The sun., 1903-07-19

DhnkI tne extension OF slavery 10 the terri
tory beyond the Mississippi; the authority
OF the Federal courts; the right of n State
TO nullify an act OF Congress--these aud
many other issues Of a similar nature now
became the questions OF the day. Just as
diversity OF opinion regarding the financial
and the foreign policy Of the Government
in the days Of Washington and Adams
had parted the people into Federalists and
Republicans, 30 diversity Of opinion on
these new issues destroyed old party lines,
and replaced Federalists and Republicans
by Wings and Democrats.
When did the United States first mako
determined and systematic efforts to en-
courage native manufacturers This oues-
tion 10 answered by Prof. McMaster il the
eleventh chapter. He points out that the
extraordinary development of commerce
which had followed the opening of the wars
Ira Europe against the French Republic
had done much TO retard the growth Of
manufactures. "The demands for ships
and cargoes to put into them, the ready
markets for cotton, lumber, fish. -four,
grain and food products of every sort, had
greatly stimulated the shipping and agri-
cultural interests of the Eastern and Middle
States and Of Kentucky, The demand for
cotton had already made it the staple Of
the Southern States, and, under the stimu-
lus thus Afforded by the long war abroad,
had been drawn into commerce and agri-
culture rather than into manufacturing.
SO far had this gone, that, when in 1896 It
waa proposed in Congress- to cut of all in
tercoWse with Great Britain it was clearly
shown that the people OF the United States
were 90 dependent on Great Britain for
manufactures OF prime necessity that such
a measure would be ruinous. China, glass;
pottery, hardware, cutlery, edged tools
blankets, woOllen cloths, linen, cotton prints
and q hundred other articles Of daily use
came from Great Britain in such quantities
that the value Of each years imports
amounted to S35 900 900. and the duties
paid on them to IS 500, 600, or nearly ONE
half Of the entire receipts of the Treasury
from customs
When, in spite of these facts. the JefTer-
son Administration, exasperated by the
Orders of Council and the Berlin Decree,
felt constraine to lay the Long Embargo
trade with Europe and her dependencies
was cut on From December 1907, the en-
couragernent OF home manufactures be-
came the duty OF every patriotic Ameri-
can. Prizes were offered for the best
specimens of homemade linen, cotton
| and woollen cloths, and in the large cities
associations were formed the members of
| which pledged themselves to wear no gar
ments Of which the raw materials were not
grown, and the fabrics made, in the United
States From the people the enthusiasm
spread 10 State Legislatures which pledged
| their members TO wear none but Amer-
can-made cloths Stimulated by these ard
other measures, mills, factories. workshops.
Youndries and ropewalks sprang up with
surprising rapidity. From 1900 to 1912 the
statute books of the States exhibit un-
mistakable signs Of the progress Of the
| industrial revolution. "In New York
thjrty-two charters were granted to manu-
Hn. To- nd II.
policy OF protecting these rising industries
by duties on imports was brought before
| Congress in 1909 by Kentucky, which had
| then become the great hemp-growng
| and hemp manufacturing State. To pro-
vide q basis Of knowledge for intelligent
action, Congress ordered that in the census
OF 1910, the enumerators should gather
statistics OF manufactures. From the in
| formation thus collected, it appeared that
goods valued at $l8S 900 900 were manu-
fsctured annually in the United States"
The Non-Importation act: the Nom
| Intercourse act and the War of 1872. afford
| ing protection Of the strongest kind, and
merce to manufactures. had brought these
| to a prosperous condition, when, suddenly.
| the Peace of Ghent opened American ports
to foreign trade and competition, and
threatened our native industries with ruin.
American manufacturers forthwith ap-
manufacturers of cotton cloth in their
memorial assured Congress- that, unless
all cotton fabrics made at places beyond
the Cape Of Good Hope were absolutely
shut out, and heavy duties laid on those
brought from other lands. an industry
which gave employment to millions of
| capital and thousands of hands would go
down in ruin. The woollen manufacturers
of Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsyvania
and Delaware declared that unless Pre-
tected by heavy ad valorem duty on
woollen goods, investments representing
9l2, ,000, 900 and a yearly production of Si8.-
900 900 would be lost to the country The
appeal was made at an opportune time
and the result was the passage of an ac;
| us18) which established prohibitive duties
on cotton and woollen cloths and foreign
articles of which full supply could be
made at home; put duty of 20 per cent.
on articles on which a full supply could
tariff for revenue on long list of articles
consumed in large quantities, hut almost
entirely made abroad. To establish pro-
| lection as a permanent policy was not,
| however, the purpose of the act. 1t was
| provided. therefore, that after three years
! the duty on cotton and woollen goods should
| fall TO 20 per cent.
What was the outcome of the first con-
| certed movement toward protection
| policyp Prof. McMaster shows (page 31jl
| that in New Hampshire there were sixty cot
| ton mills, 800 tanneries, 200 bark factories
| and half a score Of paper mills In Massa-
| chusetts there were 260 mills and factories.
| giving employment to $50 600 600 of capital.
and in Rhode Island there were 150 mills,
| affording a livelihood to 10000 people.
| The people Of New York made salt iron,
| leather, glass paper, woollen and cotton
| cloths those Of New Jersey manufactured
cotton cloth, iron, glass, porcelain. carpets
! and linen, In Philadelphia there were
1000 weavers, and in one county of Penn
sylvania some 1877 mills and factories;
Pittsbuvg was the manufacturing centre
for the Mississippi Valley. In 1920 the CAPT
tai invested In manufactures throughout
the United States amounted to SIS 600 ,000
and the number of hands employed TO
2OO, 900. Bv 1928. the capital had increased
to Sl8O, 900 900, and the number Of hands to
1000, 900 As new manufactures arose and
old ones expanded it was but natural thar
the demand for protection should be re-
newed, and that the demand should re-
ceive attention. The struggle, however,
was a long one A bill introduced in 1870
passed the House, but was defeated In th"
Senate. The bill Of 1921 did not even pass
the House. In 1922 no bill was considered
by either chamber The bill of 1929 per-
ished In committee of the whole house.
In 1924, In spite OF vehement opposition on
the part of the Southern and Western Statea
a bill was passed by Congress, and t.'
policy, Of protection was fastened on tine
United States. The manufacturers wers
bill imposing excessive duties on raw ma
terial and imported manufactures passed
both Houses OF Congress, and was signed
| hv praaidAnf Adama It has bp,Au known