davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
An INCIDENT at Gctt,,bur,

The incident which | am about tc
relate occurred OH the second day OF
the battle of Gettysburg.
l belonged TO the Ninth Regiment
Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteers, and
in the same company with me Were
William w. Jeffery, Isaac y. McAiunn
afterwards Captain. NJ Copeland. ]
Porter and ]. Rigdon. | mention this
as they were connected with the affair
which l am about 10 relate.
We were lying behind stone wall
and the firing had almost ceased Oh
our part of the line. There WIS Il lull
in the battle at this point. although il
was raging furiously both to the right
and left. In front OF our lines a great
many rebel wounded We're lying. call
Ing for help and begging piteously for
water. The Colonel OF our regiment
rode along and asked who would vol
unteer to so out and give aid To the
wounded. A dozen men, or more. in
stantly consented TO so, the mer
named abo2e being of the number. The
rebels were withing speaking distance
and they We're asked If our men would
be unmolested If they should go oui
and bring In or give water to the
suffering COnfederates. They agreed
that Union soldiers would certainly
be unmOlested If our men would take
care Of their wounded The party i'm
mediately started out and one man
hod hoan rriod in e,tr
wall. Another wounded Confederate
was being lifted from the ground when
volley was opened on the humane
Union soldiers. and l. n. McMunn was
shot through the head. the bullet car
rying away his upper jaw. The Con
federate wounded were instantly drop
ped, and two of McMunn's comrades
seized him and hurried him off the
field. Another soldier. William W. JEFF.
fiery, had raised a wounded Confeder
ate and was giving him a drink from
his canteen when the volley came. OF
course the poor Confederate wounded
man got no more water from the
Union soldier. for he speedily made his
way, with his comrade, to 4 place of
safety.
The Confederates numbered many
honorable men in their ranks. but the
affair above related is considered one
Of the most despicable on record, and
some Union soldiers are loath to be
lieve the truth of it. Mr.. McMunn, af
ter great deal Of suffering. recovered,
and, with the aid Of an artificial roof
in his mouth, he speaks almost as vel:
as he did before he received the
wound. He is now prominent man
in the city Of Pittsburgh. E. NJ. in
American Tribune.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
AGENTS RACE COSTS sl2.soo.
Manager Of Telephone Exchange
Iniuraa OparatQr

Manager of Telephone Exchange
Injuries Operator.
A jury in the Circuit Court ar Kansas
CITY awarded Miss Eva Cook, Il tele-
phone operator, $12,500 damages against
the Missouri and Kansas Telephone Com
pany for injuries inflicted by Herschell
Graves. a manager in Central office.
Miss Cook testified that while she was
seated on high stool at work Graves.
angered because she had not carried out
some trivial order, roughly twirled her
about, causing her to strike an Dbstruc-
ton and injure her shoulder and knee.
Judge Slower, in instructing the jury,
said it might be well to let employing ser
wants of corporations learn to treat their
employees with consideration.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
EVENTS OF INTEREST
THAT OCCURRED DURING THs
PAST WEEK.
fersely Told Telegraph Tales In
Brief Paragraphs-Many Casual.
tles-A Few Crimes-Some Fires
Political and Religious News.


Aguinaldo Promised Titles of Nobil-
ity.
The bureau of insular affairs of The War
Department has Just published a pamphlet
offorty eight pages. giving the telegraphic
correspondence Of Emilio AguinaldO from
July Is, 1898, to February 2S, 1899, the
period just prior to the fall of Manila
and following the outbreak of hostilities
between the United States forces and the
insurgents. These kilograms were recov-
cred by Capt. John r. NJ. Taylor Of the
Fourteenth Infantry, among mass of
papers captured from the so-called in
surgent government. They are sufficiently
complete to show that the insurgent leader
leaned strongly upon others for advice
and counsel; that there was serious op-
position to his authority even among his
own people; that an attack upOE the
Americans at Manila had been fully de-
cided upon before the outbreak of hOstil-
tiles on February 4, 1899, and that in the
event the struggle should prove successful
the new government that would have been
created would not have been republic,
for titles of nobility were on January Is
1893, promised to certain insurgent officers
as reward for entering Manila and cap
turing the American forces and their Of
GcerS
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Gen. cnster,. Old Home.

The house which was erected in To-
peka in 1868 by George A. Custer and
occupied by him and his family for
q number Of years has been torn down
to make room for a modern residence.
The old Custer homestead stood on n
hill between 11th and 18th on Quincy
street, about a mile south Of the Kan
sas river The famous Indian fighter
had a balcony built on the west side
Of his home, and Colonel George
Veale and other old residents who re.
member him say that he spent several
hours every day on his balcony closely
scanning the surrounding prairie.
When General Custer and his family
moved into the house he planted two
cottonwood trees in the front yard.
These were voted nuisance by the
neighbors several years ago and de.
stroyed. The old house has been lit
tie better than a mass of ruins for Il
number of years, owing to the vandal-
ism Of relic hunters. Gen. Custer oc-
cupied one of the front rooms upstairs
and many Of his Indian campaigns
were planned there. The walls of this
room We're covered with notes and
figures made by Custer while planning
his campaign. Some Of the older res.
idents of the city pretend to believe
that Custer had secreted quantities OF
gold coin and silver in the walls of his
home, and, this story was in n great
measure responsible for the destruc
tion of the house.-Topeka Capital.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Bradstreet,s Grain Figures.
DEz MkA}s[aAGRS
ssis9 s9Y}ss go
&S: -EGGe

Chicago-Cattle. common 70 prime
$500 to $5.15; hogs. shipping grades
$3.50 to $3.50; sheep, fair to choice. 2.0C
to $3.50; wheat. No. > red. 13c to 74c,
corn, No. ., 44c to 45c; oats, No. =, 33e
othy. $3.50 to $14.OO; prairie, $500 to
SLIGO; butter, choice creamery. 25c to
27c; eggs, fresh. 15c TO lie; potatoes,
4Oc to 47c per bushel.
Indianapolis-Cattle, shipping, $500 to
$3.50; hogs, choice light, $4.OO to Sis;
sheep, common to prime, $3.50 to $4.OO;
wheat, No. =, 74c to 75c; corn. No. 2
white, 44c to 45c; oats, No. . white, SIC
to 39c.
st. Louis-Cattle. S4.5O to $50; hogs,
$500 to $7.45; sheep. $500 to $3.50;
wheat, No. =, Csc to soc: corn. No. .,
aOc to Ale; oats. No. .. 34c to 35c; rye,
No. 2, 49c to SOC.
Cincinnati-Cattle, $3.50 to $3.50;
hogs, $4.OO to 1925; sheep. $3.50 to
S4S5: wheat, No. 2, 7Sc to 19c; corn,
No. . mixed, 46c to 47c; oats. No. :
mixed, 3Sc to 39c; rye, No. ., sac to 3Sc.
Detroit-Cattle, $3.50 to $500; hogs,
1900 to $7.1O: sheep, $3.50 tc $4.25;
Wueat, NO. tSc 10 SOC, corh. w. u
yellow, 45c TO 46c; oats, No. white,
BE to 3Sc; rye. No. =. 52c to j4c.
Milwaukee-Wheat, No. . northern,
7Sc to 79c; corn, No. 3, 42c to 43c; oats.
No. 2 white, 35c to 36c: rye, No. ]. SOC
to 52c: barley. No. 2, 63c 10 64c; pork,
mess, $19.35.
Toledo-Wheat, No. mixed, i4c to
75c: corn, No. mixed, 44c to 45c; oats,
No. . mixed, 35c TO Bic; rye. No. .. 52c
to 54c; clover seed. prime, $7.25.
Buffalo-Cattle, choice shipping steers,
$3.50 to $3.50; hogs, fair to prime, S4.OO
to $40; sheep. fair to choice, $3.25 to
S5.65; lambs, common to choice. Si.OO to
$40.
New York-Cattle, $500 to $3.50;
hogs, $4.OO to $7.2O; sheep, $500 to
s5.75; wheat, No. red. SOC to Sic; corn,
No. 2, SIC to 5Sc; oats, No. = white,
43c to 44c; butter, creamery, Doc TO 2Ic;
eggs, western, 16c to 1Sc.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Census Chief Resigns.

Governor Merriam, director of the GEN.
sus, has placed his resignation in the
hands of the President. 1t will take ef-
feet on May Is. Governor Merriam re-
signs to accept the vice presidency of the
International Merchantile agency, of New
York, and will remove from Washington
to that city. The President expressed
regret that Mr.. Merriam had concluded to
leave the government service and wished
him large measure of success in his new
field
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Met Death Firmly.

William Ross was hanged at Botineau,
N. D., for the murder of Thomas Walsh
on July s, 1902. Ross walked to the scaf-
fold bravely, bade good bye and expressed
sorrow for his crime. Ross was asked
before the trap was sprung who killed
Lemay and answered, firmly, ''Carl Han
son." The murder of Napoleon Lemay
last year is still something of a mystery
and it was suspected that Ross at least
fnew who committed it.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Many Lives Lost.

By the capsizing of a fiatboat used as a
ferry at Spiers Falls, n. Y, a number of
men were drowned. How many lives
were lost is not yet definitely known. The
scene of the accident is remote and but
few details have as yet been received.
According to one report sixty men were
on the boat. The current was very swift
and a mass of ice and logs struck the
craft. In the confusion the boat was
tipped over. throwing the occupants into
the rivar
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
ST. Louis CantaIn Is Out.

Police Captain Sam Boyd of the fourth
district in st. Louis was suspended after
a conference between Chief Kelly and
President Harry B. Hawes of the police
board. This action was taken after Off
cial notice was given of the indictment
returned by the grand jury against Boyd
for neglect of duty in allowing the exist
ence in his district of houses where
young girls were held as prisoners.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
LEARNED WOMEN SLOW TO WE'D.

OF 1885 Graduates of Michigan
University but 533 Have Married.
Data gathered from the general cata-
lOgue and the alumni association shows
that of the 1885 women that have grad
uated from the University of Michigan
only 533 have married since graduating.
An odd fact is that larger percentage
of the women graduates marry from the
professional departments than from the
literary, which is thought to verify the
sociological tenet that marriage is re-
stricted largely in proportion as the
standard of education among women in
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
WIDOW CONVICTED OF MURDER.
Mrs. Lena Lille Found Guilty OF
Killing Her Husband.


Killing Her Husband.
The jury in the Lille murder case at
David City, Neb., brought in verdict
of guilty and fixed the punishment AT
imprisonment for life. Mrs. Lena NJ.
Lille, well-to-dO, educated and member
Of prominent family, was accused Of
the murder of her husband. Harvey LII
lie, Oct. "a last. by shooting him as he
lay sleeping in bed. Mrs. Lille claimed
her husband had been shot by burg lar.
who, she said, robbed the house "f $500
in cash. Lille died within a few hours
of the shooting without regainipg con-
sciousness. He was a popular business
man, without known enemies. and his
domestic affears were supposed to be
pleasant. 1t was testified at the trial
that Mrs. Lille was a steady patron OF
bucket shops and had lost much money.
1t was also shown that her husbands life
insurance in her favor was 5000. Ap-
plicatiOn for a new trial will be made,
and if overruled an appeal will be taken
to the Supreme Court.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
cAsHED ALLEGED BOGUS CHECK.
Superintendent Of a Company Gets
Gz 900 ad

Superintendento Of a Company Gets
$1,000 and Disappears.
Charles L. MolOny, Il general superin-
tendent of the Pennsylvania WarehOus-
ing and Safe Deposit Company. cashed
what is alleged to he forged check for
$1,000 on the Girard National Bank in
Philadelphia, and has not been seen
about his home since. 1t is suspected
that he has gone to New York. but
nothing definite is known of his inove-
ments. The bank directors met, and
considered the matter. and later one of
the directors admitted the bank WAS le-
gally responsible for the sum. Nolony
is under bond to the Pennsylvania com
pany for $4,000.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
SUFFER ON sNowsouND TRAINS.
Five Hundred Passengers on Rock
Island Have Trying Experiences.


Island Have Trying Experiences.
Alter being snowbound nearly 100
hours in drifts sixteen feet deep near
Santa Rosa, y. NJ. three Rock Island
passenger trains We're rescued the other
day and the half-famished passengers
were taken to Ell PasO. Texas. There
were nearly 800 passengers OH TIE train,
men, women and children. and their :.uf-
fering was intense that the situation
finally became desperate. The food sup
ply WAS totally exhausted twenty four
hours before the rotary snowplow had
cleared the track and arrived with the
relief train. Grown men ana women
We're well-nigh famished and children suf
fered especially. The snow was too deep
10 permit of walking to the nearest town,
thirty miles away, and the engines We're
SO buried in the drift that they could
move in neither direction. One of the
engines had its fire extinguished by the
snow and the cars were without heat or
light. The other two trains Jared bet
ter. but all were short of food. The rail
way officials made heroic efforts to rescue
the trains. and when the snOwplOw and
200 Mexicans with shovels finally clear
ed the track train containing dining
cars was sent out from .Alamogorio and
all the passengers were we'll fed.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Changes in the Navy,

The Navy Department has decided to
detach Captain Thomas Perry from the
command of the Iowa and to assign him
to duty as captain of the New York navy
yard, relieving Captain Barclay who is to
20 to Washington state as commandant of
the Bremerton navy yard. Captain Henry
B. Mansfield will be placed in command
of the Iowa and Captain George F. Wilde
will be made captain of the Boston navy
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Young Man confesse. Murder.

Edward Knapman, the Chicago boy.
made statement to the Detroit police
that ae shot. agnes Mooney two weeks
ago, Thile he was under the influence of
liquor. and then tried to kill himself.
Knapman shot himself through the
breas., but the wound is healing rapidly,
and charge Of murder will be lodged
against him If he recovers.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Suffocated I'm a street Car.

Miss Ella Lyde, aged %. a telephone
operator, was suffOcated in Pittsburg in
a street car during the rush hours be-
tween ) and o'clock. She was forced
to stand because of the crush and, after
riding :even or eight blocks, tainted.
After being carried into a nearby store
she expired in a few moments.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Heirs Sue Gov. Nash,

Gov. George K. Nash was made de-
fendant in a petition filed in the Probate
Court at Columbus, Ohio by heirs of the
late David w. Brooks. The Governor
was named as executor of the W.. and
it is charged that he has failed to give on
accounting of the trust fund of $4,000
The Governor says he is willing the mat
ter SHOULD be brought to an issue.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Unfounded Bank Scare.

A run started on the German-American
Bank of Muscatine, Iowa. The direct
cause was the circulation of false re-
port to the effect that the stockholders
had lost heavily on the Chicago Board
of Trade. President Geisler announced
that every depositor would be paid in
f, Il. Other Muscatine banks came to
the reSc;le
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Big Fire at Houshton.

Another disastrous fire, the second
within two weeks, visited HoughtOn,
Mich. causing loss amounting to $780,
O00. The fire originated in the big stone
building occupied by Meedham BrOs.'
steam laundry, r. T. Hooper's pop fac
tory and Michael's saloon. The laundry
equipment was totally destroyed. The
Hancock and HurontOwn departments
were called upon for assistance.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

Mscaronl Wheat.
Greatest wheat o. earth
for arid. dry, hot soils-
yields 81 bus. per acre. In
troduced by q. 8. Dept. Of
Agriculture. lt'sawonder.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Big Labor Struggle Feared.

Bitter war OF national scope between
labor and capital, directly involving the
livelihood of from 100000 to 100000
families, now seems certain to begin on
May !. Iron manufacturers on the one
side and their employees on the other are
carefully laying their plans FOR the
titanic struggle.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
viii be Made am Admiral

While no official announcement has been
made, it is believed in naval circles that
Captain Charles J. Barclay, commandant
at the Boston navy yard, has been selected
for similar duty at the Bremerton wash
ington) yard, and that the assignment
soon will be made. Captain Barclay
stands well up In the list of captains and
his promotion to the grade of rear admiral
is likely to follow soon after transfer.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Berry Boat Sinks.

Pittsburg special: The ferry boat Nep-
tune, plying between Allegheny and the
west end, was sunk in the Ohio river near
the foot of CHARTERS street by the steamer
Margaret. The Neptune is a total loss
and the crew and passengers had to swim
20 the Allegheny side in order to save
their lives
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
indiana Post Protest,

Sol Meredith Post, &. A. R., of Rich
mond, Ind, has forwarded a spirited
protest to the Legislature of Pennsylvania
against the passage by that body of a law
providing that the state join with Virginia
in erecting monument to General Robert
E. Lee on the Gettysburg battlefield.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Nav Free Mrs, MAVERICK.

Mrs. Florence G. Maybrick, vino has
for thirteen years lain in an English
prison, charged with the murder of her
husband, will be released May 1, 1901.
This information comes direct from the
State Department at Washington a,
through representatives of Mrs. MAJ
hrict
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

The Imperial German postoffice has
just appointed 4 commission to go TO
the United States and study American
postal. telegraphic and telephone sys-
tens. Special attention will be given
to the tubular mail service.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Injured In Big scaf,old Crash

Twelve men were injured, two of them
probably fatally, by the collapsing of 6
scaftold at the new South Division High
School building, at Thirty-ninth street
and Prairie avenue, Chicago. The twelve
men were thrown forty feet to the
ground and fell among bricks and lum.
Der,
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

Mexico. The details are not known.
Week was the son of A. II. Week. a
banker and wealthy lumber dealer of
Stevens Point, Wis. He had just grad
uated from Armour Institute and had
been named by Senator SpOOner for n
cadetship in the Annapolis Naval Acad-
envy.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
pa..inp of Railway, MANAGER.

W. A. Scott, general manager Of the
Chicago. Minneapolis, st. Paul and Oma
Ia Railroad, died in st. Paul. He had
been i'll for several months and under
went a surgical operation in the hope of
securing relief.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Smueslers Are Arrested,

Antoine De Jou and Jules lie Doux
said to be stewards on the Frencl. line
steamer La Savole, We're arrested and
held in $500 bail each on charges of
smuggling embroidery and fancy articles
from France to New York.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Neoro conferenc, URGED.

Resolution for appointment of ten del
egates to the national conference on the
negro question was introduced in the
Wisconsin Legislature by Senator Hat
ton. Transmittal of resolution to other
States is urged. Atlanta, Ga, IS named
as the meeting place.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Look Like Rum Blossoms.

Baltimore's Health Officer has discov-
cred new epidemic. He says that hun
dreds of citizens are afflicted with sore
noses, the appendages looking like rum
blossoms.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

1t was between twilight and candle
light. the gentle half-hour when the
kind old Sand Man steals up the stairs
of houses where children are; when
rustic lovers stroll with slow and quiet
steps down country lanes. and old
bachelors are loneliest and dream of
things that might have been.-"Thd
Two Vanreyels."
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Electric Car Rolls Over

4 car on the Cleveland and South
western Electric Railway went over an
embankment twenty feet high at Hen
ristta, Ohio. There were twenty passen-
gers aboard, some of whom were severe
" hurt, but the greater number escaped
without serious injury.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Made His Bride a Burglar.

Alonzo Clark and Elizabeth Austin.
10. were married six weeks. They are
now in Jail at OswegO. n. ". charged
with burglary and larceny. Mrs. Clark
says her husband forced her to assist
him in robbinS a store at Hastings Cen
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
PRIZES FOR LARGE FAMILIES.
Pennsylvania Legislator Wants Gold
Medals for Mothers.

Medals for Mothers.
Mr.. Blumie Of Cameron County, Pa,
father of eleven children. introduced in
the lower house of the Legislature Il bill
to subsidize large families and TO pro-
vide for gold medals for mothers of large
families. The bill provides prizes rang
ing from $40 and medal to cost $40 to
$50. $50 gold medal to mothers Of fam
lilies ranging from nine to fifteen children.
The seventh son or daughter born within
the State shall be educated at an ex-
pense to the State not to exceed $500.
The designs of the medals are to be fur
nished by the Governor The act shall
not apply to any woman who has been
legally divorced or separated from her
husband
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Blaze I'm Frankfort. XIV

Fire at Frankfort, Ky, destroyed the
Haly building on East Main street and
its contents, entailing loss of $50, 900.
The building was occupied by the Rupert
Wholesale Grocery Company, Frankfort
Shoe Manufacturing Company and the
Beckman Guard, State militia.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

Senator Arthur P. German of Maryland,
was elected chairman of the democratic
caucus, which position carries with it that
of democratic floor leader in the Senate.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
shuns Woman and Babies.

Professor William Henry Hill iissp-
pearcd from East Orange, y. j., af;er
the disclosure that woman with three
children living in England had claimed
TO be his wife. Hill is an instructor in
a military school.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12
Safe Blowers Start Fire.

The Cummings block, containing the
postofiice, the bank of Fuller & Poets
and Collins jewelry store, burned 10 the
ground at Canaan, Conn. 1t is believed
the fire was started by burglars after
they had broken open the safes in the
building.
The Hocking sentinel. [volume] (Logan, Ohio) 1871-1906, 1903-03-12

Al Wade was sentenced at Toledo. O..
TO be electrocuted on June % at Column
bus, for the murder of Kate Sullivan
two years ago. This is the first capital
punishment to be inflicted for crime in
Lucas County since 1856.