The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-11-04

becoming too soft. The cream should
be chu-ned at about the same tempera-
ture.
The churn should be large enough to
allow its being only half filled. mere
should be no inside fixtures, for sucn
fixtures irjure the grain of the butter
Revolving churns are the most popular.
, Whom the butter has come the sranuies
are the size of grains Of wheat. Great
care should be taken not to churn TOO
long. for i; will destroy the granules.
When the granules are abou the right
size. draw off the butter-milk through a
horse hair sieve, so as to catch any but
ter Ief, in churn. Then wash the butter
in nearly as much water as there was
butter-nilk and if all the milk is not
washed out the first time, wash again
After that take butter up, weigh ana
nlace on butter worker. For every pound
of butter put three-fourths of an ounce
of salt. The butter shoul be worked
only long enough to get the salt well
distributed. Excessive working spoils
the butter gral.ules.
Rutter worked in this way, and put up
in attractive packages, brings the high
est price, for it is most palatable.
Cadet c. w. Martin, Of Virginia, pre-
sented the next paper, his subject be-
ing:
INSECTS AS DISTRIBUTORS OF
DISEASE.
At present the rural population of our
country suffers from two diseases which
might be, at least in a great part, easl-
Nv prevented. These diseases, typhold
fever and malaria, are transferred by
certain insects and it is due largely 10
this fact that they are so widely dlS-
triEuted throughout the country. In the
CITY typhoid fever can generally be traced
to a contaminated water supply. II our
drinking waited is boiled all danger or
affection from such a source is obVlated.
In the country the house fly is the car
rier of the disease. On the other hand
malaria can be transmitted to man only
through the bite of a malarial mosquito
We conclude from the above that II the
farmer could free himself from the at
tacks of these pests he would be secure
from Infection. Numerous practical
! tests and experiments prove this theory
to be true.
In speaking Of the transmission Of ty-
| Dhoid fever by flies, Mr.. Howard writes:
Under the usual conditions of the army
| concentration Cd1upS III liO uuiAhC ~
| 1900 it was SO spread by flies as to reach
shocking extent as was fully demonstrat-
| cd by the army typhoid fever commits
| sion" Again, flies have been observed
| crawling over piles Of manure over which
chloride of lime had been sprinkled. Par
! ticles of lime chung to their feet and
were afterwards deposited on food in
nearby kitchens to which the flies had
been attracted.
1 have here the result Of an expert
| ment which I tried in the laboratory a
! few days ago. l caught a fly and made
it crawl over a surface covered with
germs. l then placed it under a bell jar
with a sterilized gelatin plate. After
buzzing around the jar for a few minute
it settled down to the bottom and soon
alighted on the gelatin. I allowed it to
crawl back and forth several times and
then set it free and carefully covered
the plate to prevent more germs from
getting in. The germs grew rapidly and
now cover most of the plate. l repeated
the experiment, allowing the fly to craw
only once across the plate. Here I have
an enlarged drawing of this second plate
The tracks of the fly can be easily dis.
tinguished. AS l took great care to pre-
vent other germs from getting on thu
gelatin, the colonies were undoubtedly
started by the germs which chung to tn
feet in it's first trip.
In real life the germs are carried from
place to place much as they were in tn
laboratory. The sick room slops ar
simply swarming with germs. The fl.
crawling over these Stops gets the germ
on it's feet. II then flies away perhap
to some neighboring kitchen where tn
germs are deposited on the food.
The methods of prevention are plain
First, all the Stops Of the sick roor
hould be thoroughly disinfected an
kept carefully covered until it is possibl
to bury them or dispose of them in som
other safe way. Above all, do not throv
the Stops on the surface of the groun,
and let them lie there. This was done i
one case in a near village this summe
and five serious cases of typhoid feve
resulted in the immediate ~neighborhoo6
all undoubtedly resulting from infectio
by flies, which carried the germs fror
the first house to the other. Against tn
) adult fly we can do little other than put
ting screens in the windows and this i
. at the best unsatisfactory, but b
:, striking at the young of the fly we ca
q soon greatly reduce the numbers of thi
pest. Flies, like most other insects, pas
p through four stages Of eXistence: tn
egg, the larval, the pupa, and the adul
Most of US know the larVa of the nous
fly as the maggot Of refuse piles and
, is at this stage we strike. The favorit
!, food Of the larVa is horse manure, an
therefore it is in the piles of hors
\ manure tina the flies breed. All of til
horse manure about the stables shoul
be gathered together at least once
week and placed in a pit or vault. TT
> surface of each new lot added should /
, literally sprinkled With lime. If TIL
= plan is carried out The flies will nave 4
chance to breed.
That malaria can be introduced into tf
. system only through the bite of a mi
larial mosquito has been satisfactory
proven. The malaria is caused by
minute animal that lives in the re
c0rpuScleS of the blood IT there grow