davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Akron daily Democrat. [volume] (Akron, Ohio) 1892-1902, 1902-06-17
Filthy Temples In india.

Sacred cows often defie Indian tenn
pies, but worse yet is n body that's
polluted with constipation. Don't per-
NIT 1t. Cleanse your system with DR..
Kings New Life Pills and avoid un-
told misery. They give lively livers,
active bowels, good digestion, fine ap-
petite. Only 25c at G. B. Harper g.
Co.'S drug store.
Akron daily Democrat. [volume] (Akron, Ohio) 1892-1902, 1902-06-17
Ice Cream and Cake

The ladies of the Central Presby-
bazaar in the church parlors Wednes-
day evening, June IS. Ice cream, cake
and lemonade will be served
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
COUNTY CONVENTION.

The Republicans of Trego county
met at the court house last Saturday
at O'Clock p. IN. A.. Fl. Blair was
elected chairman and G. N. Gibson.
secretary.
The following delegates were elect
ed to the several conventions:
State-A. HI. Blair, w. B. CIPHER,
j. r. Guilbert.
Compassionate. S. Howe, A. J.
McCollum, G. NJ. Bell.
Judicial-A. L. Gleason, John Con-
nor, G. C. Yetter.
The delegates were empowered to
select their own alternates.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
West Side Notes.

News scarce this week.
Planting sod corn is in full blast.
C. G. Hickman received car of salt.
New blacksmith shop started in
Collyer.
o. B. Kesler is working on the Bap-
tiSt church.
J. I'll. Deatrick took in the conven-
tion at Oakley, Tuesday
Part of the delegation to the coun-
ty convention carried out the inStruc-
tiOns of their Democratic dictator.
Mrs. L. S. Myeriy was called to
Jewell county last week on account of
her fathers DEATH Another old sol
dier answered the last roll call.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Administrators Sale.

In the Probate Court in ana for the county
of Trego. Kansas
In the m after of the estate of
Rudolf j. Horak. deceased
Notice is hereby given that / will on tho
18th day of April, 1902 u O'Clock y. n. of
said day on the west platform of the depot in
the town of ColIyer- Kansas. offer at Public
Sale and sell to the highest bidder, for cash
in hand, all the following described real es-z
tate. to-wit:
All that part Of the northeast quarter of
section 8. township IL south, range % west OF
the 9th p. M. lying south of the Union Paci-
fc kailroad Company's right Of way con-.
tanning 100 acres more or less. in Trego coun-
ty. Kansas; also all of the half of the
east half of section 10. township IL south,
range % west of the 9th P. NJ. containing 100
acres more or less, in Cove county. Kansas.
RUDOLPH HORAk,
Administrator of the estate of Rudolf j.
Horak. deceased
Attest: M. w. Cliff,
ISEAL. Probate Judge
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
kouce OF ADplculIon 10 Purchase SchooI Lend.

The undersigned hereby gives notice that
he will the 18th day of April, 1902.
make application to the Probate Court OF
Trego county. Kansas. purchase the fol-
lowing described school land. situated in the
organized county OF Trego- Kansas. viz:
The northwest quarter of section 3. town
ship 13. range "a
He names the following persons to prove
his settlement. continuous residence. and
improvements viz: John Beihler. residence
Bosnia Kansas. and E. L. Boice. residence
Bosnia, Kansas
Done Wa-Keeney. County of Trego.
Kansas, this 18th day of April, 1902.
WILLIAM STIMITS,
Petitioner.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Before the United States Land Office, Wa
Keeney, Kansas.
Notice for PubIicatisn-Osoiated Tract-l
PuhIic Land Sale

Notice is hereby given that in pursuance
of instructions from the Commissioner of
the General Land Office, under authority
vested in him by section 2l55. Rev. Stat u.
5. amended by the act of Congress APP
proved February g. 1895. viii proceed TO
offer at public sale the 10th day of May,
next. at this office, the following tract OF
land. to-wit: The southeast quarter of the
northeast quarter of section 2 township II
south. range "a. west of the 9th p. NJ.
Any and all persons claiming adversely
the above described lands are advised to file
their claims in this office on or before the
day above designated for the commence
ment of said sale. otherwise their rights will
be forfeited.
Dated April L. 1902.
F. W. KING, Receiver.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
notice to Teachers.

The regular quarterly examination
for teachers will be held ia the coun-
ty superintendenI,s ofiice in Wa-kee-
ney, April e, 1902, beginning at 7:30
n. m. HATTIE J. KIRBY.
County Superintendent.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Notice of Application to Purchase School
Land

The undersigned hereby gives notices that
he will on the 10Th day of May 1902
make an application to the Probate Court OF
Trego County. Kansas, to purchase the fol-
lowing described school land. situated in the
organized county of Trego Kansas. viz:
The northwest quarter of section 10. town
ship Ii, range Is
He names the following persons to prove
his settlement continuous residence and
improvements. viz John Glenn, residence
dence Banner, Kansas. and r. j. Tague.
residence Banner, Kansas.
Done at Wa-keeney. County of Trego,
Kansas, this TIL day OF April. 1862
ALBEIT REDMOND,
Petitioner.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Notice of Application to Purchase School
Land

The undersigned hereby gives notice that
he will. ON the s3rd day. of April. 1902
mai an application TO the Probate Court OF
TreRo County. Kansas, to purchase the fol-
lowing described school land. situated in the
orpan1zed county of Trego- Kansas. viz:
The southwest quarter of section g town
ship IL range "A.
Ne names the following persons to prove
his settlement. continuous residences. and
improvements, viz. Frank Stradai. residence
Wakeenay< kansas, and John Zeman. resi-
dence Wakeeney, Kansas
Done at wa-Kseney, County OF Trego'
CHARLES sPITZNAUGLE.
Petitioner.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Timber Culture Final Proof Notice for Pub
location. No. 1881.
United States Land Once.

United States Land ONCE,
Wa-keeney. Kansas, March ID. 1902
Notice is hereby given that Paul Mitchell
has filed notice of intention to mako final
proof before Register and Receiver of the o.
s. Land Office at their Office in Wa-Keeney,
Kansas, on Friday. the 25th day of April. 1s022.
on Timber Culture Application No. 1881, for
the south half OF the northeast quarter and
the south half of the northwest quarvea of
section No p. in ownship No. 10 south.
range No. 3 west of the 9Th p NJ Kansas
He names as witnesses:
Francis Hoobler, Jacob Hoobler. Frank
Hazen, A G. Arnold; all of Ransom, Kansas
7. T. PURCELL. Register.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Notice of Application to Purchase School
Land

The undersigned hereby gives notice that
she will. the 18th day of April. 1892,
make application 10 the Probate Court OF
Trego County, kansas. to purchase the fol-
lowing described school land. situated in the
" f,ha r,orthwest onarter Of section ia. town.
ship IA south. range %.
She names the following persons to prove
her settlement. continuous residence. and
Improvements. viz: Annie Harvey residence
Banner. Kansas. and Mrs. Alice Harvey,
residence Banner, Kansas
Done at Wa-keeney, County of Trego,
Kansas, this 18th day of April, 1902
ALICE MOORE.
Petitioner.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19

MACK Jack will make the season at
my farm 5 miles south and 2 NILE
east OF Wa-Keeney. Jack is 3-years-
bone: mother was q Mammoth Jen-
ny; sired by old tsJoe Blackburn
TERGs-S8 to insure live colt.
Efank viii make the season at the
same place except Saturdays when he
will he in Wa-Keeney. Frank is5-
gears-old; was sired BY sOid Bob;r
TERMs-96 to insure live colt.
Care will be taken to prevent acct
dents but will not be responsible for
any. f. B. WEBB, Owner
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Trespass Notice.

Notice is hereby given that every
body is warned to keep all stock off of
the west half of section q, township
II, range %. l. G. JOHNSON
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Notice for Publicatlon- No. 1908.

Notice for Publication No. 1905.
Land Office at wa-Keeney, Kan-.
March 10. 1902
Notice is hereby given that the following
named settler has filed notice of his inten-
ton To make final proof in support OF his
claim, and that said proof will be made bs.
fore the Register a nd Receiver of tue u 3
Land Office at Wa-Eeeney, Kansas.
April S6. 1902 viz:
William e league,
Homestead Entry No. 1854. for the south
east Quarter of section 9. township Il south.
range - west OF the 9th +. al.
He names the following witnesses to prove
his continuous residence upon and cuitiya-s
tion Of said land. viz:
Charles Thiel, Charles King. William Bow
and Jacob S Deatrich; all of CoilyeF,
1T PURCELL. Register.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Notice of Application to Purchase Schoof
Land.

The undersigned barely gives notice that
he WILL. the 18th day of April. 1902,
make an application ~ the Probate Court Of
Trego County kansas. to purchase the fol-
lowing described school land. situated in the
organized county IF Trego. kansas. viz:
The mort Invest quarter of section H. town.
ship H. range u
He names the following persons to prove
his settlement, continuous residence. and
improvements. viz: w. *. Holmes. residence
Wa-Keeney. Kansas, and Frank Britt. resi-
dence Wakeeney. kansas.
Done at Wa Keeney, County of frego,
Kansas. this 18th day of April. 1872
THOMAS BROOMFIELp.
Petitioner
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19

The Republicans of the 23rd Judi
cial district held their convention at
Oakley, Tuesday. There were three
candidates for the honor Pestana,
of Russell, Reeder, of HAYS, and Net
son, of Wa-Keeney. On the first bal
lot the relative strength of candidates
was shown: Reeder, IL: Pestana, 7;
Nelson, 4. On the IS3 ballot Reeder
was nominated the vote stood: Reed
er, II; PeStani, I; Nelson. B. Reeder
WAS the strongest candidate as lie had
Ellis, Cove, Logan-and Wallace coun-
ties pledged, while the other candi-
dates had their home counties.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
Banner News.

Spring like weather; light showers;
more needed.
Rev Waldrop and E. A. Wildes are
fencing a new pasture.
The u. S. Pension Examiner was in
Banner this week interviewing the
old soldiers.
Rev. Vanderlip has returned from
conference. He still has charge of the
Quinter circuit.
Elmer Harvey has filed on home
stead on 10-I4-26. We look for some
thing to happen.
Several from Banner took a prepar-
atory examination held in Banner
school house April II.
Graintield has bought from 100 to
200 Locust trees of Theo Courtney
taken from his grove. Consideration
S25 90 per hundred.
Miss Alice Moore is putting the fin
iShIng touches on her cottage by paint
ing the outside and papering, paint
ing and remodeling the inside.
A party OF. young people from the
eastern part of the county visited Cas-
tie Rock Sunday, and had the pleasure
OF facing the rain home in the even
ing.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19
POLITICAL CALENDAR

Sixth District Republican Congress
sional convention, at Norton, We'd
nesday, April %, 1902
Republican State convention, at
Wichita, Wednesday, May %, 1902
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1902-04-19

90 toe T. Ferris for your carpets
and wall paper New samples just
received.
The daily morning Alaskan., 1902-12-17
Office of the Commanding Officer
 ampSkagway Alaska, December Is, 19C GENERAL ORDERS NO. 23

Nn nd Lieu 1T
  aoSn nrhnCI0m minute, unless hawt
  Ia oGuaiw inmon to He umnd nuridwo VI ae
  mlsy
  nteF company Qre" Ai~ehTS"e" Two Bdrue hewmA In h s to 10 Fire eNlnhao
  eedtoa point the pysi heywlb Cneiup
 u wi e esp n acku
  SPSs bahHng b ldns m ov Sdt,rn pO CaTT and be rpayi e ngus O r rpr esp Of and TSeGviaa cre
  Buckets Fire oprT se1on fire ir private property buildings will be 's obtained vrlbe posted in the tho ''' EHrNT,1a
The daily morning Alaskan., 1902-12-17
BETTER FIRE PROTECTION THAN EVER.

sEags @lsa Gs! v uoF s ys9s
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
AlfOnsO's Coronation,

MADRID, March 2D.-Thc fctcs to be
held upon the occasion Of the crowniny
of Alfonso NH. as king of Spain will
commence May T. with a grand review
OF 1h,ooO troops at Camp CArabanchcl.
There will be II gala operatic perform
ance and Il concert May li. The actual
ceremony of administering the oath to
Alfonso will occur in the chamber of
deputies May Is. Upon this occasion
Alfonso will for tn" first time wear the
Uniform of Il captain general in the
Spanish army. After the ceremony in
the chamber the king and the court will
proceed III state to hear il "Te Deum" in
the Church of san Francisco cl Grandc.
\ banquet TO the foreign rnvUys will
be given in the palace that evening.
There will be popular and municipal
festivities. EulliiGlliS, horse races, balls
and receptions during the six days
from May T. 10 May IS.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
A Generous GIFT,

DR.. J. A. Bayurd Kane of
Philadelphia has made generous
gift Of iifty-tlrcc new and interest
ing novels to the State Library
Commission to assist it in equip
ping new travelling libraries. DR..
Kane was formerly Il Whining
tonion and is the son OF the late
DIR. John X. Kane of that city.
In order to make his gift avail
able for the purpose for which it
was sent, it will be necessary that
other generously disposed people
should contribute funds for the
purchase Of the childrens' books,
and those Of history, biography,
travel DC. which give the travel
ing libraries their educational
character and make them interest
ing to people CT all ages and
classes III the COMMITTEES to which
they are loaned. Any contribu-
tions either Of money or of suit
able books will be thankfully re-
ceived by the State Library Com
mission, Dover, Delaware, Of
which Manlovc Hayes, Esq, is
Chairman and Treasurer.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
MuNt Nni Aid Ern1Alnx

CHICAGO, March 2J.-In an official
letter sent 10 every Catholic priest in
Chicago Archbishop Frelan has issued
sweeping order in the controversy Of
the Rcv. Jeremiah j. Crowley and his
friends with tie diocesan authorities.
The letter reads: I'VE hereby notify
you hat the Rrv. Jeremiah j. Crowley,
whose public acts and uttcrancrs have
given grave scandal to the dntrimpnt
of religion. is in open rebellion to lc.
gItimat" ecclesiastical authority. There
fore any priest Of til" diocese of thica
90 who assists him by moral or iinal-
rial aid or offers him encouragement of
any Kind Whatsoever is ipSu facto sllS-
pended The letter is signed by the
archbishop and by Chancellor L. X.
Barry,
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
FLOWERS FOR J
~ ~ * n :. = a - = .Ts' RI 49, T.
PRES. NlLLITTS.

After Levy Court urened thl.
morning President Wlllitts was pre-
sented with beautiful hyacntll as
an Easter present by the other MEM
bers OF the Court.
Mr.. Willitts heartily thanked his
Colleagues for the present and said
lie hoped the flowers would he a token n
OF continued harmony and good work
by the Court.
Mr. Elliott stated to the Court
that the bridge at Cranes saw mill
in Christiana hundred was in a bad
condition and should be replaced by
new bridge.
The courtsattorney was consulted
and said that Mr.. E!liason would have
to apply the person.
Mr. Chandler stated that Brosious
and Smedley who had the contract
for furnishing the planks for replank.
ing Washington street bridge had
failed to fulfi II their contract.
The contract called for 1000
feet of p!anking. About $4,000 feet
has been delivered butof that amount
80 percent was rejected on account Of
being defective. i
He asked that the members Of
the Court inspect the bridge Ia tho
near future. for the purpose of de.
cid'ng what should be done. Pres"
ldent Wlllit,s stated that if be-
would hold the matter over for a
week or two, the members of the
Court would inspect the bridge.
TIA communication was read from
Norris L. Ellison, OF St. Georges
hundred. stating that he was no.
on the assessment list tor-the can.
itatiou tax and asked that his
name be placed on :hla list The
question arose as 10 whether or NOT
Mr.. Ellison would have to apply IN
person for his name to be placed on
the list
The contractors have also failed
to deliver any Of the sleepers to be
used In replanking the bridge.
Foulk & Son who have the con-
tract are unable 10 do the work un-
I'll the seepers arrive aud say they
Will throw up the contract if tho
slecrcrs are not there in few
days. Brosirs e. SmedIey claim
that they are unable to secure the
kind OF wood contracted for.
1t was announced that the Charles
Warner Co. had complied with the
Courts request to put til, new build
lngS now being erected back from
the county line.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
CASE GROWS
BRIGHTER,

Mount Holly, N. j.. March 90
This was not dark and DIRE eary day
to Mrs Mabel Fenton Haines. ON
trial here for the murder OF her little
step.daughter, GwcndolIne. The
clouds over the woman 8 head seem
lifting, owing to the favorable testi.
mony In her behalf Of the poison ex-
pertsand the splendid words in praise
Of her character volunteered by fully
two score Of men and women who
know her intimately.
So she was all smiling and sun.
shine as she entered the court room
today, despite. the gloomy heavens
and the dismal dripping of rain.
Among the daily spectators at the
trial the belief is growing that, il she
makes a good witness for herself and
does not break down under cross ex-
animation, her chances for acquittal
are good.
1t is not regarded as probable
now that Mr.. Haines will Is asked
to testify, go that the question Of
his reputation, past or present,
will not enter into the case.
Just as the first witness was
about to be called, Attorney Budd
said to a reporter, IL could call
Mrs. Haires 10 the stand now. but
| doubt if it would be best to call
her before Monday
While the lawyer was speaking Mr..
IIaincs gave his accused wife a bunch
of yiolets.
The first witness to-day was Walter
Dill, assistant cashier Of Union Ma.
tional Bank of Mt. Holly.
Most Of yesterdays proceedings
were given over to the medicals ex-
perts, The prosecution seemed un-
able to shake their testimony, which
indicated that the arsenic found in
Gwendoline's body had not been put
there until the chld's death.
The nearest approach to a SEN
sation occurred in the testimony
Of John c. Bolton, the witness
whom the prosecution stole from
the defense. Bolton is the UNDER
taker that buried Gwendoline
Haines. Earlier in the week lie
testified for the prosecution that
the Primero embalming fluid with
which he had preservedthe child's
body contained no arsenic. This
was regarded as one OF tho strong
points in the States case but to-
day Bolton added to. his testimony
and had an entirely new light on
the matter
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
a EInE Bill.

WASHINGTON. March o9.-Rcpre-
sentative Shafr0th Of Colorado has in,
iroduccd a bill prescribing the size of
the field of the United States flag and
The arrangement Of stars. The field
shall be square and onc-lhird the total
length Of The flag. The stars of the
thirteen original states are to be in Il
circle surrounding the stars of the ,hir.
ty admitted states in the form of
star, with the stars of the last two ad-
nltt"d states tWyoming and Ttalu tenn
p"rariIy one on each side of The interior
star.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
Will BE Sent Free.

The State Library Commission
wishes to CALI attention 10 the ''Sug.
gestve list Of Tor small library
recommended BY the State Library
Commissions Of Delaware, Wiscon.
sin. Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska
and Idaho. Tie st was compile d
oy the library experts o! the Wis
:onsln library commission and in
clvdes about 1900 titles OF which
those mos, desirable for first pur.
chase are des grated by asterisks,
1t also contains mucn valuable ad f.
vice as to the selection. ordering,
receiving and care OF books aud
VIII repay careful study on the
part ot library boards, school
teachers. librarians and all others
Interested. 1t will be sent free Of
charge to any Delaware library,
book committee or librarian on re
quest
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
Delaware Avenue Caurch Rsopenlnc.

oS'n""io N'S"uS SaurSu NtOpsHlnH,
The improvements which have
been going on at Delaware Avenue
Baptist Church have been COM
pleted and tomorrow the church
will be re-opened. There will be
special services from March 3lst to
April 4th. There will be special
music each night. The public is
cordially invited to all these ser
vices.
Sunday, March 1910. 80 a. m
Special music by two choirs and
sermon by the pastor. New Testa.
ment baptism.
2p. m. Bible school.
$50 10 5 p. m.-Fraternal SER
vice-Our Baptist Brethren. Rev.
r, b. Cook, d. d., presiding.
Singing Congregation
Prayer
Address Rev. O. G. Buddirgton
Address Rev. +. f. Briggs
Address Rev. B. Il. Moore
Singing Choir
Address Rev. 4. I. McKeever
Address Rev. Chas. d. Parker
Singing Congregation
Benedictlon.
750 TO Sp. m. Preaching by the
pastor. Special music by choir.
New Testament baptism.
Monday. March 3l-Preaching
by Rev. X. B, Turner, D. d., Of
Philadelphia.
Tuesday, April l--745 p. m.
Fraternal seryice-our sister
churches
Wednesday, April l-7.+5 p. m.
preaching by Rev. John ". LyelI,
Camden, n. j.
Thursday. April 3-Preaching
by Rev. Charles Warwick, Phlla-
delphia.
Thursday, April 4-Preaching
by Rev. George Z. Rees, philadel-
phia.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
1 q 4 = ~ y, ''77s9'1 'ls+
NnooEe' oAEAr PLAN. !.
Fortune Of Great Bnplra BsilAss
:. ,,,.s Left to EducaAsoa.

Fortune Of Great Rsnplre BsilAee
: y,s.-s Left to Educastoa.
LONDON, March s9.-The Daily News
says 1t is in position to assert that
the late Cecil Rhodes left the bulk Of
his fortune outside Of some personal
and family b"luests, to the promotion
of his vast imperial plan Of education.
This project embraces every land where
.he union jack flies. Its purpose is tho
intellectual betterment Of the British
race throughout the world and the fos-
tcring of the imperial sentiment.
The Daily Mail adds that this idea of
better hitting younger Britain" to cope
successfully with rival nationalities
was long dominant scheme with Ce-
Gil Rhodes. but that even his closest
friends little imagined the absorbing
hold 1t obtained upon him until this
was disclosed by the terms of his will.
The details of this plan of education
will be made public In few days
Cecil Rhodes left the Dalham Hall
estate at Newmarket to his brother,
Colonel Francis W. Rhodes. The Dali
ham Hall estate was purchased by Ce-
Gil Rhodes last December.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
Brothers Deadly DuaI.

Carlisle, Ky, March 29,-Carl
Green who is barely eighteen,
caused the separation Of his
brother, Grant Green, and his
wife. Grant oworc that he would
thrash the mcddIcsomc kid with
in an inch of his life.
Carl bnckIel on his gun end
lowed he'd have Somcthin' to
say bout that They met in the
road Yesterday.
The Wilmington daily Republican., 1902-03-29
New York Haul, EOi,bcsI.

NEW YORK. March 23.-Irpsidpnt
Henry &. Copeland of the Riverside
bank, at Eighth avenue and Fifty-srv-
entll street, has announced that def
cheney Of Sl2,0OU has been discovered
in the banks accounts and that II. G..
Bell, the receiving teller, Il Young man
or tW"ntN.thrrr years. left in anger
when hr found the cashier ON Monday
examining his huuHS. The where.
abouts Of Bell is unknown.