The Arizona sentinel., 1905-03-08
THE GREAT COLORADO RIVER

THE GREAT COLORADO RIVER
 Tbe great Colorado river is the largest stream, both in drainage area and discharge. that lies wholly within the arid portion of the United States. 1t is formed Dy the june tion Of the Greer and Grand rivers, rising in Colorado and Wyoming respectively, in re- gions of great precipitation, mainly In the form of snow. Only a small percentage of the water yielded by the basin of the Colorado has as yet been utilized for irrigation, and practically nOne for any other purposes. The obstacles are many. Through most of it's course this river and it's tributaries flow at the bottom Of profound canyons, from which it Is impossible to divert them upon irrigabe lands. The river emergeS from it's canyon a short distance above the NeedeS-the cross ing of the Santa Fe Pacific railroad-and has a series of valleys which between thlS point and the Mexican line aggregate about 5N,@O acres. In this region the waters are heavily laden with sediment, which is serious oh- Stacle 10 their diversion The grade of the river is so fiat that diversion canal taken out at the Fiver's he'd must have so slight a fall and so tow a velocity that II would quickly fill with sediment from the river. For the same reason canal must Ire very long in order 10 command any considerable area of land in the river valley.
 TWO AND A QUARTER BILLION GALLONS A
 MINUTE.
 Measurements of the flow near Yuma show that the river sometimes discharges a mini mum of about 3G00 cubic feet per second. It's maximum discharge is unknown, but proia- bly, exceeds one-half million cubic feet Der second. As the river is supplied mainly by melting Snows, it's season of high water cul- inmates in June, and the low water season IS in the winter. when it's sources are frozen.
 The river is Eavigated more or less from it's mouth to the Needles by ffat-bOttOm, stern- wheel boats, which sometimes even ascend to the mouth of Virgin river. It's navigation, however, is so difficult and precarous as to make it almost useless. At low water the channel is so broad, shallow and changeable that boats are continually running aground. sometimes being nearly week in advancing ten or fifteen miles. In times of nigh water the swift current greatly impairS navigation. Wherever wagon transportation is possible, this is preferred to the river.
 The chief obstacle to the utilization of the waters of this basin are: First, the great 1uctuation in discharge; second, the paucity of land that can be reached by them; third, the large quantity Of sediment, making i'm practicable any diversion on small scale.
 X comprehensive project is here presented, which, if upon Investigation, is found inn practicable will largely remove all of these difficulties, and will also greatly improve navigation at all seasons of the year.
 The development of the mineral resources, In which this country is rich, is greatly ham, pcred by the great cost of power and the lack of transportation, both important requisites for the mining industry. The proposed plan will completely solve both problems.
 sUBTROPICAL CLIMATE.
 All the land that can be irrigated from the lower OOlOTdOO llltly DC IidN- Ing semi-tropical climate, where the grow ing season for most products continues the year rOunG-the requirements for water, how ever, being greater in the summer season than in the winter. 1t is here assumed that the ma Ximum use in July will be twice as great as the minimum requirements Tn January; and that stream with the maximum flow of two cubic feet per second ill July, furnishing about l000 acre-feet per aDnum, will supply POO acres of land.
 1t is probable that with proper regulation ,lo continuous stream of water for industrial uses, varying from l0000 cubic feet per second in winter To 20,000 cTbic feet per second in summer, in years of smallest discharge, al- lowing the great floods of wet years 10 sweep to the sea as at present. This will be Suffi- cient to irrigate 2,0O00O acres of land, and is Grand Canyon that no restriction need to be put upon storage and diversion of waters from the tributaries ofthe Colorado.
 considerable portion of the valleys of the lower Colorado consists of sandy flood plains subject to occasional inUndatiOnS, and rough, gravclly foothills with soil unsuitable for cItl tivaticn. There are also considerable areas of sand dunes, and some tracts rendered bar ren by alkali. All these it is proposed to re- claim by impending upon them the silt which annually passes down the Colorado river.
 SERIES OF DAMS.
 The general plan here proposed is the pro- vision of ;s series of reservoirs on the Colo radO river by the construction of high dams at numerous pOInJS where the To pOgrapny IS fa aIorable and where the possible storage is large. All of these dams will be provided with large SiuicewayS through the base, in order that the stored waters may be entirely drawn off, together with their load of silt, whenever it is found desirable to do so. The reservoirs will serve as settling basins for sed- iment. The dams will also be utilized to raise the waters into canals, for the double purpose of enclosing more irrigable lands by such canals and of giving them velocity sufficient to carry a large amount of sediment in suspension until it can be deposited upon the fields. The declivity given to the canals will depend largely upon the character Ofthe soil and will be the highest permissible with out involving destructive erosion. The fall of the Colorado river is so slight that reser- yOirS of enormous capacity may be construct ed without Involving dams of impractcahle height. At any time by opening the sluice- ways Of the reservoir the current Of the river will quickly cut a channel through the de- posted sediment from the upper end of the reservoir to the sluice gates; this being the longest dimension and deepest part of the reservoir will in all cases form an important part of this storage capacity, and to this eX- tent every reservoir can be permanently kept clear of sediment without expense. With this exception. each reservoir is expected to gradually fill; when this occurs it is proposed to draw down the surface of the reservoir permanently 20 to 10 feet, and to convert all of the reservoir site except the river channel into irrigated farming land, and, if necessary, construct another reservoir for storage pur- poses higher up on the stream. This policy will greatly increase the arabic area. It will then he practicable whenever desired, to close the suiceS and inunIiate all of the agri- cultural land in each filled reservoir and thus fertiliZe it, as is naturally done by the river Nile for the valley. This is done artiticiaIy in some parts of Europe and Africa. With the deep, ailuval soil, scmi-tropicai climate, arid atmosphere, abundant water supply, and the possibility of fcTtiii3ing the fields every year without expense. it is believed hat such regions can be farmed the year round, and several crops taken off annually, acreage production being thus attained entirely without precedent in history.