davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
WHAT is GOING ON TO-DAY.

Annual meeting womans branch OF the Tsw-Tork City
Mission and Tract SoSlsty assembly Hail OF United
Doando Clubs reception and entertainment Lex
ington Opera House.
Re'f astoria Society OF tho Daughters Of Ohio
Dinner. city Club, clubhouse. No, 81 Forty
fourth-st.. night
Address by Herbert before Phi Delta Phi Club
Hotel Marlborough. $50 p. m.
Regular meeting Society OF Medical jurisprudence
No. II West Forty-thiESi-st; paper ,'Responsi
bity Of the Child for Its Torts Wrongs by Theo-
dore Sutro p. m.
Papers before Academy of Sciences by section of
ReptiIia and Adele NJ Field on The sense Of
Smell in Ants''-at the American Museum OF Natural
SIS p. m. "
Informal reception and hop, Company 2ad Regiment
sis p.
Monthly meeting Hundred Year club Hotel Majestic.
Eeyy. Sol oppenheimer. S:I5 p n A's''y 10 Lon"
Lecture on How to Clear the Sums by Henry George.
fourth-st. $50 p. m
Annual reception and ball. United Harbor No
Association of Masters and Pilots OF Steam
sells. Grand Central Palace. $40 p m.
lectures the Board Education p m Public
School No g. Grove and Hudson SITS. Byron pr:
East Twenty-seventh-st. Travels in the Columbia
and St anG ST. SicSoas a. onef Em
erson and Whittier" ID; Curtis Hidden Page; Public
Arthur c. Maclay Public School No. 1855 Eighty
nnth-st. between Columbus and Amsterdam ayes.
Public School No 1To. One-hundred-
Newspaper Make pP Wills FecssPp and
Solumb9ns Hall slNtiieth7st between Columbus and
Educational Alliance. East Broadway and JEFFERSON
st. Life in S9 are DR. W. e. Grris Public School
Newsp9per;" Or Frank L blanchard; Public school
msF Pgbi les sc sG. No 81 Motaye and
FgFaqs Louis cornish Lafayette Hall One
IT.. W. u. Il.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
THE FIRE RECORD YESTERDAY.

t2:a5 n Mos POS and POS Thirtieth-st: Louis
Goldsiein and Patrick Murphy; 5000.
i:55 a. u.w.st Broadway and Brooms-st: Metropolitan
Street Railway Company: $50
2:45 Mo Il East Fourteenth-st: Kunerrnar:
5000.
Mo. ll5 East Tweaty-eshth-s John Purcell:
trihing.
$50 a Mo. CO West Ninety nrst-st: Morgan Will
ianas; $50
100 Mo. $50 broadway; East River National Bank:
$1,000
$50 Mo. Jos stanton-st: Rose & Co.; trining
1918 p. m-No. 70 Montgomeryst.; l. Bernan; trihing
i:z5 D. Mo. ia East seventyserenth-st; Mrs Cor
don; SIS.
2.ss D. su-No sxtieth-s;: Realty Com
pany; s25.
p Mo. 2si East Tventy-hfth-st.; Charles Engel;
500
o D. Mo AZ Orchard-st.; l. LsaJey: trinng
B:S5 D. Mo 1891 I,exingt9n-aye.: John Bruernan
uifing-
b:ss p m.-So POT EldricEe-st; Isaac Livingston
tr3f.ng-
- ns-sSA 70 Gsrrx-sti NaIy IlkOs; uinMs -
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

At the Duquesne Theatre Ptttsbrrg. this evening
THE Secret OF Polchinele," French comedy, VIII
receive its first production IN this country. and
next week It will be presented in this city at the
Madison Square Theatre. W. II. Thompson will be
seen IN the leading part. and his manager, James
K. Hackett. has surrounded him with company
which includes w. ]. Ferguson. Miss Grace KIM
ball. Miss Harriet Otis Dellenbaugh Frank Patton
Edward Donnelly Miss Alice Chandler, Miss
Katherine Reyes Miss Florence Gordon, Miss Cora
Maynard and Miss Grace Barber. The Secret OF
Polichnelle'' ran for two hundred nights In
Paris. and is now being played in Germany. Rus-
STA. Italy and Spain
John e Kellerd, Albert T. Br,ining Cby permits
sion OF David Belasco) and Boyd Putnam have
been engaged to support Miss France Hamilton in
her performance OF Iosen's "A Dolls House. at
the Manhattan Theatre on the afternoon Of Tues
day, February 3 The Archer translation will be
used
The Broadway opening tonight occurs at the
Broadway Theatre. where THE Medal and the
Maid" a musical comedy by Oliver Hall and sgd
ney Jones. will be exhibited.
J. G.. Davis arrived here yesterday on the New
York from the Sir Charles Wyndham Theatre.
London, to act stage manager for The Glitter
ing Gloria" which Is 20 be produced at Days IN
February. II is musical comedy by Hugh Bartin,
who wrote The Belle OF New-York
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
MOVEMENTS OF STEAMERS.
FOREIGN FORTS.

inson. New-York for London
Plymouth Jan. 10. i30 m.-Arrived, Phila-
depha. Mills. New-York for Cherbourg and South
nmpton (and proceeded)
Queenstown ian. 10. a m-Arrived. steamer Etru-ia
(BrD Pritchard. New-iork for Liverpool land pro
ceeded without communicating owing Of
Mckay from Liverpool. New-York
Southampton. Jan. 10 p m.-Arrived. steamer Phia-
delphia. Mills. New-Yo-k.
Antwerp Jan 10. a m.-Sailed Kroonland
Doxrud NeW-iork.
BouIogne Mer Jan 9-Sailed. steamer Amsterdam
DUTCH. Rogseveen tfrom Rottcrdam). New-York
iand naSsed Prawle Point. lotu.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
ELECTRICAL COMPANIES COMBINE.

Paris Jan. l0-As a result Of recent negotiations
II is announced that the Mediterranean Thomson
Houston Company and the German Societe
generate d Electrfcite have been arnalgamated The
new company will have capital Of s. 100000 There
mas been no conclusion Of the negotiations for the
auaslgafnation of the French Thomson Houston
company INTO the combination. but hitch has
occurred, so far as IS known
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
HOME NEWS.
PROMINENT ARRIVALS AT THE HOTELS.

EYERETT-Colonel E Stanton Field of Nyack
n " and L. B. Brown Of Parts. Me- FIFTH
L. del Paro. Of Mexico. GRAND-Captain f. l..
Beals. U s. A GRENOBI.E-David Lamar. OF
Freehold, n. j. HOLLAND-Henri Halle of Paris
and ex-Judge j.. Rider Cady. OF Hudson. n, Y.
lMPERIAL1.W A Gage, OF burlington. " SAVOY
LOTUS. WALDORF-ASTORIA-J Lambert and
John A. Drake. of Chicago. and Charles A. Bristed
of
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
NETWORK CITY,

The Rev DR.. James NJ. Gray vii! give Bible ex-
positions every day. except Saturday. at noon. in
the assembly hall of the Presbyterian Building No
156 Fifth-ave.
A special meeting OF the Board of Education
will be held at the hall Of the board, Park-ave
and F1fty-ninth-st.. on Thursday January H. at
p. m, for the purpose of considering nominations
of principals, awarding contracts and for the
transaction OF athar business
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

and her efforts TO please. and several managers
who were present began to talk Of her for musical
comedies they have under way. She Is the daugh-
ter OF a Western stock company actor Saturday
was her first appearance in a leading part
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
MARINE INTELLIGENCE.
MINIATURE ALMANAC.

MINIATURE ALMANAC.
7:o Sunset ass Neon rises l;&5 Moons =
HIGH WATER
AM-Sandy Hook 2:1si Island o:54 He'll Gate xST
p M.-Sandy ESQ Gov. Island S:15 Hell
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
ARMY AND NAVY NEVIS.
IRON THE TRIBUNE BUREAU.1

washington, January 10
NAVAL ACADEMY GRADUATION-The An
napolis midshIpmen class Of 1875 will also be gradu-
ated prematurey according 10 tho latest decision
OF tho Navy Department The class OF 1904. has
already been announced. will END its studies in
February, IN tho face OF the recommendation OF
the academy authorities. and the next class will
finish in the following February. This decision
has been made now. instead OF next winter. at the
instance OF the superintendent OF the academy, who
desired TO know in advance II the Washington au-
thorites intended 10 shorten the regular term.
IL necessary IN that event TO rearrange the
course OF instruction Captain Brownsou. the
superintendent. has written the Navy Department
that he has succeeded in establishing very thor
ough system Of training and instruction for the
fourth class the practical side Of steam
gneerlng They instructed in the steam launches
under the supervision OF competent officers that
they may get knowledge OF the simple engine
and learn the practical running and care OF this
mechanism. He says that never before within the
history Of the academy has so much practical in
strIctiop been given to any OF Its students,
whether being educated for the line or the eugi-
neers. as is now given to all the midshipmen.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

TO-DAY.
Weasel
Vessel For. Line Mails close sails.
Vadcrland. Antwerp. Red Star......... $50 1890
Princess Anne Norfolk, Old Dominion. 500
TUESDAY. JANUARY H.
Algonquin. Jacksonville. Clyde 800 D N
Jefferson. Norfolk, Old Dominion. 500
Rhein. Bremen, y @ Lloyd. .-......... 100
Yucatan. Colon. Ward 1880 100
Carpathia. Naples Cunard. ........... 1900
Victorian Liverpool. White STAR.
City Of Macon. Savannah. Ocean IS Co - 800
WEDNESDAY. JANUARY 13
Celtic. Liverpool White 1890 200
HlndOo Hull Wilson. ...............-.
Apache. Charleston. Clyde......,......- sOopm
Denver, Galveston. Mallory 800
Hamilton. Norfolk. Old Dominion. 500
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

TO REMOVE ROCK AT FALL RIVER.-Opera-
lions will begin tomorrow tho rock Just north
of the Fall River Line pier, in Fall River for the
destruction OF which the government has appro-
priated $500 Major ]. G. Willard, OF the United
States Engineer Corps. will have charge of the
work. and will attempt TO destroy the rock with
dynamite. Six weeks ago the steamer Puritan
came I'm contact with the obstruction at low tide
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

ADMIRAL GLASS CHANGES HIS FLAGSHIP
A cable dispatch 10 the Navy Department to-day
from Rear Admiral Glass commanding the Amer
lean naval forces on the Pacific side of the 18TH
of Panama, announces that he has changed
bis flag from the Marblehead TO the New FORK
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11

IIdIlu Upera Season,
Cnder direction Of Mr. HEINRICH CONRIFD
To- night az S-DIE zACBERFTOETE Cdazic Fh,,.,
ssm9risn. Te[nins Gadsk Dippel Koepfsr Gorits
Med ENg. Jan -. at S-TANNHAEUSER C;adskf
Mott @0-' N''''@' Sonutetor,
Inursday Jan "a az O'Clock P. VI prscisely-Four,a
perforTnanCe or PARSIFAL. Ternina. VA
Hooy. Blass. Cioritz Journst. Conductor Hertz -
Fiji EVE. jan IS. at S-CAVALI.ERIA RITSTIcAyN
ana PAGLlACCI. Fremstad: Dippei Campanari =
seward: C-ruso. ScottI Conductor. Vzra
sat Mat Jan Is at 2-II. RARBIEREl DI STVICIIA-
Vigna. -- O'N1No''is
Sat EvE. at CPop. Pricesl-IOHESGRrl vVar.s-
hapn kraus Gorftz Blass Muhlmann Conductor Moti
FAHSIFAI- Jan. 2. IS; Feb .. IL. 10. 25
seats for above performances on saia
E.fE,R
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1904-01-11
INCOMING STEAMERS.
OUTGOING STEAMERS.

Brings mail.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1904-10-22
cHAIRMEM or COMMITTEE

l. n. sCHRAM. Brooklyn. Advisory Committee.
N. W. KENDALL, New Haven. Publication Commit
GEO. J. OBERMANN. Baltimore. Committee on Fed
RUDOLPH BRAND Chicago, vigilance Committee.
GALLus THoNANN. New York, Manager Literary
UNITED STATES MAITSTERS ASS
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1904-10-22

A new style Of addressing letters In
coming into vogue with the growth
Of the rural free delivery service.
Maple Grove, for example, Is small
community to whose pOst0fiice letters
were once sent; now 1t Ia on "ltoute
Number Four" tho carrier Of which
starts out from Oakville, a flOurishing
center four miles away. Hence "Mr.
John Jones, II, 4. ID. No. 4, Oakville,"
IL common way Of addressing this
man. whose home town Is still called
Maple Grove. While this system prom.
ises to make the most sweeping
changes Of the kind ever brought
about. 1t il no new thing for the postal
service to employ names different from
those In popular use. 1t will not give
the same name to more than one place
In a single State, and It avoids two
names that sound alike. Although the
rural delivery designations. its agents
take Just rs good care of letter that
Is addressed In the old way. The rail.
way mail clerk, as long as he knows
that Maple Grove Is on one Of the
routes out of Oakville. will sort his
letters with that In view, ana there
will be no delay. Some of the postal
authorities think that 1t would be bet
ter not to use the route number on let
tiers, but merely "R. u. d." with the
name of the initial Office, leaving its
postal clerks to send 1t on the proper
route. Many influences are bringing
rural delivery designations into general
use. Route carriers are supplied with
stamped return envelopes for sale.
which have that kind of an address in
the upper corner. Stationery Is often
marked In this way. Mr.. Jones' CORE
spondcnts may yet come to think of
him, not rs living In Maple Grove. but
as on the Oakville rural free delivery
route. This has its advantages ana its
defects.
At Gluckstadt. near Hamburg. Ger
many. there is Technical Academy
for Chimney Sweeps" At the recent
commencement twenty-three students
gained the title of master sweep"
They continue to do things thoroughly
over there.
Is 1t sense Of humor that prompted
the government to name two Of the
biggest battleships in the navy after
Connecticut and Rhode Island?
May young officers marry rich
widows, General C0rbin.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1904-10-22

Is It a sense of humOr that prompted
the government to name two of the
biggest battleships in the navy after
Connecticut and Rhode Island?
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27

courage those who fear the Adirondack
game is fast vanishing. But the fires
of last summer laid waste tracts in GER
tain of these preserves, and at least
one large landowner has had to take
down his fences and let the deer out to
search for food in the public lands.
Whether or not they will be able to
satisfy their hunger is question, as
the cold has been of such severity this
winter the deer have had to keep to
the heart of the woods and have found
little to feed upon save the MOSES.
balsam and hemlock boughs
Other aristocracy have we besides
that of men coming to us from the out
side. Some of our guides have risen
to prominence and wealth, to the ex-
allied position of keeper of fashionable
mountain inn and hotel. Perhaps it is
safe to say that most of the Adiron-
dack hostelries are under proprietors
that began life as penniless guides. At
the foot Of the ladder thus, they be-
came familiar with the tastes and
whims of a large public and, early ap-
prerticed to ministering to these
tastes in Individual cases. by
and by became able to cater
on a larger scale, with profit to them
selves and satisfaction to their guests
Take Paul Smith for instance. the
man who keeps the famous Paul
Smiths" who has a station named aft
er him Cor rather his house,, who is a
hero of commerce to guides far and
near. Some years ago he was but a
guide, so guide tells me, guide with
no very large patronage, either That
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27
WORLD'SFAIR

The post office department has an
nounced that a special series in stamps.
In five denominations, to commemorate
the Louisiana purchase of 1903 and to
be known as the commemorative series
of 1904, will be issued beginning April
81, for sale to the public during the term
Of the St. Louis exposition. from April
30 to December 1, 1904. A supply of the
regular issue of stamps will be- kept in
stock by all post offices during this
period.
The commemorative stamps will be as
follows: One-cent, green, with portrait
Of Robert R. Livingston. United States
minister to France, who conducted the
Louisiana purchase negotiations; two
cent, red, portrait of Thomas Jefferson,
president of the United States at the
time Of the purchase; three-cent, purple.
portrait Of James Monroe, special am
bassador to France, who, with Living
ston, closed the negotiations for the pur-
chase; fve-oent, blue, portrait of Will
liam Mckinley, who as president an
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27
N eW AristOcracy
OF the Adirondack
Mountains <<<
rash1on and Frivolities Have Succeeded the
Recluse and the Trapper in the Woods

l HE owners of the private
@VA IN preserves desire to maintain
y nm and add to the beauty of
r("11N their estates, and ably Sec
S&)&Y ond the work of the forest
commission. We should
look upon these landed pro-
prletors not merely as ambitious aris-
tocracy, but give them their dues for
the part they are taking in the preser-
walton of the trees and game of the
Adlrondacks. They employ numbers
OF forest patrols to watch for and ex-
tlnguish the forest fires that spread so
fearfully in the dry season; and these
gentlemen of broad acres surely should
be regarded not merely as employers
OF hireling gamekeepers, jealousy on
the watch for poaehing natives-their
services in the way Of furthering public
safety and protection of property in
general are of no uncertain value.
l have recently been holding con-
versation with Hendricks, a we'll
known guide. and have been endeavor-
ing to get at his attitude towards the
rich intruder Hendricks was born
and bred in this region and surely be-
longs to the class sweepingly denomi-
mated as the native" He bears no
srudge, however, and avows that his
fellows do not, against the lords of the
forest. (But I fear he does not talk
to me with perfect freedom) He tells
me tales of the liberality Of the rich
men with the guides and other woods
men, Of their hospitality to them, of
the open door of "the camps" the
plentifulness of the work that has fol-
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27
COSSackS Of the
Russian Army and
Their Work <<<
The Best Horsemen in the World. and the
Strongest Part Of the Cars Army

ments and seven batteries to the cav
airy proper, and three Independent
squadrons. The personal escort of the
car is supplied by the Cossacks of the
Kouban and the Terek. The following
are the names of the II main divisions:
l. Cossacks of the Don.
2. Cossacks of the Kouban.
3. Cossacks of Terek.
4. Cossacks of Astrakhan.
5. Cossacks of the Oural
6. Cossacks of Orenburg.
Z. Cossacks of Siberia.
g. Cossacks of Semirietnhie.
9. Cossacks of the Transbailal.
10. Cossacks of the Amur.
IL. Cossacks Of the Ussuri.
At Russian military reviews the Co.'S
sack always plays notable part. In
other respects the Russian army is
much like that of other continental
powers; but the Cossack has his own
manual of instructions. Every member
of the squadron is a trick rider, who
could put the cleverest circus acrobat
to shame; and the firing exercises in
troduce features which only clever
riders with clever animals could per-
form. In one of these tricks the pony
lies down and forms "cover" for it's
rider. On campaign this unique skill
is largely in evidence, and the enemy
is COMPOUNDED by various forms of
tricks. On campaign. moreover, the
Cossack is particularly useful, As he is
accustomed to scanty food and extreme
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27

was in the days when the value of the
Adirondacks as a health resort was
just receiving recognition, and there
were not>the swarms of health and rec
reation seekers there are now A gen,
tleman, man from Chicago, came to
the pine woods in hope the air would
prove tonic to his two fragile daugh-
tiers, and engaged Smith to get horses
for his party and to take the ladies
about. The city folks remained many
months, and under Smiths direction,
lived out-of-doors and wandered the
country round. Health rewarded these
rational methods, and the grateful par
ent rewarded the guide with a gift Of
the horses and with good round pay.
The money was happily invested in a
camp the camp grew and grew and
grew; and now Paul Smith has a pri-
vate preserve of 18,4S4 acres, an inn
that only moneyed folk can patronize.
The Adirondack preserves held as
private property by sportsmen's clubs
and individuals have an aggregate acre
age of 791, 208 acres. The Rockefeller
preserve is situated in the central part
OF Franklin county and consists of ST.
335 acres, embracing the De Bar Noun
tain park and Everton park Hon. Will
liam Z. Whitney owned an Adirondack
estate of 71,281 acres, Hamilton park,
which is situated in the northern part
of Hamilton county and contains Lit
tie Topper, Round and Big Salmon
lakes, and other lesser lakes and ponds.
DR.. William Seward Webb is lord of
Lake Reserves. $40 acres, and of Me-
hasane park, 42,848 acres Brandreth
park, 1928 acres, is owned by Frank
lin Brandreth, Ralph Brandreth and
Gen. E. A. McAlpin. Henry G. DORIS
Childwood park is an estate of $1,000
acres, and the Cutting preserve con-
sists of $500 acres. Litchfield park.
owned by Edward H. Litchfleld, is siz-
able, 1927 acres, as is also Santonini
park, 11.205 acres, Hon. Robert G.
Pruyn owner. Wilderness park, a pre-
serve Of 29,567 acres, is owned by w. S.
De Camp; and the Villas preserve, 49,
OTIS acres, by E. A. Carpenter.
The Derrick Rapids club has $500
acres; the Adirondack Mountain re-
serve. 1882 acres; the Bog Lake camp,
5,618 acres; Caughnawage club, 1888
acres; the Grasse River Outing club,
$500 acres; the Inlet club, $500 acres;
the Adirondack League club owns 79, 1872
acres; the Fenton Game Preserve asso-
citation holds leased land to the amount
of 10000 acres; there are 1852 acres
in the hands of the Granshue club;
1853 acres belong to the North Woods
club; $3.50 acres constitute the Pleasant
Lake preserve; there are 1875 acres in
Read and Strong park, and 10000 acres
belong to the Saltwater club preserve.
KATHERINE POPE.
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27
Couldn't See the Joke.

Senator Hoar says that the late John
Sherman had no conception of a joke,
in which opinion Gen. William T. Sher-
man conceded heartily. Mr.. Hoar once
asked Senator Sherman to drive over
with him to see new electric car, at
the same time cautioning the driver to
be careful. The horses, he said, were
very much afraid of the electric cars.
II suppose" said the Massachusetts,
man, "they are like tho labor reform
ers. They see contrivances for doing
without their labor, and they get very
angry and manifest displeasure." Mr..
Sherman pondered for moment or two
and then said, with great seriousness:
"Mr. Hoar, the horse is q very intelli-
gent animal, but it really does not
seem to me that hs can reason a. far
as that"
Willmar tribune. [volume] (Willmar, Minn.) 1895-1931, 1904-04-27

the future warrior. At the age of three
he learns to sit astride horse in the
courtyard CT his fathers house. Two
years later he shows himself on horse
back in the village street, and exercises
with his young comrades. No wonder
that at the age of 20 he seems almost to
be one flesh with the sturdy beast that
carries him. when the wife of Co.'S
sack, becoming a mother, went to the
church 40 days after her confinement for
the prayer of publication, and returned
home with her son in her arms, the
father buckled a sword to the waist of
the child, and, handing it to his wife,
congratulated her on having given birth
to a Cossack."
The Cossacks were not always under
Russian government, and indeed are
said by some authorities to have orig
mated from emigrants who could not
stand the slavery of the Russian sys-
tenn, and preferred so far back as the
tenth century to lead a nomadic robber
life in the Steppes Of the Tartars.
These nomad hordes grew in power and
number till they became formidable
force, and as the Cossacks, or free
men," were more friendly to their Rus
sian kinsfolk than to the Tartars, they
gradually formed as convenient buffer
state. They elected their own atamans
(hetmans) or chiefs till the beginning
of the present century; they owned
large herds of cattle and many of them
attained considerable wealth. AS they
grew in power they probably absorbed
Tartar and Circassian stock. Those in
the neighborhood of the Don and Dnie-
per became skillful boatmen and fisher
men, though at least till the days of
Yermak they gained the major part Of
their livelihood from piratic attacks
upon Russian merchantmen plying on
these rivers.
Under the present regime there are
no less than 81 regiments of Cossacks,
under II main tribal divisions. Chief
of these are the Cossacks of the Don,
who give name to province Of a mil
lion and half Inhabitants. These were
the most ready to resume the Russian
yoke and show most adaptability to
civilization. The Cossacks OF the Don
supply two regiments and one battery
Of horse artillery to the guard, II regi-