The evening times. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1895-1902, 1902-08-25
Number
increase.


Salaries NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. S9J2, 1856 $3.50. so
4age-e2rneEs -...-....-.. 1893 1891
Total wages. SO, 500 6l4 $, 202, I26
Men 10 years. 1884 BIB
Wages ----------....-.Sl SO, s54,62s s, los, 80
Women, l6 years..
~ ages ...--.-....-.--.. SIS
NhiIocen -------------- IA Is
wages --------.-----,-. 81, sos $50 SIS
Miscellaneous expenses 81 .S69, 81 ss77. s0i
Cost Of materials SO IL, 3g5 So s58 $50
lslUe OF products. SIS. 203,0 4s so 2s6 Z-
Locomotives.
A.z8i6er -.-.--.,r....-.. ETHICS $50
Value -----.----------s 81 I2I- 053 s, 36s- SIS
Other products. Ss,Os7 ,955 S2,9IT, 69i
It will be seen that there was cc1:-
siderable increase in the value OF loco
motives during the ten years. The z, 469
locomotives built in 1890 had an average
value OF IS ,199. while the LIZA baiIt at
| locomotive works in 1900 averaged 50, III
/ in value, an increase Of sI,57S. or 1872
/ per cent This increase Is due in part
TO changes in size and construction. The
/ Increase in number OF locomotives built
/ il 1900. compared with 1895. appears to
have been due TO the foreign demand,
/ the number exported in 1900 being SO
compared with IsI in 1880, an increase
/ OF 354- The absolute increase between
I the two census years. as shown in table
/ ,, was 365-
/ Table is summary for locomotive
/ works, by States. 1900.
Pennsylvania Leads.
! Pennsylvania led in the manufacture.
/ IN 1900. with 4S.2 per cent Of the total
value OF products. In 1890 the State also
! led IN value OF products, with 44.e per
| cent OF the total. New York was second,
With q per cent. New Jersey was third.
though there were oniz two establish
ments in the State
/ As q result Of conditions which have
/ necessitated the practical reeonstruc-
ton OF the railroad transportation sys-
tens OF the United States-a work still
/ IN progress and likely to continue for
! many yeaTs-the period between 1890
! and 1900 was probably the era Of most
notable development in locomotive con-
/ struction.
Larger Engines Necessary.
In transportation. as in every other
branch Of industry, the tendency has
been toward larger operations, necessi-
! tating the use of more powerful appli-
ances Of every description. The prob
/ lem has been, as IN manufacturing. TO
! produce the greatest possible result
with the smallest expenditure OF manual
} labor. This is shown in the continuous
/ increase in the size and capacity of
/ freight cars, requiring more powerful
/ locomotives.
/ In 1890 q freight car, with carrying
( capacity OF so 900 pounds. was deemed
adequate for all ordinary requiremeatz.
but IN ten years the limit has been
! increased 10 1000 pounds, while cars
Of even greater capacity have been con-
/ stTucted- This increase has been male
! possible through the substitution of steel
/ for wood IL the construction OF freight
Ct,rs- The application OF the air brake
10 freight cars has permitted freights to
travel with safety at higher rates OF
speed than were practicable a few years
ago.
Extensive Reconstruction.
To meet the use OF heavier rolling
stock, especially locomotives. and the
increasing speed of trains, it has be-
come necessary in recent years for the
railroads TO undertake extensive recon
struction. involving the laying OF heav-
/ Ter rails and OF a frmer and better bal
/ lasted roadbed. the Strengthening 0.
steel bridges or their replacement by
masonry structures. and the elimination
OF curves and grades approved or
deemed unavoidable by earlier engineers
Higher Speed Possible.
Concurrent with the increase In the
carrying capacity of freight cars, there
has been a reduction in the length Of
cars used for the transportation OF
| coal and OF iron ore. This shotening of
the wheel base has resulted in a con
| centration Of the weight in a manner
not taken into consideration when most
/ OF the railroads now in operation were
/ planned and constructed
/ Al! the changes mentioned, together
with the demand for Eigher rates of
! speed in the passenger service, have
/ given great stimulus to the develop
ment Of a locomotive having greater
/ Iractive power and capable of running
/ at higher rates Of speed than those
! manufactured In 1880.
The most important features of this
/ development may be summarized as
| follows: A marked increase in size and
weight, with increased tractiye power
I and speed; the use of larger boilers.
/ with thicker shells; larger fire boxes
and increased CRATE area, made neces-
saPy by the demand for higher steam
1 pressure end great steam generating
| capacity: economy in the use of steam.
] BY compromising; aid the substitution
| Of steel castings for wrought-iron or
| iron castings for several important
parts
It is difficult to measure. in exact
/ terms. the increase In weight Of loco