davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1905-10-29

watch closely the face Of the official ne
talked with If 1t is long and drawn WNh
anxiety they all know that money is SUN
tight. If 1t is broadly wreathed with Smiles
they know the committee Is flush, ana the
good news travels outward in eVer-wideh-
ing circles till it reaches the newspapers
and then we all hear about II.
Besides there are often moro detailed
leaks of such information meant to be kept
quiet, and sometimes the circumstances
Justify the committee in giving out the
news openly Possibly 1t isn't too much TO
say. though that occasionally news OF this
sort given out by a campaign committee Is
the most unreliable of all.
In the old days small records were MADE
OF the campaign expenditures OF either
party, but of late years there mas peeh
change. II began in 1892. when Cleveland
and Harrison were running against each
other the second time. Possibly II was
brought about by the two candidates, pos
sibly by the officers of the two committees.
At all events the books and vouchers were
managed much more Systematically during
that campaign than ever before, and ever
since then II has been the aim or the com
mittee chairmen of both parties 10 "A'Sl IN
the outgo of the money as closeIy as IL -
watched by any corporation manager in the
conduct OF its business.
The change effected in 1892 was so radi-
cal that there were party WoThefs on oost. 49,
sides who became highly indignant al tue
new order of things. as possibly good busi-
ness. but internally bad political policy:
But there Is small probability that the old
order will ever be resumed.
1t should be understood, however. that
while IL has recently been the rule to keep
close and busness-like records OF campaign
expenditures the records of the contribu-
tions, If kept at all, have never been al
lowed to become known outside a very
small circle by the managers of both par
ties.
What would be the result on the cam
paign funds of the future were Congress
at its session to pass a law providing for
the publica ton of the figures and names,
showing who gives and how much, cannot
be foretold
Evening star., 1905-10-29

st. Francis the angels are girlish figures.
His contemporary Duccio, in his celebrated
Three Marys'' placed at the tombstone of
Christ a guarding lady angel in red stock
ings and white garment.
The first artist who seems to have become
seriously involved in this controversy over
the sex of angels no less master than
Fra Angelica 1860. His angels were
feminine without exception. This criticism
was hurled at him and in his time re-
garded much more serious than at the
present day. 1t was then pointed out that
according to the religious teachings upon
which the monk should have relied angels
must be sexless. Michael Angelo, century
later, painted angels not considered suffi-
ciently celestial and as for those of Leon
ardo da Vinci, critic says ''they almost
grim" which must stigmatize them beyond
hope, for imagine an angel with expression
even approaching that of the Cheshire cat,
one appearing a. though life's tribulatons
and responsibilities might be for gotten?
Corregio and Titan used beautiful children
as models for their angels while Albant,
Guido REM and Caracci employed boys for
this purpose. although history does not ex-
plain In what corner of the earth boys OF
angelic mien We're ever found.
But the angel painter par excellence was
Evening star., 1905-10-29

~ AMPAIGN contributions are not often
discussed eiaborately between presi-
" Dental elections, but the recent
amazingly frank testimony concern
ing the amounts given by their company
in the two last campaigns by two high in
surance officials has set the whole country
buzzing
Yet, save that these officials gave detailed
information. they told nothing that was
not generally known before they went on
the witness stand. No secret has ever been
made that the campaign committees or
both the big parties have been obliged to
spend a mint OF money every four years
in carrying on the campaigns.
Somebody has always had to furnish this
money. and, OF course those who have put
their hands in their pockets to do so have
always contributed TO the party whose sue
cess was nearest their hearts. Besides, the
rich have always given most of 1t. The
poor haven't the money to give.
So generally has the contribution of large
and small sums to presidential campaign
funds been understood that no secret has
been made for years by campaign man
ayers that money gifts would be welcome
at headquarters. Announcements to this
effect have been printed frequently in the
newspapers on behalf OF both parties.
Even the amounts given by certain in
dividuals In response to these published
calls have been furnished to the newspapers
by the campaign committees and pub
lished in the newspapers as political news
Evening star., 1905-10-29

contributions. and that the corporation is
an insurance company.
There is no doubt that parts of the
campaign funds have sometimes been
spent in a corrupt manner, but every one
ION the inside and every one who reads
the newspapers intelligently knows that
the major part of all the money used In
presidential campaigns for years by both
parties has been used in what are properly
termed Legitimate" ways.
1t is only necessary simply to refer to
the enormous cost of the campaign print
ing of modern times. to the expenses of
the monster mass meetings now consid-
cred necessary, to the sums that must be
laid out on the gorgeous banners that
decorate city streets and country roads
Evening star., 1905-10-29

likely TO cheer up those Of the true po-
litical faith.
Thus on June %, 1900, there was printed
in double-leaded type under big scare heads
In the chief newspapers supporting one of
the presidential candidates dispatch set
ting forth that three men who were named
and were prominent citizens in one of the
western states had contributed $50 900
apiece to the campaign fund. Four years
before, the dispatch said, the same three
prominent citizens had contributed $4,000
each to the campaign fund of the opposi-
tion party.
1t has never been supposed to be a secret
worth guarding that the silver interests"
contributed heavily to the Bryan fund, nor
that the financial interests were equally
liberal with their money in behalf of the
Mckinley fund. The only novelty about
the present situation Is that now two cor
poration officials have sworn to making
Evening star., 1905-10-29

alike when the nation is in the throes of
choosing a new President.
Besides, there are the expenses Of can
yassing the country and recanvassing it,
the cost of the literary bureaus" and a
hundred other things devised by ingenious
managers to influence the undecided voter.
All these things cost money, and a lot
of it; somebody must put it up, and If the
disclosures recently made by the insur-
ance officials shall lead to even a partial
stoppage of the practice of campaign Civ
ing, the campaigns in the future will be
far less exciting and interesting than the
campaigns in the past.
Old timers at the political game will tell
you that the use of exceptionally large
sums by the national committees began in
1868. when Grant defeat ted Greeley so over
whelmingly, and that the sums then raised
have been increased enormously with
every presidential campaign since then.
Undoubtedly, a good deal more was spent
by the republicans in those two campaigns
than by the democrats. In 1875, when
Hayes was declared elected over Tifden, a
lot of money was spent on both sides.
Ever since then, as well as before, both
sides have raised as much as they were
able to and the collecting of the campaign
fund once in four years has become fine
art.
Presidential candidates themselves have
rarely been relied upon to furnish any
amount of the campaign money, for the
seldom been men Of large means But
there are said to have been two exceptions
Samuel ]. Tilden. whose campaign fun6
in 1876 was probably a record-breakel
down to that time, is said to have giver
half q million dollars to help persuade the
voters to vote for him, and James G
Blaine is understood to have advanced
100000 near the end of his campaign
eight years later, with the understanding
| that the committee would make it up tt
| him later. Neither of these candidates sa
| In the presidential chair.
| There have been instances of men wei
| known in business and social life, not life
| long politicians, contributing heavily II
| the campaign fund with the reported un
iederstanding that high office was to be tn,
| reward for financial iiberality.
/ Every one who is well Informed as t.
1.-the political gossip of Harrisonss first cam
/ paign remembers the oft-published stor,
| that a contribution of 100000 from a we'll
/ known business man was rewarded by
| cabinet Office.
Many no doubt remember the story tha
! man of great social prominence ant
| much wealth, not specially qualified to b.
q diplomat, gave heavily to the Cleve1an,
| campaign fund In 1892, on promise of re
/ ceiying a post in the diplomatic service
This man was actually appointed ministe
to Italy and confirmed by the Senate. blu
\ owing to the adverse comment he decline,
| to serve in fit of modification and rage
1 IyndoaahteiIv the big Conversations haV
Evening star., 1905-10-29

often contributed to presidential campaign
funds. but, while the committees have NOT
hesitated from time to time to pupilsh the
names of individual givers, they nave rareiS
or never exploited the gifts of corporations.
IT has even been asserted and without
much show of contradiction, that certain
corporations have contributed equaiiy 70
both parties in certain campaigns ana ina.
the campaign managers on both sides nave
known all about It, This assertion Will
hardly be verified unless testimony thereon
is forced from some reluctant corporaloii
officials. In view of the excitement caused
by the frank testimony of Messrs. Perkins
and Mccall. 1t Is doubtful whether such
duplex contributions, II ever made, are
likely ever to be acknowledged
That some corporations interested In To-
cal franchises have made 1t practice TO
contribute freely to local campaigns has
been admitted pretty freely now and then
by men connected with the corporations
These contributions have almost always
been made to the party in power, and like
ly to remain so, whichever 1t might be, be-
cause it alone could give rewards for the
contributions.
The bulk of the contributions are prob
ably made in big lump sums, but every old
campaign manager could tell many inter-
esting stories of small contributions made
by persons of moderate, often slender,
means.
There was an extraordinary number OF
such contributions in 1895 and 1900 on both
sides. This was because there were more
waEe-earnerS and men doing business IN a
small way than usual, both republicans and
democrats. who felt that their individual
future wellbeing depended upon the result
of the election.
There were plenty of free silver voters
| who thought ruin would come to them and
| theirs IL the hated gold bugs" should pre-
| vail There We're ''hard money" working
| men and others in numbers who saw only
| disaster ahead il the "16 to T. ratio should
prevail.
Some of the letters accompanying cam
| paign gifts sent by contributors of these
! classes to both political headquarters were
| "human documents of the greatest inter-
est. One such letter, inclosing $40 bill,
| sent by widow, told how she had econo-
/ mized to save the money, which she said
| she believed 1t her bounden duty to con-
/ tribute.
| Had she been a man, she explained. she
would have been satisfied that her duty
would be performed by voting; as she
/ couldn't vote, she felt she must give her
| money to help along the party whose pos
| sible defeat she was afraid. would make II
| ha arder than ever to earn her daily bread.
This letter was addressed to the COM
nittee chairman personally in such a way
| that ii fell into his hands. It gave the
! name and address OF the sender, and the
1 committee chairman promptly sent the $1t
back to her. with a letter saying that the
lcommittee. despite its published appeals to'
Evening star., 1905-10-29

After gathering data from different sources
the theologians of the middle ages classified
all good angels in three hierarchies, rank
Ing between the Trinity and the Evangel-
lists. The first included the seraphim fmme-
diately surrounding the throne of God; the
cherubim assigned to special duties and the
thrones sustaining the seat of the AL
mighty The second hierarchy consisted of
dominions, virtues and powers, all of whom
governed the elements and stars. The third
hierarchy contained princedoms, who pro-
tected earthly monarchies. and archangels
and angels, the only agents of God dealing
directly with humanity. Each of these hier-
arches was subdivided into nine choirs, fur
nishing celestial music.
Each class had it's own characteristics
Seraphim and cherubim were mere heads,
with from one to three pairs of wings.
In early Christian art their faces were
mature and thoughtful, but later became
chldlike and innocent, and still later de-
generated, according to critic, into ap-
surd little baby heads" The remaining
categories were whole human forms, dis
tinguished by their apparel, insignia. etc
and this question Of apparel is especlaiiy
Evening star., 1905-10-29

Many Of the political war horses of both
parties have been famous for their skill as
campaign fund collectors. The late Sena-
tor Hanna, on the one side, and the late
Roswell P. Flower on the other, were con-
spicuous in that way. Cornelius n. Bliss
has had more to do with the collection of
republican funds of late years than any
member of his party now living.
The late Zack Chandler, whose name even
is hardly known to the younger generation
of voters, was the most famous of the early
campaign collectors for the republicans,
and during the days of his political activity
the late William C. Whitney was veritabie
sheet anchor for the democratic ship when
1t came to raising money.
Though every campaign manager aims 70
keep his plans profoundly secret. especially
those for collecting money, the departure
of an expert campaign collector In searcn
of .'the dough- is generally known to one
or two trusted employees, who leak the news
to two or three intimate friends, through
whom 1t leaks a little further, and SO on
often till the newspapers get IL ana then
the world is let into the secret.
During all his absence there Is intense ex-
pectation at headquarters. Even the mes
sengers get to worrying about 1t. Then,
one day. the collector returns. He is clos
eted a long time with the chairman or
treasurer. the door to the inner Sancfum
being closed to everybody. When the coll
lector leaves. the folks about headquarters
Evening star., 1905-10-29
Copyright. 1908, by John Elfreth Watkins)
NEW YORK. October, 1905


18th maIlet and chisel applied with
"A IA vandal hand to two nine-foot
wv angels modelled for the Cathedral
OF St. John the Divine the i'm
passioned sculptor. Mothe-Borglum.
has opened up the most spirited theolog-
ical problem of the year.
Are angels masculine, feminine or neuter?
This and simply this, is the vexed prob
lem about which the vortex of the storm
OF discussion Is revolving with vigorous
explosions of air highly heated
This MotheBorglum stamped his angels
with the pity. sweetness, gentleness and
spiritual beauty OF woman. but, as he
claims, without those adjuncts Of rotundity
essentially feminine. In other words. they
were ladies somewhat slab-sided and who,
II posted within the cathedral doors, with
heads turned over their shoulders, might
have been accused of making either their
exists or their entrances; no one would
have known which, All went well with
the hyphenated sculptor until IL befell that
a visiting dominic should intrude upon him,
branding his precious angels as women and
seeing in them nothing but SEX. The IN
terlQping shepherd. whose flock was not OF
the diocese, confded his shocked feelings
forthwith to the powers that were. Rev
erend heads were put together, and the
opinion went out to the world that all
angels of the Lord are males. Thereupon
Mothe- -Borglum. growing very hot under
the collar. girded up his loins. swung his
mallet high in the air and smote right and
left until there fell over the gorgeous ap-
pointments of the Cathedral of st. John a
heavy snowstorm of plaster paris.
Evening star., 1905-10-29

Thus was plucked open an old wound
which had healed centuries ago Indeed,
this question Of angels-not only as to their
sex, but their vestment and minutest char
acteristics-became a vexed one as soon as
geniuses with chisel and brush commenced
to portray the heavenly host. Until the
third century after Christ the predecessors
of Mothe- -Borglum had no chance of becom-
ing involved In the discussion, sculptures
and even pictures OF angels were forbidden
by the dignitaries of the church.
BY the time the fifth century had rolled
around. however crude forms representing
angels, but presenting aspects anything but
angelic, appeared in the Illuminated manu-
scripts and mosaics of the church. and these
grotesque figures were produced until the
tenth century. But not until the beginning
OF the Italian renaissance did any artist
approach the Ideal angel, and even until
then these forms were entirely feminine.
This first successful painter of the divine
messenger was Giotto. in whose Death of
Evening star., 1905-10-29

funds, had already been amply supplied
with cash.
The republican party has one advantage
over the democratic party with regard TO
campaign fund collection, in having the
American Protective Tariff League for an
ally.
This organization has many members
scattered throughout the country. and they
contribute regularly. year In and year out,
when there is no campaign. as well as when
there is, In the form of dues. Besides, the
league systematically solicits political
funds year In and year out without a
break, and its records show that considera-
bly, more than a million dollars has been
raised through its instrumentality in the
last few years.
The leagues scheme of continuous colec-
ton of campaign funds is one of the most
perfectly organized political machines in ex-
istence and while the aggregate returns
have amounted to only fraction of the
total republican campaign moneys, the fact
that 1t is available on "off years" and so
may be used to keep It's propaganda going
continuously gives il value all Its own.
For some years the Reform Club, working
in harmony with the democratic party,
essayed to carry similar work, but its
organization seemed less effective and that
branch of It's activities has long been aban-
doned.
Evening star., 1905-10-29
Accounted For.

From the Chicago News.
.sThIs milk looks rather blue" said the
suspicious female.
"Yes. ma am" rejoined the milkman. II
just bought new cow that was bred In
the bluegrass section Of Keotuahy.
Evening star., 1905-10-29
Sherlock the Second.

From the Chicago News.
Detective-"If your statement Is true.
your clothesline was robbed by tramps-"
Urbanite-"How do you figure that out?"
Detective-"Didn't you say they took
everything but the towels?
Evening star., 1905-10-29

Unity of apparel would be somewhat of an
artistic innovation.
Although Raphael and few others
painted some wingless angels wings have
been almost invariable appendages OF this
heavenly host. The wing as a symbol of
divinity was employed in NEUROLOGICAL fig
ures by the ancient Egyptian and Babylo-
man sculptors milleniums- before Chris
tfan art developed. The earliest biblical
mention of angels with wings was after the
departure OF the Israelites from Egypt.
Isaiah gives warrant for six wings per
angel, and in Ezekiel ii is stated that the
wings of those heavenly beings stretched
upward when they flew; but that when
they stood they let down their wings" And
Daniel averred that angels had wings like
fowl" Christ was sometimes represented
with wings by the Greek painters as were
the eyangelists by others. Early painters
gave their angels wings so large that when
at rest they dropped from the shoulder TO
the ground and their long slender feathers
were sometimes eyed like those Of the pea
cock, spotted with gold like the pleas
ants breast, and gorgeously tinted with
of Oreagna, the Florentine painter of the
fourteenth century, We find angels whose
bodies terminate in delicate wings instead
of limbs, and Raphael in one of his Vat-
can frescoes terminates the wings well
as the hair and limbs of his angels in glow
ing flames. But as art became more mod
ern painters of angels dwelt less upon the
wings, and Ruskin has attributed this to
the advance of modern science proving, as
1t has, that a wing cannot be anatomically
jointed to a shoulder. So, then. angels.
even IL sexless, must conform, after all, TO
mundane standards Of anatomy.
Evening star., 1905-10-29

neuter-that was as far as they could get.
But art, answering theology, points out
that according TO Donatello the Archangel
Gabriel was woman. Mothe- Borglum
says: THE statement that the Angel Ga
briel was a man and that a was sent
to announce to the Virgin Mary that she
should bear the child Jesus is absolutely
gross" But all of the seven archangels
are adorned with names accepted as mas
culine-Michael Gabriel, Raphael, Muriel
Chamuel. Jophiel and Zadkiel.
Evening star., 1905-10-29

Before getting deeper into the discus
sion we must brush up our knowledge of
angels and their various classes duties, etc.
In the Bible, although angels mentioned
from the time of the placing of the cheru-
BIN at the east Of the Garden of Eden to
the worship of the angel by ST. John, this
classification is not made clear. St. Paul,
however after visiting the seventh heaven
is alleged to have confded his adventures
to Dionysius, who stated that of all angels
the seraphim had first rank. After the
captivity evil angels appear in Holy Writ
and as early as the fourth century the
Christian Church had developed profound
belief in them as well as in good angels.
Evening star., 1905-10-29

But the vexed problem as to the sex OF
angels properly belongs to the Woman's
Suffrage Association. which. no doubt will
petition Congress on the subject. 1t is small
wonder, indeed, that early Christians placed
the woman angel under the ban before
women officially possessed souls and when
they were stigmatized as the sufferers for
the sins of Eve. Still echoing in their ears
were the discourses OF Pau, condemnlng
them to silence But in these progressive
DAYS things are different Yet, after all.
would women angels appeal to the aesthetic
taste of the highly enlightened any more
than would nice. dapper gentlemen anse!s
with frizzly whfskers and waxed mustachi-
os? Was not the opinion loudly proclaimed
at the recent national convention OF dane
ing masters that the male is the more
graceful human animal by far? And only
this week there comes the Intelligence from
our guest. Prof Miller of the University OF
Berlin that the bite of a pretty girl IS
more poisonous than a serpents sting. But
of course, pretty girls wouldn't bite. II per-
mItted TO be real legitimate angels.
JOHN ELFRETH WATKINS.
Evening star., 1905-10-29

Raphael, namesake of the great archangel
himself-or itself. Raphaels angels were
"sexless. spiritual, graceful We are told.
His Archangel Michael, whom he depicted
in Buster Brown socks, might be either an
overgrown effeminate boy or an Amazon;
so 1t serves its purpose admirably as a sex
less angel, and doubtless is the ideal of the
Rev Dr.W. r. Huntingdon, rector of Grace
Church, who says: Il think III sacred art
face and form never indicate either male or
female" Then came to the fore Rev. DR..
John P. Peters calling attention to the fact
that all of the angels Of the Bible have
masculine names.
''All angels are said to be masculine. They
are represented as having human forms or
faces, young, beautiful. perfect, with an
expression of other worldllness," says
Clara Erskine Clement, in one of her works
on art.
The now fallen angels which caused all
of this hubbub at the Cathedral of st.
John were the Angel of the Annunciation"
and the Angel of the Resurrection" The
theologans have given their verdict that the
Archangel Gabriel played both of these
roles and that Gabriel is either masculine or