davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

will occupy a moving turntable I'm the
center of the building.
Two buildings Of fourteen acres each
are given up to manufactures. The
United States government has an Inn
posing palace on a hillside. Ii is SOC
feet long and is filled with departmental
exhibits. A half section of a man Of
war Is one of the many fsatures. The
government Indian exhibit and fish
cries exhibit occupy other buildings.
Many acres are occupied with outdoor
exhibits.
Fifty nations OF the world and fifty
states and territories of the United
States are active participants in the
great exposition. Magnificent build
ings on every hand give outward ex-
preston OF their presence. and i'm many
palaces are the displays of natural and
manufactured products from lands far
and near.
II but mildly tells the story when one
says the Pike is more than a mile long,
for in that measured length are i'm
measurable possibilities for pleasure of
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

| ing things are everywhere, but the
power plant is a marvellous thing IL we
but study its details. The palace is
1000 feet long. equal to three or four
city blocks. and 500 feet wide. II COW
ers ten acres. The power generators
are I'm the western part of the building
and receive their steam from a huge
boiler plant in another great building
nearby. These engines require the
equivalent OF 400 tons of coal per day to
supply the steam.
The public has never seen a steam
turbine, the dream of mechanicians
since the first application OF the force
OF steam.
The dream has come true. Thought
and experiment have won at last the
success that mas baffied many an in
ventor now dead.
So recent is the invention OF the
successful steam turbine that no expo
sition has before offered an opportunity
for it's public display.
At the Worlds Fair I'm st. Louis we
shall see, not one. but three. types Of
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

I These disks alternate with fixed diska
attached to the inner surface OF the
| cylinder I'm which the parts revolve.
| The steam is admitted through a Sc
ries of expanding nozzles around the
entire circumference of the revolving
| disks.
| The entire outer edge of each disk
is made up of concave blades or pad
dies. The steam is admitted obliquely
i'm the direction which the disks are in
| tended TO turn. The force of the steam
at its tremendous velocity thus strikes
the blades throughout the circumfer-
| ence of the wheel. Resistance throws
| the steam from the first set of concave
| blades back against the second set of
| reversed but fixed concave blades.
From this set of fixed blades il is again
DETECTED forward against moving
blades, zigzagging its way through to
the end of the series until il is finally
released into a vacuum, where IL is
condensed.
There may be as many blade disks
as necessary to use almost the entire
efficiency of the steam. AS no oil en-
ters the steam chamber the condensed
steam Is i'm condition to be returned
Immediately to the boiler.
The noteworthy advantages claimed
FOR the turbine engine over the recip-
rocating type are I'm the fewer parts,
the absence of vibration. the less like
lihood of breakage. the lighter founda-
tions. the need of less floor space and
the far greater economy of construc-
ton and material. A reciprocating en-
gine is claimed to be eight times heav-
Ter than the new type of turbine OF the
same power.
Engineers tell us we are on the eve
OF tremendous revolution I'm the use of
steam power. IL has been estimated
that large users of steam power may
with economy throw away their pres
ent equipment and install the steam
turbines. in three years saving in cost
of fuel and attendance the entire ex-
pense OF the change.
III such promises hold good IL Is not
that we shall see a revival of
river commerce made possible by the
greater speed and economy in the opera
tion of river boats. The statement may
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

parts the movement Co the cylinders
fixed upon the shaft. The turbine en-
gines take but little space as COM
pared with ordinary engines. and the
noise is like that OF a rapid running
dynamo. The absence OF the unpleas-
ant vibrations common TO steamers
once noticeable. The Parsons turbine
exhibited at the Worlds Fair is a 5000
horsepower engine and was made at
Pittsburg.
In the Curtis turbine the inventor
has profited by the experience of his
predecessors. The first patent by Mr..
Curtis for the protection OF his ideas
I'm the construction OF the steam turbine
was issued nine years ago--in 1896.
The development has been going on
since that time.
The engine for the Worlds Fair pow
er plant is an 5000 horsepower tur-
bine, with an electric generator direct
attached. the most powerful engine ever
built for any purpose, and is guaranteed
TO deliver as high as 10000 horsepower.
or the equivalent OF the entire amount
OF power used at the Columbian expo
sition at Chicago ten years ago.
The construction OF the Curtis tur-
bine is in some respects similar To that
of the Parsons, with the very impor-
tant difference that the inventor has
vastly enlarged the diameter OF the re-
volving parts. The revolving mechan-
ism OF the Curtis engine consists of a
series of disks strung upon shaft
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30


| tion Of the tremendous velocity o.
steam as il escapes from the boiler. i
is all so easy to see now since som,
keener vision has discovered IL that w,
| must all, mechanics or what not, fee
half ashamed of ourselves for not dolnt
the trick when our tiny lives flowed il
the blood of our ancestors.
When steam is released under pres.
| sure of $50 pounds TO the square incl
| in the ordinary atmosphere IL has q We.
| locity of nearly 5000 feet--almost three.
| fifths OF 'mile-per second. Projectile:
| from big cannon or Mauser rifles dc
not travel so fast. When steam under
the same pressure Is released into vac
cuum the velocity is over 1000 feet pei
second. Here was the basic idea. TIC
release nve steam at such tremendous
velocity against revolving parts OF
small diameter would now seem the
height OF folly, but inventors for near
ly a hundred years haven't thought So
Waste of energy and inefficiency could
he the only result. How easy 10 see II
now!
Three inventors share the honor of
making a successful steam turbine.
They are entitled TO a place I'm a list of
honored names--Carl de Laval OF Swe-
den, the Hon. Charles Algernon Par
sons OF England, G. G.. Curtis OF New
York. Three countries share the dis
tinction, and il Is better thus. for this is
no narrow world.
In the, De Laval turbine the steam Is
discharged from the boiler through an
expanding nozzle upon a set of vanes
upon a single wheel. Good efficiency Is
secured. bsit the rotation OF the wheel
is so swift that its velocity is reduced
ten To one before II is applicable to
power uses. This is done by means of
spiral cut gears.
The Parsons turbine is the one which
is now in practical use on the English
channel propelling the steamer Queen.
a vessel $40 feet long. at twenty three
knots per hour. The machinery of the
Queen consists of three turbines fitted
to three lines of shafting, terminating
In propellers. At the ordinary steaming
speed of the Queen the revolutions of
the center shaft are about zoo and OF
the two side shafts about 500 per min
ute. owing TO the high velocity the
are necessarily of small di-
ameter. The center turbine is under
bines low pressure.
Inside the exhaust end OF each low
pressure turbine cylinder are placed |
reversing turbines, into which steam
may be let by side valves. These valves |
admit steam into the reversing tur- |
bines when 1t Is desired To go astern. |
When the steamer is going forward the |
reversing turbines revolve idly In n |
vacuum.
In the Parsons turbine the steam Is
carried between a succession OF inter-
-e.linde=s-eftti- EXTERNAL I
stationary cylinder. Both the internal |
and external surfaces Of these cylinders
sre equipped with circles OF vanes and
blades so arranged that the steam pass
- alternately through rows OF moving
and stationary blades. The impact Of
he steam is detected from the sta
icnary TO the moving blades and inn
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30
MEDALLIONS FOR ART PALACE
Twenty-Five Famous Personaees Rep.
resented In the Adornment of
This Worlds Fair Building.

The permanent portion Of the great
Art Palace at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition has twenty-five medalions
in limestone of famous personages in
the history of art. Beginning with
Phidias, they run down the line
through Michael Angelo. Raphael,
Rembrandt. Rubens and other masters
of centuries ago. concluding with John
La Fargo and Augustus st. Gaudens,
representing modern art.
Comment will no doubt be occa-
stoned by the selection of two artists
still living for this series. but 1T was
thought fitting that these two men.
standing at the head of their respec-
tive professions, should be chosen for
building.
York sculptor modelled eleven of these
medallions. A full list of the twenty
two medallions is as follows:
Phidias. lctinus. Botticelli Giotto.
Michael Angelo. Raphael. Palladio.
Leonardo da Vinci Bruneleschi, Dona-
tello. Titan. Della Robbis, Bramante
Durer. Holbein. Rembrandt, Rubens.
Velasauez. Cellini, Charles GARNER.
Augustus st. Gaudens, John La Fargo.
Mr.. Brewster's work includes Botti-
celli, Michael Angelo. Raphael. Titan.
Durer, Holbein, Rembrandt. Augustus
st. Gaudens and John La Fargo. This
sculptor also made spandrels OF much
merit for the Manufactures building.
Mr.. Brewster was born in Kingston.
Mass. in 1862. He spent three years
in Paris at the Beaux Arts and in the
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

successful steam turbines. all related
yet as inventions quite distinct
The start was right. for the nrst cx-
perimental steam engine. invented by
James Watt. was "A rotary. Yet. always
destined 10 do the wrong thing frst
inventors produced reciprocating en-
gine. with all it's multiplicity OF parts
and have given their attention since
the time OF Watt to perfecting the pis-
ton engine.
The inventors of rotary or turbine en-
gincs through the several generations
since the era OF Watt have been re-
garded by their fellows as msdhouse
candidates and classed with the seekers
after perpetual motion. But the idea
would never down. Hope has sprung
eternally I'm the inventors breast, and
the power using world may be mighty
thankfui that IL has.
The tyro i'm mechanics needs not TO
he told that rotary engine is the ideal
type. The thought is as common as
that wheels are better than runners on
bare ground. But how TO get equal eff
nciency from steam pressure in the
rotary movement as compared with the
back and forth action of the common
engine has been the apparently unsolv-
able problem. It's solution now marks
an epoch i'm mechanics of little less i'm
portance than the original invention OF
steam engine.
Perhaps we may attribute the cause
OF failure TO a hundred things. but IL
seems TO have been in the nonapprecia-
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

I thy with many OF the visitors is the
placer camp, where is shown the man-
ner of washing gravel for precious bits
of gold in the days when John w.
Mackay and his associates were max
ing fortunes from the soil. Near at
hand are replicas of the cabins in
which these men lived during the
weary months of their early struggles.
Farther along the visitors see the ore
crushers of the present time, which
work with almost human intelligence.
They not only reduce the rock to
dust. but separate the dross from the
fiecks of value.
Gliding up and down an incline Is an
electric motor. exemplifying the meth
od now I'm vogue of quickly transports
ing dump cars, while the latest models
of these automatic vehicles are shown
in active use. And so. along an over
head trolley, swing buckets. bearing
burdens to dump heaps and TO ma
chimes that stand with open mawss
ready to crush out the finer substances.
One hears the chug. chug, chug. Of
the oil derrick and observes the work.
ing OF the long arms that are thrust
into the bowels of Mother Earth to
bring above ground the precious liquid
mineral that has become such factos
in commerce.
Near at hand is a coal mine, mats
ural vein having been found on the
Fair site and made a portion of the
exhibit.
How mine is timbered, how pumps
are worked SO as TO prevent flooding
how shafts are constructed, how tram
ways go down into the blackness-au
these are shown TO the observers.
And here is little train that bur-
rows into the ground. Its engineer
or. rather. its motorman, for electricity
Is the motive power-wears a miners
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

also apply 10 the inland lakes and
coastwise traffic. Aside from the Cur
Ills turbine. the largest engine I'm the
10000 horsepower plant is the Allis-
Chalmers reciprocating engine OF 5000
horsepower valued al sl50.000. one
| needs 10 recall the great Corliss engine
which attracted such worldwide atten-
ton at the Philadelphia Centennial ex-
position. That ponderous engine new
er developed 90 exceed 800 horsepower.
The Allis-Chalmers engine is equivalent
TO nearly eighteen OF the Corliss gener-
ators. The construction OF this lar
gest OF reciprocating engines differs
from those familiar TO most eyes I'm the
fact that IL is both a vertical and hori-
zontal engine. having two pistons act
ing upon the same crank.
Other noteworthy engines i'm the
great power plant are a 1,750 horsepow-
er engine from Tedel. Germany; a 500
horsepower high speed engine from
Harrisburg. Pa; a 750 horsepower
medium speed steam engine from Gin
cinnati. o.; a 1000 horsepower slow
speed steam engine. from Burlington,
Ia: four 5000 horsepower reciprocal
ing steam engines. with generators
from Pittsburg; three so horsepower
EXETER sets. and many other engines OF
smaller rating.
The Steam, Gas and Fuels building Is
"A fireproof structure $50 feet long by
800 feet wide a short distance west OF
the Palace of Machinery. tunnel IL
feet broad by s feet deep connects the
two buildings. one of the steam pipes
conveying steam TO the engines of the
power plant is is inches i'm diameter.
another is 10 inches and none less than
10 inches. The many boilers i'm the
building when at full load will evapo-
rate 100000 pounds of water per hour.
or $50 tons. Huge condensers will
change IL again 10 water when ii will
be returned 10 the boilers.
The great power developed here is
To be used in the operation of the elec-
trio railway within the grounds. the
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

light on his cap. All aboard! And
away the open cars move--down, down,
down, into the mine! on the way you
are shown the walls of the subter-
ranean passage, and IL is explained
how they are constructed to withstand
pressure. You see miners at work
with pick and shovel; you observe ths
little freight cars that carry the prod
uct OF these mems labor to the sur
face. on that journey another man.
wearing a light in his cap. is you
guide and tells all that you wish g.
know concerning the mysteries of tn
life beneath the surface. In the far
end many lights glimmer. and you are
pleasantly surprised to see a restau-
rant, the walters i'm which also have
miners lamps In their caps. You can
stop there and rest IL you desire and
rartake OF underground fare or you
can return i'm the little train and reach
the surface once more.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30
THE CURTIS STEAM TURBINE WITH ELECTRIC GENERATOR,
5000 HORSEPOWER. PALACE OF Machinery

ateliers OF Dumont and Mercie. and on
returning TO this country he established
studio in New York city. He has
been successful as an instructor i'm art.
having founded th@ modelling class OF
the Art Students league and being now
instructor in sculpture at Cooper Union.
one of the best sculptural compositions
at the Pam American Exposition, the
Fountain of Nature, in the West Es-
planade. was the work of Mr.. Brew
ster Among >his works are the seal OF
the University club. New York; the
figure of Hope" on the new state
house at Providence, r. l.; the group
Defense of the Flag" at Athens, Pa,
and the bust OF Judge George Peirce
Andrews of the New York supreme
court.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30
IN THE MINING GULCH.
The Days Of Forty mine Brought into
Sharp Contrast With Those
Of the Present.
by CLAUDE II. wETMoRE.

Methods in vogue in "forty-nine" and
the methods of today are brought into
contrast i'm the Mining Gulch at the
Worlds Fair this year.
II is one of the unique features of
this Exposition TO have an outdoor dis
play in addition to that which will be
under roof In the Mines and Metallurgy
building. Heretofore at such centen-
NAL celebrations the exhibits have been
confined TO samples of ores and to a
still life display of the machinery with
which the precious metals are taken
from the ground.
But, following the keynote reveal
ment of processes" those who planned
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30
Wonders of the
Worlds Fair
Marvellous Things Which Reveal the Progress Of the
World In All Lines OF Effort-Mammoth Power Plant
RepIete With NeveItes-Aress Equivalent to
Farms Under Roof Outdoor Dis.
plays Of Many Kinds
BY MARK BENNITT.

- OMETHING will be doing I'm
the Palace OF Machinery at the
Worlds Fair--something doing
~ all the time. Never has the
world seen such an assem-
bfage Of machines. never such an in
stailation OF power generators.
With one glance the visitor may see
I'm operation machines which develop
power equal to that of over $4,000
horses, all pulling together.
This palace is but one OF the thou
sand structures that make up this
greatest of worlds expositions. There
are more than twenty important exhibit
buildings. The Palace of Agriculture
covers twenty acres, the equivalent OF
a farm under roof. You can walk up
and down aisles for miles without re-
crossing your path and learn a new
lesson about agriculture with every
step.
other buildings range from eight to
fifteen acres each. The four pavilions
OF the Palace of Art contain a total of
1856 galleries, In which will be found
the art treasures of every country of
the world in which art has made cred
liable progress.
The Palace OF Transportation con-
tains the automobile display, the auto
mobile boats of high speed and other
marine craft. The railway display has
four miles OF display tracks within tho
building. A monster locomotive with
drivers flying at eighty miles an hour
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

most novel kind. There are trips TO the
most wonderful places and back again
In twinkling. There are delightful
mysteries and thrilling scenes. villages
and streets from many nations. scien-
tific wonders and spectacular shows.
But let's go back to the Palace of
Machinery and the power plant. Allur-
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30
LARGEST ORGAN IN THE woe, o.

The completion of the largest pipe
organ ever built has been announced.
II is special exhibit for the Worlds
Pair and occupies large room speciaI-
Is built to contain II i'm the Festival
Hall The organ has las stops. There
are 10000 pipes, some of which are
five feet square.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

the great enterprise at St. Louis de-
cided that the best lesson would be that
taught by such machinery seen in ac-
tive operation. Therefore the Mining
Gulch and its many interesting sights
were evolved.
First in point of time and in sympa-
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1904-04-30

pumping OF water and the illumination
OF the grounds and buildings.
The value of the exhibits in the Pal
ace of Machinery alone will exceed
$s.000.000, while the cost of the expo
sition. exclusive of exhibits. is esti-
mated at $50. 10000.
The Weiser semi-weekly signal. (Weiser, Washington Co., Idaho) 1904-1911, 1904-04-09

@. n Nj. e. DEPUTY U. S. NJ s.
MEMBER INTER MOUNTAIN SOCI-
ETY. OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
d. a. UTTER,
City Engineer.
Engineer in charge OF weiser Irrigation
Dist. and president weiser Mining, Engineering
and Development Co.
The securing OF patents for mineral lands and
the locating and constructing OF canals. reser-
solrs. etc, for mining and Irrigation purposes
sspeeielty
We have shout 3D. 600 acres Of the nnest tim
Der Land 10 the sest we can locate parties on o.
purchase With scrip.
Address sll comm INDICATIONS 70
ID. 4. UTTER
signal Building,
Nfisfk IDAHO.
The Weiser semi-weekly signal. (Weiser, Washington Co., Idaho) 1904-1911, 1904-04-09
6be RUSSIANS
Their Lust For Land--Thc Empires Mission--An Au-
tocrat Ruled by Bureaucracy-Always Preparing For
Wharf.-The Revolutionary Spirit Is Rampant 1 @

was separated by water. There is no
nation so unified, so organic, and this
unity is not only governmental, but
geographic. Whatever she takes she
assimilates. 1t may be never so much
at enmity to her, she makes it Russian.
This process may require centuries.
Her purpose is longer. She may leave
the captured territory the fiction of a
separate government, even permit it to
remain ostensibly under the control Of
some other great power. 1t sutfices
that she has gained foothold. This
she never relinquishes, but bides her
time, gaining larger and larger con-
cessions until at last the captured
province is portion of her ever adj
vancing empire. Thus she spread east
ward from Moscow to the Ural noun
tains Thus she moved onward into
Asia and annexed Siberia. Thus by
struggle after struggle she took Fin
land from Sweden. Thus by partition
after partition she absorbed the larger
portion of Poland. Thus by war after
war she wrested the Caucasus and
Transcaucasus from Turkey. Thus by
The Weiser semi-weekly signal. (Weiser, Washington Co., Idaho) 1904-1911, 1904-04-09

" half of those who apply. Ii tne
remainder amounts to more tnan 'ne
districts quota, choice is made by iot.
The Conscripts.
About Z per cent Of the male popula-
ton of each district is thus taken eavn
year. This is not the holiday anair !.
nroyes TO be with our own nauonai
guard. but is rather serious business.
The men are conscripted, and wocd-
en- lock is placed on the leg OF eacn.
Amid the lamentations Of relatives the
conscripts are loaded into wagons ana
taken to the nearest recruiting station.
Arriving there, each man first passes
into the hands of the doctor, thence 10
the military barber. If successful In
the medical ordeal, the top OF the ap-
plicant's head is shaved; If unsuccess-
full. the back. The rejected candidate
is truly unfortunate. He is thrust out
without any clothing, his apparei
dumped out after him, and he is al
lowed to dress in the cold. Then every
soldier is privileged to kick and Gun
him as mark of contempt for his