davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
Iron and Steel.

Tt Is of interest 10 know that the de- velopment of the iron and steel industry of the United States during the last thirty years. as shown by census com parisons. is without parallel in the in- dustrial history of the world" remarked a corporation official
 From one of the smaller producers of iron and steel this country has risen during a quarter of a century to the po- sltion of the largest producer.
 "Thirty-flve years ago the united king dom produced practically one-half of the worlds pig Iron, while the United states produced less than one-seventh of the total; whereas in 1901 the United States stood first in its proportion of the total, contributing twice as much as the unteG kingdom.
 "The worlds total product of pig iron Tn 1e1l is placed by the London Commercial Intelligence at 40. 4OS, 900 tons, of which the United States produced 15.s7S,00o tons, the united kingdom 775o,OOO tons, Germany 7.es9OO tons. Russia S,l0O,oOO tons, France 1862 COG tons and the remainder of the world 5655,O0O tons.
 comparing the production or lSUl with that of the annual average for the i've year period. 1s66-7O. it is seen that the United States has increased It's pig iron output far more rapidly than and other nation, it's increase amounting to ss5 per cent, the increase of the united kingdom being 51 per cent of Germany BPS per cent, and of the entire world exclusive of the countries mentioned. 256 per cent.
 "The different censuses bring out the expansion of the steel and iron industry in this country strildngly, and for this reason the detailed comparisons are con fined to the period between 1870 and 1900. The census of 1870, taking the steel and iron industry as a whole, shows a total output of S,2ss 5s5 tons having an aggre- gate value of SPOT, POS 69e.
 '"rhc census of 1900 shows a total out put of 29,5o7.s60 tons of products, having an aggregate value of o4034,91s.
 "In 1870 there were employed T,555 wage-earners. This number mad increased to 222.6O7 In 1900. The wages paid in- creased from s4O,514ss1 in 1870 to $12O.sae. 9SS in 1900"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
InteIIIaenI Acllon on Boih sIdes.

There is no fact in our industrial life that stands out plainer than the increasing intelligence manifest in or ganized labor. It is not only better led, but the rank and file are display ing the best qualities of citizenship. The latter stand loyally up to their leaders. A large operator in the Ohio soft coal fields recently said:
 We gradually worked out one point after another with the union leaders. and found them. on the whole fair. reason able men. They admitted that there were a good many things in union practice that were wrong and were calculated to create opposition, but they said if the companies would take little time and make some allowances for the material that the leaders had to work with they would find a disposition to do the flair thing, Since We made our agreements with the men. we. have done better than ever before. The agreements have been kept, and kept sometimes under pressure ana when II was TOT tue AeHpoIdIN du- vantage of the men to have broken them. We have found 1t safer to make contracts with the labor unions than we have to make contracts with competing compa- nies. That seems a hard thing to say but 1t is true.
 With honest and intelligent capital talking and acting in this manner, and with labor becoming year by year bet ter led, more loyal to contracts, and stronger in good sense and discipline, the time Is not far distant when labor and capital will become good working partners, indispensable to each other.
 The progress of late toward honest, upright and consistent action has been rapid on the part of labor. President John Mitchell proved more than a match at all places and in all times for the operators, and the rank and file stood by him to a man. Industrial peace and progress can only come through an intelligent understanding between capital and labor.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
EVERY MAN, WOMAN AND
 CHILD USES 126 PINS

From the American Exporter.
 The manufacture of pins has become such an industry in the United States that the mills of this country practically supply the world with his needed article, and yet the demand is by no means small one Pins cost only trifie now adays, where they were very expensive. In 1900 the 10, ,00O, GOO people in the United States used 66,000,000 gross of common pins or an average of about 123 pins for every man, woman and child in the coun- try. This is the highest average reach ed anywhere in the use of pins. Ten years ago we used only about 72 pins each.
 The total number of pins manufactured in the United States during 1900 the cen sus year, was 6s,ss926 gross. There are forty-three factories in all, with 2353 em- ployes. The business has grown rapidly during the last twenty years, for al- though there were forty factories in 1880 they produced only half as much. em- ployed only about half the capital and only 1077 hands. There has been a con- siderable increase in the number of wom- en and children employed in pin factor les of late years, which is an indication that the machinery is being improved and simplified and that its operation does not require so high and order of mechan- ical skill.
 Hooks and eyes are a by-product of pinmaking, and are produced at most of the factories from material that will not do for pins. The output of hooks and eyes in 1900 was 1,S24 gross.
 Pins and hooks and eyes are turned out by automatic machines in such quantities today that the cost of manufacture is practically limited to the value of the brass wire from which they are made. A single machine does the whole business. Coils of wire, hung upon reels, are passed into machines which cut them into prop CT lengths. and they drop off into a re- ceptable and arrange themselves in the line of a slot formed by two bars. When
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
ANTHRAcITE,s DOWNS AND UP.
History of Coal That the Public at
 First Refused to Use.

From the Toronto Mail and Empire.
 Anthracite coal, which we are all so anxious to get just now, was less than century ago, when the first efforts were made 60 market it, denounced as fraud The people of those days declared t was Impossible to burn such ''stone.' At the close of the eighteenth century. in 1791, the Lehigh Coal company tried in vain to sell in Philadelphia the new fuel which had been found on its property in Carbon county. Several attempts were made to burn anthracite, but for a long time the results were uniformly unsat isfactory Finally. in 1915, the secret was accidentally discovered. Tests had been made in a rolling mill at Schuylkill. Aft CT repeated attempts to make 1t burn By means of frequently raking the fire. the worlSmen gave up the experiment in dis gust, filled the furnace with the worth less ''black stones" and left 1t. Return ing a few hours afterward they were amazed to find a fierce fire with a terrific heat, and thenceforward the problem of burning anthracite was solved.
 But the people were slow to believe
 
 ing tho flack stones. As late as 1883 one Charles Miner wrote as follows: While we pushed forward our labors at the mine, hauling coal, building arks. etc., we had the greater difficulty to over come of inducing the public to use our coal when brought to their doors, much as 1t was needed. We published hand bills in English and German. stating the mode of burning the coal, either in grates, smiths fires or in stoves. Num- erous certificates were obtained and printed from blacksmiths and others who had successfully used the anthracite. Mr. Cist formed a model of a coal stove ana got number cast. Together we went to the several houses in the city and pre- vailed on the masters to allow us to kindle fires of anthracite in their grates, erected to burn Liverpool coal. We att tended at blacksmiths shops and per- suaded some to alter the ''too-iron.' so that they might burn the Lehigh coal, and we were sometimes obliged to bribe the journeymen to try the experiment fairly. so averse were they to learning the use of new sort of fuel so different from what they were accustomed to-" But even these methods were slow to overcome popular prejudice. It was only when, through a sudden rise in the price of charcoal. the manufacturers began to use anthracite that the new fuel found it's way into favor.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
PROGRESS OF RED MOUNTAIN.

From the Bessemer Weekly.
 Few citizens realize the extensive i'm provements along Red Mountain almost within a stones throw of this city. The Sloss company are not doing very much in that line, but the Tennessee company is spending many thousand dollars. Be- sides the immense power plant just com pleted at Feeders installed in large brick buildings and the big and elegant office building, and the capacious store build- ing and the several fine dwellings erected on the apex of the ridge lying between Feeders and the city and large number of tenement buildings for miners and gen. eral employees. the company IS erecting a commodious and modernly appointed hospital, capacious for the needs of all of their different iron ore mines. This is now nearly completed. It will be under the charge of Dr. Richardson, the chief physician of the Tennessee company.
 The Louisville and Nashville, as nere- tofore stated, is building line hugg'ng near the summit of the mountain rom Feeders down to Sparks Gap, distance of some four miles Iron ore mines VIII be opened all along the crest or the noun tain. Ore along here is of excellent quail ity. and the vein now being worked runs from eight to ten feet thick.
 All up and down this stretch of the mountain cottages and cabins for miners and workmen are being erected. many of them on. little plots of ground bought by the builders themselves.
 It will not be long before the valleys and foothills along this new line will just teem with population and the hum of busy industry will be heard from end to end
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
IN HOTEL LoBBIEs.
Meroantlla Ruslneas.

My sales indicate the state of trade in Birmingham, because I sell only for cash said First avenue merchant yes- terday. "In fact, business at my store may be regarded as an unerring barome- tor Sales within the past few days have been uncommonly large.
 My receipts for the nine months of this year ending September 90 were only about 10 per cent more than those for the corresponding period of last year, but business will be larger than ever be- tween now and Christmas. have a larger stock than usual and people seem to be eager to make purchases. The vol ume of my sales for the twelve months of this year will probably run 15 or 20 per cent beyond last years business"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22

ming in the south said Colonel Garrett. at the Barton. last evening. .'The devel- opment of railroad building in connec- ton with timber lands and naval stores" he added. lis something wonderful The people are so busy that they really haven't time to get interested In the com ing congressional elections. This explains the general apathy in the south the pa- pers have been printing so much about. There Is Q demand for labor in the south at good wages. and the labor is hard to get Just think of it for one moment. land you could buy a few years ago for a dollar an acre now brings five and six dollars. And even at these figures you cant get all the land you want"
 Referring to the political outlook, Col onel Garrett stated that in his opinion 1t would be better for the democratic party if the republicans would carry the house in November The republicans, by a victory in November. he said, would lose more than the democrats could pos sibly gain
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22

will arrive in Birmingham from New York today.
 J. Thomas Henln of LaFayette Is at the Metropolitan.
 s. NJ Spencer. democratic nominee for the state senate for Hale and Green, is in Birmingham Gen. Charles M. Shelley is in the city.
  w.F. Aldrich of Aldrich Is at the Hili- man.
 R.H. Cobb of Anniston is at the Morris F. M. colburn and p. L. Rankin Of Boston are at the Hillman. M D. wiokersham of Mobile is at the Morris.
 W. B. Reynolds of MontsvallO is at the Morris.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
RIa eRowERs oF APPLEs.

Topeka dispatch to the Chicago Inter
 Ocean.
 In the last twelve years Judge We'll house has grown fin Kansas nearly one half million bushels of apples, for which bushel. Judge Wellhouse has increased his orchards annually until he now has more than 1900 acres in Leavenworth, Miami and Osage counties. He has re- duced the industry to a scienpe
 When the seasons are favorable, as the season of 1902. he raises from COCO to So,- 600 bushels of apples. In hot and dry seasons his yield falls as low as 40o bushels. In the season of 1893 he did not pick the crop at all.
 The judges original venture In apple raising was on a 120-acre tract. This orchard was planted in 1876 near Leaven- worth. The land was poor In quality, so far as the production of wheat or corn was concerned, and many looked upon his venture in doubt.
 The varieties of apples are divided as follows; Ben Davis, so acres; Winesap, 76 acres; Missouri Pippin, 409 acres; Jon- athan, 19O acres; York Imperial, 15o acres; Gano. 16O acres; Maiden Blush, 1e acres; Cooper Early. 16 acres.
 In the years when he picked 5000 bushels or more, Mir. Wellhouse's ex- penses were nearly $15,0OO annually. and his receipts for 1890 were s62,00o. In his years of apple raising he has realized a net profit of $1O4.OOO. to say nothing of the increased investments and holdings in Kansas land.
 MT. Wellhouse has found the Ben Davis apple to be the most profitable, while the Jonathan has yielded more bushels to the acre. Missouri Pippin comes second in yield and the Ben Davis third. But the best price and most appreciative and active market is for the Ben Davis On Fairmont Hill, near Leavenworth. he has erected large packing and drying plant, and his shipments of fruit are made to Kansas City. Chicago. New York, Bos- ton and foreign points. He also has a large trade in dried apples.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
MEleven Dead at Litfleton.

So runs a specal dispatch in the Louisville Courier-Journal, and similar messages were no doubt sent to other papers by Bohemians of this locality. The men who send such matter to dis tant newspapers do not stop to think they are supplying the enemy with ammunition-that they are promoting the republican party in other states when they present vivid pictures of race waxs--that they are frightening capital. thus crippling our industries and checking our prosperity.
 The Little&on affair was in truth scarcely worthy of notice. It was priginatedan a hopjack joint, in which whites and blacks are alike interested. It was Q roughand-tumble affair par ticipated edtan by the baser elements of 3 small 4sninfng locality. One man did die on account of the presence of the eVerTeady pistol, but he did not die in Lit1eton. No ono was killed on the spot and no one was seriously in. 9ured except ore man, who died en route to this city. All is quiet and peaceful in Ldttleton. There is no lEacial trouble there-only a hopjack joint, and this may lead to another Idrunken broil at any time.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
REFLECTIONS OF A BACHELOR.
New York Press.

From the New York Press
 Little girls begin to look at little boys the same time they begin to look into mirrors.
 The man who rocks the boat is a merciful angel compared to the man who runs the automobile.
 Women are lucky in being able to wear bowlegs without making it a matter of public notoriety.
 Maternity is made up of equal parts of melting tenderness. consuming jealousy. torturing fear, and sublime hope.
 When a man has won a quarter because the other fellow was fool enough to be- lieve another mans statement and bet on it. he multiplies it by thousand and casually mentions 1t as his reason for opening wine that day,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22

they reach the lower end of the bars they are seized and pressed between two dies, which form the leads and pass along into the grip of another steel instrument, which points them by pressure. They are then dropped Into a solution of sour beer, whirling as they go, to be cleaned and then into hot solution of tin, which is also kept revolving. They here receive their bright coat of metal, and are pushed along, killing time, until they have had an opportunity to harden, when they work gradually down to the bottom of the bar rel, which is a metallic plate cut into sits just big enough for the body of the pins. but not big enough for the head to pass through. Thus they are straight. ened out into rows again, and, like well drilled soldiers pass along towards the edge of the bottom, and slide down ar inclined plane, still hanging by their heads, until they reach strips of paper, to which they are introduced by curi- ous jerk of the machine. The first they know they are all placed in rows, wrapped up and on their way to the big depart ment stores, where they are sold at from five cents to ten cents a gross. A ma~ chine is expected to throw out several thousand gross an hour.
 Needles are made by similar machine. In 1900 there were made 1897, ,533 gross of machine needles 212,6S9 gross for shoe- making, 324,476 gross for ordinary house. hold sewing machines, 307,426 gross for knitting machines and the rest for other kinds of sewing and knitting machinery, generally for factory use. We imported $41s,OO4 worth of ordinary needles, most of them from England
 Hairpins and safety pins and other kinds of pins are manufactured in a sim far manner We made 1.1S9, 1o4 gross of hair pins in 1890. Both needles and hair- pins are manufactured to a greater ex- tent in Europe than plain pins. Safety pins, however, are decidedly American, and of these we make on an average of 1,000000 gross a year.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
RIRDsEYE MAPLE.

From the Scientific American.
 What is birds-eye maple7" That is a question which just now seems to be bafhing not only people who use furni- tnre made of this particular wood, but even woodworkers themselves. In q re- cent number of woodworking magazine an article was published which stated that birds-eye maple was not a peculiar maple. but simply ordinary maple cut in a certain way. In a recent issue of the New York Sun that statement is refuted. It is there stated on the authority of a woodworker that bird s-eye maple and curly maple are both cut only from the logs of the rock maple tree, Acer cac- eiiarinum, in which beautiful lustrous grain Is produced by the sinuous course of the fbers. This tree Is not at all the common hard maple It is a hard maple, but 1t Is full of little gnarls' called eyes. Men looking for bird s-eye maple logs go through the standing timber and pick out the bird's-eye maple trees, paying for them from S30 to $50 thousand feet in the woods. Ordinary hard maple logs are worth only from s6 to s7 a thousand feet. It would be impossibles to cut piece of veneer with eyes in 1t from common hard maple log and 1t would be equally impossible to cut a bird's-eye maple log, no matter how you cut it, so that it would not show the eyes,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
THE NEW MERRlMAck MILL.

From the Huntsville Mercury.
 No greater evidence of the unsurpassed advantages of Huntsville as a cotton manufacturing city could be offered than the action of the Merrimack corporation. Their present plant turns out about 10000 pieces of cloth per week, and the new mill when completed will have a capacity of at least 10000 pieces. It naturally fol- lows that the oldest and strongest cot ton manufacturing corporations in the United States would not more than double it's present capacity and capitalization if the conditions were not more favorable here than elsewhere.
 Another feature of the increased capi- talization and size of the Merrimac mills worthy of mention Is that none but stand ard print cloths are made. The impress sion was created by the first telegram the Mercury had regarding the new mill that coarse cloths would be made for the Chinese trade. That idea was erron- eous. Nothing but standard print cloths are made at the present mill, and the out put of the new mill will be the same. Clearly it is the purpose of the officers of the company to increase their plant here until it has a capacity equal to their finishing plant at Lowell.
 Ultimately the Merrimack prints will be bleached and finished here in Hunt vile It is the unalterable logic of events, Mill men are disposed to doubt the feasi- biity of such departure now, but not more so than they did the manufacture of standard prints here dozen years ago. Now the best 64x64 cloth made are made in Huntsville, and before the end of a dozen years they will be finished for the market right here in Huntsville.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
CHANCE IN TEMPERATURE
 OF ARKANSAS HOT SPRINGS

that which ascribes the heat of the of igneous rock It seems scarcely neces. sary to call attention to the absardtty oi the Idea that either slaklng lime in ths depths of the earth, or chemical reaction of the waters with the atmosphere. could be the cause of the heat. That the waters come from depth sufficient for their heating by the normal increment of earth heat q degree for every fifty feet seems unreasonable, since 1t would neoessitate a depth of nearly 5000 feet to give the waters their present tenn perature, even assuming that they were not cooled in their course upward. Tho composition of the gases given off by the waters shows that they contain at mospheric air as well as carbon dioxide.
 That the heat of the water is due to the heat developed by the folding of the rocks, which Is the theory given to ac- count for the heat at the Virginia Hot Springs is not probable, for the folding at Hot Springs is not more intense than elsewhere in the mountain regions of Al hddiStl1 ddia iiO CNihCAJt OA l1pl-bpIlHH action has been found at any other local tiles, except where igneous rocks are present
 It is believed that a great body of still heated igneous rocks, intruded in the earth's crust by volcanic agencies, under lies a large part of central Arkansas The existence of such mass is shown by the great bodies of granite seen at Pot ash Sulphur Springs and Magnet Cove, where the rocks have been exposed by the wearing down of the overlying sedi- ments though the igneous rocks seen were of course long since cooled. At Magnet Cove, moreover, there are tufa deposits which show the former occur renee of hot springs.
 This hypothesis is strengthened by the occurrence at various localities about the springs of intrusive dikes. whose trend and occurrence indicate that the molten material which filled the Assures did not come from the bodies of rock now ex- posed at Potash Sulphur Springs or at Magnet Cove but had some deep-seated source, whose location Is indicated by the dkes as being approximately under the hot springs Vapors, produced by the contact of deep-seated waters, with this ''batholith" of hot rock, probably ascend through Assures toward the surface where they meet and heat cold spring waters As the igneous dikes near by are Assures reaching down to this great mass of igneous magum which ha. been filled by 1t to form dikes, it is not unreasonable to suppose that Assures ex- tend down to the now solid but still hot igneous mass.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1902-10-22
SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS.

From the Charleston News and Courier.
 The Knoxville Journal and Tribune says there are 100000 white men In the state of Tennessee who are republicans on principle and from choice and that not one in ten of them holds office or ever expects to. If the party Is over strengthened in the south,' says the Journal, Tt must be by commanding the respect of the best people of this seo- ton. It can never be done by an aggre- gation whose chief occupation is a strug- gle for patronage" The party in South Carolina really consists of those who hold office, and without them there would be no republican party here. Do away with the patronage; do away with the party.