davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Pirating Foley's Honey And Tar.

Foley & Co, Chicago, originated
Honey and Tar as a throat ana lung
remedy, and on account of the great
merit and popularity of Foley's Hon.
ey and Tar many limitations are offer
ed for the genuine. Ask for FoLEY's
Honey and Tar and refuse any SUBJ
stitnte offered as no other preparation
will give the same satisfaction. 1T is
mildly laxative. 1t contains no OPT.
ates and is safest for children and del
icate persons. All dealers.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Dance Auction Day.

A custom that has existed for some
centuries is still maintained in certain
towns Oh the lower Rhine. Early in
the year-on auction day-the town
crier or clerk calls all the young people
together and, having chosen attractive
maidens, sells to the highest bidders
the privilege of dancing with them,
and them only, during the entire year.
The fees go into the public poor box.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Doctors Could Not Help Her.

II had kidney trouble for years."
writes Mrs. Raymond Conner, of Shell
ton, Wash, land the doctors could
not help me. [ tried Foley's Kidney
Cure, and the very first dose gave me
relief and | am nov cured. / cannot
say too much for Foley's KidneyGure."
1t makes the diseased kidneys sound
so they will eliminate the poisons from
the blood. Unless they do this, good
health is impossible. All dealers.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Thrift Appointed Adjutant General.
Unidentified Man Is Killed.

Onawa, Ia, Dec. 21.-Freight train
No. SO struck and killed a man at
the Ashton crossing, two miles north
OF Onawa. The man was walking
along the track and is said to have
thrown himself in front of the engine.
He was badly m%utilated.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
A Costly Mistake.

Blunders are sometimes very expen-
sive. Occasionally life itself is the
price of a mistake, but you'll never be
wrong if you take DR.. Kings New
Life Pills for Dyspepsia, Dizziness,
Headache, Liver or Bowel troubles.
They r gentle yet thorough. CSC, at
Nick Doffing & Co.'s Drug Store,
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Eight Houses at MftcheIIvilIe Burr

Des Moines, Dec. 23.-Eight bust
ness houses at Mitchellville, a suburb
OF Des Moines, burned, entailing a
loss of $30,0Oo,' partially covered by
insurance. The fire was caused by
the explosion of a gas stove in A. e.
Lyons restaurant.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Her Yard Luck.

81 made an awful faux pas last
night" said Mrs. Oldcastle.
did youg' replied her hostess. "I've
been wantin' to make one for a long
time, but | amt been able to get a
pattern. Whose did you haveY-Chi-
cagO Tribune.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Annual Meeting.

The Blue Grass Separator Creamery
Co. will hold its annual meeting at
Hamliu, January 9th, 1905 at one
O'Clock. G. v. CHRISTENSEN. Sec.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29

When you want a pleasant lurga.
tive tly Chamberlain's Stomach ard
Liver Tablets. They are Easy 10 take
and produce no nausea, gripping or 9th.
er disagreeable effect. For sale by
Nick Doffing u Co.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Iowa BrewerY Burns.

Iowa City, Ia, Dec. 23.-The Iowa
brewery burned last night. The total
loss will amount to about 100000;
insurance, $4,000.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Bilious collie Prevented.

Take a double dose of Chamberlain's-
Collie, Cholera and Diarrhea Remedy
as soon as the first Indication of the
disease appears and a threatened at
tack may be warded off. Hundreds
ofpeople use the remedy in this way
with perfect success. For sale by Nick
Doffing & Co.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Sneap Famine Is Predicted.

Omaha, Dec. 23.-Montana ranch
mel are predicting a sheep famine
mex year because of the hard winter
and the high price of feed.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29

Well Prepared For Dinner.
Hicks-So you went home with
stingiman for lunch today, Ell? What
lie you get? Wicks-An appetite Tor
dinner.-Philadelphia Ledger.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29

Enthusiasts without capacity are the
really dangerous people. schopen-
hauer.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
S e E D
7 l NJ e
DE experienced farmer

72ie experienced farmer
has learned that some
grains require far differ
ent soil than others
some crops need differ
enthandling than others
He knows that a great
deal depends upon right
planting at the right
time, and that the soil
must be kept enriched.
No use of complaining
in summer about a mis-
take made in the spring.
Decide before the seed
is planted.
DE best time to m
dy wasting conditions in
the human body is be-
fore the evil is too deep
rooted. At the first evil
dence of loss Of flesh
SCOTS Emulsion
should be taken inme-
diately. There is moth
ing that will repair.
wasted tissue more
quickly or replace lost
flesh more abundantly
than SCOTS Emulsion.
It nourishes and builds
up the body when ordi-
nary foods absolutely
fail.
We pM send YOU = sample free.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29

An ounce Of a mans own wit ia
worth ?. tor Gs other people's.-sterna,,
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
Killing over Disputed Account.

Sigourney, Ia, Dec. 24.-In a dis
pute over an old account John Martin
shot and instantly killed Arthur
Lynch. The trouble arose over an
account for work done for Lynch by
Martin at the latter's sawmill near
Fremont. The shooting took place at
the sawmill.
Thrift Appointed Adjutant General.
Des Moines, Dec. Ex-Governor
Cummins appointed Captain j. H
Thrift of Dubuque as adjutant general
of the Iowa National Guard to sue
coed Melvin H.. Byers, who was ap-
pointed by Governor Shaw in 1898.
Captain Thrift is a veteran of the
civil war.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29
ROYAL
Baking Powder
Makes Clean Breed

With Royal Baking Powder there is
no mixing with the hands, no sweat Of
the brow. Perfect cleanliness, greatest
facility, sweet, clean, healthful food.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1904-12-29

Full Instructions in the aRoyal Baker and Pastry Cook"
book for making all kinds Of bread, biscuit and cake
with Royal Baking Powder. Gratis to any address.
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO.. 100 WILLIAM ST, NEW YORK.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
Mo. Pac. Excursions.

st. Louis Annual Conference, Nj. f..
Church, Carthage, No, March % to
20. Rate II fare for round trip on
certificate plan.
Kansas City, Mo-, ndreturn 81. 80
March 20 to % inclusive; good re-
turn March 2S.
Kansas City and return April II
to IA account Women's Presby terian
Board $500. Certificate plan.
Lexington, Mo-, G. A. R. Encamp-
ment One fare for round trip plus
SOC on sale'May II and 1S; good re-
turn May 21.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
st. Louis, NO., April 30th to Dec.
LIST, 1904:
Ten day excursion ticket $10.05
Sixty day excursion ticket Ills
Season excursion ticket 13.4O
Three regular trains daily to St.
Louis through sleeper and chair cars.
&c. VANDERvooRT, Agent.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
BLAMES THE TRAIN CREW
A Coroner's Jury investigates
the Killing of E. l. Hulen.
Kansas City star.

A coroner's jury this morning IN
vestigated the death OF Edward l.
Hulen, the Metropolitan motorman
who was fatally injured in . collision
between a construction car and an
Observation park car at Fifth and
Broadway on March l, blamed the
crew in charge Of the construction
car. The verdict was that the crew
neglected to use the proper diligence
or effort to control the construction
car, and that the motorman was not
at his place of duty.
The car on which Hulen was mo-
torman had just rounded the curve
at Fifth and Broadway when the
construction car, which was south
bound on Broadwayeerashed into it.
Three witnesses, including j. IL. Cur
tiss, the conductor on the Observa-
tion park car, testified that the crew
made no attempt to stop the run.
away az it came down the hill. The
motorman, they said, had left his
place at the controller. Hulen was
caught beneath the vestibule of the
car and received in juries from which
he died a few days later.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
Hassan, Last Of Moro Rebel
Chiefs, Slain With His
Sons.
Sons.

Manila, March 20.-Gen. Wood re-
ports that the allied Dattos in the
island OF Jolo drove the recalcitrant
Datto, Panglim and Hassan, the last
OF the hostile Moro leaders, from the
place where he has been hid since his
defeat near Siet lake One of the
Dattos killed two OF Hassan's sons.
A detachment under Maj. Hugh
Scott OF the 14th cavalry surround
ed Hassan on a mountain on March
IL and Hassan was killed. He was
an irreconcilable and was the pro-
moter OF the troubles in the island of
Jolo His death will leave the island
pacified, no trouble being anticipat-
ed from the other leaders.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
STRUCK BY A TORNADO.
Fifty Buildings Partly Wrecked
and Several People In.
jured in Higgins
vile, Mo.
ALMA AND CORDER ALSO HIT
Fully Two thousand Windows
Broken and the Streets Fill
ed With Trees and
Debris.
ALMA AND CORDER ALSO HIT

Higginsville, Mo-, March Fifty
buildings are partly wrecked, one
man is mortally injured and several
Others hurt, the town is in darkness
and the streets strewn with debris as
the result of tornado and hailstorm
which struck this place at Ado O'Clock
this afternoon.
The hail on the streets was a loot
deep within five minutes after the
storm came, and some OF the stones
we're as large as hen eggs. Dozens OF
trees in the town were blown down
aud several horses we're killed on the
street. Two animals still lay on one
OF the main streets OF the town as
late as 8 O'Clock tonight.
The wires, both telegraph and tele'
phone, are down and the town is
practically cut off from the outside
world. Only one telephone line is
working, and it is not giving good
satisfaction.
The storm came without warning.
The wind and hail came first and were
followed with q terrific downpour OF
rain which flooded nearly every eel
lar in the town. The storm came
from the west, travelling eastward.
1t kept within a narrow path, AT
least the tornado portion, only
about two blocks OF the business por-
ton OF this place being damaged.
Two other towns in this section
were in the path Of the storm and
are said to be considerably DAM
aged. They are Corder and Alma,
both having populations of 500 or
600. According to the meager re
ports which come here to onight. sew
eral houses In both places have been
wrecked, but the exact extent OF the
damage is not known. The telephone
wires connecting this place with the
towns are down and communication
will not be restored tonight.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
Riot in Ohio Convention.

Cleveland, o.. March ia riot
occurred IN the twentieth district con
gressional convention to-day. The
Dick faction nominated harles
Leach chairman; the Foraker men
named j. c. Ward.
The Dick faction claimed that
Leach was nominated and later en-
gagged in a fist fight with temporary
chairman Homer, who refused to put
the question. The police Quilted the
crowd. The Foraker faction then
nominated j. C. Beidler for congress
by acclamation, but the Dick follow
ers baked and finally agreed to a C
cept the nomination OF Beidler, but
made separate choice Of delegates.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
The Cause of Many
Sudden Deaths.

prevailing in this
S because so decep-
tive. Many sudden
deaths are caused by
it heart disease,
pneumonia, heart
failure or apoplexy
are often the result
Of kidney disease. If
kidney trouble is al
lowed TO advance the
kidney y o isoned
blood will attack the
vital organs or the
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
DEWEY WAS ACQUITTED
The Jury Returned a Verdict of
Not Guilty After Consider
inq the Case % Hours

Norton, Kas., March 20.-Chaun.
cey Dewey and his two cowboys,
Clyde Wilson and William j. Mcbride
we're acquitted to night Of the charge
OF numbering Burchard Berry, by a
jury which considered the case for 2S
hours. This verdict ends one OF the
most SET rsational cases ever tried in
Kansas.
Chauneey Dewey, a young million
aire ranchman, went to Cheyenne
county, kas., early in 1900 to man.
age the Dewey ranch. Soon after his
arrival there he became involved in
trouble with the Berry family, who
we're also prominent cattlemen.
Trivial misunderstanding grew
into serious differences. which culmi-
mated in the killing oi Burchard Berry
at the home OF Alpheus Berry in
June, 1908, during a fight in which
Dewey and 10 Of his cowboys were
pitted against all the bsrrys.
Dewey and his cowboys went to
the Berry ranch to get a tank
that Dewey had boughtin at sheriff's
sale.
The ieud had grown bitter before
this time. and when the Deweys
started TO take the tank away the
Berrys rode up and a battle ensued,
Burchard, Alpheus and Daniel Berry
were killed.
Dewey, Mcbride and Wilson were
indicted on three separate counts,
this trial being upon that of killing
Burchard Berry.
Feeling against the Deweys was so
strong in Cheyenne county that
Dewey, Wilson and Mcbride were
taken to Topeka for saiekeeping.
The three men asked for a change
OF venue from Cheyenne county, al
leging that they could not secure q
fair trial there. The petition was
granted and the case was taken to
the ditrict, court at Norton. 1t re-
quired two weeks to secure n jury.
The trial was the most better ever
held here. Dewey spared no expense
to secure legal talent to defend him,
and the state s case was ably handled.
Eighteen ballots were taken before
a verdict was reached.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
More Riots.

Disturbances OF strikers are not
nearly as grave as an individual dis.
order of the system. Overwork, loss
OF sleep, nervous tension will be fol
lowed by utter collapse, unless a
reliable remedy is Immediately en-
ployed. There's nothing 80 efficient
to cure disorders OF the liver or kid
neys as Electric Bitters. It's a won.
dsriul tonic, and effective nervine
and the greatest all around medicine
for run down systems. Il dispels
nervousness, rheumatism and neural.
gia and expels malaria germs. Only
SOC, and satisfaction guaranteed by
Frank T. Clay, Druggist.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24

Kidneys themselves break down and waste
away cell by cell.
Bladder troubles most always result from
q arrangement Of the kidneys and cure is
obtained quickest by proper treatment Of
the kidneys. If you are feeling badly you
can make no mistake by taking DR.. Kilmers s
Swamp-Root, the great kidney, liver and
bladder remedy.
ltcorects inability to hold urine and scald-
Ing pain in passing It, and overcomes that
unpleasant necessity of being compelled to
60 often during the day, and TO get up many
times during the night. The mild and The
extraordinary effect Of Swamp-Root Is soon
realized. II stands the highest for its We p
oerful cures Of the most distressing cases.
Swarnp-Root is pleasant 10 take and s.i
BY all druggists in fifty-cent and one-dclar
sized bottles. You may E.t
have sample bottle Of s-sI;s=v5.-s 4. Ts-,ta
this wonderful new dis ss1si II l:ssh!,:s.s.
covery and book that ~. E5!i.HkEEEE EEE2
tells all about 1t, both Home Of swampRoot.
sent free by mail. Address Or. Kilmer & Co.
Binghamton, N. Y. When writing mention
reading this generous offer In this paper.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
Tragedy Averted.

"Just In the nick OF time our little
boy was saved" writes Mrs. W. Wat
kins, OF Pleasant City, Ohio. "Pneu-
monia had played sad havoc with
him and q terrible cough set In be-
sides. Doctors treated him, but he
grew worse every day. At length we
tried DR.. Kings New Discovery for
consumption, and our darling was
saved. He's now sound, and well. I"
Everybody ought to know, it's the
only sure cure for coughs, colds and
all lung diseases. Guaranteed by
Frank T. Clay, Druggist. Price SOC
and S1.OO. Trial bottles Tree.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
Working Overtime.

Eight hour laws are ignored by
those tireless, little workers-Dr.
Kings New Life Pills. Millions are
always at work, night and day, cur
ing indigestion, biliousness, constipa-
tion, sick headache and all stomach,
liver and bowel troubles. Easy.
pleasant, safe, sure. Only 25c at
Frank T. Clay's drng store.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24

oils.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
1t Saved His Leg.

p. A Daniorth, of LaGrange, Ga,
suffered for six months with a fright
fulrunning sore on his leg; but writes
that Bucklen's Arnica Sslve wholly
cured it in five days. For ulcers,
wounds. piles. it's the best salve in
the world Cure guaranteed. Only
% cts. Sold by Frank T. Clay, drug
gist.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24

The creditors of b. J. Sully & Co..
meet to discuss the terms offered by
the head of the assigned firm, which,
it is said, include the payment OF 40
per cent OF claims in cash and the re-
mainder in notes covering two years.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24
GIANT.

Iyear old jack VIII stand the season of 1904 on
the old Lew Hsggard farm, south of Altoona.
At els. 90 to insure living colt.
DRENNON 2nd.
Fine saddle stallion will make season at same
place as above slo to insure living colt.
DOCKERY.
Fine young year old. Jack will make season
at same place. slO to insure living colt Has
proven himself an extra breeder.
SILVER DICK.
Two year old Jack will serve few mare at slo
to insure living colt.
Colt stands good for season. Mare sold or
leaves neighborhood, Money becomes due and
must be paid Care tahen TO prevent accidents
but will not be responsible should any occur.
\ A. [. PIPES,
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1904-03-24

The new scale for miners OF the
Central Competitive district was
signed by representatives OF the op-
orators and the miners at Indianap-
oils,
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-05-12
GATHERING NEW DATA
ON COUNTRY'S WEALTH

An inquiry into the volume and char
acter of the negotiable securities in the
country has been determined upon by
Mr.. North. the Director of the Census.
with the approval of the Secretary of
Commerce and Labor. Such an inquiry
was recommended to all the leading gov
ernments of the world by the Interna-
tional Institute of Statistics some nine
years ago. Thus far the work has not
Been taken up in an exhaustive manner
by any of the European governments,
but the statistics of interpretations and
the issues of securities are more readily
accessible in the chief European coun-
tries than In. the United States
Mr.. North has become CONVINCED that
an inquiry which would show the vast
amount of wealth in this form in the
United States. with the fluctuations in
market values and the rise or fall of
the rate OF interest, would have much
scientific value and is a necessary part
of the pending census report on wealth.
debt, and taxation. The inquiry will
cover the security issue of the Federal.
State, and municipal governments, rail-
ways, banks, street railways, and in
dustrial enterprises.
Much of the work will be done under
the direction of Legrand Powers. who
Is in general charge of the statistics of
wealth, debt and taxation and Prof
Henry Farquhar- Mr.. North has. how
ever. asked Charles A. CCaant treasurer
of the Morton Trust Company, of New
matter with the view Of suggesting the
lines of inquiry. bringing together the
available data regarding foreign coun-
tries and preparing the report.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-05-12
REAL ESTATE TRANSFERS.

Mount ACKNOWLEDGMENT G. Taliaferro
to Thomas H Levering, lots 5l5 and 5l6,
$40
Q and Valley Streets northwest-Red-
ford w. Walker to Martha r. klee, lots
IS and 40, square 1ZlO. $40.
Ninth Street northwest, between s and
T Streets-Charles II. Davidson to John
II. Nolan, lots 26 to 81, square l09 so.
= Street northwest, between Twenty
seventh and Twenty-eighth Streets
William II. Brown ct ux. To Grace q.
Parker, lot 2S5. square 1856 So
Thirty-ffth Street northwest, between
o and = Streets-Daniel Kane to Walter
T. Weaver. part lot. 50, square 1916. SO.
Sixth STREET northeast, between Z and
+ Streets-Thomas Holiday ct ux. TO
Minnie A. Herbert. original lot Is, square
SOS. $40.
2lOf l Street northwest-Walter a. John
ston, trustee, 10 Harry L. Turner, lot Is.
square Il, 5000.
Chichester-George ~. TaIburtt et ux
TO Margaret T. Madlgan, lots 10, II, and
is, block 4. SIC.
Addition to Anacostia-Hen-y A. Girls
void ct ux. 10 Samuel r. Campbell, lot
30, SO
sixteenth and G Streets southeast
The Washington Loan and Trust Com
pany TO Horatio n Taplin. original lots
and 2, square west OF 1892, SO
80 and S21 l Street southeast-Benja-
mn F. TTenis to Joseph j. Kelly,
original lot l3. square 79S, SO.
1o30 Ninth Street northwest-A1arla l..
Johnston tC Clara S. Simonds. lot 2SS
square 362. SO.
Columbia Heights-Lewis E. Breun-
niger ct ux. 10 Martha A. Hughes, part
lots . and a. block 81, $40
Columbia Heights-Martha A. Hughes
to Lewis E. Breuninger, lot II, block
s., $40.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-05-12
STEEL PREFERRED
UNDER PRESSURE
Declines One Per Cent on
Doubtful Outlook.
OTHER LOSSES FRACTIONAL
Consolidated Gas Falls Two Points on
Governors Veto of Remsen Bill,
But Rallies Slightly.
OTHER LOSSES FRACTIONAL

NEW YORK, May 12-The feature OF
the stock market at the opening was
continued pressure, on Steel preIerre co.
which lost 3 on dealing in over Io'VVo
shares. The SIS were unchanged. tluc-
tuations elsewhere slight. a good part
of the International list lost .. copper
was exceptionally firm and held Its 3
advance.
The market continued heavy on pro-
fessional liquidation. assisted by EFFORTS
&c lower prices TIE business was
poorly distributed. with Steel preferred
maintaining undue prominence in the
dealings. On continued pessimlsuc
feeling with regard TO the outlook In
the industry, the stock declined per
cent. Consolidated Gas continued to
absorb considerable speculative atten-
ton II advanced ~, but upon the an
nauncement of the governors veto OF
the Remsen East River Gas bill the
price fell ? points, when some supper"
appeared to be extended 10 the STOCK
Considerable pressure was put upon
Atchison- which sold eX-diVidend OF Z
a point. Elsewhere the losses were only
fractional. After. the first hour increased
pressure was brought TO bear against
the railroad list. and there was 1resh
decline in Republic Iron and steel. Inc
trading sentiment Is considerably I'M
settled. and the bear faction is more
active than il has been in some time.
Government bonds unchanged Other
bonds irregular
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1904-05-12
BETTER UNDERTONE
IN COTTON MARKET

NEW YORK, May 12.-Although OPEN
ing easier, on the unsatisfactory cables
from Liverpool. the local cotton market
had a better undertone than expected.
especially on far months. which were
in demand for investment account.
Some liberal buying orders in July were
credited to Wall Street account Bears
attempted to raid the market on the
early break. but found it unresponsive,
owing 10 the numerous supporting or
ders. Speculative trade on the whole
was little more than active, particular
ly through wire houses for the new crop
options, near months being generally
left to the professional element, owing
TO fears of manipulation.