davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
A Billion Dollar Country.

Washington.-A bulletin issued by
the bureau of statistics of the depart
ment of commerce and labor estimates
that the foreign commerce of the Unit
ed States for the calendar year 1905
will amount to more than $1,O00,OO0,
900. For the nine months ended in
September the imports of materials
for use in manufacturing amounted to
$422, 100000, and the exports Of manu-
features to $424,OoO,Ooo. Manufacture
ers' materials imported in the nine
months of 1905 we're practically twice
as great in value as in the correspond.
ing period of 1890.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
More Moros Made Good.

Manila.-Troops under Captain
Frank R. Mccoy of the Third cavalry,
aide-de-camp to Major General Woods,
have surprised the Datto Ali, head of
the Moro insurgents of the island of
Mindanao, who has been on the war
path for some time past, and killed
him, together with his son and ten
followers. Forty-three wounded Moros
were taken prisoners and many arms
and a large quantity Of ammunition
was captured. Three Americans were
killed and two wounded.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
HARTMAN AND HILL AT WAR.
As a Result the Burlington Has De-
cded to Build to Salt Lake.

Salt Lake City.-A special to the
Salt Lake Herald from Boston says:
It is a fact, although James j, Hill in
an interview Saturday issues technical
denials that the Burlington road will
enter Salt Lake. This was learned
Saturday from an official source The
move is only one in far reaching and
gigantic railroad ambitions in which
Hill and Hartman are opposed. There
is no truce between them, as early de-
velopments will show. They have
reached an agreement, but it is an
agreement to disagree. The Burling-
ton will build into Salt Lake, though
Mr.. Hill continues to issue technical
denialS
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
More Trouble for Insurance
Companies.

Akron, Ohio.-Quo warranto pro-
ceedings were commenced in the cir
cult court here Saturday afternoon by
Prosecuting Attorney Hagelbarger on
the advice of ex-Attorney General
Monnett, of Ohio, against the Mutual
Life Insurance company and the New
York Life Insurance company to GUST
them from the state by taking their
franchises from them, on the ground
that the companies have misused
their powers for the past five years in
violation of the laws of the state.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
Sunday Celebrated as White Ribbon
Day In Los Angeles.

Los Angeles, Cal.-Sunday was
white ribbon" day in the various
churches Of the city and suburban
towns in honor of the visiting dele.
gates to the National Woman's Chris.
tian Temperance union convention.
The principal event of the day was the
convention sermon, delivered by Miss
Elizabeth w. Greenwood of New
York, superintendent of the Evangel.
istic department at the First Congre.
gational church.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1905-11-03
STRIKERS HAVE FUNDS.
Rumored That Millionaire Merchants
Of Moscow Are Backing Them.

st. Petersburg.-The strikers evil
IDENTIFY have some funds, but whence
they have been derived is mystery.
According to rumors being circulated
in st. Petersburg, the Moscow mil,
lionaire merchants have been sup
porting the constitutionalists and
have made large contributions to con-
tinue the strike under the belief that
the government will be forced to sur
render.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

There is more CatarIh in this
section of the country than all
other diseases put together, and
until the last few years was sup.
posed to be incurable. For a
great many years doctors pro
nonnced 1t local disease and
prescribed local remedies, and by
constantly failing to cure with To-
cal treatment, PRONOUNCED it in
durable. Science hay proven ca
tarrh to be a consy tutional dis
ease and tlerefo1f requires con-
stitutional tr eatmfnt. Halls Ca
tarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J..
Cheney & c% Toledo, Ohio, is
the only constitutional cure on
the market. 1t is taken internally
IN doses from 10 drops to a tea
Spoonful. 1t acts directly on the
blood and mucus surfaces of the
system, They offer one hundred
dollars for any case it fails to cure.
Send for circulars and testimO-
MAS. Address: Il. J. CHENEY
u CO., Toledo, Ohio.
Sold by Druggists, Is Feb.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

This winter has been a severe
one all over the country. Our
beautiful "SOuth land" has been
no exception and has had its full
measure of the "disagrecables y
With the continued cold the coal
supply in many homes and Offices
became exhausted. Soon the
dealers stock were also exhausted
then followed wild demand
for fuel. Our local dealers did
all in their power to keep abreast
with their orders and carloads
were pledged before the arrival
of the cars. With the return of
mllder weather and many car,
loads of coal this week the fuel
market eased up little.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

n The VA. =. O. was w ,r,s
,,.rning1y entertained BY "'s s.
1Ip Decuu at her nome -
Charles St. The evening wa.
unch enjoyed The hrs' p''1'
r ,... awarded to Mrs. Alert oe.
| Blanc, Consolation to Mrs, ~
| thouy Landry and the ''''S u
| Mrs. Wilson o.o ,,ros
The following guests were pres
,ut Miss Louise subero'e''e MISE
| Smith from Louisville KENTUCKY
MIS- Wilson from Texas and MIS-
- ,,s Nav York. Delicious re
.n.,ontS were served. Mrs.
Gayle WIZ entertain the Gun
next week.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
l,heSrl,artSet
~. anne Of Cieuerness

r ...., Of CIeuernese
~. saa's sAoald have q veil.
|as,s y -. s.es,''s.isneas, amu.e.
i -. Z n sn.s 81 H. Son are tn th'
h ..s:.uisl 4 Mainline,
,s.s.,' ~ Z ssep,sss one d eaeh
I..ls =, ., y Y Il most b II rasa
T. -. 8 ~ A..isphsrss ''"''
II. !. :, .,ssiss are nsscbIe,,-.
i. .. g q human interest.
.s-s ], Nc. e le,., Aunor, tender der
II ~. .S :: sas day.
ss,. = sta'sasdly 4. no sketches 's'a..
AA'ttu'
10 ,ss ~ Dsl,xA.iul Re. !. -,
~. s' - vested o. .s ss.s,, :,
.ssgiss -. ..lsoti.l vspot slsap :, !,
irsy..ss... "a id. discussions o.
~ 49, ~ viii iatsrest. cS.s.
~ .lsss., :. :. o. PEI Yea, year
aAef 81 '. = i letter to 1 TIT
- ~ ~ FftA Avenue
~, :.::.:...: o.,,.. Sen,
! Nv ~ LETT 1,
Aeps4 - y
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

Joseph Mcguire shot his brother
Charles, At Jeanerette, yesterday af'
|Mpocn Il about 4 o'clock. Charles
h the elder. about 3S years of age
While Joe Is about "a. The latter is q
cripple.
This information came 70 us yester.
diy afternoon Is we wefe going tc
Dfess, but particulars we're not to be
bad. Charles Is thought. to be very
dangerously wounded.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

Mr. George Simon recently pur.
chased the fire wrecks on the lot
next below the Alma House. The
stuff is being cartcd away. When
the lot will have been cleared it
will be as pretty as can be found.
We trust hat it will not long be
vacant.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

Hazel kirie will be played by
local talent, under direction of
Miss Jennie Holman on Feb. 18th,
for the benefit Of st. Berchmans
School
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

|r Nj. Ferd King, of hhv~'fir"
|of King Bros, left on We'nes
| d.v last for New York CITY to Sc
|leetasnd purchase tlefs spring
,o M for his house here.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

| When You feel blue and that
everything goes wrong, fake a
|do.s Of chamberla'n's/ stomach
land Liver Tablets. rrhey will
|eIeanse and invigprae your stom,
|.ch, regulate yduy bowels, give
|yeu relish for yo} food and make
lyon feel that in bis old world is a
rood place to live. For sale by
Estorge Drug TO. q Feb
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

The COnsumerce Ice & BOttling
works has been put through a
thorough course of repairs for
the 1905 season and will be ready
in the near future to start opera
tons.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

Show windows have just been
added to the front Of Mr.. Octave
Rcnoudet's hardware store on the
corner of Main and Iberia streets.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

All roads lead to New Iberia
but they tell us that they are not
pleasant travelling this week.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

A nice new line of Tablets and
Composition books on sale at
NjllardS next TO A Ina House
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

a MAN WHO GAN AT
FORD to pay tent is~rich
enough to own ahene. p
IBERIA BUILDING ASSOCIATION
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
f16
| PERSONALS.
ssGs9F 7R91g1 Ila4aT.,F9FTp III

I Abbpv;IIn /, ON l,,.;,o.,., ,.,.,..,,,
w.
La was here fo, d,r 49, -,
last vcnl
vos III. .,,ost. .f f,;.nJ -,
Jord,v
!" l. - '''i'lS' "thc lightning
TOWN I,.4 ,,o.,.
''. 90 ~ )" els was mere on fr'
""S " ''N' week. MT N''s l.
WV a. W. turner was q WIS.,
''' - trimmings i" returning t'
'"'' pave vi last 'f'day'
Mrs. !. l.. Morse rcturne,
''o'''' '" " ''''eSo"S, a''er a shor'
90 W w" 'i'e'''S.
Mayor Jules + Dupuy left On
Thursday afternoon for a brief
visit to Alexandria
Miss ,,;oo pon, .c.
short visit to her sister Mrs. j. A.
Leblanc arrived home during
last week.
Miss Emm, \Io,,c 1.fto, Mon
dor for Now nr,,on, ,,,o.o a,a
entered Miss BIakcs select school
Tor young ladies
Mr. Nod Inf sno,t q fou 1ors
with home folts n.or .hho, M,
stonnino over hero v,th fr;on,,s ~
his WOW TO proou p,;a ,.a
he is emnIoved
" - '''''''"S' VI "po'
'"'' "''' " l'''''''''' '"''o' DIV
wa '''o, ) ''''' ""S 'o' o''oo" ''o
'' va 49,, ""' '''''' 81 'o' "''o"'
rs '"' -'"'''''o VI anu "o'So ''
preston hihg, a former resident
Oh our town Dlt now or New
iperia, was shaking hands with
o'a ir'eliaS mere saturday ana
sunday" ashlhgton Enterprise
Will Uearne, of Jennings. was
in town on Thursday. He
dropped in to see us while here,
and tells us that he has four
charming youag ladies now in his
home.
Mr.. Fred Schwing will be pleas
ed to meet his lady friends and
customers at +. }. Carsten's store
corner of Nam and Julia streets
where he will be able to show
them real interesting bargains IN
lines that VIII please.
Our esteemed Charley Schwing
invites General jim to the Plaque
mine carnival and a view OF It's
completed lock--this in response
to our efforts to aid him in the
good work of beating the Panama
canal in its finish. Shreveport
Journal.
The LAFAYETTE Advertiser, of
the 1st instant records the follow.
ing personals:-Mlss Cessa Fuller,
of New Iberia, is the guest OF
Miss Aimee Martin. MIR. and
Mrs. Cornay Moss, of New Iberia,
came up Friday to attend the
funeral of Mrs. Geo. Huft.-Mr.
and Mrs. lmmergluck or New
Iberia. were in Lafayette Monday
Mr.. +. G Young, who lsft here
a few years ago to cast his lot in
the rice belt of this state, not far
f,nu I[anlon hos returnp1 His
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

We are in rec int of lovely
Ee>n,oi MT ai-.d.r this week
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

Last Saturday was one Satur
day without sunshine.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

The d1fSf has boon eff ertunlly
laid by The recent showers,
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11

If YOU haven't had the grip Q
yet, you are next.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
OUR COUNTRY is
PROSPEROUS:

Ak1ofEnVO0
Preserve good fines for
yourself by buyiE a home
through that Fofits-haring
institution thY
IBERIA BUILDkG ASSOCIATION
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
z III ffhJf5 ni'i
....LOCALS....

Thursday mornings sunshine
was welcome.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
Money W! Will b be- sold %es a

" eu' HCSsC 1rCOe
L 6 OF tn Heard If Directors o.
G lberi' Budding Association
Inch will be held It the office
70 ASSOCIATION on, neat Wednes
~ evening, at 7:30Noclock.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-02-11
Just Received

A fresh stock Of Pigs Feet and
Barreled Pickles. Also a lot
o of fine, fat healthy Chickens.
Phone orders solicited.
LEMAIkE Bros.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
TO PRESERVE GREAT LAKE LEVELS.
Deep Waterways Commission Opposes Grant
ing More Franchises at Outlets

Washington Oct 30.-ResoIutions passed by the
International Deep Waterway Commission recon-
mending that franchises be granted for
taking water from the Niagara River, the outlse
OF Lake Erie, and St Mary's River the outlet
Of Lake Superior, have reached the War Depart
ment Copies of the resolutions will be transmit
ted to the Governors of New-York and Micigan,
as the Jurisdiction of the United States govern
ment has been questioned. The extent OF the
authority of the federal government was discussed
by the members OF the commission at their recent
session. and the opinion expressed that this
federal government had undoubted authority over
water levels OF navtgabIe streams and lakes, al
though the title to the beds of the Niagara and
St Mary's rivers might be in serious doubt It
was pointed out that the national government
sumed and took undsputed control the water
level Of Lake Michigan when question was raised
to the right of the Chicago drainage commits
sion to take from Lake Michigan TO drain
Chicago Vest and nr1aIiy- to the
Mississippi River Possibly the point Will be raised
that in taking water from Niagara River below
the rapids and at the falls. and from St MaryS
River below the Sault Ste Marie Rapids, ths
levels of the lakes cannot be affected and further
that the streams from which the water Is taken
navigable streams, and for this reason arc
not under the control OF the federal government
There seems to be question about the author
fly of the Canadian government TO regulate the
taking of water from the streams. II is SAID that
any action OF the Canadian government Wilde
final and that the regulation VIII not eepend upon
the provincial government of Ontario
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
PLANS FOR ENTERTAINING PRINCE.
British Squadron Will Arrive at Annapolis
To.Morrow-North Atlantic Fleet Sails.

Annapolis, Nd Oct 30.-The forerunners Of the
British and American squadrons. which will accom-
panY Prince Louis of Battenberg to Annapolis are
the converted yacht yankton, which will be used
as a tender to the North Atlantic Squadron, and
water barge No. IL, towed by the government tug
Wahneta both of which now in Annapolis har-
Dor. Word mas been received at the Naval Academy
that the North Atlantic feet has sailed from Hamp-
ton Roads. and 1t Is expected here tomorrow noon
The programme for the entertainment OF Prince
Louis and his officers has been definitely arranged
The programme includes the arrival OF the BTU
ish feet and the exchange of visits on Wednesday.
On the following day there will be review OF the
brigade OF midshipmen and drill, followed by
reception by Admiral Sands. The prince, with the
admirals ano captains OF the British and American
souadrons will 90 to " Washington Friday to re-
main until Monday. In their absence the younger
British officers and nidsnpmen Will be entertained
On Monday night AT o'clock Superintendent SANDS
VIII give 6 inner the prince. On November
Admiral Rre-r{s5gs purposes tc give dinner the
bflity ret<Iz t,rilrfs-y 1t is understood that
Admiral Eva5fs z.:ii lisa LsIder a dinner.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
MUST Ply NEW RATES.
Obtained By Royal area
nun, Member Is Dissolved.

Justice Maddox, In the Supreme Court IN Brook
Ign. yesterday afternoon dissolved the injunction
restraining the Supreme Council CT the Royal Ar
canum from suspending James Mock for refusing
to pay his assessments according to the new rates
which went into effect October l. but the
justice expressly stated that ne did so only the
promise of counsel for both sides that they would
bring the to trial November 90
Mock. a member OF Berkeley Council No. 1884
Brooklyn, obtained the temporary Injunction some
ten days ago from Justice Garretson. Argument
to make it permanent was to have been heard be-
fore the latter in Long Island City. but. as he is
member of the Royal Arcanum. he sent the case
to Justice Maddox last Tuesday. Argument at that
time postponed until yesterday. In denying
the motion to make the Injunction permanent and
In dfssolvng it, Justice Maddox said he was actu-
ated by a desire protect the interests of the
widows and orphans of the dead members a per-
Injunction would have the effect of tying
up the funds of the order and preventing the
prompt payment of the death benefits. 1t final.
1y agreed that the should be brought trial
on November 20; meanwhile Mr. Mock Will pay his
assessments under protest If the case is decided
in his the assessments will be returned him.
His counsel says that in he loses the trial
he will take his protest against the new schedule
higher court
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
DEC4LOGUE OF CHARITY.
DR.. j. III. Finley Deliuers ADDRESS
at Hebre7c Charities Meeting.

Charity was the theme last night at the annual
meeting OF the United Hebrew Cha1ries heto III
the building at 2lst-st. and 2d-aye About h'e hui
d,ed representative Jews attended the meeting
Besides the election of officers Tor the eiSe
year and the presentation Of the annual sepoi
matter of special interest in the meeting was the
celebration. OF the thrtieta anniversary Oh 'iie =,
ton OF Henry Rice president OF the Vi S
ton There were many speeches OF cPilsi - =.
81, the long and valuable service of Mr.. fiee a.
tho head Of the worthy charity Aiiiohs r,e
,o,ninr in this testimony of app ecia''ch VIZ
n schiff Isidor straus and Isaac W1Hiiq1' z,r1av
A.. address was delivered by DR.. John ID ~
president OF the College OF the III! u -. ua
who concluded with decaiosue u
said In part: +,e
have no motive in giving before nn,. nne
dhoo u bt1 to whom thou gvest Ino9 si for the
give to the f aT be Visited upon the third
and fourth generations oil mn
sou shalt not take Of eh1 Fep IT og
Remember the a spi', let child disnonor father or
mother. Lin the soul of the beggar by
Thou I h Thoa shalt let mothers srIbs ss
their shame nor fathers ot t aeal from the poor
hoa , and not let thy giving bear false witness
to thy heit not covet the name phanthropist Tor
thine own glory
Mrs william Einstein in oehalf OF inc ia ,1s,,
sst.rboods of the organization, who were largely
-.,,..ented at the meeting, made an address, anu
presented a check for $1,000, each s1sterhooo On
tribu.ns 800 A large painting represeh'iiis
Charity" and several sets OF resolutions "eI"
rr.s.nted to Mr. Rice one of them by Jacob ID
scAin as president OF the Montefiore home Louis
stern. who is in Europe. sent cable dispatch OF
congratuiation.
The same officers were reelected and the 1ono"-
ing resolution was adopted at the meeting:
Resolved That the United Hebrew CHARITIES SUP
NIT to sister institutions the question OF Gaming
conference consider the organization OF Ieaera-
ton of Jewish charities in the city or Newt rh-
The report of the organization for 1905 showed
wider scope Of operation than the society had pre-
yiously undertaken and caused the members much
qualification The great increase in the Jewish i'm.
migration to the United States from Russia Is one
Of the Important subjects discussed in the report
II shows a total of 1OO,SSS immigrant arrivals at
the port of New-York in the last fiscal year as
COMPARED with 89.442 In the previous year during
the year 1o05 families and indviduas appiesd Ior
assistance at the United Hebrew Charities WIDOWS
and orphans received s34S SO in cash The RECORDS
of the employment bureau show that ~ per cent oL
those who applied for work got It,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
POEM CREDITED TO TWO AUTHORS
4 ". Aliens "The Coming of His Feet Re.
printed by Mistake Under Another Name.

In the October issue of a quarterly imasez,n.
The People, the Laird and the Book" pubshed
~ 3. A N Shapiro. of the Bible House Man
haitian. a poem, the title Of which is THE Coming
OF His Feet" is credited TO the pen of Mrs NJ r
c Hatnger, q department editor OF the maSa,,ns
but II was originally written by the Rev. Dr. Iy-
man Whitney Allen. pastor of the South Park
Presbyterian Church. far back as 1885
The apparent plagiarism called to Dr. Al
lens attention yesterday. but aside from saving
that he the author of the poem he refused
TO make any comment. Mr.. Shapiro. the pub
Usher IN explaining the occurrence, said that Mrs
Hstiinger was an elderly woman Of education and
refinement, who Sas employed his magazine
She had sent him the poem In printed form with
other material The poem, he sa.d was given him
IL published and he said that there vas
name attached to it.
Il assumed he said, that she was the author
End accordingly put her name to il. Mrs HatiIneer
ct once wrote to me. denying authorship of the
verses. and L Intended TO explain the matter In
the next issue, but DR. Allen has seen an to
give the affair to newspapers, / will make no
apology explanation
DR.. Allen had the poem first printed in The
Independent" II has been reprinted and used in
church hyu,nals since then. and regarded as
one OF Dr. Aliens best efforts DR.. T. De Witt
Talmage. when he preached his last sermon at
Ocean Grove. took Up hymnai and announced
tbs singing of The Coming OF His Feet
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1905-10-31
TO RESTRAIN PICTURE SALE.
Vanderbilt and Belmont Paintings Involved
in Supreme Court Action.

In law papers filed yesterday In the Supreme
Court much light was thrown on the publication Of
photogravures of various paintings in the
galleries of certain collectors of the United States
including the collections Of George w. Vanderbilt
and Perry Belmont. The publication is limited to
fifteen volumes. and sold the rate of a.eoo
volume.
Charles E. LIE Barber yesterday filed the papers
on behalf OF William A. Cooper, who brings suit
for the issuance of Injunction restraining Will
lam 6. Gray and Maud Hegger from carrying on
business under the trade name of Hegger. and
Aaron A. Fishel and Abraham I. Adler doing busi-
ness under the firm name of F1she Adler &
schwartz. The injunction further restraints the
parties from selling disposng of negatives, car
bons, prints, etc, made under the terms of
tract entered into between Merrill & Baker and
William A. Cooper
Cooper sets forth In affidavit that he is
gagged In the business of reproducing paintings and
making photographs; that. upon the understanding
that the photographs were to be put into volumes
edlted by John La Fargo and sold at $1,000 vol
ufne he made negatives from the selected pictures
In the private collections of George w. Vanderbilt
Perry Belmont, the late John Hay Mrs Jack Gard
ner and others. and that William G.. Gray, knowing
the CONDITIONS of the contract, made enlarged car
bon prints from the plate of The SOwer,' by
Millet, in the Vanderbilt collection and sold them
to Hegger, dealer in 5th-ave.
Justice Mccall, of the Supreme Court issued
temporary injunction against the defendants