Arizona republican., 1903-07-21

Leo XIII unhesitatingly maintained his demand for the restoration of the temporal power of the papacy, nor did he ever recede from the position then taken up.
 At the same time, the policy of the Roman curia certainly underwent a de- velopment in the direction Of moder- ation, which greatly contributed to in- crease the influence of the vatican abroad. From the very outset the new pontiff displayed the greatest interest in the social questions agitating the world of tody and in an encylical is sued in December, 1878. appealed to the intellectual forces of Catholicity to contest the propaganda of doctrines which his holiness described as subver- sive of social order, alluding especial ly to the socialists in Germany and the nihilist movement in Russia.
 The cooperation afforded by the pope to the various governments in op- posing the growing forces of social de- mocracy paved the way for the set clement of disputes existing between those governments and the vatican, both spiritual and civil authorities be- ing, as it were, called upon to merge their differences and make common cause against the common enemy. The first great political achievement of the pope was the settlement of the differences with Germany which had given rise to the famous Kultur- kampf.
 The rapid spread of anarchic doc trines in German and the attempts made upon the emperor's life in 1878 induced Prince Bismarck to make ap- breaches to the ultramontane party to secure their support for his economic policy. HerrFalke, the famous author of the May laws, was removed from office and other concessions were made to the Catholics. Finally, diplomatic relations with the vatican were resum- stunned and the late Emperor Frederick ! then crown prince, signaliZed the res | toration of a harmonious understand | ing by visiting the pope at the vatican A still greater tribute was paid by | Germany to his holiness by her selec- tion of him as arbitrator in the dis 1 pute with Spain regarding the Caro- | line islands, and her deferential ac- | ceptance of his decision in favor of | the weaker power. His success in this arbitration induced the pope to de- clare his readiness to act as arbitrator l whole of Europe ard of Christianity but, for this, his holiness declared it to ! be essential that he should be re- | stored his liberty as an independent | temporal sovereign.
 This demand. however. met with no response, as far as foreign govern ments were concerned, and the hopes which had been expressed in some quarters that the German emperor's visit to the pope in 1888 might lead stc Germany advoc2 ting the tempora claim of the holy see were soon dis sipated. The pope himself, in a letter to the German bishops. declared that he regarded the presence of the emper- or, William, in Rome as the guest oi the quirinal as a "deplorable recogni- ton of accomplished facts.''
 l The interests of the triple alliance were not compatible with those of tho l vatican, and even Catholic Austria could not afford to offend Italy by es. pousing the pope's cause. although the emperor, Francis Joseph. abstaineC from visiting King Humbert in th' city of Rome and thereby openly rec ognizing the legality of the Italian oc, cupation.
 Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the late pope's policy was tn change in the attitude which the vat ican had hitherto preserved in regard to the French republic.
 At the beginning of Pope Leo's reigI the identification of the clergy with th' royalist movement, which gave rise t' Gambetta's famous remark: "Le cler icalisme viola l'ennui," had caused an tagonism to all that savored of religion which at one time bid fair to lead t the early separation of the church anC state in France. Alive to the dange of the situation. the pope sought t' conciliate the republic by acknowledg ing it as the established legal form of government and, in 1891, the lat Cardinal Lavigeris gave expression t his holiness views on this subject t the great surprise of the Catholic pres and the perturbation of not fev members of the French episcopate l