davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

the situation In the state. says.
For tho frsi time In " years, or since
Catl SEIZURE was elected United States
senator, republicans control the Missouri
general assembly. According to thu best
returns obtainabin last night, the assem-.
NY Will have a republican majority OF II
on Joint ballot. thus causing the retire
mriit 81 senator Francis NJ. cOchfcll.
Indications are hat the republicans
have elected NJ members ~ the house
aud the d,mOcfnts 81. a republican ma
jority Of n
OF the /, new senators. the republicans
probably have elected seven. There are
three republican h0ld.oNcr senators, or a
total Of ten This gives the democrats u
majority OF ~ In the upper branch VI the
assembly.
At present, the democrats have a ma
jotity Of ~ In the house and N In the
senate. ON Joint ballot, the present dem
ucfntic majority IL ~
The Missouri rvturus show results the
most astonishing In tho history Of the
state.
Folk T. elected by a majority that may
go to bQ1J, and surely " over i1lsy. lie
has carried IN" state ticket with HIN,
excepting possibly cook and Allen, dc.
spite that the electoral vote probably viii
40 to Roosevelt and that .ight congress
sioual districts are probably republican.
Calculations on percentage Of democrat.
ic loss Indicates lcg Roosevelt plurality,
The election Of Judge it'ybutb u In
doubt.
The republican Landslide aud democrat.
It. apathy .nruifod les stature ana con-
rreHaturu. Democrats either stayed home,
voted with the %pupuilsts. of voted the
republican ticket, scratching state Candi.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Milwaukee. WIS, Nov. g.-Thc repub-
licuns carried Wisconsin for Roosevelt
10y a plurality OF Ol,po, despite tho hit
ter faotional fight that has been waged
In the PARTY, against ld0N given Tor
nearly ono-half Of the republican party
was against Dow. Ia Toilette and thou.
sands knitted hin at the polls, he n r..
elected by about bJ,O1 plurality. against
u. Opl two years ago aud 1pi.0J four years
ago. II was the large democratic vote
he received hat made 1t possible Tor him
to win again.
The next legislature will he republican,
but the democrats hav made blg gains.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
CAi.IfOUN

San Francisco. Nov. s-fncomplstc re-
turns from all parts OF the state indi-
nearly double that given Mckinley four
years ago. Th. chairman OF the rcpub-
lican state central committee makes an
estimate, which he claims "a be Cousrrva-
tive. of ig,e- plurality, and says i may
reach sntup. sah Francisco, which gave
MckinlcN ib0li plurality In ispQ, rolled up
ls,up0 fOt Roosevelt
Incomplete returns from !5i precincts
out OF ..b2A give Roosevelt a plurality Of
C.t00. The republicans elected all eight
candidates Tor congrrlS, generally by
large malurlti,s,
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
MNnMiNU.

cheyenne, Wyn., Soy. p-nlHseysit hlt
carried wyoming nY ftlm ~ o. aHHi
MHuIeiL republican. has u.,u elected 10
tuutfsrH bY uElr N.Hn
IrHnkr. republican. has irrn elected
ToNf tuur hN ut.F lNn over 90 born, dUfns
ulflt and tho rDHt OF the republican state
Ticket has bctn da.tgd ~ Ina!outica
ranging from aWu 60 500
luU republicans WAL control both
branches uf ono Hfttu legislature, thus
lnsutlng tie recollection uf senator cllts
on tHtufuH received thHytnua o. TAT ~
th" bad Tot ths permanent location VI
the state capital.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

dates aud wutns in such of ths demo.
tfHta al. thry wished 90 tlDUt
lugumrlete t,tuu- 49, 90 midnight in'
ton in sougf,aa wop,l ,.HaIHt of clsht
drtnocrau aud rlElt r,pllIraus, ua i1i-
lows.
Fir.t B~.fiHet-James r Lloyd oieml
Second Dirtuct-Nitam " Huekur
tdrmI
rh,ri Dis,rci-F reuk y. Rirppcr trcp)
Fourth bilttict- Frank a. fuikefaIu
'Finh uistrct-E drar {. I'm. uop).
sixth pntrict-DaNld \. De Arm9pi
s'vdn,h pistrict-Johh wclborn Crcp).
Eighth biatret-bprsoy ". Hhackiu-
SINH n.,trici- Champ clark td.mJ
Tenth blstritt-lul hard hartholdt u'p).
Els, nth piftTrtmJuhu n Hunt tdrml.
Twelfth D.Htuct-l.fncst Il. Wood
td.wJ.
Thirtccnth District Marion Il. Rhodes
rolrtccn,h District, William 7 Tyndau
Fifteenth district Cas.ius ~ shartcl
sixteenth District Robert Lamar
v noinelal figures from s. out u II,
counties In tho stat. show that Folks
plurality over Mhlhtidgc H. 3aAi., iso0sc-
welt leads Parker %, 80 votes.
The other counties yet to report Will
have q gain Tor Folk ana a probable loss
for Roosevelt II remains p%1saIblc that
ilN NliNNNfMN hnNi NA wv rAANt VIII W
saved 10 the democrats.
In - Louis the entire republican city
ticket, With the exception OF a few can
nlI'trs Gsos @sS.Su TX, ",35.fntiins S.rro
Moses y. Sale, dem. for Circuit Judge,
who defeated William Xachuts. r,p.. two
members Of Wood, IN tho
Twelfth district. aud Hunt. m the Elev'
suth. and thfru mumhsrH OF tho leFii-
latLto. folh, Tor governor. WAS the unlY
de mocrat on the stat" Ticket TO CARR
tho civ.
Kansas CIV. Mo. Nov. a-The indicn-
tlonr ARE that ti. entire republican enuu'
~ ticket Ia IHrksnu county has Doc %
elected. Judro Nnnord was tho only man
on their ticket that the democrats had
any chance Co pull through, SoNh,rd
seems a. have been defeated Tor CON
rrrss. though probably by a smaller
margln than the iiUl the republicans
riAim Folk led his uoSvt. running uhrn1
MAS the nniy dsmocrat ~ carry Kansas
GUY. Ills plurality IN about 500
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

New Haven. Conn. Nov. . Roosevelt
IT the state. hiH plurality being Vst-
mated at ulmost $500 Tho entire re-
publican stat" tickot was also elected by
. large plurality, not quite 20 large AZ
that Of Roosevelt
The Now lintcn Register und) claims
the state Tor Roosevelt by over 5000. and
for RohprtH Tor governor by urnflN as
much. and the state ticket Ia New Haven
ly from l,Oul 60 l,sN.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

baltimore. MD. Nov. a-Thc vote In
Maryland II very close, In BALTIMORE the
Indications are that there may not be- "a
difference OF 100 votes.
incomplete returns from tho counties
show unexpected r. publican gains. par
tlCularly In the Western counties.
Chairman Hanna Of the republican com.
mlttco claims that Maryland has un-
douht'dly zone republican
Official returns from the counties are
still mcagor, and the result Is close, In
baltimore 800 precincts out OF slg give
Parker 800 majority.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
WARRINGTON.

Seattle, Wash, Nov, 9-Fcw figures on
the result In Washington were available
early, but the indications are That ilooSc-
welt carried the state by ap.uh, the larg-
est plurality ON rucord, Turner, democrat
for governor, ran well ahead OF Parker,
to 500.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Albany. Nov. a-This state gave rhco.
dnre Roosevelt u plurality Of i7',00o II
elected Frank w, Higgins governor by u
plurality Of f6,h00.
New York city. where the democrtaic
hopes were centor'l. gave. Parker but
300 plurality. In spite of the persistent
introduction claims 10y the democratic
managers that there was a united demo-
cratic party In that city and that the
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Portland. ore, Nov. g-The republican
campaign minageta place Roosevelt = ma.
juuty !n the state NJ from 1,VVl to b,OJl.
In Portland scattering r,iurnE from a
quarter al the city giVo Roosevelt a plu.
rality OF a.aJ, Mrngcr returns from the
county show "a republican landalir.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Providence, H. /. Nov. o.--Six districts
IN Rhode Island for president give Far.
ker 80, Roosevelt i.iss, same Ia iyya
Bryan sE. Mckinley vs..
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

San Antonio. Tex. Nov. . ncurns from
Texas slow coming IN. They Indicate
vote was llght, and that tho democrats
carried the Htatc BY a plurality OF 2itD
for the electoral and state ticket; also
that all the democratic nominees for con
Efesa arc elected. and nearly all mrm-
bcrs Ot the legislature.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Atlanta. Ga. Nov. p.-Thc democratic
majority Il estimated IN Atlanta ia. be-
tween 1900 and io.s1. All the democratic
cOngtcssmon are elected. No contests.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Wilmington. Del. Nov. 9-Rooscvelt
has carried Delaware by about b.ep and
the republicans elected governor and con-
gresham. The legislature will be over
wh.imluEly republican,
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
IOWA.

psa Moincs. Ia. Soy. % s,urna indi-
cnte that iluofoVrlta plurality will 10
i.s.HN. and tho entire state ticket viii
have about The Same number.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
ONO.

Columbus, o. Nov. g-E-timates this
morning are that Rooscycl'- plurality will
this state. and Is placed at not less than
lto.Vc0.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Concord. n. ~, Nov. g-UntabulateA
reports from :. towns In this state show
substantial republican gains for the ma
tional ticket,
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18
NEW JIsusES.

Trenton. n. J., Nov. a-Scattering 70
turns show consistent republican EaiuA
Indicate hat Roosevelt has carried
the state by a latgc plurality.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Al a late hour both parties claimed
Maryland. tho republicans by 1900.
The democratic state managers said
the state would cast It's electoral vote
for Parker and Davis,
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Little Rock. Ark. Nov. 9-Ali the dem.
oerntic candidates for ungfcr are elect
I'd In Arkansas.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Portland, Me, Nov a-seventy cities
and towns In Maine give Roosevelt Is. as.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Parker TAT. The same In 1900 gave Me-.
kinley. 1G,,u. Bryan s.sH Republican
rain. Liz.
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Tho following table shows tho ap-
Iroxinate pluraliuca In the various
stlfy4t
The Montgomery tribune. (Montgomery City, Mo.) 1892-1910, 1904-11-18

Sioux falls. = D. Nov, o. Roosevelt
boo carried South Dakota uy iNto
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

A negro compelled to endure peon-
age. on account of an indebtedness of
a dollar. whipped because he ran
away and dragged back again. is the
story that comes from southern state.
The government was compelled to in
terfere and Notwithstanding the me-
gro himself offered to pay the dollar
claimed, as did number of white
citizens of fair mind, his oppressors
held him and only released him be-
cause compelled to do so. This seems
like fairy story to some. yet the writ
er, so late as 1885 knew one boy and
two girls working in an old family at
New Mardid. Mo, who were held Just
as much il slavery as before the war.
What should be done with the men
who defv the law of the land. in hold
ing man as a chattel. should be n
plenty and it should be given with
such vigor that it would teach all
that it is no time to foot with free
dom in this country.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

1t is being persistently asserted that
william Bomgardner will resign his
membership on the school boai d.
This step it is SAID he takes because
he is absent a grear part OF the year
at his home in California and ais
because his family now resides there.
While it will be matter of regret
that Mr.. Bomgardner takes such posi-
tion, yet in the light of the reasons
advanced it would seem he is taking
the right step. No man can consci-
entiously serve in such important po-
sition, without having his family al d
his interests wholly in the district in
which he has been elected. In al
probability Mr.. Bomgardner will re-
sign in advance of the approaching
school election, so that the voters in
the district may elect his successor to
serve this year, with the new director
who will be elected.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

The tables seem to have been turn
ed completely at Telluride. viewing
the situation from this distance and
from the published press reports. At
one time the entire camp was run by
Vincent St. John, head of the miner S
union. All transactions. commercial
social and political had their begin
ming and ending with the union. No
czar ever held fuller sway over his
people than the union over all classes
attempting to live and do business in
Telluride. At present another organ
ization. whose membership doubtless
suffered greatly during tho St John
regime. hava turned the tables and
are giving their former dictators a
taste of their own methods. The po-
sition taken by the Alliance may seem
arbitrary but conditions may have
warranted it.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

If there is one legacy which the late
Senator Hanna left to his friends to be
executed, it was that Gen. Leonard
Wood should not be promoted over a
thousand more deserving officers in
the regular army. because lie was the
friend of Theodore Roosevelt. Wood
has never denied the charges of in
subordination to General John Il.
Brooke. o; his connection with the
infamous letter attacking the Brooke
administration in Cuba, solely for his
own advancement. He never fought
in battle, having but witnessed a
slsirmish at Las Guayamas and he had
done nothing whatever to entitle him
to such great honor as major Cen
eralship in the army of this country
Every officer of the line in the regular
army should resign, if the president
persists in disgraeinsg the service
by placing a pet and favorite above
them and the people would force their
/ reinstatement in the future.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

The mouthpiece of superintendent
Miller jumps to the fore and in an in
spired article believes that the school
superintendent is vindicated of all
charges because no persons were pres
ent at the school meeting 10 repeat
what has been said many times and
which needs no proof. If the con-
science of the school board is such
that it can vindicate its superinten-
dent of schools after the confession in
his own defense on the Get Rich
Quick proposition. it differs largely
from; that of the general public who
condemn him unstintedly for his en-
tanglements upon suck questionable
transaction. No man, even with a
modicum of commercial honor. would
pretend to condone such a scheme. Ii
is unfortunate that some of the super.
intendent's warm friends could not
have purchased some of the hold nj
stock and found later one half of the
purchase price in their friends pocket
1t might have largely changed tn,
complexion Of affairs. ,5
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

son James G. Blaine. for the public.
who sc revered his father. to have any
liberation for the shortcomings OF the
degenerate son. Again he is before
the public eye with charming and
lovely wife seeking divorce fIom
him because of his iniquities aud
brutality. 1t is greatly to be deplored
that the man Blaine could not have
had a son to perpetuate his splendid
public career. However, it is only
the irony OF fate and what has been
the outcome of too many great names
in this. as we'll as other countries.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16
New cushion tops at the G. V. Store.

New cushion tops at the G. V. Store.
United States playing carIs at The
q. V. Store.
Have you read Bannister's ad
Don't get left,
Washable embroidery letters at the
G. V. Store.
All shades washable embroidery
silks at the G. V. Store.
What value has "a novel to you after
reading it? 10 cents Will buy one at
the c. " Store.
BOOKS! BOOKS! for ten days.
Thirty five cent books for twenty five
cents Mt Fredericks' Book Store.
See the modern cooking wonder
the Majetsic Range at Bannister' 5
Furniture store. Don't get left.
Original ideas and effects seen in
all our millinery creations. Ladies'
Emporium opening March 17-1S-19.
No hat duplicated in all our stock.
Each shape entirely original. Ladies'
Emporium. Opening March II is
10.
Remember that dainty Majestic"
lunch next week at Bannister's Furni-
ture Store. Everybody invited. Don t
get left.
a cordial invitation is extended d the
ladies to visit our establishment at our
opening. March l7-1S-19. Ladies'
Emporium.
You'u miss rare treat if you do
not attend the Grand Majestic cooking
exhibit at Bannister's Furniture Store.
Don't get left.
/ The opening of the Ladies' Empor-
ium will be entirely new and UNIQUE
in number of features. 1t occurs
March I7-lS-and 10.
GRAND JUNCTION SOCIAL
CLUB dance will he given every Fri
day evening instead of Saturdays.
Admission 80 cents. Ladies free.
Don't buy kitchen indicator.
Why? If you have one it will soon
save you many an extra trip to town,
but if you think you must have one 20
to the G. V. Store.
A set of copper, steel and enamelet
cooking utensils. we'll worth SO alb
solutely free with every Majestic
Range sold next week at Bannister''
Furniture Store. Don't get left.
} Our business is exclusive manufac
/ turing milliners. nineteen years expe
fence in the best workshops in Ameri
ca. entitle us to lead and moi. to follow
Visit our rooms March i7E1S-l9.
Three days of opening at the Ladies
Emporium. Ample time given to eacl
individual. no rush nor crush. You
selections can be made without sug
gestion from others and may be KEEP
private if desired. 9trs
Mrs. H. E. Curtis is here from
Utah on visit to her people W
S H. Lee and family
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

When a public official persistently
eva1es work and believes the public is
blind, no one is fooled quite so badly
is that individual himself. Men
holding public office should at least
try to earn their salaries by an at
tempt to make a showing of work.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

Those paved streets ale to be kept
ever before the public eye, as long as
the Sentinel continues to publish.
They must come soon and we are not
ut all premature in urging prepara-
tions to begin, this early
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16
lime TABLE.
D. q d. O. GOING MEST

D. e Z. O. UOING WLNI.
No arrives ? 20 am. Leaves 3 90 a. m.
No 3 arrives II 30 a Leaves is j. m.
No arrives II - pm Leaves IL :a5 p. m.
D. < r. G. GOING EAST.
No arrives y ~ a. m. Leaves 2:55 a. m.
No arrives 6 10 a. m. Leaves - a. m.
No arrives p p. Leaves 6:i5 p. m.
NARROW GAUGE.
No 3f5 arrives :05 pm Leaves 1000 a. m.
COLORADO MIDLAND.
No 1O3 arr. I2:ij p m. No 10t leaves b a. m.
No lO5 arr II ;15 p m. No l06 leaves 20 p. m.
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16

Too long a time has elapsed between
the death of the splendid James @.
Blaine and the checkered career of his
The daily sentinel., 1904-03-16
Grand Millinery Opening
SATURDAY, MARCH
NINETEENT

We will have on display the
most beautiful designs and
latest styles of Ladies, Miss
es and Children's Hats. See
our line before purchasing
your Easter Bonnet. Carna=
tions will be given OUR lady
friends who attend our big
70 o p E N | N G.
The FaShiOn.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
-------------
PAUL KRUGER PASSES AWAY.
Former President of the Transvaal
Republic Dies In Switzerland.

CLARENS, Switzerland-Pau Kru-
ger, former president of the Transvaal
republic, died here at o'clock Thurs
day morning from pneumonia and SUI
pervening heart weakness. Mr.. Kru-
ger lost consciousness Monday. His
daughter and son-in-law were with him
at the time of his death. He had been
out only once since his arrival here, at
the beginning of last month.
The eX-president's body was en-
balmed, and this afternoon the re-
mains will be placed in a vault pend
Ing funeral arrangements. Application
will be made to the British govern
ment to transport the remains to the
Transvaal. In the meantime they will
be temporarily inferred here.
Mr., Kruger, who was staying at the
Villa Du Boichet, had been gradually
failing for long time, but he was able
to attend to affairs, read and receive
visits until Saturday. A change for
the worse set in on Sunday. He be-
came unconscious Monday and remain
J ed so until his death.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
Big Rush Is Now on at Yankton.

YANKTON, S. Done of the big
gest passenger trains which ever pull
ed into South Dakota arrived at Yank-
ton at noon Thursday over the Milwau-
kee road 1t was in two sections, con-
tanned twenty-six passenger coaches,
and carried 1900 people. The jam in
the city is simply immense. There
were 3,49l registrations today, bring
ing the total up to date to 22,236 for
Yankton alone. The regular run on
the Northwestern road is divided into
three sections, and will add 1900 peo-
pie to the throng already here.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
Company Hurried Message.

NEW YORK-General Superintend.
ent Brooks of the Western Union Tele'
sent by Judge Parker to Mr.. Sheehan
at st. Louis relative TO the platform
adopted by the democratic national
committee was not delayed by the
Western Union Telegraph company in
delivery. The message, Mr., Brooks
says, was transmitted from Esopus i'm
mediately and delivered promptly to
the address given, and copy handed
to Mr.. Sheehan personally as soon as
he could be found.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
THE NEWS GIVEN TO PARKER.
How He Received Word of His Nomi-
nation,

ESOPUS, N. Y.-The news of Judge
Parker's nomination was given to him
at $3.50 a. m. in the morning by the
correspondent of the Associated Press,
who found him clambering out of the
water after his morning swim.
well, Judge, you've got It," cried
the reporter, as the athletic figure of
the Judge appeared over the bow of
the barge from which he had been div
ing
rs that SOP" replied the Judge, his
ruddy face breaking into a CHEEKY
smile, in which satisfaction was I'M
disguised. He asked for details of
the final vote and displayed the live
liest interest in every fact and figure,
at the same time refraining from the
slightest comment. When asked if he
would say anything on the matter Of
his nomination, he said:
mo, l shall say nothing whatever
upon the subject until | am formally
notified of my nomination."
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
RUST IN THE WHEAT CROP.
Alarming Reports Reaching the Me-
braska Experiment station.


Notwithstanding reports are
reaching the government experiment
station at the state farm concerning
the development of wheat rust and
the injury promised from that source.
The stories of damage came from sew
eral sections of the state, and in some
cases almost total loss is reported.
w. S. Holden and f. A. Holden of
Burr, two of the largest wheat farm
ers in the state. having over 1000
acres at Burr, have lost practically
their entire crop. The field looks
good at a distance. but a closer ex-
animation shows that there is no grain
in the heads. Many farmers around
Burr are blowing up their wheat mad
seeding the fields to millet. Reports
from Normal and Pleasantdale are to
the same effect.
Prof. Lyons of the state farm states
that the trouble is due to scab or
fungus growth, which appears both on
the stalk and on the head. 1t is
little white or reddish growth. There
was some complaint last year, but
nothing comparable to the damage
done this season
Although the smoother varieties are
most affected the Turkey red wheat
grown in this section is not immune
frc.n the fungus and fears are enter
tanned that ver' serious damage has
resulted to the wheat crop in the
southeastern section of the state.
Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921, 1904-07-21
German system of Education.

WASHINGTON-The department of
commerce and labor has commenced
the publication of series of reports
on the educational system of Germany,
made by our consular officers through
out Germany, These reports deal
with every phase of the education of
German children. The preface to the
report says; The phenomenal sue
cess of the German empire in manu-
features and commerce is due in large
measure to its splendid system of edu-
cation, particularly in the branches de.
signed to aid commerce"