Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1905-12-10
RUSSIA POLAND.

Parma and Guas;alaa, but consented to the
peace of Vienna. 173S. recognized August
| III. Stanislas was given the duchies OF
Lorraine and Bar, which at his death
should revert to France.
Disorders increased in Poland. The Con-
federation Of Bar, 176S directed against
Russia eliminated in 1772 In the first parti-
tlon of Poland between Russia. Prussia and
Austria. The civil war of 1892 furnished
Russia pretext for "a new Intervention;
deceived by Prussia, Poland was subjected
to second ACKNOWLEDGMENT QT93), in spite
of the patriotic efforts of brave Kescfuszko.
Prussia took Varsovia, Austria took era
covia and Russia took the rest.
A third and last partition between Aus
tria, Prussia and Russia blotted Poland
from the map as nation and without any
justification for the spoliation.
The treaty of Tiisltt $500 gave inde-
pendence to a small portion of Poland,
which was detached from Prussia and cre-
ated into the Dutchy of Varsovia, under
the sovereignty of Frederic-August. King
OF Saxony; but the treaties of 1878 reunited
the Duchy of Russia, which conceded some
liberty to Poland. The new state revolted
in 1880, but. Notwithstanding the successes
of Chlopicki, the glorious combats of Gro
chou, of Os5iolenka, etc. the Russians en-
tered Varsovia, wehere. the minister of
foreign affairs reporting the fact to the
chamber used the phrase. became provefb-
ial: Order reigns in Varsovia'' name
which for some inexpicable reason the
English have converted into WarsawD
Henceforth Poland was nothing more than
a Russian province.
In 1853 new revolt occurred. but was
severely repressed. Since then the Gen
manzatio and classification of Poland
have continued uninterruptedly.
Poland has produced rich literature in
poetry and prose, specially distinguished by
such names as KrasZewski and SieIlkiewicz,
whose Quo Vadis has given him universal
reputation. Sowinski is the author of a
hymn dear to all Polish patriots, La
Pologne existe toujours-Polonafs aux
nj. 1txrna Intn ~
armsr'
The relative autonomy which the present
events are about to procure for Russian
Poland cannot fail to be re-
Germany,s garded with interest by Ger
Tnterest many. 1t has been found
e. difficult, If not impossible, to
Germanize the three million Poles In the
eastern provinces Oppression has been
exercised on the church, Introduction to sell
lands to Poles, even TO those classed as
Prussian subjects; the existence of a colonl-
zation fund to purchase Polish lands in or
der to distribute them to German peasants
Nothing has yet awaited to conquer race
very prolific and very prou.. of its nation
atty. On the contrary, the Germans re-
mark with CONSERVATION that the Germans
living among the Poles are absorbed by the
latter. who resist successfully the Ger
manic influence
If the Russian empire. re-establshed,
should adopt a liberal and generous policy
toward Poland, the Poles of Prussia will
find encouragement in the changed features
of their race in Russia, numbering perhaps
seven or eight millions. This fact certain
1y causes no little disquiet at Berlin.
1T is charged, indeed that Count Witte
Is moving less quickly in Poland than In
Finland with perfect understanding With
the Poles that the susceptibiities of Ger
mot ha f.
ford a protest for German interference
This is the reason for the comparative
tranquility which reigns in Poland. There
Is yet another. The peasants of western
Russia, who compose in great part the
hope of the conservatives-the counter
revolutionists-these preserve the legends
and traditions which hold that the Pole
Is the future conqueror and that he Is an
element to be conciliated and protected.
The Pole then may look to the future
with hope What is passing In Russia is
in reality working good Tor him. Besides
the industrial interests of Poland are
and IT Is difficult to understand how they
could be severed without creating great
distress in both countries. This fact of
itself is sufficient to explain the present
pacifica ton of Poland.
Any mention of Poland merits large
place for that great patriot who was both
Pole and American. Thaddeus KosciusZko
was born at ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in 1746 and
died at Soleure, near Novogrudek. in Lith-
uania in 1917. He was cadet at the mill
tary academy at Varsovia, at Versailles and
at Brest, and resided in Paris, 1772 It is
said that he loved the daughter of Sos
nowskf, marshal of Lithuania, an unre-
quilted affection, which proves the French
adage that military men are successful In
war but very unsuccessful in love affairs"
Armed with letters from Benjamin Frank
I'm, ,c,Iyp III CJN4o rna
the commission of colonel in
koscluszko the American army October
in America Is, 1776, and was attached to
the army of Gen. Gates then
operating in northern New York. He
planned the taking of Bemis Heights, near
Saratoga, was chief engineer of the forts
constructed at West Point. and adjutant
to Gen. Washington. In 1850 he served
with Gen. Greene'S army In the south.
Kosciuszko received the thanks of Con-
gress. the brevet Of brigadier general and
was made member Of the Society of Gin
cinnati.
Kosciuszbo returned to Poland I'm 1892
and led 4,0o0 Poles against 10000 Russians.
defeating the latter after sanguinary
struggle. Victorious at Wraclawiee, the
country rose In body. But the Prussians
Joined the Russians and koseiuszko's ge-
MUS and energy could avail nothing
against the coalition. Kosciuszko was left
1t was during that battle that he was re-
ported to have pronounced the familiar
cry of despair, FINS Poloniae;" but Kos
ciuszko subsequently declared 1t to be a
"blasphenly'
Held prisoner until after the accession
of Emperor Paul, that monarch liberated
him In 1TD6. gave him an estate with 1bOO
peasants and restored to him his sword,
Kosciuszko declined to accept the sword,
saying. II have no need of sword, having
no longer country" He subsequently
surrendered the estate and sent back the
money received from the emperor
On the occasion of visit to the United
States in 1897 he received a pension of
10000 and grant of land but returned
to Europe after the passage of the alien
act by Congress. and spent the remainder
of his Hfe in France
koscfuszko trusted in vain the promise
of Napoleon and later those of Alexander
In 1914. He visited Vienna to make a last
Intellectual effort in favor OF Poland. His
remains repose at Cracovie In the crypt
which enclose also those OF Sobieski and o
Poniatowskf. The Poles have erected q
monument to his memory, near one of the
gates or CTacovie, mound after the man
ner of the ancient Sarmates.
CHAILLE-LONG.