The Minneapolis journal., 1902-06-21

contains coils for the freezing medium,
the ice is formed on the two outer sur
faces. 1t may be loosened in several
ways, according to the system of refriger-
alton used The production of the ice
by the plate system is much slower, and
is necessary for a continuous process.
The ice cake may be Of several sizes, the
standard being sixt cen feet long eight
feet wide and elevensinches thick.
The production Of cold by artificial
means. began in the warmer climates, es-
pecially in India, China and Egypt
where ice and snow were not available.
History of the Business.
The year 1905 may be looked upon as
marking the beginning of the natural ice
industry in the United States. The pio-
neer was Frederic Tudor,vof Boston, who
in that year shipped cargo Of 13O tons
of ice to the West Indies: Although the
venture resulted in loss, the cargo ar
rived at IT'S destination in excellent con-
dition. Two years later he sent 240 tons
to Havana, but this was likewise unprof1t-
able. About the year 1872 he was granted
by Great Britain a monopoly of the sice
trade with her colonies, in the West indies
and later received the same concessions
from Spain. From 1917 to 1920 he ex-
tended the trade to Charleston, Savannah
and New Orleans. The ultimate success
! of Mr.. Tudor prompted competitors to en-
ter the field as exporters. The growth
in the exports of ice increased steadily un-
til about 1870. After this date they stead
lily decreased until in the year 1900 the
number Of TONS exported was so insignif-
cant that the foreign trade in ice may now
be considered practically extinct.
Some time before the natural ice in
dustry became factor Of commercial i'm
portance attempts had been made to pro-
duce ice by abstracting the latent heat
from water by artificial means. The first
Ice machine for the manufacture of ice
was invented in 1855 by DR.. William Gull
len, and was based on the principle that
the creation Of a vacuum increases the
evaporation Of water and by this means
produces ice. - a@'" 80 - s'T A...s<~TT>
Patents for Machines.
Professor A. c. Twining, of New Haven
Conn.,, took out a patent for an ice ma
chine in England in 1850 and in the United
States in 1858. In 1855 he operatedla ma
chine in Cleveland, Ohio, which produced
over 1900 pounds of Ice in, twenty -four
hours, and was operated intermittently
until 1857. He also discovered that ice
frozen at q temperature slightly below
freezing point would be transparent with
the exception Of the small porous core
while if frozen at a lower temperature Ii
would be opaque and porous throughout. II
the infancy Of the industry the ice was
opaque, and it, was not until about 1865
| that transparent ice was made by the
use of distilled water. Captain Davi6
Smith of Chatham, Mass; was the orig
| inator of the plate-ice system. He erected
in Oakland, CAL, the first machine of this
| character.
From the inception of the United States
patent office to Jan. l., 1902, there have
been 4,S37 patents granted for, various pro:
cesses Of refrigeration. OF this number
6S1 have been issued for the, manufacture
of ice machines. One Of the. latest Of these
is Professor Willis Moore's device fol
cooling rooms, which he t,5sl believes can b
summer sun has certainly found in this
country race of insurgents. who arr
/ constantly widening the area in which
they are disputing the authority OF tn.
king Of the Day" -, -.