davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

Wash day is the bette noir Of many
household. There is really no reason
why it should be. The results Of the
day make everyone sweeter, neater
and cleaner. Here are few sugges-
tions that will make the day easier
and happier.
Fine clothes need no rubbing. They
should first be wrung out Of cold water
and then boiled fifteen minutes in
water In which plenty of soap has
been dissolved. Two rinsings should
make them pure and white.
Clothes look better from which the
water is dripping when hung upon the
line than those which have been
tightly wrung.
When clothes are very soiled the
spots should be rubbed with fibre
bristle brush.
An excellent washing fluid is made
by adding to the water in the boiler
one tablespoonful of spirits of turpen-
tine and one tablespoonful Of am
monia.
In washing curtains put them in the
tub and wet them with coal oil. Then
pour hot suds upon them. They
should be drawn many times through
the fingers to strip them Of dirt and
then rinsed twice.
Ginghams soaked in salt water will
not fade.
Silk handkerchiefs should be washed
alone in luke-warm water and rinsed
three times in cold water. Then blue
them and iron them before they are
dry.
Dainty doilies, tray cloths and CEN
tre-pieces should be washed with cas-
tile soap. Always iron them on the
wrong side.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
Slept SoundIy.

Paul Kruger, in his memoirs, tells
the story of a secretary whom he
punished for being drunk by tying
him to a wagon wheel. During the
night 5000 Kaffirs and about 1000
Zulus attacked the Boer camp and
were not driven off till daylight. The
secretary slept so soundly that he
noticed nothing of the fight, and the
next day. when he at last awoke, he
looked around in astonishment and
asked: Have you people been fight
ing during the night?"
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
The Power of LIQUID EIydrouen,

Every gaseous substance now defin-
itely known to the chemist, with the
single exception of helium, may be SOL
idified with the aid of the low tempera-
ture furnished by liquid hydrogen.
Professor Dewur, of London, to whom
the world is indebted for nearly all the
discoveries of this kind, expects to sue
ceed in solidifying even helium, and is
now making series of experiments
to that end at the Royal institution.
Liquid hydrogen has a temperature of
436 degrees below zero,
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

The young girls who arrive in troops
to receive at the coming-out tea
of a debutante friend invariably wear
, white frocks, with the bodice cut high
and with long sleeves Swathed to the
throat and wrist are they in fine
French muslin, chiffon or openwork
embroideries. You no longer see a
single young girl receiving at an after
noon reception with her frock cut out
at the throat. The low bodice has COM
pletely vanished from our drawing
rooms before dinner, and we now copy
the customs Of English cousins who
used to look astonlshment at the demi-
toilet and low-cut bodices once worn
by American girls at afternoon teas.
1t is quite true that the young girls
have left in the dressing room parcel
or suit case, containing low evening
bodice, but it will not be assumed until
toward s o'clock. White frocks, cut
high and long and buttoned in the
back, are the regulation wear this
season. 1t is certainly the most ap-
propriate dress for young girl.
After the tea Is over and the last
guests have taken their departure
dinner or a dinner dance is usually
forthcoming to refresh the girls after
their arduous labors A group Of ia
vored young men will assemble at the
hour duly announced. Meantime the
flock of white dove debutantes fly to
the dressing room and put on their
evening waists, usually little cut out
about the throat. The decolletage Is
often filed in with transparent lace
yoies. A corsage cut out "a Ia Verge"
Is a favorite decolletage. Lace sleeves,
elbow puffs and lace "top" to the
gown frequently adorn the low bodice.
Philadelphia Record.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
MRS. MI. BRINK
FIRST STAGE OF CATARRH.
A Serious Mistake Which Thou
sands Are Making.

The first stage of catarrh is what is
commonly known as Catching cold" 1t
may be in the head, nose, throat or lungs.
Its beginning is sometimes so severe as to
cause chill and considerable fever, or it
may be so slight as to not hinder person
from his usual business. In perhaps
majority of cases little or no attention
is paid to the first stage of catarrh, and
hence it is that nearly one-half of the peo-
pie have chronic catarrh in some form.
To neglect cold is to invite chronic
catarrh. As soon as any one discovers
the first symptoms of catching cold he
should at once begin the use of Peruna
according to directions on the bottle.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
The Newest Thing in Lace.

. Among laces the newest color is n
deep, almost yellow, cream. 1t COM
Lines most exquisitely with gray, pink
or blue. There is no end to the motifs
of these laces as a garniture. They
are used in insertions, in fiouncings
and again in medallions or in elaborate
designs applied to the whole skirt.
With the heavy Russian lace wide
fiaring border to the skirt is especially
effective.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
Takes No Food But Milk.

Four quarts of milk daily, or there
abouts, for 20 years has been the sole
diet of Thomas F. Laubach, of Hazel
ton, Pa. Two decades ago Mr.. Lau-
BACH being then 81 years old, was in
very bad health, and his physicians
gave up his case. Then he decided to
doctor himself and has done so ever
since, absolutely confning his diet to
milk Now he is one of the healthiest
and soundest men in town.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
MISS. SARA McGAHAN.

of what PERUNA could do, decided to
try bottle, and you can imagine how
glad l felt when it began to relieve me
in very short time. In less than two
weeks l was completely cured."-Sibyl A.
Hadley.
Miss Sarah McGahan, No. 1877 Sd street,
Albany, N. Y, writes:
severe attack of influenza, which nothing
seemed to relieve. My hearing became
bad, my eyes became irritated and feverish.
Nothing seemed right and nothing l ate
tasted good. | took PERUNA and within
two weeks l was perfectly well.
McGahan.
If you do not derive prompt and satis-
factory results from the use of Peruna
write at once to DR.. Hartman, giving a
full statement of your case, and he will be
glad to give you his valuable advice gratis.
Address DR.. Hartman, President of The
Hartman Sanitarium Columbus. O,
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

A pretty hairpin receiver can be
made by crocheting a centre of wool
and surrounding it with puff Of silk,
suspending the whole by ribbon.
Filet is the latest bit Of needlework.
With it is fashioned bureau covers,
pillow shams, bedroom sets and many
other dainty pieces. The plain filet
net is procured and then embroidered
in any pattern that may suit her fancy.
A rather heavy thread is used for the
work, and the result is a very smart
piece of nccdlework.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
The Wheat Area.

The statistician of the Department
of Agriculture estimates the newly
seeded area of winter wheat at about
34,000000 acres, an increase of 81 per
cent upon the area estimated to have
been sown in the fall of 1901. The
condition of winter wheat on Decem-
per / was 997 as compared with S6.7
in 1901, 97.1 in 1900 and a nine.year
average of 91.4.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
The Important Art of Manicure.

Much has been said about the art
of manicure, but few girls out Of their
.scanty poclket-money can afford the
fee of a professional manicure. How
ever, a girl with steady and light
hand, after little practice, can mani
cure as we'll as most professionals.
For the result to be satisfactory the
nails should be well and carefully
manicured at least once week, and
should be polished daily. Here is a
list of necessary Instruments:
Polisher, cuticle knife, cuticle scis.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13
maHoU'ssEEHHos.LID9 Id
kS$&4s1


Wash cashmere in good hot suds in
which little borax has been dissolved.
Rinse in strong blue water. Do not
wiring it, but hang up dripping, and
then iron while damp. If this is done
the material will look like new.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

The epergne is once more in favor.
For several years past table decora.
tions have been so low that the
epergne has been relegated to the back
of the silver closet. Now the pendu-
lum has swung to the other extreme.
high table decorations are popular.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

Mrs. NJ. j. Brink. No. $40 Michigan ave
nue., St. Joseph, Mich, writes:
This past winter during the wet and
cold weather | caught a sudden and severe
cold, which developed catarrhal condition
through my entire system, and so affected
my general health that L was completely
broken down, and became nervous and
My physician prescribed for me, but some.
how his medicine did me no good. Read
ing of PERUNA l decided to try it. AT,
ter | had taken but three bottles / found
myself in fine health. Mrs. NJ j. Brink
Sibyl A. .Hadley, 26 Main street, Hunt
ington, Ind, writes Last winter after
Which gradually grew worse worse until my my
throat was sore and raw. Ordinary rene
dies did not help me and cough remedies
nauseated me. Reading an advertisement
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

and the cold is sure to pass away
without leaving any bad effects.
Unless this is done the cold is al
most sure to end in the second stage of
catarrh, which is making so many lives
miserable. If Peruna was taken every
catarrh would be practically an un-
known disease.
Freeland tribune. (Freeland, Pa.) 1888-1921, 1903-03-13

street, Albany, N. Y, writes:
Il have always dreaded unsettled
weather because of my extreme liabil-
ity to catch cold, when a catarrhal
trouble would quickly develop through
my entire system, which it would take
weeks to, drive away. l am thankful
to say that since / have taken Pc
RUNA l do not have any reason to
dread this any more. If 1 have been
at all exposed to the damp, wet OF cold
weather, take dose or two of Pc
RUNA, and it throws out any hint
of sickness from my system. Miss
Elizabeth Uber.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
DENTAL DON'TS.
ont 90 to bed without brushing the

Don't go to bed without brushing the
teeth.
Don't swallow food without mastlca-
ton. Modern cookery. by making mas
tication almost unnecessary, is respon'
slide for much decay of tn" teeth.
Don't let tartar accumulate on ue
teeth. for it brings 4 whole tram 81
evils in it's wake. Have it emoved by
a dentist at least twice a year.
Don't fail to rinse the teeth thorough
" with an alkaline wash GimeWater IS
good after taking acids, such as lemon
iujce, vinegar or strong medicines.
Don't use a tooth powder which con-
tains gritty, acid OF irritating SUD
n as the first two act ln1urlously
IN the teeth and the last on the gums.
Don't sleep with the mouth open.
Dust and gritty particles floating in the
atmosphere entering the trap thus set
for them injure the enamel OF the
teeth by irritation.
Don't use one side of the mouth only
vhen eating, for then the teeth have
not all the same amount or exercise,
ard decay sets in more rapidly on II
eide than the othtr.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
First, April 9.
First, April 3, Last. AnriI IL
notice OF ELECTION j(;'j To- /.

Notice is hereby given, that the annual election
torth City of Milbank, South Dakota, will be
held on
Tuesday. April 2I.t 1903.
at which election the following officers are to be
elected:
One Mayor.
Two Aldermen for First Ward.
One Alderman for Second Ward.
One Alderman for Third Ward.
One City Treasurer.
One City Assessor.
One City Police Justice of the Peace,
One City Justice of the Peace.
Also school officers as follows:
One Member of the Board of Education at
large.
4One Member of the Board of Education for
First Ward.
One Member of the Board of Education for
Second Ward.
One Member of the Board of Education for
Third Ward.
One Treasurer of the Board of Education.
The following Judges of election have been ap-
pointed and polling places designated:
First Ward Judges-A.J j. Hits, }. \. ManIey
ing occupied by J.f. Tessin on Second Avenue.
Second Ward Judges-A. }. Bieser. X. T.
Rogers and Mort Nixon. Election to be held in
Library bul lding.
Third Ward Judges-Tom Fitch, Jacob Gins
bach and NJ. b. Wiscman. Elect on to be held in
j. {. ElliOt's store on Main Street.
The polls will be kept open continually from
nine o'clock in the forenoon until four o'clock
in the afternoon of said day, and said election
will be conducted in accordance with the general
laws of the state governing elections of county
officers.
Dated at the City of Milbank, County of Grant,
state of South Dakota, this ninth day of April,
1903.
ED. p. DORE,
City Auditor.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

In sending us his most excellent adj
dress delivered before the Nebraska
dairymen's convention on The Spe-
cial Dairy Cow In Nebraska' the au-
thor, Mr.. J. L. Schlappi. has the fol
lowing note Of warning to utter to
those young farmers who forsake dai-
rying because they want an easier
job says Hoard's Dairyman. 1t is al
ways safe to say Look out" to any
man in the prime of life when he gets
lazy and begins to shirk labor and care.
AS a rule he has started ON the cas-
down hill road. Mr.. Schlappi says:
Il annot overlook Brother Wallace
of Wallace's Farmer when he said in
one of his recent articles regarding the
decline of dairying in Iowa hat the
fathers had paid for the farms by dali
Tying. but that the young men, their
sons, were well enough fixed and did
not need to follow the confirming occu-
patton of d%Airying. 1t is my opinion
that these same young men will find
themselves the slaves of extravaganza
habits, and if not sold out by the sher-
if they will find themselves the pos
SCISSORS of exhausted farms"
There are hundreds of thousands Of
examples in the eastern states to con-
firm the wisdom of Mr.. Schlappi's
warning. No one. not even an angel
from heaven, could convince those
young eastern farmers forty years ago
that they were pursuing a suicidal
course. They turned their backs on the
teachings Of science and said in effect,
THE wisdom of ignorance is greater
yea, far greater-than the wisdom of
those who can render reason" Why
should not history repeat itself in Iowa
and Nebraska?
4 Good Jersey.
This Jersey COW, Agnes Of st. Fran
ces, has a butter record of twenty-sev-
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
First April 3.
First April 3. Last Anri1 n
Notice Of Registration
Last a pril 10,

Notlce is hereby given that the Board of
ne2IsIatlon or the City Of Mllbauk, State of
South Dakota, will be in session st he ono Of
the City Attorney. Thomas l.. Bouck. on Natnr
day, April II, 1903. and on Monday April 20. 1q03.
rom elsht o clock IN the forenoon until five
o'clock IN the afternoon of said DAYS for the
purpose OF registering the names of voters
ioT ttie election to be held \ pril 81. 1903.
Dated at theClty OF MIlbank. County of Grant t.
A. d. 1903. p
f. p. DoRE, City Auditor.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
First, March % Last Apfllo
OF HEARING PETITION FOR
IETVEkS OF ADMINISTRATIONS
asst, April 10

State of south Dakota ss. In County Court.
County of Grant.
In the matter of the estate Of HENRY r.
EYMoU deceased.
The state of South Dakota sends greeting 10
tdmnnd seymour. William w. seymour:
JnIIns II. Seymour, heirs at law ana next OF
kin of Henry E. seymour deceased ana u "'
whom these presents may come
No,ire is hereby gwen that Julius II, seymour
has dled with theiudgc of this court, 8 petition
Drawing for letters of administrators lohe estate
of Henry f. seymour, deceased, and the oGlh gay
~ Apr1i 1903, at . o'clock y. M, OF eala gay
being da, Of a regular term OF thus court IOWA
ofthe March term, 1903, at the court room y, az
court. in the court house, in the city OF MllpanN,
county of Grant, South Dakota, has Deen { "
hearlng said petition. when and where any person
interested may appear and show cause why tue
said nptition should not be granted. :
Dated at Milbank, 5. D., this 2oth Gay oi
March, A. d. 1903. & c ,ocUu,RT.
Judge of the County Court.
ru,, FILLER. Attorney, Milbank, ;. d.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

The number of employees in
the New York municipal service
has reached 1929. of whom r.
GOO are teachers and 1000 mem
bers of the police and fire de-
partments.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

Gilt VI NiN AVN = "Aia
Fayetteville, \. Y.
Does Dairying Pay?
The question, Can butter dairying be
made to pay? is fully answered by the
fact that it is made to pay whenever it
is conducted on business principles,
which include the making of good
butter, says Dallas Farm and Ranch.
Any farmer neal enough to a market
can get % cents per pound throughout
the year for all the good butter he can
make. 1t is not profitable to make fit
teen cent butter or any other grade
than the best. In every Texas town
large quantities of creamery butter
from Kansas and elsewhere in the west
is sold readily for 80 and often 80 cents
per pound, and this butter is not fresh,
but from one to two weeks old, when
it reaches the consumers. The trouble
is that many farmers think they know
how to make good butter, but are mis-
taken, and, thinking they know how,
make no effort to learn how Their
butter is slow sale at a low price, and
therefore those who make it are of the
ci'IlliOh lIIlt oIllN On lsH
butter at a profit.
Ohio Dairyunen.
The Ohio Dairymen's association held
its most successful meeting at Column
bus recently. says Stockman II Farm
er. The attendance overtaNed the ca
pacity of the spacious hall, indicating
increasing interest in the dairy bust
,,, NH ,.,,,;,+;,, 4. rl,n,inr u-orl-
of a broad scope Of usefulness for Ohio
dairymen. 1t proposes to hold dairy in
stitutes, furnishing the instructors free
to such localities as manifest sufficient
interest III the work.. 1t is planning to
send out instructors to creamerieS and
cheese factories to improve and make
more uniform the products of the state.
And it hopes to place its reports, full Of
the valuable things of the annual meet
ings, in the hands of the dairymen of
the state. In all of this work the broad
minded and big hearted men who have
built up and are carrying on the asso-
citation deserve the support of the
whole dairy industry of the state. They
can do most for those who unite with
Ai1i jim u ~ :" ~ " AN
progress and welfare Of their business
to join and support their state associa-
ton.
kansas DairyfnE Thriving.
The patrons of the creamerieS in the
central and western part Of Kansas,
which includes the larger number Of
the stations, are reaping the greatest
harvest from their COWS that they have
known in the history of the industry in
Kansas, says an Abilene correspondent
Of the st. Louis Globe Democrat. Ow-
ing to the combination of cheap food
for the cattle, large demand for the
product and improved processes in
manufacture they are receiving a most
generous return from their herds. 1t
was but a short time ago when the
creamery was merely a esource for the
farmers who had been suffering losses
of crops and were in financial straits.
There was in the monthly pay checks
an ever present help in their time Of
trouble, and they considered the COW
as a makeshift to tide them over the
hard years.
That time has passed for Kansas and
Nebraska. The creamery has become a
permanent institution of every pro-
gressive community and is as common
a part of it's development as Is the little
white schoolhouse.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
L Services held every alternate Sundayln Adj.
~ventist's church at l0:45 a. m. and 7:SO p. m.
Sunday school every Sunday at noon. Lecture
and rehearsal at 8 200 p. m. on Saturday preced-
ing Sunday service. See local column for date
Of Sunday service. REV. II. NELSON TRAGITT,
Missionary in charge.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

ARCH MASONS, NILBANK
X Chapter No. l6. stateo convot atoms sec.
ond and fourth Thursday OF eacn month,
ECKE Err. Sec. GEO. MITCHELL. Ii. p.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
HURCHES

TONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. -Servicesat
I 10:45 a. m, and at go p. m. Christian
Endesvor, for Youth. at 80, and junior 80.
Sunday School at 1918. A welcome for all.
REV. I. FEM LYMAN, Pastor.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

DEGREE, Harmony Lodge,
II, No. Is. Regular meetings second and
- Thnrsdays at |. O.. O.. F. Hall.
i' MRS. FRANC WooD, n. q.
Mss LOIS SNYDER Sec.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

Z S.-Es.her Chapter No 20. Stated meet
ings second and Fourth Monday of each
month at Masonichal!.
MKs SOPHIA NIXsoN, W. NJ.
Nps. NJ. B. WIsEMAN. Sec.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

n O F.-SYLVANLODGE No. 81
Meets every Tuesday evening at Berklu
uau Visiting brethren cordially invited.
"a" pAs,o. sec. WIN. JENNINGS, N. q.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

-NIGHTS OF PYTHIAS-Banner Lodge
II No. 81, meets every Wednesday in Work
"a hall. W. J. FERGUSON, &C.
r, p DoRE. 4. of R.. d
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

First, April3 Last, April II
state of South Dakota ss. In c9 RnfGrs Court
Hon. s. :. LoCkhart,
County Judge.
In the Matter o fthe Estate of NoTlGE
HENRY +. SEYMOUR, TO TAME
Deceased. ! DISPOSITIONS.
The State of South Dakota sends greeting: To
Edward Seymour, William W. seymour ana
julius ii seymour, heirs at law and next OF
kin of Henry f. Seymour, deceased, and all to
whom these presents may come,
You WIN please take notice that julius ii.
SEYMOUR. letters of administration
viii take the deposition of said Julius II. Sey-
mour. at Lords Court building, number -.
William street, New y ork City, at the Office OF
said Julius II. seymour, before a notary public,
on Saturday the 25th day of April, 1903. between
the hours Of 9 o'clock a. m. and 4 O'Clock p IN
That the taking of the said deposition Will ne
continued and adjourned from day to day untlI
fully taken and completed, and The deposition so
taken will be read in evidence upon the @th DAY
of April. 1903. at the time for hearing petition
for letters of administration, at , O'Clock p. m. or
said dav at the county court room IN the city OF
MiIbank, Grant county, South Dakota, under the
nroyiaion of section $3.50, Compiled Laws, on
the part of the petitioner. julius II. seymour,
and YOU and each of You may appear AT sala tlhle
ana place and cross examine said witness.
Dated, Milbank, S. d., April |, WE.
S. :. L~oCKHART.
Judpe of the County Court, Grant County, ,. ID.
TCoUNTY COURT SEAL
TuAp l., FULLER, Attorney, Milbank, S. d..
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

ELEVENTH. DAY ADVENTISTS sabbath
- School every Saturday at 30 p, m. b
bic Reading and social meeting at 2:30 p. m. All
are cordially invited TO attend these meetings.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

~EGRE OF HONOR-Protection Lodge.
meets in A. O.. U. w. hall fret and third
Thursday each month.
MRS. j, d B~URKHARDT, Rec
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10
SECRET SOCIETIES

y 4 A. M.-MILBANK LODGE No 20,
A.. stated meetings Ct sac ha mont6 H v,ii, on
srn,bren are cordially invited to attend.
NJ. b. WIseman, Sec o'o'AoohhAk W. NJ
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

Observation-Disclosures of Second ave. and
~ Fifth ST. Sunday school at II a. M, aud
preaching service at 7:30 p. m.
REV. ROBERT SrRUTz, Pastor.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

O. U. W, Security Lodge MOI. Meets
a first and third Mondays In Workman
hon MATT. RoURK, NJ. w.
aTreEp Y. HORTON, Recorder.
The herald-advance. (Milbank, S.D.) 1890-1922, 1903-04-10

EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH,
IL services every other Sunday ut 100 CLOCK
a. ~. o. II. Enc Pastor.