davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
scHsKcLlFFE 10 GO FREE.
Court Rules Upon Case Involving
Forfeiture Of Good Time.

FORFEITURE or Good Time.
Des Moines, July las result
of a decision Of the supreme court
in case appeal from Anamosa, hold
ing in effect that good time once
earned by prisoner can not be for
feited by misconduct during parole,
Frank Schercliffe, the self-confessed
highwayman, whose confession has
involved Tom Dennison and many
prominent Iowans and Nebraskans,
will be set free within short time.
Scherclffe's original sentence Of
seventeen years for the Pollock dia-
mond robbery is reduced to less than
eleven after deducting good time al
lowance. When his parole was re-
voked by Governor Shaw and he was
recommitted to Fort Madison prison
by Governor Cummins, it was held by
each governor that Schercliffe's good
time allowance had been forfeited
and he would be compelled to serve
out the remainder of the entire sew
enteen-year sentence. Under this rul-
ing, he viii still have more than five
years to serve. The supreme courts
decision, however, means release for
him at the EXPIRATION of the sentence
after dedu,S ng all good time and this
sentence will expire in six weeks.
Governor Cummins was disappoint-
ed upon learning of the action of the
supreme court. He had adhered to
the contrary opinion. All supreme
judges were agreed in the finding.
however, and there seems little likeli7
hood of further aDpeal Schercliffe
will prove valuable witness against
nennison unless he is spirited out OF
TIE country or is the victim Of foul
play at the hands of his former pals
who seek to avenge themselves upon
him for his exposure of numerous
crooked transactions.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
TO WRECK FAST TRAIN.

Newton, July 1S.-A very we'll plan
ned and sensational attempt was made
to wreck the fast passenger train
short distance east of this place. A
tramp giving his name as Adams at
tempted to board the east-bound train
at noon, but was elected by the con.
ductor. After some deliberation in
town, he walked down the track to the
east. A short time afterward, the
section crew coming toward town dis
covered that at every curve ties had
been laid in such a manner as to ditch
train. Lying on the curves, they
would not be noticed until the train
was upon them, and could not be
stopped. AS yet, the perpetrator OF
the deed has not been captured, but
omcers are on his trail. and it is pre-.
sumed he will be taken before morn.
ing
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
PORT STILL IN
RUSSIAN HANDS
4 Late Message Indicates No
Change in Con-
ditions.
SKlRMISHING IS CONSTANT
Japanese Are Said to Meet the Heav-
lest Losses-Russans Claim That
Japanese Have Issued Orders tr
Take No Prisoners.

Ia Tche Kiao, July 15.--The follow
ing was received from Port Arthur:
There is no change in the position Of
affairs.
Fresh provisions arrive daily.
There are constant skirmishes in
which the enemy suffer the most
losses.
I'VE have no wounded or seriously
ill. ~
"On the surrounding hills the Chi.
nese are constantly heliographing.
The Japanese have issued orders
that instead of attempting to make
prisoners of the Russians they are to
be shot
Che Foo, July ia report has
just been received that the China Min
ing and Engineering company's steam
er Haiping. from Shanghai July s, was
captured by the Japanese, ten miles
north OF Che Foo. this morning, load
ed with contraband of war
Toxic, July 15.-It is reported that
Yin kow has been occupied by the
Japanese without any resistance upon
the part of the Russian troops.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
Double Tragedy in Cedar Rapids.

Cedar Rapids, July 15.-Quarreling
with the wife who had left him over
picture of a dead daughter. Sam Bald
win, maddened by drink, last night
struck the woman several blows with
his fist and then grabbed a razor and
cut her throat from ear to ear. Her
life blood spurted all over him as he
ran past her to the door of the kitch-
en-, and then he made fearful slash
at his own throat with the razor. He
managed to reach the front of the
house and then fell upon the lawn,
dying before he could be taken to the
hospital.
The woman had left him because
Of his drunkenness and cruelty. and
he went back last night drunk, trying
to induce her to live with him again.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
FIGHTING AT PORT ARTHUR.
AIexieff Gives Details Of RepuTse OF
Japanese

st. Petersburg, July 19.-In the
fighting of July and for the posses
sion of the positions at Lunstantan
outside of Port Arthur, Viceroy Alex
Jeff reports that the Japanese were
repulsed with the aid of the protected
cruiser Novik and a number of gun
boats and torpedo boats. The Rus
SLAMS captured number of Japanese
Notifications. The losses of the Rus
SLAMS were 2 officers and 35 men kill
ed and 4 officers and 247 men wound
ed. The Chinese estimate the Japan
During these two days the Novik, with
gunboats and torpedo boats, put out
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
FOR A BUSINESS AGENT.
! Corn Belt Meat Producers Associa-


ton Has Plan.
Des Moines, July 14.-Preliminary
steps have been taken which will re-
move from the Iowa railroad commits
sion a large amount of the business
heretofore handled by it. The Corn
Belt Meat Producers ASSOCIATION of
Iowa, which was organized in Des
MOines last winter and to which is
due the credit for securing the restor-
alton Of the return pass for livestock
shippers, proposes to establish a bust
ness agent, or rather secretary, at
Des Moines who will take up the
grievances of the farmers direct with
the railroad COMPANIES instead of
through the COMMUNION.
The details of the plan have not
been perfected but there is little
doubt of it's enactment by the next
annual meeting of the association. 1t
has been discussed considerably by
leading members of the association
and they argue that it will be the
only means of keeping the associa,
| ton intact IS well as showing direct
results to the members.
The plan is similar to that of the
| Iowa Grain Dealers association
which has its headquarters in Des
Moines and of which George A. Wells
| Ia cacretary
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
SEQUEL TO TRAGEDY.
Saved From Suicide, Arthur Crth
Takes Arsenic.

Davenport, July ia terrible Sc
quel to an attempted double suicide
took place here Wednesday night
when Arthur Orth committed suicide
by taking nine grains of arsenic.
Orth attempted suicide with Mrs.
Minnie Garner Monday night. The
woman died and the man was saved.
At the inquest over the woman's body,
Orth was made to testify, and the
terrible story as it came from the lips
of the sobbing man, with white drawn
face and wild eyes, was one of the
most sensational things that has Oc-
Cured here for years.
Going to the home of the woman to
lay a wreath of flowers on her coffin,
he was spurned from the door. With
the disgrace for his first attempt at
suicide still clinging to him, he Sc
cured arsenic and this time succeeded
in his design. The man died in great
agony and his last hours were a pit
iful prayer for forgiveness. said be-
tween terrible commissions that shook
his body.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
TOO MUCH FCR REASON.
Lake ~ity Man is Unbalanced Over
Politics.

Fl. Dodge, July 1S.-R. E. Mosely,
a well-known banker and capitalist OF
Lake City, was taken to Cherokee
Saturday, after being declared insane
by the local board of commissioners.
The unbalancing of his mind is due
to politics. Mr.. MosGly attended the
national democratic convention at st.
Louis, and since his return has talked
of but little else, until his mind be-
came affected, and his relatives took
the necessary steps to have him taken
care of at the Cherokee asylum. He
is an ardent admirer of Judge Parker,
and his intense enthusiasm for the
democratic candidate was too much for
him.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
JAPANESE HOIST FLAG.
Raised on Rose Island in chemuIpo
Harbor.

Seoul, July 16.-The Japanese have
hoisted their national flag on Rose
Island in Chemulpo harbor. The
Korean Notifications thereon are still
permitted to fly the Korean ensign,
but this Is dwarfed by the larger en-
blem of Japan.
Native agitation against the grant
ing of a Japanese concession favoring
the stream and vacant land rights
continues undated, although the jap
anese minister is still pressing the
Korean foreign Office to a favorable
conclusion, stating that the Koreans
lack the finances and executive abil-
ity requisite to proper development
of these unemployed resources.
Salvage operations continue on the
sunken Russian cruiser Variag 1t is
hoped to have her on an even keel
this month. The work of raising the
sunken merchantmen Sungari Is rap
idlv proceedinr
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Oskaloosa, July 16.-John M. Nor.
row, head miller at the Derby mills,
came close to losing his life. A fire
started in one of the -four bins on
the third floor of the mill and was
soon burning fiercely threatening to
destroy the plant
Morrow, hearing the shouts of fire,
ran upstairs and beat out the flames
with his bare hands. He was clad
only in a light undershirt. and this
ignited, severely burning him about
the chest and shoulders. He was re.
moved to Mercy hospital.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
TRANSPORTS ARE IN DANGER.
Reported That Russian Port Arthur
Fleet Is On Raid.

st. Petersburg, July 1S.-Reliable
reports from Ia Tche Kiao brought
the startling announcement Of the
presence of Russian warships off Kai
Chou, where they are said to be wait
ing the arrival of Japanese transports
and torpedo boats off the port of Niu-
chwang The admiralty was unable
to confirm or deny either report, not
having received any report from
Rear Admiral Withoeft, but the Off
Gals generally were not inclined to
credit them.
If true it would mean that Admiral
Withoeft has the Japanese transports
at his mercy. In this went Admiral
Togo would hasten to his recue and
engage the Russians. This may also
explain the absence OF positive news
of the Japanese occupation Of the port
of Niuchwang and the cautious ad.
OF General Oku's column. The for
eign office has received a telegram
from the United States consul, M
Crosse, at Niuchwang, dated July IA
but he did not mention the approach
of the Japanese.
Il
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A statue of DIR. Benjamin / Esh, one
of the signers of the Declaration of In.
dependence, was unveiled in WASH
ington last week. Considering the
length of time the good doctor has
been dead, his admiring countrymen
have certainly been in no rush" to
honor his memory.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

An imminent agricultural authority
informs us that hogs are said to cut
their, throats when they swim" The
trouble with the sort of hogs we have
around here is that they cant be in.
duced to swim enough.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Judge Brewer recently declared that
in forty years experience on the
bench he had never heard but one law
yer tell lie in court. This is the
first time that we knew that the judge
was as deaf as all that.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The brilliant Washington Post
quotes a current magazine as putting
this soul-searching question: rs
America Developing an Aristocracy?"
If we are, it is certainly one of the
worst cases of arrested development"
on record.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Two Philadelphia society men fought
twenty rounds with hard gloves and
one finally knocked the other out
Philadelphia as whole may be slow
and sleepy, but there are parts Of
Philadelphia which are as alert and
modern as the Bowery.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The theme chosen for her COM
mencement essay by one of Chicago's
sweet girl graduates was the "Psycho-
Iogy Of the Pig" The subject has the
true stock yards favor.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
Green Mountain Girl Took Acid.

Waterloo, July 14.-Clara Vaughn
of Green Mountain, Iowa, was found
dead in her room in the Logan house.
An empty bottle which had contained
carbolic acid told of the manner OF
her death. The cause of her act still
remains a MYSTERY ... aa
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
Five Hundred Miners Out.

Frederick, July 18.-Five hundred
miners have gone out on strike at
Smoky Hollow, near this place. The
mine has been shut down on account
of the difficulty.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

According to the Department of Ag-
riculture, peanuts contain about four
ounces of protein and 2,767 calorics st
energy" We know now why these cir
Gus men are all so strong"
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A Pennsylvania man who inherited
$4,000 has received no less than 300
offers of marriage. Money must be
uncommonly scarce or women uncom-
monty plenty up there.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A Pittsburg man who was annoyed
by persistent organ-grinder killed
himself instead of the peripatetic
musician. which is about as interest.
ing an example of misdirected energy
as has recently been seen
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
Killed at Boone by c. & N. W. Train.

Boone, July 14.-Anthony Schell, a
miner-farmer, was killed last night
by Chicago & Northwestern train,
just west Of this city. 1t is the sec
ond fatality of the same nature that
has occurred here in the last week,
an unknown umbrella member hav.
ing been killed here few days ago.
Schell had been drinking and there
is reason to believe that he was in
toxicated. 'a
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The Academy of Medicine at Paris
has decided that excessive meat eating
causes appendicitis. 1t does more. 1t
causes emaciation of the pocketbook
and bankruptcy.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The June bride didn't realize how
she will hate next December, when the
thermometer is marking 10 degrees
below zero, to get up and build the
kitchen fire.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A Milwaukee man tried to fly the
other day, but owing to the fact that
his starting place was only five feet
high he is still able to be up and
around
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
"GoIden. Rule" Jones is Dead.

Toledo, Ohio, July 13.-Samuel M.
Jones, the Golden Rule mayor, died
at his home last evening at 5:07
o'clock as the result of complication
of diseases. The immediate cause OF
his death was an abscess on his
lungs
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Well bet some mean man meant t.
put wOman's temper to a severe test
when he started discussion of the
question, why have women more tenn
per Than men,"
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A Tennessee court has decided that
a woman cannot be compelled to tell
her own age. When under oath, the
average woman is apt to be under age,
as well.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

This is the time when the cam
paign song-writer makes the inventor
of names for new breakfast foods look
like a wilted seeding.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

1t was a man who declared man the
proper study of mankind. Whether it
is proper or not, man always has de-
voted most of his studying to himself.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A brooklyn judge recently declared
it to be his candid opinion that Adam
deceived Eve. Probably had to to
get his share of the fruit.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

In Boston the pianoforte is now used
TO assist in the cure of nervous dis
eases. Eccentricity always was Bos-
tons forte anyhow.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Those current attempts Ito reform
the Fourth of July" unfortunately ig-
more the necessity of first reforming
the average small boy.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A Chicago woman believes that men
should pay their wives regular sala-
res Some of the wives may be de-
pended on to get theirs anyhow.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The late Mr.. Herbert Spencer's lady
housekeeper desires to meet with a
similar position. Highest references.
Address the London Times.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

To the residents of Port Arthur the
case of the Trenton IN. j. man who
never sleeps does not seem at all re-
markable.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

A San Francisco man is now suing
his wife for divorce because she will
not talk. There's no accounting for
tastes.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Ore of those up-to-date New York
financiers has a safe with a tin back.
Needless to say that his depositors
never get their money back"
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

In not liking the way American
yachts are sailed, the Kaiser is assur-
ed of the hearty sympathy of Sir
Thomas Upton.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The difference between the Fourth
of July and Thanksgiving is that one
has it's night before, the other its
morning after.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The Atlanta Journal says that i.on-
don proper" is but small t:swn.
But then, so much of it is Improper.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Quiet weddings are now said to b,
the proper caper. Designed to harmo-
ni2e with the divorces, probably.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21
Hockino a Bad Town.

Abba, July 12.--August Ahrweiler,
a saloonkeeper at Hooking, was
Shooting at Constable Williams.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

The new battleshir Kentucky is said
to be swift. The Blue Grass state al
ways did produce racers.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1904-07-21

Never air the faults of others until
after deodorizing your own
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
Notice To Stockholders

There will be meeting of the Stock
holders of the St. Tammany Ice aud
Manufacturing Co., Ltd on Friday,
June y, 1904, at 5 O'Clock, P. NJ, at
their Office. X. J. FREDERICK,
my14-5t. Sec. and Treas.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
NOTICE OF SALE Oh
SCHOOL LAND.
STATE OF LOUISIANA,
Parish Of ST. TammanY.

II XGk ~
Hinder and by virtue of an order is
sned by the Hon. Martin Behrman,
Auditor Of Public accounts Of said State,
dated Nav %, 1904, i will proceed to
sell, according to law, at public auction,
to the last and highest bidder, a1 Tue
front door OF the courthouse III the
town OF CovingtOn, Parish ana oIate
aforesaid, on SATURDAY, July ., l9o4,
ut III O'Clock a. M, me following ue-
scribed school land, viz:
Section sixteen, township seven, south
range Is east, In st. Tammany fa1ish'
in quantities OF not less than ~ acres
nor moro than 100 acres, as per plat o!
survey to be exhibited on the day OF
sale, after due apprsisement. according
TEnMs-Ten per cent u the purchase
price cash, and the balance 10 nine an
upai instailments, the interest TO De
,..;d an the whole amount annually, at
The rate If eight per cent per annun;
tbe notes to be made payable 70 the
Auditor Of Public Accounts, secured oy
ane,ial mortgage on the land sold, and
personal Sc curity in solido, until hnai
ravment Of principal AID interest. Or
+ iha purchaser prefers, he can pay the
whole amount of the bid In cash, de-
dnctinr the interest the credit would
otherwise draw.
;,a or refusing to pay any OF these in
s..iina,ts or interest at lnatafitY, the
,"nrtaaae shall be forthwith closed and
tle land resold.
' Given at Covington. in said Parish
"a state. this 23.d day Ut May, 1904.
'"N ADOLPH FREDERICK,
r,,r.r ~ 81. Tammany Parish, La.
may28 ct.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
White Cross COUGH Drops

For the cure of all diseases of the
Throat and Lungs, Bronchitis, ronp,
Hoarseness, Hacking Cough and
Whooping Cough. We Absolutely
guarantee this remedy to cure any case
Of Group, and makes Whooping Cough
so easy that it is almost pleasure to
have it,and know that you went through
it with so little trouble.
May 80, 1899.
WHITE CRoss MEDICINE Co.,
New Orleans, La:
NV Dear Sir:-Your "White Cross
Cough Syrup" cured me of an obstinate
and hacking cough, which failed to
yield to several other remedies. !
heartily recommend it. Yours truly,
Il. w. BROWN,
Manager Ciga Department,
Albert Mackie Grocery Co., It'd.
It does not constipate. 1t does not
cause headache. 1t does not affectsthe
appetite 1t does not impair digestion.
But, it stops cough. 1t will cure
Group, 1t will clear the throat. It
viii cure any cold. 1t will make
wl,ooriDg cough easy.
- PRICE IS CTS. -
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11

A new Ice making machine, con-
structed entirely of metal, consist.
lug OF two parts, very simple and
compact, has been introduced in
France. One part. Dramatically
closed. contains the mechanism,
and the other side is the Ice pro-
Queer. The smallest size, which is
foot by foot and half. is run
by baud or one-eigbth horse.
power motor, and makes A
pounds of ice an hour. One 40 by
80 inches, with four horsepower,
makes 22O pounds an hour. The
principal feature of the machine
is that the ice is produced without
the aid Of any ingredients or prepa
ratlons Of any kind. Whatever
requisite is needed for its operation
is supplied at the time of its manu-
facture. Once the machine Is
delivered it produces Ice as long
as the metal work used in Its con
struction holds out, and this is of
such character as to last many
years.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
TRIuMpnS OF MODERN SURGERY

Wonderful things are done for the
humsn bo6y by surgery. Organs ak
taken out and scfared and polished nd
put back, er they may be removed en-
urely; bones are splicea; pipes take the
place Of diseased sections of veins; anti.
septic dressings are applied to wounds,
bruises, burns and like injuries before
inflammation sets in, Which causes them
TO heal without maturatio;i and in one
third the time required Ivy the old trent
ment CLamber!,in's Pain Balls acts en-
this same Principle IL is an antiseFt'cand
when npt lied to such Injuries causes
them to heal very quickly. II also aiIays
to the pain and soreness Keep bottle
of Pain Ealm in your horne and It vii!
save you tine ana money, not to men
ton Inconvenience and suff reg wLlch
such injuries entail. For sale ny Jos. 5.
Claverie.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11

When you 60 to New Orleans.
stop at PENIS Hotel, corner of st
Charles and Poydras streets. All
front rooms, newly furnished
throughout. Charges reasonable,
by the day or week.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
FOX SALE

One undivided half interest in 1865
acres ofland on Bogue Chitto and West
Pearl River, formerly belonging to
Irbin Cooper. STEPHEN MYER.
to June / Slidell. La.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
FOR SALE.

A gentle horse, will work anywhere,
good under the saddle.
a2tf. SECOND & HEBE..T.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11
FOR SALE.

A note Of $1O9, with accumulated in
terest, against the late Z. j. Mayfield
STEPHEN MYER. Slidell, La.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1904-06-11

A Louisville man of the name
of Smith invites the entire Smith
family of the United States 10
hold its next reunion in that city
at his expense. Either he Is a man
of prodigious wealth or he under
estimates the size of the family.