New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1905-05-17
THE POSTAGE STAMP.
HOW IT is MADE BY UNCLE SANS
EXPERT WoRKMEN.

The manufacturing PROCESS From |
the Engraving of the Steel Die to |
the Finished Gummed, Pressed and
Perforated Printed sheet.
The first mechanical process in the
Manufacture of postage stamp is the
cutting, or engraving, Of the die. This
is piece of steel OF the finest quality,
on the polished surface of which man
slowly and patiently cuts, line by line,
the portrait Or other emblem which
stamp. A steel engraving is what is
called an incised plate-that is, every
line which is to show in the finished
print is cut into the surface instead of
being left in relief, as in wood engray
ing. ~
The die which the engrayer cuts is a
s'negatiye;;" in other words, reversal
of the design which the stamp will
show The reason for this soon be-
comes apparent.
When the die is finished and proofs
show it to be satisfactory it is hard
ened and fixed in the bed Of powerful
press. Over it is then passed a steel
roller, the circumference of which is
several times, perhaps four times, the
diameter of the die. Immense pressure
is applied, so that every line on the
surface of the die is impressed upon
the surface of the roller as many times
as the circumference Of the roller is
larger than the area Of the die. In this
way four perfect copies of the die are
I reproduced on the roller, but reversed.
| Each of these impressions is a posi-
tive
This roller is now hardened in turn
I in order that it may transmit the inn
pressions once more, this time to- the
plate from which the actual printing
is to be made. This plate is also of
steel The size is sufficient to print a
whole sheet of stamps-from 200 to 300
lat a single impression.
Into the surface OF this plate the inn
preston on the roller is forced by great
pressure, once for each stamp in the
subsequent sheet, and then the plate
Is hardened. These Impressions are
/
the stamps themselyes-will be posi-
tives
The reason for all this preliminary
work is most interesting. In the first
place, printing could not be done from
l single die because Of the vast guam
titles of stamps required In the sec
4 ond place, it could not be done from
the roller, because on that the lines are
in relief instead of being incised, and
in the third place. it would not be
feasible to have several dies or. a large
number Of them engraved, both be-
cause the expense would .be prohibit
tive and because no two would then be
absolutely alike The present system
makes it certain that every stamp Of
a certain lot is exactly like every 9th
er of the same lot-a great safeguard
against counterfeiting.
When three printing plates have been
made they are all fastened to the bed
of a special printing press. When the
machinery is started the first plate is
mixed, then automatically wiped until
it is like mirror. The wiping removes
all the ink except what clings in the
lines of the 200 duplicate engravings
which dot the surface
| Over the plate is laid a sheet of
dampened paper, the plate is slightly
warmed in order to permit the ink to
swell, and heavy pressure is applied.
Meanwhile the second plate is receiv-
ing it's ink, and then the third comes
into play, so that, although all three
are on the same press each is at a
given moment undergoing a different
process from either Of the other two.
This has wrought a great saving of
time over the old process of printing
by hand. When the printed sheets are
dry they go to the cumming machine,
in which they pass between a dry
/ roller on one side and one moistened
with mucilage on the other. From
these rollers they are cast out, wet
side up, upon an endless web, which
carries them through a steam heated
box.
+. They come out dry, ready for the
1 perforations, which permit them to be
torn apart easily. These are very east
~ made by passing the sheets between
one cylinder studded with steel pins
and another perforated with holes to
match the pins. The two together act
like the jaws of a conductors punch.
/ The last process Expressing the sheets
i by hydraulic power to counterfeit the
tendency to curl, which is impaired by
the mucila1e
The printing of stamps, like the print
ing of gold and silver certificates and
bank notes, is subject to the most care
full and constant inspection.
i Every sheet of paper is counted be-
fore it is delivered to the printer, and
before he goes home at night he must
return exactly the same number of
sheets, either Of perfect stamps or
1 spoiled paper, and no seconds" or
samples are given away to visitors
Edward Williston Frentz in Youths
Companion
/ The Elephants Eye.
TO my mind two things strike the