The Montgomery advertiser., 1902-06-26

diseases that are preventaple. ihese are ma laria and typhoid fever. Both of these dfs- eases are transferred, or may be tran ferTed, by insects-malaI ia by certain mosquitoes and
 typhoid fever by the common house n.y. or City and Country Conditions Compar- ed.
 ,whle if is true" continues the author. ''that both malaria and typhoid prevail in large cities, it is none the less true that they tel med country diseases; that is to say, rather specifically. diseases of the farm and small village. Malaria. in fact ha1 been called by medical country disease. Swampy re- gions do not occur in cities, or. at all events, only in the suburbs, whereas they occur com monly in the country. Open streL.ls with side pools of still water are found only in the country. and 1t is in such small still pools that the malarial mesquite breeds. This mos quito therefore, does not accommodate itseit well to city conditions. but 1t is found almost everywhere in the country. except possioiy m very dry localities and at certain high eleva-
 Cities we'll supplied with water from reservoir which possess a modern sewage sys- tenn derive typhoid fever only from contami- mated country milk. the return of people in the Autumn from the less sanitary country and lack of care in the disposal of the com post of persons whc have contracted typho.u from either of the first two sources.
 Tn the country, however, conditions are dit- ferent. Each country house or each hsuse n a small village has is own water supply usually in the shape of a well; the germs may be carried by underground drainage d. rectly into the wells from which drinking Wa ter Is gained: or, flies may alght upon the compost and carry the germs directly to the food supply of the houses When we slider that active typhoid germs may Do given out for some time by persons who nave not developed typhoid fever sufficiently so that 1t may be recognized and that they may also be given out for some time after patients nave fectly obvious that in the country the lack Of care with which compost is deposited readny accounts for outbreaks of typhoid fever rom any of the causes mentioned
 Suggestions for Protection from Ty- phoid and Malaria.
 ''of course 1t will be said that the entire water supply of city may become cGntam- | mated at or immediately above its reservoir sources and might be obviated either in general manner by the establishment or reservoir Altering plant or in a sp2c.al man ner by individual householders oy the con stant and thorough use of house filters. In cities possessing common water supply anu modern sanitary plumbing there is no excuse for the presence of typh9i1 in the household Even the city water must be filtered which can be done by the use of any one Of the cheap | filters now on the market: the milk "3lch IS drunk bv children must be steriliZed and thF compost of persons returning to the clty' after contracting typhoid fever m tne coun- na | try. must be disinfected with the utmost ccrs' 1 These three measures systematically followed, will result in the abolition Of Vphola lever | within the city boundaries.
 50 much for cities In the country the mat l ter is somewhat more difficult and immunity
 from malaria and typhoid depe1d iareey .r,
 
 inunity may be obtained. but only as a result l of intelligent care. ,t "The old idea that malaria Is caused py | breathing the miasma of swamps has been ex | ploded Malaria is contracted only through | the bites of mosquitoes of the genus AnopheIes ; | The cause of human malaria IS the sroWth anu | development within the red blood cells or d very minute parasite organism belonging 10 | the lowest group of the animal klngdonl-,t!n,e t, group Protozoa or one-celed animals, which includes those minute creatures known as | Amoebas and others, and which live Tn the | t, IayN and nr bodies of other animals as parasites; T ms parasite reproduces in the body by subd1Vid- ing eventually bursting the red blood cells | and entering the blood serum as mass mass t ot | spores. Broadly speaking. when the olood or or | human being is sucked-fnto the stonlaGh I, U, ', | a mosquito of the genus Anopheles the m1iafld, | parasite undergoes sexual development and | gives birth to a large number Of minute. spih- | dle shaped cells known blasts. which enter | the salivery glands of the insect and are elected with the poison into the system CT the | next person bitten by the mosquito IT thls | person happens to be non-malarious the ma | laria has thus entered his system and ma | larial symptoms result. , | ''So far as present knowledge goes this IS | the only way in which people become malari- l ous In order to avoid this result 1t is neces-
 sary to avoid the bites of malarial mosqu,toes. | and it therefore becomes important 10 know 1 the differences between the malarial and the | more harmless mosquitoes. and the condltlohs | under which the malarial forms breed
 | There are very many mosquitoes which nave | not vet been proven to carry any disease Tn
 fact. the majoriay of mosquitoes are suppos eC, ;, | to be harmless except for the irritation cause | by their puncturcs. The Cummcnest or all | forms belong to the genus CaleX. These ln- | clude the mosquitoes most commonly breed | ing in rain water barrels and chance tran | sient pools- We have in this country tnree
 species of malarial genus Anopheles, namely | AnoDheleS maculipennis, Anophclcs puhttl- | pennis and Anopheles crucians The two form. . ] CT are found nearly all over the country nI nuI the last in a more southern species, although it has been found as far north as the south | shore of Long Island.
 Measures to be Taken to Prevent Ma
 laria.
 | ''To prevent maIarial mosquitoes from
 breeding in given vicinity, one shonld h tbnt ne l are seen. and to distinguish them rom othtr
 mosquito larvae; then most tho1ough SSarcn n | for all possible breeding places should Dc | made within radius of a mile. This dstanct | Is mentioned. since it seems rather dehnltely | proven that the Anopheles mosquitoes do not | Hv for kreat distances After the breeding | places are found they should be. dralhed or | filled in with earth, or they should be rendered l unnhabit to the Anopheles larvae ny | covering the surface of the water with thin | film of kerosene oil or by introducing ctrtaln
 fish which feed upon the larvae, Such aS .15 3Ip | mnnows. sticklebacRs. young sunhsh or soiu-
 "Pendng the result of such exterminatIiins | measures all /houses in malarious localities | should be carefully screened to prevent the | entrance of mosquitoes. After screening, thor | ough search should be made in the house for | mosouitoes which have already gained en-
 trance Such as are found roasting upon the
 walls should be captured by ulacing an lnNert,
 
 by burning a small amount of pyrethrum pow
 der upon a tin-dish cover Persons wrshlhs
 to avoid malaria should not sit out of doors
 exposed to the bites of mosquitoes at nlgnt
 Persons having malaria should be carefully
 screened at night to prevent them from being
 bitten by mosquitoes, which, becoming thus
 infected wou.~ become potential carriers or
 the disease. Such patients, systematically
 treated with quinine the dose being always
 given at the beginning cf the chill, will seon be rid of the disease. The time of the dose | is important and the reasons for the time have l been abundantly proven hy the study or the | life of the parasite in the blood cells
 Typhoid Fever and the House Fly. l Professor Howard then takes up the danger
 of the spread of typhoid fever by insects anu l discusses the methods of avoiding the danger. | ''The principal agent in the spread or thls | disease is the common house fly" he says.
 and this insect is especially abundant in
 country houses in the vicinity of stables in
 that the preferred food of the larvae of house
 flies is horse compost. House flies breed in | incredible numbers in a compost le largely | derived from horses. Then days completes a
 generation of houec flies in the Summen. Inc | number of e~~s lail by each female hN aN- | erages 12O Thus, under favorable conditions, 1 the offspring of a single overWintSrthg house | fly may in the source of a Summer reach | figure almost beyond belief.
 | Each days or each week accumu.atoh or l house compost should be sprinkled owe" the l surface with chloride of mo and a barrel ot | this substance can conveniently b" kept at | hand IT this plan be adopted tand these | recommendations are the result of practical | experience) house flies will have almost no | chance to breed. and their numbers Will he | SO greatly reduced that they will hardly be | noticeable. Many experiments have been made | in the treatment of horse compost piles in er. | der to kill the maggots of the house fly. an ! | the chloride of lime treatment has been founi | to bf the cheapest anl most cnicaci'us.