davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
SPARK OF LIFE LOW.
Death of Pope Leo May Come at
Any Moment.
Or. MazzOni Declares 1t to Be Impose
sibIe for the Distinguished Pa
tient to Be Restored
to Health.

Rome, July 1S.-After having some
sleep the pontiff appeared to be again.
restless, and required the frequent as
sistance of DR.. Lapponi and his valet,
Contra.
Before midnight the pope showed less:
aversion to the nourishment offered
him, and took half cupful of con-
somme, piece of toast and few sips:
of old wine.
DR.. Lapponi, answering an inquiry on,
emerging from the sickroom about.
six p. m, said:
Il cannot say that the pope is bet
ter, but he is no worse His condition
continues grave, but he may linger
for some time"
The pope's condition Friday after
noon showed some amelioration. The
liquid in the pleura had not continued
to rise, and the doctors have decided to
further postpone the operation
During the night as well as through
out the morning the pope continued
calmer and his breathing was better.
While he does not want anyone con-.
stantly in the room, the pontiff rings,
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
END COMES SUDDENLY.
p. NJ. Arthur, Grand Chief Engineer of
Locomotive Brotherhood, Drops
Dead at Winnepeg, Man.

Winnipeg, Man, July Up. M. Ar
thur, grand chief engineer of the Broth
erhood of Locomotive Engineers,
dropped dead at midnight while speak
ing at the banquet closing the annual
union convention of the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers which has been
in session for the past few days.
He was born in Scotland in 1884. He
came to America when he was six
years old with his mother. Within a
year both his parents died and he
made his home afterward with an
uncle. His school education covered
period of six weeks. He ran an en-
CINE on the New York Central for 20
years.
The funeral took place at one O'Clock
Friday afternoon from the undertaking
rooms. The remains were taken to
Cleveland, o., for interment.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
THIRTY Persisted.
Floods i'm SiIesia Cause Great, LOSS OF
Life and Destruction of
Property.


Berlin, July 14.-The highest floods
known in the region for many years
are reported from Silesia. Nearly the
whole town of Troppau was under wa
ter for many hours. The crops of the
entire district have been destroyed and
traffic at several points on the Schaen-
brenn-Troppau railway is interrupted
owing to the destruction of bridges and
embankments. In the Sudeten valley
all the villages were flooded SO rapidly
that 80 of the inhabitants were unable
to escape in time and persisted. Fifty
houses were destroyed.
Terrible hailstorms have devastated
the country along the lower Rhine.
The damage to the wine crop is meal
culable. Several persons were killed
by lightning.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Shoots Daughters Husband.

Bluffton, Ind, July 13.-John Terrell,
wealthy farmer living near Petroleum,
nine miles north of the city, killed his
son-in-law; Melvin Wolfe, Sunday aft
ernoon, firing both barrels of shotgun
into his head as Wolfe lay on the doc
tors operating table to have leg am
putated, necessitated by wound from
Terrell's gun, fired short time before.
Four years ago Wolfe married Terrell's
daughter Wolfe deserted the girl, it is
said, leaving her with a child in her
arms. After the tragedy Terrell drove
to the sheriff's residence and gave him
self up.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24

maiden name was Harriet Stanwood,
the daughter of a leading citizen of the
state of Maine. She met her husband
while both of them were teachers in
school at Kentucky. They were mar
ried at Pittsburg and later came to Au-
gusta, where Mr.. Blaine became editor
of the Kennebec Journal She leaves
one son, James G. Blaine, two daughters,
Mrs. Harriet Beale and Mrs. Walter
Damrosch, of New York, who were at
her bedside during her last sickness.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
FOREIGN.

The prince of Wales was entertained
at breakfast on board the United States
flagship Kearsarge in Portsmouth har-
Dor.
The municipal corporation of Dublin
voted against presenting King Edward
with an address of welcome on his visit
to that city
The Servian authorities have I'M
earthed conspiracy among soldiers of
frontier garrison to avenge the as
sassination of King Alexander and
Queen Draga.
A cyclone ravaged the French pos
sessions in Tonquin and $50 natives
were killed and many villages laid in
ruins.
Judge Wilcox, the intimate friend
and adviser of the late King Kala-
kaua and other monarchs of the Ha-
waiian islands. died in Honolulu.
Thirty lives were lost in a food
which destroyed so houses at Graef-
fenberg, Austria.
Russia has informed China that she
is compelled to exclude foreigners from
IhohShul anu pOoIpOuC IuS
of Manchurian ports.
A London and Great Western train,
carrying the prince and princess of
Wales, covered 246 miles in 233% min
utes, breaking the worlds record
The British government in India APP
pealed to Secretary Wilson to solve the
food problem there, and he advised
them to mix beans and peas with rice,
which is now the sole diet
An Orangemen's procession at Bel
fast was attacked by Roman Catholics
and many persons were injured.
King Peter of Servia is accused by the
Paris Gil Bias with leading the conspir-
acy which killed King. Alexander.
Samuel Herbert Dougal was hanged
in Chelmsford, England, for the MUIR
der of Camille Cecile Holland in Essex.
The pope's personal fortune has been
bequeathed to the church, his relatives
already having received their share.
The car has abolished punishment
of prisoners in Russia with CATO nine
tails, cudgels, claiming to the car or
shaving the head.
The Cuban senate has ratified all the
treaties with the United states.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
MRS. BLAINE is DEAD.
Widow of Republican Leader Passes
Away at Her Home in Au-
gusta, Me.

Augusta, Me-, July 16.-Mrs. James
G. Blaine died at the Blaine homestead
here Wednesday. She was rs years of
age.
From Washington, short time ago,
she came to the old family residence on
State street. She was in an enfeebled
condition and had been under almost
constant medical attention since. Dur
ing the past week she failed rapidly.
Her condition was due to general
breakdown of the system. Mrs. Blaine's
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
PERSONAL AND POLITICAL.

Miss Lavinia Wheeler died in Oak
land, Cal, at the age of 1O2 years.
Mrs. Nancy Townsend died at Sand
witch, ILL.,, aged 100 years and four
months.
1t is said that Grover Cleveland is to
speak before the Chicago Commercial
club in October as candidate for the
presidency of the United States.
Miss Mary j. Piercey, one of the small
est women in the world, died in Bayonne,
N. j. She was 81 inches tall, weighed
SO pounds and was 40 years of age.
Harriet Stanwood Blaine, widow of
James G. Blaine, died at her home in
Augusta, Me-, aged rs years.
Mrs. Cynthia Hendrix, 101 years old,
died at her home in West Monroe,
N. Y.
Hudson Samson, known in Methodist
Episcopal church circles throughout
the United States for his charity and
philanthropy, died in Pittsburg, Pa.
P. M. Arthur, grand chief engineer of
the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi-
neers, dropped dead while speaking ct
a banquet at Winnipeg, Man.
Morris K. Belknap, of Louisville, was
nominated for governor by the republi-
can state convention in that city, and
President Roosevelt's administration
was commended in the platform
Col. John K. Miller, one of the most
noted union officers in Tennessee, died
at his home in Elizabethtown, aged 76
years.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24

A wireless telegrc ply system has
been adopted by the navy and stations
will be established at Capes Elizabeth,
Ann, Cod, Montauk Point, Highlands
and Newport.
After a quarrel Charles w. Garlic
ton shot and killed Mrs Ida Draeger
in Milwaukee and then killed. himself.
The forty-ninth annual camp meet
ing of the Methodists of Chicago be-
gun at the Des PLANES River camp
grounds.
Owing to a series of misfortunes the
West Salem (Wis.) Exchange bank
and the Farmers and Merchants bank
Of Bangor, Wis, closed their doors.
Former Mayor johnson, of London,
O., has been .mysteriously missing since
May.
The safe of the Montezuma Qa.)
post Office was blown open and $500 in
money and stamps stolen.
Three walking delegates of New
York labor unions have been indicted
on charges of extortion.
President Roosevelt told Senator
Lodge that he was deeply interested in
proposed financial legislation and hoped
for action by congress at the November
session.
Barney Oldfield broke the worlds au-
tomobile record on half-mile track at
Jackson, Mich, going mile in PIG.
Four persons lost their lives in fire
which destroyed sanitarium at Bonner
Springs, Kan.
Alfred A. Knapp was convicted at
Hamilton, O., of numbering his wife,
Hannah Goddard, and will be electro
cuted. The murder of five other women
was confessed by him.
Breach brothers, Oglethorpe county
(Ga) planters, were accused before the
state pardon board with keeping negro
convicts in servitude after their terms
expired
Benedict Himmel, well-to-do
farmer near Erie, Pa, killed his wife
and then killed himself Domestic trou-
BILE was the cause.
An epidemic of foot and mouth disease
among cattle, sheep and hogs in the
United States threatened by lax regula-
lions in South America and Europe.
The first section of the Wallace circus
train was wrecked at Shelbyville, ILL.,,
and II employees were badly injured
George w. Dillon, manager of Had
den-Rhode company's brokerage office
in Escanaba, Mich, is missing, and the
sum of $4,000 is unaccounted for.
The post Office department has or
dered ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of every
branch of the New York city post office.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
GIVEN Five Years.

Pittsburg, Pa, July 16.-Dr. Walter
P. Kountz, convicted recently of killing
John E. Walsh, a wealthy contractor, of
this city, while the latter was walking
on the street with Mrs. Kountz, was SEN
fenced Wednesday to five years in the
penitentiary. Mrs. Kountz, who was
seriously wounded at the same time, has
entirely recovered
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Two Ranks CIo.ed.

La Crosse, Wis, July 16.-Owing to a
series of misfortunes the West Salem
Exchange bank and the Farmers and
Merchants bank, of Bangor are both
practically in the hands of Bank Ex-
aminer Berg. The former will be reor-
gained; the latter will be sold or re-
ceiver will be appointed. The trouble is
attributed to Encouragement.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Acknowledges Claims.

Santo Domingo City, July 16-The
Dominican government has accepted
the claims made by the Italian repre-
sentative on behalf of several of his.
countrymen amounting to $4,000
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Bubonfc Plague increasing.

New York, July 18.-RepOrts from.
Iquique say the bubonic plague is again
increasing, says dispatch from the
Herald correspondent at Valparaiso,
Chilli. Five cases appeared on Wednes-
day. Thirty-three persons are i'll with
smallpox in Hntofagasta.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Twelve Persons Burned to Death

st. Petersburg, July 1.-THE steamer
Nadejka plying on the Volga, has been
destroyed by fire near Nizhniy- Novogo-
rod. Twelve persons were burned to
death.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
TWIN CITY MARKETS.
MINNEAPOLIS. .Julv

MlHHcdpOIIS, July IS
Wheat-No. l northern. Sac; No. 2
northern, SIC; Sept. 76Hc. Oats-No
8 white, 35c Corn-No. 8, 52c Rye
NO. 2, 4sc. Barley-No. ,, 4sc.
Flax-$1.O1. Butter-Creamery, ex-
tras. 10000; creamery, frsts, 17@1sc;
dairy, fancy, 16@17c. Poultry-Tur-
keys, s@9c; chickens, 7@sc. Hay
Upland, fancy, $3.50
st. Paul July IS.
Cattle-Steers, SO. 75@4. 9e; cows, So. so
@4.0o. Hogs = $5.4O@5. 10. Sheep
muttons. $500: lambs. 5000
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24

frequently for trivial causes, thus show
ing beyond doubt his desire for COM
partnership. He takes very frequently
sips of meat broth, alternated with half
spoonful of chicken gelatine. His urine
continues scarce, amounting in the last
"a hours to SO cubic centimeters. When
asleep the pontiff appears to be dead.
His cheeks are sunken, his eyes are"
hollow and his jaws are exceptionally
prominent, the skin being tightly
drawn over the bones.
Patient Sits UP.
In the morning, after a night during
which stimulants and nursing restored
him to fairly good condition, the pope
complained of soreness, due to the
many days he had passed in bed. To re-
lieve this and to humor him. the pa
tient was allowed to sit in his arm
chair for a short time, with apparent
good effect. The celebration of mass.
in honor of st. Leo and the pope's con-
versation with Mgr. Pifferi were the.
only other incidents which on Friday
relieved the tedium of the sick chamber.
BIesses Those Who Pray for Him.
After the visit of the physicians the
pope received Cardinal Rampolla, who.
remained in the sickroom only few
minutes. He again gave the pontiff
full report of the prayers offered in his.
behalf all over the world. His holiness.
raising both hands, said: 81 bless all
those who pray to God for me-
Mazzoni Has No Hope.
Rome, July 16.-Dr. Mazzoni, in reply
to the question "Can the pope recover?"
gave out the following signed state
ment:
''At the present moment the disease
of his holiness has lost its character of
absolute gravity which it had at it's
acute period. 1t might be considered to.
have entered the period of a possible
solution. This might occur in man Of
strong fiber and young, but it is impossi-
BILE to entertain such hope in the case
of a man in his ninety-fourth year. With
him the physical energy absolutely in
dispensable for recovery is lacking.
Pope Leo's organism is perfect, and as.
such maintains itself after SO years of
never interrupted work, but his motor
force is no longer sufficient for the COM
pick functions essential to life. In
other words the SO years of Pope Leo
XIII. bring him into that category of
extraordinary longevity when life is
destined to flicker out Independent of
the action of any pathological complica-
tion The only service that science and
affection can render is that of struggling
to have this precious existence preserved
to us as long as possible"
"GAETANO MAZZONI.''
Will Wait in Paris.
Paris, July 16.-The Figaro's Rome,
correspondent says Cardinal Gibbons
will not come to Rome direct as custom
forbids that cardinals coming to a con-,
clave enter the city before the pope's;
death. Cardinal Gibbons, on landing at
Havre, will proceed to Paris, where he
will await advices from Rome.
Retired Banker Hangs Himself.
Clifton Springs, N. Y, July 18.-Al--
bert Finch, retired banker, of New
York, whose country home is at Green
vile, Orange county, has committed
suicide by hanging. He had suffered for
some time from melancholia and was
being treated in a sanitarium here.
Bubonfe Plague Increasing.
New York, July 18.-Reports from.
- - r
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
Retired banker Hangs Himself.

Clifton Springs, N. Y, July 18.-Al--
bert Finch, a retired banker, of New
York, whose country home is at Green
vile, Orange county, has committed
suicide by hanging. He had suffered for
some time from melancholia and was
being treated in a sanitarium here.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1903-07-24
VIII Wait I'm Paris.

Paris, July 16.-The Figaro's Rome,
correspondent says Cardinal Gibbons
will not come to Rome direct as custom
forbids that cardinals coming to con-
clave enter the city before the pope'ss
death Cardinal Gibbons, on landing at
Havre, will proceed to Paris, where he
will await advices from Rome.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11

Although much has been said and
written about the servant7girl prob
,na.n.na.nc. Of lem, few families
in comparison to
Modest Means the total number
IN the country are troubled by it. This
fact would be established by the CEN
sus reports, II the average citizen had
not noted IL in his experience. The
rule Is that the American family Is
independent of outside help. There
are less than 100000 women en-
ployed as housekeepers, stewardesses,
laundresses, nurses, general servants
and mattresses, whereas there are
more than 100000 families in the
country. Many of the women are en-
ployed in hotels and restaurants, pub
lie laundries and hospitals. But as
Stunning. says the Youths Companion,
that they are oil employed in families.
there is less than one servant for every
eight homes. Or, If the nurses.
laundresses and housekeepers are
omitted, there is one servant for every
1215 families. The proportion of serv-
ants TO the number of families is fair
" uniform throughout the whole coun-
try. The states in which there are
large cities, however, have a larger pro
portion of servants than those having
small critics only; and the southern
states. which have large negro pop
ulation, make use of more domestic
help than the western states. The
number of laundresses in the south is
notable. Georgia has 1000 more Of
them than New York. The problem
of domestic service becomes acute
with the increasing prosperity of the
family. and the growing completely
of IT'S life. The independence of mod
est means and modest tastes then
gives way TO dependence on the as
aistance Of outsiders for the gratifica-
tion OF new wishes. The millions Of
families that are stin sufficient unto
themselves have little TO complain of
when they consider the trials of those
who are dependent on others for the
management of their homes.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11

Homilies on the evils of speculation
are as old as the practice of gambling
in futures. and evil
men IDENTIFY are regard
Who Speculate. as belongi n 2 to
that species of good advice" which
nobody ever thinks of accepting.
Some men who speculate in stocks
or grain or cotton are made of such
stern stuff that no matter how I'M
kind fortune may be TO them they are
never driven TO desperation. They
are philosophers as well as fighters.
and are willing to bide the time
when another turn of fortunes wheel
may restore TO them what they lost
An previous dalliance with the tickle
Jade" Such men, however, says the
Baltimore Sun, are rare. Many men
who are ruined by speculation have
neither the means nor the courage to
renew the fight against ill-fortune'
while some are utterly crushed and
End life no longer worth living. There
Is a great deal of pathos in the case
of a man who finds the wealth which
Al had taken him years to accumulate
swept away in a day through the
manipulation of markets by aggres-
siye and resourceful spectators.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, That the suescflD- ,
ar Of Anne Arundel county, has opsalneu. lio 4,
che Orphans' Court of Anne Arunuei county a.
Marvlaud. letters of administration on the pei'
sonal estate OF LLOYD STEWART, late OF AIMS AIMS
Arundel County. deceased. All person has. -.
cIaims . srsingt the deceased, are hereby warn
al ~ exhibit the same with the vouchers
thereof to the subscriber. on or before
THE 1st DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1908
They may otherwise, by law, be exclule GENUS
from Ali benefit of the said estate. All peIsout
Indebted to said estate are reQuesteo W naNe
Immediate payment.
Given under my hand this 2sth day oil
April, 1903. ,,,,,,,,,,r s1,UNUApq
100 Administratrix.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
- Two-Stog Frame Dwelling House,

and the lot has frontage OF 81 feet and depth OF
n feet. access thereto being from Prince George
street by right OF way over Lot "a as laid down
on the aforesaid plat.
Taxes and rents are. to be adjusted 70 the
ls,h day OF July, 1913. The taxes mp TO said date
to be paid by the sands estate and the rents TO
said date to be collected by and to belong to The
sands estate.
TERMS OF SALE. as prescribed by the decree;
One third cash ON the hnal ratification OF the
sale. balance in two equal installments payable at
nine and eighteen months after day Of sale re-
spectively with interest from day OF sale, the
deferred payments TO be secured by the notes OF
the purchasers with satisfactory surety or sure
ties. The purchasers may pay all cash II they 80
desire. The Trustee Is authorized TO require Of
the purchasers snch deposit on each piece OF the
property as lie may deem proper. For further
particulars apply to the Undersigned. The Trns-
lee reserves the right to withdraw the property
nom sale II satisfactory bids are not received.
JAMES NJ. MUNRUk,
Trustee.
JULIAN BREWER, Auctiooner. OlS
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
Notice to Creditors.

HYortcE is HEREBY GIVEN. That the SUP
~ scriber, of Anne Arundel county. mas Oh
tained from me Orphans Court OF Anne Assr1
oei Sou 1.'a Al estate Of SUSAN b. PAkoDl,
on Is,e ~" Of Anne Arundel county. deceased11
All persons having claims against the w1sh tbe
are hereby warned to exhibit tne SAME, " hstore
THU sth DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1903
,r,. NAV otherwise by law, be excluded
from an benefits OF the said estate All person.
indebted 10 said estate are requested 70 maxi
Immediate payment. 90, da-soe Nav
is'ss MAGDALINA b. PARoDI. Executiix.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
Notice TO Creditors.

NOTICE IL HEREBY GIVEN, TRAIT the sat
,a,nsd from the Orphans Court of Anne ATurdel
comfy. in Maryland, Letters Testamentary on
the personal estate OF
VIRGINIA THORNTON.
late Of Anne Arundel County, deceased. All per
sons having claims against the deceased are mere
INV warned 10 exhibit the same with the Vont mere
thereof. 10 the subscriber, on or before the S0tn
day OF September, 1903. They may otherwise. Dy
ia ne exclnded from all benefit Of the said estate
All nersons Indebted TO said estate are requested
TO make immediate payment.
Given under our hands this nth daY OF March
1903.
JOHN THORNTON MARCHAND,
GEORGE EMMONS WHITE,
THORNTON J. PARKER,
Executors.
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
Notice to Creditors.

Notice is hereby gwen That sne s1 iro he
anns Arundel county, has oDtalneo iIo.n az ~
anne h. ~ ssonrt az Anne Arundel county, IN
Maryland Letters Of admnistsansE,9RRs 6 IN ,s s
personal estate OF JOSEPH ASDsHS All per
~ an hevng claims against the said deceased
soils .as,, warned 10 exhibit the same, win
shs vouchers thereof e the SUBSCRIBER on VI
before the ..arp ,ooa
- o,,,a-visa nv law, be excluded
49,, an h.snefit OF the said estate All persons
indebted 10 said estate arc requested 70 "AAs
immediate payment :,
Given under my hand this 10Th daS Oh
June i''0' T. ARLINGTON THOMPSON,
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11

PROPOSALS will be received At the Bureau
inpton. d. C.. until IL O'Clock noon, "Wednesday,
July 3, 1908. and there publicly opened imme-
diafeiv thereafter, for superintendent House
Al fhe II. 4. Naval Academy. Annapolis. Mary
land Blank forms of proposals ana specinca-
tons will be furnished and plans may be seen
an aDnlicafion al the Bureau oil Navigation,
Navy Departrneut Washington, ID. c., at the
ri s. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Nd or q.
the Office Of Ernest Fiagg, Architect, y. wan
obtained al the Architects Office, by depos-
ting si5 $40 OF which will be refunded on their
return.-H. G. TAYLOR, CHIEF OF BUhsAU,
June Il, 1905 luv -
Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1903-07-11
NICHOLAS Ii. GREEN. AIRY for Extrs.
Notice to Creditors.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN, That the sub.
scriber OF Anne Arundel county, has obtained
countv in MARYLAND, letters OF administration
ON the personal estate OF ALBERT WEIGH,
late Of Anne Arundel county, deceased
All persons having claims against the deceasen,
are hereby warned TO exhibit the same. with the
youchersfhereof. to the subscriber, on or before
THE 18th DAY OF AUGUST, 1908.
They may otherwise. by law, be excluded from
Ali benefit OF the said estate. All persons in
debted TO said estate are requested 70 make I'M
mediate payment
Given under my hand this oath day oil Febrn-
'''' ELLEN v. WHICH.
fac Administrative.