davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11
Boys Slayer Gets a Light
Sentence.
SEQUEL TO A TRAGEDY
corydon Murder Case Ends in convic.
ton for Iaughter-convicted
Man Is Subjected to Epileptic Fits
and This Probably Saved Him.

Corydon, March S.-(Special. For
killing Toby Mccain on the night of
January 80, by striking him over the
head with a loaded buggy whip George
Gascoyne was this morning given the
mild sentence of eight years at hard la
Dor IN the penitentiary. Gascoyne was
indicted for murder in the second de-
gree, but plead guilty to manslaughter,
and Judge Towner gave him the limit.
The murderer is subject to epileptic
fits and this is what saved him from a
life sentence or worse.
His Crime.
The crime for which Goscoyne re-
ceived so much leniency was commit
ted on a hill in the southwest part of
the city on the evening of January 80
last. A number of young people were
licoasting on the hill when Gascoyne
and companion drove down that way
in sleigh. Several of the youngsters
climbed on the sleigh to be hauled to
the top of the hill. They were told to
get off, but this was useless warn
ing as the boys still chung to the sleigh.
One of the boys jerked Gascoyne's cap
off his head. He then stopped the
sleigh, got out and started for the
crowd of boys. He commenced whip
ping them on the legs and body. This
did not satisfy his fiendish temper and
he turned the whip and struck young
Mccain with the butt end, crushing
his skull, and he died in twenty min,
utes after. The sentence of eight
years only, does not meet with the ap,
proval of the law-abiding people of this
city.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

A bell on the horses back is not
equal to belle in the cutter.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11
BOXERS LOOT AND BURN.
Chinese Rebels Are in Revolt and Are
Pillaging.

Hong Kong, March S.-Kwang reb-
els have reached Kai Chou, town
eighty miles from Kwong Chan Yuan.
They surprised the local mandarines
and overpowered the garrison, releas-
ed the prisoners who joined in the re-
bellion. 1t is reported that members
of the Triad secret society have joined
the rebels and are looting and burning
villages.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11
Cow Creek District.

Concerning the Cow Creek mining
district, in which the Moark claim is
located the Tellville, Ark, Republican
contained the following:
But little attention has been paid
to the Cow Creek district, and yet
lit is one of the greatest zinc produc-
ers of Marion county. Two things have
been noticeable-zinc and faith. The
latter has led many men to secure
holdings at comparatively low figures,
and now they can command their own
prices, which, so far, are certainly
reasonable, but which will within one
year be doubled. The railroad will be
only two or three miles distant, and
easily reached by tramway or trolley
This nearness, coupled with the Ga
feet of zinc ore of the purest quality
will make deservedly increasing
price for all mineral lands
1T is an open secret that eastern
parties are negotiating for the Bonan.
"a, one of the very finest properties
in this zinc field. The price is no in.
considerable one, but is low when the
great deposit Of ore is considered
In addition it cannot possibly be
more than three miles from the rail
road now building, and may be much
nearer Ore from this mine has been
shipped to Belgium and pronounced
superior to any produced in other
parts of the United States. The own
ers could make much more money op
Grating it than they receive in its
sale"
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

rapid. The body of ore to be found
on this claim runs about siXty-four feet
in thickness and contains zinc of the
finest quality. Pay rock starts on the
surface of the ground and crops out of
the mountain sides. This ore pro,
duces an exceedingly good assay and
runs from twenty to seventy-fve per
cent of fine zinc. In other portions OF
the United States five per cent ore is
being worked at a profit so that it is
the, expectation of those interested in
the Moark claim that 1t will produce
a very large amount of zinc 1t is also
estimated that in average conditions
the cost of mining, crushing and wash.
ing the ore and getting it ready for the
market will run at about Sc per ton
This expense it is thought by the ones
interested will run at about the given
price, as the mine is in comparatively
close proximity to the market and as
ore is now bringing about $50 per ton
at the smelter the holders of the mine
feel that it can be worked at very
good profit.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

The people of the United States
have become so intelligent that they
can, detect a trick OF politics at long
jrange.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11
BANK STATEMENT.
All Funds Have Decreased According
to the Report,

New York, March S-The weekly
bank statement shows that loans have
decreased $3,O59,1 deposits have
decreased $11, S21,0 900; the reserve has
decreased $S972.900 and the surplus
has aeereased S6,017.500.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

Foley's HOP -sr cures the
cough caus ~ attack of la grippe.
1t heals the lungs. Sold by all drug
gists.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

1t is said that fully two-thirds of
the members of the buildin" trades in
Sioux City are ldle.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

Stops the Cough and Works Off the
Cold.
Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets
cure a cold in one day. No cure, no
pay Price 25 cents.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11
Old Physician Dies.

Bentonsport, March 7-(Speciall-
Dr.Ed McCue, a leading physician and
pioneer resident of Bentonsport, died
at o'clock this morning of the effects
| of heart disease and grip.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1899-1903, 1902-03-11

Washington, March THE Presi-
dent has signed the bill creating a
nerlnanent canSnS -
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
THE FIRST CLUE
Valuable Witness Found in Mys-
ferrous Chicago Murder.
WOMAN IN BLACl
Says She Saw Thompson, CIaffy and
Stranger Under Suspicious Condi-
tons on Morning Of Murder-Thomp-
son Likely to Confess.

Chicago, Aug. 14.-The police OBJ.
tanned their first clue of value in the
Bartholin case last night, and develop
ments that will go far toward solving
the mystery are expected within
twenty-four hours.
Inspector Hunt found woman who
declared that at daybreak on the morn
Ing following the night in which Min
ME Mitchell disappeared in company
With William Bartholin, she saw Oscar
thompson, driver for a laundry COM
pany, and who is now held in custody
by the police; John Claffy, the barn
boss for the same concern, and man
wearing panama hat and a dark sack
coat, at the corner of Seventy-fourth
and State streets, where Minnie Mitch
slrs body was found. They were 60
Ing back and forth in the weeks, and
acting in a suspicious manner.
The description of the third man, as
far as it describes anybody, is a de-
scription of Bartholin the night he was
last seen with the Mitchell girl
Thompson was then called into the
Office of the inspector and informed
that he had been seen with Claffy and
Bartholin on the morning following the
night of the killing of the Mitchell
girl. The information had marked
effect on Thompson, and he seemed
for a minute to be on the point of col
lapse. He rallied, however, and de-
clared that he was not there and knew
nothing Of the case in any way.
The woman was confronted with
Thompson, and while he was forced to
admit that he knew her, and she knew
him, he denied her story. The woman
declared that light colored cap,
which Thompson had attempted to
throw away, was one that he wore at
the time she saw him under the cleo
trio light.
When asked why he threw that cap
away to wear the one he had on when
he was arrested, he hesitated and then
said
Give me until tomorrow. will talk
with you then"
This plea was taken as an indication
that Thompsons wall of stoldity was
broken down, at least by the strong
evidence he had been confronted with,
and the police think he will tell all he
knows today.
Claffy. after Thompson. was con-
fronted with the woman in black. He
at first said he did not know her, but
Immediately afterward admitted that
he did when she called him by name.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
MICHIGAN BRIEFS.

Bay City Boy Missing.-Alfred Car.
mack Mangan of Bay City. seventeen
years DID, left his home here to go to
Bay Mills to work, and that is the last
that has been heard of him.
Big Band Contest.-A contest is be-
ing arranged for $1,000 side between
the famous Calumet e. Hecla Mining
band, winner OF the 81 900 first prize at
the Elks carnival at Milwaukee, and
Dana's Third Regiment band of Mar
inette, Wis, on Labor day at Iron
Mountain.
Editor Ward Dead.-Fred T. Ward,
for the past five years editor of the
Hillsdale Standard, died Wednesday
evening, aged fifty-two. He had been
Ill only about ten days. Mr.. Ward was
we'll known through the state, having
been engaged in newspaper work for
several years before going. to Hills
dale. He was grand recorder of the
Knights of Honor
Old Man Loses Both Legs.-Edward
Camp, teamster of Howell had both
legs cut off Wednesday at the Ann Ar
Dor railroad coal chute in HOWELL. He
was knocked down by a freight en-
CINE while standing by the side of the
track waiting for the gravel train He
was sixty years old and has lived in
Howell for great many years.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
PRIESTS CONDEMNED
President Mitchell Huffy-Miners ir
Mass Meeting Denounce Them.

Wilkesbarre. Aug. IA number
the Woodward mine last night claim a
volley of stones was fred at them, but
no one was hurt. A number of boys
were seen on a hill nearby, and it is
thought they were the guilty parties
The presidents of the local assem-
blies of the United Mineworkers of the
Wilkesbarre district met here Wednes-
day and adopted resolutions condemn.
ing Rev. Father O'Reilly Of Shenan.
doah for his criticism of the officers of
the United Mineworkers. President
Mitchell and the district presidents
were eulogized for their efforts to bet.
ter the condition OF the miners. Presi.
dent Mitchell addressed a personal
letter to the Shenandoah clergyman,
taking exceptions to certain remarks
alleged to have been made by him in
his church last Sunday. Rev. OReilly
sent curt reply, saying that Mr..
Mitchell had no right to criticize his
sermons.
Scranton, Pa, Aug 14.-At a big
mass meeting Of strikers in Dickson
City Wednesday, District President
Nichols and eX-National Organizer Dill.
cher bitterly denounced the Father
O'Reilly sermon. Mr.. Nichols assert
ed that a. man who would thus defile
Gods temple would have Gods curses
fall upon him Mr. Dilcher asserted
that the sermon was unwaranted and
a tissue Of falsehoods.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Lyman win RetaIIate.

Ann Arbor, Mich, Aug. 14.--Princi-
pal Lyman of the Ypsilanfi State
Normal and Mr.. Goddard, who had
been his fellow tutor in mathematics
at the university, prepared a textbook
on trigonometry, which, the story
goes, was tested in the university
classes, found unsatisfactory and
cropped by Professor Beman. Now,
rumor has 1t that Principal Lyman
proposes to retaliate. "Beman threw
my book out" he Is reported to have
told the book agents. land I'll show
him two can play at that game" What
adds to the piquancy of the situation is
the fact that Professor Lyman owes
his promotion from a $1,000 tutorship
at the university to a $4,000 professor
ship at the Normal almost entirely to
the efforts of Professor Beman and DR..
Smith.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
May Appoint McMiIIan,s successor.

Camp Hawley, Manistee, Mich, Aug.
14.-When told that President Roose-
welt would probably convene the sen.
ate in extra session in November, Gov
ernor Bliss said: well, that may af-
feet my position with reference to fill.
ing the vacancy caused by Senator
McMillan's death" Then you may
name his successor" well, just say
that the proposed extra session may
affect the situation. II won't right
away, but I'll think II over"
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
GENERAL MARKETS.
Thursday, Aug. ID.


DETROIT-Wheat: No. 1 white
75c; No. 2 red, 701kc: Sept, 70hc;
Dec, INC. Corn-No. 3 mixed, 65kc;
No. yellow 661sc. Oats-No. 2 white
34kc; No. white, 34c. Rye-No. 2,
SIC. Beans-Oct., $1.6S; Nov, $1.62.
CHICAGO.-Cattle: Good to prime
steers, $S@S.90; poor to medium, $3.50
@7.40; stockers and feeders, $2.50@
$50. Hogs-Steady; mixed and butch.
ers, $6.509725; good to choice heavy,
,S7@7.32h; light, $6.50@7.20. Sheep
and Enthusiastically; good to choice
wethers, $3.50@425; fair to choice
wethers, $3.50Q4.25; native lambs,
S3.50@635.
Live Stock Markets.
DETROIT.-Cattle: Steady; choice
steers, $6@6.50; good to choice butch
err steers, $4.75@5.90; light to good
butcher steers and heifers, $3.50@4.40;
Gamers, $1.50@2.50; good well-bred
feeders, $4Q4.25. Veal calves-$4@
725; mich cows and springers, 5000
So Sheep and lambs-Best lambs, IS;
light to good and good mixed lots,
S4.75Q5.25; fair to good butchers
sheep, $3.25@3.75; culls and common,
$2@3.25. Hogs-Light to good butch
ers, s7.35@7.4O; pigs and light York.
ers, H.25@7S5; roughs, soc off.
CHICAGO.-Wheat: Sept, 70hc;
Dec, 67ssc. Corn-Sept., 52ssc; Dec,
41hc. Oats-Sept., 26Ac; Dec, 26c.
Pork-Sept., SIG; jan, s14.27. Lard
Sept, $1,000; JAM, 1927. Ribs--Sept.,
$3.50; jan, $7.42.
EAST BUFFALO.-Cattle: veals-
tops, $725@750; fair to good, S6.5O@7.
Hogs-Heavy, $40; mixed, $1,000
765; pigs, s7.40@7.45. Sheep and
lambs, steady; lambs, s4.7506.50:
yearlings, s4.75@5.25; wethers, S4.65
OATS; ewes, $4@4.25. Sheep-2.25@
450.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
KNOW IT WELL.
Fanilar Features Well Known to
Hundreds of Owosso Citizens.

A familiar burden in every home,
The burden of dad back,
A lame, weak or an aching back
Tells you of kidney ills.
Doan's kidney Pills will cure you.
Here is Owosso testimony to prove 1t
Mrs. S. Ainspoker, of 800 n. Shiawas
see street, says: 'Doan's' Kidney Pills
are not new remedy to me, for l used
them two or three years ago when from
some cause such as cold or the grippe
my kidneys troubled me. | do not
know what | would have done without
them as my trouble was steadily grow
ing worse in spite of all the medicine
took. The kidney secretions were IT.
regular and unnatural. | could not
rest comfortably nights and always
arose tired and worn out mornings. My
general health was poor and this trouble
was a great drain on me. | had taken
SO much medicine that | had little
confidence in any, but Invent to Johnson
g. Henderson, drug store and procured
a box of Doan's Kidney Pills. soon
noticed an improvement in my condi-
ton and steadily grew better cannot
speak too highly of this valuable prep
aration and am glad to recommend it
at all times.
For sale by all dealers. Price so
cents Foster NIilburn Co., Buffalo, n.
Y, sole agents for the United States.
Remember the name, Doan's and take
no substitute.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
EIKs' GRAND PARADE.
Utah City Carried of the Palm For
|. Unique Display.

Salt Lake, Aug. 1.-THE grand
lodge OF Elks Wednesday selected Bal.
timore as the place of meeting for the
an. al reunion of the grand lodge IN
1903, and practically completed its
business with the exception of the in
stallation OF the new grand officers.
The spectacular feature of the days
program was the parade of the uni
formed bodies of Elks, in which more
than 5000 of the fraternity, represent
ing several scores of lodges, took part.
Prizes amounting to S1,750 had been
offered for the marching clubs and
many beautiful and unique uniforms
were displayed. To the Park City Elks
of Park City, Utah, was given the first
prize for unique display. Each mem
Der was arrayed as a miner and each
had with him a burro laden with all
the supplies necessary to prospector
or miner. The cotton pickers" OF
Greenville, Miss. with black faces and
CARRIED in the rags of southern plan
tation negro, following a float lsden
with cotton bales, was awarded second
prize, and small body from Joliet,
H., in penitentiary stripes, keeping
the prison lockstep, were given third
prize.
A number of the members of the
Buffalo Bills Wild West show and
Colonel Cody himself, who are Elks,
took part in the parade, adding a pic
turesque feature to the remarkable
parade.
San Francisco, Aug. 14.-The parade
OF the uniformed rank of the Knights
of Pythias thrust aside the business of
the supreme lodge for Wednesday, Al
though the session reconvened in the
forenoon, nothing of Importance was
transacted, some minor questions be-.
ing discussed at length.
The parade of the knights was pic.
turesque and creditable to the order.
The local police force headed the pro.
cession, and following came Major.
General Carnahan and staff. Many
states were represented in the hanks,
and the showing of numerical strength
made by California was very crafty
ing to the fraternity of this state. The
knights were reviewed by General Car
nahan, Supreme Chancellor Fethers
and the representatives of the SUI
preme lodge.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
LIVING HAPPILY TOGETHER.
Troubles of May Yohe and Captain
Stronu at Last Ended.


London, Aug. 14.-In a communica,
tfbn from Lisbon. the correspondent
OF the Daily Express says that May
Yohe and Putnam Bradlee Strong ara
living happily together at the Avenida
hotel as Mr.. and Mrs. Atkinson. In
an interview with the correspondent,
Strong says:
miss Yohe arrived here Wednesday,
Aug. in response to my telegraphic
request that she come. We are per.
fectly happy and intend to marry Sept.
rs, when Miss Yohe's decree of divorce
has been made absolute. We will then
travel, but We shall never return tc
America, nor will Miss Yohe return to
the stage"
Strong denied that there had been
any collision between Miss Yohe and
himself, that he had pawned the Smith
sword OF honor or borrowed money
from his fathers friends.
Miss Yohe looked we'll and con.
firmed Strong's statement. She said:
II was glad 10 come to Lisbon; we are
perfectly happy, and l hope our trou.
bles are now ended"
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Philippine Army Reunion.

Council Bluffs, Ia, Aug. 14.-The
third annual reunion of the Society of
the Army of the Philippines began in
this city Wednesday with nearly 1000
delegates and veterans in attendance.
After a brief reception early in the
day. the society was called to order in
Arcanum hall by the president, Gen
eral Irving Hale. Following the ad-
dress of General Hale, routine bust
ness was taken up. the session lasting
a greater part of the afternoon. A re-
ception was held at Lake Manawa last
night
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Defense ARGUES in Andrews Trial.

Detroit, Mich, Aug. 14.-The myster.
les of Andrews intent were expounded
by Attorney Beaumont for the defense
beginning yesterday morning and con-
tinuing until the court adjourned.
Beaumont made the most Of the stu
alton, appealing frequently to individ-
ual Jurors. He called the Jurors by
name, several of them repeatedly. On
the single question of Andrews intent
to defraud the bank, not TO deceive
the directors The laid the whole stress
of his logic. Attorney Beaumont held
his client up as business man whose
one hope was to save tottering insti-
tuition and ultimately his own losing
fortune. He tried to show, by arrays
of figures, that the bank owed An
drews S2S4.000 instead of his owing
the bank S911,000. The trial has pro-
ceeded to point where it may be said
with certainty that the accused will
be in the hands Of the jury on Satur-
ddy,
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Home For AGED Mediums.

Lansing, Mich. Aug. 14.-The state
association Of spiritualists has decided
to purchase the Alfred Wise home
stead on Cedar street in this city for
home for superanuated mediums
Recently John Golf of Marcellus gave
$4,000 to this fund, and Yesterday sew
eral hundred dollars more were raised
at the state convention. Officers OF
the state association for the ensuing
year are as follows: President. DR.
Odell, Paw Paw; vice-president, e. E
Carpenter, Detroit; secretary, Miss
Rena Chapman, Marcellus; treasurer
0. E. Spaulding, Lansing; trustee for
three years, w. A. Teal. Bath.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
MICHIGAN G. a. r. Eluures.

Lansing, Mich, Aug. 14.-Accordins
to the report Of the Acknowledgement
of the Michigan department of the
Michigan department of the Grand
Army, there are now in Michigan 361
posts, with a membership of 1862.
During the past year 216 members
have died. The Michigan headquar,
tiers train for the Washington encamp.
ment will leave Detroit and Grand
Rapids on Friday, Oct. IS, and the
Sunday following will be spent at the
Gettysburg battlefield.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
State Health Statistics

Lansing. Mich, Aug. 14.-The state
board Of health reports 2.347 deaths
for July, an increase Of 112 over June.
The death rate was 11.3 per 1000 of
the population. Important causes of
death were: Pulmonary tuberculosis,
152; other forms of tuberculosis, rs;
typhoid fever, 81; diphtheria and
Group 26 scarlet fever, 10; measles,
10; whooping cough, &c; pneumonia,
1O2; diarrhea and enteritis (under two
years., 200; cancer, 140; accidents and
violence, 235; smallpox, 4.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Dined American Officers.

st. Petersburg, Aug. 14.-Admiral
Makaroff, governor of Cronstadt, gave
dinner on Monday to the captains
and eight other officers of the Ameri-
can cruisers Chicago and Albany. The
car, the dowager czarina, Marie, the
queen the Greece, Princess Marie Of
Greece, and the Grand Dukes Michael
Alexandrovitch and Alexis have visit
ed the American and other warships.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Waterman Killed BY Train,

Lansing, Mich, Aug 14.-The body
Of Ernest Van Ripper of Shaftsburg,
who has been acting as night watch.
man at the sinkhole on the Grand
Trunk line near Hazlett park, was
found in the water in a ditch alongside
the track by the sectionmen Wednes-
day morning. The neck was broken
and the head badly cut. There is lit:
tie doubt that Van Ripper was struck
by train. He was twenty years old
and had been married only six weeks
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Head Crushed TO a pulp.

Grand Rapids, Mich, Aug. 14.-John
Malervy, aged forty years, and for the
last twenty years foreman at the
Eagle plaster mills. south Of this city,
was found dead in the basement Of the
plant Wednesday morning with his
head crushed to pup. No one saw
the accident, but it Is supposed that
he was caught in a fast moving belt
and hurled to the floor.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
Cholera Under Control.

Washington, Aug. 14.-Surgeon-Gen-
eral Forwood said today that he was
satisfied that the cholera situation in
the Philippines was well under con-
troll and that there will be general
diminution in the number of cases
from now on He declared that all the
latest official information from the
Philippines was favorable to the early
suppression of the scourge. The chief
factor in that direction was the rainy
season, which, General Forwood said,
had already opened and would con.
tinue until November. :
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1902-08-15
BASE BALL.
Wednesdav. Aun. Il.

American League.--Bostcn, q: Chi
cago, 0. Philadelphia, 49, Detroit
co. Baltimore, IA; Cleveland, 4. Wash
ington, g. ST Louis T.
National Leaeue.--New York, ga
Cincinnati, Az. Boston, 81; Pittsburg
&C. Philadelphia, 2; st. Louis, i
Brooklyn, 4; Chicago, 2.
State Leag e.--Muskegon, 8; jack
son. Z. Lansirg, @; Battle Greek, 4.