davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20
CAN QUESTION
WISDOM OF PENSIONS
Association Committeeman Caldwell Can
See No Reason WhU There Should
Be Anu Opposition.

- NE Of the logical minds Of the
executive committee of the
~ Civil Service Retirement As
sociation. is that of David d. Caldwell,
of the Department Of Justice. who is
secretary Of the association. Mr.. Cald-
well has studied the subject thoroughly.
as is made evident by the manner in
which he disposes OF the various pha-
ses of The Times question.
Speaking fO; myself individually"
said Mr.. Caldwell, Il believe that no
one can question the wisdom of retiring
from the Governments service those Of
it's employees who have become. or who
may in the future become. superan-
nuated or otherwise incapacitated for
the performance Of a fair days labor
IN return for the salaries they receive.
THE presence in the public service
of many who are unable, after long
years Of faithful. conscientious labor. to
render fair return for the compensa-
ton received. today cOnfronts the heads
Of the great executive departments of
the Government. 1t is just beginning
TO be felt The situation will become
more and more acute as time goes on,
unless some remedy IS discovered and
applied
Three Courses Open.
1T seems to me that three courses
are open 70 the officials Of the Govern
ment: The sUperannuated employe may
be allowed TO continue drawing his sal
airy. while performing little or no labor
IN return thus constituting him in re-
ality a pensioner at fun pay: he may be
retained on the rolls in a position carry
ing a smaller salary In which event he
becomes a pensioner at something less
than his former pay; or, he may be dis
missed outright and his place filed by
the appointment Of a young man"
Mr.. Caldwell then took up these three
methods separately.
The method last referred to has not
been followed TO any great extent by the
gentlemen ia charge OF the executive
business OF the Government, said Mr.
Caldwell, nor is II likely to be followed
by them so long as they have hearts in
their bosoms and are possessed of the
feeling that in refraining from turning
an Old servant out with no means OF
support IN his last days they are but
abstaining from an act Of heartIess cru
city. This method Of relief eliminated.
therefore. the suDerannuated employees
remain in the Government service 10 It's
dctriment.
Something. then, should be done 20
better this undesirable condition Of ar
fairs What may It be and how may IL
be accomplished? First. remove the
humane scruple that the Official in
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20
EXPLICIT IN FAVOR
OF PENSION SCHEME
Assistant Secretary of War Oliver Says
the Government Should Provide
For Civil Retirements.

with new and efficient material A sys-
TEN Of retirement such as is in force IN
the army and navy and in the fire and
police departments of many municipali-
ties is unquestionably the most effec-
tive means Of preventing organizations
from becoming Cead at the top and clog
ged with employees who have grown old
in the service. The benefit to the Gov
eminent through the application OF such
a retirement system would far exceed
the resulting expense"
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20

- EN-. ROBERT SHAW OLIVER.
the Assistant Secretary Of
~ War, in response to the inquiry
as 10 whether or not he favored a Gov
ornamental retirement system for aged
employees Of the civil service, said: =
heartily favor such a system. From
my experience and observation there
are no other successful means Of keep
ing an administrative organization in
good working order and supplying it
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20

- Ut in the big brick building on
North Capitol Street. which is
~ the home OF the Government
Printing Office. is veritable army OF
employees of the civil service, command
ed by Public Printer F. w. Palmer, who
is above all things practical man. His
views on whatever subject have the
weight of common sense. That he IA
vOrs a retirement plan is of considera-
bic worth TO the friends of that system.
4 believe a civil pension list should
be esta blished,' said the Public Printer
Il am not prepared to go into the ques-
tion as to whether the payments should
be made by the General Government. or
from a fund created by. assessments
upon salaries, but neither, think could
be far wrong in principle.
MY experience in the Government
Printing Office has shown me the i'm
portance Of keeping a man in the ser
vice as long as he Is competent, for the
added value in many, IL not ali, in
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20
WOULD LIMIT PENSIONS
TO THE DESTITUTE
Pardon Attorney EaSby-Smlth
Gives Unusually En-
phatic Views.
. ARDoN Attorney James s Easily

~ ARDON Attorney James S. Easily
- Smith OF the Department Of
l Justice. is of the judicial mind
which follows things out to their logical
conclusions. Mr.. Easily Smith is not in
favor of pensions at all, but insists that.
once you grant the justice Of the pres
ent retirement system for the army and
navy. you are logically forced to admit
the correctness of a civn retired list, as
the same conditions prevail and the
same arguments apply in the one case
as in the other. But here is what he
says:
Il do not believe in the present pen
sion and retired salary system. l think
it is indefensible in principle, and if car
ried 10 it's logical end would result in
communism. 1 believe pensions should
be paid only to soldiers. sailors. or civil
employees OF the Government who are
destitute and are actually incapable OF
earning a living by reason of disability
resulting from wounds or disease con-
tracted in the service. And why not
take care Of these in charitable institu-
tons?
But If it is just and proper and
equitable to pay pensions to retired
army, navy. and marine officers. Judges,
policemen, frcmen, school teachers. and
others, after a certain period of service,
or after a certain age, 1t is certainly no
less just, proper and equitable to pay
pensions TO all civil employees of the
who have faithfully served
the Government for a long period. The
IN favor Of pensions or re-
tired salaries TO one class are as spo-
cious and untenable-or, il you please.
as strOng-as arguments In favor of
pensions for any other class
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20

charge has against the dismissal of an
old and faithful employee who has been
so unfortunate, or even so improvident,
If YOU viii, as 10 have nothing laid by
Tor his future support, by providing
competence for the old employee during
his remaining days. The official VIII
not hesitate then to rid himself OF some
OF the deadwoOd in his department and
TO replace il with new material He
VIII no longer be compelled to choose
between the Improvement of the service
in his department and the dismissal TO
die for the want Of the necessaries Of
life Of men and women grown old in the
Governments service.
A Question of Methods.
How may this desirable end be
achieved2
Several methods have been proposed.
One cOntemplates a civil pension list,
with Government-paid pensions to all
Superannuated employees retired This
We are told, II is useless to speak Of
Many OF the largest corporations in this
country. however, have already adopted.
and many more are each year adopting.
systems OF retirement with pensions for
their superannuated employees, the pen
sion fund in most instances being main
Adiieu Dy the employer.
Another method suggested is that
the Government and its employees divide
between them the cost Of caring for SUI
perannuated employees. Some of the
large corporations OF the country have
adopted this plan. But as prop sed in
connection with the retirement and pen
sioning Of Government employees, it
meets with the same objection as the
preceding method. namely. the fact that
part Of the cost would be laid upon the
United States Treasury Those who
calculate the cost to the Government
under either Of the two foregoing plans
generally overlook the benefit that
would accrue from The change from old
and inefficient employees to young and
energetic men.
Annuities Impracticable.
"StiH another suggestion is that each
Government employe upon entering the
service, be required TO take out an an
nuity insurance policy, the premiums on
which are TO be paid by deducting the
necessary amount from his salary This
plan seems TO be perfectly feasible as
far as II goes. But IL has reference only
10 those who shall come into the service
In the future. What is to be done with
the old people in the service at present?
They. Of course. could not afford TO pay
the premiums on annuity policies that
would be required by their advanced
ages. and the scheme as proposed has
not been intended to apply 10 them.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-03-20

NE Of the logical minds Of the
executive committee of the
Civil Service Retirement As
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
AFTER THE TICKER.
Number Of Firms Have Already
Subscribed t. the Service.

Superintendent Stevenson, of the West
crn Union Telegraph Company. talked
on Yesterday about the tickers that arc
to be installed In this city.
Mr.. Stevenson said that he hoped to
have the ,t!ckers In operation before Jan
nary l, 1896. The instruments are now
on hand, and practically the only work
unfinished Is stringlng the wires to the
offices of the subscribers.
The Richmond tlckers will give all tho
regular quotations OF the New York
stock Exchange. and will be practically
the same as those In operation In New
York.
Already there arc eleven subscribers.
and tho list does not include the clubs,
hotels and restaurants, which sill ccr-
tHnly give the service to their members
and customers
Tho service will come directly through
tho Richmond office of the Western
Union and will be under tho direction OF
the local manager.
Those who have subscribed are as fol-
lows:
Messrs. Scott and Strlngfellow; Branch,
Cabell ana Company: Thomas Branch and
Company; Benton and slump; Gift and
Company; Davenport and Company;
IIaight and Freese Company; IIobson and
Company. Miller and Company Talbot
and Company, Winfreo and Company,
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
JURY REFUSES VERDICT
FOR MISS CAROLYN WELLS
Especial to The Times- pispatch.l

EtG4 FH Especial TO y ne fllIicS-DlspitCA'l
NEW YORK, December Y.-Wnethcr
falling or a street car Jars or jolts the.
mental faculties to such an extent as
seriously to impair the continuity Of
literary thought was decided In the mega
tive. within ten minutes yesterday by n
Supreme Court jury in tho suit of Miss
CAROLYN Wells, the ulll Eoress, against.
the Metropolitan Street Railway Com
!pany.
Miss Wells resplendent In II black
velvet dress. long fur boa ana big ostrich
@plumed hat with pink and blue flowers,
had told the jury that since her fall
from q crosstoWn eau in lTwenty-thirdS
Street on lt,ebrllary 5. 1872, she had OK
pellenced difficulty In connecting hcr
thoughts or using her literary powers
to their full extent. She said thetcar had
started before she obtained h sure foot
ing, and she had been thrown TO the
street striking on her back,
81 For some timc after this accident Miss
Wells said sl,e was unable 10 get her.
BRAN into proper ilternry Workng order.
Plots for stories which had hitherto come
ut her beck became vague and clllslve.5
Instead of making $1,000 for 5000 Il year,
as. was her custom, she was only able to
earn about 5000 for u year after the
accident. Her nervous system had been
shocked and she thought she ought 10
have 5000
Miss Wells, who resides III Railway,
N. j., IL d we'll known contributor to
the magazines aud humorous periodicals.,
and Is the author Of many chldrrn's
books.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Deaths Reported Yesterday.

+ Deaths reported yesterday were
WHITE ~ s5
Lucy A. AIcCnnc, female, aged 20 years.
months and s days, No. 500 North
Twcnty-scventh Street.
4 Joseph Irnqua Bass, male, aged GO years.
No. 306 South Pine Street
4 John r. Ball, male. aged is years.
months ana q days No 7Q7 Graham
Street.
I,ottie Preston Smith, female, nEed l
year and months, No. 1901 West Cary 4
Street.
{ Sandy Ford McDnffie, male. aged p
years, Memorial Hospital
cOLORED-
Betsy Henry. female, aged % years. No.
Sli North Third Street.
Is Lewis Robertson, male, ngcd$:l years.
3. No. SIS McCance Street.
s. Charles Giles, male, aged GO years, llen=
rico county.
Martha Ann Cooper female asc.l u
years, Almshouscl
Harry Thomas. male. aged 80 years.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
.H|GH RECORD
FOR CITY BONDS |. |
Entire Issue Of $4,000 Sold
to Mr.. Rolfc Z. Glover
at 100 1-S.
THE BEST DEAL EVER MADE.
There Were Nine Other Bids.
Bit Mr.. Glover's Was the
Highest Of MI.

Richmond city bonds sold yesterday q I
the highest figure ever yet obtained and
tho authorities were In fine feather oyer
the result last night,
Mr. .Rolfe u. Glover. a local capitalist
and business man, took the entire issue
of $55,GOO at 100 1.s, there having been nino
other bids, ranging down TO 100 1at. The
bonds arc non-taSabe securities. nnd
have been always regarded as ono OF the
best Investments; but they have never
before brought such i, llgli figure.
Mir. ,Ilovel's bid was the highest$of all,
and tho Finance Committee, tho Mayor
anc! The Auditor expressed great delight
ut lilo fine sale The bonds will run for
thirty-four5 years and bear per ccntu,n
per annum. Thcy arc issued to meet5;l
like amount falling due on january l.
1906, and III anticipation Of I tho. issue q
good mal.s local ana on. of town capital
lists and banks putin bids. ISL
All for Himself. ISL
Mr.. Glover Is 4 man of considerable
means, and while IL Is possible he may
have ma de the purchase for n syndicate
1t is altogether likely that lie was acting
for himself, us he is Regarded US III hOl2
financier Ind q business man Of great i
Mr.. Glover has boon a prominent figure
both III the local political and business
world, and Is widely known in3Richmonu.a
Ill, WAS for q long time u partner In the
Wholesale grocery concern OF AllEuStlncs
and Glover, and Is now engaged as TIE
managing partner of. tho late firm OF
Davenport Morris and Company. IN wind-
Ing up its affairs. He was for several
years president Of the Common Council,
and has an intimate acquaintance with
the city's affairs. Ss 5is \ .s
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10

Ming. Mr.. Cav will speak Oh building
by n Plulnbllnc.'2 RS
At the Pine Street Baptist Church. I'ns-
tor ]. b. Hutson will preach morning
and night; subject at IL a. M,"JcsMs
Only Can Give Repentance" al s T.. NJ,
Jesus Only Ctn Forgive Sins. 's H L.
At ST. Paul's Church to-inorrow Rev.
Henry L. Klo,nan will preacl, at Il a.
M. Rev. Mr.. Kloman Is rector OF st
Panl's Church, Hayinarkct, rn.
Tho Rev. r. cave will fill Ills pull
pit at the Third Christian Church ,o-
morrow at II a. NJ. ana 8 p. NJ. Ills
theme III tho morning, will, be Things
TO Think About and ut night Telling
the Truth" Mr.. NJ. L. Bniics will sing
at the night service. a. ~ r3,
Rev Nv. IT. Dcrieux has selected ''!n
Rcmemhrancc of Me- as his theme ut
tho Vcnable Street Bnptist Church to-
morrow morning. Tho Lords supper Will
be administered. Evungcistic services
wifi be held ut>night. II
Tho morning subject Of Rev. II. ".
Sublctt at the Paramount Christian
Church tomorrow viii be Our. Lords
Divine Authority; evening subject,
a".rhc Sure Mcrcies Of David
4 REV. John l.. Robinson. pastor Of the
First Unitarian Church, will preach to-
morrow from the$&tcxt Bear Yc One
-Anotlicr's Burdens "
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
PETITIONS IN
FEDERAL [:
Efforts Are Being Made to Get
Rel,earing OF Several
Cases.
oNE.LEeGED CASE AGAIN.
r
Council for a. L. Peters Claims
That Hearing Was
Irregular.

In the United States Circuit Court of
Appeals yesterday, With Judges Gof,
P11tcharu and Boyd on the bench, the
following case: was argued:
No. 81 Joseph l.. and ". ". James,
alleged bankrupss, appellants. vss5h...1' ~
ing Corrugating Company, ct nj, appellee;
appeal from tho District Court at Nor
folk. Va. Argued BY r. Randolph Hicks.
of Norfolk, Va,for the appellants, and
hy p. S. Stephenson, Of Norfolk, Va. for
the appellecs, and submitted.
The following case was argued Thurs
day:
No JGa 7. II. German. c, al, appel
Jant.;, vs. l. II: Wright, etc, apltAec;
from The Dist.ict Court at Raleigh, n.
G.. Argued bs' Guthrie Guthrie. of
Durham n. c., for he appellant, allti
submitted.
Petitions for rchearing were present
cd in the following cases:
No. 5al. Receivers Of Virginia Iron, Coal
ana Coke Company, ct al, petitioners, VS..
William Fl. Starse, trustee Of Baird q
Co., bankrupts Respondents on petition
for a review from the District Court at
J.ynchburg, VA. Decided at this term In
favor of the respondents. a petition was
presented by s. Hamilton Graves. OF
Roanoke, Va, for the petitioners for II
iehearlng of the cause.
No 3d., First National Bank OF Bal
1imore, Nd, petitioners VS.. William Fl.
Stake, treasurer Of Baird & Co, bank
ritpts. Respondent on petition for Il re-
view from he District Court at Lynch
burg. Va. Decided 1T this term III favor
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
COPPER CAUSES TROUBLE
Arthur Reed Gets Six Months
for Plunging.

81 ,r,,e ran,c was so / easy at tlie@ Police
Court on yesterday that His Honor hardly
got into his stride before. 1t wasgall over
and the crowd Of vaps fllcd sadly quito
find another haven furnished Win a
stove.
Copper has been the root Of all evil for
these past Few days. and the court finally
got d taste Of it. Arthur Reed, Il black
young negro, with q past as dark IS MS
SIX IN, had probably been reading tive
Lawson .'Ercnzied Finance" advertise
11lents, and so determined TO sell copper
The supplynt the rriEE shipyards looked
good to Arthur, anu he took all he could
Garry" The crash came when Sergeant
Bailey called" him for the goods, when
copper commenced to drop.
son what margin were you carrying
COPPER said Ills Honor.
II was carrying It OH my shoulder"
replied Arthur, but ] got 'cornered.'t
"a lot OF these Wall Street pluIasr q 3
ought to be in jail remarked the H. til
"and III sen,l you there for {, II starter.
Six months for Arthur
Stephen Tinsley. as mild q munnsrcd
man rs ever broke II bottle. showed his
;,aeth when ordered to kiss the book: I.
Stephen is o. modest man Not content E
With iincove,.ing His g,iZzled locks before
the great and learned Oracle. he pr'l--
IDENTIFY re,noved lis teeth also, AMI held
them firmly in his hand.
Put en- back. said J J I'm not
afraid of hydrophobia.'
stephen made5t the usual fragile promise
ana went Oh his way rejo!cins .-8
Ernest Kessler was III, for 7 he same ~, Old "a
thing ~ u n
LET me off, Judge said Ernest; I'm.
expecting work at the ioenltent'ary.g
Its where you belong. quotll IS
Honor, n,ld where / ought@to have sent
Yc3 long ago. rs 53.
Ilessler received .lle holiday clamency.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Figurehead Platt's Bill.

ii senator Platt's bill for reducing he
Soiib's representation in@ Congress ci,-
lIcan clnbof New York city. senator
Plat Is merely the medium OF It's intro
.dnctlnn into the senate. MI though he
seems to bo in sympathy with It. i Z Will
less someone uses t rs the text for. a
speech The fact that the Presidents
message did not arefer} directly orsmdirect.3
" to this question indicates that the
measure Will not have active hacking, for
thu present at least, In thn White louise.
Mass. Republican.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
I I.
Mrs. Alice Gibson.
peclal "a Tic sTincs-DisTatcl,.1

Special 10 The Dispatch,
MONTER lSY-. VA, December a.r-atrs.
Alice Gibson, widow Of the late John y.
Gibson; died on Wednesday evening q { q
her home at yanderpool three mica
south OF Monterey. She had been more
or less an invalid for. several years. and.
during the past summer. came nea br.
ing killed In u runaway accident. Tie
Immediate cause or her death ,ya.@
measles and double pneulroi,ia. She ny
survived by on. son Mr. Wills Gibson,
and three daughters Misses Sallie and
Alpha and Mrs. Jennie Benson. Her iu-
neral was conducted from the home by
her pastor. Rev. Il. 8Euts!er. assisted
by Rev. w. S. Trimble. AIRS. Gibson waH
4ixty-threc years old, and her maiden
name Wag Ljghtner. Nj. FL sf5i
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Two Important Sales.

The w. B. 1olzzini Company has made
during the past week two excellent pr:-
waite sales OF real estntc.
This firm has sold to Mrs. Avis Walker
Darlington. guardian for her children
3(Grnnt cstate), No. lola Park Avenue.
#Theprice paid was 500.
Tho W. b. Pizzini Company has also
sold for the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail
way Company, the very desirable proper
5ty fronting on the dock, Just above the
5Trigg ship-yard The names of the pur-.
fchasers have not been disclosed, but 1t
is understood that Il large manufacturing
plant will be established there.
Tho price paid was $1,000
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
I-7 ~ M =
DEATHS.

n i s. II l.sIs
at his. .fllhcr's residences.
707 Gra ham Street. Thursday, DogelnbGr
Sth, at 745 a. NJ, JOHN ~, BALL;
aged eighteen years nnct months ana no
Funeral %SATURDAY. December 10th.
s at Q p, NJ, Fulton Baptist Church.
a bud the heavenly g.sr,lnncv gave us,
a pure and lovely child,
lie gave 1t for oul, keeping
10 cherish undeflled,S
But rs the bud was. opening
81 no the glory Of the day.
4 Down anne the heavenly snlucncv,
5f And took our bud away
ON.--lDicd Docember 9th, mink
ade!plla: in us flfty-firih year, JOHN
"A lIEIlI HARRISON. ri 6t
Notice OF funeral later,
LlcIlTENsTEIN;;am died, nj his residence,
Monroe. n. e.. Thursday night, MOSES
LlCl1TE2Ns'rEIS,;3 aged forty slant
s years. IA
III clock a, Al, Nortuary CHAPEL, Hes
brew Cemetery.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Football Season Closes.

The football season will close here to-
day with n game between the Olympias
ana the Redskins Mt Broad Street Park
al $40 o'clock. These teams are evenly
matched, neither having scored against
the other III two previous games, The
lineup will include the Following:
Olynlpas--Craven, Williams, Massie,
King, lIirslnbcrg. Burns. Moore. Bailey,
Mailman, IaSan, Richardson's
+ Rcdskins-NValsh, Thomas, Todd. Leal,
Kent. knightly, RENDER Crenshaw,
tNhaley, Wel.hcr, HARLOW.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
PRESBYTERIAN UNION,
Rev. L. c. Vass Will Speak al
m t1 A r. r. .lEf. .

KEY. =. 2. ass VIII speak at
Tomorrow Afternoons Meeting.
There will be all interesting meeting
Of the Presbyterian Sunday School Union
in the Manchester Presbyterian Church
tomorrow afternoon at O'clock. All the
officers, teachers and scholars are cor
daily invited to be present
Rev. L. c. Vass, who had the Lapsley
boat rebuilt and launched OH the Congo.
will be present and address the meet
ing.
Mr.. Vass was one OF the passengers
on the boat at the time 1t was wrecked.
Another interesting feature OF the meet
ing will be the singing by the Covcnan or
Company Mol, from The Second Presby-
terrain Church, Richmond under the d.
rcctlon of Miss Katherine Halves.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Hastings Court.

In tho Hastings Court yesterday Mil
liam Ball was acquitted of the charge
or malicious wonnding. sam Joncs got
SIX months for petIt larceny. and ALI.
w. Harris was acquitted of the charge
OF failing to support his wife.
aaron and Michael Schireif declared
their Intentions TO become citizens OF the
United states.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1904-12-10
Sunday Concert at Murphy's,

SlcIn's orchestra VIII Elvn the usual
Sunday evening concert at Murphy's
Hotel Tomorrow The programme VIII
be made up Of this choice selection:
Overture, Ierlin Vic cs NVrlnt Ind
Lacht,' Conrad; lntermczzo, Farewell,
Mascagnl; snreuade. 1'itl; Smiles and Ca
rcsses BendiS: polka, Sea Flower. cor
let solo, RoInson selection, Carmen,
Bilet; Largo, Iiaendcl; selection, Ermnic.
Jakobcwskl; Jocelyn, GODDARD.