The new enterprise., 1905-06-22


\ L that although from the
WOW very earliest times be has
been with us. and the most ancient
writers have mentioned and described
him, still very little was known of his
origin and history
1t remained for the eminent Boston
biologist, Dr. A. S. Packard. in 1873 to
make known its origin, habits and
transformations from the egg through
the larva state with its two changes 10
pupa state, then TO the perfect fly.
Near the first Of August the female
lays about 100 eggs of a dull gray
color, selecting fresh horse manure in
which to deposit her eggs. and so Sc.
cretes them that they are rarely seen;
It takes only twenty-four hours for
them to hatch into the first form Of
lNrva. a white worm one-quarter Of an
inch In length and one-tenth in diane
ter They feed on the decayiDg matter
OF their environment, and two changes
or casting Of skins occur before they
turn into the pupa state; this change
comes very suddenly. The entire per-
iod from the egg to the pupa state is
from three to four days II moist food
is wanting when in this condition they
will eat each other and thus decrease
their number. Heat and humidity
greatly assist their development, as
upon careful computation each pound
Of manure around stables and out
houses develops under favorable condi.
tlons over 1000 flies. 1t Is no wonder
that where these conditions exist we
have such q vcritable harvest OF the
fly pest
In the pupa state when the fly is
about to emerge, the end of the pupa
case splits off. making a hole through
which the fly pushes a portion Of its
head, but here il seems to encounter
difficulty; the pupa case is too stiff and
hard TO pass through, but nature comes
to its assistance, and a sort Of bladder
like substance forms behind the head,
which swells out apparently filed with
air; 1t acts as n means Of pushing
away the pupa case and releases the
fly, When tle fly first energies 1t runs
around with its wings soft, small and
baggy; 1t is pale and the colors are
not set; its head rapidly expands and
the bladder formation passes away
within n few hours the wings grow
and harden, it is now o perfect 1y.
The whole time frorI the depositlng
Of the egg 10 the perfect fly is not over
ten days in duration, Many persons
who observe small dies IN midsummer
suppose they are the young, but such
Is not the case; they are dies that are
impcrfectly nOurished in the larvae
and pupa states, and do not attain
full size, in fact, they are the dwarfs
Of their race The male fly differs
from the female in the front of the
head between the eyes, being at least
one-third narrower, though IN size the
female is rather smaller.
In the pupa state they are often fed
upon by tie larvae OF some of the
beetles notably that Of the carpet bee
tie, whose pupa, the dreaded buffalo
'moth,' will attack the young fly in
the pupa case and eating it possess the
case for itself.
Adult flies like most other creatures
have parasites Of minute size that prey
upon them; these can often be seen as
presenting small red specks over the
body OF the Gy
The ay hibernntes in winter, but
with his usual secretlve habit it is very
difficult to find him in his winter quar-
ters. With the first chill Of autumn
the flies feeling the cold, seek tempor-
ary warmth in houses, and clustering
together form punches In the corners
of walls and other places. They are
then sluggish and not so active as in
the warm weather. However, they do
not make a permanent stay indoors,
but on the first mild, sunny day, seek
the windows to get out and find their
permanent winter hiding place; many
prefer to make their homes in the
roots Of grass on lawns where they
hide themselves so effectually that the
Ice and snow of winter does not de-
stroy them in their alternating state.
II in the first warm days Of spring
when the snow Is gone and the grass
on the lawns becomes dry and warm,
long before the yellow dandelion shows
Its head, close observer may see num-
bers Of flies crawling up on the grass
to get the welcome sunshine, their
wings standing out stff and useless,
but they soon acquire the power OF
flight in the warm rigs Of the sun. A
great many days, however, elapse be-
fore they appear in the homes Of men,
where they are such unwelcome visit.