davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
.CLUBMEN PERISH
IN MIDNIGHT FIRE,
Caught Asleep in Fourth-story of
Building, They Try in Vain
to Escape.
CIGARETTE STARTS FLAMES.
Two of the Victims Were Old ,Hav.
ing Long Resided in Troy Club.
house-Guest Preparing for
Marriage Is Rescued.

Troy. N. Y, Dec. S0.-Moses T. Clough,
the Nestor of the Rensselaer, County bar
and the last survivor of the class of 1894
OF Dartmouth College: William Shaw. head
Of the law firm OF Shaw, Bailey & Muir
ply, and Benjamin ". Kinney. manager
for the Fuller-Warren Company of Bos-
ton, Mass. lost their lives in fire which
partially destroyed the Troy Club early
to-day.
Although the doomed men were seen at
the windows, nothing could be done to
save them, SO dense was the smoke and
so rapid the progress of the flames.
Edward Carpenter of New York was
taken from an upper window by the fire.
men and removed TO hospital, where he
is recovering from the effects of smoke
inhaled.
He was in town preparing for his mar
riage with young society woman of
the city. His escaped from death was re-
garded as one of the remarkable features
of the fire.
All the persons killed were occupying
rooms on the upper floor of the club build
ing, which is four stories in height, and
II was this part the flames attacked first.
Ihe victims had retired about 1O o'clock
and were sleeping souadly when the alarm
was given by the employees at midnight
An effort was made at once to reach
the sleeping apartments, but the progress
of the fire had been SO rapid that the help
at hand could not make their way TO the
top floor.
The nre, it is thought, was caused by
a lighted cigarette being thrown among
some combustible material. The clubhouse
was built ten or twelve years ago at a
cost of $4,000 The loss by fire will
reach $4,000
Mr.. Clough was SO years of age and Mr..
Shaw was nearly 20. Both resided at the
club, at which Afr. Kinney and Mr.. Car
pentier were guests
Ths police report that while the fire
was vat Its worst a man was discovered
trying to set fire to the building at the
corner Of Broadway and Fifth avenue, oc-
cupied as a news stand The man es-
capped. 1t is not believed, however, that
the clubhouse fire was of incendiary
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
FAIR AND WARNER WEATHER.
Forecaster Predicts Rise in Tenn
'perature and South Winds.

Ii the prediction Of the local weather
forecaster proves true. the weather for
the last day of the year will be fair and
warmer. The winds will be fresh from
the south to the west. The minimum
temperature last night was about "a de-
Srees above zero.
The cold wave which prevailed Tues
day in the Upper Mississippi Valley, Min
eastward to the Ohio Valley and south
ward to Missouri. The fall in tempera-
ture In Iowa. Illinois, Missouri and the
ONO valley ranged from 20 to 80 degrees,
with the thermometer registering below
zero In Northern Illinois. Eastern Iowa
and Wisconsin.
Rapidly rising temperature is reported
IN the west and Northwest The tempera-
t,irs is about normal in the Southern
states and along the Atlantic Coast. Snow
fell yesterday in the lake region, the
Ohio Valley and the North Atlantic
States.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
INSANE OVER A LOVE AFFAIR.
Miss Julia Kicks Committed to
Asylum at Newburg, o.

Cleveland o.. Dec. so.-Miss Julia Kicks.
who some time since created a sensation
in New York by demanding large sum
of money from Mrs. May Harrington Stall
10. the former wife of Dan r. Hanna, was
to-day adjudged insane and committed to
the State Asylum for the insane at New
burg.
Miss Kicks is q years of age and excep-
tioraliy handsome. Disappointment in a
love affair. it Is said, caused her mental
derangament,
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
FIREMEM THROWN FROM REEL.
Driver James Ward and Pipeman
James L. Mahon Hurt.

Two firemen were hurt in the overturn-
Ing of No. Engine Company's hose reel
at Twelfth and Market streets yesterday
afternoon about 1:30 o'clock. Driver Jas.
Ward sustained bruises on his knees and
shoulder and Pipeman James L. Mahon
was hurt on the chin and back.
The fremen were responding to an
alarm from the Phoenix Planning Mill at
Twelfth and Spruce streets. A pile of
lumber had caught fire from sparks out OF
the smokestack. but caused only $40 dam
age.
Driver Ward pulled his horses out of the
Street-car tracks to avoid a collision with
NO. engine. As a result the hose reel
was overturned.
and Mahon at No. 500 South Twenty third
street. Both went home after their in
1uries were dressed by Doctor Freuden-
stein at the City Dispensary.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
NEW TRIAL FOR MRS. BoTKIN.
Delaware Witnesses to Be in San
Francisco, February Is.

Wilmington. Del, Dec. So.-Attorney Gen.
e-ai Ward to-day received letter from
District Attorney Byington of San Fran
cisco asking him to have the Delaware
witnesses In the case of Mrs. Botkin, ac-
cused of killing Mrs. Deane and Mrs. Dun
ming of Dover Del. by sending them poi
soned candy through the malls, in San
Francisco, by February Is next, when II is
intended to take up Mrs. Botkin's second
trial
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
INVENTOR DEAD AT HOSPITAL.
Leslie Malone Three Times Missed
q Fortune.

Leslie Malone of No. 1927 Morgan street,
an aged inventor, died yesterday morning
at the City Hospital. Malone was stricken
with blood poisoning the day after Christ
mas.
It is said that after patenting inventions
three times he had fortune stlatched from
him just as he was about to realize upon
the fruits Of his labor. He is survived by
a widow and three sons.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
DONATION TO SANTA FE, N. M.
Fort Marcy Reservation to Be
Used as Sites for Schools.

Washington, Dec 3o.-secretary Hitch
cock, with the consent of the President.
TO-DAY agreed to donate to Santa Fe. N.
H.. the abandoned Fort Marcy military
reservation. q tract of seventeen and one
half acres.
The tract lies in the heart of Santa Fe
ard is said to be worth 10000 It will
be used as sites for new high school and
also graded school. The proclamation
making the transfer will be signed by the
Post-Qffice investigation.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
school Board examinations.

The examination of candidates for prin-
cipalships of district schools and positions
in the Central High School was completed
yesterday afternoon. The examination,
which commenced Monday morning, was
Education huilGing. Eight persons took
the examination. At present there is a
vacancy in the Central High School corps
of teachers. Frederick W. Potthoff having
been appointed principal of the Shepard
School
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
BOY IDENTIFIES PRISONER.
Ambrose McHenry Says William
ODowd Robbed Him.

Ambrose McHenry, 10 years old, of No.
AIS Maffitt avenue, yesterday identified
William oDowd, who was arrested by Pa
trolmen Welsh and Harmon. as the man
who robbed him of 20 cents on Taylor ave-
nue. between Garfield avenue and North
Market street Tuesday night.
The boy was going to a grocery for his
mother. and charges that O'Dowd stopped
him and took the money from him
ODowd is a prisoner at the -Four Courts.
He was found in restaurant not far
from the scene of the robbery. He de-
nies that he robbed the boy.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Adopted paughter Rewarded.

Mrs. Charlotte Nebrecht. widow of Fred
erick Nebrecht, in her will fled for pro-
bate yesterday. left her estate to her
adopted daughter, Emma Nebreci1t, VINO,
the Will recites, was a dutifuI daughter
Her name was Henrietta Tieman. She
was adopted by Mrs. Nebrecht and her
husband when Emma was years old.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
MINNESOTA FARMER HAS
Z CLAIM ON SERVIAN THRONE.
Whether He Would he willing 10
Assume Royalty In a Question
King Peter May Abdicate.

London. Dec so-A writer in the St.
james Gazette. discussing the persistent
rumor that the servian King is about to
sbdicate because he is disappointed with
his people. says that the world contains a
LOT of pretenders to the throne who do not
really pretend. because they prefer to keep
of that dangerous elevation.
The most interesting OF the pretenders.
the writer adds. is the Minnesota farmer,
John Boyne Vouhazer. thought to be de-
him connected with the last Servian ruler.
Whether he would be willing to assume
royalty is not known.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
SUCCEEDS ]. T. METcALF.
Edward F. Kimball Is Superin-
tendent of Money Order System.

Washington. Dec. so.-The Postmaster
General has appointed Edward F. Kimball
of Massachusetts superintendent Of the
money order system of the Post Office
Department. Mr.. Kimball has been in
charge of this branch of the service since
the removal of J. T. Metcalf during the
Post Office Investigation.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
MAY SUBPOENA ROOSEVELT.
Prominent Men Wanted as Wit
nesses in Wales Suit.

Binghamton, N. Y, Dec. 30.-It Is un-
derstood that President Roosevelt. sena-
tor C. T. Platt and ]. Pierpont Morgan
and other prominent men will be subpoe-
naed as witnesses for the trial of the ac-
ton of A. D. Wales of this city against
President John Mitchell to recover $780,
0D0 for suggesting the plan which Mr..
Wales claims was followed in settling the
big anthracite coal strike year ago.
The case is on the calendar for the term
Of Supreme Court to convene in this city
next Monday. 1t is not. known whether
1t will be reached for trial at this term,
however, as the Garfield case may be
tried at this term.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Folks SaInrx Held LIN.

Circuit Attorney Folks salary is still
held UP. City Counselor Bates has not
rendered the decision asked by Auditor
Dierkes. and as n result Nj. Folk must
amount to pay hint The salary list from
the Circuit Attorneys Office was received
last Wednesday. but Mr.. Folks name was
not on the list.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
BRIGHAM WILL IS SUSTAINED.
Millions Are Destined to Be Used
in Founding Hospital.

Boston. Dec so.-The win OF the late Pc
ter B. Brigham of Boston. who left s5,-
10000 toward founding hospital to bear
his name. Is sustained by decision hand
ed down by Justice Colt in the United
States Circuit Court to-day. The heirs
in-law contested the bequest.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
is INVITED TO CINCINNATI.
President Gives Indefinite Reply
to Musical Festival Association.

Washington, Dec. Ex-senator Foraker
to-day EXTENDED to the President an invi-
tation to attend the Cincinnati Musical
Festival. which is to be held next May
The President said 1t would afford him
great pleasure to be present during the
festival, but as yet it was too early for
him to- say positively whether he would
be able to attend. He promised. however,
to notify the Senator of his decision.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31

Chamherlain's Cough Remedy is GER
tain cure FOR colds. 1t acts on natures
plan; relieves the lungs, aids expectora-
fion, opens the sccretions. and aids ma
ture in freeing the system of all symp-
toms of the cold 1t is not a palliative
that simply gives rel.ef-it cures II also
counteracts any tendency of cold to re-
suit in pneumonia.-Adv.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
THIEF STOLE PIEMAN'S PENCE.
Unidentified Man Secures 5000

COppers From Perry Company.
Three bags, each containing 1000 pen
nies, were stolen by a sneak thief from
the Perry Pie company's office at No. sos
South Tenth street, Wednesday morning.
The police have no clew that will aid
them in apprehending the culprit. as no
person In the office saw the thief.
the millinery store of the Misses K. &. NJ.
Otto, at No. 2122 Cass avenue, early
Wednesday morning. The thief broke the
show window and took the hats without
entering the store.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
BANDITS CELL BARS CUT.
Saw Not Found, but Prisoner Is
PromDtIy Transferred.

Chicago. Dec. SO.-An attempt at escape
from the County Jail by one of the car
whitman to-day. The bars in Roeskps
coli had been sawed in two and bent
away. The saw could not be found. Roeski
was Immediately transferred n to another
cell and the guard doubled
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Found Dead Together.

REPUBLIC SPECIAL.
Greenville, Tex, Dec. 3o.-Constable
Henry Rowsey and May Leftwich were
found dead In q room this afternoon, fol-
lowing two revolver shots in close sue
and the revolver lay beside him. The
woman came here from Georgia. Rowsey
was reared here.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
II. "A. Hesse, Tailor,
6l7 Pine street. says: 1T is In the make" :"
Explosion at quincy Brewer,

Explosion at Quincy brewery.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL.
Quincy. H.. Dec. So.-A rice cooker ex-
pleded at the Dick Bros. Brewing Company
brewhouse this morning. tearing out the
south wall and doing damage to the build
90 Leo Goerris. night foreman, was the
only or-e injured.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
new Year Gifts.

Diamonds. watches, tewelry. silverware,
SILK umbrellas out-glass; china, etc. etc.
a magnificent collection of gifts from 25c
to $1,000. MERMoD & JACCARDS,
Broadway and Locust.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Judge John F. PhiIip. . yt.,tor.

Judge John f. Philips of the United
States District Court. Western Division OF
Missouri. at Kansas City, Mo-, was q
visitor at the Federal building yesterday
Judge Philips has on several occasions
held court In st. Louis.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
yerro ROY. Rob Lock Boxes.

Post Office Inspector Dice yesterday
was notified of the arrest at Clinton. Mo-.
Of Iohn Ellis and Walter Parks, two me-
gro boys, who are CHARGED with robblng
lock boxes in the Post Office at that place.
Eilir, the telegram stated. made con,
fession. Both ere held for tie United
Gates Grand Jury
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Roupd Tab,e c,ub .o ,feet.

The one hundred and fifty-third meeting
of the Round Table Club win be held at
the St. Louis Glib on the evening OF jan
uary 8. I. NJ. Dickinson viii speak on the
Alaska boundary case.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31

New Year Cards and CaIendar..
MAKE your selections to-day from our
large assortment of the latest novelties
&C to 5000. MERMOD & JACCARD'S,
Broadway and Locust
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
SIX Umbrellas. 5000.

A large assortment of stylish silk UNI
brellas-great variety of handles of natu-
raj woods, silver, pearl, ivory, gold, ETC..
500 to $500. MERMOD & JACCARD's,
Broadway and Locust
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31

commercial world may expect a fairly
satisfactory business along lines of con-
fident conservatism, governed. as the year
advances, by crop and industrial develop
mentS of 1904"
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
KILLED BY BLOW FROM AN AK.
Edward Gibbs Slain by James
jenkins Near Marble Hill.

REPUBLIC SPECIAL
Marble Hill. Mo-, Dec. 30.-James Jen-
kins killed Edward Gibbs with an ex yes
terday morning in fight over some tim
Der. Young Gibbs died from the injury to-
day.
The young men took UP the difficulty
from trouble between their fathers
The scene of the killing is about eight
or nine miles from Marble Hill.
Sheriff King and Prosecuting Attorney
RevelIe have gone to the scene of the
trouble.
The St. Louis Republic., 1903-12-31
Ben Hur Reception PInnned.

Arrangements have been completed ID
the reunion and reception of the Trfb
of Ben-Hur on Saturday evening, Jantizr'
avenue. :
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07
H~AsINsBysa HEAaLD

Entele ed II the Pos, once At Mariif burg W. va.
as second Iass m4iI mater
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07
FIRST Presbyterian Church Of Greensboro, Ca, and Its Pastor and Elder.

THE day was when mon of promi-
hesitated 10 give their testi-
monials TO proprietary medicines
for publication. Arbia remains true Tor
day Of most proprietary medicines. But
Peruna has become SO justly famous, its
merits are known to SO many people of
high and low stations, that no n hest
tates 10 see his name In print recon-
mending PeFuna.
"A digniiied representative of the Pres
byterian church in the person of Rev.
II. G.. Smith docs not hesitate 10 state
publicly that he has used Pcruna In his
family and found 1t cured when other
remedies failed.
Rev. II. q. Smith, pastor OF the Presby-
terrain church Of Greensboro, Ga,
writes.
"Having used Peruna In my family for
some time 1t gives me pleasure 10 testify
20 its true worth. My little boy seven
years Of age had been suffering for some
time with catarrh of the lower bowels.
Other remedies had failed, bur after
EakfngfBo bottles Of Peruna fire trouble
almost entirely disappeared. Fol this
special malady l consider II well nigh a
specific. AS q tonic for weak and Worn
out people 1t has few on no equals.n-.
REV. e. q. SMITH.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07

Mr.. NJ. J. Rossmau, q prominent mer~
chant Of Greensboro, Ga., and an elder
IN The Presbyterian church Of that place,
writes.
!" For q long time ] was troubled with
catarrh of the kidneys and tried many
remedies, all ofwhich gave me no relief,
Pcruna waa recommended to me by
several friends, and after using q few
bottles / am pleased to say that the long
looked for relief was found md l am
now enjoying better health than | have
for years. It Is certainly q grand nledi-
cine.n--M. ,. Rosaman.
Hon. s. u. McEnery, United States
Senator from Louisiana, says the follow
ing Ia regard to pcruna:
The peruna Medicine Co., Columbus, o.:
Genfiemen-peruna rs an excellent
f0nIc. l have used IL sufficiently to
say thai I believe n 10 be all that you
claim for n.---S. %. McEnery.
IL you do not derive prompt and satis-
factory results from the use OF poruna,
write at once TO DIR. Hartman, giving q
full statement of your case and he will
be pleased TO give you his valuable
advice gratis.
Address Or. Hartman, President of the
Hartman Snnitartum, Columbus, Ohio.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07
DeaAAs.z u Ca1al

az local Implications, IS hey cannot reach ths
13seasSsf ,51It4-a u &c c~x. I~cre - only
Eayt Ia cisfe f3egfreaz. es sNat 81 ty ecnst
tiya&l comedies. De2frsssla caused by ~
11nae2 condition cl tue Mucous italng 81
tsastachian Inbe. tube EekStntasR
YOU haveA rumEliaE eoIxd or linpertect hGs4
inc. AZ lvnou II IL entirely closed Deafness W
the result, and unless the inhanAiation CA
taken out and this tube lestQreu 70 - LOT
rsne cases out Of ten are cRsged by caxax@A
which IS nothing but an fulan1ed conditions ~
the mucous surfaces.
We win give One Hundred Dollars for Ant
case OF Deafness (eaused by catarrh) that faas
not be cured by Hairs Catarrh Cure. Send 1oz
F. j. CHENEY 8 CO., Toledo q.
HE~ ~nfd bv Drnggisfs. 75c.
Hallis Family Pills are the best.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07

Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Allen Cnsh-
wa. o b~ouncing baby girl.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07
nee onr1N ANNuAL

\ useful compendium of sportir z
statistics is the "Police Gazette Sport
ing Annual" for 1908 1t contains the
records OF all the prominent pugilists,
athletics, bicycle and rowing records,
including all the principal features in
the trotting and racing world and his
tory of the Yacht races for tina Ameri-
cas- cup. 1t is a veritable e%ncyclope-
dia Of sporting information, p~rofuselv
illustrated and sells for 10 cents.
See Gay Silvers if you want q good
mule team.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07

nj. William E. Hough. of Fairmont
W Va, spent Sunday in this city with
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07

fnrned to the Council at All early date.
CouneilEaen Emmerf. &. Cline and
Porter were appointed a committee Of
three to confer with Mr.. Alex Clohan
aud thank him for his mast favors to
the council.
a number Of bills against the cor
porat'on were read and ordered paid.
The meeting then adjourned.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07

Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Allen cush-
wa. q bouncing baby girl.
mr.. William E. Hough. of Fairmont
W Va, spent Sunday in this city with
friends.
Mr.. Charles A. shaffer, Of Harris
burg. was in this city Thursday on
business.
Mr.. e. Rosenthal, Of Cumberland.
was among the business visitors here
Thu day.
Mr.. Frank L. Downev. of the B. &
engineering corps. spent Sunday in
this city.
Mr.. e. Ferguson. Of Winchester was
among the business Evisitors a here
Thursday.
The Rev. John 5. Douglas will hold
the regular services in the Episcopal
Church on next Sunday. morning and
evening.
Mr.. Harry r. Snyder. OF Hagers-
town. Md. was in this CITY Thursday
on business.
Miss Maude Matthews has accepted
a position as s~tenoarapher with Mr.. p.
R. Harrison.
Mr.. G.. F. Adams, was the guest of
Mr.. and MIS-. Vim. Murphy the first
of the week.
MI. A. V. Rollins, of the B. g. o
engineering corps, spent Wednesday
here with friends.
Chicago was cut of from outside
communication as the result of a heavy
sleet storm Tuesday night.
Mr.. T. A. Brown. who has been in this
Guy FOR the past few days or business. re.
tn ned o his home in Hagersfown.
All the big ocean liners were DELAYED
in sailing from New York Yesterday
on account of the scarcity of coal.
Mr., +. S. Miller, of Roanoke, Va, who
was the guest of Miss Florence ]. Char-
ton n. Spring street, has returned home.
"Wnat is it that makes men great,
papa?"
Persistent advertising, my son. -
Cleveland Plain Dealer.
From the number of times the Hag-
erstown fire alarm system gets out of
order, one is inclined to believe that it
is never in working order.
SIS Edith DeGrange, who recently
Completed a coarse at Miss Cora Potts
school, has accepted a position as sec
rotary to Messrs Alexander and Tram
NELL
Here's an advertiser, said the Wes-
tern EDITORS assistant, "who offers us
Que of his Patent Sad-Irons for Shirt
Bosoms' in exchange for space. Shall
/ accept?''
"SureP p replied the editor, "Some
day we may acquire a shirt in the
same way. "-Philadelphia Press.
Mrs. Lewis Jamison. Messrs. Sam
uel and William Hedges, of Lansing.
Kan. and Mr.. Newton Hedges. of
S~tubenville, o.. are home ON account
OF the illness of their mother, Mrs.
VIM. Hedges
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1903-02-07
Geo. f. Evans.
Mayor


A motion was made and when put to
a vote was carried, that the message
be received.
The yearly report of the Water Board
was received and was as follows:
They reported that they had secured
the services of a competent engineer for
the sum Of s400 a year The rates and
prices per anum for the use Of water
furnish bv the water works was raised
in a number Of places.
Toe report was received and adopted.
The bill for the amending of Soc
tions 4 and 10 was called on its first
reading. After being read the first
time it was ordered TO its second read-
ing for the purpose of making any
amendments. As no amendments were
offered. the bill went to its fiual read
ing.
A bill was offered bv Councilman
Conrad Cline for the raising Of the Ii
cense on the saloon keepers which is
as follows:
Be it ordained by the Common Coun-
ell Of Martinsburg, that section 10 of
Chant. IL Of the laws and ordinances
Of the Corporation. be amended and re-
enacted, so as to read as follows
Section lo:-On every license to sell
spirituous liqnosr, foreign wines, or a
mixture thereof, or n drink of like
mature. Two Hundred and fifty dol
lars, except to hotel keepers, where
liquor and hotel license combined
Shall be equal to $3.50.
The bill went to its first and second
readings aud a motion was made by
Councilman W. r. Kline to refer the
bill, for the amending Of the taxes,
to the. ordinance committee. Council
men Emmert responded to this and
said that as the city needed revenue,
the licenses should all be raised. He