The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1904-09-25

the Dutch over the Swedes. The scene Of
the next conflict was to be the North River,
and in place OF the Swedes the Dutch
we're to have az opponents the far more
powerful English
There 10 no doubt that the capture OF
New Amsterdam by the secret expedition
organized by the Duke OF York and the
consequent surrender OF New Netherland
in ieeA was an act OF spoliation. 1t Ia de-
nounced by the author OF this narrative
as without palliation. In time OF pro-
found peace and almost without warn
ing, the possessions OF a friendly Power
were violently seized. The seizure was
committed at the direct instigation Of
king who, when a fugitive. without home
and without a country, had been enter
tanned most Hospitality by the very nation
whose sovereignty he thus violated. How
ever fortunate this act Of Charles II. may
be considered from the viewpoint Of event
ual development, 1t cannot be defended
by any rule OF international ethics. whether
OF the seventeenth or the twentieth CEN
tury. O'Callaghan, quoting Butler, says:
'In the biography OF the royal migrate by
whom II was planned and for whose benefit
1t was perpetrated there are few acts
more base, none more characteristic" I'm
doubtedly there were underlying causes,
such 40 commercial jealousy and desire
for territorial unifcation, that would have
brought about the same result in course
OF time. Nevertheless, the commission Of
the act might have been indefinitely post
poned but for the malign influence Of two
powerful individuals the Duke Of York
and Sir George Downing, the latter being
the English envoy at The Hague. The
Duke OF York was to be quickly punished
for the wrong done to Holland. when, as
James H., he was driven from his native
land by the Dutch troops brought over by
the Prince Of Orange. 1t Is interesting to
recall, a. showing what poor colonizers the
Dutch were In comparison with the English,
that, although New Netherland was settled
before New England, yet the former colony
at the time Of the conquest l68D contained
but three cities and thirty villages. Ex-
elusive Of Indians, the population did not
exceed 10000 souls, while that Of New Am
sterdam was but 900 At the same period
the population OF New England could not
have been less than $1,000. while Virginia
and Maryland had 5000 and $4,000 re-
spebtively. The numerical weakness OF
the province IL the more surprising because
from the time Of the first settlement 1t had
welcomed the oppressed Of all nations.
The knowledge Of the Dutch policy OF
religious federation had drawn men OF
many oreeds and tongues to New Amster-
dam. Thus, al we shall SEQ, Walloons,
Waldensians, Huguenots. swedes, Roman
Catholics, German Lutherans and Ana
bsptists and English Quakers settled along
side the supporters OF the Dutch Reformed
Church.
As was to be expected. the Dutch Govern
ment protested against the conquest Of
New England as AN erroneous proceed
ing opposed to all right and reason. CON-
trary to mutual correspondence and good
neighborhood, and notorious infrao-
ton OF the treaty lately concluded lin
1880. II furthermore demanded prompt
restitution and reparation." This Charles
refused to make, and war was formally de-
clared between Holland and England In
March, 1905. Nevertheless, by the Peace OF
Breda, negotiated between the two nations in
1867. New Netherland was formally ceded
to the English In exchange for Surinam.
in South America. and the island Of Poleron
ons Of the Banda group near the MoMccas.
Strange a. II may now seem, the nglish
people did not appreciate how much they
had gained by the exchange There were
no bonfires-4partly," says Pepys, from
the dearness Of firing, but principally from
the little content most people have in the
peace Onoe more for q brief period
New Netherland was to pass under Dutch
control. Another war broke out in 1917
between England and Holland, and in the
following year Dutch feet regained pos
session OF the province. BY the Treaty Of
Westminster, however, which brought the
war to close in February, 1914. New Neither
land was restored TO England. Even now,
ten years after the first conquest by the
Duke OF York, the province contained
scarcely l2,0o0 white persons.
Ill.
In his first seven chapters Prof. Jones
deals almost exclusively with the English.
Dutch and swedes, because to them belongs
the major share OF credit for colonizing
the territory now known as the Middle
States. He does not lose sight, however,
OF the lesser divisions Of emigration that
became fused In the conglomerate popula-
ton OF this geographical section. In the
eighth chapter he discusses In detail the
groups that for one reason or another
cannot properly be classified under the
general headings Of English, Dutch or
swede. Beginning with the walloons,
he notes that they passed through the fire
of persecution. Originally they had In
habited the southern Belgio provinces OF
Hainault, Namur, Luxembourg, Lmburg
and part Of the ancient bishopric Of Iiege
| They spoke the old French language. On
the union Of the northern provinces OF the
Netherlands in 1879 the southern prov.
inoee. which are preponderantly Catholic,
declined to be parties to 1t, Many Of their
inhabitants, however. had accepted the
principles Of the Reformation. Against
these Protestant Walloons the Spanish
Government directed all the engines OF
the Inquisiton. Consequently they emf
grated by thousands to Holland, carrying
with them a knowledge OF certain arts in
which they were highly proficient. Hear
ing OF the New World and Of the oppor.
tunites there opened to industrious folk
some Of these refugees determined to try
their fortunes In America. They petitioned
for the priyile0e Of Migrating to VIRGINIA