The Hawaiian gazette., 1902-10-07
Millions of Money Sunk in Early
Efforts in the Atlantic
Ocean.
American Enterprise Largely Responsible for
Gables GirldIins the Earth at the
Present Time.

i've good idea Of subsequent develop
nent Of the cable:
s57-First attempt To lay submarine
tolvGrapnic cable across the Atlantic
Ocean, the enterprise being headed
10y Cyrus W. Field, of New York,
and Charles Bright, j. W. Brett and
others, of England The line was
to extend from Nalcuta. ireland, To
Newfoundland, the length of cable
necessary being estimated at 2J0
miles. The construction of this cable
was similar To that across the In
glish Channel After 255 miles had
ben laid from Valenua westward, the
cable broke, and the work was aban-
doued.
Renewal by Mr.. Field and his assoc
ciates Of the attempt to lay sub
marine Geographic cable across the
Atlantic. The United States naval
vessel Niagara and the British vessel
Agamcmnon, carrying each one-halt
Of the cable, proceeded to midoCeau
and, after joining the ends of their
respective sections, ON July 20, pro-
Ceeded westward and eastward, pay
ing out the cable, and reaching their
respective destinations, Newfound-
land and Nalenta, on the same day,
August 3, 1888, when electrical con-
~ once established over 1850 nautical
miles of cable which they had thus
laid. Congratulatury messages were
exchanged between the President of
the United States and the Queen of
England, and there were public re-
joicngs i'm both countries over what
was pronounced the great event of
the century. After less than one
month of operation, however, the ca
BILE ceased working, and it was never
operated further, nor was any part
of IL ever recovered. During the
time of its operation 730 messages of
about ten thousand words were pass
ed over it. Its total cost was ST.
256 go
ga submarine Geographic cable to
connect England with British India
was laid through the Red Sea and
Arabian Sea to Kurrachee, India.
having a total length of 3.0i3 nautical
mIes, but with several intermediate
landings. Some portions of the line
worked satisfactorily for thirty days.
but few, If any, messages were sent
over the entire length, and 1t soon
proved a complete failure.
'Go-An elaborate study of the entire sub
ject of submarine telegraphs and the
construction of cables was made by
a committee appointed by the British
Board of Trade. resulting in an eX-
preston of the belief that submarine
biography might, despite past fail
ures become successful and profit
able If sufficient care We're exercised
in constructing, laying and managing
the cable.
Sdl-A submarine tclegraphic cable, which
had been manufactured with great
care was laid across the Mediter-
rancan from Malta to Alexandria,
Egypt with intermediate landing
places at Tripoli and BenghaZi The
cable consisted of seven copper
wires stranded together, covered with
several coatings of gutta percha al
ternated with other non-COnducting
and waterproof material and in turn
covered and protected by eighteen
iron wires wound spirally about this
core. This cable proved a permanent
success, and went into general opera
tiOn shortly after its construction
The speed Of transmission, which on
the Atlantic cable and shorter sub
marine lines had been three words a
minute, was brought up to ten words
minute on each separate section,
hut was only three words minute
when all the sections We're united
and operated as single line of 1881