davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27
Newport News, Va.

The first report in recent years of
cannibals eating missionaries vac
brought here recently. Last October
five Catholic priests and Eve nuns
of New Britain, South sea islands,
were eaten at canniDal feast within
sight of the German Governors resi-
dence. The priests fought, but were
soon killed; then the nuns were pre-
pared for the feast. The Governor
has organized punitive expedition.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

SAY, if yon are a merciful man
don't put cold bit into your horses
mouth in freezing weather. Try
touching your tongue to a piece of
frosty metal and see how quickly il
will take the skin Of. Warm the
bit. or rub it hard on q piece of
blanket for . few moments, before
bridling your animal. blessed are
the merciful: for they shall obtain
mercy"
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

SINCE Leader Bryan has extended
the "glad hand" to President Roose-
welt we may we'll wonder where we
are cat" Roosevelt promises to bear
as peculiar relation to his party at
his outgoing as did Cleveland to his.
After all may they not prove to be
apostles of a new order of things
politicals Standing for indepen-
dence of thought and action and
abolition of the "party lash"
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

The snow storm which bounced
down upon us Tuesday night is the
remnants of blizzard previously
reported as coming from the West.
In this instance we are satisfied with
the "tail-end." Another week of
this and the ground hog will not be
able even to see his hole.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

ROANOKE, after years Of turmoil
and strife, finally banished the town
COW. Fredericksburg lie just begin.
ming to see trouble. The town hog
won the first blood the other day,
but they will succeed in stabbing-
and banishing-the porker by-and-by.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Bob INGERsoLL is quoted as hav-
ing ssid before death "When Mis-
souri, goes Republican then will
become Christian" It is up to the
genial ex-Colonel to fulfil his en-.
gagement. Possibly he is consulting
Dives as to the methods of procedure.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

The Cossack ls a man of war when
1t comes to slaughtering unarmed
mob. His prowess has been some.
what dimmed since coming in con-
tact with the devotees of samurai.
The same with his government; the
Russ thinks he can lick China if he
cannot Japan, and he seems bent
upon pursuing this hypothesis.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27
McCUE TO HANG.
IspecIal 70 vlRa,rrA c,r,xrnl

RICHMOND, Va, Thursday after
noon.-On The amended petition Of
McCue's counsel the Supreme Court
to-day refused writ of error or new
trial to the condemned Ohsrlottes-
vile murderer.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Did you read our comprehensive
review OF the war last weeks Well.
follow 1t up this week. In still more
condensed and interesting form
More to follow next week. and the
next, and the next.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27
Some saw that history ia repeatins

Some say that history is repeating
itself and that the counterpart of
the French Revolution is being en-
acted to-day in Russia. We might
go further back in history than that.
A Pharaoh Gear wouldn't let the
Children of Israel 60 some four
thousand years ago.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Leap year il gone, but leaves this
crumb OF comfort TO all old-msids: You
don't have TO get up about one or two
o'clock in the morning to let In a man
who is so full he can't fiud the key-hole
to the front door -Farmville Herald.
Verify, wisdom cometh from ex-
Perience. There is another consola.
ton: someone has said that old
maids are at their sweetest when
they quit struggling" and there is
three years of this bliss ahead of all.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Eggs have taken q tumble from
35 to 20 cents in Baltimore. Lower
prices are looked for in the next few
days, dine to a glut of refrigerator
eggs.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

uonparel line.
Obituaries, religious notices of entertain
uents. excursions. etc.. one half regular rates
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

All communications or business letters
should be addressed 20 the VIRGINIA CITIZEN,
lrvfngton. Va. to receive prompt attention
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Mail steamer Owen billiard missed
her trips to Urbanna Wednesday and
Thursday.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

Vice-Admiral Kamimura has re-
joined his fleet. The Russian VIadi-
vostok squadron is believed to have
been repaired and it is thought it
might come ont at any moment.
The Japanese navy department is
strenuously preparing for the second
stage of the war.
1t is just leaking out that two
weeks ago Britain and Germany
were on the verge of war. The
differences have been patched up.
U. s. Secretary of State Hay has
assumed the master hand in the Far
Eastern situation. BY a bold move
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

A lady and gentleman, skaters in
Cecil county, Nd, collided with such
force as to cause conclusion Of the
brain in the lady, from which she
will probably die.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1905-01-27

the city.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
DUETOGASEXPLOSION
FOUR PERSONS DEAD AND MORE
THAN A DOZEN INJURED,
THREE FATALLY.

lshpeming, Mich, Nov. G.-Four chill.
dren are dead, three persons probably
fatally hurt and a dozen other people
are injured as the result of an explo
sion. which completely destroyed the
Miners National bank. The dead are {:
Stephen Goodman, aged twelve; l.o.
retta McGee, aged ten; Edward Nc.
Grath, aged twelve, Edward Kiser,
aged fourteen. t.sa.
James +. Mullen, an employc OF tho
bank; Thomas Flanagan, aged sev.
enty years, and Mrs. l.. r. Small were
fatally injured.
Two steamfitters had been engaged
to make repairs to the heating plant
and as they entered the building they
detected the smell OF gas. They
thought little of the circumstance,
however, and as they passed into the
furnace room they struck a match to
light the gas jet. A tremendous ex.
plosion followed. The two workn,en
were blown through a basement win.
dow and landed uninjured - '---'''
boxcar standing on a
Another car was blown
The building was
The four
ing th
from
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
VERY CLOSE IN OHIO
REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE FOR
GOVERNOR MAY WIN BY A
SMALL PLURALITY.



Columbus, O.. Nov. S.-Ohio voters
cho6e governor and various state Of
dcers, though at this hour it is impos-
sible to give positive statement of
the winners. Only 44O of the over
1920 precincts in the state have been
heard from, giving Herrick 55,O5O and
Pattison 53,399. In the big cities the
Democratic gains thus far average 1Os
per precinct, while the gain outside
these cities averages only "a to the
precinct. Estimating the remaining
precincts at the same ratio Pattison
will be nearly 100000 short of the $780,
900 Republican plurality of last year
with which comparisons are made.
Reports OF estimated county plural
tiles thus far received simply indicate
that the result will be close, with moth
Ing definite enough to show which
way the victory will fall
The State Journal has estimated
pluralities from sixty-three out of
the eighty counties in the state show
Ing net plurality of 800 for Herrick
for governor. The Republican plural
tiles are 31,670 and the Democratic
pluralities 30,S5O.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
'CLBLLAN WINS
TAMMANY MAN ELECTED MAYOR
OF NEW YORK, BUT HEARST
CHARGES FRAUD.
REFORM TICKET SUCCESSFUL in
PHILADELPHIA BY suRPRIs.
ING PLURALITY.
CONTEST IN OHIO VERY CLOSE
WITH REPUBLICANS PRoRA.
sLY VICTORIOUS. @

New York, Nov. s.-Returns to mid
night indicate that George r. McClel-
Ian, Democrat, is reelected mayor Of
New York by between 5000 and 1000
plurality over W. r. Hearst, Municipal
Ownership. and that William T. Jer.
ONE, Independent, is reelected dis.
trict attorney by about 5000 over
James w. Osborne, Democrat.
At midnight Mr.. Hearst declined to
admit his defeat and declared his in.
tention to contest the election. sieaa
Returns at this hour are complete
IN the mayoralty contest with the ex-
ception of fifty-one election districts
scattered through the city. The vote
on these returns gives Mcclellan, Dem
ocrat. 221.815; Hearst, Municipal Own
srship. 218,657; Twins, Republican,
132.317. q plurality for Mcclellan of
3.15S. 1.a ,
The following statement was Issued
at midnight by w. r. Hearst: 81
I'VE have won this election. AL
Tammany's frauds, all Tammany's
corruption, all Tammany's intimida-
tion and violence, all Tammany's false
registration, Illegal voting and dishon-
est count, have not been able to over
come great popular majority. The
recount will show that we have won
the election by many thousands Of
votes" ,.., s.tt n,
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10

st. Petersburg, Nov. 6.-The news
from the interior shows that there
has been little improvement in the
situation. In some places disorders
have recommended with redoubled
fury. The horrible story of massacre
at Odessa is not fully known here. In
the Caucasus the Tartars and Russians
are cutting each others throats and
the Armenians are giving themselves
up to pillage and incendiarisn.
From Bachmut. Bessarabia. comes
an entirely new revolving tala A
three days attack on the Jews began
Thursday with every indication of po-
lice organization. Jewish students
were beaten, the Jewish stores in the
markets were sacked during the day
and during the night the plunder of
residences commenced. Troops ar
rived OH the scene. but the following
day the work Of pillage was resumed
before the eyes of the soldiers and po-
lice. The prayers of the hunted Jews
for mercy were unavailing. Toward
noon the torch was applied to stores
and houses. The police would not per-
NIT the Jews to fight the fire and the
troops were Withdrawn. Then the pill
lage began afresh. II was temporarily
stopped Saturday morning through the
efforts OF ts~"'| ''a'''' - ',"saants. hut the
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
DETAILS OF MASSACRE.
American Missionaries Victims Of 4
Erenzied Mob


Frenzied Mob.
Hongliong, Nov. 3.-Bishop Merle Of
the Catholic church has received a
letter confirming the news of the mas
sacre of American missionaries at
Lianchow and giving the following
particulars:
DR.. Machle requested the removal
of street theater near the hospital on
account of the noise. This request in.
censed the Chinese, who, becoming
violent, attacked the hospital. The
mob then paraded the street, exhibit
ing the skeleton used in the instruction
of the medical class and alleging that
1t was an example of the foreigners
inhumanity to the Chinese people.
Becoming frenzied the crowd burned
the hospital, the girls school and the
residences of the missionaries.
DR.. Machle, Mrs. Machle, their ten
year-old daughter, Mr.. and Mrs. Pearle
DR.. Chestnut and Miss Patterson took
refuge in cave. The mob pursued
them and killed all except DR.. Machle
and Miss Patterson, who escaped to
Yamen. DR.. Machle was badly
wounded.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
ACTION BY GRAND JURY.
-Four Former Officials of Northwe ste m
Life Of Minneapolis Indicted.

Minneapolis, Nov. 6.-The grand
jury during the day reported four In
dictments of men connected with the
former management of the Northwest
ern National Life association, which
has been reorganized under the direc.
tion of State Insurance Commissioner
OBrien. The men indicted are w. F,
Bechtel, former president; w. A. Kerr,
former attorney and director: Wallace
Campbell and j. F. Force. who were
officials under the regime before Bech-
tel secured control. The report adds
that there was evidence before the
jury showing that former State Insur-
ance Commissioner j. A. O'Shaugh-
messy accepted bribe of $4,000 for
suppressing an unfavorable report and
that George F. Getty was a party to
the conversion Of the company's funds.
But the statute of limimtations pre-
vents their indictment. The jury ex.
prcssly says that the present manage
ment is honest and efficient and is not
to be blamed for the deeds of the
busted management. The charges
against the four indicted are conver.
sion of funds, bribery and fraud.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
SLOW RETURNS IN MARYLAND.
indications Point to Failure Of consti
~ tutional Amendment.

indications Point to Failure OF consti-
- tutionai Amendment.
Baltimore. Nov. 8.-The election in
Maryland was for state comptroller,
Legislature and county officers. and in
Baltimore for a judge Of the supreme
court, sheriff, city clerk and surveyor.
The issue which engrossed popular at
tention was proposed constitutional
amendment the 4 avowed purpose of
which was to disfranchise negro vot-
sers, and which aroused widespread op-
position among many Democrats. and
foreign voters in both parties. Owing
to the extreme length Of the ballot
the count has been slow and the votes
in some of the city precincts and re
mote county districts. have not been
received. The returns 80 far received,
however. made certain the defeat of
the. proposed constitutional amend
meht by q decisive majority Of 10000
Of more.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
WOMAN'S AWFUL DEED
KILLS THREE sTEPcHlLDREN, Sc.
RIoUslY WOUNDS ANOTHER
'. AND SHOOTS HERSELF.

Minneapolis, Nov. 4.-Three children
dead. fourth dangerously wounded
and their stcpmothcr shot is the record
OF terrible tragedy at the home OF
James Brennan, member OF the
salvage corps. The children were mur.
dered by Mrs. Brennan, who then tried
to kill herself. The tragedy occurred
| at 3 O'Clock in the morning. A quarrel
between Mrs. Brennan and her hus-
band the previous evening caused the
awful crime.
The victims Of the tragedy are Alice,
aged sixteen, shot through right tenn
pie, dead; Lizzie. fourteen. shot
through right temple, dead; Arthur,
seven, shot through base of brain,
dead; Thomas, thirteen, shot through
cheek, may live; Mrs. Brennan, shot
through left breast. may recover.
The children We're all asleep in their
beds when the terrible slaughter COM
menced.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
REFUSED NEW TRIAL.
Mrs. Cassie L. Chadwick May Have to
Serve Ten Years.

Cincinnati, Nov. S.-Mrs. Cassie L.
Chadwick has lost her last hope for
I new trial unless the supreme court
OF the United States shall consent to
allow rehearing. The United States
circuit court Of appeals has refused her
application for new trial.
Mrs. Chadwick is now In the. Jail at
Cleveland under sentence to the Ohio
penitentiary for ten years. having
been indicted and convicted of con.
spring to defraud under the national
banking law, the specific case involv-
Ing the wrecking Of the Citizens' Ma
lional bank at Oberlin, O., whose pres.
tdent has died since the exposure Of
the matter.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
GREAT VICTORY FOR REFORM.
City Party Ticket Has Large Plurality
at Philadejphia, ~


Philadelphia, Noy. S.-Philadelphia
has been swept by the reform move
ment. the City party ticket winning
by surprisingly large plurality.
While returns from only, six Of the
forty-two wards in this city had been
counted up to midnight enough is
known of the result in the remaining
wards to indicate the defeat OF the
Republican local ticket by from CO..
900 to $4,000 plurality. .t ~
The victory of the City party car
ries with 1t the election of william
a. Berry. the Democratic and Reform
candidate for state treasurer. J. Lee
tlummer. the Republican candidate
for the Office. was badly cut throughout
the city and state and he has lost his
own county, which is usually Repub-
ucan. Z f.ss 3sss sg
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
RESULT in MASSACHUSETTS.
Republicans Elect Governor and Lieu
tenant Governor.

Repubiicans Elect Governor and Lieu
u tenant Governor.
Boston, Nov. 8.-Lieutenant Cover
nor Curtis Guild, Jr., of Boston, the
Republican candidate, was elected
governor of Massachusetts in the state
election by a plurality of 29.435 over
General Charles w. Bartlett of Bos-
ton, the Democratic candidate. For
the second place on the ticket, for
which there was an unusually warm
contest, Eben S. Draper of Hopedale,
the Republican candidate, won over
Henry NJ. Whitney of Brookline, Dem
ocrat and the leading candidate for
reciprocity, by a plurality of 3,942.
The Republicans also elected seven
Of the eight members of the executive
council and the usual large majority
in both branches Of the legislature.
The Democrats made gains in both
branches of the legislature, three men,
bers in the senate and one in the
house. q ze ~
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10

aroused the mob and there was q re-
newal of the work of plunder and mas
sacre. The losses are said to be in
the millions of dollars.
A telephone message from Moscow
says the Jews are terror-stricken with
fear Of massacre there. Many OF
them have abandoned their lodgings
and are sleeping III the house of their
friends.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
THREE THOUSAND PLURALITY
Republican State Ticket Wins in
Rhode island.

Providence, r. L.. Nov. S.-A heavy
poll for the Republican candidate for
the executive chair, Governor George
Fl. Utter, which is expected to give
him a plurality Of at least 5000 over
the Democratic nominee. Lucien f.
Garvin, was the feature Of the state
election. A plurality of 1000 was the
largest looked for even by Mr.. Utter's
most ardent supporters. Governor Ut
ters running mates on the ticket
seemed sure Of large pluralities at mid.
night.
Republican gains were made in each
branch of the legislature.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
SIX THOUSAND CASUALTIES.

Number Killed and Wounded in Re.
cent Riots at Odessa.
Odessa, Nov. 6.-The town Is quiet.
1t is now estimated that the killed and
wounded during the recent riots here
number 5000. The city hospital alone
contains 1000 wounded.
Out Of the 5000 casualties. those
who were killed or who died of wounds
aggregate 964, of which number 313
were taken to Jewish cemeteries and
651 to Christian cemeteries.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
REPUBLICANS MAKE aAiNs.s
Increase Their Hold on state ef No,
Jersey. ~

Trenton. N. ]. Nov. S.-The election
A New Jersey increased the Republic.
an hold upon the state legislature and
made It impossible that a Democrat
should. succeed United States Senator
John f. Dryden in 1907. In the state
senate the Republicans made gain
Of three. eiecting Republicans from
Gloucester. Salem and Somerset ,coun-
Hes. which for the last three years
have had Democratic senators. Only
bur Of the twenty.ons stats senator's
Win bs Democrats.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
NORTH 'DAKorAlNEWs
lI
ITEMS OF AwEEktFRom VARIOUS
Il PARTS OF THE STATE.
twenty-five Horsepower Engine Blows
4 Up and Kills Two Men and In.
q jures Several Others In vi.
einlty Of Lehr.

Sss8 Seven miles southeast Of Lehr there
secured one of the worst disasters
that ever happened in North Dakota.
u twenty-five horsepower engine blew
Mp with sixty pounds Of steam, killing
Two men and injuring several and kill
;ing two horses. The dead men are
SJacok Kramer, who leaves . wife and
large family, and Audun Reich, who
leaves wife and family. The engine
- total wreck. The drivers were
both blown OF and the hue sheet in
the drebox end was blown &c least
$50 feet from the boiler The engine
iw,!.ls iwas owned BY z. Becker a Go. ..a...s.,.,.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
Two chttdrsn,, perish.

WV SSSAb 0U 60Ib0Us
News has reached Minot gof the do.
struction by fire of the farmhouse Of
Andrew Landrock, near Newport,
about fifteen miles west Of Minot, and
the death Of two of his children in the
s1te. Landrock left three Of his boys,
aGsd fourteen, eight and six years. re.
1psctively, at home alone. The boys
iFstired as usual about $3.50 In the eve
ing. The older boy was awakened
~ fire In his room and managed to e.
cape through window and ran to a
nearby farmhouse for assistance. Upon
returning the building was a seething
mass Of flames, which no one dared
% enter. The building was totally de.
saroyed. and the charred remains Of
he unfortunate children were taken
Sfrom the ruins. Mr.. Landrock 10 pros.
tRated with grief.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
St. Paul Union Stock Yards.

st. Paul, Nov. 7.-Cattle-Good to
choice steers, $4.5O@5.5O; common to
fair, $3.750425; good to choice COWS
and heifers. $3.50@4.25: veals, $4,000
500. Hogs-$4.25@4.90. Sheep-Year-
ling wethers, $5.OO@5.75; good to
choice lambs, $6.00@6.40.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
Saturday, Nov. 4.

Robbers wrecked the vault and safe
Of the Bank of Creighton at Creighton,
Mo-, and escaped with $4,000.
Fl Owing to the alleged failure of the
Cape Cod cranberry crop the price Of
the berries ranges from SO to $11 a
barrel. compared with Sc to $3.50 a
year ago.
s Announcement is made Of the ap-
pointment Of Lawrence H. Grahame
of New York city to be commissioner
Of the interior for Porto Rico, vice
John s. Elliott, resigned.
Z King Oscar has notified the Nor.
wegian government that all the mem
bers Of the Swedish royal family have
relinquished the ranks they have hith-
erto held in the Norwegian army and
navy.
The government has taken steps to
prevent the importation into this coun.
try of egg yolks mixed with borax, q
product coming from China and used,
It is said, by wholesale bakers when
American eggs are high.
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
Farmer KiIIsd purina I How.

Frank Laraviere, half.breed farmer
living near. Walhalla,. died there from
injnIaes indicted In q foW laat week
Laraviere never regained conscious
ness and witnesses Of the ARRAY are
very reticent about giving any Of the
particulars. The blow that killed Lar
aviere. It IL said. was indicted by Rob
It Laidlaw. who. with his brother.in-
law. George Lafluer, are under arrest
charged with the killing. Laidlaw is
alleged t., have struck .Laraviere dur
ing q quarrel and knocked him from
the sidewalk into the street, the blow
eventually causing the death, of the un
fortunate man. /,
Emmons County record. [volume] (Williamsport, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1884-current, 1905-11-10
Wednesday. Nov. q.

1 Judge Paul ,Jessen of Nebraska City.
Neb., who was rendered appointment
to the supreme bench Of Arizona, has
declined the place.
The pastors Of the Congregational
churches Of Chicago have issued an
ultimatum 70 Mayor Dunno urging him
TO enforce the Sunday closing laws.
William + Pike Of Pennsylvania has
been appointed American consul at
Glauchau and william r. Estes Of
Minnesota consul at Zittan, Germany.
Lady FLORENCE Dixie, the well known
writer. explorer and champion Of wo-
mems rights; who acted rs war cor
respondent for q London paper during
the Boer war is dead in Scotland.
Walter q. Tubby, now general store.
keeper Of the Great Northern railroad.
has been Appointed by Chairman
shonts chisfaof the division OF sup.
plies Of ~ isthmian canal commis.
sion. " sis3s 57