Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1904-12-30
DEEP SEA CURRENTS
THE GULF STREAM AND ITS COURSE
THROUGH THE OCEAN. !. %

THROUGH THE OCEAN. 4 o.
Many IrreEula rites Are known to
Occur In Both the Direction and In
the Velocity of This Peculiar River
of the Atlantic.
Seamen sometimes seem to forget
that even the most permanent of ocean
currents are occasionally driven out of
fheir usual track by a succession of
strong winds from one direction, and
the fairy tales with respect to the al
legged vagaries of the gulf stream told
so frequently only tend to show that
navigators rather too frequently re-
gard that river in the ocean as not less
firmly fixed in velocity and direction
than if it were flowing to the sea be-
tween banks formed by the solid earth
of our planet. As matter of fact,
ever since the gulf stream was first
discovered about four centuries ago it
was recognized by thoughtful nayiga-
tors that fxity of tenure did not and
could not hold for that vast body Of
relatively warm water cushioned off
from the Atlantic coast of America by
the colder waters Of the Labrador cur
rent even as far toward the equator as
Florida. Were it not for the gulf
stream, or, more accurately, the east
ern extension thereof, the average air
temperature in the winter would be
not less than 20 degrees below the
freezing point of water on a Fahren-
heit thermometer registered at the
Shetland islands. AS matters stand
the presence of the relatively cold cur
rent from the Arctic washing, our
shores, inside Of the warmer gulf
stream, closes up the harbors or New
foundland at the same time as the gulf
stream extension is keeping the Nor
wegian coast clear of ice even as far
to the northward as the North cape.
To put 1t another way, ST. Johns,
N. F., is sometimes closed with ice
even as late in the year as June; while
Liverpool, which is degrees farther
to the north, has never been in that
condition since the glacial epoch. -. IT,,
In fact, it has been seriously sug-
gested that by diverting the course of
the gulf stream into the Pacific,
through the narrow neck of land join
ing the two Americas, it would be
quite possible to freeze out a consid-
cradle portion Of Europe. The cool
Z Labrador current setting southwark
from the icy regions adjacent to the
north pole impinges with greater veloc-
ity than usual upon the northern mar
gin of the gulf stream in certain years.
Cyclonic storms travelling up from the
southwark defect it also, and conse-
quently the gulf stream, although prob
ably the, most permanent of all the
great ocean currents, is not invariable
either in velocity or in direction. Gen
orally speaking, this ocean river in the
lower latitudes Of the Atlantic Is driv-
en- westward by the prevailing easterly
winds acting upon the sea surface un-
til the western side Of the gulf of Mex
leo Is attained. Thence it follows the
land till an outlet Is found through the
strait Of Florida, which, being both
narrow and shalloW, causes the veloc-
ity Of the current to increase. Thence
it sweeps northeastward outside Of the
Labrador cool current hugging the
coast until the banks Of Newfound-
land are reached. About there the
Sy111f froo Ia %o Co.
identity as such, but the warm waters
thereof. are driven by the prevailing
westerly winds toward the United
Kingdom, Norway and even Spitzber-
gen. Many irregularities are known
to occur in both the direction and the
velocity of the gulf stream from time
to time, consequent on wind changes
and variations in barometric pressure.
Prior. to the age of chronometers most,
extravagant views were put forward
by navigators and others in a hurry to
the effect that BY the aid Of an ordinary
thermometer the longitude could be ac-
curately determined If the shipmaster
would but trouble to take a series Of
sea surface temperatures when I'd the
vicinity Of the gulf stream. Similarly
the sea surface OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
garded in about the same geographical
position as an infalli5le guide to the
proximity of ice. Neither inference is
true. High temperature indicates
tropical origin and low temperature In
.dicates polar origin generally speaking,
but beyond this4itis dangerous to pred
icate. Z. The" relatively warm water
may be in a very abnormal position for
the periodsof the gear owing to natural
causes, and d. fall Of Is degrees Fahren-
heit is sometimes experienced in a
short ships length on the mingling
places Of the warm gulf stream and
cold Labrador current on beautifully
clear day without the slightest sign of
Ice Of any kind above the boundary line
of sea and sky. Many sailing ship,
after yainly trying to reach New York,
has got badly iced up and run to the
warmer waters Of the gulf stream to
thaw out both her crew and her gear,
but neither the longitudeynor the pres
ence of ice can be rightly determined
solely by the aid Of sea surface tenn