davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
esGOLD SHALE" ITEMS.
What the Fortune Hunters Are Doing
at Smoky Hill.

w. I. Smith, at Smoky Hill City, con-
tributes the following gold shale<
items to the Hays City Republican.
Smoky Hill is the center of the gold
shale district:
Prof. Chas. H. Gage. of the Interna-
tional Reduction company, OF Denver IS
soon expected in Smoky Hill to put his
reduction process in operation in the
Chapel mill, which is now completed
and only awaiting mild weather to be-
gin the crushing of ore.
Information is received that the Dr.
F'ahrig test mill at Topeka will go into
operation about the 10th of February.
1t is understood that the temporary de-
lay was occasioned by the recent great
storms in the east, which prevented Dr.
F'ahrig from CON pleting his prepara-
tons.
las soon as the present experiments
for successfully handling and reducing
large quantities of shale are perfected,
another large mill on the Smoky will be
built. An ample capital is awaiting
these results.
with the opening of spring. so it is
stated, Colonel Close proposes TO en-
large and perfect his sample mill 1t is
said that he will employ the Motz pro-
cess, which has shown good results
THE oil project is not to be allowed
to go to sleep on the Smoky. but is be-
ing actively promoted by competent
parties who have great confidence IN
the enterprise. The investment of one
hundred or a few hundred dollars eacn
by several parties in an undertaking of
such great and promising proportions
involves but slight risk, especially in
view of the established fact that every
indication points to a vast reservoir OF
petroleum oil underlying the shale on
the Smoky. The total loss of the first
small investment would be insignificant
in comparison with the strong proba-
bility of multiplying the amount to a
possible hundred thousand or million or
dollars. One gusher would increase
properties beyond the reach of anyone
with less than an ample fortune AT
the present il is a subject strongly ap-
pealing to the interests of those VINO
have desire to multiply their capital
Correspondence is invited"
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
ARRANGING NEW QUARTERS.
Coast Line Officials to Have New Of
fees in Los Angeles.

Los Angeles, Cal, Feb 10.-Bureau
chiefs at Santa F'e headquarters are en-
gagged in arranging their quarters in the
new Conservative Life Insurance build
ing. The company is to occupy part of
the fourth and all of the fifth and sixth
floors The top story Will be used by
the offices CT the general manager, the
general superintendent, chief engineer,
car accountant, telegraph and mechani-
cal departmental The fifth floor Will
quarter part of the auditors force, the
treasurer, land and claims departments
The fourth floor will locate part of the
auditors force and the general freight
agency. The offices viii not move before
the end Of May.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10

in congress granting the st. Louis &
San Francisco railroad company right
of way through Oklahoma and the IN
dian Territory for line of road from
a point betw. - Claremore and Chand-
Ter to For Smith, Ark, together with
branch lines The right of way asked
for through Oklahoma and Indian Ter
ritory is one hundred feet in width and
for strip two hundred feet wide and
three thousand feet long for stations ten
miles apart. The bill contains the
usual provisions for settlement with the
Indians.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
ment by the Northwestern-Rock Island

ment by the Northwestern-Rock Island
St Paul lines.
The Chicago and Northwestern is con-
trolled by the Vanderbiltss the Moore
brothers control the Rock Island and the
Rocl-efellers are said TO hold a controlling
interest in the St Paul. Blans. it is said,
have proceeded to a point where II has
been decided to retire-sth stocks OF the
three companies If the scheme is carried
through il probably would mean deal
with both the Hartman and Hill Syndi-
Gates so as to prevent the. Burlington,
which is controlled by Hill. and the Alton
and Illinois Central, which are controlled
by Hartman, from enjoying superior adj
vantages on transcontinental traffic, or.
in case such deal should fail the new
combine may build an independent line
to the Pacific coast
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
NEW TIE PLATE.
Invention of Value by T. s. Cafferty, q
-. Santa Fe Roadmaster.

T. s. Cafferty, a roadmaster on the
eastern division of the Santa Fe. is the
inventor of q tie-plate. to be used in
supporting the rail as it rests on the
ties. 1t is a fiat piece of rolled steel a
quarter of an inch thick, its other di-
mansions being six by seven inches. The
merits of it is that with all the incessant
pounding which passing trains cause,
the fibre of the wood win not be torn
and bruised, allowing water to soak in
and rot the tie. On the other hand the
tendency will be to make the wood fir
ner thus increasing the length Of life
of the tie.
Mr.Cafferty has also invented a switch
lock which is finding much favor among
the railroads of the country.
Another Territory Road.
Senator. CocLxrelI- has Introduced a bill
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10

The onion is undoubtedly a wholesome
article of food. in fact has many medicinal
qualities of value, but it would be difficult
to find a more indfgestible article than
fried onions, and to many people they are
simply poison. but the onion does not
stand alone in this respect Any article of
comes a source of disease and discomfort
whether it be fried onions or beef steak
The reason why any wholesome food is
not promptly digeSted is because the stom-
ach lacks some important element of di-
gestion, some stomachS lack peptone. 9TH
ers are deficient in gastric juice, still 9TH
ers lack hydrochloric acid.
The one thing necessary to do in any
case of poor digestion is to supply those
elements of digestion. which the stomach
and safely as Stuart's Dyspepsia Tablets.
DR. Richardson in writing a thesis on
treatment of dyspepsia and indigestion,
closes his remarks by saying. for those
suffering from acid dyspepsia. shown by
sour. watery risings, or for fiatulent dys-
pepS1a shown by gas on stomach, causing
heart trouble and difficult breathing, as
we'll as for all other forms of stomach
one or two of Stuart'S Dyspepsia Tablets
after each meal. / advise them because
they contain no harmful drugs, but are
composed of valuable digestives, which act
knew a case of indigestion or even chronic
dyspepsia which Stuart's Tablets would
not reach
Cheap cathartic medicines claiming to
no effect whatever in actively digesting
the food, and to call any cathartic medi-
cine a cure for indigestion is rniSnomer
Every druggist in the United States and
and they are not only the safest and most
successful, but the most scientific of any
treatment for indigestion and stomach
troubles.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
ANOTHER GREAT MERGER.
Rock Island Said to Be a Party to
This One

Persistent r1lmors are in circulation that
the Nanderbllts, the Moore brothers and
tae Rockefel1erS are trying TO effect a
the prominence of the Great Northern
Northern Pacific-B Burlington merger The
boom in Chicago and Northwestern stock
and the strength of Rock Island and ST
Paul stocks during the last few davs in
the face of diminishing business is
taken as an indication that insiders have
mad pointer of what is going on
preparations are said to be under xvav
for the merging of the Northwestern.
Milwaukee and st. Paul, and Chicago
Rock Island and Pacific The tire. ~
competing roads and it is deemed advfsa-
bic, before going any further, to await
developments IN the Northern Securities
company's case Should the Northern
lines merger be sustained there viii he
No doubt, 1t is said, Of :. similar arrange
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
Santa Fe Health Resorts Excursion
Rates

Phoenix, Arizona, and return, s65. co.
good for nine months
San Antonio, Texas, and return, 5000,
good returning until June 1.
FL Paso, Texas, and return, SAB AZ, good
six months.
Las Vegas. N. NJ. and return. $780,
three months limit
Hot Springs, Ark. and return, $2s.s5.
three months limit
Excursion rates TO other health re-
sorts quoted on application Address
7. L. King,
Agent A. T. & S. F.. Topeka.
Or T. NJ James, ticket agent. $50 Kan
sas Ave, North Topeka.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10
FRIED ONIONS
Indirectly Caused the Death Of the
Worlds Greatest General.

Tt is matter of history that Napoleon
was a gormand, an inordinate lover of the
good things of the table. and history fur
Their records that his favorite dish was
fried onions; his death from cancer of
stomach it is claimed also, was probably
caused from his excessive indulgence of
this fondnesS for the odorous vegetable.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1902-02-10

have been carefully searched. For that
reason it is thought they will tura up
Nobody seems to know just how or
where the fire started. 1t is believed
that it started on the first floor or in
the cellar, where there is a steam heat
ing plant.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
Outside SECURITIES.

steady and trading light, although there was
considerable strength and activity shown In a
few of the usually less active stocks. Bay State
Gas became strong shortly after the opening and
on purchases of about 1000 shares advanced TO rs.
San Francisco issues were dull; the bonds We're
traded in to the extent of Sl00 0C0 at advance OF
per cent at 102 1921. Northern securities was
frmer selling from 1OS12 to 1886; about 15Oo shares
changed hands General Carriage was traded In 10
the extent of about 1909 shares from 5ia to 42s.
There was strength shown in Vulcan DEFINING
issues which advanced per cent for the common
to 3d. and per cent for the preferred TO So. Do
minion Securities sold at %. United States Steel
5s sold at 9512. Mount Morris Bank sold at 40
The copper shares irregular Tennessee sold
down to 141a and White Knob to &C. Green Consoii-
dated sold at 2sa4al2S's and Montreal and Boston
2l,G2Ss Toledo Railway and Light sold at 29i4
Standard Oil sold at 600 American Chicle issues
were strong. The market closed quiet but steady.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

FOREIGN TRADiNG.-Foreign houses dealt in
about 5000 shares in the local market mostly pur-
chases. IN the London market the general list
frmer. in spite of the Eeaviness of copper
stocks. Consols recovered a. 96h, on early sat
isfactory reports of the Kings health. Continental
bourses frmer.
STOCK LOAN QUOTATIONS.-Loan quota tions
were: Amalgamated Copper Anaconda. American
Ice Atchson common, Atchison preferred Brook
lyn Rapid Transit, Baltimore and Ohio common,
Chicago Terminal. Canadian Pacific, Delaware and
Hudson Erie common, Eric first preferred Erie
second preferred. Louisville and Nashville Man
haitian. Missouri Pacific, New-York Central North
western, Metropolitan Street Railway People s
Gas. Reading first preferred, Republic Steel COM
mon Republic Steel preferred, Rock Island. St
Paul, Southern Railway preferred. Southern Pa
cifC, Sugar Tennessee Coal aud Iron Union Pa
cifc common. Union Pacific preferred United
States Steel common. United States Steel pre-
ferred United States I4eath preferred Wabash
preferred Western Union 2%.d3 per cent
HIGHER CAR AND FOUNDRY DIVIDEND.-At
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

DOMESTIC OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES - com
nercal. 75c discount; bank, 81 premium san fTai,
cisco-Sght. 15c; telegraph, Tlzc. Boston-Far ana
&c premium Charleston-Buying. par; selling 7sc
premium. Cllicago-S5c premium Cincinnat-be-
tween banks 25c discount; over the counter "o
premium. St Louis-Par Minneapolis-15c pre- pre-
mum. Savannah-Buying, 13c discount per Si''''
selling, 15c premium.
BANK CLEARINGS. - New-York - EXCHANGES
S2 3Ss 25; balances Sl2 7i9 OIL Chicago-EHchahgs
ga lss $50: balances 81 37s 627- lphia-fA
changes. SIG. e5s balances, S,s2 446 BaluinoIe
Exchanges, S34I5,3e5; balances, x49sZZ4 bostoI-
Exchanges, s22.69l el3; balances. sl.oOo"5'a-
FOREIGN MONEY MARKET.-Call money IN
London. zI212 per cent: open market s
for short bills. 214a23s cent; long bills ZEazs %
Der cent Berlin discount rate, 24 per cent ipt
1hree months bills and ia per cent foT snort niis
berlin exchange on London, 20 marks i512 pIennss.
pars exchange on London. p francs l11s centlaeS'
Paris discount rate, 2l4 per cent.
> FOREIGN SECURITIES. - British consols Tor
money s6 for the account sc. Spanish As in Lon
don se5s French rentes. 10l francs 7212 centimes-
THE SILVER MARK ET-Bar silver. 52s.c; Mex
lean silver dollars. 42i5c. Bar silver in London
closed 2sssd
GOLD PREMICN.-jn Madrid 3722: Lisbon 25;
Baenos Ayres, BIO: Rome. l.30
GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS Customs receipts
reported from Washington 81, ,9e l2s internal reve-
nue. RECEIPTS. .4s1: miscellaneous receipts, $751;.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
THE DAYS OPERATIONS IN BONDS
l,o,-r.ro,-,t1,,-r RoNDS-Market steady. Fina

RAILROAD BONDS--Market firm 1olaI ~ saIes
--,ed IN mar value 20 s2O24.0tl, against SS5a25''
On Tresdav. The heaviest dealings were IN me
A,cbison general IS. Chicago. Burlington anu
c,uirc- Is Green Bay and Western depenture bs
Mexican Central first and seccno incomes 80
- - =. southern Pacific 4l2s. Union Pacific
con,-sr-ir7e 4s wabash debenture Bs and " heei-
ing and Lake Eric first As. Colorado uel anu IA
Ircr convertible IS and Consolidated Ionacco -
--s-a ar+iy
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
lroKFY AND EXCHANGE

MONEY MARKET-Money rates. as auo.ea, 10.
,ryy. lTore.- on can opened At per cent hlshes'
per cent. lowest 2l2 per cent; last ioa', - p.'
cent: oloaed. 2i@dS per cert rnllns i'e -. - o..
,rg-a -. MS quoted at 41464iz per cent Tor
:hirfY "a sixty days 4lzG4s+ per cent Tor 'hree
four. Eve and six months CoInmerclaI paper We We
quoted at 4.G4&4 per cent for sixty to ninety ods
siz6S per cent for choice four and SlA I'loi'''' "
gle names. and rer cent for others
FOREIGN ENCHANGE.-Market clos@u III III
Actual c1o-irC rates follow:
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
TO BE CLOSED JULY ).

The governing committee of the Stock kxchanse
Yesterday decided close the Exchange on july
as well as on the Fourth. The Coffee t-xchahee
and the Metal Exchange will be closed on DON
days and the proposition to make July an en-" ls
hiia,, ~, the produce Exchange will be acted upon
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
cToCK VALUES RECOVER,
LITTLE OUTSIDE BUYING.
..o,-rv MARKETS STRONG POSITION
LIGHT DEALINGS IN BONDS.
tauons were

closing prices yesterday Of the principal active
-.c,,rtt:as and net changes from Tuesdays quo
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

RrnckIvu Ferry stock.
Hoboken Ferry 1st IS. 1913.
do stock. .--.----------
y Y & E r Ferry Co stock
do 1st mtg IS, 1872 ------
y 7 < II r Con IS. 1916 =.
10th & 23d ST 1st mg 0s. 1919
Union F Of y Y & r stock. :.
NY & y ] F 1st mtg IS. 1915
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

London June 25 4 D. m.-The market for Ameri-
can securities was irregular in the early deahngs'
closing firm Final prices follow
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

the meeting OF The American Car and Foundry
Company to-day the recommendation will be made
to increase the dividend on the common stock from
per cent. the first payment at the Increased
rate to be made in November. The coplpanys
annual report shows surplus above dlVldehdS
aggreSating s. 0GA. In the current year even
better results are expected. earnings are no"
at the rate of s5G0OG0 net month Working cap
ital accumulated from earnings amounts 70 up
ward of 100000. and earnings in excess OF e<-
Denses and dividends heavy enough TO JustlfY
the proposed increase IN the common dividend re-
turn.
CHICAGO AND EASTERN ITLINOIS--A dlrec-
tor OF the Chicago and Eastern Illinois is authority
for the statement that important negotiations are
going on that will if successful add materially
to the earnings Of the road. The talk OF OUTSIDE
interests securing ma jority OF the stock in the
open market is absurd for the stock Is helo
closely by men active in the management
LONDON EXCHANGE To CLOSE--It is Off
ctalIy announced that. the indefinite postponement
Of the coronation ceremonies on account OF the
Illness Of King Edward will not change the ar
rangoment previously made 10 close the London
Stock Exchange Thursday Friday and Sat
urday Of this week.
METROPOLITAN BONDS OvERsUBsCRIBED.
Kuhn. Loeb x Co announce that the subscription
lists for Sl1.O1.GO Metropolitan Street Railway
Company per cent refunding bonds have been
closed the amount offered having been considerably
oversubscribed
SECURITIES IISTED-The following securities
have been added to the Stock Exchange list: Col
orado and Southern 500 additional first mortgage
/ per cent coupon bonds of 1879 slT35,oo additional
Reading company and the Philadelphia and Read
ing Coal and Iron Company general mortgage
per cent bonds of 1897: s6OO0.Go0 first mortgage
twenty-five year per cent coupon bonds OF 1874
of the Milwaukee Gas Light Company; $2S.52O"o
per collateral trust serial coupon bonds OF the
Chicago Rock Island and Pacific Railway Com
pany. The last named bonds We're issued for the
purchase of the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf
Railroad.
COFFEE EXCHANGE BYLAWS.-The proposed
making the initiation fee $1,000 alter the member
by a vote of 107 to IS The opposition was from
members who want the membership specifically
limited. The present bylaws make the Initiation
fee 81 600 until a membership of 800 is reached
DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST.-The Rowery
Savings Bank announces interest payment at
the rate of 332 per cent and the Harlem Savings
Bank at the of per cent The following
dividends are announced: American Telegraph and
Telephone Company. 81 80 share. regular 10 cents
a share extra: American WOolen Company ia per
cent preferred: Fourth National Bank, S12 per cent,
semi-annuaI; New-York Central, Ia per cent; Ma
tional Biscuit Company. per cent, quarterly.
NJ. S. r. BONDS OVERSUBSCRIBED.-Ku
Loeb & Co that the $l1,0000O0 Metropoli-
tan Street Railway Company per cent refundng
100 year gold mortgage bonds offered by them have
been largely oversubscribed.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

.ss: total receipts for the day: s2.2575; ezpend-
lures, sI35.00a. Receipts for the month to date,
$Ss 1884; expenditures S3 OsNo 600: excess Of re-
celpts. $S2i7.9s4. Receipts for the year TO aaler
S3o3l55llS: expenditures. $45S451, ,7sS excess OF re-
ceipts, ssi703sl5- National bank notes received Tor
redemption. ss56 395.
SCB-TREASCRY.-The Suh-Treasury vas DEBTOR
at The Clearing House slG99Sq.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

INACTIVE STOCKS.
FURNISHED by E Nichols Co.. No IS Wall-ss9
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

STREET RAILWAY COMPANIES.
NEw-YORK.
FURNISHED by William E Nichols & Co. No 10 WaH-st)
Int. period | Bid Asked
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
SECTPITTES At AUCTION.

The following securities were sold yesterday at
auction at the New-York Real Estate
b,-A Adrian II. Muller & Son:
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
GAS COMPANIES.

FURNISHED by William Z. Nichols 8 Co. No Is Wallis
Bid Asked Bid ASK
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
BOSTON STOCKS.
Furnished by r. l. Day & Co. No. 3 Nsssau-st)
7 y. r,ra ru,s d Inn. *

CHICAGO STOCKS.
FURNISHED by Tracy & Co. No. 40 waI1-s,.)
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

FERRY COMPANIES.
FURNISHED by z Nichols Co.. No IS waii-sf>
/ Int period. J BID. ASKED.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

AMERICAN CAR AND FOUNDRY REPORT.
Tho annual report of the American Car and
Foundry Company for the year ended April 30, 1902
compares as follows:
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

stock
GUARANTEED STOCKS
Quotations furnished by Joseph Walker Sons. No. "
BrOad-st)
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
BANK STOCKS

osepo-ted by Clinton Gilbert No. war-st,
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
MISCELLANEOUS SECURITIES.
ACTIVE STOCKS.

FURNISHED by William Nichols Co Is wal-st)
Bid. Asked Bid Asked
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

MISCELLANEOUS GAS COMPANIES.
Furnished by William F. Nichols Co. waII-st)
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

Bankers posted rates were:
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
/ Open. High.l Low. IcIos..
PHILADELPHIA STOCKS.

,eported by De Haven & Townsend No. 40 wan-s.,
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

Div Div.
rate period Bid tAsk'd-
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26

rae.l period. Bid IAsk'd.
New-York tribune., 1902-06-26
AMERICAN SECURITIES ABROAD.

NIElW A'I tItN Isl W III
Total sales of bonds. 81. .G24. 0oo.
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1902-07-09
ROADS OF AMERICA.
Progress In the Building of High
ways In the Country.

The influence of the mechanical steed
Oh our civilization is best exemplified
In the growth and Improvement OF the
country highways, which, I'm a country
that stretches between two oceans and
includes within it's boundary nearly all
the climates and physical characteris-
tics OF a mighty continent, have been
slowly evolved from the almost indis-
unguishable trail Of the pioneer set
tiers into roads OF high engineering
skill and achievement. says Gunton's
Magazine. The American country
roads have Jagged I'm the develop
ment OF the nations material growth
and expansion until within the past
few years. With the exception OF
the few old postroads. established I'm
colonial days. when the stagccoach
was the only vehicle for comfortable
travel, there were not more than two
or three country highways Of passable
physical condition, summer and winter,
score OF years ago I'm the United
States.
Military roads were the earliest in ex-
istencc in all countries. and The protec-
tive necessity Of having different parts
OF the empire Joined together by high
ways over which an army could be
quickly moved inspired most OF the
great engineering feats in roadbuild-
Ing OF the past. This factor had little
or no influence in American Industrial
life. Our boundaries did not abut
those of powerful nations with whom
we might at any time wage war: con-
sequently no thought OF establishing
lines Of fortihcations. connected by
military highways, ever entered the
heads of our most warlike Legislators or
presidents. Military roads were not
features OF our national development,
and, though potent factors in the
growth OF many European states. they
were almost nil I'm American history.
The modern roadbuilding movement
is attributed 10 the bicycle and automo-
bile. but il must he said that II was
rather the conditions OF the times.
which were ripe for the change. that
made the popularity Of these mechanic
nj stecdS. Railroad construction had
almost reached it's limit importan Mt
trunk lines were already paralleling
each other SO that they cut disastrously
into each others profits. and the most
important parts OF the country were
joined together by the ribbons OF steel.
Railroad stocks were declining In val
ue. profits were becoming reduced. and
capital was chary OF investing I'm new
enterprises OF this character.
What the country needed was more
feeders country roads leading from
farms. mines and producing lands. For
months I'm the year the great agricul-
tural sections were shut off from the
railroads by almost impossible country
roads. Mills and manufacturing plants
| located on streams or water that NIr-
nish excellent motive power could not
market their products IN winter. Tn,
logging camps and the mining compa.
MES were likewise helpless in winter
Thus for Il good portion Of the year the
country commerce was paralyzed and
/ the producing centcrs were cut off from
| the world
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1902-07-09
The Value of Good Roads.

Good roads. like good streets. make
habitation along them most desirable.
They economiZe time and force in
transportation OF products. reduce wear
and tear on horses. harness and vehi-
cles and enhance the market value of
real estate. They raise the value Of
farm lands and farm products and tend
TO beautify the country through which
they pass They facilitate rural mail
delivery and are Il potent aid to educa-
ton. religion and sociability Charles
Sumner once said. The road and the
SchOOlmastcr are the two most impor-
tant agents in advancing civilization"