The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1902-01-06

am waiting). l have been waiting for
two hours. Anda perdido desde anoche,
he has been wandering, lost since last
night. Hay dos dias que estaQ) malo.
He has been sick two days.
(c) Spanish and English agree in the
other use of the present tense: First, to
express what happens now or at all
times; second, to take the place of the
future; third, to take the place Of a past
tense Examples: Esta casa es de mi
ito, this house is my uncle's. AsiO como
Ell sol alumbra Ia terra, asiQ la buen1
doctrina es la luz del entendimiento, as
the sun illumines the earth, so good doc
trine is the light of the understanding.
Voy al instante, | am going at once. Ell
bale empieza a las diez, the ball begins
at 10. Todos corren a SUI encuentro, all
run to meet him
I'D Progressive verb forms, denoting
action Of the first kind (under H. g are
frequent: Escribo, 1 write. Estoy escri-
biendo, am writing Estamos esperanto
a v, we are waiting for you.
e. The perfect in Spanish % like ours
expresses an action as now completed
the action affecting present conditions
somewhat; % unlike out perfect, 1t is
sometimes used of actions wholly past
Examples: Hemos acabado a trabajo, we
have finished the work. Me he equivoca-
do, have been mistaken. Lo he recibidoel
invierno pasado, received it last winter
But note the following (section 66, g sub
stitute for the perfect Of something that
has just happened: Acabo de liegar, /
hvae just arrived
CD The pluperfect and past anterior
(section 48, al are alike in meaning. But
the past anterior using as auxiliary the
preterite of haber, to have, occurs COM
monty in dependent clauses or time and
followed by q preterite. The pluperfect
is not so limited and has progressive
forms also. Examples HabiaC) traba-
jado Ell dia entero, he had worked all day
Habia(2) estado trabajando ell dia entero,
he has been working all day. Cuando hu,
bimos acabado nuestra lectura, nos full
mos Jugar When we had finished our
reading We went to play. Apenas me
hubieron visto cuando me liamaron,
scarcely had they seen me when they
called me. In the last two examples
(requiring the past anterior) a particular
event is stated. But if habitual action is
stated the lenses are the pIuperfect in
the time clause and imperfect in the
principal clause: Luego que habiamos
acabado nuestra lectura, saliamas. as
soon as we had finished our reading we
used to go out.
H. lenses of the Indicative-Present
perfect, pluperfect and past anterior
Y. lenses of the Indicative, concluded.
There remain unexplained the imperfect
and preterite, the future and future per-
feet
(a) The imperfect and preterite agree
in denoting past tense, but differ in
the kind Of action denoted
The imperfect represents the action or
condition OF the verb as continuing or
customary in the past, but the preterite
represents it as complete at some wholly
past moment. The preterIte, therefore,
is the tense used in narrating past events,
While the imperfect Gotten in the progress
sive forn) is the tense used in descrIb-
ing past events. Note the following ex-
amples:
Yo escribia Cor 70 estaba escriblendo)
cuando entraron los amigos. was writ
ing when the friends came in. Cada
noche 10 hacia(2) la misma bora, he
did so every night at the same hour.
No Sc me permitioO bablar. l was not
allowed to speak. Su perseverance, fueQ)
premiada con ell buen exito(0, his perse-
verance was rewarded by success. Pc
did permiso para arreglar este asunto, I
asked permission to arrange this affair.
Ell buque Sc acercoO a la costa, the
ship approached the coast. EnvioQ) Colon
cartas geograficas(3) con description de
las regiones descubiertas, Columbus sent
geographical maps, with a description
Of the regions discovered.
(b) The imperfect with expressions or
time (desde since, etc. is sometimes
equal to our pluperfect in expressing an
action as continuing at a certain past
moment from a previous past Exam
pies: Andaba desde las diez, he had been
walking since 10 o'clock. Trate de repr1.
mir una carcajada que me an Trate de
reprimir una carcajada que me andaba
retozando va hacia(O ratio en- Ell cuerpo,
I tried to repress a laugh which had for
some time already been struggling with
in me.
(c) The preterite is sometimes used for
pluperfect. Examples: Otros mil cam
peones tuvieron igual melancoHco(3) fin
despues que hustraron Ia historic ma
cional, a thousand other champions had
a like melancholy end after they had glo-
rltied the national history.
I'D The future, as in English, denotes
an action as about to occur and ex-
presses command or prohibition. Unlike
ordinary English, 1t donates very often
confident conjecture, probabinty-aI-
ways with reference to the present Ex-
amples: Pronto 10 sabraO ", you viii
soon know It. No tendrasa) ROSES