davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Where Railroad Earnings Go.

From the Cleveland Leader.
 The gross earnings of the railways of the United States in 1903 are footed up by the Railway World at $1.S9o.15o 679 That sum is believed by conservative au- thorities to be II or 12 per cent of the total income of the American people. The proposition is right if the latter does not exceed $16 000.0o0, ,GC0.
 Out of the gross income of the railroads of the country wages, salaries supplies and materials took about 66 per cent. These disbursements are stated at $1,24S.- 520 4S3, altogether In railway reports such outlays are classed as operating ex penses.
 The remainder of the gross earnings of the railroads, including S93,079 2S9 desg- hated as income from Investments amounted last year to $734.709. .435 Out of that great sum came taxes, interest on bonds, rentals. guarantees. dividends and additions to the surplus accounts of the railroad companies. Taxes demanded, $52,960 GOO, in addition to whatever taxes were paid on railroad stocks and bonds by individual owners. That share the government claimed. The largest item was that including interest. rentals, and various guarantees. and also the im- provements in railroad property which were paid for out of the current income. For these purposes the railroads of the United States spent s4s4. .236. 71s in 1903. These deductions left $91 ,162. 712 for ad ditions to the surplus accounts of rail- roads and $159,310000 for dividends. The latter sum is only about per cent Of the total gross income of the railways of the United States. Stockholders received less than $1 out of every $15 earned by American railways.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
BANKING CREDIT
 AN OLD CREATION Dates from Age of Empires
 Now Dead RULES FOUND IN SANSKRIT System Fourished in Egypt and As syria Long Before it Was taken Up by the Greeks and
 Romans.
By Charles A. conant in the Bankers

By Charles A. Conant in the Bankers
 Magazine
 The mechanism of banking credit is not modern creation. Credit bearing much of the characteristic stamp of the modern commercial type had already ac- quired firm footing in those rich states of central Asia whose history now sur wives chiefly in their monuments, h. struments of commercial credit were in use in Assyria, even while the precious ployment of official coinage Traces of credit by compensation and by transfer orders are found in Assyria. Phoenicia and Egypt before the system attained full development in Greece and Rome.
 The books of the old Sanskrit law giver, Manu, are full of regulations gov ernng credit. He speaks of judicial pro- ceedings, in which credit instruments were called for, of the interests on loans. of bankers. usurers. and even the renew al of commercial paper. In Babyonia contracts were drawn up, in the pres ence of some priestly or legal official, on clay tablets. The original was placed for saftey in either the temple or the re- cord chamber of the city, enclosed in a clay envelope or case, while copies went to one or both of the contracting parties Many of these documents, preserved in the British museum. are records of deeds and the partition of real estate, but a few involve loans of silver at interest,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Panama's Fighting Strength.
,o,r the Cincinnati Enouirer.

From the Cincinnati Enquirer.
 Panama has two gunboats, which are to be sold under recent enactinent. The maximum strength of the drfny-.nclud- ing officers and men, horse, foot and artl" lers- is fixed at 250 The comment os B contemporary on this situation Is: No bet ter evidence than this Is needed of the belief of the Panama government in it's stability against internecine trife and in the United States army and navy as 2 protection from outside interte.ence. A good saving wisely ordered.
 A saving possibly to Panana but a heavy expense to the United States. Pan anna drops her standing army and we fur nish one. It is necessary. We must not only secure the new republic against out side interference, but we must protect the canal against the restlessness and treach- cry of the Panama revolutionists them selves It would be cheaper in the long run to abolish the Panama army com pletely and take the whole military bur den upon ourselves. We will be practical ly running a government by force. That is part of the tendency of the times. and there is no way for the taxpayers hut to stand tle expense and loo pleasant.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
South Against LYnchlnq.
From Lesliles Weekly.

From LeSliles S Weekly.
 In order to forestall and prevent prob ble outbreak of mob violence, Governor Montague of Virginia, took swift and summary action, both in assuring an out ragged community a prompt trial of a man guilty of a fiendish crime, and the crim- inal himself the protection due him while the trial was In progress. The action of Governor Vardaman of Mississippi, in similar case was equally prompt, ener- getic. and effective; an action, too which receives an additional interest from the only recently made himself conspicuous by his advocacy of negro disfranchise- ment and the restriction of expenses for colored schools. But 1t Is this same Gov ernor Vardaman, who was elected on the platform of a reactionary policy toward the negro who has now gone further than any southern governor has ever done in his efforts to prevent violence and injustice to a negro charged with crime. and who declares that instigators of lynchngs shall be punished and prisoners protected against despicable outrages of mobs. even if he has to issue state bonds to defray the expenses of his efforts.
 Surely. with man of this spirit and determination in control. we may hope and believe that mob law will soon be a thing of the past in Mississippi. And these examples of vigor and resolution on the part of the governors of Virginia and Mississippi cannot fail to have an imme diate. profound. and lasting effect for good upon the whole country: for lynch ing outrages are by no means confined to the south and these examples in the prompt enforcement of law are needed everywhere, republican Ohio included In re-enforcement of these efforts on the part of southern executives to secure re- spect for law In their respective states, comes the clear. lofty, and impassioned appeal of Booker r Washington to the pulpit and the press of America. that they shall speak out against the lynching evil in manner that shall arouse public sentiment and "compel the mob to cease insulting our courts. our governors, and our legal authority; to cease bringing shame and ridicule upon our Christian civilization"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

cargo, for the average freighter doesn't carry these items among its ship stores
 Animals are not so hard to bring across the sea as one would imagine. Monkeys and horses are about the only ones that get sea sick. Put the polar bears on deck where they can get nip of there native cold and they will be your friends forever We had fourteen on our last voyage and not one of them ever missed a meal. The camels take to q ship rolling in a sea-way just as 1T they were on one of their favorite deserts with nice oasis just ahead.
 were on one of their favorite deserts
 Good Service Necessary.
 -"Of coure, we need experienced atten- dants when we have a big cargo of val uable animals. 1t wouldn't do to let the regular crew handle them. The first thing we would find the monkeys dying because they couldn't get anything but bird seed, while the giraffes would pine away on diet of beef and oil when d mouthful of nice sweet hay would De mama to them.
 "Giraffes, of course, are ratner difficult to handle. A fine specimen is worth Sl0,000 and they are getting rarer every year. It takes two decks to accommo- date a giraffe. He must be placed in an open hatchway so that he can streten his neck comfortably. The biggest ship, you know, isn't as high tween decks as is only an ordinary giraffe. They catch cold easily so they are kept In boxes which are carefully made and ventilated The hatchway on deck Is covered over carefully, so that not the slightest draught can get to MT GiralTe.
 Hamburg of course Is the animal market of the world, and big cargoes of all sorts of denizens of the forest are reg ular shipments from there to all the zoos, circuses and the world over. We have regular apparatus for handling our cargoes The larger animals are placed in cages, lifted aboard by great cranes and dropped safely in their allot- ted places in the hold. Horses, came.s. tigers, lions and eopards are always kept below deck. Elephants and giraffes go Into the hatchways wnere they can get headroom higher than the space be- tween two decks. The monkeys and birds have need of quarters where they can be kept extra warm and free from draughts. Sometimes we bring o,OOO ca naries in individual cages. ten cages tied together in a bundle. These delicate birds must be fed and watered twice q day and tended as carefully as baby. Cold and draught would be fatal. We lose very few.
 difficult than embarking it. We have q regular cage swung on a derrick. Each horse IS led within it. and then lifted out cn the dock released and the cage start ed hack for another Camels come off Tn precisely the same way. as do donkeys and yaks The giraffes, lions. tgers,ele phants and other big animals stay n their original boxes and are lifted out just as they came aboard.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Where Big Fish Are Caught.

Homer Fort in Leslie's Weekly.
 That trite phrase. "a fisherman's luck, which means wet clothes. hours wasted. and no fish. has no significance whatever. and is never repeated, in southern Cali fornia. near the Pacific coast. Fish are so plentiful that any tyro can catch them almost as fast as throwing in the line Every man. woman and child Is an enthu- siastic disciple of Izaak Walton. and is versed in piscatorial lore. If ex-Presdent Cleveland and Senator Quay could spend few weeks each year at Catalina Island, Long Beach, Redondo San Pedro. or San ta Monica. they would catch enough big fish to satisfy their sportsmanike ambi- tion They could hook a 5O0-pound tuna, or a 4O0- pound sea-bass, or a "Jew-fish." |" and have an hour or so of exalted excite ment before tring out the giant fish The deep-sea fishermen have no monopoly, for fish of every size and variety are caught from the piers at the different beaches.
 A picturesque sight is to see several hundred men and women fishing from the Long Beach pier for smets. croakers, herrings. small Spanish mackerel, barra- cuda. albicore. and perch, And. not to be outdone, the sea-gulls hover near, darting down to pick up sardine-sized minnow. The water is clear. and thousands of big minnows, in schools, often can be seen for many yards around. Fishermen from the interior towns enJoy nsnlng Tn small boats for bontos. or large-sized Spanish mackerel.1 They weigh from five to twen- ty and thirty pounds, bite fast. and can be hauled in without much of a struggle. In a few hours one halfway expert fish erman can catch hundred or so pounds of bonitos-enough for many families for several days. A gamy fish caught from the piers Is the yellowtail or ocean sal mon.- so-called. There is not so much ex-
 har c+r exertion required. in landing the yellow- tail as in the case of the tuna or the sea- bass. but it is most active for its size. The yellowtail weighs from ten to thirty five pounds. and is quick and decided bitter.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

Constantinople 527-565 A. DD, and they enjoyed great privileges in the Frankish empire. They were better able than Mo- hammedans to trade in Christian lands and better able than Christians to trade in Mohammedan lands. They were, there fore afforded opportunities by the expan- sion of the Arabian and Ottoman empires to ply their trade as the neutral dispen- sers of the one commodity which knows no race nor creed. Another circumstance which drove the Jews into the trade in money was the fact that they were shut out from all other trade. Another was the attitude of the church toward loans and interest,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
FROM THE MAGAZINES
A Biography of John H. Reagan

Dr. Walter F. McCaleb, author of "rhe Aaron Burr Conspiracy" Dodd, Mead & Co., which is about to be printed for the third time, is now busily engaging in edit ing and preparing for the press the Me moirs of Senator John H. Reagan" the only surviving member of the Confederate cabinet
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Literary Notes.

Among the standard books on the east which are of such timely interest at pres ent, Is America in the East" by Dr. William Elliott Griffis, published by A. S. Barnes X Co.,, which contains several chapters on the Russian advance and the relations of the United States with Rus sia, Korea and Japan.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Raspberry Crop Famous.

The raspberry crop of Loveland and other parts of northern Colorado promises to become almost as famous as the po- tato crop of Greeley, the melon product of the Arkansas valley, or the peach crop of the western slope of the Centennial state It is the largest of the kind grown anywhere in the Rocky mountain region. over 30,O00 cases of the luscious, red fruit were shipped from Loveland alone last year, and it Is expected that the ship ments will be nearly doubled the com ing season.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
Mutual.

From the Chicago News.
 Puffkins-My wife is an unusually smart woman.
 Duffey--She is, eh?
 uffkins-She considers me a wonderful ly smart man and of course, she must be a very smart woman in order to real ize how smart l am.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

doesn't have much to say to us about our acts. We simply go ahead and lick them into shape to suit ourselves. Of course, it's Up to LIS to provide some thing that the public will like.
 .Of course. we have got 10 conform to the regular rules when the show is on. The general notion is that the clowns just tumble in and out of the ring at any old time they please. That's ridicul- ous. Practically every move we make is carefully planned in advance, and the time occupied by our stunts doesn't vary five minutes day after day. This Is ab- solutely necessary.
 Must Conform to Rules.
 'It wouldn't do, for instance, for a clown to be cutting capers while Ancilot- Ii or Volo were doing their wonderful stunts. Those big features cost the man agement a lot of money, and nothing must be said or done in the ring to de- tract from them.
 Tt wouldn't co for even the best clown to monopolze attention, for example, while the star lady bareback rider is en- gagged in her act-she'd make a howl If he did, and so would the ringmaster. And we clowns who understand our business, still follow the rules laid down by the immortal bard, who, if I remember alright had some little experience in the horse business himself.
 '' And let those of your clowns speak no more than is set down for them. For there be of them that will themselves laugh to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh. too, though in the meantime some necessary question of the play be then to be considered. That's vllainous and shows a most pitiful ambi- tion in the fool that uses it. Say, I won der if Bill Shakespeare wasn't in the cir GUS business himself some time or other? He couldn't have put 1t better if he had been a ringmaster
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03
eenoese Attain Predominance.

At the end of the sixteenth and the beginning the seventeenth century the Genoese attained predominance in fnan- cial matters. and the fairs of Pacenza became the clearing house of Europe. The representatives of fifty or sixty great houses assembled there every quarter, ex- changed bills and fixed rates on various places in Europe. Admission to the clear ings required a guarantee of POO crowns, and paper to be settled there rested in a measure upon the combined credit of all the great exchange houses of Europe. Money was hardly required at all In the settlements. and it was common knowl- edge that the bankers who conducted these great transactions had by them barely enough for the needs of few days.
 Several circumstances of the time con- tributed in the middle ages to throw the trade in money into the hands of the Jews. The latter began to come to the front during the reign of Justnian at
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

and these become more numerous In the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar and Nabopo- lassar (625-6O4 B. @. Loans secured by mortgage on land and guaranty bonds are among the curious commercial docu- ments of these early times.
 Credit at Rome.
 The mechanism of credit at Rome was in some respects less advanced than in the ancient civilization of Asia lnstru- ments of credit are reorganized in the earlier imperial laws and in the Justinian code, but the night of barbafism, which obscured letters and the arts in the west ern world during the middle ages, de- stroyed for a time the security of com mercial transactions and the system of credit depending upon such security
 It was at Lyons, the entrepot of Italy, in the middle ages, that bills of exchange first became common in modern times. and it was there also at the fairs that the settlements of debts by compsnation was accomplished while legal safeguards were too slender to justify extensive credit transactions. The operation is de- scribed by Professor Macleod as follows:
 Merchants in France and other coun- tries did not make their bills payable at their own houses. where they must have kept large sums in specie to meet them. but they made them payable only at these great fairs. In the meantime their bills circulated throughout the whole country and performed all the functions of money. On fixed day of the fair the merchants met together and exchanged their acceptances against each other By the rinciple of compensation. these ac- ceptances exchanged. reciprocally paid, discharged and extinguished each other. Boisguillebert. the morning star of French economics, says that at the fair in Lyons eighty millions of bills paid and dscharg- ed each other without the use of single cOin
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

RECLINING GO-cART, has closely woven reed body, automobile gear, en- ameled green or maroon, patent brake and axle, rubber hub cap. We will sell the Whitney Carriage and Go-cart ex- cIusiveIy; there is none as good.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

~ you arc king f fbnfngso H furnish homes
 in ntuarN 1.-the N not wnmaa o1cyt has adhere this nfdb h special b ont e illustrated adpn
The Birmingham age-herald., 1904-04-03

'It took us fifteen days to make the massage, and part of the time 1t was very rough. Yet not a single animal except the horses felt the slightest touch of seasickness. On board we had Al an.
 mals-everything from an African dovs to an educated otter. running the gamut of giraffes. double bumped camels, po- lar bears. Bengal tigers. yaks, spotted hyenas. leopards and high-school stall lions.
 "The item of food for such a motley company Is quite a serous one. We had to have hay for the giraffes, fish oil for the polar bears, bird seed for the doves. peanuts for the monkeys. fish for the otters, beef for the tigers and salt for the horses. You can we'll imagine that l felt like Noah in running such a
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1904-09-22
LowRates to Rastera Points

will always apply via the Nickel Plate
Road and it's eastern connections to all
points in New York, New England and
eastern states. Three daily trains to
Ft. Wayne, Finlay, Cleveland, Erie,
Buffalo, New York and Boston. Stan
dard equipment on all trains. Meals
served in dining cars on American
Club Plan, ranging in price from 35c
to 81 90 per meal; also service la carte
and midday luncheon SOC. The east
ern terminals of the Nickel Plate Road
are only from three to ten minutes
from all ocean steamship docks, and
the service afforded is first class. No
excess charged on any train. For par
ticulars call on or address John Y. Cal
ahau, General Agent, 113 Adams st.
Room 29S, Chicago, Ill. Chicago de-
pot, La Sale and Van Buren, SITS.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1904-09-22
One-way Rates.

Every day from September 10 to Oc-
tober l5, 1904, the Union Pacific will
sell one-way Colonist tickets at the
following rates, from Missouri River
terminals, Council Bluffs, 10 Kansas
City inclusive:
$1,000 to Ogden and Salt Lake City
$4,000 to Butte, Anaconda and Hele,
ma.
s22 SO to Spokane and Wenatchee
Wash.
s25 to Everett. Fairhaven, Whatcom
Vancouver and Victoria, via Hunting
ton and Spokane.
$500 to, Portland and Astoria; or t,
Tacoma and Seattle, via Huntington
and Portland or via Huntington ami
Spokane.
s25. 100 to Ashland, Roseburg, Eugene
Albany and Salem via Portland.
S25. 90 to San Francisco, Los Angeles
San Diego and many other California
points.
From Chicago and st. Louis proper
tionately low rates are in effect by line
connecting with the Union Pacific II
all above points.
For full information call on or ad
dress A. X. Curtis, t. F.. A., Omaha
Neb.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1904-09-22

Ing hall, seating 300, gymnasium, laun-
dry, several cottages and villa, where
the speakers and honored guests are en-
tertained The Y. M. c. A lease the
grounds and hold their summer training
school and institute here. After their
conferences have closed the Y. w. G. A.
held theirs, each delegate paying so
much per day for board and lodging.
This is the l4th annual conference
which the Y. w. g. "A. have held here.
There are four Of these conferences held
throughout the United States, the other
three places being Capitola, CAL, Ashe-
/ vile, IN. O., and Lake George, n. 4.
This one is known as the Western con-
ference and is divided into two sections,
| city and student, each holding a ten
days session. At the city section, Aug.
1920. there were 229 present; two mem-
bers of the American Committee, which
| is at the head of the movement in
America and is affiliated with the
Worlds Y. WI. G. Al; three national sec
retaries, Miss Mary ). Dunn, Miss
Elizabeth Wilson and Miss Florence
ISimms. Iowa sent the largest delega-
ton 47--and Illinois the next--45. The
largest city delegation was from Chica-
so Association House. II; Des Moines
being next, Is. Delegates were present
from Ia states and 80 cities.
Days at Geneva are very full. The
rising bell rings at 80 and breakfast is
served an hour later. Bible classes,
committee meetings, lectures, etc.,
crowd upon each other until noon. The
lafterneon Is devoted to pleasure. In
The evening two services are usually
held, at ten the bell rings, which is the
lsignal for noise to cease and notwith.
stand;ng the beautiful moonlight and
1.-THE inviting freshness 81 the lake breeze
TAN are glad to seek repose In order to be
prepared for the good things the next
day has in store.
| All the girls sing the praises of Miss
May Blodgett, one Of the Bible teachers
! Every morning large crowd gathers In
| the gymnasium to listen to her delight
| ful talks on the women Of the Bible She
lis considered SO valuable as q Bible
I9eacher that she has three years work
ahead. provided she accepts all the calls
| from different associations. Rev. John
Mcdowell, Presbyterian minister from
/ Detroit, spoke several 1imes. MT. .. n.
Gordon of Cleveland gave several i'd
dresses. He remains % the student con.
ference. The girls call him the ssQuiei
Hour Man. Rev. Kerrin Of jamestown,
Ia 3, delivered the closing address Sun
dag evening He came from the confer.
ence At Silver Bay, Lake George, where
he gave addresses. They say his con.
gregatien dislike to part with him for