davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22

Don't look for true happiness in the
mansions OF the very rich, where high
priced physicians are called in to doc
tor everyailment. But seek it and find
it too, in the comfortable homes OF
the middIe-classes and SO called poor
where Greens August Flower isalways
used to keep the family healthy to
cure all stomach troubles, whether in
digestion, constipation, dyspepsia, loss
of appetite, bilious attacks or torpid
liver. Trial bottle August Flower,
25c Big bottle. 75c. Winner Drug
a. dw
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22
Frisco Specials

Account summer tourist rates the
Frisco viii sell round trip tickets to
Eureka Springs, Hot Springs, Ark,
and EIdorado Springs, Mo-, at rate Of
one fare plus $500. Tickets on sale
daily until September 30, 1900. Final
return limit 30 days from date OF sale.
Extension may be obtained on these
tickets BY payment OF the difference
Of the rate at which the tickets are
sold and the regular 90 day rate. For
further particulars see Frisco agents.
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22
consumptlon Threatened.

c. Unger, 2ll Maple St., Champaign
ILL.,, writes: II was troubled with a
hacking cough for a year and Thought
/ had consumption. / tried great
many remedies and was under the
care Of physicians for several months,
| used one bottle Of Foley's Honey
and Tar. 1t cured me, and have not
been troubled since 2 Sold By Peoples
Drug Store. DIV
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22
a aooa NIrht.s Rest

Tie greatest tonic on earth IS a good
nights rest. Restless nights and the
terrible exhaustion Of a hacking
o0uEls are dread dangers Of the poor
consamFfiye. But why this fear Of
tiio night when a few doses Of Dr.
Boshaes German Syrup viii insure re-
fre@inR sleep. entirely free from cough
al nirht sweat Free expectoration
sn fhe morning Is made certain by
taxing German Syrup. 1t has cured
IS i1ntion for forty years Trial
haEtle Sc. Big bottles, 75c- at Wi
aer pt & store dW
WANTED-Men 10 learn barber
1aae. Few veaks completes Posit-
ians guaranteed. top wages paid grad
aefss Can earn expenses before in-
sizing Write today. Moler Barber
ro1sge II Worth, Texas. 250-6
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22

uskogee viii be dull enough after the separate state
convention adourns But Clarence Douglas will have
an investigation OF something ready to tap in due Time
The Vinita daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1902-1913, 1905-08-22
Read The Daily Chieftain
9inl Bluoso.
BY JOHN Hay.

BY JOHN HAY
Will, no. cant tell where he lives
Because he don't live you see;
Leastways he's got out Of the habit
OF vin' like you an me.
Whar have you been for the last three years,
That you haven't heard folks tell
How Jimmie Bludso passed in his checks
The night Of the Prairie Bell''l
He warn't no saint--tliem engineers
Is all pretty much alike
One wife in Natchez, under the Hill
And another one here, in Pike.
A careless man in his talk, was jim.
And an awkward man in a row
But he never hunked, and he never lied
Ireckon he never knowed how
And this was all the religion be had
To treat his engine well
Never be passed on the river;
To mind the pilots bell;
And if ever the Prairie Bell took fire,
thousand times he swore
He'd hold her nozzle agin the bank
Till the last soul got ashore.
All boats has their day on the Mississip',
And her day came at last
The stMovastern was better boat
But the "Belle" she wouldn't be passed
And so came tearin' along the night,
The Oldest craft on the line,
With nigger squat on her safety valve,
And her furnace crammed, rosin and pine.
The fire burst out as she cleared the bar,
And burned hole in the night,
AS quick a flash she turned and made
For the willer bank on the right. tout
There was runnin and cursin', but Jim yelled
Over all the internal roar,
'I'll hold her nozzle agn the bank
Till the last galoot's ashoren
Thro' the hot black breath of the burnin' boat
jim Bludsos voice was heard
And they all had trust in his cussedness
And knowed he would keep his word
Aud sure's your born, they all got off
Afore the smoke-stacks fell.
And Blndso's ghost went up alone
In the smoke Of the Prairie Bell
He warn't no sains,-but at judgement
I'd run my chances With Jim
Long side of some gentlemen
That wouldn't shook hands with him.
He'd seen his duty dead sure thing
And went for it thar and then.
And Christ amt a-goin to Be tooEhsr5
On a man that dies for men
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Miss Nell Campbell and Miss Ellen
Rutler " Jackson Mich, are guests of
Miss Crete PInkerton al the Moore
home.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

married at her home In Chicago THIS
week. Monday. 10 Lieut.. S.W. Robertson
Of the Fifteenth U, 5 cavalry the Wed-
ding being q most elaborate one, MISS
Holmes was visitor at the Holmes
mansion IN this city not long ago anu
made many friends here.
Tonight the marriage OF Miss Kate
Jeremy. daughter OF Mrs. A. NJ Jere'
my and Mr.. Culbert l.. Olson VIII take
place the event to be very qulet one
Following the ceremony the bride ana
groom viii leave for o. trip 70 CallioI-
Mo,
The wedding OF Frank Judge OF this
city and Mrs T., W. Young OF Louis
vile. Ky., took place on Wednesday at
the brides home
Miss Mary Thomas and Mr. Richard
Phoenix were married on Thursday eve
ming the ceremony being performed at
the home of the brides parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Conner Thomas. with Rev,
BENJAMIN Young officiating The aitair
was a quiet one, only the near relatives
being present. Mr.. and Mrs. Phoenix
have gone for three months stay on
the coast. after which they will re-
turn to reside here,
Another Of Wednesdays weddings
was that Of Miss Lillian Bader and
Henry r. schnittroth, the event taking
place at the home Of the brides par
onts, Mr.. and Mrs. \. il, Bader'
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Mrs. A, =. Watson has returned from
90 trip of several months IN the east.
and rs nt home 90 her friends at 65l
east Second South street.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21
provo.

The social, given by the Ladies' Re-
publican club, on Monday evening, at
the club rooms, was both intelec-
tually and socially success. The first
part of the evening was devoted 10 a
program, consisting OF speeches BY Miss
Rooves OF Iowa, j. II. FrlsbX VIM. r..
Harding, j. Il. Armlstead and Senator
Reed Smoot. Music, visiting and a
delicious luncheon were among the
pleasures arranged for the guests.
Mrs. susa Young Gates WAS the guest
on Sunday and Monday OF Prof. and
Mrs. John a. Widtsoe.
Miss zina johnson OF Salt Lake City,
came to Provo Monday and win re-
maing during the winter
Mrs, Il. b. Thurman is expected home
next week. she has been visiting rela-
tives and friends in Maryland for the
past six months.
The many friends Of Miss Minnie
Hoagland We're surprised ana pleased
to learn OF her marriage on Wednesday
afternoon TO Mr.. Beesley. Only a few
near friends, and members OF the fam
HES witnessed the marriage ceremony.
Mrs. Stephen G.. Chapman Of Amerl-
can Fork, was visiting her daughters in
Provo on Monday.
The young mems and young ladies'
society OF the Congregational church,
chaperoned by Rev. and Mrs. Goodwin
and the teachers OF the Proctor acad-
envy We're guests Of Mrs Bradford OF
provo Ilangh
After the pleasure of moonlight ride,
came the interesting sport Of "A moon
light watermelon hunt, As the light
was dim, Il would not be safe to
state, who was successful IN finding and
eating the most
The Priscilla club met, on Thursday
evening with Miss Bessie Easmond,
the usual round Of pleasures, character
istlcs OF the evenings arranged by this
club were enjoyed.
The many friends Of Mr.. Bert Smoot
viii be pleased to learn that he expects
to sail from Liverpool for home about
the latter part OF November
Mr. and Mrs. Alma Van Wagner en-
tertained at dinner party on Wednes-
day evening the memory NJ the sixth
anniversary of their wedding day. Din
ner was served at seven. The table
decorations were an artistic arrange
ment Of all the fall fruits.
After dinner the guests enjoyed sew
eral games of "G3," Those present were
Mr., and Mrs w. d. Roberts Mr.. and
Mrs. John Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. John
-.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21
(OMlNG74~o -
3-(S}OTNI-C>

Mrs. Hubbard W. Reed and her
daughter, Mrs, Robert j, GlenlAlning
win leave the last OF the week for Calf
fornia TO spend a month or so,
Mrs Ira H. Lewis and her mother
Mrs. Arthur Smith, are home from
california, whore they have spent the
pas. few weeks,
Mrs. wilmington UnderhIll OF Mime
apolls. who has been the guest Of Mrs.
NJ A. Breeder for the past two months
has gone TO Kansas city,
Miss Ruth Dahlman Of Omaha, who
has been the guest OF Mrs, Everett
Buckingham left for her home last
Monday
Mr. and Mrs. James l.. Franken left
this week for Santa Barbara, Cal,
whore they VIII spend several weeks.
Mrs. W. l.. carr and Mrs Ledich OF
Murray have gone TO Los Angeles,
Mr. and Mrs Monroe Wilkinson OF
Mammoth are the guests OF Mr.. and
Mrs j. u. Donohue.
AFR ana Mrs To Grand yo,,,o h.,..
rsW,rpei fron, Van, VorL i''"s nave
,,Hyel bgrl, a. tb5,r bo,,,c ~, ia B 'I q
blm s,rsst ''' DIS
49,,
,r rJIrn 49, '''''' 10 ''''''' '''''' " NiS''
1r-s IA Mod, and d,r.,,,r
gr,r. of o.,Tcr aro min" Ne. "'s,'
1''..' "' 'NItHf gIe Nl7llnB MIS- NJ.
''''
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Y, VIII be IN tho city next week 20 be
the guest OF Miss Alice Goodwin
Mrs. w. s. Mccormick len for the
coast this evening.
Miss Viola Smith OF Denver Is the
guest Of Miss Nan Short for MONTH
Mrs. r. l.. scannell and son, after
spending some time In England, nave
returned 10 the city and Will be az nome
to ther friends at 80 South Fourth
East
Harold Eldredge leaves on Thursday
for New York, from where he VIII SAIL
on the Gath for Munich.
Mrs. Victor NJ. Clement has return
ed from Europe and Is AZ home for
the present with Mrs NJ. $. Woodward
at IS Fifth East street.
Mrs. Edwin Petit, accompanied by
Mrs. Miles Romney, Jr, left this week
for Mexico, where she expects 70 re-
main about six weeks visiting her sis
ter
Miss Chloe smoot Of Provo Is in the
city visiting at the Eldredge home on
east First South. street
Mrs. Dave Tyrrell Smith has return
ed after an absence Of three months In
san Francisco and southern California.
Mrs. A. Hatch and her daughter Miss
Hatch, left Tuesday for their homes
in Galveston Tex, after a visit OF a
week with Mr. and Mrs. j. c. Royle.
Miss Elizabeth Bisbee left for the
coast Thursday evening,
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Loefner left this
week for a six weeks trip 20 southern
California,
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21
0s555f4ss}|.!!5'fSi;!5:53IE7N.I..5I
OGDEN.
7Iv57Tgy7TTTsJ1g797T'-S'F-,:9gT 7Twe77-T

one OF the brilliant social events OF
the season was the wedding OF Miss
Laura Dell Horr to Mr. Thomas y
stanford. which took place Wednesday,
The ceremony was sOlemnized In the
Salt Lake Temple Wednesday after
noon. In the evening they were CIV
en- brilliant reception at the home OF
the brides parents Mr., and Mrs l., ".
Horr. 1851 jefferson avenue. which was
attended by over 100 guests. The wod-
ding party enterd the parlor at 5
o'clock In the evening TO the sweet
strains of the wedding march played
by Miss Alice Allen. Thev received
their guests, who showered down upon
them congratulations and blessings not
o few 4 sumptuous wedding repaSt
was served, and the evening spent
pleasantly at music furnished by Miss
Lydia Ilorr and Miss Allen, and otner
pastimes
The color scheme carried out in the
decorations was pink and white arr
tistcally arranged, carnations and
chrysanthemums were In proiusion.
The contracting parties are among
Ogden's most popular young people.
The bride is n young lady of charming
personality and winsome ways while
the groom who is son OF Hon, and
Mrs Jsoeph Stanford, Is one Of Ogdens
leading young business men, being
member of the Stanford shoe
company. Mr.. and Mrs Stanford viii
be at home TO their many friends at
2245 Quincy avenue after Nov Is,
A pleasant surprise party was given
Thursday afternoon In honor of Mrs.
r. w. Jones at her home on Twenty
fourth street by number OF her lady
friends, who spent a few hours I'm So
cial chat and music. Dainty refresh
ments were served.
John b. Flanagan accompanied by his
| charming youn- bride, to whom he was
| married Tuesday at Helena, Montana,
| arrived in ogden Thursday. where
| they win make their future home at
| 40S Twenty street Miss Flana-
| gan was formerly Miss Lillian NJ.
| Wirth. daughter of Charles Wirth, a
| wealthy Montana cattleman. The
| groom is well known In ogden. lie Is
employed In the composing room of the
Utah state Journal.
A pretty home wedding occurred
Wednesday evening at the home of
| Mr. and Mrs. u. Dalton, 40S Twenty
sixth street, when their daughter, Miss
| Sarah II. Dalton, was united In bonds
OF wedlock with Peter Ingebretsen,
Bishop Robert McQuarrie officiating
After the ceremony a dainty repast
was served. The reception was at
tended bv about 75 counles, The house
was profuselv decorated for the oCca
sion with cut flowers and evergreens
| Mr.. and Mrs. lngebretsen Will make
their home at 1886 Lincoln avenue.
A beautiful concert will be given
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Miss Mary Lewis Bacon OF EImlra, ",
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

unique party this afternoon 600 honor
of her guest Miss Smith OF Denver
An enjoyable musicale Uua given by
Mrs. j. u. Donahue on Tuesday night
I'm honor OF her nephew Samuel Mrlu-
tyre, Jr. OF Mammoth. The rooms
were prottly decorated m pink and
green and about q dozen friends were
present.
Miss Leila Trent was guest OF honor
ON Tuesday an % bridre PARTY given By
Mr.. and Mrs W. O. Hail. Tho rooms
were effective in their decorations Of
red and yellow chrys3uthemums. and
the scores were dainty atChings The
hostess was assisted by Miss Mcleod
and Mrs. Anslcy and about 40 guests
were present.
Tho Woman's Republican club gave
n card party ON Tuesday ut the home
Of Mrs. i, O.. E'drelge tho prizes go-
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

surprise party given Wednesday even
ing In honor OF MIR. Rhine, There were
present 80 ladies and gentlemen. High
Ave was played throughout the eycn-
ing; the winners OF the prizes were
Miss Francis, ladies' head prize, Mr..
Anderson gentlemens. The consultations
were awarded to MRS Farley and Judge
Patton. After cards dainty lunch
was served,
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Mrs. susa Young Gates WAS the guest
on Sunday and Monday OF Prof. and
Mrs. John a. Widtsoe
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

The sailor model In millinery is perennial
me-" suie rms season t. upieG affair the novelty being given
youthful styles ana for that reason much affected by young women
style the pictured model This worked out in the soft grey
with deep bandeau which trimming ribbon II M,
the hat back and down
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1905-10-21

Miss Eose elder daughter the late w Beeo Of New York
receiving congratulations
Earl
Miss Murie
broken because the Anc
diappovei Miss Wilson's liberal views
Wnoughbs father claims be Duke OF
chamberlain England which gives
him high precedence ct court
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
KIDNEY AND BLADDER
TROUBLES PROMPTLY CURED
A Sample Bottle Sent FREE by Mail

DR.. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, the great
kidney remedy, fulflls every wish In
promptly curing kidney, Bladder and
uric acid troubles, rheumatism and pain
in the back. 1t corrects inability to hold
water and scalding pain in passing it, or
bad effects following use Of liquor, wine
or beer and overcomes that unpleasant
necessity of being compelled to go often
during the day and to get up many times
during the night. The mild and the ex-
traordinary effect of Swamp-Root is soon
realized 1t stands the highest for its
wonderful cures of the most distressing
cases.
SwampRoot Is not recommended for
everything, but If you have kidney, liver,
bladder or uric acid trouble you will find
1t just the remedy you need.
If you need a medicine you should have
the best. Sold by druggists in fifty-cent
and one-dollar sizes. You may have a
sample bottle of this great kidney rem
edy, Swamp-Root, and book that tells
all about 1t and its great cures, both
sent absolutely free by mail. Address
Dr. Kilmer & Co., Binghamton, N Y.
When writing be sure to mention that
you read this generous offer in the Los
Angeles Daily Herald. Don't make any
mistake, but remember the name, Swamp
Root, DR.. Kilmers Swamp-Root, and the
address, Binghamton, N. Y, on every
6ottle.
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
NO DELAY IN HANDLING
THE NEW YORK MAILS
By Asscciated Press.

By Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Sept. There has
been practically no delay today in TIE
collection and distribution of mai in
the business districts of New York af-
fected by the strike of 300 drivers in the
employ of the New York Mall COM
pany. Postmaster w. R. Wilcox is
sued a statement to this effect tonight
and said further that the strike wac
one which did not concern the postal
officials so long as the contractors con-
tinued to handle the mails regularly
and without delay.
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
BROKEN BACK is COMMON
AFFLICTION OF THIS MAN
Charles Cole Experiences No lncon-
venlence in Loss of Portions of
His Spinal Column

Charles Cole, the man with the many
broken walks again and
physicians at the county hospital de-
clare that If he has not a charmed life,
he at least has a charmed spinal col
umn.
Several months ago Cole was taken
to the county hospital with a broken
back. Physicians at first considered
the case a hopeless one, but decided
upon an experiment. The broken YER
tebrae was removed and the back
"mended."
A second time he fell, while painting
a house, and was again patched up at
the county hospital. Monday he was
picked up in the gutter on New High
street and booked as drunk" Wednes-
day 1t was discovered that he had in
jured his spine and he again pleaded
to be taken to the county hospital.
He was sent to the hospital Wednes-
day evening with lower limbs par
alyzed. Until 4 o'clock yesterday he
suffered extreme pain and the nurse
believed recovery improbable. At that
hour Coles limbs began to regain their
normal strength and condition and
later in the day he was walking in the
hospital gardens.
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
CHINA REvOLUTI0NIZES
HER EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
COMPETITIVE EXAMINA1 IONS
RADICALLY REFORMED
IMPERIAL Edlct AboIIshes OId Methods
Under Which Adroltness In Liter
airy Jueglery Has Been the Sole
Highway to Governmental Honors
BY Associated Press.

By Associated Press
PEKING, Sept. 6 delayed in trans
mission) An imperial edict has been
issued in response to the memorial
of Yuanshikwan and other prominent
men abolishing examination for the old
system of degrees. BY means of this
system, established from time immemo-
rial, China has recruited government
officers.
The idea of obtaining by competitive
examination the best educated men is
essentially good, but it has been rem
dered entirely futile by the knowledge
demanded. Hitherto the aspirant for
honors has been required to be pro-
ficient in the writings of Confucius
and other classics, the ability to COM
pose essays in a peculiar form consti-
tuting really kind of literary jugglery.
The learning SO acquired has been en-
tirely useless for practical purposes,
while the close study required to attain
the necessary knowledge prevents at
tention to other modern and more
that posts of honor always fall to the
lot of successful candidates thus edu-
Gated discourages efforts in the direc-
ton of western learning.
In future officers will be recruited
from the ranks of those educated ac-
cording to the modern system in
schools to be established throughout
the country. Examinations will be
held in the various schools and not in
the central towns as formerly. This
edict offers the strongest inducement
to the Chinese to acquaint themselves
with western learning and will prove a
most effective weapon for China's sal
walton.
Another edict advocates the dispatch
of increasing numbers of students
abroad, chiefly to America and Eng
land.
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
SAILS WITH THE TREATY
Prof. de Martens Regards Conference
as Victory for Russia
By Associated Press.

By Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Sept. 7,-Carrying a
copy of the peace treaty signed at
Portsmouth to the emperor of Russia,
Prof. De Martens, the legal adviser Of
the Russian peace commission sailed
on the steamer La Lorraine for Havre
today. When pressed for a copy of
the treaty he declared that no one but
the emperors of Russia and Japan
could see it.
Il have had a most pleasant time in
the United States" he said, land it
was due entirely to your president
Next to your president Witte is a past
master as a diplomat. Your president,
however, is positively better. Witte
was at his best at the conference and
the outcome is a great victory for Rus
sia. Witte will issue an invitation to
the president on behalf Of the czar to
visit Russia at any time. Now that
the war is over, let US forget it,"
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
BAKU SWEPT BY
FIRE AND SWORD
CONTINUED from Page ons.l

has been famed by Turkish emissaries
and that Turkish and Tartar revolu-
tionists are raiding the whole country
laying siege to Baku and other places.
They have laid many villages in ruins
and have pitilessly massacred the in
habitants.
Unless sufficient troops are available
promptly to suppress the outbreak In
the Caucasus, and the news from Baku
would seem to show that they are not,
the whole of that part OF the country
will be devastated and the population
Of the towns and villages butchered.
The situation is viewed in st. Peters,
burg with the utmost alarm. The
managers of the oil works at Baku,
despairing Of the arrival of reinforce
ments of troops, have telegraphed d.
rect to the emperor, The latest dis
patches from Baku give gruesome de-
tails of the carnage, No quarter was
asked or given by the insurgents or
troops. In the suburbs of Baku the
flames We're spread by high wind,
one burning building after another col
lapsing. Pillaging and numbering have
been going on everywhere.
In other parts of the Caucasus bands
of peasants have organized against the
mobiles and are invading their domains
and seizing all the farms.
Los Angeles herald., 1905-09-08
ANGL0 0-JAPANESE TREATY
PRIMARILY DEFENSIVE
By Associated Press.

BY Associated Press
PARIS, Sept. 7.-Although copies of
the Anglo-Japanese treaty have not yet
reached the powers, it's principal
changes from the former treaty are
known in diplomatic quarters. One
of the highest of these informs the AS
sociated Press that the principal new
features are the following:
First the provision in the old treaty
making the alliance applicable only to
the Chinese littoral is changed so that
the new provision makes the alliance
applicable to all Asia up to the line
crossing Persia from north to south,
indicated by the fifty-first degree of
east longitude. The significance of this
change is the inclusion of India and
also Indo-China, where France has sus-
pected Japan of having designs.
The effect of the change tends to
preserve the present status quo of this
French authority in Indo-China and
the status quo of India.
Second, the provision in the old treaty
making the alliance operative if either
ally is attacked by two powers is
changed so that the alliance becomes
effective when either is attacked by one
power.
Third, the primary underlying princi-
pie OF the areaty is defensive and di-
rected to the maintenance of existing
conditions.