davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07


yege OF France. died this morning.
csaxton Bruno Paulin Paris. the son OF the cele-
hrated scholar PauIin Paris. was born at Avenay'
Marns August g. 1889. He was educated at Roliin
College and at the Universities Of Bcnn and Got
tinFsn and studied the Romance languages WIN
Professor DIez. On his return tc France ne en-
tered the Ecole des Charles. pursuing at the same
time the study OF Law, and took ths degree OF
Doctor des Lettres In 1866.
On May L. 1876 he elected a member OF tne
Academy Of Inscriptions in place Of Guignisut
Among interesting and curious works he published
Etude sur le role de PacCent latin dams la langue
franeaise," 1862: DE pseudo-Turpino. 1850: HIS
toire poetique de Charlemagne." 1885; La Feute
Poucet ct la Grande Curse 1873; La Poesie ou
rnoyen age" "Lecons ct lectures, 1885, second eol-
tion 1888: La Literature francaise du moyen
age" xi-xiv, 1855
He founded, together with Paul Meyer the
Revue Critique." 1865: the 'Romania 1S12 ana
the Revue HistoriQue" "a
He was elected member OF the ecdoeIIlSs OL
Munich Rome. Vienna. Turin. Berlin, etc. ano was
promoted officer of the Legion of Honor In 1SSo. -
The French Academy elected him q men1OeF IN
1896 ZoIs being rejected at the time.
m vas said of NJ Paris that he represented tne
hest traditions of higher literary STUDY IN FTencS
he was an early pupil Of Francis Dlez II tne III
versity of Bonn, and transplanteo into france Sne
IRtter's studies of the Romance lango4geS IN, Inc
Sunday receptions Of N CASTOR Paris were Ions
known for bringing together all literary FaFls'
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
HOTEL GUESTS NARROW ESCAPE.
The Otis House at Watertown Burned-Loss
$15O,O0O.

Watertown, N. Y, March 6.-Fire to-day de-
stroyed the Otis House, one of the largest no
tells in this city. and completely gutted the nu-
rnerous stores in the block. The hotel was
crowded with guests, and many narrow escapes
we're reported. All were saved by hre escapes
and ladders. interior means OF escape having
been cut off
The flames partially destroyed the Fairbanks
block adjoining the hotel. and threatened for
time the Flower block, in Arsenal-st.. and the
Roth & Santee block, in Court 49, ooo =
The loss is estimated at $15O,OOO' $t0'OVO ol
which is covered by insurance.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
NEGRO HANGED IN COURTROOM.

Duluth, Mimi. March Sin the same courtroom
in which he was convicted of the murder Of his
sweetheart Charles E L. Henderson negro. w+S
hanged this morning. To each Of the deputies th9
prisoner handed roses To Sheriff RutChart IL EtYa
a Bible asking as he did 50. for about thirty
minutes to talk. Then. without a uemor II f.S
voice the murderer began his address II" eN-
pressed no sorrow for his deed, but said that It
would come out that the crime was no; rEeF1r'!-
tated After talking FOR about half ~ hour 5@
turned the sheriff. and said. Il nm r-,t!E -.
held hands behind him for th' hind'i-<. an
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
CRIMINAL INSANE ESCAPE.

St. Louis March Ga dispatch from Fulton. Mo-
says that ten criminal insane patients at the hos
pital for the insane made a desperate attempt to
escape from their keepers yesterday. Four got
away. Benjamin Richardson a patient. n:ysteri-
ousIy secured a knife and cut the wrist bands from
nine other patients. All then made -dsh on their
keepers Supervisor Thomas Steer was severely
injured in the fight. Richardson =. Z. Merdge
w. S. Wilson and Harry Edwards escaped No
trace of them has been found.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
NATHAN r. DENTON.

Elizabeth, N J., March (SpeciaD--Nathan Fur
man Denton one of the oldest residents Of this city
died last night in his ninety-second year.
Mr.. Denton born in Middlesex County ano
was one Of the oldest clothing cutters In NeW-Jer-
sew. He spent half century at this trade and did
not retire until he was over eighty years OF age.
He was three times married. and leaves WIFE,
four sons and two daughters. He was member
for fifty years of the Third Presbyterian Church Oh
Newark. where he lived before removing to Eliza
beth. Two Of his sons served in the Union army
IN the Civil War. He was the last OF faLnly OF
seven children. Seventeen children and nineteen
prandchiiHren also survive him.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
MORE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

Boston March 6.-Dr. Austin Peters, chairman OF
the State Board of Cattle Commissioners, to-day
found a case of foot and mouth disease at the
Union Market Watertown. This is the first case
to be discovered IN this State since February H.
The animal was in a carload billed by Robert
French of Bedford, N H. to the Brighton abattoir
In December a few cases were found in Southern
-Hampshire but the authorities deemed it Un-
necessary to quarantine that State. and as re-
suit its cattle have been freely coming into Massa-
chusetts although none could go from MaSsaChu-
setts elsewhere because of the embargo.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
ARE CORoNERs TO GO.

The medical associations of this city and
state have determined to hold an inquest
over the EeEE-York city coroner, urging that
the once is not only obsolete but q source
of rich hIacLmniI under any unErsnciPled
administration. Some actual incidents that
have taken place in the corOneE's Of1ce In
the corrupt times of Tammany. in tO-mOr-
rows Tribune.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
MRS. DANIEL RurrERFlELp HOME

Mrs. Daniel Butterheld has arrived home after
Southern trip. in which she came losing her
life. She was one OF the passengers on the Sea-
board Air Line train wrecked at Yulee. Fla,
Wednesday. She. however. escaped with a severe
shaking and g shock Beyond having a slight
Iameness she said she was uninjured. It was a
narrow escape, and she thought II miraculous that
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
A MUsKALLONGE WAR

is In Chautauqua County, a bill prohibit
ing the SpeLring of chis fish through the ice
of Chautauqua Lake having been introduced.
The method of spearing the muHkaIlOnge, IL
Illustrated by pictures OF ChautauquR Lake
covered with fish cOOps, and a giant muskal-
lOnge which has just been speared by n
farmer, in tO-mOrrOW's Tribune.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
FORMER CASHIER ATTEMPTS SUICIDE

Lowell. Mass. March 6-Fred II. Ella, formerly
cashier of the Appleton National Bank. lies at the
polnt of death his home in this city the
suit of an attempt at suicide by shooting. Mr.. Ella
resigned as cashier of the Appleton Bank last De
Cember, when 4 change occurred in the official
board. Since then he has given attention to other
business interests. There was no trouble with Mr.
Elias accounts at the bank. He was thIrty-eght
years old and had wife and son.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
OBITUARY NOTES.

Maiden. Mass, March civilian H. Ruston, Rep
reseutative from the XIth iddesex District in the
Massachusetts, House OF Representatives, and wen
known as a printer died at his home here to-day
from Bright's disease.
Battle Greek, Mich, March Glider Uriah Smith
for ffty-fve years continuously Editor of THE
Adventist Review and Herald, and an author
widely known in his denomination, died suddenly
At his home here this afternoon.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
OCEAN POSTAL RATES REDUCED.

Ottawa, Ont. March 6.-Sir William Mulock has
obtained the consent Of the Postmaster General Of
England to reduce the rate Canadian news
papers and periodicals posted in Canada for trans
mission to England to the rate IL posted
for delivery In Canada Although Sir William has
been endeavorIng to induce the !mlerial govern
ment to consent to reduce their rates to Canada,
they have not yet consented. The reduction on
Canadian rates takes place tomorrow.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
TIcKEr sPEcuLAroR HELD.

Joseph Meyers, a ticket speculator, of No. PIT
East Eighty-first-st.. arraigned in the West
Side Police Court yesterday the complaint OF
Ora B. Coates. Of No. 20 West One-hundred-and-
fourth-st. The complainant testified that he pur
chased two tickets from Meyers. who was stand
ing in front OF the Majestic Theatres The tickets
were refused at the gate. Meyers refused to re-
fgnd the money Tae mag%stratef % aeci1ed ahat
and held him for trial on the charge of petty
larceny.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
MAY COMBINE coAsTwIsE SHIPPING.

Taunton Mass March 6-Captain j. c. Crowley.
head of the shipping firm which bears his name. t.
day announced that notices had been Sent OK ior +
meeting in connection with the proposed o-GlEizt-
ton of the Atlantic Coastwisc IT, S0ortatIn com
panv to be held on March Q at Ho5OkAu. y J. 70
is understood that propositions VIII then = Hladf
with reference TO the absorption of tE@ CroHl'y
fleet and other vessels by the company
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
cAsPkR A. vANDERRERe.

rsspsr Anton vanderberg. who as sergeant OF
che special police of the American District Tele-
graph Company in Brooklyn for twenty-three years
was well known TO the householders on the Heights
and had done good work in several big rurgIaIS
cases died on Thursday at his home, No 1Is VIII
louehbv-st He was born in Germany in 1sN. He
came 10 this country when fifteen years old and
1oined the 5th New-York Volunteer Regiment. tnen @
engaged in the Civil War At the close OF Iie H1I
ne served six years in the 1st United STATES Al
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
MRS. MANSON INDICTED FOR MURDER,

Putnam Conn., March 6-After devotinS t"o
DAYS to the examination of wItEe--t t2- s.i-4
jury in the Superior Court tonight hro&E@t II :
true bill against Mrs NIary Lillian LanSoH. cA]Es-
ing her with the murder Of Mrs Julia W!izoH. o.,
Ashford on December b 1872 Mrs Md.so: 5 triaI
will begin here next TUESDAY
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
WILL ORDER THREE $4,000 TON SHIPS.

San Francisco March 6-The Japanese Steamship
Company. Togo Kisen Kaisha will order the i'm
mediate construction OF three vessels with gross
tonnage Of 1890 each. Plans and specifications
were prepared some months ago. The company will
decide March % where they will be constructed.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
GLASS SITUATION SERIOUS.
Ruinous Prices Predicted Unless Factories
Are Temporarily Closed.

Philadelphia, March 6.-Never in the history OF
the window glass industry in this country, 1t Is
said, have manufacturers and jobbers been con-
fronted with such serious situation as at present
If the plans of a number of leading producers to
close down their factories temporarily success
full 1t is said that higher prices assured. while.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
TO RAISE POLL TAX ON CHINESE.

Ottawa. Ont, March Sit Is understood that the
government intends introducing bill at the next
session OF Parliament raising the poll tax Chi
nese from SEQ to 500. This is in accordance with
the request of the Chinese and Japanese Commits
sion.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
THE DREAw OF PITsrsBURC;

is 10 send steamers from her wharven right
through the Panama Canal. All abOUt 1t
with photograph oG PittsbufE's busy haf6or
In . nOed day In tO-mOFFOw'a Tribune.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07

While the late President Mckinley may have
made more appointments to Office of colOred men
than has President Roosevelt. we feel that Mr..
Roosevelt has appointed colored men not be-
cause they are the best colored men, but be-
cause they are the best men, colored or white,
for the offices filed.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
INSPECTOR coRTRIcHT ILL.

Chief Inspector Cortright was unable to attend
70 ro;iee duties yesterday owing slight attack
OF the grip. Inspector Nicholas Brooks assumed
the duties Of Inspector Cortrtght.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
OSCAR PAcH.

Oscar Pach Of the frm-of Pach Brothers, Pho
Foxrzphers died yesterday at his home, No 166
East sixty-third-st.. FROM BTights disease He
r,ecsne Ill q year ago and was obliged to retlre
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07

81 controlled by the north of the crossing that
il is open wilru the other closed Consequent
the car cannot pass q until the tower man has IN
succession placed u At danger. opened + and st
3 and G at safety The object Of This extra switch
needs explanation. When The tower man Is CT
OF signals \ ld moving q switches
is done by the trolley conductor II tn later
had a clear track after getting O.er the crossing
he might so without opening the other s"ltch
on his own line. and srCrInS the signals at safety
for stern trains But the arr uelt here mem
toned CompeIs him 10 do before he can proceed
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
MIDWIFE PRISONER IN HOSPITAL.

Mrs. Lena Reikert. the midwife connected with
the Martin baby case, who under arrest at her
home, No 1888 East Forty-hfth-st., was taken to
Bellevue Hospital yesterday and placed in the
prison ward.
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07

Srom sctive business, though he was able to go TO
his once for an hour or two day ne was DIIn tHi
a GERMANY on January Is, 1850. and came TO TINS
ritHT in IgTs He was a member OF the Progress
CIub Mr. Pach was unmarried
New-York tribune., 1903-03-07
OBITUARY.
PROFESSOR GAsToN PARIS.

Parss March 6-Professor CASTOR Paris, member
Of the French Academy and professor OF the COL
yeEe OF France. died this morning.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
ANOTHER
MURDER
Was Planned by the Car Barn
Bandits Captured Yesterday
After Desperate Battle.
A CONFESSION MADE
Constitutes a List Of Crimes That Have
Shocked Chicago and Immediate
Vicinity.

Chicago, Nov. 2S-That another
murder was planned by the car barn
murderers captured yesterday after
desperate battle with the police ap-
pears evident from the confession OF
one OF the trio, Roesl1i, none other
than himself being selected as the pos
sible victim.
Roeski says that he was the drudge
of Vandine and Niedermeir and dur
ing the last few weeks has believed
that they were trying to "get rid OF
him." He declares that he never got
much. a few nickels once in a while,
and something to eat being the extent
of his share. He is positive that they
decided to kill him when the chance
came. which he never allowed to ma
terialize.
During the battle yesterday he had
to watch his companions more thar
the officers. The confession OF the
men are to list of crimes that have
shocked the community and theil
speedy trial is being arranged.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
eRID|RoM CHAMPIONS.
Superintendent c. }. era daiPs C'a'm
for the U. S. Indian School Foot
ball Team.

"The football eleven OF the united
States Indian Industrial School con-
stitute the grdiron champions OF the
Territory of New Mexico" vouchsafed
Superintendent C. ]. Crandall of the
United States Indian Industrial
School this morning. The Indians
have met all comers for the past two
years and have never as yet met their
Waterloo, and for any other team IN
the Territory to claim the champion
ship, they must first defeat my boys.
although my boys were outweigh
ed on Thanksgiving day, and were
playing on their opponents nome
grounds. they held the football team
of the Agricultural College at Me
silla Park down, prevented the team
scoring, and broke even. The college
boys thought they had even a strong
er team than they had in 1898, wher
Surveyor General Morgan Q. Llewel
lyn was the strong and impregnabt
center rush.
81 am looking forward to grea
game on Christmas day with the elev
en- of Company F, First Regiment In
fantry, National Guard of New Mexico
but they will have to play ball IT the!
expect to win the laurels now held b.
the Indians"
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
DELIGHTFUL MUSICALE.
Will Re Given in the Loretto Auditor
jum at 1880 O'Clock Monday
Evening.

A delightful musicale will be given
in the Loretto Auditorium at 7:3O
o'clock Monday evening. The program
Fra Diavola"-Duet. ....... Melnotte
Misses L. Taylor, J. Mcdonald.
"Td Letter From Papa Today, 80.
$50. Miss Hazel Sparks
"Olga"-Two Pianos. Cora
Misses S. Sekins, B. Quick.
what Little Lips Are Saying" "....
-. 90. Miss Eva Dunlavy
LA Sonambula" -. :. .....Leybach
Misses L. Taylor, B. Quick.
Recitation. Miss J. Mcdonald
witches Dance"-Instrumen Solo.
Miss l.. Taylor.
Lord Be Merciful"-Vocal Solo,. -.
... Homes Bartlett
Miss Heloise Dibert.
"Mazurka" 80. ....Gorla
Misses L. Taylor, B. Quick, s. Sekins.
Things 1 Like to See". HOIST
Miss Francis Hinojos.
Barber of Seville. -. .Rosellon
Miss l.. Taylor.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
DISTRICT COURT AT VEGAS.
A Drunken Lawyer Creates a Scene
and is Sent to Jail.

A disgraceful scene occurred IN the
District Court at Las Vegas this week.
An attorney named Smith, who de-
Tended Anderson Taylor and wife, &C.
cused of assault with intent to XIII,
appeared in the court room grossly In
toxicated. Chief Justice Mills ordered
the bailfff to take Smith to jail but
afterwards recalled the jail sentence.
District Attorney Davis was instructed
by the court to institute contempt
proceedings against Smith, who IN
rambling, maudlin sentences declared
he had not touched drop OF liquor IN
n months. George Hunker was. ap-
pointed by the court to defend the Tay'
lors but they were found guilty and
sent back to Jail to await sentence.
+ Felipe Garcia pleaded guilty to the
charge of attacking his father with q
deadly weapon.
The court gave Daniel Rhodes and
his brother permission to spell their
name with an "h" and without an "a"
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28

Washington, Nov. 2S.-General
Reyes, commissioner of Colombia to
the United States on a special mission
arrived in Washington this morning.
He was met at the station by the son
of the Colombian charge, Herran, and
went at once to a hotel.
General Reyes talking with repre-
sentative of the Associated Press said:
"You will readily admit the proprio'
ty of my refraining from discussing
my mission, which is of confidential
character, but of offers which Colon
bia is ready to make ! desire to say
my energies and those of my follow
ers will be devoted to granting canal
concessions to the United States with
out paying cent. Even at this Co
lombia will be gamer
Reyes said that all of Colombia is
afire with zeal for the building OF the
canal by the United States. The un
fortunate political troubles which was
the cause of the treatys death nave
disappeared. He declared that there
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
AGAINST JOINT
STATEHOOD
Peon1e of Arizona Want to Be Ad-
nitted to the Union Singly or
Not at All.

"As to the admission OF the terri
tories of New Mexico and Arizona In
to the union as a single state, the peo-
pie of Arizona are almost a unit
against joint statehood" said Judge A.
l.. Morrison, revenue collector for
New Mexico and Arizona, who mas
lust returned from an official visit to
Phoenix.
"The people generally do not want
statehood at all if they cannot be a
state by themselves, and they will afiil-
late with the people of New Mexico
to the extent of doing all in their pow
er to prevent it. Single statehood or
no statehood at all, is the watchword
of every citizen of Arizona, and one
and all desire statehood equally as
much as do the citizens of New Mex
ico"
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
GENERAL REYES
IN WASHINGTON
Commissioner From Colombia to
the United States Says If Uncle
Sam Maintains Neutral Position
the Revolution in Panama Can Be
Downed Without Violating Treaty

was great feeling of Indignation
against the trend of affairs on the
Isthmus. He is here to see what the
people of the United States are pre-
pared to accept in reference to build
ing the canal.
Reyes said if the United States
maintains a neutral position the revo-
luton in Panama will be put down,
and that without violation of the
treaty. President MarroGsin will have
no trouble in raising an army twice
the size necessary to do so and car
march overland to Panama. the "opin
ion of ill-advised persons to the con
trary Notwithstanding"
Seeks a Peaceful Protest.
Port Limon, Costa Rica. Nov 2S-
From the copy of cablegram sent by
General Reyes, the Colombian emmi
sary to Washington while here, II
seems that his last hope is that the
Latin-American republics will instruct
their ministers at Washington to con
cur with him in peace tul protest tt
the United States government.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
CARTER A FREE MAN.
Ex.captain of Engineers Serves His
Sentence at the Federal Prison,
Fort Leavenworth.

Leavenworth, Nov. 28-A few min
utes before O'Clock this morning,
Oberljp M Carter, ex-captaln OF en-
gineers, walked out of the federal
prison at Leavenworth free man. At
the gates he was met by his uncle, l..
D. Garter, and was Immediately driven
to the union depot in this city.
The movement was q ruse to throw
the newspaper men, whom he wished
to avoid of the track. At the station
he was met by representative OF the
Associated Press but declined to speak
of his plans for the future.
He said he would 60 direct to Chi
cago where he would spend Sunday
with his mother.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
FREIGHT DISCRIMINATION.
One Reason Why New Mexico is Not a
Manufacturing Center

The inequality of freight rates and
the discrimination that is practiced
against New Mexico points was forci-
bly illustrated this week by a ship
ment Of white, enameled iron ware
which q Las Vegas merchant received
from Hamburg, Germany. The ship
ment came by way Of Galveston and
Denver. II the shipment had been
made direct to Las Vegas instead OF
via Denver, the freight on it would
have been fifty cents per hundred
pounds more The freight charge
from Hamburg, Germany, to Calves.
ton, Texas, was thirty cents per hum
dred pounds, while from Galveston
Texas, to Las Vegas, it was almost
$2.7O per hundred pounds.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28

The last batch of Scratch Pads ad-
vertised for sale by the New Mexican
Printing Company went like hot cakes.
We did not expect such a run. We
have turned out from our up-to-date
bindery larger quantity than ever
and can supply you for a limited time
at 10 cents per pound. The best paper
is used in making them. They are
Just the thing for offices, stores, and
especially for use in the schools. Come
Quick as they will not last long.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
HOTEL KEEPER ARRESTED.
He Was Elected From the Hotel
Highlands at Albuquerque Charged
With Embezzlement.

J. S. Reynolds, owner Of the Hotel
Highlands at Albuquerque, has eject
ed s. R. Symonds, the lessee from the
hotel. Symonds was arrested and his
trunk and that of his bride were at
tached at the depot as the couple was
about to leave the city. 1t is charged
that Symonds collected board and rent
in advance from guests and obtained
money under false pretense. Symonds
came to New Mexico. from chicago
and was married in Los Angeles three
months ago.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
EXECUTIVE
BOARD MEETS
President Moyer Of Western
Federation Of Miners Has
Issued a Call.
A REFERENDUM VOTE
lafayette, Colo, Miners Union Has
Put Itself on Record In
Favor Of It.

Denver, Nov. 2S-President Meyer
of the Western Federation of Miners
has issued a call for meeting or the
executive board at headquarters here
on next Monday The various fedora
ton strikes will be discussed and plan'
considered to bring them to a success
full end.
Favor Referendum Vote.
Lafayette, Colo, Nov. 2s-By vote
the local miners union has put itself
on record in favor of another referen-
dunn vote on the proposition OF return
ing to work under the plans proposed
by the operators. 1t is believed that
this action will be followed by the
other unions in this district.
Santa Fe new Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1898-1951, 1903-11-28
CHARLES WESLEY uPTEcRovE
Death Of a Well Known Citizen-run'
erai This Morning at Las
Vegas.

Charles Wesley Uptegrove died at
Albuquerque this week, as the result
of paralysis. The remains were taken
to Las Vegas for interment. The de-
ceased was a native of Pennsylvania
and was 81 years of age. He Is sur
vived by his wife and two daughters,
Mrs. F. P. Waring of Las Vegas, and
Mrs. C. F. Jones of Los Lunas, and
a son, Ross Uptegrove of Deming. The
funeral took place this morning at
Las Vegas.