davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
NOTICE.
Department Of the Interior,
limited States Land Office.

U0lC0O SI8G0b 16uu O1llCcS
Bismarck, N. d.. May 16, 1904.
A sufficient contest affidavit having been filed
in this ofice by Magnus Berqnist, Contestant;
against Homestead Entry No. 2226s. made April
10th, 1904. for SX SWA of section 8 and ny
NWA, section II, township l4s n. range 81 W..
BY Charles +. johnson, contestee, 10 which f.
is alleged that the said claimant has wholly
abandoned said tract; that he has changed hs
place Of residence therefrom for more than SIX i
is not settled upon and cultivated by said party
as required by law; that claimants absence from
said tract was not due to employment in United
States army or navy in time Of war, and that
said default now exists. Said parties are hereby
touching said allegation at ten o'clock a: nj: on
public at her office in Underwood, N. D., and
that final hearing will be held at 2 O'clock p. m.
on August 4th. 1904, before the Register and Re-
ceiver at the United States Land Office in Bis
marck, N. L.
The said contestant. having in a proper affida-
Wit, filed April 5. 1904, set forth facts which that
after due diligence. personal service of this no.
tice cannot be made. it is hereby ordered and
directed that such notice be given by due and
proper publication.
JOHN SATrERLUND, Receiver.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
CONTEST Nor1cE.
department. OF Ine Interior,
United States Land ONCE. Minot, North ia

department OF gne INTERIOR,
United States Land ONCE. Minof. North DakO-
ia, May 10, 1904. A sufi Gent
oSise'i by David David .P aaIteE c Contestant slant az aga inat
Desert Land Entry No. ios, made June 49,. 1901,
for the M nwA, the mex and the ny SEX of
section, 81, township l4s, range IS. BY EdMund
G: Lewis contestee, in whichit is alleged that
with the law relative to desert land entries in
this that ne has not made any bitches thereon
for the bringing Of water thereon: that he has
not made any Improvements thereon of any
kline that he has not in any manner artificially
irrigated the same o. any part thereof: that the
said land is not such as Is contemplated by. the
desert land laws, that the SANE will il unfed by
grazing anf!nal produce a natural growth OF
grass %(n1ative) to make an ordinary crop of hay
agricultural crop in nan m o Ito to MAKE n p' tie cn III
walton thereof reasonably renomeratiye with
stream Of water running through it; laid par
ties are hereby notified to appear. respond and
O'Clock a: IN. on July14 1904. before the Regis
ter and Receiver at the United States Land
tfice in Minot, N. l..
6.1S re Sanborn, Register.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
COAL HARBOR
- ELBOWOODS
STAGE LINE

Stages leaves Coal Harbor for
Washburn and Elbowoods at Z am.
No. 1 arrives at ashburn l1:33Oa.m m.
and leaves / :05. No. 2 will notleave
Coal Harbor until arrival Of No. /.
Stages Nos. l and 2 arrive at Coal
Harbor TOO p. nj. No. 3 arrives
at Elbowoods at 200 p. m. Stages
No. 2 and 3 go by way Of Garrison
BARNEY Me-
Proprietor
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
Notice for Publication,

Land once Of Bismarck, N: D.; May 2. 1904.
Notice Is hereby given that the following
to make nnal commlted proof in support :of. his
claim, and that said proof win be ila0e before
Aug. 3 .sJohas0n, 2 Q. 8. Commissions for the
burn, north Dak0ta.S on July 2, 1891. viz:
Swan5wansOn, n. E. No. 2l85,
for the Mast half OF the southwest quarter Of
section !, township ~. range 90.
ne namesthe following Witnesses to prove
his continuous residence upon q cultivation Of
said land. Wis et
Hans s.O .yolds, Of Malccll9; n; u, Mons Y.
81 Darling, I'D, and Alex B. Swanson of I'm
.derwO0d, Nd. 81 =. H.!gewen, Register
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.

Department At the Interior.
Land Office at Bismarck, IN. d., May 49,, 1904.
Notice is hereby given that the following
to make final proof in support Of his claim, and
that said proof will be made before E. A. Lamb,
County Judge at Washburn, n. ID. on Ju1y
q, 1904, viz:
Porter VI: Solberg.
for the lots 1 and 2, SEXTON s. and lot 4 OF section
4, township 148 n. range IS ". 9Th p. m:
He names the following witnesses 70 prove
Of said land, viz:
Peter S. Soiberg .4Slgvard ?. Solberg, John 8.
Jones and O. +. Stevens all Of Garrison, N. y.
5-2s M. II. Jewell, Register.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
NOTICE. FOR PUBLICATION.

Lane nsP oftics II 81 Bls sns ras.t \. Oak, June !, 1904.
Notice is hereby 9ivsn that the following
named settler has filed notice Of bis intention
to make final proof in support Of his CLAIM and
Culloch, u. s. Commissioner ct his Office Ct
Washburn. n. D., on July 16, 1894, viz:
H"nry Theisen. entry No. 2et7s.
lie nanies the following Witnesses toprovo
his continuous residence upon and cultivation
Of said land, viz
Charley White. VIM. Reuter- and F: Olson q
Dalling, N. D., and Joseph Martel Of Casey. ND
ga M. H. Jewell, Register.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23

having been recommended by the
Superintendent of Schools.
The petition Of Albert Anderson
and others fora highway beginning
at the southeast corner of section
16-14S-s2 and ending at railway
survey near Underwood in 1862,
was laid over.
Petition of G. III. Earl and others
for a highway on section lines in
township 149, range IS, was on
motion granted.
Petition of Pete Weber and
others for the opening Of a high
way in township $50, range Is was
on motion laid over.
On motion, Board adjourned to
meet July 9th, at 9 o'clock.
Washburn, N. D., July 8, 1904.
9 o'clock A. NJ.
Board met pursuant to adjourn
nent; all members present.
On motion, the bond. of John
Wittmayer as Justice of the Peace,
was accepted and approved.
On motion, the assessed valua-
tion of the Bismarck, Washburn &
Great Falls Railway company for
the year 1903 was reduced from
six thousand dollars to four thous-
and dollars per mile and the treas
urer ordered to accept taxes due on
above basis.
On motion, the following bills
were allowed
III. @. Olson, mileage visit
ing schools. ........... 1850
ii. M. Patterson, repairing
road scrapers. .......... 6.VC
10. B. Wing, postage ...... 5.a
Frank Putt, commissioner
and mileage ......... $500
N. w, Solenberger, commits
sioner and mileage 28!OC
Jahr, commissioners
and mileage. ........ 2l.0C
On motion, the Board proceeded
to the establishment Of election
precincts and the appointment q
inspectors 40 follows: .
Continued In Onr Next Issue.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23

or SlSners, ana tnere DelnS no gOOd
cause shown why the prayer of said
petitioners should not be granted;
it is herebyordered that thequestion
of the removal Of the county seat
from Washburn in Mclean county
to Underwood in Mclean county,
as prayed for in said petition,
be and the same is hereby ordered
submitted to the voters of Mclean
county at an election to be held
November Sth, 1904.
And 1T is further ordered that
the County Auditor have the ques.
ton Of county seat removal placed
upon the official ballot of Mclean
county, as by statute in such cases
made and provided.
Whereas. a petition has been pre-
scented to the Board Of Go. Commits
sioners of Mclean Co., asking that
that portion Of Mclean Co. lying
and being east of range IS, be seq
regated and organized as the county
of Sheridan, and that the question
Of division Of said Mclean county
as prayed for in said petition, be
submitted to the voters of Mclean
county at the next election as
prayed for in said complaint;
And whereas, it appearing to- THE
Board Of county commissioners shat
said petition is in due form, and it
further appearing that said pro-
posed county could be constitution
ally formed, and it further appear
ing that said petition contains the
signatures of the majority of the
legal voters of said territory pro-
posed to be segregated and there
being no good reason shown why
the prayerofsaid petitioners should
not be granted;
Now, therefore, it is hereby Or
dered that the question of the seq
regation of that portion Of Mclean
county as prayed for in said petit
ton, be and the same is hereby
ordered submitted to the voters of
Mclean county at the next election
to be held November Sth, 1904; and
it is further ordered that the County
Auditor have the question of the
formation of said new county placed
on the official ballot of Mclean
county, as by statute in such case
made and provided.
On motion, Board adjourned to
meet at 2 O'Clock P. NJ. +
O'Clock P. NJ.
Board met pursuant to adjourn.
ment; all members present.
On motion, the petition of Hare.
ton Sabrovitch and others for the
opening of a highway on the west
side of Lake Nettie was returned
for correction.
The petition of I. Rovig andoth
ers for the opening of the section
line commencing at the northwest
, corner of section 81. township l46
i range 80, thence due east eight
miles between sections 81 and Is
% and Is, % and Ia, "a and l3 in
. township l46, range 80, and 10 and
Is, 20 aud II, 81 and 16, % and IL
, in township LAG, range 81 to the
, northeast corner of said section 2:
was on motion granted.
The petition of Claude M Weth.
erbe and others for the organiza,
ton Of townships l49 and $50
ranges IS and Sc into a school dis.
> trict, was upon the recommendation
of the Superintendent Of schools
( granted
) The petition Of Allen McDonale
J and others for the division Of Wei
: Ter school district in township las
range SO, which lies east Of the linz
that forms the western boundary
Of sections 4, 8, Is, II, % and 8;
in said township and organize th,
same into q separateschool distric
Z. trvCr - ~A~ls~n -~r-4~l Az ~a-TI
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
Horses for Sale.

We have 10 or IL good, young
Mares and Geldings that will weigh
from Ii to IA hundred for sale.
ScoFIELD Bros,
Oliver Co. Hensler, N. D.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1904-07-23
CEN. ;. 70 COLUMN.

.
Mouev tn loan ON real estate at
Klein's Land Agency.
Suits mended. cleaned and press
ed at the Enterprise, nrnr depot.
Money to loan on improved farm
property. Sec Funk, First Natl
Bank.
The Mandan Nero. Go. have just
received a fine line of LIGHT AND
HEAVY HARNESS and harness extras
For SALE:-A 2-year old Dur
ham bull. Enquire at the LEADER
OFFICE.
Protect your property, house or
barn against fire and lightning by
insuring with F. r. Funk, LIST Nat.
Bank of Washburn, in old line COM
panies at low rates.
The New Enterprise firm have
added to their establishment a
mending, cleaning and pressing
bureau. You can, with little ex-
pense, now have your clothes made
to look like new.
For SALE:-My 480 acres in Nc
Lean county, North Dakota. Also
my $50 acre farm in Florida. Price
reasonable, terms easy.
A. j. MILLER,
Frankfort, Ind.
TAKEN UP:-Iron gray yearling
colt, left shoulder branded circle c..
ADOLPH REIMERS,
3-3tf Basto, N. d..
The Republican vocabularyis conn.,
posed largely of words of encour-
agement; the Democratic is limited
to words of woe and warming
STRAyED:-From Roosevelt Dip
ping tank brown horse weight about
l,l50 to 1900, no brands. Had rope
on neck. Finder inform
p. H. BURTON.
S-3tf. Washburn, n. ID.
TAKEN Up.-One bay gelding, s.
yrs. old, spot i'll forehead, branded
UL on left shoulder: VT. about 900.
COAL HARB0R STOCK FARM,
Coal HurbOr. n. u.
Came to my herd about May LIST,
one sorrel mare branded u on left
flank: one dark 2-yr. old stallion, no
brand visible. Owners will please
come, pay charges and take same
away. j. r. MANN,
Scr.:1,T Township 14G, Range "a,
2tf. Hancock, N. d.
TAKEN Up:-May 9th, one year
ling steer, red, some white in head.
ADOLPH REIMERS.
.21-l45-S3. Basto. n. d.
TAKEN UP:-Came to my place 2
weeks ago 3-yr. old bay horse, white
stripe in forehead, two white hind
feet, weight about HOO, tail locked.
ltf. G. l.. GRANSTROM.
Sec. 34-l44-S1. Washburn, N. D.
TAKEN UP:-June Sth, one gray
mare, weight about LOO: no brand
visible; has bad hobble cut around
right front leg.
OLE EMERSON.
4-3tf. Washburn, n. d.
For SALE:-West half of section
IL, township las, range 81. This
is one of the best farms in Mclean
county. Address j.. III. Catlin, owner
Cottonwood, Minnesota.
Came to my place recently, a bay
mare, branded So on the left hind
leg. White star on face and white
spot on foot; had halter on. About
5-yrs. old and 1000 tb. weight.
55-3tf. JOHN BEITZ,
Sec. %11-145-79, EASTMAN, n. ID.
Do you want a mower? We will
sell you one for $40, and guarantee
it to be the best in the market.
The Peterson Machine Co.
A Tailor Made Suit is now in
the reach of the Washburn people.
Gall in and see our line of samples.
The PANToRIUM.
Insure-It looks as if about all
that stands between the farmer and
asplendid cropthis year is hail and
that can be partially overcome at
least by insuring. It pays to be
cautious. It is due the family. See
F. E. Funk, First National Bank
Washburn, N. D..
Horses for Sale.
We have 10 or IL good, young
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
FARMERS KICK ABOUT
1AIlINGS FROM MINES

It transpired yesterday that there
In liable to be serious trouble in
the near future between the farmers
of that portion Of Baker county
known as western Powder valley,
bordering on the Pocahontas aud
Baisley Elkhorn mining districts,
and the miners operating placer
claims who are using certain irri-
gation ditches tor their dumps.
A leading attorney Of the CITY
yesterday stated that half a dozen
prominent ranchers whose ranches ara
covered by these ditches are becom-
Ing very indignant over the situation
and may combine In general suit ut
common law to rectify the evil. The
ditches are and for some time past
have been carrying 30 heavy deposit
Of tailings from the mines as to
rapidly all the bitches and make II
necessary to build up their sides
an order to carry any water, The
has resulted in many instances In
criss- crossing the farms with these
embarked ditches having the appear.
ance of high railroad grades, Not
only are the ditches unsightly but
they are rapidly loosing their use
fulness as irrigation bitches.
While the character of the mineral
deposits does not seem To have in
;nied the laud in any way, vet the
farmers have not courted this addi-
tiou To their real state and do not
care for it, Different from the de-
posits Of California, where the min
eral deposits are poison To the land.
these deposits seem to do very little
injury. hut being reddish in color
they are very unsiehtly and the
principal objection as stated il the
rapid hlling up Of the bitches which
these farmers say they will not stand
much longer. Democrat.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
COULD IT HAVE Been IN
nOOPPOlt COUNTY. mo-?

Editor Miner: was very much
Interested In an article which ap-
! peared 10 your paper day or two
since, relative to Mr.. Shelton =
affidavit that Mr.. Sorensen is busily
engaged In making cleanup OF
/ 100000 down In Flora, Carroll
county. Indiana. Are not either you
or the atiiant mistaken In the locality
where the gentleman has made this
discovery Of an easy thing. this rich
strike, NJ II were. think 10 surely
must be over IN Hooppole county,
where, | have heard, the populace fall
over ench other in their efforts to
buy gold watches from street vendors
ut 81. 40 ench.
VIII you XII IDLY inform me. if
indeed you are correct In your state.
ment that Mr.. Sorensen is operating
In Flora. whether or not the suit club
system Of selling clothing by rattle
has been introduced into that com
munity aud IL not, what the railroad
fare is from Sumpter To Flora.
Don't think for n moment that !
am contemplating bntting into Mr..
Sorensen's game uninvited; but |
have M acquaintance who is looking
for II business opening, and ! believe
no would do we'll In town where
$40. 900 In profits can be picked up
In ten days.
ANXIOUS ENQUIRER
The Questioner must get the de-
s'ied information from some other
source. though The Miner 10 OF the
opinion that there is no mistake
relative to the locality. II some
slight error has inadvertently crept
into Mr.. Shelton's affidavit, It is
probably In connection with Other
contained therein.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
TWO MINING GROUPS
WERE CONSOLIDATED

George &. Gantz, Of Seattle, presi
dent of the Blue Mountain Gold
Mining company, and =, II. Norton,
nlso Of Seattle. who has the manage
ment of the company, returned today
from the properties in the Cracker
Creek district. Mr., GautZ returned
this afternoon To Seattle, aud Mr..
Norton will remain and iuauguIatc
work AT once.
Al n meeting held some time ago,
the Justice group, owned by Seattle
interests, aud the Cracker King, also
held largely In Seattle, were con
solidated under the name Of the Blue
Mountain Gold Mining company,
and the two properties, which are
located near each other, will be
operated In conjunction. Mr.,
Gantz says:
"Ws have already invested good
sum. but We are prepared to Invest
more To keep things going. We have
absolute faith In eur holdings, aud
our immediate plan IL thorough and
systematic development work"
Mr.. Gantx has spent several days
at the properties aud 10 we'll pleased
with them. Mr.. Norton will start
operations ut onoe.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
JOHN DAY THE
LAND OF PLENTY

T. j. Costello returned last night
from a general trip through the John
Day country, with glowing accounts
of this garden spot of creation.
This Is the way he talks:
'There are cattle seventy times
fatter than fat, grazing on thousand
hills, and grain waving in innumer-
able valleys. It is truly region Of
prosperity, regardless of the effects
Of the republican administration or
the nomination Of Parker. The
marketable cattle This year will
reach vast number. probably exceed
ing that Of any previous year. The
alfalfa crop is being harvested, but
farmers are waiting for more settled
weather to start on the timothy. The
hay production this year will be
aud when the cattle are
the country will see an
influx Of money never before wit
messed iD it, history. John Day is
certainly land Of plenty. the garden
spot of Eastern Oregon and the home
Of happy, hospitable aud prosperous
people"
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
rlMSER LAND, ACT JUNE ;. U1S.--Norict FoR
PuOlioANoN.
United States Land Office,


La Grande. Oregon. June Q. 1904. !
Notice Is hereby given that In compliance with the
provisions Of the act OF cons Of June 1873. en-
titled IAN act for the sale OF timber lands In the states
OF California. oregon. Nevada and washington Ter
ritory, as extended to all the Public Land States BY
by act OF August =. 1907.
JOHN &. HILLMAN,
OF Sumpter, county OF Baker. state OF Oregon. has
this dav filed In this office his sworn statement No.
Ii2a. for the purchase OF the Nls NEh. NEh NWh
ana lot one OF Sec. 90. inTp. No. ~ -. range No ~
EwM, and will offer proof 10 show that the land
sought Is more valuable for Its timber or
sone than tor agricultural purposes. and to es'ah-
liSh hts claim to said land before Charles n.
Chance. u =. Commissioner. at hi office at
Sumpier. Oregon,on Wednesday. the 3ist day OF
August, 1904
he names rs witnesses; William A. Green. Ralph
Mead. Van Rensselaer, Mead, Eric p. Bergman
all Of Sump,er. Oregon
ANY and all persons claiming adversely the above
described lands are requested TO file their claims In
this Office before said 3tst day OF August. 1904
L. w. DAVIS. Register
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
Wednesday, July 20, loo4

buckskin sack containing $500 IN
gold dust and tagged with the ad-
dresss of its present owner. Long ago
Mr.. Retzer was requested by friend
in Alaska to loan him few hundred.
This sum Mr.. Retzer wired to his
friend and the obligation was
squared by this Alaskan commercial
method. Walla Walla statesman.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
.HfPPNfR CO.'S
GOOD SHOWING
Granite Boulder. a Coming
Mining Region. Says
Mr.. Sta|ter.

August Stalter, who IL interested
In Granite Boulder, was on the
train this afternoon going to Baker
City.
Mr.. StRlter IL q brother Of Don
Stalter who IL the managi az owner of
the lIerpner company, operating In
the vicinity Of Granite Boulder. ils
owns M extension to this property.
The Iieppner company, Mr.. Stalter
says, IL making excellent hendway
with n ilne showing ~ sight The
ledge hns ore which COOS M high M
$40 To tho ton and there IL an
abundance Of u. The company IL
going rapidly ahead with develop
meDt work, and according To Mr.
StatIor in nll probability will erect
"a mill on Its property enrly next
spring. Mr.. Sinltcr does not think
the district In question IL getting
affair show In the mining papers Of
enstern Oregon, that IL IL one of the
coming mining sections oi the country
and deserves proper recognition.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20

the man who unwatered the property
aud reopened it after 1t had been
closed for years, still retains large
interest aud will continue In charge
of the property. Mr.. Schwab will
probably take hold of other properties
here, now that he is interested In
the district. But whether he does
or not. he will undoubt edly be
followed here by many other capital
lists.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
TIMBER LAND. ACT JUNE 3. iS1s.--HovicE EoA
PuOticArion.
United States Land Office.
La Grande, oregon.
April s8th, Ivo<

United States Lana OfnCe.
La Grande, oregon. !
April 18th. ivo~)
Notice Is hereby given that IN compliance with the
provisions OF the act OF congress OF June 1873. en-
titled An for the sale OF timber lands In the states
OF California. oregon. Nevada and washington Ter.
ritory. s extended TO all the Public Land states by
act OF August 4. ISos.
HARRY K BUNKER.
OF Sumpter. county OF Baker. state Of Oregon. has
this day filed In this Office his sworn statement No
1850. for the purchase OF the u = y.
ana SWH 5 Eh Of section No. 40 In township
No. Y SOUTH range No. ~ HwM. and will
otter proof to show that the land sought Is more
valuable tor It's timber stone than tor agricultural
purposes. and TO establish his claim 10 said land be-
fore Chas. n. Chance, u. >. Commissioner. at
Sumpter, Oregon. on Saturday. the roth day OF
July, 1904.
He names as Witnesses Morris II, Auen. Thomas
Moore. Ralph Mead, ana Van Redsselaer Mead.
all of Sumpter. Oregon
Any ana all persons claiming adversely IN, above
described lands are requested To he their claims in
this office or before sai 10Th iav OF July. 1904.
+. W, DAVIS Register.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
Will Make Nun Test.

Manager Thomson. of the May
Queen, who was here today with the
Red Boy people. states that be will
In all probability makea mill test
Of May Queen ore In short time,
with q view to the early resupmtion
of the mill.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
Don't Go TO 81. Louis

TILL you call ut or write to the
ChicEo, Milwaukee and st. Paul rail.
road, Office l34 Third Street.
Portland, Oregon. Low rates to all
points East, in conenction with all
transoontinentals.
w. s. ROWE. General Agent,
Portland. Oregon.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20

Department OF the Interior.
Land Office at La Grande. Oregon.
The Sumpter miner. [volume] (Sumpter, Or.) 1899-1905, 1904-07-20
Paid Old Debt In Gold Dust.

Yesterday Will Retzer, Of the
Senate saloon Was the recipient OF al
express package that reminded many
OF tho early days In this section.
Not only WAS 1t unique, but one that
would have been most acceptable to
aUy citizen Of the town. 1t WAS a