The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1905-08-13
SOME NEW hooks
Ditismacy In EurspA

OlptOm4LlHt8 AZ hOlno ohu duTO0u ~ 'o WIG
discharged for some years the functions
OF First Assistant Secretary Of State. has
undertaken the preparation Of History
Of European Diplomacy and an exposition
OF the part played by diplomatic negotia-
lions and achievements In the internal de-
velopment Of Europe uongmanS Green
4 Cor The fTvt volume carries liz from
B. G. 80 to 4. D. 1915, that b 10 say from
the sirst definite organization Of the Roman
Emctre to t. <lstlnck sanssvsuoe Of national
monarchieA 10 10 traA - tho author
reminds ~, b q prstapA thst no general
history u MrcSp,sAa diplomacy exists In
any language although moro or less ex-
tensivo SECTIONS Of ths theu,s have been
effectively treated. Or. Hill points out
that two practical psvblsnA have presented
themselves In the execution Of this work.
Tho first has arisen from the immensely OF
the hsld Of research offered by the now
unssalsd archives Of European govern
mants and the consequent necessity OF
liking dsdnlts lirmts 10 the plan Of ex-
poddou, Ths wealth Of Ms materials
enJhArsssses 4 modern writer on diplomatic
history. Dr.. Hill for his part, confines
hinseN 70 tt,At pale Of tho history OF d.
plomacy which relates 10 ths international
developments Of Europe - . whole, and
b leaves to others tho discussion Of ne
eotia1onA, treaties and conventions, which
posssn but little general interest, however
Important they may have been to particular
countries Only by adhering to events
Of European scope and moment has he
found II possible to thread the diplomatic
labyrinth without perplexing himself or
confusing his readers and at the same
time present the results OF investigation
within reasonable space. second
problem was concerned with tho deter
raination OF the point Of departure. 1t Is
customary for expounders OF the subject
to regard the Congress and Peace OF West
plnNa as the starting point OF European
diplomacy, but the truth is as Or. Hill In
sits, that the Congress and Peace OF West
phalia, while furnishing the international
code Of Europe for subsequent times.
were themselves proofs Of long period
OF preparation, the movements OF which
provide the only key to the meaning OF
that code. He has considered 1t needful,
therefore, IL one would thoroughly COM
prehend the diplomacy Of modern times,
to return to the real point Of origin OF those
clements which together constitute the
present public laws and international usages
q Europe and to trace their development
step by step down to the period OF their
final embodiment in system.
We have said that the book before US
begins with the definite organization OF
tho Roman Empire under Augustus. The
author might, OF course, had he chosen,
and had the space at his command per-
rnitted, have gone even further back for
the germ Of European diplomacy. We
know that embassies were interchanged
between Pharaohs OF the New Empire
and contemporary Babylonian, Assyrian
or Hittite rulers. Diplomatic negotiations
preceded the concession by certain Egyp-
tan sovereigns to Miletus and other Greek
dty-States Of Naucratis and other entire
pots In the Nile country. We know also
that diplomatic relations existed between
certain Hellenic communities and Cr9eus,
Fling Of Lydia; between Polycrates the
Tyrant and Amasis. King Of Egypt, and
between Carthage and Etru1a before the
establishment Of the Persian Empirs, and
that throughout the classical period OF
Greek history diplomatic intercourse went
on continually among the fellenic urban
copnuniGee, or between. them and the
Great King at Susa, or minor potentates
In Thessaly, Epirus, Macedon and Thrace.
After the partition Of Alexanders empire
diplomatic relations which, by their regu-
larity and formality. foreshadowed those
Of modern times were maintained between
tho Ptolernid, Seleuoid and Macedonian
monarchies, or between one or more OF
these on one side and Greek city-States or
tho Roman or the Carthaginian Republic on
the other. Prototypes Of the treaties, the
usages and the international codes even
tually sanctioned by Rome will be found
in the diplomatic history Of Greater Greece.
For the special purpose, however, Of the
volume under review, 1t undoubtedly suf-
ices to begin with the definite organization
Of the Roman Empire by Augustus.
Diplomatic relations in the modern sense
Of the word may be said to have started
with the embassy sent by Odbacer, the
barbarian master Of Italy, to the Emperor
Zeno, an incident the significance Of which
= bere set forth at length, and followed
BY an investigation Of the diplomatic rela-
lions Of Theodorio. the Ostrogoth. to his
visigothic, Burgundian, Frankish and other
contemporary barbarian kings on the one
hand and to the Eastern Roman Empire
on the other. The diplomatic usages Of
the barbarian rulers are discussed. and our
author shows how the seeds Of future ma
tacnalities were planted. Another chapter
= devoted to the Identification Of Europe
By The Catholic Church. and to the rise
q che Empire Of Charles the Great subee-
ousntly, in an account OF the dismember-
msut Of the Carlovingian Empire. will be
found described such landmarks in the his
tory Of European diplomacy as the Treaty
Of verdum and the Peace Of Coblenz.
Throughout the long conflict between the
pApacy on the ono hand and the Empire
restored by the Germans on the other.
diplomacy was praotised on great scale.
and II came to be employed necessarily
to define the interrelations OF the Italian
republics. In his seventh chapter the
author devotes some fifteen pages to the
systematic organization Of diplomacy In
thirteenth century Italy, while In the last
fifty pages OF tho volume we have a de-
scription Of the rise Of national monarchies,
In the course OF which the author examines
the general causes Of political centraliza-