New-York tribune., 1905-06-04

man or woman should rule Rome.
One squadron bore the forces OF ootaVius' 'he
ether of Antony and Cleopatra IL was 'ons
rd obstinate struggle, and Antony beieved ne
- s,,s. ~, +he verge of victory, when he beheld
ron,tra sailing away with all her sixty trirenes
..n,r into swift sailing galley the lover foi-
lowed her, and left his men and his snips 10 tneF
fate.
LAND POWER BECOMES SEA POWER.
THE saracens like the Romans. showed that 1t
was possible for land power. without long prePd-
ration and training. TO become sea power. After
the Moslems had begun their conquests ana hao
extended their rule far into ASIA they decided tat
tbey could subdue Europe by means of a fleet To
| check this ambition Emperor Constantine, In the
wear 64s fitted out q squadron and challenged the
infdels' to battle in the ePhCenician Sea- AS
Ridpath has said it was the first decisive conflict
OF Islam the deep
No tile has been fought on water which
was characterized by such religious outburss. such
beseechngs to heaven from either side to aid each
to kill the other Constantine ordered psalms to
be sung the rowers swung their oars and the
Cross be lifted aoft the ships came within
| battle range. The Moslems on hearing the voices
of the Christians. tried to drown them by chanting
passages from the Koran, and above the masts they
displayed the Crescent. These emblems remained
| suspended throughout most of the battle. so that
It came to be called the Battle of the Masts
The Crescent triumphed the Cross. Constan-
tine himself barely escaping death by flight with
small remnant of his fleet
The first battle between ships which used sails
instead of oars, fought between the English
and the French and marked the beginning of Brit
ish supremacy upon the Throughout most OF
the thirteenth century the English and French had
waged sort of piratica1 war, until at length Ed
ward III decided that It had lasted long enough He
therefore took command of fleet in person and
overcae the French in 1S40 In the battle of Sluis
His nearly all of their three hundred ves-
| sells and about twenty thousand killed, wound
ed and prisoners.
Yet the galley and galley slave still remained
in the warfare of the nations of Southern Europe
=, long after the North had abandoned them The
| atrocious custom OF chainng the rowers to their
seats still prevailed in the Mediterranean until the
| battle OF Lepanto, in 1911 Until that memorable
| conflict between the Turks and Christians II
| the galley slave instead of the warrior who
I was liable to the most fearful fate. Fastened to
the ship, the slave compelled TO toll at his oar
| or feel the lash of his master about his naked
| back. And should the ship be set fire. or sink
| he doomed to burn sink with it.
| WOES OF GALLEY SLAVES ENDED.
The cannon OF modern times. with all the hor-
rors that may be associated with it. is. therefore
the galley slave. In the battle of Lepanto naval
fighters learned conclusvely that the ancient wal
| galley had been made obsolete by the introduc
| ton of gunpowder At the time of this battle
cannon had been perfected to such degree (crudt
| though they compared with the achieve
| ments Of modern gunmakers), that the banks Of
oars were smashed to splinters by the sho
| and the ships were thus made unmanageable Con
| sequently, the galley disa ppeared. and in
| stead the sail propelled man-of-war.
| AS at Salams, the battle OF Lepanto