davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
ALL PROMISES BROKEN.
England, America and Japan Will Make
 ForcibIe Protest.

London, April 4.--The Associated Press has learned that there Is in contempla- ton a forcible joint protest on the part of Great Britain, the United States and Japan against the Russian demands in the maxter of the sovereignty of Man churia Sir Ernest Sattowk, British min ister to China, in a dispatch to the foreign office confirmed the synopsis of the note addressed to China by M. Plancon, Rus sian charge daffairs at Pekin. Further official advices regarding the intentions of the Chinese government and explana- tions from St. Petersburg are awaited anxiously.
 In the meantime the United States gov- ernment is not taking active measures, although Foreign Secretary Lansdowne intends to circulate pourpartys looking to joint action from Washington. London and Tolio, provided further information sustains the present abstract of the Rus sian demands
 The Associated Press Is authorized by the foreign office to say that if the Chi nese government correctly represents Russian claims, these claims constitute an absolute breach of all the undertake ings given in connection with Man churia and utterly abrogate the princi- ples of the open door, territorial division and international comity, to which the British government constantly and pub licly has committed itself. It is added that in these principles Great Britain has always acted with the United States, and it is presumed that similar feelings exist at Washington. Nothing, however, is definitely known. as, with the exception of the British minister to China, no Brit ish ambassador has yet reported.
 It was pointed out that Russia's ex- planation may throw a different light on her demands. although in official circles here there is a frank expression of the belief that no Russian has any intention of evacuating Manchuria, and that she hopes after demanding the maximum to secure a compromise
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
DOCUMENT
 IN PUBLIC NO MORE
Declaration of Independence is Put Under Lock and Key and Will Never be Put on Exhibition Again-Commttee
 Finds Nearly All Signatures Faded Away

The committee equipped with powerful microscopes made careful examination of the declaration. It was found that the ing used was not of the first quality. The fact that the engrosser now unknown to history) used a sharp pen and bore stead fly upon it. accounted in measure for the better preservation of the text as compared with the signatures.
 The great damage sustained. however. was in 1920, when a copy was taken by the crude letter press process. This was done in order to secure fac simlle for the surviving signers, lone of whom was Thomas Jefferson), and their families.
 The committee recommended that the declaration be shut in an air and light tight case and kept from exhibition.
 Today the document was photographed and then locked up.
 The committee has recommended that at certain long intervals of time 1t be taken from its case and photographed, the purpose being to measure as nearly as can be done the result of the protective steps.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
CLEAR BREACH OF
 FAITH BY RUSSIA
%<%*&&4-&-4-4%~-~-~-%-N%%-%-&&.4-&
NAVAL STRENGTH OF THE < VARIOUS POWERS IN CHINA <

' In view of the latest developments % z in Manehuria the naval strength of -%
 ' the various powers in Chinese waters ' ' becomes interesting. % < The Russian fleet has been grad %
 ~ ually increased until now 1t numbers < < forty-two vessels. -% ' France has thirty-one ships and -%
 < twenty others in India and Cochin, < ' China, waters % \ Great Britain at last accounts had < ' thirty-seven war vessels in Chinese -@- < waters and Germany seventeen. % < The Kentucky and the Oregon are -&- \ the only American battleships of the < ' Asiatic station, but there are twenty -&- ' four other smaller American war -e- ' ships, including two monitors and -<- ' several gunboats in Philippine wat < < CTS. 4
 ' Japan has strong naval force on ->- -e the coast. %
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
SMUGGLING CASES
 WILL BE SETTLED
TREASURER WILLoUGHBY REcoM- MENDS THAT THEY BE DIS MIssED-HE ALSO FIRES JOHN S. HoRD.

San Juan. P. R., April 24--A settle ment of the smuggling cases has been effected by Treasurer Willoughby. he having recommended to Attorney General Harlan that the case be dismissed from the District court. This has been done The amount of the fines imposed Is not known.
 John s. Hord, chief of the bureau of internal revenue, was asked to resign his office because he instituted the prosecu- tion against those persons charged with smuggling without the authority of Treasurer Willoughby. MT. Willoughby said to a representative of the Associated Press today.
 MT. Hord rendered his resignation on April 22, the day after my return from Mayagues. It was immediately accept ed by me, and MT. Hord's participation in the work of the treasury department will cease on April 30. This action arises from the fact that Mir Hord, during my absence, caused information to be filed before a justice of the peace against Commander Mentz and others absolutely without my knowledge or authority to do so md without consulting in any way myself, and l could easily have been reached by telegraph or the assistant treasurer, who was in charge of the de- pertinent during my absence"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
CARNEGIE DISCUSSES GIFT.
Says Negro Question Will Be Solved
 on Booker Washlngton's Idea.

New York April 24-Just before leav- ing for Europe today Andrew Carnegie said regarding his gift of sG00,000 to Tus- kegee institute:
 Booker T. Washington is doing great work for humanity and for his race. His race have more than ordinary disadvan- tages to overcome. and he Is leading them toward a settlement of their troubles through lifting them by education The race problem will be settled. I believe, by education, and in such a way as Mir. Washington is now directing that policy"
 MT. Carnegie not only contemplates visit to his estate, Skibo castle, Scotland. but 1t is said he will visit Norway on a yacht and make an extended cruise to many ports for his health.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
Could Not Agree.

Chicago. April 24.-Though District At- torney Bethea expected to secure a final order of injunction today in the beef trust case. he could not come to an agreement with Attorney J. S. Miller. He decided to await the expiration of the thirty days which the defendants have before appealing to the Supreme court.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
Thorouehbred Cattle Sold.

Muskogee, I. T., April 24--The largest sale of thoroughbred cattle that has ever been held in Indian Territory is in pro- gress at the farm of Campbell Russell at Bennett. Over $5000O worth of cattle has been sold. Cattlemen from all over the southwest are present All the cattle sold are thoroughbreds and are bringing fancy prices, one bull selling for 5000 and many have sold for over $500.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
ALABAMA NEGROES ARE
 DESTITUTE IN MEXICO.

 plantation the in 0 
 Barlow  O coffee desired tied behind them until attempted a Of ancesa andb he
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
SENATOR BAILEY
 MAKES BIG HAUL
RECEIVES A FEE OF $2oo,ooo FOR
 SERVICES RENDERED IN FlNAN- CIAL CIRCLES IN NEW YORK IN
 REGARD TO AFFAIRS IN TEXAS.

Washington, April 2i.-(special9-A dis patch from Dallas says; Limited States Senator J. W. Bailey of Texas has just reveived a fee of s2OO,OoO for services rem dered in the financial circles of New York. The fee was paid by John H. Kirby and his associates in his numerous interprises in the southwestern part of this state.
 MT. Kirby desired to refinance some of the enterprises and to arrange for building a railroad into the heart Of the great Texas pine forests. MT Bailey s services were procured, the basis oi com pensation being a fee and commission.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
AsHINGTON.

WY ASHINGTON, April 24-The
 w Declaration of lndepsndenes is
 to be seen no more in public. An order has been issued that heneeforth the historic manuscript shall be kept un- der lock and key in great fire and bur- glar-proof safe. The declaration will never be exhibited again at any of the great International fairs
 This decision was reached today as the result of an examination of the docu- ment by committee of the American Academy of Sciences. now in session in this city, who acted at the instance of Secretary Hay, whose attention has been called to the sad state of the famous document by Andrew Allen, librarian of the state department. Most of the text of the declaration is still legible, but only one or two of the signatures can be made out There Is only a trace of the auto graph of John Hancock, the first to sign.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
corriaan Goes to chlcaao.

Louisville. April 24-Edward Corrigan the turfman. left today for Chicago &C., companied by his brother Dr. Frank Cor rigan. MT. corrigan was advised against the trip on account of his recent severe hemorrhage, but insisted that his business was imperative
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
sudden Death at Huntsville.

Huntsville. April 24.-(Special)- Mrs Nanette Dubose Grayson, wife of David A. Grayson. a prominent young lawyer, died this morning of convul- sions Mrs. Grayson was daughter of the Rev. R. M. Dubose of Courtland.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
Arkansas Wants No Visitors.

Little Rock, April Ex-Governor Davis today signed an act of the legislature making 1t unlawful for non-residents of he state to hunt or fish at any season Lf the year in Arkansas. The act goes Into effect at once.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
s1oo.ooo Transferred.

New York. April 24.-The sub-treasury has made telegraphic transfer of s100.O0O to New Orleans and received 5000 from San Francisco.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25
Big Cotton Fire.

Arcadia, La, April 24-The levee cotton compress and twelve hundred bales of cotton were burned today Loss s25, 900, insurance $1S,00
The Birmingham age-herald., 1903-04-25

taken by their agents, the state commit tee. do not believe that any action that the conference may take at Montgomery can fully represent the wishes of the members of the party unless a fair op- portunity had been given them to indicate their desires. I do not believe in snap judgment. 1 stood hat-footedly on the stand taken by our last convention and it matters not what course others may pursue. I will stand where l have always stood. The true and tried republicans of Alabama will be able to solve all ques- tions that may be presented to the party for solution when our next state conven- ton meets. and in my Judgment a confer ence of a few people, whether It be ref erees. committeeman or otherwise, Is not necessary to mark out the paths that the party must follow
 Mr. Smiths Remarks.
 J. A. W. Smlth--I know nothing Of the object of the meeting of friends of the administration" which Is to be held in Montgomery on May 6, except what has appeared In the newspapers. It seems that three republicans in the state have tried and convicted the republican party of Alabama of an act of which, in my opinion, 1t Is not guilty. and now for the first time notice is given and the notice is, according to my interpretation, for republicans, to appear in Montgomery on May and receive the sentence of this august self-constituted tribunal of three individuals called referees These three men have proclaimed to the world and have probably convinced the President, that our last state convention excluded some legally elected delegates because they were negroes but there is not semblance of truth in the statement.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
One Recommendation.

The members Of a political party In q
certain county were holding a conven-
tion to nominate candidate for treas
urer. The leading asplrant was man
who had formerly been noted as base
hall player. He had made great rec
ord as a batsman, but was VIGOROUSLY
slow IN running bases.
The man who had placed him In nom
ination made speech eulogizing him
as a man and a citizen. He was fol
lowed by others in the same vein, ana
things seemed to be going smoothly
enough when one Of the delegates rose
and said:
"Mr. Chairman, are good men Sc
scarce that we have to choose base
ball player for the most important Of
Gee In the county, involving the han
ding of hundreds of thousands OF dol
larsT
"Mr. Chairman" replied the original
mover at is true that the candidate
have mentioned was a ball player, but
let me ask you, Mr. Chairman, is there
a man here who ever saw him steal
even a baseT
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
alexandria Gazette.
SATURDAY EVENING, JUNE p. 1903.
A ,rcrrifying Hat.

When the French artist Benjamin
Constant was travelling in Morocco ne
was invited by the sultan to present
himself at court at Fee. The Ne"
York Saats-Zeitung says that tne
painters first thought was In regaru
to his costume.
"Court" in Europe was one thihg' III
Morocco 1t was likely to prove some
thing different. There was nothing 10
do. however. but to wear his ordinary
evening clothes He was ignorant OF
the fact that the Moors look upon black
Garments as very vulgar, and it was
only after his arrival that he learned
his mistake. =.
The courtiers smiled openly; worst
of all. they sneered. The painter was
n man of hasty temper, and suddenly,
nettIed by their insolence, he closed
his opera hat and sprung 1t open in the
faces of the jeering crowd. They scat
tered. yelling with surprise and fear.
The sultan heard the noise and de-
msnded the cause. After he had seen
and examined the wonderful hat ne
gave this oracular opinions:
'Tf l had lived hundred years IN
your country and adopted all your 9th
er customs | could never have brought
myself to set on my head so Mucous
a contrivance as that"
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
WINE of CARDUI H'a ::f s::a: I'"
OPENING AND CLOSING OF MAILS

Northern mails, week days, close at 2 y,
90 and 10 20 a. M, and IS, 240, Q 40, 8 %
and 10 As D. m. Open at s 90 a. M, 100 m.
and 43O D. m.-0n- Sundays Northern mails
close at 80 D. m. and 20 p. m.
Southern mails via Charlottesville close
7 30 and 10 40 O. M, and As and 10 40 p. m
Open at s 90 o. m. and 2 80 and 30 p. m.
Southern mails, via Richmond, close at
10 80 a. M, and 800, $40 and 10 40 p. m.
Open at s a. m. and and p. m.
Manassas Division mails close at 80 q. m.
and 3 As D. m. Open at IL 90 m.
Alexandria and Round Hill mails close at
7 30 a. m. and p. IN. Open at 9 90 a. m. and
90 p. m.
Chesapeake and Ohio mails close at 40 p.
m. and 10 IS p. IN. open at 500 q. m. and
80 p. m.
Washington mails close at 790, 900 and
II 10 a. m, and 10, 240, 6 40, 823 and 10 Al
p. IN. Open at 8 90 a. M, IL 90 m. and 90 p.
M and 4 30 p. m.
Office HOurs-Open at 500 a. m. Close at
90 p. m.
Sunday Hours-Open at coca. m. Close
at 1000 a. m.
Carriers Observation-Disclosures made on in.
side routes-6 80 and 10 90 a. m. and 8 90 and
30 p. m. Full route-630 a. m. and so p;
NJ. Sunday collection 500 p. m. Carriers
window open Sunday 900 a. m. and close
10 90 a. m.
Deliveries made 90 a. M, p. m. and 4 Is
p. m.
All mail should be in the Office ten minutes
before our indicated time for closing.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
n,sense. Of The Seasons

Physicians say that certain diseases
follow the changing seasons with al
most clockwork regularity. Thus acute
rheumatism prevails from February
till April, infammations Of the lungs
from March till May, stomach and In
festival complaints in August and
cholera from August to October. On
this basis some hygIenists classify dis
eases into summer, fall, winter and
spring diseases. This classification Is
supported by many facts which show
that weather changes really exert pow
erful influences upon health and dis
ease. TO cope successfully with these
changes and their harmful influences
daily exercise in the open air IN all
kinds of weather and at all seasons OF
the year Is the best preparation. This
toughens the system and is at once
prevention and cure.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
RAILROADS
SOUTHERN RAILWAY.
Schedule effective June p. 1908.

Schedule effective June %. 1903.
Trains leave Southern Railway Station
Alexandria:
7:50 A. M.-Daily-Locsl for Harrisonburg
Warrenton, Danyille and way stations.
lilo. A. M.--Daily-Washington and
Florida Limited, frst-class coach to jack
sonyille and drawing'rooIn sleeper to Jack
sonyille. Dining car service.
ll:So A. M.-Daiiy-U. S. Fast Mail. First
elass coaches and drawing-room sleeper to
new orleans Dining car service.
4.zS +. A.-Week Days-Local for Har-
rison6urg and way stations on Manassas
4:52 ?. M:aDaily-Local for w.renton and
Charlottesville.
0;20 P. M--Daily-New York and Atlanta
Express-First class coach and sleeper 10 At
lanta. Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays
Sunset Route Tourist sleeper Washington 10
San Francisco.
1910 p A.--Daily--Washington and Chat
tanooga Limited (via Lynchburg) First
class coach and sleeping car 10 Roanoke.
Knoxville, Chattanooga and Memphis. Sleep
er to New Orleans. Dining car service.
11:05 p. Washington and South.
western Limited. All Pullman train, club
and observation cars to Atlanta and Macon.
Sleepers TO Nashville, Augusta, Atlanta, Ma
con, Memphis and New Orleans. Dining ear
service.
TRAINS ON BLUEM0NT BRANCH.
Leave Alexandria 1913 A. ", log and 4:55
p. NJ week days for Bluemont. $50 p. NJ.
for Leesburg 9:0S A. N. on Sundays only
for Bluemont.
Through trains from the South arrive at Al
exandris 6:17, esq., 7:20 and 9:26 A. u. and
lao and $3.50 p. N. daily. From Harrison
burg 11:35 A. n. week days and S:45 p.
NJ. daily. From Charlottesville sos A. N
and S;46 P. N. daily.
For detailed schedule figures, tickets, Pull
man reservation, etc, apply TO w. @. LIZ
HEW, ticket agent, Alexsndris, Va.
C. H. ACKERT, General Manager.
s. II. HARDWICK, Gen. Passenger Agent.
L. 8. BROWN, General Agent.
Wsahin 1ton ID g.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
Washington, Alexandria &
Mt. Vernon Railway.
In effect May 8, 1908.
LEAVE ALEXANDRIA.

For Washington, from corner King and
Royal streets, week days, at 545, el6, $50,
SO, 40, 80, 745, 756, SIS, $50, 900,
80, 1000, 10 %, 10 80, II 20 and II AZ q. m.
- 20, u 46 l 90, 20, 40, 10, 246, 8 O5, $50,
SAC, 415, 4S6, 465, 5 80, 5 As, sos, 8 so, s IS,
7 ID, z 80, s &c. 8 10, 8 80, 1880 and II 20 p. IN.
sundays-70O, 10. 900, 946, 1925, 1850.
20, $50, 800, $50, 40, 450, so, $50, &c
so, 720, $50, $50, Q 10, 9 so, 10 so, II 20p. m
Leave Alexandria for Four Mile Run lin
addition to local trains for Washington, week
days, at II SO p. m. and IL 80 a. m. Sundays
II IS p. m. and 1854. IN.
LgAvRwAsnINGroN.
For Alexandria, from the corner of Pennsyl.
vania avenue andF131 street, week days, 6 20,
$50, 705, 7S0, 7 go sos, 8s5, o05, 9S5,
10 90, 1925, l100, II 80 O. m. II 90 noon, II 20,
70 40, 05 (express), l 26, SO, 202 (express)
SO, sos, $50 7O6, 71S, y56, $50, 90, $50
10 so. IL 90 p. m. and IL OS midnight.
Sundays-7 40, 900, 945. 10 so, 100, II 80
a. m. 1900 noon, 1890, 100, l 80, 200, $50,
90, 5 80, 400, 450, 500 $50, 800, s. 80, 200,
$50, 1855. $50, s10, $50, 1880 II 20p. m.
and IL 03 midnight.
FOR MOUNT VERNON.
Leave Alexandria for Mount Vernon, week
days, 652, $50, 1892, II 80 a. m. 1882, 80
Q 81, 327, 4 IS, Az, $40 and OF p. m.
Sundays o., o3S a. M, IL 50, 232, AZ,
6 40 and 902 p. m.
FOR ROssLYE,
Leave Alexandria for Rosslyn, week days,
7 10, 7 56, s 80, 900, 1000, 1850, II AZ q. M,
IL 46, 246, 346, 4S6, 529, 8 45, $50. sos and
Sundays-sl5, 900, 045, 1880, 16Oa. N.
1850, 80, $50, $50, 46O. $50, $50 and
80 p. m.
Leave Rosslyn for Alexandria, week days,
749, s 80, 90S, 9sS, 10 So, II q, q. M, ~ 81,
l 81, 527, 432, 5 10, 500, 629, 7O2, 7E and
s % p. m.
Snndsys-s SO, 94s, 1927, 1127s.. 1917,
127, 227, 327, 427, 527, e27, 727 and s rs
p. m.
Baggage checked and carried on the follow
ing trains from Alexandria for Washington
week days: $50 and 10 rs q. m, 90, SOS and
6 on p. m.
Sundays IS a. m. and s2o p. m.
Parcels carried.
Freight carried daily, morning and evening
In each direction. No freight accepted unlss
delivered at the station at least so minutes be
fors the departure Of the freight trains.
CLARENCE p. KING, J. CoLvIs,
President. Superintendent.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
Blood bargaining.

A repellent scene took place before
the hey Of Tunis recently. 1t was the
huckstering for a mans life in the pres
ence Of the victim. He was an Arab
who had slain a rival in love and was
sentenced to die, when. almost at the
hour fixed for execution, the murdered
mans father offered to treat, according
to the Koran, for the price Of blood.
The bargaining was conducted In the
bey's presence, but, as the murderer's
family would not go beyond f24 to
save him, the doomed man, after a
CLEAN of hope. was led to the gallows
and hanged.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
The Key 20 Success.

advertising pays" has come to be
an axiom of modern methods. The
business man who tries to be success
full without 1t is tempting fate instead
of fortune. The American nation to-
day is recognized abroad as the great
est Industrial and commercial PROPOSE
ton in the world, and the American
nation spends S25O,0O0.OO0 annually in
advertising its Observation-Disclosures
Herald
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
OFFICIAL.
NOTICE TO CITY TAX PAYERS
Collector's Once. June is,

Collectors once, June 10, lyO5.
Notice is hereby given that the tax bills for
1908 are now in the hands Of the Collector.
The attention of parties interested is respect
fully called to the following extract from the
revenue bill ofthat year
Upon all bills paid In full By The LIST day Of
July, 1909, the oollscsor Of Taxes shaii allow
. disro1nt OF ten per os.t, and on all bills
paid ny ths 1si dsY Ct sspisnbsr, 1908, he
shall allow difcouatsf ave per cent, and or
all bills not paid on the lat day o. Decsnbsr'
1903, there shall DO ssseued sBd collected
penalty Of ave per csst upon tho amosnt 81
sald bills, and o. all bills remaining unpais
on the 1st d,y Of jane, 1904, dsnsfes at the
ratio Of SIX per sentum per aznum shall De
paid"
Tax payers would do well to call and pay at
once in order TO avoid the rush and crowd
usually present on the last days in which ths
discount il allowed.
Bring List 10 make sure you get bills for
all your property, as the Collector will not be
responsible or allow the discount after the
time fixed by law. T. T. GORMAN,
jel5by1 Collector City Taxes.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
DEALINGS In Graves.

Cemetery shares continue to be quite
O market feature in Scotland and are
actively dealt In on the Edinburgh
Stock Exchange. Apparently they ap-
peal to the curious nature of the canny
Scot, who doubtless reasons that in
such holding he has security which
is not likely TO vanish and that If the
worst comes to the worst he will never
need TO come on the parish for a grave.
London Financial News.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
Washington Southern Ry.

Schedule in effect Nay "a, 1908
Trains leave station corner Fayette and
Cameron streets for Washington and points
north at IA, sol and 9 81 a. M, 1914, 254,
z 90, 819, and II % p. m, week days.
Sundays-714, 8 "a and II 43 .. M, 7 90,
s 10 and II 23 p. m.
For Fredericksburg, Richmond and points
south at 4 4S. 756 (local), and if02 a. m,
$3.50, 459 (local), and Is p. m, week dsys.
Sundsys-44S, T56 and IL OF 8. M, 50
4 50 (locaD, and 10 p m.
Accommodation for Quantico 7 Sc q. m. Sum
day only and "A p. m. week days. 826 p.
IN. except Saturday.
W. d. DUKE, c. W. CULP, W. P. TAYLOR
Gen. Man. Asst Gen. Man. Traf Man.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1903-06-27
Internal Economy.

Two years ago n Polander out on
Nubbin ridge swallowed q grain OF
wheat. Last week he was attacked
with a fit Of coughing and coughed ~
a fifty pound sack Of flour and 1OC
pounds Of bran. Truth is mighty ano
will prevail. Hartford Day Spring.