davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
American Farm Conditions.

Hon. w. r. Merriam, in the September Gen.
fury.
The average size of farms for the coun-
try as a whole was greater in 1900 than in
1890. This is, of course, mathematical
corollary of the fact that the farm acre
age increased faster than the number of
farms. 1t has already been pointed out,
however. that the additions to the farm
acreage included large tracts Of unim-
proved land in the Western States, used
as grazing farms. While this has material
ly affected the average size of farms for the
country as a whole, in the older portions
of the country there are no indications of
any general movement toward consolda-
ton of farms, or of any tendency on the
part of farmers toward the cultivation of
larger farms. In the Northern States east
of the Mississippi there was no very
marked change in the size of farms. Mas
sachusetts. Rhode Island. Pennsylvania.
New Jersey. Ohio. Indiana and Illinois
showed slight diminution In the average
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31

steps. does not seem TO him a high price 10
pay for independence. In this way he avoids
the report OF earnings which his parents
have obliged him 10 make each night. He
escapes also the logging which followed the
several occasions when all his pennies had
been lost in gambling. He has become a
free man. but il is a freedom which leads
direct to the life of a vagabond. IL not 10
that of criminal. The records OF the New
York Juvenile Asylum indicate that more
than one-third Of the working boys confined
in that institution for various offenses have
sold papers on the streets. In the ROches-
ter State Industrial School the proportion
is even greater two-thirds of the Buffalo
boys confined there having been newsboys
previous to their commitment.
The New York law, although almost a
novelty in this country. is modelled, in the
main, upon similar laws which are in very
successful operation in England. notably in
the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. The
whole subject has been most eXhauStlVeiy
investigated in that country. and il Is in
teresting to notice the agreement among
those who describe the demOraliZing condi-
lions surrounding street workers in English
and in American cities.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31

farm area. while the other States in this
REGION showed a slight increase. In the
Southern States east OF the Mississippi, on
the other hand, the increase In the num-
farm area, and consequently the average
size of farms was materially diminished
Only one-half of the total farm acreage
in 1900 was reported as improved, but this
represents gain over 1880 OF 5I,lt6,4So
acres. Most of this increase in the crop
producing area of the country was con-
tributed by the States of the middle West.
the greatest extension being shown in Min
nesota, where the increase during the Dec
ade exceeded 100000 acres. Increases OF
between 1900 eco and $500 600 acres were re-
ported FOR Iowa. North Dakota and Okla
homa- On the other hand in many states
the area of improved farm land was smaller
in 1900 than in 1880. \ decrease Is shown In
New England. This Is due principally 10
a change in the kind of farming carried
on in those States; the raising of corn and
wheat for the market. having become COM
paratively Improbable under the influence
of Western competition, has been largely
superseded by dairy farming and market
gardening. In these pursuits, which are,
of course, stimulated by the proximity or
a large urban population, the Eastern
farmer apparently finds il TO his advantage
TO cultivate less land than he once did, but
TO cultivate il more intensively. According
ly. the less fertile lands, and the meadow
lands that cannot be mown with machines
have in many cases oeen converted into
age fertility of the land retained under
cultivation, the use OF the silo and the
growing tendency 10 cultivate corn ana
forage crops instead of hay, for winter
feed, are all factors which contribute TO
the same undertaking the farmer TO raise
on smaller area the winter feed for the
animals mat can be kept during the sum-
mer, on the enlarged area OF pasture land.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
Importance of Lcguminous Crops.


Indiana Farmer.
1t is estimated by scientists that the
leguminous crops of the United States,
such as clover, cow peas, soy beans. alfalfa,
ETC., gather from the air and store in the
soil 100000 pounds annually of nitrogen.
which is worth Is cents a pound. When it
is considered that these crops not only fer
tilze the soil from the air, but also put ii in
otherwise fine condition for other crops it
is seen how valuable they are in the plan
of crop rotation. But these advantages
are not all there are in the legumes. Their
heterogeneous qualities, so essential to the
best mixed husbandry are very profitable
for domestic animals. Corn must always
be a prominent and profitable crop here
in the great corn belt for it is richest in
fat-forming qualities, but, the legumes be-
ing so valuable in their fertiliZing elements,
as we'll in meat, muscle and bone build
ing, are needed in the rotation more than is
now common on the farms. There seems
to be no necessity to urge the Importance of
growing corn, but on scores of farms the
legume crops are not sufficiently grown,
though they are as profitable as corn when
due proportion is given TO each. The three
great cereal crops draw heavily on the soil,
and in the form of breadstuffs il is esti-
mated that over $50 000, 900 worth of nitrogen
Is shipped away from the farms of the
United States and most of Ii out of the
country. Thus it is seen how important il
is to restore il from the air by the growth
of leguminouS crops.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
SERVED In THE ORIENT
SOLDIERS OF THE ARMY OF THE
PHILIPPINES GATHER AT ST. PAUL.
Large Attendance Expected for the
Opening Session TO-Day-Changes
the Society's Bylaws.

ST. PAUL, Aug. 30-Delegates are be-
ginning to arrive for the annual reunion
or the National Society Of the Army Of
the Philippines, which will begin its ses-
sions Tomorrow afternoon in the State
Capitol. All last night and to-day the
reception committee was busy receiving
delegates and escorting them to hotels and
other places of accommodation. The East
Is sending large delegation and word re-
ceived at the headquarters indicates that
the Western and Southern States will be
expect that fully 1000 will attend and it
has accommodations for all that have made
application.
The st. Louis delegation has already es-
tabllshed itself and Is making a vigorous
campaign for the next reunion. The city
that desires the next reunion will have to
make strenuous canvass to land ii, for
Chicago, which has the second largest camp
in the United States is out TO capture it..
The following places also have made at
tractive offers for IL: Chattanooga, Putin
Bay island, Ohio, Buffalo and Cleveland.
The encampment proper will open at 2
o'clock with business session in the Senate
chamber of the State Capitol. Two ques-
tions of vital importance 10 the society
will be discussed. At present contract sur
geons who served in the army of the
Philippines are not eligible TO the society.
Many that have served in that capacity
desire to become enrolled. 1t is thought
that at this reunion the bylaws will be
so amended that the contract surgeons may
become members. In addition TO this ques-
ton the society will consider the advisa-
bility of forming ladies' auxiliary similar
TO the one in connection with the G.. A. K.
Wednesday will be the greatest day of
the encampment. At 1890 in the morning
the military parade will be held. Nearly
1890 will be In line and the military and
semi-military organizations of the city and
| even some from adjoining cities will make
up its six divisions.
| The Governors of Minnesota. North Da-
kota and Iowa will participate. The Gov
| ernor of Iowa probably will be accompanied
| by his staff. General Kobbe and staff.
| Generals Wheaton, Sommers, Merritt. Mac
| Arthur, Funston, Metcalf and Brig. Gen.
| Charles King are expected 10 be in line.
| The parade committee has also extended
| an invitation 10 the eleven Minnesota regi-
| ments of the civil war. which will hold a
reunion here at the same time. TO join them
| in the parade.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
A LAW FOR NEwsBOYs.
Hereafter They VIII he Under Special
Regulations I'm New York.

New York Evening POST.
An era for the newsboys Of New York
city will begin a week from next Tuesday
n new law goes into effect at that time.
and in the future every newsboy under
fourteen years OF age will be the proud pos
SCISSOR Of a badge. Boys under ten years of
age are forbidden TO sell papers. and boys
between ten and fourteen years OF age are
not allowed to work later than 10 O'Clock
ct night The idea Is novel and the oper-
alton OF the law will be watched with
great interest, not only in this city but i'm
many other OF the large cities OF the coun-
separately connected with newsboy life are
Beginning To be realized.
Legislation for children who trade on the
street represents the most advanced
thought upon the child labor problem.
Street trading is usually after-school work
and does not interfere directly with a
child's education. Ii is active. open-air
work. and the ordinary argument against
child labor in factories and stores are,
therefore, in the main inapplicable. But II
= the moral danger inseparable from the
child street-trader's life which has al
length stirred up our State To the legisla-
t1on point. IL Is perhaps not too much TO
say that these dangers were practically un-
known until the child labor committee
made public last winter the results of an
investigation among these neglected chill
1ren made by Ernest Poole and Helen
Marot.
Probably the greatest evil which this in
vestigation revealed was the independence
of home restraint which Is made possible
a. soon as a schooiboy becomes a wage
Garner and learns from mis- companions the
attractions OF the independent life. His
few pennies are sufficient To buy what food
warm evening In summer the experiment Is
tried OF sleeping out all night To curl
up In an open cellar bundle OF rags.
q In some dark corner under a flight of
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
ROOT ARRIVES in LONDON
AMERICAN COMMISSION WILL MEET
CANADIANS THURSDAY.
Briefs of the boundary Dispute Will
BE Submitted at Once-Outline of
the Points in Dispute.

LONDON, Aug. 30.-Secretary of War
Elihu Root, ex-secretary of state John w.
Foster, Hannis Taylor and Judge John
NJ. Dickinson arrived at Liverpool on the
Celtic to-day for the meeting of the
Alaskan boundary commission, which will
open in London Sept. 3. They were re-
ceived at Liverpool by Mr.. Petheric, as
slstant United States dispatch agent, on
behalf of the American embassy. The
party came directly to London and on
their arrival here were met by Secretary
Carter of the United States embassy.
Mr.. Root registered at the Hyde Park
Hotel, while the other members of the party
established themselves at the Carlton Hotel.
The Canadian commissioners are also here.
United States Ambassador Choate has
arranged TO give a dinner in honor of Sec
rotary Root, at which all the American
and British representatives will be present.
The commissioners are already familiar
sides, which were filed several months
ago. At the first meeting of the commits
sioners. next Thursday. the Americans and
Canadians Will submit their briefs, which
will be condensation OF the facts and
arguments regarding the Interpretation of
the treaty. The commission will then an
nounce the day on which heoral arguments
will be heard
The documents have not yet been made
public bit TIE Associated Press CORE
spondents learn that the hole controversy
centers on Canada's effort to acquire an
outlet to the sea. 1t Is known authorita-
lively that the Canadian agent asserts
that under the Russo-British treaty of
1925 the line properly crosses numerous in
let's, including the headwaters of the Lynn
canal The contention seems TO be that the
inlets less than six miles wide. situated in
the disputed region, belong TO Canada
Consul Foster vigorously opposes this view
holding that the treaty clearly places the
line thirty miles inland. following the sin
uousities of the coast and thus separates
Canada from all the arms of the ocean
and puts Porcupine creek and the gold dis
trict under American Jurisdiction.
The American representatives are conf.
dent that their position is unassailabe. The
commissioners expect that the complete
consideration of the entire case will take
less than two months, and that even should
the commission fail to render q majority
award, the facts will be clearly established
This will lead to an easier settlement in the
future.
Secretary Root intends to take advantage
Of the recess between the filings of the
briefs and the oral arguments to witness
the British army maneuvers.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
DAWES COMMISSIONS EXPENSES
Big Outlay Which Should Show
Justffiab1e Results.
Kansas City Journal.

Kansas City journal.
The grand jury, when 1t takes up the in
vestigation at Muskogee of Indian Terri
tory scandals, might begin with the ex-
pense account of the Dawes commission.
This is little matter which amounted only
to s27S, 922.4s last year. and is therefore
trivial in comparison with the gigantic
land and loan operations in the Territory,
which are now passing under the condem-
nation of the people of the United States.
But this insignificancy affords an excellent
opportunity, which, although district at
torneys like Soper and Mccoy, on account
of engrossment in private business, might
not be able to use, yet an energetic and
impartial criminal prosecutor of the Folk
type would employ TO the complete dis
comfiture Of all guilty parties. Mr.. Folk.
when he has been unable to convict upon
more serious charges, has sometimes found
it easy to bring rascal to justice by try
ing him for some minor offense-the rea-
son being tnat defendant occupied with
big graft or fraud, Invariably neglects TO
cover his tracks in little matters.
1t would, of course, be rank libel 10 ac-
cuse any member of the Dawes commission
who is involved in land deals. amounting
TO hundreds of thousands of dollars with
padding his expense account or stealing
a 2-cent stamp from the government; yet
vertences on the part of some subaltern
in confounding private and public expend-
ttures. To illustrate: The entire Dawes
commission, it is alleged, spends more time
and thought on affairs OF loan companies
than upon its official duties. AS business
men the members are charged with trying
TO get hands on the land and moneys which
as officials of the government they are
sworn to protect from the greed of private
individuals. These companies and the COM
mission therefore deal with the same sub
ject matters, although. IL is true. for abso-
lutely different purposes. The headquarters
of all concerns are in the same cities. and
often IN the same buildings. So these allied
though conflicting businesses might posi-
bly, confuse their separate accounts.
Mr.. Bixby and his associates. as commits
sioners report the item of salaries for
clerks and employees last year at Sls2,975 AZ.
Are they sure that some clerk out OF graft
tude for appointment has not rendered free
service TO their land-grabbing companies
They report also Sll.64573 for purchases of
typewriters and feather busters. etc. Can
they show that none of these supplies have
been used in the rooms which these land
grabbing companies occupy? Freight and
express charges were $l.733.13: printing,
binding and stationery, N.505.57; telegraph
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31

ing and telephoning, $3.50; livery hire and
ferryage, $55333: typewriter repairs. ETC..
2,O63.09; office expenses. ice. soap. fuel. oil.
axle grease, etc, s.. 3l5.01. aid miscellaneous
expenses 81, 053.30. Are the fcsir members OF
the Dawes commission quite sure that not
a dollar OF this money has been diverted
by some careless clerk TO Legitimate uses?
A master who cannot distinguish between
his private interests and public duties sets
a bad example TO his bookkeeper and other
employees.
There also is an item in last years ac-
count of SO, 79l.27 for mileage and travelling
expenses. No commission. OF course. who
rides on a railroad pass would draw money
from the government for transportation,
but some careless clerk either OF the COM
mission or companies might. So IL would
be well for the investigators and prosecu-
tors TO get to work before everybody re-
signs from office in Indian Territory.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
Farm Notes.

Business men have trade marks: so
should the farmer. The farmer who uses
trade mark, and puts it on everything
he sells In packages, advertises his goods
and creates market for his products. In
adopting trademark, however, only the
best and choicest articles should be sold.
That poultry will benefit orchards and
keep down many insects is true only to a
certain extent The hens will be found
more useful when confined in yards here
and there in the orchard. Movable yards
which can easily be placed around any
trees desired. should be used.
1t is not economical to attempt to grow
a pasture crop on land that contains
weeds or crab grass. The. common practice
OF sowing grass seed on wheat or oat stub
Die should be avoided unless the grain
crop has been preceded by corn, which re-
quires frequent cultivation. the grain seeds
being destroyed by such methods.
To protect trees from borers mix cement
with skim milk and apply with a stiff
brush. Mix only a small quantity at a
time, as it may set Apply it in a
somewhat thin condition and then make a
earth from the trunk of the tree and apply
the cement mixture six inches below the
ground and foot above.
Feeding sheep for market should be a
in the usual manner They should receive
clover hay and a liberal allowance of
ground grain, as well as be sheltered in a
travel over the fields while fattening, the
object being to fatten them quickly and
sell as soon as they are ready.
The effect of the stock upon the scion is
shown in a report recently sent out by
the French Academy of Sciences. Two
pear trees of the same variety, standing
side by side, one grated on a pear seed
ling and the other on a ounce, bore fruit
for a number of years. That from the
pear stock was green, while that from the
ounce stock was golden yellow, with a
rose blush on the side toward the sun.
The latter also weighed third more per
specimen, was more dense in both fruit
and juice and was richer in both acid and
sugar.
The egg Of the queen bee is about one
sixteenth of inch long and large
around as fine cambria needle. These are
deposited in the cells by the queen, stick
ing fast to the bottom of the cell, so as TO
stand on end. being held by an adhesive
substance. In from sixty to seventy hours
these eggs hatch into little worms or
larvae. They remain in the larval state
about six days, when the cell containing
them is sealed over with raised Gaping by
the worker bees. and the larvae, after spin
ming it's cocoon and undergoing trans
formation similar to that from caterpillar
to butterfly, energies a perfect insect, as
a worker bee, in twenty-one days, or as a
drone in twenty-four days, the time being
accelerated q little by extreme heat, or
retarded by cool weather.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
BISON In MONTANA.
Success i'm Building Up a Herd from
Small Beginnings.

Bulletin of the American Geographical So
ciety.
The University of Montana. Missoula,
maintains a biological station near Flat
head lake. in the northwestern part OF the
State Prof Morton ]. Elrod, director OF
the station. describes In "A Biological Re-
university, the herd of 200 buffaloes on the
Flathead Indian reservation The herd, de-
rived from thirty-six animals purchased in
1884 by Charles Allard and Michael Pablo,
has i'm twenty years increased To more than
$50 or ten times the original number Many
of the animals have been sold to show en-.
terprises and TO Eastern cities for park and
geological gardens. The conditions here are
more favorable for buffalo than in Yellow
stone Park The animals are constantly at
tended by herder, and, therefore, are not
afraid of man, while the Yellowstone Park
herd is rarely seen
The park herd also ranges at high alti-
tude over seven thousand feet, where SHOWS
are deep and winters are long and severe,
hut the Flathead herd ranges at an altitude
below three thousand feet, where deep SHOWS
do not occur, and hay or grain may be taken
TO the animals in a few hours Their range
does not exceed seventy TO one hundred
square miles, and the animals might be
maintained on a much smaller range. Tbs
COWS do not bear calves until they are four
or five years old, and about half OF them
produce every year. The fertility OF the
herd is not decreasing. The herder keeps
note of the increase, looks after the calves.
and In fact the animals are much more
carefully attended than the range cattle
among whom they Craze.
professor Elrod is OF opinion that the suc-
cess of this private enterprise should slim
ulate Congress TO increase its efforts to save
the buffalo from extinction. An approprfa-
ton of 5000 would buy as large herd a.
AIIard and Pablo purchased in the Begin
ming With the same care the herd should
increase TO between four hundred and fve
hundred in twenty years. III tract OF land
Containing from fifty TO one hundred square
miles were set apart for a buffalo range.
with an appropriation al the start OF $1,000.
and an annual appropriation OF 5000. there
would be no difficulty in developing a herd
that would be a credit TO the Nation. The
care of the herd should be placed under the
Jurisdiction OF the Biological Survey OF the
Department OF Agriculture. IL Is hardly 70
be expected that the animals VIII thrive In
Yellowstone Park, where the winters are
long and severe, the summers short, ard
protection is afforded TO wild animals which
prey upon the calves
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1903-08-31
TWO PERSONS KILLED.
EIectrOcuted by a Fallen Live Wire
Near Beaver, Pa.

BEAVER, Pa. Aug. 90.-A live wire
fallen from a pole of the Beaver Valley
Electric Power Company cost two lives
near here to-day on the farm of John
Galley, of Windy Ghoul. The dead are Owen
Bowen. sixteen years old. of Beaver, and
George Adams, thirty years old, colored
servant on the farm. During the high
wind that prevailed in last Tuesdays storm
a tree was blown down in gully at the
end of the farm and in its descent it car
ried the wires with 1t. They remained
heavily charged.
This afternoon Ernest Bowen, an elder
brother of the dead boy, was crossing the
end Of the farm and, descending the gully,
found his brother lying under the wire
tangle in a death struggle. Ernest at
tempted to rescue Owen and was himself
severely shocked. He then summoned help,
and Adams, one of the rescue party, tried
to draw the boys body from the fatal net.
His wrist touched the wire and he was
instantly electrocuted. The boy was dead
when taken out.