davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

New Orleans, Aug. 2.-Heavy buying
by prominent short operator caused
our market to open to higher and
additional buying by a scattered in
terest occasionally further advance of
to 6 shortly after this firmness was
predicated on the open that the bu-
reau on Monday would be bullish.
However, as soon as the urgent de-
mand was filled, values eased off near
the close, making the net gain points
on August, and 6 to on the other
months. Good rains fell in the CEN
trail and eastern portions of the belt
where needed, and Texas was general
ly dry. The predictions are for fair
weather tonight and Sunday In Tex
as, Arkansas. Louisiana and Missis-
sippi, and for showers in the Allan
tics. From the consensus of opinions
here operators believe the bureaus
general average conditions may be
around so per cent. as compared to
. 77.2 last year, Notwithstanding the
fact that weather conditions during
July would warrant an average as
high or higher than last month. There
fore as local traders anticipate an I'M
favorable bureau, the interest has been
evened up to large extent. If the gen.
eral average condition ranges around
80, the market will probably advance:
but If it is about the same as last
month a decline will be established.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
NEW ORLEANS COTTON MARKET.

New Orleans, Aug. 2.-There was no
trading in spot cotton here to-day.
Quotations unchanged.
Futures, following the lead of New
York, opened 8 to points up. The
market gathered strength as the day
progressed, f1uctuating slightly at
times, but moving gradually upward
until near the noon closing, when a
slight reaction set in and to points
were cut down from the highest level.
On the sound of the noon gong the
board showed net gains from yester-
days level of 4 points on August, and
to 9 points on the other months.
New Orleans, Aug. 2.-Cotton ru-
lures steady: August, S.32@8. 39c:
September, 1927. s3c; October. 1920
1850; November, 1907 sac: Decem-
Der, 1897 sac; January, 1897 sac;
February, 7.54c, bid; March. 7.56c, bid.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
TRADE AND FINANCE
COTTON MARKETS CLOSE AT THE
ADVANCE ON GOOD BUYING.
MONDAYS BUREAU REPORT,
THE TRADE INCLINED TO BELIEyE;
IT WILL DE BULLISH.

Practically No Demand for Spot Cot
tOn-ExpOrters Want August and
september Deliveries, But Unwil-
ling TO Pay Asked Price-Turpen-
tine Firm at 43%c-LOcaI and TeIe-
graphic Markets.
The Morning News Office,
Saturday, Aug. 2.
The cotton futures markets closed at
fhe advance to-day, with little to ex-
plain the reasons for the rise other
than the generally accepted belief that
the government crop report to be pro-
mulgated at noon Monday will be
bullish document. The rise is construed
by some of the trade as discounting
this to a large extent. On this i'm
provement in the demand and upward
movement of prices shorts have taken
fright, and in many cases are in thu
market as eager buyers to cover.
New Orleans closed up on August,
and to up on other positions New
York also closed at the advance.
Each day brings reports of the re-
cefpt of new cotton at different points
which indicates an early movement,
Many of the more important interior
towns have received their first bales
of the new crop. This cotton seems to
be bringing good prices, and may be
significant as to the future course of
prices for spot cotton. Up to the pres
ent the interior is backward about
selling either for August or September
delivery. The prices exporters are will
ing to pay do not seem to be accepta-
Bile.
Turpentine closed firm at 43%c, and
resins firm at the prices given. Re-
sumo of the markets as follows:
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
STOCKS AND BONDS.

New York, Aug. 2.-Semi-stagnation
prevailed in to-day's stock market and
only a few professional room traders
had anything to do with 1t. Their OPP
erations did not carry prices far away
from last nights level at any time. The
holiday in London left the market
without any orders from that source
and emphasized the dullness. The
days net changes are slightly mixed,
but the closing was heavy. The bank
statement failed to conform to expec-
tations, but its publication did not af-
feet the market to any extent. In
stead of an expected decrease of over
millions in cash, the banks report a
decline in reserves of about half a
million. A decrease in loans was
hoped for, instead of which the loan
item has expanded $6,377, 100. The re-
sulting increase in deposits has swell
ed the reserve requirements to the ex-
tent Of $1,262075, which. together with
the decrease in the cash, brings down
the surplus over the legal requirement
to the extent of $1,T64,275. To-day's
money exchange markets were nomi-
nal The fact that the next available
steamship for shipping gold to Paris
does not sail until next Thursday de-
fers the question of further gold ex-
ports.
The only features in to-day's mar
ket worth specifying were advances
in the local fractions with subsequent
reactions, a loss of over points in St.
Louis and San Francisco and a buoy
ant recovery in the Central of Geor-
gia income bonds. The only notable
activity in he bond market has been
in convertible bond issues. The in
vestment demand was quiet. United
States Is old registered and the So
have advanced u per cent. on call.
Total sales of stocks to-day were
$4,000 shares, including Atchison, 49,
300; Manhattan, 2O,100; Pennsylvania,
1000: Southern Pacific. 5000; Southern
Railway, $500; Republic Steel. 5000.
View York stock and bond Lat.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

Trains arrive Savannah as follows:
No. 29, daily, from New York, Wash
ington, Richmond and Cincinnati, 1850
a. m.
No. SO. daily from New York and
Washington. 3:05 p. m.
No. 80, daily, from all points west
via Jesup, 1920 a. m.
No. "a, daily, from all points west,
via Jesup. los p. m.
All trains arrive and depart from
the Union Depot.
THROUGH CAR SERVICE, ETC.
Trains SO and "a, NEW YORK
AND FLORIDA EXPRESS, Vesti-
buled limited trains, with Pullman
Drawing room Sleeping Cars between
Savannah and New York. Connect at
Washington with Colonial Express for
Boston. Pullman Sleeping Cars be-
tween Charlotte and Richmond and
Charlotte and Norfolk. Dining Cars
serve all meals between Savannah and
New York.
Trains 80 and 81 connect at Jesup
with through Pullman Drawing room
Sleeping Cars operated from and to
Kansas City via Birmingham, and
from and to Cincinnati via Chatta-
nooga.
Trains 90 and 30, THE WASHING
TON RICHMOND AND FLORIDA
LIMITED. Vestibuled limited trains,
carrying Pullman Drawing room
Sleeping Cars between Savannah and
New York. via Richmond. Dining Cars
serve all meals between Savannah and
Washington. Also Pullman Drawing
room Sleeping Cars between Savannah
and Cincinnati, through Asheville and
The Land of the Sky"
For information as to rates. sched-
ules, etc, apply 30
c. H. ACKERT, G. NJ.
s. H. HARDWICK, G. 2. A., Wash
| ington, d. c.
w. II. TAYLOE, A. G. p A, Allan
ia. Ga.
r. C. BLATTNER, Depot Ticket
| Agent. Union Depot, Savannah, Ga.
| e. G. THOMSON. c. p. & T. A., Sa.
| vannah, Ga, 141 Bull street. Phones
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
MONEY MARKET.

New York. Aug. 2.-Money on call
was nominal. No loans were made to-
day Prime mercantile paper 4hQ5
per cent. Sterling exchange steady at
S487B for demand and at $4.85% for
sixty days. Posted rates, 1886 and
s4.sS1a. Commercial bills, $4S4&t q
4.S5A. Bar silver, 525s. Mexican dol
lars, 41Ac Government bonds were
steady, state bonds steady, and rail-
road bonds irregular.
New York, Aug. 2.-The statement
of the associated banks for the week
ending to-day, shows:
Loans, increase. S6.377. 100: deposits,
increase, s5.04S.3 circulation. Increase,
s1S6, 400. legal tenders. increase. $780,
500; specie. decrease, 1902. ZOO; surplus
reserve, decrease, $1,7e4.275
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
COTTON FUTURES AT NEW YORK;

New York Aug. 2.-Cotton futures
opened firm: August, s.21c; Septem-
Der, 7.S6c; October. 7.75c: November,
G69c; December, 1850; January 1850;
February, 1850.
Futures closed steady: August,
S:26c; September. 7.SSc; October, Z. 7Sc;
November, 7.72c: December, 7.7Sc;
January, 7.72c; February, 7.73c; March,
TIE.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
Hubbard Bros. & Co.'s Cotton Letter.

New York, Aug. Our market op-
ened with sales of August at 500, 8.21,
S.22 and closed at $685. and after SELL
ing at S.24. SIS ruled at s.24 at IL a.
m. The one feature of the market to-
day has been the unexpected covering
by Wall street short interest, which
resulted in an advance of some II
points. This is supposed to be in ex-
pectation of an adverse bureau report
on Monday. The buying continued
throughout the forenoon and steadied
prices to the close. Advices from Tex
as are of a better nature, but trading,
apart from this special trading was
limited in view of the expected esti-
mate, and a closer Liverpool market.
The spot market was quiet and un-
changed.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
COTTON.

Spot cotton closed steady and I'M
changed, with no sales by factors 1t
is not expected that any active bust
ness will be done before the middle of
August, and possibly not then. Flu
lures at both New York and New Or
leans closed at the advance to-day.
The following were the official spot
quotations at the close of the market
at the Cotton Exchange to-day:
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
MURPHY Z CO. INC

5oard OF Trade Building, Savannah.
vlVate leased wires direct to New
UT h, Onlcago and New Orleans.
AoN' STOCKS AND GRAIN.
Nsw York Office, No. 81 Broadway.
Oaces IN principal cities throughout
une Sosth. Write for our market man
at ana book containing instruction for
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
FINACIAL.
MONEY-Market easy.

MONEY-Market easy.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE Market
steady. Commercial demand. sterling
s4.S71a; so days, $4.S41A; 80 days, 81. s31a:
French, 5.19; Swiss, so days, 5.22: Bel
gian, 5.20A marks, 60 days, 95a; 80
days, 941z.
DOMESTIC EXCHANGE - Steady;
banks are buying at 75c per M. dis
count; selling up to h@25. 1oc; 25Q5O,
soc; 3o0@40o, S5c; 4O0@50O, 4Oc: 500@600,
45c; 600 and over. 75c per NJ. premium
SECURITIES-Cent of Georgia
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

pentine unchanged.
Wilmington, Aug. 2.-Spirits turpen-
tine, nothing doing; receipts 81 casks.
Resin steady, 81 .10@1 Is; receipts 213
Crude turpentine firm, $1.40, $3.50
and 81 so; receipts 81.
Tar firm, $3.50; receipts Sc.
New Orleans, Aug. 2.-Receipts, ros-
in, SIS barrels.
New York, Aug. 2.--Rosin steady;
strained, common to good. $1.5712. Tur-
pentine steady, 46@46kc.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
NAVAL STORES.
SATURDAY.. Aug.

Saturday, Aug. 2.
TURPENTINE-The spirits market
opened firm at 43%c, sales S4S, and
closed firm and unchanged, sales 60.
The demand was good, and the of
ferings taken. Receipts were 1,OS4, and
the exports 335.
ROSINS-The rosin market closed
closed firm at the prices below, with
no sales reported for the day. The de-
mand was not reported as good. The
days receipts were 2.761, and the ex-
ports 2.363. Prices as follows:
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
COTTON FUTURES.

New York. Aug. 1.-The cotton mar
het opened Arm with prices to
points higher and Immediately follow
InB the call continued 10 work upward
on fairly active general buying led BY
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
DRY GOOns.

New York, Aug. 1.-The dry foods
market to-day has failed to bring out
any new feature of moment in any de-
partment. On the whole. prices re-
main firm, larger number of buyers
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

Galveston-Easy; middling, 81; net
receipts, $50; gross, $50; stock, 5,O56.
Norfolk-Steady; middling, 9 ZIG:
net receipts, 1,062; gross, 1,O62; sales,
IL; stock. SOP. Exports-Great Brit
ain, 124.
Baltimore-Nominal; middling, 9A;
stock, 3,423.
Boston-Quiet: middling, 1915;
gross receipts, 240.
Wilmington-Firm; middling, 81;
stock, 696.
Philadelphia Steady; middling.
S-16; net receipts, 154; gross, 1854;
stock, SS9.
Savannah-Easy: middling, 81; net
receipts, As; gross, 46; stock, 5,913. Ex-
ports-Coastwise, 1,150.
New Orleans-Quiet; middling,
s-l6; net receipts, 16; gross, 16;
stock. 51.5S4.
Mobile-NominaI; middling. Sk; net
receipts, 3,211. Exports-Continent,
1894.
Memphis-Quiet; middling, 1915;
gross receipts, l.; stock, 1850.
Augusta-%Quiet; middling, 81; net
receipts. 4; gross, 4; sales, 226; stock,
5,337.
Charleston-Quiet; net receipts, 4s7;
gross, 4S7; stock, 1.216. Exports-Coast-
wise, 5.
illSlhHdll-t&uIet1 IuiQullHB, - net
receipts, 300; gross, 300; sales, $50;
stock, 9,638
Louisville-Quiet; middling, 9A.
st. Louis-Quiet; middling, 1916;
net receipts. Is; gross, As; stock, 49,
s9S.
Houston-Quiet; middling, 11-16;
net receipts, 400; gross, 420; sales, %;
stock, 1852.
San Francisco, Aug. 2.-Cotton, net
receipts 300; gross. 300; exports to the
continent, 300.
New York-Quiet: middling, s 1916;
sales. 1904; stock, 127,o6S. Exports
Continent, 361.
Total To-day-Net receipts, 2.S15; ex-
ports, continent, 1895; stock, 2,05, 12S.
Consolidated-Net receipts, isis; ex-
ports continent, 1896.
Total Since Sept. met receipts, L.
o45,l37; Great Britain, 2,98S,S75;
France, 1851; continent, 2,756,669.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

are expected with the beginning of the
new week, and from then on business
is expected to steadily improve.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

BETWEEN SAVANNAH AND TY-
BEE.
Trains arrive at and depart from
Tybee depot, Randolph street, foot of
STANDARD (9Oth meridian) time. one
hour slower than Savannah city time.
LEAVE SAVANNAH.
Week Days-5:4 As a. m, 300 a. M, 1880
D. M, 4:20 p. M, 500 p. M, 7:4o p. m.
Sundays-7:25 a. M, 900 a. m, HOO
q. M, 2:30 p. m, 4:20 p. m, 600 p. m,
''-O 49, LEAVE TYBEE.
Week Days-5:00 a. M, TOO a. m,
1000 a. m. sos p. m, Gas p. m. 800
sundays-5:oo a. M, S:15 a. M, 1000
a. M, 11:5O a. M, sos p. m, 6:45 p. M,
800 p. m.
*Daily. sExcept Sunday. tsunday
only.
Connections made at terminal points
with all trains Northwest, West and
| Southwest.
Sleeping cars on night trains between
| Savannah and Augusta, Macon, At
lanta, Columbus, Ca, and Birming
| ham, Ala.
Train No. 1, leaving Savannah at
a. m, does not make connection fol
Augusta on Sundays.
Parlor cars on day trains between
Savannah, Macon and Atlanta.
For complete information, schedules
rates and connections, apply to
w. G. BREWER, City Ticket and
Passenger Agent. LOT Bull street, or
W. r. MCINTYRE, Depot Ticket
Agent.
J. C. HALLE, Gen. Pass. Agent.
F. ]. ROBINSON, Asst. GenI Pass.
Agent.
Traffic Manager.
THEO. D. KLINE, General Supt.
Savannah, Ga.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
Murrhx 8 Coz stock Lstter.

New York, Aug. with exception
of Manhattan the stock market during
the greater part of the morning was
extremely sluggish, and the movement
of prices was irregular within mar
row range. Little significance as in
dicating the immediate course of prices
attached to the dealings in first hour,
the professionals having undisputed
control of light speculation. There was
moderate selling of soft coalers on re-
ported reduction of wholesale prices.
Manhattan enjoyed gain to 1877 and
Brooklyn Rapid Transit rose slightly.
Pennsylvania, Chesapeake and Ohio
and others of the coalers reacted frac-
tionally and Illinois showed the effect
of moderate selling in an extreme de-
cline of nearly / per cent. The only
news of general Importance was the
bank statement. Contrary to expec-
tations or room traders, an increase in
loans of s6.377, 100 VISA shown and the
decrease in cash was only about a
fifth as large an indicated. The net re-
suit is an increase in the surplus re-
serve of only s1.764.275. The statement
failed to relieve the dullness to any
appreciable extent beyond limited of
fering of stock here and there. In the
spcialties, Pressed Steel Car rose an
extreme IN. Amalgamated Copper was
firm. The publication of the Republic
Steel semi annual report stimulated a
slight improvement in the stock. The
market closed strong without special
feature. Government bonds were un-
changed and railroad bonds fir4ner.
MISCELLANEOUS MARKETS.
Note-These quotations are revised
daily and are kept as near as possible
in accord with the prevailing whole
Continued OF Fourteenth Page.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
Southern
Railway.

Trains arrive and depart Savannah
by goth meridian time-one hour slow
er than city time.
Schedule Effective July /, 1902.
TO THE NORTH AND EAST.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
Savannah Bank
and Trust Go.

JOSEPH ID. WEED, President.
JOHN c. ROWLAND, Vice President.
VIM. F. McCAULEY, Cashier.
sAML. l.. CLAY, Assistant Cashier.
A general banking and exchange
business transacted.
savings Department, interest
computed qaarterIy.
accounts of merchants, banks
ana corporations solicited.
american Express Company'B let-
ters of credit issued available In all
parts of the world.
Collections carefully made and
promptly accounted for.
Safety Deposit Boxes and storage
Vaults for rent.
Correspondence invited.
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
SEA ISLAND COTTON.

Friday, Aug. 1.
The sea island cotton market closes
teatureless and unchanged, with the
demand too light to induce business.
There appears to be hesitation on the
part of consumers about taking the
unsold stock in the face of present
crop advices, which do not point the
same way from all localities. Condi-
ton is spotty, and the final outturn
matter of conjecture, at least until
after August. Advices from the coua-
try are that cotton is shedding and
IN some cases suffered from excessive
rains
Fancy Floridas ...............25 @23h
Extra choice Floridas .........22 Q22h
Snoice Floridas ...............N 42lH
Fully fancy Georgians 49,. ..221z
Fuliy extra choice to fancy
Nd. .zlH24EA
Extra choice Georgias ........2
SHolce ....................19 H2
Extra fine Georgias ...........1S1s
me ...... .................. "lI4z
Tohhnoh ............'....Io1z
AiileTlor ....................-l 10
Week Ending Aug. l.
1901 o.. 10000.
Receipts, week .......... None None
Exports. week ......... 67S 4el
Receipts, season ........ 55,o31 O.. 761
sales, week ...........l 1872 None
Stock ...... ...........l 5.005 s67
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03
MISCELLANEOUS MARKETS.

Note-These quotations are revised
daily and are kept as near as possible
in accord with the prevailing whole
The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900-current, 1902-08-03

Continued OF Fourteenth Page.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1902-11-29
MEMBERS OF BOARD;
TRUSTEES TO SUCCEED GOT, CALDWELL AND MR. LoMAx.
University Board Will Be Called To- gether to Choose Them and
 State Senate Will Confirm
 a--. or Reject.

The death of Hon.. Tennent Lorna | creates the second vacancy in the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama since the adoption of the new. Constitu- ton. .e$ T Er
 Vacancies on the Board under the new Constitution are filled by election by the remaining members of the Board. The remaining trustees signify their choice, but the new member has to be confirmed by the Senate. If the Senate declines to confirm the election of a trustee named by the Board, the matter Is not referred back to the Board. but the Senate names its choice for membership on the Board to fill the vacancy.
 The first vacancy on the Board since the new Constitution was adopted was caused by the death of Col John H. Caldwell. member from the Fourth Dis- trict of Calhoun County. A few months later death claimed Hon Tsnnent Lo- max, the member from the Second Con- gressional District. For the vacancy created by the death of Colonel Cald well the name of Prof. Hal Johnson of Tal- ladega is prominently mentioned The friends of MT. Phares Coleman, Supreme Court reporter, have discussed him as worthy successor of Mir. Lomax from this district. MT. Coleman Is an aiumnus of the University. in whose welfare he has always manifested . lively interest.
 It is probable that the Board will be called together to i'll the vacancies before tie Legislature convenes in order that the Senate may pass upon them.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1902-11-29
CARRIERS GET "RED sTAR.~
Distinction Conferred Upon Two De.
 serving Negroes.

The red star the insignia of long and faithful service of carriers in the post. office department, has been conferred up- on Sam w. Simpson and G, w. Lewis. negro letter carriers in the Montgomery postoftice
 Letter carriers who have efficiently and faithfully served for fifteen years are given the ''red starr as a badge of dis tinction. When letter carriers have com pleted ten years of faithful service they are authorized to wear on the sleeve of their uniform black stripe as an en- blem of their decade of service. The black stripe was bestowed on Simpson and Lew4s five years ago and having re- gently completed their fifteen years of service they were given the additional mark of distinction.
 Simpson and Lewis are the two oldest letter carriers in Montgomery in poIrt of service. They are praised and com mended for their courtesy and faithful ness by the people whom they serve. They stand equally high in the este asn of the postoffice officials.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1902-11-29
THE NEGRO CONFERENCE.
Presiding Elders Submitted Their
 Reports Yesterdav

@f00Au1uS EIoeIS Supm1CCed InS1f
 Reports Yesterday.
 The third days session of the Central Alabama Conference of the A. M. E.. Zion Church opened at its usual nour yes- terday morning and a large attendance of delegates and citizens was present
 The devotional exercises were led by the Bishop After which the Secretary. Rev Cummings. read the minutes which were well kept
 The Presiding Elders began to report at Il a. m. Their reports of the work and ministers were interesting, aggregat- ing the sum of $l2,O00 raised in their re- spective districts, Round after round of applause was given by the Conference for their excellent reports, which were adopted and a, vote of thinks rendered
 At this Juncture the time set for the special feature of the day. the Bishops address, arrived. The wholesome and timely instructions contained therein, were highly appreciated, His advice was that the negro was no ward of any polit- ical party, but that he should vote for any party rather than the lily whites and for any man, even though he be Dem ocrat. man of high principles who re- Rards. the rights of all citizens. For such men he said he would vote regardless of criticism.
 The Bishop said he thanked God that the time had come when a man could ex- ercise the right of franchise without harsh criticism of his party or race. The Bishop highly commended some of the patriotic utterances of General William C. Oates made before the Conference Wednesday. ...
 The address was we'll received and on motion of F. H. Cumming. seconded by Rev. A. J. Rodgers it was ordered spread on the minutes. a--,-..s
 Rev. A. J. Stokes. D. D., pastor of the Columbus Street Baptist Church. was in troduced to the Bishop and to the Con- ference by Dr. Rodgers. He was kindly received and seated within the bar of the Conference.
 Last night was Woman's Night This service was under the auspices of the Missionary Daughters of the Conference of which Ada M. Hannon is the Presi- dent.
 The program arranged was an excellent one and was greatly enjoyed by the con- gregation.
 The annual address will be delivered by Presiding Elder Washington.