davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ward County independent. [volume] (Minot, Ward County, N.D.) 1902-1965, 1905-07-26
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.

Ainot: N: D., July 6, 1905.
Notice is hereby given that the following
named settler has hled notice Of his intention
to make final proof in support of his claim, and
that said proof viii be made before the REGIS
tor and Recover, U. 8. Land O6icSa Minot,
y. D, on August II. 1905. viz: Francis Clsge
l53, range IS.
He names the following Witnesses to prove
bis continuous residence upon and cultivation
Of ssid land. viz:
Jack Shea, Joe Williamson, Ira Stoddard,
Frank Tumble. all Of Minot, N. D.
7-l2S-l6 3. C. samoan. Register.
Jourgen Olson, Agent for Claimant.
The Ward County independent. [volume] (Minot, Ward County, N.D.) 1902-1965, 1905-07-26

Butter milk is cold at the Mi
not creamery at five cents a
gallon. tt
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
DID YOU EVER WONDER

Why baby carriage isn't known as
. crycycle7
Why 1t is so much easier to be wrong
than 1t is to be president?
Why some people manage to talk 4
great deal without saying anything7
Why 80 many OF our coming men
seem to be handicapped from the start7
Why the company that issues the
map has the only curveless railroad
lhereon7 4. n @
Why the average man invariably
makes a fool OF himself every time he
tries to act up? .si sfs.
g Why men are nearly always embar-
rassedswhen they propose either imam
edally or otherwise?
= hy.iso many men who are anxious
to work when sick are Just al anxious
70 axodd It when wellf
\ Why some men are not as black as
thsy are painted and some are not a.
white as they are whitewashed7 Gin
cinnatt Enquirer. i, ss
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
Did Not Go to Roost.

A matter Of fact mind, like Mrs. Sal
ters, is d comfort to the person who
has 1t; and never ending delight to
xheperson's friends: - .'c ~ =. = i:
II suppose you wentto bed with the
chickens while you were away" said
one of the neighbors after Mrs. Salter
had returned from her vacation visit to
q farm.
mo, indeed, said Mrs. Saiter indig-
nantly5 ''They were very neat, quiet
people, though they've never had city
advantages We had rooms in the
front Of the house. on the second story,
and the chickens slept somewhere at
tie back Of the house. We never saw
them after sunset and we were there
nearly three weeks. i am sure farming
people are often. more particular than,
we have been led to suppose y =
Youths Companion. 4 s.@E
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
THE OLD PORTAGE ROAD.
ouiAt by Pennaylvania with Material
BROUGHT From ENGLAND.

ouilt by Pennsylyania with Material
Brought From England.
I. For some time prior to 1900 travel
across Pennsylvania had been in ca
noes and in river barges propelled by
poles or along the shores Of rivers by
horse and foot and by Intervening
portages on Indian trails, connecting
points on the different rivers. The
Philadelphia ittsburg national pike
was built upon such a substantial basis
that wherever undisturbed one still
dnds the gracefully modelled arches Of
solid masonry almost intact after more
than a century has passed! The COM
pletion of the Old Portage railroad by
the state Of Pennsylvania In 1884 put
IN end to the time honored coach and
SIX" with the many picturesque and
commodious inns and taverns along the
line Of this broad macadamized toll
road, which with its substantial con-
struction was in point of endurance
second only to the Roman military
roads Of Great Britain. 1ssY., n.
This Old Portage road: was construct
ed from material brought from Eng
land. The British government sent
over experienced engineers to instruct
the Americans tn the running Of the
stationary steam engines used upon
the inclined planes of the road In the
Allegheny mountains. The railroads
highest point was about 2,7OO, feet
above sea level, being only 200 feet
lower than the neighboring hill, which
is the highest point Of the Allegheny
mountains in Pennsylvania. The road
consisted lof ten planes, i've Of which
were on either side Of the mountain
and intervening levels. In 1885 the
canal boats were so constructed that
they could be taken in sections and
hauled over the mountain on fiat cars
without disturbing their cargoes. The
rails were secured to stone sleepers,
twenty inches square, which were sunk
In the ground. - ~; @' -
On the Old Portage road the best
time for the forty miles between Hol-
and Johnstown7 was twelve
hours. Express, trains on the Pennsyl-
vania railroad now, run closely par
allel distance over the Allegheny noun
tains In q trifle over one hour. The
passenger traffic on the road In those
days was usually limited to one car
each way day, with a capacity Of
thirty passengers. ...':'t'e-. =, -. ~:
In 1854 the Pennsylvania Railroad
company bought the Portage road from
the state Of Pennsylvania Chicago
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
Stop ct Hotel Boardman. st. Paul.
Modern and up-todate European Hotel.
Annual Spring Excavations East.-De:
troit and Return $500, susfaIo
:, and Return S1A M ~ p, 80.

trolt and Return $500, Buffalo
> and Return $14.o0. y p 80.
On June 9Th. 9th, 18th and 18th, the
Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic
Railway will run their popular rail
and lake excursions from Duluth to
Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland and Buffalo
The excursions leave Duluth via the
Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic rail-
way, connecting at st. Ignace, Mich
igan with the famous D. & c. detroit
& Cleveland Navigation CO.. steamers.
To Detroit -(and intermediate
points, and return, $1,000.
To Toledo and return, $3.50.
To Cleveland and return, 1880.
To Buffalo and return, $14O0.
Final return of limit Of last excur-
sion, July 7th.
For full Information regarding the
scenic route, palatial steamers and
special attractions for these excur-
sions, as well as for sleeping car or
stateroom reservation, please apply
to Mart Alison, General Agent, 430
West Superior St, Duluth, MINI.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
silver Thaw.

Silver thaw' is name applied to
winter phenomenon Of frequent occur
renee at Ben Nevis observatory. 1t con-
sists Of rain falling when the air is be-
low freezing point and congealing
whenever 1t reaches the ground. OF
course thispoints to an inversion of the
temperature, which is lower on the
mountain top than. at greater heights,
and, being largely associated with q cy-
clonic distribution Of pressure, 1t IL Of
considerable "forecasting' value.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
Toronto and Return $4,000.

Account the international Sunday
School association meeting at Toronto,
Canada, the Duluth, South Shore and
Atlantic railway, announce the follow
ing low round trip rates from Duluth:
ALI rail, direct, :. .. :, $4,000
Rail to Sault Ste. Marie, ="
Steamer to Owen Sound,
thence rail to Toronto. -. 1880
(Includfng meals and
berth on steamer.)
Rail to st. Ignace, D. & c.
steamer to Port Huron
and rail to Toronto. ...... 1895
Tickets on sale June 18th, 10Th, 21st
and 22d, which can be extended for
return passage mp to August 25th.
For full particulars regarding other
routes and rates, and for sleeping car
reservation, please apply to, Mart
Adson, general agent, Duluth, MINI,
430 West Superior street.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
.<-~is.~-T. ---~-S- 49,. ----
BRAVE DECATUR.
The story. OF His Fierce Attack ON &
Tripolitan Vessel.

The story OF His Fierce Attack ON .
= Tripolitan vesseI.
Gardner w. Allen In his book, Our
Navy and the, Barbary Corsairs," re-
tells the old story of how Commodore
Stephen Decatur, then a lieutenant in
the United States navy. attacked a
frfpolitan vessel. The incident occur
red in 1904. when Preble was lying off
Tripoli. Young Decatur had been told
that the captain Of this vessel had
treacherously murdered his brother,
John Decatur. after he had surrendered
to him. Mr.. Allen writes: HE ran
alongside and Mt once boarded with
Macdonough and the remnant of his
crew. Decatur singled out the captain,
q man of great size and strength, and
attacked him furiously. The Tripoli-
tan made thrust with his boarding
pike. and In attempting to parry the
blow Decatur's cutlass was broken off
at the hilt, leaving him for The mo-
ment unarmed.- Another thrust of the
pike wounded him in the arm. Decatur
seized the weapon, wrenched it away
and grappled with his antagonist. Aft
er a short struggle they ell to the deck.
with Decatur on top. }
Meanwhile the two crews were fight
ing furiously about their leaders, and
q Tripolitan aimed blow at Decatur's
head with his scimiter, when a seaman
named Daniel Frazier, having both
arms disabled by wounds, interposed
his head and received the blow, which
laid open the scalp. The Tripolitan
captain, being more powerful than De-
catur, soon turned him underneath and,
holding him down with his left hand,
drew knife and was about to plunge
1t into his breast. -, az VI :, g.
Decatur seized the uplifted arm
with his left hand, while he managed
to get his right; into his pocket, where
he had a pistol. Giving it the proper
direction, he fred through the pocket
The giant relaxed his hold and fell
dead. Having lost seventeen killed, in
Guiding their leader, the seven surviv-
ing Tripolitans, four Of whom were
wounded, soon gave up the fight"
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
PiTH' AND POINT.

Three-fourths Of the things that are
put of could be done at once.
II 1t is your, praise a man is singing;
1t doesn't make any difference IL he
can carry the tune or not.
In looking back over his past every
man must admit that the sun shone a
great deal and that he made little hay.
Occasionally you find a man who en-
joys staying at home so much that he
will let7his wife sweep all around him.
The Jolly blacksmith and Jolly inn
keeper belong to song and history, but
they have got the blues since ventur-
ing into modern life.
! In every small town there IL some
poor old failure Of man with a big
family hanging on him OF whom it is
said, He was considered. as great catch
when he was young."--Atchison Globe
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
ANIMAL IRREGULARITIES.

FisA and Crabs That Can Initiate
Their. surroundings. ~:
Many insects, birds, animals and even
fish and crabs are wonderfully clever
imitators. They will take upon them
selves the color, shape or position Of
their surroundings so perfectly that
neither friend nor enemy. can discover
their whereabouts.
There is a fish to be seen In the kelp
beds about the island of Santa Catalina
which has a clever way of making IT
Se1f invisible. The body is slender, with
q pointed head and prominent eyes.
Along the back is continuous frill,
which is the dorsal fin, while, opposite,
the anal fin is equally ornamented. The
ash vary in color. Some are amber, 9th
ers orange or vivid green, while some
have two hues combined. dark and light
green or olive and yellow. These pecu-
liaritfes Of form and color render the
fish marvelously like the kelp leaves
among which it seeks protection.
A number of these fish were placed
Ia the tanks Of the geological gardens,
where they might be observed. They
showed great uneasineSs, some Of item
even leaping" from tho tank. Another
tank was prepared, where the natural
surroundings Of tho fsh were initiated
as nearly as possible. A branch Of ma
crocystis, with leaves hanging in the
water, was suspended over the tank.
The most uneasy Of the fish were placed
In the new home; and their change OF
feeling was soon evident. One swan at
once to the kelp leaves and poised 1t.
self, head downward. Another, with
head poised upward, became remark
able imitation OF the hanging leaves In
shape and color The fish made no
further effort to; escape. -: -. '>..1-'
Another inhabitant Of the kelp beds is
an olive green crab, which clings to the
under side Of the kelp tangles. This
crab also showed great uneasiness
when it was placed IN tank. When
the kelp was introduced 1t crawled up
on 1t and was at once almost invisible,
70 much did.it resemble the kelp leaves.
Another crab makes itself look exactly.
Hike a rough stone When 1t is alarmed
It draws up Its legs and appears a bit
Of inanimate stone.
Several deep sea spiders which had
been found alta depth of 800 feet were
kept in tank for several weeks. When
taken from the, dredging net they were
1 dark brown, though presumably the
spot where they came from was SO dark
that they could scarcely have been seen.
Yet even this type OF apparently slug
gish life had sufficient intelligence to
realize that in the light of: the tank it
was conspicuous object, SO 1t begana
to add seaweed to it's back. The sea-
weed was plucked, then passed to the
mouth and finally attached not to the
back, but to the point Of the shell above
the mouth so that it fell over the back
like a gorgeous plume, making the crab
very conspicuous, But when It was
startled the plume of seaweed would
point upward and the crab would be-
come rock with tuft Of seaweed
growing upon It, well calculated to de-
eeive the most. observing enemy. New
York Herald }~,:gl ,:.-.@s''s: =. ?,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

From many selections from Marcus
,Aurelius we~choose this. as,ahoyxing his
keen insight into this weak human ma
ture Of ours: Il have often wondered
how II y that every man loves himself
more than all the rest Of men, but ~
sets L. value on his own sopiai6n Sof
himself than on the opinion Of others"
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
NOT old A.e.

"Weel, John, how are you today r
asked a Scottish minister on meeting
one Of his parishioners. IS
fGey weel, sir; gey weel," replied
John cautiously; "gin it wasna for
the Rheumatism in the RIGHT leg"
: "Ah, John, be thankful, for there IL
no mistake you are getting old like the
rest Of us, and old age doesn't come
alone.' 49, 1. 80 is:f
"Auld age, sir" returned John. II
wonder to hear ye. Aud age has
naething tae dae wit. Here's my
ither leg 1ist as aud. an It's soond an
soople YET
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
no Animals Thank..

S~~eS@@eSA~
! The following facts, which saw
with my own eyes on repeated occa-
sions, fully convinced me that animals
have the powers Of memory and
thought. i once had a three parts
bred black and tanfterrier,: which slept
In basket in my bedroom that opened
into the nursery. One of my children
was from Ill health very fractions, and
whenever Tiny heard it cry she would
go into the nursery, hunt about until
she found a squeaking rag doll, take It
to the side Of the cot and, sitting up
shake it to amuse the child. II In do
ing this she did not display powers of
memory, thought and reflection utter.
~ fail to see to what her clever per-
Torrance could be attributed. London
Globe: ~ = !" - sAr'- ~,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
Cautaou.,..

Markley-I say, suppose You pay me
back that 10 shillings you owe me
now" Borroughs Really, old man, /
can't do that. Markley-But you've
got It to spare today. Borroughs II
know, but there's no telling when l
may need II London Telegraph.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
,HaA Has own Tross.... I.

49, hAS UWh VHO0UAo0s
Are you an advocate Of woman's
1rightsr asked the woman with the
square chin. ;.-
Not me" answered the meek and
lowly representative Of the other sex.
Mans wrongs take up all my spare
time." Chicago News. t ~
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
Leelkinx FerSxarA.

The Invalid The doctor says must
not smoke o.. drink for q, year. Friend
LON = we'll be knows you'll. have %
economist TO NEST his bia!-Nsw YprS
Press.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
The most refined tented enterprise on earth
!. G0llmar Bros.
Greatest OF American e. I ; 4
Shows.
The most refined tented enterprise on earth

MILLION DOLLAR MENAGERIE and roman hip
podrome 100 premier acts given in big rings elevated
stages and in md-air 80 clowns 10 champion riders of
the world the famous Petit family Europes greatest
lacrobats; the flying Mazzettas the Landown troupe
statute artists MAXWELL Nelson troupe of aeria1sts
heard Of ponderous eephants Daisy the playful baby
elephant;a VIack Vark Africa; the only sacred
white camel the only living black hppop from
the river Nile An amusement organizations without a
peer Now the biggest and the best. Every morning at
10 o'clock the largest and the magnificent free street
displays II the world open dens of savage beasts
massive steam piano. Of bands 10 kinds Of music
and historical and NEUROLOGICAL characters
Two Performances Daily
Doors opsn at snd 4 ). m. $685. M
for inspection Of the menagere performance one hour
ater VIII be seen at Bismarck Friday June..16
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

MODERN BROTHERHOOD or ANERYc6.
Meets every 3nd and lsh Thureday 81 each
month In Oddfellows' hall. g. "A. Hea.
/, president; Mrs Ida White, secrsssry.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

syl!E-1 a. O. y. ".
BISMARCK LODGE NO. 1so. MEETS THE
J g o'clock. John Mclaughlin, NJ. W.: Bradlex
I c. Aarkss Recorder. e -, q a.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

FRAT..RNAL oRDKR on EAcLEa.-gi,
mafck Aet5e No. eo5 mssts q ttsf hnn
Tuesday night Of each week vlslllaG hfsths
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
RATHBONRN SISTERS.

LINCOLN TEMPLE NO. q, MEETS EVERY
second and fourth Thussdey Of each month
ct K z. ball, Baker block Amanda Law
renee, n. E. G.; Mary TnFnes, u. Of e. Z.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

BISMARCK CHAPTER, NO. IL. q. z q
Meets FIRST and third Fridays IA eaeh ms,nts
Ct Masonic hall, Dakota block. Ennms II
!; Falconer. W.. M; Hattie Shelton, Secretary.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08
!. 7: PATTERSON.
; Z ATTORNEY Al Law,
First National Bank B,ook
SECRET SOCIETIES

- NASONlC. ISL
BISMARCK LODGE, A II. "a NJ, No. &
Nests first and third Mondays In eacl
M, Burt Finney. Seeretary. 80 -. -
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-06-08

.rANcRED cOMMANDERY, KNIGH
Templar. No. !. Meets third Thursday
each month 1t Masonic hall, Dakota So
": a; Dillon, E. c. Aurdock NcKenx
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1905-10-08
Strawberries.

Lord Seton, the renowned gourmet
was once Intercepted as to the best
mode of eating Strawberries and re-
piled: Sprinkle them slightly with
powdered white sugar candy and few
drops Of Malmsey. Take them after
breakfast or for supper or after dinner
after plain biscuit ice" When n once
we'll known diplomatist attended his
hrst garden party after arriving in
London lie YVES shown dish of straw
berries and cream. "Pourquol falrey''
cried lie. explaining that lie could NOT
bring himself to fancy that the mess
was Intended for the food OF men. =
London Truth.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1905-10-08
A Criticism, hy Lisxt.

A story Of List recltcs that OH q
certain occasion Miss NJ. was pla :.
Ing sonata By Sterndale Bennett, Il
work or very prosy type and &C :
tainly lacking in anything like spol-
taneity or poetry. List WAS evident
~ not familiar with 1t. so, after PLAY.
ing some six or seven pages. lie gently
tapped Miss NJ. on the arm and said
"Mademoiselle. wOuhl you kindly name
the piece you are pGforming;' Ger
tainly. sir" she replied. Iii is the
sonata The Maid Of Orleans by Viii.
liam Sterndale Bennett" HIM" sud
List. IFS pity the original manu-
script didn't meet the same fate rs the
maid"
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1905-10-08
aaANSceRic Routa
sSss9TS|tQ the West.

hour aud so minutes TO Richmond.
Schedule in Effect June 4, 1905.
LEAVE NEWPORT NEWS:
7:i0 a. M, daily. Local to Richmond
Connects for Lynchburg, Lexington,
Va, New Castle and Clifton Forge,
except Sunday for Rosncy anu lGB.
mont Leaves Fort Monroe, 1910 Il.
M: Phocbus. 7:13 n. M; Hampton,
Ills q. M. ge
1910 Il. M, daily, Fast train To Rich.
mond (stopping only Mt WilinniI-
burg), arrives Richmond 1l:is "A. ui..
connecting with "St. Louis Special"
leaving . y, IN. with Pullman for Gin
cinnati, Indianapolis and Chiragu;
and Pullman service for ST. Louis
and Louisville. Cafe Parlor Car. Old
Point to Ronceverto. Leaves Fort
Monroe, $40 n. M; Hampton. 9:iS
a. IN.
5:25 p. M, daily. Fast Train for Rich.
mond (stopping only at Williams
burg), arrives Richmond 700 D. m.
Connecting with F. +. ", isaving
1O:45 p NJ, carrying Pullman Sleep
cr to Cincinnati and Louisville.
Leaves Fort Monroe, 455 D. m;
Phoebus. 4:5S p. In, and Hamptou,
5:03 p. III.
$40 u. m, dailq, stops at local sta
lions on Peninsula, connects at Rich
mond with L. +. V. Limited.
TRAINS ARRIVE FROM RICHMOND
$3.50 n. M, daily: 1890 a. m, daily;
$3.50 p. M, daily, and 1920 D. in.
daily.
Steamer Virginia leaves 7:4O a. M,
daily, for Norfolk and Portsmouth;
1885 a. M. daily. for Norfolk, aud
6;35 p. m. daily. for Norfolk aDd
Portsmouth.
Call on MIR. e. W. Robinson. Ticket
Agent, Newport News, Va, for tho
lowest rates by any possible route TO
the West and Southwest.
w. o. WARTHEN. Dist. Pass. Art.
II. w. FULLER, Gen. Pass. AIT -
c. L. DOYLE, General Managcr.
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1905-10-08
EARLY CALIFORNIA SHIPS.
How Commerce Grew In Piouecs
Days of the Golden state.


Days OF the Golden state.
The first European vessel to enter
the port of San Francisco of which
there is any record was the Eagle. in
1916. commanded by Captain William
ii. Davis. Size sailed from Boston via
the Sandwich Islands and Alaska She
carried an assortment of goods which
were revelation TO the natives. and
tncir garments OF skins and hides We're
substituted by the clothing of civiliza.
tion. Payments were made in hides,
taliow. soap and fish. The Eagle then
became engaged I'm tho sea otter trade
AMI was very successful. us offers
were plentiful in San francisco bay
and NIL along the coast. She made
three trips. netting about $4,000 ON
each trip. This stimulated others. and
this discovery no doubt gave an i'm
nctus TO commerce which made this
port known 10 the world.
Commerce In those DAYS OF mamma
was carried on in what might be term
ed free and easy" manner. On
many articles the duty was 100 nor
cent. which practically amounted TO
contiscation or made smuggling ncccs-
srry in self defense. The Mexican OF,
fcialS generally opcned the door Ere.
quently vessels were permitted to pass
Monterey. the port of entry. going 1,
1erba Rucna and. after selling as
much of the cargo rs possible. to re-.
turn t, Monterey for entry and dis
pose of the remainder.
The shippers wore not sworn rs TO
tho value of the cargo. They gave fic-
titious invoices anil by this mean;
would get of on the payment of 5000
on 100000 cargo
1t became so customary to swindlr
the government rs scarcely to excite
comment. except in cases where good;
were concealed in false Things OF tho
vessels and The government officials
were outwittcd.