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The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

There has been no better example pre-
sented to our readers of the changed con
ditions that have occurred In recent years
of the methods OF conducting farming op
erations in this county than the announce
ment in Wednesdays issue of the arrival
for W. P. Raugham of 236 tons Of horse
stable manure from Washington, d. G.,
to be used in fertlllzlng his two magni-
ficent farms. This innovation of Mr..
Baugham IN not sparing any cost. TO
bring his farms up to the highest state Of
fertility in order that whatever land he is
able to cultivate may be made t. produce
the largest possible harvest, IS one OF the
solution. OF the perplexing labor problem,
and the one our farmers will be compelled
to adopt if they ever expect TO continue
cultivating the soil at profit.
Leaving out the additional cost for fer
tilizers, the highly manured acres ot
ground vii. produce twice as much a.
half the number of acres poorly nanured,
and the cost of cultIvating Will not be
any more. A horse can plough, or a hand
clear Of weeds q much land in a day
on highly manured land as II 1t va. ol
the poorest quality. and the yield OF one
will be more than an hundred fold create
than the other The farmers in Beaufor,
county are largely indebted to Aessrs
Baugham, Thomas II. Bl9unt and SylVes
ter Fleming for the many valuable lessons
that has been given them by these gen
tlemen in intensive farming, and TO these
and others engaged in trucking have they
by following in their footsteps changed
nearly the entire system OF farming n
the county. and it has all turned out lol
The better.
Thus are the farmers of the county be
coming more independent, notw1thstand
ing the -coreitv Of labor, high wages
Iand other conditions seemingly detrimental
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
The Cotton Boil-Wo m.

Mr. Franklin Sherman, Jr., the state
Entomologist, has just gotten out bulle-
tin on The Cotton Boil Worm. This IS
the second entomologist circular issued Dy
the Department of Agriculture. The pesf
discussed is not the Bool-weevil of Texas,
which Mr.. Sherman says has not Yet ap-
reared in North Carolina in its true form.
The circular gives a complete description
of the Boll-w orm, its habits, etc. and dis
cl,sses remedies. All inquiries for circu-
lars. letters regarding insects, pests, etc,
and speciments, should be sent to frank
lin Sherman, Jr.. EntoEo,ogist, Depart
mcnt Agriculture, Raleigh. n. c.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
Notes from a n. c. Garden.
Ey prof. W. n. Ssoy.

derful in size. A we'll headed Hanson
is as crisp as lettuce can be, but rs
very cr:srness is against it as ship
per.
we ployed the land today for our fail
planting of bulbs. Next week the mar
cissus Of various kinds, tulips ani
Roman hyacinths will go IN the graund,
arc the Bermuda lilies the last of tie
month. a year ago we planted two
thousand narcisaus bulbs IN clunps IN
| the grass under the trees i'll oar wide
| spread lawn. II
! last spring. and another season We eA-
pcct the clumps to have extended and
greater bloom than before.
The late planted sweet corn OF Tie
! Improved Giant variety, whlcn some
! time ago we said we feared would not
make ears for the table | am glad 70
saw is now supplying US with fine cars.
T take aa much interest IN getting N"
ycrv latest Of these tender things as II
Getting the earliest IN the spring Juss
now if is the late tomatoes We are looh-
inc after. In one of our frames, winch
| later on will be set with lettuce we p.e
q plant Of tomatoes to each sasn. ne
seed for these was not soWn TIL June
-rbev raye begun to ripen, and we nave
laid the vines out on the ground dllo
whom frost threatens will put the sasne7
over thern, and keep the frost OUT l'i
acme time From other plants outs,de'
when frost cuts the vines we VIII sa'l-ef
~ oreen fruit, and wrap eacn IN pape1
srd nsck IN crates and pu IN q oss,
r,on inst frost proof. Bringing ie"
limo into a warm room tEey VII
,iro,, IN and T have had them for sllclns
,,1iddle 0T January.
oct 24.-snow, sloet and rain. re-
+ba srst time in ny life TO see sno" Il
october and that in Carolina. potato
~; nrobably be cut down tonlsnt.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
TELLING THE TRUTH.

The Country Gentleman, quoting our
editorial in regard to poisonous butta-
colors. says that it is IAN editorial
which not one farm paper in a dozen
and not a single dairy paper in all the
country, would dare to publish" We
are glad to have the approval of our
contemporary for wing to tell taa
truth about the pc i. often sold as but
II. color The &c able about a great
Y humbugs is that advertising cor
tracts stop the papers from telling mo
truth about them. The p. F. aims to b.
the real friend of the farmer. and is not
afraid to defend his interests, and TO tell
the truth in regard to those who woulc
| defraud him. We have been with tie
| Country Gentleman in the fight against
spurious butter, and ours New York cor,
temporary can rely on the p F. backing
it up III every fight against those Wnc
would load the farming community wit
taxes for the bentf OF terminal cite.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

We examined our second crop Irish
potatoes today COct 23) and We're glad
Ja find that they are bursting the ground
with fine potatoes The tops are in very
u@urlant growth, and as there are no
Colorado beetles at this season, there
ras been no need for spraying. II frost
holds off ten days more, the crop VIII
b" very fne one. Last fall the tops
"e.c not killed until late in -rovemDei''
."9usn sometimes the first OF November
a4ds them cut by the frost,
The chrysanthemunls ere the gl6fy
q the flower garden now. We have lois
ol Inc big show varieties, but l take
d great deal Gil interest In the Attie
Icmpcne sorts, and have about twenty
Varieties Of them. Though / disbud IL
,-so ones to get somo increase IN size
anl form. J dc not care for the great
cabbage head flowers the florists are :"
-oai OF growing.
Tea roses have taken on their ricn
autumn tints. and the buds are tar prc'-
Ter than the early spring ones.
made my last sowing of lettuce see'.
'4 the open ground today. This is OF
l@H Wonderful variety, and the plants
@.s intended TO simply survive the WIN
IL" l'r heading early in spring out'eo'
III the frames we have planted Big bos-
.ol and Grand Rapids lettuce 1ie
N4Hd Rapids will be for home use, tof
Our market demands a head lettuce, ard
t.7pto seem slow to find out shat the
t3fled lettuces are far better than fne
,4boaso sorts In the Western cities the
Grand Rapids sells, but in the East OILY
Ill" cabbage sorts are IN demand. Then
a#o i0r home use We set some plants q
,aeQis Improved Hanson This is o
.-A''r color tut similar habit to tht
"l1lerrul and heads vel IN w1nte1
2"' glass, while the Wonderful does
''ie l'H spring, and then i really won
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

mers were selling as fast q. tncy could
get out the cotton
Raleigh is the highest cottCn market
within several hundred miles" said the
same cotton buyer, land this Is because
the brokers are short Of cotton and the
mills have got to have it, their supply be
ing a very limited one
The heavy receipts Of the past two weeks
have materially increased the receipts for
this season, which now amount to 6,0S5
bales, as against 1851 bales last season to
this date In the last two weeks the in
/ crease has been 2,611 bales, as against Isl
bales in the corresponding weeks IN 1902
Up to two weeks ago the receipts here had
only been 3.4S4 bales for this season a
against $500 in 1902 This shows that n
the last two weeks the receipts have only
been less by 873 bales than the rest OF
this season, and proves cOnclusycly that
20 cents and over was needed 10 move tbs
cotton from the farms where the supply
! is short
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

before seeding, plowing deeply and work
inp and reworkIng until the seed bed wac
deep. fine and properly consoIItared be-
low the top three inches. This point Ie
also strongly prOught out in the work
done IL carrying on tie experiments n
soil fertility by the Department or Agrl-
culture discussed in the Bulletin from
the Bureau OF Soils upon which NC com
ment in another article IL this Issue. The
Cecil clay soils IN Hartford county, Nc.
under good cultivation ana management
give yields Of p to 80 bushels Of wheat
to the acre, whilst the same Cecll clay
soils in the Statesvile area IN Mort:
Carolina which have practically the same
analytical content of plant food only pre-
duce from 5 to bushels TO the acra
under the ordinary system of manage
ment common in North Carolina, b,te
with thorough cultivation and manage
ment bring yields almost equal to tie
same soils IN Maryland. This is only
one CT many similar instances TO u.
found in the Bulletin. The average whes.
crop of the South this year, only sons
S bushels to the acre and over series
! % years not exceeding the II bushes
7 secured by Sir T. B. Lawe5 after grow
! ing wheat fifty years without manuae
/ OF fertilizer, is one OF which the South
/ has no cause to be proud. Il couid
! easily be doubled without the expenC.I-
! ture OF a dollar an acre more for fertill-
| ger by q proper system of rotation anc
/ perfect preparation Of the soil before
seeding There Is no profit in growing /,
bushels Of wheat to the acre, but money
car be made in raising 25. Let each Oh,
make an effort to reach this quantity
BY curtailing the area and making .
lerfoct preparation CT this smaller ares
Harrow and roll, harrow and roll untl:
there are no cIods left but only a com.
ract fine sub-surface and a fine surface
inches Sow only perfectly clean seec
and let this be only the largest ana
plumpcst wheat you car oDtan. Blow
out al small and shrivelled grains. Put
III the seed TO the depth OF 1-2 or :
inches on heavy soil AMI rather deeper
OH light sandy soil. Sow from l to l Il
bushels to the acre according 10 the fer
tihty Of the land, the lighter seediI> on
the rich1- land In selecting the variety
to SOW choose one of the carl y matur-
ing ones, like Fultz or Fulcaster, u
order as far a possible TO avoid loss
from damage by rust, when rarely a.
tacks the crop until about the frst 81
second week in June by which time re
earlier varieties viii have matured. Vt
would lik TO see every farmer in tre
South make at least 2 small wheat cr--<.
J We ought al the worst to make our or
bread ct home and there is no reason WY
we should not DO more than this. ~
F., present We do not feed ourselves. Ans
years crop is not going to be large.
than will be required to meet our c-er
and foreign demands and there need -ict
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
/; Solution OF Labor Problem.
the Gaze t--MesSengcr

TO their welfare Much has been said and
written recently about the problem Of the
scarcity of labor. Hundreds OF negroes
have left this city and county within the
past two years. and IN some instances the
farmer who has attempted ia the sprlu.
to cultivate large number Of acres, has
seen near y all OF his labor come TO naught
for the want OF the necessary hands 10
cultivate and harvest MS crop. How
much it would have been at the end of
the year If he had highly fertllIzed half
the number Of acres. thus beng able To
cultivate them well. at half the cost OF
the whole, and had no trouble IN securing
the necessary hands in harvesting his
crop? We repeat this IS the best solution
OF the growing scarcity OF labor We have
yet heard suggested.
Said one OF our most intelligent truck
crs not long since: The only solution -
the growing scarcity OF labor IS In the
farmers reducing their acreage, and n
divers.tying their crops. and using more
improved machinery. There il twice as
much improved machinery and farming
implements III use IN Beaufort county
a there was two years ago. Aimoss
every farmer ha. h. gram drills, hsrroH.
moving machines, eultiv.tors, and lnprov-
ed ploughs.'
The farmers viii De compelled 70 diy-r-
Sly their crops. Tor there II not suffc.e1.
labot II the country to rIise simply cot
ton and corn. We must rai.e grasses and
small gram which require little labor. L
this policy was adopted, il would be only
a few years, at most before the people
living on the farms would be more indie
pendent than ever The farmers are be-
ginning to raise everything that they cal.
and instead OF .e.dng theig grass. OF let
ting 1t waste IN the field, they are turning
! II into finished product-pork, cattle,
!. chickens, etc.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

Cotton. Well cotton did not do thing
yesterday bat proceed to get up to eleven
cents Z pound.
Great was the rejoicing at this among
the farmers who have been watching the
market reports and they brought in an
extra amount Of cotton for SATURDAY..
There were sold here yesterday 26S bales
and the prices for this ranged from 103s to
II cents, with an average of about 107s,
which was the ruling price. "A year ago
yesterday SO bales were marketed here
at from 75s07A cents a pound.
The rise in the market has set the far
ner to talking of 1919 cents a pound and
we'll informed cotton men expect that fig
ure to arrive at an early date. Many far
mers are now declining to sell at II cents
and are holding for a better price. \ wei
informed cotton buyer said yesterday
however, that he believed that the far
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
INOCULATING ALFALFA.

The TACT has been discovered at the
Illinois Station that the bacteria when
effect the sweet clover Of Meliiotus alba
tdeat;cal with the bacterium that lives
I'm alfalfa roots. This is an importan.
discovery TO the farmers where the Ncii-
I-tu- Is a common weed. In fact, IL
some parts OF the South the Melilotus IS
cultivated on lime lands and it will nov,
or.v be necessary to get some of the soil
where the Mehlotus has grown and
mace noduIes for the purpose of scatter
rD- over the alfalfa to inocuate II. The
many ways in which the Stations are
5rfing facts for the farmers IS little s;;1.
rreciatcd by them as a class, and IN
naay States the farmers rarely seek the
lad OF the Station by corresponding with
them The Stations are IN each Stare
t5r the especial benefit Of the farmers
in that State, and the Station officers are
always ready and anxious to do all that
tEcy can 10 help the farmers. The far1u~
gr who does not keep up with the publ
c,.toDs cf his State Experiment Station
is not using q means that will be Of
Great assistance TO him in his WORK
Have your name put on the mailing lis.
OF Your State Experiment Station, anc
in every difficulty write them for help
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
From The Southern Planter.

therefor be any fear q . 'aree -agrs.,
carried over tor another scar.
IN. SAVING and storing ~ the corn a5.
forage crops should receive constant as
t,ntIol whenever TIE weather permits "a.
til ali are safely stored Z tke barn or ~
stacks near tho building Il IS iamea:a
blc - see the oarelessrcs> winch IS
common all over the south in this mat
ter. Tine. money and labor IS expended
IN growing the crop and then too often
: great part OF il IS lost BY u -ect III
cutting. curing and hauling i home Is
ptcially IS this the case with the corn
crop. when once il IS cut aud set up II,
shocks all further thought e !, seems %
b abandoned until necessity calls 10.
the produce ana this Is often rot uAU.
winter has actually Sc, Il and ,Aen The
hands viii be seen pulling lown tnt
shocks and shaking the snow oI Them
and carrying them IN ono or two az 4
time, just a need calls Tor them. AZ
4 tfat time much OF the food value hrs
been lost and much or il u absolut II
wasted. There Is no excuse for such an
unbusnesslike way OF handling the cror
III the South. Our long usually fin,
falls, give ample opportunity for the nous
ing Of tho crop before winter sets n anC
this should be done as soon a5 ever IL,
crop is ready for the house The cut
ters, shreddcrs and huslers make i, pc,
sible to reduce the stalks into such
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

by the Census Department, puts the cot
ton gnned to October Of this season rs
1929, 627 bales, as against 5,923.S7 10 the
same date last season, a difference Of
1,096245 bales IN favor of last season.
These figures are startling and they Ger
tainly mean Eery short crop or the gin
ners are not giving straight facts. As i
we'll known, however the crop IS a short
one and the government report on this mas
aided to boom cotton.
The export of cotton thus far this sea
son is 142, ,t21 bales behind the same period
last season and the cotton which is here
IN sight at this date is 1925 bales less
than that at this time last year. The mar
l1et was half million bales behind wher
the season started and the country was
swept bare
The producer Of cotton can look over
al, these things and from them he can see
that cotton must go higher. On all side
1t Is agreed that the market IS a rising
one.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

form that the fodder from a large area
can be stored in small compass and when
sawed IN this form it is practically a.
good as Timothy hay for feed. These
machines are now being operated in MANY
sections by the thre,hing macnlne mss
Il ho travel from farm to farm and vhe,
ever a machine is not owned O.. the Iagr.
these should be secured to save the crop.
Especially should their usefulness be az
preciated at the present zine when labor
i scarce and dear. II no machine is 10
be had then at least carry the fodder
home as the corn is shucked and eithei
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

tramped himself to the top. The uEdcc
ground slioS from the constant con-
densation OF moisture on the cold walls
always had line of rotted silage
around the walls and IN the corners, ana
as the Australian folks say they werc
very expensive and not ne uest by auy
means. We have learned better long
ago, and the Australians are gong
through the same process. Many years
$50 Il neighbor who had Of these
Big pits abandoned it and thought 70
improve by building an expensive stop
walled sio above ground But he still
held to the old notion that we must Du-
a great pile Of rocks on the silaGe after
covering it with boards, and he piled
The rocks on IN his new stone slio udtll
il burst wide open. Then he came over
to our place and was very much
astonished to find that we had aban.
dCncd board cover and rocks TOO. Those
who ina gine that We are not advancing
III agriculture need only to iool> Daci,
! over the history of silo construction
| and mana cement
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

ga.t un-er assF j rc a s. .H8
:or = og .lt u4 IS a.seks ea3 eeter-
ttA straw tu Iste T. sas S4t
taol. tn waste rs tey Ge.a \as e.y
s THIS N.-tet4'r -Hra st&srs ta tse
oosa croG tut - often .,s closer ats
o;her iorae t-aaa .s.t 81 ts ut.I a
clcks Co- Wesss AFTER sAey a-s ;4.'s
.urct II >-eh cssgs Is 144s, portion 50
The c.op is but u u.t.e salac ,xesft .ar
tcddlas such Yra@tet a n strer.
reflection apoa the bus s.s eaparfy 4
Tie tGrncv and causes 4uho4ct Z satse
Anent to Northern aat European faf-
mars her, every care IS taken je ~&Sc a.l
tnat the LABOR ~ the season ha prole-.
- Farming VII mower tay eau4a.s,4
crder such manas, mcnt 10 lGs.e -
man ID commercial Lille could s--es,d v#ta
such management Nct, often tEr .4
croft made r commercial UNDERTAKINGS
is that made from Tho saving of t.e
ua,te products 81 the principal ba-.uess.
i, is SAID. and Sc believe ntth truth. that
the great packing hou-es or tie W,sf
could make no profit bus for ,h, ca-e'wl
utilization o. the on aaA waste .. The
cattle and hogs slauKh,crtd
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

When all CROPS are safely housed keep
the teams Il work breaking The land liz
tended TO he cropped next year Ip "a
the end Of this month land so broken may
&c ard should be seeded In rye oy rye and
English yetch. TINS will uak- cover
crop 10 prevent lelchinE of the fertility
out OF the soil during the winter and
spring and VIII make grazing and humu-
Wien pioTcd down, or IN carly forage
crop DO not hesitate however 10 plo@
all lend intended 10 be cropped EeXt year
whether il can be seeded or not and pio~
i deeply thus enabling II to hold ana
store moisture for the needs of the com.
in, crop ana Ic-mig cf the aorat.ou OF
TIE soil and tho reduction 81 Inert rl.nf
food INTO an available condition. Recent
investigation has shown mat all sot.-
contain rly the came amount n the
three PRINCIPAL elements of plant food
dts-oiyab}e by water ard that ono ~ the
great. st factors in r}anr production =
tile reduction of thc soil bv blowing and
Continued on Thnd Page
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10
WINTER VETCH AS A NITROGEN
GATHERER.


Trof Waught. horticultural editor OF
the Country Gentleman. discusses the
hairy yetch in a recent issue of that
PAPER, and quotes the results al the Cor
neil Station showing that while the coz2
pea secured % pounds of nitrogen per
acre from the air, the hairy vetch
cured 256 pounds. He seems, however
to doubt that all this nitrogen cano
from the air, and there are no expert
rnents 10 prove that it does. But The
act that it is there IS important. In the
longer season OF the Southern States
the cow pea would greatly excel the re-
suits obtained at Ithaca. But the re-
ruIts show that the hairy vetch Wiz
make 9 very valuable crop to follow an
aarly sown crop Of the cow Pea. and
thus to keep UP the nitrogen gathering
for the following spring crop. One
rr0minent farmer in Maryland, who was
warned that the vetch might become :
weed on his land, replied that he found
HAT If nearly doubled his corn crop, and
that any weed that would do that was
welcome to a place on his farm. We re
Ie. TO this matter just now more for tfe
purpose OF suggesting to those who have
/. Good stand of the vetch that with the
resent high price for the seed Of 81 20
- per bushel it may be well to grew
the croD for seed. Then. too, we have
found that the aIvice given in the seed
catalogues to SOW a bushel OF seed pei
acre, Is entirely needless. We have had
fire stand Of this vetch from sowing
If pounds per acre, and believe thai
where me soil is properly inoculated
this will be enough. To inoculate the
soil all that is needed S to scatter a
few bushels of soil from an OLD garden
where English peas have been lcnG
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

grown, over the vetch plantation. We
had this yetch with three feet oi tor
last February, in old garden soil, and
loaded with nitrogen noduies on It's
roots FOR winter cover it should be
sewn Ill late August, though we have
rad a good stand in spring from that
soWn IN October, but it made little show
IN the following winter.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1903-11-10

All root crars should be dug or pulled
during this month though ruta baga tur.
n'ps need not ara -hould DIT; Sc yu.l-4
until the cnl or the menth A light
frost VIII not hurt them and they VIII
gam more weigh Guru: tms moatb thsn
during any other lEr usr.ud - their
growth. Beets ard Menea.d Wurtt.l neet-
should not te Ieft 20 ~ frozen es tn.v
never tcsu wei afscr Frost na- tag NtA
them All root crora can Dr. saf Isl red
for during the winter either in dry ~,I.
Ia or she'd keeping them we1l covered
with straw. or thev NAV be ruf la bears
or kllns in the field on h.Eh drv "raw~1
where he water VIII dra ~ frau Aeo,.
These heaps should Re covered fre' va'h
straw TO the dcuth of iu~No= ard then
with soil which should n beaten -eHf
tD throw OF tho ram SEQ thnt tbp #oate
are drv ard cisau ~ sod when sfote1
ana 'h~t the 'oaves or 'o,s are cut OF
Ciranlv b1t Wtthnut cutting .~'e 'h. root
themselves The 'savos shoula De- l#ft
OF the ground 70 ha turned u~dar fo a3H
humus to the soil Young co't'e and
sheen NAV be allowed 70 rie'. them ov.r
s"fo~c turning under hut milnh cows
should not be allowed to cat them as
thew arc very apt to taint tho milk ani
butter