davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

The continued activity with which the
searching of refuse heaps in quest of
treasure is being prosecuted makes it
interesting to remember that the sift-
ers and sorters of London were once
wealthy and organized. Acasei is on rec
ord of one woman who in eight years
was able to build house property out Of
the profits of her grubbing and CLEAN
ing. 1t seems scarcely credible that
Moscow is built upon London rubbish.
Such. however, is the case. An emo
nous heap Of refuse at the Battle
bridge end of what is now Caledonia
road, which was "the grand center of
dustmen. scavengers, horse and dog
dealers. knackermen, brickmakers, and
other low but necessary professional
ists.n had lain in that position since the
great fire. After the destruction of
Moscow upon the visit of Napoleon, the
Russians, by some means, came to hear
OF this dust heap. They bought it,
bricks. bones, rubbish and all, shipped
it off to Moscow, and upon it founded
the r~esufreeted city which travellers
know to-day.-St james Gazette.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
Some British Estates.

During the last year $3.50 estates,
representing a capital of e270,473 1907,
were admitted to probate in the United
Kingdom, says the London Mail. OF
these 32,295 had a capital value of $500
or less, 9,767 of between $1,000 and
10000; ZIP of between 100000 and
925, 900; 1887 of between G25, 900 and
&100, 900, and $50 of more than 9100, 900.
1t is estimated that there are probably
100 persons in the United Kingdom who
have at their own absolute disposal
C 5000, 900 each, and about 400 Others
have between $4,000, 900 and e5, 900, 900.
The largest estate of the year was that
of Samuel Lewis, the notorious money
lender, which was valued at f2,572 ,658.
The next biggest was that of Col. Harry
McCalmont, which was sworn in at
$4,000, 900.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
CITIZENSHIP OF MpIANs.
Legal Status of Claimants to Rights
in Choctaw and Chickasaw
Tribes.

The Choctaw and ChicSasaw citizen
ship court, created in the summer OF
1902, to pass upon the rights of court
claimants to citizenship in those na-
tons, and which has been in session
since October of that year, has rendered
its first final decision on the merits of
the cases before them. The court holds,
according TO the Kansas City Journal,
that an intermarried citizen could not
marry out of the tribe. The Choctaw
council passed a law that when a man,
on the death of his Indian wife, mar
ried o white woman he forfeited the
rights of citizenship. The citizenship
court holds that this would violate the
treaty of 1866, something the Choctaw
council would object to.
The court has not yet admitted any
white children Of such marriages,
though 300 are seeking admission. Nor
has the court admitted any of the
claimants who seek admission on the
claim of possessing Indian blood, three
cases, involving 40 persons, having
been rejected. Eight intermarried cfti-
zens have been admitted.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
THE OLD PERCUSSION cap.
only Found I'm Museum
Collections.

what do yea want? A box of caps?
Percussion caps? Bless my soul,
loung man; | haven't seen a box in
years. | had almost forgotten there
ever existed such a thing as a percus-
sion cap"
The speaker was an old-time gun
dealer in Broadway. A youth had en-
tered the store to buy a box of caps,
a y the New York Times.
what kind of gun have you?" he
said. "An old-fashioned, double-bar-
rel, muzzle-loading, steel-twist, choke
bored shotgun. OF course. Well, they
are pretty scarce now. except in mu-
seums and private collections. And
what ~curiosities thSy are, to be sure.
"The boy who got one of them as a
hand-me-down from his father or
| elder brother, or from his pet uncle,
, always had his pockets full of caps
| and tubes, or nipples, as some called
! the parts on which the caps were fit
ted. He always carried along a few
pins to pick burnt powder out Of the
nipples, so that the Illuminating pow
der in the cap could ignite the explo-
sive within the breech. Well, well!
1t carries me back to think of my old
gun.
Percussion caps? The making of
them is practically a dead industry. 1t
was invented out of existence. Of
course there are caps still, but they
form a part of the center-fire cartridge
used in breech-loading arms. We call
them primers also. At one time
making percussion caps was a tremen-
dous business. I do not remember
much about the manufacture in the
United States, as l came here from
England, but when l was a boy in the
old country half a century ago the to-
tai output for sporting guns in Europe
alone amounted to 1,500, 900, 900 caps a
year. They were made of copper, of
which metal the consumption was
over 400, 900 pounds annually.
"My father was interested in the
business of making these caps. The
process was quite simple. The blanks
were punched out of thin rolled cop
per in the form Of a cross, with short
equal arms, or with only three arms,
and having been annealed were
pressed into caps by means of dies,
which folded up the arms and united
them into a short tube. The central
part of the blank formed the top of
! the cap, which sustained the blow of
the hammer. The inner bottom of the
tube, or cap, was touched with a So
luton of gum, or glue, Upon which
the Illuminating powder was dropped.
All that did not stick was blown or
shaken out, and that which remained
was covered with q small wad of pa
per or other material, which in turn
was vanished to render it waterproof.
Billions and billions of caps were
made for the armies of the world,
and the machinery was very ingenious,
especially that at the great Woolwich
arsenal. And just to think-the day
of such caps is ended! 1t is hard to
realize that an article once in so great
demand has been improved out Of ex-
istence."
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
NEW TERM OF ENDEARMGNT.
Discovered by n Finnich Servant
Who Was Learning the Eng
lish language.

AS every one knows there has been a
large addition to the very small army
of domestic assistants during the last
year or so in Toronto, says the Star.
Many of these are foreigners-Swedes,
Finlanders, Irish, Scotch and English.
One family Is happy in having secured a
Finn who has proved pleasant, bright
witted. and competent in her sphere.
She was anxious to learn our language,
so the various members of the family
take pains in helping, sometimes point
ing out objects and naming them or US
ing the language book which gives trans
lations of words and phrases in ordinary
use. Miss Alice Git wasn't Alice. but
never mind, with the use of this book,
was giving a sort of lesson in pronuncia-
ton and definitions, when they came to
the word Sweetheart" The pupil
seemed to grasp the idea, and when Miss
Alice. by motion, asked if she had one.
she bridled in a very knowing way and
assented.
Several evenings after. a gentleman
called to see Miss Alice. The maid went
upstairs with the message, and fingered
after Miss Alice had gone down, evil
IDENTIFY desiring to ask the mistress
something.
"Do you want anything, Nary" Che
nearest approach to her Finnish name
that could be found.) What is it?"
"He-downstairs-he, Miss Alice,
soul honey? p " she asked. The mistress
hid her delight at the new and expressive
word, giving only a kind and evasive an
cwpr
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
Staten Island Rapid Transit r. r.

TIne Table in effect on and after Oct. IL, 1903
Perth Amboy to New ~York,-Leave foot Of
Smith st. daily except Sundays and LEGAL
Holiday 5 Is, 6.l2 6.58, 1886, 7S5, SOB B.O3
6.s5, 1905, and u. % q m. IL 65,i 5b. $50, 1865,
49, $50, Gas, 500, eco, 1880, ii.t5 p. III.
sundays and Legal Holidays
$50, Tbs, 8.55, 9.55, 10. 55 i1.b5 A. NJ. 1885, l.5b,
2.55, 1855, 4.50, $50, $50, 7.bo, 9.40,P. N.
New York TO Perth A~mboy:-LAave foot ef
whitehall st. daily except Sunday and Legei
Holidays, 5.55, $50, 8 90, 900. 10 90. II. 90 a. m.
1880 1.3e 2.GG, o SO. $50. $40, $50 6.4b. 6.ib.
6.35, 7.S0, $50, $40, l1.05 1875.
Sundays and Legal Holidays
Leave New York. z 0e, 3 20. 1000, IL 90, 12.O0.a.m
100. 900, s.oO, AGO, 500, 600, Too, 500, GOO
11.05, .
Ferry between Perth Amboy and Tottenyilie-.
leave Perth Amhoy daily x5. Is, Z6. IL, 6.Szt
x6.59, x7 IS, x6.03, xa.5B. 9.25, xfO.O5, lNDu
xii 25a. N. lars; x12. So, xl.5b. x3 80, xS.h6s
x4.8O. 4.55, KS 81, 800, xo,4b, 7.05, 7.S0, xS0O.
x9.00 0 IS, x10.30 xii Is p. m.i2.90a Am.
sundaYsand Lezel Holidays K $50, e.4b. KISS
x8t5. xe.5S. x1O. 5s. K IL SIS. a. m.x12.b6, xl.on,
II. hB.x 3b5, xd.50. x6. 50,x 30, x7.bO. 8 40.
70. 40, 10. 80. p m l2.40.a. M.
x7.fo. 20 xs.i5, 70 10, $40, xiO.l6. xi1.o5 9
N. x12. OF. 12. 40 ri 35, x2. 81, 1887. $40, x4.S1
8 1R, xb NJ. x6. IS, x6.55, x7.iT, K 7.4O. xGtI
ks. 81 10 15xf0.55, . m. x12.10. xt.S0 A. n. 4
Sundays and Legal Holidays $3.50. 7:1ss x6!g
$50. x10.10, xii. 10, o. m. x1eil 10, xl JIG, III ~
IA 10. Jx4 10 x5sl0, xe.10. x7.l0,xe.l0s xa.l0
x10 10 1915. p m. x12 10a.m.
illegal holidays only
xTrain Connection
T. VAN SMITH, P.H CASSIDY,
RecAive- Hanl Trafin Agent
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

There is no business in the world
that grows half SO fast as the postal
money order system. Last year its to-
tai business increased at the rate OF
81, 000, 600 a week. The money order
department will handle next week ST.
600, 900 more than it handled last week
1t loses by fraud less than 81 .03O q
year. 1t showed its regular annual in
crease in the period of financial depres'
sion from 1888 to 1897-perhaps the
only large business in the country that
did.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
A Thousands Dollars Thrown Away.

Mr.. W. w. Baker of Plainview, Neb.,
writes: ''AIy wife had lnng trouble fol
over fifteen years. Wetried number OF
doctors and spent over a thousand dol
lars without any relief. She was very low
and l lost all hope, when a friend sug-
gested trying Foley's Honey and Tar,
which | did; and thanks be to this great
remedy, it saved her life. sho is strong
and enjoys better health than she has
ever known in ten years. We shall sever
be without Foley's Honey and Tar and
would ask those afflicted to try it.
Sold at SeXton's Pharmacy.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
W. |. YancY s. filed the Physicians .

w. l.. Yancy of Paducak, KY. writes:
81 had a severe ease of kidney disease
aud three of the best physicians i'll Ken
lucky treated me without success. | then
took Foley's Kidney Cure. The first bot
tie gave Immediately relief and three
bottles cured me permanently. l gladly
recommend this wonderful remedy"
Sold at Sections Pharmacy.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
RARlTAN TRACTION co.

lime A4Dte ia DHeCb Dbc' ~ 10Vo'
Ears leave Metuchen for Perth m oy and all
points East to Woodbridge Creek ct 5 and 80
minutes past each hour IF m 6 o. m. to Z 30 pm
aud 7.3j p. m. TO 11.3i p, m. at 70 minutes past
TIL hour.
Cars leave Bcasbey School fer Metuchen at
5 and 8 minutes past each hour from 600 a. m
TO s. 80 n. M. and every hour from 8 to II Sc pm
Cars leave Keasbey for all poin S Fest every
10 miuuteH.
Cars leave B idge at Woodbridge Creek for
X asbsy.at foot of Smith street. every 30 minu-
tes iro n d, Is Il. M. TO II 45 p. M.
Cars leave Bridge at Woodbridge Creek fer
Metuchen on the even hour and hslf hour from
6 III $3.50 p. m. and the half hour only from
u.f0 to 10 30 y. M.
Car, lsnve Staten Island Ferry for Metuchcn
and Kessbey I chool at IS and 4S minutes pa t
g ell h ur frcm G. 90 a. Ito 100 p. nj, and from
z. q I, / 90 p. N. st 48 minutes only and FOL
Keasbey at foot OF Smith street at 3 and 33 min
Utes past he hour.
Cars lie ave Staten Island Ferry for Bridge al
Woodbridge Creek at il, rs, Al ,~nd 10 n inute'
past each hour. from 800 am. to Ia p. m.
WIN. @. ROCK
Fur eriDtepdent
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

BELGRADE, Servia, March 9.-The
Servian government intends to open n
consulate general in the United States,
probably Mt New York, with the view
OF increasing and facilitating Servian
trade with the United States.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
WAS CURED BY LAUGHING.
Patient in an Insane Asylum Had
Reason Restored by a Good
/ Hearty Laugh.

Some time ago a patient in an insane
asylum was suffering from extreme
m~elancholia. He did not laugh or
smile. Day after day he sat or walked
with an expression OF settled melan-
choly on his face. Months passed with
ont bringing any change in his con-
dition. Finally his physician resolved
to try a new form of treatment-the
laugh-cure. He employed a large,
jovial, hearty man to come to the pa
TENTS door every day and laugh.
What peals the visitor sent ringing
through the whole establishment, OF
deep, meiodious, side-shaking laugh
ter, SO joyous, hearty and infectious
that everyone who heard was com
PEELED to join it! But the melancholy
sufferer looked at the laughing man
with the same deep immovable gloom
upon his fnce. One day, while the
laughter was ~convulsing everyone IN
his vicinity, the patient suddenly
stopped pacing his room and burst into
q hearty laugh. The effect was mag
ical. The light Of reason shone once
more in his face. He looked around in
a dazed way and asked: Where am
1? What is this placer" The black
clouds of gloom had been dispersed
The m~elancholia had departed. The
man was in his right mind again.
Laughter had done for him what the
physicians, the drugs and all the
J eatment at the asylum had failed
to do,
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
New Kind,

Stranger-I see your people are or
ganizing to put down lawlessness and
crime.
Tough Citizen (grinding his teeth)-
Yes, sir; they say we're goin' to have
a regular carnival of reform.-ChicaSo
Tribune.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
~Typewriting Record.

The worlds typewriting record is held
by a woman, who has accomplished the
remarkable feat of writing 20,400 words
in six hours. She had only ten minutes
rest and refreshed herself with pickles
ana charlotte russo.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
FIRE A x

FIRE ALARM BOXES.
g Enritan Copper Works
26 High and Lewis
N Madison ave and Paterson st
rs Market and First SITS.
So Smith and High 1T
81 state and Smith SITS
40 Buckingham ave and Hartf
as Commerce and Front SITS
az High and Washington str
81 State ST and Buckingham ave
Sc Hall ave and Charles st
81 Railroad ave and Wayne
C2 Washington and First SITS
49 Turnpike and Elm st
ca Smith ct and Watson ave
G5 Commerce and State SITS
~ Front and Smith SITS
YS Water and Gordon SITS
~ Eearny ave and Gordon st
50 Smith and Herbert st
SO Woodbridge road and washington 50
81 Lehigh ave : Stanford st
To send IN an alarm, open the door of the box
and pull down the lever and let 60 once only.
STAY ct box until hremen arrive.
sPECIAL CALLS.
tap-Break in circuit. 2taps-Drln and fire
alarm test. Hydrant at corner of Jefferson and
High street always to be used for this trial 3
taps Fire out. 6taps-Poliee call. 12-Call for
lincoln Hose. 18-Call FOR Washington Hose
i-uall for Mcclellan Hose 15-Can Tor Pro-
lection Il. and L.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

Jelly bags should never be touched
with soap. Wash them by p%lungine
them into water as hot as the hands
can bear, and wiring as dry as possible
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
Nnrres.

In Siam some of the women lhtrust
their children to the care of elephant
nurses, and it is said that the trust /;
never betrayed. The babies play about
the huge feet of the elephants, who
are very careful never to hurt their lit
tie charges. t|lff .e
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
An international Affair.

In the large power plant installed in
the Mysore country, in southern India,
the timber came from Australia, the in
sulators from Italy, the hydraulic plant
from Switzerland, the penstock pipes
from Scotland and the entire electric
plant from America.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
why she Was worried.

81 wonder who that woman is whose
hat is on crooked, and who looks both
cred half to dS2th," said a man on the
back platform OF a street car.
That's my wife, said Mr.. Meekton.
"She's bothered to death for fear she
won't set to her Don't Worry club in
time to attend the election CT officers."-
Washington Star.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

A German critic, in describing the
German emperor's actions in a ballroom,
states that his majesty dances with as
much i%mpetuosity as he displays when
leading a cavalry charge.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
Wants somethinw for Nothing.

Iln who demands to be loved for
himself alone should ask himself if he
is not requiring a good deal for what
he has to offer.--N. Y. Times.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
READING EX8TEnz
NEW JERSEY CENTRAL
Corrected to Nov. 80 1908
TRAINS LEAVE PERTH AMROY

For New YORK. Newark ana Elizabeth at
9 s3, z II, 7.45, New York (onlyl 7.ba, 8 "a, ab1,
II -, II SO, q. M 10, s29, 4t0, 8 90. . 40, 2 ~,
8 05, 20 AZ, sat. only 8 So, p. N. Sundays, . 81,
! 81, g.. IN. s 30. 8 AZ, p. 10.
Fer Philadelphia and Trenton via Bound
Brook, II. II is, il.69 a m 10, 8 90 p. m
Sundays, 9 81 q. m. 5 - p. m.
For Long Branch, Ocean Grove. etc. 5.W.
920. a. m. 1929. e 05, Fat only 4 81. 7.i9. p. m
1888 Sundays excepted) supdays except
Ocean Grove): Q IS, am. 4H, 0 20, p. N.
or Freehold, 8 o., 6.Si9 20 o. M, I2,2a 2 n
additional trains for Rad Bank la, s Is, Gas
Pm. For South Amhny. Is, IA, o 20 m
2, 81, 4. 49 p m. 8 Is, 6.59 9.29.
TRAINS FOR PERTH AMBOY.
Leave New York, 400, 5.b0,.8 80, 1000 II. 20,
q. 10, Il 2f,Sat. only 100. 100, q 10, 80, s 10,
SIS, $50, $50, 11.s0 p. IN. Sundays 900 a. IN. 400
. 30, Pm.
Leaves Elizabeth. 4.O5, 6.29, $40, 1854, 1851,
a. m, i. 10, 2.O7, $50, 4.12, 4.43, 5.iS, 6.42, 8. IS,
II IS, p, m. Sundays, 0 20, a. m. 4.O2 8 "a, p. m.
Leaves Newark, GLE, s 35, 9.4s, f1.y2, a. m.
1 80, 4.05, d.40, $40, 9 10, S.45 II 80, pm. Sun
days, 9.05, q. IN. 4.O5. 8 15, p. m.
Through tickets to ell points at iowessrstss
mey be bad on application In advance to
ticket agent at the staticn.
w. q. BEsLKR, Vice-Pres. & General Mana
@. III. Buzz, General Passenger Agent.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11

Stella[How does Jack make love?
Bella-Well, l should define it as IN
skilled labor.-Tit-Bits.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1904-03-11
PERTH AMBOY POST OFFICE
SCHEDULE. -

Taking effect Oct. IL, 1908.
Opeus at 7 A. M. Closes at z z. M.
ATniIl Arrive:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1904-12-21

There are doubtless cases in which
city may be implicitly liable, not
withstanding the failure of it's officers
to observe the statutory requirements
as. to the method and form of con-
tracing in it's behalf, but this is not
such a case.
go However valuable the
services of the respondent may have
been to the city in this instance, to
hold the city liable for them would be
to override the law, and to destroy one
of the strongest safeguards cast about
the expenditure of public funds. It is
doubtless true that. the professional
labor and advice of the plaintiff en-
abQed the mayor and aldermen to
frame and enact an ordinance more
advantageous to the city than could
have been framed without his assist
ance. In this sense the city has been
benefited. But if the city is to be
held liable for all legal advice sought
and received by it's officers on the
theory that it has by reason of such
advice received the benefit of wiser
and more intelligent official action,
the demands upon the municipal treas
ury would exceed all bounds.
1--WE refrain from expressing any
opinion as to how and under what
circumstances a city may be made
liable in this state for the professional
services Of a lawyer other than the
city attorney. The determination of
that question is not necessary to the
disposition of this case. We are
agreed that under the circumstances
of this case no express or implied liza
bility exists.
ut is accordingly ordered that the
judgment be reversed and that judg-
ment be entered dismissing the action
on the merits.
All concur.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1904-12-21
QUEER ALMANACS.
Australian Shepherds Have Cd
Ways of Marking Time. g.

Australian Shepherds Have Odd
Ways of Marking Time.
The boundary riders Of the great
Australian sheep ranches have each
district to look after in which one
musA keep the wire fences in repair
and see that the sheep come to no
harm. It is hard and lonely life, liv-
ing, as each boundary rider does, quite
alone in the wilderness. A writer tells
Of some of the curious ways in which
these solitary men keep count of the
days. s'' -. ..' -, -
One old man who had lived in the
back country for thirty years used two
jam tins and seven pebbles. One tin
was marked, This week." and the 9TH
er Last week." On Monday morning
he would take a pebble from Last
week" and drop it into "'This week."
and each subsequent morning till 'This
week" had swallowed the seven. They
were returned to Last week." and the
old fellow knew that another Sunday
had passed. s5.z i: 3
Another man had tried and failed
new idea. He made big damper cake
Of flour and water) on Sunday night
and marked it into seven sections,
each section being days allowance,
20 that every time he picked up the
damper the grocer would remind him
Of the day. Unfortunately one Tues
day there came visitor with a raven
Gus appetite. The host stinted him.
self that the hungry one might be sat
ished with the days section. But he
wasn't. With anxious eyes the host
saw the knife clearing the boundary
line and the hungry man ruthlessly
carving into his almanac. At last he
could stand 1t no longer. 'i
"Stop. stopr' he cried as he grabbed
the damper and glared at 1t. III
There" he said, you've eaten Toos-
day and Wen day, and now yer wanter
slice the best O the mornin' O Thurs
day, an won't know the day o the
week. ,s,s IA nj /. n / 81
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1904-12-21
CONTEST is DISMISSED.
Walsh County Contest Case Is Dis
Missed After Recount Of Vote.

Walsh County Contest Case Is Dis.
Missed After Recount Of Vote.
A Grafton dispatch says: The con-
test Of T. G. Bannon against G. c..
Hankey, in Walsh county, has been
dismissed. Mr.. Hankey was elected
sheriff over Mr.. Bannon, who is the
present sheriff. It came to the at
tention of Sheriff Bannon that in
number of precincts of the county
ballots had been counted for the en-
tire republican ticket which had only
been marked for the presidential cleo
tors. He as once instituted contest
proceedings. In his complaint it was
set forth that in Fertile Precinct there
were Al such votes counted; in Vesta
30 votes; in the First ward of Grafton
16 votes and in Rushford Precinct 10
votes.
Judge Kneeshaw called special
term of court for December 9th, to
hear the contest evidence. Yester-
day jeff Myers, attorney for Mr.. Ban
non, and Col. E. Smith-Peterson for
Mr.. Hankey, under stipulation, visit
ed the office of the county auditor at
Grafton and recounted the votes in the
precincts named. AFTER a thorough
examination, and recount of the bal
lots, it was discovered that the rumors
OF fraud in these precincts were un-
founded, and that while there were a
number of ballots ON which crosses
had only been affixed, after the names
of the republican presidential electors,
these ballots had only been counted
for such electors and not for the other
republican candidates as Sheriff Ban
non had been led to believe. Mr.. Ban
non and his attorney decided that a
contest was not worth while and a
stipulation of dismissal was agreed
upon and the special term of the dis.
trict court will not be convened.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1904-12-21

FOR SALE-A fresh milch cow. J.
c. Ritchey.