davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Miss Esther Cauthorn, of Millenbeck,
spent a few days this week with her rela-
tive, Mrs. Leah b. Lee.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Miss Msude Schools spent Christmas
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Miss A. Blanche Messick and Gilbert
Messick went over 70 Urbanna TUESDAY,
10 spend-a few days at the home of Miss
B. Blanche Jones.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Richard Tate and daughter, Helen, of
Dunnsville, Essex county, are visiting
The gentleman's daughters. the Mesdames
Dyke, at this place.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

By Insuring In the Northern Neck
Mutual Fire Assn, Irvington, VS. you
escape any chance of having law suit
on your hands In case you burn out.
Troubles sre not apt TO arise, and il they
do the bylaws say they shall be adjusted
by arbitration.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Mrs. Hattie Rilee, Miss Pearl Rilee
and w. g. Leland were in Norfolk
recently.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Mr.. and Mrs. James w. Leland and
little son, of Baltimore, spent Christmas
with relatives here.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

will open sewing school for little
girls, teaching every Saturday at Irving
ton Beach Hotel from ten o'clock until
two. Terms ten cents lesson.
Mus. TRIBE, Irvington.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

The Sunday school children OF the
Baptist church here rendered a very
pretty program on Tuesday night, and
were rewarded by their Xmas bags Of
candy. The school presented the pastors
wife, Mrs. Claybrook, with handsome
fur streamer and muff. The Methodists
gave their treat to the children on We'd
nesday night.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Misses Ida Joe Hayden and Annie
Stoneham, after Xmas vacation, re.
turned Tuesday night via Norfolk to
Woman's College, Lynchburg.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Aid Society to-nigh, at home OF Mrs.
o. r. Hopkins.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Irving Messick, student Of polytech-
mic school in Philadelphia, was home for
Christmas.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1903-01-02

Ambrose Cox, Of the Merchants and
Miners Line. Baltimore. spent Xmas at
his old home here.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
EARLY USE OF GUNPOWDEk.

With reference to the early use ot powder and firearms long before the popularly accepted but erroneous date Of gunpowder discovery, General Jos eph Wheeler, U. s. A., in lecture short time ago before the Franklin in- stitute, remarked that in many locali- ties in China and India the soil is inn pregnated with hitter, and the probable discovery of gunpowder there many centuries before the Christian era may be explained in this way:
 All cooking at that time was by wood fires, and the people lived in tents and huts, with earth for their floors Count less fires made of wood upon ground strongly impregnated with hitter must have existed every day. and when such fires were extinguished a portionsof the wood must have been converted into charcoal, some of which would of ne cessity, become mixed with the hitter in the soil. By this means two of the most active ingredients of gunpowder were brought together, and 1t is very natural that when another fire was kindled on the same spot fash might follow. This would lead to investiga- ton, and then the manufacture of gun pOWuCI WdS .COACClNCu. tAtAS be true or not, there is abundant evi- dence. that the origin of gunpowder and artillery goes far back in the dim ages of the past.
 The Hindoo code. compiled long be. fore the Christian era, prohibited the making of war with cannon and guns or any kind of firearms. Quintus Cur tius informs us that Alexander the Great met with fire weapons ill Asia and Philostratus says that Alexander conquests were arrested Ey the use of gunpowder. It Is also written that those wise men who lived in the cities of the Ganges "overthrew their enc mics with tempests and thunderboltS shot from the walls" Julius AfricanIs mentions shooting powder in the year 275 It was used in the siege of Con stantinople in 66s; bv the Arabs in 600 at Thessalonica in 904: at the siege of Belgrade. 1O73: by the Greeks in maya, battles, in 1O9S;; by the Arabs against the Iberians. in 1147. and at Toulouse in 121S It appears to have been gen erally known throughout civilized Flu rope as early as 1860, and soon there after it made it's way into England where it was manufactured during the reign of Elizabeth. and we learn. that few arms were possessed by the Eng fish in 1910. and that they were used l at the battle of Crecy in 1346.-Cas sier's Magazine.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
GROW CAW-CUSES.

For forty years have seen crows in winter in different parts of the country passing to and fro between their rock cries and their feeding grounds, and I have never seen anything like leader ship among them. They leave their roasting places at daybreak, and dis perse north and south or east and west to their feeding grounds, going in loose, struggling bands and silently, except in early spring, and they return at night in the same way, flying low if it is stormy and windy and high if 1t is calm, rising up or sheering off if they see gunner or other suspicious object. but making no sound, uttering no sig nal notes. They all have eyes equally sharp. and do not need to be warned. They are all on the alert. When feed ing they do post sentry, and he caws when danger approaches and takes to wing. They do not dart into a bush
 when pursued by king bird or pur- pie martin; they are not afraid of a hawk: they cannot count six. though such traditions exist (Silver Spot could count thirty): they do not cav when you stand under them in winter to turn tehir course; they do not drill their young; they do not flock together in June; they cannot worry a fox into giving up half his dinner: they do not, so far as we know. have nerpetual sen tries they have no calls that. so far as va know, answers to our words, Mount" 'sBunch.' Scatter De scend." Form Line" "Forage"-on these and other points my observations differ radically from Mr Thompson seton's-John Burroughs in the Allan
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
ENGLAND's SCHOOL SYSTEM.

England's common school system is peculiar. It is a chaotic dual system. There are, first, the voluntary schools, church controlled schools, founded and supported by voluntary effort, with the aid of the government. Then there are the board schools, organized within the last thirty years, maintained by the municipalities, with government aid. The board schools have been called Goddess schools by the church. men, because they are founded on this provision: "No religious catechism or religious formulary which is distinctive of any particular denomination shall be taught in the school" The 12.O0O church schools. with 2,5oo other volun- tary schools of Roman and non-con- fornist churches. instruct 3,2O0.0O0 children; the new board schools have 2,60O,0OO children enrolled. Under the cloak of nationalizing the school sys- tenn, and bringing all the schools under popular control, the education bill charges the taxpayers with the support of the church schools. As a sop to the non-conformists the church controlled government appropriates an added two million pounds a year for all the schools. In a word it is a Tory effort to stem the rising tide of democracy in England, to postpone the inevita ble separation of church and state.-Sam- uel B. Moffett in Success.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
HEARD IN PASSING

At last death has taken General Cas- sius M. Clay. Nobdy else would have dared to try it.-Boston Herald.
 It remains to be seen how the daugh- ters of rich farmers in Kansas will re- gard the entry of those college stu dents in the domestic circle.-Baltimor Herald.
 King Peters proposition to banish the assassins of his predecessor and give them a pension indicates that he is humorist of the first order.-South Birmingham News.
 The Hartford base ball nine acts as if a federal judge had issued an in- junction enjoining the team from hit ting the ball or stealing bases.-Hart- ford Post.
 A petrifed sea serpent has been dis covered in northern Alabama. This is an unfair invasion of the prescriptive rights of the inland resorts shore com petitor.-Providence Journal.
 Woodbury people say there is no town in the state where the no license law is so openly and flagrantly violated as there. And Woodbury is not large town either.-Bridgeport Telegram.
 In this view of the matter the ex- pressions of the Roman Catholic church are indications of religious solidarity that cannot but gratify men of every creed.-Chicago Chronicle. .s
 Tn Northampton the other day a girl tried to mail letter in fire alarm box and the department responded promptly. Fortunately the girl was pretty-Norwich Record.
 If we cannot have the practical re- form which is clearly needed, let us move toward it and let every step. however modest, bring us nearer to it. not carry us away from it.-New York Times.
 No one can blame the Japanese for wanting a distinct understanding with the bear that walks like a man. Rus sian diplomatic pie crust is so light as to be at times ethereal.-St Louis Globe-Democrat.
 ''twin relics of barbarism,'' which the republican party formed itself to fight. And now it seems that there were trip lets. Mob rule is yet to be throttled.- New York Mail and Express.
 Any objections to my smoking here?' asked the offensively cheerful udu, us luG NCSSe1 gave dAOluC1 O4S- quieting lurch. "None," replied the pale chap in the steamer chair, 'here or eafter!"-Cincinnat Commercial Tribune. ,,@ ~ss<a asD%a5
 When, however, the pretentions of the union reach the point of forbidding the government to employ any person not in good standing with a private so- ciety there is nothing for the govern ment to do but to assert the equality of citizens and maintain its own au- thority.-New York Tribune.
 Grosvenor is undoubtedly astray in his prophecy that the democrats will put up Cleveland next year The dem- ocratic party has done many insane things in it's long career, but it is not going to commit any such act of folly next year as the nomination of Cleve- land would be. The talk about the nomination. it will be noticed has al= most subsided. A few republican pa- pers, for selfish reasons. keep up the mention of the ex-president in connec- ton with the nomination, but the num- Der of democratic papers which say anything about him is very small.-St Louis Globe-Democrat. N1 1..4.. ... .
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
FREEDOM OF THE ExILES
Fate of Two Who Escaped From the
 Mines of Siberia.

The cold, blank winter day breaks ghastly on the plains of northern Rus sia. Gloomily onward stretch the wild, snow-covered steppes of frozen Siberia; not a tree, not a bush, in sight; and the winds rise, blowing with fury and whirling heaps of snow round and round in the air. On the frozen ground two men are lying huddled to- gether, trying to hide themselves from the blast struggling against the dead ly frost which creeps upon them, slow ly paralyzing their limbs.
 They escaped from the party of ex lies. How they were hunted! How, like wild beasts, they were pursued! But the merciless work in the cold subterranean mines of Siberia stood before them. Thinking of it, they ran, breathlessly ran, leaving their pursuers behind * * And now they lie on the snow, with knees bruised and bleeding, with hands scared and swollen, staring wildly before them on the raw, cold morning breaking in the east
 On their faces, which show intelli- gence and resolution, is visible the i'm pression of the tyrannic government which persecutes them as political criminals" Their features are pinch ed, the teeth set close together, and q steady fire burns in their eyes, which tells of a mortal hatred to those des- pots who stife every voice that is raised against their unjust rule. Their long kaftans are tied with ropes around the waist, and their faces are muffied in ragged sl1awls to protect them from the smarting wind. They had no time to provide themselves with proper clothing; in the dead of night they were suddenly caught and transported-but they escaped, and now they are free! All alone on the wild plains, free! How good! and how warm! * They feel the cold no longer Their features relax, grow softer and their eyes become glassy, slowly filling with tears, as dim thoughts of home and native scenes pass faintly through the brain Their eyes close, they embrace each other closer and closer, feeling so warm * !" * And around them the dreary steppes stretch endlessly on and on to meet a leaden sky that hangs gloomily overhead. The bitter morn ing breaks on the infinite solitude, and the snow falling, falling, falling, snug ly covers the sleeping pair. making them warmer and warmer.-Benjani RoSenblatt in the Outlook.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

The supreme court has decided that Mayor MulvihilIs action in bouncing the director of public works in Bridge port is legal, which is different from deciding that it was sensible or justifla- ble.-Hartford Post.
 Mayor Mulvihill believes in turning the rascals out and putting no one but good democrats on guard. The repub- doing. it, and why has not a democrat the same right? The democrats of Bridgeport, by their recent action, be- lieve the mayor did just right, and all signs at the present time point to his reelection.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

Guy Carleton Lee of Johns Hopkins and Columbian universities, appeals for local historical material needed in preparation of his History of North America" Many of our readers will find it possible to cooperate with Pro lessor Guy Carleton Lee. We urge upon them to do so, not only to aid in the production of the defnitive history of the continent in its large sense, but in order that our section, our state, our immediate locality, has its due space in the history of our continent. We de- sire to impress upon our readers the importancel of what may appear to them to be little things, scraps of in- formation too small for notice, and we urge them to write to Professor Guy Carleton Lee, at Johns Hopkins uni versity, Baltimore, of anything that occurs to them as of interest. Dr Lee will, of course, be the final judge of it's availability, but do not hesitate to write, though you thinA .-4e matter of which you have knowledge is rr1hing. It is of trifles that history is made. Prompt action is requested, as the work is now in process of, completion
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

With regard to the objections to all forms of profit sharing, urged by the trades union leaders, says a writer in the Engineering Magazine, it must be pointed out that the schemes are based upon payment of minimum fixed rates work, and that in all the instances of which details have been given in the preceding article, these rates are the trades union rates for the district in which the work or factory is situated. The premium or Share of the bonus fund apportioned to each individual worker is thus an addition to the trades union rates of wages, and undoubtedly differs in different works and in sue cessive years; but since there is a def- mite limit below which the wages can not fall, these two objections lose much of their force. Systems of this kind are in fact, simply minimum wage sys- tems, worked in conjunction with a bonus system, and the net result is that lA0 "OLhSL ICCS1NSS tIduGS uL1CA IdlSS of pay, plus sum of money paid week ly or annually, the amount of which depends upon the surplus profits of the years operations. The objection that no fixed principle underlies 1t would be removed if all firms adopted the basis of say 5 per cent as the normal rate of interest for capital invested in industry,
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
TAKE YOUR CHOICE.

Bourke Cochran is back from Eu- rope and almost the first thing the re- porters asked him was his opinion of MT Cleyeland's chances for the presi- dency. MT Cochran did not hesitate to say that, if nominated, MT Cleveland would surely be elected. He declined to talk about MT Germans prospects, and said that Mayor Low is the logical candidate of the opponents of Tam many for mayor of New York.-Hart- ford Times.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

While 1t remains to be proved that the overdoing of the last few years has been sufficiently discounted, or that the higher rates of money have exerted their full effect, it is important not to overlook corrective forces which are actively at work and the effect of good harvest, such as is now within reasonable expectation, writes Banker Clews. Wheat, corn, cotton and all important crops have made good pro- gross during the past month. Pes simism is chiefly confined to Wall street, while all through the west, the northwest, the southwest and the south there is every evidence of busi- ness activity and progress. The rail- roads in these sections are taxed to their fullest capacity in spite of recent large additions to equipment, and off, cials show more or less fear of a car shortage when the crop moving season begins. If there is note of hesitation anywhere outside of New York and New England, it has it's source in the excesses of which Wall street has been the center AS for the ultimate effect of this reaction upon general business, predictions are useless. Buyers are growing more and more conservative, likewise those who take the initiative in business and industry. Should new enterprises receive a check we may ap. proach for the first. time a condition where production has overtaken con- sumption. This has not yet happened, but the enormous additions to our pro- ductive capacity are already having an effect that would quickly be more pro- nounced in case of slackening demand.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
THURSDAY, JULY 30, 1903.

A miniature railway system will be an attraction at the worlds fair, St Louis. At least thirty trains of mini ature' cars drawn by baby locomotives will be run throughout the grounds. The system will be run not only as an amusement feature, but as a means also of transporting visitors.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
ANIMAL FRIENDSHIPS
Curious Cases of Attachments Formed
 In Large Zoos.


 Among the strange features of life in large zoo are the unexpected and,
 at times, amusing friendships that spring up between animals of altogeth- CT dissimilar habits and natures. Out at the National zoo two Rhesus monkeys have formed a warm friendship for
 large Belgium hare, but this is not so surprising as some of the piatonic loves that have been noted elsewhere.
 Some years ago the botanical gardens
 at Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Bra
 gil, kept a large manatee in a pond on the grounds. It was an immense crea- ture and in time became so tame that it would come to the waters edge and eat grass out of the hands of the vlsI- 1 tors. This leviathael formed an at 1 tachment for a European swan, kept on the lake, and followed it about as | though the swan were its guardian, { So that wherever the swan happened ] to be one had only to look in the clear ; water by it's side to see the lazy mana- tee floating about and feeding on the water plants at the bottom. Visitors soon found this out and by coaxing the swan to the edge of the lake they were
 always sure of the manatee's follow ] ing. When the swan left the water the manatee was discontented and restless until it returned. AS for the ] swan, it grew so accustomed to the big animal that it had no fear when the manatee rose by it's side to take
 air, and so the two got along famous l ly.
 1 MT Afialo in his description of
 the private menageries of England, says that such attachments come
 about often in the big animal parks of i Great Britain. At one of them Leon- ardslee, he saw a Sambur deer and q 1 Welsh pony that were great chums. At present one of the pair of hippotamus 1 in the London zoo has grown very fond of an ordinary black house cat that enters and leaves the quarters of the big brute at will. Tn another pri-
 vate menagerie in England MT Afialo saw two gray wolves that were hand 1 in glove with a European bear. Some
 times the bear would get tired of the
 fncessant boisterous play of the
 wolves, in which event he would
 climb a tree and lie down to sleep in
 the forks of some branches, leaving
 his companions to howl over his ab-
 sence below.
 { Sir Harry Johnson, the discoverer of the Okapi, in his recent work on 1 Uganda, describes how, for time, he l undertook the tanning and domestica- ton of a number of wild animals of that country, an experiment in which 1 he was partly successful. Among the
 animals which he had at his geological
 experiment station was a baby ele-
 plant and young zebra that became
 great cronies. The little elephant had
 a way of twining it's trunk in loving
 embrace around the neck of the zebra, and, although the latter was usually
 very affectionate toward the little ele-
 phant, there were other times when 1t
 became bored and tired of constant at
 tentions and demonstrations of love
 and nipped the little elephant with its
 sharp teeth right spitefully, causing
 the little fellow to soueal under the
 pinch.-London Tit-Bits.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

of this rate of interest more equally between capital and labor. A fairer or more just system of payment cannot be conceived, and trades union officials in continuing to oppose its adoption will be guilty of grave disregard of the workers interest. .. -. ... ...
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
YOUR DRUGGIST WILL BUY TT
 BACK
BACK.

You assume no risk when you buy Chamberlains Colic, Cholera and Diar- rhoea Remedy Your druggist will re- fund your money if you are not satis- fled after using it. It is everywhere admitted to be the most successful remedy in use for bowel complaints and the only one that never fails. It is pleasant, safe and reliable. For sale by all druggists.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30
The New York Tailoring Go

Have opened their new store at 13o North Main street, and beg to call your attention to their fine and large stock of domestic and imp ported woolens. We are making up gentlemen's suits, giv- ing a perfect fit and frst-class work manship. Suits are made from S15 LID. Fine Trousers are made from $5 LID.
 We make a speciality of cleaning, pressing and repairing g,renovating every suit and making it look like new. Suits pressed. soc; suits cleaned and pressed. 75c: suits secured and pressed, $1.5o: trousers pressed, 15c. aa
 We also make Ladies' Suits and gar ments in the latest styles and perfectly tailor made Pressing. repairing and dyeing any ladies' garments. suits, skirts. is also one of our leading spe- cialties. Repairing done at half-price.
 Send postal and we will immediate ly send a boy to bring and return your clothes, done in first-class condition.
 Remember the address,
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

For a lazy liver iry Cham berlains Stomach and Liver Ta blets. They in vigorate the liver, aid the digestion. regulate the bowels and prevent bil, ious attacks. For sale by all drug gists.
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1903-07-30

MT Cochran thinks that if Grover Cleveland is nominated he will be elected. We suppose he would advo, cate his election as cheerful1y as he did MT Bryan's. His prophecy in this case is just as valuable as that which he made with reference to the election of the gentleman from Nebraska Hartford Post.