davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tonopah bonanza. [volume] (Butler City [i.e. Butler], Nev.) 1901-1909, 1903-05-09

specimen, while the micas OF the
older andesite have generally
completely disappeared. The later
andesite is also apt to be more highly
colored in its present state than the
earlier rock. 1t has often assumed
various shades of purple and green,
which led the writer to give it the
field name of purple porphyry.
This later andesite is found in dyke
form, cutting the earlier eruptives,
and also occurs in the form of extern
sive flows. 1t was possibly accom-
panied by breccias.
About this time, and perhaps sue
ceeding the later andesite, came the
formation of the great series of
stratihed white volcanic tufts which
is exposed around Tonopah. At one
point thickness of several hundred
feet is shown. The perfect stratiti-
cation indicates that this formation
was laid down in a lake which
must have been of considerable
depth. Part of the formation is
made up entirely of myriads of the
microscopic siliceous shells Of infuso-
ria. Since the lake epoch, however,
erosion has been considerable, leav-
ing the tuff forming some of the low
mountains in the vicinity.
There was apparently a later flow
OF rhyolite, in general composition
like the earlier flow, but distinct in
point of age and now consequently
fresher in appearance. Some min
eralization followed this flow, pro
ducing veins and coatings of chal-
cedony, iron carbonate, iron oxide,
etc, along the contact and in crev.
ices in the adjoining rocks. These
veins also carry small amounts of
gold and silver, but have no connec-
ton with the earlier, more important
mineraliza ton. Latest of all was the
eruption of lava which forms most of
the mountains around Tonopah. The
nature OF this lava is dacitic. Da-
cite is quartz-bearing andesite.
The writer spent two months in
the autumn of 1902 making a preim-
mary investigation of the Tonopah
mining district. Mr. W. J. Peters,
of the topographic branch of the sur
vey, has just finished making care
full map of that portion Of the dis
trict which is of the greatest econ
mic Importance. This map is on a
scale of 800 feet to the inch. The
writer will continue and finish his in
vestigation in the spring of 1903
will map the different geologic forma.
tions, and will prepare a report
showing the relation OF the ore de-
posits to the different rocks.
There are several perplexing
problems which are to be worked out
in the district. One of the most i'm.
portant is the location, as nearly as
possible, of the underground course
of the upper contact of the earlier
andesite or lode porphyry, so that
mining men may know approx
mately where to sink their shafts
shafts with the chances of reaching
the porphyry soonest. Another diff
cult problem will be to ascertain, il
possible, the probable course and ex-
tension OF the vein systems of the dis
trict. A third problem, perhaps the
most important of all, is the study OF
the distribution of the rich ores
, within these veins. These questions
will be dealt with in the Forthcoming
report.
Tonopah bonanza. [volume] (Butler City [i.e. Butler], Nev.) 1901-1909, 1903-05-09
UMMONS.
IN THE JUSTICES COURT
TOnOpah Township, County of
Nye, State of Nevada.

D. L. PARHAM, Plaintiff Summons
W. IngtIr.is Cour,
FRED W. LEEDHAM. Def. 'uS'i'oS oouF''
The State of Nevada sends Greeting TO Fred
w Leedham, Defendant.
You are hereby summoned to appear before
Be, at my office ia Tonopah, in the Township Of
TOnOpah, County OF Nye, on the 10th day Of
June, A. ID. Los. at ~ O'Clock A. M. to answer
the complaint Of the above named Plaintiff for
cause Of action as 70 lows, towit: Money
loaned To the Defendant to the amount Of
Seventy Dollars and Ninety Cents as more
fully appears by the complaint on fle In my
said office, to which you are referred, or else
the Plaintiff will take judgment against you for
the said amount, together with costs OF this
suit, II you fail to appear and answer
Given under my hand this Attn day OF May,
A. ID. 1903 j. Is. LINDSAY,
Justice OF the Peace of said Township.
Date Of first public ion May o, 1903 ct
Tonopah bonanza. [volume] (Butler City [i.e. Butler], Nev.) 1901-1909, 1903-05-09
LARGEST CIRCULATION in TONOPAH
PROF. SPURR'S GEOLOGY
OF TONOPAH.

A few miles north of Tonopah an.
cient limestones, probably Cambrian
or SiIurian, outcrop, and similar lime
stones are found some miles to the
south, in the southern Klondike dis
trict. In the immediate vicinity of
Tonopah, however, only volcanic rocks
are found. These consist of flows,
breccias and derived tuff and ash &C
foundations. These volcanoes are
probably of Tertiary age, and repre-
sent a number of successive flows,
with intervening showers of ash and
breccia, and erosion intervals. On &C
count of the confusion of these vol
canics the relative order of eruption
has not yet been certainly made out,
but at the present time the sequence
is considered to be somewhat as fol-
lows
l. Earlier andesite QatiteO.
Q. Earlier rhyolite and breccias.
B. Later andesite.
4. Erosion interval.
5. Volcanic breccias and flows.
6. Great water laid tuff formation containing
infusorial silica.
2. Later rhyolite.
s. Latest lava flow (daciteO.
The oldest volcanic rock is the earl
Ter andesite, which is commonly called
the lode porphyry. Although orig
inally an andesite, it is now, so far as
examined, everywhere almost entire
ly decomposed and transformed into
secondary products, consisting of
tibrous muscovite, secondary quartz,
pyrite, chlorite, iron carbonate, etc.
In its present decomposed form,
therefore, it is not an andesite, al
though originally one. Some forms
of the altered rock are what has been
described by early writer's in this re-
gion as propylite; but DIR. G. F.
Becker showed that the propylite of
the Comstock region was an altered
andesite, just as it is at Tonopah.
The Tonopah rock and the Comstock
rock are. as matter Of fact, appar-
emily similar in composition, and
probably are also in point of age.
The important veins of the district
occur only in this earlier andesite or
lode porphyry, and not, so far as yet
found, in the later rocks. So it seems
that the naturalization must have fol.
lowed the first andesitic eruption.
Therefore it is that the everything vol.
canics do not show these veins, and
constitute cap rocks which overlie
them, aud which must be pierced in
order to reach the lode porphyry ant
its associated ores.
Tonopah bonanza. [volume] (Butler City [i.e. Butler], Nev.) 1901-1909, 1903-05-09

The ores are in the form Of quartz
veins of the kind which have been de-
scribed by some writer's as the noble
quartz formation-th that is to say, the
quartz constitutes almost the whole
of the ore, and the valuable metals
are very finely distributed, so as to
appear barely or not at all to the
naked eye. There is also very small
quantity Of the less valuable metallic
minerals. Silver is found in the form
of chloride, sulphide (argentite), and
ruby silver. Gold has been seen in
free state in the ore.
The deposits are WE'LL defined veins,
maintaining nearly regular strike
and dip. The principal veins average
"a few feet in width. The chief trend
of the veins is east and west, but in
the developed region the different
veins diverge regularly from one an.
other, so that they lie like spokes of
u wheel. Where they come together
near the center from which they radi-
ate, they join and fork in the manner
of linked veins. There is evidence to
show that these veins, although hav-
ing the characteristics of true assure
veins, have formed along zones of
fracturing or sheeting in the lode
porphyry, and have replaced the por-
phyry in these zones to more or less
perfect extent. Therefore, in pass
ing along the veins, at some places
they are found to consist of pure
quartz, in other places chiefly of high
ly silicified porphyry.
Probably contemporaneous with the
naturalization has been the extreme
alteration of the original hornblende-
andesite. This alteration, together
with the subsequent weathering, has
produced great variety of appear
ance in the originally nearly uniform
rock. Pyritc and iron carbonate have
been derived from the decomposition
of the dark minerals mica, horn
blende and pyroxene) of the original
andesite, The decomposition of the
feldspars and other minerals has fur
nished an abundance of secondary
quartz. In some of the most decom-
posed and altered phases, therefore,
the appearance is that of a highly
siliceous, nearly fresh rock, apparent
ly "a rhyolite. This is one of the COM
mon phases in the vicinity of the Miz.
pah. Other phases are soft and light
colored; others comparatively firm
and dark colored, with abundant
pyrite.
The mass Of Oddie Mountain is made
up of true rhyolite, later in point Of
age than the lode porphyry and con-
tanning, so far as yet known, no veins
belonging to this period. 1t is also
somewhat decomposed, but not near
ly to so great an extent as the lode
porphyry.
The later andesite occurs on Miz-
pah Hill 10 the same localities as the
earlier andesite, and between certain
phases of the two rocks it is often
difficult to distinguish. Originally
they both had nearly the same com
position, and they have often been
altered in nearly the same way. The
large feldspar crystals of the later
andesite, however, are generally of
greater size and more thickly set to-
gether than in the earlier andesite or
lode porphyry. The mica or biotite
crystals OF the later andesite
are also frequently intact and
can be recognized in the hand
The independent., 1903-03-19
"PUT MY NAME DOWN."

Editor Independent: l do not ex-
pect to be able to raise the fees nee
essary to keep along regularly in the
Independent School of Political Econ
omy, but you may put my name down
for two or three months starter.
BY that time it will be on it's legs and
will never miss me If | drop out.
H. ELLINGSTON.
Minnehaha, MINI.
CAS- the plan will probably be de-
veloped, no one will be required to
pay any fees regularly. In fact, there
will be none except to cover wear of
the books. Each book borrower will
be required to deposit sum suffic-
lent to cover the price of the book he
borrows, and when the same is re-
turned uninjured, save for ordinary
wear, the deposit will be refunded. less
small sum 40 per cent? to cover
wear. If the book is never returned,
of course, it is paid for and that ends
the transaction.-The Directory
The independent., 1903-03-19
HOPES FOR SUCCESS.

Editor Independent: l htink your
plan of an Independent Schol of Po-
litical Economy all right. l favor 1t
greatly and shall try to organize all
the local classes in Keya Paha county.
Since Bryan made his appeal to
the anti-reorganizers to start demo-
cratic clubs, I have been looking to
see what the democrats would do
here; but they have made no attempt
to do anything yet. Our people seem
to be dead since the democrats have
treated us so badly in local politics;
but still if we do not try, nothing will
be accomplished; and 1 will make
another effcrt, hoping we will have
the success that We had in the farmers
alliance in 1SS8-1890
GEORGE FESSANT.
SSpringview, Neb.
The independent., 1903-03-19

School of Political Economy and can
spare ten cents a month for reading
the best political books. / would like
to give more money towards the
school, but it is impossible for me to
do So at the present time. Send the
paper and I will renew as soon as
possible.
The voters of this vicinity are
Cleveland democrats and Hanna re-
publicans. There are no populists in
this county.
e. J. PAYNE, Mid-road Pop.
r. F. D. /, Clayton, Mich.
The independent., 1903-03-19
HARDY's COLUMN

Our state lawmakers and tax mon
ey investors should look ahead lit
tie. All the present railroads are 60
ing to become nearly worthless when
the new system of electric power is
about to be put into use. The state
and local authorities should at once
begin planning to build and run the
electric roads. If charter is given
for company to build new road
the charter should expire at the end
of twenty years. If possible, the Platte
river power should be utilized to gen.
crate electricity. There is already
quite water power at Kearney. If
We could utilize small proportion of
our water power we could run rail-
roads for one-half what they are run
for now. The electric system would
not only be cheaper, but much safer.
One train on certain section would
cut off all other trains from running
on that section until the stretch was
clear. No train would have the pow
er to run into another train. The wa
ter power at Kearney and Fremont
could be made to run all the roads in
the state.
The independent., 1903-03-19
is NEARER A PoPULIST.

Editor Independent: | would like
TO have chance at the travelling IL
brary of books-but | don't know Oh
any other subscribers here. Ii there
are any and you will give me their
names, | will see them and organize.
Would be glad to get lot of sub
scribers for The Independent, but don :
have a chance to work at it. am
an old-time republican, but supported
Mr.. Bryan both campaigns, and since
reading The Independent | believe |
am nearer a pop than democrat.
HOWARD FIELDS.
Bedford, Ind.
(No one is barred from borrowing
books because he is the only sub
scriber at given place. Isolated
subscribers have the same rights as
any others. But where several can
organize and hold stated meetings, the
study can be made much more pleas
ant and proftable-T Directory
The independent., 1903-03-19
TRADE UNIONISM.

Editor Independent: You ask your
readers what they think of the plan
OF starting reading club in politi-
cal economy. l think it would be
good thing; would certainly avail my
self of the chance of joining, if you
succeed in getting it started. l do
not know as l could get a class for
you or not. Probably not. There may
be some people in this town who are
interested enough in the great COM
edy-tragedy, or tragedy comedy
Whichever it isl of human life, to
take such course as you would
mark out, but | do not know them.
There are those who object plenty to
affairs as they are-object until one
would think they would break away
from the old parties, but my
We are at present deep in the
throes of trade unionism in this town.
Did Lincoln ever get a real, solar
plexus blow from trades unions? |
mean were the laborers of Lincoln
ever so well organized that they run
things?" If not, you have missed the
greatest opportunity of your life to
learn lots.
/ hope you may be able to name
such prices on the books you send that
may find myself able to purchase
several.
MRS. FANNIE GRAY WHEELER.
Bloomington, III.
Grade unionism is growing very
fast in this city. A call is issued to
organize the retail clerks March II.
The walters union is now on a strike
and restaurants are tied up. Doubt
less much inconvenience may at times
result from this movement, but final
ly something will be evolved which
will result in permanent benefit to the
people who toil.-The Director
A M1D-ROAT N2ULIST.
The independent., 1903-03-19
"CQIINT ME I"

Editor Independent: Count me as
in favor of your travelling library. l
always have been and am still a dem
ocrat, but think you have the best pa
per on earth; not because it always
agrees with me, but because you are
honest. FRANK e. DOWD.
Bloomington, Neb.
The independent., 1903-03-19

IDEAS CONFUSED AND HAZY.
Editor Independent: / want to read
the best books on political economy,
as it is subject on which / must
confess my ideas are confused and
hazy, and want to take advantage
of the invitation of The Independent.
JOHN D. EDWARDS.
Baden Station, St. Louis, Mo.
The independent., 1903-03-19

i have always believed in an in
come tax, and have thought that the
decision OF our supreme court against
the constitutionality of such a tax
was one of the most unfortunate oc-
currences OF the age. We should have
tax on all incomes, large or small
exempting a moderate amount of
property from execution and lew -
President 1ngalls.of the Big 4 R'y.
The independent., 1903-03-19

The Independent School of Politi-
cal Economy starts off with students
in nine different states: Washing
ton, Minnesota, Illinois (2), indiana,
Tennessee, Missouri, Nebraska "a,
New York, and Michigan. Under the
contemplated plan (which is not COM
Melted as to details) the work Will 60
r;y,,t along whether there be ten or
ton Thousand who avail themselves OF
the opportunity.
This in substance will be the plan:
All books will be listed at Selling
nrice. which will include postage OF
express prepaid to borrower. Inc
borrower. whether class or an IN
dividual, will send the full amount Oh
selling price Of book or books wanted
which will be regarded as q deposit.
He will be entitled to retain the Dook
full thirty days. Upon it's return tex
press or postage prepaid by hlm) 10
the school. or to some other member
upon order from the director, he Will
he entitled to have refunded 90 per
cent of the deposit. In other words,
the fee for reading any book Will De
one-tenth of the selling price oil the
book. plus postage in returning IT,
Upon return OF the book, the porrow-
er's deposit will be returned 10 hlm
In cash, Or It may be left as deposit
for the borrowing Of second book,
and SO on.
The school is not instituted as
money-making concern, SO When
hook has been borrowed ten times II
will have been fully paid for, and no
further fee for reading 1t Will De
charged, unless 1t should need re-
binding. These free books will then
be loaned to readers of The lndepen-
dent who are financially unable to
pay even small fee
A list of recommended books is now
in course of preparation and Will
probably be ready for announcement
in two weeks. For readers who de-
sire to begin right now, we can sup
ply 'The Science of Money by Alex
ander Del Mar; the deposit will be
81; and 80 cents will be refunded when
the book is returned at the end OF
thirty days; We pay postage to the
borrower, the borrower pays postage
back to us. Hence, you can read this
valuable work for something like 20
cents, and at the same time help some
poorer person to read it later without
cost.
Also, for three one-cent stamps you
may have a copy Of the extra number
of the American Federationist, an 80
page pamphlet giving valuable in
formation concerning direct legisla-
ton. This need not be returned.
Also, for city students, Prof Frank
Parsons 1.-THE City for the People"
the best book ever published on pub
lie ownership, direct legislation, home
rule, etc. Deposit, 81.
The following letters may be help
4ful to those who have been thinking
Of joining:
EAGER TO STUDY THE TRUTH.
Editor Independent: l am greatly
in favor of the plan that is left for us
to decide on the study of political
economy. am eager to study the
truth and discussions on economic |
equities, and am ready to buy and re-
tain such books as The Independent
proclaims beneficial to the public. |
Hope that the majority of its readers
will realize the good to be derived |
from such books.
ALFRED HALLMAN.
Granite Falls, Wash.
The independent., 1903-03-19

Statistics from the Nebraska peni-
tentiary show there have been 1897
convicts received since the peniten-
tiary was erected. Of these 3123
were sentenced for larceny-that is
Tor crimes where they sought to get
something for nothing. exclusive of
gambling; 7S3 received sentence for
assault. two for child stealing. fortv-
Tour for arson, three for gambling
two for blackmail and the rest for
scattering and less important Of
fenses.
The independent., 1903-03-19
"PLEAsE COUNT ME IN"

Editor Independent: Please count
me in on a course of study in politi-
cal economy. Am glad to get the
chance to gain some insight to what
Is one of the essential sciences of gov
ernment. Political economy is one of
the most profound philosophers of the
age In proportion as the citizen is
The independent., 1903-03-19

into the school fnnd the same as fines
and license money. Both gamblers
are equally guilty and should be made
to contribute to the school fund. A
high court has just decided that lot
terry tickets cannot be sent by ex-
press or by mail
The independent., 1903-03-19
FAVORS THE PLAN.

Editor Independent: l am in favor
of the establishment of the Indepen-
dent School of Political Economy, as
it will give every one an opportunity
of becoming we'll informed on politi-
cal questions of great Importance at
merely nominal rental for the books.
H. G. DWIGGINS.
Petersburg, Tenn.
The independent., 1903-03-19
Independent School Of Political Economy

familiar with it's science, in just that
proportion will he know the fulI I'M
port of freedom.
PERRY ID. PLAIN.
Atwater, Ill.
The independent., 1903-03-19

The Fifty-seventh congress has ad-
journed after spending over billion
and half. The tariff money must be
used up is the republican cry.
The independent., 1903-03-19

The man who loses money gambling
should not have it back. The winner
should be made to pay it over to the
state authorities and it should be put
The independent., 1903-03-19

Neither does state or national gov
ernment object to owning canals, but
they do not dare to own a railroad.
Why may they not own telegraph
wires as safely as mail bags?
Once in a while good things start in
the east as much for tie benefit of the
west as for selfish home interest. Pro-
fessors of Harvard and Yale have COM
menced to kick the football game in
stead of kicking the ball and the play
ers. We ali know that deaths and
life injuries have gradually increased
on the gridiron. There is but little
difference between football games,
prize fights and duels
A number of Indians are now em-
ployed by the Elkhorn company,
shoveling coal and dirt. Good.
The window glass trust has not
taken in the whole country yet.
There are independent factories that
punch the trusts. A glass factory is
not an expensive plant; there are
more than a dozen of them standing
idle owned or rented by the trust
and new ones are being built. There
is no justice in the law that protects
the manufacturer in charging us
higher price than he does the Cana
d1ans. The Canadian tariff is paid
and then it is sold for less money
than here.
1t is certainly very appropriate for
Nebraska farmers to sing Hail Co.
lumbia, for the middle of March never
looked more promising than now.
Wheat never looked better. A very
little rain in April or May will sup
ply all the moisture needed for a full
crop. The ground is thoroughly soaked
and corn will have a good start.
1t takes our Nebraska legislature
and our Washington congress a long
while to do nothing. The president is
splitting his party from one end to
the other as badly as Bryan is split
ting hls.- He can no more lead Rookie
feller and Pierpont Morgan than Brv-
an can lead Cleveland up Hill.
Inc 1sthmian canal treaty has been
ratlned by the senate, but Cuba and
the Philippine islands have to stand
out in the cold. Sugar can't come in
free with coal and beef.
H. w. HARDY.
The independent., 1903-03-19
"A HARD STUDENT"

Editor Independent: think your
than anxious to join your Independent
School of Political Economy. In my
poor way l am a hard student OF
economy, reading, criticising and writ
ing down my own opinions (not for
publication).
I will do anything IN my power to
help the thing along; first for myself,
for | believe have tasted of knowl-
edge and therefore hunger for more;
second, because | believe our cause OF
reform would be won if We could get
each Individual to think even a little
for himself. e. w. FERGUSON, Jr.
Operator of Push Farm"
r. F. D. 1, Harrington, Neb.
The independent., 1903-03-19

Editor independent: Please send
me your plans about taking up the
study of political economy.
F. e. DODSON.
p Trenton, Neb.
The independent., 1903-03-19
Delhi. N, Y,

every subscriber of The Indepen-
dent can become a member of the
Independent School of Political Econ
omy without charge. He is entitled
to draw books from the travelling IL
brary by complying with the rules
The Directory
The independent., 1903-03-19

'HOW CAN I GET BOOKS?"
Editor independent: Find stamp
enclosed to inform me how can get
books on political economy. Z"
w. 8. DEAN.
The independent., 1903-03-19

Neither does state or national gov
ernment object to owning canals. but
they do not dare to own a railroad.
Why may they not own telegraph
wires as safely as mail bags?
The independent., 1903-03-19

The isthmian canal treaty has been
ratified by the senate, but Cuba and
the philippine islands have to stand
out in the cold. Sugar can't come in
free with coal and beef.
II. w. HARDY.
The independent., 1903-03-19

Petersburg, Tenn.