davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

Guilty encountered in breaking them,
these stones are more costly than those
which are softer, but their cost is much
more than balanced by their superior
wearing qualities.
In the construction of macadam
roads, however, the question of econo-
my usually forces the use of the ma
terials at hand, whatever their quality
Often field stone and stone gathered
from the beds Of creeks are quite de-
sirable, as many of them are of the
trap-rock variety. In addition, they are
usually of a size convenient for hand
ling or breaking. It is comparatively
simple task to break stone nowadays.
The crusher, the first cost of which
may seem somewhat heavy, is capable
Of being moved from place to place,
or district to district, as required, and
it's purchase is. in the end, much cheap
err than having the work done by hand.
But whether broken by hand or ma
chine, it should be remembered that
the pieces must not be larger than two
inches in diameter. Indeed, n general
rule which may be employed is the one
which limits the size Of the pieces to
the dimensions of an English walnut.
AS between the macadam and telford
systems, the former is preferred in
most instances. though it is, perhaps,
better to use the latter in swampy
places, or localities where the founda-
ton is likely to become soft
In making a macadam road. the first
operation is the preparation of the road
bed. This surface must first be graded,
having for it's contour the exact out
lines of the road when finished. Pre-
viously to this, the ground, to secure
best results, should be surface-drained.
The bed must be higher in the middle
than at either side. The average nec-
essary curve may be seen in the &C.
companying engraving showing cross
sections of the two systems. At each
side a shouldering of firm earth or
gravel should be made to hold the ma.
terial in place and extending to the
gutter at the extreme edge. This gut
ter should be of depth sufficient to
easily carry off all the water which
may drain into it. Rolling comes next.
This must be continued until the earth
foundation Is so compact that the ordi-
nary narrow-tired wheel will leave
very little trace. Broadcast upon this
prepared surface is then spread a layer
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

the -macadam idea Is the one which.
perhaps, should be more generally en- en-
ployed than any other; though the tel.
ford method is very close second to it.
both in point Of expense and utility.
There is In reality. but very little diff
ference. The macadam road is laid
upon dirt foundation which IS rolled
until it is very firm and hard, while
the foundation of the telford road is a
layer of large stones. In both, the up
per surfaces are exactly alike. -
In making a macadam road, the first
and most important requisite is that
the stone used be of good quality.
While it is true that the softer, brittler
material will break more easily and
pack more quickly, it is also true that it
will wear out much faster, besides hay
ing greater tendency to "rut." There
are several agencies which must be
considered in making the road. Frost,
water, wind, the grinding of the par
ticles against each other from the i'm
pact of wagon tires or the feet Of ami
mails, and atmospheric conditions of
GA oOAOo COAC III 1OI dllCullOu Ill o.
tanning best results. 1t is therefore
necessary that the stones with which
the roads are surfaced be such as are
least liable to be affected by these con-
ditions.
Granite is undesirable, for the reason
that, of the three parts which compose
it, one is brittle, the second of quickly
decomposing nature, and the third
scaly. Varieties of slate stones make q
smooth surface which is easily affected
by water, sandstOnes ere utterly use.
less and the soft limestones not much
better. The harbor varieties of lime
stone are very good.
The very best material for surfacing
macadam road is, fortunately, often
closely at hand. Trap-rock, cobble-
stones and "niggerheads," when prop
erly broken, are unexcelled for this
purpose, in fact, are uneQualled. These
particles, when rolled thoroughly, con-
solidate into a hard, smooth crust
which is impervious to water and their
"dust" is so heavy that it does not read
lily wash or blow away.
1t is true that, because of the diff.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

Of stones, the depth of which is meas.
ured by means Of cords, stretched be.
tween grade stakes. If : the broken
stones have been separated in regard
to size, the first layer is made up. of
the largest. The roller ii brought on
and the edges of the road are rolled
first. gradually working toward. the
center. This method keeps the stones
from spreading at the sides. The num-
Der OF layers depends upon the thick
ness Of road desired. Usually, eight or
ten inches is thick enough for the heav-
lest traffic, divided into three layers
The second and third layers should be
we'll sprinkled and a binding material.
mdae of screenings from the crusher,
or good packing gravel, may be mixed
in, if desired. Dirt, sand or clay should
never be used. Enough water should
be used to wash all binding material
we'll into the crevices and leave enough
moisture to insure its setting.
This is all there is of the making of
the genuine macadam road. OF course,
proper attention must be given to it's
drainage and water must not lie al
lowed to get under the road. It may
be necessary on this account to sub
drain the road in particularly moist
localities. Just enough binding mate
rial-and no more-must be used to
evenly fill the creyices. On no account
should so much Of this material be
used as to make the real broken stone
Of the road a secondary ingredient. In
making the first macadam roads, this
binder was not used, the small particles
wearing from the broken stone being
relied upon to fill the interstices. Lat
terly, however. it has been demon
strated that the binder improves the
water-resisting qualities of the road,
with it's durability and elasticity. The
best binder Is the screenings from the
crusher. The next best is clean gravel.
The Telford Road.
In making telford road, the surface
Of the foundation is prepared in exactly
the same way as is that of the macad-
am road. The first layer Of stone, how
ever, is different. This is composed Of
stone Of five or eight inches in length
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
A Cure for
Rheumatism
VI which any suffering
reader can have
A TRIAL
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rheumatism has yielded to 4 new and
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The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

MACADAM ROAD WRONGLY CONSTRUCTED
Rcsult of placing the coursings of stone
upon foundation of loose or wet earth.)
a departure from the old style of road
making, are now the loudest in praise
of the new regime, and those who IA
vOred it from the beginning feel much
qualification OF their instrumentality
in establishing Il custom so productive
Of general good.
The time will doubtless come when
the roads Of the United States will be
equal to those of France or Switzer-
land-and that will be when the Amer
lean people are brought to a full reali-
cation Of the fact that for the want OF
such roads their monetary losses are
not only large. but continuous.
The old-fashioned dirt road is sus-
ceptiDle to treatment which will ma
terially benefit it. but such advantage
Is merely temporary. Once a year, at
least, the road is "worked"-that is. the
old, WORKOUT dirt which has squeezed
out at the edges of the road is turned
back into the beaten track with the
road machine or with plows and
scrapers. Sometimes, gravel is dumped
into the hollows and low places, but
this practice has almost ceased since
the advent Of the road machine. In
either case the result is the same. For
time, the road is soft and rutty; then
1t hardens down into a semblance of
what road should be, but it's surface
soon works up into dust in the heat of
the summer sun, or changes into deep
mud under the influence Of even tran
STORY showers. Travel over such roads
AZ are found in every part Of the UNI
ted States, IL, at almost any time of
year, 4 matter Of discomfort.
In tho construction OF a country road
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

-teria1 should not be used, q q soon
grinds toedust. The broken stone
packs down. into the OLD, road and con-
solidates With it, making the repaired
spot as good as new, Careful3satten-
ton to these little thingswil Keep the
road in good condition until it's entire
surface is SO thin as to require renew
al liz -! =
When the, material Of which the road
is made is of especially good quality.
a well-constr 1cted road will requite
little attention for years. often not UNI
til it is entirely worn out. When this
state is reached, it is considered the
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

best thing to simply put on a good lay
er of entirely new stone; roll it dowr
and a new road is the result.
Wide tires should be used on al
heavy vehicles which traverse stone
roads. A ro,d of five inches thick
ness will last longer under wide tires
than a road double that thickness un
der ordinary tires.
1t has been found desirable to plant
trees by the sides Of stone roads, but
they should be placed at a sufficient
distance so that their roots may not
extend under the cutters or roadway,
They should also be planted far enough
apart as to admit wind and sunshine.
The chestnut, which sends it's roots
downward, is best adapted to this pur.
pose. Along the roads of Germany,
France and Switzerland fruit and null
berry trees abound.
The improvement of country roads is
chiefly a question of economy, princi-
pally as regards the waste of effort in
hauling loads over bad roads as CON-
pared with the saving of money, time
and effort in using good roads. the I'M
tial cost of making good roads and the
difference in cost Of maintenance. AS
to the first proposition. conclusion is
very easily reached. The second, that
Of cost in changing to good roads, de-
ponds upon the cost Of materials, ma
chinery and labor. with method of
construction and depth and width OF
road desired.
OF gravel roads. first-class ones have
been built in many places. at a cost
varying from 5000 to $1,000 a mile.
The material in these roads is clean
gravel Of medium coarseness put on
in two layers and rolled until it is Of a
uniform depth Of eight inches. The
foundation is prepared in much the
same way that that Of the macadam
or telford road.
Coming back to the macadam road,
which Is much the best, Of course,
New York State has roads Of nine to
twenty feet in width, built for $4,000
to $1,000 a mile Fourteen to 19-foot
telford roads, of a thickness of 10 to
~ inches, have been built in New Jer-
sey for $4,000 to $4,000. Connecticut
roads Of the same variety vary from
$1,000 to $4,000. Rhode Island macad-
am roads cost $4,000 to $1,000 mile,
while Massachusetts has some which
cost $4,000. On the average. a mile
Of macadam road costs $1,000 a mile
more in Massachusetts than in New
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

JOHN L. MACADAM. out our roads. but
have not improved them. We have
risen superior to the demands for bet
ter means of communication during the
years which have passed.; we have
prospered in spite Of their hampering
conditions. But we have, however,
reached point where great further
advance in our civilization is impossi-
Bile, unless we give them heed-where,
in fact, we can see the arrest Of future
development unless our means Of COM
they now are. TO the farmer. upon
whose shoulders rests the weight of
the nation, three things are yital-good
crops, good prices and good roads. The
first of these conditions is affected by
so many phases Of weather, season,
pest and other things that it cannot be
controlled; the second depends almost
wholly upon the first and third. How
ever, whether the season be favorable
or the reverse, the price in the end de.
ponds much on the facilities for getting
farm products to market. Most farm.
ing localities being at least few miles
from any railroad station, the question
of haulage, then. becomes paramount.
The farmer has paid out for his poor
roads, IN yearly repairs, many times
the cost OF good roads, which, in the
beginning, would have been more ex-
pensiye, but which would have re-
Qufred much less cost in keeping them
in proper condition. The benefits from
system Of really good roads would
have been so great as to make ,compari.
son Infinitely in their favor.
It is regarded as a gratifying sign of
the times that there seems to be
movement in all parts of the country
looking to the betterment of rural high
ways. Experiments made in pro-
gressive communities in Massachu-
sets, New York, New Jersey, Connect
icut, NORTH Carolina, Pennsylvania and
some Of the other States East and
West, have shown several things. In
creased values in farm lands in these
communities have been accomplished
with decreased cost in marketing rural
products. Better roads have brought
the people into closer touch with one
another, broader ways Of living have
superseded the narrowness which is too
often characteristic of rural COM
munities, and beneficial results have
come in other ways. In every such
locality, those who, on the score of
economy or otherwise, We're opposed to
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

Jersey. This is partly due to the fact
that Massachusetts is hitler than New
Jersey and partly to the difference in
prices of materials, labor, etc. New
Jersey is building more and better
roads, at less expense, than any
other State IN the Union. The aver
age cost last year was so cents a
square yard, for roads averaging eight
inches in depth. At this rate, a single
track road, which is perhaps the best,
all things considered, costs about ST.
300 a mile A road four inches in depth,
which is sufficient in most cases, costs
$1,17O a mile for an eight-foot track,
while a 14-foot track costs about S.
600. 80"
y, The Rest Road.
In summary, the road which best
suits the needs of the agriculturist,
must not cost too much, but must be
of the very best construction, so that
heavy hauling may be done over it
when the farmer would otherwise lie
idle because of the rain-soaked fields.
All things considered. therefore, per-
haps the best road for the farmer is a
solid, well-built stone road, so narrow
as conveniently permit of the pass
Ing Of but q single wagon, but with a
firm. well-drained, earth road at each
side. Where traffic is not particularly
heavy, 4 single track answers all pur-
poses at much less cost for both con-
struction and maintenance. .,,.,.. ~. : i.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

laying out of roads
marks the emer-
gence Of a nation
rom barbarisn,
and their improve
lnent keeps pace
with it's civilian
tion," then indeed
is this country not
yet far removed
from the darkness
Of the sayageages.
We have laid
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
Forest Work in Hawaii.

About fifteen years ago the Hawaiian
government undertook forest work, and
very soon the hills back of Honolulu
were clothed with Il dense and luxuriant
growth of eucalyptus Of several varieties,
the Australian waffle and other trees of
that character. These trees have already
exercised noticeable influence in con-
serving rainfall and rendering the eli
mate in the vicinity more agreeable.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
An Old Secret Revealed.

Tue secret of the strength and power
OF IN" Iurktsi, people is said to be due
10 The use Of herbs contained in Turkish
Nerve Builder. guaranteed cure for
weak, nervous and oyerworked men.
Cures nervous debility, sleeplessness,
tired feeling, pain in the back, constipa-
ton. etc. One months treatment, $500
by mail. Write for particulars The
European Med. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
Electric Sea-COast Lights.

Electricity has Increased the power of
Sracoast lights to that Of 100000 can-
dies. The mineral oil lamp of the ''Doty
SYSTEM which was in almost universal
use previous to the introduction of cleo
tricity, did not exceed ~ 900 candles in
the strength Of it's illumination.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

The latest theory in connection with
drowning is that no water enters the
with artificial respiration, will resusci-
tate persons who have been under WA
ter M hour. This feat has been accom-
piiSl'cd by the doctor who advances the
tl,nnry
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
a Magnificent GyroscODe.

Tn" new flying n:urhnc Of NJ. Henri
Willard of Paris is Il magnitied gyroScope
the revolving toy popular some years
ago. The wheel is % feet in diameter,
ANu the power is from Il gasoline motor.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

You Can Get Aliens Foot Ease FREE.
Write to-day to Allen s. Olmsted, lie Roy.
n. V, for a FREE sample Of Aliens Foot
Case, a powder to shake into your shoes.
1t tired. sweating. damp, swollen.
aching feet. 1t makes new or tight shoes
easy. A certain cure for Corns and Bunions.
All druggists and shoe stores sell it. S5c
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
EARLIEST RUSSIAN MILLET.

Will you be short of hay: If so plant \
plenty Of this prodigaIly prolific millet.
s to = Tons OF Rich Hay Per Acre.
Prlcc. so lh.. Al.9O: 100 lbs. $500 Less Freight
John \. SalZcr Seed Co., La Crosse, Wis. c.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

There arc IN Germany about 1900
mncs or shafts in operation, which give
e, .loymcnt to 4O.917 miners
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
Lanes Family Medicine

Moves the bowels each day. In order
to be healthy this is necessary. Acts
gently on the liver and kidneys. Cures
sick headache. Price 25 and SOC.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

Russian villages and country houses
AZ" mostly built of wood and stone, brick
houses being almost unknown.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
WANIBEla l!ERR0ADS|
Urgent Necessity for Improved
Country Highways.
MATTER OF ECONOMY.
Development Hindered by Conditions of
the Roads Generally.

High, Cost of Maintenance Is Re-
duced So Greatly as to Make Them
Cheaper in Rea1ity-Those Who OPP
Stand in Their Own Light,
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

ured, as a whole. by the standard Of the
distinguished writer who said, "The
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

The goats of Naples go upstairs into
tenement houses to be MIXED, sometimes
to the sixth or seventh stories.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

These crispy mornings Mrs. Austin's Pan
Cake Flour tastes delicious. Ready in q
moment. Buy from your grocer.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

Counting = girl u like sitting in 4.
poker same: you never know when.
she's blumng. z
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28

The national debt Of France is &c.
p0O, 100000.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1902-03-28
JOHN A. SMITH,
mania Bldg, Milwaukee, Wis.

~ ~ WV Tor oCs
We vish you - Try our
great farm, seeds. hence
o6er 70 send 10 farm seed
samples, chm tanning TeousauA
Hsolsd Ksle, Tsoaints, Rsps,
4 AlsAifa, Spsits, etc. fully worth
5000 70 CT . stast) together With
6nr 9rAAt oataloH. tor loo POSTAGE.