The daily morning journal and courier., 1902-05-10

! A prisoner of war is q public enemy
 armed or attached to the hostile army
 for active aid who has fallen into the
 hands of the captor, and as such is eX- posed to the inconvenience as well as entitled to the privileges of prisoner of war Citizens who accompany ar army for whatever purpose may De
 made prisoners of war.
 If tl.p people of an invaded country
 rise, un2er a duly authorized levy en
 masse to resist invasion, they are now
 treated if captured as prisoners of war,
 and no belligerent has the right to de- clare that he will treat every captured
 man in arms of q levy en masse as a
 brigand or bandit If, however the peo- pie of a country, or any portion Of 1t already occupied by an army, rise
 against it they are violators of the laws
 of war and are not entitled to their pro- l teCtiCn.
 A prisoner of war is subject to no
 punishment for being a public enemy,
 nor may any revenge be wrecked upon l him; but he remains ansWerable for
 crimes committed aganst the captor's army or people before he was captured, for which he has not been punished by his own authorities. All prisoners of war are liable to the inf1ction of re- taliatory measures
 It is against the usage of modern war to give no quarter but commander IS permitted so to direct his troops, in
 great straits, when his own salvation makes it impossible to cumber himself with prisoners. Troops that give no quarter receive none.
 An enemy may be ordered put to death if within three days after capture it be discovered that he belongs to q corps which gives no quarter. Unneces- sary or reyengeful destruction of life is not lawful Modern war usage permits no violence against prisoners in order to extort information or to punish them for having given false information.
 Men who commit hostilities, whether by fighting or by raids of any kind, without being part of the organized hostile army and without sharing con- tinuously in the war, but who intermit- tertly return to their homes, or occa- sionally assume the semblance of peaceful pursuits, diverting themselves nf the character or appearance of sol diers, are not public enemies, and if captured, are not entitled to the treat lnent Of prisoners of war, but shall be treated eummarily as highway robbers or pirates
 Armed providers, by whatever name they may be called, or persons of the enemys territory, who steal within the lines of the hostile army for the pur- pose of robbing, killing or of destroying 1.,I I, lz .,.Ntn oit,o ha mail, or cutting telegraphs are not en- titled to the privileges of prisoners of war.
 War-rebels are persons within an oc- cupied territory who Hise in arms against the occupying or conquering army or against the authorities estab- lished by the same. If captured they may suffer death whether they rise singly or in large or small bands. or whether they are called upon to do so by their own, but expelled Government or not. They are not prisoners of war, nor are they if discovered and secured before their conspiracy has matured to an actual rising or to armed violence,
 All intercourse between the territor- ies occupied by beligerent armies, by traffic letter. travel or in any other way, ceases. Contraventions of this rule are highly punishable.
 A spy is person who secretly, ill dis guise or under false pretense, seeks in formation with the intention of com 1t to the enemy. He is pun shable with death by hanging whether | or not he succeeded in obtaining the in- | formation or in communicating it 10 the | enemy.
 A war-traitor is person in a district | lnder martial law who, unauthorized | oy the commander, gives information of | any kind to the enemy or holds inter- ,ourse with him. He is always severely | punished. If his offense consists in be- .raying to the enemy anything concern ng the condition, safety, operations or plans of the troopsc of occupation his is death.
 If the citizen of an invaded country gives information to his own govern nent from which he is separated by he hostile army or to the army of his government, he is a war-traitor and leath is the penalty. If citizen of an invaded district voluntarily serves as a ,uide for the enemy, or offers to do so, le is war-traitor, and shall suffer leath.
 The law of war, like the crimnal law egarding other offences, makes no diff erence because of sex, concerning the py, the war-traitor or the war-rebel.
 Prisoners of war may be released by xchange or parole. The parole is the ledge of individual good faith and hon. 1T to do or to omit doing certain acts .fter he who gives the parole shall have 'een wholly or partly released from the ower of the captor. Breaking parole is by death. The law of war does not allow pro- either an individual belonging o the hostile army, or a citizen, or a ubject of the hostile Government, an utlaw who may be slain without trial y any captor, any more than the mod Tn law of peace allows such interna-