davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1902-03-14
MILLIONS FOR JAP.
UNUSUAL GOLD DRAFT
IS MADE ON TREASURY
Stated That $SO,OOO,OOO Will Be
Shipped to the Orient From San
Francisco b-TreaSury--
Japan Needs Gold.

New York, Feb. 27.-A special to the
Tribune from Washington says: When
II became known today that an appli-
cation had been received by Ellis IL
Roberts, United States Treasurer, for
permission to deposit s20,000,000 in
gold coin in the Sub-Treasury at New
York, to be paid to correspondents in
San Francisco, there was much specu-
lation among the officials Of the Gov
eminent financial bureaus concerning
the possible effect that such heavy
draft would have on the New York
money market, and also as to the pur-
pose of the bankers in requesting such
transfer of currency.
The officials were able to say that the
transfer would be made by the middle
Of next month, and that the money was
to be shipped to Orient. Further than
this there was little information OBJ
tainable at the department. This is
the largest transfer OF gold which has
ever been recorded by the officials here.
From statements from unofficial
sources 1t is believed that Japan has
negotiated loan of $20,000,000 with
prominent brokerage firm in New York
and the gold desired for payment hi
San Francisco is to be sent to that
Government. Faith is placed in this
information because II is known here
that Japan has lost great deal OF
gold in the last two years on account Oh
"a tnrnTHinnrv (.nVarnnnnt aNnpnIf-
lures. II has been just two years since
that nation adopted the gold standard.
For six months her representatives
| have been trying to negotiate loan in
this country, It is believed, for the pur-
pose OF strengthening her gold surplus.
II is regarded as improbable that the
consignment of $20,000,000 would be
shipped to China. because silver is the
popular coin used in the Celestial En-
| plre.
Notification was received that 81
100000 of this gold was to BE- paid in
San Francisco Immediately. Only III
definite replies could be secured from
officials when asked II New York could
stand the drain of $4,000 900 in the
next fifteen or sixteen days. It was re
marked that Secretary Shaw hal au-
thorlzed the statement published that
he would continue the purchase OF
bonds In March. But the announcement
Is merely fortunate coincidence. and
its PRONUNCIATION at this time has no
direct bearing on the scheduled ship
ment OF gold to the Orient.
In addition to the proposed exporta-
ton OF gold the Director of the Mint
received word today that $4,000. 900 In
gold was to be sent from New Yorl
this week.
The officials would not permit the
Sub-Treasurer to release as much "a
s2O,000,000 in gold from the vaults In
New York but from the Government
point Of view, the exchange desired oy
the New York brokers in order to make
this desirable but is economical ant
advantageous. In the Sub-Treasury al
San Francisco there is a total OF S110.'
100000 in gold and a surplus Of $50,
100000. The total amount there Il
just one-fifth OF the amount OF gross
gold held in the United States Treas
ury.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1902-03-14
DIED.

Poynette, Wisconsin,
on Feb. 26, 1902, Mrs. Louise Kessler,
sister OF Mrs. w. c, Wilder OF Ho-
nolulu and of Mrs. Arvilla McWayne
of Kona, Hawaii. Age 66 years.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1902-03-14
TO CURE A COLD IN ONE DAY

Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets
All druggists refund the money II II
fails to care. r.. w. Groves signature
ls on each box. 90 cents.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
SOUTH DAKOTA
STEWART IN THE HILLS
Pierre Capital Worker Would Keep the
Western Country In Line.

DEADWooD, S. D:-Colonel w: r.
Stewart of Pierre is in the Black Hills.
working in behalf of Pierre in the en-
deavor to arrest the agitation in this
part of the state over the removal of the
capital. He has interviewed many of the
leading politicians and business men of
Deadwood, Lead and other Black Hills
towns, and where possible, has had audi
ence with the members-elect of the legis-
lature He desires to cement the Black
Hills contingent against the resubmission
question, and is doing his utmost to en-
list the support of this region. 1t is not
likely that this visit will alter the situa-
ton. The Black Hills members are nom
committal, and there is not much talk for
or against the proposition.
The wiser heads, however, declare
themselves in favor of letting the men,
and unhindered. While not insisting that
the capital shall be left at Pierre, they
do not favor a change until such a time
as they are assured Of being benefited.
They are urging that the members from
the western counties wait until they are
on the ground. If some town that wants
the apital offers assurances that it is to
have railroad directly to the Hills they
would favor resubmission. Otherwise
they would oppose it, They would not
move the capital on the mere proba bility
of railroad being built, since to do so
would eliminate the last and most power
full influence the Black Hills could bring
to bear to secure such a road.
Harry c. Smith, a veteran of the civil
war and pioneer settler Of the Hills,
died after an illness of more than a year.
He was native of Lynn, Mass, and
served in the gulf squadron of the union
navy during the war of 1876. He came
to the Black Hills in 1876.
The directors of the Deadwood Business
club have ORGANIZED nv the election Of
w. Russell, PRESIDENT Harris Franklin,
vice president; Otto p. TIL. Grantz,
treasurer; Orville U. Pryce, secretary.
The other members Of the board of di-
| rectors are D. A. Mcpherson, B. P.
Dague. George V. Ayres, James Mum and
John R. Wilson. The board has under
| consideration matters of Importance which
| will be acted upon Immediately. One of
| these is a, proposal to build an opera
house or auditorium
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
MICHIGAN
OFF YEAR FOR DIVIDENDS
Only Two Michigan Companies on the List
Beside the Calumet and HecIa.

3 1SS'OS IuS SaIOHleI anu 7SCids
CALUMET. MICH.-The dividend rec
ord of Michigan and Montana copper
mines for 1902 is very unsatisfactory. In
1901 five Lake Superior copper mining
companies. not including the Calumet and
Hecla, distributed among their stockhold-
ers nearly 100000 in dividends; this year
there are only two mining companies in
this district on the dividend list, besides
the Calumet and Hecla, and these two
companies disbursed $4,000 Calumet
and Hecla this year paid s., SOC, 900 in div
idends which is $4,000, 600 less than it paid
in 1901.
Out Of. the thirty-od Lake Superior
mining companies whose stocks are listed
on the Boston Stock Exchange, only three
We're able to make dividend disbursements.
The Tamarack mine. which last year paid
$50 share, this year paid nothing, and
the same may be said of the Osceola,
which paid Sc a share in 1901. The>to
dividends paid by the three Lake Superior
companies this year is $3,44O, O0O and by
two Montana companies s2,214,925, total
of So. 1854, 925, which compares with $1S,-
511,075 in 1901, and s23,3SS, 100 in 1900. The
following table shows details:
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
AND JONES SMOKES CIGARETTES.

= Chicago: Dec ,l5.--After many troublesome
times, with fairSeoeds declining to play kissing
parts, with three rejected plays its list Of
tabooed plays, the junior class Of Northwes-
tern university has at, last decided to produce
the comedy, What Happened to JONES' The
play abo,lids in kisses in which Jones takes
the leading part This, however, juniors say,
does not alteE their plan to produce the piece.
What will happen TO rJones If he smokes cigar
cites in. the play ut Evanston as he does on the
stage elsewhere is a problem. 1t is more than
1fkeIy that the cigarette will be left out of the
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
JOHN W, ELIAS SICKNEss

Philadelphia. Dec. 13.-There is no hope for
the recovery of John w. Ella president Of the
Civil Service Reform League of Chicago who
was stricken with apoplexy while attending the
national civil service reform convention in this
city. Tho physicians at the Methodist hospital
say to-day that MIR. Ella cannot recover His
wife reached the hospital this morning, having
been summoned from Chicago, but her husband
was too i'll to recognize her
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
MONTANA
BANNER YEAR FOR WOOL.
About 100000 Pounds .Produced-BiIl
ings the Greatest Market

About 5000, 900 Pounds FREDERICKSBURG
ings the Greatest Market.
BUTTE, MONT.-This has been a ban
ner year for the wool industry in Montana
according to the figures Of the state board
of stock commissioners. About SO, ZOO. 900
pounds of wool were produced last season.
The nearest approach to this figure is So
100000, produced in 1901. An average of
about thirteen cents pound was obtained
for the seasons clip, representing approx
imately 1920, 600 as the value of the sea-
sons product. Exceptional f1eeces brought
prices as high as sixteen and eighteen
cents.
Billings holds the record of being the
greatest inland wool market in the United
States and perhaps the world. over Is OOO.-
900 pounds Of wool being sold there. Grea +
Falls is second to Billings about 10 900.
900 pounds having passed through its mar
kets.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
NOT AN ASSOCIATED PRESS ArrA1R,

New York, Dec. 1j.--An organization called
the Newspaper Artists Association at 90 East
Fourteenth street. in this city. under the man.
agement of G. W. Parker, claims TO have as a
part of IFS eyhibition committee certain persons
connected with the Associated Press associa-
tion.'' desire to say that the Associated Press
has relation to this affair and that the use of
the name is distinctly misleading.
Melville +. Stone, G. NJ.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
NEBRASKA

GRETNA, NEB.-Lena Rohwer. who ar.
tempted to commit suicide in Denver last
July by throwing herself under An en-
CINE, when both her legs were cut off.
again attempted suicide by cutting her
throat with case knife at her parents
home near here. The injury is not fatal.
YORK, NEB.-Sinia Bickle and Frank
Ross made complete getaway from the
girls angry father and the sheriff. They
went to Grand Island by train and were
there married,
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

MiNOT, NJ D.-The alleged confession
OF Carl Hanson, charged with the murder
OF Napoleon Lemay, will be of little value
to the prosecution. Hanson saws that
Ross did the shooting, and that he was
forced to help bury Len1ay on account OF
threats by Ross Hanson has retained
Greenleaf & Leighton and W. N. Crane
as his attorneys and will make vigorous
fight for his life. The trial may possibly
be the means of clearing up one or two
other crimes that have puzzled the au-
thOritieS
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
DEATH OF B. F, DENN1soN.

Philadelphia Dec. 15.-Benjamin F. Dennf-
son, treasurer of the American Baptist Publica-
ton society, died at his residence in this city
to-day. Mr. Dennison was 81 years of age and
since early manhood had been associated with
lisions and temperance movements. He was at
one time grand worthy patriarch of America and
past worth patriarch of the United States of the
grand division of the Sons of Temperance.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
THE YEAR ON THE GREAT LAKES

Chicago, Dec. 15.-Three hundred and eighty.
seven lives were lost in wrecks and otherwise
on the lakes during the season just closed.
Ihrty-s1X ships of all kinds were lost against
ffty-one In 1901, forty-tfve in 1900 and forty-two
in 1899. The aggregate value of the ships Ia
SSS6.5Oo. The year was any thing but profitable
TO the marine insurance companies. They took
in about So, 900, 900 and paid out nearly as much
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
VRGiNIA'S NEW MILL
1t WIZ Have a Hot Pond and Be Oper-
ated the Year Round.

VIRGINIA, MINN.-The new mill of
O'Brien & Cook, will be running about
March 1. Already several cars of logs
for the frame have been received at the
small portable mill on the site and the
saving Of stuff for the big structure is
under way. The mill will have main
building 4sx17O feet, with brick engine
and boiler houses and with a burner 26x
40 feet, bricked for the lower fifty feet
It will be located on the west side Of the
outlet Of Silver lake, opposite the old
burner of the Moon & Kerr mill 1t
will double band, with gang edger. all of
the machinery being new. 1t will have
a large and conmodious hot pond and
will be run the year round. 1t will cost
about $4,000 Logging is now going on
for this mill.
Powers &c Simpson Of Hibbin ghave just
started their mill for the winters cut
and will run steadily till spring They
have large local trade among the peo-
pie and mines Of the district.
For the season Of 1902 the Tower Lum-
Der companys cut has been $4,000, 900
feet of lumber, $4,000, 900 lath and 3,0oo,-
900 shingles. It is running its mill stead
lily and expects to keep it in operation a
full year.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

FLANDREAU, S. D.-A. J. Knight
proprietor of the st. Vincent hotel, has
bought the Flandreau house of Clark
Bates. Mr.. Knight intends to close the
latter place which will leave Flandreau
with but one hotel. The considera ton
was s6,5oO.-George IT. Few, who was
elected a member of the state senate at
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

LEWISTOWN, MONT.-The Kendall
mine will declare a dividend and SIS. 900
Will be disbursed as profits. A mill wa ;
erected recently at cost Of about 5000. :
O00 and now that sum has been cleared
from the proceeds of the ore. The Ken
dan IS producing from $4,000 to s42. 900 in
gold monthly at a cost of from $40 O0o ~
$4,000. Over $50 tons of gold ore are
handled monthly by the mill. The pron.
erty is controlled by Spokane men.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

HELENA, MoNT.-At the annual ,,a,+
ing Of the Algeria Temple. Ancient Arabi,
Order OF the Mystic Shrine, Emil 1T. Rem
isch- of Butte was elected illustrio,,s no.
tentate and George M. Hays of Billings
chief acknowledgements Toole has issued
proclamation in which he urges the PEG.
pie to observe Dec. 20 as flag day.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

DELANo, MINN-F'red Addicks, who
was buried here, eleft<a big surprise for his
relatives. He lived with his grandson and
had in hiszroom a small box which he kept
locked. When the box was opened it was
found to contain $500 in gold and cur
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

/. MASON CITY, loWA-The town of
Ventura suffered fire loss of $50. 900, with
insurance Of half that sum. The mer-
chants carried unusually heavy stocks for
tho holiday trade. Il ~&
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

A mans wife should always be the
same especially to her husband, but il
she is weak and nervous, and uses Car
ters Iron Pills. she cannot be, for they
make her feel like different person, ]"
so they all say, and their husbands say So
fnoi 49, 5eG M. ~ -,
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

SIOUX s&clTY, aIoWA-Nrs. Albert G.
Crook daughter of J. N. Sweetser, secre-
tary Of the Farmers Loan & Trust COM
pany, has sued for a divorce. Her husband
is widely known as an Elk and society
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

BELLE FoURcHE, S. D.-Circuit court
convened to-day, Judge William G. Rice
presiding. There will be seven criminal
cases.. the most important of which is
against George Mccoy, charged with the
murder of a man named Nelson at Camp
Crook, last September.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

JAMESTOWN, NJ. D.-Bla cklee has
again made its appearance among cattle
of Stutsman county. George Albrecht says
two of his animals have died of the disease
and some losses in the vicinity of Ypsilanti
are reported. Vaccination is being done as
rapidly as possible.-A burglar entered the
room of August Berges and stole his dress
suit. A sealskin cap and other plumber
were also taken. Berges had Barney Gray
arrested charged with grand larceny but
Gray proved his innocence. The police
are looking for stranger, whom ctrcum-
stantial evidence seems to point to as the
thief.-Fireman Fred Erickson was scaIded
at the Northern Pacific roundhouse by the
blowing out of soft plug in one of the
boilers.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
RREckENRlpGE,M lNN.-George Rob

BRECKENRIDGE, MlNN.-GeOrge Rob-
crts, indicted for grand larceny for steal
ing $3.50 from his roommate, was found
guilty. The case of state VS.. John Nixon
is. on trial and will be followed by State
VS.. Rogers, Emmer and Mcpherson, all in
dicted for grand larceny. There is also
an Indictment against Rogers for burglary
John Ryan pleaded guilty to grand larceny
in the second degree, for taking clothing
and other articles from the residence of A
G. Brockwell. Court will last the greater
part of the week.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

MONROE, loWA.--Mrs. William Coop
err ager 81 years, and Thomas Barr, resid-
ing near Dunreatf. aged IS. brother and
sister, died within an hour of each other
and were buried in the same grave.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

ARGYCE,. MfNN.--The Modern Wood
men lodge elected the following officers:
George E. Erickson. v. G.: Frank Barsa-
loux, w. A.; A. J. Marsh, L.. B.; F. e.
Lenhart, clerk; George f., Ericsson, escort;
Charles DIndas, W.; J. Leblanc, S.; O. E.
Belcourt, physician; B. s. Buckingham,
manager. .A
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

MANKATo, ,MfNN.-Wliliam B.. Cor
man Of ST. Paul was arraigned on a charge
of passing counterfeit money. In default
of bail heswa locked in the county Jail.
His two companions were: released.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

the last election, has been appointed
postmaster for Flandreau. A vacancy
occurred by the death of P. w. Carr.
Mr.. Few intends to leave the office In
charge of the Carr family until March,
1904. when Mr.. Carr's term would have
expired. .-- e.. .-.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

City, presiding elder, Rev. Irwin Green,
Whiting, Rev. j. e. Mcnamara, Of the
Congregational church here, Rev LIE
Grand Pace, of the Christian church, and
Rev. T. S. Bassett, pastor. ~.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

OWATONNA, sMINN.-Thirty-eig eight head
Of cattle belonging to Mrs. Neil Graham
were driven to the rendering works and
killed, having been condemned by w.
Amos, deputy state veterinarian, as being
infested with tuberculosis. ~ r..
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

WILLMAR, Il MlNN.-A corporation
known as the Willmar !. Canadian Land
company has. been organized to deal in
Canadian lands. The company has bought
IL, 200 acres of land near Antler, Assini-
boia, which it will place on the market
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

KELLOGG, MlNN.-The new Methodist
Episcopal church was dedicated, the serv-
ices being under the supervision of BisH-
Oh Joyce of Minneapolis and Presiding Ell
der r. M. Rule Of st. Paul.. = - :; ~
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
Smokers Articles

In great variety and at reasonable prices.
Special attention given to ladies who wish
Christmas presents in our line. Cox s.
Harris. 400 First av S, 413 Nicollet av.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
Chicago to Florida Without Changing c;

Chicago to Florida Without Changing Cars.
Il Through passenger service to Florida
will: be resumed via Pennsylvania Short
Line about Jan. 5, 1903, and will leave
Chicago union station $40 p. M, running
Louisville to Jacksonville and st.
Augustine. Find out about it's conven-
fences by consulting Fl. r. Dering, A. G..
P. Agt., 24S South Clark street, Chicago.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

- OSAkIS, MlNN.-Gilbert Sargent, one
of the old residents Of this county, is
dead He had been postmaster for sew
eral. years and no man was more. widely
known in this section; yags,ss +. ~: 1}s.- ~.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

SIOUX CITY, IOWA-C.. c. PIERCE. a
broker and prominent socially, and Miss
Anne Crockett were married quietly at
St. Paufs Episcopal church by Rev. DR..
Gaynor last Wednesday evening, but sue
ceeded in keeping it from their friends
until Saturday, when Mr.. PIERCE himself
announced it.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

BRookINGS, S. D.-J. o. Gustafson.
brakeman on a special freight, missed
his footing as he stepped from a caboose
yesterday and fell under the train, crush
ing one foot badly. His parents live
near Arlington.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

NoRTHFIELD, MINN.-The term reci-
tai of the Carleton College school ef5nAsic
will be held in Willis hall chapel this even
ing.-The An1es mill has begun operations
again, after Installing a. large amount Of
new machinery.--J. w. Knickerbocker
manager of&Ethe local creamery, received
prize at the annual convention of the
state dairymen's association. his butter
scoring ninety-one in the competitive con-
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

SUMMIT, s. D.-Much interest was
manifested in the examination of Ed
Fay, charged with having started one Of
the destructive prairie fires last October,
and Of John Sezeiski. who, it is alleged,
set the fire ork the same date which re-
suited in the rss of two lives and the
destruction Of much property. Fay was
bound over to appear before the circuit
court. Sezeiski waived examination and
was also bound Over.-The ladies of the
Baptist society Melted a neat sum from
their fair and supper.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
Err reachers and students

the 500 Line offers a rate of one fare and
one-third for the round trip between all
local points. Tickets on sale Dec. Is to
"a with return limit Jan. s, 1908. Get new
Chris tmas booklets at the ticket office,
119 Third street S.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15
Special to Ladies.

s Ladies who desire. to purchase gifts in
smokers articles, pipes, cigar holders, ci-
CARS In boxes. etc:. will receive special
attention at our stores. Cox & Harris,
400 First aV S, a413 Nicollet av. o.
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

DoNNELLY, MENN,-Rev. 3. B. Hau-
gan had a narrow escape while cross
ing the Great Northern track. While
riding with Messrs. sEAger and Lunde,
state organizers Of the l. Q. CT, his rig
was struck by the cars. The three men
jumped and escaped with slight injuries,
but the horses were Killed and their
buggy was scattered over the prairie. =
The Minneapolis journal. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1888-1939, 1902-12-15

SPEARFISH, S. D.-The remains of the
late Donald Mclean, whose death &C.
CURED in Chicago, arrived in charge of
son., and the funeral services were con-
Quoted by the Odd Fellows. Mr.. Mclean
was born on the Isle of Null, Scotland,
fifty years ago. He came to the
Black Hills in 1877.