davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-04-22
CHURCH ANNOUNCEMENTS.

Methodist Episcopal church-Cor-
ner Fifth and Thayer streets, Louis
Magin, pastor. Services for Easter
at Z a. M; early morning service for
praise, prayer and testimony; leader,
D. L. Hinckley. II a, M, morning
worship with sermon by the pastor,
topic-"The Resurrection Mind of
Christ" Special anthems will be as
follows: ''T'was Calvary, Lorenz;
'tChrist the Lord is Risen Today"
Lindsey; Consider the Lilies" Elk.
cell. Sunday school at 1915. An
Easter Lesson. Epworth League de-
votional meeting at 7:15 p. m, topic
"The Power of His Resurrection;
leader, Bessie Gilbert. Evening Eas.
ter service at 8; sermon by the pastor,
topic-"The Power of His Resurrec.
ton" The following music will be
rendered: Antnem-"Easter Victory"
Parks; quartet-"Jesus Lives" CALI
nor, by Miss Dawson, Mrs. Parker and
Messrs. Hinckley and Humphreys;
duet, Sunset" Watson, by the Misses
Gilbert. Everyone is welcome to the
services of the church. Strangers
especially invited. .r
Presbyterian Church - Preaching
services on Sunday morning at II
O'Clock. Sermon by the pastor; speci.
al Easter services tomorrow. Sunday
school at 1915 O'Clock, at which time
there will be Easter exercises given
by the various classes instead of the
usual lesson. Glasses for all grades.
Separate primary department. In the
evening there will be song service
beginning at 1880, which will precede
the evening sermon. Prayer meeting
on Wednesday evening at the manse
at 7:30. AT the Sunday morning serv-
ice there will be special Easter music
by the church choir. At the evening
service there will also be Easter an
thems by the young peoples chorus
choir. A cordial invitation is given to
all to attend these services. A. w.
Hayes, pastor.
Catholic church-Easter Sunday;
early masses and Holy communion
at 1880 and a. m. The first mass
celebration by the Neopresbyter
Father Anselm, o. S. B., at 10 o'clock.
Rev. M. Powers will deliver the SER
mon. Blessing by the young priest
after highmass. Baptisms in the
afternoon. Vespers and benediction
at 1880 p. m. Monday, divine services
at 8 o'clock a. m. First communion
of a class on Sunday after Easter.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-04-22
Chr Bismarck Tribu,,e.
5Y NJ. Il. JEWELL.
TIE DAILY TRIBUNE.

!. TIE DAILY TRIBUNE. 49,.
" Published every afternoon, except Sunday,
AZ Bismarck North Dakota, is delivered by
carrier to all parts OF the city. at so cents
per month. or 81 per year. The daily sent
co any address in the United States or
ada. postage prepaid. So yer year; s. for
months; $3.50 for three months.
THE WEEKLY TRIBUNE.
published every Friday: eight pages, con-
e'lning summary of the news of the week
local and foreign-particuar attention being
said to state news. Sent to any address
postage paid, for 81 for one wear: 81 cents
for six months; 25 cents for three months
The Bismarck Tribune is the Oldest
newspaper in tie state-established June II,
1873. 1t has wide circulation and is a
desirable advertising medium. Being pub
iished at the capital of the state it makes
feature of state news, of semi-official char.
acter, and is therefore particularly interest
'ng to all who desire to keep the run of state
atFars-rolitical. social and business.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-04-22

Electric ice cream in all the popular
fayors at ,Richholt's fruitery.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-04-22
Residence
Name

- FIFTH a. '",-.... .
The period at which this corporation shall
commence business shall be the fourteenth day
OF February, 1905. and it shall terminate on The
thirteenth day of February, 1880. -
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our
hands and seals, each for himself this 18th day
of February, A. D. 1905. - ~ :. -
P. C. REMINGTON, )
E. p. GUAM, 70.
A.W. EPPINGKR,
G. c. WACHTER
r, D, WARD,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1905-04-22

Cut flowers for Easter at. Webb
Brothers. ..t.. s-@
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07


Grand Jury Report.-Following is the re-
port of the grand jury for the September term,
which adjourned finally on Wednesday, Atm
instant: .
To the Honorable, the Judges Of the Circuit
Court The Grand Jury of Baltimore county
for the September term, 1905, having hnlsned
their labor, beg leave to submit their report
We have been in session for IL days; docketed
liz cases; examined 4S4 witnesses; made 10
presentments; found 131 true bills ignored
bills; dismissed 81 cases referred to next
grand jury / case, and released IL prisoners
from Jail.
Attached herewith you will find reports Of
two committees appointed to visit the jail and
examine the County Treasurers books.
We extend our thanks to the Court and to
the States Attorney for the many courtesles
associates for their promptness; to the bailih
and keeper of the Court House for their kind
ness and to all the officials connected with the
several departments connected WIN our county
Respectfully submitted,
WILLIAM B. CocKEY, Foreman.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Employer and Manager Have Trouble.
Joseph E. Parks, manager on the farm Of
Patrick Rodgers, near Gainesville, was on
Wednesday released under $500 bail by Justice
Herbert, of Towson. to await the action of the
grand Jury on the charge of having assaulted
Rodgers that morning. According to the state
metit made by Rodgers he and his farm man.
ager have had several disputes over business
matters On Wednesday he made an inquiry
of Parks in regard to some machinery, and In
controversy the manager, it is alleged, be-
came angry and struck Rodgers over the head
with broken spade handle and knocked him
down. Rodgers stated that Parks then jumped
on him and beat him. Rodgers went to Ca
louisville and had Officer Stevens to come to
Towson with him. When they arrived here
one of the first persons they met was Parks:
Officer Stevens placed him under arrest and
took him before Justice Herbert. Parks did
not make any statement except to claim that
Rodgers had grabbed him by the collar before
he made any offensive demonstration against
him. This declaration was denied by Rodgers
who said that he did not have time to DC
anything of the kind before he was knocked
down. Rodgers, who is a Baltimore saloon
keeper, is a very large man. Parks was for
mefly a resident of Towson.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Corner Stone Laid for a Fine Methodist
Church-The cornerstone for the fine Meth
odist Episcopal Church to be erected at Steven
son. Green Spring Valley, was laid last Sunday
afternoon in the presence of a large gather
ing of people. The services were opened by
the Sudbrook Quartet, which sang a selection,
after which all Joined in singing Love for
Zon.n Rev. W. w. Costin, formerly pastor
of Hunts Circuit, read historical sketch of
the start of the church, which began about
two wears ago, when Sunday school was
started in a warehouse in the neighborhood
The membership increased rapidly until now
the communicates number about 100.
Rev. DIR. G. Herbert Richardson, presiding
elder of the district, took an active interest and
soon saw that a church was necessary, and
with the help of such men as Gen. Felix Ag-
nus, Messrs. w. T. Largent, I. Dudley Riggs,
Samuel NJ. Shoemaker and others, 81, 400 was
raised to start the work.
Rev. DR.. J. ST. Clair Neal, of Madison Ave-
nue. Church, Baltimore, made the address, and
Mr.. James E. Ingram, ST., placed the stone in
position. Among the articles placed in the
stone was New Testament, the Book of Dis
cipline, copies of newspapers and list OF
members of the church, the officials and the
contributors. The ceremonies were in charge
of Rev. DIR. Richardson. During the services
a collection was taken up and those present
contributed about S400
The structure is on the Green Spring Branch
| of the Northern Central Railway. 1t will be
| of brownstone, trimmed with marble, and of
| Gothic architecture. Mr.. Samuel NJ. Shoe
| maker presented the stone. 1t will be sur
| mounted by a tower so feet high and 16 feet
| square. The building is to be 65 feet square
and will cost about $12,000
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Waverly Improvement Association AT
q meeting of this association on Tuesday night
the conditions of the York road came up for
consideration. A resolution was passed to the
effect that the efforts of the city authorities to
have the road condemned have the earnest
and hearty approval of the association, which
expressed the earnest hope that the authorities
will not relax their efforts until the 'intolera-
Bile nuisance has been abated and the road
put in a condition to properly accommodate
the heavy travel to which it is and will be
subjected.
Spirited speeches were made by Messrs. Ern-
est Hoen James B. 0uyton, Harry W: Fox, K.
Lee Hall, Adolph Tillman, William II. Moore
and Henry Joesting, Jr.
Mr.. Hoen described the road as not only
menace to health, but retarded one third the
improvement of one of the most important
sections of the city. He said sooner or later
the road must be improved and that the in
evitable might as well take place in the near
as well as in the distant future.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Will Engage in Other Business.-Mr 9.
Frank Emmart, who has been connected with
the fire insurance agency at Towson for the
past five years, has sold his interest. Mr.. EN-
mart, who owns two fine farms bordering on
the list and I'd districts. near the Gwynn Oak
car line. intends to divide them and build cot
tages for suburban homes, and engage in the
real estate business generally. he says bis
friends have been very kind to him and he
returns them many thanks.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

The Elks' Fair.-Active preparations are
being made for the fair to be held in the new
Elks Hall in Towson, from the 23d to the 2Sth
of the present month. Some of the tables will
be in charge of the following ladies:
Fancy Table-Mrs: William 2. Cole, Mrs.
Harry s. Jarrett, Mrs. J. c. Perkins, Mrs.
Annie Urban, Mrs. J. NJ. Watkins Jr.. Mrs ].
X. Voshell, Mrs. Annie Taylor, Mrs. Frank J..
Duncan, Mrs. William A. Lee, Mrs. Howard
Lee, Mrs; Lewis Hergenrather, Mrs. X Parks
Misses NJ E. Ady, Fanny Pison, Auna Pill
son and Dora w. Duncan.
Cake and Ice cream-Mrs. Frank 1. Wheeler,
Mrs. N Charles Burke, Mrs. Lawrence Il.
Parks, Mrs. BERTHE Cause, Misses Kate Rudiger,
Bette Marley. Annie Parker, A. Rudiger,
Ella German, L. Bowen, A. Bowen and Jennie
Ady.
Anderson. Mrs. w. George Marley, Misses Nora
Bruff, Mary Yellott, Eleanore Yelott and Mary
Isaac.
Tea Hong-Miss Mamie s. Grason, Mrs.
Charles MCLEAN, Miss Ridgely GrasOn and
Miss Harriet Grason.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Railroad Company Buys Land. The
baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company has
acquired from the Gary Manufacturing. Com
pany about 80 acres of land at Alberton for the
purpose of changing the bed of its tracks at that
point. A deed for the transfer OF the property
has been filed at Towson and the consideration
was S25 600. The Gary Company relinquishes
ali claim for damages it might sustain on ac-
count of the bed Of the road being changed.
AIberton is located on the main line Of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west OF Eli
cott CitV,
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Board Claim Not Allowed.-Judges Fow-
Ter and Burke have filed an order IN the case
of Misses Charlotte Price and Mary B. Price
against their sister, Mrs. Charcilla Schaeferr
and others. in which decree for the sale OF
the real estate of the late William H. Goodwin,
of Timonium, for the payment of claims OF the
plaintiffs for board, etc., was sought, sustain.
ing the demurrer and dismissing the bill with
costs to the defendants.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Dedication of Union ChapeL-The
Union Chapel at Timonium was dedicated on
Sunday afternoon last, by Rev. L. W. Gosnell,
pastor of st. Johns NJ. E. Church, Lutherville,
who is superintendent of the Union Sunday
school. The services were thoroughly appro-
pirate and the sermon delivered by Rev. N. +.
B. Rice, of South Baltimore NJ. E. Church,
was excellent. A musical program was rem
dered, Mr.. Walter Plummer, the well known
cornetist, playing several selections:
The ground for the chapel was donated by
Mr.. r. A. Mccormick, o. Timonium, and
about $500 was raised at the services on Sun.
day. The chapel is situated on the York road
south of the tollgate at Timonium. The trus'
tees are Rev. L. W. Gosnell and Messrs. Walter
Weisbrod, William II. Heilig, William II
Reisinger and William A. Fidler. Mr. Wels
brod is also assistant superintendent OF the
Sunday school. Mrs. Benjamin F. During is
organist. Mr.. VIM. K. Burns, of Towson, wa
the builder.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Woman Loses Her Life in Singular
Manner.-Mrs. Bridget Halligan, aged about
60 years years, wife of Thomas Halligan, was
drowned last Sunday night in the Gunpowder
falls, not far from Ashland, and her body was
found the next day about two miles down the
stream. 1t was discovered in the water by
james Fendlay. who had gone in search of the
missing woman. Justice Bull of Warren. held
an inquest. DR.. B. F. Bussey made post
mortem examination and said he could find
no evidence of foul play.
James Fendlay and Edward Powers were the
witnesses. The latter said Mrs. Halligan was
at the colored camp, near her home, with
others on Sunday night, and after leaving went
as far as Mr.. Powers home. She told him she
was not afraid to go to her home, short dis
lance off, but must have become bewildered
and may have wandered all night until she
reached the falls where she fell in and met her
death by drowning.
Deceased, who was a native of Ireland, was
a member of st. Josephs Catholic Church.
Texas. She is survived by her husband and
one son.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Improvement Clubs Annual Meeting
The annual meeting of the NeighborhoOd Inn
provement Club of Govanstown was held in
the Y. M. C. A. Building on Tuesday night,
when the following officers were elected for the
ensuing year President, Mrs. 5. b. Robinson !;
first vice president Mrs. Chester b. Turnbuil !;
second vice-president, Mrs. George M. Lamb |;
third vice president. Mrs. E. N. Duncan; re-
cording secretary, Miss Clara B. Benninghaus
corresponding secretary, Mrs. Rowena Stewart;
treasurer, Mrs. Everett Clark; directors, one
wear: Mrs. w. w. Shaw, Mrs. James g. Rod
gers, Jr., Mrs. Charles McGlone, Mrs. Harry
Parsons, Mrs. Isaac H. Moss, Miss Katharine
Faethe, Mrs. H. c. Hess and Mrs. II. Wooden.
Two years Miss Anna See, Mrs. Gideon Z.
Honkins. Miss E. M. Turnbull, Mrs. George
ii, Hooking, Mrs. Ella c. Brodie, Miss s.
GLENN, Mrs. Lennox Birckhead and Mrs.
Frank Edmondson.
The following committee chairmen were
named: Sanitation, Mrs. Henry G. Turnbull )
school, Mrs. Eward M. Duncan; sidewalk,
Miss s. w. Smith; finance, Mrs. Gustav
Schwarz; house, Miss Helen Richardson ;
photography. Miss Stella Benn; membership,
Miss Saliie GLENN; printing, Mrs. James g.
Baugher sanitary law, Mrs. Elisha II. Walker
tree and flower, Mrs. Henry Richardson.
Last spring the club distributed flower seeds
among the children and the following were
awarded prizes for the best gardens, photo
graphs of which were taken by Miss Benning
haus Ellen McRoberts Margery Newton
Margaret Newton and George Newton. The
| girls received gold medals and the boy was
| given a set of garden tools.
Following the meeting the circulating library
| organized by the club was thrown open for In
spection. It is on the second floor Of the Young
| Mems Christian Association building and com
prises 700 volumes.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Stable and Valuable Horses Burned
The frame stable on the property of Mr.. How
ard P. Sadtler, on Rogers avenue, near MT.
Washington, took fire from some UNKNOWN
cause about 2. 80 o'clock on Friday morning OF
last week and was entirely consumed. The
fire had gained such Roadway when it was dis
covered that nothing in the building could be
saved. The contents included two horses, val
ued at $500, carriages, harness, &C.. causing
total loss of about s., 900, which Is parity COW
cred nv Insurance. Mr.. Sadtler is under the
impression that the fire was caused by spon-
taneous combustion.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Bowling Alleys Formally Opened.-The
fine new bowling alleys attached to the Guild
House in Towsori, Mr.. Daniel Harding, builder,
were formally opened on Thursday night.
The place was tastefclly decorated and bril-:
liantly lighted with acetelyne and presented
a most inviting appearance. The alleys we're
freely used during the evening. The ladies'
served a supper in the Guild House and this
was followed by a dance. Those in charge
of the supper were Mrs. Osborne |. YelI.ht,
Mrs. ]. Burkloe Brown and Misses Mary yell
lott. Mary and Nora BrufL Eliza d. Longnecker,
Muriel Powers, Mary Isaacs, May Grason,
Ridgely Grason. Bessie Emory, Nellie Feast
and Eleanor Yellott. The affair cleared over
500.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

A Hartford County Will Case.-The will
Of the late William A. Wilson, of Hartford
county, was offered for probate in the Orphans
Court at Bear. on Monday last, by Adolph A:
Mecaslin, of Baltimore county, who is named
as executor and trustee under the will. A
caveat was Immediately filed by Mrs. Noanii
Blanche Standiford, wife of Frank Standiford,
and only child of Mr.. Wilson, through Messrs.
]. Royston Sitter and Stevenson A. Williams.
Messrs. James J. Lindsay and ]. Royston
Sitter were appointed administrators pen dente
lite. Messrs. Boarman & Lindsay represent
Mr.. Mecasin, the executor and trustee. The
will was executed September 2lst last, at Johns
Hopkins Hospital, where Mr.. Wilson was
under treatment. He leaves all his property
to his daughter, Mrs. Standford, during life.
and at her death to her children, if any, and in
case she leaves no children or descendants Of
children, then to the brothers of Mr.. Wilson.
The estate is estimated to be worth from ten to
fifteen thousand dollars.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Ask Decree to Sell Property Mes
Grason & Bacon, attorneys for Mr.; William u:
Randall, next friend of Helen B: Randall and
sneS Helen B. and Edward o. Randall, minors
to procure decree for a sale of their interest
in about SO acres of land on Park Heights ave-
nue. which belonged to their mother, the late
Mrs. Emma Isabel Randall.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Epworth League onacers Elected..The
Epworth League Chapter Of Lakeview M. y.
Church. Dulany's Valley, elected the following
Officers on Thursday night, to serve the ensu-
ing wear: President, Mrs. Alfred g. Lee; LIST
vice.president, Theodore Fornwalt; "a vice.
president, Mrs. Harry Treadwell; Sd vice.-pres-
ident. John Mccormick; 4th vice president,
Miss Lillian Pocock secretary MISS biancne
lee: treasurer, Mrs. Herbert G. Lee.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Towson Insurance Agency Changes
The firm of Offutt, Emmart & Wheeler,
composed Of Messrs. Lemuel D. Offutt, G.
Frank Emmart and Frank !. Wheeler. has
been dissolved and the business disposed
of to Messrs. William P. Cole, Frsnk l.
Wheeler and james e. Dugan, who will here
after conduct it, Mr.. Cole, who is Clerk OF the
in the insurance business. Mr.. Dugan, who
has been clerk in the Office of the County
Treasurer, has resigned and will devote his
entire attention to the new business. The
name and style of the new firm will be Wheel
er, Cole & Dugan.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

More Big Corn in the valley.-A cores
pondent writing from Worthington Valley,
4th district, says: THE observer who oc-
cssionalIv writes to THE UNION from this val
lev seems to have overlooked the farm of Mr..
Jacob II. Zouck. He has field Of IS acres in
corn which he thinks will equal, If not sur
mass. that of any of his neighbors. The stalks
are so high that the men who cut i bad to
stand on trestles to tie the shocks. Five ears
dom measured from IA to 16 inches in length
each. Mr.. Zouck stands ready to verify this
statement"
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Fire at Hamilton.-A large stable on the
property of Messrs. Tames & Bro, at Hamil-
ton. Hartford road, was destroyed by fire on
Tuesday afternoon. Four horses that were in
the building were saved, but all the other con-
tents were consumed. These included large
quantities of wheat, oats and potatoes. 25 bar
rels of cement and other articles. The esti-
mated loss is $780, with but 1000 insurance.
The county fire engines and also the volunteer
companies of Hamilton and the Belair road
responded promptly to the alarm and it was
due to their good work that the fire did not
spread to other buildings The large hall
building was thought at one time to be in great
danger. The Messrs. Tames are well known
business men at Hamilton.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Jenkins.-Mrs Rebecca Hunter Jenkins,
aged so years, widow of 7. Robert Jenkins, OF
Baltimore, died last Sunday at Southampton,
IT, l., where she had been spending the sum-
mer with her daughter, Mrs. G. Warrington
Curtis. Mrs. Jenkins for the past seven years
had lived in New York. Her husband was at
one time prominent merchant of Baltimore
and was a member of the well known Jenkins
family. She was daughter of the late John
Valley, Baltimore county, and was connected
with the Hillen family. Her surviving chill
dren are Messrs. Frances x. Jenkins, Robert
o. Jenkins, of New York, and Alphonso l..
jenkins, of Baltimore, and Mrs. G. Warning.
ton Curtis. The remains were brought on and
the funeral took place at the Cathedral on
Wednesday.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1905-10-07

Knoebel. 10th Observation-Disclosures earth is
now decked in her fall garb. The plowed
fields, the green wheat peeping through the
brown earth and the yellow corn piled against
the blue sky make picture that can be seen
only in nature.
Chestnut Grove Presbyterian Sunday school
will celebrate rally day on Sunday morning,
October Sth at $40 o'clock. All are cordially
invited. The superintendent, DR.. John s.
Green, and the pastor, Rev. w. l.. Smallhurst,
will be glad to welcome any new scholars as
that will be the beginning of the fall sessions.
Messrs Hoffman Bros, who sold their farm
to Mr.. C.. II. Linville have moved to Balti-
more. Their many friends regret to see them
leave the neighborhood.
Mr.. Hinkle, who has been quite i'll, is con-
| v5lescent. He is under the care of DR.. John
| s. Green.
Mr.. and Mrs. Milton Dance have gone to
| Newark, Delaware. to attend meeting of the
| Old School Baptists at Welsh Tract Meeting
| House.
The stork has been visiting several homes
this fall. Among the number he called at
ALTA VISTA" the home of Hoffman Bros, and
left fine son to Mr.. and Mrs. w. c. Hoffman.
! Mr. Morris B. Green, eldest son of DR.. ]. s..
Green, has returned to college. He is student
at the University of Maryland.
The Missionary Society of Union NJ. E.
Church will hold "Short Social at the home
of Mr.. George w. Francis, on Tuesday evening,
October 10th, beginning at ok. Admission
10 cents. Refreshments will be served. Public
cordially invited. K.
IowAs REPORTED decline in population is an
oh thok sx,oonuifu IN labor