The daily morning journal and courier., 1903-04-21
PRES. HADLEV'S LECTURE.
"RESPoNSIBILTTY OF CITIZEN sHfP," THE FIRST OF 4 SERIES

Hendrie EInIi Auditoriu'" Filled Last i, Evening with Large aud AppreCin-
 tive AudIencs-The Address in Detail.
 President A. T. Hadley delivered the first lecture of the Dodge course in Hem drie hall auditorium last night. The subject of the course lectures is "The Responsibility of Citizenship" and the title of the first one was Democracy in Theory and Practice" The president announced that the original intention was for Hon. Andrew D. White to give the course this year, but he was unable to do so and will give. the course next year. The substance of the presidents s lecture was as follows:
 The popular division of government is into three classes, viz: Monarchies. aris- tocracies and democracies. Another di- vision was developed by Aristotle and was of two main kinds, first, legitimate, and second, illegitimate. The legitimate government is defined to be the admin
 
 tradition and restraint. Illegitimate is government in the interest of the gov erning body. The monarch or ruling classes must regard political powers as trust. to- be exercised for all the peo- pie. The two popular theories as to the office of democracy, first, that it in it. self protects political evils; second, that the systems or products of democ- racy furnish the desired protection are both erroneous. Theatrue evil of democ- racy was demonstrated by the French revolution in 17Sen The great fallacy was that no distinction was made be- tween government or government off, cials and the people,. This is attribut- cd to the fact that the democratic pow CT was given too suddenly to the people
 Tn England and the English colonies the chances for experiments in self-gov- ernment were larger and furnished the basis for the theories of the framers of the American constitution. They had learned that q representative assembly composed of delegates had its chief use as forum for discussion, but for the actual work of government it was not well fitted. The development of the
 
 which provided that the actual work of government should be done by an of- ficer chosen by an electoral body called the electoral college. To congress au- thority was given similar to that exer- cised by the English parliament. The powers of the executive and legislative were to be exercised within the limits set by custom. In establishing gov- ernment capable to successfully cope with existing conditions, the framers were eminently successful. The entire government was sufficiently popular and conservative. But they were un- successful in this, They failed to an- ticipate the results of the systems de- velopment. M The electoral college speedily became a mere machine for registering instructions. Beyond this the predominant evil was soon found to be the abandonment of deliberation which made itself felt in all branches of the legislative. Coincident with this decline, in the natural course of events, there has been an increase in the work to be done. Concomitant with this evil the work of government soon degenerat- ed into an attempt to enforce party in- terests with the consequent majority rule. The efforts of the majority have become series of negotiation looking toward compromise, and the interests of the minority are naturally ruthlessly sacrificed, In the workings of n1ajori- ty rule is seen the exemplification of what Aristotle denominated illegitimate government.
 sj Another unfortunate development of early constitutional theories is shown in the intention of the framers to avoid the danger of presidential usurpa tion by reducing to a minimum the relation between legislative and executive au- thority. The power given to each of these two divisions of government to thwart the actions of the other has proven inconvenient and often bad Perhaps the dominant evil of this meth cd is seen in the impossibility of fixing responsibility for legislative acts. It has the additional defect of delaying the work of government. A marked con- trast is drawn here to the English sys- tenn in which these evils do not exist (Here President Hadley humorously re- marked that if President Roosevelt found the majority in congress against him he would not resign. but would conclude that he was the rightful rep resentative of the people)
 When the lack of proper connection between the legislative and executive exists we find party organization talk ing 8 peculiar character. Machinery to do the work becomes the main object of the parties, and the legislative work of government becomes only an incl dental issue. This method of govern ment is neither by the people nor for the people. and has almost become characteristic of American politics, re- sulting in government by and for sec- tions There is no adequate safeguard against the tyranny, of the majority over the minority. The only protection against this obnoxious tyranny is the federal and state judiciary. It furn- ishes the main agency of good govern ment and represents not only restraint, l but self-restraint as we'll. " l