davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1905-05-05
-EllinWOod.

From The Leader.
Poll tax is ripe and dog tax ready
to pluck.
Ben Mccullough started to Okla
homa Friday on prospecting tour.
J. R. Johnson came back to Elm
wood this week to visit old friends.
He has been at Chicago and other
eastern points, since leaving here.
A musical entertainment consist
ing of instrumental and vocal music
will be given at the opera house on
Tuesday evening, May 9. Proceeds
for public school library.
Carl Ruch returned from a visit to
Kiowa county last week. He says
the wheat in that county is in fine
condition and that everyone is
prosperous and happy.
Edward Fark and Miss Clara Zeig-
enbusch were united in marriage at
the home of the brides parents, Mr.
and Mrs. G. H. Zeigenbusch, north
east of town, on Tuesday afternoon,
April 25.
Mrs. Trump returned from Hutch
inson last Thursday, where she un-
derwent surgical operation at the
Welsch hospital. She came through
the ordeal nicely, and is now gaining
strength every day.
Miss Maggie Auchstetter under
went an operation for tumor, at the
Sisters hospital in Great Bend last
week. She came through the ordeal
nicely, and is now on the high road to
recovery.
Word comes from Scandal, Kansas
of the birth of a fine daughter to Mr..
and Mrs. Joe N. Sprinkler, on April,
Is. All dong well, and Grandpa Joe
isn't hardly through celebrating yet.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1905-05-05
PAwNEE ROCK.
From the Herald,

FINN the Herald.
DR.. M. L. Daniels we are sorry to
say is still in a very critical condition
and small hopes are entertained for
his recovery.
Rev. J. B. Greenwald, of Hume
well, Kansas, arrived in Pawnee
Rock last Tuesday, and is conducting
ten days series of meetings at the
Christian church.
Business in police court is picking
up right along and getting very lively.
During the past week five arrests
have been made and the city has
realized the sum of 5000 from fines.
Pawnee Rock is in need of hotel
now, and what will it be this summer?
Landlord Flick has been compelled
to turn away several travellers at diff
fernt times lately for lack of room.
D. r. Logan, who believes in the
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1905-05-05
HOISINGTON
From the Dispatch.

EEOm Cnc Dl-pdlCu'
E. w. Hall left Monday night for
his old home in Mexico, Mo.
Miss Floy Norton of Verbeck has
been visiting the Wilson sisters.
The material for the new farmers
telephone line from Hoisington to
Galatia has arrived.
John Bitner is improving slowly at
his mothers residence in this city but
is still in bad shape.
T. C. Brooks has been is town
sicce Saturday getting things in read
mess to begin on the waterworks.
1t is said that Roosevelt selected
Hay for the farmers, Wynn for the
gamblers, Knox for the prize fighters,
Root for the ball players and Bliss fol-
the married people.
The contract has been let to build
a big dam at McCracken in order to
obtain a supply of water for the Mo
Pac. it being impossible to get a
supply of water from wells.
DIED.-Little Bertha Irene Bryant
born Jan. 16, 1905, was brought to
Hoisington for medical treatment a
few days ago. The father and
mother, Mr.. and Mrs. Chas. J. Bryant
reside about sixteen miles northeast
of this city. The little one died
April 25, at the home of E. J. Weyer.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1905-05-05
Sunday School Convention.

There will be Township Sunday
School Convention at the Eureka
church Eureka Township Sunday May
Z, 1905. Basket dinner everybody
invited. Township COMMITTEE.
Mrs. G. H. SHAW,
D. E. HOWARD,
J. w. JOHNSON.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1905-05-05

MRS. 4 b Iseiey went west on q
short visit, Sunday.
Walter Tyndall aud wife were Sat
urday visitors, from Hoisington.
Mrs. w. H. Dodge is visiting her
daughter, Mrs. Ed. Traylor at Hutch
inson.
Mrs. B. J. Meyer and daughter
Harriet returned from the east Friday
night.
Mr.. Dryden, late of Colorado, is
now located on his farm up in Albion
township.
Will Brown, the Galatia merchant,
came down today for visit with his
old friends.
A marriage license has been issued
to John Kirmer and Rose Lamatsch
both of Odin.
Miss Bernice Baker came up from
Hutchinson Friday night to visit her
many friends.
Will Varah. up at Galatia, kills the
mites in the chicken house by setting
fire to the shack.
F. W. Ruggles is down from Bur
dette for a few days visit with his son
and other friends.
Ernest Freyberger has been up
from Burton for several days visiting
his old time friends.
J. D. Hines of the eastern part of
the state is in the city visiting his
daughter Mrs. c. F. Prentice.
Ed. Gage. up in Albion township, is
having a new addition built oHhis
farm residence.
W. F. Lipphardt of El1inwood was
a caller Saturday and renewed his
DEMOCRAT subscription.
Dave Ames, one of the solid
farmers of Logan township, was
county seat visitor Saturday.
The dedication of the new M. E.
church has been postponed until a
! later date. O. HUDLESTON.
Miss Helen Gould has bought a
new musical instrument for the Hois-
ington R. R. Y. M. c. A. building.
Jno. Coss will likely advance the
price of produce, and all on account
of fine baby girl born Friday night.
Miss Nellie Searcy, who has been
visiting a sister who is at the St. Rose
hospital, has returned to her home at
Burdette.
Persons desiring to visit friends at
the Sisters Hospital should remember
that visiting hours are from 2 to 5 p.
IN. only.
We want to congratulate Conner
& Lippincott on the rafting good
paper they are getting out these days
for Pawnee Rock.
Joseph Woydziak and wife were
down from Cleveland township Fri
day on business, and looking up some
| land Investments.
Louis Hiss has returned with his
family from Enid, and will remain
here permanently. At present they
are staying with Mrs. Anna Hiss.
Otis Bolinger is preparing to move
onto a large ranch he and his father
have down in Clark county. They will
probably get away next week.
The various Masonic bodies had
work nearly every evening the past
week, which usually wound up with a
banquet. The attendance has been
very good.
The council should have a tempo
rary frame put up, and the fire bell
swung on it. In a windy day the
clang of the bell can be heard much
more distinctly than whistles.
Frank Greene, accompanied by
baby Greene, came up from Nc
Pherson Friday evening. If there is
no slip in the deal now pending, the
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-09-02
IN MENoRLl

Tp. = ls.... 80 It
,,I ~,...,..
Tln,rct of ,b..., ..l.
Sh.a.,I ,.. ..s...t
fLaf whom .I,.. .,,,...4J E,..
4, t.,...,.a,,.n. ~
~ h., .4,...,., ..,...n ..
GII
L,,I. ,,,....t.. .
tj,,t ,,,r,.. ~ ,4,.. u ..
,, .r.,., .,,.. 4
,,.,.,, ,pd i,.,,. .I..n
she .lpI nm h,r nurIrp~ ~ .t,.e.
eft Jesus. and eyer >ru.. t.n
rrnlt, III ht~t VIZ 5u u,I
h' weary ''d p"i''a ~. n.. '0
N. ,r,rr of Ct,I~t,,nu
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-09-02

Railroad talk has commanded
considerable attention the past
week. In fact it was Amos 4
rival to the one topic of the day
yellow fever.
The weekly Iberian. (New Iberia, La.) 1894-1946, 1905-09-02
An Appreciation Of a Beautiful
Life.

u,x u,lI,y, ANN. ~I,.,a.l ~.
Williams, ~. t.oIo,,., u..t. 80 n,
81 II Sl,tt.l t.,, p..,
r;.l, !. NJ. p,i, ,,...,,...
Ian IN ,..- IL, u,
,,a,.oa - ,r,., ,,., ~
Ioni,;,n. ,nd ,...i.J M.
u.or;, *. an ,.,,t,.. -,l
80 -. ,,r,J >, -. =
ll SL,u.l pa. E,,,I \,l,, -,
~, ,,.,haa;,, ,p,... .a.
~l,,. a....,..f.,.I ,l.,.i,, ,,,
Inv ,,,, ..,a i,n- -, =.
=, .nd .. hn,,.d f. -.
N..,haa,,, ,,naI. .l.t
- >,,.. son
cua, L..
,.an,a n, :, I,,,. -, ,,..,,,,,r.t
,al, l,,...t;..
!, i. o,tr.,d ,.h,r,,,., $500.
- IL INN, .o,,.,, ~, H.,
lind -. ,,,, i, -. ,I,t
w, b,,... -, r..a,.I -, ~.
,,i,,,,c I;,, i.r
! her ronnect,o, With the Methodist
rn,rrh ~ \.u u..,i, hou,, ,i,i
h., removal ha,. ~ -. Il.,..
fo,t, sh. was rornnuilnd ~ nn,.. nf
tb. most faithful and d,y,t.d
,,..,,,I,.,. ,I,,. ,.,,,,,,,,,,.i, ,rl,,
davntiop IN ha, chn,.b ,nd ,,,a
cons. nf h., In,d IA. nnL,nI..,,
\, n,stn, th,t vn,,.a ), \n,.
Iher,, Inn had b.r b.,,t, .,n
,,thy and g.nni,,. .n,,,.rat,,n
Nn rhn,c,, v,,t va. ,,do,t,,on
IN, wh,t ,c...,,.a ho, on.ro.t,.
,u,, Nn , or h,;.l ,;,.n
III. sc,., w,lls .f ~. h.,nt,fu,
eh,,.h h,t vh,, I..,,s , .;l.n,
t.,t,,,n,v ia Ia, ,;,.,... .ty.,ty
oth.,o m;oht ,,.co,,. ,i,.no,,,..dt
,,,a ,, ;,a;u.n,t ). ,i.o .,,
d.,,,,o,,. ,al+ mat ,o,tod 80 LAM.
an III. ob,,o,, ,r,ro,tv lint ho,.
,n,or.., n.,or a,o..a Tho 40,
10, ,,, ,;, o, ro.d,. ia
o,v. u,th. s,ruarIa !, banal,.v
d.sn,,, lint no, undv,r. f,t,h
,tn,oa h, >, ,,,o,aa on,r,,
r,,,,..., .,, .,o,o, to .,,,
o,,.. s,a 90 aaorI, Iorad can
o ors,;.,o,od ,nd .ho,la
,eyar he forgottan She had
,;,,Ia ,;,,,or am, oo,a ~ o;,o l,at
:, fin, vbe v.s f,;thfrl hut she
hoSt,wed u,s,;ntad deviation.
L;L = t.,to,. Sl,. l,,s l.ft n,
,,n.,a,v a,dow,an, "a he,
a,u,oL. h,t ,.avo,, l.,,., ,o,th,
lo ;;..,,;, .f an
E.., L,.s ,r.,. 49, ,r,,,.t.n
,,o,s a. hers >h. lived bnmhl>
Sb. made M n,.,.n,ions sh. dis
liked n,o,nin.nc. of any Kind
she was mia u.n,D, and serene
Vat ev.rvou. ku.w h,, faith and
respected her opinions. Hers was
] a practical re.lgeon- She pos
sessed few theories, but lived a
full life No one in need ever
appealed to her in vain None III
sorrow ever failed to receive hel
sympathy. Her closest neighborS
were her dearest friends and
greatest admirers. She had no
children of her own, and yet no
child in her neighborhood but fel,
,he touch of her. motherlv heart.
She strived TO do as She felt her
Lord would have her do How
we'll She succeeded the uubrokrn
testimony of those who knew her
best is ample proof. The incon
solable grief of her bereft husband
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16
> ACCIDENTS AT cANANEA.
Engineer and Hoistman Figure is
 Each-Mitcheil Is Visitor.

Cananee, April 15.-Sam Bales, the electric hoist man at the smelter, lost four fingers yesterday as a result of his left hand being caught between the wire cable and the drum around which the cable is wound. He was sent to the hospital, and as usual in such cases his recovery is only a matter of time.
 J. D. Smith, engineer on the Mar row Gauge, had his right eye almost put out Tuesday by the explosion of the lubricator glass of his locomotive. Fortunately the sight is not seriously impaired and he will be able to re- sume his duties in few days.
 Thomas McNernefy, the man who Eas stabbed by Jose Ramon, deaf mute, few nights ago. is pfogressing towards recovery. ne physicians state that his recovery will be nothir.t less than a miracle, as he was slasReS sinost into shreds and the knife psns t{eted one of Ais lungs.
 Robert Mitchell. formerly superin tendent of the reduction works of tE' Csaanea Consolidated Copper Comps nv. is fn the city and announces tha his Company =ili begin developmen work at once on it's property in Sout GsAznea-
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16
HALF A BILLION ACRES WORTH
 WHILE


 ! It has been estimated from official reports and compilations that at leasi half a billion acres of the national do ain have passed from, the hands Of the government, since it's organization into private and corporate holdings for purposes other than home-build ing.
 In the early history of the govern ment. when our population was small and the lands were looked upon as a source of revenue for running the na- tional machinery. there may have been some excuse for disposing of them in large tracts. but a rapidly growing sentiment soon indicated the advisability of securing a permanent population on all lands. disposed of, finally eliminating in the passage of the homestead act.
 While the operation of this general policy has been to satisfactorily set tie up much of the United States, along win 1t has flourished a practice of fraud and evasion of Jaws which has consolidated enormous tracts into sin gle ownerships. Could the govern ment be re-possessed of this great area acquired largely for speculative purposes, what a safety valve it would form today against the dangers of centralization in the East with which we are coming face to face. There is little use. however, in theorizing upop what might have been. It is worth while. though. to pay some attention 10 the remaining half billion acres of the public domain and to put a stop 10 the present practice of squanderinr this national resource, and holding il until it is wanted for actual settle ment, if not now, ten or twenty or thir- ty years, may be.
 The strong sentiment which is i'm patient of delay in the governments disposal ofs it's lands and desires to see it put into private hands as rapid ly as possible, comes mostly from an interested class which is pecuniarily benefiting by this policy.
 If the plans which the government is now vigorously pushing. including the irrigation of the seventy odd mil lion acres of land susceptible of that and the regeneration of even a greater amount or arid and semi-arid lands which cannot be ir- rigated. through the introduction of desert plants from the Old World and dry land" methods of agriculture, are allowed to proceed, and the lands meanwhile held against speculation, for homemaling by mill lions of people will be created in the west where there is now only waste desert or but scant forage growth wandering herds of cattle and sheep.
 The time will come. possibly soon CT than the country imagines in its present headlong race after money, when such agricultural population, firmly rooted to the fertile western acres, will be a welcome sheet anchor to the nation.
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16
For a Weak Digestion.

No medicine can replace food but Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets will help you to digest your food. It is not the quantity of food taken that gives strength and vigor to the system. but the amount digest ed and sssimilated. If troubled with a weak digestion, don't fail to give these Tablets a trial. Thousands have been benefited by their use. They only cost quarter. Fc- sole esy all eealers in patent medicines.
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16
SERIES OF ACCIDENTS
 OCCUR AT CANANEA
LOCAL NEWS OF THE PAST WEEK AT THE BIG COPPER
 CAMP.

Wedding of cananes Couple Will oc. cur in 5isbee On Tuesday Evening -cananea Men Leaving for chl- huahua.
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16

COPPER QUEEN BAND DANCE. APRIL fs.
Bisbee daily review., 1905-04-16

The Wells Fargo Express Company w.i have its office in building which was moved into place this week a few feet immediately east of the Com. pany store on Main Street.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
REAL ESTATE MEN
WILL MEET TODAY
Proposed Plumbing Laws Are
TO be Considered
CITY COUNCIL NEE TING
Committee VIII Report Wednesday
Night on the "Antl-Graft" Or
dinance---observatory Mat
ter VIII Come Up.
CITY COUNCIL NEE TING

Real esate agents and property owners
of Birmingham generally will meet this
afternoon at o'clock In the Commercial
club rooms for the purpose of consider
ing the plumbing ordinance, which will
come up for final adoption at the regular
sefni-monthly meeting of the City Coun-
citl Wednesday night The call for the
meeting has been Issued by Secretary
James Bailey
This mater has been before the City
Council for some time past and before
the plumbing laws are finally adopted
the real estate men and property owners
will probably ask the members of the
council to be allowed the privilege Of
being heard on the matter.
The socalled anti-graft ordinance will
also come up at the meeting Wednesday
night. At the last meeting of the NUM-
cipal board the special committee to
which the ordinance was referred re-
ported to the council recommending that
the law be adopted. After some Discus
sion, however, the City Council, by an
overwhelming majority, failed to concur
in the report of the special committee,
and the ordinance was referred back to
the judiciary committee for report. 1t
is understood that the judiciary commit
tee which is composed of Alderman Full
ghum of the Sixth ward, chairman; AL
derman John w. O'Neill of the Second
ward Alderman Walter Moore of the
Fourth Ward, Alderman Forney of the
Sixth ward, Alderman Klotz of the Second
ward and Alderman Jones of the Eighth
ward, will be ready to make report OF
the Council Wednesday night.
The anti-graft ordinance provides that:
ut shall be unlawful for the Mayor,
any alderman, head of department,
or other officer of the city of Birming-
ham, or for any firm of which such person
is a member, or for any corporation of
which such person Is majority stock
holder, director or officer, to be or become
interested, directly or indirectly, either as
principal or agent, in the procuring or
performance of any express or implied
contract or of any work or business, or
in the sale of any article, the expense,
price, compensation, value or consider
alton of which is payable from the city
treasury or is or shall be debt or LA
bility of the Mayor and Aldermen OF
Birmingham"
The ordinance provides, however, that
this shall not apply to any contracts
now in effect or which may hereafter be
made with the designated depository of
the city of Birmingham UP to and In
Guiding the first day of June, 1907"
The park committees of the City Coun-
cial will probably make a report We'd
nesday night on the matter of granting
to the United States space in one of the
public parks on the north side, as a site
for the proposed weather observatory.
There is some opposition to granting the
concession.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
STATE FAIR WORK
WILL BEGIN TODAY
ALL PLANS HAVE BEEN CON-
PLETED AND THE CONTRACTS
ED-EVERYTHING WILL BE
READY BY OCTOBER a.

Ground will be broken this morning at
Fairview park for the erection of build
ings for the state fair to be held here
from October A to October IA.
All plans have been completed, con-
tracts have been let and bonds of con-
tractors have been filed with Secretary
ard General Manager r. M. Williams.
Otto e. Fischer will erect the exhibit
buildings, the grand stand, stables and
fencing. His bid for the work is sS2, 49,
Dunn & Lallande Bros. have the con-
tract for excavations and grading. Their
bic was 23Ha cents per cubic yard.
The contractors accompanied by Mr..
Williams, and other members Of the State
Fair and Exhibit association. went out
to Fairview Saturday afternoon to look
over the ground.
The contractors are under bond to have
all work completed by September 25.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
UNIFORMS ARRIVE.
The Birmingham Police Have Their
Summer Suits.

The summer uniforms ordered by the
Birmingham police department for the pa
trolmen and officers in the early part of
April have arrived, and most of the men
made their first appearance In them yes
terday.N
Part of the suits arrived Thursday and
the remainder came Saturday afternoon,
just in time to escape being rejected I'M
der the order of the police commissioners
who served notice on the contracting
taiors a week ago that IL the uniforms
did not arrive in Birmingham by Satur-
day, June II, they would not be accepted.
The uniforms were made by the Pet
tibone Manufacturing company of Cincin-
niti who is represented in Birmingham
by Sfots & Goldman. A few of the suits
had to be slightly altered for perfect fit,
and the work is being done by the local
firm.
Now that the summer suits have arrived
the new ''button up order issued by the
board of police commissioners at a recent
meeting will be enforced
This order requires the men TO keep
their coats buttoned. carry themselves
with military style and forbids the smok-
ing of cigars while on duty.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
REVIVAL AT BESSEMER,
The Rev. Mr.. Copeland breaches Ser.
mon to City Officials.

Bessemer, June H. Especial )-One of
the most interesting revivals in the his
tory Of Bessemer is In progress at the
First Methodist church. A the services
tonight the church was filled to over
flowing. The Rev. Theodore Copeland.
who is conducting the revival. had EXTEND
ed an invitation to the Mayor and Board
of Aldermen, the newly elected Mayor and
Board of Aldermen and the other city
officials to attend. A majority of these
accepted the invitation and were present
at the service.
DIR. Copeland preached an eloquent SER
mon, taking as his theme Heaven He
held the close attention of his hearers
and many favorable comments were heard
on his discourse at the conclusion of the
service. The revival will continue through
out the coming week.
The many friends Of Mrs James A.
Kirk of Mobile, who Is visiting Mrs
Batiste will regret to hear that she s,is-
tanned a very severely sprained ankle
while out driving yesterday afternoon.
Mrs. Short, who was In the buggy at
the time of the runaway. was uninjured.
Mrs. Kirk is at the summer home of
Mrs. Short on the North Bessemer car
line
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
RAILROAD WORLD.

The records have just been received in
the office of Superintendent Griggs of the
A. G. g. showing that Queen and Cres-
cent train No. l made up an hour and
thirteen minutes between Chattanooga and
Meridian on last Thursday night. 1nclud-
ing the stops the train made every one
of the 296 miles in an average of one min
ute and twelve seconds, which is prob
ably the fastest time that any regular
train has ever maintained in the south
for similar distance.
The train left Chattanooga one hour and
four minutes late. and reached Birmng-
ham thirty-five minutes late, having made
up twenty-nine minutes The train was,
however. sidetracked for ten minutes at
the meeting point with train No. 4, which
added ten minutes more to the time made
up, a total of thirty-nine minutes made
up between Chattanooga and Blrming-
ham.
The powerful new engine, No. 1888, in
charge of Engineer w &. Frawley and
Conductor N A. Jet. made the run to
Birmingham, and engine 49, which is
practically new, In charge of Engineer
S. j. Frawley, pulled the train from Bir-
minsham to Meridian.
No / left Birmingham forty-four min
utes late and went into Meridian on tine
having made up all the lost time as
well as about ten minutes extra time
caused by extra stops at Eutaw and Ak
ron.
The schedule time from Chattanooga to
Meridian Is seven hours and fifteen min
utes, and the run was made by No. l in
six hours and two minutes, the train
making up one hour and thirteen minutes
About dozen members of the Southern
Wholesale Groeers' association left Bir-
mingham yesterday morning. on Queen
and Crescent train No. Q for Norfolk to
attend the annual meeting which convenes
there tomorrow morning The Queen and
Crescent to Chattanooga and the South
ern and the Norfolk and Western for the
remainder Of the way has been chosen as
the official route.
The party from Birmingham Includes
President J. A. Van Hoose, who Is at the
head of the association; Secretary Il. L.
Bridges, O. W. Hopson, K. e. Collins, Mr.
Redd Of the Tyler Grocery company, M
Marx, Lee Bivens, c. S. Simmons, E. VIII
kinson and Mr.. Wilson.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1905-06-19
JOINT CONVENTION
WILL BEGIN TODAY
MINE WORKERS AND OPERATORS
WILL MEET TO ARRANGE a
WORKING SCALE FOR THE EN-.
SUING YEAR.

The annual joint wage scale convention
of operators and United Mine Workers
of District No. 20 will be held in Biz
minsham this week, the first session
being called to order at 10 o'clock this
morning in the Knights of Columbus
han. All of the operators, including the
furnace and the commercial men, have
been invited, by the miners, in a general
way. to attend and participate in the
convention. It is held for the purpose of
considering a wage scale for the year
commencing July 1.
Edward Flynn, president of District No.
20, will call the meeting to order and
he will probably be chosen as the per-
manent presiding officer National Conn
mitteeman Vasey of Tennessee is in Bir-
mingham for the purpose of attending the
Joint convention and advising with the
mine workers.