davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-04-29
District of Columbia Census.

Washington, April 28.-A police census
of the District of Columbia just completed
shows a population of 1922 445. being an in
crease of 43.727 over the federal census of
1900. OF this population 227, COZ is white.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-04-29

ployers that before many days they will
have their business back to normal
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1905-03-02
Bulletin R&ahhles.

Uncommon people are none TOO
common.
1t goes across lots--the ferry boa.
The irst-class ballet Is figured
down TO fine thing.
II takes the stutterer sometime 10
break the news.
The dancing master is often set
in his ways.
The man who thinks be knows Il
all little knows all he doesn't know.
A timely warning-the click of
the clock FIVE minutes before going
on strike.
Kisses are not for publication,
even in printing Office.
The youth may like his buddiER
mustache, but it's down on him.
The ieweler may be the pocrest
judge Of base ball diamond.
The contractor may have only two
arms and ever so many hands.
Women's clubs will be quite the
thing when we come to have female
policemen.
They have to man a ship before
they can manage it.
There's no use talking, we have
no use for the parrot that doesn't
talk.
II will still be fall weather next
winter when the Lavemeuts are icy.
The most successful druggist does
a vial business
Clothes do not make a mon, but
those he has u pay for often break
him.
To close bargain, two men often
20 TO the bar" aud drink again"
The peanut geni~r cannot cIai.,
that his business 1casr'. ...M.unt 20
shocks.
Temper is one thirg that {. .nes
o.'sn er uRh at ceni .npial exhibi.
tion.
He was a champion pugiiist. who'd
All those VINO me. him In zoe r.nc
''Gp bTown,"
And then sat down and moped and
sighed. because
One timid little maiden threw him
down
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1905-03-02
This Year WIN be One of Pest,.

Lee Spangler, the Yorl Pa. } pro-
phet. who has attracted muUh after :
tion by accurately predicting gres 3
modern events, has issued his bu'-
letin Of prophecies for the year 1907.
Spangler sees dire things ahead foe
Russia as the result OF the recers
turbulency in that empire. He says
in his bulletin:
Woe unto Russia. She Is fass
approaching her doom. The people
will overthrow the empire. The
royal family and ths leading men,
bers Of the nobility will be murder
ed and subjected 70 worse crueltias
than they have indicted upon he
Russian people. The country viii
be divided into small republics and
elective monarchies, and these will
be constantly quarreling and in q
state of war until the end of the
world comes. in 1908.
YEAR OF STRIKES.
The big spot that has appeared
upon the sun is ominous. It fore
tells rebellion, pestilence aud na-
tural catastrophes upon the earth.
The outbreak of rebellion in Russia
is but spark. IL will be famed
inte q flame that will sweep over the
world. The United States will not
escape. The worst riots In the hic-
tory of the nation are TO occur this
year. Ii will be q year of strikes
in all the great industrial nations of
the world. There will be much
famine. much lighting and zluch
woe.
There will be many big fires In
the United States and in other civil.
zed netions. It will be q year Of
great loss TO the insurance compan.
les. In Russia the revolutionists,
when they beccre more powersl',
will resort ~ the use cf the tc.ca
Russia 5 finest cities will be laio ..
ashes. Astro.one. shoult: wasot
tho moon closely.
"Belisi in the groundhog as .
weather forecaster is q superstition
that the devil has nut in de minds
OF the people. There are thousands
of such superstitions, aud the devil,
who is the father Of Ignorance, in
vented them. According TO the
grouudhog's appearance, there is 20
DC six weeks Of cold weather. Ac-
oording 10 natural indications and
to the rev stations nf God, there W.
be IN early spring. The summer
will be dry Une. Crops will be
rnined by drouths. There are 10
be nun. rOus earthq lake sh1cks dur
lng Iue year. These will be mo>t
severe in the Old Wor.u. In Penp-
sylvapia, Now York, New JERSEY
and New England there will b.
shocks OF Sufficient force ID cause
chimneys IN topple over and corr ices
and pictures 10 fall"
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1905-03-02
Written for the Beacon.)
Pelham -Breathad Battery.


Movements Of Breothefs Battery after
che engagement al KeIly,s Ford I7tA
Aarek, 1863, WD to and iacludiag
Chaacellorsville, Hay Ist and 2nd,
1853.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
JOINT BROKEN UP.
John Jenkins Pays for Keeping a
,s Disorder1v House. <,

With the arrest and conviction of John
"A. Jenkins, a bury negro, the police or
the First District believe they have gone
a long ways towards breaking up n disor-
DERBY house at No. 4l3 North seventeenth
Street. Men and women were seen to
enter and leave the place Sunday night,
and music was heard for several hours
The place Isl a dive for the negroes Of
Seventeenth Street. jenkins was fined
s25 by Justice Crutohfeld yesterday morn
ing, and in default went back to the
pen. i5 n So
Andrew Smith trespAssed on the prem-
ises of Bette Thomas, ,his mother, and
q war OF words took place between tho
son and mother before the inimitabe
2Crutchfield. Tho offspring got thirty
days in Jail.
John Holmes paid $40 for smoting Eto-
mia Banks. Holmes said thnt -. only
smacked her because he caught her cat
Ing cocaine sold to her by negro named
Charlie Johnson.
Eddie Taylor went to the grand jury
for hitting Frank Jones with a stick
James Wilson, small negro, was dis
missed of the charge Of stabbing Arthur
Green, and James Robertson, a bullet
headed African, will tell the court to-
morrow why he is supposed to DO sus-
picious character. Robertson has just
finished term of six months in the
Henrico Jail.
The regular drunks paid their fines.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
CHARTERS GRANTED.
The Corporation Commission Au-
thorizes New Concerns.

The State Corpora ton Commission yes
terday granted the following charters:
Standard Manufacturing Company On
corpors ted). Suffolk, Va. Geo. II. Lewis,
president, Norfolk. Va.; J. g. Foster,
general MANAGER, Norfolk, Va: George
l.. Barton, vlce-presdent and treasurer,
Suffolk, Va; Frederick Lewis, secretary,
Norfolk, Va: William II. Robinson, d.
rector, Norfolk Va. Capital stock: Max
imum. $50, 900: minimum. s15, 900. Objects:
To deal in timber and lumber for the
purpose of establishing railroads.
The Roanoke AGA denny of Medicine I'm,
corporated) Rca noke, Va Dr.. T.. B.,
Stone, president: Or. g. NJ, Branch, vice
DIR. Ben. c. Moomaw, treasurer; all Of
Roanoke, Va. Capital stock: None. OBJ
facts: To promote medical science.
The Bank of Princess Anne Qncorpor-
ated). Virginia Beach. Va. John T.
1Toodhouse, president, cashier and treas
urer, Virginia Beach, Va; .. Stormont.
vce-president, Virginia Beach, Va. Cap
lital stock: Maximum. $50, 900; minimum.
s, 900. Objects: To conduct general
banking business. SIS
Graham College. a Corporation, Gra-
ham, Tazewell county, Va. J. Fl Sluss,
president and director, Graham, Va. J.
E. Morton. director and secretary Gra-
ham. Va. Capital stock: None. Objects:
To establish an institute Of learning for
boys and girls
Shea Realty Corporation. Norfolk, Va.
NJ b. Crowell, president; q. Henry Pow
ell vice president: Alfred p. Page. sec
rotary and treasurer: all Of Norfolk Va
Capital stock: Maximum, 500. 900: MINI
mum, s75 Ooo. Objects: To buy and sell
real estate. etc.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
CUPID UNLEASHED.
Matrimonial Market in Isle O
Wight Resumes Business.

Especial 10 The Times-D ispatch)
q SUFFOLK. VA June 27.-Aftcr six
days interruption OF Cupids plans In
Isle OF Wight, by reason OF the mpos-
Ribil!ty to procure marriage licenses. the
ma trlmonial market will resume business
tomorrow evening. Circuit Judge Prem
It's to-day announced the appointment Of
Capt. Albert Sidney Johnston. of smiths
field, as clerk OF courts to succeed Ma
thanel Young. who died last week. DUR
Ing the interim there was no one author,
lied to issue nuptial permits. Captain
Johnson will qualify before Judge Pren-
tbs tomorrow In Norfolk. The appointee
was Captain in the Spanish American
war.
At Holy-Ncck Christian Church eigh-
teen miles from Suffolk, about noon to-
day, Miss Mary Susie Rawles became
the bride OF Mr.. Earnest II. Williams,
an attorney OF Isle OF Wight Courthouse.
Mr.. Parke Dan. OF Richmond was the
best man and Mrs. E. s. Norfleet. sister
OF the bride was dame Of honor. There
we're about forty other attendants. the
number surprising that OF any marriage
on record In this section. Rev. g: II q.
Rowland. OF Franklin was the celehrant
Concluding the wedding breakfast, the the
couple left for honeymoon mine 'lh1' Z
mort h. 4i X n az ri
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Will INVESTIGATE
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
Councilman Lynch's Criticisms Of
Force Will Be Looked
Into.

committee composed OF Commission
ers Whittet and Manning and Mayor Nc
Carthy, will investigate the allegations
made by Councilman Lynch that there
were patrolmen In the Richmond Police
Department Incapable OF doing efficient
duty. the Board of Police Commissioners
taking this action last night after dis
cussing tho matter Thoroughly.
Every allegation of the member Of the
municipal body will be probed. and II
there are officers on the force who are
incompetent or Incapable. there will be
Will. in all probability summon Council
man Lynch before II, and secure from
him all the information he has Whar
grounds he had for the accusations made
In open meeting will be laid before the
Investigating committee. #
For conduct sunbecomng an officer, Pa
trolman j, A. Jones was fined sa5 and
Traprlmanded by the Board last night
Mr.. Jones was IN attendance and gave
evidence in his own behalf, The fine and
the reprimand do not mean that he WIN
lose his position on the force. IA
No action was taken by the Commls'
sioners upon the case OF officer n, w
Bailey, who was charged with absenting
himself from he relief post few nights
ago. This matter was referred TO the
Chief of Police and the Mayor with au-
thority to act.
Nothing was done towards the propo-
sition OF re-establishing the second dls-
trlct where the inspectors oft!ce IN now
located. The meeting of The Roard
was held behind closed doors,
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
/. WIN THE REWARD. !
Railroad Buying Up Provender.
and Supplies Along Line Of York

fspeclaI to The Times Dispatch.)
GATE CITY, VA. June 27.--H. Fl. Glib,
son. one OF the white men who. recently
broke jail here was arrested n X T Ss ~
70 ia ii yes terday. The parties who cap
t t him were paid the $50 reward. Only
one OF the four escaping prisoners now
Il looks very rnnch like work or, a
large scale Is to begin within the next
few days on ti:n South and Weftsrn
Railway In this county. RepreseenIaativ 81
other supplies they Gan get along the line
from Clinchport to the coal fields IN WISE Use
The company has secured the right
from this county to erect telephone lines
along the public roads TO facilitate a.,. ne
operations. The company has not permit
to expire, and is paying all bills prompt
". The several corps OF engineers are
pushing their work theoretically.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
FOOD IN SERMONS.
Feed the Dominic Right and the Sermons
are Brilliant.

Feed the Dominic Right and the Sermons
are Brilliant.
551A conscientious hard-working and emil
pently successful clergyman writes: Il am
glad TO bear testimony to the pleasure
and Increased measure OF efficiency and
health that have come to me from adopt
Ing Grape-Nuts food as one OF my articles
OF diet. ,s89
FOR several years j was much dis
tressed during the carly part OF each day
by Indigestion My breakfast usually
consisting OF oatmeal, milk and eggs
seemed TO turn sour and failed to digest.
After dinner the headache and other
symptoms following the breakfast would
wear away, only to return, however. next
morning.
.'Haying heard OF Grape-Euts food, !
finally concluded 10 give it3a fair trial.
quit the use OF oatmeal and eggs and
made my breakfast OF Grape-Nuts, cream
toast and Postum. The result was sur
prising In improved health ana total ao-
sence OF the distress that had Tor SO long
a. time. followed the morning meal. MY
digestion became once more satisfactory.
tbs headaches ceased and the old feel
ing OF energy returned. Since. that time
four years ago, i have always had Grape
Nuts food on my breakfast "a Die.
~ was delighted to find also that
whereas before i hogan to use Grape
Nuts food. ! WAS quite nervous ana Pc
came easily weared In the work OF pre-.
pairing sermons and in study. marked
Improvement In this respect resulted
from the change in my diet am con o, !
WINGED that Grape Nuts food produced ms
result and helped me 10 sturdy conan
tio, OF mental and physical strengtn'
~ ,,aye known OF several persons VINO
were formerly troubled as WAS. and who
have been helped as 4 have. been by the
use ~ Grape-Euts food, on my recon !
mandate among whom may % men,
toned the Rev ----, now Hlss'o o...,
IL China Name given by Postum COM
t5sry. Eatilh Greek, Mich,
"rhsre'B a reasonf !,
!.eaG Inc like book. se t'oe'p =
WeiIyIiIe," in each pkg.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
FOUR v. p. /. BOYS With
WESTINGHOUSE COMPANY

Mr.. Alex Warrington, who recently COM
pleted his course in electrical engineer
inr at the Virginia Polytechnic institute
With high honors. has left for Pittsours,
pa. to Ill an appointment with the
Westinghouse Electrical and Manufactur-
ing Company. Mr.. Warrington is son el
OF Mr.. H s. warrington. with a. VI;
Rountree &. Bro. OF this city. He and
Messrs. Lawrence Stern, Walter S. Blue
and d. G. Robson were all fortunate IN
securing appointments with The West
jnghouse Company, which is regarded as
one of the most desirable Of all con-
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
NEWS GATHERED II.
FR0M SOUTHS|DE
Elect Members Of School Board.
Dr. Fuckers Resig-
nation.
---- -----------
MAYOR SEVERELY cENsURED
Lawn Party at Cersley's Grove;
Many Present at Allur-
ing Scene.
Manchester Bureau, Times Dispatch.
y M. -ltses -ilt.e No 110Q Hull Street..

Manchester Bureau, Times Dispatch,
5 No. 1102 Hull Street. !
The City Assembly and Board Of Alder
men met In Joint session last night for
the purpose of electing four members
on the school board and to consider the
resi- gnation Of Dr. NJ. Pierre Rucker as
president Of the Board OF Health.
The matter OF the election of four mem-
bers on the school board was first taken
up.
Mr.. F. S. Anderson was elected to fill
the vacancy from the First Ward. Mr..
Anderson Is a clerk In the store OF Mr..
E. W. Welsiger. Mr.. Scott McRae was
elected from the Second Ward, Mr.. ]. B.
Clopton from the Third, and Mr. r. c..
iBroadus from the Fourth Ward Mr.
Anderson is the only new man elected,
the other three having been incumbents
All the men were elected unanimously,
there being no other nominations for the
positions.
The resignation OF DR.. NJ. p Rucker
was then taken up and discussed at
length. At first 1t was moved to table
it, in order to Induce It's withdrawal and
enable DR.. Rucker to resume the presi-
dency Of the Board OF Health on his
return from Germany. Dir. Wakefield
in a set speech in support OF his motion,
spoke in the highest terms of DR.. Ru 1ser
as being most able, consistent and eff
cient officer.
After much discussion pro and con, It
vas decided that the best way out of the
difficulty was to reject the resignation.
This was done, and Dr.. n. T. Rucker.
father Of the incumbent, WAS appointed
acting chairman OF the Board of Health.
This settles q matter that has long
been under consideration by the assem-
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Mysterious Death.

Special to Tho Times Dispatch)
CHARLOTTE, N. c.. June 27.-Lincoln
county is stirred over the mysterious
death Of Gordon Rudisil. fourteen-year-
old son OF Anderson Rudisil. q promi-
nent citizen OF the county, Nving eight
miles from Lincolnton. 4 :,
The lad went off to play In a small
pond. some distance from the house, and
not returning, search was Instituted. lis
dead body in less than two feet Of va
ter in the little pond
There WAS no water in the body and
the drowning theory has been abandoned.
Foul play Is suspected
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Outings to West Point.

Calvary Baptist and College Union Mis-
sion Sunday schools will take their an
nuai outing TO West Point Friday, June
aDth. The party will indulge in boating.
fishing. bathing and baseball, and an
enjoyable time is promised all.
The train leaves the Southern station at
Sis a. NJ
The Third Christian Church Sunday
school will g:yetEils scholars dn outing
TO West Pom. Thursday Accommodate
tons will be Elade to carry n lnrss crowd.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
White Woman Goes to Jail.

Charged with stealing a. watch from
the coat pocket OF negro man, Mrs.
Mary e. Wharton, aged fifty-fiye years.
was sentenced to ninety days in Jail by
Justice Crutchfield yesterday morning.
The woman appeared in court with a
black eye, the result of a fight in the
slum district in which she lives Her
small grandson had made a desperate eff
fort to save her from jail by saying
that 1t was he who stole the watch. but
the police would not believe his story.
The woman pawned the watch within
an hour after she had stolen 1t.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
DIED IN HIS ROOM.
Henry Walters, Of Brooklyn, Died
in Wilmington, N. G..

Special to Tho Times Dispatch.)
WILMINGTON, N. c.. June 27.-Henry
Walters, a retired business man. and
registering from Brooklyn. \. y. was
found dead in his room at the Horton
House this afternoon at 3 o'clock by a
bell boy. who had occasion to enter
the room. Fl Id. VI
Walters arrived this morning on the
New York steamer and had an acute at
tack 81 indigestion some hours before
his death. The body was turned overS&to
an und ertaker awaiting instructions from
NAu York ~ E.slt
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Matinee This Afternoon.

The question, "Whose Baby Is IT." will
be explained atsthe Casino again this
afternoon and evening. after which the
what is said to be the best attraction in
repertoire. Turned Up'' is said to deal
with widow. who gets second .hus-
band. her first being supposedly dead.
The affair is I'D to be one OF those COM
plicated, much mixed and amusing crea-
lions, which entertain and amuse without
trenchlng upon the suggestive.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
The Mayor Censured.

After the Joint meeting had adjourned.
one OF the prominent members of the
City Assembly, In discussing the action
of the Mayor in giving merchants who
had forgotten to get out their licenses
on the date prescribed, on Monday, said.
and wished At to be recorded as coming
from him. that had tho Mayor used a
little discretion it would not have been
necessary to fine these merchants. as
some of the merchants Of the town had
already paid their licenses. and the
others would have done so had they been
notified" This member said that the
Mayor had made public some utterances
to the effect that he was not responsible
for the laws; that they were made by
the legislative body Of the city, and that
this body alone was to be held RESPONSE
BILE. Some bitter complaints were made
about the affair, and the Mayor was
severely censured for his alleged utter
q
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28

this delightful man cannot do otherwise
than excite my interest.
ID II you think that tile use of my name
will be Of benefit In furthering the espe-
cial project which you have in hand. I
cannot refuse 1t
Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) GROVER CLEVELAND
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Were Licensed to Wed.

Marriage licenses were issued yesterday
10 the following couples: Mr.. William D..
Field and Miss Ethel Whitlock: Mr..
Thomas S. Leake and Miss Mary E. Cot
trell: Mr.. Herman IT. Glass and Miss
Willie B. Taylor: AR Hunter T. w.
Lewis and Miss Martha Elizabeth Moon:
,ir Robert Malone and Miss Sarah VIII
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28

for denomination, will probably be unop-
posed. Mr.. Mapp. OF that county, was for
some time a tentative candidate for the
nomination and may yet run; a gentle
that he thought Mr.. Rew would have no
opposition.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
VIII Live in Chicago

Miss Hazol Gallagher. daughter OF Mrs.
C. Donati who recently graduated from
the Monte Maria Convent, Church Hill.
will leave shortly for Chicago to reside
with her aunt, Mrs. Thomas Readily.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Cleve!and'g Letter,
Fffncfton, n. j.. June ~ i,

fIiIIFE Hhf - n. J.ht u 1ST5.
4, 81. "orthara. Req.. gs<vetary, Sc..
Boz -, ElGnmo,ld. Va:
Ny Dear sir,-ri rare receiye1 y1yr let.
Ter Informing no of ,fse ln.ent!on II, GREET
q monument ~ tie clty u Richmond 10
the raene7y nj Jflzepa Jer4raoa ana ask
Ing me 70 aid iae csstet N Es.p.gg ~ 0ns
OF the 91ce- presidents n t;ae aaist4slatiei.,
Any movement ts.gisg fpr IN ob3set tne
pefpetuatioa NJ tis F.aIas sss1 fams u
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Dr.. Pitt Receives Purse.

The BAPTIST clergy and SlayInen gave q
purse Of $l55 to Rev. DR., r. Al Pitt. who
loft yesterday for New York where he
will sail to-day on the Teutonic for Eng
land. During the absence Of Or. r. II.
Pitt. Rev. J. w. Mitchell win have charge
OF the lteAgious Herald.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Mr.. Cave to Answer Sunday.

Mr.. Cave to Answer Sunday.
Rev. P. a. Cave. who recently handed
in his resignation as pastor OF Third
Christian Church. will give his answer as
to his reconsideration of the matter next
Sunday.
Il Mr.. Cave is a very popular young pas
tor, and as soon as his resignation was
received committee was appointed to
wait on him to ask him to reconsider
the matter.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Mr.. Morris Replies.

JULIE Gts t@p.
Mr. Harmon g. Norris. Philadelphia
Academy, Philadelphia, Pa:
Dear Stat the spggeHtior Of Ar.
Richard Watson Glider, wao has been
asked 70 act as one NJ tsis yice-i,res.denta
Of the Joseph Jetsergoa Monument Asso-
citation tof which Governor A J. Mon
tague, Of Virginia, "a prssiGrntt, together
with Hr. Melville z. Stone. Hon. Grover
Cleveland. M Danlsl Frohman and
others, which IL being organized for the
purpose of building monument, ~ Mr..
JefferE0n here AZ Rip Van Wrinkle. after
his twenty Year, sisep, looking oyer tils.
the village IN wateh he :eea;an his great
career w;4te 10 request that you Eng
gest tne naIn.s Of some artists 8i.o would
Ike TO maze ths study,
II you Hfll kindly sd,fse ne, / Will
be under many obligations.
Yours 9ery truly.
r. u. WORKMAN.
ltf s,rn M.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1905-06-28
Examine Graduate Nurses.

i The Virginia graduate nurses examlna-
ton Will be held this morning at 8 o'clock
in the Young Mems Christian Associa-
ton building, Each applicant will pay q
fec and given q certificate as to her
moral character and efficiency.