davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

will give persons u0ldUlllldI Win
production in the United States some idea
of the vicissitudes of the industry and ac-
count for what they are accustomed to con-
slider slow progress. 1t has been a sort OF
chill-and-fever period and IS SO yet.
The Industry in Louisiana.
'.What is the amount of cane cultivated
in louisiana" 1 asked.
To-day we have under cane in Louisiana
about $40 600 acres" he answered. About
300 600 acres of that is cut for the mills and
the balance used for seed. The yield per
ton varies from 100 to 1S5 pounds per ton
of cane and the yield per runs from II
to SO tons, according to seasons and wheth-
er the growth is plant cane or stubbles.
Year by year plantation sugar houses are
superseded by central factories and the ten
dency is toward making a grade of sugar
for refining purposes rather than for i'm
mediate consumption. New Orleans is the
market for about 80 per cent of the crop.
of which the reflner now takes almost 50
per cent and the trade the remaining
twenty.
Inquiry is often made as to the cost of
producing sugar in Louisiana as compared
with other countries. Such question is
very much like asking what it costs to run
a newspaper. 1t depends, in general upon
the advertising patronage in the case OF the
newspaper. and upon the cost of labor and
materials in the case Of sugar-ralslng; ana
IN both the cost Oh the money III use Ill
ways affects the results. Usually reply in
this way:
"Our Louisiana industry being manu-
featuring institution, the main factor Is
what must the factory pay for raw mate
rial-cane-in order to provoke its cultiva-
ton John Smith, for instance, builds
central factory with a capacity to handle
1 200 tons of cane per day, and expects to
run eighty days. He therefore requires
100 900 tons of cane. On an average growth
of five years this would mean the product
of 8, 400 acres, to provide which $500 acres
must be put under cane by the cane grow
ers who are to supply the factory with it's
raw material l should say that unless the
factory offered $3.50 ton for cane, deliv-
cred at the factory. the owner would have
to do his own cane growing and even at
that price tenant farmers or small planters
would not always find profit sufficient to
warrant their continuing in business
ITO leave a fair profit. after paying taxes
wear and tear on machinery, Insurance.
freights, fuel, labor. materials, interest on
investment control and contingent ex-
penses would require an equal figure $3.50
per toni, or say on an average. 145 pounds
of sugar worth $500. counting in the
by-product molasses@A cents pound for
yellow, clarified sugar fit for immediate
consumption, delivered in the New Orleans
market. 1t will. therefore, be readily seen
that the Louisiana sugar producer needs
every cent OF the protection he gets under
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

States sugar from the beet as we'll as from
cane began to cut a figure In the home sup
ply, while reciprocity with the Hawaiian Is
andS stimulated production there. Congress
found its revenues unnecessarily large; to
educe rates of duty all along the line would
have disturbed commerce and shut down
many factories. To obviate this a short cut
was taken; sugar was placed on the free list
and bounty given on the domestic product
of cents pound, whether derived from
ane, beets or maple sap. This mode of pro-
lection was to last until 1905.
Again it looked as though the industry
were firm footing" continued Mr.. Col
cock, land it's expansion was rapid. APP
pearances proved deceitful. In 1894 the re-
publican party lost both the President and
the House of Representatives. The latter
body placed sugar on the free list either
disregarding the loss of revenue or expect
ing to make it up by the income tax. The
Senate with republican majority, refused
to concur, and, as the tariff bill was a bill
for revenue only placed duty of 40 per
cent ad valorem on sugar. Well, we all
know that the income tax was declared I'M
constitutional by the Supreme Court, cut
ting off that source of revenue; and that the
revenue on sugar became an important fac
tor in the administration of the government.
Even so the overproduction in Europe and
he increased export bounties, open and con-
cealed lowered the worlds price materially,
and the duty, being ad valorem, reduced at
the same time the protection to domestic
sugar; in consequence of which the indus
try, DOtn cane anu Deel, WAS pdTdIyZeU.
''In 1897 the republican party was again in
power and revised the tariff laws. The
ways and means committee recognized the
Importance of building up the domestic SUI
gar industry, and therefore gave 1t adequate
protection by a specific duty of $1.6Sh
pound on 96-test sugar not over No. 10
Dutch standard in color, and of s1.95 per
pound on refined sugar. This bill also pro-
yided that an additional duty should be i'm
posed on foreign sugar receiving a bounty,
the duty to be exactly the amount Of that
bounty-a countervailing duty. 1t also made
a provision for entering into commercial
conventions with other countries, reciproc-
ity, based upon concession on our part of
not more than 20 per cent of the duty on
sugar The India council followed suit SO
far as the countervailing duty was con-
cerned This led to a conference of the
bounty-paying European powers at Brus-
sells and convention abolishing bounties
and reducing the internal consumption tax.
"In 1904 reciprocity with Cuba, conceding
20 per cent on sugar, was erected by
treaty Porto Rico sugar came In free of
duty: Philippine sugar was granted con-
cession of % per cent; Hawaii, having been
annexed in 1893. sent sugar In free. The
position today is therefore as follows:
Tons.
Consumption in the United States....... 800 900
Imports duty free) observation-disclosures. 6O.OUO
Cuban sugar go per cent concessonl. ,200,O 600
Philippine sugar i25 per cent conccssion) 100000
Leaving to pay full duty. 800 600
s.The foregoing" continued Mr.. Colcock,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
Old Homestead Struck by Lightning.

The old homestead on the Skinker farm in
Stafford county, Virginia. was struck by
lightning during one of the recent thunder
storms and strange to say, though the bolt
split a heavy timber supporting one corner
of the building, knocked down considerable
plaster in one room and broke numerous
window panes. the house was not set on fire,
nor were several persons who had sought
shelter from the storm at all injured. The
old house, which is now the residence OF
Mr.. Charles Henry. was built over hun
dred years ago and Is a landmark.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
May Be Spotted Fever.

An epidemic of cerebral spasms usually
fatal, has made its appearance in St. Peters
burg. The doctors say it was imported
from Galicia to Lodz, where there have
been many victims. 1t is regarded by the
doctors as a precursor of cholera Some
of the doctors believe the epidemic Is iden-
tical with cerebral meningitis. cases Of
which recently were numerous In New
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

excess Of oxygen is deadly To vegetal matter.
There lies the great value of LiQuezone 1t is
the only way known to kill germs in the body
without killing the tissue Any drug that kills
germs Is poison and 1t cannot be taken internal
~. Every physician knows that medicine is al
most helpless in any germ disease
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
Still Hope.
sons Magazine

From Tom watson's Magazine.
Jaggles-"Even the doctors can't kill of
the mosquitoes"
Waggles-.Perhaps they haven't tried the
same methods they use on the human
race"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
PINK BATISTE BLOUSE
Has Yoke of Squares in Lace
and Fagoting.
SLEEVES ARE TUCKED
SHORT RUFFLES REACH ONLY TO
THE WRIST.
Group of Tucks Divides the Full Part,
Which is Slightly
Bloused.
SLEEVES ARE TUCKED
Design by 2edfern.
Copyright, 1905, by R. F. Ayers)

Design by 2edfern
Copyright, 1905, by R. F. Ayers.)
Among the thinner laces combined with
summer fabrics there is no more popular
and fashionable mesh than Chantilly.
While this variety may be had in both
black and white, there is very little de-
mand for the somber color, but pure white
and cream figure upon the handsOmest
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
Dependent on the Industry.


Upon the producers continuance in bust
ness depends the livelihood of some 100000
people in the cities and country" said Mr..
Colcock. The industry yields in gross about
thirty-five million dollars. This money is
distributed over some twenty-three states,
giving rise to an interstate commerce OF
some s7O,OO0.o0O We get car machinery
from PENNSYLVANIA, New York, Illinois,
Tennessee and Alabama: our lumber and
brick from Mississippi; our mules ana
horses from Kentucky. Missouri and 1ndl-
ana; our coal and oil from FennsylVa ma
West Virginia, Alabama and Texas; corn
and wheat from Minnesota, Missouri, In
diana, Illinois and Kansas Our agricui-
tural implements wagons, carts ana such
commodities come from Ohio, West Viz
sinia Illinois and Missouri; our meats and
lard from Ohio, Illinois and indiana,
lime from Maine and Alabama; COOP
erage from Ohio and Indiana; COW peas
from from Georgia, South Carolina and
Tennessee and our fertilizer from seven OF
the other states.
when, in addition to these items, we
pay for the luxuries of life, such as
whisky and tobacco from Kentucky and
Virginia, and clothe our backs and rect
with the products of New England 1ac-
tories there is but little left for the amenl-
ties Of life religion, education ana the hne
arts.
when the stranger that is within our
gates" concluded Mr. Colcock, shai pro
vide a tariff law that will cheaper what
I'VE nee we shall perhaps find it possible
and convenient to produce sugar at less
cost. When he shall teach the producers
in foreign lands to live up to the American
cies of life they will perhaps charge more
for their sugar. 1t is the duty of our law
makers to hold the balance more even, and
as long as the Dingley bill remains law
On the statute book without their seeking
to detract from its wholesome provisions
by indirection, we shall try to be satisfied"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
soc. Bottle Free.

II you need Liquozone. and have tried IL,
please send this coupon. We will then mail
you order local druggist for a fuil-sxe
it. This is free gift, made To convince you; to
show you what Liuuozone is and what II can 90.
In Justice to yourself, please accept 1t today. feH
it places you under obligation whatever.
Liquozone costs soc. and 81.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

the results OF impure poisoned blood.
In nervous debility Liquozone acts as vitalisef,
accomplishing what drugs do.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17
Germ Diseases.

These the known germ diseases All that
medicine can do for these troubles is to help
Nature overcome the germs, and such results are
Indirect and uncertain Liquozone attacks the
germs. wherever they are. And when the germs
which cause a disease destroyed. the disease
n.ust end. and forever. That is inevitable.
Asthma, Hay Feyer-In6uenZa,
Abscess-Anaemia, Kidney Diseases
Bronchitis. La Grippe
Blood Poison, Leucorrhea
Brights Disease, Liver Troubles
Bowel Troubles, Malaria--Neuralgia,
CouSbs-Colds, Many Heart Troubles,
Consumption, Piles-Pneumonia,
Coic-Croup, Pleurisy-Quinsy,
Constipation, Rheumatism.
Catarrh-Cancer, Scrofula-Syphilis,
Observation-Disclosures, Skin Diseases,
Dandruff-Dropsy, Stomach Troubles,
Dyspepsia, Throat troubles,
EcZema-Erysipelas tuberculosis.
Feyers-Gall Stones, Tumors-Ulcers,
Goitre-Gout, Narlcocele.
Gonorrhea-Gleet Women's Diseases
All diseases that begin with feyer-all inffam-
Eiation-all CATARRHAL contagious d1seases-ali
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

the sugar schedule of the present tariff
law.
How many people are affected, directly
and indirectly by the cane-sugar business
in I,ouisiana?''
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

will give persons unfamiliar with sugar
production in the United States some idea
of the yicissitudes of the industry and ac-
count for what they are accustomed to con-
slider slow progress. 1t has been sort of
chill-and- fever period, and is so yet.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-04-17

''It might be supposed that now the sugar.
producing business was on a secure footing,
but beet sugar produced on the continent of
Europe under the stimulus Of a bounty on
exports was largely overproduced and its
consumption checked in the country of it's
origin by the tax laid to provide fund for
paying the export bounty. A low range of
values naturally followed in the great con-
Stunning countries = Great Britain and the
United States-which proved disastrous to
tropical cane-sugar production and Injurious
to our domestic industry Seven years later
a new era was entered upon. In the United
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03

SAN FRANCISCO. June a. Eddie
Hanlon won the decision over
Young Cerbeit At this place hast
night after 90 rounds Of hard mill
ing During the fore part of the
fight Hanlon had the beet Of the
argument From the 18th - the
i7lh Curhett got IN his best work.
but after the 18Th Haalon put Il all
over the Denver hoy
There was hut little damage done
By either until the nth round When
Corbett. after being himself rushed
to the ropes repeatedly. came back
for a fierce mlX-up. forcing Hanlon
to HIS knees Cnrhstt landed acvs
erai lei and riEht swings on Han
Ions law and all but put him out
Ito came up nEhtinE however. Ia
spite OF Corhett'a strenuous at
tempta 70 put him 20 tho sleeping
emporium.
The next four rounds were Cor.
hritA after which Hanlon hraced
up and in the 18th he went nt Cor
hest for further orders. In this
round ha uppercut Corbett 70 the
face and stomach and the man from
Denver Was evidently very tired
The 18th endcd With honofa about
even. During the last two rounds
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03

Ilanion had things all his own was
lie stood up 20 COrhett aud ham
mefed away AZ his stomach untll
eofbett wac too tired II come bach
During the goth both men stood
with their heads on each others
shoulder and hammered away ifhe
good fclloWa Hhnlon was the
stronger. however. and forced Cor
belt all around the ring. lie ham
mersd Corhett'a stomach ana face
until the neuYerito nearly fell or
the stage lie managed 20 sfaEKtr
back into the ring bat Eas unable
IN accomplish anything The nght
ended with both men on their feet
and the crowd yelling for fLanion
Referee Romans decision salts
fled the spectators. All during the
fight Hanlon gave most OF htn at
teHtion 10 Cofbrtts stomach while
corhstt tried for the Jaw
Whrn CoFbe,t heard HoutAa's
decision he smashed him on the
Jaw. although be was hardly able
10 stand on his feet one ~ Han
laaa seconds raahed Into the nnE
and landed on Corhatt. but be I'D
not hit him hard enough 20 put che
vanqulshed fighter out The police
stopped the row.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
FAN FOOD

And slill they're going down.
Charlie Hall was Wild enough
Friday to loae the game.
Hall passed five men all told
during the game.
Kane. kcmmer and McHals all
make tWo-base hits.
The two Halls made the two or
rors Tor Seattle Friday.
Over there in Vancouver Is hits
we're made Ia Fridays game. Van
couyeF made Is aud Beilinkham ~.
brennan. OF nelllnEham. out OF
i've times az bat made a bit each
ume. Two Of them were home
runs
Oakland Portland and Frisco are
all punched inside OF rs polutA
Il took ten innings 10 do the trick
AZ Victoria Friday.
And the strike-outA we're numer-
Gus. GAlsaki daxncd nine and
Rowan six. Rowan also passed tive
men.
Johnnie Burns stole a hasa
Everett could not score = hlt OF
Rowan Friday.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
FAVORITES HAND
BOOKlES A BUNCH

Five fayoritcs romped home Al
The Meadows Friday. and the talent
went home with glad heart
Jockey T. Sullivan. mp on Rain
T Cloud. had a narrow escape from
serious injury in the first race
T His mount came tearing down for
the wire when the horse suddenly
stumbled and fell near the grand
stand. Sullivan was thrown al
most under the heels Of Bellona,
but escaped with nothing worse
than a bad shaking up
Starter Ed Duke had a bad day.
and complaints from the attend
ance we're numerous. Saturday aft
ernoon the principal event Will DO
the ladies' plate race OF five fur
longs for 2-year-olds. The purse
ls for 500, and some very prom
lslng youngsters are entered. Fol-
lowing is short summary Of the
days races.
First race. four furlonRs Cascade
OF Diamonds. Mclean up. 7 70 10. 1
70 4. out, won. Miss Spokane, Earn
shaw up. to I, even. second; Kis-
brook. 10 4. third. Time. 49h.
Second race. six furlongs-Lillian
Ayres. Wright up. 10 10 10. l TO 2.
out, won. Rublana. Herbert up. 2
to 3. 10 4. second; Grenore. Al
yarado up, even. third. Time.
1884.
Third race. six furlongs-dyrea.
Sherwood up. 6 20 s. 3 20 6, 1 TO 3.
won; III Warracco. +. Sullivan up. 7
10 10. 10 3. second. Standard, Al
yarado up, 10 3. third. Time, LID.
Fourth race. five furiongs-St.
Winnifride. Crosswsite up. 8 10 &.
| to 2. ! to 8. won Dorice, Herbert
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03

FIGHTING rs on DECLINE.
The prize ring has been greater
decline IN tho past 10 years than In
ali the years that went before. The
steps backward OF course are more
visible TO the old-timers than 10
the youngsters.
In 1884 / fought Mitchell IN Flor
ida. and our battle was only one of
about $50 or more that attracted
the attention OF the pugiiialic FOL
lowing the country over.
And those we're the days OF big
purses. Why. one fight then meant
more than a half dozen now, ] re
celyed $50. 900 for the battle with
Mitchell. and Fltkalmmona ana Hal
were 20 get $4,000. although all OF
Il was not paid. Stanton Abbott
and Harry Gilmore In Chicago got
away up In the double figures OF
thouaandH. Van Iioest and Gardner
in Minneapolis received $1,000.
Dansy Neadham and Mike Ryan got
a couple OF thousand apiece NJ
Mem phla. FIixaimmons and Cho-
ynHkt Melted a Eoodly sum In New
England. and Fttz and CFeedon IN
New Orleans drew close 20 $4,000
house.
In fact. all the fighters did much
better than 10 done today.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
NELSON
FIGHT TO DRAW

BALTIMORE. June Battling
Nelson and Kid Sullivan fought ak
rounds 20 q draw at this place Fri
day night When the referee hand
cd out hts decision the spectators
were Inclined 10 be dissatisfied.
claiming that Sullivan had a trino
the better OF the argument
Sullivan landed repeatedly on
Nelson's neck, usually getting Ia a
stiff punch in the break away. In
the fourth he knocked Nelson
through the ropes. Nelson's blows
we're all landed nj short range and
the crowd seemed 10 think he held
more than was necessary under or
binary cIreumalancea.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
A NEW OFFER, AND
MORE HEAVY VOTING
A BIG eHh'cE TO HELP YOUR FAVoRrE SCHOOL TEACHER
MISC WHITTIER or FOSTER EsrEas THE RAcE-Mls,
CHASE LEADS

In order 10 Introduce Tho Star
into new homes and keep up the
present intense interest In the
Worlds Fair contest. the following
offer will be made 20 our many
readers who are working for their
favorlte teacher
Next Wednesday. June Z. a cOu-
pom viii be published good for
10000 votes. provided ~ " accom-
panied by ONE NEW YEARLY
SUBSCRIPTION paid in advance.
This offer Is good only for new
subscriptions No renewals will
count under this offer.
Here's the best chance yet 10 help
your faYorite teacher get a free trip
70 the big fair.
Saturday the standing Of the can
dldates was shaken up again. Mics
Chase, Walla Walla. jumping In 10
first place Miss Wiley. Ballard
and Miss Armour. Columbia. made
decided gains and both are more
formidable in the race. while Miss
French. Mercer, advanced from %
% 10.
A new candidate In the person o.
Miss Irma Whittier. OF Foster. also
appeared In tho list with a go0dly
batch OF bali0tA
The total vote % data is 4af $40.
The vote Saturday Was $500.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03

up. 20 1. even. second. Eldred. r.
Kelly up. out. third. Time. 1 OF "a.
Firth race. five and a half fur
longs III chihuahua. Wright up. II
70 5. 20 I. out. won. Sterling Tow
era, r. Brown No. 90 2. 1, to 2.
second. Matt Hogan, Reed up. out.
third. Time. i0s.
Sixth race. one mtle-MRi Lowrey.
T. Stewart up. 3 20 5. 20 4, out.
won. Ripper. w. Smith up. 20 10.
out. second. Morwan. y Powell un.
even. third. Time, 1914.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
TIGERS SHUT OUT.

SAN FRANCISCO. June AMOS
kiman allowed the Tigers 20 make
ono hit In tho opening inning and
that was all As he got almost per
fcot support Tacoma was easily
shut out Score. R.H. T..
Oakland. 100000 IL 8 ]
Tacoma. 900 0 90 90 % 1 8
Batteries and Lob
man: Fitzgerald and Graham. Um-
pires. Perrino aud Bray.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
ANGELS DEFEATED.

los ANGELES. June s.-Basss
on balls and errors. together with
a few timely bits. enabled San
Francisco 90 defeat Los Angeles
Friday. bad base running on the
part Of tho home team also had
some bearing on the result, and but
for errors BY Neaion and Hide
brand In the fourth inning Los An
gola would have been shut out.
Score. r. II. r.
Angels. oooiooO0 0-l 4 :
Frisco. oSloo 900 0-B 6 3
Batterios--Gray and Spies; Will
Jams and Shea Umpire. Davis.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
casey's
Rheumatic Cure

Is guaranteed 70 cure Rheumatism
or money refunded II removes the
uric acid from the blood Made By
the John II. Casey Medicine Co.
spokane. Wash. For sale at Ken
nedy Drug Co. 627 First avenue Sc
attic. A. w. Preston. druggist. Bal
lard
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
MfTCHELL's INFLUENCE ON
BOXING.

Since referring 20 Charlie Mitch
ell. another story OF importance.
because OF It's after-effect on ring
history. comes TO mind. I have Of
ten heard discussed the body blow
and why pugllists as a rule paid as
much attention to ita development
no to the wallop that had the law
for its destination.
Mitchell. ! believe. was the first
man who used the body blow with
good resulta. At least he had a bet
ter idea OF its value than any man
ever faced. FitEsimmons, how
ever. developed the idea more thor
oughly than Mitchell.
Before tho Engllshman came 20
this country little had been heard OF
the stomach punch and the heart
paralyzsr In fact. pugilists paid
nearly all their attention 10 the
nose and Jaw.
When Mitchell met Burke AZ Chi
cago In tho early sos on the ocoa-
sion OF his first trip here, his ring
tactics opened the eyes OF the sports
and the ring men present Ito went
after Burke's body and blow after
blow was landed until he had the
big fellows ribs joltcd together and
his bump almost stopped
From that night American fight
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
IS CHAMPION

LONDON. June s--Nfisa Thomp-
son. the Engllshwoman Who Thurs
day defeated Miss Margaret Curtis.
u Massachusetts,. won the interna
ilonai golf championship a. Gro
mar Friday b. defeating AllAa stu
art. Of Ireland.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
CHERRY LASS WON

LONDON. June 3.--The race Tor
the Oaks stake Of 5000 soyerelgna
was run AZ Epson Friday aud was
won By Cherry tAsA Queen OF the
Earth was second and Amitle rid
dcn By Maher. ths American Jockey.
was third. Twelve horses started.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1905-06-03
PITCHERS sf.AuGHTrREp.

VANCOUVER. June at was a
case OF a bombardment on both
sides here Friday. Belllngham get
ting a little the best of the bargain.
won out There were rs hits all
told. Is off Calf and 10 off o'Bricn
and Thomas.