davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
The Philosophy of Freedom
An Open Forum for Single Takers

national taxation. state and local rev.
enues to be added-probably over 500
each. This now falls as heavily on the
poor man as on the rich one. 1t all
falls on labor and production, none on
wealth or monopoly 1--WE mean national
fevenues) and this is partly true OF
state and local taxes.
All forms of monopoly can shift its
entire taxation (direct taxes) in high
er prices. So can manufacturers, mer-
chants, bankers, money loaners, many
professional men and spectators, so
that farmers. mechanics and common
laborers, who do not control prices, are
practically the only real taxpayers.
In the expenditure of public funds
| the reverse is true. Aside from sal
Al i6s etasFf afgs expesszfftasssssaass so
protect property of the wealthy, or by
public improvements to enhance the
value of their holdings. The money
expended by congress in the District OF
Columbia adds forty to fifty millions
yearly increase Of the land values Of
the district. mostly owned by few
rich people. River and harbor and 9th
er public improvements, forts, public
buildings, river levees, etc., go to en-
nance land values. benefited. so that
rents are raised because of improve
ments made by money taxed out OF
poor men living thousands OF miles
away. 1t has been estimated that the
incomes of the Astors, Goelets, Brad
ley Martins and other millionaire New
York city real estate owners, have been
doubled by the many millions spent by
Uncle Sam in and around that city
and its harbor.
Location Of state capitals and county
seats produce great land values-in
many instances enough to run the state
or county if saved to the people who
produce them.
Under the single tax all improve
ments enhancing the value Of land
would be paid for by tax on, the land
benefited
Under the present system labor pays
most Of this tax and then pays higher
rents because of the improvements.
w. H. T. WAKEFIELD.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
Proportiorlal Representatives
Eighth Article.]

had intended to tell you this week
about the free list plan, which is sue
ressfully used in Switzerland and Bel
GUM, but, on second thoughts, that
had better wait until next week. We
have been talking SO much about the
use of first choices and second choices
and third choices in voting that while
your minds are on them we had bet
ter discuss the use Of choices" in
elGcting Single officers" | mean,
where only one person can possibly
be elected, such as a mayor, sheriff,
Or the president or secretary of an
organization, or the nominee of polit-
lcal party.
An excellent illustration of this
plan was given in the columns of The
Independent some months ago on the
occasion of the straw ballot for pop
ulist presidential candidate. The In
dependent then used the proper title
for the plan, calling it ''the preferential
VOTE" because the voters by their bal
lots express preferences. Otner
names are sometimes used. In Can
ada the annual Trades and Labor con-
gress use this system, and so does the
Toronto District Labor council; and
both these organizations call this plan
the "Hare-Spence system because the
method of marking ballots is nearly
the same as that. and it is convenient
to group tue method for committees
and sigle officers under one title; they
using both.
In my description I shall employ the
Illustration of voluntary organiza-
ton. The method is substantially the
same for mayoralty elections, etc.
Let us clearly realize the distinction
between the election of several COM
mitteemen and the ELECTION of single
officer, such as president or secretary.
In the former case, the object is to
represent all the voters, as nearly as
you can come at it. In the second case,
the only requisite is that the man
elected should have clear majority Of
the votes cast, and should not be
elected by minority.
The ordinary system of voting for
single officers is all right when only
two candid run for each office; but
where three or more candidates are
running, the successful one may be,
and often is, elected by a minority of
the voters which is not right.
Many organizations see this clearly,
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
Politics In New Zea land"

DIR. C. f. Taylor, 1913 Chestnut street,
Philadelphia, has just issued in the
Equity Series condensation of the
book published by himself and Profess
sor Parsons ON Politics in New Zea-
land" This condensation is in paper
cover, contains a little more than one
hundred pages. The Independent is
prepared to furnish this valuable book
to it's readers at 25 cents per copy.
Send either stamps or currency to The
Independent, Lincoln, Neb. Special at
tention is called to it because all re-
formers ought to have copy.
New Zealand is one of the most pro-
gressive countries in the world. Free
to form their own government and to
shape their legislation, nnhampered by
previous systems. the people of New
Zealand have successfully adopted
cusslon here and elsewhere. The Tod
rens title registration is in operation
there; the telegraph and telephone
lines are owned by the government,
postal savings banks have been estab-
lished; govern .nent insurance is in
operation there, the Australian ballot
and the primary system have been
adopted, and the railroads are operated
by the government.
These are some of the reforms which
the people of New Zealand have
worked out for themselves and every
student Of economic AID sociologica
questions is intereste2Di Pin knowing
what has been done and what Success
has attended the experiments.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

and take several ballots in order ulti-
mately to secure a majority. The
friends of the weaker candidates give
up the man of their first choice and
cast their votes for the one they like
next best; and the process is con-
tinued until some one gets a clear ma
jority.
A much better way than this is the
application of the preferential feature
of the Hare-Spence system above re-
ferred to-; which is worked as follows:
Suppose that Smith, Brown, Jones
and Robinson are running for the
presidency of your organization. Then
let each voter mark his ballot for all
the candidates in the order in which
he prefers them. For instance, take a
voter who wants Smith to be elected
and who thinks Robinson the most
Objectionable of the candidates, and
who prefers Brown to Jones. If the
voting is done by writing the names
on the ballots, this voter will write his
ballot thus:
Smith.
Brown.
Jones.
Robinson
If printed or written ballots have
been distributed. with the names in
alphabetical order, this voter will mark
his ballot as follows:
DIo ..................Z
Jones ....s...........
thomson ..................4
OmltH
A ballot is spoiled unless the voter
marks at least three out of the four
names. The voters must be told this
distinctly before they vote.
At the close of the poll the votes are
sorted out according to the number
one" votes for each candidate. Then
the candidate who has the smallest
number of these first choice votes is
declared "out," and his votes are dis
tributed amongst the other three, &C.
cording to the marking Of the ballots.
Then the lowest of these three remain
ing candidates is declared "out," and
his ballots are similarly transferred.
Then whichever of the remaining two
Lis found to have the greatest number
of votes, transferred or original, is de-
clared elected.
A great deal of time is saved by this
plan; "log-rolling" is hindered; and a
fuller choice Of candidates is given.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
Direct and Indirect Taxation

The effect of the single tax will be
to shift public burdens from labor and
production to monopoly, from workers
to idlers. from the poor to rich, from
the unprivileged to the privileged
classes.
great forests, rights of way and termi-
nal facilities of railways, steamers, ETC.,
are natural monopolies which can not
be abolished. Their great rental values
are the product, not Of their owners,
but of all the people, hence these
values should go to all the people in
stead of to make multimillionaires,
This can best be done-can only. be
done-byf 3Iking t{fe;se valiies w an
nual taad{on for public purposes,
thereby i lieving the people from their
taxes on yersonal property and from
the man. Indirect taxes-as tariff, in
ternal rel ue, license, occupation, ETC.,
taxes now paid.
Had tlE$single tax no other recon-
mondatidt than that 1t would bring
about dit instead of indirect taxa
ton 1t kk04lld be sufficient for all
thouahtfEI- economists. Colbert, the
great FroGeh minister of finance, was
right Will HE said: 1.-THE only possible
excuse a. indirect taxation is that
through the goose of labor can be
plucked ID cleanest with the least
squawki4is
Lord m England's first lord of the
treasury ring our revolutionary war,
said "a Ikliament: The English peo-
pie VIII Efot submit to higher direct
taxationl LEY will know the cause of
their p0Tefky and resent it, but through
1n1kuct Nation we can take the last
rag kkouE&ne back. the last crust from
the mouth There will be grumbling to
be SlxNe. u of hard times. not of high
tax& toll heir people are too ignorant
to NnoW eir misery is caused by in
flir&ct tau 3On."
p{Vfdiil he two billions appropriat-
ed Bby tIt last congress by the four
teen mill1X voters of the country gives
an &Reratg& Of $142 for each voter for
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
PERSONAL

LADIES-Are you aware that ia
France women use monthly regu-
lator more than the women Of all
other nations combined? DIR. La
Rue's French regulator is used every
where; thoroughly reliable; absolute
~ safe; better than Pennyroyal or
Tansy. Price 81; three for $3.50.
Riggs Pharmacy Co., American
Agents, Lincoln, Neb.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

R-VO-INT-Those suffering from
weaknesses that will sap pleasures Of
life should take Ner-vo-ine. One bog
will work wond rs. Has more re-
juvenating and vitalizing power than
any medicine in the world. Sent by
mail. large box 81; for $3.50. Riggs
Pharmacy. American Agents, Lin
coin, Neb.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

IF YOU CAN'T SLEEP, take Trilby
Sleeping Powders; absolutely harm
less, easy to take. no bad results:
four sleeps for 25c. Riggs. the Drug
Cutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

TRILBY had no corns. She removed
them with a Trilby Leaflet; absolute
cure; 1Oc by mail. Riggs, the Drug
Gutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

HAY FEVER AND ASTHMA CURED
We have cured hundreds. We can
cure you. Guaranteed cure $1.50.
Money back if it fails Riggs, the
Drug Cutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

FEKS-FIKU POWDER Guaranteed Is
destroy doors Of perspiratiCn; dust
the powder where the odor arises;
on arm pits, ETC.; by mail CSC Riggs,
the Drug Cutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

RIGGS GUARANTEED PILE CirRE
the remedy that cured Mr.. Hemroid:
SOC; salve or suppository. Riggs. the
plug Gutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

WILL the lat lady VINO passed our
Z store yesterday buy Dr. Pasteur ODE.
sity treatment? One month 81.
Treatment reduces 3 to pounds
per Weeh. Riggs. the Drug Cutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

RIGGS ECZEMA CURE. SOC; guaran.
tecd to DO the work; will tell you
many it mas cured. Riggs, the Drug
Gutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19

GLAD FOOT POWDER-Cures itch.
ing, har.ing, sweaty feet; removes
offensive odors; cools the skin, ESQ
by mail. Riggs. the Drug Cutter.
The independent. [volume] (Lincoln, Neb.) 1902-1907, 1905-01-19
Smith.
Brown.
Jones.
Robinson.

If printed or written ballots have
been distributed. with the names il
alphabetical order, this voter will mari
his ballot as follows:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12
Saving the Babies.
Chicago Post.

From the Chicago POST
'.In the boy save the man." In the child
lay the foundation for future good citizen
ship. Long ago the health authorities of
Chicago adopted the substance Of the fore
going as their motto. Among other things.
they set out to introduce sanitary measures
that would have particular bearing on the
health Of children. The success that has
attended these efforts shows the wisdom
of the course adopted and theoretically
followed. First an attack was made upon
the living conditions in those parts of the
city where the infant mortality was the
highest Plans were laid to let In more
sunshine, to give the babies pure air, to
see that the food supply was wholesome
and free from authorizations.
And while these plans were working out
the health authorities turned their atten-
ton to the treatment of diseases peculiar
both to childhood and insanitary surround
ings. Improving the quality of milk was
powerful agent in this direction. Antitoxin
valiantly attacked diphtheria and Group.
Even the measles-popularly supposed to be
every chiid's birthright-gradualiy retreated
before the vigorous onslaught of the chem
ist the physician and the sanitarian. Look
at the results. Forty years ago the chances
of a child taking measles were three in
In the eight years preceding the introduce
ton of antitoxin II .4SS children died from
diphtherfa and Group; during the eight
years OF antitoxin treatment the deaths
from the same causes have been 6.O6S,
decrease of nearly 80 per cent. Last year
only Der cent OF the milk samples tested
were found below grade: ten years ago 45
per cent of the supply was questionable.
And In these ten years reduction OF 70
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12
SUB-CALIBER PRACTICE.
Making Marksmen Without Using
Service Charges or Wearing the Gun,

From the Navy League Journal -
ne sup-caliber method has been In use IN
our navy since 1890, and is now rener,lty
doopoed by the warships of all nations nv
us means II Is possible to attain the same
results and afford the same practice as
"ouid De derived from firing the large
guns at great saving of expense. There
are Two systems in use. The one most in
vogue Is where the rifle barrel or tube is
iisefleu IN the center of the bore of the
gun. The other method Is known a ,ba
Norris tube. and Is a Flobert rife attached
to the outside of the gun. In the case of
a gun of 6-nch bore or less the tube is Sim
ply rifle barrel, but In large turret gun
Il or l3-nch gun-the tube is for the
cartridge used In the regular one-pound
rapid-flre gun-that is, the projectiIe weighs
one pound. The target is placed at a dis
lance of about 1000 yards for the big bore
gun. or about 800 yards for the smaller
gun, in which the rife barrel Is used The
gunners go through all the motions of load
Ing the gun with the regular charge only
they load the tube; the gun Is sighted just
as II they were shooting at a target five
miles away. and the gun is fired Just as the
full charge would be.
The Morris tube is valuable principally
for instructing the gunners In continuous
signing. In the days OF the old smooth
bore guns the piece was sighted in the d.
rection of the object aimed at and fired
when the object came with the range of
sight. 1t was always the custom to fire
just the vessel on which the gun was
toppled on the crest of wave. If the gun
fired as the vessel rose wave the
shot was apt to fly above the target, where
as, II 1t was fired the vessel descended
the projectile, il 1t missed, would probably
ricochet and strike the target. But the
projectile from a modern gun does not
rtcochet, the revolving motion impaired to
it by the rifing of the gun causing 1t usu-
ally to fly off to the right. In modern gum
merry the gunnerS are taught to keep the
sight always the target. The officer
having ascertained the range and estimated
the initial velocity of the charge, regulates
the sight, and then 1t Is the gunners duty
to keep the sight always on the target
With the Morris system the rifle Is at
tached to the carriage of small guns and
to a band about the breech of the turret
guns small target Is erected at a dis
lance from the muzzle of the gun. so that
1t will appear to the eye of the gunner just
as IL it were the regulation target at the
regulation distance. This target Is made
to move to represent the rolling OF a snip
and the gunners must keep the sight OF the
gun always on it. When the command 10
fire Is given the rife is discharged IL the
bullet strikes the target the gunner has
properly sighted the piece; II the bullet
flies wide of the mark the gunner must Try
gain until he never makes miss
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12
BEARDED WOMAN IN CHINA.
Stirring Up the Chinese and Claims to
Be a Sorceress.

From the China Mail.
1t Is reported that in the eastern part of
the province Of Kwangtung there Is con-
siderable movement on foot which. In some
respects. resembles the Boxer outbreak of
1900. The leader of this restlessness is said
to be bearded woman. She has been urg
ing the people to form themselves into a
guild or association. She gives out that
she is an incarnation of a fairy. who has
come down to teach the people the arts of
magic. During the spring large numbers
Of people have been moved to follow her
lead. She gives out that by sorcery and
magic she can cast out fox devils-in which
the Chinese profound believers-can
foretell events distinctly and announce what
happiness or misery shall befall the lot Of
others.
BY the same mighty magic" moreover,
like the leaders of the Boxer Instruction
she promises immunity to all her sincere
followers from bullet of rifle and thrust of
spear. well from the effects Of water
and fire. The people are said to be deeply
moved. Wealth is pouring into the Golfers
OF the leaders. so that they have provided
themselves with weapons, and are now be-
ing Joined by large numbers of local ban
ditti, of whom. In every place in China
there are more than enough. They have
already assumed the offensive and have
looted some rice stores and other shops.
What their ultimate purpose Is does not
yet appear. but they are laying in stores Of
provisions. and have so far terrorized their
neighbors that many Of the well-to-do Of
the people are fleeing for their lives and
seeking safety in quieter districts. 1t is
reported that already they can muster more
than 10000.
1t Is believed however. that the incar-
mated fairy, who appears in the form OF a
bearded woman is nothing more than a
man. who has assumed this guise for the
sake Of secrecy and effect. Several coun-
ties have been infected by the contagton.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12
Frances Military Strength.


In his recent article in the Aurore of
Paris on the present condition OF the
French army Lieutenant Colonel Picquart
says that the remark Of Marshal Moltke,
Everything money can give the French
army possesses, as for the rest we have
still applicable. He declares that France
has an excellent artillery, that the French
rifle Is good any, that In case of
mobilization French industry would come
effectively to the rescue of the military ad-
doubtable, and that the scheme of railway
administration Is good. Moreover. thus
far. in spite of the greater population of
Germany. her electives are not so far In
excess of those of France might be i'm
agined. Both have A.OOO officers under
arms. and as for non-eommissioned officers
and soldiers, Germany has 100000, while
France has $4,000. For the moment,
therefore. the disparity Of numbers Is not
weakness of the French military system
lies not In the soldier. but In the command
Little change has been made during the
last thirty years In the mode of obtaining
the French officer. There Is still a great
lack OF homogenity. owing to diversity of
origin and the political and religious dis
sensiOns that agitate the country. The
fact which inspires confidence In the fu-
ture-and In this Germany does not share
pacity for the production of such leaders
as she might require in case of long war.
This. he says, Is not the case in countries
where command is the privilege Of caste
and where abyss separates the soldier
and the officer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12

IL New Cases of Typhoid Yesterday.
Filtration the remedy. Loomis- Manning Filter
Will prevent 1t. 800 Colorado buiiding.-Advt.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-12

lowing spring, nearly all Of them selected
the stalks to build In az being better suited
to their use than the shzlls.
One Of Mr.. and Mrs. Peckham's most in
teresting observations that Of an Am
mophila urnaria. that actually took a small
pebble in her n1andibies and used 1t as a
nest = 57s5-' :+#.- > 'r.E: liz"
Such examples Of what may almost be
called artistic. and Intellectual gifts are ball
anced by many cases Of equally surprising
carelessness and stupidity. Some absent
minded wasps cheerfuily close up their
Cells, quite forgetting 20 supply the neces-
sary food, or even to lay egg: others,
when interrupted in their work, appear In
capable of picking up the threads again.
Yet perhaps we should not be too hasty in
judging these poor wasps. when we re-
member that even men are not invariably
Intelligent in either what they do or leave
undone. '...- ..:
:, This is not confined to the stupid or
vicious; even the ablest often fail to per-
ceive what afterward appears almost self
evident. l may, for instance, refer to the
fact that the use and effects of laughing
gas were discovered by Sir H. Davy' at the
commencement of the last century, and
taught in the best medical schools for full
fifty years before the apparently obvious
idea occurred to any that these prop
critics might be put to use in actual prac-
tice
Wasps Buster Than Bees.
Other similar facts might be adduced and
ought to make us chary of accusing these
wonderfully Industrious little creatures,
whose motives it Is quite possible we may
not always understand. Wasps are even
buster than the busy bee. / have several
times watched one the whole day and
from in the morning till light failed in
the evening she worked without any inter
val for rest or enjoyment.
The males Of the solitary wasps are not
so invariably idle as those of the social
species. In some cases they guard the nest
important office in protecting the young
from parasites. Once, when the work of
storing the nest had been delayed by rainy
weather, they saw a male Trypoxylon rub
rOcinctum, which feeds its young on spid-
ers assisting by taking the spiders from
the female as she brought them and pack
ing them into the nest, leaving her free to
hunt for more"
Nevertheless, wasps seem well aware of
the disastrous effects of "all work and no
play" Mr.. and Mrs. Peckham noticed that
Aporus fascinatus seemed to have sea-
sons of leisure alternating with spells of
active work. as though, when one cell had
been filled up and the egg laid they felt
at liberty to aruse themselves for time
before beginning on another
One of the most interesting questions
connected with the instincts and powers
of animals has reference to the manner In
which they find their way back. after hav-
ing been carried to a distance from home.
This has by some been attributed to the
possession Of special Sense of direction"
but long ago I attempted to prove that
have come to the same conclusion. Bees
and wasps take good account of their bear
ings before going far afield. and even then
sometimes lose their way.