davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
Some Useful Recipes.

Salmon a la Lyons-This recipe, although
apparently simple. makes a delicious dish.
Take pound can Of salmon remove bones
and place in stewpan, adding a pint Of milk
and bring to a boil. Add butter the size
Of half egg and salt to taste, after which
roll two or three soda crackers to a fine
powder and add just before taking to the
table.
Ham toast-This is a nice breakfast dish.
Melt in a stewpan a small piece Of butter.
Put in as much finely minced ham as will
cover a large round Of buttered toast and
add as much gravy as will make it moist
When quite hot stir in quickly with fork
one egg. Place the mixture over the toast,
which cut in pieces of three-cornered shape.
Stewed celery and egg sauce-This is per-
haps one Of the incest ways Of cooking this
valuable vegetable. Take the heart of a
head of celery. trim and wash it well, put
it in a pan with milk and water in equal
proportions and a little salt, boil gently till
quite soft, then drain off the liquid. Make
some long, finger-shaped pieces of hot but
tered toast, arrange some pieces of celery
neatly on them and pour over some good
egg sauce. Sprinkle over all little chop
ped parsley.
Into outlets. Shorten them and fry them
a nice brown color, then stew them in some
good gravy thickened with little flour I'M
til tender; then add some catchup. cayenne,
salt, few truffies and picked mushrooms.
Force meat balls are a great Improvement.
Boiled Spanish onions.-Skin the onion
nicely and put it for five minutes into boil
Ing sailed water. Take it out and throw
away the water. Wash the onion in a lit
tie cold water and put it on again in plenty
OF boiling sailed water to boil about one
hour or longer, according to size. The
water 1t is boiled in may now be poured
INTO the stock pot, and is as good for flavor
Ing 1t as fresh onions. Mix two teaspoon
fuls of flour smoothly with one teacupful of
milk, little pepper and salt. Stir till it
bolls and pour over the onion.
The following is very good for infamed
eyes: Beat the white of an egg to a froth
Add two tablespoonfuls of rosewater Put
nttle on a soft rag and apply gently
Change as 1t dries.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07

simple skirt has shaped flounce gathered
full and running up at the sides in deep
points. Two rows Of pink rosebuds, woven
In garland, head this fiounce, the same
flowers draping the neck of the little sur
piice waist and forming the sleeves. The
fronts of the bodice, which fits over the
the bust The flowers forming the sleeves
are in five single garlands, and the crush
belt is of pink panne.
The same materials would be almost
equally effective over pink lawn Innings.
and If white is preferred to this combna-
ton, white organdy and white forget
nots will be found dainty substitutes.
The second frock In point OF effective
ness combines the simplest materials-pale
green French organdy and taffeta ribbon In
the same shade.
Made for girl of seventeen, the shortish
skirt is frilled almost to the waist The
ribbon. tied in prim bows. decks each frill
In a straight line at the left side The low
baby bodice displays two Of the frills put on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
VALENTINE PARTIES
Pretty Clothes Designed for
Youthful Wearing.
HAVE LOW NECK CUTS
TURQUOISE AND CORAL BEAD
CHAINS FOR LITTLE FOLKS.
Both Rich and Simple Materials in
Evening Wraps-Gloves
and Shoes.
HAVE LOW NECK CUTS
Special Correspondence of The Evening Star.

special Correspondence of The Evening Star.
NEW YORK, February g. 1903.
Much interest has been manifested or
late years in the birthday Of that anony-
nous wooer. st. Valentine, with the result
that Valentine party clothes are now as
much considered as any other. For girls
not yet "out" early dances, including
light supper and graceful games of some
sort are given, at which functions both
the favors and tho jewelry OF the guests
paw Difference to the good old saint. The
gowns. of course are distinctly Of the
evening sort, with the bodices cut out at the
neck and the sleeves short; and since float
ing ribbons so with youth, as we'll as
hearts and arrows many sashes are worn,
and are often tied simply around the waist
in little girl fashion.
Buckled and strap slippers in satin or
silk the color of the airy dress material
appear with this pretty finery. and the
more diaphanous the texture of the Valen-
tine party frock the more appropriate it Is
considered. With some of the more delicate
Of the silk GAUGES garlands Of small artid-
cial flowers are used with charming effect.
The hair is dressed very simply, in a
loose bunch or braid fastened at the neck
with ribbon OF velvet bow. Sometimes a
girlish couture will display wreath or a
small knot of flowers, but for flowing locks
the ribbon or velvet bow, with outstanding
loops, Is thought more in keeping.
A Bunch Of Fur.
A fashionable New York dressmaker, who
supplies costumes for many smart schools,
has created five delightful little frocks for
Valentine party. All are cut out at the
neck, and the materials chosen are such
as lend especially girlish effects.
Perhaps the most radiant the five crea-
lions Is a toilet in pink and white silk
gauze, designed for girl Of eighteen. This,
like all the others, is built loosely over a
silk foundation, the pink of the material
showing in round spot on white. The
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
A Princess Gown

The princess robe is the fancy Of the mo-
ment and bids fair to continue Indefinitely
in favor. A recent model is Of fawn-faced
cloth. The skirt Is fitted over the hips by
tiny plaits. which flare out below the knees
to form bouffant effect at the feet. The
entire front is in one piece. which buttons
at the neck to form tiny yoke Two peler-
Ines ornamented with rows of stitching
form shoulder trimming The rather odd
sleeves have light blue chiffon introduced in
puff at he outer edge, which material
also makes the yoke and collar. This prin-
cess frock would look stunning on a tall.
willowy woman The large toque Is Of
folded light blue chiffon, the Frenchv touch
Of black being given by the long, graceful
plume.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
of soft pale blue ribbon completed the con-
Unstudied Simplicity.

Evening wraps for young girls are made
of both rich and simple materials. But as
with the gowns, the principal effort seems
to be to promote look Of unstudied SIM
plicity; SO. whatever the textures employed.
the models are never elaborate Some
charming cloaks on the Little Red Riding
Hood order are made OF no more preten-
tious stufrs than eiderdown hanneis, which.
with the aid OF a little handwork, can Be
made to have quite an elegant effect.
A delightful cloak in this model was of
pale pink eiderdown. tied all over with wool
knots In a deeper rose. For this purpose
the ordinary double zephyr was used. with
the knots slipped close after tying. A frill
Of rose silk edged the bottom Of the shout
der cape and the front of the hood, and the
same material. hand quilted. lined the gar
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
Caste in England.

From the London Magazine of Commerce.
The milestone hanging to the neck of
English industry Is labeled Caste" Caste
frowns upon work as a vulgar necessity:
caste bars trade from the occupations a
gentleman may follow; caste places birth
above ability: caste holds the worlds prizes
out Of reach Of the lowly born.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07

Doesn't 1t seem to you sometimes" cau
tiously asked Elder Keepalong that Broth.
er HardessS is little too sentimental for
a practical man?'
Il know he's little two continental when
you strike him for a missionary contribu-
tion." said Deacon Ironsides applying a
straight edge to the board he was plan
ing..Chfcago Tribune.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07

Harry-"Can.t you think of anything that
would make you happy, Harriet?
Harriet-"Yes; wish 1 were a little girl
again, to play with the paper dolls made
nowadays. Detroit Free Press.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1903-02-07
High-Heeled Slippers.

Dick-"Do you ever get the last word with
your wife,"
Charleston, yes; but have to say It to
myself when l get out on the street."-De-
troit Free Press.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
THE HORSE SHOW
NOW ONE WEEK OFF
Seats Are in Great Demand.
The Ring Committees
Named.

The sale OF tickets for the Horse Show,
which begins one week from to-day. Is in
creasing steadily. and already many Of
tho best seats are taken. Yesterdays
sales We're particularly brisk. Any one
Who contemplates taking a lady any eve
ming and who does not desire to have to
stand during tho entire performance, had
best engage his seats as soon as practica-
BILE for already nearly all the lower
rows have been sold, Before the show
opens tho probability Is that seats will
be very scarce.
The association has announced the fol-
lowing ring committees for tho Horse
Show, the list being made up from the
directors of the associations:
Tuesday evening-Henry Fairfax. j.
Stewart Bryan and Allen Potts.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Atkinson. Lilburn
4, Myers and Barton II. Grundy.
Thursday-C. d. Langhorne, w. S.
FORBES. John Kerr Branch.
Frlday-Otway s. Allen, Joseph r. J,
Anderson and DR.. Joseph A. White.
aturday-Andrew Christian, Jr, Thos,
N. Carter and j. u. Christian.
This committee will serve at both natl
nee and evening shows.
There will be no concert by the Ma
rlne Band on Wednesday owing to the
fact that a special matinee has been
arranged for tina, day from 2 until 5, at
which the band will play Concerts will
be had on Thursday and Friday.
Considerable regret Is expressed that
Mr. CORTLAND II, Smith and Mrs Smith,
with their string of hunters,- will not be
at the Richmond show There Is such
large field of entries, however, that
they will hardly be missed 1t VIII take
n fine hunter to carry off the ribbons in
the various classes at this show,
Secretary Warthen, Manager Smith and
President Anderson arc busy as possible
now making up the classes and the Est
az entries In each, The entries In the
harness classes Will be made known the
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
GAVE BANQUET TO
FOOTBALL MEN

DR.. W. L. Foushee, Of the chair of
Latin, and president of the Athletic AS
ISOLATION of Richmond College. gave a
very delightful dinner last night at Muir
phys to Manager B. P. Alley. Coach T.
G. Vail, Captain Hiram Smith and ex-
Captain NJ. Landlord, of tho football
team.
The Doctor said he wanted to have his
staff with him to talk over the situation
for the year and find out what the pros
poets We're for landing the cup again.
Manager Alley reported the financial
prospects indeed bright, and Coach Vail
and Captain Smith seemed very jubilant
over the synod Of over thirty who
are in their charge.
Wit and good humor abounded until
10 p. NJ, when the hospitable host de-
clared 1t was about time to adjourn for
little study.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
cOTTnN MARKETS.

NEW YORK. Oct. 5.-The cotton market
opneed weak at decline of 12G16 points under
cd prospects for continued heavy receipts and
the generally favorable weather. reported over
Sunday. october was particularly weak, meet.
Ing with free selling under apprehenslons that
notices would be issued for that delivery.
As the session progS,ssed and 1t was seen
that these would not be an influence, the entire
market steadled up little, and for time
ruled fairly steady around the opening prices.
or within 2l3 POINTS OF them on covering and
some little buying on the reaction theiry, which
was encouraged BY tho report that too much
rain was falling In the Western section of the
belt Before the close, however, there was an.
other furry OF bear pressure and selling by the
room contingent, and in the last half hour tho
list was very weak, closing easy Mt practically
the low point of the day or at a net loss Of p G
% points. Sales OF futures estimated at 100000
bales.
The dsappointg cables were considered as re-
etlcting better trade abroad and that the trade
hero seemed encouraged In their bearsh wives
By the continued weakness OF Southern spot
markets. which, It is argued, reflects the lack
OF demand for actual cotton and the accumula.
ton of supplies. The receipts for the day turn
ing, out to be 54066 bales, exceeded early est.
mates and were alto over last years, when the
movement was Ao,o7l bales, and the estimates
for tomorrows receipts ut leading points were
liberal. There were exports OF 2os45 bales
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
FINANCIAL.

latter part of the week. The catalogue
with the list of entries and owners,
boxes and box-holders. and all other
information desired, will hardly be out
before Friday. It Is a big Job preparing
it and printing it correctly and COM
pletely. d,
The exhibit of fours. tandems and uni
corn teams will be larger than ever be-
fore seen in this city. David Harum
and mate will have some fine horses 70
beat to capture the tandem ribbons. In
the tours the Baltimore exhibit Is going
to be ono OF the handsomcst seen here.
The high jump competition at Wednes-
days matinee is going to be the star
class Of the show in point of popular
interest. Everybody wants to see Heath
erbloom, Rifle Chappie and Amnret and
others go at the high bars. Some remark
able fence-clearlng is anticipated.
Many of the horses to be exhibited
here will be shipped in the next three
days, for they have long distance 20
come In many cases. The number OF
New York. Boston. Philadelphia and
Brooklyn entries will be the greatest
ever seen outside the Madison Square
Garden show.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
"As You like It,"

Miss Elizabeth Kennedy, the beautiful
young Atlanta actress who last season
achieved such a pronounced success in
the role of Madame Trentoni in Clyde
Fitchs Captain links of the Horse Ma
rlnes," will next season appear as Rosa
lind in ''As You Like It." visiting the
Kennedy has engaged an exceptionally
strong supporting cast which includes
actors and actresses formerly. seen IN
edy, supporting Julia Marlowc, Hon.
ricttn Crosman and Madame Modjeska.
Miss Kennedy will DO seen at the Acade..
my Of Music on Thursday matinee and
night, October Sth Camille Is the mat
irlee announcement.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
DRY GOODS a1ARKEr.

NEW YORK, Oct. DRY goods market con-
tinues on very low plane OF activity. Weather
conditions have not been favorable to any In
crease In business. but more than this the I'M
certainty surrounding the raw material situation
and the unfavornbe financial status causes the
major part Of the conservatism which exists
to-day. Sellers are not prone to grant much OF
n concession in the belief that lower prices will
not effect transaction4
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
NAVAL STORES.

TuRPENTINE--Firm at seize; receipts, 10
casks Rosin-Firm at S1.s5G1.O0; receipts, 215
barrels. Crude Turpcntine-Firm at 81. 256l $3.50;
receipts. 138 barrels. Tar-Firm at $1.S0; re-
sAvANNAH, Ca. Oct. 5..TURPENT1NE--
Firm at 5GAc.; receipts. ASA casks; sales. t45
casks; exports, 81 casks. Realistically; re-
ceipts, L. S7 barrels; exports. 2.274 barrels
CHARLESTON, s. c., Oct. 6.-TCRPEN-
TINE-Noulinal. Rosin-Steady.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
Adelalde Thursson as "Polly Primrose.

Charming Adelaide Thurston VIII Short
~ be seen once moro at the Academy.
The annual visit is scheduled for Sat
urday afternoon and evening, October
10th. Miss Thurston's success in secur-.
plays is unusual. which speaks rather
flatteringly Of the good taste and judy
ment of her managers and herself Pol
ly Primrose" appears to be far and away
ahead Of anything that Miss Thurston
has so far appeared In, even SURPRISING
In delicate comedy and enthralling heart
Unrest her delightful Lady Babbie,
which will not soon BIO forgotten by those
who Witnessed It:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
"Twelfth Night"

Tho announcement that Miss Marie
Wainwright will appear at the Academy
In magnificent revival of Shake
speare's 'STwelfth Night" on Friday
night, must be looked upon as one Of
the great events Of tho season. Man
charming actress in this revival. has
spared no expense in this production.
Tho best scenic artists. the best stage
direction, the best cast and tho best cos
tunes have each provided their quota
in this magnificent production.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

Schooner L. q. Williams, baltimore.
Schooner Luther I. Garrison, New York.
Steamer Knnawhn, Liverpool.
Steamer Tynefeld, Mobile.
Schooner Clara A. Donnell, Bath.
Schooner Jose Oaverri New York.
Barge Landseer, Port Tampa.
Barge White Band. Port Tampa.
SAILED.
Steamer Tynenold, London
Schooner Ed. 4. Statcsburg, Boston.
Barge Florida, New York.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
MISCELLANEOUS MARKETS.

NORFOLK, VA. Oct. 5...-PEANuTs--
Farmers market quiet. Fancy. 3lsc; strictly
prime axe; prime, &c.; common "a @3c.:
Spanish, per bushel, Soc. No new crop coming
PETERSBURG. VA. Oct 5.--PEANUTs-
Spanish, 9O@92hc. Market firm, stock light
ind few being offered. Virginia's. 3hc. for
fancy; market steady.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
MIR. TRAYLOR MAI2RlES
MISS LIZZIE F. WALKER

Mr.. Percy Boggs Traylor. eldest son Of
Mr.. r. c. Traylor, was married in Wash
ington at $3.50 o'clock yesterday afternoon
to Miss Lizzie Franklin Walker. daugh-
ter Of Mr.. M. l.. Walker, of Drewry's
Bluff. Rev. ]. j. Muir was the officiating
minister.
Mr. Traylor. who travels for the Owens
Minor Drug Company. is deservedly popu-
lar here.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

heavy s5.2565.o5: light, s5.s5ae.5o; bulk OF
sales, S5.G5dp6. Sheep-Receipts, 10000 head;
market steady to ower Good to choice E, w 9Th;
3.25; native lambs. s3.50G5.s5.
CICNINNAT1. o.. Oct. 5.--HoGs--strong and
higher at $4,000. Cattle-Dull at s2G4.
shepe-Lower at s2.4oG3.5o. Lambs-Strong ut
S3bOGI5.G6.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
corroNsEEp OH. MARKET.

NEW YORK. Oct. 5.-Cottonsced oil was dull
md nominal on SPOT; steady for futures dellv-
cry. Prime crude f. o. b. mills, 2o@3lc.; prime
summer yeylow, 410l4lAc.; spot October. 371
Soc; off summer yellow. 36M37c.; prime white,
45c; prime winter yellow, 45c.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

CHICAGO, ILL, Oct. observation-disclosures
1000 head steady to 1bc,, higher. Good !, 70
$50; gtoekers and feeders, Sc 25@d. 10; COWS aud
hefcrs, 81, 4oG5, Gamers, si.40@2.so; buls, s2el
4.8O; calves. @3,6oN7.25; reXasfed steers, $2,75
1850; Western steers, S3pA.bo. Hogs Re,
ceipts to-day, %, 600 head; to-morrow, 2o,0Q0
head; market steady, Mixed and bnehtey,
Si,bo@5,0o; good 10 heavy, S5To@o'7o; rough
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
ut tho nc0aomv.
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES

Performances will be given by the
Black Patti Troubadours at the ,Acade-
my OF Music two nights and "Wednesday
matinee, commencing tonight.
acts. smart dancing and genuine cake
1i,n
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

Spot cotton closed quiet 20 points lower; mid
ding uplands, 0.65; middng Gulf, 0.ao; sales,
1870 bales
ina S0 bne.. rross 2sis bsics sales 1870 bales
stock, 1Oi,840 bales.
Total to-day at all seaports--Net receipts, o..
o48 bales; export to Great Britain IA, 2l0 bales;
to the Continent, 200 bales stock, 33l ,22s bales
Consolidated at all scnports-Net receipts
1O3, 2O2 bales export to Great Brltalh, i4aio
bales; to France, 1850 bulesi to the Continent
1924 bles, ,,.Not
recelnts $40 355 bales; export TO Great Britain,
100 iii bales; to France, S5Sl7 balesi 10 lne
Continent, l07,1e2 bales,
NEW ORLEANS, La. Oct. 5.-COTTON--Tha
spot cotton market was quiet and most OF tho
transactions were below board figures, inau'
enced by the downward trend OF futures and un'
favorable Liverpool cables, Sales, $3.50 bales.
Including 2,40O' to arrive, Quotations reduced
&c. OH al grades.
Futures at the opening were 12@l4 points
being lower for both spot and contract. Heavy
rains in Texas were reported to havo done some
damage 10 cotton, but this had no inuepce on
the market. Highest and Glowest official for
the day; October, 900 to 0,20i November, 4,OI
to 0.l0; December, 900 to 9.2l; January, oh
to 0.26; February, OLA to 0,2o and March, 90
to 0.8,7 IL
Soon after the first call steady liquidation by
longs set in. which carried prices gradually
downward to the close, when thu obard showed
not losses Of 16 points on February and ~ to n
points on tho othfaN positions.
Cotton futures closed steady; October 0,0O00
D,10: November, 9,0s@ooo; December, 00o@
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

Northern Pacific s4 .................... 1ooh
Northern Pacific IS ..................... 7oas
Norfolk and Western con. As. ........... 0iB
Oregon Short Line IS and Partic........ sSA
pcnrsylyanin con- Observation-Disclosures. 95h
Reading General As .................... v5h
St L. and Iron Mountain con. Is. 5000. 109la
St Louis and San Francisco fg. As. ....... 81
st. Louis Sou thwestern 1sts.............. 94a
Seaboard Air Line IS ................... 10
Southern Pacific 81 ................... sGla
Southern Railway 5s NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 112M
Texas and Pacific lists ................. HAN
Toledo, St. L. and Western 4s......... GSH
Union Pacific As .,.................. 100
Union Pacific conv. 4s........!......... 03M
u s. Steel I'd IS OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. ia
wabash lists NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 1879
Wabash Deb. Bs .......... "a
Wheeling and Lake Erie 4s....,......, 81
Wisconsin Central As ................... saK
Colorado Fuel 40 40
Central Of Georgia I'd Inc.............. "a
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

THE CLOSING DULL:
The close was dull and rather heavy. although
The specialists thought there was not a great
deal OF stock In the market, but found the com.
was very general disposition to wait FOR the
declaration OF the Steel common dividend ana
ms this is not due until after the close on Tues
day the traders taking very little poaitlon,
anil " dull day.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06

BALTIMORE Md, Oct 5.-FLoUR-steady
and unchanged. Wheat--Dull and lower; spot,
contract, soAc.; do No rcd, western western SsAs;
easy; spot, BOX Gl5ossc; Southern white corn.
5OG54c. 'Oats-steady; No. 2 white, o2nc.
sales. Rye-Firm; No, g bsG5siac. butter
Firm and unchanged. EgGs-birm and higheri
fresh. 24c. Checse--Steady and unchanged,
S,lrar-Stroug and unchanged.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1903-10-06
RICHMOND GRAIN MARKET.
Richmond. Va, Oct. 8, 1908.
QUOTATIONS.
CATTLE MARKETS.

NEW YORK. Oct b,--BEEV Es-Receipts,
SLOW to 2sc. lower, steers, ss.5aoGb.oo; vest:
dI325 Shipments 1900 cattle, l,225 Sheep
22Ob head Veals, steady to 25c lower; grass.
culs, S404 90; grassers and fed calves, $2,7bGD
a5o; western, ss.s3@4s5, City dressed ysals'
sheen and Lambs leceipts, 1900 head; easier,
Lambs, loc lower, sleep Sg.6o44i. lambs,
$500; cills, sa@4'l2la Canada lambs. S56o@0'
Hogs Receipts, ll,4a5 head. state and