davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
SHORT HINTS ON DRAINAGE
A Little Talk az to What Is to Be Con-
sidered in Thing a Farm
Properly.

There are as many differing views on
the subject Of drainage as there are
fields to drain. Nor is this strange.
for there are so many varying condt-
lions that must be considered; kind Of
soil, amount Of water, length Of ditch,
fall to be secured, etc., that q rule for
one case would not serve for another.
But there are some points in common
which are not disputed, says the Rural
New Yorker. Leveling can be guessed
at only when the fall is plenty and
the spirit level is satisfactory In cases
where there is no deep cutting. In
that case an engineer is indispensable.
The proximity of the drains must be
graded by the amount Of water held in
the soil. The depth should be sum-
cient to protect the tile (for that is the
best from injury in blowing; about
three feet II the fall permits and one
foot wide. which will be Sufficient for
three or fve-inch tile. The former are
most common, but where there is very
wet, springy ground i've inches Is bet
ter. A fall of three inches to the rod
is excessive and one and half inch
about the usual. If you build stone
drain an open throat is indispensable
to prevent filling up, as also to b use.
full IN cleaning out.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
THE STOCK.

sheepmen have four sources of rev.
enue: Wool, lambs, manure and NUT
ton.
Sheep eat weeds and grass of all
kinds, yet are very dainty about their
food.
Do not turn stock on the meadows
in winter when the ground has been
softened by rain.
1t is the cold climate that produces
the best fleeces. The colder the climate
the thicker the wool.
Sell the Improbable animals now
and put the feed into what are left.
1t means more profit and less labor.
Cows should be tied or stalled in a
humane way, made contented in every
particular and we'll and literally fed.
No loud talking should be permitted
In the stable during milking and any
thing that will excite the cows must
be avoided.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
CEILING Y

tend vertically upward to within three
or six inches It the ceiling. At the
top and bottom these shafts turn at
right angles and traverse the wall.
They are also open to the air, that is,
inside or outside air, that shall flow
through these shafts is controlled by
means of hampers at the top and bot
tom as described below.
The number and size of these venti-
lating shafts will of course depend
upon the size of the piggery and the
number of swine therein. There should,
ii possible, be one or more on each
outside wall. The total area of the
openings through the walls at the bot
tom should show about three square
inches per animal housed in the pen.
To illustrate, piggery holding 80
head of swine should have four venti-
lators, each 2x1O or six ventilators
2x6h or eight each 2x6 inches inside
measurement. The large area required
is on account of half or more of the
venttlatOrs havingrto serve as outlets,
as will be seen later, because while
those ventilators on the side or sides
which the wind strikes serve as inlets
the ventilatorS on the opposite side
serve as outlets.
In the above diagram ventilators are
shown on opposite walls and the
swinging parts or doors set to allow
air to enter by the way of E and G
from the left and leave the pen by way
of X and E through the shaft on the
right entering it at the bottom K and
going up and out at E, as indicated
by arrows.
On the left, the trap or door H is set
so as to prevent any air entering the
stable or going out at that point, while
q is set to prevent any air entering or
leaving the room at opening C. The
same may be said of doors L and X.
The doors are placed in these posi-
tons when the wind is coming from
the lett side, but when the wind hap
pens to strike the right-hand side Of
the stable then the position of all ven
tilators should be reversed and the air
should enter by way of F and L and
leave by way of H and G. The ends of
the ventilators should not project from
the walls on the outside.
The trap doors may be constructed
Of wool or sheet zinc and may be con-
trolled by means of projecting handle
or by means of cords
BY letting the upper doors hang YER
tically some of the warmer air near
the ceiling may be drawn OF if the
temperature becomes too high.
If the wall be built double, the space
between two studs may be used in the
place OF the shaft shown, and so moth
ing but the inlets and outlets show
Under such conditions the doors would
have to be hung in the middle of the
wall and would be somewhat more diff
6cult to manipulate.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
my the LEAF FALLS.


~ 80 K KS 4--.---
Prof. r q. Whittsn, talking to Nis-s
soHrl horticnlturists, said:
With the harvesting OF the fruit
crop the -szoMer often think& that ~
tention to his trees Is OF his hands
until the following spring, or at least.
until It u time to prune. late in win
ter. Nothing should be further from
this practice, however, than to neglect
to study his trees carefully at this
season Of the year. The whole annual
cycle Of growth OF = tree is marked
BY many interesting and important
changes, each Of which is important
in telling something of the trees sue
cess or failure in life
One usually associates the phenome-
non Of leaf shedding, If indeed he
thinks of it at all, with death and de-
cay, with a suspension of the life func-
tons of the tree, and he usually fails
to recognize that it bears an impor.
tant relation to practical fruit grow
ing. AS q matter of fact leaf she'd
ding is very important function on
the part of the tree The tree wouldn't
Go it if it were not. The fruit grower
should understand what it means.
First, let us get in mind the impor-
tai1t fact that it is a manifestation OF
life, not of death. and that the di-
rect cause of leaf shedding is a proc
ess of growth.
1t is apparent to any observer that
the growing leaf is firmly attached to
the twig. What holds it so firmly in
place during the summer, and why
does it fall upon the approach of cold
weather? Take an apple twig. fol-
example, and pull of leaf that is still
fresh and green. Where the stem
of the leaf breaks off it leaves fresh
looking wound. This is the leaf-scar.
Just above the leaf-scar is a bud,
which grew in the angle between the
twig and the stem of the leaf. This
was safe, protected place for j
bud to grow. Within the lcaf-scar
may be seen three whitish spots.
With a reading glass they may be
seen quite plainly. They look like
wood, which they really are. They
are the bundle-scars, where the woody
fibers, which held the leaf to the twig,
broke off. Three bundles of strong
woody fibers run from the leaf stem
down into the twig, thus holding the
leaf firmly in place. 1t required con
siderable force to break the fibers and
remove the leaf from the twig. Let US
see what force is applied to accom-
plish this when the leaf sheds in ma
ture.
It was observed that when a green
leaf was prematurely pulled from the
twig the leaf-scar presented the ap'
pearance of being a flesh wound. OBJ
serve a scar where the leaf has shed
naturally. 1t will be seen that this
scar Is covered and protected by q
brownish, cork-like covering, so that
there is no such wound as was pro-
duced by pulling the leaf of prema
turely. The cells which form THU
corky cover began to form before
the leaf was shed. The growth be
meath the point of attachment of the
leaf stem exerted more and more
pressure as they continued to develop
until they finally became thick enough
to protect the leaf-scar and to push
the leaf of. very much as an entering
wedge may push a slab of wood from
the trunk of tree. AS this cork,
cover pushes the leaf 1t also forms
nrOtection for the leaf-scar.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

- - :. 80. 49,. ~..f.at ~ = SsnaeS0n nwS1
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The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
The Toad.

Unimpeachable Investigators have
shown that the most valuable bird"
to the gardener is the common toad,
says the Rural NEWCOMER. He does
eat injurious insects-lots of them
and he never Injuries anything Of
value to man. Happy is the trucker
who has flock" of toads. The next
In useful order with insect destroying
powers are domestic fowls, particular
ly the turkey. A brood of common
chicks will gather up more harmful
insects than a township of robins.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
ART AND LITERATURE.

Andrew Carnegie has ordered an edi-
ton Of 500 copies of the Poems" of
Wilfred Campbell, copy of which he
intends to present to every one of the
Carnegie libraries.
Mrs. Gertrude Massey, the painter of
miniatures, has received - commits
sions from the king and queen of Eng
land, and not long ago painted pic
ture Of the queens Japanese spaniel,
Marvel.
Mrs. Thyrza Beckwith Gray, who
won distinction as writer of verse.
died in Oswego, N. Y, recently at the
age of 1903. Much &C her published
work was accomplished after she had
reached the century mark.
Sigmund Neumann, a 19-year-old
schoolboy, not yet graduated from the
gymnasium, is the author of a play
called Storms" which was successful
ly produced In the leading Frankfort
on-the-Main theater last month.
Meissner, the noted German sculp-
tor. has completed for the city Of Nu-
remburg the statue intended as q me-
mortal to Peter Henlein, who 400 years
ago substituted springs for weights in
clocks and thus also made watches a
possibility.
Lower Depths" play written by
Gorky, the Russian, was produced re-
Gently in French theater (the Nou-
veau of Paris), by Duse, the Italian
actress. The chief promoter of the
production was an American, de-
scendant of Edgar Allan Poe.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
Mushroom Culture.

Mushroom culture may be a fas-
cinating occupation, but it seems to
have become a profitless business for
the growers, says an exchange. In
-quiry among the growers and sellers
reveals the business facts, first, that
overproduction has cut the prices to
a very low point; and, second, that
there is no perceptible increase in the
consumption of mushrooms in this
country.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
vENTlLATlNc HOG HOUSE.


Tho matter Of pure air In the hog
house during the winter is important.
Prof. J. II. Grisdale. OF the Central
Experiment Farm Of Canada, In .
pamphlet on Bacon Pigs in Canada, -
has given illustration and description
Of q system of ventilation which seems
practicable.
Described in general way 1t may be
said to consist of a number of hollow
shafts or tubes placed inside the stable
in contact with or close to the walls.
These hollow shafts start about one
foot or Is inches from the floor and ex-
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
MANY Stamps Used.

More than 100000 postage stamps
are used in this country every day
in the year, according to post Office
Official. This is about one stamp a
day for every five persons. and means
$4,000 a year in the cost of gum alone.
The daily consumption of stamps has
increased by 100000 during the last
five years, or in other words, 7O0,-
600, 900 more stamps are used each year
than five years ago.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
Mind and Body.

That mental power helps to keep
the body strong and to preserve it
from decay cannot be doubted. The
longest-lived men and women have
been, as a rule, those who have at
tanned great mental and moral de.
velopment. They have lived On g
higher plane than other men. in a
serene upper region, above the jar,
tumult and fret that weaken most
lives
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
FOR JEWELS, sAcHET AND POW.
DER-PUFF.

and pad are made with silk and cotton.
A row of stitching divides the pad and
case.
The case is lined with chamois and
closed with drawstring. It is finished
around the edges with the buttonhole
stitch and the monogram and floral
design, either hand painted or embroid-
cred. This makes dainty Christmas
gift.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
Sage Advice.

'Now, Lester" said Old Codger. ad-
dressing his callow nephew in al ad-
monitory tone, 1T is as proper that
you should pay the fiddler as it is to
liquidate any other debt, but it's DUN
fine exhibition of entry width betwixt
the eyes to inquire the flddler's price
before the Ssoce begins. Puck.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
SHED FOR FARM MACHINERY.

SHED FOR FARM MACHINERY
construction may be of the simplest
The location should be in a dry place
with a foot or more of clay filled in to
take the place of floor. BY placing
the posts is feet apart, two rows OF
machinery may be put in each space.
It would be better. however. to make
two spaces of is feet. so that wagons
could easily be driven in side by side.
This would necessitate strong plates
and good braces. Storage under the
roof for small tools may be had, and
even a workroom up there is easy ia
construct.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
For Perspiring Hands.

Perspiring hands are almost always
evidence of nervousness. 1t is good
plan to battle them occasionally with
white wine vinegar, busting afterward
with powdered orris root. Make it a
practice to sprinkle the inside of your
gloves with powdered prepared chalk.
The girl who is annoyed with this
trouble should get plenty of outdoor
exercise.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
A French Belt.

A striking French belt is Of gray
silk elastic, marked oddly with Law
ender and plum shades. 1t has a cut
steel buckle and is very wide-say.
seven inches. There are others of
this pattern in black, covered prOfuse
" with jet beads. Again. gray, with
cut-steel beads.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
MACHINE SHED FOR FARM.
Plans for Structure Which Will Prop
erly House the Various
Farm Machines.

A shed 4Ox4O will afford sufficient
storage room for the machinery of
farm of about 100 acres. The narrow
building. say 24x6O or ", may be pre-
ferred by the builder instead OF the
square shed. In many ways it is more
convenient The Breeders Gazette
shows the accompanying diagram of a
shed suitable for the small farm. The
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
A sallow Complexion.

sallow compilations are often caused
by unwise eating and a torpid liver.
Make It habit to take the juice Of q
lemon in q little cold water and with
4 dash Of salt added. Take this every
morning before breakfast.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
A FINE COMBINATION.
Here Is a Pretty and Practical Ar
ticle to Present to Ones Girl
Friend

A powder puff bag, jewel case and cor
set pad combined. This useful little ar
ticle is made Of soft silk, cotton and
channels. The powder puff bag is made
separate and attached to the case. 1t is
made of silk and lined with chamois
and finished with drawstrings. The case
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
Profit in Wool.

4TOUC IN WOOL.
Wool is regarded as that farm prod
uct which brings the most money In
proportion to what 1t takes from the
farm, and with the least labor to the
producer.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

Apart from this, II one were stranded
in a country inn, with no other book
than the dictionary wherewith to while
away the time, he might find no little
satisfaction in studying what Edmund
Rowland Sill happily called the cl.ng-
tint Of words. There are words which
carry the force Of blows. There are
words which have the ring of clashing
steel. There are other words which
sound like bugles blowing upon the
blast. r. L. Stevenson was past-mas-
ter in the use Of living words which
clothed his fervent thought. Rudyard
Kipling has the same happy magic In
finding the exact word and the exact
phrase.
Take some words of everyday use,
such as cold, frigid, chill; or hot, arid.
torrid. At once each word peculiarly
suggests the condition It describes.
Take the word rabble. defined in the
dictionary as >"a brawling, disorderly
mob or crowd" This one word comes
to us through tho old Dutch, where it
means to gable; through the German,
where it means to prattle foolishly;
through the Swiss, where it means an
uproar; through the Latin, where it
means rave; through the Gaelic, where
It means q tumultuous crowd of rough
or low people. One little common word,
yet how much It conveys, and how much
Of history it contains.
Take the word CULVER; which may
mean case for arrows, or, on the other
hand, may set our thoughts toward the
shivering Of the earth about to quake,
or the trembling Of the leaf upon the
tree.
Take the common word quorum.
Whoever is engaged on board or COM
mittee knows the impossibility of pro-
ceeding with business until q quorum
is present. This word now adopted into
everyday English is pure Latin and car
ries us back to the days Of Roman juris-
prudence.
Such words a. romp. frolic, rollick.
embody IN idea Of wild and careless
mirth. Crush aaA 0uGu have . different
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

A Guaranteed Cure for Piles.
Itching. Blind, Bleeding, Protruding Piles:
Druggists are authorized to refund money y
PlzoOINTMrNT fuils to cure in 6to 14days. 5Oc
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

Russia leads the world in planting
forests. America in devastating them.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

By MARGARET Il. sANGsTER.
Copyright. 1896. by Joseph B. Bowles)
A good dictionary Is one of the neces-
sary equipments Of the cultivated home.
It is as needful q piece Of furniture a.
the chair on which one sits, the table
At which one writes. and the bed on
which one sleeps. A house without q
dictionary is poorly furnished house.
Some people fancy that the chief use
of dictionary is to show how words
should be spelled; others limit its use
largely to definitions, but dictionary
is worth much more than mere speller
and de6ner. Besides these functions 1t In
cludes the whole wonderful story of the
human language and indicates how the
stream of literature has flowed on and
on from the very earliest days of written
speech. The languages in which we con-
verse with enc another and by which
we write are the composite productions
of many ages, and our noble English
tongue, so copious, flexible and ricn,
is derived from other tongues which
have been spoken and written on this
earth of ours, during the long centuries.
All the languages of Europe have q
certain kinship and q common ancestry
In oriental tongues. We talk rather
stupidity about dead languages, by which
we mean such languages as Hebrew,
Greek and Latin. Practical men dis
cuss the question whether or not their
sons and daughters shall spend valuable
time in acquiring these. One man de-
cides that his boy shall not study Latin,
as it would be, in his view, a waste OF
time, but he is quite willing to let him
study Spanish and French, which are
widely spoken tongues of to-day, and
both of which are direct descendants OF
the magnificent Latin tongue.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
Right Handy

Right Handy.
The Secly-Loolsing Mani beg pardon,
but il there literary club about here!
Magazine Edito or, I've got one Do
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28

When you take up the dictionary, you
see at once that certain words are de-
rived from certain sources. A word In
common use Yaay come from Latin or
Greek, an Arabic, a Teutonic or from an
Anglo-Saxon source. AS rule the
sonorous, reverberating and splendid
words are derived from the dignihed and
strenuous Latin, which was the Ian
guage of old Rome in the days when her
eagles conquered the world.
Words derived from the Greek are
often of honeyed sweetness and capti-
waiting music and at the same time are
extremely picturesque. single word In
Greek often containing all that we
would express in a phrase or sentence
and bringing up to the initiated scene
full of color and life fit for painters
brush.
Anglo-Saxon words are usually terse,
brief and full of pith. They are often
one-syllabled words. The dictionary
will show you this.
A thoughtful writer has said: Among
the many ends which we may propose
to ourselves in the study of language,
there is but one which is common and
necessary to every man. mean such
facility in comprehending and such
skill in using his mother-tongue that he
can play we'll his part in the never
ceasing dialogue which, whether be-
tween the living and the living, or the
living and the dead, whether breathed
from the lips or figured with the pen,
takes up so large part Of the life of
every one Of us"
A nice, exact and accurate use of
words. the ability to choose the word
that precisely fits the thought. cannot
be obtained by anyone who does not
know the dictionary. For example, to
take a familiar illustration, one hears
. careless person say Of wooden build
ing falling into ruin: Look at that
dilapidated house. What pity" But
It is only stone house that can be said,
strictly speaking, to be dilapidated
and in the very word there is picture
of stones falling apart and Wondering
In confusion.
The man who would address an ALL
dience with success and shine in the
reciprocal talk of the drawing-room or
set a good example in speech to his chill
dren must know something Of the real
meaning of words.
The Cooperstown courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., N.D.) 1902-1913, 1905-12-28
ailt-Edged.

Baeon-They say Jiggins put up some
gilt-edge security; what do you suppose
It was? s.,s. sas,
Epbert-Probably one Of those framed
family Observation-Disclosures Statesman.