davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

the material Is commonly placed a little
at a tlnle and compacted by passing We
ElcleS. The material used for this pur-
pose should be the same as that of the
road surface and not fine material. which
would soon reduce to powder under the
loads which come upon it. By careful
attention to minute repairs in this man
ner a surface may be kept in good condi-
t1on until 1T wears so thin as to require
renewal.
In case the road be of harder mate
rial, that will not so readily combine
When a thin coating is added, repairs
may not be frequent, as the surface will
not wear so rapidly and immediate at
tentlon IS not SO important. 1t is usual
ly more satisfactory in this case to make
more extensive repairs at one time, as a
larger quantity OF material added at nee
may be more readily compacted to a uni
form surface, the repairs taking the form
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

enhance the market value of real estate.
They raise the value of farm lands and
farm products and tend to b~eautify the
country through which they pass; they
facilitate rural mail delivery and are q
potent aid to education, religion and So
liability. Charles Sumner once said,
The road and the schOOlmaster are the
two most important agents in advancing
civilization
The difference between good and bad
roads is often equivalent to the differ
ence between profit and loss. Good
roads have a money value to farmers as
Well as a political and social value, and
leaving out convenience, comfort, social
and refined influences which good roads
always enhance, and looking at them only
from the "almighty dollar" side, they
are found to pay handsome dividends
each year.
People generally are beginning to re-
alize that road building is a public mat
rolled, and that they should be surfaced
with the best material procurable; that
they should be properly maintained or
kept constantly in good repair.
All the important roads in the United
States can be and doubtless will be ma
cadamizad or otherwise improved in the
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

practice to leave such a road to itself un-
til it was very thin, and then renew it by
an entirely new layer of broken stone
placed in the worn surface and without
in any way disturbing that surface.
If Il thin layer only of material is to
be added at one time, in order that it
may unite firmly with the upper layer of
the road, it is usually necessary to break
the bond of the surface material before
placing the new layer, either by picking
it up by hand or by a steam roller with
snort spike in it's surface Gig. 4S), if
such a machine is at hand. Care should
be taken in doing this, however, that only
the surface layer be loosened, and that
the solidity of the body of the road be
not disturbed, as might be the case if
the spikes are too long"
In repairing roads the t~ime-hOnored
custom Of waiting until the road has
lost its shape or until the surface has
become filled with holes or ruts should
never be tolerated. Much good material
is wasted by spreading a thick coat over
such a road and leaving it thus for pass
ing vehicles to consolidate. The mate
rial necessary to replace defects in a
road should be added when the n~ecessi-
ties arise and should be of the best
quality and the smallest possible guam
tity. If properly laid in small patches
the Inconvenience to traffic will be
scarcely perceptible. If such repairs are
made in damp weather, as they ought to
be, little or no difficulty is experienced
in getting a layer of stone to consolidate
properly. If mud fills the rut or hole to
be repaired, it should be carefully re-
moved before the material IS placed.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

swamp. Far more time and money have
Been wasted in trying to keep up a single
mile of one Of those pig track sur
Veys than it would take TO build and
Keep in repair two miles of good road.
Another and perhaps greater error is
made by some persons in the West who
Continue 10 lay out their roads on sec
ton lines" These sections are all
square with sides running north. south.
east and west. 4 person wishing to
Cross the country in any other than these
directions must necessarily do so in rec
angul ZigZags. 1t also necessitates
very often the crossing and recrossing OF
hills and valleys, which might be avoided
If the roads had been constructed on
scientific principles.
IN the prairie State Of Iowa. for ex-
ample, where roads are no worse than
IN many other States, there is a greater
number Of roads having much sleeper
grades than are found in the mountainous
Republic OF switzerland. In Maryland
the old stagecOach road or turnpike run
ming from Washington to Baltimore
makes almost a bee line" regardless OF
hills or valleys, and the grades at places
are as steep as 10 or II per cent, where
" making little detours the road might
rave been made perfectly level, or by
running it up the hills less abruptly the
grade might have been reduced to 3 or 4
Fer cent, as is done in the billy regions
Of many parts of this and other coun-
tries Gig. p Straight roads are the
proper kinds to have, but in billy coun-
tries their straightness should always be
sacrificed to obtain a level surface so as
to better accommodate the people who
use them.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

Zig trail. or ran along the boundary
lines OF the farms regardless OF grades or
direction. Most OF them remain today
where they were located years ago. and
where untold labor. expense. and energy
have been wasted in trying 10 haul over
them and in endeavors TO improve their
deplOrable condition.
The great error is made OF continuing
to follow these primitive paths with ou-
public highways. The right course is TO
call in an engineer and throw the road
around the end or along the side Of steep
hills Gig. u instead of continuing to 60
over them: or TO pull the road. up on dry
solid ground instead Of splashing through
the mud and water of the creek or
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

and in such cases it is desirable to adopt
some heavy construction like the telford;
and furthermore the difficulty of prOcur-
.og perfectly solid and reliable roadbeds
in many places is often overcome by the
use Of this system.
In making a telford road Gig. AID the
.Uriace for the foundation is prepared in
'he same manner as for a macadam road.
Il layer Of broken stone is then placed
On the roadbed from 5 to 8 inches in
"tgth, depending upon the thickness to
ae given the finished road. AS a rule
'a@s foundation should form about two
1hlrds Of the total thickness of the mate
tlai- The stone used for the first layer
may vary in thickness from 2 to 4 inches
ana III length from 8 to II inches. The
taichness of the upper edges of the stones
should not exceed 4 inches. They are
10y hand on their broadest edges
"sih"ISe across the road, breaking
'.his as much as possible. All project
"2 points are then broken off and the
#'"rstices or cracks filled with stone
'"'AS, and the whole structure wedged
.1i consolidated into q solid and com
.."'l pavement. Upon this pavement
layers OF broken stones are spread and
-ealed in the same way as for macadam
road.
stone Road NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. roads
7~'o.d De frequently scraped, so as to
A0\e all dust and mud. Nothing de-
"ta a stone ROAD quicker than dust or
-"t The hand method of scraping with
+" IS considered best. No matter
carefully adjusted the machinery
toT this purpose may be, it is liable
''Eei a road by loosening some of the
'-.' The cutters and surface drains
~'i De kept open. SO that all water
"A upon the road or on the adjacent
-.'o"a may promptly flow away. Says
+".'-hS, a road authority.
The road metal be of soft material
-..h wears easily, it Will require con-
supervision and small repairs when
Il rut or depression may appear.
''iai OF this kind binds readily with
material that may be added, and
' thls manner frequently be kept
.''d condition without great Difficult
""Lie II not attended to at once when
"+ neg MS to show it will very rapidly
g 10 the great dctriment of the
I'll making repairs by this method,
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

,or LAYERS, should be rolled until
the W., ffm and smooth. AS a final
Ps',', ,f perfection, a small stone placed
test surface will be crushed before
Oh driven into the material,
aooo of the stones used be larger
viii pass through a Pinch ring they
lD~' he spread on in layers as above de-
t@I without separating them by
Water and binding material
..~aenings 0r good packing gravel
he added if found necessary for
< .onolidation. Earth or clay should
F''' nr used for a binding material.
sa water should be ~sprinkled on to
i'm and fill all voids the
.r stones with binding material. and
..,. such material damp enough to
insure j set.
g.t..rs.-If a road is built of tough,
stone. aud il the binding material
+.. SANE characteristics, a steam
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01
~E1#EERR21
DlNIIMalMAAa sNyI9 E7ssE%gN

Fig 45.-Stone on a macadam road firmly
stones. gravel. dirt. or sand IL mixed
face before rolling. prevent its being
vehicles As we'll a. dangerous to descend
They allow water TO rush down nj such
I rate as 10 wash great gaps alongside
or 10 carry the surfacing material away
AS The grada Increases in stseluess
either the load has to be diminished IN
proportion or more horses or poW er At
tached. From Gillespie We find thar II
q hors. can pun or i level l.o0e pounds
on a rise OIL
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

wedsed and packed together Small
With the stone or spread On the sur
thoroughly Wedge1 and packed
part steepcst upon shi,h The horse IL
capable % eNerting his FUN strength. aud
10 make the slope more gentle toward the
summit, to correspond SIT the contiup-
ally decreasing strength ~ tie faiisued
animal.
80 far as descent Is concerned. a road
should not r. % steep that the Wagons
ard carriages can not be dr@Nu aown IL
wIth perfect ease and safety Sir Henry
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

il conformity with certain general prin-
ciples.
1t is necessary that roads should be
hard, smooth, comparatively level, and
fit Cor use at all seasons of the year;
that they SHOULD be properly located, or
laid out on the ground, SO that their
races may be such that animate or in
animate power nay be applied upon
them TO the best advantage and without
great loss of energy; that they should be
properly constructed, the ground we'll
drained, the roadbed graded, shaped, and
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

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been built are becoming richer, more
prosperous, and more thlckly settled,
while those which do not possess these
advantages in transportatlo are either
at a standstill or are becoming poorer
and more sparsely settled. IL these con-
GitiOns continue, fruitful farms may be
abandoned and rich lands go to waste.
Life on 4 farm often becomes, as a result
of Fbottomless roads, isolated and par
rem of social enjoyments and pleasures,
and country people in some
ties suffer such great disadvantage that
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

ter, and that the best interests of Am
erican agriculture and the American peo-
PIE as a whole demand the construction
CT good roads. and thai money Wisely eX-
Lended for this purpose is sure to return.
PRINCIPLES WHICH SHOULD GOVERN
LOCATION AND TREATMENT
OF GOOD ROADS.
Road making is perfected by practice,
experience and labor. Soils and clays,
sand and ores, gravels and rocks, are
transformed into beautiful roads, streets
and boulevards by methods which
conform, with their great varieties
of character and with natures laws.
The art Of road building depends largely
for its success upon its being carried on
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

not distant future. This expectation
should govern their present location and
treatment everywhere. Unless changes
are made in the location of the roads
il many parts of the country it would
be worse than folly to macadamiZe them.
Any costly resUrfacing Of the existing
roads will fasten them where they are
for generations,' says Gen. Stone. The
chief difficulty in this country is not
with the surface, but with the steep
grades, many of which are too long to
be reduced by cutting and filling on the
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

OF IN additional layer upon the road.
Where the material of the road sur
face is very hard and durable, a we'll
constructed road may wear quite evenly
and require hardly any attention., beyond
ordinary small repairs, until worn out.
1t is now usually considered the best
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

three times a. much over one having a 10
per cent grade as on a level road As a
perfectly level road can seldom - had.
ii IS sell 20 saow the deepest allowable
grade II the hlI b. one OF great length.
it is sometimes best 10 have the lowest
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

ambition is checked energy weakened,
and industry paralyzed.
Good roads, like good streets, make
habitation along them most desirable;
they economize time and force in trans
portation of products, reduce wear ana
tear on horses. harness and vehicles, ana
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

to draw only one-fourth az much as on a
level road.
AS a chain is no stronger than its
weakest link, Just so the greatest load
which can be hauled over a road is the
load which can be hauled through the
deepest mud hole or uD the steepest hill
on that road. The cost of haulage is,
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

Wide tires should be used on all heavy
vehicles which traverse stone roads
Bad roads constitute the greatest
drawback to rural life, and for the lack
OF good roads the farmers suffer more
than any other class. 1t is obviously
unnecessary, therefore, to discuss here
the benefits to be derived by them from
improved roads. Suffice it to say, that
those localities where good roads have
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

1t is therefore seen that when the
grades are l foot in A feet or 12O feet
TO the mile a horse can draw only three
fourths as much as he can on a level;
where the grade is l foot in a feet, or
220 feet to the mile. he can draw only
one-half as much, and on a 10 per cent
grade, or $40 feet to the mile, he is able
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

present lines, and if this could be done
it would cost more in many cases than
relocating them.
Many of our roads were originally laid
out without any attention to general to-
pogranhy, and in most cases followed the
settlers path from cabin to cabin, the
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

it would therefore be the maximum
grade
DRAINAGE.
Mr.. Isaac B. Potter. an eminent au-
thority upon roads, says.
Dirty water and watery dirt make bad
going, and mud is the greatest obstacle
TO the travel and traffic OF the farmer.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

Parnpll considered that when the grade
was no greater than / foot in 30 feet
vehicles could be drawn down It at "A
speed Of l. miles an hour with perfect
safety. Gillespie says.
1T has been asCertalncd that "A horse
can for a short time double his usual ex-
ertion; also. that on the best roads h"
cXertS a pressure against his collar Of
about one thirty-fifth OF the load. II he
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

can double his exertion for a time. he
can pull one thirty-fifth more, and the
slope which would force him to lift that
proportion would be. as seen from the
above table. one of l in 80. or about n ;
per cent grade. On this slope, however.
he would be compelled to double his or
binary exertion TO draw a full load. and
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1902-04-01

The grade is the most important factor
to be considered in the location of roads.
The smoother the road surface, the less
the grade should be.
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03
KENNEBEC TEACHERS.
Program of Annual Convention to Be
Held Here Next Week.
The Meeting Will Occur at State
House, Friday, Oct. 10.

The annual convention of the Ken
nebec County Teachers Association
will take place in Representatives hall,
State House, Friday. Oct. 10 at 10
O'Clock in the forenoon. The following
is the official program:
MORNING SESSION, 10 O'CLOCK.
Prayer.
Rev. Norman L. McKinnon, Augusta
Address of Welcome.
Hon. Lerdali Titcomb, Mayor of Augusta
Response.
Il. f.. Packard, Prin. of Litchfied Acad-
emy
misunderstanding of records. appointing
committees.
The Teachers Attitude Toward Criticism
Miss Elizabeth Hall. Prin Lewiston
Training School
The Relation of the Schools to the Com
munity, Rev. Fl. f. Dunnack Augusta
AFTERNOON SESSION. O'CLOCK
Reports of committees. election of Off
\ GERS and any other business.
Address, S. |. Graves. New Haven. CT
To What Extent Should Teachers Assist
Pupils in Their Work?
E. T: Wyman, .Supt. Schools. Watervile,
What Next?
Hon W. W. Stetson. State Supt. Public
Schools
EVENING SESSION. 80 O'CLOCK.
The Spirit That Gives Life
Geo. f. Purington. Prin. Pennington
Normal School
Address.
Prof. A. j. Roberts, Colby ColeS.
OFFICERS
President. NJ. +. Dutton, Augusta: vice
president, II. NJ. Charles. Nassalboro !:
secretary and treasurer Miss Emma Day,
Gardiner. Executive committee. +. II.
Cowan. Augusta: D.. S. Wheeler, Water
vile; Miss Alice Richards, Gardiner: A.
II. Mason. Augusta; Miss Stella Barton.
Augusta.
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03
STRANGER THAN FICTION.
A Remedy Which Has Revolutionized
the Treatment Of Stomach Troubles.

The remedy is not heralded as a won
derful discovery nor yet secret
patent medicine, neither is it claimed to
cure anything except dyspepsia. indiges-
tion and stomach troubles with which
nine out of ten suffer.
The remedy is in the form of pleasant
tasting tablets or lozenges. containing
vegetable and fruit essences. pure asep-
tic pepsin government tesp. golden seal
and diastase. The tablets are sold by
druggists under the name of Stuart IS
Dyspepsia Tablets Many interesting ex-
periments to test the digestive power of
Stuart's tablets show that one grain of
the active principle contained in them is
sufficient to thoroughly digest 500 grains
of raw meat, eggs and other Wholesome
food.
Stuart's Tablets do not act Upon the
bowels like after dinner pills and cheap
cathartics. which simply irritate and
infiame the intestines without having any
effect whatever in digesting food or cur
ing indigestion.
If the stomach can be rested and as
sisted in the work of digestion it will
yer ysoon recover its normal vigor. as no
as the stomach.
This is the secret, if there is any secret
of .ne remarkable success OF Stuarts
Dyspepsia Tablets, a remedy practically
unknown a few years ago and now the
most widely known of any treatment for
stomach weakness.
This success has been secured entirely
upon its merits "A digestive pure and
simple because there can be no stomach
trouble il the food is properly dgested.
Stuart's Dyspepsia Tablets act entirely
on the food eaten, digesting it completely
that it can be assimilated into blood
nerve and tissue They cure dyspepsia.
water brash. sour stomach. gas and
bloating. after meals, because they fur
nish the digestive power which weak
stomachs lack and unless that lack is
supplied it is useless to attempt to cure
by the use of 'tonics.' pills and ca
thartics which have absolutely no diges-
tive power.
Stuart's Dyspepsia Tablets can be
found at all drug stores. and the regular
use of one or two of them after meals
will demonstrate their merit better than
any other argument.
-
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03
RAILROADS & STEAMBOATS,.
85c from Augusta TO Lewiston
via Augusta, Winthrop { Gardner
Railway 10 Wnthop.


Official time tab,e in effect Sept Is. 1902.
Cars leave Augusta for Togus every
half hour from so A. NJ. TO 10 L. NJ. And
for Hallowcll and Gardiner every haaf
hour from A. NJ. TO 10 z. NJ. Cars leave
Augusta for Winthrop IL minutes before
r. NJ
Cars leave Tocus for Augusta, Halo.
we'll and Gardiner every half hour from
4 A. NJ. TO 30 +. NJ. and for Augusta only
10 and 1880 r. NJ.
Cars leaving Togus on the hour from 6
A. NJ to 8 r. NJ. connect at Augusta with
cars for Winthrop.
Cars leaving Gardiner Is minutes after
the hour and HaiIowel IS minutes after
the hour from e1J a. NJ. TO 9.i5 =. a..
lake close connections at Grove St.
Junction with "a 5 for Winthrop.
cars leave Winthrop for Augusta,
Togus. Hallowell and Gardiner Is minutes
before the hour fsom 6.i5 a. Nj. to s. 10 Il.
NJ. For Augusta only, 9i5 and 1o.45 p. NJ
Car leaves Cobhosseecontee siding for
Augusta 6.lo a. NJ.
The 6 n. NJ. car from Togus connects
with early morn:ag train at Augusta FOR
Lewiston, Portland and Boston.
Cars on the Winthrop line run within 100
II. of NJ. c. r. r. stations at Augusta
and Winthrop.
This is the most direct route from Au-
sUsta to Lewiston, Pennington, and all
points on NJ. c. i. X. from Lewiston to
Oakland.
The line from augusta to Winthrop Is
equipped with large eight-wheel, vestibula
cars and every other ear will be compl-
nation car. Ba sge se and freight will be
carried on this ear. making it. very con-
venient for commercial men. as the cars
pass by the principal hotels of Augusta
and Winthrop.
Sunday time sane as above excepting
that cars begin to run hours later.
Cars leave from the Opera House, Au-
gusta for Togus. Gardiner and Winthrop
every night that there is theatre at
close of entertainment. running as far as
there are passengers to go.
l.. +. TAYLOR, Superintendent.
Snnt1cdtf
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03

The United Staes Civil Service Com
mission has announced that AN exam
inatOn will be held at the Augusta
postoffice Nov. H.. for the position of
interpreter, Hungarian. Bohemian, Slo-
yak and Polish including all dialects.
such as Groatin. Servian, and Lith-
nanianD and German. in the Immigra-
ton Service. The examination will
consist of the following subjects;
Spelling, arithmetic, letter writing
penmanship, copying from plain copy,
and training and experience. The age
limit is 20 years or over. From the
eligibles from this examination 1t is
expected that certificatiOn will be made
to the position of interpreter. in the
immigration Service at Ellis Island,
N. ". at a salary of $1,000 per annum.
and to other similar vacancies as they
may occur. Persons who desire to
compete should at once apply to the
United States Civil Service Commis-
sion. Washington d. c.. or to the sec
retary of the local board OF examiners.
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03
Or. Enmonss

Monthly Regulator has brought happiness 70
hundreds OF anxious women. There j. positive
" no other remedy known to medical science
that win so quickly and safely do the work.
Longest and most obstinate irregularities from
any cause relieved Immediately. success guar
antecd at any stage. Nopain, danger. or inter
ference with work. Have relieved hundreds Of
cases where others have failed. The most dill
cult cases successfully treated by mail and ben
risk whatsoever. We treat hun'ircds Of ladies
whom we neversec. Write for farther particu-
lars and free confidential advice. Do not put on
too long Ailletters truthfully answered. Re-
member, this remedy is absolutely safe under
every possible condition and positively leaves
no after i'll effect upon the health. Sent by mail,
securely sealed, 500. Money letters should bc
registered. DIX. j. W. EMNOSs CO., 10 Trc.
wont St Roston. Mass.
Daily Kennebec journal., 1902-10-03
That Beautiful Gloss.

comes from the varnish in Devoe's
Varnish Floor Paint; costs 5 cents more
a quart though. Sold by ]. H. Cogan
4 Co.