The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1905-02-12

wide circulation OF their tneoloBlcdi hVei
ture,' Gradually, however, the Jesults
obtained ascendancy in Poland. and in
1865 all adherents Of the "Aran and Ana
baptist sect" were commanded to quit the
kingdom within two years. dispersion
which probably served TO spread their
views east 20 well az west Transylvania'
which contains Slavonic element IN lts
motley population. has also, IT may DE
remembered, been an important centre OF
Unitarianism, and has possessed formally
constituted Unitarian Church from 1858
10 the present day.
In the order Of time, the next most con-
spicuous representative OF natlonalism
whom we meet with in Russia is Tveritlnof'
who lived in Moscow in the reign OF Peter
the Great. He was doctor by profession,
and in intimate touch with the German
Calvinsts and Protestants. Of whom there
were at that time many in Russia Whlle
adopting the attitude OF Bashkin and kosoy
toward ikons, prayers for the dead. trans
substnntiation and church councils, he
appears to have accepted the divinity OF
Jesus, and to have made the Bible, as read
by the Calvinists. the rock on which TO base
his criticism of the Greek Church. What
gave Tvertinof Importance was not any
originality in his opinions. but the fact that
he expressed his views clearly and pithily,
and that-iving as he did at time when
the Church, bitterly "a it prosecuted the
Raskoniks, or Old Believers, was slow to
act against Professionals he reached a wide
audience. He took pains to circulate manu-
script booklets which carried his teachings
far afeld among the peasants, and many
aphorisms of his az well as many of his
favorte texts, are still habtually quoted
among the Molokans, who are sometimes
cassed az n twin sect with the Doukhobors.
God. said Tveritnof should be worshipped
in spirit, but an ikon Ia only board which
burns if thrown into the fire He ques-
toned the sanotity Of many Of the shints,
and especially OF St Nicholas, the wonder
worker who il particularly revered in
Russia Nicholas, he said, was only
common village peasant. whom people
took to worshipping when they had for
gotten God In general. he called into
question the canoni2ation Of saints, on the
ground that no one has oonversed with
God, or can know saint from sinner till the
Day of Judgment. OF the dead, and of
prayers for them. Tveritinof said, quoting
the postle Paul. that each shall receive
his own reward. according to his own
labor and added that priests. for their
own profit, have invented prayers for the
dead. He taught that what IL written in
the Bible should be believed. but that there
il no need to believe what the Church has
added thereto. Monasticism he called
senile continuance. His doctrines met with
much success among the Streltsi. whose dis
like of Peter the Greats new methods OF
government helped TO make them restless
and critical III -nately Tveritnof was
brought to account. The last Council Of
the Russian Church was held in l7lA, and
by 1t he was mathematical. and escaped
death by abjuring his heresy.
Whatever influence Tveritinof may have
had on the Molokans, II is not directly
through him that the line Of spiritual descent
connecting the Doukhobors with earlier
hereticll scots must be traced. Tveritinof
| represente1 the school which bases itself
on the Bible and AYERS that man is free to
think provided that he thinks what is in
| the Bible and does not think what runs
| counter 10 tha Bible. The Doukhobors.
| on the other hand. at least in theory. reject
| all external authorities including the Bible,
| or use them merely aids, and not as
/ authorities The link which connects them
/ with earlier Russian hereticS IL furnished
| by Danelo Filipovtch, peasant OF tn
! Province Of Kostroma. and man OF great
piety. During the latter part OF the seven
/ teenth century he spent many years in a
cave near the volga, praying and studying
the Scriptures and the Church liturgies.
After long bordering over the old and new
books. Danelo Filipovitch put them all
into a sack and pitched them into the river.
saying that they were perpleKing and that
the real source Of truth was to be found In
4the golden book The iiriHp book, the book
of the dove, the Lord Himself, the Holy
Spirit The Doukhobors still use his ex-
preston, the Living Book. but they now
apply 1t To the unwritten collection OF
Psalms which are reCited by them at
their services and which are preserved
by them in their memories, but not writer
down Ultimately. Danelo Filipovitch pro
claimed himself TO be God, and gave twelve
commandments to his followers, the sixth
OF which says Do not marry, and, il
married live with a wife with sister
II unmarried do not marry, and. If mar
rie1 cease therefrom," He nomina tee
Ivan Souslof TO be his SON. Christ Souso
lived with woman whom he called th'
Mother Of God and the Daughter o
God" He chose twelve apostles from
among his adherents and went with then
along the banks Of the Okla and the Volga
spreading his doctrines. In l7lo he and hi
apostles were arrested, but he seems e
have been released and to have lived il
Moscow till 1882
From Danelo Filipovitch arose a sect wit
called themselves the Chrsts, but who ar
nicknamed Hlists whips. Many of then
are of Finnish origin, and the old Finnist
tribal custom Of communism, not in good
only, but also in women. may help TO eI
plain some Of the most remarkable PECULIAR
, ties of the heresy. The sex question play
, a very prominent part in their religion, bu
, every phase Of opinion. from the advocao
: OF complete chastity and celibacy to III
, practice OF promiscuous debauchery, a
part OF the religious services. may be me
, with among subdivisions of the sect.
= Married life is impurity before men, AN
, impurity before Sod" is one of thei
q sayings.
+. Mr. Maude can find no justification To-
h the assertion often made that the Douk
Y hobor sect was founded by Quaker, thong
l. oanx.adaa Of Gras ciahf no aaear