davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Feeding Farm Horses

Prof c. W. Burkett of the New
Hampshire experiment station has
been conducting some experiments IN
the feeding of horses. The invesu-
cation included the amount of water
consumed, the cost of feeding and the
method of feeding. The trials extend
ed over two years The amount OF
the tests. Both the ration consumed
and the amount of work performed
influence the quantity of water drunk
by workhorses, although the individ-
ua1ity of the horse has the most
marked effect In the present inyeS-
tigation the quantity of water varied
from 25.S95 pounds to 32,997 pounds
per year Following are the prfnci-
pal conclusions drawn by the author:
Any food stuff or combination of
foodstuffs furnishing the desirable
nutriment at least cost should be con-
sidered in preparing rations for
horses.
A mixture of bran and corn. half
and half, is a good substitute for corn
and oats for feeding work horses
Corn slower is a good substitute for
timothy hay for winter feeding of
horses because of its feeding value,
the yield per acre, and commercial
value.
A change from grain mixture,
meal, slowly or abruptly, does not
cause a decrease in weight in horses
if a proper substitute ration is fed.
The average cost per year for act
ua1 food supply per horse was S74-32
The average cost for feed pei
hours work done during two years
was "A cents
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Fruit Notes.

From the most recent weekly re
ports issued by the Climate and Crop
Service of the Weather Bureau, we
gather the following information con-
corning fruit prospects:
Georgia = Peaches, apples, pears
and pluTns continue to rot and these
fruits are below normal in quality and
quantity The dry weather has given
a decided set back to the water melon
crop.
IlIinois-The apple crop ranges
from very poor to very fine In some
localities the prospects have been i'm
proved by the rain Though in some
places the peach prospects are fair.
they are generally very poor
Iowa--The average condition OF
apples is IS, plums so, grapes 65-
Maryland and De1aware.-A further,
thought slight, decrease in fruit pros
poets is noted throughout the section,
due to continued falling and to a
measurable loss of good fruit by
wind gusts. Some spraying is being
done in the orchards of Washington
county. Early apples are now ripe,
with poor to medium yields, affording
an ample supply for home use in most
localities, but not many for market
Peaches continue to drop freely, ex-
cept in the southeast where they are
holding fairly well and still promise
moderately good yields. Some april
cots are now ripe in Prince Georges
county Japan p1ums are ripening in
Cecil, and are falling off freely in
Anne Arundel.
Michigan.-Cherries are yielding
only moderately and in some cases
poorly Plums indicate a light crop,
but apples, pears and peaches com
tinue promising.
MissOuri.-The apple crop continues
to decline and little more than one
third of a crop for the state is now
indicated.
Pennsylvania--Apple and peach es
are dropping in nearly all sections );
cherries are good in some districts
and in others a failure; and the con-
ditiOns are not such as to warrant
expectations of the usual berry crop
Higher temperatures are needed to
promote growth and maturity.
Observation-Disclosures cherries,
currants and other small fruits have
ripened very rapidly and improved
somewhat in quality during the past
few days The prospects for apples
is generally discOuraging although in
some localities the crop will be fair
Cranberries are in good condition.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Ineffcient Swimming.

J. W. Hart: Perhaps the greatest
leak in creameries is inefficient skim
ming, through using inferior separa-
tors. or on account OF one or more or
the following: Overlooking the sepa-
rator, separating at too low tempera-
lures, the bowl not running steadily.
or at too low speed a separator that
will skim 5000 pounds of milk in the
spring, should have it's capacity cut
down to $500 in the fall to do equally
clean skimming where the speed and
temperature remain the same The
skim milk should be tested daily, and
the information gained by testing
the skim milk should be used in reg
ulating the various factors that go to
make clean skimming. With a good
separator intelGgentiy run the loss OF
fat in the skim milk, compared
with the loss in running q fairly good
machine by somewhat careless OPP
orator, might amount to one-tenth OF
L per cent. If the creamery receives
5000 pounds of milk a day the loss
of butter fat in year would amount
to 2,4OO pounds which, at 20 cents a
pound would be valued at $3.50. This
is by no means an extreme case, and
it is likely that the loss of fat in
skimming would have to be consider
ably greater before the patrons COM
ment upon it.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Protect Orchard Soil.

In discussion Orcharding H.
Augustine said: noticed particularly
in the Missouri state meeting that
there is general feeling that the
soil is being injured by exposure to
the hot sun during the summer. 1
am talking now of an orchard that is
not covered all over and shaded all
over. They think that the soil is be
ing injured by the constant exposure
from year to year to the hot season,
especially in central Illinois, where
we have this black soil, where the
suns rays are terrible, and over in
Missouri they feel that they must do
something occasionally once in two or
three years at least they must seed it
down to clover or something else, to
prevent the bare ground being exposed
to the action of the hot sun, and that
has been my impression. 1 do not
believe in leaving the weeds to grow
and ripen, but the weeds are naturally
there, and sometimes you can't get
a stand of clover or anything else, so
as to have the ground protected for
a year, but if you have the weeds
and NOV them just soon they
get to be of some size and keep on at
that, you are obtaining a mulch to
retain the moisture, a great deal more
than it evaporates, in my way of
thinking.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Formation of swamps.

John Clifford in a book on Practical
Forestry says: Vast areas of fertile
land consist almost exclusively of the
detritus of the forest. Vegetable
matter, in the form of hunus, result
ing from the decomposition of the
litter on the forest floor. has formed
in many places several feet in thick
ness The acreage of swamp lands
that have been formed in this way is
immense In addition to large patch
es of swamps here and there, there
are many miles of swamp or river for
est along our southern rivers The
process of soil formation by the an
be seen to good advantage in the Dis
South By digging through tho vege-
table accumulation of the Dismal
swamp for several feet, one reaches
sand containing shells. This indi-
Gates that the depression in which the
swamp was formed was once an arm
of the sea. 1t began, doubt, a
salt marsh; later a few trees that
could endure such conditions found
a foothold and now it is covered with
a dense forest growth of many spe-
cies. Little by little the forest de-
tritus has increased in thickness un-
til the swamp has reached an eleva-
ton higher than the surrounding land.
In fact, elevated Swamps are common
in many parts of this country A
swamp is usually defined as tract
of land with or without trees, lower
than the surrounding country, and so
saturated with water as to be unfit
for cultivation. The term swamp
in the South usually refers to a wood
ed region that is higher than the sur
rounding land, and, when cleared and
drained forms excellent farm land
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
coIorins oIeomarearine.

The Internal Revenue Department
of the United States has issued rules
as to how oleomargarine may be col
ored. 1t says that Eo co1oring matter
may be put into o1eomargarine and
that butter containing cO1orlDg
matter can be put into it. Bat "if
butter absolutely free from artificial
celebration, or cottonseed oil free from
artificial celebration any other of
the mixture of compounds legally used
in the manufacture of the finished
product has naturally shade of vel
low in no way procured by artificial
coloration'' the product, though look
ing like butter, will be subject to
tax of only IA of one cent per pound
This seems to us a reasonable regu-
lation. 1t is we11-known that butter
enters to a considerable extent into
the composition of. some brands of
OleOmargarine. The law recognizes
this and no effort has been made to
prevent this use of butter. At least
may feel certain that the cOmbi-
nation of small amount of butter
with large amount of oleomargar-
inc will not result IN producing an
article that cannot be told from but
ter.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Our Earn Plants.

The value of the knowledge of
our farm plants does not end with
their production. 1t enters very large
1y into the disposition that is to be
made of them Our study and knowl-
edge should follow the circle from pro-
duction to consumption and final re-
turn to the soil. In other words our
working knowledge must be a thor
ough one In the crops we raise then,
we should remember that the soil and
its cultivation should be such that the
plant may have food, moisture, and
air, and that it may also be able to
make the best possible use Of the heat
of the sun The more nearly these
conditions are supplied the more near
" will the plant be able to develop
perfectly and the better satisfied will
the producer be with his efforts--F. S.
Johnston
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
The Bronze Turkey.

The bronze turkey is at the present
time without a rival The large size
and hardness are not equaIIed by
any other of this genus. Without
doubt in the two respects mentioned
they will never be exce11ed, as the
fanciers that are handling them will
doubtless continue to improve them
and will in that way keep pace with
the Improvement of less important
breeds. The bronze variety was pro-
duced by crossing the wild turkey
cock upon the domestic turkey hen,
and the produce was afterward i'm
proved by careful selection and breed
ing. Cocks of this variety have been
known to weigh from 80 to 40 pounds
and the hens as high as IS pounds.
The query naturally arises. What
weights will be attained in the next
fifty years, if the present rate of
progress is kept up?" Young COB
bIers have weighed as high as 20
pounds at eight months of age and
young turkey hens have frequently
attained weight of Is pounds.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
the German ARMY Horse.

Prof w. A. Henry: The German
army horse often travels over 40 miles
in a day, one-third of the distance be-
ing in a walk, trot and gaIIop respec-
lively. This work means an expendi-
ture of energy amounting to not less
than 23,74S, 600 foot-pounds, or a feed
requirement of 14-77 pounds of digest
ible- matter, including the food of sup
port. The horses are fed on an aver
age a ration consisting of only 55
pounds of hay, IL pounds of oats and
some cut straw This ration contains
only about IS pounds of digestibIe
components, and cit is therefore not
hard to understand why the horses
lose heavily in weight during the ma
neuvers, and that, when these are over.
a large number of animals have to be
disposed of, as not adapted for use in
military service; they are also unfit
for almost any other work
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Drouth-Resistant Red Glover.

Very much is said about the failure
of red clover, but it is worthy of note
that some of the clover plants always
come through. Now it seems reason
able if the, seed of clover plants which
are immune to the freezes of winter
and the drOugthS of summer were
carefully selected for vigor and for
the characteristics already noted that
a drougth-resistant clover could be
obtained, and if the history of the eX-
pertinent station work is a safe cri-
terion, it can be accomplished at no
distant date The farmer has depend
ed entirely the seedsmen and too
little on himself in these particulars.
The time has come when the closest
attention must be given to the pro-
duction of seeds for home use. 1t
would be clearly more profitable and
much cheaper to have reliable seeds
whose source and quality are known
rather than to waste hundreds of dol
lars in the purchase of worthless
seeds as is now done.-AndreW NJ.
SOnlR
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
How Plants use carbon.

A bulletin of the Virginia station
says: During the hours of sunshine
all growing plants which feed directly
upon soil and air must have their as
simi1ating ch1orophyl1-beari cells
continually in contact with a chang
ing volume of air, in order that the
carbon, which makes up SO large
part of their dry weight, may be OBJ
tanned in sufficient quantity from the
carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere
But the more recent analyses of air
but one part of carbonic acid by
weight in 1000 parts. Now, how
much air must a field of clover breath
in order that it may produce two tons
of hay per acre? Let us see.
Boussin gau1t found by analysis that
$500 pounds of clover hay harvested
from acre of ground contained no
less than $50 pounds of carbon, and
as this was derived almost wholly
from the carbonic acid in the air, it
must have decompoSed 6,160 pounds
of carbOnic acid in order to procure
it. But as there is only one pound
of carbonic acid in 1000 of air, it
follows that 1880, 900 pounds of air
carbonic acid gas in order to supply
the needed amount of carbon. Now,
one cubic foot of air at a pressure of
29, 1922 inches and at temperature OF
81 degrees F. weighs -08072S pounds,
and this being true, not less than
152, soc, 900 cubic feet of air must have
been required to meet the demands of
this clover field for carbonic acid.
This amount of air would cover the
acre to a depth of $500 feet, having
a uniform normal density.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Bio Berries.

We heard recently of a shipment of
strawberries where each berry was
the size of an egg. This starts a chain
of thoughts reaching from the little
wild strawberry of our fields to the
mammoth affair of a century hence.
We do not know the limits of the pos
sibi1itieS to the development of
size. During a few centuries we have
seen both plants and animals enor-
mously increased in size through
breeding and selecting. Compare the
little wild crab apple with the nam
moth WOLF River. And what is be-
yond the Wolf River applet Perhaps
an apple twice its size The differ
ence between the full grown wild
strawberry and the one the size of an
egg is not so great as the difference
between the wild crab apple and the
Wolf River. We may expect from
decade to decade to see an increase
in the size of Strawberries This
fruit is very susceptible to develop
ment on account of the unfversaIity
of it's cultivation and its character as
an annual Tens of thousands of
growers are to-day developing new
varieties of this fruit and it will he
very queer if some of them do not
find a prize now and then The oh
iect of all the experim enters is to
grow big berries and lots of them.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Mater in Butter

The government is taking steps to
regulate the amount of water that can
be incorporated with butter-at least
butter that has been reworked and
that is known as renovated butter
The government is not at all certain
as to what percentage of water should
be allowed, but the department
having the matter in charge is in
clined to fix 16 per cent the out
side limit of water allowable. The
Department of Agriculture holds to
the opinion that no butter should con-
tain in excess of Is per cent of water
The water in the best made butter
will run from 10 to IL per cent and
the experts believe that three per cent
is enough margin to leave 1t is re-
ported that 16 per cent is the limit
fixed by the English government re-
Gently, though the amount in some
English butter is far in excess of that.
In some cases water has been pur
posely incorporated with the butter,
which is a thing easy to do under GER
tain conditions. It is an easy way OF
increasing the bulk and weight of re-
worked butter, though doubtless it de-
creases its keeping quality.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Old Seed Corn

In letter to the Farmers Review
]. s., Leavenworth county, Kansas.
says please say to those answering
my inquiries about planting old seed
corn that 1 feel grateful to them for
their information and trouble
planted so acres of old seed corn
(raised in 1900 which had been kept
in q good crib. I have a fair stand
and it looks well. The
Farmers Review, however, believes
it rather a dangerous practice. While
here and there man succeeds in get
ting a good crop of corn from old
seed, the more common experience is
to get either a poor stand an uneven
stand or no stand at all. One cannot
afford to take chances on the corn
crop. If the seed proves bad it is
the loss of very much more than the
seed The cost of blowing the land
is lost and the subsequent planting
and working Added to this is the
rent of the land and the profit that
might accrue from a good crop.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Renovated Butter

Renovated butter is now subject
of national inspection, though it has
not BEEN placed under as rigid rules
as has oleomargarine- The license
that must be paid by the manufacture
erS OF renovated butter is but $50 per
year. and nothing at all is required of
the retailers. The factories, however,
are subject to regulations that make
it impossible for the manufacture of
butter and the renovation of butter to
be carried on in the same place Thus
a renovated butter establishment must
be entirely separated from anything
else. If butter is made under the
same roof, the part OF the establish
ment in which butter is renovated
must be separated from the other by
a dead wall, a wall having no open
ings of any kind. No doors are allow
able The manufacturer of renovated
butter is compelled to give a bond Of
$4,000 guaran teeing that he will COM
ply with the laws in the management
of his factory Moreover every pack
age of butter that goes out OF the fac
tory must bear a notice to the effect
that the manufacturer has complied
with the law. Unless he files the
bond specified license is
granted. Every package of renovated
butter must bear a revenue stamp.
must be impressed the words Reno
waited Butter" and if the butter Ia
made into prints each print must bear
these words. The factory can snip
out no package containing less than
ten pounds, but the package may con-
tain any number of prints. When on
sale these prints must be k apt in the
original package till disposed of. The
manufac turers of renovated butter are
| compelled to lay their books open to
| the inspection of government officials
| and they must account for every
| pound of material coming in and go
| ing out of the factory.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Ritter Rot of the AnnIea.

A word now should be said upon
the common name. Very commonly
the infected flesh of an apple is dis
tfnctly bitter to the taste, but there is
much variation in this. Sometimes
the bitterness is very slight, in other
cases almost equal to qu1nine. But
such bitterness sometimes results
also from other causes. Other fungi
produce a similar taste in the affected
fruit, though those usually attacking
stored apples have no such effect. The
musty flavor due to common moIds is
altogether different If the word bit
ter is not always characteristic, the
word rot is not especially appropriate.
The affected tissues are never s1ushy-
soft. There is indeed no extra
emulation or incorporation of water.
The spot is hard and firm and at
length becomes sunken somewhat
from the shrinkage of the drying pulp
of the fruit There is no Odor. The
apple seems to be converted into
semi-woody substance which is
SiStent of decay. 1t is in this cOndi-
ton that the shriveled fruit remains
for a year or more attached by it's
dead stem to the twig, endures for
a similar length of time upon the
ground. If, however, the affected
fruit is neither constantly bitter nor
really rotten, still the name is as ap-
propriate as any that can probably be
found and is certainly better than
that of ripe rot which has been pro-
posed.-Prof. T. J. Burril1.
Bitter rot of the apple is directly
due to a vegetable parasite which,
starting from a spore lodged upon the
surface of the apple or in puncture
made by other instrumentalities
grows in the pulpy tissues of the
fruit and in few days bears another
crop of spores, by means of which
the process may be indefinitely re-
peated.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07

Where the climate is cold and vege
tation scanty, the wild horses are
dwarfed in size. active and hardy with
compact bodies and long hair
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07

Cause of Failure With Sugar Beets.
The raising of sugar beets is not an
easy task, especially to the western
farmer. The eastern farmer is ac
customed to hOed crops and to giving
intensive culture, but the western
farmer has been in the habit for
generation past of raising crops that
about take care of themselves, at
least till harvest time. For him to
attempt to raise a crop of anything
that requires constant attention and
the keeping down of weeds is little
out of his line Sugar beets demand
a great deal Of labor and prompt at
tention. 1t does not do to neglect
them for some weeks, while cheap
help is being waited for. Not only
must the weeds be kept down, but
the beets themselves must be thinned
as soon as they reach the size de
manding it. This is a task of good pro
portions when the beetS cover a ten
acre field or larger. Labor pays well
when used in growing this crop, but
it cannot be stinted. That such labor
is difficult to get just when the beets
need it most all farmers know. The
heat of summer and the rains make
the weeds grow with surprising rap
idity, and it is at this time that labor
is employed in other things about the
farm. If there come several days Oh
rains that make it difficult to get onto
the land so much the worse for the
labor problem.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07

A railroad engine may be roughly
said to be equal in strength to 900
horses
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
SCORING Milk.

S. c. Keith: The Hanford-Hazle-
wood Cream company in Iowa have a
method of scoring milk as butter
judges score butter, and there is some
little rivalry among milk producers
to see who will receive the highest
average score; they take pride in
sending milk that will score high
do not know whether 1t is practicable
not, but 1 honestly believe that il
we could to-day pay for milk by what
it scored, and If we had a good score
system, we would see them fall into
line. The surest way to get good re-
suits is through a mans pocketbook;
if you can make him realize that it
will benefit him financially and that
it is for his interest to send in good
milk they will soon fall into line;
they will wash their cows three times
day if necessary, but If he thinks
you get all there is and they get
nothing they will not want to do any
thing for you
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Four Kinds OF Patrons.

A speaker at a dairymen conven-
ton described four kinds of patrons
of the creamery: /. The model pa
iron, the man with first-class barns,
frst-class cows and f1rst-c1ass feed. To
these are added frst-c1ass methods.
2. The dairyman that has al the ap-
planes named above, but has poor
methods g. The man that mas good
cows and good barns but cares moth
ing about feed or methods, trying to
get the most money out of the cream
cry possible for the least work T.
The farmer that has poor harms poor
cows, poor feed and poor methods. He
generally produces poor milk and lit
tie OF it.
The Globe-republican., 1902-08-07
Enormous

Enormous Consumption of Cheese.
Great Britain and Ireland import
about 265, 100000 pounds of cheese
each year Canada supplies about 60
per cent of the whole.