davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
TIFFT FOR SHORT HOURS.
Ne5c President of Board of Educa-
ton EgpLains His Position.

Henry n. Tiff. president of the Board Of Educa-
tion Of NeW-York. said:
believe in short school hours for the younger
obiIdren oP our public schools. While a dve-hOur
day is probab bly, good TO keep children on the
streets in parts OF the city nevertheIess thH
that If is too long for the greatest mental good.
DR. Maxwell has said that the plan of p1tttng all
children in the first years OF the schools regu-
larIv On a thee and a half hour day would simply
he calling a part time session a full session; but
nevertheless ! feel that part uAle houtS di0 4oAS
enough for small tots
/ would give every child educational Opportuni-
ties as great as possible but not great TO
interfere with proper mental and physical growth.
N +hs Juvenile Asylum of which am director.
We give our children three hours OF class work
Iaf1v More than that makes them restless. Our
chidren there average from seven TO sixteen years
of age"
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
SPECIAL GLASSES FOR THE BACKWARD.
Should Not Be Instructed Along with the
Very Young.
Felix NJ Warburg of Kuhn. Loeb & Co.. mem
Der of the Board of Education, said:

Felix NJ warburg of Kuhn Loeb & Co.. men,
Der of the Board of Education, said:
II is a mistake to require five hours school work
& day from pupils Of six, seven and eight years
OF age. 1t retards their physical growth some
say that children Of this age in New-fork often
have bad home associations, and II not IN school
they would be compelled 10 do sweatshoP work
for their parents amid unsanitary SURROUNDINGS. OF
in some other way would meet with mental or
moral injury Accordingly, these advocates or the
long school day argue that the little ones are bet
ter off in the classroom disagree with tGfs view
of the question only in particular. If the
children should be kept away from home as long
as possible let them spend hour or more of
the school session in the play centres where they
NAV have as much physical exercise as possible
to strengthen their bodies. and where In romping
and playing they may develop their capacity 10
enjoy life For some children play is revelation
They have always been brought " 10 think that
life was all work and drudgery- .
Others who favor nve-hour Gay IN the lowest
grades saw that shorter period would be unfair to
The older Immigrant children to be found In them
These children. who oftentiTneS especially
bright and vet sadly deficient in the rudiments of
isn0W,iedge should not be compelled they say, TO
learn at a snaiPs pace. To this argument would
raDl1, that the younger members or these classes
shonld not be made TO suffer for the sake Of the
older and backward ones. The way out OF the diff
druItv is to put the older pupils in classes by
themselves where they may have hve full hours Of
study, giving the little ones only naIr DAY.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
4 "SHOW COURSE"
Children OUerburdened By Unprac-
ticaL Officials, Says Stern.

Abraham Stern the member of the Board Of
Education who was the first TO advocate shorten
ing Of hours for the younger pupils Of the public
schools. said
cent i9T cHotea c4 - ny DIS in ,,,n6stion
Igg8Hg 70 befsg the public We deny tlas asia say
sl6rt.6 4 show course of study containing many
subjects. which il is impossible Tor the teachers 10
teach properly through lack Of time
The consequence IS that the children get some
thing Of everything and nothing OF anything one
other result Of adopting shorter hours IS that the
clsssroous could be used for morning and after
noon sessions. which would prevent the necessity
saving of upward Of 10000 in corporate stock
Also. by assigning two teachers TO teach three
classes one-Jhird Of the first year teachers could
Re dispensed with thereby saving annually the sum
II $90eN The Department Of Education now uses
AesiIy one-ioCrlh or the enuIe SIoui.C ~ 1851
taxation and on an average So,NI,tV ii corporate
stock year for new buildings.
glance at the present fve-hour course Of study
for the rrst wear shows now II is oVerbprdened.
physiology hygiene recess. organized games. Eng
hsh penrnallship- rethenaties. nature STUDY;
unassigned time. The time allowed 10 al these
subjects covers 1880 minutes a week. OF this
tine 20J are devoted 10 physical training,
hygiene recess afe o1gail.ze games: ~ ~ minutes
70 unassigned time and STUDY leaNlng i.el hnlnGte'
ing sewing and constructive work. This also in
which It is conceded is unnecessary for first year
pupils.
Tie part time pupils now devote more time TO
actual work than the full time pupils. The time
devoted by The former includes three and three
quarters hours day. which, @hile II eNcluces the
period devoted 10 opening exercises ana study ana
unassigned tine. includes sewing and drawing and
constructive work and recess. The elimination or
sewing, physiology, hygiene. games, constructive
work and recess would bring both classes on an
equality.
We are, therefore, met with this problem are
physical training, physiology, hygiene, sewing ana
constructive work Of much Importance when
applied Il child of six years of age as TO anecC
seriously his educational welfare? ! believe that
they may be dispensed with without any oetri-
inent.
II by eliminating i little sewing, in cases OF
boys of or seven years OF ge, little hygiene
q little physicaI culture, little OF physiology, a
4ttle ot pastebOaTd paper box WorE, IN the
case OF children OF xix or seven years OF age, we
can save the enormous sums above stated IS not an
experiment. worth trying. The Board OF Superln-
tenoents is unanimously opposed to this scheme
This IS not surprising. they are, rule. un-
practical, have ideas Of economy, are welded 10
their show course. and resent any foreign inter
ference their argument being that the city OF New
York is rich enough 70 pay whatever is required
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
HORSESHOE sUPERsTITIONs.
Belief That 1t Brings Coed Luck Prevails
All Over the World.

-rna origin Of belief in ''horseshos luck 10 50
ancient that. it has been determined with
certainty. and superstition is mora universal
Ever since horses began TO wear shoes these cres-
cents of iron have been accounted lucky embems or
all peoples. races and nations that have been ac-
auaiuted with their use.
The Chinese for instance. say they nail them
IN over their doors as a charm against evil spirits
because Of the close resemblance in shape between
them and the arched body OF the sacred snake
Nagandra, one Of their princ&i9al & Genes on +h
subject and viii tell you that It IS because Ine
in form like a crescent the sacred ef'0'ei' .
a Polish Jew will explain that at the Passover
in the manner directed by their ritual. forms ths
chief points OF an arch; hence ooVogssI oIs sSs1'
The stolid and unimaginative Russian peasant on
riTr tbe bOrseshoe is due chiefly to the metal trs
respective of It's shape iron being traditonally 2
charm wherewith 10 nullify the malevoisnt desisas
vsrv difssrsnt is the story which the Irishmars
seeks 70 account for his liking for the same raliSs
manic symbol. The name '1ronclad or -trelsIlos
SiaTd was once submerged in the sea. out OF which
it only rose once in seven years ana ne esi a gl -,
brsak the spell ana induce the country to refnalcI
perm ons ds, daring adventurer threw a horse
shoe from boat the topmost peak or Niso
meath the waves. Then at last was the ban re-
moved The Emerald Isle began for5nw,ltn 70 ss E1sss
sunk And IT has been dry land-n1ora or less
In England. up to comparatively recent tines
horseshoes were extensively used almost eVery-
where as anti-witch charms and the custom iS nos
even vet an extinct one. No witch. II used % o9
said could enter a building over the door or whlo9
a borseshoe-or better still three horseshoes-nAd
been affixed prongs downward
TO the old legend OF St Dunstan- This Versatno
English ecclesastic was skilled farrter and ons
DAT while at work in his forge the evi one enCor7
in disguise and requested Dunstan 70 shoe MS
''single hoof" The saint, although ne az ones
recognized his malign customers acceoed ous
caused him SO much pain during the operarloa
mat Satan begged him TO desist. This Dunstan did.
but only after he had made the evil one promise
that neither he nor any OF the lesser spirits Dis
servants would ever mOlesJ the inmates OF a n2nSa
where a horseshoe was dispeyed--(Syracuse Hsr-
aid.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
T.ARTETY NEEDED.
Fire Hours None Too Long III
Studies Are Diversified.

Edward Brooks City Superintendent Of sohOesa
of Philadelphia. sad
Five hours a day do not constitute too long
time for the instruction and training OF young chtl-
drer II the work has the variety and adapt1tion -
the tastes and capabilities of these children WHOM
modern pedagogy demands A child OF six years 81
age will play an day long without becoming wearys
and when the exercises OF the seh0olroom posSeaS
the variety and interest that the child meets outsidF
Of TIE schoQroO1l there is no danger OF mentaA
physical fatigue
the development Of character and a three hours
seven hours on the streets. amid the temptations
will not answer the demands Of moral and socla1
training required by enlightened system or edeR-
cation
Education embraces two fundamental elenentss
the training and the development OF the caoacitlss
OF the child and the furnishing OF his mind Win
knowledge From that standpoint OF dev sloPnsIhe I
we need those studies and exercises which give tha
best training to the mind and the body: In train-
ing the mind especial attention should be given 20
the powers of observation and Thought 10 tram
the bowers of observation we need nature study
To train the mind TO think and express ttselr cor
rectly need lessons in numbers ana lal1gua assN
including reading. spelling, writing, ana N InS
higher grades grammar and composlucn 10 tralIt
the hands and cultivate habits or ldustry We nee1
drawing and manual work OF various kinds Thera
should also be lessons in manners and morals
and in civic duties for the purpose or laylng ina
foundations Of Intelligent and virtuous citizensnip
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
KINDERGARTEN MOST IMPORTANT.
A Child Of Four and Half Years Is Old
Enough to Begin His Education

Charles C. Roberts, principal OF Public school
No q b st No go Fifth-st. Manhattan. said:
= ~, oDi,ton seventeen and a half hours OF
scbool work a week for the first year and a halI
OF the elementary school are amply sufncient
After that the time should be extended TO twenty
five hours a week ,, -.
.he time should be largely devoted TO the essen
tislsIs / mean the English and number work or
fbe course OF study with only sufficient time being
given 10 the "non-essentials. 50 termed, 70 vary
The raonotony and make the former work the
r,cre Interesting 10 the child Probably a fair
SfNrision OF the time would be two and one-halr
hours devoted 10 the essentials and one hour 70
the nOn-essentials.'
In regard to the kindergarten. there IS nothing
Shat has more impOrtant bearing on the sOecesSl14
5catio Of the child in its after years than COM
nIste course ir the work OF The kinesfsaIteh
Provfded IL is properly taught, IL 6!ves tnat nIh
folndatiOn' so necessary Tor the SIleF courses -
the elementary and secondary school ~ wou.a
seeua that q child three and e hal1 or-fcuc Sear1
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
First yesN Second year

II can be seen from the above schedule that we
$50 zjIen little more than the minimum time 20
Fngiisb and mathematics for the two years and to
,1erSmanshin foT the first year, We have cut down
tba tinoc gtven 10 drawing and sewing for the two
Years I'd 70 nature study for the second year.
R'bnre "a oo time assigned for opening exercises
and unassigned periods. For schools which have
not suitable paygr9eaaaGa te SCHOOL day Of three
and half hours This would cut on one hundred d
and fftv minutes a week, but would entail no
sctnaI loss 81 time in the essential subjects.
.'fhe hve-hour day is too long Tor chiloIen OF the
6vsf two wears OF school life four-houT day, IN
Guiding play period or three & ana ssa-d haih4Ss a our
.syt;,,ctor in tie essential subjects that Is now
sfforded by the ive-hour day. The oh,ldrsn WI
fAnadt nbysically mentally and morally by the
sboEfer aay and the city VIII benefit oy The great
amount of money saved IN the Increased Henooi
TONS
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
ARITHMETIC FOR YOUNGEST.

Edwin F. Noulton. Clty superintendent Of Schools
of Cleveland, said:
Without reference 10 local conditions as 10 school
rooms and school accommodations, would say
that IN my opinion the best number OF SchOol
hours to the day and week would be as follows;
twenty hours q week. For the pupils IN the
grades from the third to the eighth inclusive uNe
hours day. twenty-five hours week
In regard 10 the point 70 the chacac-a- or the
studies that should be taught. our timetable is ar
ranged to give very much more time 10 Nllat you
Essentials or wnat We call Especial studies.
we admit children 10 the first grade Enen t they
ara six years old. OF course, when i child enters
the first grade at six he is taught readlnS WIltths
and numbers We make the number work as slIhp!ie
as II Is possibe with the smallest combination IN
counting and in addition The simplest forms OF
manual traniuC are given to the first grade emil
dTen, and they ere permitted to cut and make
things from paper
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
CHILDREN BEGIN SCHOOL TOO YOUNG
Those Who Start at Eight Can Overtake
Those Who Enter at Six.

John Doty. principal of Public School No H at
NO. 222 MOtt-st. Manhattan said:
child beginning at eight years and attending
school hve hours day can be as far advanced at
the age OF fourteen who begins at six Even
hve hours day is too little for the large proportion
Of children whose school life is almost their only
upDftng influence. Moreover. children of the first
school year are often eight nine years old and
need the full time of five hours for their proper
progress.
Twenty-Five hours a week are little enough for
school work in the broader during the first
five years. In districts where the school influence
must combat outside influences the time should be
at least thirty hours.
From two and half hours day at first TO
three and half at last is needed the essentials
The rest Of the time is needed for that which in
former times the American child gained in his
home life, but which many children of the New
York of to-day gain nowhere if not in school.
bit of familiar acquaintance with nature, some
manual deXterity, some training Of the eye and
ear, some opportunity for relaxation and play
without the constant feeling that play is generally
unlawful.
The value of the kindergarten consists in its
ability to supplement imperfect. supply wanting
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
MADE A MERRY-Go-RoUND OF DOOR.

The revolving doors which are now used IN many
of the big downtown office buildings TO keep OUT
the wind in cold weather have been generally con
sirered big Improvement over oldtiIns stoInl
doors A ianitor in a Park Row building mad an ez-
Derieuce with one of them the other oaS, however
which has left him undecided as to thell merits.
man with a Christmas jag wandered INTO t1S
building in question. The building has q rule
against men with extreme Jags, ana the Janltor
started to put MIN out. The IelIOW went aIols
pesceabIy enough and into one compartment OF the
swinging door. The janitor stepped INTO Jhe next
down the outer steps -
Rrt the drunk had an inspiration. He did not
sion when his compartment IN the door faced the
street He backed into the building again The
ianftor could do nothing but follow Several times
they made the rounds entirely blocking the exit
FOR Others The appearance OF an assistant Janitor
saved the day The drunk was pulled out OF his
compartment.
round. ne fnhttereos as tll5y ieu MIN
to the street
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
OPINIONS EXPRESSED BY MANY EDUCATORS.
ALL ESSENTIAL.
EUery Study Taught Is Necessary
Says MGU1UeU.

william T. Maxwell City Superintendent OF
Schools Of New-York City, said:
All children of the prescribed age who have ap-
piled for admission to the public schools haVa been
admitted and are receiving instruction Where
possible they receive FIVE hours instruction dayi
where this is possible, three and three-Quarter
hours instruction a day. The practical result OF
the proposition for shorter hours therefore, would
70 reduce tle tIne OF all these children TO Lhreo
and one-haH hours day without increasing in any
way school accommodations.
For the present must ask to be excused from
dealing with the subject more fully, as l have
prepared a report upon the subject which IS now
under consideration by 4 committee OF the board
of Education and which will doubtless be published
in Due time.
1 take exception, however. to the distinction
drawn between the essentials" and ''non-essen-
taIs" such as nature study. drawing, sewing and
music In nay judgment there is no study taught
in the public schools that is not essential TO the
development Of the efficiency, social and individual
of the citizen.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

this young period. should be essentials and non
essentials should be put in only when the children
Ceanhot De occupied with the essentials For in
stance. reading and spelling are essentials and
tney y can be effect ly learned only by large exer
c!seS IN class. " nen a section of the school is
unable TO be at work In these things another Sec
uon taking it's place. the non-essentals as they
are called may be brought in
value the kindergarten work. provided II is
not carried too far and its pupils are not taught 10
expect the kindergarten method all the rest of their
hves. kindergarten work may be begun at the
age or Tour and should not certainly be continued
beyond the age of six.
A child old enough TO go TO school is old enough
70 oegln the study of reading and spelling. In
otner words child of six begin these and
Wrltlng not long after. Arithmetic should not be
oesun earlier than at eight years of age.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

home development of the child. For the children
OF these homes the kindergarten is a prime neces-
sity, and might we'll begin its work with little ones
OF four years.
tion is simply whether not the public is prepared
to nav for the changed form of education which
the changed mode of life demands The form
calls. doubtless. for outlay enormously greater
than that required by the older form. But all
other modern processes call for enormously IN
creased outlay. if they 10 be successful and
education is no exception the rule
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
TWO HOUR SESSIONS BEST.

A. b Poland. City Superintendent Of Schools oi
Newark. N J.. said:
should regard four hours a day. preferably
two hours IN the morning and two IN the after
noon. as ample for pupils IN the hrst year N
school After the first year I should consider
i've hours day not too much for pupils 70 spend
IN school The studies of the first year should
counrse reading. writing. numbers, nature study
muse drawing and manual work. In sUbseauent
s-r9deS dr1rius- the first five years progressive
emphasis should be placed upon what arc termed
essentials
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
NATURE STUDIES IMPORTANT.

n z. Lewis. City Superintendent OF Schools OF
"Srosstar. Mass. Eaidi
%. psleve X would be well II children from six
S -Eht were required 10 attend school not more
from saaree ho9Fs day. excluding recesses; those
- nine 20 eleven four hours those from twelve
u -OeTteen. tQur and one-half hours.
- :. the lfst two grades learning 10 read should
rs,als we ctlet business, but drawing, writing and
tIi,z stuoy should not be neglected. From the
eSssss klsos or arithmetic should receive large
o. st-et lt. eaFten work might well be begun when
ke ia ~ - lonr years old and should continue until
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

music melody and rhythm and the benefits of
these so-cailed non-essentialS follow him through
his school age, and his reading. writing ana arith-
retc are rnucn more readily taken Up and. what IS
more important understood. The public school
Lindergarten should not begin until the child has
Completed his fifth year IF a child have the
advantages Of kindergarten training from tlve 10
six ae year after the completion OF his sixth year
might be wisely given to a more advanced kinder
garten with longer hours. in which the faculties
of observation and expression might be further de-
veloped in the study Of natural Objects in drawing.
sewing. music and the first lessons IN languages.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
r,ssr CAMPAIGN EMBLEM.

co Tar "a known. the first campaign emblem was
+, ange~ ring OF copper. II was worn BY the ad-
herents OF John Quincy Adams in 1s25. when 10 ran
for President and was Inscribed, "Jonn Q1incy
Adams ls25 Tfngypes and medallioas were among
the insignia OF tae 1so ean1paign--SAansaA ~AIy
Journal
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
THREE LARGE ENOUGH.

Samuel n Sheakley. City superintendent OF
schools of Des Moines Iowa. said;
believe that for the first three years OF
.h,l5,s snbool ne he should not be confined in the
schooIroom for a longer period than three hours "a
80 .ssertials The value OF kindergarten work -
srsatsst Tor children under the age or nVe years,
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
READING AND WRITING FIRST.
A Child Should Begin the School Study of
These Subjects Before Ali 0therss

Cyrus Ncrthrop president OF the University OF
Minnesota. said:
The hest number OF school hours week for the
hrst Ave years in public school Is tnfee npurs a
5av for the first two years. and four Tor the next
three years - ,.,~hs - ~
As tar as possible the Htsdies tAushs even AZ
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01
FouR HOURS nv PROVIDENCE.

walter H. Small. City Superintendent OF Schools
OF Providence. r. J., said
First year children VIII thrive best on two
sessions of two houzs each; second year eniioren.
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

of ,or+ ttv,,a classes The cry was and the voters
decided that part time must be abolished. ana the
Mayor pledged himself to this end Inasnlucn as
no child OF school age receiving less than
three aud onehalf hours schooling. this cry meant
If it meant anything at all. that every child was
TO have five hours. Who shall Ealnsay the Nolce
Of the peOple2
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

old would be Of suitable age to enter the kinder
garten.
The age when reading. writing and arithmstio
should begin might vary with the child. yet -
would be perfectly safe to say that each could
be given. especially in homeopathic doses alnoso
the child enters the kindergarten
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

OF. perhaps, up 10 six years The child should
oegln the study Of reading. writing and language
a. the age OF six years. and the study of arithmetic
AT the age or seven years
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

u II. ingalls,, president OF the First National
1ank AK OF Staten Island. and member of the Board
Of Education, said:
New-York tribune., 1905-01-01

Abraham Stern. the member of the Board o.
Education who was the first TO advocate shorten
ing Of hours for the younger pupils Of the public
schools. said
Decorah-posten og ved arnen., 1905-01-27
Nuro Safptns 2egislatnr.

3 Sufet bIep Den iibite llse frem'
latte Gill ill sgnoring al aonititutio'
men, bporpeo ser / oenne ifuloe ino'
Ienmes en- 9eitemmclie om Sornl
Option, beiIuttet benIast "pna iibe'
Itenrt Sib," bpiIfet pil iige, at Den
blep iorfaitet. Ser pnr Ell operpelei'
be Waioritet moo 9iuen, % bermeo
er oct altiaa mn forbi meo &einbmis'
lion. Suaffet for benne SegisIatur'or'
iamIiuas Gebfpmnenoe. 5orllase'
ON at iprbeie 9iitriftsSommernes
Son bIep msbt meo eiergiit Woo
itnnb i Sniet, % man fanot bet rad
beIigit at lnoe Oct ligge nogie Gage.
.Som befienot foreilaas Gommernes
esn iprbsict meo 1000 Dollars pr,
Nor. s. Scuntet or Der peotaset Ell
&eioIution til CUNT for Den beltaaen'
DC Sariiopeipnine. 6orilag er frem'
iattc ON at bepilse $4,000 til en-