The daily morning journal and courier., 1904-07-23
CHANGES IN THE MAP.
FEY COUNTRIES IN EUROPE MAINTAINoRIGINAL BOUNDARY

tain, Norway, Spain and Switzerland
 the same-Germany, Italy and Tur-
 key Rejuvenated.
 The events of the past hundred years or so have wrought many important changes in the map of Europe and have resulted in the fighting of some wrongs and perhaps in the perpetration of others whose full effects are not yet felt. The history of the centuries be- fore it, history of struggles, story of aggrandizement, the clashing of con fiieting interests, is always worthy of study. says the Chicago Chronicle.
 Take the map of one hundred years ago and the map of to-day, put them side by side. and one is struck by the esrnall number of countries that have escaped change. Great Britain, Spain, Switzerland and Norway remain col ored ts they were one hundred years ago; all else have assumed different outline of a different color. Some states have. disappeared, others amal- samated, and some have sprung up that were hardly dreamed of before. Right in the center of the map, where was the confederation of the Rhine and Prussia and Silesia in a different tint to the north, all covered yellow, is now a multiplicity of tints. We have pur- pie tinted German empire, sea-green Austria-H Hungary. The pink hue of France in the earlier map spreads northward over Belgium and the Meth eriands and southeastword over Italy. On the other hand, the yellow tint over Russia has overspread the Duchy of Warsaw, figured in deep orange a cen- tury ago, and Turkey, which seemed totterins to her fall when last century was young, though still existing, is much attenuated, for in the northeast corner there are the separate states of Sarvia, Roumania and Bulgaria.
 These kaleidoscope changes have each its individual story--a story that has it's ran1ance and it's pathos and we trace them back, most of them, to the French revolution. which was respon- sible for more changes in the map of Europe than any other event of modern times, Before this occurrence Poland had been absorbed by Russia, Prussia had risen to greatness, Sweden had fal- len from her temporary hegemony in northern Europe. the Spanish Nether- lands had belonged since 171S to the house of Austria. and the French Bour- bons held parts of Italy.
 With the French Revolution began that series of changes by which Napo- leon extended his empire all over Ger many west os the Rhine. over large areas in northern Germany, embracing the Netherlands and most of Italy, part bsing incorporated with the empire and part. being held by himself as King of Italy, while his brother was King of Spain and his brother-in-law was King of Naples. It was a wonderful piece of aggrandizement This aggrandizement was, however, not destined to survive When Nemesis overlook Napoleon France shrank to her original dimen- sions, the minor German princes con federated, with Austria at their head; Italy was parceIed out into principali- ties Austria taking the Venetian do- minions, and the Netherlands becom ing again a kingdom, though afterward split up into Holland and Belgium
 The most important change of all has been that in Germany which, from be- ing "a mere geographical expression,n applied to a number of German speak ing states, obtained in 1871 that unity which lhas been the dream of ages. When Napoleon overthrow the Holy Roman empire in 1906 there grew up considerations which oscilated toward and were dominated in turn by Prus- sia on the one hand and Austria on the other Midway in the century it seemed as though German empire would be achieved in connection with Prussia, but Frederick ", in a half hearted way, refused the imperial crown. and through the irritation of Austria against her exclusion from the. confederation the scheme was delayed for a couple of decades. It was not un- til the Italians were victorious under, Cavour that the movement obtained a fresh impetus, and when Prussia had beaten Austria at the battle of Konig- Rratz, the great northern federation was formed, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and the Danish duchies being joined to Prussia, and Austria being kept out d. together. The south German states also formed confederation, in alliance with the north, and five years later the King Of Prussia was proclaimed empe- TOT of a united Germany in the Hall of lairrors at Versailles.
 Next to the founding of the German empire ranks the unification Of Italy. When Napoleon's power was upset the map of Italy showed a Kingdom of Sar- dtaia, a. Kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, with various independent duch- ies, afd Austria saving large hold ing in the fertile regions of the north. The first movement came from the Emperor of Austria, who caused him. self to be crowned at Milan as King of Iiombardy and Venice, but Austria be- coming temporarily paralyzed by an in- surrection in Vienna and Hungary's claim for Independence, a movement for the unificationaof Italy commenced.
 Ma5zini infiamed the national feeling against Austria, and when an if1surrec- tiofl broke out in Milan the King of Sardinia declared was against Austria I and Radetsky, the Austrian general had to retreat. But the sanguinary struggle thus begun ended in favor of Austria, and TOT ten years. during which Austria dominated the whole of Italy. no further movement was under- taken. The Cavour came upon the