeINEss OF THE RICH.
Some Schemes of Women of Wealth
for Saving Money.

| money.
A young woman who acted for time
as secretary to prominent New York
| society woman tells some remarkable
tales Of the small meannesses of the
kerry rich, says the Cleveland Leader.
She says her patroness, whose wealth
touches the million mark, was, In the
first place, one of the most successful
smugglers on this side of the water
bringing over hundreds Of dollars
worth Of gowns, jewels, laces and other
expensive articles every year, free Of
duty, by means Of false bottomed
trunks, putting soiled Wristbands and
Innings in new gowns to make them
appear old, and resortlng to the yari
Gus other subterfuges known to that
large class Of wealthy women who de-
vote much Of their time and ingenuity
In devising ways Of cheating the gov:
eminent Of duties. And this they do
not merely to save money-which they
fling about recklessly in other direc-
tions-but because they think it clever
to "get the better" Of some one.
This society woman boasts among
her acquaintance of another scheme
for saving money Of which she is par
tlcularly proud-that OF having inn.
ported cloaks, dresses and hats sent
home ION approval" from the shops, so
that her maid may copy them, and re-
turning them next day to be credited
to her account BY this means she Is
able to duplicate for the bare cost OF
the materials patterns which the i'm,
porter has paid heavy duties to bring
from abroad for his customers The
shopkepers are perfectly aware Of this
practice, but, as the woman is
charge" customer, they have no re-
dress. II they refuse to take the article
back she will refuse to pay them.
Then, too, rich women arc nothing IL
not capricious. Fashionable modistes
frequently have to sell to a second
hand dealer for $25 $3.50 gown that
has been thrown back upon her hands
after 1t has been ordered by a wealthy
patron. But the greatest sufferer is
the shoemaker, who will often have
returned to him shoes made to fit some
customer whose feet are a peculiar
shape or are not mates. These, Of
course, are utterly useless, yet 1t Is the
poor man and not the rich woman who
must suffer the loss. And the trades
people dare not complain, for the
women who do these things set the
fashion, and IL their patronage is with
drawn most of the other customers will
leave, too. So the tradesmen must grin
and bear II.
The Miller sun. (Miller, Hand County, S.D.) 190?-19??, 1906-06-06

that the holder OF farm Is frequently
surprised to learn that there are eager
purchasers for his holdings at as
much as $50 or $75 an acre, when It
was only few years ago they cost
him nothing but the entry fees.
South Dakota Is on the jump. The
last census, taken In 1905, gives the
state . population Of 455,185, and thu
population is well distributed instead
Of being massed In one or two large
citieA In other words, economically
speaking, II Is a healthy population.
The largest city In South Dakota has
only 1882 people, while there are
200 cities and villages ranging from
5000 down to 100 inhabitants. This
means that large proportion of the
entire population flnds employment ON
farms and ranches, adding daily ara
yearly to the material wealth and
prosperity of the5tate.
IT don't farm any more" said one
man to me as we sat on the porch Of
his comfortable home in a thriving
town of 1900 people. II don't have
to. I did for time and made money
at it. This money kept putting into
land, and in short time accumulated
an extensive tract Some Of this l
rent out, and some has been sold ut
prices which have made me independ-
ent. AS you see, we live in comfort
and don't have to IVORY about any
thing"
Akd this mans history has many.
many duplicates all over South Dahs-.
ia. The state is full of men who have
grown wealthy in the same way, tast
as thousands of others are doing now.
In the western section Of South Da-
kota is today the richest farming Sec
ton of land that awaits settlers in
the United States. Part of this is free
homestead land; other parts have to
be bought from owners, but at prices
that are simply nominal. The drum.
mer whom have quoted above in this,
article said to me: 49,.
Il recollect some years ago when ]
could have bought land in the eastern.
part of this state at $40 and SIS an
acre. I didn't do it. Why? Well, il
looked too cheap to me. Today that
same land is selling for anywhere from
$50 to $50 an acre. 1t isn't worth
cent an acre more, as far as produc--
tiveness goes, than it was ten years
ago, but as population comes in land
values go up.
I'm not going to be left again, how-.
ever. I've got a section of land our
here in the western part of the state,
and what missed in the eastern part
/ am going to make up in the west
ern. Herbert Vanderhoof in Sioul
City Journal. a