davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

ing microbes, which are always. killed
when. placed in close proximity to
radium. Their use in medicine prom
Uses to be very considerable.
And substance placed Gear to radi-
,um salt and exposedKpo the air be-
tiyity is only temporary The hands
and clothing of n&n Experimenting
with radium become temporarily radio.
active. The induced aetSity is said not
by another emanatiok fr6bn the radium
the nature of which IS not known.
Profs. Rutherford and McClung have
estimated that grHmne Q5 gra1ns)
of radium exerts the power to raise one
pound one foot in an hour. These
chemists suggest that the energy is
liberated by the breaking down of the
atoms into smaller particles. All in=
yestigators agree that radium con-
stantly exerts energy and sends out
heat
1t is calculated that one of the par
ticles forming the rays is about one
thousandth part of the size of hy-
drogen atom, which has hitherto been
the smallest known particle Of matter.
Prof. Becquerel has calculated that
one square centimetre (about one
sixth square inch) of radium surface
would lose only IL milligrammes of
matter-about Une-seventieth of a
grain-in a thousand million years.
There is, however, some dispute on this
point. Prof. A. Heydweiller found that
five grammes of a material containing
small percentage of radium lost about
or milligrammes to a day.
At the British association meeting
I last summer, Prof.aI.sJ. Thomsonpsaid
that If a square centimetre of surface
- 0nQ-SfXfh
were covered with pure radium, 1t
would only lose in weight 1-7Oth OF q
grain in a thousand million years. He
had watched it on his scale for six
months, and his result was recorded
by electricity. This is In accordance
| with the previous statements made by
| Becquerel.. ar
Does Radium Lose Any Weight in a
Million Years?
Prof. Becquerel wrote on the same
point that he knew nothing reliable re-
garding the experiments of Heydweil-
| Ter, and called attention to his original
paper on this subject, which appeared
| in the Complies Rendusc of March 70
1900, adding: II believe.I am the first
| to have published an estimate in this
way which could only result from my
own experiments. The loss OF one
milligramme per square 'centimetre re-
| quires one thousand million years.
In writing on heosubject of Heyd.
weiIler's experiments, Prof Crookes
| says: II do not think the experiment.
of Heydweiller have been corroboratet
by other observers; and there are man!
sources of error In his experimen
| which I should like to see discussed
before giving credence TO 1t. Per
sonally. find no loss OF weight IN Z
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

found that all compounds of uranium
as well as the metal itself continually
emit radiationS which act upon photo
graphic plates. producing pictures, and
have power of penetrating solid sub
stances similar to that of the X-rays.
Investigators Immediately experiment.
ed with a view to finding other SUBJ
stances having similar powers to radi-
UNI. These experiments have now pro-
ceeded so far that not only have sew
eral radioactive metals been discov-
cred. but it has been found that the
human body, well water and vast
number of widely differing substances
have the power of emitting rays and
producing an impression on a photo
graphic plate. Indeed. it is impossi
BILE to say what substances are not
radioactive, just as 1t is impossible
to say what things do not contain cleo
tricity.
The radioactive metals discovered
are radium, uranium, polonium, actini-
um and thorium
Prof Curie, of the Ecole de Physique
ct de Chimie Industrielles of Paris, and
his wife, Nine. Sklodowska Curie, who is
of Polish blood, turned their attention to
pitch blende, a mineral which consists
largely Of oxides of uranium. They
found that some samples of this min
eral from Bohemia possessed greater
activity than either uranium or thori-
UNI, two substances which were al
ready known to be radioactive. They
discovered quantity of pitchblende in
acids and separated the material into
parts containing the different elements.
They then observed which Of these por-
tons possessed radio-activity. This
was done by exposing Photographic
plates wrapped in thick Opaque paper
to the substances and observing which
plates were acted upon. They also had
another way of testing the radioactive
ity of the specimens. These rays have
the gift of making the air and other
substances through which they pass
better conductors of electricity. By
these experiments they discovered two
new radioactive metals-radium and
| polonium.
In 1902 Nine. Curie announced the
preparation of pure radium chloride.
| Absolutely pure radium Is not to be
| obtained. Only it's salts are known.
Prof. Curie has in his possession what
| is believed to be the only specimen
| of chemically pure radium chloride in
the world. The sample Is about the
| size of a buckshot and weighs not
/ quite half grain. So many tons OF
| pitchblende were required for the pro-
/ duction of this small amount that
Prof Curie has said that 1t could not
/ be bought for $4,000. He would not
| sell it. A firm of manufacturing chem
| lists Of Paris furnish tiny tubes Of rad
| ium salts mixed with barium, and
/ weighing about as much as Prof
| Curie's specimen, for $1,000. Still more
/ mixed compounds are to be had al
| lower prices, the price descending as
| the impurity increases. The rays given
out by radium cannot he refraeted
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

Radio activity is the great new lhys-
terry of science. 1t is a property pos
sessed by the newly discovered metal
radium, and also by many other sub
stances.
The inexplicable mysteries of radio
activity grow in number every day, and
there is no immediate prospect of solv-
ing them. The possibilities of employ
ing radium to do the worlds work are
stupendous, but the practical difficult
ties are also great.
1t seems that Charles Darwin, the
great naturalist, was on the brink of
discovering the fact of radio activity
when he made his celebrated expert
ment with musk He left a grain of
musk out in a room carefully protected
from disturbance. Its smell could be
perceived anywhere in. the room and
even for a short distance outside. 1t
penetrated objects in the room, and
they smelled of musk for long time
after they had been taken away. AT the
end of a year the smell was as strong
and far-reaching as ever, and yet the
grain of musk when weighed by Dar-
win with the most delicate instruments
then known had not lost a particle of
weight Of what then did the smell
consist, and whence came the energy
that protected it? Darwin set it forth
as a curious fact and left it a mys-
terry as it was.
Radium bears resemblance to musk
in these puzzling respects, but is much
more wonderful. 1t gives off heat,
light and power without chemical
change, combustion or virtually any
change whatever. Prof. ]. ]. Thomson
has calculated that a little piece OF
radium loses weight at the rate of 1-70
of a grain in a thousand million years
Sir William Crookes says that he has
been able to observe no loss Of weight
whatever. Yet the number of infinitely
small particles discharged is not less
than 100000 a minute.
Radio-activity, the producing
property of radium, may be the clew
to the mystery of life and the uni
verse. 1t may be made to light the
streets, run the machines and do all
the work without exertion on the part
of man. 1t has already made blind mer
see and is able to destroy microbes
and conquer disease.
The great scientists, Profs. Crookes
and Lodge, and Prof. Curie, the dis
coverer Of radium. have now declared
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

electrons given out by radium that the
electrons whirl about in the immense
space of this atom like planets in
solar system.
Some of the particles given out by
radium travel at speed of 10000
miles second. The velocity pf light
is 10000 miles second. The rays will
penetrate the thickest substances. It's
price has been officially quoted at 3d.
100000 a pound, but disturbance in
the market was threatened by a report
recently that some English chemists
had small quantity for sale at $780,
600 a pound. Doubt was expressed
that they can fill any orders. K Is be-
lieved that there are only two pounds
of relatively pure radium salts in the
world. Most of this is in France in
the possession of M. and Nine. Curie,
the discoveries of this extraordinary
metal. They consider it worth $4,000
a gramme, and as there are thirty-one
grammes in an ounce, that makes the
price $3,720,000 a pound.
It requires 5000 tons of pitchblende,
the mineral from which radium is ex-
tracted, to make one pound of radium.
Pure radium chloride -emits enough
| light to enable one to read large print
ed characters. The rays excite phos-
phoresence in many bodies, such as
zinc, sulphide, diamonds and common
| salt
If small quantity of radhlm be held
against the forehead while the eyes
are closed you will see light. The rays
penetrate to the retina and cause 1t to
phosphoresce. For this reason it is ex-
| pected that radium will effect cure
of blindness in many cases, especially
in those where the disease is confined
to. the front part Of the eye and the
retina and optic nerve are sound. One
doctor has already had partial success
in treating blindness with radium.
A piece of radium in a box kept near
/ the skin for a few hours produces a
serious sore. Prof. Becquerel slipped
| a small quantity of radiun, contained
in a glass tube, into his vest pocket
He carried 1t in all about six hours
For some days no result was observed
but at length a sore developed, which
required seven weeks to heal. The
| hands of persons working with radiun
are very likely to be injured.
Prof. Curie has said that he would
not venture into a room containing {
pound of radium, as it would destro,
his eyesight, burn off his skin, and prob
ably kill hin, Prof. Crookes is al
more respectful of the same quantit,
of the metal, for he said that 1t woult
blow the whole British navy into tn
sky.
y The rays are very useful in destroy
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

rich sample of radium compound DUR
ing continuous weighings extending
over many months. / should be in
clined to agree with Becquerel and ].
]. Thomson
By cooling radium in liquid air it's
dio-actiyity is reduced more than
one-half. When it is heated again to
a normal temperature its activity is in
creased.
The pitchblende, which contains the
most radioactive material, is in a
mine In Bohemia. This is now con-
trolled by Prof. Curie. There are also
!. some small pockets in Saxony. A dis
tinct vein has been found in Cornwall,
England, and another in Colorado,
United States. There is doubtless a
considerable quantity to be found in
this country.
Lord Kelvin has stated that the dis
covery of these radiations places the
first question much against the great
principle of the conservation of energy
since 1t was enunciated.
Radium is useful as a means of dis
tinguishing genuine diamonds from
imitation ones. 1t makes a real dia-
mond phosphoresce, but has no effect
upon paste.
The existence of radium in ore is
detected by. electrical apparatus. the
and discharging an electroscope.
A fine wire of any metal placed in
the atmosphere and charged negative
ly from some source of electrical cur
rent causes the wire itself to become
radioactive and this radio-activity
may be scraped off and will affect
Photographic plates and ionize the air.
f-Eightning rods and leaves of trees be-
come radioactive. Falling rain and
snow are for time powerfully radio-
active, and after they have fallen a
wire negatively electrified in the at
mosphere has only a small amount of
radio-activity. showing that the rain
and snow carry the radioactive parti-
| cles in the atmosphere to the ground.
Prof. McLennan finds that rain
caught in vessel and Immediately
evaporated to dryness imparts radio
activity to the vessel in which 1t Is
evaporated.
| The puzzles connected with this as
| tonishing substance are innumerable.
One experimenter, William J. Ham
| mer, found that piece of cardboard
| box which had held radium was still
radioactive after three weeks. A mag
nesium wire burnt near it increased
this activity. Sparks from an electric
coil had the same effect.
Mr. Hammer applied tubes of radiunn
| to an electric ray in the aquarium at
| Naples and found that it entirely de-
| prived the fish of power to give shocks
/ Previous to this the ray was capable
| cf giving any number OF electric
shocks, each Of which shook strong
] man severely.
A pioneer in the experiments which
i led to the discovery of radiun, urani-
UNI and other radioactive metals was
Prof. Henri Becquere, of Paris. he nrs'
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12

polarized or regularly reflected as ordi-
nary light can be. They are quite diff
ferent from light. Part Of them can
be turned aside by magnet. The
rays of a Crookes tube show a similar
popularity.
Prof. Curie has reported to the
French Academy of Science that half
pound of radium salts will in one
hour produce heat equal to the burn
ing of third of foot OF hydrogen
gas. This takes place, 1t must be re-
membered, without any perceptible d.
minution in the radium. 1t emits heat
maintaining a temperature of FL de-
grees Fahrenheit above its surround
ings. 1t evolves sufficient heat to melt
more than it's own weight of ice every
hour.
Radium projects it's rays through
solid substances without any percep-
tible hindrance and burns blisters
through a steel case just as IL 1t were
nothing but air surrounding 1t. The
light is pale blue.
Down in the deepest pitchblende
mines, where particles of radium have
been hidden away since the creation or
the world, they are still found shining
with their strange blue light.
The radium electrons pass through
the space which separates every MOLE
cule in a solid body from another. The
scientific theory Is that no two MOLE
cules in any body, however dense,
actually touch.
The relative power of radium TO the
X-ray Is as six to one. The rays Of
radium have 100000 times the energy
of those of uranium and over 100
times the energy Of barium radiation.
The scarcity of the metal will be un-
derstood when IL is stated that there
is far less radium in pitchblende than
gold in ordinary sea water.
Radium colors glass violet, trans
forms oxygen into ozone, white phos-
phorus to red, electrifies various gases
and liquids, including petroleum and
LIQUID air
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12
How Can Radium Give Out
Light and Heat Without Loss

their belief that it furnishes a clew
to the nature of all matter
The old theory that the atoms of ele-
ments consist of indivisible units of
matter has now been discard
ed. Instead, we are told that each
atom is a whole stellar system of in
finitely smaller, but absolutely identi-
cal, units, all in orbital motion. A n.y.
drogen atom consists of 700 such units
or ions. The nature or identity of each
substance depends upon the number of
such ions contained in each atom; thus
II, 200 ions in each atom produce what
we know as oxygen, and 137,200 Of the
same ions If combined in single atom
would yield what we regard as gold.
The nature of these ions is, for want
Of better word, electrical. In other
words, electricity and matter are one
and the same thing.
The only difference between one SUBJ
stance and another is in the rate OF
motion In the atom. This motion is
inconceivably slow in some substances
but in radium 1t is so violent that
atom fly off, and the process Of disin-
tegration can be seen. Everything in
the universe changes its nature in time
by the disintegration of it's atoms. The
theory of the stability of matter is up
set by this new one.
1t has upset the fundamental laws Of
science as hitherto formulated. One
of those laws is that of the conserva-
| ton of energy, according to which there
| is fixed amount of energy in the uni
verse, which can neither be increased
nor diminished. The fact that radiun
| can melt its own weight of Ice in al
hour and undergo no diminution o.
| change whatever seems an absolut,
contradiction of this law.
Apparently Implies Perpetual Motion
The properties of radium seem equiv
alent to perpetual motion. which ha
1 hitherto been regarded as an absurdit,
by science. for it gives off energy with
| out receiving 1t.
A piece as big as fine grain of sane
| sends out enough rays to blister tn
skin. Glass vessels, in which radiur
has been washed, acquire its power o
emitting rays.
If a drop of water were magnifie
to the size of the earth it's atoms woul
be about the size of walnuts. Yet thes
atoms are so vast compared with tn
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12
An Awful Jolt.

De Borum-I wonder what time II Isl
Miss Meeker (weariy)-Really, 1 can't
say,
De Borum-,wer,, it must be about time
I was going home.
Miss Meeker-Oh, I'm sure II is ever
SO much later than that.-Chicago News.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12
Anger Provoker.

Reginald saw you father gazing at
my picture for ten minutes today.
didn't know he was so much interested In
me-"
Doliy-Yes. he wanted TO get his temper
up He is going down to lick man that
called hin, names-f,hicaRo News
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-12
Hard Luck.

ooh dear!" walled the first summer
bud MY new bathing suit is wreck. "
What happened TO is?' asked bullet
No. 2.
II got caught on the beach In a shower
this morning that's what" answered she
of the woefuI wail.--Chicago News.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

day for visit to Camden, n. j., and
Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Willard F. Weldon and son.
and Miss Mary Weldon of Brooklyn,
n. T., arrived yesterday on a visit to
the family of Mr.. Benton V. Weldon.
Mrs. Harry Kelley left yesterday
for visit to Wilmington.
Miss Matte Knight of near Balti-
more, Md, is being entertained by
Mrs. W. F. Dunn.
Rev. and Mrs. Rich .rd Walsh left
this morning for visit to New York
City.
Mrs. Geo. W. Taylor, who has been
visiting in Philadelphia and Holmes
burg, returned home yesterday accom-
panied by her daughter, Mrs. G. Ernest
Rowland and son Ivison.
Mrs. W. E. Waters, accompanied by
little Cul breth Sudler, returned from
Chicago, ILL.,, yesterday after months
visit. Miss Helen E. Waters who has
been in Philadelphia in the meantime,
has also returned home.
Mr.. W. F. Dunn, a member of the
State Board of Pharmacy, was in
Lewes last Thursday attending meet
ing of the Board.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
Notice to Merchants and Manufacturers.

For the convenience of Merchants
and Manufacturers whose license ex-
plre June 1st, and others requiring
license covering their occupation, l
will attend at the following places to
dispense such license as may be re
quired:
Smyrna, post Office Monday, June
10Th.
Clayton. Post Office, Tuesday, June
10th.
Harrington (Shaw's store) Thursday,
June 18th.
Milford post Office, Friday and
Saturday, June 10Th and Goth.
JAMES V. MoCoMMoNs,
Clerk of the Peace.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
MONEY FOR KENT SUNDAY SCHOOLS.
Kent County Levy Court ApprOprlates IS TO
Help Over 90 Schools in This County.


The old custom of appropriating
State money to Sunday Schools was
followed by the Kent County Levy
Court, and as the result sixty-six Sun
day Schools of the county will receive
about S8 each from the county trea-
surer. In making the appropriation,
to which there has been much objec-
ton, because of the uniting of State
and church in such a small matter,
Commissioner Carson spoke in behalf
OF the measure. He declared that,
while the larger and better equipped
schools did not need this small amount,
1t was an important item to the weak
er and struggling schools, enabling
them to buy many necessary books
for the school, which would otherwise
be secured with great sacrifice on the
part of the members, if at all.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
Frank p. MeCawIey Elected or rriaI.

At a meeting of the official Board of
Asbury M. E. Church last evening
Frank P. McCawley was elected sexton
of the Church vice John R, Cameron
deceased, on a months trial. He had
been Mr.. Camerons assistant for some
time.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Asbury Epworth League will have
Lawn Fete at the residence of Mrs
Clarence Prettyman on Thursday June
II from 8 to II. All members of the
league who were asked to earn dollar
will bring them in on that occasion.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Being much interested in the sue
cess of the Soldiers rest and reading
room at Delaware City, our local W.
G. t. U. recently donated five dollars
to help in it furnishing, and last week
box of books and a number of the
best magazines collected by members
OF the Union, was sent to the room, by
Miss Bertha Smithers.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

The Smyrna Library Association.
Mr.. John G. StOckly president, is ex-
pecting lot of new books this week.
the latest and most popular produc-
tlons. There has been quite an in
crease to the number of subscribers re-
Gently.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

A good trip to Philad elphia can be
made by taking steamer G. F. Brady
on Friday at 5 p. M, from Smyrna
Landing. Boat will leave Philadel-
phia Saturday at p. M, thus giving
the full day to see the parade and
other observances of Memorial Day. =
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

The people of Camden are anxious to
have bank of their own and sub
scriptions are now being solicited for
that Purpose. The capital stock will
not exceed $25, 900.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

William Muffley a Smyrna boy is
making a good record as first baseman
for the Prospect Park Baseball Team.
Last Saturday they defeated the Union
League after an exciting game. Muf-
fey won praise for his fine playing.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

big Oak" public school, Miss May
Ford, teacher has closed its session for
the present term. On Saturday after
noon they held picnic in the grounds
surrounding the school building.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Beginning with Jupe the 9th. the
Presbyterian @. E. Society will con-
duct a rummage sale in the Cooper
Building, Main Street. Wednesdays
and Saturdays will be baking days when
pies, cakes &c. will be sold.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
Kent County School Commissioners.

The Kent County School Commits
sioners will meet at Dover on Friday,
June 5th, 1908.
52O9 THOS. C. ROE, sec'y,
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Cosgriff & Reynolds can supply you
with all sizes of the best grades of coal
at bottom prices.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
Closing of Mails.

7.35 p. NJ. '''' '''O A. NJ o'zO' 4'oO
Coz GGoI3g 3S; south.--s15 A. NJ. 4.5O, 1851. NJ.
and 3.2O P. NJ. u w. A'o"''- 10 A. NJ
For Chestertown-6 So A. NJ.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

M. l.. Coulbourn, the wellknown
commission merchant of 34s North
Front street Philadelphia was il town
Saturday looking after the fruit trade.
If you want to ship your fruit to Phila-
delphia, you couldn't find better or
more reliable house. Mr.. Goulbourn
gives his personal attention to tie sale
of all fruits. He is also member of
the firm of Coulbourn & Noble live
stock dealers, 3Oth & Market streets,
Philadelphia. He is prepared to serve
the best interests of farmers and fruit
growers
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27
SMYRNA AND VICINITY.

9uOF' items of General Interest Gathered
Daring the Week.
Cosgrlft d Reynolds have valuable
%O0-acre farm for sale. See adv.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

You WILL NOTICE on the wr apper in
ia which the TIMES comes to you,
the date up to which your sub
scription is paid. We SHOULD be
very much pleased to hear from
those in arrears. Don't neglect
the account because it seems snail.
In the aggregate these small shms
mean much to us. 1t takes m lney
TO run a newspaper and our pb-
scribers can help us very W6ar7
tally by paying promptlyFIl
money due us.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

superior quality white washing lime
at Cosgriff & Reynolds coal and wood
yard.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Ii you want to get a good position
next winter, enter Goldey College now.
Write for the catalogue.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Iu order to get best prices for your
berries ship to G. W. Waller & Co.
philadelphia, since moving into their
new store 1O4 Callowhill st. they give
entire satisfaction to all their shippers.
Try them.
Smyrna times., 1903-05-27

Garden and other seeds at J. B.
COoper's.