The sun., 1905-08-06


| Mr. chsuning mAkss tie facts more cIsax.
He says: rwriters on this period have
oftsntimes ridicuisd the line or dsmarcs-
be drawn. Possibly this has resulted from
q misoonception OF what the Pope really
tried to do. In those days European mon
archs, all Of whom stih owed allegiance to
the ecclesiastical organization Of which
the Pope was the head, acknowledged that
he had some peculiar authority with regard
to the distribution OF land ETen this
statement requires some qualification, fof
neither the English nor the French SOW
ereigns acknowledged the Pope's authority
In the case Of the New World. Mr., Chan
ming goes on .When Columbus returned
from his 'rst voyage. the Pope authorized
Ferdinand and Isabella to send out ex-
peditions to lands situate westwsrds to-
wards the ocean, and afterwsrd, owing
perhaps to the insistenoe Of the King OF
Portugal, laid down Q definite line to mark
the regions beyond which the Spaniards
might make voyages Of discovery. 1t
does not seem likely that he had any thought
Of cutting the earth In halves and assigning
one-half to Spain. What he wanted to
do was to prevent fighting. II the earth
should turn out to be round, and conflicting
claims should be set up on the other side,
succeeding PontifYs could determine In
each case, - 1t arose, which party had the
better right. As matter Of fact, tho line
seas nsrsr drapn, and, in the end, the whole
question became Of little Importance. -
Spain absorbed Portugal In the time OF
Philip H."
In the pages devoted by Mr.. Claiming
to American discoveries We look In vain
for the name Of Cabral, the Portuguese
navigator who In 1900 made landfall on
the coast Of what IL now called Brazil.
The reader Of the narrative, accordingly,
fails to have his attention called TO the
fact, not overlooked by Mr.. Payne. that
q discovery Of America must inevitably
have been attained in the early part OF the
sixteenth century quite independently OF
the project Of Columbus and owing ex-
clusively to the efforts made by the Portu-
gueee to reach India by ciroumnavigating
Africa which. for the first time since the
days OF Pharaoh Necho, was accomplished
by Vasco da CANA In 1903. Mr.. Payne
gives the reasons for bic assertion that the
route to tho southwark around the African
coast could not have been long pursued
without leading TO discovery Of America.
The great equatorial current could Of It.
self hardly fail to drift some African ex-
plorer to the coast Of Brazil and the ex-
perience OF Portuguese nsvigators with re-
gard to the perils which beset the western
coast Of Africa had produced an addi-
tional element which made such q result
certain. To avoid these perils, the navi-
gator who desires to round the cape finds
IA y L. % kt,<a uk NH l.
ian Of the Cape Verde Islands until be has
reached the latitude Of the Cape Of Good
Hope, and even to employ the trade winds
to make his southing some degrees west
ward Of that meridian. This practise,
adopted to the present day by sailing ves-
sells, was enjoined on his successors by
vasoo da CANA himself. Mr.. Payne sug-
gests that, when in 1900 the expedition
commanded by Peter Alvarez Cabral was
making for the East Indies, 1t probably
stood out to westward more than was neces-
sary. However this may be. 1t not only
drifted into the equatorial current, but en-
oountered q heavy gale Of wind
Whom the gale abated. one Of the vessels
was no longer In sight. Cabral was con-
tinuing his course westward in the hope
OF coming up with her, when to his delight
and astonishment no sis"eso hiSn lAnu
IN the oistsnoe ~ was tne mountain
range caneo rsscoai. aho near 'ne 'efS
spot wnion tne spanish havlsaeor rlh.on
nao ieit thlee mohths De'ore. onoos.ns
oonVen,ehI pisoe' 70 ~nlon ne gave ING
name OF forto Sesu,o' C4olai .anoeo ano
took possession In the name Of King EN-
manuel Of Portugal Under the shade OF
. lsrgo 1ree' on inc ".'le 's'sno oi ooIos
Vermeina, no caused mass 70 % oeieola.eo
before the wondering nAuvee' anu aioer
erecmg = stone p,iiar IN 'no pAoe oes
patcneo oaspar 90 nemos 70 lol.usAi WIN
tne news apo pursueo MS journey 70 Eng
lana. lnouen lm1oh anu he.e nau al
ready reaoneo the same ooas.' vas soon
proved 10 he ",tnin tne nn''s assigned 70
fortussl oy the iroa.y ot iolue'eniae u4s.l.
Inc fortusuese monarch nsmeo 1ne ne.
country the .A,snu OF 'ne nov Sross, ouy
the seameh OF rortugsi, VINO nag lons oeon
m searcn Oh tno "Ituioa' ls'@nuo ol nlaA.
IN the Nortnern ooesh, reeoeni|ea ~
TINS new ano' as oIherb hau Tecoshizeo |