davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01
Maclay Is DISCHARGED.

Washington, Dec. rs. - Secretary
Long has discharged Edgar Staunton
Maclay from his position as skilled
laborer in the Brooklyn navy yard, Mr..
Maclay having refused to resign when
requested to do so. Mr.. Maclay is au-
thor of a naval history, and in it's last
volume sharply criticised Admiral
Schley and denounced him as caitiff,
poltroon and coward. Secretary Longs
dispatch directing the removal of Mac
lay is as follows: ~
'Washington, Dec. 24-To Rear Admiral
A. S. Barker, U. S. ~, Comma ndant Navy
Yard, New York. BY direction of presi-
dent, Edgar S. Maclayis discharged. Mo-
tifY him. :, "IQNG ~
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01

.8 Fire at tsProgreso. YucaIan, destroyed
property worth $1,000. 200. s
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01
c.. g. N w. r. r.

DEPARTURES OF TRAINS EAST.
Pass. No. (Ex. SUM- new line, 800 a m
No. .18 (Ex.Sun.) old line. 500 a M
NO. 10 {Daily) new line, 3:50 p III:
- No. % Daily old line :S0 p nj
No. lex. SUM new line 6:46 p nj
No. aSun. Only old line 1880 m
DEPARTURE oF TEAMS " EST.
Pass. No. % <Sun. ONLY old line 6:25 m
No.5 lex. SUM- new line, $500 M
No. II lex. SUM- old line, l:5lp p m
No. 3Daily) new line, l:58 m
No. 2l eek. Sun.) old line, $40 p m
No.7(Ex. Sun.) new line, $500 y M
Train. Nos. g, 20, "A and %, T. 2lrun be
tween New Ulm and Mankato Jc. only.
Trains Nos. 10 and have sleepln e cars
between Mankato and Chicago and chair.
cars between Mapkato and Minneapolis.
Trains Nos: and have sleeping cars
between Mankato and Broeklngs. Further
infornT alton inquire of II. l.. Beecher, Ag't
&C. Johnson, W.B. Kniskern,
Gen. Ag't, Winona. G.P. Chicago:
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01
TEACHERS GATHER.


st. Louis Dec 81 The National
1mmereial bers eration,,
composed of e q r,,ct ors 8 ,,usiness
4 "a s an.
neneed II, ] ;on
here rh,,rrs sflay. savaraI hun 1,re,d Al :.
gates - nre ,rhe sess m vii
b hell dailr !. 8, a. 81 81 mt
The end of s, J. = u i
"a Yor# Wells. q tht opening g ssion
delivered A a9Idra.s,,ss.' a. come =tb j
wa { - snnn,d 4 81 III cha r,es NJ hfillar
q a,,, = 4. ''
M a.. !. !, g = ~ - 1,,a : &
n,,sl !; yu;saa
Tea 800; a,nran,,aa 1,raa
vs, ! s n . : I,av;d l,a Al
r,,,,rs ! q, -, .,
3; =, s, s ~;
a l,ra ,n,, ~ tbe asso.;a J.
nj, !, s, : ! !. q
Na s, ! s, :
-, 2 81, M, !,
: !, s = 1l,;,a;s
3 ssnc; t;o,, s5o,,e ned IS enrasant
8 ivas, + q, !. - : . : = i onsa Iva5ras
- :. - ~ $500
q Tia b;sfnr,, q the -1nruanizat;on
ana tha sea tho g nac;tv "a 8 = II i, /,
was = rad- ifs ,,,tm,nst Gny W 8.
Delivered q / .ad1ress a ,,el lco,,,.s- -,
Fr;dav, sassion 1osin 3 sass;o
was al.en !, !, % !, i, 4 fof % r;n,,s
departm1nents men and the 8 lecti a .ofs a.;
GERS Manv nrominent, 4. adnca IN. ! nrs
from various ma rts" nf tha state tnal
part prof ~. H Tracv. II Kanka.
:kee,, was elected president. -. .-.'-'.
Des N oines. -. "A Dee ~ -Tha 3 fnrtv..
seventh annual session of The iowa
state sTeachers,a association nnened 4
Thursday with : session of the ed,,..
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01
"a Z \
!, Subtle u !.
Foe Q "

Dyspepsia is unrecognized in
half the cases. 1t deceives the
mkno owing sufferer. Its many
variations wofk along the weakest i
lines Of the system. To battle
against only one of them is vain.
Our bookletlexplains its symp.
\ toms. Our Dyspepsia Tablets give
complete and lasting relief.
New Ulm review., 1902-01-01

49, 1a5 255ss'

Sold AMI recommended by ANDREW
j. ECKSTEIN, druggist, New Ulm, MINI
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

also TO prevent the surface water from
percolating through and softening the
clay and causing the whole roadway 10
be torn up.
Owing TO lack of knowledge regarding
CO construction Indifference or careless
ness In building or improving, roads made
OF gravel are often very much worse than
they ought TO be. Some of them are
made by simply dumping the material
into ruts, mud holes, or gutter-lil,e de-
rIessions, or on unimproved foundation,
aud are left thus for traffic to consoli-
Gate; While others are made by covering
the surface with inferior material with
cut any attention being paid to the fun
damental principles of drainage. As a
result of such thoughtless and haphaZard
methods the road usually becomes rough
er and more completely covered with
holes than before
Grade and Width of Gravel Roads.-ln
constructing gravel read the roadbed
should first be brought to the proper
grade. Ordinarily an excavation is then
made TO the depth of or 10 inches.
varying in width with the requirements
OF traffic. For farm or farming COM
Iaunity the width need not be greater
than 10 or Il feet. roadway which is
too wide is not only useless, but the
extra width Is positive damage. ANY
width beyond that needed for the traffic
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

and best device for this purpose is a
spreading cart Gig. 36).
Rolling the Road.--If a roller can not
be had, the road is thrown ooen TO traf-
lie until II becomes fairly well consolf-
dated; but it is impossible to properly
consolidate materials by the movement
OF vehicles over the road, and if this
means is pursued constant watcifulness
Is necessary to prevent unequal wear
and to keep the surface smooth and free
from ruts. The work may be FASTENED
and facilitated by the use of a horse roll
er ing. 28) or light steam roller Gig 29)
and OF course far better results can be
accomplished by this means If the
gravel be too dry to consolidate easily it
should be kept moist by sprinkling 1t
should not, however, be made too wet, as
any earthly or clayey matter in the
gravel is liable to be dissolved.
AS soon as the flrsS layer has been
properly consolidated second. third and.
if necessary, fourth layer, each or
inches in thickness, is spread on ana
treated in the same manner, until the
road is built up TO the required thick
ness and cross section. The thickness in
most cases need rot be greatersthan 10
to the sides ought not to be greater
than l foot in 20 feet. or less than
in %.
The last or surface layer should be
rolled until the wheels of heavily loaGed
vehicles passing over it make no visible
impression. If the top layer is deficient
In binding material and will not prop
erly consolidate thin layer, not exceed
ing one inch in thickness, of sand or
grayelly loan or clay should be evenly
spread on and Slightly sprinkled if in
dry weather, before the rolling is begun.
Hardpan or stone screenings are much
III eferred for this purpose if they can be
had. "a
The tendency of the material to spread
under the roller and work toward the
sides can be resisted by rolling that por-
tion nearest the cutters first. To give
the surface the required form and to Sc
cure uniform density it is necessary ar
times to employ men with rakes to ill
any depressions which may form.
Maintenance.-ln order to maintain n
gravel road in good condition, ii is well
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

oughly, cement and consolidate into
smooth, hard crust which is impervious
to water and the broken particles are
so heavy that they are not readily blown
or washed away.
Unfortunately the most useful stones
for road building are the most difficult
to prepare, and as trap rocks are harder
to break than any other stones thew usu-
ally cost more The foundation or lower
courses may be formed OF some OF the
softer stones, like gneiss or limestone
but trap rock should be used for the
wearing surface, if possible, even If IT
Las to be brought from i distance.
As to construction o. macadam roads,
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

. inch stone per day of ten hours, and
will cost from $40O upward according to
quality.
Some crushers are made either sta
tionary (see fig 32), semi-stationary Zig.
5Sl, or portable Gig S4), according to the
needs OF the purchaser, and for country
road work it is sometimes desirable to
have portable crusher to facilitate its
easy transfer from one part of the town
TO another. The same portable engine
that is used in thrashing, saving WOOD
and other operations requiring the use of
steam power may be used in running a
stone crusher but it is best TO remem-
Der that q crusher will do lis best and
most economical work when run nv
machine having a horsepower somewhat
in excess OF the power actually REQUIRED
Screening the Stone.--"As the stone
comes from the breaker the pieces will
be found TO show considerable variety in
size, and by many practical roadmakers
1T is regarded as best that these sizes
should be assorted. and separated. since
each has its particular use To do thi,
work by hand would be troublesome and
expensive AMI screens are generally en-
ployed for that purpose. Screens are not
"sDtNAuINAS hCSSSSdlgs anu Hldily ROAD
makers DO not use them: but they insure
uniformity in size of pieces, and unifor-
nifty means in many cases superior wear
smoothness and economy. Most Of the
screens in common use today are of the
rotary kind. In operating, they are gem
orally so arranged that the product of
the crusher falls directly into the rotary
screen, which revolves on an inclined
axis and empties the separate pieces into
small bins below the crusker A better
form Zig. 35) for many purposes includes
q larger and more elaborate outfit, in
which the stone is carried by an eleva-
Tor TO the screen and by the screen
emptied into separate bins Gigs, 80, SO
and 34) according to the respective sizes
From the bins it is easily loaded into
wagons or spreading carts Zig. 36) and
hauled to any desired point along the
line of the road.
The size 10 which stone should be
broken depends upon the quality OF the
stone, the amount of traffic to which the
road will be subjected, and to some ex-
tent upon the manner in which the stone
is put in place. II hard tough stone is
employed it may be broken into rough
cubes or pieces of about III inches in
largest face dimensions, and when broken
to such size the product of the crusher
rlay generally be used to good advantage
without the trouble of screening, since
dust "tailings" and fine stuff do not ac-
emulate in large quantities in the
breaking of the tougher stone
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

natural and artificial forces which are
constantly acting to destroy them. The
fragments of which they are constructed
are liable TO be attacked in cold climates
by frost, and in all climates by water
and wind. If composed of stone or gravel
the particles are constantly grinding
against each other and being exposed to
the impact of the tires of vehicles and
the feet of animals. Atmospheric agen-
cies are also at work accomplishing and
disintegrating the material. 1t is Obj
yiously necessary, therefore, that great
care be exercised in selecting for the sur
facing of roads those stones which are
less liable 10 be destroyed or decomposed
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09
and their construction is treated in the
Following pages.

and their construction is treated in the
Following pages.
GRAVEL ROADS.
Although it is impracticabIe, and in
many cases impossible. for communities
TO build good stone roads, a surface of
gravel may frequently be used to ad-
vantage, giving far better results than
could be attained by the use of earth
alone Where beds of good gravel are
available this is the simplest, cheapest,
and most effective method of improving
country roads.
Seaside and river gravel.--In connec-
ti0n with the building, and maint enance
of gravel roads the most important mat
ter TO consider is that OF selecting the
proper material. A small proportion of
argillaceons sand, clayey or earthly mat
ter contained in some gravel enables it
10 pack readily and consolidate under
traffic or the road roller Seaside and
river gravel, which is composed usually
of rounded waterworn pebbles, is unfit
for surfacing roads. The small stones
of which they are composed having no
angular projections or sharp edges, easily
move or slide against each other and will
not bind together. and even when mixed
with clay may turn freely, causing the
whole surface to be loose, like materials
in shaken sieve.
Inferior qualities of gravel can some
times be used for foundations; but where
1t becomes necessary to employ such ma
terial even for that purpose it is well to
mix just enough sandy or cIayey loan
TO bind it firmly together. For the wear
ing surface or the top layer the pebbles
should, il possible. be comparatively
clean, hard, angular, and tough, so that
they will readily consolidate, and will
not be, easily pulverized by the impact OF
traffic into dust and mud. They should
be coarse. varying in size from half an
inch 70 an inch and one-half.
Blue gravel and bank gravel.-Where
blue gravel or hardpan and clean bank
gravel are procurable a good road mays
be made by mixing the two together Pit
gravel or gravel dug from the earth as a
rule contains too much earthly matter
This may. however be removed by sift-
ing. For this purpose two sleeves are
necessary, through which the gravel
should be thrown. The meshes of one
sieve should be one and half or two
inches In diameter. while the meshes Of
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

many of the qalities found in good stone
or gravel roads, and so far as beauty is
concerned they cannot be surpassed
STONE ROADS.
The greatest obstacles to good road
construction in most places in the United
States are the existing methods of build
ing and systems of management whereby
millions of dollars are annually wasted in
improper construction or in making
tritling repairs on temporary structures.
The practice Of using TOO soft too
brittle, or rotten material on roads can
not be too severely condemned. Some
people seem to think that if a stone
quarries easily, breaks easily, and packs
readily, it is the very best stone for road
building. This practice, together with
that of placing the material on unim-
proved foundations and leaving it thus
for traffic to consolidate, has done a
great deal to destroy the confidence of
many people in stone roads. There is no
reason in the world why a road should
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

is not only waste OF money in CON
structing the road, but is the cause of a
never ending expense III maintaining it,
The surface of the roadbed should pre-
ferably have fall from the center 10
the sides the same as that to be giver
the finished road, and should If posi-
BILE, be thoroughly rolled end CONSOLE
dated until perfectly smooth and firm.
A layer, not thicker than inches, of
good gravel such as that recommended
above, should then be spread evenly over
the prepared roadbed Such material is
usually carried upon road III wheelbar-
rows or dumpcarts. and. thea spread in
even layers with rakes, bur the latest
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

Elevators, screen and bunkers complete.
+ If only moderate traffic is TO be pro-
vided for the harder limestones may be
broken 40 the pieces will pass through a
2-inch ring. though sizes running from
IA TO Pa inches will insure more dur
able roadway, and If steam roller is
used IN cOmpacting the metal it will be
brought 10 a smooth surface without
much trouble. AS a rule 1t may be said
that TO adhere closely to a size running
from 2h>to 21a inches in largest face di-
mansions, and to use care in excluding
too large proportion OF small stuff as
vel as all pieces of excessive size, will
insure a satisfactory and durable macad-
am road
Macadam insisted that no large stone
should ever be employed in road MAX
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

venient size. end are more readily broken
either by hanl or by machine than most
varieties of rock which are quarried in
the usual way.
1T is a simple task 10 break stone for
macadam roadways, and by the aid OF
ruodern inventions it can be done cheap
Iy and quickly. Hand-Orokcn stone is
fairly oct OF late and is rarely used in
America where any considerable amount
of work is to be undertaken. Stone may
be broken by hand at different points
along the roadside where repairs are
needed from time TO time, but the extra
cost of production by this method for
bids its being carried on where extended
work is undertaken. Hand broken stone
is generally more uniform in size, more
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09
Fig cmas crushing plant operation at 4ova Pa

is inferior to granite Mica slate stones
are altogether useless. The argilIaceous
states or clayey states make a smooth
surface, but one which is easily destroyed
when wet. The sandstones are utterly
useless for road building. The tougher
limestones are very good, but the softer
ones, though they bind and make a
smooth srface very quickly, are too weak
for heavy loads; they wear wash. and
blow away very rapidly.
The materials employed for surfacing
roads should be both hard and tough, and
should possess by all means cementing
and recementing qalities. For the South
ern States, where there are no frosts to
contend with the best qualities of lime
stone are considered quite satisfactory
so far as the cefnenting and recementing
qualities are concerned but in most
cases roads built OF this class of mate
rial\ do not stand the wear and tear of
traffic like those built of trap rock, and
when exposed 10 the severe northern
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

by these physical, dynamical, and chemi-
cal forces.
Useful stones for road bhilding.-Silice-
Gus materials those composed of flint or
quartz, although hard, are brittle and de-
ficfent in toughness. Granite is not de-
sirable because it is composed of three
materials of different natures, viz;
quartz, feldspar, and mica, the first of
which is brittle. the second liable to de-
compose rapidly, and the third laminable
or of a scaly or layerlike nature. Some
GRANTEES which contain hornblende in
stead of feldspar are desirable. The
darker the variety the better Gneiss
which is composed of quartz, feldspar,
and mica, more or less distinctly slaty,
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

ton or kept raked smooth until properly
consolidated.
II the surface needs replenishing or
rounding up, as is frequently the case
with new roads after considerable wear.
the material should be applied in sections
or patches, raked and rolled until hard
and smooth.
Care must be taken that the water
from higher places does not drain onto
or run across The road. The side bitches
culyerts and drains SHOULD % kept open
aud free from debris.
SHELL ROADS.
In many of the Eastern and Southern
States road stones do mt exist neither
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

ing, and, indeed, most modern road build
ers practice this principle that small
angular fragments arc the cardinal re-
quirements" AS a general rule it has
been stated that no stone larger than
walnut should be used for the surfacing
of roads.
The maeadam and telford methods
Stone roads are built in most cases ac-
cording to the principles laid down by
John l.. Macadam Gig. 80, while some
are built by the methods advocated by
Telford. The most important difference
between these two principles of construc-
ton relates 10 the propriety or necessity
OF paved foundation beneath the crust
of broken stone Telford advocated this
principle, while Macadam strongly denied
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

Fig. 29.-Iroquois steam roller, built in
all sizes.
the other should be three fourths of an
inch All pebbles which will not go
through the one and one-half inch meshes
should be rejected or broken so that they
will go through All material which Sits
through the three -fourths inch meshes
should be rejected for the road, but may
be used in making side paths. The ex-
cellent road which can be built from ma
terials prepared in this way is so far SUI
perior to the. one made of the natural
clayey material that the expense and
trouble of sitting is many times repaid.
The best gravel for road building stands
perpendicular in the bank; that is. when
the pit has been opened up the remainder
stands compact and firm and can not be
dislodged except by use of the pick. and
when il gives way falls in great chunks
or solid masses. Such material usually
contains tough angular gravel with just
enough cementing properties to enable it
to readily pack and consolidate, and re-
quires no further treatment than to
place it properly on the prepared road
bed
Gravel on Earth Roads.-Some earth
roads may be greatly improved by COW
tring the surface with layer OF three
or four inches of gravel, and sometimes
even thinner layer may prove Of very
great benefit if kept in proper repair.
The subsoil of such roadway ought, how
ever, TO be well drained, or Of a light
and porous nature. Roads constructed
over clay soils require a layer of at least
six inches of gravel. The gravel must
be deep enough to prevent the weight of
traffic forcing the surface material into
weak places in the clay beneath. and
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

local quarry does not exist field stone
and stone gathered from. the beds of
rivers and small streams may often be
made TO serve every purpose. Many OF
the stones and boulders thus obtained
are of trap rock, aud in general it may
be said that all haid field and river
stones, if broken to a proper size, will
make fairly good ana sometimes very
excellent road metnl. No elaborate test
is required 10 determine the hardness of
any given specimen. A steel hammer in
the hands of an intelligent workman will
reveal in gene.al way the relative Ge-
gree of teughness ofstw Nr more pieces
of rock. Field and river stone offer an
additional advantage in that they are
quickly handled are generally Of con-
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

is it possible to secure good coarse
gravel, No such material can be secured
except at such an expense for freight as
to practically preclde its use forNroad
building. Oyster shells can be secured
cheaply in most of these States and when
applied directly upon sand or sandy soil
or 10 inches in thickness, they form
excellent roads for pleasre driving and
light traffic. Shells wear much more
rapidly than broken stone or gravel of
good quality, and consequently roads
made of them require more constant at
tention to keep them in good order In
most cases they should have an entirely
new surface every three or four years.
When properly maintained they possess
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09
liant. Elevator, screen and bunkers complete
Fiji 80. Stationary crushing plant.

not last for ages if it is built of good ma
teriaI and kept in proper repair. If this
is not done the money spent is more than
wasted. 1t is more economical, as a
rule. to bring good materials a long dis
lance by rail or water than to employ
inferior ones procured clase at hand
The durability of roads depends large
ly upon the power of the materials of
which they are composed to resist those
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

winters such material disintegrates very
rapidly. In fact, trap rock, niger
heads" technically known as diabase.
and diorites are considered by most road
engineers of long experience to be the
very best stones for road building. Trap
rocks as a rule possess all the qualities
most desired for road stones. They are
hard and tough. and when properly
broken to small sizes and rolled thor
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

Mr.. Potter says
In the construction OF macadam road
in any given locality, the question of
economy generally compels us TO use a
material found near at hand, aud whore
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1902-02-09

nearly cubical in shape, and has sharper
angles thar that broken by machinery
but the latter, when properly assorted or
screened. has been found to meet every
requirement.
Stone Crushers.--"A good crusher Zig.
81 driven by eight horsepower will turn
out from forty to eighty cubic yards of