The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1903-01-01


strating the practicability of submar-
inc biography.
1913. Prof Morse suggested submar-
inc electric communication between the
United states ana Europe. Samuel
Colt, of the United States, operated a
submarine telegraph between New
York city Coney Island and Fire ISL
and.
1915. Ezra Cornell, Of the United
states, laid and successfully operated
II miles of submarine copper wires in
the Hudson river, between New York
and Fort Lee continuing its use sew
eral months until it's destruction by ice.
These wires were insulated with cot
ton and inClOsed in a leaden pipe.
1876. Charles West granted permits
sion by the British Government to es-
tablish Geographic communication be-
tween Dover, England, and Calais,
France.
1S4L ]. j. Craven, of the United
States, a resident of New Jersey de-
monstrated the practicability of sub
marine Geographic service by conduct
ing a section of the New York and
Washington telegraph line through the
waters of a small creek by a wire in
sulated with gutta-percha without
interfering with the service of the line
of which it thus formed AN intermedi-
ate section.
1S4S. Armstrong proposed in the New
York Journal of Commerce a submar-
inc telegraph across the Atlantic
1S49. kilograms exchanged over a
combination of aerial and submarine
wires between London and FolkstOne
England.
1850. Submarine telegraph lines laid
across the English Channel and signals
exchanged, but soon ceased to operate,
the insulation proving insufficient.
1851. a cable containing four copper
wires, insulated with gutta-percha and
surrounded by tarred hemp and pro-
tected by ten galvanized iron wires
wound spirally about it, laid across the
English Channel by a company of Eng
fish and French capitalists This line
worked successfully and was opened
for public telegraph business November
10, 1851, being the first successful sub
marine telegraph, and continuing in
constant use many years. Its weight
was tons to the mile; length, % miles;
depth of water about 120 feet, it was laid
from an oblOng coil on pOntoon hull
or barge tOwed by two steamers.
1858. Six submarine telegraph cables
laid, connecting England with Ireland,
Scotland and the continent of Europe,
the longest being about 100 nautical
miles. and all proving successful.
1854. Five additional cables laid in
European waters, the longest being ia
miles.
1896. Several additional cables laid in
deeper waters than on former occa>
sions one from Newfoundland to Cape
Breton, and one from Spezia, Italy, to
Corsica, at a depth of 600 feet; weight,
tons per mile.
1857. First attempt to lay a submar-
inc telegra phic cable across the Atlantic
ocean, the enterprise being headed by
Cyrus w. Field, of New York, and
Charles Bright, j. w. Brett, and others,
of England. The cable was to extend
from Nalentia, Ireland, to Newfound-
land, the length of cable necessary be-
ing estimated at $500 miles. The con-
structiOn of this cable was similar to
that across the English Channel, all
ready described After 255 miles had
been laid from Nalentia westward, the
cable broke and the work was aban-
dOned.
1858. Renewal of Mr. Field and his
associates of the attempt to lay a sub
marine Geographic cable across the
Atlantic. The United States naval YES
sci Niagara, and the British naval YES
sci AgameMnon, carrying each once
half of the cable, proceeded to mid
ocean, and after joining the ends Of
their respective sections, on July 30,
proceeded westward and eastward, nay
ing out the cable and reaching their
respective destinations, Newfoundland
and Valentia, on the same day, August
5, 1858, when electrical connection be-
tween the continents was at once es-
tablished over the 1850 nautical miles
of cable which they had thus laid. Con-
gratulatory messages were exchanged
1f TTTnit rod
States and the Queen of England, and
there were public rejoicings in botn
countries over what was pronounced
the great event of the century. After
less than one month of operation, hoy
ever the cable ceased working and it
was never operated further, nor was
any part of it ever recovered. During
the time of its operation 13O messages,
of about 10000 words, were passed over
it, Its total cost was $l,256,2 5O.
1853. A submarine Geographic cable
to connect England with British India
was laid through the Red Sea and Ara
bian Sea to Kurrachee, India, having
total length of 3,043 nautical miles,
but with several intermediate land
ings Some portions of the line work.
ed satisfactorily for thirty days, but
few if any messages were sent through
the entire line, and it soon proved a
complete failure.
1860. Elaborate study of the entire
subject of sumbarine telegraphs and
the construction of cables was made by
committee appointed by the British
Board of Trade, resulting in an eX-
preston of the belief that submarine
telegraphy might, despite past failures,
become successful and profitable if suf-
ficient care were exercised in'COnstruct-
ing, laying, and managing the cable.
1851 submarine Geographic cable,
which had been manufactured with
great care, was laid across the Mediter-
ranean from Malta to Alexandria,
] Egypt, with intermediate landing
places at Tripoli and Benghazi The
! cable consisted of seven copper wires
stranded together, covered with several
coatings of gutta-percha alternated
with other noncOnducting and water
proof material and in turn covered
and protected by eighteen iron wires
wound spirally about this core. This
cable proved a permanent success and
went into general operation shortly af-
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