The star. (Reynoldsville, Pa.) 1892-1946, 1905-06-07
THE POSTAGE STAMP
HOW IT IS MADE BY UNCLE SANS
EXPERT WoRkMEN.

the Finished Gummed, Pressed and
Perforated Printed sheet.
The first mechanical process in the
manufacture of postage stamp is the
cutting, or engraving, of the die. This
is a piece of steel of the finest quality,
on the polished surface of which man
slowly and patiently cuts, line by line,
the portrait or other emblem which
has been adopted for this particular
stamp. \ steel engraving is what is
called an incised plate-that is, every
line which is to show in the finished
print is cut into the surface instead of
being left in relief, as in wood engray-
ing
The die which the engraver cuts is
"negative;" in other words, reversal
of the design which the stamp will
show. The reason for this soon be
comes apparent.
When the die is finished and proofs
show it to be satisfactory 1t is hard
cned and fixed in the bed of a powerful
press. Over it is then passed a steel
roller. the circumference Of which Is
several times, perhaps four times, the
diameter of the die. Immense pressure
is applied, so that every line on the
surface of the die is impressed upon
the surface of the roller as many times
as the circumference of the roller Is
larger than the area of the die. In TINS
way four perfect copies of the die are
reproduced on the roller, but reversed.
Each of these impressions is posi-
tive"
This roller is now hardened in turn
In order that it may transmit the I'M
pressions once more, this time to the
plate from which the actual printing
IS to be made. This plate is also of
steel The size is sufficient to print
whole sheet of stamps-from 200 to 300
lat a single impression.
Z Into the surface of this plate the inn
nression on the roller is forced by great
pressure. once for each stamp in the
subsequent sheet, and then the plate
is hardened. These impressions are
negatives, so that the prints from them
the stamps themselves--will be posi-
tives.
The reason for all this preliminary
work is most interesting. In the first
place, printing could not be done from
single die because of the vast guam
titles of stamps required. In the sec
ond place. it could not be done from
tbe roller, because on that the lines are
in relief instead of being incised, and
in the third place, it would not be
feasible to have several dies or large
number of them engraved, both be
cause the expense would be prohibi-
tive and because no two would then be
absolutely alike. The pre- ent system
makes it certain that everY stamp Of
a certain lot is exactly like every 9th
or of the same lot-a greaf safeguard
against counterfeiting.
When three printing plate have been
made they are all fastened to the bed
of a special printing press When the
machinery is started the first plate is
linked, then automatically wiped until
it is like a mirror The wipng removes
all the ink except what clngs in the
lines of the 200 duplicate engravings
which dot the surface.
Over the plate is laid a sheet OF
dampened paper, the plate is slightly
warmed in order to permit the ink tc
swell, and heavy pressure is applied
Meanwhile the second plate is receiv
ing it's ink, and then the third comes
into play, so that, although all three
are on the same press, each is at
given moment undergoing a different
process from either of the other two
This has wrought great saying Of
time over the old process of printing
by hand When the printed sheets are
dry they go to the cumming machine
in which they pass between dry
roller on one side and one moistenec
with mucilage on the other. From
these rollers they are cast out, we
side up, upon an endless web, which
carries them through steam heated
box.
They come out dry, ready for thu
perforations, which permit them to b'
torn apart easily. These are very easi
: ly made by passing the sheets betweeI
one cylinder studded with steel pin'
and another perforated with holes t.
match the pins. The two together ac
like the jaws of a conductors punch.
The last process is pressing the sheet
by hydraulic power to counteract thu
tendency to curl, which is impaired b.
the mucilage.
The printing of stamps, like the print
ing of gold and silver certificates an(
bank notes, is subject to the most care
full and constant inspection.
Every sheet of paper is counted be
fore it is delivered to the printer, ant
before he goes home at night he mus
return exactly the same number o
sheets, either of perfect stamps o
spoiled paper, and no seconds" o
samples are given away to VISITORS
Edward Williston Frentz in Youth
Companion.
The Elephants Eye.
'''To my mind two things strike tn
nheprvpr vivjd1V when standing clos