davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
BANKERS OFFER A REWARD.
Will Give a Thousand Dollars for
Evorv R,nHs Rohhor ronv;e+ad

viii Give Thousand Dollars tor
Every Bank Robber Convicted.
Des Moines, March 13-The exc.
cutive committee of the state bankers
association is in favor of having the
association make standing offer of
$1,000 for the arrest and conviction of
any bank robber in Iowa. The mem.
bers of the committee believe that if
this standing reward is offered and It
is generally known among officers in
the state that there is such reward
it will be an incentive to quick action
on their part. when there is bank
robbery, instead of the delays and in
difference SO often manifested The
committee will recommend to the as
sociation meeting at Davenport that
this standing reward be offered, The
committee will also recommend the
increase of the defense or protective
fund by $4,000. 1t is also proposed
that the group districts be rearranged
and a larger number be made, prob
ably fifteen or twenty instead of ten
as now, and thus that the group meet
ings be smaller but more convenient
to the MEMBERS
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Iowa Births Fall or.

Washington, March 13.-In connec.
ton with the statement of President
Roosevelt that he regretted the fact
that American families did not contain
as many children as they should, the
census department shows that Iowa
mas as great a decrease as the majority
OF states. In fact, Illinois, Ohio and
indiana are the only states showing
2 greater decrease. In 1880 the aver
age family Of Iowa contained So mem.
pers, while in 1900 there were only
80. This would be reduction in
twenty years of II per cent.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
To Test New State Law

Des Moines, March Ill. X. Ware;
who conducts a horse shoeing shop on
Walnut street, was arrested this at
ternoon upon information sworn to ir
Justice Hammers court charging hin
with violating the state veterinary
law by practiding without a license
Major Mckenzie is appearing for the
state board. Attorney Walter Nc
Henry has be9n engaged for the do
Tense. In the arrest of Ware the state
expects to determine the validity Of
the new statute and it is expecte,, -
vii y, Y! D J, ATTACHED upon constitutional
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
STALLION BRINGS $1,000.
Highest Figure Ever Commanded by
Draft Horse in America.

1VSI NOUtUu0uOSu Wy
Draft Horse in America.
Emmetsburg, March 1.-THE Ar
mour Percheron Horse Co., of Armour,
South Dakota, has just purchased
from Mclaughlin Bros. the imported
Percheron stallion. Pour-Quoi-Pas
for seven thousand dollars, which is
the highest price ever paid in America
for a draft stallion. The highest pre-
vious price was flfty-fve hundred dol.
lars, which was paid by Laurens, Iowa,
parties for Organiste last month.
Pour Quot Pas won first prize in
class and championship over all ages
at the International Live Stock expo
sition at Chicago last December He
won the same prizes in 1901, making
Pour uoi-Pas the most renowned
prize winning stallion that ever lived,
and the only one that ever won tho
championship two years in success.
sion. s
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Posse at Bay: Is Shot Tw;ce

Centerville, March Johannes Muir.
ply is in the county Jail here charged
with resisting arrest and of assault.
ing Policeman, Darrah in an attempt
to murder him. After firing the shot
Murphy ran with mob in pursuit,
Turning he fired, and was himself
wounded twice. He will recover.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Advertising rates for display Adds
% cents Der inch, for each insertion.
Three 70 liz months contract is cents
~ inch. Local advertising 10 cents
- line for each insertion, counting
seven words TO line. For churches
and secret societies where sdmission 10
.eharged, ons-hslf OF the above men.
tioned rates. For professional, Legal
and announcement cards, yearly con.
tracts and etc, terms are given ON Up.
plication. All sdvertising y 70 b
paid II advance.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Seventh Victim of clifton Fire

Cedar Rapids, March 11.-Louis
Thompson, colored, yard man for the
Clifton hotel, who was terribly burn.
ed in the fire on the morning of Feb.
ruary 20, and who has since been at
st. Luke's hospital, is dead, making
the seventh victim of the terrible holo.
caust Fears are entertained because
Of the condition of B. F. Taylor IT
Davenport, who is still very low at St
Luke'S hospital this city .-..-
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

FREE MEDICAL ADVICE
Every working girl who is not
well ID cordially invited to write
to Mrs. Pinkham, Lynn, RIass.s
for advice; it is freely given, and
has restored thousands to health.
Hiss Paine's Experience.
"I want to thank you for what yeu
have done for me, and recommend
lydia e. Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound to all girls whose work
keeps them standing on their feet In
the store, The doctor said must
stop work he did not seem to realize
thai girl cannot afford to stop work
Ing. Ny back ached, my appetite was
Door, / could not scep, and menstrual
Non was scanty and very painful. One
dav when suffering commenced to
take Lydia e. Pinkham's Vege.
table Compound, and found that
IL helped me. ! continued Its use, and
soon found that my menstrual periods
were free from pain and natural
everyone is surprised at tho change in
me, and I am we'll, and cannot be too
rrateful for what you have done for
me- MISS JANET PAINE, $40 West
l25th st., New York City. - 5000 }a1tst
ut 10 psOdsssd.
Take no substitute, for it II
Lydia T., Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound that cures.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
70 HomesGGk

nooD FARMS With productive sses1SS
an he secured on the Nashvma
c cn.ttsnooca 4 st. Louis ~. In IT..
na.see kentucky. Alabama, Gsrsk
p.,cs. reasonable. Climate Asaithtsl:
a.vsr very cold or very hot An I'm
netsh,e crops grown and bring be,ts5
nr,ces than n the North. Raintall
nmnle and viii Distributed.
correspondence With real estate
.norts in the North invited.
ror pamphlets write 70 II. I.
e,,ITu Tratic Manager. Nashyille.
Tenn. ----------------
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
BRITT PUTS UP CASH.
Committee Deposits $4,000 With
County Treasurer for Court House.

sCommlttee deposits S4u,uOV with
County Treasurer for Court House.
Britt, March IA committee Of
Britt citizens visited the county seat
at Concord yesterday and deposited
$4,000 in cash with the county treas
urer, which VIII be donated to the
county for the purpose of building a
court house at Eritt, ii tho county sea:
is relocated.
While the people of Garner have
been sending out dispatches to the
daily papers that Britt had given UP
the contest, the people Of this town
have been quietly Saving wood" un-
til the proper time came. They not
only have raised the $4,000, but also
have $4,000 with which to make
fight if necessary.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Thought and need are the pass
ports to enduring fame.-Skebloh.
STATE OF OHIO. CITY or TOLEDO, 7.

S1A10 " On1O, C1TH VI 1OLEIJV, ~ 99-g -ITI@
LUCAS COUNTY, - 22.+f
Frank J. Cheney makes oath that he is IN
senior partner Of the firm Of F. J. Cheney q CO.
doing business in the City Of Toledo, Count
the sum q ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS "a
each and every case Of Catarrh that cannet b
cured by tho use OF Halls Catarrh Cure
FRANK j. CHENKY.
Sworn 70 before me and subscribed In nj
presence. this 9th day Of December, a ID l@
rcrn1 A. w. GLEASON,
loJ Notary Public
4 Halls Catarrh Cure n taken internally IN
acts directly on the blood and mucous suffac}
Of the system. Send for testimonials, free.
F. J. CHENEY + CO., Toledo. q
Sold by Druggists, 80. n .'s5
Halls Family Pills are the best II
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

We are prepared to do Arst-clsss job
work O reasonable pricok All OF our
work ID guaranteed. n
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
FARMING IN THE SOUTHWEST

Why It 10 Worth Your While to In.
.. vesti1ate.
A new monthly paper with many
attractive features for farmers seek.
Ing new and profitable fields. Write
for sample copy: 1t viii interest
you. Write too for "Tsxas"-a 144..
page book about the Lone Star State.
Address s&&'.. 4. a. d.
KATY" so2 Wainwright Bldg.
st. Louis, Mo.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

McCarthy's "EZ FOOT COMFORTal
positively cures Chilblains. Price Zoe
F. r. Mccarthy, Jefferson, Ia. sis
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

ASK Your Dealer For Aliens Foot-Ease.
A powder. II rests the feet. Cures Corr.
Bunions, Swollen, Sore, Hot, Callous. "A chino
Sweating Feet and lngrowing Nails. Alion'.
Foot-Ease makes new or tight Shoes easv. At
al Druggists and Shoe stores, rs cents. 40
cept no substitute Sample mailed FREn.
Address Allen 8. Olmsted, Leroy, n. Z.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

The we'll earned reputation and increas
Ing popularity of the Lewis Single
Binder straight SC cigar. is dne TO thA
maintained high quality and appreciation
Of tho smoker.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

To Cure a Cold in Ono day. .
Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets. Al
druggists refund money it 1t fails to cure. 20.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

nr L.vrence's special treatment cures
Dyspepsia. Guaranteed. ooc, Lawrencs
~ Des Moines. la. Sample Tree
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

4 An1ec Avoid On operation
6H0b6O Backaohes, b "a.
aches, periodic palms. terrible
bearing-dow pains. abdominal
pulne, are sure symptoms u
Female Weakness and kin
dred troubles. Our Remedy
easily applied. Guaranteed
Gives relief during
change OF life. Free sample
one weeks trea tment.
Guarantee Remedy Co..
Des NIoines, Iowa.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Modesty is a shining light; it pre-
pareS the mind to receive knowledge,
and the heart for truth.-GuiZot. -
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Individuals often look before then
leap and still meet with an accident(
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

There is no fool like an old fool w
less IL is a young one. "
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

The chronic kicker never has
limo to do anything else.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

TINE TINT BUTTER COLOR
,,akes ton of the market butter. n
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

GOOD HOUsEKEEpEKs #
use the best s. TAn XII GOOD s r srScers Sea A.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

The quiet man is generally there in
en- emergency.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Magnet Pile Killer Cures p,,.s

warm friends are more plentiful In
summer than in winter. an 4 :.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Mr.. Richard has employed an at
torney at Knoxville to look after his
interests i=. -a ~ ...,
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
Firms HISS SUPREME JUDGE
Jurtst Who Complied With Russian
Laws 10 Called ! Traitor.

LAWS 70 Called 2 Traitor.
81 Petersburg, March l2.Presi-
dent Strong Of the Supreme court Of
Abo, Finland, who complied with the
Russian laws while the other mem-
bers Of the court refused to do 20, on
arriving at HelsingforS With his wife.
No. greeted with hOOting and Misses
~ the population. The mob hxed =
board to hts honse ina crtbsd Here
sdwells ~ traitor stson 's.sas
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

The contented man IS usually played
for a sucker. r.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

SALARY SIS A WEEK
and expenses to men with rigs to intsodueo
Egyptian Poultry Compound. Positively seA-
pry. Egyptian Co., Dept q, Parsons, an
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Ignorance Is the stepmother OF
prejudice.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
IOWA MAN SAW RICHARDS.
Ex.Marshal Met by Woman at Train
in Omaha. 5.s

Des Moines, March 11.-Another
man has seen ex-Marshal w. "A. Rich,
ards and knows that he is not in Mex,
leo now. A few days ago j. w. Rein.
niger of Shenandoah, who is well &C.
quainted with Richards, was riding on
"a train from Lincoln to Omaha, when
he came face to face with Richards
on the train. The ex-marshal saw that
he was recognized but quickly turned
his face and did not show himself to
Mr.. Reininger. The latter watched
him and saw that a, woman met him
at the Union depot in Omaha and the
two took Tenth street car for the
south part Of the city, hurrying away
from the depot as rapidly as possible.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

nn@ncN NEW DISCOVERY: gives
quick relief and cures worst
cases. Book Of testimonials and 10 DAYS treatment
TREE, Or.H.H. QR1kN8 SO11. Boz h. &tlSnta. Go
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Some people would rather be popu.
lar than truthful. ~
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Mrs. winslsw's Soothing gyrsI:;
For children teethtng soitens tnS ecs.iic -. Sss
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

To have ideas is to gather flowers;
to think, is to weave them iato gar1
lands.-Madam Swetchine. t
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

a bad promise is like q good caka-
better broken than bent ! 8
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

A man carries his money In u \
,ooket when there is little else there
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Go to the anatomist for inside infofii
nation.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13
lndianoIa Schools CLOSED.

lndianola, March 1.-THE school
board held q special meeting and de.
cided o close the public schools for
two weeks owing to the epidemic Of
scarlet fever which prevails here. The
disc use has been the cause Of many
people keeping, their children out Of
school for the past two months. There
are at present over thirty cases of the
fever reported, three new cases com
Ing to the knowledge of the authori,
ties Saturday. Strict quarantine is
being kept Of all victims.
Ignorance sometimes does what val.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

DON'T TAKE ANY CHANCEs.
Russ Bleaching Blue doec the best work. an
good Rroccrs. l0c. Avoid cheap limitations
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1903-03-13

Ignorance sometimes does what val.
or would not dare to attempt.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
+ + +
"Witch Yeast"

| have never been able to find out
just how this is made originally But
to use it and make it as | have done,
you must get what the country folks
call "a starter" That is, about a tea
cupful of the yeast. This is used by
nearly all the Pennsylvania farmers
wives and by inquiring of your
friends among them you can get your
starter"
Put this starter" in a quart Mason
jar. Save the water (salted) in which
you have boiled white potatoes; take
enough of this (have it lukewarm)
to fill the jar about three-quarters
full and add a tablespoonful of granu.
lated sugar. Stir until dissolved, and
place in a warm place to rise. When
ready to use it will have about an inch
or more of pure white frost on top
Stir this up little and use what you
require, always letving enough to
start the next lot of yeast,4 which
should be kept in a cool place until
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
Stuffed Peppers.

Make an incision in the side OF
each; carefully extract the seeds
with a silver knife and lay the empti-
ed peppers in cold water for an hour
wipe them and stuff with mixture IT
ham. chicken, fish or veal, mixed with
bread crumbs or boiled rice well seas
oned and moistened With butter; sew
up the holes in the peppers or bind
them with a soft cotton string, pack
them into a bake dish, pour in weak
stock about an inch deep, cover and
bake for an hour; take off the strings
and lay the peppers in heated dish
and set over hot water while you
thicken the gravy with brown rouy.
Boil one minute and pour over the
peppers.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
F. ]. CHENY & CO., Props, Toledo, o.

F. J. CHENY & CO., Props, Toledo, O..
We, the undersigned, have known
F. J. Cheney for the last fifteen years,
and believe him perfectly honorable
in all business transactions and finan-
cially able to carry out any obliga-
tions made by their firm.
WEST & TRUAX, Wholesale Drug
gists, Toledo, O.
WALDING, KINNAN & MARTIN,
Wholesale Druggists, Toledo, O.
Halls Catarrh Cure is taken inter-
nally, acting directly upon the blood
and mucous surfaces of the system.
Price 75c per bottle Sold by all drug
gists. Testimonials free.
Halls Family Pills are the best.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
Dental Inspection In Germany.

The question of engaging a special
staff of dentists to examine periodi-
ca.v the teeth of the children in the
primary schools in Berlin is occupying
ne attention of tae authorities. Den
lal inspection has been already intro
duced into the schools at Gleiwitz. It
takes place once year.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
ur Recipes From Marion
Harland's Scrap Book

out the clans, add The liquor, already
heated in another cessel; season with
butter, pepper and salt and simmer
for five minutes Pour into cups, stir
a little OF the whipped cream into
each and put a heaping teaspoonful
on the top.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
HCW'S THIS?

We offer One Hundred Dollars Re-
ward for any casesof Catarrh that can
not be cured by Halls Catarrh cure
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05
"SprinaerIein."

d "SprineerIein."
, One pound of powdered sugar rolled
. ie, sifted and warmed, four large
,gs grated rind of one lemon, one
,und of flour thoroughly dried and
S ttedstwo or three times, half a tea
,oonful of baking powder, sifted with
i 8 -four
With a silver or wooden spoon stir
le eggs and sugar steadily for one
our. stirring one way. Add rind of
mon, -four and baking powder, mix
lickly into loaf shape, without much
handling. Set aside in cool place
r two hours. Flour baking board
lightly; take small piece of the
lpugh which by this time must be
~in enough to cut with knife; roll
Tito about quarter-inch thick.
Put about two tablespoonfuls of
bur Ia a small cheesecloth bag and
Nth this lightly dust the mold. Place
le dough on the mold, press lightly
utfrmly with the finger tips into the
odd turn the mold over and care
lily remove. Cut off the surplus
Qugh put with the balance and pro-
nd ~ before. Use little flour as
Qasible in rolling out Put a cloth
6A table, Cor baking board is bet
as you can then place it in cool
Heel 8sprinkle with anise seed, lay
sA~sAkes on this and stand them for
hours in cool ROOM Bake
Moderate oven in lightly but
ed until a light yellow, This
v1iNet A make from sixty-five to sew
sys4V& cakes.
eI followed this recipe to the
WAMAMd had reason to shake hands
hYBelf, it proved so successful
L. G.
Clam BouiIIon.
pzen clans, one pint of clam
ld the same of warm water;
nd salt to taste; half-pint OF
cream, tablespoonful of but
the hard part of the clans
he soft parts over the fire
water; bring gently to the
RGteW half an hour: strain
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1903-04-05

you are ready to make more. l al
ways make yeast the day before l in
tend to bake.-Mrs. H. L. C.
Waterbury Democrat., 1903-01-31
PREVENTIVE MEDICINES.
EnIishtened People Are Always on the Lookout for the Ounce
 of Prevention.

In looking over the history of the search for means of cure one is struck by the great value of the ounce of prevention. Keeping the germs out is in every way preferable to dealing with them after they have once en- tered the body. This fact scientific medicine is impre ssing more and more deeply on the minds of public authori- ties and the people, and their response in the form of provisions for improved public and private sanitation is one of the striking features of the social progress of the present time. All the more enlightened nations, states and cities of the world possess organized departments of health, which, with varying degrees of thoroughness, deal with the problems presented bytthe in fectious diseases in the light of the latest discoveries, says the Medical News. Fifty years ago the term pre- ventiye medicine was unknown. To- day it represents great body of we'll attested and accepted principles. It has cleaned our streets; it has helped to build our model tenements; it has purified our food and our drinking water; it, has entered our homes and kept away disease; it has prolonged our lives, and it has made the world a sweeter place in which to live.
Waterbury Democrat., 1903-01-31
MEDAL FOR GOOD NATURE.
Yeuth In School Receives Unusual Recognition for Amiabiliky
 and Urbnnity.

A medal for pure and unmitigated good nature was awarded, not many days ago, to a youth in public school He had not made noteworthy record for progress in learning; he had not even reached point beyond the aver- age among his fellows; he had simply eciipsed them all in suitability of the kind that accepted rewards or punish ments with urbane and equal philoso- phy, says Harper's Weekly. And the fact that medal was deemed not too honorable for him under the circum- stances is significant evidence of the high esteem in which good nature is held. How it does oil the creaking wheels of life to be sure! How smooth it makes the path! What comfort- able and comforting companion truly amiable person is, if he is only dog! When everything and everybody else have ruff1ed one the wrong way, and made every individual set of injured feelings one possesses stand up like q11ills upon the fretful porcupine, how soothing to step into the atmos phere of the amiable person! Senenity en- ters, peace sets in, you laugh, he laughs, the world turns rose-colored again Amiability accomplishes what no sermon could. It is an immeasur- able influence for good. It is, there- fore, with satisfaction that we note the presentation of medal to the good-natured boy. Why would it not be valuable custom to introduce into all our schools?
Waterbury Democrat., 1903-01-31
THE BRAVE WOLVERINE.
Animal Possessed of Desperate Cour- age and Endurance Famed
 i'm Michigan.

Not '1ittle wolf" as the ignorant think, is the significance of wolverine, but something of greater dignityan embodiment of the terrible spirit of the wild fire of the prehistoric for ests, says Outing. Wonderful in it's strength and courage, tree climber on occasion, not immense of size, but with limbs and claws great, out of all proportion to it's size, with muzzle almost hog-like, but with great white fangs; the beast has still an element of the grotesque in it's makeup, with its sweeping, bushy tail and the broad bands of yellow white upon its back and shoulders. Woe to the smaller beast or the deer upon which it dropped from some great low-hanging branch, or before whom it suddenly appeared in the den windfalls,
 Of all the continent the Michigan peninsula was the chosen habitat of the wolverine, and he struggled long before backwoodsmen drove him from heritage. So enduring was he, so desperately courageous. that his name became a synonym for pluck and prowess, and proudly the people of Michigan accept the nickname which has been given them.