davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
LABOR NEWS.

The Union Pacific strike continues
to spread.A
Six hundred Baltimore carpenters
are on ST Ike.
Fifteen hundred shoemakers are on
strike at Burlington, N. ].
Eleven thousand miners in the Biz.
mingham (Ala.) district are on strike.
Some Of the striking firemen in the
anthracite region have returned te
work.
Boilermakers at many points on the
Chicago and Northwestern have gone
on strike.
Practically every shop on the Union
Pacific system is shut down because
of strike of employees.
San Francisco hackmen held up a
funeral until nonunion driver in the
procession was replaced by union
man.
President Mitchell of the United
Mine Workers has advised striking
Michigan miners to accept the terms
offered them.
Nine thousand Chicago freight hand
lers are on strike for higher wages an6
recognition of their union. Every
freighthouse of the twenty-four rail
roads affected is practically tied up.
Transportation in the Middle. West
may be seriously affected as the result
of a series of strikes threatened by
machinists and boilermakers employed
by every railroad entering Chicago
from the West.
Every man in the locomotive de-
partment of the Iowa Central machine
shops at MarshalltoWn, Ia, has gone
on strike and work is at an absolute
standstill The men asked for an III
crease in wages.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
UNFORTUNATE EVENTS.

"A heavy fall of snow is reported il
the Couer d'Alene region.
A dense fog on Lake Huron caused
several marine disasters.
Two persons were killed by the ex.
plosion OF gas at st. Louis.
Heavy rains caused immense dam.
age to crops in Iowa last week.
Four deaths from drowning occurret!
in lakes near Minneapolis July 4.
twenty-five people were injured, fiye
seriously, by the derailing of train
at Bennington, VT.
Two crowded cars collided on al.
electric railroad near Gloversville, \.
Y. killing fifteen persons and injurins
twenty-nine
Michigan railroads suffered great
damage by washouts last week. 4
number Of serious wrecks, ATTENDED
with some loss of life, resulted.
A terrific storm swept through thu
southwestern portion of Michigan
Wednesday, killing one man, injuring
many others and doing great damage
to properly.
It is estimated that 100000 damage
was done around GAINESVILLE, O., by thu
recent heavy rains. Fifty bridges hav9
been washed away. Railroad tracks
are badly washed out in several direc-
lions.
Three children Of Mr.. and Mrs. Her
man offeFman of Davenport, Ia, died
from eating green grapes when sui
fering from scarlatina. Cholera mop-
bus caused complications which quick
ly proved fatal.
While trying to initiate an Egyptian
fire sWalloWer, Harry Loughren, twelv=
years old, of Chicago poured boilin3
gasoline over himself and six othev
children, and as result the boy anG
one other child will probably die.
A cyclone struck near Racine, Wis.
Wednesday,. One man was killed, sew.
efal persons injured, forty houses an
barns were wrecked, thirty or fort:
head of stock were killed, hundreds o.
trees blown down, hundreds of acres
Of grain ruined and other damage done
amounting to possibly $4,000.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
NEWS or NOTED PERSONS.

Lord Salisbury will retire from the
head of the British cabinet as soon as
King Edward is crowned.
Dr. Charles K. Adams, formerly
president of the University of Wiscon-
sin, is critically i'll at Redlands, Cal.
Joseph Chamberlain was severely
cut on the head in cab accident in
London. Although the wound bled pro-
fusely it is not considered serious
The steady progress of King Edward
is fully maintained and his majesty
takes light nourishment with keen en-
joyment He is allowed light cigar
a day.
President Roosevelt delivered the
Fourth of July Grafton at Pittsburg. A
million people thronged the line of
march and fully hundred thousand
listened to his speech.
Mrs. Ann Eliza Walsh of Brooklyn,
whose donations for educational and
charitable purposes have reached near
ly 100000, has given the sum of $780,
600 to establish a fund for the. educa-
ton of candidates for priesthood in
the Roman Catholic church.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
FOREIGN NEWS.

It is announced that King Edward
will be crowned about the middle Of
August.
Fire at Jarlsberg, Norway, destroyed
$50 buildings, causing loss of over
100000 kroner.
The production of manufactured iron
in England during the past six months
was the smallest on record.
Many people have been killed or
wounded in labor riots in the province
of Ekatrinsolav, Southern Russia.
Severe rioting followed the parlia-
mentary elections at Port au Prince
and many persons were wounded.
Half a million Of London's slum
jewellers were the guests Of King Ed
ward Saturday. Dinners were served
at various places throughout the me-
tropolis.
After three days fighting the town of
Barquisimeto, in the state of Lara,
Venezuela, has been captured by the
revolutionists under General Luciano
Mendoza.
The progress of King Edward con-
tinues satisfactory. He is allowed to
read a good deal now and he enjoys
looking at the newspapers. He. eX-
presses amusement lately at some Of
the sensational and detailed reports Of
the operation in the press.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
BY UNANIMOUS VOTE.
+ Freight Handlers Reject the Offer of
4 g. Railroad Officials.

Chicago, July 11.-By unanimous
vote the striking freight handlers have
refused the railroads terms and will
continue the strike despite the refusal
of the Chicago Federation of Labor
to help them.
This action was taken by Polk local
union, consisting OF men employed by
the Rock Island, Baltimore and Ohio,
Lake Shore, Nickel Plate, Great West
ern, Monon and Chicago Terminal
roads, and the Western local. compris-
ing men in the warehouses of the Bur
lington, Chicago and Northwestern, St.
. Paul, Fort Wayne and Chicago and Al
ton roads. A thousand members were
present at the meeting.
President Curran of the freight
handlers union advocated accepting
the terms offered by the railroads and
returning to work to await an OppOr-
tunity to retaliate upon the teamsters'
union and the Chicago Federation of
Labor. His proposition was entirely
lost in the excitement that followed
and by a standing vote the strikers
not only decided to stay out but to
fight to the last ditch without seeking
cooperation or support.
Following the meetings of Polk and
Western locals a delegation of thirty
strikers visited the Burlington yards
and persuaded all the teamsters deliv-
.ering or receiving freight, except those
of Marshall Field & Co., to drive away
with their work uncompleted. The
delegation then started for the Rock
Island yards. The action of the team
sters is contrary to the orders of the
officials of their union
At meeting held later Healy local
union, to which belong Erie, Grand
Trunk, Wabash and Chicago and East
ern Illinois warehousemen, voted to
continue the strike.
At 1890 the Northwest local, COM
prising men from the St. Paul, Panhan-
die and Galena and Wisconsin divi-
sions of the Northwestern, and Central
local, embracing the Illinois Central,
Wisconsin Central and Michigan Cen
trail, voted to continue the strike.
w. G. Brown, vice president of thA
Lake Shore road, upon hearing of the
action Of the strikers issued an ulti-
matum declaring that if the men were
not back at work by night the non
union men who have been hired in
their places would be recognized as
"old employees
President Curran, at the meeting of
the Central local, declared his inten-
ton of making another attempt to Sc
cure the official aid of the Chicago
Federation of Labor and of the team
SterS' union .1
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
POLITICAL NEWS.

Kansas Socialists have nominated
a state ticket.
Minnesota Republicans have renom-
mated Governor Van SAINT and a ma
jority of the present state officers.
The platform declares for Roosevelt
in 1904.
Minnesota Populists met at Mime
apolis Wednesday and named 9. state
ticket. Sturgeon Odell, Democratic
candidate for secretary of state, was
endorsed.
The convention of the Illinois Pro-
hibitionists was a most exciting affair
When the call was made for voluntary
contributions the 1,200 delegates went
wild with enthusiasm and crowded to
the front shoWering almost $4,000 in
cash upon the platform.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
CONGRESSIONAL DolNGS.

The naval appropriation BILL as final
ly agreed on, provides for the building
of one battleship in government
yard.
The house committee which inves-
tigated the charges of bribery in con-
nection with the sale of the Danish
West Indies has reported that there is
not the slightest ground for the &C
cusation.
Chairman Cannon of the house ap-
preparations committee presented a
statement of the appropriations made
at the present session of congress,
showing a total of $3.50, 063, 1877, not in
Guiding the large amounts that will be
required for the isthmian canal and
public building and river and harbOr
contracts.
Benjamin S. Plat, enrolling clerk of
the senate, has prepared statement
which shows that the past session was
distinguished by the large amount Of
business transacted. In the house 49,
572 bills and joint resolutions were
introduced and in the senate $3.50.
There were sent to the president 956
bills originating in the house and 574
senate bills, total of 1903.
Congress adjourned sine die July /.
In the house patriotic airs were sung
and the enthusiasm shown has not
been equalled since the exciting and
stirring days OF the Spanish war. Dur
ing the closing hours in the senate
there was a tart debate on the Philip
pine question, participated in by
Messrs. Carmack of Tennessee, Spoon
er Of Wisconsin, Culberson of Texas,
McComas of Maryland and Lodge of
Massachusetts.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
PHILIPPINE NEWS.

There. were forty one new cases of
cholera in Manila Tuesday. This is
the largest number reported for any
one day since the outbreak of the ep-
idemic. -
AS result of the amnesty proclaIla-
ton Aguinaldo has been given his
freedom. He fears the vengeance Of
General LUna's friends and has asked
for American protection.
President Roosevelt's amnesty proc
lamation was read at Manila July T.,
after a parade of 5000 Americans and
Filipinos The prisoners freed by the
proclamation, estimated to number 900,
were released without ceremony.
Many military prisoners had previous
Iy been freed.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
COVERED WITH MOLTEN METAL.
Fifteen Men Injured at the Homestead
Steel Works.

Pittsburg, July 11.-Fifteen men
were burned, one fatally and eight Sc,
riously, at the Homestead steel works
shortly after noon.
The accident occurred at furnace
No. 40, in hearth mill No 8. A ladle
filed with molten metal was being
lowered into the pit when the drum of
the crane broke and the seething metal
was thrown over the unfortunate men.
A panic followed and the men rushed
from the mill, many with their cloth
ing burning. Fortunately the work.
men had their backs to the ladle when
it overturned This saved them from
tnhaling the flames. which would have
been almost certain death.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
FOUND DYING LATER.
Chicago Freight Handler Said He
Would Return to- Work.

Chicago, July Thames Landers, a
freight handler, was killed during the
night, his death being the indirect re-
suit of the strike. Landers announced
that he intended to return to work and
a group of freight handlers to whom
he made the statement began to abuse
him. A short time afterward he was
found in a hallway, his throat being
cut. He was taken to the hospital
where he died.
The police have arrested Daniel Gro
gan, another freight handler, whom
they suspect of killing Landers.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
GIVEN A CHILLY RECEPTION.
Lord Methuen's Arrival in England
Attracts No Attention.

New York, July 11.-Lord Methuen's
return to England has been as quiet
es Lord Kitchener's welcome will be
demonstratiye, cables the London cor
respondent of the Tribune. He re-
NAMED in South Africa for longer
period than other generals of the
original army corps of which SO much
was expected and has risen in public
estimation in consequence of the spirit
with which he persisted in staying and
seeing the thing to a finish notwith-
standing his final defeat and capture.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
MANY ARE DEAD
DISASTROUS EXPLOSION OCCURS
IN A coal MINE NEAR
JoHNsToWN, PA.
LARGEST IN THE REGION


Seventy-five of Those at Work in the
CoIIiery at the Time Of the Disaster
Have misunderstanding Parties
Endeavoring to Get to the Aid of the
Entombed Men.
Johnstown, Pa, July ia serious
explosion occurred during the day in
the rolling mill mine of the Cambria
Steel company, just outside the city
limits. The scene of the explosion is
in the "klondike" heading of the mine
and it is impossible at present to give
any definite estimate of the loss of
life. The mine is one of the largest in
the region and was the company's
principal source Of fuel supply
Nearly 200 men were at work in this
section and it is feared that ITS have
lost their lives. Among those known
to be dead are Mine Foreman Harry
Rodgers, his assistant, William Blanch,
and Fire Bosses John Whitney and
John Thomas, who all persisted from
firedamp in a heroic attempt to save
the miners.
Of the number who were at work in
the district when the explosion &C.
Cured fifty were Americans.
No entrance to the mine can be
made through the main entry, and the
miners are coming to the surface at
the Mill Greek opening five miles from
the city.
A rescuing party, headed by Mining
Engineer Marshal T. Moore and SUI
perintendent George T. Robinson, have
started for the scene of the disaster.
Every step of the way must be fought
and the rescuers themselves are in i'm
minent danger.
Officials now IN the mine send out
word that it is impossible to state the
loss of life, but hope that the powerful
air fans and compressors will furnish
enough pure air to keep the men alive.
If the passageways are, reasonably
clear this can be done.
The number of men entombed is es-
timated by the officials at 175. At
4:30 o'clock seventy-ive men had es.
capped from the mine.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12

Five Firemen Killed While Fighting
Flames at Toronto.

To"""Fo, Ont. July 11.-Five firemen
vet lied in disastrous fire which
49, Z the old street car stables a!
'!,'"t and George streets, now occu
j. ~ P. Mcintosh & Sons. ant
H1ya.. 10 the wholesale hay and straw
,aTeAGase Of. Gadsby & Mccain
h's.. Adjustments were sweep
way ia an hour's time. David See
larry Clarke, Adam Kerr. Walter Col
nd a9d .---- Russell, freman. werf
';';;5:7 outside of the Mcintosh
GiI;i2g when the brick wall, tr'-
ror:s.> high. fell and buried the1..
-hay were dead when eXtricated.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Refuses Rsggest for Troops.

Harrisburg, Pa, July lin reply
! to a request from Sheriff Comber of
Carbon coaaty. asking that troops be
sent to TansfoTd and Summit Hill to
preserve order. Governor Stone sent
a telegram stating that the conditions
did not warrant military interference;
that the conditions were entirely with
in the sheriff.s province and that he
ought TIC overcome the difficulty with
the means at hand.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
CHICAGO TRANSFERS GOING OUT
IN SYMPATHY WITH THE
FREIGHT HANDLERS.
LEADERS LOSE CONTROL
Despite Advice of Officers of. the
Union a General WaIkout of Truck
men Is Probable and Chicago Will
Face the Most Serious Labor Trou.
BILE in Years-Compromise Offer of
Railroad Officials Rejected.

Chicago, July 11.-A crisis in the
freight handlers strike was reached
during the day when the local unions
refused to accept a settlement pro-
posed by the railroads and voted to
fight the battle ito the last ditch. -
Teamsters quit work in sympathy and
Hugh MCGEE, president of the truck
mems union, gave utterance to the
most serious statement of the day.
IIr. MCGEE said:
eve have not given our men author
lty to strike and are declaiming
against such action. We are insisting
On our members living up to the con-
tracts we have made with our employ,
.ers, but they will not listen to us and |
believe 1000 teamsters viii be mixed
in the struggle before night. We have
done our part and intend to remain
true to our trust, but if the men strike
despite all our efforts to restrain them
we ale pOWerless and cannot be held
responsible for their actions"
If what Mr.. MCGEE fears reaches
consummation the worst strike since
the great railway strike will be in
progress in Chicago.
The cessation OF work by teamsters
crippled business on South Water
street All the loads sent to the vari-
Gus depots after the early morning
hours were returned to the cOnsignors.
The big commission firms suffered
great financial losses as a consequence,
|the goods being mostly perishable.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Chicago Grain and Provision Prices

Chicago, July Wheat July,
1890; Sept, 737sc; Dec, 745sc; May,
771ac. Corn-July, Sac; Sept, 62Ac;
Dec, 4Sc; May, 44Ac. Oats-July,
41Ac; Sept, 305sc; Dec, 30Ac. Pork
July, $685., Sept, s18.75; Oct,
$18.25: Jan, S11.85. Flax Cash,
Northwestern, $1.73; Southwestern,
$1.54; Sept. s1.40; Oct, $1.36. But
ter Creameries, 19@21c; diaries, 1870
195ac. gs17@177sc. Poultry
Chickens, 10Q13c; turkeys, HOBO.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Live stock Prices at Chicago.

Chicago, July -CattIe-Good to
prime steers, $7.75@8.50; poor to me.
dunn, $4.7507.50; stockers and feed.
ers. $250@5.00; cows and heifers.
$150@6.25; Texas steers, $400@G.75.
Hogs-Mixed ard butchers, $500
500; good to choice heavy, 1880
$40; rough heavy, $7.35@790; bulk OF
sales, $7.45@795; light, $7.25@7.70
Sheep-Good to choice. $3.5O@4OO.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
CASTRO MEANS BUSINESS.
Goes to Barcelona to Attack venezue.
Ian Revolutionists.

Washington. July 1.-THE state de-
partment has received cablegram
from Minister Bowen, at Caracas, say
ing:
THE president has arrived at Bar
celona to attack the enemy there in
stead of waiting here to be attacked. 2
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
THE DEATH RECORD.

William Clark, the thread manufacA
turer, is dead.
J. Irving Pearce, one of the best
known hotel men in the United Stakes,
is dead at Chicago.
Edward Muench, aged thirty years,
chief purchasing agent of the United
States Steel corporation, is dead at
his home in OVerbrook, Pa.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
QUEEN IN THE VICINITY.
atsI Accident Occurs in London's
Streets

I,,'fd32, July 11.-ShoTtly ate
\ 80 Alexandra passed on her wa
= ::.'s2 The coronation bazaar the de-
1ti@es across Langham place, heav:
1a1 >os:jen with rain, were caught il
, sn"sU of wind and fell, dragging
j"y1 a mass Of coping from the TOP
II ~ Souls church. Miss Streathy
II Il 20 be a Canadian, was killed
aad several persons were injured.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Price of Wheat at Duluth.

Duluth, July .-Wheat-Cash, No. 1
hard, 79c; No. Northern, 761ac; Nc.
2 Northern, 75c; No. 8 spring, 73c. To
Arrive-No. 1 hard, 79c; No North
ern and July, 761ac; Sept, 1874 @73%c.
FlaX-CaSh, $l65.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
ANDSTlLL RISING
aIgEss AT DIES MONIES REACH
TIE HIGHEST POINT IN
FIFTY YEARS.
lEYE5s UNDER GREAT STRAIN

. strengthen the Weak Spots and
Prevent the Flooding of Thousands
Of Residences and Business Houses.
so9th Des Moines Cut Off From the
Rest of the City.
nSs Moines, July 1.-THE flood sit
uatiop reached its most alarming stage
IL the history of the city during the
morning. The Des Moines river was
5HaM-y one feet above low water mark
1t : .5'liocl1, having risen three feet in
less than ten hours. 1t is still rising
ar TaDid rate. The Raccoon river,
whjct anpties into the Des MONIES at
this wlace, advanced four feet between
) ana $50 a. m. and is still going up.
Tie food is at the highest point since
1851 when the river was six feet deep
over Nhat is now occupied by thou
SaaGs OF residences, business houses
Q1s6 lacCories At that time the river
was but one foot higher than at pres
ant ~, It is evident the cid record viii
SouD he broken. Nothing but levees
l1a-es1 all this district and in two
secre aces they have either broken
O., way.
H eds Of men are working des-
l$a;,8 along the leVees to save their
.gcG2s md property but the water is
Slow driving them from their posi-
:: 81
,,e@T - anxious vigil all night long
md - I o'clock, owing to the breaking
u .rge section of the levee, were
-5orcy . fee. Many thrilling rescues
~ jaaT5 are reported. Thousands Of
&9ll31s worth Of property were de-
Stroy ID IN thirty minutes in South Des
Meinss and it is now practically cut
81 the rest of the city Four feet
st Natsr is rushing through a district
tsty blocks occupied by resi-
tls3. In North Des Moines a wide
4lAal h n the levee occurred at a. m.
~ residents were forced to aban-
10" Heir homes and much of their
nron-Ttv.
Tia situation is intensified by the
nacAse-y Of closing down the water
Wol'>s II the river advances another
loot a4d the city will be absolutely
Without water for domestic consump.
.tioa. factory use or fire protection.
Hundreds of men are constructing a.
tentsofary levee about the waterworks,
but the water rises almost as fast as
they York. Street car traffic has been
abandoned on number of lines and
Will have to be abandoned all over the
"itE n 8 short time, owing to water
putting cut the fires under the boilers
IF tAA pcwerhouse. It is reported from
Ade!. Fort Dodge and other places
2"ova Des Moines that the rivers are
still! Using, which is a greater menace
- this city.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Live Stock Prices at St, Paul.

st. Paul, July -Cattle-Choice
butcher steers, $700@750; choice
butcher cows and heifers, $5.50@60O;
good to choice veals, $4.50@5.25.
Hogs $7.30@1.6O Sheep-Good to
choice, S3.75M425: lambs, S525@6.0O.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Sioux CITY Live Stock.

Sioux City, Ia, July 7.-Cattle-
Beeves, S5,50@7,S0; cows, bulls and
mixed, $2.50@5.25; stockers and feed
ers, $2.50@4.25; yearlings and calves,
$250@4.00. Hogs-$7.50@7.S0.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
MUST OBEY THE LAW.
french Religious Orders Warned b,
the Premier.

Paris July 1.-THE premier, M.
CoElbs,. has instructed the projects
Of al the departments to notify the
religious orders who have not com
piled wila the law of associations that
.Haless hey are dissolved within a
wee& their establishments will be
forciblp closed. Two thousand estab.
lishme2iis are involved
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
OVERCOME BY HEAT.
French Soldiers Stricken During Army
Maneuvers.

Paris. July 11-During the maneu-
ters 81 the Hundred and Eighth infan-
try Al Bergerac 800 of the men were
overcome by sunstroke. The maneu-
yers were stopped. Three of the men
are dead and the others are in seri.
Gus condition.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
MARKET QUOTATIONS.
Grain Prices at Minneapolis.

Minneapolis, July 7.-Wheat-JuIy,
78ac; Sept, 72Ac. On Track-No. l
hard, S1Ac; No. 1 Northern, 79Acs
No. Northern, 75c.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
:..saA
ONE KILLED, SEVERAL INJURED.
Municipal Gas Plant at Marion, Mass,

New Bedford. Mass, July IL. The
municipal acetglenes gas plant at Ma
rion blew I'D during the morning. One
man was killed and several injured.
Morris tribune. [volume] (Morris, Minn.) 1880-2000, 1902-07-12
Expios;on IL ) butte smeIter.

Butte, Mcnt, lily lin an explo-
sion of matter III the converter build
ing of the Washoe smelling works at
Anaconda George Parsick was instant
ly killsd. John Galich probably fatally
injured and George Goodwin and John
Natou both badly burned and cut by
flying PARTICLES OF molten matter.