Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-08-20
THE EVOLUTION OF CHINA.

The signs that China is awakening to the
responsibilities that are crowding upon her
| are manifold. That she no
Cnlna longer refuses ito take up
Awakening. the white mans burden" Is
| manifested by the treaty
| concluded at Shanghai with the United
| States on the Sth Of October. 1903. Ito ex-
| tend further commercial relations and
| otherwise promote the interests OF the peo-
| pies Of the two countries In view of the pro-
visions OF the first paragraph OF article Nj
of the final protocol signed at Picking on the
! It'll day of September. 1901.
Article VII Of the treaty declares: THE
Chinese government recognising that 1t Is
advantageous for the country to develop its
mineral resources and that 1t is desirable to
attract foreign as well as Chinese capital,
will permit citizens of the United States to
carry on In Chinese territory mining opera
tions and other necessary business relating
thereto. provided they comply with the new
regulations and conditions which will be
imposed by China on its subjects and for
eigners alike relating to the opening OF
mines"
China, thus aroused from the sleep Of
ages, now prepares for the struggle for life.
The United States manifestly must have
and hold q particular interest In China.
whilst Japan, dominating Korea and Man
Of influence" to China. Japan will attract
and endeavor to control European and
American capital. to exploit not her own re-
sources. which are meager. but those Of
China. which are vast and almost limitless
To maintain and develop her newly found
power. Japan aims to dominate China and
thus becomes the natural rival OF the occi-
dent. of the United States particularly. sell
ing us everything buying from us nothing
The maintenance Of the territorial integ
rity OF China may be declared in the proto-
col OF peace at Portsmouth
AorIa1oTla1 II there may be such peace
Integrity. but the letter OF the treaty
counts for little II the spirit
Is wanting. q fact amply illustrated by the
violation of the treaty of Shimonoseki
executed by Russia and Japan in 1895. by
which the independence and autonomy OF
Korea were soiemnly guaranteed. guar
antee which Korea at this moment Is asking
the United States in vain to assure.
On the other hand. we are told that Japan
Is in favor Of the open door in the orient
lin China What fools we mortals be.
The open door, forsooth! 1t appears that
the futflity of an open door has never &C.
CURED to the occidental, for when Japan
shall have fairly begun the exploitation OF
the far east with occidental capital. which
she may obtain at Will, the exploitation OF
the varied industries of Korea, Manchuria
and China will be effected with labor at 10
cents day. How, may it not be asked
can the occidental utilize an open door I'M
der such manifest disparity Of conditions!
The boycott, which has been widely ac-
cepted as directed solely against American
commerce in China, appears to be waged
likewise against European commerce. and.
1t should be added cyncalIy, against British
commerce, heretofore cited in the pro-
test of the seventy or more directors of
British trading houses in Chinas to Lord
Lansdowne, the Importance OF which has
since been accentuated by the Information
that the boycott has extended to Nagasax
a fact which must have been the subject of
curious consideration and reflection by the
British minister for foreign affairs.
X
The present Chinese dynasty, TEACHING
cho-great pure dynasty-dates from
1914. The famous and
on1"o powerful Empress Dow
Government. ager Tzu-hsi is the ma
ternal aunt Of the En-
peror. kuang- tisu. TZu-hsi by some mys-
ferrous influence not yet explained by
those who affect familiarity with Chinese
puzzles still controls the destinies of
China.
The supreme direction of affairs of the
empire is vested in the chun chi chu. the
privy or grand council. The administra-
ton is under the direction of the nei-ko,
or CABINET, comprising lOuT members, Two
Chinese and two Manchu. There are also
two assistants from the Han-lin. or great
college, whose duties are to see that
there Is no infracton of the civil and
ligious laws of the empire as contained
in the Tai ing -hweitien and the
cred books of Confucius. These are the
ministers of state. the ia hsio- shin. Under
them are placed the eight boards known
as papu, thus: Civil affairs. revenue,
rites. military, public works. justice, for
eign affairs and commerce.
Besides the aforegoing there is the tu-
h'a-yuen. or board of public censors, COM
posed of forty to fifty members with two
presidents. the one Manchu, the other Chi
nese.
The tungli yamen, or foreign office,
created in 1851. was superseded in 1900 by
foreign affairs office now called wal
wu-pu, with Prince Ching as president
and four secretaries-office which takes
precedence over all others.
Each Of the eighteen provinces which
constitute China proper Is ruled by a
governor, or governor general. who is re-
sponsible to the emperor The governor
general Is assisted by council and each
province is subdivided into departments
and each depa rtment into districts
The Statesman's Year Book for 1905
gives the following table of the particf-
patton Of trade with China during 1903.
Great Britain 6O.6Oa.7 72 10,024 Cos
Hong Kong. .-......--.. l5O.oZO fO5 o3.a1,.sV,
lnuIa. oo'ooo'sVo .-oI1'ofo
Europe. Observation-Disclosures. %. 35O,9S3 1918, 44a