davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30
LtI1A NJ VIA
SYSTEM.

shovel and rakes. for the thorough combinae5o-
OF its ingredients. the quantities for each batch
tmasS mixed at any one ume) being carefully
measured IN boxes. or measuring hOppersf' IN
the mixing. sufficient water is added &c bring the
mass 10 a wet sloppy mixture which S1Ir,t-
mates the danger OF ''vOidS or air spaces. W-Fo,
mixed. the concrete IS shovelled into the boTS-
forming 'Girder mOlds. and Is. the Same Time
thoroughly rlnmed around and about the stsSi
bars, THIS operation being continued until the SEQ
ton OK moor under construction IL Completed
IL should De explained that. by using wet mist
ure less labor is required for distributing ana
conpactins the concrete. and that the wet ceuDenf
and sand IN the latter forms a coating For fhS
steel members that thoroughly protects them from
corToSion while at the same time. much SMOOTH
er surface Is given 70 the concrete when centres
are removed The latter allowed to remain IN
place from six 20 ten days. according 10 fhe @ea-
son. and the concrete Is In condition for service
within two or three weeks after the coDstr,Ict0,,
IS completed To insure the character OF the 49,
the turner Constipation Company tests. bv ~
draghc pressure, blocks made up OF each 'daySa
work, az ages or seven. fourteen Iwenty-eirhf so
sixty days; IL regards these tests as OF the rrsst
est importance as records % the characteT ana
strength OF the concrete actually used in cOpstri
ttOn. - ~N-'-- ~
These floor arches are heavier than tfle h4,s Do4
enouSh SO 70 require stronger masonry V-oiiS
and this system Is a little moro costly thau Ioii
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30
ONTHE FTREPROOFING SUBJECT
THE STATE OF THE ART" IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION.
What Has Been psed and What Remains 10 BE Done
CDnions of Theorists and Practical Experts
BUILDING
OF THE ART
CONSTRUCTION.

end dirt: unless ciaders are uniform-and It IS
difficult to procure such-good results cannot be
secured with il.
10, As materials OF "Ca)'' deteriorate when sub
mltted singly fire. the mass must suffer similarly
II OF locomotive cinders. OBJ" would be trans
formed in q minutes time into glowing mass mass
ruin any woodwork, steel members, or piping IN
contact
(d) concrete-steel construction does not protect
vital points such floor beams and Orders. rein
forcing cables, lars. etc. crop on lower SURFACE
OF door slabs; and the mixture IS frequently or
wrong proportions. OF bad components. not uni;
formiy mixed. and not properly ranned sna
tamped to prevent voids. or air spaces being iefr
IN the mass.
(e) The weight OF either stone or cinder concrete
ADDS largely TO cost OK bearing members or ohIo-
ings as these must be greatly increased IN
strength to carry IT,
~ Concrete can only be set under tho most
favorable weather conditions, and requires a year
10 thorouchiy dry out; IL occupied within q month
efter completion, IL affects woodwork, furniture
wares and health OF occupants OF building IN
faVorably.
1gl Cinder concrete absorbs moisture; in case OF
roof or cold storage place above and warm story
below continual stream from condensation orips
OFF the arches. - a.. =.
take the moisture plaster, and 10 leave latter
st5ead'-anv shock the floor will cause the plaS-
ter 10 como of by the yard.
40 Pines cannot be taken out Of concrete door
arches for repairs. or exchange. without great ex-
pense.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

PROCEED they will survive any fire Shafts like
partitions. should never start from wooden floors
but should rest on the concrete arches; II the
wooden floor should burn. the best constructed
shaft would settle. and thus disturb the floor arches
through which II passes"
THE GEFGERDTS SYSTEM
These gentlemen the president and treas
urer-NIr. Hubertus being the former. and Mr.
William the latter-of the Sanitary FireprooHnr
and Contracting Company which has extensive
works in Manhattan and in BROOKLYN and which
operating under the "Geraerdts' Bros. patent. Is
engaged in the construction OF partitions elevator
dumb waiter, light stair, and Ventilator shafts
Their testimony is we'll worth considering. for
beginning the study ana practice Of ornamental
plasteTins in the atelier OF their uncle al Roev-
mOnd. Holland. In early youth. they have acquired
an exhaustive knowledge OF compositions The
brothers formed a cO-partuership several wears
ago under the Sanitary Firepro9f and Con
struCticn Company, using TIE above patent which
granted In 1885, but a year later incOrpO-a ted
their interests under the present name
Their system NAV be briefly described thus. The
"GeTRrdts'' partitions and shafts are constructed
OF blocks made OF plaster OF paris ashes and 3,
LIQUID cement the COtnpOuentS of the latter Deucs
a commercial secret These ingredients are used
In proportions will render the plaster OF paris
tnvulaeTabe TO the action Of water; and the blocks
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

architects and ADOPT a construction in which they
have sufficient conf6cnce 10 carry their own in
Burance. confident that. as their buildings cannot
Deti lley I1n 10 risk the majority, finding that
other systenas-n0 matter how wei indorsed-in
FAVOR of hollow tile, yield 70 the logic OF force.
@ construction IS that OF reinforced concrete
building and contracting cornoaieg and n Is 5ra,;-
Ing 20 II the best talent Of the most famous schools
practical building experts is il reasonable 10 sun
tSre,, I'D - I ms VS., caIiJa! IN the shape OF
tekeny invested2 l. II reasonable 10 el,nTose fba.
owners who have gained experience through ex-
Etructions on which they have 10 carry their own
Insurance, unless confident IN the light Of actual
knowledge gained, as 10 their Dermanency and
saiety. Is II Tefs2taD5e 70 suppose that the pro-
and eminent architects and engineers, would risk
IN other words are al these nursing a fad-a
the foundation2
As The Tribune represents a clientele that con
Ibuted large proportion o. the $500 90 expended
Ia Manhattan IA building operations last year its
readers VIII urobaily be Interested In "a calm feTn
perate and uspass lOnate presentation 81 tie argu-
ments for and against concrete-steel. And Il IS
.olenl tAlsllel 100 70 iuiilsh descriptions OF the
systems and 70 cite notable Instances OF their use
md their value determined.
L may be explained. preliminaTily that this con-
sIeetion H. generally, divided into that which IS
entirely Of concrete, reinforced with steel members
sno thar N which the hreproof construction IS con-
lieu % reinforced concrete floor uart{rfons
shafts and roofs; and that the steel members or
tfe OF several ulLLerelt kinds
patents as VIII be seen later on Tie cOncretes
hIe OF Two KINDS, the stone concrete used FOR
ohs spans. aoor arches end for the entire buildng
sducLpn, ahc The "cinder concrete" used for
si. a9t span hoor arches. partitions and roofs.
me opponents OF concrete steel make The foliovy.
n'H charges against its efficiency.
a. crushed stone, gravel fof7Dedo sand ga
t.yLtialla cement make everlasting concrefe
LHeL VII stand great compression. but its tensile
s4e1ttn Is an giraffe and unreliable probleua--if
- ~ Hle Afct Tie least weight applied 70 I'd
% collapse +e 'HSiiiiOo1
o. cinder, eotserete Is. IN most cases. a con-
~ unburned coal brcken bottles. ashes
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

ramned and tamped. it cannot corrode the steel
members; that (d) concrete does protect Eital
nofnts when air spaces are left between, and that
t the action of steel and concrete being IDENTICAL
almost they viii not part when VlbTaJeu
Experts in shaft construction they We're asked
'sWhat service should the shaft render in case OF
fire Their answer is a good lesson to owners and
builders Air. ventilatOr, and dumo-Walter shaLt
should like chimneys, concentrate Iiane and smoke
and keen these from spreading literally If stair
shafts. they should have freproof doors. that the
story on fire can be cut off so that egresS from the
others can be had. Shafts should have as little
exposed metal as possible; none, in fact; the iron
reinforcing should be thoroughly protected; and the
concrete should not be of she-lime and ashes this
mixture could not stand the fire streanG-iU would
calcne and the structure would collapse. Nor
should it have ingredients sawdUst, or chips
for under the action Of fire. they would weaken
the composition that IL could not carry its own
weight-and some shafts are seventy feet high
for they would disintegrate. Another thing shafts
should not have exposed channel irons above
openings, where the iron would be expected carry
weight. If shafts properly constructed, and the
Trainings for openings and the doors. fire.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

the arch at top of beam and brings the concrete
down around the sides and bottoms Of them. in
diagram IA" Both systems are monolithic con-
sidered superior. because IL nsures rgidity the
building; 1t takes up the horizontal thrust (side
pressure caused by foreign factor. say, wind
and conveys 1t to the parts of the structure which
are braced Mr.. Waite lays much stress also the
adapubility Of the monolithic FORM and instances
theatre construction where the beams pitched
at different angles and at unequal spaces
To overcome the objections often raised. Of slow
setting and danger in frosty weather provisions
have been made by him, however, for the manu-
featuring of arches. slabs in convenient narrow
sections curved in factory and conveyed TO build
ings ready to set in place between steel beams Nor
does his aptitude for short cuts end with at
tempts to cheat the Frost King-he has already de-
vised means of economically substituting a not in
considerable item of expense in the matter of
structural steel: and for deep floors his company
is now constructing arches made of concrete in
the shape of - beams which are conveyed TO the
buildings ready to be put in place between steel
supports These. he thinks. give the highest and
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

he came about ten years since. though the bust
ness had been loca5e s had been one or two small
jobs In reinforced concrete Du e ,,, o,,ss,ya
here of that type Of construction. In 1t the re-
inforcng member was e1paT irtnT ~ ovnordad
metal first psed for freproohng buildings in the
construction Of the Gnai mist reinforced Concrete
work outside Of Ransomes on the Iac l slope;
nntered 5 into the entire reproof construction OF
the st Nicholas Hotel, IN 81 LOUIS SLttl "ulcH
a. .rojaIi,I snread over the country-nrst, q hos
ntsi I'm Piftsburg then building at johns Hop
kins University. in Baltimore. and in turn the
Gret foor Of the Salvation Army Building on 18th
81 an apeTtment house at 90th-st and Madison
ST. an itS nm to then greatest advertisements
ave H7aI Hoiei No l. which last led to its general
adoption for commercial structures me earliest
Of which the New oI Co. Sus0I 4'''iii0'S' q"
Long Island City. erected IN 1871. s. ar,,
Following this and for a year after; series
Of tests We're made of expanded metal concrete
which attracted here hundreos Oh arcHIIec'S anu
Which Mr. Hin read paper to the American
Society OF Civil Engineers Wa'Cn MAS sgose
9Un ysQs If is to be noted the first important
paper rlC oucTete steel constructions the paper
occupied forty pages when printed, ms brought
nien+i3P World and eventually led to its general
adopton by the foremost archltecIs anu engineers
million feet of expanded metal were used in the
reinforcement Of concrete! -. H.. -, q,
cut into diamond mesh vaTylng IN size ed rom
three-eighths of an men 1T 10 81 an inSb t one
quarter of an inch. the strands being square 1t
is huiIt in place on centres. into which the con-
rTete is rammed and tamped, which results in
Embedding the metal perfectly. and leaves SUI
in uniform lengths of eight feet, the width being
twelve inches to seventy-two inches as required
II has wide field Of practical adaptatlon althouGh
II was invented to answer the demand for fences
ratings and kindred work; but 1t soon com
1oanded itself as reinforcement for concrete
by reason of its durability. the facility it offers
co. ranid construction at moderate cost. and its
Strength In a test conducted by Professor Ira
Woolson, of Columbia, Of floor slab OF . stone
concrete Of fifteen feet span and nine inches thick
ness reinforced with expanded metal, and whlch
had been subjected to the severe hre tests re-
ouired bv the city Buildings Department II bore
q load OF six hundred pounds per square root Tor
sixteen hours, without any apparent chahse' OF
the SLIGHTEST Indication of cracks or failure. MT
watson terseIy sums up It's virtues thus: we
never have had a faIl-down in finished job Ana
be ADDS. I'VE do not ask architect or engineer 70
accent it lin construction until II is properly
Embedded and protected
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30
Paul Kuhne. architect. says that:

Paul Kuhne, architect, says that:
The weight Ce) Of the concretesteeI arch els not
great that OF the terra Gotta and explains that
lit does need to be. for the reason that IL is
elastic RE points out that ''in the Custom
House under construction. the concrete layer
top Of the hollow tile is thick enough, and Of SUI
hcienty good quality Of mixture. to carry the load
and to simply allow the terra Gotta to serve CEN
terinG He says Of (hD: Its porosity enables II to
take W all moisture in the room and consume it,
while terra Gotta. when wet. has to be dried OUT
and adds that masonry and porous terra Gotta alb
sOrb water to the same extent does cindeT con-
crete" Flo lays down the proposition that 0 II
the cindeTs are we'll mixed with sand. cement, and
sufficient water TO make wet mixture, and the
mass IS properly rammed and tamped, the metal
member will receive a COating-principaly from the
cement water-that will protect IL against the
small quantity of sulphUrc acid in the c1ders''
TRUSS METAL LATH.
Mr. Kuhne IS the president OF the Truss Metal
Iath Co. Incorporated. manufacturers OF KUhne's
sheet metal structural element" OF which he Is the
inventor and patentee. He is both an architect and
civil engineer having attended the Architect
Academy Of Berlin now department OF the Poly
technic at CharlOttenberg.
The steel element OF this system Is expanded in
trusses formed in two planes and connected by a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

one inch protection, according to the Waite re-
infOrced concrete construction. When torn down
jected four fire and water tests under the super
vision Of the Bureau Of Buildings, aggregatng ten
hours of heat at 17OO'F., and about one hour OF
cold water applied under pressure to the hot ma
terial Examined by Prof. Ira wilson or Columbia
and Engineer Schwartz from the Bureau OF
Buildings the materials were found 70 be in good
condition and a perfect protection to the iron and
steel beams-nO part OF beam or column Drotec-
ton, or ceiling having been Clipped off. The
building could In fact have withstood many
another test
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

(a) ''I"-Beam. (d) Concrete.
OBJ Wood Floor. (e) Steel Groove Reinforcing
c) Cinder Filler, % Steel Groove cross section Of
WAITE SYSTEM FLOOR "A"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30

Guy b. Waite. c. E. says. in relation to I'D. that;
IAN good reinforced concrete systems protect the
steel members Concrete steel has been sHDm!tteq
TO fires without number and has successfully sIood
the crucial tests It has developed into an en- n
cheering science, which provides SsIe LdcIOIs 70
cover any inequalities. II is simpler than mo5s
ether construction. and those who use concrete
have less difficulty in getting proper results th;tn
have nufaCturers in mixing, burning ana ut-
lvering unbroken hollow tile ana brick, ana In in
insurng that masons mechanics ana Iap oIGIs WIN
deposit them unbroken in the arches and WIZ n5teS
every part of the hidden joints properly coNeLe1
with good mortar" Replying to lel ne ne s1 9S6
weight is n matter of form of construcL0h me
lighter concrete systems are often used where me
tile would be heavy. In addition 70 me olC
Times Building. the architect was compeI5eu 70
resort to light concrete construction IN OIueI, 70
ena bile the old structure carry the added stoIle
Cinder concrete is lighter than stone concrete
Regarding (g) he remarks: NO HIepIooL SOIi-
struction makes any pretension 20 WaleIII 81
ness but the monolithic concrete system VIII IUI
allow water to pass through as readlly as W4lII
tIIe with its many open joints. All practlcdI
builders know that q. large ingredient IN p1sleE
IS gypsum; this readily absOrbs wafer, WnLch
causes 1t to undergo a chemical ChanSe anu ISIl-
ders II soft Any plastered ceiling. tnorou8ny
drenched with water. will be more or less gam
aged--that is not the fault of the arch answer
ing the proposition that Cd cinder concrete cor
rodes he SAYS: THE action of the Sulphurlc acIQ
in cfnders has been shown to be lnslSIlLc;tHt
when cement is present; there is no evidence tlt
does not support the latters thorough pro'7c'io''
Of steel"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-04-30
THE WAITE SYSTEM.

Mr. Waite Is a graduate of Rensselaer, Polytechnic
Institute and was for several years an instructor
there Besides having been chief engineer of the
New-York Buildings Department. he was long the
designing engineer for steel construction for large
contractors and builders.
He DESIGNED the steel work for the Lexington
Avenue Power House and other important struct-
structures pet and lOS broadway, TWO exceedingly
narrow buildings, in which puZZllng engineering
difficulties had to be overcome by original inVen-
ton; this may also be said or the Cathohc
Church at fremont n. Y. and Of the Guardian
Building at PeekskiH where the entire building IS
supported by roof trusSes, so as 70 give a clear
(withCut PILLARS auditorium.
He has given considerable study to reinforced
concrete construction for the last ten years, but
was finally converted 10 q belief in its efficiency
only four years ago, when he formed the Guy
B. Waite Company. Of which he is the president
and general manager. Though the cOmpany's bust
is usually cassed "cOnCrete-Steel cOnstruc-
ing and service Of its pilot. Mr.. Waite, the steel
construction designer, is-and has always been
with steel the main factor OF construction, using
concrete hreproofng and a protector and
Waite, conservative despite his inventive genius
has stuck to his trade and has used concrete
auxiliary, to greater or lesser degree, as the con-
ditiOnS warranted therefore. his testimony to the
efficiency of concrete should have added weight.
He uses "cinder concrete of which the ngre-
dents part Portland cement. parts clear
boiler cinders. In this mixture he generally i'm
beds small steel grooves; for spans not exceeding
six feet these grooves are inch by p of inch.
and for greater spans prOpOrtiOnatelV increased
member FOR all purposes. he generally employs IT,
because its shape gives greater rightly per pound
of steel.
The Waite floors for shallow beams, are. as
shown in diagram a up 10 a span Of six feet:
this arch is four inches in thickness of which one
inch is brought below the beams as a protection 10
fBa LAT ENnr
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15

ACCORDING to Washington dis
patches Mrs. Fredia Mashbir has
been appointed postmistress for
Stafford by President Roosevelt.
This appointment is certainly
complimentary to Mrs. Mashbir
and the democrats here, in view Of
the fact that an active and promi-
nent republican has been can.
didate for the position for more
than a year, with the endorsement
of the territorial administration
and the republican machine. Mrs.
Mashbir sent in her petition less
than a month ago and it is under.
stood with an endorsement from
the present incumbent. which is
supposed to have carried consid.
erable weight. Again we con-
gratule Mrs. Mashbir and the dem
ocrats on her victory.
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15

The justice of the peace at Ash
Fork recently sentenced a man to
hard labor for six months for
shooting.up the town. This is the
kind of medicine that should be
prescribed for all gun totors and
shooters. These disturbers of the
peace are no benefit to any com
munity. They should always re-
ceive the full benefit of the law.
Arizona is now civilized country
and the hard customers and tough
hombres must be taught to realize
this fact Era.
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15
Wedding at Central

AT three o'clock last Tuesday
afternoon, Mr.. Leroy Scarlett, of
Stafford, and Miss Ethel Notes
were married at the residence of
the brides parents in Central,
Bishop Alva S. Porter officiating.
Only the relatives and a few
friends of the BRIDE and groom
were present,
In the evening a wedding re
ception was given at the residence
of the groom's parents.
Wednesday morning the bride
and groom took the train for
Bisbee, where they expect 70 make
their future home.
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15

The Stluer Belt says that the good
times now prevailing in Globe has
attracted a large amount of mining
pirates known as claim jumpers,
men who never earned an honest
dollar in their lives, who live on
the industry of others, who when
camp livens up sail in and steal
valuable claims from those who
has held them all through the hard
times. The Belt has sounded a
warning to these bighwaymen and
given them to understand that
Globe will prove to be very un-
healthy place for them and their
kind.
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15
WHAT WOULD HAppENP

Since the school election held
t., Clifton few weeks ago the
people of the east end of the
county who have been favoring
county division are asking them
selves the question: "What would
happen to us if we should divide
the county,"
The election held for the pur-
pose OF consolidating districts
numbers three and eighteen dem
onstrated clearly what a powerful
corporation can and will do in an
election, if their interests are
affected. What occurred in the
school election could easily occur
at a general election, if the county
was divided, whenever the corpor-
ations controlling that county so
decreed. To the dictatiou of
about half dozen men would the
people have to submit, absolutely.
At the present time this condition
comes near enough being true, but
the conditions now remind one of
Paradise compared with what they
would be if the county were
divided.
How would the people of the
east end like to be dictated to in
all their public affairs and abso-
lutely controlled by foreign in
fluences? How would they like
TO see hundreds of foreigners
marched to the polls in droves and
compelled to vote as they were
ordered, thus turning aside the
wishes of the people for the benefit
and profit of powerful corpora
tons?
This is no fairy dream. 1t is a
stern reality. 1t isa condition and
not a theory. If the people up
there desire to accept this CON
dition the people down here are
willing they should.
In the school election referred to
a large majority Of the American
citizens desired TO unite the two
districts aud voted for il, yet they
were badly defeated. tits charged
by responsible people of Clifton
that about three hundred iIt
legal VOTES were cast at that elec-
ton, that the Mexicans were
brought out Of the works in droves
and voted; that other foreigners
by the company voted,
and although vigorous protests
we're made no attention was paid
to it. ItIs certainly a pretty con-
dition of affairs when an Ameri-
San community is controlled by a
few foreigners by simple crook
The finger.
Graham guardian., 1905-12-15
Appropriations For Arizona.

A Washington dispatch says
The secretary of the treasury has
transmitted to congress an estimate
for the fiscal year ending June 80,
1907, the following items for Ari.
zona: For land for garrison pur
poses and drill grounds at Whip
pie Barracks, $1,000; repair of the
RUNS at Casa Grande, $1,000; sup.
port of the Truxton Canyon Indian
schools, s27,045; Phoenix school,
Sl43,490; Fort Mohave school,
$4,000; irrigation Pima Indian
lands, $4,000.