davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

structure, but from our fuller knowl-
edge of Vesuvius, as shown in the ac-
companying diagram, we can draw a
pretty close inference.
Vesuvius rests upon the following
described foundation, as has been
shown by deep borings in Naples and
by the mountain ridge of st. Angelo
farther southeast.
The lowest stratum is limestone of
undetermined thickness. The volcano
occasionally casts out blocks of it
borne aloft from below.
Next above this is $50 feet of sand
stone; then 700 feet of calcareous
sandstone.
On the top of the last named first
as a submarine vent and apparently
in about 600 feet of water) the young
volcano built up a great layor of dust
and fragments 600 feet thick. Through
out this material are found marine
shells. When the 600 feet had been ac-
cumulated the vent had risen above
the water and was, able to construct
the old crater known to the ancients.
But before human records begin, the
activity ceased, and at 200 B. c., the
cone was cold and dead. Suddenly in
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
Copyright, 1902, by J.~F. Kemp.

Copyright, 1902, by J.~F. Kemp.)
The recent volcanic outbreaks in the
West Indies have aroused great in
terest in this particular form through
which the interior heat and energy of
the earth manifest themselves, and
have raised questions of a scientific ma
ture in the minds of great many who
had not previously given them much
attention. These questions are not
only attractive but direct investigation
of them involves some elements of dam
ger and they are, withal, a bit un-
Canny.
All that we know in a general way
about volcanoes and their attendant
earthquakes has been accumulated by
patient observation of both active and
extinct cones and by Interpretation of
the observations in accordance with
sound principles. Geology in this par
ucuar does US all great service be-
cause 1t brings to our aid in connection
with the outbreaks in the Lesser, An
TILES the results of much careful work
IN all quarters of the globe, lasting
through centuries and performed by
many observers. If then, we briefly
state the order of events in the West
lndles we may afterwards see how well
tney conform to a few general princt-
PIES, which have been established in
this manner.
Mount Pelee, in Martinique, and La
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

storms occurring in the states mem
toned is in all probability, due to the
great expanse of open country. While
they might develop in smaller areas,
they could not gather the force neces-
sary to make them the things of ter
ror they are in the West. Mountains,
hills, and tall buildings tend to prevent
the formation of preliminary condi-
lions. Thus we find thunderstorms in
the large cities of the East which are
practically incipient tornadoes. But
they fail to attain their proper forma-
tion and therefore little damage re-
suits.
Tornadoes are no more prevalent
now than they were in former years.
But there are more people to report
their occurrence and facilities for gath
ering and publishing their formation.
Hence we hear about more of them
nowadays.
Tornadoes require a vast amount of
heat radiated quickly for their forma-
ton. This can be obtained only over
a great extent of level ground, with
out mountains, hills or cities built of
brick or stone to retard radiation.
These storms never have been known
to form over a city where there are
paved streets with the houses built of
brick or stone, for the heat there is
not radiated as it is in the open coun-
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
VOLCANIC Cone NEAR SILVER PEAK. HEe.

f,the year GO A. D. IT. showed signs of
activity, and sixteen years after the
usual warnings it broke out, explosive
~ in 70 A. D., and buried up Pompeii
with its thousands of inhabitants
From that time to the present 1T has
been quiet only for comparatively
short periods. Is
In much the same way the cones
and islands of the Lesser Antilles
must have been reared. During
periods of activity beds of
fine and coarse fragments of
volcanic rock have gathered
in great quantity. Floods of lava and
large masses intruded into assures
have bound them into a solid aggre-
gate; islands and island cones have
been raised above the sea until the
present conditions have been reached.
Cause of EruptiOns.
Now, why do volcanoes break out?
A number of points are involved in
an answer to this question. We know
in the first place that the earth grows
hotter as we descend and at rates that
have been measured in deep mines
and bore-holes as shown in the ac-
campaigning table.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

by the less dense atmosphere. The
width of. destruction corresponds to the
width of the funnel. Once tornado
has attained full formation and head
. way nothing has been known to resist
T it's force. Tornadoes are almost al :
ways preceded or followed by fright
full pelting of huge hailstones and at .
tended by a downpour of rain.
The tornado invariably travels to the
east Of northeast and never has been
known to take another direction. Its
Path of destruction is always clean
and well defined and varies from a
few feet to two miles. The greatest
damage is always done on the south
side of its center, extending some
times to a distance of a quarter of Il
mile while on the north of the center
the damage seldom extends beyond
four or five hundred feet. Beyond
these limits one may stand with i'm
punity and watch the passing storm.
The awful demonstration of the
power of these monsters of the air has
been Witnessed on many occasions;
hardly year passes without one or
more being recorded. Their vista
tions to the larger cities of the West
are spasmodic and there generally are
many years of interval.
The most destructive tornadoes on
record in this country were those which
occurred at Louisville, KY, March q,
1896, in each of which there was great
/ loss of life, while millions of dollars
in property We're destroyed.
Tornadoes have been known to oc-
cur in many places on the same day,
with only limited extent of country
separating them. They also have oc-
CURED in Virginia, Kentucky. Tenne-
see, North and South Carolina, Geor-
gia, Mississippi and Illinois. About
eight hundred persons were reported
killed, more than two thousand wound
ed and several thousand houses were
destroyed.
1t was supposed at first that the
violent rotary motion was the only
cause of destruction attending tornado
action. But il was demonstrated that
many houses had their roofs. side
walls. windows or doors blown out,
while the furniture and bric-a-bra
was left practically undisturbed. This
showed that some other force played
an important part in the work of
demolition.
A Tornado Sfystery solved.
Now, II had been reported frequently
that reports like explosions were heard
during the passing Of the storm This
information and the peculiar damage
done to some Of the buildings SOON led
TO the solution Of the mystery, and IL
was found that. as the vortex OF the
storm. which is a partial vacuum. passed
over any place. all the surrounding air
was suddenly drawn into h.leaying the
buildings then. exerting the greater
pressure BY expansion would blow of
roof. side walls doors or windows, with
the noise or an explosion.
The reason for the majority Of these
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

try, the stone retaining the heat long
after the maximum heat of the day.
Exaggeration of Tornado stories. r
Further it must be considered that
ninety nine out of every one, hundred
houses destroyed are frame and finn
silly built. The number of and destruc-
tiVeness of tornadoes has been, greatly,
exaggerated. Thunderstorms. dust
whirls and, it seems, all local winds
have been classed as tornadoes, greatly
to the injury of the states subject to
these storms, frightening many from.
taking up homesteads and materially
injuring commercial and industrial en-
terprises.
The statement has been made that
no less than $50 tornadoes have. oc-
Cured in fifteen years from 1875 to
1889, an average of fifty-five year, and
that $25, 500 worth of property was
destroyed by tornadoes from 1889 to
1898.
There is not sufficient reliable infor-
nation of these storms or of their re-
sulting damage tofjustify such a. state
ment. Not satisfied with this effort in
computing the number of tornadoes
and placing losses in the millions there
is a further prediction from the same
Continued on Page Twenty-eight.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
srcrlon rnRovoN SANE CinoEe coNE AnO LAVA FIELD.

identity along great lines OF upheavn
in the earth and they and earthquakes
are connected with fractures which
penetrate the crust. Some force is how
ever necessary to bring the lava to the
surface. If the part of the earth which
is on one side of a great fracture sinks,
1t may force the lava in the underlying
reservoirs to rise through the assures,
and we are reminded of the reports
which state that the sea bottom has
sunk off St Vincent. Gravity is thus
the propulsive force. -ef..
Others, however, lay emphasis on the
vast amount of vapor held in the lava
7 at such high pressure and temperate
ure that it bursts with inconceivable
violence and aseends in columns miles
high in the air, when once it reaches
the surface. They therefore trace the
expulsion of the lava to it's accumula-'
tion and final break for the upper air,
bringing the lava with ii liz an irresist-
ible, tumultuous rush. There are SER
ious objections to the old belief that
this vapor is sea water or any other
form of surface-water which percolates
downward, but ii is regarded by our
most reliable observers as having been
in the rocks from the time in which
they first became constituents of the
earth.
Volcanoes are shifted from time to
time. AS the biologists reckon time
our Western states have not long been
free from them. Mr.. j. S. Diller of
the u. S. Geological Survey has found
one near Lassens Peak, in California,
with the trunks of trees still project
ing through the beds of volcanic dust
which killed them. Others have been
described from Southern Utah in a
remarkably fresh state of preservation,
Il result aided by the dry climate.
Steam still issues from the crater OF
Mount Rainier, but outside of the Alas
kan Islands we have no historic rec
ord of erputions in the United States
proper. James F. Kemp.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
DANGER FROM ToRNADoES.
THEY ARE NOT INCREASING, SAYS
f. ID. c'FARMER - DUNN.

me Most Destructive in Nature Wv
i"ly Described by the weather EN-
pert-Dcspite Their Fury, lorna
docs Are the Smallest in the Aren
OF All Atmospheric Disturbances.
norm of the Balmy Weather OF
Spring, They WhirI Out of the
West and Where They Go Is Ruin.
copyright, 1902. by E. B. ('Farmer'O
Dunn.)
IN the very glow that makes the
spring beautiful, the black tornado is
born Those same soft conditions of
weather that give the season it's
enarm' fulfill the conditions that are
needed for the creation of the most
awful and deadly storm known to man.
Even while the land is growing beau
uiul' areas of low pressure" form
most frequently. The air is not heavy
enough. More air rushes into fill the
vacuum Soon these on-rushing winds
oegln to turn spirally; then they
udhce; then they whirl; and out of
the heart of the fair weather springs
'he tornado, blasting the land in its
path
Iornadoes are most frequent in May,
april June and July in the order Civ
eH' occasionally they occur in the
oOner months, and in places where the
temperature from a local or general
Cause greatly exceeds the normal for
winter.
DIaw a square that will take in the
enIral West from Kansas and Ne
~ dska east to the Allegheny noun
ans and from Minnesota and Michi-
san south to Eastern Texas, Missis-
sippi. Alabama and Georgia. That will
esoillain the tornado territory. These
ueIee wind storms occur occasionally
my east of the Allegheny mountains
III me vicinity of the lake regions and
Southern New England they infre-
1guehty occur south of Central New
1tk' and rarely west of the 1920 me-
,tIlah' talong the line dividing Colo
-"uo ana kansas), or north of the 50th
rarallel Of latitude or in Southern
Georgia or Florida.
Helr formation over the ocean If
ehted by the uniformity Of tenn
- lure. Although water spouts pre-
~ similar funnel formation, theS
~ NOT possess the wind force and are
~ ~ paratiYely harmless.
ne accounts usually given of lorna
ana cyclones, and the indlscrimi'
use made Of the two terms, show
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

of greenishblack cloud seen in the west,
while the sky overhead is almost cloud
less. Then a gentle breeze from the
south will start: light feathery cirrus
clouds will be observed also moving
from the south toward the north in the
higher attitudes; soon the great mass
of ominous-looking clouds from the
west draws near, proceeded by an i'm
mense volume of dust, accompanied by
a rumbling roar that is almost deafen-
irg, which has been Hkened to rumb-
ling of many trains passing through
a tunnel. This noise is heard at least
fifteen of twenty minutes before the
arrival of the tornado. During this
interval the wind increases to a gale
from south to west Finally
the heavens become dark. Occasional
~ they are lighted up as if by an in
ternal fire, due possibly to electric ac-
ton, for more or less electricity accom-
panies the storm.
Then a funnel shaped cloud dipping
down from mass of black storm
clouds, is seen approaching from the
west or south west. At times the fun
mel sways from side to side as "
bounds along like a rubber ball. Occa-
sionally it skips entirely over places
directly in it's path. Wherever il
touches there are wreck and ruin, in
a breath.
Its progressive or eastward move
ment is about thirty miles an hour.
Its rotary motion is.--no one knows
what 1t may vary anywhere from
two hundred to five hundred miles, an
hour
The Awful Tornado Funnel.
All the power is concentrated in the
e.
there would be no danger. Sometimes
it is DETECTED or broken by natural OBJ
jects at the earth's surface. The
dark clouds above the funnel bear lit
tie significance. They are spread out
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

Iron work and metal and other sub
stances melt at well known tempera-
lures. under the ordinary conditions of
daily life, but If we subject them to
great pressure the melting points rise.
Hence with regard to the rock of the
interior when it is under great pres
sure it. does not melt at 1900 degrees.
We cannot say just at what temper
AZURE it fuses, but it is quite likely
that the increase of temperature may
never overcome the increase of pres
sure. 1t follows that the earth is
solid clear through.
But volcanoes must derive their lava
from some source, and so we have
come to believe in the existence of
local reservoirs of molten rock under
meath the volcanic districts.
The distribution of volcanoes is ev-
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

cause the oceanic tides. They made
the point that the earth behaves like
a body as rigid as steel. They there
fore rejected the conception Of iluid
core is impossible.
Earth's Interior Pressure.
Next mathematician attacked the
problem on another side by reminding
the biologists that the interior portions
of the globe must support the outer
portions, and that therefore the inter-
ior is subject to great pressure as the
| following table by Professor r. S..
Woodward shows.
| Depth in Pressure in Pounds
Ir..- GN1.n.. .I...L
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
MOZLEY'S
LEMON ELIXIR
Regulates the LIVER Stomach, Bowels and Kidneys

Forb
For indg
eepessns. prostaton
debility
regulation
md a
Prepared onyb II. Motley, Atlanta.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01
GRATITUDE.

Nozcy-Dear have
al
ave. "a y s a
PakeFsburE. West Virginia AIRS ETA w JONES,
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

If we select an average rate Of about
sixty feet of descent for an increase
OF one degree Fahrenheit; and carry 1t
out for twenty-five miles, we reach a
temperature of 1900 degrees, which is
just about that Of ordinary molten
lava. Coupling this with the facts
known about volcanoes, it was nat
ural for many observers to conclude
that the interior of the earth was molt-
en- and that mankind lived on d crust
twenty-five miles thick or more.
But the astronomers and mathe-
maticians soon reminded the biologists
that the earth is a rapidly rotating
body which is subject to the deforming
effects OF centrifugital force and to
the attractions of the moon. and other
heavenly bodies which are believed TO
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-06-01

No. of feet Total
for Depth
degree f. measured.
Central Copper Mine, Mich. 101 1850
Wheeling, w. Va, boring, so to 80 1850
+" so. ....... 1852
Schladabach, Sax. ........ 90 49,. ,!.0f4O
Yakutsk, Siberia ,,........ SO. .-...,, 6o6
Geneva, Switzerland. -. So. .......
The bee. (Earlington, Ky.) 1889-19??, 1902-08-21

COL. WILLIAM F. CoDY-"BUFFALo BILL.
together with Charles Goodnight, on
the well known Goodnight ranch in
Texas. The effort was responded to by
Colonel Cody on his own great estate,
near Cody, Wyo. Although the expert
ment has not been carried far enough
to demonstrate its entire practicable
ty, enough has been done to prove that
the bison in the form of ''catalo"-part
buffalo and part cattle-if not the pure
buffalo, may have a new term of ex-
istence. On the Goodnight ranch are
more than 100 head OF "catalo."
1t has been found possible in a num-
Der of cases on the Cody and Good
night ranches and in the other places
where small but fiourishing herds of
"catalo' exist to breed the animals in
and in, so that the offspring are three
fourths or more buffalo and the re-
mainder cattle. The hybrids, Of what
ever degree, retain the desirable char
acteristics of their wild ancestors,
while they possess the improved quail
ity of meat and softer hair that render
the animal better for human use than
the bison.
Experiments in hybridization Of AMI
mails have hitherto been for the most
part baffled by the inability of the re-
sulting cross to perpetuate its species.
This difficulty does not exist in the
case of the "catalo." One of them has
been known to raise eight calves in
the past seven years. The "catalo''
of three-quarters buffalo blood are best
for furnishing the famous and desira'
BILE buffalo robes, the price of which
has mounted steadily since the extinc'
ton of the original wearers. For beef
the quarter bloods are the most promis'
ing, since they unite with the greater
size of the buffalo the finer grain and
sweeter taste of beef. Outside of the
hump" and a few other portions buff
falo meat is of coarse grain and strong
flavor.
A "catalo' weighs on an average
about 300 pounds more than the native
steer. In its hump" the meat OF
which is equal to that of the finest
beef, it carries about 100 pounds. I'm
less the cattle strain predominates the
hind quarters OF the animal are apt &c
be lighter than those of cattle. Like
it's wild ancestor, the "catalo' can live
and thrive on pastures that would moi
support cattle, since the buffalo has the
faculty of feeding without destroying
the quality of the ground. "Catalo'
are healthy animals and avoid poison
Gus weeds by instinct.
The bee. (Earlington, Ky.) 1889-19??, 1902-08-21
SAVING THE BUFFALO
HOW THE FEW REMAINING BISON
ARE BEING PRESERVED.

buffalo Bill" and "BunaIo" Jones
Engaged In Raising "Catalo," n
Mixture of Bison and CnttIe-Char-
acteristics of the New Animal.
Thirty-five years ago William Fred
erick Cody was engaged in killing all
the buffalo, or bison, that came within
range of his "trusty rife" His sue
cess in that occupation, entered into
for the purpose of supplying buffaiU
meat for the laborers working on the
Union Pacific railroad, was so distin-
guished that he won the sobriquet of
Buffalo Bill" by which title the vet
eran scout, Snowman, soldier and
ranchman is best known.
Today Colonel Cody is not engaged
in killing buffalo, for none is left to be
slain. He is, on the contrary, occupied
in an earnest effort to preserve the few
remaining bison and to transmit their
characteristics to the buffalo and cattle
hybrid known as the 'Satalo."
The story of the vast herds of bnffa-
10 that once ranged over the western
prairies and of their destruction is
we'll known. OF the millions of the an
finals that once existed only a few
struggling herds, kept as geological
specimens, now survive. 1t has been
found, however, that the Characters
tics of the bison-their hardness
strength, size and general adaptability
to the requirements of life on the
western prairies-can be successfully
transmitted to the offspring of the buff
falo and the various breeds of domes-
tic cattle. Two men are principally en-
gagged in breeding 'catalo," Charles j
C'Buffalo'') Jones and Colonel Cody.
Largely through the efforts of these
two men the recent session of congress
passed law creating a government
buffalo ranch in the Yellowstone Ma
tional park. Mr.. Jones has been APP
pointed warden of the ranch by the
president. and he is busily engaged in
stocking it with the buffalo and its de-
scendants. The idea of forming n herd
of "catalO" has long been the dOmi.
nant one in the mind of Mr.. Jones, and
he has for n number of years been en-
gagged in demonstrating its feasibility,
The bee. (Earlington, Ky.) 1889-19??, 1902-08-21
THE GIRL WE ADMIRE.
She Has Sunny Disposition and the Gift
Of Smiling Away the Troubles Of Life.

The most lovable girls in the
world are those with a sunny dis
position. A few people like the
quiet, thoughtful girl; others
like the girl who is perpetually
vivacious and bubbling over with
spirits. But everyone likes the
girl with the cheerful, sunny
disposition. Girls of this char
acter are never extravagantly
bojsterous or dismally quiet;
they have a pleasant smile for
everyone. They never seem
troubled or worried, their voice
is low and musical, and their
smile-be they pretty or not-is
always sweet.
The only trouble that the SUM-
ny tempered girl has is the out
come of her popularity. Every
one wants to talk to her, and be
with her. Young men are at
tracted to her without effort on
her part, for her character shows
itself so plainly in her actions
thrt young men are so delighted
at the cheerfulness and sympa-
thy of her nature that they are
drawn to her at once.
For every reason, then, the
girl with the sunny disposition,
who smiles away the troubles of
life, is favorite. And, what is
more, old people are just as
charmed by her as are those of
about her own age. We are glad
to know there are a few of this
class of girls in Darlington.
The bee. (Earlington, Ky.) 1889-19??, 1902-08-21
Darlington Free Library.

The Free Library and Reading
Room is again favorite retreat OF
our students and literary people. IT
is not easy to find place more
clean, cool, or comfortable.
The library contains over 700 vol
umes of the worlds best literature,
comprising history, biography, po-
etry, fiction, science and religion.
Over two dozen periodicals come
regularly and are selected to suit all
ages and tastes, among which are
Century Magazine, Harper's Month
ly and Weekly, Munsey, Cosmopol'
itan, Mcclure, Everybody's, St
Nicholas, Youths Companion, Col
lier's Weekly, RAMS Horn, Science
Public Opinion, Literary Digest
Puck, Judge, etc., and several daily
papers.
The bee. (Earlington, Ky.) 1889-19??, 1902-08-21

HoPKINsvILLE welcomed Presi-
dent Jere Baxter, of the Tonnes
see Central, with open arms and
agreed to give the right of way,
terminal ground, and erect a
suitable depot. Hopkinsville
has long been noted for her an
tagonism against the L. & N. and
would gladly do anything in her
power to lessen the freight and
passenger receipts of this road.