Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1904-12-26
The NOBEL PRIZES
Awards Made by the Insti-
tutes of Stockholm.
OPEN TO ALL NATIONS
NO AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONS
HAVE NOMINATED CANDIDATES.
Immigration to the Philippines In
creasing- stricter Press Censorship
In Turkey-Pension Rolls.
OPEN TO ALL NATIONS
BY WIN. E. CURTIS.

delphia on the 18th Of December, to APP
point committee or arrange in some other
way to get into communication with the
Nobel Institutes at Stockholm, in order
that the scientific men Of the United States
may have an opportunity to compete for
the prizes offered by the late Mr.. Nobel for
distinguished achievements. Thus far no
American has been considered in connection
with the awards and none can be in the
future unless action is taken by some
learned society In this country.
Mr.. Nobel was the inventor Of dynamite.
and the first man to manufacture smoke
less powder. He claimed to have invented
it. and engaged in a long litigation to as
sert his rights; but the courts decided that
the first smokeless powder was produced
by a French chemist named Vielfe. several
years before Mr.. Nobel asked for patents.
He was. however, the largest manufacturer
in the world Of powder and other explo-
sives and employed 1900 men in his shops
and laboratories. He was also extensively
engaged in refining petroleum in Russ!d,
and employed an equal number of men in
his ref1neries at Baku. When he died he
left the greater part Of his estate, amount
ing to several millions of dollars, as per-
petual public trust, the interest to be used
for the promotion of science and the peace
of the world. It was curious anomaly
that this man who made his fortune In
manufacturing explosives and munitions OF
war should devote SO large part OF it to
reward people for preventing war.
The Five Institutes.
His scheme is novel and unique. He pro-
vided for the establishment of five insti-
tutes at Stockholm representing as many
different fields of activity-physical science,
chemistry. medicine and surgery, literature
and humanity-or the cause of peace.
Each institute has it's own building. IL
brary and faculty in Stockholm. The men,
bers of the faculties may be Swedes or
foreigners. but they must be scientists of
unquestioned ability and devote their en-
tire time and talents to the duties Of their
positions which are to develop and apply.
for the benefit of mankind, in some prac-
teal manner the discoveries or inventions
for which the prizes are awarded. Their
salaries are insignificant, from the Amerf-
can standpoint, being only 5000 year:
but from the standpoint of the frugal
Swede that amount is sufficient The King
of Sweden Is the nominal president of all
the Institutes. DR.. Bostrom, formerly
prime minister, is the director general.
with a salary Of $500 a year, and R.
Sohlman and R. Liljequist two engineers
who were associated with Mr.. Nobel during
his lifetime, have control of the financial
affairs Of the estate. which amounts to
about s., 600, 600 invested in longtime. low
interest national bonds Of Sweden, Norway,
Germany and other European countries,
producing an annual income Of about $780,
ooo. From this amount the expenses of
the hve institutes are paid annually, what
ever they may be, and the residue, which
has been about 500, 600 annually during
the last two years, Is divided into five
equal parts and awarded as prizes to such
persons as may be considered to have
made the most important discoveries in
physical science. chemistry and medicine:
who have produced the most valuable lit
erary WORK, or have performed the most
useful service in promoting peace among
their fellow men.
Prizes Awarded Twice.
The prizes have been awarded twice. on
the 10th of December (the anniversary of
Mr.. Nobei's DEATH, 1903 and 1904. and
have amounted to between $4,000 and $40
wv each. The full amount may be award
ed to single competitor in each class. as
mas been done In every case thus far but
one, or the juries of award may divide the
money into two or more parts. according tn
lnelr Judgment, as was done this wear
"hen the literary prize was divided he
tWeeh Mlstral: a French poet and Eche-
garay, a Spanish dramatist
All, Inc literary prize is awarded by the swe-
oish Academy, composed of eighteen i'm.
mortals, all citizens of Sweden
Inc prizes In physics and chemistry ara
awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sci
ing several foreigners but no Americans
me prize In medicine is given by the fac
uity in the Stockholm Medical College
Inc peace prize is awarded by the parlia-
thent OF Norway, because that body claims
to have been the first to propose the settle
ment of international controversy by arbi-
tration. The selection is made by a com
mttee of five. appointed by ballot.
Americans Left Out.
Mr.. Nobel stipulated in his will that all
contests should be open to the citizens Of
all nations. and that the prizes should be
awarded to the most deserving, regardless
of their nationalities, but under the rules
Of competition personal applications will
not be received. Candidates must be pro-
posed by national international or state
associations, by the faculties Of UNIVERSE
ties of recognized standing, by fnterna-
tional bar associations or other organiza-
lions, which shall formally indorse the
claims Of those they may present, and thus
relieve the juries from much investigation
and inquiry.
During the two contests that have been
made thus far no American association or
university has nominated candidate, al
though they might have done so, and
doubtless there have been as many scien-
tifc achievements in the United States
during that period as in any other nation.
Nominations will be received up to the LIST
Of July for the prizes Of 1908, but 1t will
be necessary for associations or universe
communication with DR.. Bostrom, the d.
rector general. and ascertain the cond1-
lions. regulations and formalities attend
Ing the contest.
immigration to Philippines
During the last fiscal year ending June ~,
1904, there arrived at the Philippine ports
q ,988 immigrants. an increase Of 1883 from
the previous year. OF these 13,151 were
American. 9.O0S Chinese. 2,77O Japanese. 80
English, 68S Spaniards and others from
various nations. OF those who went from
the United States 467 had passed the civil
service examination and had been appointed
to official positions under the insular gov
eminent: $50 were teachers, LOT were en-
gineers, 40 were stenographers and Is were
telegraph operators; II were third Heuten-
ants in the constabulary. two were judges
and the others are now serving In various
official positions. Among the immigrants
In private life were 80 physicians. ~ clergy
men, 80 lawyers. 1855 merchants. 4O6 clerks
and accountants. 50 sailors. 10 miners and
representatives OF every trade and occupa-
ton you could think of.
It Is expected that immigration will
double during the coming year. because Of
the sratlroad commercial ard manufactur-
ing enterprises that will be undertaken.
II the bill now pending In Congress be-
comes law an enormous amount ct money
win be expended In public works. and there