davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10

PREFACE TO THE FUNDAMENTAL
LAW OF HAWAII.
Congress has expressly enacted law
organizing Hawaii into a Territory,
and extended the provisions of the
United States, Constitution TO the Ter
ritory.
In a restricted sense, therefore, the
United States Constitution and the Or
ganic Act constitute Hawaii's funda-
mental law; but the Organic Act
specifically re-enacts the great body Of
pre-existing Hawaiian statute law,
Which vras based upon the several Ha-
waiian Constitutions and organic laws.
A large proportion of the law gov
erning real estate, property and per-
sonaI rights in Hawaii being based up
on these early constitutions and laws;
and presidents, decisions and court
practice having grown out of them, it
is necessary to consult them in order
to have a comprehensive understand
ing of existing Hawaiian law. They
are nearly all published, however, in
books now out of print, and in scattered
volumes inaccessible to many, and in
conveniently located for all. In fact,
not even practicing lawyers in Hawaii
can. except at considerable Iyss of time,
place their hands on the laws ana con-
situations necessary for the study and
decision of practical questions con-
tinually being presented to them.
Under these circumstances it is be-
lieved that the public interest requires
the Republication in convenient refer
ence form of what may be called 1.-The
fundamental law of Hawaii" To meet
this requirement the following con-
situations, laws and documents have
been compiled under the common title
of THE Fundamental Law of Hawaii"
viz:
l. The first Constitution of Kane
hameha III, 1910, including the pre-
viously issued Bill of Rights.
2. The first laws of Hawaii. enacted
under Kamehameha III, (1833-1S42),
published together in 1912.
5. The law creating and principles
guiding the Land Commission
f. The second Constitution of Ka-
mehameha III, 1852.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10
THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF
HAWAII: A NEW LAW BOOK

The Hawaiian Gazette Company Ltd pubica-
ton OF book edited and ndexed by Lor A.
the several constitutions laws of earlier
days. the annexation resolutions procedure
Organic Act i
The book contains 2o8 pages 1873 pages
is printed regulation type style substan
TALLY bound in calf skin
The price is SIS.
The and character of the book and the
publication given in the preface, which follows
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10

The best and cheapest lots. ready for
building, at Kaimuki. on the most
liberal terms, without interest.
Two fine lots on Kawaiahao street,
KewaIo, $3.50; only a little cash re-
qnired.
Several good bargains in Nuuanu
Tract. the healthiest and coolest place
about the city.
Have also for rent some nice. cosy
cottages within walking distance from
the postoffice.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10

Copies now on sale at all book stores
of the Hawaiian Forester and Agricul-
turIst, a monthly magazine of forestry,
entomology and agriculture. issued un-
der the direction of the Board of Com
missioners Of Agriculture and Forestry.
Price 10 cents a copy. s1.00 per year by
mail to any address. Subscriptions re-
ceived at the Gazette office.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10

5. The Constitution OF Kamehameha
v, 1864.
g.. The Constitution of Kalakaua,
1887.
Z. The Proclamation and orders Incl
dent to the establishments of the Provi-
sional Government, 1898
s. The Constitution of the Republic
of Hawaii 1894.
8. The treaty annexing Hawaii to
the United States, 1897.
10. The Resolution of the Hawaiian
Senate ratifying the annexation treaty,
1897
IL. The Joint Resolution of Congress
annexing Hawaii, 1893
II. The documents and procedure in
cident to the transfer of the sovereign
ty and possession of Hawaii to the
United States, 1898; and the executive
orders of President Mckinley relating
to the government of Hawaii. issued
during the transition period between
the date of annexation and the pas
sage of the Organic Act, 1S9S-190O
13. The Act of Congress organizing
Hawaii into a Territory. 1900.
The laws of 1912 are not "fundamen-
tal'' in the sense that the constitutions
and other laws and documents are; butt
they have been included herein for the
reason that they were not only the first
written laws Of Hawaii, but embodied
many of the pre-existing laws and Gus
toms of the country and therefore
throw a strong light upon the origin
and development of much of the pres
ent law
Only few of the laws constitutions
and documents re-published, have ever
been indexed. A full index Of all of
them is included herein. Instead of one
general index, each is indexed separ-
ately. The reason for such treatment is
that reference will usually be desired
to given subject in some one law
or constitution. The subject sought
will be much easier found in the short
index of the particular law, than it
would have been in a necessarily long
index of the whole.
The table of contents gives the page
of each constitution and law and of it's
index
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1904-12-10
SOMETHING NEW IN LIFE
INSURANCE.

Take out an in urance policy with
the Relief and Burial Associa ton, for
$500 and have your family protected.
Your family shall receive from the date,
of your policy and up to the date OF
your death, $40 to every 100 members
and 500 to every 1000 members. Relief
and Burial Association, Office No. So,
Beretania street, between Fort and Nu-
uanu streets.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Around the Depot.

On account of an increase in
businessthe day and night yard
crew are now both at work at Lo-
gan, and yard crew was also
put on at Pomeroy last Monday.
Messrs Mike Hansel, John
Strawn and Frank Strawn are
taking an outing at the St. Louis
Exposition.
Mr.. Tide Huston of Middleport
was visitor in Logan last Friday
and Saturday.
Engineer Dad Chase of the
Gore Limited, is taking a lay off
and Mr.. Bob Smith is taking his
place.
Engineer j. M. Cooley has gone
to Jacksonville for duty, on account
of a scarcity of men at that
place.
Mr.. William Davis is visiting
relatives in Salt Creek Valley. His
place is being filled by Mr.. Ed.
Smith.
Messrs w. E. Glenn and M. Cook
who have been braking on the
Hooking Division, have now been
changed back to the River Division
Mr.. Ed Campbell, the ex-yard
Clerk, came down from Columbus
to stay over Sunday.
Mr. Lyman Steele of Columbus is
assisting Mr. P. j. Murtha is put
ting the wires to the new brokers' Of
flee of Meeker Bros, which will be
in the Trash building.
Mr.. William Evans of Jacksonville
is acting as baggage master on the
Gore Limited IN the place of Davy
Williams, who is laying Off.
Mr.. Frank Mutchmore, conduc.
tor on the Jackson Welston line
spent Sunday in Logan with hi
family.
The roof is being put on the
round house this week. AS soon al
the doors are placed, the work will
be completed.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
S0ciety's New Game.

"Trail has taken society by storm.
1t is something new, something
different.
Trail as the name implies, is
founded on popular hunting sport
is played with fifty three fine cards
in four colors, representing fox to
to be chased. and four packs of
hounds of thirteen each.
"Trail has constantly recurring
interest for players as they perfect
their playing from evening to even.
ing, In marked contrast to certain
recent boistrous games that bore the
players at the end an hour.
With the one pack six other splen-
did, new, copyright games can be
played. Two Educational games of
and two games of Fun, making it
suitable for all members of family.
"Trail' can be had of dealers post
paid, Toe. gilt edge, plain SOC. Rules
for the seven games free.
COMBINATION CARD GAME
co;
ATLANTA, GA
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
AFTERNOON.
Arithmetic.

l. pupils standing in attendance marked $780, and
he absent days Find the number Of days Of school during the
term.
g. Find the of 25 pieces of lumber Is it, long, wide
in. thick at 1926 per M.
g. buys goods $50 and sells them gain s
doing he compelled reduce his asking price 0 What
was his asking price?
Divide "a milonth by sOo multiply the quoen 10O0 and
write the in words.
s. Define decimal fraction; (b least mutpe (c)
third root; (d) fifth power; (e) reciprocal
g. Boston II degrees minutes seconds W. longitude, and
Rome is II degrees 81 minutes II seconds E. When is
Boston, what is the hour at Rome?
T. The interest investment at $50 for
2 da was $153.60 What the nvested2
g. Divide 81 by 10 and explain you would class.
Which is better investment and by how much u S.
cent bonds Columbus city bonds with &c. both
bought at O5 the latter returned for taxation 80 mills face value?
TO- rectangular field y times long wide contains 800
what is the distance around the field?
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Belongs to the Standard.

1t is reported about town, says
the Norwalk Reflector, that the
Logan Natural Gas d Fuel com.
pany is about to pass into the con-
troll of the Standard Oil company,
or perhaps it would be better
way to state it, to say that the
Standard is about to make known
its ownership Of the Logan, as it
has been understood generally
that the Logan was already part
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Probate Notice.

Notice Is hereby given that the following
Accounts and Vouchers have been filed in
the Pr ,bate Court of Hooking County, Ohio
Tor second and Anal settlement H. Il. Spar
non Assignee for the benefit of the Creditors
OF s. f. Cagg Assignor and the same Will
come on for hearing on the 22nd. day of
October A. ID. 1904 at 10 o'clock n. M, or as
soon thereafter as may be convenient.
+. p. MARTIN,
Sept. 10Th. 3w. Probnte JndRe.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Probate Notice.

Notice is hereby given that the following
Accounts and Vouchers have been filed In
thu Probate Court of Hooking County, o..
Administrator of the estate of Mary j
Brown, deceased. and the same will come
on for hearing on the 22Ld. day OF Octo-
Der A. ID. 1904 at lOoclock A NJ ras soon
thereafter as may be convenient.
Sept. 2g-Jwl II. p. MARTIN, Probate Judge
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Legal Notice.

Before d. II. Lappen. Justice of the
Peace, in and for Falls Township, Hooking
County, Ohio:
Mary sfosser, Plaintiff VS. Wendell Thacker,
Defendant.
Attachment.
On the 18th. day of September, A. D. 1904,
said Justice issued an ord Or of attachment
In the above action, for the sum Of eight
dollars and twenty cents.
MARY SLossER.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Probate Notice.

Notice Is hereby given that the following
Accounts and Vouchers have been filed In
for first and final settlement James McLin
Guardian OF Isaac ID. Miller, insane,
and the same Will come on for hearing on
the Sth. day of October A. ID. 1901 at 10 O'Clock
A. NJ, or as soon thereafter rs may be con-
venient.
F. P. MARTIN,
Sept. 18th. 3w. Probate Judge,
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Legal Notice.

will take notice that on the 10Th day ui
September, 1901. Edward Ruble filed his pc
tition In the court of common pleas, Hook
praying for divorce from said Laura
tDolliel Ruble, on the ground OF gross me-
glect of duty for three years, and willful au-
sence for three years, and that said cause
Will be for hearing on and after Friday.
November llth., 1901.
September 2Dth, CIV. EDWARD RUBIE.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Notice of Appointment.

Estate of William M. Montgomery de-
ceased. The undersigned has been appoint
es' ate of William NJ. Montgomery late of
Hooking County. deceased. Dated this 10Th
day OF September A. ID. 1904.
@. r. MONTGOMERY.
Sept. 22nd. 3w. Administrator
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Geography.

Name three large rivers draining a northern slope Asia
(b) its eastern slope; (c) its southern slope.
g Where the following for what each interesting: Port
Arthur, Mt. Pelee. Abyssnia, st. Louis and Panama
g. Name three principal of Japan three of Argentine Re-
public; Four of France;
Explain the physical conditions which give California and
dry seasons.
Draw outline of Ohio locating five of the largest cities
In what what is each of the folowng @
Montrea b) Barcelona (c Odessa d) mbay DuluthP
Mention devices teaching geography In what
respects does this study train the chid's mind?
Name the five popous countries Europe and the capital
city of EACH ,.t
What the greatest latitude place haveP The greatest
longitude2 Explain
TO- Describe Manila
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06

Teachers Elementary Certificate prepared under the
direction of the state school and sent out from his
with 4O1a school
FORENOON.
Grammar
lThat pleasure which is at once the most pure the most
2elevatng, and the most intense is derived maintain,
contemplation of the Beautiful. In the
4paon of Beauty alone find it possible to attain that
5peasurabe elevation or excitement OF the soul which we
6recognize Poetic Sentiment, which easily
distinguished Truth which is the satisfaction of the
S.Reason Passion, which the of the
eart."-EDGAR ALLEN PoE.
Make list of the principal clauses in the above selection.
each modfes any part of the sentence.
B. Point may find them the simple complex, and
pound sentences.
Make list of the modifers 'exctement in line fve
Select phrases give grammatical
6. Explain the use of 81 maintain in line two.
Make list of the nnve partcpes and give the grama-
tical construction of each.
"The dying thief reioiced to
That fountain in his day,
And there may l. though vile as he,
Wash all my sins away
"May get out again with my life, you.may the
country alone for me.'-Pil. Prog.
''Can the Ethiopian change his skin?'-Jer.
Make list of the verbs and give the mode of each the selec
items above
argument potential
TO- Give the grammatical of the nntives in the follow
'God is able to make all abound toward you-Cor
"My do the will of him that me- and to
finish his k'-John.
better the house of than
the house of feasting g"-Ecces
Physiology.
How is expiration produced?
Define Diaphragm esophagus, diasoe pecardium, vli
B. How is the of smell excited?
H. Describe the
5. What causes astigmatism? What is cataract?
What the the muscles? What by muscular
power and how is it developed?
Give
8, Why is alcohol said to have immoral effect?
Show that the effect of the of alcohol be transmitted to
10. Describe poisoning by aconite; by beladonna.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Reading.
of the Standard.

The Standard owns the North
western Ohio Natural Gas com
pany, which gets part of its supply
of gas through the same main line,
from gas fields, as the Logan COM
pany, and it also owns the North
western Ohio Natural Gas COM
pany, which gets it's gas from the
same field in West Virginia to
which the Logan will soon have q
line.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Notice of Appointm ent.

Es ate OF George w. Defenbaugh deceased.
qualified as adminlstratrix OF the Estate OF
George w. Defenbaugh late OF Hooking
County, deceased., Dated this 2ith. day oi
September A. ID. 1901.
ARIZONA DEFENBAUGH,
Sept. Goth. 3w. Administrators
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Legal Notice.

Margaret @. Belt, residence unknown,
VIII take notice that on the 10th. day of
petition In the Court of Common Pleas,
hooking County, Ohio, being cause No. 3592,
praying for divorce from said Margaret G..
Belt, on the ground of willful absence for
more than three years last past, and that
said cause wi be for hearing on and after
Friday, October, 9th. 1901.
Aug. 25th. 6w. RAYMOND T.. BELT.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
ORTHOGRAPHY.

l. What with proper diacritics
sounds of a.
2 When and yowels? Illustrate.
Indicate by the the proper Marks the
ton of the following Inquiry yceum squalor abdomen msche
4. What homonyms2 Give examples.
Examiners will detach No. 5, and o applicants.
s. Spell the following words correctly:
Cincinnati pursuing benefited coroary supersede preceding
fmmaory transmitting rheumatism beaueous chimneys oscae
besiegng, San Francisco fresco pomory mankin panaca
synonym
Allow credits each of the first four three credits
for each word in the fifth
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
Literature.

What tertpre Is everything written printed entitled to
the OF iteraurep State clearly the
When literary composition classed tragedy When
comedy2 Name three of Shkespeares writings
B. State briefly the plot in Shakespoae Mchan of Venice
A. Write brief criticism of the character Porta in 1.-THE Mer
chant of Venice brief defence of Shyock the play
Name three noted American noe three celebrated Ameri
poets Write brief quotation each of the and
two of the noveists you have
tell
what each has written.
Name the English poets comprised ake School of
Poets", and one literary production of each.
Name author purpose the author
writing each of the folowng "The Rape of the Lock- "She
Stoops to Conquer 'The Tale of tine Tub' "Rasselas'
g. Name five Of the principal literary productions of Washington
Irving Describe briefly principal his Iegend
Sleepy Hollow.
TO- Make Irving Dickens, list of
principal writings of the latter.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
United States History and Civil Government.

l. What additions made English territory North Amer
lea a result of the French Indian War?
g Name five of the important history
nection with slavery.
g. Give the qualifications for u S. What
an Electoral College?
A. Locate the following what
tory: Appomaox PutinBay Valley Forge San Juan,
lDuquesne.
Give the origin of the thirteen original
states
g. By what steps may alien citizen
States?
T. Give three the administration
Jackson and in Grants administration.
g. Name selections American
would use in teaching u. s. history.
Explain what is meant school code by Section Sixteen
TO- What consider the important
ton? Give reason for your
Theory and Practice.
Distinguish between corpoeal psycha feelings
each include?
q Explain what is meant by apperception
g. Describe condition with only preventative
tive powers
What subjects must be included study
mentary school?
Give (a the for school (b)
pill (c) proper window surface
What mental faculties cultivated by the
Give the of reading o. T. G.
8. Name five of the great educators of history
Reading.
Examiners will examinations in reading
Writing.
The character of writing in the
will determine the grade in penmanship
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06

For Coughs, Colds.
Hoarseness and all Throat
Troubles use Syrup White
Pine g. Tar. Price 25
cents-Sold only at Cases
Drug Store.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06

ATLANTA, GA.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1904-10-06
TEST QUESTIONS.
Saturday, October /, 1904.

examination questions teachers examination
Teachers Elementary School Certificate, prepared
direction of the school commissioner and from
accordance with section 4O71a of school
The San Francisco call., 1904-12-10
VINEYARDISTS
TO FIGHT TRUST
Wine Growers of Lodi and
Vicinity Are Organizing an
Independent Association
Special Dispatch to The Call.

STOCKTON, Dec. "a large coop
erative association of winegrowers,
backed by big capital, whose purpose
is to fight the wine trust" is being
organized by the viticulturists Of Lodi
and Woodbridge. Thirty-three we'll
known winegrowers of that district re-
Gently held a meeting in Woodbridge
and decided TO form a cooperative as
sociation and pool issues. A large
winery will be erected in the town of
Woodbridge. Already the site has been
secured. The following in all probabil-
ity will be the trustees of the associa-
ton for the first year: John c. Thomp-
son, c. L. Newton, Frank Parrott, F.
B. Mills, j. Brock Jr.. Alexie Chapde-
lain and Amos Boyce.
Growers reDrese nting 1850 acres OF
wine grapes have already agreed TO en-
ter the association. Each subscribes
for one share of stock for each acre of
wine grapes he owns. The stockholders
bind themselves to sell all their grapes
to the associations winery for the next
seven years. The acreage represented
all lies in the vicinity of Woodbridge
and Acampo.
The new company in all probability
will become a big factor in the wine
growing industry in San Joaquin Coun-
ty. 1t will have capital stock of $500,
900. All the stockholders are men OF
means.
The San Francisco call., 1904-12-10
The Curacao,s Cargo.

The steamer Curacao. which sailed On We'd
nesday for Guaymss. carried general ner-
chsndise cargo. consigned 10 the port Of des-
tinsticn and other Mexican ports valued at
Sc SO and including the following:
eos7 gals wine. 1880 lbs spices. 141 gals 81
cs whisky. "a 7s6 lbs coffee. 2174 lbs nuts, l.
hb-s -four 9Qe pkgs fresh fruits. 10 $50 lbs
c-.ed fruit l0ll pkgs potatoes 2S2 pkgs
olicns - cs baking powder. g pkgs groceries
and provisions SIS pkgs paste. 262l lbs but
Ter. 2oS pkgs table preparations. 1TT0 lbs
cheese 1859 lbs beans. Is $50 lbs rice. 726 lbs
"a sins. 375 assorted canned goods 800
lbs ham and bacon. 90 cs mineral water, 3 cs
gin cs liquors. IA C canned salmon, 5l45
lbs saEo - os olives. 1870 lbs tea 71S3 lbs
cs bread. 1912 lbs malt. 60 bales hay, 564
lbs lard. 217-32S feet lumber. 80 T25 lbs tai
low, 4s .53l lbs bluestone. Il .99s lbs pig lead.
5 pkgs 249 pcs machinery, 139 cs oils, 81 6
ironware. 291 coils rope. 63 candles. p bdls
So ncs steel. bdls 9 pcs pipe, 254 bdls 20
pcs iron. p pkgs drugs and sundries. cs
turpentine. 195 pkgs paints III bdls wire.
66 cs I Dbl lubricatirg oil. l36 boiler tubes 65
cs fuse. 225 b6ls shocks. : pkgs arms and am
rnunition IS pkgs electrical supplies, 81 pkgs
acid. S503 lbs borax. e36 lbs rosin. 3I9 bdls
sacks. 12s pkgs paper. os leather. 212 pkgs
tank material 200 lbs salt hides, I3 bxs soap
pkgs dry goods 50 TASKS quicksilver. 2240
lbs cyanide 80 SKIS coal. SO pkgs millwOrk. !
horse. II head cattle.
The San Francisco call., 1904-12-10
STANDARD OIL STEAMSHIP COMES FROM THE ORIENT

The British steamship Dakotah, Cap
tain Ross, which arrived yesterday
from the Orient. has come here, it is
said, 70 be converted into an oil burn
er- The Dakotah is owned by the
standard Oil Company and flies the
nag OF the "Anglo-American Oil Com
pahy' as the British branch OF the
hockefeller concern is styled. She is
equipped for carrying petroleum IN
bulk. and viii probably take LIQUID
lueI as freight 10 the Orient The Da-
kotah, which is a vessel Of 1898 tons
net register, was formerly the British
steamship Tuscanny. She was pur-
chased recently from the Tuscanny
steamship Company by the Standard
people, who changed the vessels name.
Tho Dakotah was built at Newcastle,
England, in 1902. and is equipped with
every modern device for the expedi-
nous handling OF bulk oil
she was twenty-one days coming
from Moji- She brought one passen-
ser, D. n Bibb, the lumber merchant
II this city
The San Francisco call., 1904-12-10
Pleased With the siberia.

Admiral Louis Kemp1 inspected the liner
Siberia yesterday and found everything on
board that vessel IN strict keeping with the
taW- A fire alarm was sounded and the oper-
alton q abandoning ship gone through Every
slEnaA received prompt response. and before
leaving the vessel Admiral kempI cOngratu-
lated Captain J. Tremaine Smith on the splen-
Ole discipline maintained IN every department.
" hlle az sea the Siberia carries her lfeboats
swung CUT and in position for instant Lowering.
- hen I'm port. hoWcTe-. cneF are pulled in
board ard lashed srlgly in place on deck. This
was the condltiCn in which the boats were
yesterday when Admiral kempm sounded the
Enal o. abandon shin. and within Two rlin-
ures every h1at had been freed OF its lashinEA.
swung OUT ana lowered II was this maneurer
which particularly pleased the distinguished
ra.r cffcer