davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

;s Mr. Leslie Byron Wigs. who Is a
student at the Medical College Of Virginia.
and who has been spending the summer
saiere, will leave the city shortly q, FOR
gIVrigt hsvilleS 3Bea CHI, N. CT. and Charles
ton, s.. 6. Later he will visit the exposition
Sat ST Louis Mr. lViggs will return IN
time to matriculate for the !. lectures g t.
the college, which opens. October ! ST..
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

3 " Dr.. i. X. Briggs of the staff of.stheE
Virginia L II ospital. is spending his vaca-S
4 ton in Clarke county.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

bull. OF Hampton Va. have Joined a
party Of friends In North Carolina for a
trip to the ST. Louis Expo sition,a and from
thence through the $ West. INCLUDING SO \
They will return bout the middle Of Sep
5.t.lt.i
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

@ Colonel Roller. Mayor Of IIarrisonburg,
VA, passed through the city to-day. on
his way to the exposition at st. Louis.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17
Personal Mention.

4 Mr. and Mrs. Il. d. Cutchins are visit
ING Mr. utchins' parents, at Whit
takers. N. q. Before their return they
Will 70 to Ashevile, Nc. to visit DTS
Cutchns's sister. Miss Hannah M z Bauer:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

& Mrs. Pro- ser 4 is visiting her daughter.
Mrs. William Brandon Rude in Hampton,
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-08-17

! MR. and Mrs Joseph Mundy and
dy's sister, Mrs. H w. Stamper of
'IRichmo Mr,and Mrs. Mundy will
visit the st. Louis Exposition on their
way home. W. Vi .I!s Z. w. lIs.-lt
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
THEY STOLE
HIS BOAT
Ballarad Vandals Make Lifc
Miserable for Capt. Gates

capt. n. A. Gates. Of the sloop
Katie Thomas. Is after the scalps
OF thieves who have been commit
thug all manner Of dcpredatleus
In the peighoorhood OF his dock at
Ballard. For ever a week the cap
tain has been missing bits OF rlg-
gipg and ether property. and last
night the thieves went So FAR as 10
carry oft brand new tender boat
that the captain had built and Just
launched with fresh coat of lead
cnlorcd paint The BOAT capt. Gates
values az S1o hut that amount
would only appesse a very small
percentage 81 the captains wrath.
and he offers a reward Of $500 for
the boat and the man who stole e..
The boat is a neat little affair. ~
feet long. ) feet wide az the bottom
aud 4 feet Wide az the top. she has
two knees In the after end and oak
hands on the bottom capt Gates
SAYS he would sooner have the thief
than the boat. and H would well
hehooVe the offender to Keep nj a
safe distance from Ballard Capt
Gates Is ono Of the oldest aud most
widely knouu shippers ON the sound
and those who know him are mar
yelling ~ the telmeritV OF the thief
IN Veuturlug near the Gates dock.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

Newspaper Enterprise Assn.
BUTTE Mont Nay e Ia fhe
heart OF Teton gounty tbiu state
0ld Man khauish. a lone kuamey
Indian. Is emitting his days as he las
lived hts lie The old man is neat
- 90 years 81 axe aud has lived IN
the one eouGfY all tlH lie ue ST
hts tepre ou THE spot before Teton
wss county. Montana a state. ct
fhe uiids 81 the Northwest explored
In perfect harmuny with the rest
~ his surroundings Is his tame
moose. which be uses IN eli tbs
capacities ta whtsh = horse Nigh,
be put. lie does not even use a
wagon. but harness. him up in a
trabals. With which Be draws kooi
ar drives 90 the nearby village ~
Kliray fof such Yeg groceries 80 hs
needs khauiah. ur Hue EaRir. ~
~ Is better known. Is the last u
his name HlH wife and three sons
were allied b the CtHrs ffpw eau.
ads years ego IN battle
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

Hundreds o. tourists have Jour
uese8 from the railroad line inland
% see the bafneHasa Moose and tn
tsHti.t the old man. aud he has
been offered bis prices Tor his
uHIgue pet Representatives. or cir
ruase and wild west shows have
tried In vain Co purchase t1n moose
bat their efforts have hesn az futile
an the our who would take ulue
Eagles PhatoEfa ph The Indian
steadily refuses Go be uhutosfa phe1
ana Threatened 20 shoHf any n "a
parts ~ visitors q ho attemUta to
take his rhatoaHa ph unauareu. iir
believes d man dies soon after be
ing phstugfa rhed
The old man h8a bulls a stable for
his moose. hut br continues 20 lltr
iu hts tspeH II he bad the moose
10 frafa BE haa requested his near
eal nelshhaFa. sls miles away. 30 All
the mooar when he dieH and thc
me- xhbafn say they H.ti rrafset hia
wishes
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
ROGERS BROS. IN LONDON. +"

ROGERS BROS. IN LONDON"
Gus and Max Rogers, with n big
company. opened for short on
gasemeut ut the Grand last night
IN their latest vaudeville comedy.
Rogers brothers In London It's
no better and couldn't be wOne
than some OF the other traYoaties Ia
which these comedians have ap=
pcared The music IN the best fca
ture of the production aud the
managers have spent barrels OF
money for costumes aud stage Of.
fcctn. but there is no particular art
shown as "A result OF the lavish out
lay OF money. It's all tlnael and
color.
Seattle theatorgoera being chrun=
ieally SONG aud dance mad. made the
reception for the piece sort OF a
triumph. for the ehoruses we're
good, the songs catchy aud the
dancing lively. but the comedy OF
the two brothers heaven save the
mark Most Of tho Jokes sprung By
them had whlakerB when Father
Time was teaching the hour glaha
running lessons. For pure comedy.
Joseph Cayne. as an English fop
was a. fine bit OF acting a. has
been seen here In a long time. and
IL WA by all odds the feature Of the
performance
hut at the same time. tho part
Is bodily stolen from Three Little
Maids That's not CoyusB fault.
but tho piagarista who produced IL.
The press agent 81 the company
says there are &c pretty women In
the chorus. lie should divide that
by -. lf h has any respect fas the
truth
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

I well. Nearly every scat in the house
was occupied last night
The company presents the play
croditably Perhaps exception might
he taken TO some of the very obYi-
GUS posing aud the 700 dramatic
acting OF Miss Moiise Campion. aH
Lady Isabel. but these are faults
In the right direction In melodrama
aud she was generously applauded.
Miss Mamie Holden. az Barbara
Hare. was pleasing and pretty.
Georgia Francis aud g. j. Plat are
good pair IN the characters OF
Joyce and John Dill. and Eva Earle
French. AS Miss Corney. was yigor-
Gus enough 10 satisfy the demands
of the most critical. James A Full
ton made n heroic Archibald. aud n
e. French wuA diguifIed aud mag
unanimous Lord Nj Severn
The character OF Sir Francis Lev
ison. the villain. wns handled by
Manager William NJ Russell. Of the
Third Avenue. who completely
eatrangod himself from all hia old
friends by his yillainous propensi-
tles. aud he WIS cordially hiHsed by
his own gallery Mt. 4. l.. Drew
Mr.. kusssllH partner. Was down on
the program. lie was 90 have taken
the part of the policeman in the
play. but FOR some reason S J Plat
waa substituted II is Understood
that the genial I'D WAS seized with
stage fright AT the critical moment.
while some say that while rehear-
slng for the part Of policeman. he
fell aKieep too 8oundly aud failed
To awaken in time for his cue.
The play continues all week
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

to learn. appears In better Hight
than usual as the blind girl, while
Mitchell inEinhnm Is acceptable ns
La Froehnrd. I'D Redmond con
tinues 10 please by his Intelligent
and cunaihtsht Interpretation,
whether In leAdH or character parts.
THE Two Orphans Will DO the bin
an Wednesday night
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
EAST LYME /"

AZ the first production Of Enet
Lyme 81 the Third Avenue theater
last night many romantic maidena
we're seen 20 weep FOR the nogfowg
81 Lady Isabel. the surroputious
tears Of sympathy being turned 10
hyaterical EigElra when the lights
came ON and when the more stole
escorts Of the uespera began %
banter. The romantic muidfarua ia
an Old lavoFitc and always draws
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
THE TWO ORPHANS.

The Two Orphans. good old
fashioned mclodrama. packed tho
Alcaaar theater last night. aud Ia
the hands OF the Redmond com
pany much Of the usual inEipid py
rotrchnlcs Of meiodramatlc art Was
kindly LEFT out Clyde Granger.
whose work Is improving each
week. appeared 90 especially good
advantage aa Pierre Froehard. the
cripple saving the part from in
difference BY not OVERRIDING IL Alta
rhlpIa. who has a whole lot y.t
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
CUPID BUSY
WITH ROYALTY

MADRID. May 2J-Court gossip
reports the double engagement Of
Alfonso to Princess Louisa Of or.
leans. "a sister OF Queen Amelia 81
Portugal. and Aifonao'a sister Maria
Teresa. to the crown prince Of Por=
tuEai.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23
LITTLE TALES
TERSELY TOLD

JOHN BEAsLEY. who went yio-
ieutIy insane and attempted 20 kill
his wife and children in Wardner.
Idaho. has been confined In the
county jail at Wallace Financial
y worries caused his dementia.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

EUGENE RtCKSECKER. OF the
government surveying department,
viii begin the survey for the gov
eminent road from North Yakima
90 the Rainier forest reserve next
week
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

RIGID QUARANTINE regula-
tions are being enforced 81 sumas.
IN the hope OF preventing the far
ther spread u diphtheria. which
las appeared Ia several families.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

THE LEWISTON Military band
and the Redmsn OF Lewiston are
planning a street carnival. 10 begin
July Z and continue for one week.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

WHILE HUNTING IN the woods
near Tacoma Friday. Adolph Hekel
accidentally killed himself BY stun
bling over log and discharging
bis gun
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

WHILE RIDING "broneho"
horse Saturday John stanton OF
Suites. Idaho. had three fingers torn
from his LEFT hand ay a rope.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

MRS. JANE X. BRtpGEFARM
ER. an old pioneer Of the West,
died at her home ia LcWIstown.
Idaho. yesterday OF pncumoRla.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

MR.. AND MRS. Henry Altnow
aged 50 and 50 respectively. have
Just come West from Gaylord
MINI They viii make their home
~ WOODLAND. Ore. with = sou.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

" II FISK. Who was Injured
Friday by a rolling iog near oTting.
died from the effects Of bis Injuries
yesterday.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

DIR FERGUSON. the Coifax
physician charged with manalaught-
er. 10 the alleged performance OF =
criminal operation upon Miss Agnes
r. Downs. who died recently. win
De tried In the supreme court on
June 81
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

PARIS. May p French Ambas.
sador TO the Vatican Nessard ar.
rived In Paris today.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

Once a customer always a e1sto-
mer. EEzan 4 Ericsson. 1916 First.
Pine photos.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

FIRST OFFICER wISsLow Of
the steamer Spokane has about
completed his flying machine Al
Charleston and viii be ready for his
trial flight In about a week
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

PETER CLAY. aged q. Has. a
few days ago. admitted 70 the sol
diers home at Ortiug There he
found his brother. John Clay. Of
whom he had heard nothing for
over forty years.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

HERALD. TAILOR 1923 and. 90
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

THE SEVENTH ANNUAL session
Of the National Mluing Congress
viii meet az Portland. Ore. on Au-
gust p
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

FIVE BOYS and two girls grad
hated from the Davenport high
school Friday.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

Hoarn.s Millinery. Sc Third AZ. -.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1904-05-23

leutly insane and attempted 10 Nj
his wife and children in Wardneg
Idaho. has been confined In th'
county jail at Wallace. Ftnaneig
worries caused his dementia-
EUGENE RtCKsECKER. OF III
government survey ing department
viii begin the survey for the gov
eminent road from North Yakim'
90 the Rainier forest reserve ueN
week.
MRS. JANE X. BRIDGET ARM
ER. an old pioneer Of the West
died At her home in LcwIstown
Idaho. yesterday OF pneumonlA.
WHILE RIDING a "broncho'
horse Saturday John stanton u
Suites. Idaho had three fingers tori
from his left hand ~ a rope.
THE LEWISTON Military band
and the Redmsn OF Lewiston ars
planning a street carnival. 10 begin
July 4 and continue for one week.
RIGID QUARANTINE regula
tons are being enforced ~ sumas
IN the hope OF preventing the far
Their spread u diphtherin. which
las appeared Ia several families.
" II. FISK. Who vas injured
Friday By a rolling log near ortinx
died from the effects Of bis Injuries
yesterday.
Mr.. AND MRS. Hsnry Altnow
aged 81 and 50 respectively. have
Just come West from Gaylord
MINI. They viii make their home
AZ WOODLAND. Ore. with a son
DIR. FERGUSON. the CoifaS
physician charged with man slaught
er. 10 the alleged performance OF .
criminal operation upon Mss Agnas
r. Downs. who died recently. viii
De tried In the supreme court on
June 81
PETER CLAY. aged q. Has. a
few days ago. admitted To the sol
diers' home al Ortiug. There he
found his brother. John Clay. Of
whom he had heard nothing for
over forty years.
FIVE BOYS and two girls grad
hated from the Davenport high
s. hool Friday.
FIRST OFFICER WISSf.OW Of
the steamer Spokane has about
completed his flying machine Al
Clarkston and will be ready for his
trial flight In about a week.
THE SEVENTH ANNUAL session
Of the National Miuing Congress
viii meet at Portland. Ore. on Au-
gust p
WHILE HUNTING IN the woods
near Tacoma Friday. Adolph Hekel
accidentally killed himself BY stun
bling over log and discharging
bis gun.
PARIS May y -freuch AmDas-
sador to the Vatican Nessard ar
rived In Paris today.
HERALD. TAILOR. 1929 End. go
=s--
Once a customer always q custo-
msr. ERzan 4 Ericsson. 1916 First.
Pine photos
-
Hourus Millinery. Sc Third az. -
Notice TO Subscribers
rf. any evening. your copy Of The
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03

Youngsville. N. c., Jan. 1st, 1904.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03
FAYETTEVILLE

Fayetteville has undoubtedly the bright
est future OF any town IN North Caro-
lima. 1t is not only signs that point
that way, but it is the present progress
and the enterprises now under way that
give assurance of it. of the latter the
greatest by all odds, is the canalization
of the Cape Fear river from here to
Wilmington, On which project the gov
eminent is now at work. This will give
permanently an eight foot channel thus
enabling the three boat lines which ply
between Fayetteville and Wilmington to
run on schedules as railroads do: to say
nothing of the coastwise craft of light
draft which will see this new waterway
This enterprise, which is to cost nearly
a million and a half, will not only bene-
fit Fayetteville but the entire. State.
The next great project now under way
and almost completed, is the Cape Fear
Power Company, which will. within two
or three months, supply Fayetteville with
three thousand first class electric horse
power, from it's power plant at Buckhorn
on the Cape Fear river 30 miles from
here. This enterprise has cost a large
sum and will of course mean much to
Fayetteville. Then there are lesser pro
JeclS 100 numerous TO ueHJlOu III this
short article.
The silk mills and cotton factories of
Fayetteville are among the best in the
country, are being added to. and will
before long make Fayetteville a great
cloth manufacturing centre.
Within the past few years a number
of large wholesale houses have been es-
tablished here and all have done pheno
menally well.
Two sure signs of present prosperity
are: The great increase in the business
of the banks; and the fact that though
over hundred new houses of the bet
ter kind have recently been erected
here there is not, we believe, vacant
one in the city.
company has recently been organized
and has obtained franchise, for the pur
pose of building system of street rail-
ways.
All this evidence of prosperity is at
tracing the attention of the outside world
and several railroads are prospecting
with the intention of entering Fayette
vile, to compete with the Atlantic Coast
Line and it's several branches, which eX-
tend in every direction from here.
The above is only a skeleton sketch
but will help the reader to a realization
of Fayetteville's great future.
L. B. HALE,
Local Editor the Observer
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03
STATESViLLE.

The city's rapid strides in manufactur-
ing industries and general mercantile bu-
siness and enterprises of every charac-
ter within the past year is unprecedent-
ed. The growth in population has been
to the extent of special notice by out
siders and the people at large.
No better evidence of the advance
ment can be given than the following
facts pertaining to its development: Dur
ing the past two weeks four corporations
have been organized, demanding the use
of money amounting to nearly $250,0O0
necessary to conduct their business. Three
of these corporations. The ]. K. Morrison
and Sons Company, the Morrison Produce
and Produce Company, and the Craig
Flanagan Harness Company have prac-
tically speaking merged from business of
a smaller nature into corporations, in
volving the use of thousands Of dollars to
legitimately meet the demands of their
rapidly increasing business.
The fourth company is being organized
to meet the demand of a well equipped
agricultural implement supply house for
Continued on Third Page.)
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03

ing Of graded schools and the erection
brick building with its equipment repre-
sents a cost Of about $4,000 and is the
pride of the town.
Scarcely of less Importance is the hand
some Masonic Temple. This is not quite
completed, but the year 1903 gets credi.
for it, and when finished will represent
an expenditure of $4,000. 1t is three
story brick structure, the first floor COZ
tanning offices, the second a modern opera
house, and the third commodious lodge
rooms. The building will be ready Tor
occupancy in the early spring. 1t is a
credit to the town and to the Masonic
fraternity.
Considerable improvement has been mada
in that portion of the town occupied by
the tobacco market. Early in July two
tobacco warehouses, with other buildings,
were destroyed by big fire in that sec
ton, but three new warehouses have
been erected and they are much superior
to the old ones
Several manufacturing establishments
were started here during the year and
all are doing well.
Throughout the entire residential poI-
tion of the town the march of progress
has been prominent and a large number
of new residences have been built 1.
has been an exceptional year in this par
ticular.
Greenville is already as substantial
town as can be found in the State and
her future is bright. Bonds have been
voted for municipal water works and
electric lights, and the only reason the
work on these has not started was tie
stringent money conditions of the past
season which made it an unfavorable
time to sell bonds to good advantage,
consequently they were withheld from
the market for the time being These
improvements will come in the near fu-
ture.
Greenville also expects to gain much
by the building of the Raleigh and Pam
leo Sound railroad, a survey OF which
is now being made through this section
and work on the road is looked for in
the coming year.
The people of Greenville are enter
prising, progressive, and it goes without
saying that it is the best town of Its
size in the State.
d. J. WHICHARD.
Greenville, N. c., Jan. 1st, 1904.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03
the 500 worth of property for all pur-

the 500 worth of property for all pur-
poses.
The increase in the assessed valuation
of property in the town for 1903 over that
CT 1902 was over 33 1-3 per cent, or from
$6O5, 900 in 1902 to $4,000 in 1908, and
there has been at least proportonate
increase in population.
The total amount of sales made by the
merchants according to the returns made
by them under the Revenue Act was the
largest on record, thus furnishing con-
elusive proof that the business OF the
town has been greater than ever before
IN its history.
Along educational lines, there has also
been progress. The current wear has
brought to the Louisburg Female Col
lcge the largest attendance ever known
before. and the influence OF this splendid
institution of learning is constantly broad
enng and its reputation increasing.
I shall venture no forecast for 1904 II
in the face of the extremely low prices OF
tobacco and the short crops generally,
Louisburg has grown and prospered as il
has during the year that is past it IS no
prophecy, but the mere statement OF an
irresistible deduction, to say that, barring
war. pestilence and famine. the tide Of
prosperity will rise to a new high water
mark for the "Village on the Tar during
the year that is to come.
JAS. A. THOMAS,
Editor Louisburg Times.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03
TOWNSVILLE.

During the year just passed, our town
has enjoyed healthy growth and percep-
tible advancement. No special enterprise
has been inaugurated about which to
write, but it affords us pleasure to bear
testimony to the noticeable improve
ments, striking evidences of enterprise
and exhibitions of thrift and industry
manifest during the year, 19G3 Men re-
presenting the various departments Of
business, and constituting the citizenship
of this community have enjoyed substan-
tial blessings. and the farmers especially
arc hilarious over the high prices OBJ
tanned for their cotton. | would say the
town and community has been uniformly
blessed with a prosperous year, and its
citizens have been the recipients of no
calamities, disorders in business, discor-
dant factions or uncongenial environ
ments. The New Year opens TO us au-
spiciously, and we approach it with faith
In ourselves, our country and faith in
the God of nations, committing ourselves
to do the things that go to make for US
a prosperous people.
Very truly,
L. H. ALFRED,
Mayor.
Youngsvlle. N. c., Jan. 1st, 1904.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1904-01-03
SCOTLAND NECK

You ask for a brief statement of Scot
land Neck's progress during the year 1903
and a forecast for the year 1904. The
town has made progress in several ways,
but the most marked progress has been
in our graded schools.
In April an election was held on the
question of bonds for graded schools and
electric lights. While there was active
and strong opposition to the measure it
was carried by a good majority. There
was at once a bond issue for 100000 S10.-
600 for graded schools and $4,000 for
electric lights. The town commissioners
offered for sale the $4,000 for lights
but only $1,000 of the possible $4,000
for graded schools. These bonds were
advertised and Dr. S. Hassell. one OF the
practicing physicians of Scotland Neck
was the successful bidder. and now holds
the ST. 900 in the towns bonds
The board of trustees for the graded
schools named in the legislative act which
provided for the bond issue are: J. P. Fut-
rell, NJ. Holman, A. Mcdowell. A. l..
Pennington, o. K. Taylor, j. S. Bowers,