The pioneer press. (Miller, Hand County, S.D.) 1893-190?, 1903-12-31

VI luc WtSh uITeClly dlIST the piduSls
Saturday (Saturn), Sunday (Sun),
Monday (Moon), and four through the
Saxon names for the others: Tuesday
(Tuesco-Mars), Wednesday (Woden
Mercury, Thursday (Thor-Jupi.
teri. and Friday (Friga-Venus).
The month, no doubt, originated
from the phases of the moon. These,
sharp and well-defined, are four In
number: the new moon, first quarter,
, full moon and last quarter. Each OF
| these phases occupies about seven
days, so that from new full moon to
new full moon, there is something
more than Twenty-Five days, which is
called a synodical month, or lunation.
No nation up to the present time
has devised system OF absolute ac-
curacy in the measurement or the
| collar year. Some ancient nations, such
as the Chaldeans, reckoned the year
as $50 days. This is the principle OF
| that most ancient astronomical term,
| the Zodiac. The Zodiac is a belt en-
| circling the heavens on each side OF
| the ecliptic, within which the planets
! known to the ancients always revolve.
1t extends eight degrees on each side
of the ecliptic. 1t is divided into
twelve equal parts, called signs of the
Zodiac. 1t is a great cycle, and is d.
vided into $50 degrees, like all cir
Giles; hence $50 days in the Chaldean
year.
The Egyptians counted 365 days in
their year. AS the year contains
1854 days nearly, such systems could
| not fail to work great inconvenience,
for the seasons would move round in
| a cycle from one time of the year to
| the other. Let me make this quite
| plain. Take the winter solstice, for
instance, which happens on Dec. Il.
At the end of four years the solstice
would be not on Dec. q, but on Dec.
%. The sun would be behind time. In
order, therefore, that the seasons
should occur at the same time in the
civil year, it was necessary to take
account of this fraction Of day.
julius Caesar, the great Roman en-
peror. determined to ractity the error.
He called the celebrated Egyptian as
| tronomer. Sosigines, TO his aid Sosi-
| zines suggested the addition Of day
every fourth year. This day was add
| ed to February, and Is known TO us as
Leap Year" but to the Romans as
! Rissextile Obs, twice, sextus, SIXTH.
This corrected calendar became
known as the Julian. But as it made
the year consist of 365 days, 6 hours,
! it was in excess of the actual time by
minute 1913 seconds. Small as was
| this fraction, it accumulated to about
one day in every 1874 years.
The calendar needed reform. Time,
civil and ecclesiastical, required re-
adjustment. But to urge the neces-
sary change was dangerous, as the
| learned Friar Bacon found to his cost.
| For pointing out errors in the calendar
he received as a reward for the ad-
vOcacy of the truth a prison, where he
remained ten years.
AS often happens, ecclesiastical
requirements minister to civil neces-
stiles. The immediate cause of the
vi INC OElChNGi Heo GA
| error in the time of observing the
caster festival. The Council of Nice,
in A. D. 1926, decreed that Easter is
the Sunday following the full moon,
next after the Vernal equinox. Owing
to disputes arising from this decree
Pope Hilarius, in 463, ordered that the
| paschal moon should not be the actual
full moon, but an ideal one, falling on
the 14th day of the moon by the
metonic cycle (so-called from Metoni,
a Greek philosopher who discovered
it. 1t consists OF nineteen years, at
| the end of which the sun is in about
the same position he was at the be-
| ginning).
In 1882 it was found that the real
equinox fell ten days before the nom
| inal one. and from the error in the
Metonic cycle. Easter had got four
days wrong. Then Pope Gregory
| XIII reformed the calendar, called
| after him the Gregorian calendar, by
| the aid of Clavius, learned Jesuit
The equinox of 1882, which should
have fallen on March 81, fell on
March II. Gregory cut the Gordian
knot by decreeing that Oct. Of that
year should be counted as Oct. Is.
| To the question, What is time? We
| may give the answer, duration, as
measured by the solar system. For
everyday purposes and artificial di-
visions mechanical contrivances are
necessary.
The first method of measuring time,
| as far as we know, was by means of
J the obelisk. The pyramids OF Egypt
/ very probably answered the same pur-
pose, Josephus states that Moses
erected, at Heliopolis. in Egypt, pill
lar Cor such purposes, THE cloudy
pillar that accompanied the Israeli
ties in their forty years wanderings IN
the wilderness, and which was a pill
lar OF fire by night" most likely an
swered the same purpose. Pliny states
that an obelisk, now on the Thames
embankment in London, and known
as "Cleopatras Needle" was erected
by Mesophres about B. c. 100, likely
for similar uses. We all know, hope,
the reference in the Bible to the sun
dial of Ahaz. about b. G. TAO. Accord
81 r,ba rauica1 thn ola