davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12
Governors Messape.


Following is the subhead of the
governors message relating to the
subject of taxation, one of the most
vital subjects discussed in the docu-
ment:
The experience OF the last legisla-
ture should be a warning to this not
to attempt too much in the way of
amending statutes on the subject OF
taxation. A general amendatory stat
ute hastily passed then, necessitated
the convening of the legislature in
special session to cure defects that in
validated the same.
That the laws of the state bearing
upon this subject are badly out of
joint and sadly in need of revision.
goes without saying. There is a gem
eral lack of system in them taken as
whole, but it is questionable If har-
mony could be restored If the whole
time of this session were devoted to
an attempt to bring order out of
chaos.
1t is possible that If "A tax commits
sion were appointed to gather data,
and frame a law to be reported two
years hence. beneficial results might
be attained. This course has been
pursued in other states with partial
success, and 1t might be well to give
II a trial here.
Much property escapes its just pro-
portion of taxation, and this is par
ticularly true in the case of personal
property and money, and improve
ments on real property. This is sus-
ceptible of demonstration beyond any
real doubt
The summaries of the assessment
rolls of the various counties for 1908
as filed in the office of the secretary
of state, show that the value of i'm
provements on decided and undecided
lands was $9,4O5,462.20 and on town
and city lots was $3l,1sz.2 .221.00, or
a total assessed valuation of all i'm
provements $4O,597,6S3.OO.
The risks written by fire insurance
companies on property situated with
in the state for the year ending De-
cember, 1908, amounted to $95, ,531,-
AS4.S4. 1t Is safe to say that more
than so per cent of this insurance is
upon improvements upon real prop
erty. When 1t is remembered that a
very large part of these Improvements
carry no insurance, and that property
is usually insured for only about half
its value, it will be seen at a glance
what an enormous valuation on this
class of property alone escapes tax
alton.
The assessed value of money for
the year was $1,375,970.O If any
one is Interested enough in the sub
ject to give 1t passing consideration,
he will ascertain from an examina-
tion of the last reports of the com
troller of the currency made by the
national banks of the state, that there
are many single banking institutions
that have on deposit amounts largely
in excess of the total assessment of
money.
Again. a reference to the abstract
of the assessment rolls from 1893 to
1903 discloses that money was assess
ed in 1898 at $3.136,9S7.OO, and in
1903 at $1,375,9 $1,000, decrease of
$1,761,O17, while the total assessed
valuation OF all propert yin state for
1Sg3 was S16S.OSS, g05 90 and in 1903
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12

Salem, Jan. 12.--The governors
message was read in the legislature
In joint session today. The message
is confined to purely state subjects.
1t strongly favors an appropriation
for the portage road, employment of
convicts, beneficial Legislation for
fisheries, etc.
The legislature adjurned till Mon
day.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12
SUBMARINES FOR
RUSSIA ARRIVE
FOUR EN- ROUTE WHICH
COME FROM AMERICA.

japanese Arrested In Sumatra Charg-
ed With Spying on the Dutch De-
fenses-Three Torpedo Boats Ar
rive at Suez on Their Way TO the
Fur East-PermissiOn Given by the
Japanese for an American With
Their Army.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12
TOTAL Loss BY
FIRE $4,000
TWENTY SEVEN ALARMS
TURNED IN DURING YEAR.

Ex-Chief Withee Recommends That
the Hight of the Bell Towers Be
Increased, and Also the Amount of
the Chiefs Salary-Total Expense
of Department for One Year Was
S2262.99 - Known and Unknown
Causes.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12
Liabilities.
s245,36s.s2.
Recorders Report,

The report of the recorder states
that the total receipts from all de-
partments for the year amounted to
$SS,791.66; operating expenses, $685.
9O2.OS; for street improvement ana
moneys transferred to the sinking
funds, s3,7S2.45; sewer warrants re
deemed, $1,000; redeemed warrants,
issued prior to 1904, S197; cash bal
ance carried over from 1908.
s1510.26; general cash fund now in
treasury. $2419.56.
Taxes for the year amounted to
$9419.42; delinquent taxes collected,
$471.12; collected on licenses, s14.-
6O7.64.
There was paid out during the year
in street improvements nearly $6OOO-
The interest on bonds for 1904
amounted to SS059.45. To operate
the police department cost sS9SS.TT;
for city lighting, s35S4.5O; to main
tain the fire department and the pur-
chase of new apparatus, $2377.69; re-
corder's office, s102465; sewer con-
struction, $1019.52.
Bicycle Issue Referred.
A bill for an ordinance repeating
the present bicycle regulations and
prohibiting the riding of wheels ON
any sidewalks within the limits of
the city, was read and referred to the
committee on ordinances. \ remon-
STRANGE against the passage Of the
ordinance was read.
No other business Of Importance
coming before the council, adjourn
ment was taken.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1905-01-12

Unless you have learned that the
East Oregonian reaches nearly all
the desirable customers, you have
a business tooth to cut.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
-rEAcHERs, EXAMINATION.
flrEIur or couvry surERISrEspENr,

OFFICE or COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT,
Williaustown, n j.. Sept. 18th, 1908.
There will be meeting OF the County Board
Of Examiners of Gloucester County, at the
Academy, Woodbury., on Friday and Saturday,
Oct 9th and It'll, 1905 Applicants for ceitih-
Gates should be present at $3.50 a. M.
w. II. ELDRIDGE,
County Superintendent.
FR1pAy--9 a. M to i. NJ. Third Grade.
Arithmetic Geography, PenmansIsip. to p.
IL. Orthograpy, Grammar, Reading. Oral ex-
animation in Reading held at the convenience
OF the examiners.
SATURDAY, d. III. to p. IA. Third Grade
Theory and Practice School Law. sRen.) z. 8.
History. Civics to p. M FL Composition
Temp. PLY siology. Second Srssae-- g. a. sc !
torv Of Education Crew.; Elementary Algebra,
i 10 6p M Composition, Bookkeeping, Phy-
sology First Grade--9 n, to ps m. His.
etry. Civies Aleebra. 4 % Il. n. Physics
General History.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
TOR SALE.

One Of the finest farms in Gloucester County,
Containing [lIs) acres and no wasteland. First
class buildings, everything about the farm IN
complete order. There is also q tentant house
desirable property is situate at the beautiful vii
lage of Bridgeport n. D., which has good
school. excellent stores and fine church and
convenient for Shipping produce to Philadelphia
and Chester by boat and to all parts by railroad.
The land raises choice produce Of all kinds.
The only reason this property s placed on the
market the owner will retire in the Fall.
Possession given December /. 1905. Terms easy.
Further particulars, apply
JOHN #. TRUITT, j, p.
6So5tf Bridgeport. n. j.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
6luurester a llrmBrral.


oct. II Storage sale. at Woodbury.. by John
r. Wick.
oct 7--Franklin Turk, agent Evan.
October I2-Public sale of Horses, Cattle, Wag-
ons, Harness. Blankets, Etc, at swedesboro
Nj.
Saturday, Oct. 7-Abbe T. Jessup and Milliard
f. Dubois mortgages.
October 14-At Wenonah. the personal property
of the late Andrew Carey.
October 14-Timber sale, near Barnsboro.
Oct 2s-John G. Costello. executor, swedesboro
Oct. DIS A. whitney, in Elk, by sheriff Jones.
Oct. 1.-THE Steward farm in East Greenwich,
by the executors.
october so-By Sheriff Jones.
Nov. o-By Sheriff Jones.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
Collectors General Noriee to Tax.
~ nayeFs.

Notice is hereby given to the taxable inhsbi-
of Gloucester, that the taxes in the said town
ship are now due and payable. and that I, the
undersigned, the collector of taxes of the said
places between the hours of 9 a. M, and 8
p. M, for the purpose of receiving payment of
taxes: Monday, Dec. Is. Westville. at the Town
Hall; = tuesday,. Nov. 10, Cunard's Store, Almon-
esson; Wednesday, Nov. 20, at my home, near
SewelI. Taxpayers who do not pay their taxes
on or before the 10Th day of December will be
proceeded against delinquent.
Notice is further given that the commissioners
of appeal will meet as Westville on Tuesday
the 18th day OF November next from 10 q. m. TO 8
o'clock p. M, Tor purpose of hearing appeals
presented 10 them in writing
Dated
r. B. KIRKRIDE
g28lt Collector OF taxes
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
CHERIFF' SALE

y
BY virtue Of a writ Of ieri faeias to me di-
rected issued out OF the Court of Chancery of
the State OF New Jersey. will be exposed at
public sale, on.
Monday, the Sixth day Of November, next
between the hours OF IL and 5 o'clock, to-wit, at
2 o'clock in this afternoon OF said day at the
Court House, in the City of Woodbury., County
of Gloucester, and State OF New Jersey, all the
following described real estate that is to say
No. l. Beginning at an Iron Bolt set in the
middle Of the aforesaid public road corner to
Sarah Denelsbeck' 8 land thence az by lands CT
sad Denelsbeck, South eleven degrees and eight
teen minutes West two hundred 1eet to stake
in said line and corner to other lands Of the said
Sheppard Stewart thencef 21by said other lands
North seventy-eight degrees and forty-two min
utes West forty feet to stone;thence (3l still by
the same North eleven degrees and eighteen
minutes East two hundred feet to corner in the
centre of the aforesaid public road, passing over
stone set twenty feet from the centre thereof;
thence A along the centre thereof, South sew
enty-eight degrees and forty-two minutes East,
forty feet to the place Of beginning. Contain
ing eight thousand square feet OF land, be the
same more OF less.
No q Beginning at a corner of a lot OF land
conveyed by said sheppard F. Stewart and wife
to the said John P. Stewart by deed date d the
seventeenth day of March D.nineteen hundred
and three; thence "a by the line thereof South
eleven degrees and eighteen minutes West, two
hundred feet to q corner; thence (2) by other
land of the said Sheppard F. Stewart North
Seventy eight degrees and forty two minutes
same North eleven degrees and eighteen min
ates East two hundred feet to corner in the
middle OF the public road aforesaid, along which
it runs A South seventy sight degrees and
forty two minutes East, twelve feet to th place
of beginning Containing Two thousand and
four hundred square feet OF land.
Being the same two tracts 81 land and prem
ises that Sheppard r. Steward and Caroline r.,
his wife, by two separate deeds Of conveyance
granted and conveyed unto the said John p.
Stewart, which deeds are recorded in the
Clark q Office OF Gloucester County ia Book 1872
OF. Deeds, page
Seized as the property Of John P. Stewart et
ais, defendant, and taken in execution at the
suit of Della P. Alien, complainant, and to be
sold by WILSON e. JONES,
Dated Oct 2, 1908. Sheriff
Al. II. swackhamer, Sol'r Prs fee, $40 50
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
Tuesday, September IL, 1905


between the hours OF one O'Clock in the after
noon ana nlne o'clock IN tDe evening af the
places OF their respective eiectlon districts or
preclnts Wnere sne next eiectlon VIII pc heid
" accoTuanee win 1he provisions q an ACE 81
ths Asgisiatuie, approved April =, 1915
Anu nosics e nerepy given, snas me boara OF
neglssly amu Eecsloa III anu LoI eaeh anu every
Siecson ulsslics anu vosing preeihcs IN the
oouties % oioucesser. WIN meet on
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1905
at ten o'clock IN the forenoon. and then proeeed
to make {, house TO house canvass. Completing Il
on or before September Sth. The said Boards
VIM mess on.
= iz'n - " '1.l ihi ? z a,
= Inc PAGES 9i saelr
Ne ~ - =
~ os se Su
i f t, s,, ~ re a. ~
M i M :, ts t, i;+ 70
;ts - ~ ~ 70 = 80 =,
hars IL q 81 I'll t;
t; sa s ~ az ;,a ~ -
a. az, 49, = ~ q IL
49, ~ ~ a. y ~ ps
M sb", 81 ~, sat;ssa., ~ sa PoS5 ~
~ III Iis; - 49,, - si :; -
ne anu ~ ass ieaaly sosed ~
t; ~ g. az $500
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
OF SETTLEMENT.

Notice is hereby given that the account OF Adj
am K. Richman, Executor of the estate OF JOSH
ua Richman deceased, will be audited by the
Surrogate and reported for settlement to the
Orphans Court of the County of Gloucester, on
Friday, October q, A. d, 1905.
ADAM K. RICHMAN.
Executor.
Dated surrogate's Office September &c, 1905.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
I solleetor,s General Netiee 70 Tax-
T. B. KIRKRIDE
Collector OF taxes
a2sls

collectors General Notice to Tax
~ payers.
Notice is hereby given to the taxable inhabi-
tants of the Township OF Washington, In the
County Of Gloucester that the taxesfn the said
township are now due and payable. and that /,
the undersigned, the collector Of taxes OF the
said township. will attend at the following days
and places: az Henry Lvermore's store. Good
Intent Saturday, December 10th, from to p
m. at @. D. Nicholson's store Turnersyiie. De-
Hurff's house, Gross Keys December igth from
a. IA. to p. M. at G. ]. Davenports Hurff-
vile from a. M. to p. M, December 10th. for
the purpose OF receiving payment OF taxes.
Taxpayers who do not pay their taxes on or
before the twentieth day OF December will be
proceeded against as delinquent Notice is fur
ther given that the Commissioners Of Appeal
will meet at O. ]. Davenports, Hurfville, on the
fourth Tuesday of November, next, tbeing No
venber 2Sth) for the purpose OF hearing appeals
presented to them in writing.
BROOKS HURFF,
Dated Sept. IS 1905. Collector.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
General and Primary Elections

Notice is hereby given that primary election
of delegates to conventions OF the political par
ties known as the Republican, Democratic and
Prohibition parties for the nomination of candi-
Gloucester County, the City Officers OF the City
OF Woodbury., and by direct vote for the nomn-
alton of the Local Officers for the several Town
ships and Boroughs to the County. to be supper
ted at the ensuing election by said political par
ties will be held IN
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
.COTvENIR POST cARDs.

25 Souvenir postal cards,-all different; sent
prepaid for 25c.; so for Doc
FINKENTS DRUG STORE,
Sept2S-054s. Mullica Hill, n. J..
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
FOR SALE.
SALE OR RENT.

The old Tatum Homestead property situated
at Penn and Morris streets. Woodbury.. Six
acres of ground and buildings. Apply TO
ERNEST REDFIELD,
3-2305-tf Attorney
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05
DUBLEC SALE.
PERSONAL PROPERTY
TIMBER and REAL ESTATE

Bay horse, Dock years old; bay mare, Maud
years old; bay horse, Billy, 9 years old: black
cow, coming into profit soon; red COW, milking,
2 sets light carriage harness. 2 sets double heavy
harness, steel tire buggy, rubber tire buggy,
nearly new; two-horse heavy wagon, set truck
shelvings, corn marker, two horse plows, two
vators, manure box, forks, hoes, rakes and
shovels, and many other articles too tedious to
mention. 20 acres of standing corn to be sold
by the row
TIMBER-Six acres of standing timber suit
able for fire wood and posts
REAL ESTATE-The farm will be offered for
sale at the time. 1t consists of l0S acres of
land with good dwelling house and out build
ings, etc.
Sale to begin at 1890 O'Clock Timber will be
sold first and farm will be offered at about 2
o'clock.
CONDITIONS, which will be liberal, win be
made known at sale.
FRANKLIN TURK,
VIM. 5. Kier, Auctioneer. Agent
j. w. Bates, Clerk.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1905-10-05

Good, clean seed wheat for sale. Apply to
BROOKS HURFF,
Sept. 2s-4t. Hurffville, n j.
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

The official statement that the as
S It's ofthe Equitable Life Insurance
Company have shrunk from eighty
millions to one eighth of that sum
shows that vast shrinkage of the
paper value of the stocks aud bonds
hat Wall street holds as security for
the people simouey. The incompe-
tent hands into which the great fidu-
ciary institution has fallen indicates
t1at other corporations of like nature
may be also the footballs of the vota-
ries OF "Frenzied Finance The fact
thai such state OF ofiairs exist shows
either the Incompetence or something
worse OF the Insurance Department OF
the state of New York under Repub-
lie IN partisan control and throws a
similar shadow over the State Bank
ing Department. How do we know
tlat the great Trust Corporations ar
not similarity involved by being 20 i'd
ed down with watered stocks and
bon Is that have been unload d on
mem through the conpivance of their
o Ulcers with the"masters OF finance. 3"
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

The opposition OF D. NJ. Parry,
President OF the manufactures Asso-
ciation, to the program of President
Rcos welt to con troll railroad rates
through the In terState Commerce
Commission or some other body Great
ed b, Congress, is better understood
when it is known that Parry is Presi.
deaf AM chief stockholder OF the
Indiana Southern Railroad The pro
liabilities are that the products of the
Parry factory have special rebates
and privileges over his own lines o.
ra lroa1 land through combinations
with ether railroads. special through
rates that give him a great advan
tage for the sale of the products of his
factory over his competitors. Wher
Congress passes law to control I'M
re asonable rates the Parry monopoly
will be endorsed When ever you
scratch the hide of a trust magnate
yol expose a monopolist, for all
rusts and CON bines have some mo-
nopoly, with others it is special priv
Ilease-all obtained through legisla-
ion granted by their copart.er the
Republican party
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

The Democratic victory III the sec
end West Virginia Congressional
district by the election OF Col Thos
B. Davis, marks the turning of the
tide, and is a strong indication OF the
temper Of the p ople tor the tariff re-
form. This distric was long the bat
tie ground for reform when represent
ed by the late VIM. l., Wilson and
was power in Congress that had tc
be considered. Since 1895 the Repub-
lican nonentities that have represent
ed it have obliterated all trace OF its
former power and it has sunk into the
lowest depths of caucus subserviency
that governs the great majority Of
those Congressional districts normal
~ Republican.
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

The trial in Washington, d. c.
OF those indicated for Postoffice frauds
is dragging slowly along with most Of
those charged with completely still
unwhipped OF justice. In Oregon
there has Just commenced the trial OF
those indicated for the gigantic land
frauds, which involve greater pecu-
MARY value than any other known
frauds against the government. Both
the Republican Ccngressmen from
that state and Senator Mitchell are
under indictment, but influence
may aid them in escaping convic-
ton. Even greater frauds are said to
exist in California and a new nest ct
robbers has just been discovered in
North Dakota All these frauds are
i 4 couse quence OF the appointment
o! machine politicians to Office at the
recommendation of Republican Sena-
tors and Congressman, which shows
the rotten condition 81 the Republi-
can machine. With such a condition
OF affairs is it any wonder that legis-
lation to control railroad rates, laws
to curb the trusts and tariff revision
10 prevent the combines sci. n cheap
er abroad than here are PROMISED but
do not materialize from the party in
power. The Republican party has enc
mJJe chance to redeem Itself from the
charge of completely with frauds and
copaltnershlp with corrupt corpora
lions and the meeting Of THE next Con
gress will have to be awaited 10 know
! the result.
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

The man agement OF the Smit hson
ian Institution has been so lax that
one clerk has got away with S45, 900
and the executive committee of the
Board of Regents is in doubt if the
exact amount he secured will ever be
known. AS President Roosevelt Is
presiding officer of the institution we
may expect that an era of reform will
be inaugurate that will route out
some OF the official barnacles that
control or Congress should refuse to
make any more appropriation
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16
A Fishing Party.

Mr.. and Mrs. B. l.. Williamson gave
a very delightful fishing party on Whit
Monday at Dam No. 5, in honor of
their. friends. Those present were:
Mr. anG Mrs. B. L. Williamson and
family, J. w. Sperew, and family,
James Porterfield and family, Robert
Lafevers and little son, Mr.. and Mrs.
Geo, Porterfied, Mr., and Mrs. Stoutfer
an.. children of Pa. Mrs. Charles p
Light aud little son, Miss Sallie Harlan
Misses Emma Wolford, Ida and Mary
II rlan of Spring Hill farm, Maud
Ri Karo, Gertrud4 Clary. Bessie Clary
90. 4bel Ross, Nellie Ross and Louise
Wolford, Matte Dodd, Aofa Ropp, of
Ohio, Lille Kennedy.
Messrs. Lowell, ROLAND and Msur-
ice Dodd, James Williamson, Lee
Harwood, John Woltord, VIM. Har-
Ian, Edward Williams. Dinner and
sup er were taken along the river
ks and all the guests had an en-
oyable time. Miss Ida Harlan caught
four fish. Miss Emma Wolterd two,
Miss Sallie Harlan one and Mr.. B. l..
Williamson one This was the young
ladies first experience on fishing. Mr.
Williamson ought to have done better
as he was experienced. b ut of course
it was the fishes fault not his
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16

II President Roosevelt will send in
a p acial message to Congress next
Winter recommending the passage OF
a law vacating the seat OF any mem
Der Of Congress sing for himself OF
friends free pass on any railroad
steamboat or other public conveyance
HI would help to destroy the railroad
monopoly that nov controls the gov
eminent. 1t would De we'll for the
President to explain to Congress that
he had been sinner d this respect,
like most Of them. but having him
self reformed he proposed that Con.
gress follow his good example and pay
their way like ordinary people. The
new law should repeal tie presenl
. "iIewlug each member of Con
g'es- accents mile going to and Re
Turning tTom Washington AID IN Het
thereof the la should provide ina
each Congressman SHOULD be paid his
actual expenses when travelling OF
public BIS ness.
With i'm 9orraut legislation pendr, q
no seil respecting Congressman sho ID
b. willing 10 receive faqots from -,
to- iols which he IS called 2oa tc
!. -teta aainst.
Martinsburg statesman. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1869-1906, 1905-06-16
The railroad and trust magnates

The railroad aud trust magnates
appear to have enough influence to
prevent an extraordinary session oil
the 59th Congress. The Star, pub
lished at the National Capital, usual
ly wele informed on the purposes OF
the administration, announces that
no extra session will be called; that
speaker Cannon and other Republi-
can leaders in Congress have persuad'
ed President Roosevelt that a special
session would result in tariff discus
sion and injure the Republican party
in the congressional campaign next
year This ptocrastinating policy In
di Gates that the legislation that vii
be enacted by the next Congress
against the railroads or trusts will be,
s. devised as to help the people as
little as possible and do the corpora
tions no serious damage. They come
down from the strenuous policyprom-
ised by the administration few
weeks ago is certainly extraordinary
to say the least. With the we'll known
methods OF delay that Congress--
especially the know so
we'll how to employ the prospect OF
any legislation that will help the PEG
pie is much further removed by the
lack of the extra time that an extra
ordinary session would have given.