The Tucson citizen., 1902-02-05
A HARD PROPOSITION
SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION OF THE
FOURTH DIMENSION.
To the Lay Mind Ii Would Appear as
Though This Measure of Space
Were the ABILITY to Disappear
Through stone Walls.

ThFohRh IA Stone " ans
Suppose world consisting of
bouudlces fiat plane to be inhabited
by reasoning Ecings who can move
about at pleasure on the plane, but are
not able to turn their heads up or
down or even to see or think of such
terms rs above them and below them,
and things around them can be push
rd or pulled about in any direction, but
rannot be lifted from the plane. Pco-
nlc and things can pass around each
other. but cannot step over anything.
These dwcllers il "hatland' could con
struct a plane geometry which would
he exactly like ours in being based on
The axioms of Euclid. Two parallel
straight lines would never meet, though
continued indefinitely.
But suppose that the surface on
which these beings live. instead of be.
lng an infinitely extended plane. is
really the surface of m immense globe
Hike the earth on which we live. 1t
needs no knowledge of geometry, but
only an examination OF any globuar
objtct-an apple for eNample--to show
chat if we draw Il line as straight az
possible on sphere and parallel to IT
draw a small piece of second line,
and continue this in as straight line
as we can, the two lines will meet
when we proceed in either direction
oue-Quarter Of the way around the
sphcre. For our "ilatland" people these
lines would both be perfectly straight
because the only curvature would be
I'm the direction downward, which they
could never either perceive or discover.
TO explain hypergeometry proper we
must first set forth what fourth dl-
mCnsion Of space means and show how
natural the way by which it may be
approached. We continue our analo-
~ from "datland." In this supposed
land lot us make a cross-two straight
lines intersecting ut right angles. The
inhabitants of this land understand
the cross perfectly and conceive of it
Just as we do. But let us ask them to
draw third line intersecting the same
point and perpendicular to both the
other lines. They would at once pro-
Dounce this absurd and impossible. 1t
Is equally absurd and impossible to us
IL we require the third line to be
drawn on the paper. But we would re-
ply, "If you allow Us to leave the paper
or fat surface. then we can solve the
problem by simply drawing the third
line through the paper perpendicular
to it's surface"
Now. to pursue the analogy. suppose
that after we have drawn three mutu-
ally perpendicular lines some being
from another sphere proposes to us the
drawing of a fourth line through the
same point perpendicular to all three
OF the lines already there. We should
answer him in the same way that the
Inhabitants of "f1atland" answered US
"The problem is impossible You can
not draw any such line In space as we
understand it." II our visitor conceived
Of the fourth dimension. he would re-
ply to US as we replied to the fiat
land" people: THE problem Is absurd
and impossible if you confine your line
TO space as you understand it, But for
me there is n fourth dimension In
space. Draw your line through that di-
mension, and the problem will be solv.
ed, This is perfectly simple to me: it is
impossible to you solely because your
conceptions do not admit of more than
three dimensions"
Supposing the inhabitants of fiat
land" to be intellectual beings as we
are. it would be interesting to them to
- aoll -bas \. H..
dimensions could do. Let us pursue the
analogy by showing what dweIers in
four dimensions might do. Place q
dweller of "fiatland' inside a circle
drawn on his plane and ask him to
step outside of it without breaking
through 1t. He would go all around
and, finding every inch of it closed. he
would say it was impossible from the
very nature of the conditions But
we would Peply, that is because oil
your limited conceptions. We can steE
over it."
'Step over it!'' he would exclaim. 81
do not know what that means can
pass around anything If there Is a way
open. but | cannot imagine what you
mean by stepping over it."
But we should simply step over the
line and reappear on the other side
So IL we coutine being able to move
IN a fourth dimension In the walls Of a
dungeon of which the sides. the floor
and the ceiling were all impenetrable
he would step outside Of it without
touching any part of the building just
as easily as we could step over cir
Gle drawn on the plane without touch.
ing 1t. He would simply disappear
from our view like spirit and perhaps
reappear the next moment outside the
prison. To do this he would have to
make little excursion in the fourth
Observation-Disclosures Simon Newcomb
In Harpers Magazine.
His Maiden Name.
1t fs said that at certain seasons in
Scotland when the fishing Is not very
brisk the fishermen act as caddics and