The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1902-06-22

Subscriber.
Except the National Soldiers Home at
Marion. and the Indiana Soldiers Home
ct Lafayette. which admit only disabled
veterans, and one or two small institu-
tons which admit only residents of the
counties in which they are built, we know
Of no institutions of the kline in Indiana.
Such homes n any State usually take as
inmates only residents of the immediate To-
cality. Each institution makes it's own
rules. Usually a payment of from 800
~ $500 is required.
How many Presidents have been Baptists,
and VINO were they? 2. Who invented
matches. and when2-G. b. w.
Not one. 2. The earliest matches-wooden
s~plinters tipped with sulphur and lighted
with finder, flint and steel-seem not to
have made their inventor famous. Godfrey
Haukwitz. Of London, prepared phosphorus
in quantities in 1850, twelve years after it's
discovery, for producing fire, and, coming
down TO the last century, Chancel, Dere-
pas. Deroane. Walker>(who made the first
really practical friction match). Jones,
Treschel and Moldenhauer are names asso-
ciated with Improvement of early more or
less crude matches. To-day's matches are
far from perfect.
Tell me what you can about the begin
ming of the public school system. and tell
me where L can find detailed information
concerning this system.-A Subscriber
While Indiana was yet a part of the
Northwest Territory an ordinance was
passed providing that one square mile in
every township of the territory should be
set apart for the maintenance of public
schools. The first Constitution OF the
State favored free schools, but made no
provision for their establishment The
constitutional convention of 1850 remedied
this and established the present common
school system. Mrs. Conklin's School His
tory of Indiana contains a chapter covering
the leading facts on this subject. Mere
dith Nicholson's The Hoosier' also treats
of the educational growth of the State.
DID not New York legalize as a marriage
the act of a man, before witnesses, claim
ing a woman as his wife, she asserting 10
such claim, all without any form of cere-
mony? And how long is it since that law
has been changed. 2. Is a marriage license
necessary in New York;. D..
1t once did so, in theory, at least, but
rarely was such a common law wife
able 70 establish herself as wife before the
courts. There went into force with the be-
ginning of this year what is known as the
contract marriage law. 1t is meant to do
away with claims as to common law mar
riages, these claims having in the recent
past caused a deal of embarrassment to
estates and persons. Under this law the
contracting parties make a sworn declara-
ton of their intention to live together as
man and wife. and file the declaration with
the city or town clerk. 2. No.
Will you print a short account of the
habits of the San Jose scale?-L. Z. j.
This pest OF all decidious trees, but espe-
cially of fruit trees, lives all of it's life but
a few hours of active larval existence and
an equally brief winged period under a
waxy scale. Young are born for six weeks
following the middle of May, the female
giving birth to living insects, almost micro
scopic creatures of a pale yellow. Crawl
ing about for a few hours. the larva picks
a spot, works its sucking beak through the
bark and Immediately begins to develop its
scale. In from twenty-four to twenty-six
days the male is mature. and issues as a
delicate t~ow-winged fly-like insect. In
thirty days from birth the females are fully
SNC"H" LAoNNhAI6 NOAANlihNo hANI 0CNEIC
frost, 3,0OO,OO % descendants from a couple of
insects being possible in a season. On the
infected tree they look like a grayish.
slightly rough, scurvy deposit. Crushing
the scales produces a yellow, oily liquid.
Tender twigs and fruit redden beneath
their attacks. which finally extend even to
the leaves.
VIII Won nrrnf a sketch IF tho life Of I
j. AudubOn?-E. w.
He was born near New Orleans May 4.
1850. His parents being wealthy, he could
indulge his interest in birds, which he did
after being educated in Paris and settling
on a farm in eastern Pennsylvania that his
father gave him. For years he made ex-
tensive exploration of Southern and South
western forests, studying their birds and
making colored sketches of all the species
he found. 1t is said that ne became re-
duced to poverty and to have been a
dancing teacher and portrait painter.
Anyway, he was in London in 1926 publish
ing his work on American birds, five vol
umes of letter press, and five volumes of
very fine pictures. This work sold for
$1,000. a set, and was followed by another
of like character, for whose material he re-
turned to this country, resuming his ex-
plorations in 1929. For eight years follow
ing 1881 he was in England, and afterward
lived on the Hudson in what is now New
York's Audubon Park. Here he died Jan.
q. 1851.
Will you print a list of the States that
are free from debt and those that nave a
debt and the amount each has?-E. G. H.
Illinois, Iowa, Montana, New Jersey and
West Virginia were out of debt, according
to the reports OF 1901. which were as fol-
lows for the other States: Alabama, 1885,
6OO; Arkansas, Sl,552,S45; California, $4,000;
Colorado. 81. 7S5, 46S; Connecticut, 81 ,131, 100;
Delaware, $769, $50; Florida, S1,O32, 500;
Georgia. 81, Isl, 500; Idaho. $475, 900; Indiana,
81, CHS; Kansas, 1920 Kentucky, 81
469. rs; Louisiana. $1O.ST, 500, Maine, 50, 37O.-
900; Maryland. S2,SS5, 269; Massachusetts,
$50, 900. 279; Michigan, S416, 800; Minnesota.
81, 100000; Mississippi. S2.SS7, O26; Missouri,
$5,9SO,S39; Nebraska. s1,525, S1S; Nevada. s242.-
Goo; New Hampshire. $1.OOS, So; New York,
SO, 075, 600; North Carolina, 5 ,2S7, $50; North
Dakota, $S45, 300: Ohio, S451, $50; Oregon. $65.-
OOO: Pennsylvania. $572, 1885,; Rhode Island,
$l,961, 800; South Carolina, $500, 569: South
Dakota. s625, 267; Tennessee. S16,O 900, 900;
Texas. s1S,OcO. Utah, 100000; Vermont,
S317. 742; Virginia, $26. S25. 227: Washington.
81, 155, SOP; Wisconsin, S2,251, 600; Wyoming.
100000.
Thirty years ago the census discovered