davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
His Dream Came True.

Some people believe in dreams. John
r. Powell, the lucky Lyon county man
who drew claim No. SO in the Rose
bud drawing. never did believe dreams
ever came true until he heard he was
one of the lucky ones at Rosebud.
Thursday morning when Mr.. Powell
came to breakfast he told his parents
that he dreamed the night before that
he had drawn claim, but of course
his parents laughed at the thought
that the dream would come true. At
ter Mrs. Powell had been informed
that her son had drawn claim, she
called him into the house and told
him that his dream had come true.
What dream?' John asked
thoughtfully- He had given the dream
no serious consideration. So Mrs.
Powell reminded him. But part of
the dream didn't come true. Powell
dreamed that he was SO happy over his
good luck that he cried for joy. When
his mother broke the news he any
thing but cried John whooped it up
as loud as a barefoot boy on election
night.-Emporia Gazette.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
BOSTON AND RETURN.
$31.75-Santa Fe-National Encamp-
ment Grand Army of the Republic.

For this occasion the Santa Fe has
been declared the official route, and
will run a special train through to
Boston, leaving Kansas Thursday,
August II, carrying Pullman standard
and tourist Sleepers.. chair cars and
coaches. running via the A T. & S.
F. to Chicago, Wabash to Buffalo (via
Niagara Falls) where a day will be
spent, then West Shore and Boston &
Maine, arriving Boston Sunday, Aug
ust IA, at a. m. Tickets on sale
August IL, IL, Is, and can be extend
ed to leave Boston as late as Septem-
Der so, going and returning via New
York and 10 days stop-over returning
for a slight additional charge. Tick
cts good going or returning via ST.
Louis and stop-over of 10 DAYS
allowed if desired. Side trips from
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, New York, and
other points-at very low rates
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Cycle Races at ST. Louis.

St Louis, Aug. 3.-(WorId'S Fair
Grounds -The first races of four
cult meet and national amateur cham
pionships of the New York Cycling
association, constituting part of the
olympic games, were held in the
stadium Tuesday. The feature was the
defeat of Frank L. Kramer of East
Orange, N. J., by w. S. Fem of Water
bury, Conn.,, in the one-third mile
grand circuit championship. Kramer
has won the National Cycling asso-
citation championship for the past
three years and has made a good rec
ord on points so far this year but
Fem beat him a week ago at Cam
bridge, Mass, in the fve-mile cham
pionship, and with yesterdays victory
Fem shattered Kramer's ambition to
win this years championship without
losing more than the points of one
event.
Thursday will be designated as
Presidents day and President Francis
will be in attendance. feature will
be pursuit race, in which riders of
the east and riders of the west will
compete Final summaries:
One mile novice-W. L. Snider, ST.
Louis, first; Frank Bizonni, st. Louis,
second; Henry c. Whitman, Lincoln,
Neb., third. Time, :O2 As.
b 0ne1thiF6 NILE Grand rand Circuit
bury, Conn, won; Frank L. Kramer,
East Orange, n. J., second; Menus
]. Bedell, Lynbrook, n. Y, third.
Time. :43 2-5.
One-half mile amateur national
championship-W. l.. Hurley, New
York A. C, amateur champion of
America, first; Teddy Billingston
Vailsburg, N. J., second; Burton
Downing. San Jose. Cal. third. Time,
:01:0S 2-5.
One mile handicap, amateur-W. L.
Snider. st. Louis GO yards), first;
Henry w. Whitman. Lincoln. Neb..
60 yards). second; Teddy Ellington,
Vailsburg, N. J. (scratch). third. Time,
:o1:02 As.
One mile handicap, professional
Floyd Krebs, Newark, N. J. ESQ
yards), first; F. ]. Caldwell, Hartford,
Conn. Gao yards), second; John Bedell,
Lynbrook, n. Y. co yards), third.
Time, :02:17 As.
One mile consolation, professional
j. B. Bowler. Chicago, first; George
H. Collett, Salt Lake City, second;
Joseph Fogler, Brooklyn, third. Time
:02:13 3-5.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
a CHILD BADLY sCALDED.
Infant Son of r. c. Farrar of Argen-
tine Fell Into Tub of Hot Water.

Argentine, Ks. Aug. S.-Emery Far
rar, the 2-year-old son of r. c. Far
rar, a workman at the Santa F'e rail-
way yards in Argentine, was badly
scalded yesterday afternoon by falling
into a tub of boiling water at the
family home, 500 South First street,
in this city.
Mrs. Farrar had intended to wash
some clothes and had boiled a tub full
of water for the purpose. She set the
tub of boiling water on the kitchen
floor and went in the front room to
get the clothes. The child was asleep
on the mat in the doorway and the
mother did not think that any danger
would come to it while she was in the
front part of the house. The child
awakened and crawled across the
room to the tub of water. Mrs. Far
rar heard a scream, and. running to
the kitchen, she found the child al
most submerged in the boiling water.
The child probably will die, as almost
two-thirds of its body is burned.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
SUES A SENATE OFFICER.
Mrs. Grace Stewart of Archison Brings
Proceedings for Divorce

Atchison, Kan. Aug. 3.-Grace
Bliss Stewart brought suit in the dis
trict court here today for a divorce
from Alonzo H. Stewart of Washing
ton, assistant sergeant-at-arms in the
United States senate They were mar
ried here July 10, 1901. Gross neg
lect of duty is charged, and the de-
PENDANT is accused of appropriating
to his own use $4,000 in bonds and
securities belonging to the plaintiffs
mother, Mrs. J. l. Bliss, and the plain
tiff's aunt, Mrs. n. K. Durham, both
of whom live in this city. The petition
charges that the bonds and securities
referred to were secured prior to the
marriage in 1901, but that the plain
tif was not aware of the fact until
afterward.
The petition alleges also that the
plaintiff and the defendant have not
lived together for more than a, year.
Mrs. Stewart asks to have her maiden
name restored. The marriage was
one of the most notable social events
ever held in Atchison. The bride
groom chartered a special train to
take the bridal party to St. Joseph.
Mo, and Senator John NJ. Thurston OF
Nebraska provided a special train to
take the party to Kansas City. We'd
ding presents came from many dis
persons.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
NEW OIL COMPANY.
Dodge City Men Organize and Begin
Drilling Near Chanute.

Chanute, Aug. 3.-One of the new
companies in the Chanute field is the
Western Oil and Gas company, pro-
NOTED by G. L. Wing, an attorney Of
Dodge City, who is general manager
and is here looking after its interests
Their holdings are among the best in
the Chanute field, being the northeast
u of IA, IS, II, about miles south
west of Chanute, and near the Black
and Luther cOmpany'S holdings, who
have some exceptionally fine wells.
The company is composed of good
business men of Dodge City, Newton
and Topeka and they have ample mon
ey to push development. J. D. Coffey,
Santa Fe train master, Dodge City, is
president: C a. Smith, superintendent
of city schools, Dodge City, is secre-
tary. and F. c. Woodbury.. superinten-
dent of Ford county public schools,
Dodge City. treasurer. Contract for
drilling has been let
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03

In only two games during the month of
July did Jake Bauers of Sedalia fail to
get hit. One was against Henderson of
Fort Scott and the other against Eels of
Joplin. That is record in almost any
baseball league. Bauer's average for the
month was AZ
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Racing at SARATOGA.

Saratoga, N. Y, Aug. 3.-Newton
Bennington's 3-year-old Hello won
the Mohawk. the stake feature at
Saratoga. in impressive fashion. Pass
ing under the wire Hello was two and
a half lengths in front of Champlain,
Frank Farrelrs Gonsalvo-Lillian Belle
colt. Champlain then took the lead and
made the running until the stretch
was reached. At this point Hello
came up under a hard ride by O'Neill
and took the lead and the race. In
the last few jumps Bobadil, favorite,
ridden by Sperling, an apprentice, ad
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03

the league ought to start out better
than ever with all teams about equally
matched. The trouble in the past has
been that there mas been but three or
four real teams in the league. Right
now there are seven. Joplin, Spring
field and lola are still the strongest
teams, but only shade better than
the others, except Topeka. Topeka,
however, is expected to come here this
week as strong as the others, as
strengthening is being done there
also"
Davis of Sedalia, who is often picked
as one of the strongest slab men in the
league has one of the records of the
ton. In the game with Leavenworth
last Sunday he was wild as a March
hare and gave six bases on balls and
hit two men. He lost the game by a
were made off his slants.
Leavenworth is looking for two new
fore the end of the week. Neison' from
the Memphis, Southern league club, and
Hite. from the Oklahoma State circuit
are the acquisitions.
Sedalia is now making an effort to get
hold of Eli Gates, the bad tempered one
The Goldbug Democrat urges his engage
ment because he did much last year to
bring the bunting to Sedalia.
II, In only two games during the month of
July did Jake BauerS of Sedalia fail to
get hit One was against Henderson of
Fort Scott and the other against Eels of
Joplin. That is record in almost any
baseball league. Bauer's average for the
month was IA.
The sporting editor on the morning pa
per has recently been crossed in love. He
will therefore not be called to account
for devoting two of his three missouri
State Journal sporting editor. He must
growl at some one.
Fort Scott is still beating the brush
for players. An outfielder named Dis
kamp. who halls from Nashville, Tenn is
to join the team Sunday.
at Fort Scott where everybody has been
attacked with baseball enthusiasm since
the team has commenced playing ball. the
fever is spreading to the dumb brutes
The other day horse owned by a trans
fer man named Jones, who attends every
game, away, and after some time the
animal was found at Athletic park stand
apparently waiting for the gano
to begin. There was not soul in sight
but the old horse seemed to be perfectly
satisfied with the surroundings.
Since Umpire Owens has taken two
games away from lola for bad behavior
on the diamond, the lola newspapers saw
dicator they have to play him, too
The Sedalia management, according tn
newspaper gossip, says that Eddie Mcpil
does more Sinking than ball pIayfn0
Wonder if he can equal Sisler?
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
CLAW Center shaved sober.

Clay Center, Kan, Aug. 3.-Tuesday
was patriotic day at the Clay Center
Chautauqua assembly. 1t is also the
last day of the session. Chaplain Bru-
ner and Mrs. Emma Forter made adj
dresses to the Grand Army organiza-
TONS The crowd was good, though
not as large as on some other days. In
the evening a cantata was given. Dur
ing the week in which the assembly
has been in session not a drunken
man has been seen in the town. nor
has there been case of any nature in
police court. The association will come
out about $500 ahead.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
YoAKUM FOR PARKER.
Says the Democrats are Sure to Win
in November.

During a recent visit to st. Louis,
Chairman B. F. Yoakum, of the Frisco
board, was asked concerning general
conditions. Mr.. Yoakum said that the
railroad outlook was very encouraging
for the fall months. He added: II am
quite sure of three things; we shall
have a wheat crop of $500. 600, 900 BUSH
els; the corn crop will be a record
breaker and Judge Parker will be
elected in November
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Postmaster for Cherokee. Kas.

Washington, Aug. 3.-Only five
members of the cabinet were present
at today's meeting. Assurance was
given that no business of Importance
had been concluded. President Roose-
welt and Postmaster General Payne
decided upon the appointment of John
F. Price to be postmaster at Chero-
kee. KaS.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Low Rates to Northern Resorts.

Excursion tickets at unusually low
rates, good for the season, on sale daily
to Milwaukee, Madison Waukesba
Green Lake, DEVILS Lake, Gopebic
Ashland, Marquette, Superior, Duluth.
ST. Paul, Minneapolis and many other
cool and delightful lake resorts
reached by The Northwestern Line.
Information and tickets can be Sc
cured from your home agent Booklet
entitled THE Lakes and Summer Pc
sorts of the Northwest" mailed upon
receipt of cents in stamps. A. T..
Fisher, passenger agent. s23 Main St.
Kansas City, Mo.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03

The chances are good for Topeka to
keep out of the Standing" cellar for at
least another week or ten days. Just
now there is a difference of three games
between the Saints and Giants in the
Lost column, and two in the Won col
umn. While that is closer than the pro-
verbal sticking brother" there is still
rift in the sky. On Friday the Saints
go up against the terrific GaSlighterS
from lola for six straight games. How
they will get any of these is matter
of wonderment and it will be worth
the time of the fans to go out and be
agreeably disappointed. But joy! the
Fort Scott Giants begin a series of
three funerals with Joplin on Friday
and then get a whack at Springfield
Now the cellar champs stand about as
much show against the Miners and
Midgets as their neighbors, one story
up in the standing" do against the
Iolites. So the faithful may rest con-
tent. They at least have hoping
chance, if you will pardon the parody.
George Cook, formerly with the
Cleveland Americans, wants to man
age the Saints next year. He says that
he does not want them this season any
more because it is too late.
A writer in the St Louis Sporting
News picks this as the best team in the
Valley League: Armstrong, OF Fort
Scott, or Vanderbilt, of Joplin, catcher;
Porter, of Springfield, first base; Per
third; Risley, of lola, short; Zoellers, of
Springfield; Scoggins, of lola, and Bay
less, of Joplin, outfielders." That is
not a bid pick, although Se1gle OF lola
ought to be considered in the catching
choice the heavy hitting Nichols or
the Enthusiastically premier fielding of
Roy Bevis should be a heavy favorite
for the outgardens, and faster man
might be found for short in the place
of bud Risley. Yet the stone-faced
Gaslighter is a manager. and the man
who selected the team must have had
that point in view. Yet Jonnny
He can play short, but more than that
he can run things.
From the Sedalia Democrat: "Tne
Topeka Journal says: "A telegram was
received Friday afternoon by President
Sheard from Secretary Codding OF Sc
dalia, offering Rohn and Lee for ADJ
bolt and Schrant. 1t didn't look good
to Sheard and he turned it down. This
publication was not a surprise to the
Sedalia newspaper fraternity, as II
leaked out Saturday that such mes
sage had been sent, but not by Mr.
Codding. Mr.. Leist or Mr.. Johnston.
Some member of the anvil chorus is
responsible for it and Umpire Gus Al
berts was used as the scapegoat. Mr..
Codding said to a Sentinel reporter Sat
1Irday that the first he mad heard of the
matter was on Saturday morning when
Mr.. Rohn approached him about 1t
and added that the person who took
upon himself the authority of sending
the message and making such an alb
surd proposition was one of the knock
ing element.
From the Springfield Daily Leader:
1.-The teams of the league have been
up so that Topeka is now
the only bunch which is looked on as
a cinch Armstrong has brought Scott
out of the kinks and the new manage
fc174 fC d0V6l0niTQ a
team. Elmer Smith is showing fine
at Leavenwortn and is not
only strengthening the team. but is
playing a fine game at first. Next year
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Special Train to San Francisco via
Santa re

VIII leave Kansas City August 20 at
II o'clock a. M, with the grand COM
mandery, knights Templar of Kan
sas, and subordinate Communicates.
Through Pullman palace sleepers and
dining cars. Train will stop at nu-
merous points of interest en- route.
An opportunity for those who are not
K. It's to visit California in first-class
style. and with pleasant companions.
Rate very low-only $45 for round
trip. Grand Canyon side-ride $3.50
additional.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03

farm at Neodesha, as did also the Prai-
RE OIL and Gas company on the I4afferty
at Neodesha- w. F. Lennon drilled in
decided to put the well to pumping in the
hope of getting two three barrels
day The ChautauQua OIL and Gas com
pany had a lot of trouble getting its No
Is down on the Blundell, Chautauqua
county. First. the casing went wrong.
Then the bottom of the pump was lost
and caused an eight-day hshin JOB:
When it was finally finished il started off
at IS barrels day.-Independence Re
pOrter
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Jurx Found Him Insane.

Wichita, Kas., Aug. 3.-Barney Glib
bons. just released from the state pen
itentiary. where he has done time for
nine years for the murder of his wife,
has been found insane by a jury in
the probate court. His trial for muir
der attracted much attention over the
state, his defense at that time having
been insanity.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Marion 6. Harrington 2.

Marion, Kan, Aug. 3-Marion won
the second game of the present series
with Harrington, by the score of to
9 It was anybody's game until the
eighth inning when with the bases full
Corby sent long drive to left, scoring
three runs and cinching the game for
Marion.
score by innings: RHE
Marion I'D ooo1O05-6 5
HeringtOn .......O U U Z w z
Batteries-Marion, Hess and Tarbet;
Harrington. Murphy and Noyes.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
WESTERN LEAGUE.
AT SIOUX CITY.

Sioux City jumped on Drill and won
the game by hitting. Graves, Sioux
City's new catcher. did good work both
behind and at the bat.
Score by innings: R.H. E.
Sioux City -.-........1 3 0 IS II 4
Colorado Springs 20 1 0 0 0-5 2
Batteries-Jarott and Graves; Drill
and Baerwald.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Are Oil Men superstitious?

Are oil men superstitious-do they fear
the number 10? Well. that may depend.
During the month of July seven COM
panies IN Kansas drilled their number Is
well. and of these two were absolutely
dry. one nearly so, one 100 barrel well,
one a 75-barreler. one a 15-barrel producer
and one a 10-barrel pumper- The Capital
Oil company got a buster on the Hayden
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
NeIl to bon in England.

Chicago, Aug. 3-Frankie Neil, the ban
tam-weight champion, is going to London
next October to fight Joe Powlzer, the
best 115-pounder in Great Britain at the
National sporting club for the champion
ship of the world Charles D. Mathison.
who has succeeded Doc" Ordway as the
American representative of the National
sporting club, had a long talk today with
Neils father and the latter agreed.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
MISSOURI VALLEY LEAGUE STAND
ING
Scammon IL, Columbus 4.

defeated Columbus at the latter place
by a score of II to 4. The features of
the game were the hitting of the Wis
itors, who slugged McKelby for fifteen
hits. Fred Finney made home run.
Score by innings: r. H. E
Columbus 49,. 800 8 o o 1 o. s
Batteries-Pettigrew and Hitter; Nc
Kelby and Finney.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Duryea's Famous FiIly Dead.

Saratoga, N. Y, Aug. 3.-The great 2
year-old flly BumbIebee, owned by Her
man B. Duryea and valued at $4,000 was
destroyed here. While being worked out
the Ally ran into the track fence, break
Ing her Stifie. She was shot. Bumblebee
was by Hamburg and one of the most
promising 2-year-olds of the season.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Patents for Kansans.

Washington, Aug. 3.-The following
western patents have been issued:
Kansas-Thomas J. Hume, Kansas
City. automatic type-setting, laundry
marking machine; Benedict, R. Reich
enberger, township four, Brown coun-
ty, wire-reeling apparatus
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03

vanced from the ruck and finished
strong in third position.
The best race of the day was the
last, In which Mr.. Keene's great colt
Delhi covered the mile in 1877 S-5,
making a track record and coming
within is of second of Dick Wells
world record. Delhi is a candidate for
the Great Republic, the richest of the
meeting.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
AT ST. LOUIS.

The Philadelphia Americans defeated
St. Louis here in a batting bee. G1ea-
son was struck in the head with a.
pitched ball in the sixth inning and it
is feared he may have conclusion of
the brain.
Score by innings: RH.E.
Philadelphia 49,. IL 1 o 0 o % IA 2
Batteries-Pelty, Sugden and Kahoe;
Waddell and Schreek.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Corbett Signed by Frisco.

st. Louis, Mo. Aug. 3.-Joe Corbett,
the former ST. Louis pitcher, who was
released by President Robinson Sun
day, has left for his home in San
francisco. Corhett stated that he had
completed all arrangements to play
with the Frisco club in the Coast
league, and will report to Manager
Harris for duty as soon as he regains
his health and the final contract is
signed.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
CureS Sciatica.

Rev w. L. Riley, L. L. D., Cuba, n. Y,
writes: After Is days of excrucia g
pain from -sciatic rheumatism. under vari-
Gus. treatments. was induced to try BAL
ton giving nlyffirst relief and the second
entire relief I can give 1t unqualified
recomm endation.' Csc, soc. 81 90 Sold by
RoHIev Il Snow and w. S. Miller
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Racing at St. Louis.

ST., Louis, Aug. 3.-Hilee, in great
form just now, won the feature of the
fair grounds card in the fastest time
for the track this year, going six fur
longs in 1:13A. Folies Bergeres was
only a head behind the winner. Wood
lands, a 2-year-old from Schreiber's
stable, ran six furlongs in TIA fiat,
beating Braden a nose at the wire.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Chicago Tennis Tourney.

Chicago, Aug. S.-Kreigh Collins of
pionship in mems singles for five sea-
sons, added another year to his phe-
nomenal record by defeating r. D. Lit
tie, the Princeton expert, in the clos
tournament at the KenWood courts.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
AT ST JOSEPH

After ten innings of a hard fought
game Omaha defeated ST. Joseph by a
score of to Z. Clarks work was err
ratio and by allowing Omaha to bunch
hits in the eighth and ninth lost the
game.
Score by innings: R.H.E.
St. Joseph ..........0 O101021 o. 10 5
Omaha .......1 0 0 0 1 o 2-9 IL 2
Batteries-Clark and Garvin; Pfeis-
ter and Gonding.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Chicago and Return $4,000 via

Tickets on sale June list to Sent.
30th, final limit returning Oct 3Ist.
Good via St. Louis in one direction.
either going or coming. For full in
formation address 7. L. King, c. p &
7. A. Topeka
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION STANDING
MISSOURI VALLEY LEAGUE.
AT PITTSRURG

Pittsburg defeated Topeka again.
Seabaugh's lucky two-base hit scored
two men when two were out. Both
pitchers received excellent support.
The score.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1904-08-03
Rural Free Delivery.

Washington, Aug. 3.-Rural free de-
livery routes will be esta blished Sep
TENDER 1 at Freeport, Kas., Selma,
kas., route No. l; Aline. o. T., route
No. 8.