The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1902-01-19

circles, Is beginning to show Itself IN tne
newspapers. But, though It In a lesser
evil, It Is 30 great a one that / hope the
danger OF II will rouse all the real friends
Of the Revolution to exert themselves In
favor Of such an organization OF the Con-
federacy as will perpetuate the Union and
redeem the honor Of the republican name
What Madison hoped TO see accom-
plished by tho Federal Convention at Phil
adelphia was outlined by him In a letter
written from New York TO Thomas Jefferson
(then In Paris) and dated March 10, 1887.
Madison began by saying that he could not
foresee the result OF the political expert
ment to be made at Philadelphia. 'The
difficulties which present themselves are.
on one side, almost sufficient TO dismay
the most san equine. whilst on the other side.
the most timid are compelled TO encounter
them by the mortal diseases OF the existing
Constitution. These diseases need not
be pointed out to you, who 30 well under
stand them. Suffice II TO say that they are
at present marked by symptoms which are
truly alarming, which have tainted the
faith Of the most orthodox Republicans, and
which challenge from the votarics OF lib
erty every concession In favor OF stable
government not infringing Fundamental
principles, as the only security against an
opposite extreme OF our present situation
Madison proceeded 10 show what reme-
dies for the existing shortcomings would
be effective. and, perhaps. ~attainable. I
think. myself, that II would be expedient
in the first place, 10 lay the foundation OF
the new system in such q ratification by
the people themselves OF the several States
as will render It clearly paramount TO their
Legislative authorities. Secondly, over
and above the positive power OF regulating
trade and sundry other matters In which
uniformity is proper, to arm tho Federal
head with a negative IN all cases phdt-
scorer on the local Legislatures. Without
this defensive power, experience and re-
fcction AVE satisfied me that however
ample the Federal powers may be made
or however clearly their boundaries may
be- dellneated on paper. they will be easily
and continually bafled by tho Legislative
s~overeignties Of the State. The effects OF
this provision would be not only to guard
the National rights and interests against
invasion. but also to restrain the States
from thwarting and molestIng each other
and even from expressing the minor
fly within themselves by paper money
alu Ollt hulAkINIoub ~ W.
favor the interests Of the majority. In
order 20 render the exercise OF suoh a
negative prerogative convenient. an ema-
nation Of it must be vested in some set OF
men within the several States. 10 far as 20
enable them 10 give q temporary Sanction
20 laws Of immediate necessity In tho
third place Madison wa convinced OF tho
necessity Of changing the principle OF repre-
-.-...g., l. ,E, Eal.rol a,atarn H. fNoiptaI
out that, so long as the execution OF tho
acts Of Congress should depend on the
several legislatures, the equality Of votes
possessed by the States In Congress could
not destroy the inequality Of importance
and influence In the State. In case. how
ever, Of such an augmentation Of the Federal
power as should render IL efficient without
the intervention OF the Legislatures. a vote
In the General councils from Delaware
would be OF equal value with one from
Massachusetts OF virginia. Madison does
not express himself clearly In the letter
20 Jefferson. but It IL evident that he thinks
the representation Of a State In the Federal
Assembly should be made proportionate
70 It's population. This change he pro-
noulces at once just and practicable. a
majority Of the States conceive that they
will be gamers by Il. II Is recommended
70 the Eastern States by the actual supcri-
GRITTY Of their populousnuss and 20 the
southern by their expected superiority,
and, # a majority Of tins larger States con-
cur, the fewer and smaller States must
finally bend 70 them. This point being
gained. many ~ the objections nov urge
In tho leading States against ronInc.a-
uons OF power will vanish In the fourth
ria q, Madison thought that the Federal
power should be organized In such q man
uer az not To blend together those which
ought % 10 eAorrissd by separate depart
monts The limited powers nos vested
Ia Congress- are frequently m~ismsnag"d
from the want Of s1cL a dstrbu Ion -
them What would be tho case under
au enlargement not only = the powers
lut ~ tho humber Of tho Federal opfO-
sentatlyrsf'
a. order 60 comprehend tie plan Of gov
srumeut which Madison tGt in Wow be-
fore entering he ~Philad"lpila convention
thlz lrffer g. Jof orson ought 30 be- rsat
100 coGn~'uon with that IT ApIIft" Edmund
Randolph. lust rleuted Governor II Wa
gu.A and tie ~ April 10 g. N~ashlngtDu
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tas euIostatlsu tHat uYs t'ovsuY1f would
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sHur leading IupIur.uuis 81 De- 80 N"uIh 10
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