The daily morning journal and courier., 1905-09-05
JUDGE BALDWIN SPEAKS
 1T BUDAPEST. HUNGARY
ADDRESSES THE INTERNATI0N- AL PRISON CONGRESS IN
 THAT CITY.

Discusses the Question 'By What Prin-
 cipIes and in What Manner May Con-
 yicts be Given Work in the Fields or
 Other Public Works in the Open Airs'
 Asks if Society Has Not Pushed
 Refinement Too Far.
 Budapest, Hungary. Sept. 4.-7At to- day's session of the International Pris- on congress Judge Simeon E. Baldwin. of Connecticut, professor of constitu- tional and international law at Yale university, presented report on the question, By What Principles and in What Manner May Convicts be Given Work in the Fields or Other Public Work in the Open Air2''
 Amerwica is represented by ex-Con- gressman Samuel June Barrows, of New York; Charles Richmond Tender son, professor of sociology at the Uni versity of Chicago, and Professor Bald win, with whom Archduke Joseph Au- gustus conversed at yesterdays official reception of the delegates. Practically all the European countries are repre- sented at the congress, as well as Cuba. Japan and Mexico
 In opening his report Judge Baldwin asked whether society had not pushed refinement too far in its notions Of the duty of society toward the Individual. and whether the rights of the individ- ual were not inferior to those of the community. He held that he who Of fended against the laws should be treated as thei interests of society de- mand. and that those charged with the administration of the laws should take such steps toward the culpable as would make good citizen of him. Tn the beginning of law, he said, repara- tion by the criminal was Judged to be more important than punishment, and reinstatement was inflicted only when the offender was unable to make rep aration. Society, he held, had no less rights to-day than at it's origin, and even had more, for the world has come to recognize that it is necessary in the 1 public interest to regard crime, first of all, as a wrong against the conrnIz nity at large, however severely it may affect one of the community in partie- ular.
 The objections to the forced labor of convicts in the open air Judge Baldwin stated to be as follows: First It exposes the criminal 10 6SYTssss- lie humiliation.
 Second It degrades him in causing him to fall into vile company.
 Three-It exposes him to the ahusa and tyranny of those who direct his work
 Fourth-Tt facilitates escapes
 Fifth-It makes an unjust competi- ton with the labor of free citizens.
 Taking up these objections in order. Judge Baldwin declared that the crim- inal's conviction, being a notorious fact, had already caused him to lose public esteem. and besides, it was easy to prevent new occasions of shame to the convict.
 Without great expense the fields iu which the prisoners are employed might he surrounded by walls to protect them from the publlc gaze.
 Pointing out the fact that most con- v1cts come from a class of persons un- fitted for any trade or occupation ex- cept the most unskilled labor, Profess sor Baldwin suggested that the governs ment should buy up vast tracts of poor. idle or wild land and send it's convicts there to work with shovel and pickaxe, draining and irrigating. Though great expense would be entaiIed in buying such land, he maintained that the state would be able to sell it at an ultimate | profit
 1 Citing the example of North Carolina, where 95 per cent. of the condemned are by natural occupation rural labor- CTS, and where this plan is in successs ful financial operation, the professof concluded, nevertheless, that the new
 (continued on Flights Pagel