The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1905-08-13

expresses a estimate Of TIE Qualities eeeeo-
tial TO diplomatic agent that may furnish
lesson not uninstruotive TO our own times.
If, indeed" no says, 'every embassy
requires wlss man TO whom the cotiDerva-
ton Of the interests Of tho State may be en-
trusted, the most sagacious Of all should
be chosen, who win be able to argue against
the most crafty, 80 that even great num-
Der Of learned men will not be ablo to gain
q victory In the business with which he IL
charged" DR.. Hill goes on to show that,
a. the conduct Of mission often required
freedom Of judgment. the instructions given
by the Ostrogothio King were Of the most
general character. and seem to have been
chiefly oral; but Cassiodouns has ba4ded
down certain LISTERS Of Asdence. whose
latin formulas continued to be used. prac-
tically without alteration. Throughout the
whole Of the Middle Ages, and have Furnished
the general type Of these documents for all
subsequent times.
. It Is to 10 noted that even among the
most barbaric nations the inviolabtlity OF
ENJOYS seems to have been recognized
from very early times. 70 protect them
from violence on their Journeys q sup
plement to the Sale law imposed a 1er0eld
Of 1900 soldi on the murderer Of an am
bassador. Similar penalties are found In
the codes Of the Aiamanni, the Saxons,
the Friaians and the Lombards. Pro-
vision for the entertainment OF ENJOYS
travelling through the country was also
customary In the barbarian kingdoms
An old Burgundian law provided that free
lodging must be furnished to an envoy on
bis journey, and that sheep or other ami
NAL should Ike provided, a. required. under
a penalty or fine Of ak soldi for refusal
All persons who had received presents
from tho king had to entertain an envoy
over night at their own charge. and failure
to perform this service when requested
was punished with fine Of twelve 80 d.
In like manner an ancient Riparian law
imposed severe punishment for refusal
to entertain al envoy travelling to or from
the royal court. DR.. Hill goes on to show
how. upon his arrival at his destination,
ON envoy would be received BY master OF
ceremonies (n,agistsr ohlctorun) . high
officer Of state, aided by several s1bor-
dinates, who, In continuance Of the old
Roman custom, arranged the first audience
with the sovereign and looked after the
entertainment Of the embassy. The duties
Of this officer at the Court Of Theodore
are set forth In detail by Cassi odorus. who
says. intercourse with foreign peoples
was 90 carefully regulated by him that
foreign ENJOYS were reluctant to return
home on account OF The honorable reoep-
ton accorded them
1t 70 pointed out In the book before W
that the ceremonies Of receptions at the
Ostrogothio court we're modelled upon
those customary at Byzantium. where great
pomp and elaborate formality were In vogue
and included The exchange OF gifts and other
Oriental usages. Even tho franklin and
the Visi&othic ktngs, a. may be learned
from incidental references OF the chroni-
clers, eudeavo red to reproduce the etiquette
Of Constantine pie, for one reads OF anbasss-
doris proetrattng themselves before the Nero
vingian Princes. and kneeling In the Asiatic
manner before the throne Of Euric, The
visigoth. Thus We see that II was not owing
to q want OF forms Of intercourse that the
barbarian kingdoms did not estal lish Der.
'manent internatic nal relate ns. and build up
a menus OF sovereign States. Ike that OF
modern times. 1t was rather. ~ Dr. Hui
says, because there was wanting the settled
assoc citation between the people and the
land which We now know under the name OF
territorial sovereignty, and because TIE
relations between the peoples In whose
name the kings governed required only the
most elementary oompacts With their neigh
bors. The great task that lay before the
barbarian kingdoms was not internatit nal,
but national, the formation Of political Or
ganisms within their several domains by
the blending OF the conquering and van
pushed populations. the accommodation
Of their laws TO the new environment-in q
word, the consolidation OF society
In a survey OF the early stages IN The
process Of the reunifcation Of Europe by
the Catholic Church, DR.. Hill has occasion
to discuss the diplomacy Of Gregory H.,
the conduct Of whose relations to tue
Byzantine Emperor On the one hand and
on the other to the Lombarcis. then domi-
nant In the Italian peninsula, called for
the exercise OF much sagacity. It viii be
remembered that under the name Of
Exarch, representative Of the Byzantine
Emperor had long been seated at Ravenna
but in A. D. TT, Iiutprand, King Of the
Lombards, invaded the Exarchate and
gained possession Of the city. Gregory
H., seeing In the sgerandizemnt Of the
Lombard monarchy . fresh menace to tho
freedom 0. the Church. sought aid from
tho young republic Of Venice. Surprised
by sudden attack Of the Venetian deet
and weakened by the detection Of the Lom-
bard Dukes Of Spoleto and Bneveoto
In central and southern Italy, Iiutprand
was obliged to evacuate the Exarohate.
but the disappointed monarch was not
slow to learn the lesson In diplomacy which
the Pope had taught him. he not only
concluded peace with the Byzantine EN-
peror but formed an alliance with him for
tho double purpose Of Furnishing his own
rebellious Dukes and aiding sCoostanti-
nople to restore its authority at Rome
The Pope's position. thus became unex-
peotedly embarrassing, but his triumph
was destined to be conclusive. At the
moment when Rome seemed doomed to
fall into the hands OF the IOmbards Gregory
resorted to another expedient Appearing
unprotected In the camp Of Liutprand,
the Pope, Glad In his priestly vestments,
sought the tent Of the King and roproved
him for his sinful act In beeieging the
Sacred City. Falling upon his knees before