davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
ANCIENT SHOES.
The First FootWcar Was Probably Of
Reeds or Skins.


Nobody knows V 10 was the first
shoemaker. Their must have been
a time when everybody went bare
footed, and the first s,locs were prob
ably made of woven reeds or skis.
The original shoemaker doubtless;
sought comfort more than stvlc.
The Celt. who at times wandered
over moor or morasS, at others over
mountains, invented a shoe that
suited his purpose exactly. a sole
of heavy hides protected his feet
from the sharp stones, while uppers
or legs of lighter skins protected his
ankles and legs from thorns and
bushes. The buskin was so con-
structed that the water eyuded from
it as soon as the foot ceased to be
immersed. In the modern shoe the
idea is that water be kept out, not
let out.
The Celtic buskin was tough and
elastic and could be replaced wher-
ever there were untanned skins at
hand. Every Celt was his own shoe
maker.
With the Norman conquest came
the introduction into the British
isles of tanned leather, which had
long been in use in Normandy,
where it had been introduced by the
Romans.
Shoes then began to take on style,
and the styles have never been ,du-
plicatcd in later days. From close
fitting shoes fashion went 10 long,
pointed toes, which in time grew so
long that they had to be fastened to
the wearer's knees.
Shoes were gorgeous affairs in the
middle ages. King Richard, the
lion hearted, had his boots stamped
with gold. John Lakeland, his
brother, wore boots spotted with
golden circles, while lI>nry III:
wore boots chcckercd with golden
lines, every square Of which Was on
riched with d lion. Cardinal VOL
sey'S shoes were
OF gold and stone prcd~rs
Costing many thousand poun!s.
Sir Walter Raleigh wore shoes
studded with diamond ;a,d - have
cost $4,000. The gallant. Il %harleS
IL time wore their h!-h boot tops
turned down 10 the ankles, to show
the gorgeous lace with which they
were l.n1d.-la,ianapo.is News.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
vVVVNVVVVV VVVvVVVVVVVVVVV
1iAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAiI

Mr. j H McDavid spent Sun.
day in Lake City.
A petition has been circulated
among the merchants, asking
that the stores be closed at Z p
m from May l to August 10.
This would be greatly appreci-
ated, if carried into effect, by
the clerks during the long sum
mer days now approaching.
Prof PIP Bethea, superintend-
ent of the graded school, at
tended the Southern Education
al Conference in Columbia sew
eral days last week. Prof Be-
thea speaks enthusiastically of
the personnel Of the Conference
and the work they are doing.
Mr. Il D Gamble, from across
Black river, called Monday and
showed up his subscription a
year. Out of 1900 subscribers,
comprising THE RECORDS en-
tire mailing list, Mr. Gamble
stands at the head of the paid
in-advance class. His date of
expiration is 1907.
DR. Clarence ID Jacobs. will
leave in the near future for Fos-
sill, ALBANIA, to take a position
as resident physician with a
large Corporation. While the
many friends of DR. Jacobs re-
gret his leaving Kingstree,
still they are pleased to know
that the place he will hold is a
responsible one, carrying WITH
it a lucrative salary and an op-
portunity for promotion.
Rev Mr. DuBose preached Sun
day morning in the Presbyterian
church and lectured on "China"
in the evening. Mr. DuBose.who
has been supplying the Presby-
terian church here for some
months has resigned in order to
go to China as a missionary.
Having been born and partly
reared in the Celestial King
DOM, Mr. DuBose is peculiarly
we'll fitted for missionary work
in that field.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Sheedy's Consolation.

Harry Corbett of San Francisco
tells how Pat Sheedy once consoled
a disconsolate sporting man.
81 will never forget my introduc-
ton to Pat Sheedy," says Corbett.
81 was down at Coney Island sever
al years ago playing the races. We
were chatting together when a fel-
low came up whom Sheedy knew,
and he bemoaned his hard luck. He
started in to tell how he was beaten
by a whisker for big bet. Shee-
DIV listened to his tale of woe and
then, slapping him on the back, said:
Never mind, Jack. Cheer up! 1t
all breaks even in this world-the
rich get ice in the summer and the
poor in the winter I'll never for
get thisHemark of Sheedy's as long
as | live"
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
OF gold and stone prcC!~rs
Costing many thousand poun!s.
Badly Out o. Shane.

Eight-ycar-old Robert is very fond
of using high sounding phrases,
which he CLEANS from the conversa-
ton of grownups and stores in his
mind until a suitable occasion ar
rives when he may spring them
upon an admiring audience.
vt breakfast he had heard his ia
ther read an extract from the morn
ing paper, the phraseology of which
had impressed itself upon his mome
ry, as was evidenced by the an
nouncement lie made on his return
from school.
Mother" he said, "a poor pussy
cat was run over by the Amsterdam
avenue cars, and what do you think?
1t was crushed out of all likeness to-
humanity."-New York Press.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Baptist Union Meeting.

At the Baptist church aUnion
meeting was commenced Friday
and continued through Sunday.
Rev j W Truluck was made
moderator. Lay and church
delegates from neighboring
churches were in attendance
and some interesting debates
were had on several live topics.
On Sunday Rev B K Truluck
preached the missionary SER
mon and his effort was a very
able one. The next union will
be held at Scranton.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Tho DRrky Explained.

At one of the registration places
in Alabama, according to The Bar,
Congressman Bankhead stood lis
tening to the election officers test
ing a colored mans qualifications
for exercising the right of suffrage.
The negro was unusually intelligent,
and one of the officials said quietly
to the congressman 'HThat's a very
smart darky. He has answered
every question correctly"
"Ask him to explain a writ of
certiorari," suggested Mr.. Bank
head.
This was done, and the negro,
after scratching his head, said /:
"Deed, boss, / reckon you done got
me. l doan know what dat is, 'less'n
it's somethin' to keep niger from
votin'."
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
ALL OVER THE House.
xarious Uses For Vinegar In the Work
of the Household.

Ot SVC
Decanters can be cleaned most ex-
peditiously and satisfactorily if a
half gill of vinegar is mixed with a
handful of salt and some of this
poured into the decanters and
shaken. The vinegar cuts the glease,
and the salt is sufficiently gritty to
rub off any sediment on the sides
of the bottle. Rinse the glass well
with clear water.
Vinegar has many uses. Mixed
with stove blacking it makes the
polish stick better and gives high
er gloss.
Vinegar will brighten shabby
carpet too. Put teacupful into a
pail of warm water and wash the
carpet all over with this, wringing
out cloth to do so. The carpet
must first have been carefully brush
ed, of course, and then merely
dampened in the process. If posi-
BILE let it become thoroughly dry be-
fore walking on it.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Attention, Veterans!

A meeting of Camp PRESLEY will be
held on Wednesday. May 10, to par
ticipate in the Memorial exercises Of
that day. A full attendance Of MEM
berS Is requested.
The following programme has been
arranged for that occasion
10 o'clock. a m-Members meet in
court house and one hour will be de-
voted to the business of the Camp.
IL o'clock, ma Aud fence and
speakers Assemble in court house, \
large attendance is expected and de-
sired-especially the ladies are invited.
& j Graham Ii II Kinder
Adjutant Communicate.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Glossino the Boot,

The teacher of English was hope:
full, although he had met with dis:
appointments at every turn.
.Now, here is an interesting situa-
tion," he said eagerly. "Iet us an
alyze it. Just what is the meaning
of the line, Doth not Brutus boot
less kneel?'"
aWhy, 7 take it to mean that Bru-
tus, being in a hurry, had come off
without his boots, sir" said the pu-
pill, with his usual promptness.-
Youths Companion.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Washing NJ Mads Easy.

Fill a clothes boiler two-thirds
full of water, adding almost one bar
Of good laundry soap and small
handful of washing soda if the water
is hard. When boiling, put in three
tablespoonfuls of kerosene and let
it boil five minutes longer. Wash
the stains from white clothes, put IN
boiler and let them boil fifteen min
utes. Take out into tub, pour on a
pail of cold water and wash through
this suds. Rinse with warm water,
then blue and hang to dry. Used as
directed, kerosene leaves no odor.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Breaking II Gently.

can did yez br-r-eak tn news iv
Ca-a-sey's death to tn wildly, Ter
ence:"
81 did, an d ut gintly. l said:
Good mornin' Mrs. Ca-a-sey. It's
&C.. good 4 luck ysieafther havin' today
"*An' phwAthe good luck'' sez
she.
"Ye've come into tidy sum iv
money! sez /.
"Th' saints be praisedp sez she.
fAn' where's tn money comm from,
Terence
From yer husban's life insur-
ance,' sez l. Sure he was kilt be
tn blast this mornin'r r"-Cleveland
Leader.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Get
SC0TT'S
Emulsion

When you 90 to q drug store
and ask for SCOTS Emulsion
you know what you want; the
man knows you ought to have
it. Don't be surprised, though,
If you arc offered something
else. Wines, cordiaIs, extracts,
etc., of cod liver oil are pIenti'
fuI but don't imagine you are
Getting cod liver oil when you
take them. Every year for thirty
years we've been increasing
the sales of SCOTS Emulsion.
Why7 Because It has always
peen better than any substitute
fes Il,
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
A DAREDEVIL RIDE

often ends in sad accident. To heal
accidental injuries, use Bucklen 3
Arulca Salve. GA deep wound in
my foot, from an accident" writes
Theodore Schuele, of Columbus, o.,
''caused me great pain. Physicians
were helpless, but Bucklen's Arnlca
Salve quickly healed it." Soothes
and heals burns like magic. 25c at
DIR w V Brockington's drug store.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
To Pickle Pigs Feet.

Clean, cover with slightly salted
boiling water and boil until tender.
Pack while hot in stone jar, and
cover while you make the vinegar
ready. Into a half gallon of vinegar
stir cup of white sugar, three
dozen black peppers, dozen blades
of mace and dozen cloves. Boil
all together hard for one minute,
then pour over the feet. 1t will be
ready for use at the end of forty
eight hours, but will keep for weeks.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Washing Glassware.

If all women understood the trick
of washing glassware there would be
fewer broken glass dishes. So many
try to pour hot water into the glass,
with the result of a sudden crack
and dish that is ruined. If it had
first been set on a cloth wrung out
in very hot water the catastrophe
would not have happened. To make
daubly safe a silver spoon may be
LAID in the dish. That will take some
of the heat from the glass.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04

speech arrived the head waiter ap-
preached him, saying, "Goyernor, is
there anything l can get you?"
ga small cigar" answered the dis
tinguished speaker.
Proffering a box and receiving
a coin for the service, the waiter
said:
Governor, do you remember
me?"
"No," replied Mr.. Thompson,
looking at the negro keenly.
'Iike yourself" said the waiter
simply, 81 am an ex-governor of
South Carolina"
And then Governor Thompson re-
called Richard L. Gleaves, provision
al governor of the state.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
FRIGHTFUL SUFFERING RE-
LIEEED..

. Suffering frightfully from the
virulent poisons of undigested food,
c G Grayson, of Lula, Miss, took
DR. Kings New Life Pills. ''wlth
the result" he writes, "that | was
cured" All stomach and bowel dis
orders give way to their tonic, laxa.
tive properties. 25c at DR. W V
Brockington's drug store, guaran-
ted.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
Imitation Ground Glass.

4 disagreeable view can be shut
off from any window without inter-
fering with the light by painting
the window with as strong solution
of epson salts as given quantity
of hot water will dissolve. This
gives a good imitation of ground
glass, a design can be drawn on it,
and it can be washed of at any time.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
SsHd for free sample
SCOTT d BOVINE. Chemists
eo9-415 Pearl Street. New York
500. and $f.oo. All druggists
To Clean Mahogany Furniture.

"The blush gray film" on ma
hogany may be removed by washing
the furniture with lukewarm soap
suds and drying quickly with soft
linen cloth, one that will absorb
moisture directly. Use the best
quality of CASTLE soap, only wet a
spall piece at time, and dry it i'm
mediateiY, SO that no portion is wet
more than a few seconds. The film
should entirely disappear WITH tll!i this
treatment.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04

The British steamer Yen Wo
was totally destroyed by fire
at Tunchon Wednesday night.
It is feared that $50 Chinese
who were aboard the boat lost
their lives in the flames.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
CONDENSED STORIES.
Strange Meeting of Two Former Gov
ernors of South Carolina.

Ex-Governor Hugh S. Thompson
of South Carolina, who died few
days ago, was fond of telling an in
cident in which he figured as illus
trative of the ups and downs of poll
tics and life, says the New York
Times.
A few years ago he was asked by
the Gridiron club to make an ad-
dress at one of the famous banquets.
Shortly before the time for his
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04

He who loves without reason
is apt to reason without love.
Much charity ends with the
bestowal of d sympathetic
smile.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
CHEATED DEATH.

Kidney trouble often ends fatally,
but by choosing the right medicine,
Ell Wolfe, of Bear Grove, Iowa,
cheated death. He says: 1.-TWO years
ago l had kidney trouble, which
caused me great pain, suffering and
knxiety, but l took Electric Bitters,
mich effected a complete cure. |
IN ve also found them of great bene-
fit in general debility and nerve
trouble. and keep them constantly
on hand, since, as | find, they have
10 equal" DR. w V Brockinton,
druggist, gual antees them at SOC.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04


Eaddy of Jay favored US with a
pleasant visit Monday.
DR. CD Jacobs and Mr. Otis
Arrowsmith visited Georgetown
several days last week.
DR. S NJ Dickson and Hon W
R Singletary of Scranton were
noted in town yesterday.
Messrs w R and N R William
son, of the Cades section, were
in town Monday on business.
Messrs E B Rhodus and NJ G
Mcmillan of Greelyville were
visitors in Kingstree Monday.
Mr. r j Parrot of Lake City
called Monday and advanced
his subscription a year ahead.
Mr. L Cottingham of ,Gallovan,
Marion county, visited his sis
ter, Mrs J B Steele, last Sunday.
Mr. W p Brown of Leo was a
welcome and appreciated visitor
at THE RECORD Office Monday.
Miss M Schultz left last week
for an extended visit to friends
in North Carolina and other
points.
Miss Cora Daniel, who is a
pupil in the Graded school, Wis
tied her home in Lake City
Sunday.
Mr. w w Lynch, the efficient
c h aip-g ang superintendent,
dropped in pleasantly to see US
Monday.
Mrs NJ F Heller, of Kingstree,
is visiting at the Hotel Central.
She is a sister of Mrs Lyons
Manning Times.
Mr. w E Severance, the we'll
known and popular travelling
broker was in town Monday
from Lake City.
Mr. J D Wilson, a valued sub
scriber of the Spring Bank Sec
ton, called to see us while in
town yesterday.
Mrs s Mcbride Scott returned
home last week from a visit to
her daughter, Mrs NJ L Allen,at
her home in Cheraw.
DIR ] r Brockinton of Indian
town attended the Union meet
ing at the Baptist church sew
eral days last week.
Mr. S A Burgess, of the Mou-
zc- section, has accepted a po-
sition as salesman in Mr. j B
Steele's clothing store.
Mr. JW Lewis of Durwood,
Sumter county, returned home
this week after pleasant visit
among friends in this county.
An excursion for the benefit
of Kingstree Lodge, K of P,
will be run from Florence to
Charleston on Monday, May %.
Messrs J a Blackwell and j
H v Gaskins attended the
monthly meeting Of the dis
pensary board of control Mon
DAY.
Rev w B Justus, pastor of
the Kingstree Methodist church.
attended the District Confer
ence In Darlington county last
week.
Mr. James e Davis of Salters
Depot was among the visitors
at our Office Saturday. In eom-
mon with his other friends we
are glad to see Mr. Davis able
to be oA after bis recent severe
attack of la grippe.
DR. and Mrs William S Boyd
of Jersy C4y, N J, arrived here
Monday and will spend the
summer in Williamsburg county.
Their many friends are hoping
that the doctor and his "better
half" may decide to make their
soiou,n here permanent,
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04

Self-made men never boast
of their ancestors.
One touch of spring makes
the whole world tired.
It takes a strenuous man to
win a victory over himself.
The county record. [volume] (Kingstree, S.C.) 1885-1975, 1905-05-04
4 | ARGE STM

\ ] .ARGE SUN
of money about the house OF of.
flee is 4 constant source ef dan
ger. There is always the risk
of thieve, or fire. You owe it
to yourself and family to avoid
such risks. Put your cash in
THE BANK OF KINGSTREE
There it will be safe fromboth
and be just as convenient to use
as if you had It in your own
pocket. Think about it.
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
MINOR MATTERS.

Queen OF Italy VIII visit this coun-
try.
Beatty oil well at Humble. Tex, IS
flowing 500 barrels daily.
Senator Culberson has returned ia
Dallas from Washington.
Central Texas peach crop Is large
and quality OF fruit excellent.
San Antonio dogs are dying by the
score from an unknown disease.
young Mexican named Silvero fell
from n box car at Laredo and died.
Work Of dredging Red river between
Ex-Representative T. ]. Floyd died
near McDade. Tex, from n spider bite.
Albert Denaly was badly beaten by n
fellow worker in the Katy shops at
Denlson.
Colonel Thomas Seward OF Guthrie
inspector.
Santa Fe railway officials believe cat
tie will move heavily from San Angelo
country.
A military company of seventy five
members has been formed at Corpus
Christi.
Illinois Mennonites contemplate pur-
chasing 1900 acres in South Texas for
n colony.
J. II. Bradshaw OF near Gainesville.
Tex. has raised n second crop of straw
berries this year.
Entire family OF T. J. Miller Of Whar-
ton, Tex. was seriously poisoned by
eating canned peaches.
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
NOTABLE NUPTIALs.
Miss Rose Pastor and John G. Phelps
Stokes Welded.


Stamford. Conn. July l9.-The we'd
ding of Miss Rose Pastor TO John G.
Phelps Stokes. second son of Arson
Phelps Stokes. which took place at
noon Tuesday in St. Iuke's Episcopal
church at Noroton. was exceedingly
modest in It's appointments. although
anon CHE Noroon people 1t was ~
garded as the social event OF the sea-
son. The ceremony was performed by
Rev. Louis Funch. rector of St Luke's.
assisted by the groom's brother. Rev.
Arson Phelps Stokes. Jr., OF New
Haven. secretary OF Yale university.
There We're no=<-i-iessssa 90 -
Henry Rauch of indianapolis. formerly
Miss Mayer OF Cleveland. being matron
OF honor The ushers were the groom's
brothers. l. n. Phelps Stokes and Har-
old Phelps Stokes and his brothers.
in-law. Robert Hunter and John Sher-
man Hoyt. The best man was Kellogg
Durland. one of the youngest resident
workers at the University settlement.
New York.
The bride wore n simple dress OF
white mousseline de sole. Palms and
daisies were used as the church deco
rations. After the ceremony a we'd
ding breakfast was served at Brisck
House. the country residence OF the
groom's parents. in Noroton. about a
mile from the church. Nearly 100
guests were present. including mem
bers Of the two families and intimate
personal friends of the bride and
groob.
II Is the intention Of Mr.. and Mrs.
Stokes TO go abroad for about two
months. Upon their return they will
take up their residence on Lower East
Side New York where they will con-
tinue settlement work. in which both
have heen engaged
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
TO DEPOSE OF
CAR NICHOLAS
Sensational Report Was In Circula.
ton Tuesday.
son AS HIS SUCCESSOR
Story rs Related at Russian Capital
Was That Regency, Composed
Of Four Grand Dukes, Is
10 Have Charge.

ST Petersburg. July ia sensa-
tional rumor was current here Tues
day that a large party of Zemstvoists
and Journalists at Moscow were in ia
vOr Of proclamation OF the deposition
Of Emperor Nicholas and the establish
m"nt Of regency for Grand Duke Alexis
Nikolaievitch Unfant' son of the empe-
ror and heir to the throne) under four
grand dukes. ]; is alleged that for this
reason the meeting of the Russian
Zemstvoist and Doumaist congress.
which was TO have taken place We'd
nesday at Moscow. had been prohibited.
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
AT PEACE WITH GOD.
Three Negroes Expressed Themselves
az Ready For Death.

Memphis. July 19.-Toots Taylor. A.
II. Miles and Major Mills. negro MUIR
derers. were hanged in the court yard
of Shelby county Jail here Tuesday.
Arrangements had been made by Sher-
IN Montervede for the execution of
six men. all sentenced to die Tuesday,
but stay Of execution of thirty days
was granted by Governor Cox In the
cases Of John Champion, James Nor
feet and General Bone. Taylor and
Mills assembled the scaffold together.
The men had bene baptized and said
tIey were at peace with God. Tay-
lor's neck was broken and he died in
eight minutes. Major Mills died from
strangulation after fifteen minutes of
suffering. When the bodies of the two
men were removed Miles was led to
the scaffold. He showed little agita-
ton and said he was ready to die. The
man was pronounced { I'D In ten min
utes after the drop fell. About $50
spectators witnessed the executions.
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19

door for the boys where they would
be surrounded by good influences and
be directed in paths of rectitude and
virtue that this building had been pro-
vided. So that by means of right
teaching and uplifting environments
the boy will be enabled to become
good. upright, honest and influential
citizen of the community.
81 am often asked what boy should
do. and my answer is do anything but
be sure and do that thing better than
II Is now being done. That is the one
great secret OF success In this life
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
Taken to BIRMINGHAM.

Birmingham. Ala. July 19.-Sherifr
Chandler OF Etowah county. accom-
panied by deputies. arrived in Birming-
ham with Vance Gardner. Bunk
Richardson and VIII Johnson. three OF
the negroes charged with the murder
and criminal assault OF Mrs. s. ]. Smith
near Gadsden. Saturday night. The
prisoners were placed In the Jefferson
county jail for safe keeping.
Palestine daily herald. [volume] (Palestine, Tex.) 1902-1949, 1905-07-19
STATION DESTROYED.
Loss 10 Estimated at Three Hundred
and Fifty Thousand Dollars.

Louisville. KY. July 19.-The union
passenger station at Tenth and Broad
way was destroyed by fire Monday
night. entailing a loss OF over $3.50. 000
The amount of insurance is not known
The fire was discovered about $3.50
o'clock on the the top floor OF the four
story stone structure and although
every fire engine in the city except the
reserve was on the scene In half an
hour. the flames gained steadily and
two hours after the start the building
was eaten to a shell.