The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1905-04-09
III.

Such Is the amazing extent to which
national expansion was carried In the nine
tenth century. Scarcely less remarkable
has been the tendency toward international
cooperation. sense Of internationally
has been exhibited in science, literature,
religion, politics, law and commerce. Mr..
Harvey has compiled list Of no fewer than
twenty-eight subjects that have been con-
sidered at international congresses during
a recent period Of only a few months. 50
far as the western world is concerned,
! there is a growing recognition Of interna-
tional interdependence in all the great de-
partments Of civilization. We are witness
| ing. in other words the embryonic sta &c
| Of the transformation Of the western
| Powers into an organic whole. This en-
| bryonic union is sometimes described as
the European concert, 10 which the United
States may be regarded as a party. Our
author finds the germ Of this concert In
| i7si, when Leopold H., Emperor Of Austria,
issued a circular letter to other European
| Powers. proposing European Congress and
an armed Intervention in the Affairs OF
| France. The next step was Pitts organiza-
ton of Pan European resistance TO Napoleon,
an outcome Of which was the st. Petersburg
/ treaty OF lNbO anu AlS Alllh NOaANApA'
] Subsequently the Treaty Of Chaumont
united England, Russia, Prussia and Austria
AGAINST Napoleon. Never has the European
| concert been more strkingly displayed than
| In the Congress Of Vienna. from the sound
principles embodied, in which the so-called
| Holy Alliance was, as Canning pointed out,
not logical deduction. but a divergence.
The European concert was next applied
] Tn, rlaA
] the Independence Of Greece. and in 1S3a-40
| Il interposed in the war between Mehemet
| Ali and Turkey. II also secured in the
! early '4Cs administrative reforms in
the Iebanon. The treaties Of Paris, by
which the Crimean War was brought TO
an end. were signed in March and April,
1855. by Great Britain, France, Austria,
Prussia. Russia, Turkey and Sardinia,
and affirmed the principle OF the European
concert. Twenty-Five years later the
European Concert again appeared in the
negotiations which eliminated in the
Treaty Of Berlin. Two years afterward
allied fleets sailed 10 Dulcino In order to
enforce upon Turkey the decisions Of the
Berlin Congress. In 1885 the action Of
the concert was extended to Africa by
the international Congo Conference OF
State under the protection Of the King
Of the Belgians. subsequently peaceful
nartition Of Africa was effected. In 1895
the treaty concluded between Japan and
China was revised by the intervention Of
three Of the great European Powers. In
1897 Crete was detached from Turkey by
the forces Of the European concert. In
1900 the principle Of the concert received
Tho RnVaF fUaFfT-
raction in China was suppressed by an
international army composed OF oontin-
GENTS of soldiers from seven Powers,
Including the United States. After the
rescue of the Ambassadors at Pekin had
been effected the concert. upon the pro-
uosal Of the United States, proclaimed its
adhesion 20 the policy Of the open door,
Mr.. Harvey traces the development Of
international law which has been brought
about mainly through the medium Of the
concert The Hague Convention IA pro-
nounced the greatest advance in inter
national cooperation, The Importance, in
deed. Of the arbitration machinery con-
stn,cted by The Hague Convention can
hardly be overestimated In the 'Arbitral
Tribunal international law has acquired
an organ or instrument for the definite
authoritative registration Of its decisions.
In view Of all the proofs Of a tendency to
combination given in the nineteenth cert
nlry. il is reasonable TO expect that inter
national politics viii more and more be
moulded by international agreements
treated in a word, as II the great Powers
constituted one organic State.
The conclusion which the evidence
brought forward in this volume IL believed
~ Justify Is that the contemporaneous
movement Of civilized mankind has a two
fold direction. On the one hand. In every
civilized nation self-regsrding action. by
voluntary societies and by legislation, IL
proceeding in the direction Of improving
The status Of the individual citizen, Of assur-
inc 70 him a sounder body, trained mind,
the command Of his will and domestic hap
piness. To eliminate the oppoSites die,
ease. ignorance immortality AMI domestic
misery Is the aim Of social reform.
On the other hand altruisto action both
bv voluntary societies and by govern
ments. Is proceeding in the direction Of
cosmopolitan humanitarianism, that Ia 10
saw. toward the realization Of the brother
hood Of man.