Evening journal., 1903-04-04
HOW TO PRESERVE
THE FRUIT CROP
Useful Information About the
Destroying Of Bugs and
Insects
THE SPRAYER USEFUL TO THE CROPS


Cows Should Have Plenty of Ground
Material at This season--The Proper
Way to Cut Asparagus Shoots.
Other News of the Farm.
Now that warfare on insects and
fungi must be kept up it is important
THAT farmers and fruit growers per-
, form their work at the right time and
use the proper remedies for accom-
plshing the objects desired. So many
mistakes are made in combating The
enemies Of plants that the Agricultural
Department never ceases to send out
bulletins of information at all seasons,
; while the State experiment stations
also greatly aid in the work. The use
OF insecticides and fungicides In com
; batting the many insect pests and plant
diseases is well established and their
value is conclusively shown, yet there
lare many farmers and fruit growers
who are still unfamiliar with the de-
tails of their use. Some do not seam
to understand how to separate the in
l~|NNA't'NR AARAA AAl lullHiAlutns anu lntl
apply the wrong remedy frequently be-
cause of a lack of knowledge of how to
proceed. According to the results OBJ
uained at the Rhode Island Station the
greatest loss, however, occurs from
negligence, or from not spraying as fre-
= quenuy as necessity demands. The for
z lmulas have been given frequently and
lel are well known, but their application
y at the proper period is the most i'm.
ID pcrtant Ii is now admitted by all ex-
le perienced fruit growers that the spray
u er is N necessary adjunct to the pro-
" duction of fruit. and that where it is
;, not used there will not only be NO
n crops, but the neighboring orchards
v, Will also be endangered. The best re-
m suits are obtained when the growers
n in a neighborhood are organized and
es work in harmony, for then they not
le only protect one another. but the ex-
L, perienced can advise those who may
al not fully understand the proper meth
9 DDS to pursue
, A fungus is q plant that is destitute
of the green coloring matter of the
higher plants and as this green color.
ing matter, or chlorophyll, is the only
substance known through which th,
plant changes its crude food materia
n. 10 nutriuve food material, it Is eviden
that fungi must feed upon organize,
~ material which has asbeenpreviously elab
is Grated by the host plant. and which !
as adapted TO their wants. That portio1
M Of a fungus which causes the damag
"a to the host plant is composed of long
ve fine threads, known as 'hyphae." whicl
bboe occur either separately or in bundles
-s- 1aStH together they form the vegetate,
OF portion. or "mycelium of the fungus
y, This mycelium corresponds to the root
in and stems Of the towering plants
m Spores are organs which are produce
ns upon the mycelium, either upon tn
CT main body or upon branches threw
ee, out Off the purpose Spores take tn
"u place OF seeds in the hiaher plants
though really they are not seeds, as
seed contains young plant while
spore being composed OF one cell, dot
not Given proper conditions, howeve
J, the spore will send out fine filimen
~ which develops a plant similar to II
T. original from which it came Thei
- are two kinds OF spores-summer an
winter. The summer spores are bolu
upon the surface of the host plan
-- They ripen quickly and reproduce u
fungus rapidly. but soon lose their v
. tality If proper conditions for germ
nation are not given in short time a
ter maturity. The winter spores al
, USUALLY produced within the tissues
the host plant-cOmmonly in the fru
and leaves. They live through II
winter, and in the spring, with favo
me- able conditions. germinate, and MOI
ak iungus is again developed As n
OF fungus is developed within the hol
plant all remedies are useless. as
ne islmpossible to reach the interior Of th
plant, but the spores should be destro,
ed before or at the time Of germinatiol
nee an treatment being largely preventiy
rather than curative.
,, In the destruction OF insect pests III
remedies are designed TO act in one Z
= tive ways. In one way the poison
% taken into the digestive tract of the il
sect, and causes death. This is don
by simply coating the plant with som
poisonous substance (such as par
pen green), which is taken by the inseS
tn with the food BY the. other metho
nss the food Is not poisoned. as the ms
terial (such as kerosene emulsion)
\. applied directly to the insect and cause
. death either by penetrating the bod
directly or by closing the breathin
pores. Many insects cannot be DO
-. soned, as they feed upon the Juices {
ees plants (by sucking). and do not es
the external covering. but many {
:. them have soft bodies. so that they SUI
- eumb TO treatment If the poison oome
in contoct with their bodies-kerosen
- emulsion usually proving fatal to then
- All OF the aphides. or lice. feed by sucl
ter ing as do also the true bugs, Of whic
sic the squash bag is an example For III
chewing insects, such as canker worm
}. the poison should be evenly distri
~ uted over their feeding places, an
may be applied before they are presen
md as in spraying for the codling moth: bs
,tinl fore tbo fDroof fc l,,tct,,l ~. -..,,s..