The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1903-05-28

2,
operating its own mines and its own lines
of transportation.
"The expansion of the steel establish
ments has been boon to the educated
craftsman. The engineering skill necessi-
tated by the growth of these establish
ments and their wonderful undertakings
has made demand for educated engineers,
a demand accompanied by handsome sala-
ries. In addition. many technical schools
have been founded from the fortunes made
by steel manufacturers, for the leaders
of this great development early saw that
the day had come when the practical arts
had to be supplemented by aid from the
sciences.
mot only is it encouraging technical
education, but by opening so many fields
for employment it is helping all classes
of education BY increasing wealth, it is
building up more schools and colleges and
enabling more people to afford the ex-
pense of education.
THE influence Of all these conditions is
stimulating individual effort today to an
extent which, probably, nothing else has
ever done in the history of man. These
conditions are also bringing people closer
together, knitting their interests together
and creating individual interest in the
good of the whole nation, so that much
of the effort being put forth is not fol-
individual good alone, but is for the good
of the country as a whole
Inventions and Improvement in method
in the manufacture of steel reach every
art and all people. Every reduction in the
cost of steel and every improvement in
its quality at given cost extend its use
promote the broadening of the market in
all departments of manufactures and in
every field of employment of intelligent
men, the life of every people is broadened
Our own progress, excelling that of all
other nations at present, is permitting the
exchange of our products in larger and
larger degree with the other nations oil
the world, and the expectation of ma
chinery and raw material in increasing
quantities is leading less fortunate coun
tries to endeavor similarly to develop their
people morally and intellectually through
promotion of wealth producing industries
SO great has become the Importance OF
steel IN late years, that it may now be
SAID to be the basis of all material pro
gress, the foundation upon which is erect
ed the whole superstructure of modern
material life"
w. M. Bogart, "A Conquest OF Peace:
The farmer Is often indebted to other
professions for much of his success. To
the chemist he owes his wonderful ad
iance IN fertlhzing his crops. To the
biologist and botanIst he owes his power
20 cope with fungus and bacterial plant
diseases. To the entomologist he IS in
iebted for ways to triumph over insect
tests. To the maker of machinery he IS
Tally debtor.
But he is about to contract his big.
Sest debt to the engineer. The farmer
has said to the engineer, Land is al
ready getting scarce in America. We
need all We can get. However there are
about five hundred million acres in the
West and Southwest that are too dry
lor my work. In many places this land
II covered with alkai dust. But the land
rs fertile when watered Now, Mr.. En-
gneer, want you to devise means 20
water this land and turn it over to me
or crop production. know that it is a
ncrculean task, but | am needing the land
md it must be done.
The area of deficient rainfall stretches
over ten States and territories and com
prises boundless millions of acres.
Now it is this territory that the en-
slneer proposes by watering to give to
the farmers of this country The unirri-
gated land looks dead, unfruitful.
Parched, barren Water it, and the sands
turn to beds of gorgeously covered flow
ers; the dust ripens into beautiful fruit
8 &c grains, plants, trees. Waterless it is
home only for coyotes and basking
shakes; Watered, it makes man a home of
abundance, beauty and healthfulness
so rich is the land when watered
that farm of fifteen acres will make
al industrious family wealthy
Now when the engineer began to grap-
pie the problems of effective irrigation
nc found that before he could do any
thing political question must be set
tied. The area to be irrigated lies in
different States and territories and hence
IS under different jurisdiction No sys-
tenn OF engineering on a scale big enough
to be thoroughly effective could be at
tempted until all questions of jurisdic-
ton were settled and system of control
agreed upon.
Finally the Newland's bill was adopted
as suitably reconcibng the delicate rela
tons arising from the divided ownership
Of land and water between the several
states and the nation. The national gov
eminent is to construct the works; the
various State governments administer
them; the water to belong to the land it.
self.
Irrigation works may be divided into
two classes First, the gravitation method
and second. lift irrigation method. The
former includes all those methods in
which the water is conducted to the land
by the aid of gravity or natural flow.
The most important systems OF this class
are the canal the dam and the reser-
Tolr The second class, or lift method in
cludes those forms of irrigation in which
the water does not reach the land by
natural flow but is transported to it by
pumping or other means of lifting.
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