The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1903-01-01
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS
tcontInued FROM Page d

three intermediate landing places, This
line consisted of a copper core sur
rounded by layers of gutta- percha
alternated with other nonconducting
and waterproof material, being protect
ed by an outer .sheathing of twelve gall
vanizCd-irOn wires wound sprally
about it, which i'm turn were protected
by double wrappings of tarred hemp
yarn. All of these materials and the
various sections of the cable were con-
stantly and thoroughly tested electric
ally and otherwise during it's construc-
ton. The line when laid proved a COM
plete success, becoming the first sue
cessful Geographic connection between
England and India.
1865. Another attempt made by Cy-
rus w. Field, of the United States, and
his associates in the United States and
England, to lay a submarine telegraph
cable from Nalentia, Ireland, to New
foundland and the United States The
cable for which the contract price was
$3,OOOOOO, partly in cash and partly in
shares of the company, consisted of
seven copper wires surrounded by nu-
merous cOatings of gutta-percha and
other waterproof nonconductors. This
was in turn surrounded with ten Bes-
semer steel wires, this being the first
use of steel wires for cable protection,
each wire being separately wound with
pitch-soaked hemp yarn, the shore
ends being also further protected by
thirty-siX heavy iron wires wound
spirally about the completed cable. The
steamer Great Eastern, then the larg-
est steamship ahoat, was specially fit
ted up for laying this cable Great care
was exercised in every particular, but
after 1,1S6 miles had been laid west
ward the cable broke in water over H.
600 feet deep, and the attempts to re-
cover it We're unsuccessful
| 1866. Mr.. Field and his associates re-
newed their efforts to lay a cable across
the Atlantic. A new company with 49,
100000 capital was formed with the
double purpose of attempting to find
the end of the cable partially laid in
1865 and complete the line, and also to
lay another cable parallel with and
/ near to it. The cable manufactured for
the proposed new line was similar to
! that of 1865, but with the shore ends al
so protected by wrappings of tarred
hemp outside the thirty-siX iron wires
which surrounded the cable proper.
/ The Great Eastern was remodeled to
! further meet the requirements of the
work, and left Nalentia, Ireland, July
| 10, 1866, paying out the cable in line
about % miles north of that followed
/ in the preceding year. She arrived
days from the date of leaving VSlentia,
/ and electrical communication was i'm
mediately established between the
| United States and England, which has
never since been more than temperate
ly Interrupted. The Great Eastern
then returned to the spot where the
cable was lost in 1865 and after eighteen
days work succeeded in bringing the
end on board from depth of over H.
900 feet, the tests Immediately made
showing it to be in perfect working
connection with the Valentia end. A
splice was made and the laying of the
line toward Newfoundland resumed,
and on September the cable was land
ed at the point and the second success
| full line of communication between
! the United States and Europe was
thus completed. Newfoundland being
already in submarine Geographic com
municatiOn with the mainland and
| telegraph systems of the u. 5. The
length between Trinity Bay, New
foundland, and Valentia, Ireland, is
given by the American Cyclopaedia at
1874 miles. The rate of speed in trans
mission over these cables was a the
beginning eight words per minute, but
was increased to fifteen words per
minute.
1868. A second Anglo Mediterranean
line, laid from Malta to Alexandria,
proving a complete success.
1869. First French Atlantic cable laid
from Brest, France, to Nova Scotia,
proving successful on completion. A
line from Suez to Bombay, India, also
successfully laid by the British Indian
Submarine Telegraph Company.
1871. Gables laid by the Great North
ern Telegraph Company along the east
e ct,
kong, Shanghai, and Nagasaki with the
terminus of an overland telegraph line
running from st. Petersburg through
Russia and Siberia to Possiet Bay,
near Vladivostok, Siberia. The trans
continental land line had been con-
structed after the failure of the Allan
tic cable in 1858, with the purpose of
obtaining land Geographic commune
cation between Europe and America
by way of Russia and Siberia, with a
short cable across Boring Straits and
a line thence through Alaska and Brit
Iish North America to the United
States. The project was, however, alb
jandoned on the success of the Atlantic
cable in 1866, and the line from st. Pc
tersburg to the eastern coast of ST.
IBERIA was utilized to connect the Euro
pean Geographic system with the new
| ly laid cable lines along the eastern
coast of Asia, stretching southwark
! from Vladivostok by way of Nagasaki
and Shanghai to Hongkong, the Straits
! Settlement, and Australia.
1872. Annoy, China, connected with
the cable system of the Great North
| ern China-Japan line by tapping their
main cable directly opposite that point
1873. Gable laid between Brazil and
the British West India Islands, con-
Meeting there with cable line to New
York and thence to Europe. Gable also
laid between Lisbon and Madeira.
1874. The duplex system applied to
submarine telegraph lines, nearly doub-
ling the capacity of the cable systems
to which it is applied. over 90 per cent
of the cable lines of the world are now
dupleXed.
1875 New Atlantic cable between Ire
land and the United States completed.
Also lines laid between Jamaica and
Porto Rico, Constantinople and Odessa,
and elsewhere.
1876. Gable lines laid along the west