davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1903-06-11

@obl lit Ohio Der 9eburtsi taat
bes 9errn @%iereusarten, aber Stearns
County in Winnelota r1ennt er bod
teine 6eimatb, benn als am~eiidbrises
sinb tam er nit ietnen gltern nod
ct. Solepb in Stearns County, mo-
sr ii9 als Waurer unb Ein9er aus
bil6ete. SIM Sabre 1898 i9lus er
ietnen @obniis In ct. glouo auf,
no er suerit in Serrn 9llitrom's
S@anfsei@dft unb ipdter in 9errr
R. Wetrens 2ofal als &enner ange=
feut mar unb i'm lesten Sabre ben
,Monar@ Saloon" fduf1i9 ibernabm
Bie er TN @ei@dft fir anbere tets bas
Bette anitrebte unb ermirfte, 10 iinb
Fine @ese I'M etsenen @eiddft slet6
ians berart seslattet unb seebnet, bas
fe gu einem wini@ensmertben grfol=
&c fabren. ssSn ieinem S@maser, bem
5errn Soiepb 8lommer, bat Serr
Rierensarten cine treflide @ei9dfts
fabe. STE 8ebtenuns i'm rMonar9"
taBt ni@ts gu mani@en ibris; bes=
slei@en ni@t bic @etrdnte, bic bort
10 suuorfommenber Weiie perabret9t
Derben.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1903-06-11

Sn Ylpmoutb i'm gountp stei9en
Namens I'm Staate Minnelota In
1866 seboren, perlieB 6err S. 6.
&reas, na5bem er bic Sortise Ot=
tritti@ule bur@semadt bate, oils Is
Sabre alter, arbeitsmi0iser 8uri9e
Sas elterlide Saus unb bilbete li9
unter peri6iebener Mnleituns fur bas
Plumbirz unb Oampfrobrleser. Sans.
inert aus. SIN Sabre 1888 perbei=
ratbete er ii9 unb smei Sabre ipdter
tam er in st. gloub an, ma er ieit=
benz tn ieinem @eiddfte tbdtis lit.
Dor ieds Sabren iibernabm er ienes'
gtseutbum benz empire garf sesen=
iiber, in mel6em beute CT iomobl 5dus=
ltd mie aud seitditlid bsitsns einse=
lit, 9err &reabi1t felt leinem
Weilen In ct. @loub pieleu unb ero:
Ben Contractor beitens seredt se=
morben, unb ct bat ii@ Elm @eiddft
a%ufgebaut, wte bies nur bur9 SleiB
inb orbentli@e unb pinftlide Mrbeit
bewertteui9t werben fenn.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1903-06-11

Sn Der fursen l3eit ieines @eilens
in 81. @loub bat lt9 Er. 8romu ei.
men uortbeilbaftsn &uf e,wo,ben. Ct
murbe in Soronto, Ontario, 1875 &c.
boren, Srabuirte on Der 9o9i9ule,
Ser Normali6ule unb Ser l1niueriitdt.
Setne mebiSinii9sn Statisn ma9te
er fur pier Sabre on Der Winneiota
Stats : uniueriitdt. mar Elm Sabr
9ausarSt i'm 81. Warp's hospital
gu Winneapolis uno fam BON BORT
lesten S,ptemter nod st. gloub,
NO er ii@ nit Or. $. 9. Gunn ai=
i%ociirte unb tel1en Yraris er pdbrenb
Der abweier belt bes lesteren, Der BE-
fanntlid feline Stubien an ~l1niuerlt=
tdten in DeutI6lanb fortiesen witb
6eiorst. Or. gromn bat ii9 in ct.
ols praftii9er unb ii9tiser
QrSt erprott unb 1T bereits gum
BET bieiisen leibenben Neni@.
semorben.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1903-06-11

Sn Der Mbfi@t, ii6 bas uielseprie.
fene 2anb Nmerifa peri0nli9 ansu-
feben, unb na6 9enisenb erbalte=
men Nnit9ten iber bieien Contingent
wteber nod Der alien 9eimatb suriidz
autebren, tam Serr Soiepb Sefen.
BORT, rpelder in 1859 In &reis Neif1e,
S6leiten, seboren ruurbe, in 1888
mad Mmerita, na@bem CT brauben
teine aenntnifie als 8u9fibrer unb
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1903-06-11
Selb IN perIetbem.

Nut cultipirte Tarms sesen Iei1te gebin=
9linaen i1nb gu 1iebri9en Staten @elb su per=
leiben. @s wirb ii9 @ud Iobnen, Bel mir
por3ulpre@en, wenn Sbr cine Mnleibe auh
Cure Narut MAIDEN 1polt. 1S=1i
y. .. 0orntatt, ct. @Ioub, Minn.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
KNGWO0D PRESTON COUNTY WEST VIRGINIA.
sNrANeLlNe ALLIANCES.
FATHERS OF thc Dcpsblsc Bsntahe<i
with the Monroe Doctrine.

Win the Monroe Doctrine.
The Monros doctrine l. being held IN
abeyhnce while President Roosevelt
communcs with England and Germany
In sheir raid ON Venezuela. This Is
hardly Ia bc wondered at when Il is
considcrcd that tho pictures OF WASH
ington. jefferson aud Monroe have been
'reiegatcd To the basement of the White
House az too old fashioned and out OF
date for these strenuous times I'm place
of the picture OF the Father OF his
Country and the other patriots there
have been Installed others on more
modern subjects. Ono of these pic
lures called Love aud Life" n gift
from the artist Watts 20 the nation,
was banlshcd from the white House
under the Cleveland administration as
too realistic. It's appearance there hav-
ing been objected to by the w. c. II. ".
and other kindred orgnnizatioua.
Several patriotic societies have Of
fercd 10 flnd a safe resting place for
the bnnished portraits. which, by the
way, are OF incstimnhle historic value
The picture OF Washington is the only
one I'm existence that he personally sat
for. and the likeness OF Jefferson is the
finest In existence.
The administration having rendered
its services 10 kings. empcrors and po
tentatcs 10 nsslst them I'm collecting
their own and their subjects had debts
from insurrcctlon wrecked Venezuela
and the consequent laying aside of tho
time honored Monroe doctrine, the por-
traits of tho fathers OF the republic
would surely be out OF place where
such nefarious matters are discussed
and concocted.
With tho constitution strained 20 the
utmost tension and the Declaration or
Independence OF kings, powers and po-
tentates declared 10 be obsolete and
worthless. our sister republics to the
south OF us may well shiyer with dread
OF similar attacks on their sovereignty,
for they are all mortgagcd TO Europe
and may be foreciosed upon at nny
time.
The United States VIII evidently be
looked to as n guarantor OF the debts
of these South American republics or
asked TO stand aside for their collection
by armed force. ~ In the present case
Having once bowed down TO the effete
monarchies or Europe and declared
that we will not prevent the collection
OF overdue or unrecognized debts and
TINT the Monroe doctrine viii only be
invoked II territory II acquired there
Will be no end 10 the complications
that may arise. But there Is the rub
How can we dispnsscss these nnpacious
kings and empcrors lf they once take
forciblc posscsslon? They are joined
together In II strong pact TO resist us.
and n long II not disastrous war might
be the only alternative.
Entnugling alliances with foreign m
tions is the one to be dreaded thing
That every administration OF whatever
pnTty hns always avoided Until the
present time. But 1t now seems TO have
been accomplished
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15

In answer TO the statement 50 fre.
quently made by Republicans that FREQ
trade and adversely are Synonymous
and interchangeable terms Mr.. I'd
ward NJ. Shepard IN his Reform club
speech on Dec. 80 opened the pages Of
history and exposed the fallncy OF this
claim. lie sald that there had been
three periods OF free trade IN this coun.
try. all periods ~ prosperity lie re-.
fcrred 20 TINT from 1889 to 1912 as the
nrst md 60 the one which began with
the iarin Of 1916 MS the second and
thon Tor the tiilrd 20 the present day,
whom our foreign trade Is dwarfed by
our internal trndc" at this time" ho
went on. "our trade with MI other
lands ls utterly InsignlGcant when com.
pared with our Interstate trade. the ra-
to being 10 or ~ 10 ] b" and mo protec-
ZIONIST can fail 20 nscrlbe the enormous
prosperity Of the country % the free
exchange % commodities IN the United
states"
We should not forget my Of these
facts Tho last ono Is most important
Of All. 10 r. only n recent yenrs that
our internal trade. nil free. has dwarfed
IN relative importance our foreign
trade More trade ls now free within
our boundaries than a. free anywhere
clee on earth. We have successfully
tried the worlds greatest free trade cx-
perimont T.ct us have more of a.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15

When President Roosevelt was on his
stumpiDg tour. he declared in his speech
at Cincinnati that anthracite coal was
of the free list. All Of tho Republican
spellbinders echoed the same decIara-
tion. The Democrats showed that an
thracite and bituminous coal were both
subject to duty under tho Dlngiey tar
iR law. They were denounced as pre-
varicators Election In now over, and
President Rooeeyelt acknowledges that
he was mistaken and recommends I'm
his messnge that the duty be removed
from anthracite coal IL IL now up TO
a Republican congress 10 pass such n
bill. but so far no steps have been TAX
en- TO that end.
II IL well 70 inquire why bitumlnous
coal should not also be placed upon the
free list especially as the coal barons
are making preparations to export coal
to Mediterranean ports 20 compete with
foreign coal IN those markets.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
The PhiIinnina rnrin

There IL strong opposition In the sen.
ate 10 tho bin for the reduction Of the
Philippine tarif from 10 per cent OF
the Dingloy tariff 10 % per cent OF II.
The bill has passed the house Of repro.
sentativcs. but tho tobacco and sugar
Interests arc urging the senators who
represent states where tobacco and sug.
ar are produced 10 keep the duty Mt the
higher figure
As we have free trade with Porto
Rico and Hawaii. II would seem that
common fairness would compel the
same treatment Of the Philippine Is
lnDds. As the latter islnnds were pur.
chased from Spain for the express pur.
pose Of increasing our trade with them.
10 keep up barrier to prevent com.
morce would sccm M anoinaly that
would defeat our Own Expressed pur.
pose.
The protectionlms nrr confronted
with two horns of dilemma. tic wei.
fare Of the Philippines must bc sacri.
feed or the competition from their
products must bc met by our own pro.
duccrs. Tho impcrlallsts md tho ex.
pansionists. who nre also the protoc.
uonists. hnvc created situation that
Will continue to plague them until they
are forced 20 accept either free trade or
free men.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
RECIPROCITY TREATIES.
Why This Roundabout Way ol
Amending the Tariff Fails.

Amending the Tarin Fails.
In making treaties with foreign coun-
tries the administration evidently does
not ndolstand the conditions that ex.
lst about the commercial matters that
the treaties are drawn up to cover.
The latest treaty to receive black
eye is that concluded by the state de-
partment with Newfoundland. which
those Interested In the fishing industry
OF the New England const claim IL dis
astroua to their interests. The oppoel.
tion of some senators 10 the treaty is 20
decided that II VIII. like the French
treaty ana others, he either laid aside
or II brought 10 vote Will uudoubtcd.
ly be defeated. These treaties are all
supposed to be made by the rule OF
reciprocity IL. some one or some
interest must suffer To open our mar
kets TO some foreign production. The
foreigner will not open his door unless
we VIII open Our door 20 the same ex.
tent. Therefore reciprocity and protec.
ton do not work smoothly together.
for II the door Is opened by reciprocity
even n,tlc BIT some protected indus.
try feels drnft nnd nt once protests
that Il wlll be made sick and perish lf
the door Is not promptly closed.
Trying 10 amend the protective turin
by tic roundabout way Of reciprocity
IL proving AN utter failure or else the
Republican management OF the state
department ia not equal TO the occa.
sion. All OF the Important treaties that
have been arranged since the prohibl.
tive tnrlh was cnncted have not been
enacted by the senate. aud there IL no
probability that any OF them VIII be.
Tho trusts VIII IN the future ns In tho
past II they continue 90 manufacture
surplus be compelled 10 sell at II far less
price 20 the foreigner thnn the protec-
i've tarln allows them to exnct from
our people. Certain trusts would be
glad TO BEE n treaty ratified Tint would
open foreign markets 10 their products.
but the equivalent reduction demanded
by the foreigner on other products
pinchos the toes OF another trust and
interfores with it's monopoly 20 TINT no
agreement con bc arrived at
Monopoly OF the home market and
enormous profits for trusts Is the prIn.
clple upon which the protective tarlfr
rests. and any competition from outside
breaks down the theory and practice
which supports &c.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
THE TARIFF SPuT.
Evidence That the Iowa Idea"
Is Not Dead.
LEADER upHoLDs IT BDrToRIALLY

Tho Republican Congress nefuscs 60
Act-rhc Dcmocrotic Party the
Only One Honestly Favorlas rarsu
nsform-rcopie nosbea OF $780,
ooo,ooo.
The "iown idea" that tho tariff fos.
tcrs trusts Ia ehowing sporadic activity
although Il has made but ni,,c head
way In our Republican ruled congr,>aa
The Dcs Molncs Lcndcr, which IN now
owned by George Il. Roberta. director
OF the mint. In prodGing Ia Republican
brethren TO lice from the wrath 20 como
and mend the turin while II may.
Among other things the Leader saya.
To-day one corIVrntlon IN thla coun.
Try makes moro steel than all England
and boasts OF lts ability 60 make II moro
cheaply thnn any foreign country. And
yet we maintain tariff on lrcn and
steel that during tho last four years
has enabled this concern and It's con-
stitucnt companies TO mulct the con-
suincrs 10 an amount probably equal 20
the cost OF all their plants. TO defend
such duties In the name OF Hamilton is
prcpostcrous and TO treat them ns n
part OF the protective system IN TO dis.
credit and weaken Il. Thnt any news.
paper In n state like Iowa should scri.
ously defend thom aud attompt 60 read
man ont OF the Republican party for
obJccting To them shows how party
has drifted from the old. the original,
tho legitimate and tho defcnsiblc policy
OF protection"
From this II may be judged that tho
Republican party In Iowa at least IN
split wide open on the tnrlff and trust
issues The reform element IN doomed
TO disappointment. The next Rcpub.
lican national convention will declare
for protection, though that gathering
may qualify tho declaration by saying
that when the time comes the party OF
protection mny he relied OH to amend
the tariff In the interest OF that theory.
But 10 reform the tnrlff by nbollshing
or reducing the duties would put mnny
Of the trusts out or business. and whcro
would the @. O. l.. be then. with their
chief subscribers TO the campaign fund
refusing to contributor
The Democrats are all united on tar
ucts placed OH the free list, especially
those TINT the combines are sclling
cheaper 10 foreigners than 10 the homo
market Leaving out these trust artl-
Giles, there arc II dozen principal prod
ucts TINT this country now imports that
produce 70 per cent OF the revenue
from customs duties. The remaining %
per cent, or about 100000. 900, is surplus
revenue that IL plllng up In the treas
ury and leads only to extr,lvngant np.
preparations by congress. So That OF
the 1000 articles that are now tnxed by
the tnrif nearly all could be placed on
the free list without reducing the rove.
nucs OF the government moro than they
should bc reduced Tor its economical
administration.
Tho cost to the people Of the tarlfr
tax on the 1000 articles over md above
the duty TINT the government receives
is more than SJ00.0OO.cO0. This amount
is pocketed by the trusts.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM
eenator w. A. Harris Tells what Ito
Thlrlxs u shnnlh Nrnfnin

" rtNNlN tNntn1m.
lf the Republicans 10 not rcvlsc The
tarilr, The Democrats should. and tariff
revision should be one OF thu chief
planks of the platform fer 1904.
The Republicans. many of them. said
10 me In the last campaign. "if we do
not revise the tarlff. you will have a
chance TO 10 80 and will undoubtedly"
From present Indications II docs not
seem probable that the Republicans
VIII do anything before the next cam.
paign
Tarifr revision should bc directed 90.
pccially against the trusts. The apex OF
the angle or attack should bc the trusts.
Tho Republican platform or 1896 said
that the tariff Is te "lncrcasc our facih-
ties. diversity our industries and pro-
mote competition"
In tho cnsc OF these great trusts tho
tarlfr certainly has done exactly tho
opposite II hns reduced facilities.
stuntcd our Industries and utterly dc.
stroyed competition.
Undoubtedly there should he n care.
fully considered antitrust plank I'm the
platform. \ chsnRe IN the constitution
Is not necessary In order TO control and
supervise and curb the trusts. The re
publlcGns themselves now say this. al
though they talked OF tho necessity OF
an amendment TO the constitution two
years ago.
The attorney general IN HIS speech I'm
Pittsburg acknowledged that no amend.
mcnt ls necessary, and Senator Hoor In
h's trust speech the other day snid the
anne thing.
As for the publicity that the prcsl-
dent advocates. the Democrats gave the
Republicans n chance 60 secure that Mt
the last session In the amendment 20
the census bin, but the Republicans did
not take IL mp. | am not cure that tho
trusts could not be curbcd under exist
Ing law. The platform should demand
that they be curbcd either under exist
Ing law or by amendment or the laws
Az 10 government ownership. I be-
llcyc that the Democratic party should
advocate the principle. believe that
there should be municipal ownership OF
all public utilities. Aud there should
unqucstionnbly be government owner
ship OF the tclcgraphs
In the Cnse OF the railways there
should he government ownership OF at
ionst part OF the existing systems or OF
new systems. The government should
own lines that would offer competition
with the great merged systems that
have grown mp within the last few
ycara
This would be nm absolute bar To the
complete consolidation OF the trnnspor-
tntion facilities OF the country Mt least.
A'government system could not com
blnc with privately owned system.
Such n plan would be vastly beneh-
cial for all concerned The private sys-
TENS would still force the government
lines to furnish good service. nnd tho
government lInee would prevent pri-
vate lines from charging exorbitant
rates.-scnator william A. Harris In
New York American.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
COAL TRUST IN SADDLE
No Promise of Relief From Its
Exactions In the Outlook.
CRIMINALS sTILL UNPUNIsHED.
The Republican Administration ne
sponsibie For the strike-So steps
Taken 20 Enforce the Criminal

There Is DO more reason for a tariff
tax on coal thnn for one ON Ice and
the latter nccesslty--and it almost Is a
necessity-is ON the free list OF the
DIagley tariff act.
Coal H. taxed 81 cents a ton TO pro
tect the coal barons anu allow them 10
charge that much more profit--in fact,
the duty was ln,eided as subsidy
The coai baroas are Important people.
They control United States senators
anu congressman from number OF
strong Republican, states. and when
the Uubsldies hive been dealt out In
the tarln bill they demanded that coal
should be projected from competition.
This. of c3urse, was conceded by the
Republican majority that pissed the
bin and the Republicans president that
signed Il. SO there * TO escape from
the fact TINT the Republican party Is
responsible for az least 80 cents ton
OF the extort0natc prices for coal
which the trust is uow charging
Neither Ii IL diincult TO prove that
the Republican party ls ulSo rosponsl-
bic for the coal strike and. until elec-
tloD day wns near. made no serious at-
tempt 10 stop It. There IS community
OF interests bctwcen the trusts and the
Republican party lenders. a wireless
telegraph Keeps them In constant touch
with each other. ana when important
elections are about 20 occur the contact
becomes closer Ike the embrace OF
lovers.
The purity ln power l. responsible for
the execution Of the federal laws. and
In times Of stress at least when the
antitrust lnw was nOtorl0usly being
nulliiied the Same party should enforce
1t. When tic beef trust began TO hold
up the American people. Gs Il did last
winter. " the administration had begun
proceedings against the beef barens
under the cslminai section OF the Sher-
man law there would have been but
little doubt OF their conviction. Mr.
Armour. or Mr. Swift convicted and In
jail for combining TO fleece the people
would hare at once stopped the ex-
tortlons aud would have been warn.
Ing TO other monOpoiists, especially 10
the coal trust magnntes. when combI-
nation to restrict the output Of coal and
keep up prices was notorious The fear
of an Impartial enforcement Of the law
would have made the coal bnrons think
twice before they declined 10 make
smnIl advance IN the wages OF the min.
crs. Ten cents a ton advance IN wages
would have settled the cOnl strike ten
days after It began. threat at that
time OF prosecution by President
Roosevelt or bis attorney general, even
" the beef trust had not been dealt
with. would hive brought the naughty
barons TO time.
No such effort or even attempt was
made. The trusts arc stin IN the sad
lie, booted and spurrcd, riding the long
suffering people TO their undoIng. The
president has washed his bands OF the
wretchcd busIgess. aud his "commis.
sion" draps along without much pros
pcct OF either miners or people being
helped 10y its deliberations The only
relief ln sight Is balmy spring, which
Iaturc fortunately VIII provide IN due
course of time.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15
FREE TRADE ALMANAC
The iOoa Edition Contains Good Ma,
ter ON the Tarfn Question.

The 1908 almanac OF the American
Free Trade league contains much cx.
ccllcnt material on the tarlff question.
II should be In the hands OF all good
Democrats. The secretary OF the league,
General Hazard Stevens. thus accu-
rately and truthfully charncterizca our
40 called system of protection"
mo longer needed as defense
against the foreigner. protection has
now become the thumbscrew of extor-
tion upon the American people It IN
the dam holding back foreign competl.
tion and behind which the great trusts
levy high prices upon their countrymen
upon the same clnss OF goods which
they nre exporting In great quantities
and selling abroad at 20 TO 90 per cent
less than nt homo; hence their stubborn
resistance to any reduction OF duties
which protect them I'm their monopo.
Hes md cxtortions
This whole doctrine OF protection Is
blunder that rises To- tho level of
crime. Inculcated by selfish and cor
rupt Interests until II has become
party fetich. protection has at last
reached It's acme, done Its perfect work,
by demonstrating that Il is system OF
monopoly and extortion II fosters
greed, bcgets fear of the foreigner and
paralyzos self reliance IL Ia the cham.
plon Of special privileges. tho offspring
OF injustice aud inequality. the cor.
rupter OF legislation and politics. Dv.
cry true interest Of America cries aloud
for its overthrow"
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15

In spite OF the fact that the existing
iarin IS withdrawing annually ia tax
alton a hundred million dollars more
than Is needed TO meet the expendi-
tures OF wasteful government. II is
evident that the Republican leaders DO
not intend to permit any tariff leglsla-
tlon this winter
II nothing shall be done by the con
gress now In session. year will eiapso
before the matter can even be consid-
cred, and in the meantime the treasury
will be gorged with money wrongfully
Withdrawn from business
Legitimate business interests. the In
terests which are not dependent upon
monopoly tariffs. have not failed 10
note the effect OF overtnxauon upon
their affairs. They know that the tar.
IN bonenciaries have the country by
the throat and TINT II cannot stand an
other year Of choking. Chicago Chrou.
icle
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1903-01-15


The Pennsylvania railroad combine
which II all powerful at Washington,
has succeeded IN forcing through tho
house of representatives the subsidy to
ward building a union depot and rails.
Ing the tracks above grade In the capl.
tai city. The subsidy bin was held up
IN the last session Of congress by the
Republicans, Ms they did not think II
rood policy 20 go on record for n sub
mdy 70 n railroad just before m elcc.
ton The claim Of the Republican lead.
era that the people voted to let tho
trusts stu draw their subsidies through
the protective tariR has been Interpret.
cd 70 mean that voters favor more sub
slides In other directions. The ship
subsidy steal has already passcd tho
senate nnd Is now awaiting the action
Of the house OF Representatives.