The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1905-08-13

| into port Tor the benefit OF the cAptor.
Nevertheless, this maritime code was Q
substitution Of general principles for the
caprices Of arbitrary force and the aus
picious beginning Of q. new public order
In the world. Transplanted to France
and to the shores Of the Baltic. the rules
Of the .Consolato' furnished the founda-
ton for the 'Juoenens dOleron' and tho
Laws Of Wisby.' Thus was instituted
upon the sea q law Of nations which latef
times extended to intercourse upon the
land and raised TO tho dignity q inter-
national jurisprudence.
It will be convenient to oondder IN con-
nection with DR.. Hills pext volume the final
chapter Of this book. which deals with Tho
Rise Of National Monarchies. We would
not, however. take Leave Of this instalment
Of his valuable work without referring
10 the distinctions drawn by him between
tho various terms employed for diplomatic
agents, as to which so much confusion ID
current. In the text of hh own work, In
deed, the words envoy and Ambassador
are used In their ordinary literary sense,
without technical Determinations, - free
translations OF the Latin words nissls.
nuntius and leodtus. which, a. our au-
thor reminds us. are used Unfortunately
by Latin writer's themselves. He deems
II desirable, however, TO present In foot
note to pages 5000 certain definitions
which viii b found Of Importance In later
stages Of the history Of diplomacy. It Is
noted, for instance, that the name ordinarily
applied to an envoy before the fourteenth
~ Vel ~xVfNS
After that time the moro eminent envoys
were called on,boriatorss In the middle
Of the sixteenth century Emperor
Charles V. ordained that the name On
ddriatores should be applied only to the
representatives Of crowned heads and Of
tho Republic Of Venice. Minor States and
free cities were not to make use Of the word
Ambassador as applied to their diplomatic
representatives. Tho current classifca-
ton Of diplomatic agents Is ~ ambassa-
dos, "a ENJOYS extraordinary and minis
tep plenipotentiary. (s) ministers resident,
and % charge d'afaires 10 entirely modern
and is reserved by DR.. Hill for consideration
In Q subsequent volume. Meanwhile he
observes that the Latin word ieodtss.
translated by isoate, and tho word axn-
tvs, translated by nuncio. and noncs
with the mobilization fnternunto, have
,been appropriated by the Holy See to desis-
nate its diplomatic representatives. The
only other diplomatic officer bearing tho
title internunho was the Austrian MIN
lister to the Sublime Porte at Constantinople.
now raised to an ambassador. II. ". h
The Barbarian INVADER q Ame.
One Of the most valuable additions yet
made to the History Of ell Nations now
In course Of publication by Lea Bros. 4 Co.,
Ia the sixth volume, entitled The Great Niero-
tons, which phrase comprehends the i1up-
ton Of the Turanian Huns. rs ven a. the
successive invaaiona Of the Roman Empire,
by Teutonic peoples. from the Cimbn and
Teutons to The MarcomAnni, the Anmanni,
the Ostrogoths, the yisigoths. the Vandals,
the Burgundians and the Franks. The
author, Dr. JULIUS Won PYLuoK-HARrTUNo,
was formerly professor Of history at the
University OF Basic, and u now keeper OF
the Pruasian royal archives. His work,
we should mention. has been Translated
under the supervision Of DR.. John Henry
Wright, professor Of Greek In Harvard
University and dean Of the graduate SCHOOL
There IL no subject upon which moro light
has been thrown in recent years by archeo-
logical discoveries and by . moro critical
study Of historical documents than has been
shed upon what may he termed the heroic
age Of Germany and the extent to which
Germans had absorbed elements Of Roman
civilization before they adopted Christian
ity and effected permanent odgments
within the pale Of the Roman Empire. 1t
Ia to the results Of the authors investiga-
l. L. l~to anA until n
paratively late period, UNEMPLOYED field Of
INQUIRY that We shall here invite attention.
In . preliminary chapter Prof. Won
PLUCK Harttung msrshas the evidence
for believing that long before they came
into military or political contact with tho
Romans tho primitive Germans had cx-
perienced civilihns influences emanating
from Mediterranean foci Of culture. To
such influences they seem to have owed tho
ago Of bronze and tho ago Of iron through
which they successfully passed. Tho
bronze implements and ornaments Of the
southern races seem to have passed the
Alps more than q thousand yean before
the beginning OF our era, and by virtue Of
their superiority In material and technique
to have spread themselves over all central
and northern Europe. even as far q Nor
way and Ireland. They are found In great
numbers In the valleys Of the upper Danube
and Of the Rhine. At first the stream Of
civilization seems to have flowed from the
southeast. In Central Europe. - at Troy
and Olympia. during what k known Is
the Mycen~an ago, 1t 10 exclusively bronze
that supplants stone, while the correspond
ence In type Of the objects found In these
widely distant localities tells Of . COM
nunity Of origin. The same great brooches
and heavy necklaces Of bronze bedeck
the women Of Ellis and upper Austria. By
slow degrees the northern races learned
to manufacture bronze articles for them
selves, Is y proved by the discovery Of
aI,cisnt casting moids and OF unfinished
produces. A The necessary metallic con-
stituents Of bronze, however. were to be
found in only few districts, It Is obvious
that recourse must have been made to
importations.
Tho tin In the bronze objects Of the Swiss
lakes is % pure that 1t Is believed to have
come from Cornwall or from the west Of