davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

How the SAINT Fe 'nas been able to
keep trains runIiing through the flood
ed district and all sSher roEds have
been entirely put Cnt Of business is
something of mystery Probably the
explanation Ii es in the fact that the
srack is all rock Gallasted and the
bridges are built IN the best manner
possible. But for the branch around
by Noruh Ottawa, the ase would have
been hopeless. Sinda US No. Z came
in laS night and Sundays No. | will
reach the city this evening. A plug
train from La 5unta will make the
Denver connectiDns. The situation
looked so dark s,day that several east
kN-~~~-~ vs~-~-~~->~e~ A~aAsA-
q ssc trains to get through pcstpones
tliear departure from Las Vegas unit
tomorrow.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

WASHINGTON, d. c., June IA
special river bulletin says: There has
been but little change in the food sit
nation since Monday morning. The
Missouri river at Kansas City Is. about
stationary at 35 feet, while the Mis-
sissippi at st. Louis has just about
reached the danger line OF 20 feet
North of St. Louis the Mississippi Is
above the danger line as far as Du
biQue Particularly between Kfokuh
and Hannibal, where the waters are
3 IL to 4 IL feet above. The Mis-
souri, east Of Kansas Guy is severa
feet above danger line and Is still ris
ing. This rise will continue for two
OF three days longer east of Boone
vile, Mo-, and several feet more ol
water may be expected az st. Louis
in the Mississippi north Of the moutl
OF the Missouri. The additional rise
will not be marked.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02
Minnesota Reservoir Bursts.

ST. PAUL, Mimi, June 1.-The Min
nesota reservair is on a rampage
caused by the bursting of the dam at
Big Stone lake, near the source pf
the river. The members of an I'M
known family. who recently- came hare
from Oklahema, were drowned sud
their house wrecked. Farm buildings
near the river and the bridges have
been damaged. and the loss to.crops
will be .heaxy.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Ticket Agent r. c. Larrimore today
received a dispatch from his b fother
whose home at North Topel ia was
destroyed. saying that everyb .dy was
safe. Mr. Larrimore hao b cen ex-
tremely uneasy as the last h card from
his brother he had not left the food.
ed district and as the Tres were
down, no word could be go's through.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

E. ". Rich has resigned his position
as manager for the Crystal Ice a Cold
Storage company His place viii be
filed by O. A. BonneIl. Frank Strass
viii be bookkeeper for the concern.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

The Santa Fe officers here have re.
ceived word that telegraph commune
cation with Kansas City, Topeka a. i'd
other parts of the flooded district las
been restored.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02
A TERRIBLE TORNADO.
THIRTYrNiNE DEAD BODIES RE
COVERED FROM YEsTER-
DAYS CATASTROPHE.
Reports from New Holland, Ga, Say
There Are III injured. at that Place
Further Reports Awaited.

ATLANTA, Ga, June PA special
from Gainesville says a car just came
IN from Nnw Holland Springs, and
the conductor states that thirty-nine
dead bodies have been recovered so
far as a resrlt Of yesterdays tornado,
and one hundred and seventeen were
injured there.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

GAINESVILLE, Ga. June ITO
day at noon conservative estimate
Of the killed In yesterdays tornado
Is one hundred and the injured 200,
many Of them fatally. The property
loss is estimated at 100000.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Thursday, June !. the Santa Fe sum-
mer schedule will 80 into effect No.
2 will arrive and depart as at present.
Passenger train No. which now ar
rives at 4;30 will come at 5:15 re-
naming here for twenty-five minutes
to allow the passengers to take sup
per, No. from the west will arrive
at 80 a. m. and remain ten minutes.
No. 3. the California limited, Will run
twice week reaching here at $40
a. m. Mondays and Thursdays and
remaining five minutes. No. 4 from
the west will arrive here Wednesdays
and Saturdays at lao a. m. and remain
ten minutes. No. ! from the east will
come at 1855 ten minutes later than
at present and remain until 1:20.
IN 1mporFant meeting n the west
side Citizens association will DO neld
at the Il. Romero hose house this even.
| ing at 8 o'clock. All members as we'll
as anyone interested In the work OF
the association are reaacFted to be
present.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Mrs. c. l.. Johnson. VINO has been
here for some time visiting her sister,
in-law, Mrs Frank Flomerfelt. left to-
day for Kansas City.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Generally fair tonight and Wednes-
day. Warmer tonight, was the report
OF the weather received here today.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

The Normal band viii give dance
at the Hot Springs casino on Friday
night, Jnne s. Fine music will bo
furnished.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

WASHINGTON. ID. r.. June 2.--Ad
jutant General Corbin today received
the following dispatch from Col. Mil
ner. commanding at Fort Leayen-
worth, ka.ns: II issued ten thousand
rations to Kansas City Kans., last
night. The need was imperative, and
ask to have the action approved
There are rations for this command
mp TO the Goth here. believe when
we can get TO the country to the west
of us ii will be destitute of food and
advise shipping rations here as the
central point to meet this demand.
Two companies of engineers and a
y0niOon train are in readiness to be
sent west. believe they might be
Cf use at Lawrence"
The department has taken no action
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Weather permitting, the Military ]
band viii give IT'S weekly concert in
the plaza tomorrow evening,
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

There viii be a meeting of the He
brew ladies at the Temple tomorrow afs
ternoon at 40 o'clock.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02
ct upon Colonel Miners recommen

yet upon Colonel Miners recOmmen-
dation for centration of supplies at
Fort Leavenworth.
At O'Clock this morning the Kaw
river was falling slowly, but stead
lily. All through the wholesale dis
trict the buildings showed evidence
of decline, and watchmen in the
freight. houses who had rigged up wa
ter gnages OF their own, declare that
the fall since daylight was about six
inches.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Don't forget the dance at the Hot
Springs casino Friday night.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02
ADDITIONAL LOCAL.

The ladies' Altar society will meet
tomorrow afternoon with Mrs Devine,
1911 Third street
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Go to Patty's for poultry netting,
window screen, lawn hose and garden
tools. 1861
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1903-06-02

Thank Heaven for the rain.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03
wnY NOR sfii
RONDs ar oME

h - - ~
the the election obtain cash
plant
the authorities ai the
bonds highest poeealns
banking
ead to this nosns municipal further be-
by lighting
home When the spanish
msns e the United States itself
selling bonds Why
ten
trial provisions
which he
requirement
shall
Ties may deem for the hs-, Interests OF the city.
That
have ushns
tho
would
be
ssserahy reduced and the Item Of OF eesers
eliminated.
Of the bonds
and operation Of nanipa shiinT
amount Of aasres'ed goodwill toward
Nor wead bonds os,s
To the They would
The insssrrt<
sanss banks can anord time dsps which only
bic han t. fscev aiue
Other advantages
who has Why
IDLE In ea banks
tons o. tioe and give It's the
chase
nsenas the
the bondA
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

I
CLEVELAND. o., Feh. s.~tSps-
t.snd and her love could not keep
him az home nixhtA, Mrs. no.s
/ though. three months the wife Of =
man she knew vas . criminal when
she married him. threw aside all her
feminine instincts and went vita
him ON his naeturnsi expeditions.
and helped him commit pcors %
mare Of harxiafies. After Al
hours tn the awsst boa shs told her
story TO Chief Of Deteotssss kohisr,
The husband freak ueash. had
confessed that he alone Was re-
sponsihls for thu crimes and thai
hts wife was ignorant u thesn- The
Huusts are ~ years old.
The other evening Mrs. ifcaEh
wss .ent b. her husband 10 pawn
acme is~elry In a loan shop while
hs kept watch from q cigar store.
nrxt door. The pawntspksr hap.
pened 10 recognise rtns a. one
stolen ffozn his sister ln-lA~. and
teiephenod tho police. M~xntims
tfoush ard his wife. nazpesfins .
trap dissppp~arsd. bat the a<ts-st-
ifes Who 9sr~ pat on shslr track.
saon ta~eated the ooupis On . danes
hail. not far away.
At first the woman denied all
knpwtrdr- of IN. burTfsrfa@. but
nearly tsss worth q j~usiry vas
found on hsr p<r-ca. Frnsisy. shs
said.
sIrs . bad sussn.s~. and I might
- we'll tell u all. We have t~ss
marrlei since o>rtsfrr Is last. We
began 20 rob apartment houses .
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03
ADVICE 70 e,als

Expstsnee 10 peoyerhlAiiy she
Mira sndeu nne .
recent pur<i sehea
handsome scap~sr~cs actor. and o
Thssr usas .
He tssk her AID all the
Willard
a 4ctr
he
the hiins sAl-isoeeps OF her sh
eny trs~ns IL old
vision nd-s shs realized that
Not caught =
ri rr~et ads Of Mrs
10 uvc II
honorable
probing will I upsrrn ny
"z-Dcnt trust particularly
tsihsT
-t-nc~t
IN =
ma !. worh marry dean wins
.sa~m~ns-r that |. prey
worldly
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

rrc~s~a
the
q
to
snbm~ns Of ns~as Mora 1s tns
%
deiv~d md muck
IN insane Inc sNh n
to
y o
os a
children
Of ~. osrcuL
the
q household
con-
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03
poa.r ovraloox auss,a

II easy to over
world
IN see
bowling prosecuted
Of millions Of people
rhs country prospecting.
tsfsSfsooe.
Dollars that stand
indirect the income exceeds that Of
he
This
Tb affairs Of the nation
import NOR siso.oe000o
industrial becoming
United States Of Europe.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

the 0rand wiil open tamorrow NORM
Inc. psnisls n ~ present . n~u
pt~e- this time. . nu.iosf and mirth-
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03
LOCAL TnEATERS


HUMAN F<earte~
Tho last performances u -Hufnsn
Hsartrr wtii be xtsen NJ che ufand
tonight.
ggsn ovsmssis Company
The pupils % tho Frana G. Exan
Dramatic schsol win give q bsnefls
at the Grand tnmcrfvu night fsr
John y. Miller Post No. %. Wssn~nss
Rritsf corps. Richard Harding
Dsse' one-sns pfsy. Tn. Lttis
| ssri- WIN ~ pat pn FIRST rhe two
Frsncfe.- win sh~n b. pr~seus~f
The snt.rtslnmsnt wtii .aos~ with
Mr.. k,san's tns><p<~taftsa % she
character % rterrs, the crtppi> Dra-
gar, tn The Two Ovpnshs
NJ. ka1n's pupiis have been
trained IN fh~sr several paxsa and Il
IL sxrecssd that = clever pses1artion
viii be given.
F~snk pssssts
Th~ f>>~sx& fton % SEATS ana bones
| for FRANK fs&ni~isf ~nsAg~rpsos ~
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03
BOUND ovua roa TRIAL

W L. Leonard. charged with at
tempting 10 murder Samuel orr,
ysived preliminary hearing before
stlee Cans yesterday and was
mnd over Ia uhe superior court
X the suggestion OF Deputy Prose
cutting Attorney kriets the bonds
were fixed al 1900. Justice Cam
Unmarked that the fistafa was VERY
small. bat AZ he knew none of the
facts VA the ease he would have "a
be guided by the prosecutor.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

rbare IL q good show al the Mad
i.an theatae this week Vivian an.
swarad five encnres iaAt nsfht ana
tho audience reluctantly lot heF 80.
The Vernon sisters as the haheint
rtrla made hiE hit Carroll ahl
keaiy are overwhelmingly fuhny ahd
hapt tho house in fnafN birh
Alsurrttus won much applause
roll the mails soprano, caught on w
good shape No had the audieii g.
raeaslne ali through hin act hfnith
aud Eilia got ruuaina reception.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

county
monkey
ing funeral
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

M Offering. entitled KISS nlmplic.
~ - ana Ms admirers here are AL
f.,tdy fnauifaaiinE considerable In
tarsat Ia his forthcoming visit.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

my Friend From India" closes a.
the fhir,i Avenue tomorrow night
Whose llahy are Your VIII fuf
the balance of the week,
Harry corson clsrhs
Crowded houses are the order o.
the seattle thaatrf this week MI
CLARKE and his company present
sIIiH Absent BOY"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

wi
havem
assembled.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

Cash for old soid. 7 colonial block
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

Wisconsin $3.50 II
hours he got his the
his latest
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

Of Ansocaon
goods and
and
Of all
arr cal
goods not made
ndely label or
genuine
woods
interest Of
up be matte
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

DR.. DHtHo on
as.stls an iii
rsNcsr.sx..
No hrer oil
was ever dis-
eoNeHs@
Or. Eddy,tust
from n ayak,
saysi
The reports
N q . OF the
t'st8ff w hht
main, are true.
l should cstifn-
ate ita capacity
NJ 1000 barrels
mar saV fhavo
sreaf faith in
the district ana
I am Reason
nhix eonosl.n,
~
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

tn reservation os SEATS ana bones
for f-rAnk n@si~is snsas~<p>os ~
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1903-02-03

before many months. the ,soo. 900
municipal lighting bonds voted by
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31
RED JACKETS WILL
PROTECT HUNTERS
New Device Hit Upon to Dis.
tinguish NimrOds From
Game.

Hunters of deer and other big game.
who have so frequently in the past
made victims of fellow hunters by
shooting them instead of their wild
prey may have more security from
such accidents hereafter if all will take
care to provide themselves with the
hunters latest accessory. a red
jacket.
A local wholesale hardware firm has
manufactured and introduced an arti-
Gle of wearing apparel which it claims
will do away with many of the sad
casualties that have so often occurred
among hunters. The garment is a red
jacket, made of heavy duck and pro-
vided with the useful pockets found in
ordinary hunting jackets.
A. J. Holmes, inventor of the red
jacket, says that it will serve as
beacon in the woods and brush. where
hunters are so often tempted to take
shot at a moving object in the hope
of landing a victim. The red can be
seen distinctly through the leafy
screens of the forest, while the ordi-
nary hunting clothing worn is apt to
mislead any Nimrod into thinking
fellow hunter might be deer or other
animal.
Hunters are also beginning to use
telescopes on their guns and rifles. so
that many of the accidental fatalities
among hunters will hereafter be avoid
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31

Edward Curtis. an Alleged
Gambler, Arrested by Dep
uty U. S. Marshal.

Edward Curtis, twenty three years
of age, said to be gambler by pro-
fessien, was arrested by Deputy United
States Marshal William GrimshaW
Jr., in Minneapolis, yesterday.
counterfeit money. In default of ball.,
which was placed at $1,000, Curtis was
placed in Jail.
Curtis has been under surveillance
by the federal authorities for some
time, and the government is said to
have good case against him.
Ira Webb, who was arrested or q
similar charge some weeks ago, and
who admits his guilt gave the officers
the information which led to the arrest
of Curtis. At the examination before
United States Commissioner Abbott
yesterday Webb stated that he had
made counterfeit money and that Cur
tbs had helped him dispose of it. He
also stated that Charles P. Wise had
assisted in disposing of some of the
money, and Wise was arrested by Mar
shall Grimshaw. Wise is teamster,
and is believed by the officers to be in
nocent of the charge. There was not
sufficient evidence to warrant holding
him, and he was discharged after
hearing before the commissioners yes
terday.
Curtis is said to have dealt altogether
in counterfeit half dollars. The plant
where the money was made has not
been located, although the officers be-
lieve it might have been made by webb
before his arrest.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31
BARTENDER TRIES
TO SHOOT HIMSELF
j. T. Brown, Deserted by His
Wifeand Unable to GetWork,
Becomes Despondent.

Because he could not get work since
he was dismissed from the detention
hospital, where he had been confined
with smallpox, and because his wife
had left him, J. F. Brown, a bartender,
made an attempt to end his life in a
Seventh street saloon yesterday morn
ing.
Having raised a revolver to his head
to fire the fatal shot he was intercept
ed by Henry Wheeler, the bartender.
Brown was then turned over to Ser
geant Mattocks, who placed him IN
der arrest, charging him with attempt
ed suicide.
In the police court yesterday morn
ing Brown told Judge Finehout a tale
of woe in extenuation of his meditated
act. Brown had been a bartender for
William Wilson, who shot himself in a
hotel last January, and since that
event misfortune has followed him
He was stricken with smallpox, and
his wife, he says, deserted him. He
could get no employment because he
had been at the pesthouSe.
The case against Brown was con-
tinued until Saturday, and in the
meantime he will be confined at the
county Jail to prevent his carrying out
his intention to take his own life.
The statutes make attempted sui
eide felony, but there have been very
few prosecutions for the crime, though
there have been hundreds of attempts
even within few years.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31
BOARD OF CONTROL
CHANGES QUARTERS
Will Occupy Hall of Representatives
in State Capitol.

With mo more home than a rabbit"
the state board of control spent yes
terday in transit between the Endi-
colt building and the state capitol, and
all other business beside that of NOV
ing was for the time being suspended:
Because of the occupancy of the hall
of representatives by the Catholic
Chautauqua summer school until
Wednesday, the work of remodeling
that room for the use of the board Of
control could not be begun until yes
terday. The board had given up it's
lease of the offices in the Endicott
building, to date from today, and
therefore must prepare to vacate at
once in spite of the unfinished condi-
ton of its new quarters. Sa
The partition to be erected in the
hall of representatives had been con-
structed previously and all other pre-
liminary work had been done as far as
possible, and when the workmen final
ly were able to get possession of the
room yesterday they made rapid prog
reSS
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31
SON MAKES 4 1 BRAVE
ATTEMPT TOSAYE
HIS. AGED FATHER
GA
w. HI. FEaacis Us Killed and AS.
Francis, DepotAgent atSouth
St. Paul, Dangerously Injured
by Being Struck by Train.

Seeing his father. w. II. Francis, the
fagman at South ST. Paul, in peril
Gus position on the track in front of a.
swiftly approaching passenger train,
A. S. Francis, the station agent, yes
terday morning made brave but I'M
successful attempt to snatch the OLD
man from death and in the act was
himself seriously and probably fatally
injured.
The old man, with his flag in his
hand, was standing on the passenger
track on which the Great Western
Limited No. was approaching. A
freight train was passing on parallel
track and the f1agman was watching it
go by, unheeding the passenger thun-
dering along behind him.
Depot Agent Francis, from dlS-
lance, saw his father on the track ana
realized that if he was not warned ne
would be dashed to death. The sons
cries to the old man were drowned IN
the roar created by the passing freight:
Second by second the old man stood
upon the track and the passenger en-
CINE was tearing along.
Finally. resolved to save his father
from the impending danger, the young
er Francis rushed to the track, calling
madly. His warning was unheard and
he reached his fathers side only when
the engine of the passenger train was
a few feet away. Grabbing his father,
Francis sought to drag him from the
track, but he was too late.
Father and son were struck by the
passenger engine and they flew
through the air, striking the ground
together. 1921
A. S. Francis, the son, aged thirty
eight, was seriously, bruised and cut
about the head and body. He is suf-
fering also from internal injuries. He
was taken to his home at South St
Paul and was in a critical condition
last night.
w. II. Francis, seventy years old.
was taken Immediately after the acct
dent to st. Joseph's hospital, where ne
died soon after.
The aged parent had come four
months ago from his home in Maine,
where he was the owner of large
farm, to visit his son, August. Want
ing to do some work the old man was
given the position of fagman. He was
born and raised in Maine.
W. H. Francis leaves, besides his
son, August, two other sons, Elmer
and Samuel Two daughters, Mrs. M.
Merrill and Mrs. L. Knowlton, also sur
ViVe him.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1903-07-31
STRIKING RUSSIANS
ARE SHOT BY TROOPS
Labor Disturbances Spreading to the
Whole Russian Shore OF Black Sea.


ST. PETERSBURG, July 30.-Ten
striking worlSmen were killed and
eighteen were wounded as the result OF
a volley fired by troops at Nikhailovo,
on the Tif1is-Batoum railway, July 2S.
The strikers attempted to stop trains
and a detachment of forty soldiers
was summoned. The soldiers were
greeted with a shower of stones and
some revolvers. After repeated warm
ings the troops were ordered to lire.
The street car service at Odessa is
suspended in consequence of a strike
of drivers and conductors for higher
wages The employees are preventing
the cars from leaving the sheds. The
commerce of Odessa is seriously ham,
pered by the strike of dock laborers
and sailors belonging to mercantile
vessels. The movement is extending
to other Russian ports of the Black
sea- and it is expected to extend to the
whole Russian shore, where vessels
are already idle owing to lack OF car
goes.
The big steamship companies are
continuing their services with the help
of the government, which is providing
them temporarily with sailors from
the navy. Rumors are current of
agrarian riots at Riazen and outbreaks
are reported from MiriSk.
BAKU, Russian Tran-Caucasf, July 80.
The fire in the extensive petroleum
works at Balakhami which are reported
to have been of incendiary origin, are
still raging. The military, it is reported,
is unable to cope with the strikers. MAT 3i
trict that foreigners are fleeing to the
coast for safety.