davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
MT. PLsAsANr.

= -. ~ . 80 u i i 49,.
Rev. j, n. Brasco, who is travelling
evangelist. arrived In the city Thurs
day and held services at the Second
Baptist church Thursday, Friday and
Sunday.
Mrs. M. Robinson entertained Rev.
Brasco at IL O'Clock dinner Friday.
Rev Christberg came in Saturday,
having been sent here from the lllinpis
conference to take charge OF the A. M.
e church. He preached q very inn
pressive sermon Sunday morning and
evening. The attendance was larger
than has been for sometime.
Mrs. Edwin Cater OF Ames is in the
city visiting at the home Of her parents
Mr.. and Mrs. II. McCrackin.
Mist Elizabeth Reed spent Saturday
and Sunday at the country home Of
Miss Lizzie Wicks near Rome.
Mrs. George Newman entertained at
dinner Sunday Rev. j. Fl. Brssco, Mrs.
Hedge Sr. add Mr.. and Mrs Bell Rob,
inson.
Rev. Christberg who is at present
stopping at the home Mr.. A. Mason,
expects to go to Chicago this week to
move his family here.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
Eyes Tested Free

Thousands OF people are going through
life with weak eyes and defective sight
caused wholly by neglect in their child
hood days. Parents cannot be too partic-
ular with the care and protection OF the
eyes of their children. Scientists prove
that 40 per cent of all children are born
with eyes that require more or less mus
cular and nervous strain to overcome er-
rors of refraction on account of the eye
ball not being perfectly round or the
crystalline lens. The delicate bodies and
nerves of the little children should be
spared of all this nervous drain. SO that
every energy may go TO the better de-
velopment of body and mind. Little lone
AmesberrN daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. 3.
5. Amesberry of 1879 Maple street OF this
city, was at one time Il sufferer from
excessive nervousness for the very rea-
sons given above. Her system was so
highly sensitive TO the nervous irritation
Of moving objects passing before her eyes
that it even made her sick TO ride on the
street cars. When the child was threat
ened with ST. Vitus dance the family
physician believing her vision affected
optician. Dr.. Lew Arntz was consulted
who found very severe errors of refrac-
ten. These he corrected with a pair of
glasses especially ground 70, for her case case
The headaches that were 50 severe and
frequently kept her from school vanish
ed and all other dangers have given way
to perfect health. Her parents write DR..
I'VE wish to state for the benefit Of the
parents whose children may be afflicted
with eye troubles that consulting a
reputable optican in time may be the
means OF your childs future happiness |
For three years our little daughter lone |
had trouble with her eyes so much that
II affected her whole system. She Suf- |
,ered from nervousness so mucn that she |
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
Wounds, Bruises and Burns.

By applying an antiseptie dressing to
wound DIS, bruises, burns and like injur-
les before Inflammation sets in, they
may be healed without maturation and
in about one. third the time required
by the old treatment. This is the
greatest discovery and triumph of
modern surgery. Chamberlaia's Pain
act on this same principle. 1t is an
antisep,ic and when applied to such
injuries, causes them to heal very
quickly. 1t also allays the pain and
soreness and prevents any danger OF
blood poisoning. Keep bottle of
Pain Balm in your home and it will
save you time and money, not to men
ton the inconvenience and suffering
such injuries entail. For sale by all
druggists.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
STREET AUTOMOBILE LINE

New York, Sept. 15.-R. II.
Boyd, president of the Penny
Savings bank of Nashville, Tenn.
cas- purchased in this city four
automobiles for use on new
street automobile line for Negroes
in that city.
Rev. C. n. Parrish of Louis
vile, KY, a Negro educator and
stakeholder in the new company
said:
"a law granting the couduc-
tors of the street railways power
Of police to remove passengers
from any seat in the car and to
arrest whoever refuses was pass
ed several months ago. 1t is
worded to apply to both, to the
blacks and the whites. but it is
really enforced only against us
and since it was passed several
Negroes have been arrested for
refusing to obey the conductors.
AS result the receipts in fares
have fallen off $500 a week since
the law was passed. The Neg
roes Immediately organized a
company of their own and began
by using wagons. They found
that they owned among them
selves 70 vehicles they could use
for the purpose.
The enterprise has prospered,
and yesterday I went with Mr..
Boyd to purchase four large steam
automobiles that will be run in
place of cars. The purpose Of
the company is to give the Neg
roes of Nashville equal rights
with the whites as passengers.
''Only God and ourselves know
what we have to submit to some
times. 1t is not our purpose to
exclude the whites, and as auto
mobiles are something of a nov
city in Nashville We expect that
the whites will patronize our
conapany.'
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
NOTICE FOR TAKING TAX DEED

To w. H. Haws and Amanda Haws,
persons in possession of the following
described property: #5.. 2s
To Albert Head, person taxed with
the following described property:
You and each OF you are hereby not
flied that the following described
property, situated in Polk county,
Iowa, was on the first day of Deem
Der, A. .. 1902, sold for taxes for the
year 1901 by the treasurer of Polk
county, Iowa, towit:
Lots seven (7) and nine (9) of Uni
ted States survey, and lots twelve(12)
and thirteen 13) of the original plat
of lots six CO. and ten 10), United
States survey, of the east half tR)
north of river of section five % town
ship seventy-seven (77), range twenty
two (22).
That the same was at such sale pur-
chased by Smith & Reed, and certi-
ficate of tax sale issued to them by
the treasurer of Polk County, Iowa,
and such certificate was by them duly
assigned by e. r. Moore. and that the
right of redemption will expire and a
treasurers' deed for said property will
be made unless redemption from such
sale be made within ninety days from
the completed service hereof.
E. r. MOORE,
Lawful Holder OF Certificate. I
BY G. F. Clark.
His Attorney.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
CHURCH ANNOUNCEMENT

CorinthiAn Baptist Church corr er OF Fifteenth
and Ltnoen .treets. Preaching; ~ II .. m.
Sunday School lat i2 O'Clock Preaching. At
p. IN. 4$ Rev. r. l.. Griffith, Pastor.
st. Paul A. M. E.--Corner OF Second and Center
Streets. Preaching at 1880 .. M; Sunday
School at 8 O'Clock; Epworth League at :
p. m; preaching at p. m. Horace 5. Gravel
+ pastor.
First African Baptist Church. Corne. schoo
and Fourth streerts. Rev. +. LomRck pastor
Preaching 1880 q. m: Sunday school $3.50 p,
M, Mrs. j. Il, Grimm Superintendent;
Young Peoples meeting p IN preaching
= 800 pm
Burns Chapel M. Il. Church Corner of It'll
and Croker Sts-Church services, preach.
ing at II q m and 8 D m; Glass and prayer
meeting 10 m Sunday; sunday School S:3O
m; Epworth League p m Sunday; Prayer
and Class meeting every Wednesday p M.
0. A. johnson, pastor, $40 llth 81
Maple Street Baptist Church-Situated on f..
Maple between Ninth and Tenth streets.
Preaching II am; Sunday School 900 q. IN, I;
preaching at p. m.
Rev. j. o R.Wimbush, pastor
Union Congregational Church-Corner Tenth
and Park streets. Preaching l0ab q m
Sunday School 10 m. evening service 7:a
p m. Prayer meeting Wednesday evenings
H. w. Porter, pastor. .
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
SECRET ORDERS.

North Star Lodge, No. 3, A. #. . A. M.-Meetl
First Thursday In each month At Masonic
Hall--North- west corner OF Tenth and Center
streets. H Il. Jacobs. w. M; Harrison
Gould, secretary.
King Solomon Commandery. No. o.-Meeta
Second and Fourth Thursday In each month
at Masonic hall. w. Humburd E. O.; Geo
H. Cleggott, Recorder.
Naomi Court. Nv. 3--meets Second Monday
Ia each month ut Masonic hall, Mrs. l.. V.
Denny, Matron; Mrs. j. Fl. Shepard, score
tary
Mt. Olive Court. No. 4-Meets the First Friday
OF each month at Masonic hall. Mrs. r. A
Wilburn, matron; Mrs. Georgia Midget
secretary.
Charity Lodge, NO. 2lsa, @. U. Q. OF o. F.
Meets First, Second and Third Tuesday eacf
month at Odd Fellows hall on West Sixth
and Walnut streets. Harry McCraven N g.;
/, NJ. Jones' T.. s. @J%
q. Fl. OF R., No. $3.50 OF G. U. O. OF o. Econ
venes the second and fourth Thursday II
eacn month. promptly at . O'Clock. Mrs.
Mildred Raleigh, NJ N. q. Mrs. Nettie Davis
w. r. s..
Attic Tabernacle No 472- Meets first and THIRD
Thursday In each month, ut the Odd Fellows
Hall. Sixth and Wannt streets. Mrs. Nettle
Davis. G p. Mrs Lizzie Bush G. R Miss
Bettie Weldon. Assistant c. r.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
Nothing to Fear.

Mothers need have no hesitancy in
continuing to give Chamberlain
Cough Remedy to their little ones, as
it con tains absolutely nothing iniur-
ious. This remedy is not only perfect
ly safe to give small children, but is a
medicine of great worth and merit.
It has world wide reputation for it's
cures Of coughs, colds and Group and
can always be relied upon. For sale
by all druggists.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06

Very Low Rates to Sanfranciseo, Los
Angeles, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle Etc
Via the North W estern Line. Excur-
sion tickets will be sold from all sta
tions to Portland, Tacoma and Seattle
daily and to California points Septem-
Der 26. 81 and IS, with favorable
return limits, on account of various
meetings. Two fast trains to the Pa
cific Coast daily. 1.-The Overland Linn
tied" electric lighted throughout, less
than three days en- route. Another
fast train is THE California Express
with drawing room and tourist sleep
ing cars. The best of everything. Fo.
ratvs, tickets, etc., apply to agents
Chicago and North Western R'y.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
STATE OFFICERS OF THE IOWA
FEDERATION OF AFRO.AMERI-
CAN WOMEN.

Mrs. Helena Downey, State Organizer
III Bashaw street, Ottumwa.
Mrs. Belle Graves, president, lilo
Center St., DesMoines, Ia; Mrs. G
Gray, first vice-president, ZIG 18th st.
Cedar Rapids, Ia; Mas. lack Taylor
second vice-president, 125 Davis St..
Ottumwa. Ia; Miss Leila Shelly, re
cording secretary, Lock Box II, Oska
loosa, Ia; Mrs. Fannie Grooms, cor
responding secretary, 1926 East Eight
ST., Muscatine; Mrs. E. B. Lewis,
treasurer, 613 Harrison St., Daven'
port, Ia; chairmans of state commit
tees, Mrs. Anna Bettus, chairman OF
Household Economic, 1917 Concert St.,
Keokuk, Ia; Mrs. Holly, chairman OF
M"thers Child Study, Cedar Rapids,
Ia; Miss Maud Ousley, chairman OF
Arts and Crafts, Muscatine, Iowa:
Mrs. Emma Gardner, chairman OF
Reciprocity Bureau, Rural Route No.
5, Ottumwa Ia; Miss Gertrude Evans,
chairman of Social Purity Cos Main
St., Dubuque, Ia; Ms. l.. R. Palmer,
chairman of Educational Committee,
% Rollins Block. Des Moines.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
NOTICE OF EXPIRATION OF RIGHT OF
REDEMPTION

To N. R. Kuntz and David Fenner:
You are hereby notified that on the 9Th
day of December, 1898, the following
described real estate, situated in Polk
County, Iowa, to-wit: Southwest half
Is. w. ~ of Lot Two (2) in Block
Twelve Q2) in the town of Polk City,
Iowa, was sold for the then delinquent
and unpaid tax for the year 1897 to
Daniel T. Patton: that said Daniel T
Patton is still the owner and holder of
the certificate of purchase issued in
pursuance of the above mentioned sale
and that the right Of redemption will
expire and deed for the land will be
made unless redemption is made with
in ninety days from the completed
service hereof
DANIEL T PATTON.
By l.. o. Shaffer, his agent.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
ALBA NEWS.

Mrs. Bell, the wife of R.v. Bell, has
arrived in our town to be with the
minister here this year.
Martins Uncle Toms Cabin was in
town Thursday evening of this week.
A donation party was given for the
minister and family Wednesday even
ing. .....
Malaria Minstrel troop was in town
Wednesday evening,
Quite few strangers were in town
Saturday afternoon.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
HoMEsEEKERs AND SETTLERS.

On every Tuesday during October
and Novem Der the Minneapolis g. ST.
Louis BY. has on sale round trip ex-
cursion tickets to points in Minnesota,
Dakota, Manitoba, Assiniboia and the
northwest. and on the first and third
Tuesdays to Montana, Idaho, Washing.
ton, Oregon and b. c., also to the
south, West and southwest, full infor-
mation At city ticket Office, sig Walnut
street or addaess W. s. Mathews D. +.
A., Des Moines. Iowa. ~,
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
CLARA A. CLIFF
General Stenogrhapher and
Notary Public.

We do high grade work in Copying,
Nanifolding, Mimeographing Name
and Address inserting to perfectly
match, and guarantee satisfaction.
Give US your order.
MUTUAL PHONES ROOM 3ss. 800. 392
Once 1917 GO)D BLOC K
Residence Y5s Des Moines, Ia
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
$40 TO SEATTLE AND PORTLAND, .

Special one way rates on sale daily
from Sept. Is to Oct 81 via N & st. l..
R'y. through st, Paul and Northern
Lines, also 826.50 to Spokane, 1914 to
Helena and Butte, $l9 to Billings, low
rates to many other points. Call at NJ
G II. i. ticket office, sic. Walnut st
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
J. II. SHEPARD. MANAGER. +,
Send money by postoffice order,
money order express or draft, to the
Iowa State Bystander Publishing

| Send money by postoffice order,
money order, express or draft, to the
Iowa State Bystander Publishing
Company.
| Communications must be written on
Lone side of the paper only and be of
interest to the public. 'Brevity is
the soul of w.t." remember.
Entered at the Post Office as second
class matter.
We viii not return rejected manu-
script, unless accompanied by post
age stamps.
Advertising rates for display Ads
20 cents per incl, for each insertion.
Three to six months contract Is cents
per inch. Local advertising 10 cents
per line for each insertion, counting
seven words to line. For churches
and secret societies where admission
is charged, one-half Of the above
mentioned rates. For professional,
legal and announcement cards, yearly
contracts, ETC., terms are given on ap.
plication. All advertising is to be
paid in advance.
We are prepared to do first class
job work at reasonable prices. All Of
our work is guaranteed.
The Iowa State Bystander is the
Oldest o-American journal publish J
ed in Iowa. 1t was established in 1894 !
and is read by nearly all the colored |
people of, Iowa. We have correspond !
ents in the following towns:
CLINTON ga. A. BUSH
heOkuk .... "A. j. flelus
Mt Pleasant. Miss Lydia F. Bartlett |
Muccatfpo Miss Fannia Grooma !
Marshalltown. H. c. Walker
OttumWa ..........'. Edna A. Martin F.!
Rock Island. ..... James Toliver |
Sioux City. Miss Myrtle Downing |
Moline, III. ....... Mrs. r. H. Pollard
Boone. ............ Miss Mary Coleman
Washington. IN. l.. Black
Galesburg, Ill. &C. G. Fletcher !
....... Miss Elsie Wilson
Henry A. Martin
Newton. j. j. Waldron
Superior, Wis. Mrs. Geo. H. Wade
Abba ................M Miss May Davis
Cedar Rapids. Mrs Adelaide Perkins
Ft. Madison. Anna Harper
Oskaloosa ....... .Luella e. Franklin
Davenport ........ Mrs. G. B. Lewis
Buxton .............. Arthur Turner
Omaha. Neb. ............ Miss Wade
Miss Della E. Henderson
Ill. .........J. T. Wallace
N. B. to pondents.-Please
mail your letters that contain news
for publication not later than We'd
lesday morning to insure publication
or the current week.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06
write W s. Mathews, D. P. A. Des
No mes, Ia.

t. Petersburg Built on Islands.
s Petersburg occupies six large
and mary small islands at the mouth
Of /, le Seva.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1905-10-06

N. B. to Corespondents.-Plea
mail your letters that contain news
for publication not later than We'd
nesday morning to insure publication
for the current week
The Plymouth tribune. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1901-1911, 1905-08-03
HE RECOGNIZED TALENT.


Anecdotes call forth anecdotes. A
little story told herein not long ago,
about a country postoffice officials in
terest in his clients correspondence,
moved a woman who is the mother
OF daughter at college to relate her
experience with village postman.
1t was the daughters freshman
year, and she wrote home daily aud
graphically of her new experiences.
But she was extremely busy, and
could spare time for home letter
only on Sunday. This she supple
mented by a regular mid-week postal
card.
One day the mother, seeing the post
man coming, ran down to meet him,
and stood leaning on the gate as he
approached. He saw her there, but
instead Of Fastening his pace he slack
ened it little, obviously to afford
himself time to complete the reading
of the missive he had in hand, chuck
ling rs he came.
The sight stirred Mrs. Browns
anger. That he should presume to
read what Polly wrote! That he
should do it before her very eyes, and
before she could, and make her wait
his leisure! 1t was outrageous, and
she had a sharp rebuke all ready for
him. But it was never delivered.
He broke into a beaming smile as
he reached the gate, handed over the
postal card, and declared in hearty
tones before she had a chance to
speak:
That's the funniest postal I ever
read! 1 never thought there was
much sense in girls going to college
kind O. wasting four years Of life, /
been used to calling it-but 1 don't
know! 1 don't know! Maybe 1t amt
sensible for ordinary girls, but a girl
that can double man up laughing
with half dozen words amt ortl'n-
airy. No, ma'am. 1 guess you was
right to give her extry opportunities
You've got gifted daughter, Mis-
Brown-a gifted daughter, and con-
graduate you, ma'am!'
He departed, still broadly beaming
and Mrs. Brown had not the heart ia
chill such appreciatfve friendliness
She merely warned The gifted daugh
teri that her humor was likely to be
senjoyed by more than the family cir
cle.-Youth's Companion.
The Plymouth tribune. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1901-1911, 1905-08-03

to his heart in the center of that dread,
full cyclone. and the dangers and destruc
tion that encompassed them. She thought
of that too brief and vivid tingling part
ing near the clump of shadowy, long
arching black raspberry vines. She could
repay him, clasp for clasp, kiss for kiss
She would not remain his debtor in any
token of love. And her red lips parted
and her brown eyes sparkled in the CLEAN
of the lamp as she put her dainty slip
pered foot lightly across the threshold
thinking only of him and for him.
She was certain that she saw him sit
ting there, beyond the little stand-table
on which the lamp was blazing. So oc-
cupied was she with the certainty OF
meeting him that not until Congressman
Billy Biler arose to meet her and she
heard cry of surprise and delight from
her mothers lips could she see that Billy
Biler was standing there smiling very
pleasantly, while beyond him were hel
mother and her father locked in each
others arms.
There's nuthun like good luck, Miss
Wickly, to bring people out of sickness
and fetch um round ginerally. H-yur's
yuf ldIQer, uOW"dS SOOu dS Ht Gut ~
hear that you were a millionaire he found
himself completely cured, and started
home at once. He knew it before yor
did, too. He's sharpened up bit by his
short stay at the hospital, you see. Blu,
while they're talkun to ourselves, Miss
Lizzy, / want to try to persuade you t.
intercede for me with Ole Coon Redden
The ole mans terribly out with me, bout
this railroad sale business. I'm not t.
blame. took a fee from the San'towr
un Northwestern folks, Nv course.
didn't do it as Congressman, nur as 9
citizen of San'town. done ut as a law
yer. Nv course, they's lots things that
as lawyer, you can do that yor
wouldn't wawnt to do as q Congressman
nur as citizen, nur as the friend Nv the
adverse party. Now, h-yur, fur instance
Coonrod Redden, he telegraphs fur me
to come home un see that all these h-yul
San'town supporters Nv mine has thur
rights in this mortgage business. Well
l had already taken fee from the S. 6
n. W. folks, as l said. But / done thai
as lawyer, yunnerstand. I'm 1 toll,
Redden I'd see that the railroad didn'
steal nuthnn from any Nv yuh. I'm the!
didn't. Did they? but he's on his higl
boss. Un he says / shant have the dele
CATION from this county. Un I've gut tt
have ut"
cTo be continued.)
The Plymouth tribune. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1901-1911, 1905-08-03
How to Ores, Neatix.

All women like to be neatly dressed
and at the same time be known as
doing this economically. There is a
way of being both economical and
neat, and that is to take care of the
little things as we'll as the big ones in
ones toilet Besides seeing that skirts
and bodices are kept well brushed and
clean, care should be taken OF the
stocks, belts, gloves, wells and shoes.
In the matter of taking OIL gloves
there is a right and wrong way. The
right way is to turn the wrists back
over the hand and pull them off wrong
side out. If they are in the least
dampened by moisture from the hand
leave them a few moments to dry our,
then turn them right side out and scan
carefully for the faintest giving way
of a thread A stitch in time saves
a whole finger often in the case oil
gloves. The stitch Should be taken
with fine glove thread the exact shade
of the gloves, using fine needle and
sewing on the right si1e. Then, after
busting them lightly With powder, il
still at all damp, lay them neatly IN a
glove box, keeping light pairs folded
in tissue paper.
Neckties and belts should be smooth
~ rolled ON wooden sticks and hand
kerchiefs neatly marked and kept il
sorted piles that the finest ones need
not be taken when not desired. Boil
ices should be thoroughly aired after
wearing, shields constantly renewed
and ls..>~lered. Innings Of bodices thai
are not washable should be frequently
sponged with a bit of silk or liner
dipped in ammonia water. Never pu
away any evening bodice with soiled
lisse or tulle at throat, corsage OF
arms. Carefully rip it off at once, a.
its soil may easily spread. Parasols t.
be put in winter shape should be lief
half open the pockets thus made
filed lightly with crushed tissue pa
per, the whole then slipped into al
ample bag, with drawing string.
shirred close around the handle, tn,
bag hung from a hook screwed in the
bottom of a closet shelf. to hang fire,
from wall pressure.
And so everything can be well taker
care of by the neat girl, and the gown:
can easily be kept fresh and attractive
during the season.
The Plymouth tribune. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1901-1911, 1905-08-03
Health and Beauty Hints.

Lemon juice will remove fruit and
vegetable stains from the hands.
Do not bd De Immediately after eat
ing or wheI verheated from walk.
Rest tired, dFerheated feet by cool
foot bath, then put on fresh hosiery
and another pair of shoes.
Remember that too much ice water
in hot weather increases the flow OF
perspiration, besides being bad for the
stomach.
Take daily bath in the summer
If cold plunge is too severe, have the
water hot and leave the cold water
faucet running until the water in the
tub becomes cooler.
4 bottle of good toilet water is an
excellent addition to the dressing table
battle the forehead, tie back of the
neck and the temples with the re-
freshing liquid when overheated OF
tired.
When very warm let the cold water
faucet run on the wrists for a few
minutes at the pulse. This cools the
heated blood passing here near the
surface of the skin and SO cools the
whole body by circulation.