davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09
(FirInado)
Ell PRESlDENTE DEL AYUNTA-
MIENTO DEFENDlO ANO-
CHE CON FIRMEZA SU MO-
CION.
mi pueblo diio-tendra en-
cuenta sin duda la buena fe con-
que lie defiendo".

FL sehor Rodriguez, en- la session de
anoche, defendi6 su moci6n con f6 Y
entusiasmo, terminando la defensa con
estas palabras:
S1o soy hijo del pueblo siento por
6l gran cariho y profundfsimo respeto,
preocupandome mucho ell concepto que
he de merecerle: por ESQ defendo aquf
con empeno mis- opiniones, que las creo
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09

al pueblo; pero 81 desgra-
me equivocara, que no 10
creo, tengo la seguridad que mi pue-
bio perdonara mi error en- obsequio &
la buena fe conque 10 defendoD.
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09
FARMACIA COLON

Nee lcamentos frescos.-Drogas puras. ~Es-
pecial esmero en- ell despacho de recetas por
personal competente
Complete Surtido de geringaS de Pravaz
ultimoS modeIos
Equidad en- los precios.
Plaza Principal.-San Juan Puerto-Rieo
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09

La direction de Carload recibira en-
su ofcina, calle de Allen No. 3, ell pro-
xima lines, IA del corriente mes, q las
diez de la manana, proposiciones para
ell servicio de suministro de carne a las
instituciones de Carload por los meses
que restan del ano econ6mico en- curse:
cuyas proposiciones han de ajustarse 4
las siguientes condolences.
10. La carne ha de ser de res sacri-
ficada en- ell matadero de esta Capital
llenando todos los requisites exigidos
por la Sanidad.
20. No Sc admite carne de buey nj
de vaca, por cuyo motive debe sena-
larse al Sr. Veterinario la res de la
cual Sc suministrara la carne 4 las ms
tituciones de Carload.
30. La carne ha de ser sin sebo nj
piltrafas y la cuarta parte de hueso.
Lo que Sc hace p1blico para general
conocimiento y concurrencia de lici-
tadores.
San Juan Pto. Rico, Septiembre 9
del 1903.
F%anctsoo r. Goenqqa.
Act'g. Director of Charities.
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09
Ha SidO inaugu-
rada en- AnaSCO
Ia bibIiOrGCa 'HOStOS"
Sc han reCibldO para ella VaIiO-
SOS dOnatiYOS de ObraS intG-
reSanteS
Esos donativos han sido envia-
dos de varias poblaciones de la
isla
(De maestro c0rresponSalJ

Septiembre 7.-El dia 3 Sc inaugu-
r6 la ~Biblioteca Hostos>. Es biblio-
tecario ell nino Manuel Guzmdn Ro
driguez. Todos los ahcionados la
buena lectura, va tienen una bibliote-
ca p0blica, 4 que concurrir Estara
alberta todos los dias, de las tres de la
tarde las siete.
Pronto Sc inaugurard ell STeatro
Hostess, pues va sc estan ultimando
los preparatiyos para Ia primera re-
presentation.
Sc han recibido yaliosos donativos
de libros para la BibIioteca. La seno-
rita Rosa Julia Torres, de Yauco, ha
regalado un tomo de las obras de Gus
tavo A. Becquer y las senoritas Josefa
Pencdo, Carolina Vilar Rosario Pc
nedo, de Caguas, han regalado ~La
leyenda de don Juan Tenorio@, por
Zorrilla, @Poesias escogidas1, de 10
rrilla Y ell poema ~Consecuencias@ por
ell doctor Ferrer Hernandez FL joven
professor rural don Tomas Ramirez ha
regalado una obra escrita pOr su padre
don Arcadia Ramirez Casablanca, I'll
tulada: SNerdadero origen del primi-
vo alfabeto semitico~ y ~El Mundo
Pintoresco@. &Las Antillas3, por don
Jose COmaS
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09
ACOrd6 anOChG
ell AyuntamiGntO

OFRECER OTRAS RAZONES AL
SECRETARIO DE PUERTO RI
co EN- PRO DEL ABASTO DE
CARNES POR MEDIC DE ST.
BASTAS
ESTABLECE LA CORPORA
CION QUE EXISTE HOY MO
NOPOLIO EN- Ell ABASIO Ii
BRE.
PIDE AL SECRETARIO DE
PUERTO RICO QUE RECONSI-
DERANDO SU VEREDICTO CON
FIRME Ell ACUERDO DEL
CONCEJO MUNICIPAL
La correspondencia de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 1890-1943, 1903-09-09

En- esta imprenta Sc vende papel de
penodico viejo a g quintal.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
Photographing Clouds.

The function of clouds in a photograph,
says J. Horace Mcfarland in Country
Life in America, is to give what the
artist calls atmosphere" to the picture.
When one looks across a smiling land
scape to the deep blue sky of cloudless
day, the color supplies this element Of
distance, or atmosphere; but the same
blue sky. when presented to the eye as a
fat and unbroken expanse of white in
theu photograph, makes no suggestion Of
pleasant perspective. 1t is as il a white
sheet had been hung up Immediately in
the rear OF the main subject of the pho.
Geographic picture.
Ifnow the sky is changed from its dead
whiteness, and even one single bit of soft
white cloud. such as is so characteristic
of the summer days of America, is intro
5duced, there is an immediate change, and
the distance assumes its proper relation
to the foreground. But the ambitious
photographer who attempts to take a
landscape picture showing white clouds
in blue sky makes usually very dis
agreeable discovery when he develops his
plate-he has solid white sky, and the
clouds are lost, the beautiful distance
having also disappeared with them. Mr..
Mcfarland describes how to retain the
clouds in photograph and how to
"print in" clouds from another negative
il the original photograph does not have
clouds.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
At the Golf Links.

DR.. Ned c. Stiles was the only repre-
sentative from the Old Pine club to
the second annual tournament of
the Vermont State Golf association
which was held in Burlington last week.
In the preliminary play round, IS holes,
DR.. Stiles scored 100 and drew c. l..
Woodbury. in the second sixteen. Friday
Mr.. Woodbury. beat DR.. Stiles six up and
four to play. Saturday was the closing
day in the tournament and A. M. Reed
of the Ekwanok club at Manchester is
now state champion. The Waubanakee
cup was won by c. L. Woodbury. of Bur-
lington. Jaspar Lynch of the Ekwanok
club won the consolation cup and in the
all day handicap match the low net
score prize was secured by c. L. Wood
bury and the low gross score prize by
Jaspar Lynch of the Ekwanok club.
The Mountain View Golf Club at Cas-.
plan Lake have challenged the Old Pine
Golf Club and the first match in the series
will be played at the Greensboro links
some time next week.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
RYEGATR.


Miss Jean Stanley of St. Johnsbury is
the guest of Grace Nolan for the week.
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. R. w. Beattie and
JEANNE spent Sunday at Mrs. M. S.
Beatties.
W. Lloyd Nolan of st. Johnsbury
was in town Sunday and Monday.
Miss L. Pearle Davis of St. Johnsbury
is the guest of Lillias c. Kicker.
Miss Mary Beattie entertained 20
young people at her home on Thursday
evening in honor of Grace and Stuart
Beattie.
Miss Maud Moore of Montpelier is
visiting in town.
Roderick R. Mcdonald, who has been
with W. T. Nolan the past year, has
finished work, and has gone to his home
in Canada. f6
Miss Lottie Nolan has been in St.
Iohnsbury for the past four weeks with
her sister, Mrs. L. P. Leach, who is now
quite i'll.
The c. E. Society will hold social at
w. T. McLam's Thursday. Ice cream
and cake will be served. All are cor
daily invited.
Mrs, Lillian M. Tomlinson of Cleve.
land, Ohio, is home for a two months
visit with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Gilmore Morrison. IA,
Mrs. E. S. Hinkson and children. Grace
and Stuart Beattie, cote Newbury today
to visit friends for few days.
Miss Lila Hersey of Montpelier is
spending week at w. Fl. Nelson's.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
How to Grow Water Lilies.

Why not have lily pond? People in
the country often have piece of low
unused ground that would make most
attractive water garden. Before doing
anything in the way construction the
water supply must be assured, especially
if there is danger Of a prolonged drought.
The basin may be made of pudded clay
but the best and most practicable method
is to construct the basin of brick work.
The walls should be built perpendicular
eight inches thick and may be tapered
near the top. finishing with four.inch
brick in the fat. Country Lille in America
tells what to plant and how to plant in
a pond of this sort.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
LYNDON CENTER.

Mrs. Gertrude LOOMS Harris has been
chosen to succeed Miss H. Julia Cross in
the vocal department at Montpelier
Seminary for the ensuing year. Mrs.
Harris was elected to the music depart
ment of Lyndon Institute in the fall of
1900. and has been very successful in
building up the department as well as
helping in the musical life of the town.
Her organization of the chorus work and
the discovery and development ofyoung
voices have been special features of her
work in Lyndon Institute. For time
she was soprano in the North Congre-
gational church of st. Johnsbury. Her
vocal teachers have been Madame
Gregory and Lunis G. Muniz, both of
New York,
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
NEWBIJPv.

Mrs. Sarah Jewett Bayley, wife of the
late Harry c. Bayley and daughter of
DR.. Calvin Jewett Of St. Johnsbury, died
at the home OF her niece, Miss Harriet E.
Reyes, on Saturday, July 18th. Rev. ].
l.. Merrill came from Fitchburg, Mass.
to assist in conducting the funeral SER
vices on Tuesday morning. Mrs. Bayley
was a woman of warm heart, quick
sympathy, ready generosity and devoted
christian character. She first united with
the Congregational church in St. Johns
bury in 1881 and in 1856 she removed her
church membership to Newbury. Her
loss will be felt not alone by her family
and her many loved friends; but in the
village and in all the avenues of bene-
violence of that church of which she had
been faithful and devoted member for
SO many years. t F
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
LYNDON,

The reunion and basket picnic of the
Williams family will be held in Lyndon
at the home Of Mr.. and Mrs. E. H. Gray
on Saturday, Aug. IS. Any communica-
ton may be addressed to E. L. Hopkins
or E. H. Gray. Lyndon.
Last Thursday Mrs. S. w. Brown re.
turned home from North Danville, where
she has been caring for Mrs. Henry
Stanton.
Mr.. and Mrs. Alden Hoyt, their daugh-
ter, Ida, and Mrs. S. W. Brown are visit
ing friends and relatives at Barre this
week.
Mrs. Farnum, the mother of Scott
Farnum, and with whom she has been
living for about year, passed away
Sunday morning after a severe illness.
The funeral was Tuesday at half past
twelve. Interment was at Peacham.
Mr.. and Mrs. T. T. Ferguson from
Newburyport, Mass, are visiting at S.
S. Trefren's.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
A Gentleman.

What Is 1t to be gentleman? Is 1t
to have lofty aims, to lead pure life,
to keep your honor virgin, to have the
esteem of your fellow citizens and the
love Of your fireside, to bear good for
tune meekly, to suffer evil with con-
stancy, and through evil and good to
maintain, truth always? Show me the
happy man whose life exhibits these
qualities, and him we will salute as
gentleman, whatever his rank may be.
Show me the prince who possesses
them, and he may be sure Of our love
and. loyalty.-Thackeray.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
Serious Illness of silas Il. Griffith.

Word has been received of the probably
fatal illness of Silas l.. Griffith at San
Diego. Cal. The first news of the serious
illness came to his brother in Dandy Sat.
urday night and he started at once for
the Pacific coast, but probably cannot
reach there before his death. Mr.. Grit
fifth has been i'll tor over year and for a
time last summer was critically i'll with
typhoid fever and other complications.
He recovered but never got his system
cleared of disease and went to California
in the early winter, hoping that the
change in climate would benefit him. He
had spent the winter there and in June
went to some hot springs in Mexico but
received very little benefit from treat
ment there. He had returned to his
estate that he purchased in San Diego
last winter when he was stricken down
with fatal attack.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
GROTON.

Since the summer travel to Groton
pond became a considerable feature OF
the Montpelier and Wells River Rail-
roads business the trains have been
stopped at a point between Lanesboro
and Groton pond station to accommo-
date those going to and leaving this
popular resort. Up to this time how
ever, the passengers have had nothing
like station accommodations but now
the company has renedied this. A new
building has not been erected Tor the pur-
pose but an observation car, one of the
sort that was formerly run on the subur-
ban trains to Barre, has been placed at
the most convenient point for passengers
to the pond and this will serve as a
waiting place. The new station is called
Rocky Point.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22

Utica, N. Y, July 16.-At a sale of
Holstein-Friesian cattle at the Brother
town stock farm Sadie Vale Concordia,
champion of the world, was sold for
$4,000, the highest price ever paid for
Holstein-Friesian COW. L.. J. Fitz.
garald was the purchaser He also pur-
chased Sadie Vale Concordia s Paul de
Kol for $1,000, the highest price ever
paid for q RaEtein-Friesian bull.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22

The Old Home Week Association of
Stowe will celebrate on Aug. 10, by dedi-
eating the Soldiers Memorial building,
presented by Healey c. Akeley. The
dedicatory address will be given by Hon.
Leslie M. Shaw, Secretary ofthe Treasury.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22

may succeed and prove to be an addition
to our interests.
Lewis c. Todd spent Sunday with his
family here.
Guy Armstrong, former resident, is
visiting at Fred Harvey's with his
fancee.
Bargains in rods at Eastman's, St.
Johnsbury.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22
WEST DANXILLE.

Island Rest has been opened by a jolly
party from Boston, consisting of Mrs.
James Mcdonald and son, James, Misses
Lillian, Emily and Gertrude Mcdonald,
and Miss Faley. Other guests are
expected this week.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22

The twepty-seven railway bridges in
Uganda (Africa) road are American.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1903-07-22

DR.. Lapponi again has recourse, with
beneficial effects, to an injection Of
caffeine which has not been used for
some days because of the pope's dislike
to it; pope appears to be fairly painting
to death--Colonel Belknap nominated
for governor by Kentucky Republicans
-Manchurian question settled salts
factorily to this government; assur-
ances from Chinese government that it
will in near future open rs treaty ports
several ports now closed to worlds
trade--Oliver Il. Mosher kills wife
and self at Lynn, Mass. by shooting
said to be due to Jealousy Abnel
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

DIR. S. C. SWALLOW, of Harrisburg. at
one time active in political affairs, was
very abruptly removed from office and
his place among the active clergy of the
Methodist Episcopal Church by the Con-
ference at Altoona last week. The body
first refused to receive his annual report
as Superintendent of the Methodist Book
Room at Harrisburg. Later it refused the
request of the managers ofthe Book Room
that he be continued in charge of the
room, and finally it was voted to take the
unusual course by which a clergyman
may be ordered placed on the superanu
ated list without his request or consent.
All these adverse motions were carried
by large msjorities and Doctor Swallow
is no longer counted as an effective"
member of the conference.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08
SUNDAY NEWSPAPERS WIN.
And Sunday Ice Cream, Too-Court
Says Philadeluhia Must Have EN-.

And Sunday Ice Cream, Too-Court
Says Philadeuha Must Have EN-.
Philadelphia, April 2.-Magistrate
James E, German rendered his decis
ion in the cases against employees OF
several city newspapers, the Union
News company and the Crane Ice
Cream company, who, it is alleged,
had violated the Sunday blue law OF
1874. In an elaborate opinion, sup
ported by many legal authorities, he
dismissed the charges.
Among other things he finds that
there is defect in the complaint by
the omission TO aver that the publi'
cation and sale Of the newspapers on
Sunday was not a necessity" and
Charity that this omission is fatal
to the prosecution and that if for no
other reason he would be compelled
to discharge the defendants.
IF it were necessary, however" he
says, "to determine this question, |
should certainly be inclined to decide
it as a matter of fact only in the affirm
ative. Perhaps no enterprise, whether
We view newspapers commercially or
in a literary sense, has made such
rapid and marvellous strides as the
public press. 1t has kept abreast and
sometimes ahead of the wonderful de.
velopment Of the commonwealth in
growth of population and in the varl.
Gus trades and business enterprises,
and in a great measure has assisted in
this development"
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

Ashland, Pa, April AT a clinic
in which three prominent county ply.
sicians participated at the state hos
pital here, Surgeon-in-Chief J. c. Bid.
die extracted TWO needles from the
hand of 16-year-old Mary Fessler OF
Mt. Carmel At various times during
the past three years the young girl has
been operated upon for similar reasons
and in all 119 needles are said to have
been taken from her arms and legs.
A peculiar mania has caused her to
puncture herself with needles. Aside
from occasional stiffening of the arms
she suffered no great inconvenience
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

For the first time in our history manu-
facturers' materials have in the month OF
February, 1908, constituted more than
half OF the total imports. Twenty -one
years ago the proportion of manufacture
ers' material was 33 9 per cent. Of the to-
tai imports. In February the percentage
had reached 5l.3. In that month our
manufacturers bought Of foreigners S42.-
600 900 worth of materials, to be convert
ed into finish d products by American
labor. The total of this class of importa-
tions for the fiscal year ending June 80,
1908, will be at least $3.50, 600, 600, or $685.
OOO, 900 more than in 1908. This does not
indicate the need of any change in our
tariff system looking toward increased
purchases from the outside world. We
are already the mcst liberal buyers of for
eign commodities of any nation on earth.
Lower tariff duties would result in our
buying much more of finished products
in which we buy of material used in
manufacture. Better leave the tariff as il
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08
Deafness Cannot BE Cured

by local applications, as they cannot
reach the diseased portion of the ear.
There is only one way to cure deafness,
and that is by constitutional remedies.
Deafness is caused by an inflamed con-
dition Of the mucous lining of the Eu-
stachan Tube. When this tube gets in
famed you have rumbling sound or
imperfect hearing, and when it is entire
ly closed deafness is the result, and un-
less the inflammation can be taken out and
this tube restored 10 its normal condition
hearing will he destroyed forever; nine
cases out of ten are caused by catarrh,
which is nothing but an inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous surfaces.
We will give One Hundred Dollars for
any case of Deafness (caused by catarrh)
that cannot be cured by Halls Catarih
Cure. Send for circulars, free.
+. j. CHENEY d CO., Toledo, o.
Sold by Druggists, 10.
Halls Family Pills are the best.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

CONGRESSMAN JOSEPH C. SIBLEY, of
Franklin, Pa, passed through Pittsburg
last night to ~ ashington over the Penn
sylvania railroad. Mr.. Sibley stated that
he had great deal Of work to do in the
different departments at the national
capital, and that he was going down there
now, when there was no session of Con
gress. because he could devote his entire
time to his work.-Pittsburg Times.
There is one thing that cannot be laid
TO Mr.. Sibley's door as Congressman,
and that is that he neglects the demands
Of his constituents. While other Repre-
sentatives are at home during the recess
of Congress attending to their private
business or taking things easy, Mr.. Sib-
ley is in Washington looking after the
wants Of his people. The 2sth district is
very well pleased with its representative,
thank you.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08
"FOreWarned
is FOrearmed"

We warn you now that in spite of the
tremendous selections which we made
for this Spring Season in our Mems and
Boys Clothing department, there are
many exclusively confined patterns of
fabrics tnat we cannot duplicate, and if
you want one of these you had better
come quick. Our collection of both Suits
and Top Coats for the Spring is simply
beautiful, and the most comprehensive in
every way that even we have been able
to show.
We want you to come in and see one
choice selection in particular of extreme
ly fashionable, well tailored, perfect fit
ting, ready-to-wear Suits and Top Goats.
These are suits that should be sold lat
from SIS to $50, but our methods of pur-
chasing enable us to offer you the Ok
choice of this superb liue at D -
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

ACCORDING TO reports, Senator German
has learned thst recently many Demo-
crats have become modified protection
lists" This probably does not bother the
Maryland man much. German and two
or three other Democrats in 1891 changed
the Wilson free trade bill in such a way
that its author did not know it, and re-
pudlated It. Mr.. Cleveland's opinion of
Gorman's work at that time is on record,
and does not make pleasant reading for
Democrats. The modified protection
lists" are much more numerous IN the
Democratic party to-day than they were
when Cleveland was denouncing them
nine years ago, or even than they were
when Randall, with the aid of the solid
vote, was laying poor Hori-
zontal Bill Morrison out cold. Even Frank
Hurd and Roger q. Mills, if they were in
Congress to day, would be modified
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08

WHILE the President is absent from
the seat of national government on an ex-
tended journey the administration OF af-
fairs at Washington will be carried on
regularly and methodcally. An occa-
sional absence ofthe chief executive from
the capital is useful in demonstrating
how well the republic can get along un-
der ordinary circumstances without a
chief executive. That is in accord with
the designs Of the wise trainers of our ad-
mirable system. Their idea was that
there should be as little government as il
was possible to get along with. The peo-
pie should be taught 10 take care Of them
selves. Government is not the main
spring in society. 1t is only a sort OF
police regulation, to be brought into play
whom a cog slips somewhere.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1903-04-08
plrtlest Town TO Be CIeanest.

Connellsville, Pa, April 2. - Con.
nellsville, known for years as the
dirtiest town in the coke region, is to
be the cleanest. Stringest measures
are being taken toward this end.
Anti-spitting and anti-swearing ordi.
nances are being passed, as well as
provisions regulating the throwing of
refuse on the streets, and loafing on
the sidewalks. Splitting on the pave
ments and in street cars and other
public places is made punishable by
heavy penalties and notices in various
languages, owing to the cosmopolitan
conditions existing in the coke region,
will be posted broadcast. Regular
washing of streets is another feature
that is being pushed vigorously.