davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
The New Treaty Finds Favor With the
Japanese.

Toxic. Feb. u (Via Victoria, b. G.,
March 5.)-Japan has gone wild with
delight over the conclusion of the An
Japanese alliance. The press is
Drumming over with cheerful forecasts
of the result of the diplomatic union,
flags are flying and altogether young
Japan is patting itself on the back.
Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Kato touched the keynote of popular
sentiment when in a speech touching
on the proper methods OF receiving the
news of the alliance he said that ia
pan should accept her position with all
dignity. There should be no question
OF using the opportunity for asking
Great Britain to aid in the introduction
OF foreign capital into Japan. Such a
course would be like bridegroom ask
ing his father-in-law for money on re
day of the wedding
1t would be fitting, said Mr.. Kato,
that Japan should signalize the occa-
sion by sending over to the naval re-
view to be held at Spithead, during
King Edwards coronation, some repre-
sentative warship, which would be
mere effective than oratory or cheap
champagne in dark corner of the en-
pire.
This idea of Mr.. Kato's has taken
hold and yesterday it was reported that
Premier Katsura has obtained the
sanction of the emperor to send first
class battleship and a cruiser to take
part in the Spithead naval demonstra-
ton.
The chambers of commerce turnout
the country are also preparing to send
two representative merchants to attend
the coronation ceremonies.
Another feature this spring will be
the joint naval maneuvers by the Brit
ish and Japanese fleets in the China sea
Fin honor of the conclusion of the ALI
ance. The British We're going to hold
maneuvers there anyway, and it is now
proposed that their squadron Will be
reinforced from the Japanese fleet. AS
Lit happens, Russia is preparing TO hold
naval maneuvers in the same region
about the same time, and the coinci-
dence has been noted.
Marquis Ito. former premier, who has
been on a triumphal tour of the world
Is expected to arrive at Nagasaki, Ja-
pan on the 26th. His return will be
made the signal for a marked demon
st,ation of welcome.
Altho Marquis Ito was not in London
when the treaty was signed and it is
more than rumored that he was half
inclined to treat with Russia for an
alliance, still popular sentiment as
oribeds to Marquis Ito the real credit
for the conclusion of the convention.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
GRAIN TRADE NAS Dull
Poor Export Demand Kept Wheat
Prices Steady Despite DAM
age Reports.
Corn Prices Improve and Oats
Ruled Firm..Provisions
We're Depressed.
Hogs S to 10 Cents Lower-.Cattle
Steady to Weaker..Sheep
Steady.

Chicago, March 5.-Trade in all
May wheat started shade lower to
unchanged at T6ls to 761sdT6A. The
market soon resolved itself into a
scalping affair Gables We're barely
firm, the outside market up a trifle and
the buying side was little better than
selling, the commission houses execut-
ing few purchases. Crop damage re-
ports continued to come in and clear
weather was predicted in the south
west. These factors Influenced slight
1y bullish feeling, tho very poor ex-
port demand kept prices steady May
was steady at 1914 @76as.
Crop damage reports set the south
west to buying wheat. st. Louis ad-
vanced cent for May. The market
here strengthened on the influences,
May touching 1854. Liquidation later
caused a decline to 1915 and the close
was barely firm at 76ss.
Larger receipts than estimated in
corn had little effect today A bulllsh
sentiment followed the buying by the
local crowd and tho trade was exceed
ingly dull early, prices improved little.
May opened a shade lower to a shade
higher at 61A to 617s, sold to 621s and
steadied around 62.
There was some bulling of corn by
professionals and May at one time
touched 62k. Dizziness and liquidation
brought a reaction and May closed
firm, hGA higher at 611sG62.
Oats were firm. May opened Is of a
cent lower at 44l4 and eased to 441s@
AK. On larger receipts 1t advanced to
AM and steadied with corn. Trade was
slow.
Larger receipts and lower prices for
hogs at the yaf>< depressed provisions
at the opening, and caused some sell
ing. Low prices started buying by the
packers, which lifted the figure to yes
terday'S close
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05

ate under the laws Of the state of Iowa,
for the purpose of owning and operat-
ing an electric line between the cities
of Creston and Macksburg, La. The
capital stock of the company is to be
s75O,Oo0, divided into $500 shares of
the par value of 500 EACH and the Of
fcers who have incorporated the COM
pany are as follows:
President-capt e. G. Parker.
Macksburg.
Vice Observation-Disclosures r. Glover,
Omaha.
secretary-william j. Dobbs, Oma-
ha.
General attorney-w. C. Elliott Au-
dubon.
General manager-Lyman Water
man. Omaha.
Directors E. G. Barker,
Charles r. Glover and Ly-
man Waterman, Omaha; w. c. Elliott,
Audubon, and j. NJ. Lee Macksburg.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Streets Vacated and Depot Will Be
Erected.

Onawa, March 5.-The Onawa council
has passed an ordinance vacating por-
lions of certain streets which the Chi
cago & Northwestern road desired to
use in connection with the new passen-
ger depot which will be erected on an
uptown site.
A new passenger depot will be erected
opposite block II, between Iowa avenue
and Diamond street, which is only
about half block from the Hotel
Monona, and will be very satisfactory
location for an uptown depot. A new
freight depot will also be built about
one and one half blocks south.
AS the old depot was burned last
week work on the new buildings IS ex-
pected to be commenced at once
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
GERMAN LINES LOSE TRADE.
eli Steamship Companies Show Heavy
Reductions in Dividends.

Berlin, March 5.-All the German
steamship lines show heavy reductions
III their dividends for 1901. The Ham
burg American Steam Packet Com
pany reports net earnings of 20,000,000
marks for 1901, against net earnings of
23,S0o,00o in 1900, and has declared q
dividend OF per cent in 1901, as
against 10 per cent in 1900. The Argo
Steamship Company has reduced it's
dividend from per cent in 1900 to 8
per cent in 1901; the German-Austra-
lian Steamship Company paid a divi-
dcnd of S per cent in 1901, as against
II per cent in 1900, and the German
American Company which paid a divi-
Gend of 10 per cent in 1900, reduced this
to 1 per cent in 1901.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
LIGHT DRAFT RAReEs.
Sioux City Dreams of Becoming a
Great Grain Market.

Sioux City, March 5.-St. Louis cap
italists have offered to underwrite the
bonds of a proposed Missouri river
transportation and grain elevator COM
pany, which would do much toward
making Sioux City a great grain mar
ket. The plan of the promoters is
to have a line of light draft barges
which could be run UP the Missouri
river as far as the grain belt extends
and use these barges for the trans
portation of grain TO storage elevators
in Sioux City and other cities.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
THE DAY BEFORE.
(For Comparison.)

Chicago, March 4.
Wheat-No. . red, s1@s3; No. red,
1881; No. 2 hard. 1906; No. hard,
TAX @75la; March, "A; May opened
75a a76; highest, 7sb 976$s; lowest,
75N; closed, 1913 @T6A.
Corn-No. 3. 5SA M5s&; No. 8 yellow,
5sA d591a; March, $685. May opened,
60A @61A highest, 62ls lowest. 6oA
closed, 61A @617s.
oats-No. 2, 44@441: No 3, 43% GA;
No. 2 white, as G46; No. 3 white, 441s q
45Es; No white. 431a@44is: March 4S;
May opened Az highest, 441a; lowest
437s; closed, 44as.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Hardening Steel.

Small steel articles that are too soft
may be hardened with sealing wax.
The method is to have ready large
stick Of sealing wax and then after
heating the article to cherry red
thrust it into the wax for minute,
it and sticking it in again,
the operation until the steel
vs. cold and will not enter the wax.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
THE LIVESTOCK REVIEW.
Liberal Supply of Cattle Today Caused
Meokar Prices-Hous Lower

Weaker Prices-Rogs Lower.
Chicago, March 5-Cattle-For the
first half of the week receipts were H.
$50 against 44.2S1 the same time last
week. With estimated receipts of 21,-
600 there was a fairly active general
demand, but the supply caused weak
Ell feeling. and prices averaged 10 to 10
cents lower.
Hogs-Receipts for the first half of
the week amounted to about $4,000
against 122,2S0 the same time last
week. The requirements of trade are as
large as ever, but buyers took advan-
tage of today's large run to force prices
6 to 10 cents lower
Sheep-lReceipts for the first half of
the week were 45,T50, against 46,4S7 the
same time last week, and 10000. sheep
and lambs, arrived today. Trade was
less active. prices ruling weak and
and largely 10 to Is cents lower.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
OCEAN LINES AGREE.
Companies Reach an Understanding on
Passenger Rates.

New York, March 5.-The various
steamship lines plying between this
port and Europe have finally united in
an agreement as to passenger rates.
and. altho the White Star and Cunard
lines are not slgners to the agreement,
it was authoritatively denied yesterday
by prominent steamship official that
q rate war was impending. The parties
to the agreement are the American line,
Hamburg American, Holland Ameri
can. North German Lloyd. Compagnie
Generate Transatlantique, and the Red
Star. Both the White Star line and the
Cunard line are expected to enter
the combination.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Chicago Livestock.

chicago, NdTCH D.
Cattle-Estimated receipts 21,00O,
steady to weaker; good to prime, 6.25
MI25; poor to medium 4.o0@6.7o:
COWS, 1.25@6.25; Texans. 450@5.9O;
stockers, 2.50@5.30.
Hogs-Estimated receipts $4,000, 5
to 10 lower; mixed butchers, $3.50
$50 good choice heavy. 625@6.40;
rough heavy, 5.9o@6.1o. light, $3.50
sos; bulk sales, 5.s5@6.15.
Sheep--Estimated receipts 10000,
steady, BOOBIES; lambs strong, 3.75
m66O.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
BUYS 100000 in BONDS.
Another Purchase Made by the Sec
retarv of the Treasury,

Washington. D. c., March 4.-The
secretary of the treasury has purchased
81, 100000 short 4 per cent bonds. which
makes the total purchased since July 1,
1901, $51, 356,42O, of all denominations,
at cost of $64,90S,622.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05

steers, 4.5o@5.75; stockers and feed
ers, 3.OOG525; calves, 4.50@6.50.
Hogs-Estimated receipts for today.
10000; 8 cents lower; heavy, $3.50
$50; packers, 5.9o@64o; light. $500
$40.
Sheep-Estimated receipts for today.
1000; firm; muttons, 5.0oM5.6O; lambs,
6.2o@6.5o; range wethers, 4.s0d $50;
ewes. 425M4.30.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
New York Produce.

New York, March 5.
Wheat-May, SPA.
Corn-67.
Butter Steady, 1s@2s.
Eggs-Unsettled. %.
Poultry Alive, steady springers.
1o1a; turkeys. 10: fowls 101s; dressed
slow, springers. 10@12; turkeys, l3@
1872; fowls, 1922 all.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Liverpool Gram.

Liverpool, March'5.
wheat-Steady. unchanged; May, 6s
sd; July, is I'D.
Corn-steady: spot, SIS lido IS 21ad;
March, 5s1Ad May, 5s 11ad.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
ELECTRIC LINE INCORPORATES.
Gre on-Winterset Trolley Files Papers
at Creston.

Special to Times Republican.
Creston, March 5.-Articles of incor-
poration of the Creston Electric Light,
Heat and Power Company were filed
here late yesterday afternoon. This is
the proposed Creston Winterset road.
The articles are voluminous in nature,
but the substance of the matter is that
Messrs. Lyman Waterman and Charles
r. Glover, of Omaha, Capt q. G. Barker
and j. M. Lee Of Macksburg, and w. c.
Elliott Of Audubon, desire to incorpor-
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
CORN SHREDDER ACCIDENT.
Peter sundsein, of stratford, Has an
Arm Taken Off.
to Times Re nuhlican.

Special to Hines RepubIlcan.
Webster City. March 5.-Peter Sund
gein. of Stratford, small town south
OF this city, caught his right arm in a
corn shredder yesterday and 1t was
shredded in fine strips about to the ell
bow, necessitating amputation at the
shoulder
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Duluth Gram

Duluth, March 5.
Wheat-Cash. No. hard. 761a; No
/ northern. 7SE; No. northern, IL;
No. 3 spring, 90 To arrive, No. hard
751a No. / northern. 1872; May, rs.
JULY 1914
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
CHICAGO Grain.

Chicago, March b.
wheat-March. 74A; May opened at
761s @76A; highest, 76&; lowest, 761s;
closing at 1855.
Corn-March, 60; May opened at 61&
ds17s; highest. 621a; lowest 61&; clos
ing at 61K @62.
Oats-March, 40; May opened at
44A highest, 447s; lowest, "A; closing
at AIS @44A.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
ST. Louis Produce.

st. louis, MaTCH 0.
Wheat-Cash. S4A May S3a4.
Corn-Cash, 81; May, 81.
Oats-Cash, "A; May, "A.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Milwaukee Grain,

Milwaukee, March 8.
Wheat-Higher; No. i northern, 75Hs
m76; No northern, 7S12 G75; May,
76il GIGS.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
MINNEAPOLIS Grain.

MINNEAPOLIS, Mafch %.
Wheat--May. 1875; July, 749s @74A
On track, No. hard. 1855 No. ! north
ern, 1885; No. 2 northern, IFS @72ss.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Peoria Produce.

Peoria, March 5.
Confirm; No. 3, 5sA.
Oats-Dull; no sales quoted.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Money Market.

New Ork, MaTCH D.
Money-Steady, 2ls; prime mercan-
tile. 4d4A; sterling, steady. 4.S1ss@
4.S7R on demand; 4.S51s @4.s5ss at six
ty days.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
WEATHER FORECAST.

Chicago, March 5.-For Iowa: Fair
tonight and Thursday; probably cooler
Thursday afternoon or night in the
west portion. Synopsis of weather con-
ditions:
The central portion of the country is
covered by an area of high pressure,
the weather being generally clear and
the temperature has remained about
stationary during the past twenty -four
hours.
The barometer is low this morning
on the Atlantic coast and over the
north Pacific coast.
At the time of observation 1T was
showing at Philadelphia on the Atlantic
coast and raining at Portland and Ia
coma on the north Pacific coast.
The average amounts of precipita-
ton reported during the past twenty
four hours We're 1.S2 inches at Portland,
/ 90 inch at Tacoma and 40 inch at
Philadelphia.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
THE DAY BEFORE.
(For Comparatively

Chicago, March 4.
Cattle Estimated receipts, 1000;
steady: good to prime, 6.5O@7.O5; poor
to medium, 4.0O@6.50; COWS, 1.25d $50 !;
Texans, 45O@5,95; stockers, 2.25M5.O0.
Hogs Estimated receipts, 10000;
weak; mixed butchers, 5.90@6.5O; good
choice heavy, $3.50 6.52h; rough heavy,
s.15@s.sO; light. 5.s5@6.20; bulk sales,
6.1o@6.35.
Sheep - Estimated receipts, 10000;
weak, 3.so@5.25; lambs, strong, 1850
$50.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Her Husband Murdered.

Omaha, Neb.. March 5.-Despondent
over the murder of her husband a
year ago, Mrs. Ida Lauder, the pretty
young widow of William Lauder, com
mitted suicide in her home last Fri
day, the body lying on the floor of
her bedroom until yesterday, when
becoming alarmed at her
seeming absence from home, forcibly
entered and made the discovery
William Lauder was shot and killed
by Policeman Godola in a quarrel
a year ago. Godola was sentenced to
prison, but IS about to be pardoned. In
addition to being dissatisfied over his
reported pardon, Mrs. Lauder brooded
over her husbands murder, and as the
anniversary of his death drew near
nothing could arouse her from her
lethargy.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
New York Exchange.
JAPAN LIKES THE ALLIANCE.

Chicago, March 5.-New York ex-
change 25 per cent discount.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
Kansas civ livestock.

Kansas City, March 5.
Cattle-Estimated receipts for to-
day, $500; barely steady; native
steers, 6.20@6.40; Texan and Indian
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1902-03-05
PEACE AT oNAwA.

Totals ...s7,24s.s2 s2.s11.59 s4,ss77a
The Conservative, 1902-01-02
Che Conservative.

Cal IrulUS.
1t was a glorious effort to increase
our commerce and to gain an outlet
for our surplus product
When these matters became public,
there was frightened cry from de-
pendent protectionists. Manufacture
ers asserted that the reduction on cot
ton knit goods meant irreparable in
jury. A paper factory in Lee, Mass.
was in an agony Of despair at the pros
pect of reduction in the paper sched-
ule. The gentle shepherds from Ohio.
pasturing sheep on 500 an acre land
and of the Rocky Mountains, where
government ranges can be had for
nothing, raised mighty shout at the
enormity of 20 per cent reduction on
wool. Under the Dingley Act the
finer Andean f1eeces were practically
prohibited, and the reduction would
be welcome to manufacturers Cali
fornia protested because West Indian
fruits were to compete with her
own.
The most amusing objection came
from novelty factories in Providence
and Attleboro, which are supported by
kindly disposed customers who chari
tably tax themselves some IS per cent.
They addressed the New England con-
gressmen as follows:
"Should the French treaty be rati-
fed, the home market will again be
crowded with foreign made goods
and to compete with the same labor,
which enters largely into the produc-
tion, must necessarily be the sufferer.
"In 1897 we petitioned for tariff
of rs per cent. The enactment of the
Dingley bill, fixed the rate at 65 per
cent, which does not fully reach the
point of equalization.
"To now infringe on that percentage
even 1 per cent would be blow at
labor and the persons dependent on
the jewelry industry. We earnestly
appeal to you to use your utmost en-
deavor to nave the treaty rejected. -
The Home Market Club, our in
dustrial Mentor, not believing that
President Mckinley was guilty Of
such heresy, until his last message to
congress, began to pass resolutions.
1t thought that the wool reduction
was an outrage, for the wool schedule
was arranged after long conference
"between the growers and the manu-
facturers. 1t is not apparent from
this statement that the question of
revenue or of consumers interest
was of any consequence in this matter.
The organization further declared
that the treaties "are not based upon
the true principle of reciprocity,
which is the exchange on favorable
The Conservative, 1902-01-02
THE SHAM OF RECIPROCITY.


reciprocity:
Protection and reciprocity are twin
measures of republican policy, and go
hand in hand Democratic rule has
recklessly struck down both, and both
must be established. Protection for
what we produce, free admission for
the necessaries of life which we do not
produce; reciprocal agreements of mu-
tual interest which gain open markets
for us in return for our open market to
others. Protection builds up domestic
industry and trade, and secures our
own market for ourselves. Reciproc-
ity builds up foreign trade, and finds
an outlet for our surplus. ~
In pursuance of this plank in the
platform, section 4 of the Dingley
Act of 1897, partly as an antidote to
its high protective features and partly
as an effort to keep the party true to
it's pledges, gave to the president of
the United States, by and with the
advice and consent of the SEN
ate, within period of two years
after the passage of the act, au-
thority to enter into commercial treat
les with foreign countries by which
our duties might be reduced as much
as 20 per cent, and certain natural
products, not of this country, might be
put upon the free list in return for
compensating reductions allowed to
this country.
Under this section, Presid ent Nc
Kinley appointed Hon. John A. Kas-
son. who, previously on the Ways and
Means Committee, had acquired con-
siderable experience with tariff sched-
ules. He at once set about his task,
and in short time had succeeded in
formulating treaties with France, the
Argentine Republic, Danish West
Indies, and British West Indies. The
two first named were the most import
ant. France agreed to make an aver
age reduction of about 30 per cent on
about 600 articles we agreed to make
an average reduction of 68 per cent
on about 200 articles. France, al
though protective country, had a
tariff far lower than ours; yet she al
lowed us substantial advantages,
while we, having al exaggerated
protective tariff, only made slight re-
ductions on a few schedules The
most important concession was on cot
ton knit goods, which were reduced
from GA to 81 70 per cent; cheap imita-
tion jewellery was reduced or 10 per
cent French silk was admitted at 55
instead of 60 per cent; and there
were slight reductions in the paper
schedules.
To the Argentine Republic, in return
for varv adyanta uaouc tar,,,o xra ,,ro n
The Conservative, 1902-01-02

In addition to this, they disturb the
harmony of adjustment between in
dustries, which is an important char
acteristic of the tariff law, and will
therefore introduce such inequalities
as to unfavorably affect all business. "
Senator Elkins, of West Virginia, de-
clared: II shall fight these treaties
to the bitter end. They are wrong
in principle and ruinous in practice
The republican party made a mistake
in suggesting reciprocity in it's plat
form and in enacting reciprocity
law"
After favorable report by the Sen
ate Committee on Foreign Relations,
Senator Aldrich, of Rhode Island
(anxious for his novelty constituents),
moved that the matter be referred to
the finance committee; and, although
Mr. Kasson secured an extension of
time for ratification to save some of
the treaties from defeat, they were
perished before they were born. The
senate adjourned, and Mr.. Kasson re-
signed in disgust. Reciprocity is de-
fined in the Standard Dictionary as
mutual equality Of rights and bene-
fits" In modern journalism it is
frequently styled "a sickly republi-
can twin.
The foregoing facts constitute the
best evidence of the insincerity Of the
republican declarations regarding So
called reciprocity. The arguments
against the treaties were fallacious
excuses The only "dissimilar and
non competing products use the
expression of the Home Market Club
in which we can trade are raw ma
terials from the tropics, as coffee,
chocolate, tea, and spices. The
tropics include the West Indies, Mex
leo, Central America, and South
America as far south as Rio Janeiro,
Malaysia, Southern India, and Central
| Africa. These countries are and al
ways will be industrially and COM
mercially the poorest. The people
from whom we derive our origin, the
nations which furnish us the finest
examples Of art and science, the lands
which give us the greatest incentive
to industry and inventive achieve
ments, and where our merchants turn
to seek in friendly commercial inter-
course the accumulation of honest
wealth, are still by republican tariffs
to be closed to traders sailing under
the stars and stripes. How many of
our machines can the tropics take?
How many shiploads of breadstuffs,
the imports of all active metropolis,
can we send to the indolent natives
basking in the meridian heat of per-