davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
PISTOL DROPS; MAN KILLED.

South psko+a Town Marshal Wounded
While Playing Violin.
Sick City, Iowa, Nov. 20. = Town
Marshal George Joslvn of Geddes, S
D., died in a hospital here yesterday
from an accidental pistol wound re.
ceived Sunday at his home while he
was playing a violin. Joslyn's revolver
dropped from his hip pocket, caught
DOR the chair, and was discharged,
the bullet entering the abdomen.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Fireman Killed.

Hceckinridge, Mimi, Nov. 20. - An.
drew Anderson, oldest son of John An.
derson of this place, was killed at
Morris, on the Great Northern rail
way, by being caught in some manner
between the water tank and engine
on which he was firing.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Three Shot in Quarrel.

Milwaukee, Nov. 29.-During a fam.
lily quarrel last night Frank Alliota
was shot in the head, an infant son
was shot through the body and his
wife:'s arm vas broken. The police are
searGirg for Alliota's brother
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Pies Mother Made.

Mrs. Newlywed-Well, Henry, how
do you like my pies?
Mr.. Newlywed-My dear, they are
Just like the pies that my father used
to say were not like his mother used
to make.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
news OF THE NORTHWEST
GEN BEND is DEAD.
Was for Years Prominent in Minneso-
ia National Guard.

ia National Guard.
st. Paul, Nov. 2S.-Brig. Gen. w. B.
Bend, for years one of the foremost
figures in the Minnesota national
guard, and for nearly thirty years a
prominent business man Of st. Paul,
died suddenly at his home, 239 Sum-
nit avenue, at 8 o'clock last evening,
after a short illness. Gen. Bend had
scarcely known a sick day in his life
until q week ago, having always en-
Joyed robust health. A week ago a
carbuncle foormed which developed
into blood poison and the end came at
8 o'clock last evening. Gen. Bend was
one of the oldest living members of
the Minnesota national guard. He
was born in New York city in 1887.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Conductor Accidentally Shot.

La Crosse, Wis, Nov. 29.-Conduc.
tor Jerry Callahan of the Burlington,
was shot through the leg at his home
by the accidental discharge of his re,
volver. Callahan was changing his
trousers when the revolver dropped to
the floor and was discharged.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Football Kills Bav.

Salem, Mass, Nov. 26.-Arthur w.
Foote, a pupil of Phillips grammar
school here. died yesterday from in
ternal injuries sustained in a football
game recently. Foot was thirteen
years old.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
DEATH In SHOOTING ARRAY.

Woman Claims Killing Of Man Was an
Accident.
Mason City, Iowa, Nov. 28.-P. Rey.
nolds was shot and killed last night.
He and Miss Caddy O'Brink were in a
room alone, and she says they were
scufaing over the revolver when the
weapon was accidentally discharged.
The bullet struck Reynolds over the
left eye, killing him instantly. The
coroner will make a thorough investi-
cation.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
KILLED ON WAY TO FUNERAL.

Prominent Iowa Falls Man Is Thrown
From Carriage.
Iowa Fats, Iowa, Nov. 29.-Whileo on
his way to attend the funeral of A.
Page, a railroad conductor, yesterday
afternoon Patrick J. Brando, a well
known business man of this city, was
thrown from his carriage and instant.
ly killed.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Cashier Absconds With $4,000.

Fredericktown, Mo-, Nov. 26.-Gran-
vile Owen, cashier of the Bank OF
Mayti, has disappeared and it is
charged that he has absconded with
$4,000 of the banks funds. A reward
of $500 has been offered for him.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
SUES ADAMS FOR $4,000

Uncle Sam Trying to Recover From
Alleged Embezzler.
Seattle, Wash, Nov. 20. - United
States District Attorney Frye yester-
day served papers on George Edward
Adams in a civil suit for The recovery
OF $4,000, a portion of the amount al.
legged to have been embezzled from
the assay office by the former cashier.
Adams is denying that he made two
full confessions. He is trying to secure
counsel to defend him. Mrs. Adams
has retained counsel to. protect her
property in the proceedings.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
CRAWFORD TO A N
Box Car, Bandits Request for Com.
mutation of Sentence Denied.

st. Paul, Nov. 2S.-The petition OF
c. D. Crawford for communication of
sentence to life Imprisonment was de,
MED by the state board of pardons.
Crawford was convicted of the muir,
der of Heine Lundeen and sentenced
to be hanged. A special meeting of
the board of pardons was held to hear
Crawford's petition for Communication
Of sentence. Both sides were repre-
sented, and after hearing the case the
board denied the application by unan.
tmouS vote.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
WOMEN SECURE CLAIMS.
Party of'Four From Sioux City Take
Up Government Land,

Rapid City, S. D., Nov. 20. - -Four
well known women of Sioux City have
Just returned from a sixty-mile trip
east of this place, where they have
taken up claims on government
ground. They are Mrs. M. A. Wilson
DR.. Harriet Comstock, Miss Anna Sieh
and Miss Hattie ]. Elliott. Their
claims are in the best part Of the
farming and grazing district, and they
report that early in the spring they
Will return and make good their loca'
lions and bring back several friends tc
start a colony there.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
BOY STRIPPED OF CLOTHING.
Cedar Rapids Alarmed Over Antics Of
a Mad Man.

a Mad Man.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Nov. 90. -
Jack the Hugger" has been at work
here for the past two months and
scores of women and girls have been
assaulted by the fellow, who rides a
wheel, jumping off when he meets
them alone and attempts to force his
attentions upon them. He operates
early in the evening and has managed
SO far to evade arrest. Last evening
he caught a small boy returning home
across a vacant lot, stripped him of
his clothes and then allowed him to
go. 1t Is believed he is insane and
will commit a terrible crime unless
apprehended.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
SUSTAIN scHANDEIN WILL.
Daughter Is Chief Beneficiary of ST..
100000 EstSte,

Milwaukee, Nov. 28.-Judge Carpen.
ter, in a lengthy decision, sustained
the will Of Mrs. Lisette Schandein
and admitted the instrument to pro.
bate. The will makes Mrs. Jacob
Heyl the chief beneficiary of the ST.
100000 estate, and Mrs. ELLA Frank
and Emil Schandein, two other chill.
dren, we're cut off with a small allow.
ance. The contestants sought to
break the will, alleging undue influ.
ence on the part Of Jacob Heyl.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
Falls OF Train on TrestIe.

Helena, Mont, Nov. 28.-John Cope.
land, a cattleman living at Chinook,
while passing through Helena on a
stock train, fell from a trestle and
sustained serious injuries, not regain.
Ing consciousness for some time.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
IMPURE DRINKS AT wINoNA.

saloonkeepers and Grocer Each Are
Fined $25 and Costs.
Winona, Mimi, Nov. 2S. - Pure
Food Inspector John McCabe has
made another raid in Winona and
captured three offenders in his drag.
net. Mic Grathen and Charles Holz,
saloonkeepers, were each fined $25
and costs for keeping %adulterated
blackberry brandy, and J. Bart
Taisey, a grocer, was fined $25 and
costs fer keeping ]evaporated cream
containing less than 20 per cent but.
ter. fat.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
STEALS TO GET INSURED.

Sioux City Man Puts Up Stolen Watch
to Secure Policy.
Sioux City, Iowa, Nov. %. = The
scandals in insurance circles do not
seem to have lessened the value Of
insurance in the estimation Of G. A.
Carpenter, who was so anxious to Sc
cure a policy for the protection Of his
parents after his death that he stole
a watch from Peter Nelson, his land.
lord, ana PIT it up as security with
the agens who wrote him a policy. In
the police court the young man made
no defense and pleaded guilty.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
TO INFLUENCE WITNESS.

Mar on StanG n Car Case Says De.
fAnse Offered Aid.
Yenktor. s. D., Nov. 28-In the Sam
Carr murder trial yesterday, in cross
examination, Walter Wilson, a star
witness FOR the state, was asked if he
had not been promised some immuni-
ty by She state in a case of assault
pending against hin if he gave dam.
aging evidence against Carr, the de.
PENDANT. Wilson denied it, but said
he had beer offered help if he would
give his evidence 81 as to clear Carr.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
pidn,t KNOW the GANG,

DidnTc Know She Came.
Hdith-Papa is immensely pleased.
to hear you are a poet.
Ferdy-1s he?
Edith-Oh, very-the last Of my Low.
ers he tried to lick was . football
player.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1905-12-07
CHILD HAS NARROW ESCAPE.
Infant Rescued From Burning House
at MarshalItown.

at MarshalItown.
Marshalitown, Iowa, Nov. 29.-Fire
at 2 o'clock yesterday morning de.
stroyed the residence of B. A. Church
and DR.. G. c. Cottles, one of the finest
in the city. Defective wiring is sup.
posed to have started the fire. The
families were asleep and one child had
a narrow escape. it's bed being on fire
when the was reached. The loss
is about $4,000; partly insured.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Minstrel Show

Tomorrow, Friday night. in the
Wilson Opera House the entertain
mens by the Nezperoe Minstrsls viii
be given for the beneh, of the Free
Public Library. About twenty-five
persons viii take part in the show,
which for spectacular effects perhaps
has never been squaled in the upper
Clearvser. The grand circle, the
choruses, the big cake walk. the
farce and specialties will 60 toward
making up the evenings entertain
ment. The iroup has been drilled
under the management of J. I.
Bainbridge, who has been ably
assisted by Mrs. Cooper and Mrs.
Winter, who has had charge
of the piano throughout the practice
and will furnish the music for the
occasion.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Postal Rulins.

Postmaster Hardwick received the
following letter this week bearing or
circular matter for delivery by ru'
raj mail carriers.
Replying TO your letter of Fsbru.
ary 2sth, you are advised that cir
cular matter for delivery by rural
carriers to patrons Of rural free de-
livery must be individually addressed
to the patrons and postage thereon
paid on each individual piece at the
rate per ounce or fraction thereof,
accordingto the classification. Pos
tage cannot be paid on such matter
in the aggregate. Respectfully,
c. A. CoNRARD,
Acting 4th Assistant P. M. General.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

Hon. c. d. Thomas and family
ief, Shnday for Boise. from which
point they will shortly depart fof
Twin Falls. where Mr.. Thomas has
accepted a posiiion on The state land
board. which will require his absence
from Nerpcrce for period Of two
years At least. Mr.. Thomas and
bis es,inzble family have hlled a
large space in our social and busi-
meas life during their three years
residence here and they -ill be
missed oorrespondingly. NesPeree
and Ncsperce prairie and the county
In general appreciate the services of
Mr.. Thomas In the las, two lsgisla-
lures where bis hdeli,y and ability
brough, him into prominence through
ou, the state. and when bis law
partner. Judge S,earns. concluded to
reject the appointment, rendered him
by the state administration, for
purely business reasons. the govern
or had no hesi,ancy in rendering
Mr.. Thomas the same appointment.
The Herald and the people of Ncz-
pere regret the departure Of Mr..
Thomas and family but feel sure
that no difference in what position
Mr.. Thomas is placed he will no,
be found wanting In those qualities
which make a tried and trusted
public official.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Twin Fall, Letter

Twin Falls. Idaho, March ), '0s
Editor Of Herald:
As I am at leasurs this beautiful
evening and have enjoyed abou, FIVE
days of fine sunshine I'll proceed tc
picture to the best Of my ability this
much sought for and talked about
country.
II Is level enough to irrigate nicely.
Itonly takes one lick with grubbing
hoe to dig out bunch Of sage
brush--no capstan or locomotive is
required. The grubbing is no work
for boy, ! assure you that, for |
am suffering from large blister on
one hand now. fruit Of less than two
hours work.
The low line ditch is almost COM
plete for this years use and most Of
the small lateral bitches arc COM
plets. They screwed down the
flood gates In the dam across Snake
river the ist day Of March and the
river was kept busy for twenty hours
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
lel,nsn-Hnk.

Mr.. G. L. Lehman and Anna
Fink we're united in marriage last
Sunday evening a, 5 80. a, the resi-
denoe Of B. I. Fike. Who performed
the marriage ceremony according
to the form Of the German Baptist
church. No one was presen, er-
cep, the bridal couple and Witnesses.
The young couple are veil known
here where they have large circle
OF friends who wish them happiness on
their journey through life. They
will reside for the prescn, a, the
Fink residence on Fifth Avenue.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

filling the reservoir. There arr
only ,wo places IN the Shoshone falll
where the water runs over and makes
the final drop OF 2io Il. These are
through ,ro creyices in the rocks,
| vas Oh, ri,h Al O'Brien today and
took a look a, Shoshone falls. The
scene is something huge. The rain
bor was there There were abou;
500 people a, the dan.
The company presented pla, Of
almos, all Of the remaining lots for
sale in Twin Falls and they were
carried off like a summer cloud.
People are convinced Of the value Of
the land now since they sec how
successfully The dam works. Il
made people raise about ave dollars
an acre on their land. The loves;
price on forty acres near town is
abou, $1,000. The lots that were
sold a, the dam on the is; Of March
wen, a, abou, $500, all well within
the city limits.
Ahou, The 18th of March there
will be another opening Of the lands
under the high line ditch. That in
cludes all the land to be irrigated.
Large crords arc expected in here at
this opening. The low land ,rsc, is
jus, abou, all taken.
In the town there are FIVE hard
ware stores, implemen, store. gro
Gerry and general merchandise store.
fve or six eating houses, (soc meals,
nothing extra, three lodging houses
busy. and two under construction.
two drug stores, harness shop. three
livery barns. two feed yards, two
furniture stores, three lumber yards.
three saloons running and three un-
der construction. three blacksmith
shops, bakery, bank. three barber
shops. ten carpenters to one job,
eighteen painters TO one house front
and nine painters to each and every
letter in a sign. There are at least
hundred idle working men around
town. They can't last long and
pay ten dollars a week for board
and lodging Your friend.
ABE FULLER.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
EmIqrants En- Route.

Word was recsived here Wednes-
day that five carloads of emigrants
we're cn-rsuie from the east to Kam-
iah and Nezpcrce prairie. This is
the first installment OF emigrants to
this section for the coming year and
others will soon follow.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

A rich strike vas made las, Fri
day in the Golden Era group OF
claims. located on the Clearwater
and owned by w. R. Grim and
James Ellis Of this city. A work
ing tunnel had been run to depth
Of 70 feet. when FIVE foot vein Of
Rose quartz was struck which as
sayed from $3.50 TO s54.oo per ton.
This tunnel will be run to depth Of
200 feet or more. This group con-
sis,s of FIVE claims and is located on
Clearwater river about nine miles
northeast Of Nezperce.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Notice.

Ths Rev J. L. NJ. Campbell, a
convert from the Presbyterian church
now a Catholic priest, deep think
er and fluent speaker, a missionary
of varied experience throughout the
continent, will give two free lectures
Tuesday and Wednesday, March
81 and "a, a, Wilson's Opera House.
on topics of vast religious interest.
Decent questions answered. No
church or personal abuse. The gen.
,leman is impartial in thought and
fearless in utterance. The nom
Catholic clergy are especially in
vited. Come one and all. 4
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

Ceph Weleh, Alf Bardvell, Mar
Aelmoe. Paul johnson. ". E. Crum-
packer and Frank Williams made
up a party which left hsre wednes-
day for Twin Falls, Idaho. where
they viii invest in lands.
Rev. r. D. Osterhout has re-
signed the pastorate Of the Netho-
dist church here and at Cottonwood
and viii shortly depart With his
family for Twin Falls, Idahs, where
he will resume his church work.
L. ]. Johnsen, Who recently pur-
chased the relinquishmsst of Ole
Edvardson to his homestead, wishes
US to state that be paid 5000 for
the land and that the story Published
in the Lewiston Tribune and copied
by this paper vas untrue to the ex-
tent of $4,000.
n. I. Lang. Who has been en-
ployed With the Felt Mercantile
Company during the past year, left
Sunday for Wardner. where he has
accepted a position With a mercan-
tile establishment. Mr.. and Mrs.
Lang have made many friends here
who will regret their departure.
A pleasant surprise party vas
given last Friday aight to Mr.. Walter
Emerson. At the residence of K. G.
Osterhout, four miles north of town.
About twenty couples we're present,
several from town being in attend
ance. The evening vas pleasantly
spent in cards, music and games.
Elegant refreshments we're served
at midnight and the guests departed
at two o'clock, all expressing them
selves A. having had very delight
full time.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

The Clearwater country is again
agitated over the railroad situation.
This excitement vas brought on BY
the advent of party of o. r. & N
surveyors with a complete pack out
fit on the Nszperce prairie These
surveyors are campsd at the head Of
Big canyon, about two miles north
cas-, Of Mohler. On Wednesday
morning they began surveying at
the Boise meridian about FIVE miles
southwest Of Mohler and are nov
engaged in surveying northeast,
following that fork of Little Canyea
which leads through Mohler. 1t is
understood they will survey back to
their present camp and perhaps
down Big Canyon to the river. Any
further attempt to guage the move
ments of this party would be idle
speculation. We ara informed that
the Elliott party stopped on its way
from Sites to Lewiston and spent
two hours reconnoitering the mouth
Of Big Canyon. proceeding up the
canyon about three quarters of q
mile. This fact is significant. ow-
ing to the fact that the o. R. & N.
survey starts from this point to
tap Nezperce and Camas prairies.
What the result Of this survey means
to this country is at present mys-
terry. II may mean, in the light of
the recent decision from the United
States supreme court, the opening up
of the Clearwater controversy as it
affects the o. r. & N. and the N. P.
If this should be the case both roads
will doubtless begin active con-
struction in this territory the coming
On the other hand it may
be merely the annual bluff of the
railroads made to keep the people
N mind that such utilities exist and
nay some day be for their use and
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Business Change

L E. Marchand has disposed of
his mercantile business at Fletcher
to Peter Swsa.ons who will take i'm
mediate charge. Mr.. Marchand
was one of the pioneer merchants of
the Nezperce reservation. who by
tact and good judgment built up 4
lucretive trade He will take a trip
to the Alberta country and may per-
hAps make investments there in land.
Mr.. Swanson, who succeeds to the
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Nsw, From Central RIDGE.

Warren Clugston has started cut.
ting logs no the HsnryStallbom place
Flowing has been going on in this
section for the past two weeks and
seeding started in this week.
Oscar Nelson is preparing to erec,
the largest and most substantial log
house ever built in the Clearwater
country.
c. A. Sherlin, who is staying with
Oscar Nelson, 10 putting up large
amount Of cordwood this spring for
next seasons trade.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
Larson, pr;re Winning Ad.

The following ad was written BY
Grace Leasure in answer to the call
of w. &. Larson for a prize real
estate ad. This one vas selected
out of some twenty-five or thirty
presented to Mr.. Larson;
Larson can sell your land. His
past record proves his ability. BE
is ever alert and active, and his at
tractive advertising reaches the anx-
ious homeseeker and investor.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

The Clark House has been re-
opened and is now ready for the
travelling public, The house has
beea thoroughly renovated and re-
fitted throughout. A dining room
viii be run in connection With the
house and the best 7sc meals in
town served to the patrons.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16

control Of the business. is a well
known and highly respected citizen
of Nezperce prairie, and the Herald
predicts continuation of the splen-
did trade built up by Mr.. MArchand.
The Nezperce herald. (Nezperce, Idaho) 1900-1957, 1905-03-16
pircctou, Me<tins

Notice is hereby given that a
meeting of the directors of the Nez-
perce Fair & Racing Association
will be held in the Office OF Wallace
& Mitchell on April /, 1905. A
full attendance 10 desired.
P. w. MITCHELL, Secretary.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1905-02-17
.ONE5OF. THE COINS
RECEIVED JUDAS.
a New York Collector Claims IL Wac
Stolen From Him Refused I
$22, 900 For It. K ii!

NEW Y DIRK, Feb i That thoreE
had been stolenffrom him byga woman
whom he accused In court, one of5thei
80 pieces Of silver which were paid
to Judas for his betrayal OF the sa.
yiollr5 was asserted BY Mark Fisher In
the West Side Court yesterday after;
noon. In addition to this coin, ne
said the woman stole many others.
the total collection being valued at
from $4,000 to 100000. ..tS3 !;
H Fisher Is q member Of Libshi!t. &.
Fisher, conducting an automobile as.
change. He has been collectingsrasc
coins for years. The silver piece
which is supposed to have PASSED
through the hands ofSthe traitor sJu.
das Wasathe5starS Of his collectlon.5Iie
said he was offered $4,000 for II by
the Rothschilds, In London, last$suni;
mer.2 81 a,
f Because Of his love for and interest
In his coins, he kept them In 10 small
iron box in his apartment over the
automobile exchange. Sunday he
advertised for housekeeper, and
the first to respond was Margaret
IWallmer, a Incorporating woman; 81
middle age. 81;
While questioning her, Fisher says
he had occasion to open his coin5box
and noticed that she appeared to 5be
interested. He engaged her to SO 3lc
work as his housekeeper and she5ap
pcared at the appointed time to take
charge OF the rooms. rs
She suddenly departed, however
and, being arrested, was held for ex
animation. XII
addition to the Judas piece
explained Fisher to the magistrate
II had another coin, one Of the rares
known, which is worth $40, 900. I5hat
Cupid and Venus coin 1000 year
old q Diana coin $500 years old, *
coin31 700 years old, coin Of the SIX
teenth century, a ST. George gof,
piece; seven large coins Of the8li
teenth century and some coins 9th,
twelfth and fourteenth centuries. Al
Of them were valuable. ! estimate til,
WORTH Of what was stolen at from $50
600 to sec, 000.,''s ss} 33s3