davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1904-08-28

-HE cablegrams from ". 8.
Champ. who Is trying TO carry
i supplies on the steamer F'rithjot
10 the Ziegier-FiaI4 Arctic ex-
petition in Franz Josef Land, saying
that he has been unablz' - reach that
archipelago. bring the first news that
the unfavorable ice conditions Of the
past two years are continued this sea
son.
Mr. Champs task was to carry sup
plies from Tromso, in north Norway. TO
the headquarters Of he expedition In
Franz Josef Land, about 1000 miles to
the northeast
The journey is made through Barents
Sea, between SpitZbergen and Nova
Zembla. Since Franz Josef Land was
discovered IN 1873, the round trip across
these waters has often been made by
steamers IN n single season The sea
Is sometimes almost entirely free from
ice; but at other times II is covered with
heavy foe fee through which Il IS I'm
possible TO force Z. way
Bad Ice Years.
It is unfortunate for Mr.. Ziegier's po-
lar enterprise that the past three sea-
sons have been very bad Ice years In
Barents Sea. It is quite unusual for
these waters to be ics-choked for so
long a time.
The inadequate vessel that carried
supplies TO Jackson during his three
years in Franz Josef Land, and later
the Duke OF the Abruzzi expedition, had
no such formidable fighting with the
ice as befelI the Baldwin relief ship in
1902, the Fiala expedition last year, and
the Champ relief party this season. For
three years the prevailing easterly
winds have brought great masses Of ice
from the Arctic o r
The Washington times., 1904-08-28

was burned. Cato must share the same
fate. The question seems 10 have been
settled finally when il was announced
that a relative Of the murdered woman.
Mrs. Hodges. had declared that nothing
less than burning would satisfy him.
During the walk that must have
seemed an eternity TO the two criminals,
Reed repeated his confessions, covering
his connection and that of others whom
he had implicated in the murder Even
at this solemn hour his statements
varied. Enterprisiug reporters for news
papers hung close at the side OF the
negroes. plying them with questions and
noting down the replies. The leaders of
the mob knew. as did others, that ad-
ditional troops had been summoned from
Savannah. They urged, Hurry. hur-
ry. Colonel Grayson is coming with the
First Regiment. and If he gets here be-
fore we finish the job it's all on
Burned at the Stake.
At last the selected spot was reached.
A farmer who had Joined the crowd Of
fercd the trace chains from his mule
harness with which to bind the negroes
to the fat pine stump. some ten feet
high Tho mon were bound beyond the
chance Of escape. and as they waited
the proceedings were interrupted long
enough 70 enable an enterprlsing pho
tORra pher TO catch "A shadow OF the
awful scene Then they were bound on
opposite sides to the stump. Fat pine
wood was gathered and piled round the
two wretches shoulder high Ten gall
Ions OF kerosene were poured over
each, drenching them and the wood
about them. to insure no possibility Of
failure. Then the match was applied
AS the flames leaped up Cato gave an
awful yell of agony. Reed maintained
the same stOlidity that had marked his
demCanor from tho beginning. Yet the
contortions of both as they struggled
and wrenched at their nyielding chains
were horrible beyond description The
wind favored Reed, who, if any differ
ence in guilt was possible, was the
worse. died quickly, as the flames
wrapped themselves about him and
stined him almost Immediately Cato
and yelled. and here the first
evidence Of mercy from that relentless
crowd appeared. Some one, TO end his
agony, hit him n blow on the head with
a bar and ended his consciousness, If not
his life. And through it all, the crowd
yelled and cheered.
"The Lid of He'll Of"
Even 81 It were desirable, no pen could
describe the scene. The representative
OF a Northern paper whose official duty
made Il necessary that he should wit
ness the scene. said: 1T looked as II the
lid OF hell had been lifted of"
An hour later Colonel Grayson
marched through the streets of the city,
then returned to his special train and,
with his command, went back to Savan-
nah.
There are some questions still 20 be
settled regarding the conduct of the mi
litia, which can find their settlement
only through Official circles. The State
OF Georgia and the entire country will
watch with closest attention what the
verdict shall be. This is no place to
discuss whether any one man or num-
Der OF men must be blamed for the
failure Of the military to stop the lynch
ing, even II II had been in the power OF
the hundred and odd men on duty TO
stop it. There are those here and else
The Washington times., 1904-08-28

manner Of their death was not decided
upon. IL is only fair 10 quote a leading
and highly respected. citizen, who gave
the writer this information IIe said
that Statesboro's best men argued earn
estly and hard against the decision at
this gathering. They declared the com
munity would be disgraced and the State
OF Georgia hUmiliated. They admitted
the enormity OF the offense against pub
lie safety. but they urged that the
course proposed colld only increase pub.
&c sentiment against the city and coun-
~, and add crime TO crime. They were
outvoted, and the common knowledge
IN the locality seems 70 have been that
the negroes were to be iynched.
Mob Leaders Known.
The leadership OF the crowd that
favored lynching was open and ac-
knOwiedged. During the actual burn
ing Of the negroes and TIE attack upon
the courthouse one OF two men ope,IIy
assumed the leadership. Subsequently
they declared no Bulloch county Jury
would ever hold them guilty for their
action
Tho business Of the special term OF the
court was practically completed at II
o'clock Tuesday morning. Both pris-
tence had been passed, fixing the death
penalty at the earliest date allowed by
the law OF the State. Judge Daley was
dlscharging the grand jury, thanking
its members for faithfully performing
their duty. The warning OF the i'm
pending resort 10 violence was not I'M
known to the court officials.
Soldiers were stationed In the court
room. The judge. exercising the au-
thority delegated to him. had ordered
one company of infantry from Savannah
in addition 20 the company of local
militia, which had been on duty before
the arrival OF the Savannah soldiers.
with the coming Of the visiting troops.
their ranking officer. Capt. r. NJ Hitch,
assumed command OF the combined
forces. To him Judge Daley had in
trusted the actual disposition OF the
soldiers, and had given him no orders
OF any kind. Judge Daley said to the
writer the day following the burning OF
the negroes:
Judge Expressed Regret.
II heard the noise Of the crowd out
side the courtroom. just as L was FIN
ishing the business OF the term. / went
outside and was somewhat surprised
TO md that only twenty-three soldiers
were on duty In and about the court
house. I heard afterward that these
men had no ammunition in their guns"
Tho rest Of the troops. eighty or nine
ty. were at the camp near the Jail.
1t was freely admitted that the am
muniuon given 20 the soldiers had been
taken from them. They were instructed
to Use only their bayOnsts in holding
the angry crowd In check. 1t IL said
that to three men on guard about the
Jail, near which the camp of the mill
litin was made. were given riot car
tr.dges. with instructions not to FIRE |
A court official gave an instance Of the
manner in which the soldiers were used
TO guard the court A stairway lead
ing from the lower floor Of the court |
house 10 the rear OF the court room on
the second 1oor. was guarded by a |
young private. The stair was hardly
broad enough to admit two men pass
ing up side by side. IL had three turns
Il H. ascent
The Washington times., 1904-08-28
Mob Was Fully Armed.

It seems reasonably certain that il a
shot had been fired at this stage OF the
proceedings, An awful splitting OF blood
must have followed. 1t is not question
ed that the mob was armed 1t has
been stated and the writer met no dc
NAL Of the fact, that guns had been dis
tributed In the stores surrounding the
court house square TO be used If there
should be call.
Even at this stage. the conservative
citizens OF the town had not abandoned
their efforts 70 preserve the dignity OF
the law. Every minister in the city. and
most Of the most highly respected and
honored citizens. were mingling with the
mob surrounding the court house, beg
ging and pleading that the law should
be allowed TO take its course. Had FIR
ing begun at this time. many innocent
men must have fallen with those who
were intent on lynching.
With the prisoners once in the posses-
sion Of the mob. the progress TO the
stake was begun For three hours the
procession took It's horrible way down
one Of the main streets, out into the
country, a mile or more away. Reed
and Cato were carried part of the way.
then ropes were placed round their
necks and they were compelled TO walk
The question OF the method of punish-
ment was discussed
The Washington times., 1904-08-28
Cato Howled for Mercy.

When burning was suggested Cato
howled for mercy begging In most
piteous tones that he be hanged. Reed.
who preserved TO the end a stolid man
ner, replied 10 the suggestion that he be
burned. and CA4a hanged. that II he
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

where its timbers now serve as the
frame for rs direct descendant. The
machine is used in testing beams, CIR
ders and trusses, Of the size used in
actual construction, and can load them
with a weight of 100000 pounds and
test them TO the point of failure. And
the apparatus for measuring the de-
Election of a piece of material under
going test is so sensitive that 1t notes
even the difference produced by the
weight of a human hand laid on the
material when near the limit of its en-
durance-an achievement in accuracy
that comes very near estimating the
weight of the straw that broke the
camel's back.
This particular piece Of modern APP
paratus is designed to estimate the
amount of downward pressure that
will be carried by any given specimen
of building material. 1t consists of a
stalwart framework which supports
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16
WEATHER FAVORABLE.
And Crops Are Pushing Forward
East

Fast.
The Wisconsin crop bulletin for the
week ending May says: The weather
conditions during the early part of the
week were exceptionally favorable for
the advancement of farm work, espec-
tally the eastern: and southern
counties. The heaSy rains which be-
gan in the northwestern portion of the
state Thursday did not reach the east
ern and southern counties until Fri
day, giving farmers in those sections
ample time to complete their seeding.
The rains were general, copiOus, and
we'll distributed, and as the soil was
in good condition when seeded, germi-
nation should bs. rapid
The day temperatures were mOder-
ately high until near the close of the
week, except along the lake shore. The
seeding of oats, barley, spring wheat
and spring rye were generally COM
pleted before the rain, and in the cen
trail and southern counties considerable
ploughing for corn: was done. With
favorable weather planting will begin
next week. Winter wheat and rye
made good progress during the week
and are generally considered in salts
factory conditions
The rains were Of. very great benefit
to meadows and pastures. Now
meadows are in excellent condition and
give promise of good yield, but old
meadows are badly winter-killed and in
some localities will be ploughed up.
Pastures have made rapid advance
ment in the past few days, and In some
localities in southern counties stock
has been turned out, but generally
the feeding of stock will continue for
another week. So a.
Apples are generally in promising
conditions. Some.o of the fancy varie-
ties have sustained considerable, sin
jury. but the standard varieties appear
to be very satisfactory. Native plums
are reported uninjured, but European
and Japanese varieties are more or
less winter-killed. Cherries are gen.
orally in promising condition but 'rasp-
berries, where not protected, are gen.
orally killed to the snow line Straw
berries sustained little injury and give
promise of a large crop. Cranberry
marshes are being gradually and gen
orally drained and dried off from. win
ter flood. There is but little evidence
of winter-killing, although more than
last year, which was phenomenally
slight.
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

Boston, May S.-What is essentially
the most important part OF the con-
structiOn OF any big modern building
takes place before either the carpen-
ter. mason or contractor begin their
visible operations. This is the testing
II the material 10 be used in order TO
see how well IL will perform its part
in the new structure; old Davy Crock
ett's famous maxim, BE sure you're
right. then go ahead" might be APP
piled directly TO this preliminary in
vestigatiOn Of the steel, iron or mason
~ that is TO become the flesh, bone
and sinew OF any large and important
modern building. All this, however,
goes en- quietly, often before the gen
eral public knows that the new struc-
ture is contemplated, and It is only
within comparatively recent years that
Il has been reduced to what is practic-
ally an accurate science by means Of
which the contractor is able to know
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

the end Of the material under investi-
CATION, just as il would be supported
in an actual structure. But the weight
is applied, not by piling pound after
pound on top but by adding pound
after pound TO a mass of metal in the
room below, each addition TO the
weight of the load being communicate
ed to a scale beam. the effect on the
material being watched by a delicate
instrument especially contrived for
that purpose. And in this way the
stoutest beam or truss can be finally
made TO succumb TO its maximum
downward pressure and the bending
moment and character of the break ac-
curately noted. Hour after hour some
times passes before the attainment OF
this breaking point, but when the snap
OF the breaking timber has resounded
through the laboratory, the students
and laboratory assistants who conduct
the tests know that they have found
the strength limit of a typical piece OF
that particular timber. In the case of
2 truss a similarly experiment shows
not only the strength of the big timber
pieces composing its familiar triangle
but also the strength of its steel CT
iron fastenings at the corners; and
the Institute laboratory has thus done
yeomaE service in finding the best
modern method of fastening together
these all important timber triangles.
And all round this big testing appa-
ratus are other ingenious apparatus for
reproducing all other conditions of
present day building.
II may be wondered why former
methods of construction have never
demanded a similar mechanism. The
answer lies partly in the fact that no
material is ever used TO the limit of
its endurance and that it is only with
the erection of the lofty buildings CT
our own time. together with the great
or use Of steel and iron as well as
wood. that tie question of what is ac-
tuelly the limit Of a given piece of
building material has become of vital
Importance. The great buildings of
the past were stone structuers and
when wood was used IL was used only
in comparatively low buildings. Many
Of the beams from these old buildings,
however. come finally to the big test
ing apparatus of tho Tech laboratory
simply TO add 10 our general knowl-
edge Of how wood wears in actual
service. An old house, for example,
is being torn down somewhere in the
vicinity of Boston and some of its tim
bers are sent TO their laboratory to see
how they will compare, after a cen
tury or more of service. with the kind
OF timber fresh from the modern tim
Der forest. And the old timber usually
stands the test admirably. In the
same fashion, during the recent dig
ging of the new subway tunnel under
Boston harbor the excavators found an
old cordnrov road some 20 feet under
the surface Of modern Boston. Some
Of the old logs, wet and Shiny from
their long immersion in the mud were
transported TO the Institute where
they were dried and placed on the test
ing apparatus. From an old State
street market there came also two
beams of white pine which had been
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

in use for over a century and which
proved to be nearly as good as new,
barring a few places where dry rot
had set in owing TO contact with damp
flooring.
These historical "reminiscences natur-
ally speak highly of timber as a long
lived building material. But all tim
Der, even when the specimens come,
one might at first imagine, from the
same place, is not of the same value.
A timber beam grown on the sunny
side of a Carolina mountain is a much
stouter specimen than an apparently
similar beam which grew on the shady
side of the same mountain.
Most of the tests made with this
especially important piece of technol-
ogy apparatus have what might be
called a three-fold purpose. The ma
terial is sometimes furnished by the
producers, wishing to obtain an accu-
rate statement of the character of
their product. The test itself. for
every beam, truss or girder is num-
bered and the results recorded, is an
addition to the general scientific knowl-
edge of the character of building ma
terial. And the test is finally, per-
haps, one should say primarily. a part
of the education of the Institute of
Technology student. So important a
part, indeed, is played in modern life
by this question of the character Of
various building materials, that the
student of nearly every form of mod
ern engineering is more or less inter
ested in the processes of testing diff
ferent materials of construction and
an actual participation in the work Of
the stalwart beam tester-as well as
in that Of the various other mechan-
isms that pull or twist material to it's
final limit of endurance-is an import
ant incident in the training of a ma
jority of the students.
During the last few years similar
tests have been frequently applied to
irons imbedded in concrete new
form of support that has come into use
with the development of concrete-steel
structures-and there are now some
40 or so pieces of material of this kind
kind waiting for examination on the
big testing machine. These pieces
are to be subjected TO heat, while load
ed with the weights of the apparatus,
and then deluged with cold water as a
means of studying their strength and
endurance when exposed tc the test
of great fire. And sti11 more inter
esting perhaps are the longtime tests
that have been going on for years in
the same laboratories in order to study
day by day the slow process of wear
and tear TO which old Father Time
himself subjects all forms of building
material.
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16
kourarina.

The fruit of the kourarina tree is in
the form CT a pod. about the size of a
small walnut, containing an average OF
Is black grains, which, being crushed
make a spice highly valued in India
and Arabia. So far as is known this
tree grows only in Abyssinia and al
most exclusively in the province oil
Choa. The pods sell in the country al
the rate Of 81 cents per dozen, this
price being tripled AT Alden. The trade
is entirely in the hands of Arabs and
Indians, and it is impossible to ascertain
the value of the annual expectation.
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

in advance the exact strength and Ell.
duranCe OF each part OF his building
The beam that supports a certain
ar-Ount of floor area, for example, has
its known maximum OF endurance and
is never expected TO support a weight
that viii even approximate the break.
ing point. And every other part OF the
building is similarly tested.
Without such tests the modern sky
scrapers would have been impossible
because no man could have said how
well the lower part OF the structure
would have withstoOd the weight Of
the many stories superimpOsed upon
it. Every stick and stone, of course,
is not tested individually. But repre-
sentative samples OF all forms Of
building materials are nowadays being
constantly put on the rack, their
strength and endurance tested under
Just the conditions in which this
strength and endurance viii be de.
manded by the actual building. and in
just the shapes and sizes in which
they are thus 10 become important and
often invisible factors in the making
Of modern cities. In many cases there.
fore the birthplace Of a modern build.
ing is the mechanical laboratory OF a
modern school OF technology, and the
new science Of testing might almost
be called a physical culture course for
inanimste building materials.
In order 20 make these tests. il is
necessary TO reproduce within the linn.
its 81 a single laboratory-for the lab,
uratCry is nowadays as important in
so-csIled practical achievements as II
is in strictly scientific investigations
conditions. for example, that will be
represented I'm reality by the weight Of
a big city skyscraper resting on foun'
datiOns OF steel fmbedded in concrete
The problem Is one that has required
considerable human ingenuity. Until
some ten or twenty years ago IL had
never been attempted and although
building material was then tested, the
tests were conducted on a small scale
with small samples Cf material, and
the strength Of larger sought by a de
cidedly deceptive process Of arithmet
ical computation. These small speci
mems. moreover. were not always true
samples. for the timber merchant
could. IL he were so inclined, pick out
a iawless specimen which could hard,
~ be duplicated by a real beam or
girder Of the same timber: while the
ideal test OF any material is. OF course,
q test made on a piece OF the exact d.
mansions that are 10 be used in the
building. The means Of such a test
were finally supplied by a machine
constructed by Professor LAMA of the
Massachusetts institute Of technology.
Professor anza's testing apparatus, to-
Eether with other testing mechanism
recently constructed IN this country
and abroad. revOlutionized the knowl-
edge OF building materials available for
architects and cOnstructOrs-whetn
81 Office buildings. aQueducts. railroad
bridges or ocean vessels-and has
therefore played a very important part
i'm the evolution az modern cOnstruc-
ton. a portion OF IL may still be seen
in the Institute laboratory where It
was originally put IN operation and
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16
Physical Culture of
Beams and GirderS

Beam Testing Apparatus of Massachusetts Institute
of Technology Has Played Important Part in
Modern Building Construction a Beam in
a Laboratory Is Made To Do the Work of a Beam
in a SkysCraper
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16
CONSUL CUMMINGS DIES.
United States Representative Sue
cumbs at Puerto cabello.

Washington, May 12.-The state de
partment received a cablegram last
night announcing the death of United
States Consul Thomas j, Cummings at
Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, on the 10th
inst. He was appointed to the consul
lar service from New York last winter.
He was So years old and formerly a
newspaper man in New York.
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16
Perched In Odd Places.

Monasteries of the lamas in Tibet
are always perched on the top or steep
sides of a hill. They are built in
stages connected by abrupt passages
and stairs guarded by Tibetan mas
tiffs. These dogs are almost as high as
a donkey and are so fierce that it goes
hard with a stranger who attempts to
enter without an attendant lama.
Vilas County news. [volume] (Eagle River, Vilas County, Wis.) 1896-1927, 1904-05-16

Odessa, May 12.-The Red Cross So
ciety has received $500 from d.. NJ. '0s-
born & Co. of Auburn, y. w. accom-
panied by letter in which the; eontri-
butors say:
I'VE shall never forget what the
Russians did for the United States in
1868" X