davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

Curator Of the person and estate Of Frank
Boehler, minor.
Lima Seitz, Guardian Of the person and
Curator of the estate of Annie M. Seitz,
minor.
Wednesday, February III.
Samuel M. Hatridge, Guardian Of Mar
garet A. Andrews, insane.
Everett w. Hughes, Guardian Of Nancy
Hughes, insane.
James Buford, Guardian Of the person and
Curator Of the estate Of John Sands, insane.
P. w. Whitworth, Guardian Of the person
and Curator Of the estate Of John Timlin
(alias Norton), insane.
]. w. Alcorn, Curator, Of the estate Of
Myrtle A. Strother, minor.
]. w. Alcorn, Curator Of the estate Of
Grace May Strother, minor.
J. B. HAMPTON,
Probate Judge and Ex-Oficio Clerk.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

SOME member of the Missouri Legis-
lature has introduced a bill whose
purpose is to pension public school
teachers after they shall have acted In
that capacity for certain number Of
years-twenty-fve, l think it is. Ger
tainly, it is as just to pension this
class OF public servants as 1t Is to re-.
tire Federal judges or army officers
upon full or half-pay, and the afore-
said legislator has ample precedent
for his bill. But | object to 1t on the
ground that one step on the road to
Hades only makes each successive
stride the more plainly perilous.
Public positions are eagerly sought for
because they are both honorable and
profitable to the incumbents, and, at
tanned, are considered in the light of so
much favor TO the recipients. No man
asks for an Office on the plea that he
wants to sacrifice himself on the altar
Of duty; he wants the position for
what there Is Ia il and doesn't hint
that II his fellow-mon will grant him
his request, therefore further favors
ought to follow: that because they
have set him for the time being over
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

w. T. Gay, Guardian and Curator of the
person and estate of Edgar Gilman, minor.
w. T. Gay, Guardian and Curator of the
person and estate Of Augusta Gilman,
minor.
w. T. Gay, Guardian and Curator of the
person and estate Of Geo. S. Gilman, minor.
Tuesday, February 10.
John H. Huehnerhoff, Executor of the
estate of Caroline Heinrichs, deceased.
Final.
Geo. M. Johnson, Executor Of the estate
of Mary E. Johnson, deceased.
Kizzie Ruble, Administrative of the estate
of Andrew Ruble, deceased.
Theodore Gherman, Curator Of the estate
Of John Sandman, minor.
DR.. George A. Auerwald, Guardian and
Curator Of the person and estate OF Francis
Greason Delano, minor.
Benedict Boehler, IT., Guardian and
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

The art of ''urawing the long bow"
is peculiar to no country or people.
Fancy reading this item in a London
newspaper, told with all the serious
ness that characterized Samuel Weller
In his narration of the accident to the
man who invented and used a wonder
full patent sassidge machine:" "a
Birmingham inventor has just placed
on the market a remarkable clock
which he claims a make tea 1t is
a very ingenious arrangement by
which at any specified hour the sleeper
can be awakened, and five minutes
later there is a cup OF tea and hot
water for shaving ready for him. The
machine does all automatically, and
without any human aid whatever.
Lights spirit lamp, boils water, and
tips the same up gently into the re-
quired vessel. 1t also puts out the
lamp and rings 3 second gong to notify
that the tea is ready"
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29
ROsselIe Items.

We are having a time with muddy
roads at present.
Times are certainly on the boom in
Roselle at present, there having been
only two weddings in a week.
A. r Henry and Miss Hattie Phil
lips were united in marriage on last
Thursday, 22d, at the home of the
bride In West Roselle.
On last Sunday John Hall, of Iron
ton, and Miss Lizzie Vance, Of Roselle,
we're married at the home OF the bride.
Rev. Henry Polk, of Marble Creek,
oficiated at both weddings. Many
friends and relatives were present.
They received several useful presents
May they live a life Of happiness and
prosperity is the wish Of the writer.
Our school will close on Friday next
The pupils have a neat programme Of
recltations for an afternoon entertain
mcnt. Many parents and patrons in
tend going. All are cordially invited
to attend
DIN Henry, youngest son Of M. L.,
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

Is A country healthy and prosperous
wherein one or two men can advance
or lower the prices Of standard com
modities at willp Demand and supply
form the foundation of industrial
solidity, and it is deplorable that the
thing we call capital may be used to
set at naught for the time being the
law controlling natural conditions.
When Mr.. Letter cribs in SO many
millions OF bushels OF wheat or corn
that the price of the cereal is arbi-
trarily raised, he is a robber to the
extent of every dollar he forces the
people to pay in excess of the price
fixed by the relative forces Of pro-
duction and consumption. He should
be mulcted as severely as is his less
dangerous and ~far-reaching prototype,
the train robber.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29
The finest Wool Shirts, Bonanza.
Mann Items.

The snow and rain that fell Friday
night has caused u roads to be very
bad again.
Mrs. Warren from Colorado is visit
ing j. A. Logan's family.
Messrs. Sol. and Mat. Nelson. oil
near Goodland, were here Saturday.
Geo. Anderson visited at Mann
Saturday night.
The revival meeting at Cedar Grove
closed last Tuesday evening. Fifteen
persons united with the church. May
the good work just begun continue all
year.
Dr.. Adams, Of Belleview, made 8
professional call here Friday night tc
see Jake McClurg, who was quite sick,
but Is row much improved.
Arthur Neeley, OF Bismarck, had
business here Friday
The prayer and praise service Sun
day evening was we'll attended ani
the interest good.
A A
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

ONE OF the best and brightest papers
that come to this office is The Pablo,
o! Chicago. Every line in it is worth
the reading, and its n of treating
current issues is attractive and inter-
esting. 1t each week prints a Letter
from Uncle Sam to John Bull" a por-
ton of one of which | here reproduce.
1t may remind us of some nearly
forgotten incidents In the early
history of this country, and from
them some of us may draw a moral:
dear John: l am having a good
deal of trouble with these ladrones.
You see, John, l shot their water
buffalo, and the Filipinos can't raise
rice, and it changed them into ladrones.
So / gather from my man Taft's report,
and it makes things So disagreeable
there that Taft's conscience won't allow
him to desert and be a justice of the
supreme court-which he'd rather.
It's too bad! You notice Taft is
needed on the supreme bench. When
the judges had constitutional law, he
didn't catch it. 1t never took-never
struck in on Taft. He Is immune to
constitutional law, Taft is; and l need
him on the supreme bench to pass on
Filipino business. You know yourself,
John, how annoying it is. Do you
mind the ladrones of Bunker Hill, and
Stony Pint and Eutaw SpringsP They
give ye a mighty sight of trouble,
John, in T6. l see now 1t was wrong,
but | was right smart of a ladrone
myself in those days. I'm sorry l
bothered ye, but you'd shot my water
buffalo (burned my farms) and l was
too young to know any better, and l
swiped ye from Cape Cod to New
Orleenz. I see now we'd all ought to
a been hanged; but there was q whin
of US. TIL was Hancock, and Sam
Adams, and Is Putnam, and Paulding,
and Van Writ, and a lot of uneasy
blades down South-Sumter and Fran
els Marion-and aver the women.
Why, there was one Southern woman
i forget her n~ame-when you drove
her out OF her big house and CHARTERED
red coats in 1t, brought an Indian bow
and arrows and rosin and fire, and had
US shoot arrows from the woods tipped
with burnin' rosin, onto her roof, and
burnt down her own mansion-house
about your ears. And-well, the I'm
perialists had to cut away to Canada
them times. They weren't runnin'
the Senate then, and sendin' over a
little man in knee breeches to help
ye put yer hat on. No, we were a
kickin' the hat; and we made We pick
your feet lively, John, from the lemon
to the pine. You SEMI over CORVALLIS,
too, | remember, with, | fergit how
many men-ten thousand, | guess-I
tell that joke every time I think of it.
It's a hundred year old, maybe, but
good yit. The boys said they shelled
the corn off CORVALLIS, and sent him
back Cobwallis. Do you get it, JohnP
Some day the Daughters of the Revo-
luton will be a sendin' their keards to
the Daughters of the Philippine La
drones, may be on manila paper, but
they worry me now"
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

JUDGING from appearances, il seems
to be the intention OF some Demo
cratic Representatives to straddle in
the Eversole-De Clue contest; that is,
they will finally give Mr.. Eversole his
seat, but not until the session is we'll
nigh ended. Now, l look upon this as
the most contemplate "politics."
Either Mr.. E. is entitled to sit as Rep
r%esentative, or he is not. II he is, he
ought to be given his place without
delay; if he is not, let him be turned
down without ceremony. The middle
course is unworthy the tread OF honest
men and Democrats.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

The Worlds Fair Directors com.
plain that the edicts o. the Directory
are ignored by the topmost officials,
and naturally the former want to
know what they are there for. Are
they, like the grifins and the unicorns
and the %serpents, ct cetera, merely
ornamentalp
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

AM no fri snd to the boodler and
believe in melting to him his just
punishment. But when the papers
tell me in the same column that John
Smith, boodler, gets two years in the
penitentiary, and Bill Jones, murderer,
also gets two years in that institution,
it sets me to thinking-strange as it
may seem. Justice goes by spurts and
is often governed by popular clamor
rather than reason. When such is the
case, the value of human life de-
preciates.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

The weather not being favorable to
work at shocking corn, there remains
in the field a large per cent. Of the
fodder that was cut up last fall.
Messrs. Logan and Anderson are
baling hay here again. Several parties
are waiting for them. There seems
to be plenty of hay and is selling
readily for IS and $40.
Rev. Alcorn preached at Pleasant
Valley church Sunday.
We have just read the little book
''Legend of Sunset Mountain" by
Uncle Eli, and we're we'll pleased.
We found it to be very interesting.
MANN.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

The Hon. Jno. E. Organ, with
characteristic moaesty, intimates that
the only truly Democratic papers IN
this Senatorial District are the Monitor,
the Rolla Sharp Shooter and the hide
pendent. How we apples swim!"
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

them, 1t gives him warrant for becom-
ing a burden upon them during his
natural life. No man need become a
public servant unless be wants to-and
he invariably wants to very much.
Let him abide the result OF his self
seeking, and when be gets too old or
too feeble to perform the duties of his
place, let him retire on exactly the
same plan that attaches to labor 10
private life. The former is entitled
to'no more, and frequently not half so
much as the latter.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

THE Globe-D Democrat says: 1.-The
Missouri Democrats propose to cele.
brate the cancellation of some State
bonds" and then makes a spitful fling
at the certificates of Indebtedness held
for the school fund. The CD. evil
IDENTIFY questions the right of Demo
Gratis to jubilate over burning Repub'
lican bonds and views the TRANSACTION
as a Dissertation OF the altar OF the
party of intelligence and morality.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

has been very sick for a few days, but
is improving at present.
Miss Maud Braswell has been on the
sick list for a few days.
Miss Daisy Hart, who has been
visiting her uncle, M. L. Henry, for a
few weeks. has returned home.
There will be services at Granite
view church next Saturday and Sun
day. SUNFLowER.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

Bears the n The Kind You Have Always Bought
signature q 7 NMzAzZM
PROBATE DOCKET.
Term Docket PROBATE Court Iron County
Mo-, February Term, a. D, 1908.
MondaY, Februarq 8

Monday, February g.
w. T. Gay, Administrator de bonis non
C. T. A. Of the estate Of Peter Pauly, de-
ceased.
Adolph Lopez and T. S. Lopez, Adminis-
traitors Of the copartnership estate Of T. S.
Lopez & Sons, Dissolved by death. Final.
w. T. Gay, Administrator Of the estate Of
Maria /. Beard, deceased.
August Rieke, Guardian and Curator Of
the person and estate Of Otto Rieke, minor.
! Final.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

S~TRAYED-A mich COW, red with
white back de-horned, marked under
split in the left ear, under bit in the
light. Reasonable reward for return
of same to Edward White, Ironton, Mo.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29

in 1901. The average number of
clear days is 81; partly cloudy days, z,
and cloudy days, ~. The prevailing
winds have been from the north.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1903-01-29
E. ID. AXE, EDITOR.
VOLUME XXXVI. NUMB

The trusts ought to be put into a
hole coal-hole, for instance = and
smothered in their own iniquity.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01

s. E Travis-Will practice in all the
courts. State and Federal.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
CLEAN, FEARLESS AND BRILLIANT
Are Words Used in Describing
Roosevelt's Dirty MISSISSIPPI
Policy.
Special to the Daily Progress.

jackson, Oct. In an interview
at the state capital, Judge w. ID.
Frazee, of Okolona. chairman of the
republican state executive committee,
stated that the committee. would not
be called together until after the date
for the assembling of the national re-
publican convention is named, and
that it would then meet and name a
date for the holding of state con-
vention for the appointing of dele
gates to the national convention.
He is of the opinion that 80 per cent
Of the Mississippi republicans are en-
thusiastic for the nomination of Mr..
Roosevelt add thinks himself that his
administration has been clean. fear
less and brilliant, aud will prove an
epoch maker - The appointments TO
this Office in Mississippi, he says,
have been above criticism and there
has been less strife and pickering and
more satisfactory dispensing OF the
patronage under his administration
than ever before known.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
SAVES TWO FROM DEATH.

''Cur little daughter had an almost
fatal attack of: whooping cough and
br ono bits" writes Mrs. W. K. HaVi
land, of Armona. N Y, ''but when
all other remedies failed. we saved her
life with Dr.. Kings New Discovery
Our niece, who had Consumption in an
II lvanced stage. also ussd this Won
derful medicine and too day she IS per-
fectly we'll Desperate throat and
lung diseases yield to DR.. Kings New
Discovery as to no other medicine on
earth Infallib'e for Coughs and Colds
SOC and Sl.00 bottles guaranteed by
Bufkin & Cadenhead. Trial bottle free
Oct. / limo
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01

Louis II Howard. NJ D., Physician
and surgeon-Speci4list in diseases of
of women and children. Office in Tur-
ner bniliing up tairs. Residence phone
ia; Office u.s. Hours 8 a. III to ~ IN;
1870 to 4 p III. Hattiesburg, Miss.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
Charters Approved
Special to the Daily Progress.

Jackson, Oct. 1.-The governor has
approved the charter Of the cotton
Belt Timber Co., domicied at Webb,
Tallabatchie county, Mist. with a
capital stock of $500, 600. The object
of the corporation is to manufacture
and sell timber. An ar endment TO
the charetr Of the Laurel Improve
ment Co. increasing the capital stock
of the company to $500. 900 was also
approved.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
NJ, ]. 4 <. c. Railroad Co.

"THE NEW WAY"
SCHEDULE
In Effect, Sunday, September 20, 1903
SOUTH BUND DAILY.
No. leaves Hattiesburg, s Is a. m.
arrives at Mobile, 1925 p. m.
No. 3leaves Hattiesburg, o. p. m.
arrives at Mobile, Z COP. m.
NORTH BOUND DAILY.
No. 2 leaves Mobile, 7:I0 q. m. ar
r1ves at Hattiesburg, :l5 a. m. !
No. leaves Mobile, 4:10 p. m. ar
rives atHattiesburg, 500 p. m. -
w. d. Stratton, !.
Pres't and General Manager,
Mobile, Alabama.
l.. B. Sullivan,
General Passenge Agent,
Mobile, Alabama.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
One Fare Rate.

The Mobile. Jarkson X Kansas City
railroad announces hat beginning
August so, 1903, they will sell round
trip tickets at ONE FARE for the
round trip every Sunday from all
agency stations to Mobile and Hatties-
burg respectively. Tickets gnod only
% date Of sale. 6epl8-tf.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
w. r. ROBERTS
Cont; actor and Builder.

Does all kinds of building and re-
pairing. Address NE care General
Delivery or call at my home, 547
West Fouth ST. Win estimate on any
work on any railroad line leading in
to Hattiesburg. sep26-lm
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
MANDAMUs PROCEEDINGS
In Treasurership Case Postponed
Until Regular Term OF Supreme
Court.
Special 10 the Daily Progress.

Special to the Daily Progress.
jackson, Oct AFTER meeting
for the purpose of considering the
mandamus proceedings in the case OF
the disnuted nomination for the coun-
ty trea ,uryship Of Tunica county the
supreme court decided to adjourn
without hearing the case, as the court
douhted it's right to take up the mat
ter during vacation. The case will
be heard on the first day of the reg
ular term which will be the second
Monday in October.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
CONFESSION OF A PRIEST.

Rev. Jno. s. Cox, IF wake. Ark,
writes, ''For 10 Year, | suffered from
Yellow Jaundicr. ! consulted a mum
Der of physicians and tried all sorts of
medicines, but got no relief. then | be-
gan the nse Of E eciric Bitters and feel
that I am now cured of disease that
had me in its grasp fer twelve years
Two want reliable medicine for
Liver and Kidney trouble, stomach
disorder or general debility. get Elec
tric Buffers It's guar 4eteed nv Bufkin
81 Cadenhead. Only soc Oct.1 limo
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
Delegates Named
Special to the Daily Progress.

jackson, Oct. 1.-The governor
has named a large number OF dele
gates to the Interstate Mississippi
River Improvement and Levee Assocl-
alton. 10 tie held III New Orleans on
the 9th of October. The delegates
are mainly from the delta section OF
the state.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
One Day for The Orphans

The following plea comes from
Water Valley, Miss, given out by ".
II. Griffin, manager OF the Orphanage
Home, asking that the good people of
Mississippi aid in the cause of caring
for these destitute children now being
supported at this place. 1t is worthy
object and everything possibl4 should
be done in raising funds. Following
is circular letter sent out:
No one will object to giving one
day of the year, given Us ny our
heavenly Father, to his little ones
that are His special care. In Georgia
they do this and their orphanage work
is increased largely by the funds rals-
ed and now that ours needs this. al d
we must make provision for more that
are asking us to take them, who will
not give us one day of salary, or
profits in business, Of earnings i'll spe-
cial work, picking cotton, fees for
law practice, and rom the doctors,
who specially feel for the orphans.
Zone doctor does this several times
during the year. Or You might
spend a day collecting tie Lords
money for us. Many communities
and persons would contribute that
never do just because they do not
think of it. Some one TO see them
will help them and the Home.
Pastors give one Sabbath day of
their best effort. prayerfully and
earnestly representing the orphans
claim. Thanksgiving day is only
day for free will Offering, and few
comparatively are among the Worship
ers ana giveIs.
The Home has cared for 270 chill
dren. int luding infants. ard found
good homes for over 100. and now has
1913, with more homeless, whole o.
phans, to come this month. 1870 Of
these are at school being prepared for
useful lives.
Let ns hear by October 18th what
You have done personally.
DR.. Torrey said: ''Whea you lis
ten 10 the poor God will listen TO
you.
81 gave my life for thee. what hast
thou done for me
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
FOR SALE.
FOR SALE.
P PROFESSIONAL.
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.

DR.. Harriet IL. Conner, Osteopath.st
III Bird Street. Graduate of the Ameri
can school kirksville, Mo. s23-1-mo
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
Wanted.

Five hundred men. cmen and chill
dren to buY fruit from b. Perkins
truit stand daily. f Pine ST. between
Mobile st. and G.. 81 g. R. r. $50 st
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
ATTORNEYS.A

GREENE I' HUDDLESToN.- practice
in the courts of Hattiesburg; Perry
Comfy; the courts of all the counties
in the state and the Supreme court
AT J tckSou
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE

q. C, Robertson-District No. g
Court DAYS 2nd and 4th Saturdays in
each month. Office in Court House.
HattIesburg, Miss.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01

DR. E Dill, Physician and Surgeon
Office with Hsttesburg Drug Co, Ltd.
Phones: Office. "a; Home 50. Hatties-
burg, Mi q.
Hattiesburg daily progress. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 18??-1909, 1903-10-01

Stevens & Stevens, q. Stua: Stevens
j Morgan Stevens)-Office over Stevens
& Moore Drug Store. Hattiesburg,
Miss
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1903-10-20
Tusk OF A MASTADoN.
Unearthed in Clifford Gravel Pit and 10
In Possessio., of Enaineer Burt

Engineer Howard Burt, of the iowa
Central, has in his possession a Curl
osity In the shape of a portion Of tusk
of some animal of the prehistoric age,
presumably a mastadon The tusk was
unearthed In the Clifford gravel pit or
The Central. at q depth of twenty four
feet. was loaded on fiat car with
gravel, dumped out at a point south o..
Gfinneil. and there thrown aside by
some member of the h;4llasting gang.
who saw nothing In the large piece or
snied the tusk from his engine, swnen
passing, and the first opportunity ne
had three days later, got 1t ana
brought it to this city. The tusk, only
a small portion of which was found, is
one and one half feet long and between
eight and ten inches In diameter. 1t
was in very fair state Of preservation
the air is causing it to crumble About
al! there is left to identity it as a tusk
is the lime formation of the bone. The
tusk was shown to DR.. w. s. Mcbride,
and he pronounces 1t genuine without
doubt, and of considerable value, as a
relic. DR. Mcbride thinks that it Is the
tusk of a mastadon. which probably
fourished $4,000 years ago. Mr.. Bur.
has received from the Smithsonian In
stitute. Washington, recipe for pre-
serving the relic. and is treating il
chemically in order to prevent It's
crumbling.