davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

for sending signals for a few meters
tas had already been done by Prof
Righi and others. who deserve the credit
Of having first started in this direction),
but for making them the basis of a sys-
TEN Of telegraphy.
How soon it viii be possible to really
call the wireless installations on the
shores Of the Atlantic a system OF
telegraphy is not easy to say. It may
be a matter Of months, and again
of years.
Why? Over great distances the dan
ger from atmospheric conditions spoil
ing the message increase so that it is
important to remember the words OF
Lord Kelvin. that even with wireless
telegraphy established as a commercial
success, the submarine cables would still
be far from supplanted- Only time can
show what Will be the ultimate results
Of what is beyond peradventure a most
important discovery-one which may Gre
ate lines Of usefulness for itself which
are unsuspected as yet.
Beginning Of the Discovery.
It is a somewhat remarkable coinci-
dence that just seven years to a day
had' transpired between the time the
Carlo Alberto steamed int Port Sydney
Harbor and the morning in 1895 that
Marconi made his first experiment on
the paternal estate near Bologna. His
initial experiment consisted in setting
up tin boxes on ppIes Of varying heights
and connecting them by insulated wires
with the instrument he had then devised
"a crude transmitter and receiver.
Here was a young man Of twenty on
the verge Of a great discovery, for pres
emily he Is writing to the chief electri-
clan Of the British postal system telling
him about these tin boxes and how he
had found out that wien they were
placed on top of a pole signals could be
obtained at thirty meters from the
transmitter, and that with the same
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

little is known by the general public
as to the exact mechanism and prin-
cipIes behind wireless telegraphy.
What He Has Accomplished
It will be remembered that Marcoai
had. previous TO this latest and most
successful demonstration. heaIS pre-
arranged signals coming from Corn vail
across the ocean. but these signals
were only strong enough to cause yibra-
tions in delicate telephone instrument
at the base OF a long wire held aIoft
by kites. Now he has established on
both sides Of the Atlantic powerful sta
tions which can throw out strong cleo
trical oscillations that reach far and
wide. something like the viewless ten
tacles Of an aerial octopus.
Wireless telegraphy can never be a
simple matter to those who have not
spent days and nights mastering the
fundamentals OF wave motions. 50 we
ask: What happens when a wireless
message is sent across a great space?
Throw a pebble into a pool of water
and ripples or small waves will be pro-
duced. which spread out over the sur
face OF the water and finally die away.
A luminous body sends forth waves Of
light which may be likened to these
water waves. But II light travels in
waves there must be something through
which it travels-a road OF some kind
It cannot be air, for light travels for
millions and millions Of miles from re-
mote stars through space completely de-
void Of air.
OF what something is the road made
then? Ether
Spread Out Like Waves.
The electric sparks make a splash in
the ether, the high wire taking the
place Of the stone which when dropped
in pond. causes ripples to flow out
ward in every direction. The electrical
ripples similarly stream out from the
wire in every direction at the speed of
The Washington times., 1902-12-21
UNUSUAL PROSPERITY OF
EOYPT'S QUARTERBACK FARMS.

The result OF this scientific farming is
that a new crop is raised and harvested
every four months.
The school leases the land by the year
at e12 an acre. and lie student is given
the Use OF his quarter-acre plat at pro-
pOrtiOaate rate CaS. or SIS per annum).
An incentive to careful and thrifty ex-
perimental work is that the student
shares whatever profit accrues. The
revenue from one of these LilIiputlan
farms has been a surprise TO agricultural
experts, and would be an amazing reve-
lation to many American farmers. for
whom quarter Of an acre scarcely af-
fords space for implements and barns.
Although their experience is all gained
froI their miniature farms. these Egyp-
tar students are developing into such
expert agriculturists that they are re-
eeiving offers TO accept the management
Of extensive sugar and cotton planta-
tjons elsewhere. and the Twhkieh school
has difficulty in holding the young men
until their time OF graduation.
The Egyptian government has such
high opinion of the agricultural work or
the station that IL turned over one OF
Ishmael Pasha's palaces as school
building until the proper structures now
being erected could be completed.
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

tention because what ne said was worth
hearing
What was he saying? Simply that the
successful transmission Of wireless
message icross the Atlantic Ocean was
the first stage in the wireless Journey
around the globe.
This was very young man to have the
eyes Of the Western World centered upon
him, but Il he felt any triumDhaI emotion
at the moment Il was as carefully cen
ccaled as are the emotions Of the 1phinx.
This Marconi has neither the VIOLA
tility OF the Italian nor the CHEEKY cor
diality Of the Irishman both OF which
strains are in him. His father Is a
wealthy gentleman, owning a large es-
tate near Bologna. and his mother is
a member Of an excellent Irish family.
He most resembles the deliberate and
almost stolid Englishman-a strange
fact. in view OF his parentage. In one
respect only does he show evidence of
Irish blood-in the genial camaraderie
which ne exhibits at times. though never
permitting It TO be forgotten who is the
master spirit in his sphere So much
for the man
in view OF the extraordinary public
The Washington times., 1902-12-21
Something About the Remarkable Young
Man, Of Irish and Italian Pdrentdge Who
Has So ConcIuSively Demonstrated that
the Age Of Miracles is Not Passed.

boxes on poles four meters high signals
were obtained at 100 meters. and with
the same boxes at height Of eight me-
ters. other conditions being equal, near
ly up to a mile and half. Morse signals
we're easily obtained at 400 meters. And
so on, the gist being that the higher the
pole (an original Msrconi idea) the
greater was found to be the distance Of
transmission
The Message Across the Sea.
On the day that the late experiment
was made on the Carlo Alberto, Signor
Marconi was standing by the receiver in
the ll1tle sending room. where we may
now see enacted the mystery Of talking
through the ether. Beside Marconi was
the operator keenly watching the tell
tale receiving board.
Brripp-brripp-brri
Brripp-brripp-brrip
pp-brTiT-buipp. Brripp-bTip!
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

30 conduct a farm no larger than a
quarter OF an acre ara to make a
J. good profit thereon after paying
the high annual rental Of SIS for
the tiny area is one OF the current
achievements Of agricultural science.
The secret is irrigation directed by edu-
Gated men.
Egypt is the scene Of these successful
agricultural experiments. The fame Of
the unique farming has spread. The
United States Government, not long ago.
sent experts to study the system in op-
Grafton there.
The farming is carried on by the Egyp-
tian government at the Twfkieh School
Of Agriculture at Glzeh. not far fran
Cairo. The students. who are high caste
natives, are allotted each a quarter Of
an acre. Water pumped from the Nile is
furnished the student farmer. and he is
taught when and how to distribute it
over his miniature farm Of sugar-cane,
cotton, forage plants, and tropical and
semi-tropical fruit. His canals. dams.
and little reservoirs are constructed and
operated scientifically.
The Washington times., 1902-12-21
Years Of UnCedsng Toll Were Spent in the
Task Of Perfecdng the Almost Human
instrument that Now Gives Promise Of
EnCrcHn8 the Globe With It's Power.
THE HISTORY OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY DURING THE PAST
SIXTY YEARS.
SIXTY YEARS.

iSS9-sir oliver Lodge obtained his
first successful signaling results
carried out with what he termed
the syntonic circuits. the coherer
principle forming a part Of the ex-
pertinent.
1SsO-November "a. The first notice Of
the coherer invented by Prof.
Branley appeared in Complies
Rendus." the coherer consisting Of
metal filings.
1S92-Sir William Preece established
regular communication between
Flatholm. an island fort in the
Bristol Channel. and Lavernock on
the Welsh coast, three and a third
miles distant.
1s94-Dr Rathenau and Prof. Reubens
signaled across the Wannsea at
Potsdam, a distance OF three
miles. using a base line $50
feet long. The message was pass
ed by means Of earth currents.
1S97-Mr Marconi sent signals from
Lavernock to Flatholm and in
troduced the high wire or aerial.
1S9S-Mr. Marconrs wireless system
having been reported on favorably
by Sir William Preece. il was es-
tablished between the royal yacht
Osborne and Osborne House.
1S99-Prof Braun took out patents
in connection with wireless tele-
graphy.
1s99-Prof Chunder Bhose Jead
paper before the Royal soc,ety on
the action Of coherers.
"S" signals received
by Mr. Marconi az Hospital Point.
Newfoundland. from Cornwall.
1902-February. The Philadelphia re-
mained in communication with the
Marconi station at Poldhu for
distance Of 1850 miles.
ls02-NOvember- Messages received
between Cornwall and Cape
Breton, more than 2.5Oc miles
apart
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

light, which is 1S5,OOO miles a second.
At present the number Of waves which
stream from the Marconi pole is from
500. 900 to 100000 a second. These
waves are not to be COMPOUNDED with the
air waves which cause the sound. though
for purposes Of explanation. they may
be compared. When poker is struck the
vibrations OF the steel rod transfer
themselves to the surrounding air in the
form Of waves in the atmosphere. Now
wireless telegraphy waves travel not by
means Of the atmosphere, but through
ether.
Even in ordinary telegraphy the cur
rent flows through the ether surround
ing the atoms Of copper, rather than
through the wire itself In wireless
telegraphy the current does not flow
through wires. but from the wires using
the ether, which penetrates the atmos-
phere as a medium through which to
fow
The Induction Method.
Many years ago it was found out. as
viii be seen in the accompanying tables,
that electricity passed through the space
separating two long parallel wires.
When current Of electricity was made
TO flow through one wire a magnetic in
Auence spread out from the wire. and
on reaching the ether induced in it a
state OF electricity similar TO the cur
rent flowing in the first wire
The current was transferred. as it
we're, through a bridge Of magnetism.
This induction method, as IL is called.
was the one used by all the earlier ex-
perimenters with wireless telegraphy.
and it was not until Hertz published
his experiments with the waves caused
by the spark gap method that Hertzian
waves became the more popular field
Of work with the electricians.
Adopted Hertzian Waves.
Marconi is the first to conceive the
idea Of using these Hertzlan waves, not
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

1S42-ProL Morse sent signals across
the susquehanna River without me-
tallic connections Of any sort by
means Of wires stretched along the
banks.
1S5s-septcmber James Lindsay. Of
Rsaa>e, read a paper before the
British Association stating that II
wires were run along the coast OF
America and Britain and charged
by batteries he could send mes
sages from Britain 20 America.
1s64-December 8. Clerk Maxwell de-
fined at the Royal Society the ether
waves to a certain extent. and
showed that wireless telegrapby
would be possible by means Of the
electro magnetic waves. the We
locity OF which he concluded was
the same as that OF light. con-
clusiOn which has subsequently
been proved correct.
1S79-Prof. d. Hughes found that
microphone in connection with the
telephone produced sounds in the
latter when the microphone was at
a distance OF several feet from
coils through which a current was
passing.
1sS5-Sir William Preece. OF the Cen
eral Postonce. sent currents be-
tween two insulated squares Of
wire. each side measuring 40
yards, and the squares were a
quarter OF a mile apart.
1sse-sir William Preece also sent
signals between two parallel tele-
graph wires four and a half miles
apart.
1sS7-Prof. Hertz discovered that when
discharge was made from a leyden
jar across an air gap sparks would
also pass across a gap in circle
or square Of wire held away from
the Jar. The discovery showed
that the ether waves streamed out
from the spark gap In every direc-
tion.
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

FEW days ago the Italian cruiser
n Carlo Alberto steamed into the
"A harbor Of Port Sydney. Nova
Scotia. with a new message for
the world. The cruiser had been in daily
communication with Poldhu in Cornwall
throughout the three thousand miles Of
the voyage feat which had never be-
fore been accomplished.
Standing on the deck Of the Carlo Al
berto was a young man barely twenty
seven years OF age. slightly above the
average height. and so calmly the a5so-
lutte master OF whatever emotions he may
have been experiencing that only a Gag
liostro could have OWNED that the young
man. to whom every officer on the cruis-
er. from the gray and grizzled captain 70
the youngest ensign. deferred. was Sig
nor Gugiielmo Marconi. IN, inventor and
successful demonstrator Of wireless tel
egraphy.
The Manner Of the Man.
Among the officers about him on the
deck s= the cruiser entered Port sgd
ney harbor the slender figure Of the In
ventor was the least noticeable. He
spoke but seldom. bat when he did speak
he was accorded the most respectful at
The Washington times., 1902-12-21

So the sender wSs talking nearly three
thousand miles away and the Morse code
was working-ordinary dots and dashes
appearing by means Of a powerful relay
battery on the tape.
Those at the Cornwall station were
observing blush sparks jump an inch be-
tween the two brass knobs Of the induc-
tion coil-the same kind of knobs and
the same kind Of sparks that are familiar
in experiments with the Roentsen rays.
For one dot, a single spark Jumped; for
one dash, there came a stream Of sparks.
And the message was registered across
the ocean, where in g metal box a faint
clicking sounded like whisper after
hearty tone. And the message was:
The Washington times., 1902-12-21
Adopted Hertzian Waves

Marconi is the first to conceive the
idea Of using these Hertzian waves, not
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
JEWS LEAVING ROUMANIA,
Persecution Prompts a General Ex-
Odus Into South Africa.

Persecution Prompts a General Ex-
odus Into South Africa.
Notwithstanding the denials of the
Bucharest authorities a wholesale ex-
odus Of Jews is in progress from Rou
mania, says special cablegram from
Vienna to the st. Louis Globe-Demo-
crat. The latest advices from the cap
ital state that at the present rate Of
emigration the country will be wholly
depopulated of Jews within ten years.
During the past six months the per-
secuion Of the Israelites is said to
have reached pitch of cruelty hitler
to unknown even in Roumana. Ac-
cording to one authority, the Jews in
the army are treated worse than
dogs" Men, women and children are
leaving the country. Even persons Of
means are emigrating, and most of
them are going to South Africa.
Bernard Lazare, the French pro-
Semitic, recently visited Roumania in
cognito on tour of investigation. The
information thus collected regarding
the miserable condition of the Semitic
portion of the Roumania population
will, the leaders Of the Jews hope,
rouse one or two of the European
states to a recognition of the misery
prevalent in Bucharest and Roumania
generally and possibly lead to an anne
noration Of the lot of the children Of
Abraham.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
THE WAR ON MOSQUITOES.
Trying to Find Ont What Birds Are
the Insects Natural Enemies.

Trying to Find Ont What Birds Are
the Insects Natural Enemies.
In his crusade against the mosquito
the state eneomologist, Professor John
b. Smith Of Rutgers college, has called
upon the New Jersey fish and game
commission for aid in his raid upon the
state bird" as the mosquito was IA
cetiously dubbed by one Of the law
makers last winter, says special dis
patch from Trenton to the Philadelphia
Times.
Professor Smith finds that 1t will be
necessary to kill off for purposes of in
vestigation some birds that are cred
tied with destroying the mosquito or
are known to feed upon the insects.
The state entomologist says he is max
ing study Of the natural enemies Of
the mOsquito-mortal man. of course,
not being considered in this connection
which relates only to birds which
make the life of the mosquito one Of
fear and dread. The desire Of Profess
or Smith is to ascertain the relative
rank Of the various birds as mosquito
destroyers. So far as is known to the
men who study the mosquito, there Is
but comparatively small number OF
such birds.
The entomologist SCOTS the idea that
It Is his purpose to determine which
birds have the greatest powers Of kill
ing mOsQui ops and to breed them in
large numbers sending them broad
cast throughout New Jersey to eXter-
inmate the curse of the state.''
The fish and game commissioners
are understood to be adverse to giving
permission to kill birds in violation of
the law, even to further the investiga-
ton of the mosquito. and it may he
that the dc>pised bird of prey" which
fourlshes in this state may be given a
lease Of life because of the clash which
seems imminent between that commits
sion and the would be mosquito de-
stroyers.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
FACTS IN FEW LINES

1t cost over $4,000 to police the Brit.
hh houses Of parliament last year.
London has at the present time a
very large number Of homeless Russian
refugees.
The island Of Sakhalin, the great
|penal colony Of Russia. has splendid
forests of fir and pine.
All the vacancies in the naval med
fai service are now filed for the first
time since the civil war.
For quarter of century no new
bouses have been built in the Sussex
England) village of Slindon.
Chinese official in Shanghai re-
Gently entertained number of foreign
officials to a dinner of 126 courses.
4 Harrisburg man on his deathbed
recently directed the payment Of
board bill of thirty years standing.
Tie suicide death rate in European
armies far exceeds the rate of the
eoultry to which the army belongs.
Popular Mechanics declares that
"pure fruit jellies" out of old boot legs
North America is credited with TWEEN
y volcanoes, Central America with
twenty-five and South America with
thirty -even.
DcNHg the last ten years more than
25Qw" lost and starving dogs have
been grcd for at the home in Batter.
sea LLglalId
There Las been erected in the works
u the Bethlehem Steel company a
steam hammer four stories high which
Strike blow OF 125 tons.
II all tht land in the United States
pNaLt"d in corn this year was massed,
It's area would equal the British isles
do!laud and Belgium combined.
North Of England ironmongers are
laklns money by loaning machines to
thrifty housewives who wish to turn a
supply Of oranges into marmalade.
Professor uoratio w. Parker of Yale
laS accepted the task of furnishing an
oFa'' ro for solos. chorus and orchestra
'oF Tie Norwich ,EnglanD musical fes-
tyll leXt fan.
lie finest example of weaving in the
"oIId Is said to be the panama hats
n4lUIactured in ]ipijapa pronounced
n.il }Aain,il, in the province of Monte
efsl, Ecuador.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
Boiling MacarOni.

An authority says that in boiling
nacaroni it is fatal to permit it to
stoE boiling for a moment until done.
Have plenty Of sailed water in the
saucepan at the boiling point when the
sticks are added, and when they are
tender throw in Il glass of cold water
to stop the cooking suddenly, and drain
at once.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
Butterfly Day.

The ancient custom of "butterfl
day" is annually celebrated at ThaX-
ted, England. This strange festival de-
rives its title from the fact that the in
habitants Of the place annually on
that day don new clothing and vie with
each other g, to the gaudiness of their
garments. Eating. speechmaking and
so on enter largely into the proceed
iugS
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31

There is point near the famous
Stony cave, in the Catskill mountains,
where ice may be found on any day in
the year. This locality is locally known
as the Notch and is walled in on all
sides by steep mountains, some OF
which are more than 5000 feet high.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31

Only few years ago British vessels
predominatcd in Bilbao harbOr. Out of
the seventy-tiye vessels in the port the
other day. however, only eighteen few
the British tiay.
In connection with the increase of
the Maryland national guard provided
for 10y the legislature an order has been
issued for the establishment of reg
ular hospital CORPS
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
Granite.

Granite is the lowest rock in the
earths crust. 1t is the bedrock of the
world and shows no evidence of ami
NAL or vegetable life 1t is the parent
rock from which all the rocks have
been either directly or indirectly de-
rived,
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31

\ delicious fish sauce to serve with
meat or fish is made 10y putting SIX
sroonfuls of water to four of vinegar
SIT on HE fire; thicken with yolkS OF
TWO e4ws; make hot. not boiling. ana
souonX The juice Of half a lemon be
Fore Sowing.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31

"Impatience" is the nickname of q
certain dear little flower which should
be in every collection. 1t is nicknamed
is good for either potting or garden
culture and will blossom steadily for
months at a time.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
Professor Nohn of Christiania hav.

Professor Mohn of Christiania hav'
ing discovered that at the Lofoten is
lands cod are invariably to be found
in waters whose temperature is al
WAYS between i and 5 degrees above
the freezing point. Norwegian fisher
men now make use of the thermome-
ter as a recognized means of detecting
the presence of the fish.
Of the 400 inscribed clay slabs found
in the ruins of Babylon by the eXpedi-
ton sent out by the German Oriental
society but two have yet been decl-
phered one explaining the Eahylonlan
cuneif0rm characters and the other
containing the litany chantcd by the
singers of the temple of Esagila on the
return Of the god Marduk to his sane
tuary.
A. X. Blundell of Wanganui, New
Zealand, has the skull of bullock
which has Il curious ingrowth of the
horns. The left horn penctrates Az
inches into the head through hole
"a inches in diameter. The right horn
Just indcntS the skull. The animal es-
capped from the Maoris and joined
wild cattle on the ranges. 1t was
found by surveyors so weak that it
had TO be shot.
Some extensive changes are being
made in the Burns cottage at Alloway
Scotland. where the poet was born,
bat assurance is given that the cNtcr'
nal appearance will not be injured and
IN Il way the place will be made more
like what it was in Burns day, Tor an
outhuilding erected between 1850 ana
1910 IN to be removed. There is now
an entire electric tralnway running
past the cottage door. and Il road is be-
ing built between "auld haunted kirk"
and the monument.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31
French Mustard.

Slice an onion thinly, cover it with
vinegar and set to soak for twenty
four hours. Strain off The vinegar AID
add to it tablcslo ,nful OF salt, t.
same quantity Of brown sugar, Ia.
spoonful of white pepper and SASH.
cicnt mustard -four to th.clivn. sir al!
together while it com : to the boil and
bottle for use.
Barre evening telegram. (Barre, Vt.) 1898-19??, 1902-07-31

Do you know that flour should be
kept in cool, dry place? If possible,
there should be some kind of a close
receptacle for it, and too large Il guam
tity sometimes spoils by being kept too
long 1t should also be remembered
that mites which often get into flour
are more destructive than mice.