davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
M,rt~as.: sale.

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, That that GER
tain Mortgage executed and delivered by Peter
iHol;S,, u: :inE. e .,a., atis.s e.
18th % s.g SSss Af5f u.s. and
tie County Of Pembina and ststso North p.
and recorded in Book - Of Mortgages, ct page $50
will be foreclosed by sale ofthe premises In such
Mortgage and hereinafter described, at the front
door Of the Court House In the
County Of Pembina and State Of North
Dakota, at the hour Of 2 O'Clock. p. m. on
the 18th day Of March, 1905. to satisfy. the
amount due upon said Mortgage on the day OF
sale. =,
=. The promises described in such Mortgage and
which will be sold to satisfy the same are de-
The South East quarter Of the South West
quarter and the South West quarter of the south
East quarter of Section fourteen and the North
East quarter Of the North West quarter and the
North West quarter OF the North East quarter Of
Section TWsdty three all in township One Hun.
drsc sixty.thrse north Of Range Fifty-two west
containing One Hundred Sixty acres Of land
more or less. :
There will be due on such mortgage including
the sums Of III .o6 paid February End, 1904 and
e24.M paid January 18th, 1905 for taxes with
el2 20 interest thereon until the date of sale the
sum Of OAe Hundred Sixteen and 96-100 dollars.
WILLIS A. JOY,
TRACY R. BANGS: Mortgagee.
Attorney lor Mortgage, -
Grand Forks, n. D., Jan. 10th, 1905.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Notice of Foreclosure Sale.

Notice is hereby given that by virtue of . judg.
ment and decree OF foreclosure. rendered and
given by the district Court of the Seventh Ju
and State of North Dakota, and entered in the
Office of the Clerk of eaid Court. In and for said
County, on the 10Th day OF December 1901, in an
" said
First National Bank of St. Thomas,: William
Flath and james Fiath were defendants. in favor
of eaid Plsintin and against said defendants, f6r
among other things, dtfecsd the .aie 81
me Of the real estate hereinafter described to
satisfy the amount OF said judgment, with in.
terest thereon. and thee costs and expenses Of
such sale applicable thereto will ratisfy; and by
virtue Of writ to me issued outDf the office OF
the Clerk Of raid Court. in and for said Pembina
County, and under the seal Of said Court, d1.
ssid Judgment and decree, I, Charles Atkinson.
BY said Court to make such sale: win cell the
Sisf os eab TO- 1ca
door Of the Court House, In the City Of Pemblna,
Pemoine County. 9North Dakota. on Saturday,
the 9Th day OF February, 1905. IT O'Clock in the
with interest and costs thereon and the costs
and expenses OF such sale. or 10 much thereof
- ths Proceeda Of such sals applicable thereto
Tho premises to be- sold % Aforesaid, pats..
ant TO said judgment and decree. and sid writ
and this notice. sre described in sald judKmsnt,
decree and writ q: follows: sa
q s. Then... e 4: County 81 Rs1s. :a ana
Sla,e Of North Dakota, according TO the plat
Thereof on ald in the Office OF the Register ;,of
Deeds, within and for said County:
CHARLES ATKINSON
Siberia Of Psmbina Cosnty,
v: i, srAxp1sH. North D.1o''.
ins1s:; sof Plaiatia, sr.,d Forks. D.x
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

Moragaee Yoreclosure sale by Advsr.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN. That that Ger.
crime 4: Prescott and siias v Prescott. Der bus.
band. Mortgsgors, to William +. Sender, Of
Hennepin County,. MInnesota, nort&agee. asted
the the 81 Nc y s f
ty. Pembna and state Of North Dakota ON the
snd !eeordsS in ; Ok g 4 no,ts.ea:.
Ion OF proceedings having been instituted ut law
o Otherwise TO recover the debt then remaining
3. cure. b such Ao.tgsg e O any part thereof;
~. me ,sd E. wi pc 9y sale
described. at the front door OF the Court House
In the CITY OF Pembina. IL the County Of Pembi.
ma. and State Of North Dakota. at the; hour Of
+. binary, 1905. 10 satisfy the amount due upon
such MortL age on the day OF sale. The premises
de.cril'ed in such Mortgage, and when viii be
sold T. sa,'s,y the same descrtbed q ioows;
Nv Y, and the South East Quarter Of the North
Wet Quarter .SkN NWX) Of Section No. tbtr-
" (8Ol In Township No. Que hundred 81 ty.lwo
md lie North East Of shs sSs,R ~
Quar.er En- NE1zi Of Section No twenty five
l25) In tow nsh.p No one handre. eixty-two tl62
North; Of Range No: fifty elk (ts) West, contain
the y. Government survey thereof.
There VII, be due on such mortgage at the data
Of Sale the sum Of Twenty Dollars aud twenty
tour cents, (3aD.2l) besides all the coets Of this
be included Twenty five Drllsrs, (S25.UO) At.
turneye tees - agreed, and q stipulated IN this
Mortgage.
Dated Jan. 18th. 100 VI
80 .,,.o, Mortgages
Attorney tor AoIt9asss.
8-ss Washbarn. AeLsan Co.. N. D.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
We Paid 100000

For the American rights to Liquo-
zone. We did this after testing the
product for two years, through physi-
SLAMS and hospitals, after proving, in
thousands Of different cases, that
Lquozone destroys the cause Of any
germ disease.
Iquozone has, for more than 20
years, been the constant subject Of
scientific and chemical research. It is
not made by compromising drugs, nor
with alcohol. Its virtues are derived
solely from gas-largely oxygen gas
by . process requiring immense appa-
ratus and il days time. The result Is
9 Liquid that does what oxygen does.
It 10 nerve food and blood food-the
most helpful thing n the world to you.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
WEXFORD.

Items from Langton School District No. Is
CARL LEMBKE, Editor.
ERNEST Morris, Asst.
Next Tuesday there will be Yeoman
Lodge at Quinnell's hall.
Many young people enjoyed the dance
at Mr.. Rudolph's place last Friday.
Frank Morris and family were visiting
at Louis Lembke's, Wednesday.
Miss Mary Snider. scholar who used
70 atteed our school, is very sick in
Neche with scarlet fever. ''ss..--+
. Arthur Wexford attended the Yeoman
Lodge at Bathgate, Friday and reported
a pleasant time.
Mr. Tisdale began his school on Tues.
day. We wish him success end a
hearty welcome.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
A Snap In Land.

l have for sale, or exchange for pro-
perry near home two and half sections
Tor portions ofit) OF farm lands in the
Canadian northwest. The land is beauti-
fully situated on the south shore of a
lake ten miles long by four wide, with
fresh water and an abundance of fish and
game, six miles from the Canadian
Northern and two miles from the Canad-
ian Pacific railways. This property has
enough wood on it to last a person for
many wears and is adapted to raisi ng
wheat or stock. G. G. Thompson,
... . Pembina, N. D.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

It's effects are exhilaratius, vitalizins,
purifying. Yet it 10 q germicide %
certain that We publish on every bot
tie IN offer Of $1,000 for . disease
germ that It cannot kill. The reason
10 that germs are vegetables; and
Liquozone-like an excess Of oxygen
is deadly to vegetal matter.
There lies the great value Of LQuo-
zone. It is the only way known to kill
germs In the body without killing the
tissue, too Any drug that kills germs
is poison, and It cannot be taken in
ternally. Every physician knows that
medicine Is almost helpless n any
germ disease.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
We Will Buy
A SOC. Bottle Of Liquozone / You 70 Try.

We want you to know about Liquo-
some, and the product itself can toll
you more than We. So we ask you to let
rs buy you q bottle-a full-size bottle
to try. Let it prove that It does what
medicine cannot do. Sec what tonic
It is. Learn that 1t does kill germs.
Then you will use It always. - We do.
and as millions of others do.
This offer itself should convince you
that Lquozone does a. we claim. We
would certainly not buy . bottle and
give It to you II there was any doubt
Of results You want those results;
you want to be well and to keep we'll.
And you can't do that-nobody can
without Lquozone,
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Not Humility Of Spirit.

/, A young preacher In AN uptown
church was much struck one Sunday
~ the seeming effect his sermon was
having upon one Of his congregation, a
shabby genteel man with white hair
~ho throughout the entire discourse
sat with head bowed in deeply reverent
attitude. After the service the min
lister pushed his way to the man and
proudly said:
II am glad to note that my sermon
affected you. Did it make you see the
error Of your ways?"
"Oh, it wasn't that" said the man
isheepishly. "You see, my waistcoat is
too short, and l had to bend over to
hide my shirt." cleveland Leader.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
IN COUNTY COURT.
STATE OF NORTH DAKorA,)
County of PemSins.

In the matter Of the estate Of Catherine DeL;sls
deceased:
Notice is hereby given, that Bridget DeLise
the administrstrix Of the estate OF Chtherine
DeLiale, deceased, has rendered and presented
account Of her administration OF said estate, and
that Tuesday the 2sth day Of February 1905 being
day Of term Of said court. to wit: Of the Feb.
county COURT room, In the court house in the
City of Pembina, county of Pembina and State OF
North Dakota. has been duly appointed by the
count, az which time and place any person and
all persons interested In said estate, may appear
and hle his or their exceptions in writing ~ said
il any there be, why the remainder OF said estate
should not be distributed to the persons thereto
by laA entitled.
Dated this 25th day Of January, 1908.
II. G.. WICK,
Judge Of County Court.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Notice to Crsditors.

In the Natter Of tie Estate Of Stephan Kehlss
er., decevssd. .e.v-.
Notice 10 hereby given by the under signed,
stepasn Kohlss Jr., Admintstrator with the will
late of the city Of Pembina IN the County
Of Pemblna and State Of North Dskots.
deceased, to the creditors OF, and Ill persons
them with the necessary vouchers. Within: stx
months after the frst publication Of this notice,
to said Administrator, with the will annexed, 1t
his rssidence, In the City of Psmbns; IN said
Psmbina county.
Datsd January 10th, A. D. 1906. :.
STEPHAN KOHLES. ,JR.
Administrator with will annexed.
First publication on the 18th day ofs'Jauusry
A. ID. 1905. 1851,
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Observation-Disclosures
]: in COUNTY COURT !:
= III. G. WICK, JUDGE. =
0AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAH

+ . : =
Estate Of Samuel Fleming. On motion
of attorney for petitioner hearing on final
account postponed.to Feb. 8. 1905.
Estate Of James Dangerfeld. Hearing
on final account postponed to January %,
1905.
Estate Of Geo. Allard. On motion Of
attorney for executor hearing on final
account postponed to January %, 1906.
Estate Of Indridi Indridason. Hearing
had on petition and Volgerdur Indrida-
son appointed administrative.
Estate OF Agnes Watson. Hearing
had on petition and Louis A. Watson
appointed administrator.
Estate Of Samuel F. Waldow. Hear
ing OF, petition for maintenance set for
February Ii. 1905. Hearing on applica-
ton to sell personal property set Tor Jan.
Is. 1906.
Guardianship of Irene Waldow ct al,
minors. Warrant 10 appraisers issued.
Inventory and appraisement fled.
Estate of Stephen Kohles ST.. War
rant to appraisers issued. Inventory and
appraisement filed. Order for publica.
ton to creditors made.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
a Tra.p,s Problem.

) A tramp having found hens feath-
yor In his travels about the city kept It
until night, when he carefully placed
Itt on the pavement In 4 back alley and
slept upon It. AMAZING next morning
and looking seernfully upon the bit Of
Down, he exclaimed: '-0oe whik! II
enc feather = 20 hard to sleep On %
.thst. what must wholo bo1ful boS'
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
soc. Bottle Free.

II you need Liquozone. and have
never tried 1t, please send 10 this
coupon. We viii then mail you IN ors
der on . local druggist for . full.
size bottle, and We will pay the drug.
gist ourselves for It. This 10 our tree
gift, made to convince you: to show
you what Lquo8one ID, and what u
can do. In juSdcs to yourself, please.
accept It to-day, for It places you una
der no obligation whatever.
Iiquozona costs k0c. ana 81.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

"Have you good bread? If not, try
"Lily Of the Valley" -four, your dealer
will supply you, or bring grist to the
mill and get wears satisfaction, rates
as last year, satisfaction guaranteed.
Cavalier Roller Mills.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Germ Diseases.

These are the known germ diseases.
All that medicine can do for these
troubles is to help Nature overcome
the germs, and such results are indi-
rect and uncertain. LiQuozone attacks
the germs, wherever they are. And
whe9t the germs which cause q disease
are destroyed, the disease must end,
and forever. That Is inevitable.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
House for Sale.

House for Sale. 4
Ny house and four lots near the court
house for sale. Apply to F. M. King.
1898 MRS. PURDY.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
vital statiaties.

NOTICE TO PROPER 0FFlcERs)
Where no physician is employed, it
shall be the duty Of the parents to give
notice to the proper officer within whose
jurisdiction they reside, Of the births and
deaths 81 their children. or Of the pres.
ence OF any infectious or contagious dis
ease occurring. within their household,
within twenty.tour hours. or three days
ifoutside Of incorporated limits OF cities,
towns and villages as to births and
deaths only. of such occurrence and the
oldest person next OF kin, the keeper or
other proper officer Of ev:ry work house,
poor-house, reform, school, jail, prison,
hospital. asylum or other public or
charitable institutions, shall give like
notice of any birth. death. infectious or
contagious disease occurring among the
persons under his charge.
Whoever neglects or refuses to give
such notice within the period Of twenty
four hours, or three days il outside Of
incorporated limits Of cities, towns and
will ,ges as to births and deaths only,
after the occurrence Of such birth, death
or infectious or contagious disease, shall
upon conviction forfeit sum not to ex.
ceed Twenty Dollars. to be collected as
other fines are collected by law.
Pursuant to 1914 + ofthe lawe r.e.ad
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
Local Wants,

osSeSSSSsSeSosSOSSOOOOoOOo
Campbell Bros. Of Neche and Cavalier
have established a permanent studio at
St. Vincent which will be open at all
times. Good work and satisfaction
guaranteed. #
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

The Pembina Photographic studio will
be open for business on the first and
third Mondays and Tuesdays of each
month.
A. H. ANDERSON.
Photographer.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

Ice for washing or packing delivered
on order by
=. WIN. HART.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27
@irl Wanfod

Girl Wanted.
A reliable g,rl wanted to cook and do
general housework.
MRS. c. B. HARRIS.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

1oyo1o-0all 0sonas FuRS1s-UlooD
00dtfO-30pt v0dooc0l0
Gooox1Aoe-GloOo Wo0en1 Diseases
Al diseases that begin with fever-sll ipAa,A
matlon-au eatanh-s1l contastous Aaseas0e-o4
the feoulto Of impure or poisoned blood. -
In neSvonS Debility LQuoson0 acas q VioolaooA
Aeoo0plisAn6 what No druGS 60 %.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

1senb,na oanp, 3277, 3E- W. -.
Meet sysry Second snd Fourth Monday. VI
Aiting nsighhess cordially invited.
81 CeA1,. =. n. KlNe.
Meri. v. G.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

xezanaae LeAeo 40, a. o.v. ".
Meets every azrt and third Tuesday of the
Month.
60 p-~sor. p. A. Hart
Recordsr n. W.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

.Poaataaa Ledge, q, A. =. d a. N.
Raeulsr meetings in tba, evenings Of first and
Ahfrd Friday OF every NORTH. Visiting Brethren
IN good standing are invited: f:
J. L. CARS, We, SHOT,
Secretary. ."
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

wesaon Test, NE. "A. "a. r.
Regular meetings every second aud fourth
Monday Of each month.
J.G. soHD1anAH. n o.aS aaLLa1
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1905-01-27

LQuozone costs Soc and 81.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Committed Suicide in Church.

In the midst of great throng at
tending Good Friday services in the
famous Dunno cathedral Warehouses
Maria Pallavicini, viscountess of Trent,
Austria, has committed suicide by
shooting, cables the Milan correspon-
dent of the new York American.
The circumstances were so intensely
dramatic and extraordinary as to be
unprecedented.
The suicide of the marchiOness oc-
Cured at the moment of the most in
tense religious concentration in the
great cathedral wnere were gathered
$4,000 Catholic wOrshippers. The con-
gregatiOn was kneeling when a shot
rang out.
An American priest hurried to the
side of the countess and found her
dying, with a wound in her forehead.
Her death occurred a few moments
later, while she was on the way to
the hospital.
She was renowned throughout Italy
for her great beauty. She was not
yet so years of age. Domestic unhap-
piness following separation from her
husband is supposed to have been the
cause of her suicide.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Coal Mine Afre.

Frank, B. c., April 20. - For six
days past fire has been raging in the
coal mines here. but only during the
last few hours has it assumed a serious
aspect. 1t is supposed to have started
from an open miners lamp a mile from
the mouth of the tunnel and, SO far as
can be ascertained, has extended all
over the works. An effort is being
made to close the air passages and thus
smother the fire, but this is rendered
dlffiffcult by the smoke and heat,
which are intense.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Portland, Ore. April 26.-Withou

Portland, Ore, April 26.-Without
exception every contention made by
United States District Attorney Fran
els j. Heney in his argument against
the plea i'll abatement filed by the
United States Senator John III. Nit
chell is support by Judge Bellinge1 of
the United States court for the district
of Oregon, who rendered decision of
about 5000 words on the plea of abate-
ment.
The contention of Mr.. HeneY that
George Giustin, a member of the fed
eral grand jury which indicted Senat-
or Mitchell was duly qualified to serve,
was supported. The defense commended
that Giustin was not citizen of the
United States. Judge Bellinger holds
that Mr.. Money may prove Giustin' S
citizenship by means of affidavits.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Wealth of Timber in Russia.

The vast forest areas Of Russia in
Europe, which cover nearly 100000, 600
acres, or SO per cent of the entire area
of the country. are aptly termed wood
ed Russia Few people who have not
Travelled through this part of the coun-
try can form any idea of the country's
boundless wealth in timber. Houses
built of any other material are en-
tirely unknown outside of the great
cities and wood constitutes the prin-
cipal fuel. The forest belt in Siberia.
called the "Taiga," stretches in a di-
rect line from the Ural mountains to
the Pacific for 1000 miles and is in
many parts 500 miles broad. This is
all the property of the car.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Will Go it Alone.

st. Petersburg, April 25. - The ad-
mirlaty processes to have no informa-
ton as to whether Vice Admiral Ro.
Jestvensky is waiting for Nebogatoff's
detachment, and says the matter is en-
tlrely in his hands and he has not COM
municated his determination.
Naval men do not expect junction
OF Nebbogatoff with Rojestvenesky.
They suggest that the transport fleet
may be left to the care of the slow but
powerful ships of Nebogatoff's detach-
ment, while Rojestvessky tries conclu-
ions with Togo.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29

Berlin, April ELECTROMAGNETIC re-
oprts have been received as to the true
condition of Secretary Hay, who re-
Gently arrived at Bad Nauheim in the
grand duchy of Hesse, near Frankfort
The secretary underwent his first ex-
animation at the hands of Professor
Groedel, the celebrated heart special
ist, on Sunday. DR.. Groedel found
him in wretched shape. His suffering
is aggravated by a combination of
heart trouble, nervous collapse and
anemia. There is ground for stating
that unless a miraculous change for
the better sets in, Secretary Hay can
never again hope to return to activity
He is thin, weak and extremely ner-
vous. The slightest noise disturbs
him.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29
Easter Day and Its Oriqin.

1t is probable that Easter received
tre whose festival was kept about the
same season each year as Easter.
In the ancient church the celebra-
ton of Easter lasted eight days, but
in later times it was limited to two or
three days. 1t used to be festival
of pleasure as we'll as a time for
generosity and the performing of good
deeds. Aims were given to the needy,
the sick were visited by the rich and
great, and often slaves were freed
and poor unfortunates suffering i'm
prisonment liberated. Services were
held during the whole week preceding
Easter Sunday. on which day people
greeted each other with kisses, say
ing: "He is risen!" the response al
ways being: "He is risen, indeed" In
the Greek church this custom is still
observed.
The custom Of exchanging eggs on
Easter-or during Holy Weeks a
very old one and symbolizes the resur-
rection or renewed life.
Easter day is always the first Sun
day after the tull moon which comes
upon or next after the Dist of March,
which date is the beginning of the
old church year.
If the full moon comes on Sunday,
Easter day falls on the Sunday follow
ing.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1905-04-29

Tsingtau, Shantung Peninsula, Chi
ma, April 81. - Russian officers here
have received news that Vice Admiral
Rojestvensky's fleet on leaving Kam-
ranh bay, steamed in a southern direc-
ton to join Nebogatoff's detachment.
Nine warships, supposed to be Vice
Admiral Nebogattoff' detachment of
the second Pacific squadron, doubled
Cape Bake, so miles northwest of Sal
gon, the night of April 25
The Admin atty circle of ST. Peters
burg are coming to accept the view
that there will be no great or general
action between the fleets of Russia and
Japan for some time, basing their be-
lief on strategic and tactical reasons,
which arise from the belief that the
japanese commander in chief avoid an
open engagement until he has weaken
ed the Russian fleet by night attacks of
torpedo boats.
The admiralty scouts the reports that
engagements have already occurred.