The Dolores star., 1905-08-18
TREATlES TuAT uAvE
MADE HISTORY m
TuE LAST CENTURY

Gus Comm1tte0 OF to0 a8nt foWef
Austria. England. France. Prussia.
Russia, 6pain. Portugal and Sweden
met at Vienna under the presidency Of
Pronce Netternich to draw mp treaty
which was to be henceforth the writ
ten law of Europe. The necessity for
such treaty was pressing. The mo
ment seemed propitious. In the law
less grasp of Napoleon Bonaparte
Europe had become conglcmeration
Of states without nxed boundaries or
acknowledged rights to political ex-
istence. The old landmarks had been
swept away. the balance Of power des-
troyed, strong state had become
weak, weak states had become strong.
The armies Of Russia won In occupa-
tion of Poland. Austrian troops held
all Of Italy except Naples. English
and Swedish troops held Holland and
belgium. English and Portuguese
troops held . large portion Of Spain.
the Prussian troops held Saxony, the
troops Of wurtemberg and Baden
held the Rhine provinces. At length
the hand which had wrought all this
confusion was. believed to have been
effectually paralyxed. The sooner the
normal state Of things could be re-
stored the better. Such was the train
Of ideas which led up to the Congress-
Of Vienna.
It was Poland that formed the first
stumbling block in the way of con-
cord among the Powers. That unfor-
tunate country had been torn into
three fragments in 1772 and divided
between Austria, Germany and Rus
sia, the latter having the lions share.
Russia was now in martial possession
Of the entire country. It was the chiv-
alric dream Of the Russian Emperor
Alexander l. to repair the partition
and to replace the Poles in their con-
dillon ~ = free and constitutional
Kingdom under Russian suxerainty.
But all the other Powers objected to
the proposal. Their combined weight
won. Finally , compromise was ar
rived at. It was agreed that . por-
tion Of the Duchy Of warsaw should
be divided between Austria and Prus-
sia, and the remaining portion, save
Cracow, which was to be . free city,
receiving . constitution. and being
united to the Russian crown as the
kingdom Of Poland. Thus the sane
tion Of great European treaty was
given to great European wrong.
The Italian question might have be-
come the subject OF prolonged dis
cussion but for hostile movement
made BY Murat, then King Of the two
sicilies. This simplifed matters.
Naples. with Sicily. was delivered over
- tho house Of Bourbon. Austria re-
tained al her prosecutions In Italy but
Piedmont and Genoa, which. with Sar-
dinia, were given over to the house OF
Savoy, while Tuscany and other north
esn PROVINCES were distributed among
petty princes, dependent, some upon
Austria. some upon the house Of Aus
txia. It took 18ss-1ss0 and the CON-
bined efforts Of Napoleon III, Charles
Albert and Qar1baldi to begin the
Fighting Of this third wrong.
With Switzerland the conference
was moro successful. An agreement
between the Swiss deputies and the
plenipotentiaries ut Vienna establish-
"a confederatieN oe TWENTY-FIVE can
tons. and their sstAtlve strength and
influence were 20 constituted 6s to
secure the preponderance to the party
which adhered to the old customs and
form Of government.
The negotiations on the subject Of
Germany were equally amicable. All
the German states were united into q
confederation. whose capital, Frank.
fort, WAS made : free city. In this
arrangement England. BY her coansc.
ton With Hanover, and Russia. BY
her tnhuence with the petty German
princes. took = prominent part.
The treaty of Berlin was concluded
| II ls7S. between Great Britain. Ger
many. Austria, France. Italy, Russia,
and Turkey for the settlement Of ~.
faifs in tho East after the war be-.
tween Turkey and Russia. Its chief
| provisions were that Bulgaria should
b. an autonomous and tributary pfin-
cipality under the suxerainty 0e the
Sultan to BE- ruled by Chfistian gov.
ornmenk and that Eastern Roumania
should remain under the dirsct MN.
tary and political authority oe the
tsar: Bosnia and Hsrseeovina were
e b occupied ara administered by
|AustfiarHunenry. The undergraduates
of aervia, Roumania and lGontenegru
we're recoenased. and portions e Al.
menia were eeded t. Rnssia.
Lord Beaconsneld mads his greatest
diplomatic hit at the Berlin Confsr-
tooo He alvaya aAarHnnS1a ~ -.
arses a HnglasA. md the combina1ion
g dignity and powse wlich nnaslnsd
~ - sty,e = spe61ne seans u