The Birmingham age-herald., 1905-06-14

houses and thoroughfares where man lived until 1t became A city of the gods The citizen was everywhere reminded of the magnihcence Of the state, and of the nothingness of the man. From this conception arose those master pieces which. even in their broken re- mains. still command the wonder and admiration of the world.
 ''The Roman, on the other hand, was a devotee to power. Art with him was hotbed plant; 1t was quickly grown and instantly dled. He believed in the army and that the safety of the state depended upon 1t. The clang of arms was heard throughout the Roman king dom: disciplined troops were everywhere to be seen. Thus they pushed out after conquest and the Roman ideal of a great state followed hard upon the Ro- man sword. The conquered population was grouped in towns and cities. Llb- ertv, civil and religious. was granted wherever it did not conflict with the Roman conception of the state. and thus to the days of the closing of the reign of the Caesars did this mighty concep- tion hold this people, who dwelt on the Tiber Their ideal was too small to build a Kingdom lasting. Man was mis- placed in it. in that man was for the kingdom and not the kingdom for the man.
 The Celtic Ideal.
 And in it's place the Celtic wave started from the great fountain in Asia and flowed over the valleys of the Vol ga, Ural and Danube. went IS far as the Rhine; pressed on and reached the furtherest bounds of the continent; filled up Spain, France England, Scotland and Ireland. These were all embraced un- der the common name of celt, so that the gallant Frenchman. the wild irish man. the close-hsted Scotehman and the Welshman are brothers. The chief char acteristic of these people was the spirit of the elan, all its institutions, all its laws, all it's procedure are marked py the maxim of the clan. The devotion of the Scottish clans to the chiettians' of the Irish troops to their leaders the French soldiers to their eommandefs, IS a proof of it. The zeal with which they rallied around Roderic, MeGregor and Napoleon Is a demonstration of 1t.
 This idea was a distinct advance upon the first race idea of the pre-eminence of the state and the Celt has contrib uted to history the idea of organization under proper leadership and reverential recognition of worthy superiorors. But he drifted into despotism and brought on revolution and. to check his evil tend eneies another wave frsm the great fountain flowed on until 1t filled up the middle of Europe.
 The Teutonic Race.
 aIts most beneficial effect was the in- freduetion of government of family rights and relations At the moment history discovers the Teuton he Is bound to- gether by common blood, common speech, common desires and common aspirations The price of life and limb was paid, not by the wrongdoer, but by the family or house of the wrongdoer to the family or house of the wronged. Order and law were thus made to rest upon eacn group of people, and upon the blood which united them together Every out rage was held to have been committe1 bv all who were linked by blood to the wrongdoer The homestead clustered around a moot hill, where the whole community assembled and administered justice where they cut the tur1 from the soil and delivered it from man to man. and thus the difficulties of tribes were settled.
 Under this conception the feudal sys- tenn arose, but 1t gave to the world an ideal of representative government, in which the people should take part, sucn as is seen in England or Germany today When John Bright plead Tn the English parliament for an extension or the l.nE- fish franchise it was to carry out ms great conception. Charles Sumner took
  applied them to the concrete problem Of American slavery and brought to the negro. h Emancipation, an evil from which he has never yet recovered py loading him with the franchise. Mr. Gladstone, when he plead for home rule in Ireland, was but seeking to give man his place in governmental affairs, that this racial idea had recognized years and years ago. The Teuton made dis tinctive advance on the place occupied by many in the state conceptions ana that occupied by him in the priestly chieftain idea, but the feudal system had scvclcprd the individual will until a sri.it af lii erty, whose pent up force made the nations to rest as on volcano and the call fJr tte rights of indiNid- uaas began that urged forward society toward that free and lofty unity, the glorious object of the wishes of man kind It was left for the slave to put the finishing touch upon the worh or the Greek and the Roman. the Celt and the Teuton
 Russias Ideal Miscarred.
 At this period in the history of the world Russia formed a perfect world exposition of races, where 1t was clearly to be seen that of one blood God had made all people that dwell upon the face of the earth They ought to have taught the doctrine which was a legitimate cul- nination of all these racial Ideals, and that the rights of every soul and the value of every unit should be safe ouarded and that no Czar, no King no parliament. no corporations. no trust, should shut out any honest toiler who sought for his honest and legitimate liv- ing from the world. This means a req eration of man, brotherhood of hu- manity. the fatherhood of God, the end and aim If all governments Every man on Gods earth has a lawful heritage m the earth due for faithful labor, ana that government is doomed forever that does not recognize such to be the law of God. And the end of all governments is to make it the law of man.
 This great conception, the epitome of all civilization. however. was lost In Russia and the most damnable oligarchy in the history of the race took It's place One man, however, lives to illustrate this glorious conception. That man Is Tolstoy, who is meek in the sense which Jesus taught meekness; that he is able i to live without the things of this world; he has a spirituality which enables him to ignore the temporal; he has rever- ence for God and man that makes him harmless to all mankind. He needs no government because he is governed from above. He says that English and Ameri- can governments are the best that hu- | manity has produced. but both are bad because they look upon man as crea- ture of government rather than govern | ments as the servant of man.
 The Divine Hand.
 1T Ia far