Omaha daily bee., 1902-05-11

classification according to their use is still
in vogue. Carefully regulated vivisection
has been and always will be OF incalculable
benefit to the development Of accurate
medical knowledge and an indirect aid In
the alienation OF human suffering. Galen
divided the body into cranial and thoraclc
cavities and described the organs contained
in them. Anatomy and physiology, the
fundamental bases of medicine and sur
gerry made the most progress during this
period and next came the description Of
diseases and their medical and surgical
therapeutics. After the sixth century,
medicine was exercised almost exclusively
by the monks of the west, who were ig-
norant and superstitious. During the sew
enth and eighth centuries there were a few
traditionary remains of science among the
monks, originating from the east. The Of
hcers of the church, though continuing the
practice OF the healing art, were gradually
discouraged by the church. During the
twelfth century the school of Salernium,
through the personal interest of Emperor
Friedrich the Eleventh, acquired a very
high degree Of reputation for ancient lines.
Schools in Paris and England rapidly ad-
vanced, the professors being salaried.
About this time the titles OF bachelor, IL
c~entiate and master were granted physi-
ClduS. DuEiuB ut lulIlctnlu anu u
teenth centuries medicine made remarkable
progress in France under st. Louis. Dur
ing the reign of this prince the teaching Of
medicine and surgery were divided into
distinct classes. Medical universities were
erected under the auspices of royalty in
Europe, Medical instruction experienced a
revolution in the European countries dur
ing the fourteenth century. For the first
time In Europe anatomy was taught by dis
section of the human body. Guy de Chau-
lilac, who lived at the end OF this century,
wrote a treatise on surgery, which served
as the basis OF European instruction till
Ambrois Pare Of France published his cele-
brated work on the same subject. The
fifteenth century was also one of improve
ment. The Arabs added a few observa-
tions on pathology, especially on eruptive
fevers. During this era the plastic opera
ton for replacing the nose when removed
by accident or disease, by using for the
purpose a piece of flesh taken from the
arm, was first performed. About the mid
die of this century metallic drugs were in
troduced for Internal administration. To-
ward the end of the century the invention
OF printing tended to assist the progress OF
medicine and scurvy was first noted in
Germany. During this period more energy
was devoted to ~post-mortem demonstra-
lions and the study of the symptoms OF
disease. To Benoveni we owe the COM
mencement Of the study Of gross pathology
and pathological anatomy. Malgaugne re-
marks Of him that a eulogy which he
merits and which he shared with no other
person, and which has not been accorded to
him by the historians, Is that he was the
first who had the habit, felt the need and
set the useful example, which he trans
mitted to his successors, of searching in
the cadaver, according to the title OF his
book, for the concealed causes OF disease.
John Fernel, who has been surnamed
the Modern Galen,' divided medicine into
physiology, pathology and therapeutics. Am
broise Pare contributed largely toward max
ing this a remarkable century. He rose
from the lowest walks OF life to the high
est professional attainments and honors.
He was the first TO control hemorrhage by
tying the bleeding vessels. thus doing away
with the former crude and painful method
Of pouring on hot oil. The writer was
amused at the place given Paracelsus, who
was on the stage Of action during this
century, by som old school historians. H
was styled the central figure Of charlatan-
ism, principally because he recognized
similia and was honest enough to admit It.
However, he had no formulated plan and
what he did In this line was simply
sporadic observations. During the six
teenth century the greatest discoveries took
place in anatomy. based upon dissectlons,
the only rational method Of obtaining
anatomical knowledge, The lesser c~ircula-
tleE CT the blood, thai through the lungs,
was defined. The officers of the universities
were chosen by the students, who assisted
In laying out the eurricula. Compare this
with the rigid methods of medical institu-
lions now In vogue. The practitioners were
OF rowing habits, which were evidently con-
tracted during their student days, as II
was customary for them to go from school
10 school, the poorer classes defraying ex-
penses by begging and singing. The seven
teenth century began with an evident i'm
proyement In the social and mental status
OF medical men and this period was signal
lied by the discovery OF the circulation Of
the blood, one OF the most important made
In medicine, Chemistry now assumed the