davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Mower County transcript., 1903-09-02
n David s. B. NJ lison. aged rs years. died IN
Wahpeton; s.. Ds Apr. 9, 1903. Came to town OF
Windom in 1856 Born in Perth, Scotland. 81


n David s. 3. NJ llison. aRed rs years, died ia
sWahpeton, s.. D.. Apr. 9, 1903. Came to town IL Of
Windom ins1a Born IN Perth. Scotland. Sss 9z
Stephen Ives, died at Sawtell, Cal Apr 70,
1903. EC Came toE EBroWgnsda prior to
T. a. Killen, aged 81 years, died in Trent, s.
y, Apr. l4 1909. Came 70 IeR Roy in 1s77. Born
ID Angher, ireland.
George sW: Benton. AGED ~ years. died 10. Aus
tin. Apr q. 1903. Came 70 town Of Window in
1856. Born il Utica,
Mrs. j. D. sRugg, aged 81 years, died il. Austin
Apr. g, 1903.s Came to- Red Rock TOWNSHIP in
1s57. Born il Lyle,
Es Mrs. Henry Bau Her, aReds 10 years, died in
Austin, May 81, 1903. Came to Austin III fall Of
1855. Born il Mprris,
NE Mrs. Clark Hemstreet aged s. years, died in
EtoWn Of Lyle, june Came to Lyle
township in 1871 Born IS Albany, Wis. sS
Miss Olive & NJ. Crane, aged IS years, died II
Rochester, June 49, 1896. Came TO Austin il
1858. Born in Sharon, Ohio. @SSS.
# Dr.. John n s Wheat, aged IS years, died in
Austin, July %, 1903 Came to- Austin iii Sept.
1856. Born at Old Hadley, Mass, F ss
Il; Matthias Carey, aged qS years. died in a dams,
July 81. 1903. Came 10 dams in 1851. Born in
IGermany. .Ss S$ Z E5$ fs35
Rev Myron 6. Miner. ageed q years, lied il
Puyallup. Wash. Ang. 1903. Came to town
Of Window in Apr. 1868; Born in Monmouth,
Ill 5s s=:|5 \. E-.
81 81 Mrs: Horace a. Mas hew, aged Is years, died
in Pacific Grove, Cal, Aug. 81 1908. Came to
austin ii 1867 Born in freeman, DIa inc. sa@
Il. william Madden, aged 81 years. died in
Adams townshi Z, ,sAug.1 IA, 1908. Came o5Adans
il 1856 and was first justice Of peace in Adams.
Born in Ireland. # III d. s. s5iSs
s5Knud Nelson, aged 81 years, died in town Of
Frankfort, Aug. 21, 1908 Came to Frankford
about 1855. Born in Norway. G
Thomas Kelly, aged ~ years, died in in mnAustin
Aug. q, 1903. Came to Rose Creek in 1877
Born in Ireland. s3 ri #sssSA@$
John Muncy, aged years, died il Dubuque
Iowa, Aug. s9 19os. Came to BRrownsdale R il
1876. # :s 81 ]a as5 Il 5 :. GA
Mower County transcript., 1903-09-02
IDEPAR II led P|'IONE ] ] ! |: E||:Rs
List Of Old Settlers Nh0 Have Died
s During the Past Year- Seventeen u
Who Came Before II n

Il We print today q nearly complete etc
list Of the old settlers Of Mower County
who have died during the past year. slr &
OF the So names given below, all 3, but Y
nine came here over thirty years ago. e.
Two, Mrs. Henry Baudier, Austin, and an
Knud Nelson, Frank lord, z ame Sin li. 1888;
seven, Henry II !. Shook, w elcone
Osborn, David $. .B. Mollison, George
w. Benton, Mrs. u G. aughan .lD-)lr Dr. !.
John N heat and wv illiam N add'enl, t1'
came in 1856 four, Matthias Carey, Mrs y e !.
Harvey q. Anderson, Mrs. Martha
Dickerson, and Mrs. y D. Rugg, came u l,a
in 1857; sevente Of the list, nearly one
Mower County transcript., 1903-09-02


3 Nrs. Sadie Yates Griswold. aged 4 years, died
III St Paul, Nov. 5. 1902 Was born ia Austin
III 1850 and was reared here. Daughter OF Jerry
2. Il Yates.
hi Mrs. Amos Colby, aged S. years disd Is Val 4
stham township, Nov. "A. 1902. Came to Browns
dale in June, 1870 (, ,s Born il Bow, ~ 3:
Mrs.. Harvey B. Anderson, aged 72 years, died
in ST Paul, Nov. ss5 1902 Came to Brownsdale
in 1s57. Born in Chatauqua Co, n. .s9
James d. Woodward, aged s. years, died il
Austin, Dec. q 1902 Served in CO. I, 1st NY:
Lit. Artil. Came to Austin about 1868. Born 10
Erie county N. Y.
Mrs. Ole Larson, aged 81 years, died in Leroy,
Dec. 2, 1902 Came to LeRoy in 1873. q. Isl
Il Patrick Barrett, aged % years, died at Wells
Dec. 8 1905. Served in t77th Wis. Infty. Came
to- Austin soon after the war. Born ii County
Mayo, Ireland Il s M Ms
Peter A-s Peterson, aged 65 years, died ir
Udolpho, Dec. s. 1902 Came to Udolpho il
spring Of 1864 Born il N NorWay. Ssl
Mower County transcript., 1903-09-02
New Fuel Successful. ,

. For some time J. L. Smith of Heron
Lake hasl been experimenting with a
new fuel and has lately been granted
patents covering all forms of it's manu-
facture. The fuel is made from the
woody part or refuse from flax straw
that is being made into tow. The re-
fuse is taken automatically from the:
tow machine to, the fuel machine and
mixed with a combustibe agent and
an artificial binder by a current of air.
while moving between the two ma.
chimes, aud compressed into huge tab
let's. These tablets can be made in any
size desired. The woody part Of fax
straw will give out. intense heat and
when compressed into solid blocks
and mixed with crude oil makes a gen.
eral purpose fuel that will take first
rank. ,.:s: + IN /. h s q ..ssss
Mr.. Smith has manufactured some Of
the fuel, and Monday it was tested on.
the Pipestone division Of the Omaha
and proved to be SO per cent more val.
liable than coal, and much easier and
cleaner to handle. ::a. n "a
This fuel can be anufactured and
sold at about the same price per ton as
coal, which, with its added value as
heat PRODUCER, makes it fully SO per
cent cheaper. "a valuable feature Of
this new fuel is that 1T can be used
any nyWhere, in a cook or heating stove,
OF furnace, as the blocks can be made
ins any size. Thousands Of tons can be
manufa actured annually wherever there
are FAX tow mills and this will mean:
la2great saving to all consumers ard at
tbs the same time be- q. money NAL ker for.
the manufa acturers. 3
Nj. Smith will establish a number of.
plants in the n NorthWest and manufact
ure the fuel on a large scale. 3s
Mower County transcript., 1903-09-02
Labor Unions Overreaching.I

Labor Unions Overreaching.
Barnha art Bros. IS Spindle of Chicago
employing more than 400 persons, the
largest typefoundry in the country out
| side Of the New Y ork ombination, are
planning to move from Chicago on ac-
count Of labor troubles. Officers Of the
corporati On say thatthe same industrial
unrest which has forced plants Of allied
trades to desert Chicago has influenced
them in their decision. 81 IS!
NV 9. have not had any strikes on our
hands OF serious trouble with our en-.
ployes, 3, said Alson. p. ..Bar arnhart, trea-
surer Of the firm ss Il is the ntinual
Lgrumbling and threats Of an adj Joining
Etie-up which determines Us that we
could do better outside Of the city The
men are made dissatisied by the labor
agitation id other crafts and they are
Econstantly 81 the alert for q strike.
IIssand, Men ally s. Co and other large
firms are planning to 70 make similar
moves. The last straw has been the
increase and persist tency Sofs fsstrik kes. Fdr
any cause and for non, for ympathy
with another union with which they
had nothing whatever 10 do, strikes
have been ordered and ind dustry has
been paral yzedS until capita has had 70
choose between abando oning sits field 81
taking action for the bert erment of its
Econdi ition.
The Lehi banner. [volume] (Lehi, Utah) 1891-1917, 1903-06-11
A New Departure.

The Chicago, Milwaukee IL ST. Paul
Railroad has recently put iu service on
Us Pioneer Limited trains she largest
end handsomest dining car ever built.
u is 81 feet in lehgth from hip 70 tip,
and It's body is six inches wider and
higher than the usual dining car. 1t
seats So people comfortably in movable
chairs, aud has a kitchen large enough
to permit the working OF six cooks which
with six waters aud conductor make
up the crew. The dining cars hereto
fore in service did not provide sufficient
space to properly care for the large
number OF patrons Of the Pioneer, so
that 1t became necessary to have a
larger ear
The Lehi banner. [volume] (Lehi, Utah) 1891-1917, 1903-06-11

Whites Cream Verniiuge, not only
kills worms, but removes the mucous and
slime, in which they build their nests
it bringa, aud quickly, a healthy con-
dition Of the body, where worms cannot
exist. 25e at 7, j, Wadsworth,
The Lehi banner. [volume] (Lehi, Utah) 1891-1917, 1903-06-11
Protective Policy
of the
UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY.

is universally recognized fact. Patrons
OF the Great Overland Route" are as
sured that every device OF human skill
has been adopted to protect them against
accident. Millions OF dollars have been
spent by the Union Pacific Railroad Co.
in the improvement OF track and eqrip-
ment. fine line isIenowed Tor its IN
paraleled speed record reliability for
maintaining time schedule, andthe gen
aral superiority OF il service.
All tickets good via Salt lake aud
Denver without extra change.
Detailed information relative 10 rail
road and steamship transportation
cheeriully furnished on application 10 +.
T.. Burey, Gen. Agt Salt Lake city.
The Lehi banner. [volume] (Lehi, Utah) 1891-1917, 1903-06-11
SIX MILLIONS
DOLLARS Spent


UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD co.
in improving what was originally the
finest track in the west.
RESULT
A comparatively straight and level road-
bed balastel with dustless sherman
Granite rendering possible the highest
rate OF speed together with the greatest
egree OF safety The magnitude OF the
work must be seen 20 be appreciated.
WHAT DOES 1T MEAN2
Solid comfort, security and pleasure to
our patrons.
ARE YOU GOING EASE.
Ii so you cannot ailor to go via any
other than this ROYAL HIGHWAY
Further information ON application per-
sonaliy or by letter to
ID II Burley,
General Agent, Salt Lake City.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15

will soon come when you will lead
another Irish brigade to drive the
English garrison forever from our
own Green Isle"
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
THE COBENTZEL VASE

fore taking leave Of his American
home, presented this historic vase TO
Mr.. Logan, who had frequently with
great interest listened TO its story as
told to him by Joseph Bcnaparte
In later years Mr.. Logan became a
friend OF the Rev. John AIburtis. of
Albany. Shortly before the death Of
the latter the former gave the vase to
Miss Mary K. Alburtis. the ministers
daughter, as a remembrance Of him
self and as a memorial Of the great
Napoleon.
She has the vase to-day at her
home. PA East Eighty-seventh
street. and thereby hangs a tale"
In the very midst Of this crowded
city, to the ears of whose inhabitants
tales Of hermits are always accept
able. lives one OF the queerest of the
queer refuses. This same Mary Al
burtis. her mind probably affected by
the loss OF the family fortune. years
ago one Of the largest in the State. at
present lives behind boIted doors in
East Eighty-seventh street The
neighbors never see her except when
Doking her head out OF the door to re-
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
SIR THOMAS Upton, SOLDIER
PROTECTION OF THE BIRDS

The Importance Of protecting the
birds Of North America from the guns
Of pot hunters, of marksmen, and OF
malicious boys has been of late 50
thoroughly impressed upon the public
by the American OrnIthologists' Union
and Audubon societies that in a ma
jority of the States and Territories
special laws have been enacted upon
the subject
Audubon societies have been organ
lied in all the eastern and central
States with the exception of Michi-
gan, Arkansas. Mississippi, Alabama
and Georgia In the West societies
have been started in Oregon. Califor-
mia. Wyoming, Nebraska and Okla
homa. They now number thirty-two
in all.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15

ceive hey rations from the grocer boy
or late at night. when. dressed in the
garb favored sixty years ago, she
takes walk in the East River Park.
She keeps twenty cats and her oft
expressed wish is that she will not
die before her cats do.
Time was a year ago when she
would not sleep out Of reach of her
precious vase and an original "Ecce
Homo by Carlo Dolce. worth thou
sands Of dollars; but matters have
lately reached such pass that Doc
tor Mary Huson. neighbor, has been
supplying all her wants. and has re-
fused TO offer further assistance IN
less the old lady stops refusing to help
herself in consequence Of which nego-
tiations are now pending between
Lord Rosebery and the Doctor with
a view to selling TO him the famous
vase
For a long time the old lady, even
though in imminent danger Of star
walton. had refused to even attempt 70
part with any Of the very valuable
heirlooms Of the old Alburtis family
which surrounded her on all sides.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
MAUD CONNIE, THE IRISH JOAN OF ARC,
IS TO MARRY MAJOR John MBRIDE

~ ARTS advices stating that Miss
Maud Come. known the world
over as the Irish Joan OF Arc.
is soon to be married 10 Mayor John
Mcbride in that city. have been re-
ceived with much enthusiasm by ad-
yanced Irish nationalists here.
The romance Of the union appeals
in the great force to the susceptible
Celtic nature. and besides. are not
the happy pair the idols Of all who
would right Ireland's wrongs by the
sword2
Not since the days Of the inspired
peasant maid OF Domremy, who girts
on sword and armor 10 Dust the Eng
lish from her native land. has there
entered into national struggle a
woman OF such fire. ability and com
handing personality as Miss Maud
Come.
She is a stately beauty, whose
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
PRICELESS VASE WHICH NAPOLEON BROKE,
NOW IN POSSESSION OF NEW YORK WOMAN
Brought to This Country by
Joseph Bonaparte, 1t Has
Been Handed Down
Through the Years and
Now Rests Among Other
HeirlOOmS in Manhattan.
. HE famous vase broken by
Napoleon in 1897. during the

IT HE famous vase broken by
Napoleon in 1897. during the
time that the terms OF treaty
between France and Austria were
being decided upon, is in New York
City. For years II has been lost sight
of. and bu- for the helpless and
moneyless condition of the present
owner its present whereabouts would
be n mystery.
In 1897 Napoleon and Count Cobent-
eel Ca noted Austrian diplomacy had
several interviews relating to the
terms of peace between France and
Austria.
They met at Cobentzers apartments.
During the last interview Cobentzel,
desiring delay. threatened to bring
down the Russians. Napoleon, with
stern but restrained Indignation, took
from a bracket an ornamental piece
Of china upon which Cobentzel set
great value. because OF its being a
gift from Catharine H.. Empress of
Russia.
The truce" said Napoleon. lis
beware, before Autumn is over I VIII
break your empire into as many frag-
ments as this potsherd.'
He dashed the piece of china against
the hearth, withdrew and the con-
ference broke up.
Joseph Bonaparte, his brother, who
was at this h storic meeting. collected
employing the best workmen. had il
restored TO its original shape and re-
tanned as a r1emento.
It is a very beautiful! vase of most
graceful shape, about 20 inches high
and SO inches in circumference. A
delicate tracery of gold covers it from
top to bottom.
The design represents Cleopatra dis
solving her large pearl in vinegar.
She is posing it in her fingers over
the cup. The scene is wonderfully
depicted. and the whole vase shows
perfection Of art and execution. II is
"Capo di Monte" made in Naples.
When Napoleon was sent to St.
Helena his brother Joseph came 70
this country. He brought the vase
with him. one Of the few relics Of his
brothers greatness and Of his own
reflected glory. saved out of the wreck
OF his fortune.
he made MS home at Bordento,yn.
~. j., where he formed the acquaint-
ance OF a young gentleman. who hap
pened to be an accomplished French
scholar. Adam David Logan, in after
years prominent lawyer of New
York city.
Mr.. Logan soon became a great
favorite and intimate friend Of Joseph
Bonaparte, at whose house he was
ever a welcome guest.
When the Bonapartes were recalled
70 France after the accession to the ]
throne Of Napoleon Ill. Joseph. be- /
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15

The history Of the movement is in
teresting- George p. Sen1itt. a prom
inent ornitholoSist. in 1855 called at
tention to the rapid disappearance OF
nOn-game birds. especially the water
birds, owing 70 their use as millinery
ornaments
The subject OF bird protection long
since passed the emotional stage. and
while there may still be connected
with the growing movement some
pure sentiment, Il cannot be consid-
cred any longer sentimental. but is
founded on cold facts
Careful investigation has proved
that birds are OF great economic
value, and to the end that mis- i'm
portant asset OF the State and nation
may be preserved. the Audubon move
ment exists in this country.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
RARE WILD HORSES OF CENTRAL ASIA
TO BE BROUGHT TO THIS COUNTRY

the shoulders along the meGian line
of the back
The remotenesS OF the region in
habited by this species rendered it's
capture a matter OF great difficulty
and expense. Three years ago MI
Hagenbeck received from the Duke of
Bedford an order for several specimens
TO DE purchased. IL captured. at 5000
per pair. on the strength OF this or
der Nr. HaGenbeck feIt justified in
sending out an expedition to capture
a number Of specimens or the am
NAL desired.
After a series Of exciting adventures
Mr.. Hagenbeck's agents succeeded in
capturing fSty-two young colts Of tire
wild horse species. These were nour-
ished by the domestic mares that had
been taken along for that purpose.
and after proper interval the out
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
SIR THOMAS Upton MAN OF THE SEA,
NOW WEARS UNIFORM OF A SOLDIER
Gentleman Sport, Who Has
Helped Give America
Some of It's Best Yachting
Events, Now Looms Up
as a Member of the Scot
fish Yeomanry.

On THOMAS Upton. the per-
-. severing competitor for the
Americas Cup. who, undaunted
by two defeats. viii make a third at
tempt to win the coveted prize this
Summer, is not only d great mer-
chant having branches in the cour
quarters OF the globe. but he is also.
as set forth in the language OF
''FlOrodOra" song. "a military man"
OF considerable importance.
Sir Thomas is tail and straight.
has a strcng face and a commanding
address AS he is a seIf-rnsde man
he has the seIf-msde mans conf
dence in himself. This confidence is
not OF the obtrusive kind, however,
the kind that makes itself felt on all
occasions
Queen Victoria made him a knight
in 1898. some say because OF his gift
Of .e25.oOo during Jubilee year to a
public cause. Others declare that the
honor was bestowed upon him be-
cause OF his philanthropy. his public
spirited utterances. and his prom
inence in the world of affairs.
However this may be. il is true that
the knightlng Of Sir Thomas was re-
garded with favor by all classes in
England. He has supported the title
with dignity and generosity and has
proved himself worthy Of the honor.
Three years ago Sir Thomas was
made a lieutenant of the city Of Lon
don. an honorary title bestowed by
the Lord Mayor
More recently he was created colonel
Of a regiment Of the Scotch Yoemanry.
Although born of Irish parents. Sir
Thomas frst saw the light in Glas-
gov, and has always entertained the
warmest kind OF feeling for the Scot
fish people. Hence when he was urged
20 accept the coloneIcy OF a regiment
of the YOemanry he yielded. The
picture which accompanies this article
shows him ~ the uniform OF the regi-
ment.
There is nothing OF the prig about
Sir Thomas. Although one Of the
most successful merchants OF modern
times. ne Is modest. not given q dis
play Of any kind. approachable. warm
hearted. and a true sportsman II IS
that ne has spent a million
and a half of dollars in trying 10 win
the Americas Cup. Unlike some OF
his predecessors, he has taken his de-
feats good humorecly. has never ac-
cused Americans OF trickery or unfair
ness in the races. and has by his
courtesy and straightforward con-
duct won the admiration not only Of
the yachting world but Of the whole
American people.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15

ward march was begun It took three
months for the caravan TO reach the
Siberian Railway and depart for Ham,
burg.
The collection reached Hamburg IN
the Summer OF the year 1900. and all
The animals save one pair were
promptly disposed OF Twelve are
now in the possession Of the Duke Ct
Bedford. and others are en- exhibition
in the geological gardens Of London,
befHn Hamburg. and in the possess
sion OF private parties in Germany.
The approaching completion of the
antelope house has justified the Zoolo-
gical Society OF New York in acqufr-
ing the last pair OF animals for sale
from the Hagenbech collection. Their
purchase price has been partly raised
and partly guaranteed by Professor
Henry F. Osborn. Messrs. William Q.
Whitney. Philip Schuyler and Charles
T. Barney.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15

A BOUT twelve years ago Rus
a sian traveller named Prevail
sky, discovered in one Of the
deserts Of Sungaria, Central Asia. be-
tween the Altai and Tyan-Shan
Mountains, a new species Of wild
horse. which has since been described
and named in honor of its discoverer.
In appearance the Central Asian
horse CEquus prjevalskiD is much like
the Persian wild ass Its name is
erect, il has no forelock, II has the
four leg callosities OF the horse. but
the upper half of the tail is short
haired, ike that of the zebra. At first
sight the upper hair Of the tail ap-
pears TO have been clipped six months
ago. The body color Of the animal is
a peculiar yellOwish- drab. or mouse
color, and IA black stripe extends from
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1903-02-15
REFRIGERATION IN
TUNNEL BUILDING
Metho ID viii Be Employed in
Construction of the Penn
Sylvania'S Great Tubes.

/ one Of the most serious problems
/ encountered in planning the cOnstruc-
/ ton of the proposed Pennsylvania
! Railroad tunnels under the waters OF
/ the North and East Rivers was TO de-
/ wise safe method for boring the tun-
/ nels through the treacherous beds Of
I silt or sediment which will be en-
countered at a number Of points along
( the line.
Several engineers Of national repu-
( tetion were invited to submit plans.
OF those who responded Charles Sooy-
smith. a member OF the American So
ciety Of Civil Engineers. has suggest
ed the most feasible method of deal
ing with the difficulty, and II Will be
used i'm earring on the work.
In explaining his plan Mr.. Sooy-
smith says that 1T involves the appIi-
cation Of the well known freezing
process by which many deep and diff
hcult excavations have been made for
| shafts in Europe. and in one instance
in the Chaplin iron mine at Iron Noun
tain, Mich.
Used IN Michigan Mine.
In the latter case a cylinder of
water-bearing strata ffty-four feet
in diameter and extending 100 feet be-
low water level, was first frozen sUlid
and the shaft then excavated through
the material thus solidifed.
In applying this process to sub
aqueous work many difficulties are
encountered, the chief OF which is
getting at and freezing the earth at
the desired point The plan 10 be
used in the Pennsylvania tunnels con-
templates the construction of a small
pilot tunnel six or seven feet in diane
ter on the center line of the proposed
main tunnel. which Will be used as a
refrigerative chamber from which to
freeze the material surrounding the
small tunnel.
This low temperature necessary for
freezing may be obtained by the Same
method now employed in breweries,
cold storage plants. etc, by forcing
brine through pipes. etc, in the pilot
tunnel
Freezing the Rivers Bed.
In the case of a double track tunnel
requiring a large excavation. radial
pipes may be pushed out in sections
at intervals from the pilot tunnel ana
the brine circulated through these.
BY the use of the above method
the material in the bed Of a river may
be readily solidified and removed.
The strength Of frozen silt Is found
by experiment to equal that Of good
concrete Hence if a margin of two
or three feet Of frozen material is left
beyond the diameter Of the tunnel it
will be sufficient TO prevent a COL
lapse OF the wall.
II is estimated that the cost OF this
work will not exceed $40 per foot. or
the cost Of similar work done under
Lake Michigan and Lake Erie.
As freezing does not injure Port
land cement. with which the masonry
will be laid. there will be no objection
to laying the masonry against the
frozen wall OF earth inside the tunnel
excavation.