The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-08

concessions handing over of the
political government to the new as
serlblies and a responsible ministry.
But after Austrian successes in the
north and Radetskys entry into Milan,
Aug. 5. Mamiani was dismissed, and his
place was filed by Count Rossi, the
French ambassador. statesman of
signal ability and intrepid character,
but of conservative views. Nov. Is,
1848. as Rossi was alighting at the
steps of the house of assembly he was
assassinated in broad daylight, and the
act elected no expression of disap-
prevail in the assembly.
Forced to Make Concessions.
Two days later a mob composed
largely of disbanded soldiers assembled
in the square of the Quirinal and made
fresh demands. declaring If they were
not complied with they would COM
mence a general massacre Of the in
mates. sparing only the pope himself.
Palma, Plus secretary, was shot. and
the pope. to avert further bloodshed.
made the requisite concessions, assent
ed to the formation of a new ministry.
while he himself was made a virtual
prisoner. He made his escape Nov.
"a in disguise to Gaeta, and this ended
the only attempt of a pope to govern
! in liberal spirit.
After the occupation of Rome by Oudi-
not's forces. April II. 1850, unfettered by
any conditions whatever. Pope Plus re-
turned to Rome changed man in his pol
icy. He began to avail himself of the
action that had set in. especially In Ger
many and England. after the repression of
the revolutionary movements. by taking as
fIa tatrrd - fc- oil NO ffaI
connection between political innovation
and freedom of scientific or religious
thought.
Encouraged the JesuIts.
The activity Of the Jesuts was stu
diously encouraged The papal rule be-
came almost as oppressive as that of
Naples The prisons of Rome were filed
with inmates against whom no more
definite charge could be made than that Of
suspected disaffection toward the govern
ment.
A pamphlet was published in Paris in
December. 1859, describing the conditions
in Roma gina. and openly raising the ques-
ton of the temporal power. and suggest
ing that it should be restricted to the capi-
tai itself. Plus replied in January follow
ing. but his obstinacy was of no avail.
The Romagna was occupied by Sardinia.
and central Italian states shortly after
ward formed themselves into league to
prevent its reoccupation by the pontifical
| forces. AntoneIli. who was Pope Plus
main adviser. raised force of French,
Belgians, Bavarians and Irish, which was
placed under Lamoriciere, an able French
officer. After a stubborn resistance at
| Ancona. the Sardinans prevailed. and in
| September 1860. the whole of the States
| of the Church. with the exception of the
Patrimonium Petri. were annexed to the
| kingdom Of Victor Emmanuel From this
| time on Plus was maintained in Rome only
| by a French garrison. After the capture
of Garibaldi at Aspromonte. Victor En-
| manuel put in formal claim for Rome.
| and 1t was arranged by the convention OF
Sept. Is, 1864 that. the French should
| Withdraw from the city before the end OF
| 1866. and on Dec. IL of that year they
withdrew.
Defense of the Holy See
! In 1870. Rome being once more threat
| ened with a revolution. Victor Emmanuel
announced that the duty of protecting the
| holy see had devolved upon him, and sent
| Gen. Cadorna to take possession. There
was feeble resistance, and after short
bombardment. the white flag was display
| ed and on Sept. II. 1870, the zouaves.
some 5000 strong. after receiving the pom
tifical blessing they stood massed in
the square of st. Peters. marched out OF
Rome. and the temporal power of the pope
had ceased to exist.