The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1902-12-30
TIE EXPANSION OF THE MONROE
DOCTRINE.

Tho so-ca!lc1 Monroe DoctTine, as is
well known, was expressed IN the annual
message of President James Monroe 10
Congress, under date Of December ., 1923
Mexico and the South American Repub-
lies had revoited from Spain and their
INDEPENDENCE had been acknowledged by
the United States. Ii was proposed by the
Holy Alliance Of Continental Europe, I'M
der the leadership of Austria, but opposed
by England. TO support Spain in her ef-
forts TO restore her control of the South
American revolicd States and ii was this
state OF affairs that caused President
Monroe TO send III his celebrated message
in which he used The following language:
1--WE owe 1t therefore TO candor and to
Che a1nicabie relations existing between
the United States and those Powers {he
sioly Alliancc) TO declare that We should
consider any attempt on their part to
extend their system TO any portion OF
this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace
and safety. With the existing colonies
or depcndents of any European Power
.we have not interfcred and shall not in
aerfere, etc. we could not
view any interposition for the purpose OF
expressing them (the revolted Spanish
colonies, Or controlling in any other man
uer their destiny by any European Power
sn any other light than SIS the nantes
fntfou of an unfricndly disposition to-
wards the United States"
r.Jt is impossible that the allied Powers
should extend their political system to any
portion of either continent (of this hemi-
apierc) without endangering our peace
and happiness"
Mr. Monroe was succeeded as Presi-
dent by his Secretary of Stale, john
Quincy Adams, and in 1896 there was PRO
posed a congress OF representatives Of the
South American Republics and OF the
United States at Parma This congress
which was for the purpose OF consider
.ng subjects of mutual interest TO them
and to Us. was a favorite scheme OF Mr..
Adams and of his Secretary Of State Mr.
Clay, and it precipitatcd q hot debate
90 the Senate, upon the nomination OF
ministers to it by the President 1t was
in this debate that John Randolph, of
Roanoke. denounced the administration
as a corrupt coalition between Bifi! and
Black George. the Puritan and the Black
Leg and so brought about the celebrated
Randolph and Clay duel
Mr. Albums communicated the objects
OF the proposed congress so far as the
United States was concerned in a spe-
cial message TO the Senate, the main
OBJECTS CT which. as stated by Benton,
were:
Z. The establishment OF liberal prin-
cIples of commercial intercourse. which
he supposed could be best done in an
assembly Of all the American States to-
gether 9. The consentaneous adoption
OF principles OF maritime neutrality. ;.
The doctrine that free ships make free
goods. l. An agreement that the Mon
roe Doctrine as It is called. should be
adopted by the congress- each State to
guard. by its own means, its own terri
tory from future European colonization.
The enunciation of this doctrine, so diff
5erent from what it has of late been sup
posed to be, as binding the United States
to guard AL the territory OF the New
World from European colonization, makes
81 proper to give this passage from Mr..
Adams message IL his own words.
They are these: An agreement between
all the parties represented at the meeting,
that each will guard. by its own means.
against the establishment of any future
European colony within its borders, may
be found advisable This was, more than
two years since, announced by my pre-
eecessor to the world, as a principle re-
as,ilting from the emancipation of both
the American continents. 1t may be so
developed To the new southern nations.
that they may feel it as an essential ap-
ycndage to their Independence. These
~ a -l,..l
i1een Il member of AR. MoDroe's Cabinet
and filling the department from which
the doctrine would cmanate; written al
a. time when the enumeration of II was
still fresh, and when he himself, in
communication to the American Senate,
was laying ii down for the adoption OF
all the American nations in a general
congress OF their deputies The circum-
stances of the communication render Il
incredible that Air. Adams could be de-
ceiscd il his understanding; and, &C
cording TO him. this Monroe Doctorine"
according to which it has been Of late
believed that the United States were TO
stand guard over the two Americas, and
sepulSe all intrusive colonistS from
their shores, was entirely confined to
our own borders; that it was only
proposed to get the other States OF
the New World TO agree that. each FOR
Itself and by its own means should
guard its own territories. anu coiIse-
opeotty that the United States SO Ear
from extending gratuitous protection 10
The territories of ether States. would
.,e:ther give nor receive aid in any such
enterprise. but that each should use lis
own means. within its own borders, FOR
its own exemption from European colo
NAL Intrusion
In view of the position which the United
s.ates has recently taken. both under
Mr. Cleveland il his arbitrary yenezue-
Ian message in December, 1895. and more
recently the attitude assumed or I'M
puted to the United States by the gov
e,nments OF Europe as to the scope of
the Monroe doctrine. il Is interesting TO
sec that Mr.. Adams who was Monroe's
Secretary of State when this doctrine
was first propounded, construed it as
practically an agreement that each: OF
4te repubiicS of South America was to