The Atlanta constitution. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1885-19??, 1903-07-27

Another BLOW Oel1VeTeu.
The pope resisted the first act above
narrated and ordered his people to wnoi-
| ly disregard any interference with their
commissions by the king or his agents.
The breach thus created widened ana
deepened until In 1855 the conventual act
was passed which broke up the roman
converts and orders throughout the 40
minion Of the king.
This act again heated the furnace VI
cnmities between the pope and the Kliis
seven times hotter than 1t was oelore'
and their controversies and reprlsalS De-
came sharper as the years went ny IN
the meantime Cavour was keeping 14N
eye on every diplomatic condltloh III r. ~,
rope and timing his assaults upon lne
papal sovereignty at those opportune SEQ
sons when ma one of the popes lrlenuiy
powers could come to his assistance VIII
out breaking down the peace or al Eo-
rope.
The Part of Napoleon III.
Cavour was especially adept and fortn-
nate in preventing Napoleon III lroii
openly taking up the cause OF the pope
He played upon the ambitions and fears
of that monarch like veritaole Paoe-
rewski of politics.
In 1859 he succeeded in having Louis
Napoleon advise the pope to yea ms
temporal powers with the privilege Oh
retaining the revenues that he was &C
customed to receive from the peopl'-
This the pope, led by the shrewd. i'm
placable and stubborn Cardinal Anto-
neln. refused to do. We speak now OF
Plus TX, who, in 1876, had succeeded
Gregory XVI in the pontifical chalr,
Upon the refusal above mentioned, Ma
poleon ILL., in February of, the next year.
1860 consented with Cavour to the con-
| ,fs<I, ;; tnlf
cept Tuscany. In the pleblsclte tndl
was Immediately taken all the states
voting agreed to the unitication except
Rome and Naples, the latter then De
ing under Ferdinand II.
Preparing for War.
After that event Napoleon again ad-
vised Plus and Antonelli to yield to the
Inevitable, at least to the extent OF re-
forming the methods of the papal gov
eminent and conforming it with the eX-
pressed desires of 50 large part Of the
Italian people. But this overture was
also Indignantly denied.
On the other hand General I.amoriciere
was empowered to organize a papal army
and prepare to resist any attack upon
the states of the church.
But just at this point Garibaldi bumped
in again. He organized an expedition at
Genoa and sailed for Sicily. There he
defeated Ferdinand's forces in the IA
nous battle of Mllazzo, July 20, 1860, and
took Sicily into the union. He then made
for Naples and forced Ferdinand to flee
to Rome. With the two Sicilies and Ma
pies under his banner and the revolution
in the hands of Garibaldi. who was more
republican than Il friend of Victor
Emmanuel, the situation was as danger
GUS TO the king as to the pope; me
king hastened to Naples and had
m wi (,1rjh1l6l
sent him back into retirement at
Caprera
Cavour Plans Coup d'Etat.
Fearing the renewal of the republican
propag anda by Garibaldi, Cavour deter
mined to seize the papal territories east
of Rome, Umbria and the Marches. Be
fore doing so he consulted Napoleon III,
who was in Saxony on a tour of recrea-
ton. Napoleon said, Act and act quick
ly." Cavour thereupon sent an ulti
matUm to Rome demanding the disband-
ment of the papal troops, because they
were IAN offense to the public conscience
of Italy and Europe"
After considering the demand four days
4Antonclli sent positive refusal COM
ply with the demand
Cavour then sounded all the de- Roman
lied provinces of Italy, called a parlia-
ment and on the 18th of February, 1851
| these representatives met at Turin and
changed the titles of Victor Emmanuel
from king of Sardinia to king of Italy.
Garibaldi Breaks Loose Again.
Meanwhile Garibaldi had been restless
to renew his trays on the Roman states
and organized for the purpose but was
persuaded to desist by the threat of
French intervention; but in the course Of
the negotiations the astute. far-seeing
Cavour obtained the withdrawal Of French
troops from Rome by guaranteeing GER
tain safeties and powers to the pope.
But in 1867 Garibaldi broke his truce
and announced his intention to invade
Rome. He was arrested by order of King
Victor Emmanuel, but managed to es-
cape and crossed the papal frontier in
October. France had rushed General Fail
~ and his troops to Rome. They met and
repulsed at once and finally the attack
Of Garipaldi and put the pope again in
safety.
Some French Follies.
In his report of the battle. General
Fally reported that the chassepots did
wonders" in Staying the Garibaldians and
Rouher, in announcing the victory to the
french senate, said: Rome should never
be the capital of Italy-neverr'
These indiscreet speeches caused great
anger among the Italians. and they ceased
TO feel any obligation of gratitude to
France for past favors.
Cavour waited. In 1863 the only Eccu-
menical council of the church since thar
of Trent in the sixteenth century was
called to Rome. Il was in session nearly
a year, passed the dogma of papal in
falIibility ana did other things for the
good of the church, but they were dis
persed by the eXigencies arising out of
the declaration of war between France
and Prussia.
The Invasion of Rome.
With France and Russia flying a. eacn
others throats. with Bismarck busy.
England neutral and Russia wondering
what next Cavour saw rioened before
him the opportunity for which he had
planned connived and waited so long.
On the Sth of September he invaded the
papal territories with the italian armies
and twelve days later possessed Rome and
set the tri-color where before had flown
the regular and blessed banners of the
holy father.
A plebiscite, or vote Of the people. was
ordered The pope commanded his faith
full people to abstain But the boxes re-
turned 900 votes for annexation and
l 800 against 1t. This Formally over the
king of Italy established Rome as the
capital of united Italy in July, 1871, and
took up his residence IN the quirinal
where Humbert l succeeded him as king
in 1878, about six weeks before Leo XIII
succeeded Plus TX at the vatican.
Plus refused ever to touch a penny OF
the 1928 900 lire per annum offered him
by the king. but accepted the guarantees
of his residence, person and spiritual
liberties and authority. At the same time
hull Of u, d;