davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
The Weather.
Sun Rises June IS. 4:2S; Sets, 1888.

PAGE ONE.
Telearaphic News:
Naval Battle Probably In Progress.
Details Of Vafangow Battle.
Both Armies are Resting.
Fresh Horrors in Slocum Disaster.
Iowa Day at st. Louis.
Train Hold-up in Montana
PAGES TWO AND THREE
Iowa News in Brief:
Regents Uphold President MacLear
Two Professors are Fired.
Costly Gems are Stolen.
The Iowa Supreme Court.
Marble Game That Was Expensive.
DR.. Waud for Grand Chancellor.
PAGE FOUR.
Editorial:
Which is the Better Authority
Why This Distinction?
Tom Dennison's Defenders.
Iowa Opinions and Topics.
PAGE FIVE.
General News:
Slocum Crew Blundered
Miscellaneous News.
"The Blazed Trail"
PAGES SIX AND SEVEN.
City News:
Has One Too Many Wives.
Travelling Man Lands in Jail
Fight May Prove Costly One.
Unfortunate Affair at Clemens.
Standpatters Outbat Grays.
Iowa State League Results.
Nickerson is Penitent
The City Field.
PAGE EIGHT.
Iowa and Commercial:
Board of Trade Quotations.
Wheat Ruled Barely Steady.
Cattle Market Rather Dull.
A Rate War on in the West.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
WIsCONsIN'S CASE
The Contest From That State Being
Heard Before the National Republic
can Committee Today-No Decision
Arrived at.

Chicago, June 17.-The republican
national cimmittee today began con-
sideration of the Wisconsin contest.
The meeting was called to order by
Chairman Payne. who however, with
drew on account of his personal inter-
est in the matter, the chair being
taken by Senator Scott. II. w. Chy-
noweth, OF Madison, Wis, and G. E.
Rowse, of New York, formerly asso-
ciated with Governor LaFollette, pre-
sented to the committee the LaF'ollete
side of the case.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN.

Nsw Chwans, June 1.-TWO Greek
refugees report the landing of Japanese
In force few miles south of Kai Chou
and stiff fight southeast of that place
Thursday afternoon. The investigation
OF the death of Lewis Etzel. cor-
respondent of the London Daily Tele-
graph, has been finished. The jury
finds there is net the slightest cause for
attacking correspondents and makes
several recommendations which Consul
Miller does not wish made public now.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
Two Robbers Hold Up a North
ern Pacific Limited and
Dynamite Express Safe
AMOUNT SECURED is UNKNOWN
Engineer Compelled to Precsde The
Robbers and to Light Their Dyna-
mite Fuses Ete.-Passensers Wsrs
Terrified, But Were Not Molsstsd--A
Posse in Pursuit.

Bearmouth. Mont, June 17.-Lates
last night two masked men held UP the
Limited Northern Pacific passenger
train. east bound, mile and half
east Of here. After bringing the trains
to stop they dynanlited the express
car, blew open the safe and secured its
contents. The amount secured is un-
known, but 1t is believed to be large.
After blowing out the rear lights OF the
train the two men disappeared. No
one was injured.
The holdups boarded the tender Of
the engine at the water tank here and
after the train had gone mile and 3
half they crawled up over the coal and
covered Engineer Slade and Fireman
Reed with guns, commanding them to-
stop the train, which was done. The
engineer and fireman were ordered
from the engine to the express car. Be
fore making an effort to gain an en-
trance the robbers forced the engineer
to light cigar. The express messen-
ger was commanded to open the door
but refused. The engineer next was
forced to light stick Of dynamite and
place 1t against the car door. The force
OF the explosion completely wrecked
the door. The engineer and fireman
we're compelled to precede the holdups
into the car. Once admission yvats
gained the holdups placed
sticks Of dynamite on top e. Z:
which exploded with g
blowing out the side q
throwing the safe a d
feet. After rifiing the
commanded the train
quiet. while the ccny
ing on one Of the robhs
struck the engineer vii IS;
and in apologizing for It css ~
name. Indicating the possibility & sss
may be railroad man.
The bandits passed to the rear OF the
train and after putting out the lights OF
the train disappeared in the darkness.
Meanwhile the passengers, terror
stricken, had crawled under every place
which offered hiding. The rear brake
man, the moment he understood what
had happened. slipped off the rear o1
the train and ran back to Bearmouth.
where communication was had with the
superintendent and sheriff's oMce II
Missoula. A posse was Immediately
gathered and started in pursuit OF the
highwaymen.
ST. Paul, June II. Officials Of the
Northern Pacific today state that the
robbers secured nothing Of great value
in the train holdup near Bearmouh
Mont ass
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
MRS. ST. JOHN MAY DIE
Injuries Received in the Interurban
Accident at Mason City Likely to
Prove Fatal to G. A. r. Commanders
Wife,
Special to Times-Republican.

Special to Times-Republican.
Des Moines. June 17.-Adjutant Cen
eral Newman of the G. A. r.. received a
letter from Commander r.. t. st. John
to the effect that Mrs. st. John. who
was injured in the interurban accident
attending the Mason City encampment,
is in critical condition from her injur-
les received and it is feared she Will
not recover. st. John was also badly
crippled
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
CREATES NEW IDEAL OF WOMEN
Mrs. sewell, Of indianapolis Gives
Credit to Athletics in Schools

Berlin, June 17.-Mrs. May Wright
Sewell, of Indianapolis told the Inter-
national women's congress yesterday
that physical training for girls in the
higher educational institutions Of the
United States has created new ideal
of women-that of strength and health,
Higher Education and Gymnastics for
Girls" Prison Reform" Sick Nursing
Suppression of Alcoholism and
Women in Municipal Offices" were the
subiecs discussed. Mrs. ]. ]. Dock and
Mrs. Goodrich, of New York, Miss
Maud Banfield of Philadelphia and
Miss Belle Kearney were among the
American women who addressed the
congress-
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
RIiI-I ErIM

Chefoo, June 17.-chinese arriving
here today from Port Arthur and Dalny
state that fighting on land and sea con-
tinues at Port Arthur. The Chinese be-
lieve the Russians are unable TO hold
out and are preparing to destroy the
place. They say 10000 Japanese have
landed on the Lao Tung peninsula
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
NAY HAVE CRIMINAL,
Officers At Cripple Creek Believe Thsy
Have the Man Who Was Responsible
for Dynamite Outrage 1t lndspsnd.

Cripple Creek, June Il. Under- -Sher-
if Parsons is authority for the state.
ment that there is confined in the couns
ty jail one Of the perpetrators Of the In-s
dependence depot wholesale murder. 4
not the actual criminal who pulled the
wire that exploded the dynamite. he
refuses to tell the name OF the alleged
guilty man, fearing an attempted lynch
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BosTRIKoFF IS DEAD
Governor General of Finland Dies
From Assassin's Wounds-His Death
Causes Great Excitement at st.
Petersburg.

Helsingfors. Finland, June 17.-Gen-
eral Bostrikoff. governor general OF
Finland, who was shot yesterday. died
this morning. The people are calm
and there is no excitement.
ST. Petersburg. June 17.-The as
Of General Bostrikoff has
stirred up a great sensation and IS
temporarily absorbing interest from
the war Papers are filled with ex-
tended biographies Of the deceased,
detailing the difficulties of his office
editorials denunciatory of crime ana
comments on conditions in Finland.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
Believed That the Vladivostok
Squadron and Kammimura's
Fleet Are In Action
DETAILS OF vAFANeow FIGHT
Graphic Description of the Three Days
Engagement by an Eye Witness
Apparently Not Great Victory for
Japanese-Rumor That Russians Are
Preparing to Destroy Port Arthur.
BULLETIN.

st. Petersburg, June ia dispatch
FROM Vladivostok today showing that
the commander there is getting rid of
the remaining civilian population
strengthens the belief here that prepar-
ntions are being made at Viadiyostok
Nor the reception of the Port Arthur
equadrN, and that active operations
against the city are imminent.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
MADE TRUNKS OF STOCKINGS.

store Girls Steal Quantities Of Msrs
chandise Unobserved.
ST. Louis, June 17.-Pearl ReynoldA
is wears old, and Mary Deutschmann
10. sales girls in department store
were arrested yesterday for STEALING
from the Arm. One Of theAS confessed
that they carried away daily n their
stockings quantities OF valuable mer-
chandise, unobserved. by the store de-
tectives. They revealed a large amount
Of stolen goods.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
eULLETIN.

Toxic, June ia steamer has ar
rived az Kokura, carrying more of the
troops from the transport Sado. The
Sado is being towed into port The
Sens jority of the passengers of the Sado
3welre rescued. The greater number of
skhase on board the Hitachi were anni-
ghilated.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN.

Indianapolis, June ia cablegram
73roan Chefoo says Hector Fuller. staff
Awar correspondent of the Indianapolis
9News, has been captured by four Rus
5sian soldiers and taken to Port Arthur.
He was blindfoided and placed in
prison
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
euNNERs MAKE HIGH SCORES.
Good Firing Records BY Jackies Of
Illinois and Wisconsin.

Washington, June 17.-Reports on
target practice on the battle ship 1lli-
nois. off the Maine coast show that one
turret made twenty mine hits out OF
thirty-nine shots with 11-inch guns, an
excellent record The 6 inch guns made
434 hits per gun per minute. me ID
inch turret of the Wisconsin made the
phenomenal record of thirty-two hits
out of thirty-six shots. This t'rr~t
will get the navy prize.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN

St Petersburg. June 1T.-An Asso-
ciated Press Lao Yang dispatch con-
tains the first Russian estimate of Gem
.eral Stakelberg's losses placing them
mt a thousand men and twenty officers
srhe present situation is not clear, al
Nhough 1t is believed that Stakelberg
hsyill continue his retreat to the north
1 yard. 1t is possible that reinforce
xnents are being sent to his support.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN

Toxic, June IA report received
from Saga, near Sazbo. says sounds OF
cannonading have been heard off the
coast. 1t is possible the Japanese fleet
has met the Russians.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
Er.,ch Contestant Won.

Hamburg, Prussia, June IL -Thery.
the French contestant, won today's
motor race for the James Gordon Ben-
nett cup, over course Of $50 miles,
Jenatxy (Germany) winner Of last
years contest, second. Emperor Will
lam. the empress, Prince Henry and
other imperial representatives witness
ca the start and displayed keen ineF.
est
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
OCEAN RATE WAR TO CONTINUE.
international Says cunard Must Come
To Terms Before it Can End.

10 IcTHS oSio'S - O"' e'
London June 17.-After the regular
meeting of the British committee OF
the international Mercantile Marine
Company Henry Wilding said: There
is no change in the rate war and there
cannot be any change until the Cunard
line comes to an agreement with the
continental lines. We only hope that
will be soon. But none OF us has heard
of any approaching settlement"
Mr.. Wilding declared that the cut
rate emigrants who sailed on the st.
Louis were if anything better than the
average steerage passengers. !.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN.

st Petersburg, June 17.-General
Stakelberg telegraphs from vansialin
that his army is resting there. General
Nodzu's army is resting at Vafangow.
The Associated Press is Informed that
a strong Russian force has been con-
centrated between Kai Chou and Hal
Cheng to cover Stakelberg's retreat.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
BULLETIN.

London, June 1.-THE Japanese le-
cation received dispatch from Toxic
announcing the Russian Nladivostok
squadron was sighted off oki Island
yesterday.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
MEETING HIS DEMANDS.
AMOUNT Of Ransom for Perdicaris Is
Now Ready-Rasuli's Answer Ex-

pected.
Tangier, June 17.-Mohammed ell
Torres. Representative of the Sultan of.
Morocco, has caused the arrest of the
two shieks as demanded by Railsuli.
The amount of ransom demanded by
the bandit for the release OF Peddicarls
and Varley is ready. Raisulis answer
is exepsted at the end of the week.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
TERRITORY HOLDS CONVENTION.
Democrats Of Indian Territory unin.
structed, But Favor Parker.

Durant, l. T., June 17.-The denlo-
cratic territorial delegates to a ma
Ttional convention are uninstructed
but favor Parker.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
A FATAL ACCIDENT.

Thomas Crowley, Pioneer of Iowa
City, Killed.
Special to Times Republican.
Iowa City, June 17.-Thomas Crow
lev. a pioneer of Johnson county, was
found dead under Rock Island bridge
today. His body was badly mangled.
He had fallen forty five feet.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
T.-R BULLETIN.
noticeable NEWS OF TODAY
Tho Weather.

Tho Weather.
Iowa-Partly cloudy with possible
showers tonight and in the east Sat-
urday; warmer in the east.
Illinois--Partly cloudy, with poss-
IDLY light showers tonight or Saturday;
warmer in the north and west.
South Dakota--Generally fair to-
night and Saturday.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17
eArTLE OF BUNKER HILL

Anniversary Being CeIebrated3 u NsW
England Today.
Boston. June 1.-THE 129th anniver-
sary Of the battle OF Bunker Hill was
celebrated today. In many New Eng
land cities business was suspended, the
dav being practically holiday.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1904-06-17

<contirsued on Fifth Page.)
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Michigan News
LETTER ARRIVES ONE DAY LATE
Delay in Receipt Of Draft Causes Man.
aeer to Take Long Trip.

An important letter arrived at Port
land recently for the TRANSCRIPTION
company. Had 1t reached Portland
the day before II would have saved a
trip from Portland to San Francisco
for the manager of the institution,
Robert Ramsey. kilograms were sent
TO intercept him, but they did not
reach him. The TRANSCRIPTION COM
pany ships large quantities of goods
10 San Francisco. Draft was recently
made upon the Western distributors
for a large shipment and another car
load was on the road when the draft
came back unpaid. In all large insti-
tutions the refusal of draft Is re-
garded as a danger signal and Mr.
Ramsey quickly packed his grip and
was of for the West. Next mornings
mail contained letter from the Cali
fornia representatives and their check
for the whole amount due.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
S|lIRu We! ;:
"a KzfNyAy

Save all old zinc and when chin
neys are filed with SCOT put guam
tity on the fire. II will carry all SCOT
out OF stovepipes and clean the chin
neys.
IL Is unwise to sprinkle light car
pet with tea leaves when sweeping
unless they have first been rinsed in
water. for otherwise they are apt to
stain.
Rose petals make delightful fIling
for soft pillows. Save them from with
cred bouquets or from fresh flowers
and dry them. They may be treated
as for potpourri or used with their
own delicate perfume only.
Never put a bed In an aicove: the
air is apt to become stagnant there.
Have II right In the room and do not
push t.too close 10 the wall, then
zhe sir.ffrat comes an FROM the win
dow has a chance to circulate around
the bed.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11

sprigged muslin trimmed with frills OF
embroidery. but there are countless
others which are equally appropriate.
The jacket is made with fronts and
back. the back being laid in tucxs to
the waist line and the fronts being
Athered at the upper edge and stayed
- means of an undertaking. The cape
collar is arranged over the whole and
the neck is finished with little frill.
The sleeves can be i'm either flowing
style and finished with friils or In
bishop style with CUTS as may be pre-
ferred.
The quantity OF material required
for the medium size is 3M yards 81
inches wide, -25h yards SO inches wide
or "a yards "A inches wide. with az
yards Of embroidery to trim az illus
trated
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
About Sleeves.

The very wide sleeves that arc be-
ing worn at present undoubtedly tend
to take away from the apparent
height of the figure. and IL you are
rather inclined to be short yourself
you will do wisely to exercise Judi
cious supervision ana TO forbid your
dressmaker to indulge in any vagaries
either as regards the shape or trim
,G-ipg OF your sleeves. You can still
V'aVe something which is quite suffl-
fertiy fashionable without adding
l % an unbecoming way TO the width of
your figure.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Lunch for Children,

Because things to eat do not always
present an attractive appearance their
nourishing quality is not properly APP
preciated.
The value of dates for children's
school luncheons is not fully appreci-
ated. They are rather sticky, bother
some things, as they are originally
purchased, and chcildren rarely care
for them. They should be separated
and washed, the stone removed. and a
peanut or almond, sailed preferably,
substituted. The date is then rolled
in corn starch or powdered sugar, and
straightway becomes one of the APP
petizing trifles dear TO youth. and at
the same time is healthful aad nour-
ishing.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Hand Made shIrtwaIsts.

A very fashionable white crepe
waist has its front, stock and cuffs
embroidered with clusters of small,
pink roses and forget-me-nots in rib
bon embroidery. The lunches OF
flowers have their leaves and stems
done in pale. dull shades OF green
and golden brown. The lunches OF
flowers are connected by and inter
spersed with little bowknots and loops
and ends OF ribbon. This ribbon ef-
feet is produced by outlining the sup
posed ribbon with single gold thread
and working small black dots in en-
broidery silk, about an eighth OF an
inch apart between the gold lines.
The eject is that of dainty and
moves ribbon. II is no wider. and
probably not as wide. as baby rib
bon.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11

The corset cover Is cut with fronts
and back which are laid in narrow
tucks to the waist line. and is closed
at the center with box plat in shirt
waist style. Over the upper edge and
at the waist line are applied bands OF
beading that are threaded with rib
bon by means of which the size is reg
ulated.
The quantity of material required
for the medium size is 11a yards OF
insertion, three yards of edging and
1h yards of beading to trim as illus.
trated.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
To Rebate Maecabees.

At the coming triennial convention
OF the supreme tent, knights of the
Maccabees. to be held in Detroit.
among the amendments to the laws
to be presented will be proposition
for the re-rating of the insurance
membership. which will be radical
departure from the system heretofore
in effect. The purpose is to raise the
assessment rates on all members
when they reach GO years of age to IS
per month for each $1,000 of insur-
ance carried
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Marie An,oInette Rodlces.

The tendency toward the Marie An
toinette bodice for evening wear is
marked This style is really fascinat-
ing. with its long. pointed waist line.
and very full skirt shirred into the
skirt band In white or ivory silk.
the mode is ideal. and by next autumn
IL will be firmly established. This
would not appear TO admit OF any
change in the present full skirts, but
would rather tend to increase them II
anything. The great dresesmakers.
at least. seem determined TO adhere TO
the full modes for some time to come
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Choice items from over the state.
specially selected for our readers
Sugar Beet Farmers Too Generous to
Help, According to Expert.


4. Rabbethge of Klien- Wantzleben,
Germany, member OF the largest
sugar beet seed producing house In
the world, is inspecting American su-
gar factories. He is making q tour OF
the United States, and In speaking OF
American and German methods OK
raising beets, said that American
farmers demand too high prices and
pay too high wages for farm help to
make it possible for the manager to
secure profit. In Germany 25 cents
per day to children and from 10 to
90 cents to adults Is paid for field
labor, while farmers here pay children
as high as 81 and men and women
$3.50 per day. German farmers re-
ceiye 81 per ton for beets fat, ire
spective of sugar percentage, while
American farmers get from $3.50 to
~, depending on percentage. Ameri-
can farmers, too, he finds, do not
plant enough seed to the acre to get
the best results, although they have
superior tools for working, and Ameri-
can factories, he says, have better ar
rangements of machinery and produce
sugar faster than German factories.
Americans, he said, have improved
methods.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
Dainty corsaae sachet.

The heart-shaped corsage sachet of
white satin is to wear around the
neck beneath the lingerie. The rib
bon edge and bow make a pretty fin
ish. and 1t is suspended by ribbon.
Another corsage sachet on this or
der consists of two pads about two
inches square. with a small bow In
the center of each. They are fastened
to the ends of a strip of baby ribbon.
For the Japanese sachet. made of
Japanese silk. bag 216 by inches.
and in the top fasten a Japanese
dolls head. Around its neck a rib
bon Is tied, stock fashion
I. The most popular sachet odors at
present are sandal wood, orris and
Japanese perfumes.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
FATAL FOLDING BED ACCIDENT
Bankers Wife Dies as Result OF Hav.
ing Her Vertebrate Crushed.

Minneapolis. Mimi. Dispatch Mrs.
A. M. Woodward, wife OF the presi.
dent OF the South Side State bank, is
dead as the result OF fatal folding
bed accident. Three vertebrae OF
the neck were crushed, and other Sc.
rious injuries made II impossible for
the surgeons TO save her life.
The accident happened after mid.
night while Mrs. Woodward was
asleep.
Early In the morning the bed sud.
denly closed. Mr.. Woodward was un.
hurt. and managed to get one hand
out the side OF the closed bed, and by
pounding awoke the other occupants
OF the home.
A consultation OF surgeons deter.
mined that an operation alone could
relieve the pressure on the spinal
cord and save Mrs. Woodward's life.
Two surgeons performed the opera
ton. A slight Improvement was fol-
lowed by collapse. resulting In
death.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1904-06-11
In the Kitchen.

Doughnuts or biscuits may be heat
ed "amaist as good as new" by put
ting them in whole paper bag,
sprinkling in few drops only of wat
er, twisting the ends, putting In the
oven, raised little from the bottom
on CRATE. The oven must be very
hot.
New nutmegs may be distinguished
from the last years supply by scrap
ing the surface with the finger. IL
new. the oil will moisten the spot at
once. Mace. when new. Is oily. II
should always be purchased whole
and ground as needed.