New-York tribune., 1905-08-19

18th the time when fhere was no uipAoi'"N'' -
Sc international sense. because there were no
etions among which it could be praetiseo' he
.oman Empire was. more truly than any oiner'
universal State II comprised the whole CIVIL
led world Under Csracafs all its free IN
abitants were made citizens. 1t could thefe-
ore have no foreign relations, no 1nteThat'ohai
Nv, no diplomacy. All relations were ooii'esie-
tome did not care fer abroad because 'heie
,.s M ..hroad,, in the modern sense. Nerer-
hejess this very vastness and comprehensive
.ss of Rome gave not only TO the empire out 10
ne capital unsurpassed cosnopohtahisHl'
rhich practically compelled the creation of a jus
entium IN addition to the just civlle Douotiess
he latter was OF the more importance The in
rence Of Roman civil law upon the world, even
own TO and in our time. could scarcely be
verestirnafed. But neither was the jus gentium
old OF vast influence. Rightly or wrongly It
resently became identified with jus natura and
Fas adopted as the foundation OF international
Gw.
Dr. Hill httingly begins his study OF diplomacy
r of the effect OF diplomacy. at this point. In
he very greatness OF the universal empire were
oxn the seeds OF dissolution seperatism,
md these began 10 geralinate in the corruption
md decadence of the imperial system Alliances
we're made with barbarian tribes and thus rudi-
nentary International relations were established.
lrd the breaking up of the universal empire
nto a number Of separate States Concurrently
With this. however, another and contrary in
Iuence arising. This was the Christian
Church. which aimed at an empire as universal
rs that OF the Caesars, and which became sum
.iently developed before the fall of the empire
% exert a considerable conservative and CEN
ripetal force. The empire is said TO have fallen
y A D. 416. In fact its nominal existence con-
dnued to be recognized That date, however,
enthusiastically marked the transition from uni
rersal imperial rule TO local and racial author
~. It was the end OF unity and the beginning
" separatism. At the time the Church
hen began to assert its uniform and universal
sway over the separate political entities which
trose upon the ruins of Rome Thereafter for
many centuries the history of Europe was large
" q history of the alterations Of harmony and
antagonism between those who would restore
The universal empire Of the Caesars and those
Hho would make universal the empire of the
successors OF Peter.
It was under the puissant rule of that great
hero OF the An1elung and Nibelung legends
Theodoric. and his Chancellor, the younger Cas-
siodorus. that international diplomacy began to
take form. II was also under him that the first
strong clash occurred between Pope and Kaiser,
with results unfavorable 10 the hero of Verona.
Frankish kingdom marked further triumph of
the Church and confirmation of its power.
Schisn was suppressed. unity of control was
established, and the universal church took the
place OF the universal empire Under the Caesars
Rome had been the political and military capital
81 the world Under Gregory the Great it be-
the spiritual capital of the world, and its
spiritual sway also included a political and mill
tary influence Of mean order. For time the
conflict between Pope and Kaiser, King was
suspended, and the cooperation between the
Church and the Frankish kingdom in the time Of
the Pippins and Charles Martel was of great sig
nincance and value 10 both 1t led in time TO the
empire Of Charlemagne. which came the nearest
10 universally since the time of Tratan Dr.
lTill recalls from the Greek records that 1t came
Very close TO attaining practically complete uni
versatility through a marriage between Charles
and Irene, the Empress of the East. That mar
riage was prevented by a sudden revolution,
but 81 is fascinating To speculate upon what
might have been its results had il occurred, and
had the whole civilized world practically. thus
been reunited under a worthy successor of the
- greatest OF the Caesars. But that not to be
and at the death of Charles the great empire OF
the West dismembered among his three
sons Thereafter there various futile ef-
forts 70 recreate it. but at the abdication OF
fragments. to be reunited
From Frank to Saxon the imperial sceptre
and ambition then passed. Henry the Fowler
and his son Otto the Great aimed to build anew
the universal empire upon a German founda
ton Otto was shrewd and masterful enough
TO bend the Church TO his political uses and tc
make ii practically his vassal. though more thar
once he found its power a dangerous rival tr
his own. He succeeded in establishing the
Holy Roman Empire Of the German Nation =
of which Italy itself was part and which al
most equaIled that of Charlemagne in extent
though he failed TO win France TO his allegiance
Under Otto III the splendid fabric fell almost
into ruin. 10 be restored by Henry II of Bavaria
by Conrad ii of Franconia, who reunited ITALY
and Burgundy with Germany and by Henry III
who ordained the Truce of God. But at bes
these essays at universal empire fell far shorr
Of imperial Rome, for the that Byzan-
tun continued TO hold stubborny aloof. and
indeed. grow further and further away from
the Western realms
While the Germanic empire was thus mag
-rnihed. the Papacy declining in power and
authority The great German emperors thought
themselves able TO stand without it, or TO use
II simply Vassal and tool. The pendulum
was soon TO swing far TO the other extreme
however, under the stress of a powerful infu-
ence from Clury. Hildebrand arose, at first a.
priest and Pope maker and then as Pop.
himself Gregory WI. and was the leader in e
struggle which in time dragged Henry " tC
Canossa. But must remember that Canossa
did not end that conflict which was maintained
until a reaction set in against the great preIate
who IN the end Was as much Inundated as h,
had humated Henry. and was saved from
capture only through the intervention of Nor
mans and Saracens and only to die IN erre