davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01
NOta del dfa

do 1nte1eS Y gravedad Ell probe
ma de la huelga de los trabaja-
dores de los muelles.
Ell copf!lcto sigue sin solu
cion.
A nuestras llamadas a la pru'
dencia. ha respondido ell gober-
nador cruzandose de brazos.
I'm la interviu tenida por III
periodista con ei Jefe del 90
bierno. y publicada aver, Poi
un djario de ia tarde, encuen
tran la justification mas abso
luta nuestroS re- clos expresa-
dos aver. y nuestros temores
apun'a los Ell jueves.
Mr. Post esta dispuesto a de-
jar las cosas correr, a seguir mi
ran1o Ell espectaculo. sin que |e
preocupe. 10 mas minimo, ell de-
ssnlace, fatalmente tragico, de
estos successes. a los que no es
possible mirar con esa despreo
cupacion soberana que parece
Ell rasgo caracteris,ico de ese
funciopario. y la cualldad bien
POGO admirable de que ma,
al~rdea. =.
ST Sc aguarda a intervenir en-
la huelga, despues de que hay an
hecho explosion los enconos, Use
nos quiere declr en- donde esta.
en- lue sltio sc esconde, en- que
parte sc refugia la prudencia
previsora del gobierno, que esta
obligado d velar por la conser-
vacion del orden?
Hemos avisado de un pellgro;
y nuestras prudentes adverten-
clas han sido tepidas en- menOs'
precio, precisamente por aquel
fupcionario que mas debia pre-
ocuparse de que no tuvieran
una confirmation lamentable
nuestros presagios dOlorOsos.
Pero existe aigo peor que ESQ;
Y es la indiferencia con que Sc
aprecia Ell conflicto en- las regio-
mes o6ciales, cuando habla tan
alto de la exl>tencia de una
aguda crisis economical y pone
de n~as relieve un peligro va OBJ
servado desde hace tempo.
Nos referimos a la miseria en-
los hoyares de los trabaj Adores;
al aumento inuSitado de obre
ros necesitados de jornal, que
arroia sobre la Capital. Ell pre-
sente conflicto de los muelIes.
Las consecuentias del aumen.
to del malestar entire los traba-
jadores de aqui hemos de sentir-
las todos los que vivlmos en- la
capital, porque no es possible
que los hombres, vivisndo en-
comunidad. puedan sustraerse
a los contagios de la crisis por-
que atravlese una clase deter
minada. ST esta es tan numero-
sa como la de braceros y estiba-
dores.
1No ha pensado en- ESQ el 60
bernante9
PArece que no. Parece que
hasta el no lIegan los sordos ge-
mido, de fam1lias ham mbrientas,
de seres que adiv1nan, para ma
Ger mas osCurO su presente, TN
porvenir de miseria mas general
todavia.
Y sin embargo. son bien per-
ceptibles. hasta para los oldos
ofciales. estos ayes desgarrado-
res que deuuncian I'm agudisi
mo sufrir. por efecto del males
tar economico, en- nuestras cla-
ses populares.
Quien no los olga, es que no
Quiere oirlos: que sc encierra
en- el mas grosero egoismo para
no sentir turbada su placida
soflarrera con los ecos del dolor
ajeno, con las amarguras del
projimo.
Ell aumento de la miseria. Ell
crecimiento intranquilizador de
una clase necesitada, meneste-
rosa; el conflicto que este sig.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Ell laboratorio quimico de Sanidad
'sera instslado en- el local ocupado an
teriormente por la oficina de Obras
psblicas, en- los bajos del Palacio ro-
sado. obteuiendose una economic
anual de So por este trasiado.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

La Corte Municipal de San Juan no
ha funcionado eSt4. mailana debido a
estarSe preparando las cuentas de I'M
greso por multas y costss en- pleitos Ct
viles. cobra daS en- e. mes pasado.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Sc han conceuiuo 80 dfased licen-
cia al Fiscal de la C ,rte. de Distrjto
de Ponce. do Uloiano Colon. sustitu-
yendole Ell abog slo sehor Poventud.4.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Cerca de $4,000 Sc han de iuvertir
en- la reparaci6n y me- j,ra de los edi-
ficios destin dos Asiios de carload
pintandoSe y recorriendose por COM
pleto. Una importante cantidad Sc
destina 4 las reparaciones del Mani
comic.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

El Alcalde dc San Juan sefior Todd
ha nombrado taqufgrafa y mecan6gra
ia de su ohcina, con Ell sueldo mensua
de $40, q L. seforita Maria D. Hena-
res.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

mica, 10 que este supone, lie tie
ne completamente sin cuidado
al gobierno, por 10 que sc des
prcnde de las declaraciOnes de
MIR. Post.
Con tai de que no hagan rui
do. nj alboroten. pueden morir.
Sc todos los trabajadores y sus
familias.
Ell gobierno solo intervendra
en- el case de una perturbation
del orden, para restablecerlo.
Y mientras que este no ocu
rra, va pueden surgir del fondo
trlste de las viviendas de nues
tros obreros las mas tragicas
pintura as del dolof; va pueden
representarse desoladoras esce
mas de hambre, y crecer y subir
siempre en- aumento. el numero
fatal de los necesitados. de los
menesterosos, que Ell gobierno
seguira en- la misma actitud es
pectadora en- tanto que no haya
en- las GALES. tumultos y luchas
va sc conoce Ell remedio para
e>tos casos; ell que sc aplica, en-
casos identicos, en- otras parties.
La neutralidad del gobierno.
en- CIRCUMSTANCES como las ac-
tuales, llevada a la exageraci6n.
como quiere llevarla Mr.. Post,
constituye TN verdadero peli-
gro.
Ell Gobernador lie dijo a una
comi>ion de huelguistas que fue
a visitarlo, que el gobierno sc
ria completamente neutral en-
el conflcto, ofreciendoie tam
bien toda suerte de garantias.
lEso es todo 10 que puede ha
Ger un gobernante. en- casos CO.
mo el presente7
ST ell problema no revistiera
toda la importancia que tiene. y
estuviese reducido q una simple
diferencia entire los braceros de
una ndustria determinada y el
patrono 8 sus representatives, Sc
po1ria admitir la indiferente
actitud de nuestro gobernador
interino, y seria tolerable esa
desromunal declaration de neu-
tralidad.
Pero no sucede asf, por des-
gracia.
La situacion general es tan
grave y tan complicada que la
huelga de los estibadores no es
mas que una consecuencia de
aquella.
La Immediate llegada de bra
cer"s para ocupar los sitios de
los huelguistas, es otra con>e
cuencia del estado, del desequi
librio general que amenaza un
.derrumbamierto collective.
Ha podido evitarse a tempo
la irrupcion de los trabajadores
de Ponce; ha podido yer el Sc
nor Post. actuando de arbitro
intruso O requerido por las par
tes en- discordia, 81 la Compaflia
de vapores podia hacer alguna
concession q los obreros segun e;
tipo 8 precio a que el c"mercio
le paga a ella las mercancias
descargadas, 9 ST en- absolute
eran inaceptables las pretensio-
mes de los huelguistas.
NADIA de este sabe nj desea
saher el senior Post. que Sc con
creta a man1festar a cuantos 10
escuchan que es ell Goberpador
INFERNO, en- cuyo particular no
creemos que haya surgido hasta
Ell presente desavenencia nj de
sacuerdo alguno.
La obstinada ceguera del 60
bierno para yer 10 que todos
miramos asombrados. es la eau
sa de cuanto anormal viepe ocu,
rIiendo. sin que pueda servirle
de piadosa discnlpa la falta de
condolences que hemos ADVERT.
do en- los ocupantes del poder,
puesto que, al notarla. les he
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Nuestro amigo don Juan Barrera
nos participa en- atenta circular que ha
comprado los sen res Nj. Calder6n y
Co. del comercio de esta capital las
existencias de su establecimiento LA
Dulce Alianza" con cuyo nombre con-
tinuara en- 10 sucesivo.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

En- Junio dltlmo produjo la Corte
Municipal de san Juan $66.o3 por
multas y 500 80 por costas. 6 sean
$3o5 menos que el total de 10 ingresa-
do en- May ppdo.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Ell Juez Muolcip.l DE- Bayam6n con
demo dos meseS de carcel al lIlpdivi
duo Valentin M~lendez (a)S rita
por turbar la p.z en- dicho pueblo.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1905-07-01

Por haber llegado tarde nuestro
poder no pudimos insertar en- nuestra
edicion de aver la siguiente carta del
distinguido abogsdo don Jose Guzmzn
Benitez: u
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
Frances Baker. Professional Diver.

Captain II W. Baker Of Detroit is
the owner and commander of wreck
ing ship which carries machinery that
enables divers 10 descend to the bot
tom OF Il body of water and locate and
bring up Sunken treasure. Captain
Baker has Il daughter. Miss Frances,
who took to her fathers occupation as
naturally as a duck swims.
Her first deep dive is said to have
been after a diamond ring that lay in Il
box upon n little table in the cabin Of
IN sunken wooden barge in Lake HUI
ron. She got the ring and the owner
of it was so pleased that he gave 1t TO
her ut once. But Miss Frances has
done things much more important than
fishing up Il ring from the deep. She
located Il sunken coppeE laden ship Off
Point Burwell. Lake Erie, and received
a check of 5000 as her share of the
$4,000 treasure that was recovered
through her sagacity and intelligence.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
English Women Botanists.

The Linnaean society of London, an
organization Of botanists, now admits
women to full membership. Great Brit
ain has numerous distinguished wom-
en- bOtanistS, more than are to be found
in America. Mrs. Farquharson is the
woman who obtained for her sex the
honor of membership in the Linnaean
society. She herself is a distinguished
bOtanist and microscopic. Eleven WON
en- are members of the botanists' sOcie-
ty. One of them is the Duchess of Bed
ford. She is an expert in natural his
tory as well as in botany
Still another distinguished one of the
eleven is Miss Ethel Sargent, who has
made a microscopic study of vegetable
cells. Miss Margaret Benson is exam
liner in botany for the University of
London.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
SQUAD Raising.

IN the large cities the supply of
young pigeons for table use has never
been equal to the demand. Like every
thing else, SQUAD raising is compare
lively easy after one understands It,.
1t is best of course to begin with a
small outlay of money, gradually en-
larging the enterprise. Rather oddly.
while pigeon rearing seems just the
kind of small business" a woman is
fitted for, the large squad farms are in
almost every instance conducted by
men. There is, however, a lady near
Philadelphia who makes large in
come from the birds.
y part of an ordinary barn loft would
do to begin. 1t should be set off to it
self. The birds breed four or five times
a year if they are protected from the
cold in winter. Two eggs are laid and
two young ones Matched at a time.
One Of the great squad rearers of the
country receives not less than $1,000
Il year from the birds. Nearly half Of
this is profit They sell at the rate OF
about 80 cents a pair. Where much
profit is to be had from the squads
special pigeon houses must be made.
These birds require plenty of room and
fresh air as we'll as plenty of water
and exquisite cleanliness. The pigeon
is crank on bathing.
The pigeon house that is most aD-
proved has large flying cage attach
ell. II is made of ordinary meshed
wire netting. Ten feet high, twenty
five feet long and eighteen feet wide
are good dimensions for flying cage.
There are books Eat give instructions
for squad raising
CAROLINE ANDERSON.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
A Filipino Great Lady.

For hundreds of years Chinese men
have been iutermarrying with native
women in the Philippine Islands and
the children have become Christians.
The result is the strangeSt mix Of
Chinese and Malay superstitions and
customs and Christian religion to be
found on the earth.
At SHAY, island Of Negroes, young
American woman teacher found the
great family of the province was that
of Ming Lee, OF Chino Malay blood,
and the head of the house was not u
man. but woman, Sonora Ming Lee,
eighty years old, six feet high and
weighing go pounds. Sonora Ming
Lee IS Chinese in Slgniiy and in her
love OF sitting tailor fashion on the
floor or on table and eating fish and
rice with her fingers, Malay in her
light and airy dress and her habit OF
never wearing stockings. and devOut-
~ religious ia the matter OF pictures
and in her attendance at church
MARCIA WILLIS CAMPBELL
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
The Hen Industry.

With that Introduction Professor He,
ton went on TO say there was n profit
able industry peculiarly adapted to
women on the farm in which the prod
uct did not begin to supply the demand
in the United States. This is the poul-
try business in all its departments.
Did the ladies of the Farm Women's
club know that about 100000 dozen
eggs are annually imported into the
States? At the same time probably
million farmers wives are straining
their lives out in suicidal toll, each
trying to conduct half a dozen trades
when the present conditions of life de-
mand that all the woman's energies
be concentrated on one If there is to
be success in anything. 1t is the pres
ent scheme of the great hen trust to
buy up for almost nothing the eggs in
summer and put them in cold storage
till winter, but strictly fresh eggs are
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
PIGEON HOUSE AND PLYING CAGE.

PIGEON HOUSE AND PLYING CAGE.
always III demand at good prices. In
winter in the large cities they some
times reach 30 cents dozen and are
not 10 be had at that.
The woman who can successfully es-
tablish paying industry at home can
afford TO release herself from the grind
Of mere domestic work by hiring some
body else to do ii while she devotcs
her time and brains to money making
Don't say this is the mere fancy Of
an impractical student. 1t is not" en-
phatically remarked Professor Hilton.
Let the farm woman study systematic
and practical hen culture from books
and through experience. Let warm
quarters and suitable fresh food he
provided for Nine. Hen In winter and
she will clear TO her owner a profit Of
at least twice as much as she herself
Is worth. In the egg industry the right
plan is to begin in a small but scien-
tific way, learning as one goes along.
There. too, are ducks, geese and tur-
keys, all of which can be made profit
able by the woman of intelligence.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
HOME INDUSTRIES.
A GOmeR's Club address That Had
Something In IL.

a GOmeR's Club address That Had
Something In 1t.
The last meeting OF the Farm Wom-
ems club at SunnySide was the best OF
the year The task of one of the club
committees was TO point out methods
whereby women in the country can
earn money at home. 1t was this COM
mittee'S day TO report, and Professor
Theodore Hilton of the State AgriCul-
tural college had been invited TO adj
dress the club.
Miss Hilton began by saying that
sociologjsts were seriously considering
the question OF how. under civiliZa-
tons present economic conditions. the
feminine sex might earn money with
out necessarily breaking up the home
and ceasing to be mothers of families
In case of the country home the pro-
fessor thought this could be achieved
without great difficulty if farm women
would get out of ancient ruts, which
mean poverty and suffering, and be
come intelligent enough to grasp the
new opportunities which are certainly
before them. Much Of the most ex-
Quisite art textile work and lacemak
ing. embroidery and rug weaving, re
sulting in products for which the
wealthy in this country pay fabulous
prices. Is done in the poor cottage OF
peasants abroad by women with their
families around them.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05

knew as much about them as he did.
After his death in 1901 the stockhoId-
ers of the road met and unanimously
elected her president. The roadbed of
the little traffic way was wretchedly
out Of repair, and in spite of not being
able to carry nearly all the freight Of
fered 10 1t heavy debt hung over 1t,
and for eighteen years it had paid no
dividends. President Kidder took hold
Of affairs energetically. She increased
the carrying capacity Of her road, got
new ears and walked up things. She
encouraged the development OF the
rich mines that lie along her line. the
planting of great orchards, the stock
ing of new ranches. Now that crooked
little road pays 10 per cent dividends
and has no bonded debt Mrs. Kidder
herself owns Il controlling interest in
the stock and is not afraid to invest still
further in it whenever any Is for sale.
All this woman railroad president has
done in four years honestly and fair
ly. The only crooked thing appertain-
ing to this railway Is the road itself
Mrs. KiddCr's home and Office are in
Grass Valley. She herself buys all
supplies for her road.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05

There's no telling what moment a
mans fortune may turn or what may
decide the turning" remarked the Wis
ijar. who IIG been listening to the
interchange of stories.
That's So agreed one Of the by
ISLANDERS. The only question is whcth-
er the mans @ot the wiz To seq, the
chance and the grit To make Use Of
it,"
We'll. even that isn't always ucces-
saIy. / WAS ONT ON the frontier some
years back whom young fellow I
knew 10 lo white head was pro
NOTED in his regiment and para raphcd
in all the eastern papers for his cour-
agr ana couiuc>~. lie had been sent
out to meet an attacking party Of In
diJus. He didn't want to 20 It Bit He
actually trcmblcd whom nee confessed
10 me it was bis first call 10 dangerous
duty and he'd give anything on Garth
10 nc out of the affair Ia less than
tuculy-rour hours tic station was ring
fu- with the way he had held his
ground. cvcu when his mon had beat
a retreat II was miracle he wasn't
captured or killed, staying there single
handed To face and fire Oh the advanc-
ing foe
Just one Of those instances Of a
man finding his native courage in the
presence Of real danger"
"Not u bit of it. lie was riding Il
mule, and just at the critical moment
the animal planted his feet and re-
fused To bulge. Youths Companion.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
Fraud Exposed.

A few coUnteTfeiters have lately
been making and trying 70 sell ialita.
ticns Of DR.. Kius's New Discovery for
Consumption Coughs and Colds. and
other medicines, thereby defraudine
The public This Is to.warn you TO be
ware OF such people. who seek TO prof
II. through stealing the reputation of
remedies which have been successfully
curing disease. for over 90 years. 4
sure protection. 10 you. Is our name on
The wrapper. Look for II. on all Dr..
Kings or Rucklen's remedies. as all
DINERS are mere limitations II. r.
Blclzien K Co. Chicago. Ill, and Wind
sor. Canada.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05

Tho addresses in Persian upon let
tiers which go through the postotfice al
Calcutta are often quaint and pulling
An Indian paper recently translated
one ais follows: If the Almighty
plcases-Let this envelope, having ar
rived ar tlc city of Calcutta. in the
neisAhorhoad Of CaIOotolah. at the
counting house Of Sirajodeen and Ilah-
dad. merchants. be offered to and reaG
b. the happy light Of my eyes, OF yir
tu5us manners aud believer of the heart
-Mceau Shallh InayUt Ally. may his
life be long. Written on the tenth Of
the blessed Rumzan. Saturday. il the
year l2C6 Of the HeGira of our Prophet,
and dispatched a bearing"
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
Notable
w m e n
Mrs. s. A. Kidder, Rail-
road President

A monument to the courage. re-
sourcefulness and public spirit Of wo-
manhood Is the crook eldest railroad
in California" twenty-four miles long.
a narrow gauge road connecting Ne
vada City with Colfax. The president
of this road is Mrs. S. A. Kidder, wild
ow of its former president. From its
beginning in 1876 Mrs. Kidder was
identified with the road. She aided
her husband in his undertakings and
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1905-08-05
Goodness L. Ennri

Is il better to be beautiful or good :
asks an editor wiz is trying to write
down to the level OF the female intel
leSt. Well. we'd rather be beautiful, II
It's alice samee. We can all get the
goodness for ourselves.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1905-10-14
ALCOHOLIC COMPOUNDS.
If Law Is Enforced Many Bottles Will
Leave Merchants Shelves.

Washington. Oct. 13.-Replying to an
inquiry regarding the construction to
be placed on recent ruling of his office
on alcoholic compounds labelled and
sold rs medicines. Commissioner Yerkes
Of the internal revenue bureau, holds
as follows:
'"rhc ruling docs not apply to toilet
articles, whatever the quantity of al
cohol contained therein may be: nor
docs it apply to the various essences OF
extracts, (vix. of lemon, vanilla, CHINA
mon ctc.) if these preparations are
such as arc known to the legitimate
grocer or druggist trade as household
articles for culinary and other uses and
not as beverages.
where. however, alcoholic COM
pounds called essences OF lemon, va
Mia, cinnamon etc. or so-called tine
lures or essences of ginger. contain "a
mere triflc Of mediCament, the main
constituent being alcohol and these
preparations are usually SOLD by Coun-
try merchants. especially in prohibition
districts arc said BY the local internal
revenue officers or agents, to be gencr-
alIy sold or used as beverages. every
merchant thus selling them without the
holding the requisite tax stamp as Ii
uuor dealer under the internal revenue
laws will be liable to criminal prosecu-
ton in addition to the assessment
against him of special tax and penalty;
and the manufacturers Of these so
called essences and extracts, who are
shown by the facts ELECTED to have
made these alcoholic compounds for III
prohibition districts vii be held liable
to special tax and penalty as rectifiers
and liquor dealers.
The commissioner also held that
where malt extracts composed largely
of fermented liquor are labelled anG
sold as medicines it is for the manu-
faCturers to show that these extracts
are so combined with drugs as to b'
genuine medicines, not coming within
the recent ruling Of his office.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1905-10-14

man. Fl. A. O. Lacroix. pastor Of ST.
Mary's church, performed the ccrc-
mOnH.
Following the ceremony Il wedding
breakfast was served at q South
street, tn" home Of the gInom's
parents, whore Il reception was held.
the evening previous. Mr.. and Mrs.
Grondin left, on an afternoon train on
their wedding trip, which Will include
Bangor and other towns in Fcnobscot
county. They vii! be at home after,
Nov. l, at , Swan street. Augusta.
Among the many presents received
by the young couple were plush COW
cred parlor rocker. the gift to the
employees Of the cutting room in the
shoe factory here.
a pleasing feature Of the ceremony
was the fact that the aged grand
parents of the groom, who We're his
god parents at baptism, also acted in
Il same capacity for the bride when
she was taken into the Catholic faith.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1905-10-14
THE CABINET MEETING
Seems to Have Been of Unusual I'M
portance and Length.

Washington, oct. 1".-At the conciu-
sion Of todays cabinet meeting, which
LASTED hours and 40 minutes. 1t was
stated. by every member, that no de-
tails of tn. session could be made pub
lie That today's meeting was impor-
tant WAS evidenced by the fact that
every member remained in the cabinet
room until ncary o'clock.
For two hours of the time OF the
meeting the cabinet discussed the
question of the fitness of various per-
sons for federal juaScships and United
states attorneys and other federal OF
fees without coming to a conclusion
with regard to any. The subject oil
campaign contributions and the parti-
cipation of federal judges IN political
with particular refer encc to
the case of Justice Baker of Indiana.
was discussed. The President also
talked over his approaching trip to the
South.
1t is surmised that one of the impor-
tant questions discussed was the YER
hal report made by Judge w. j. Cal
houn to the President and Sec. Root on
his inquiry into the Venezuelan ques-
ton