Evening star., 1901-07-20

titled TO exclusive or separate emoluments
or privileges, frem the community, but in
eonsloeration of public services; which. not
oeing descendible. neither ought the office
of magistrate. legislator or judge to be
hereditary.
.. That the Legislative executive and
| judicial powers of the state should be sep
arate ands distinct: and that the members
thereoI may be restrained from oppression
by feeling and participating the burthens
OF the people, they should, at fixed periods.
De reduced to private station returning
into that +Pody from which they were orig
inally taken, and the vacancies be supplied
oy resulag elections. in which all or any
| part OF the forrEer members shall be again
eligible, or Ineligible, as the laws may
direct III
g. That ALI ELECTIONS ought to be free, and
that all ren. having sufficient evidence Of
permanent common interests with, and at
| tachment to. the community have the
right OF suffrage and cannot be taxed, nor
deprived of. or damaged in. their property
Tor public uses, without their own consent,
or that OF their representatives SO elected,
nor bound by any law to which they have
not In like manner, assented, for the pub
lie good.
Various Provisions.
Z. That all power of suspending laws or
the execution of laws, by any authority.
without consent of representatives of the
people, Is injurious to their rights, and
ought not to be exercised.
C- Ahdls Ill ali capital VI III iiiAf'eAA pA'SS
cutions. a man hath a right to demand the
cause and nature of his accusation, to be
confronted with the accusers and wit
nesses to call for evidence in his favor. and
to speedy trial by an Impartial jury Of
his vicinage, without whose unanimous
consent he cannot be found guilty; nor
shall any person be twice put In Jeopardy
for the same offense; nor can he be COM
PEELED to give evidence against himseif'
M ma hn n
cept by the law of the land or the Judg-
ment of his peers; but. upon plea OF
guilty by the accused. or with his consent,
entered of record, the court may near ana
determine any criminal case without the
intervention of a jury; and the general as
sembly may. by law. provide tor the trlal,
by justices Of the peace, without a jury,
Of a man accused of any criminal onenSe
not punishable by death or confinement in
the penitentiary, burt in all such cases the
general assembly shall preserve the right
OF the accused to an appeal and trial by
jury in the appellate court
8. That excessive bail ought not to be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punfshments tnffcteo.
10. That general warrants, whereby an
officer or messenger may be commanded TO
search suspected places without evidence
of a fact committed. or to seize any person
or persons not named. or whose of1ense Is
not particularly described and supported by
evidence. are grievous and oppressive and
ought not to be granted.
II. That in controversies respecting prop
erty. and iE suits between man and man,
trial by jury is preferable to any other,
and ought to be held sacred: but the gen.
eral assembly may, by law. prescribe any
number less than twelve but not less than
seven, to constitute a jury.
IL. That the freedom of the press Is one
Of the great bulwarks Of liberty, and can
never be restrained but by despotic gov
ernments.
Il. That a well-regulated militia, COM
of he hoIy Of De0UIe trained to
arms, Is the proper natural and safe de-
fense of a free state; that standing armies
in time of peace should be avoided as
dangerous to liberty, and that in all cases
the military should be under strict subordi-
nation to and governed by the civil power.
IA. That the people have right to uni
form government; and. therefore, that no
government separate from, or Independent
Of the government Of Virginia ought to
be erected or established within the limits
thereof 3
15. That no free government or the bless
ing of liberty can be preserved to any peo-
pie but by firm adherence to justice,
moderation temperance, frugaltty and vtr-
tue and by frequent recurrence to funda-
mental principles
16. That religion or the duty which we
owe to our Creator, and the manner of
discharging it. can be directed only by
reason and conviction, and not by force or
violence: and.r therefore, all men are
equally entitled to the free exercise OF re-
ligon. according to the dictates Of con-
science. and that it Is the mutual duty Of
all to practice Christian forbearance, love
and charity toward each other.
II. That neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude,t except as lawful Imprisonment
may constitute. such. shall exist within
this state.
1a. The rights enumerated in this bill Of
rights shall not be construed to limit other
rights OF the people not therein expressed.
Article 2-Supremncy of the United
States Constitution.
The Constitution of the United States.
and the laws made In pursuance thereof.
and all treaties made or which shall be
made under the authority Of the United
States, shall be the supreme law of the
land.
Article 3-Division of Powers.
The legislative, executive and judiciary
departments shall be separate and distinct,
so that neither exercise the powers prop
erly belonging to either of the others: nor
shall any person exercise the power Of
more than one of them at the same time,
except as hereinafter provided.