Arizona republican., 1904-03-15

1 WHY
 As far back as 1881 Professor A. F.. | Bandelier, the noted erhnologist and
 scientist, asked me the same question
 at Fort Apache, where he spent several
 months with me investigating condi- | tions both pre-Colrmbian and modern, | upon the Apache reservation.
 At that time I could give no reason | for it, nor, if l remember rightly, could i he. But it set me to thinking and in- vestigating. and when some years lat | CT, at the Moki snake dance, in 1895, a party of us visitors were discussing ethnological matters insofar as related | to the American Indian, the same | question was sprung by some one, | Why are there so few halfbre eds | among the Southwestern Indiens2" Among the prominent men of note
 in the party were Professor J. Walter Fewkes and Professor Hodge of the | Smithsonian institution, both of them probably the highest authorities in such matters that we have after pr. Washington Matthews. I am not sure. | but I think Mir. Hamlin Garland was 1 also present. and he himself is pretty
 well-posted man on such subjects. Quite discussion followed the aiies- | ton. and the consensus of opinion was
 that there were two very oogent req sons for the condition, and I may add that was pleased to find that my the ory. which I had worked out myself
 was generally accepted as the right one.
 The first reason for the lack of the | halfhreed Indian was the extreme pow erty of our southwestern Indian, both
 as to personal property and his reser-
 vation. There was nothing to tempt
 the cupidity of the white man, Take
 the Indian Territory tribes. They are
 and have been, rich In horses, cattle and land. Their reservations are gar den spots and their tribal wealth is inn mense. The four civilized tribes of the | territory have. as near as I can re- member, the highest Der capita wealth of any people in the World. There was something to be gained by marriage with the squaws, and the rough-and- ready element of the frontier were not
 ashamed to be called 'squaw men" so long as it allowed them entry on tho
 reserve and a participation in the trib- al riches for themselves and their off, | spring. In the northwest, from the
 Missouri to the Pacific, the same con dltlons prevailed to a lesser degree. | In the southwest, however. our In- dians were on reservations that were practically deserts, if We except the upper end of the Apache reserve. They had few horses and cattle, and only re- gently any sheep. No white man would consent to marry into any of them and attempt to settle down and make a living as the Indians did. They had no tribal wealth whatever there was no game, no trapping. ard farming was only carried out under the most pre- carious conditions.
 | The second and probably the most practical reason was In the difference Tn environment.
 When the first white men penetrated to the northwest they found only In- dians. In all that vast expansc of country there were no inhabitants but the red men. Naturally, therefore, it followed that the pioneers-the trap pers. hunters. prospectors and other ! men who swarned into the country, found it to their advantage to take to themselves Indian wives There was no otherwomankind in the country for them to turn to, and the squaw took kindly 10 the white mans ways anj
 made him a pretty faithful, hardwcrk ing mate. So, therefore among the Sioux Crows. the Cheyennes, Nez Perces and other tribes of that region the "squaw man" was very much in evidence and the halfbreed a very com mon object.
 The same conditions prevailed in the
 Indian Territory.
 But when we turn to the southwest we find it peopled by the Indians and Mexicans both. The white men who came as the pioneers here found their wives and sweethearts amongst the
 Mexican population. which was scat tered pretty well all over it. In the little Mexican placites of Arizona and New Mexico he found home life more attractive to him thar in the tepe of the aborgenee. and he turned to the dark-eyed senoritas for his wife
 And the Mexican seldom mated with the Indian because there has existed since the days of the conquering Ger tez feeling of hate and contempt for the Indian in the heart of the Span sh people that was and is akin to the feeling of the southerner against the negro. True there are some Mexican halfbreeds. but not many, and the two peoples are of such similar racial type and characteristics that the cross is hardly distinguishable and therefore hard to detect.
 These two reasons are. l believe, the most satisfactory ones that can be of fered for this question. and think is generally accepted as the governing cause by scientific men who have given it thought.
 As for the case quoted in the article of the Apaches cutting off their squaws' noses for inconstancy. think I saw the last case of that on the reserve at Fort Apache in 1882 There was .a great hullabaloo one evening down in the camp of the Indian scouts The guard, which always kept their horses saddled and ready hastily mounted and rode down to the camp and was among the number. We found a squaw belonging to one of the scouts with her | nose slashed off clean from her face. She was bleeding dreadfully, and Lieu tenant Cruse, the officer of the guard. | tried to send her to the hospital, but she wouldn't go. 90 the post surgeon went down there and fixed her up. Her liege lord was arrested and put in the guardhouse and turned loose at guard