davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
n.str,lotiue pralrie Eire.

Curtis, .. r. Dec. "a d0uhle-header
freight train was the cause of the prairie
fire five miles west OF the city Sunday.
saws the Courier Sparks from the engine
caught in the grass on Charles Davis :
farm. Just south Of the railroad, ana the
strong north wind soon made a blaze and
sent it south at terrible rate Z. l..
Borchardt's meadow was in its pathway
and in a few minutes 70 tons Of hay and
some other property was destroyed. The
property loss would have been much
greater had il not been for neighbors. who
came to the rescue ana worked raanfully-
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
TURNED IN HIS COFFIN.
Man Hung In Arkansas Moves After
Beino Placed In Coffin.

Little Rock. Ark. Dec. 6.-Bud Wilson.
the convict who killed r. II. Naylor. a
guard OF the Yell county convict camp,
last September. was hanged today at Dam
vile. The trap was sprung AZ s.f5 o'clock,
and at 1895 the body was lowered into a
coffin. Before the lid was placed upon
the coffin the body began moving about
Wilson opened his eyes and his whole
frame shook with tremors. He was taken
from the coffin BY the deputies and car-
ried up the steps 20 the scaffold for The
purpose Of hanging him over again.
when the platform was reached the
body became rigid. remained rigid for
moment and then became limp. Wiieon
was examined carefully b. the physicians.
who finally pronounced him dead. death
being caused BY strangniation.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07

Perry. o. T.. Dec. 6--Some INN Of satan
stood in the alley west of the Agricola
hotel about u o'clock last night. and
threw black bat through tho plate glass
front OF the hotel. SAYS the Republican.
TIE missile entered the west window on
an angle. and went clear through TO the
south side breaking both glasses. and
fen on the inside 1t Is 2 parallel case
with that of the Lew restaurant of q few
weeks ago. aad dastardiy deed, no mat
ter who Is the guilty party
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
A MILLION VOICES

Could hardly express the thanks Of Ho-
mer Hall Of West Point. Ia. Listen why
a severe cold had settled on his lungs,
causing q most obstinate cough. Several
physicians said he had consumption but
could not help him. When all thought
he was doomed he began 10 use Dr. King 8
New Discovery for Consumption and
writes: 1T completely cured me and saved
my life. ] now weigh 227 lbs" It's posi-
lively guaranteed for coughs. colds and
lung troubles. Price SOC and sl.00. at
Gebrins's pharmacy.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
Wildcat CAUGHT At chiekasha.

Chickasha. ]. T., Dec. 6.-Bn Davis. Of
the firm Of Mckay * Davis. caught q
wild eat at his residence in the western
part Of the city yesterday. says Tie TX
press. We knew that Bii was notea for
his pertinacity, and that be would tackle
most anythiug. hat The oapture II a Wild
cat in broad daylight surpasses olir raost
sanguine expectations of his ability %
that line Bill has the cat securely nailed
un in a box ana has had i on eNhibi.ion
in town TODAY.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
An Excellent Combination

The pleasant method and beneficial
effects of the well known remedy,
SYaUp OF FlGs. manufactured by the
CALIFORNIA FIG SYRUP Co, illustrate
the value OF obtaining the liquid laxa-
tive principles of plants krown to be
incidentally laxative and presenting
hem in the form most refreshing TO the
saste and acceptable 20 The sya:enns II
is the one perfect streng. hening laxa-
live, cleansing the system effectually.
oispelling colds, headaches and feverS
gently yet promptly an1 enabling one
20 overcome habitual constipation per-
manently. Its perfect freedom from
every Objectionable quality and sub
stance, and its acting on the kidneys,
liver and bowels, without weakening
or irritating them, make it the ideal
taxative.
In the process of manufacturing figs
IRE used. as they are pleasant TO the
taste, but the medicinal qualities of tbs
remedy are obtained from senna anc
ohl.er aromatic plants, by a method
known to the C8LIFoRNIA FIG SYRUP
Co. only. In order to get its beneficial
effects and 60 avoid limitations, please
remember the full nameof the Company
printed on the front OF every package.
CALIFORNIA FIG SYRUP CO
SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
LOUISVILLE KY. NEW YORK. n. 8.
Cox sale by all Druggists Pr seFOr- per hctsA
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
GAS IN PAYNE COUNTY.
Well on Farm In Clear Creek Town.
shin Adds tc It's Value.

ship ADDS &C Its value.
Saltwater, 0. T., Dec. 6.-UndOubtedly
Payne county has oil and gas underneath
the sod, as is evidenced by a strike on the
farm of Mrs. s. Becker in Clear Creek
township. six miles east of MulhalI The
Gazette has the following story OF the
well, which first showed signs of gas sew
eral weeks ago:
The discovery was made when the web
she was having drilled was at a depth of
about 90 feSt. and at that time many per
sons who visited the well were satisfied
IN their owh minds Of the presence of
gas
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
HOW WILL FERGUSON Do2
Is Matter of Speculation Concern
ing Sanitarium Matter.

ing Sanltarlum Matter.
Guthrie T, Dec. 6.-There is much
speculation in all parts Of Oklahoma as
to the probable action of the new COVER
nor ir regard to the care Of the terri
torial insane during his administration.
Owing to the fact the Oklahoma sani-
tarium matter was the cause of the re-
moval Of Governor Jenkins and the scath-
ing memorandum of President Roosevelt
it is believed that the president has made
some recommendation TO Governor Fergu-
son in this particular case. Should Gov
ernor Ferguson desire to annul the con-
tract, a proper method of procedure is
nard to estimate. There might he a
special session of the legislature called
to take care Of this feature and dispose
of it to the satisfaction of the new ad-
rninistration. Whether this viii ne done
is not known, nor will the attitude of
the president IN the sanitsrium matter
be known to Oklahomans until Governor
Ferguson returns to Oklahoma.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07

However, after the wen was cased up
the kissing sound Of escaping mentioned
ceased until recently, when it broke out
and can again be distinctly heard
a test made by gentlemen from this city
conclusively proves the presence Of gas,
but in what quantity IS the question that
now disturbs their minds. The test was
made by placing an oil cloth over the
mouth of the tubing and leaving it over
night. In the morning an opening was
made in the oil cloth and a funnel placed
over the opening, the small end of the
funnel being placed into the neck of
bottle. BY dropping an ignited match into
the bottle a fash of fire was the result
Gas could also be detected by the smell
as it escaped from the well when the
opening was made in the oil cloth.
A Topeka. Kan. syndicate has leased
this particular piece of ground, and ex-
poets to commence its development with
in the next two months.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
MISS BONNIE DELANO
1 Chicago Society Lady, IN a
Letter to Hrs. Pinkham says:

"DEAE Mrs. PTSKHAM - OF all the
grateful daughters 10 whom you have
given health and life, none are more
glad than l.
Ny home and my life was happy
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
Wreck Near Waooner. /. 7.

wagner. l. T. Dec 6-A switch engine
CT the St Louis. Iron Mountain and
Southern railroad. while running back
wards at q high rate q speed. left the
rails at Ross switch, near here. and In
gineer J. l. Hutchinson ard brakeman
johnson were instantly killed a conduc-
tor and a fireman escaped with slight r.
5uriea The switch engine had been sent
cut 20 puli in the east-bound passeuger
t-aIn that was being pulled - q crippled
engine.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07
LtB0Rs At AsR1EsBIf

I+za nfa~F- NHt~ fsrfa4n 4 frasr~.
Ur0s- fsF oetput e uE.
w - s1 a-a
e t-s AszssS-ra.tss sz.t..lax -zz Iss
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07

So many diseases depend on impure
blood, Hoods Sarsaparilla is the most
widely useful medicine.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07

1--|TI- N--ErIa l---'---77 > ~
Guthrie q. r.. Deo t--Ine Comm 'erclai
club of Guthrie has accepted the propo-
sftiou az IRE Choetaw railroad to build
Iat5 this city FROM Harfshor1, 3 l1e
contract Wll he let imnsiiately. and con-
strsctloa g. 20 besia ~ both ends q the
propcsrd iIns ~ the asme ume-
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1901-12-07

Stops the Cough and Works of
the Cold.
Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets cure q
cold in one day. No cure. no pay. Price
% cents.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

A little girl from Memphis who has
spent her life in the city went out
TO visit her grandparents, living in
the country during the holidays and.
as usually happens in such cases, the
little city lady displayed her ignor-
ance.
The little girl soon after her arrival
in the country manifested great ap-
prehension Of being hooked by the
cows about the place. One day her
mother told her 10 go to a neighbor' :
home and carry message. The lit
tie girl started, but at the gate she
encountered a COW, one Of the muley
species.
In great excitement she ran back
TO her mother, crying: "Oh, mamma.
there's a COW down there"
The mother looked out Of the win
dow and saw the meek-looking bovine.
-Why. daughter, that's a muley
COW. She hasn't any horns and can't
hook you"
But. mammal" exclaimed the child.
4she hasn't any horns, but she might
hook me with her pompadourl"-
Memphis Scimetar.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

fragrant with little strength. from
the Malabzr coast Of India. In Am
sterdam from Java. with neither
strength nor fragrance. The peptic
and tonic effects Of black pepper pro
ceed from piPerine, oil and resin
which are only obtained in full when
the berry is plucked before riPening;
after ripeuing the berry IS vilely
manipulated into white pepper, SC
that. il viii be seen. white pepper Is
merely spoiled black pepper. Red
pepper is another story, as Rudyard
Kipling says. and the writer has just
sent out circulars for the Pan-A&er-
lean exposition, which is TO be held
at Buffalo this year, 10 all the poten-
tates. planters anu botanists of the
countries and states of pan-America-
from Patagonia to the Philippines, ar
ranging for collection extensive and
exhibit extraordinary Of all kinds.
sorts and varieties Of red peppers
grown in all the gardens and planta-
tions OF all the Americas.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
THREEFoLD SENSE OF TASTE.
Gastronomfe Expert Touches Upon
the Pleasure of Eating-Food
Accessories.

G. Edward Fuller, assistant suPerin-
tendent, with Frederic W. Taylor, su-
perintendent. in charge Of the d.
vision Of foods and their accessories al
the Pan-American exposition, writes
briefly in the Exposition Bulletin as
follows upon the subject Of foods:
Honest investigation serves TO take
the conceit out Of US as we discover
how crude are some Of our eating
habits when examined in the light
reflected from older and perhaps in
some cases inferior civilization. Theo-
dore Child Of sayory memory, inti-
mated that Brillat-Sayarin understood
little about eating, though he knew
how 10 talk Of it, and my experience
Is that TO know whom TO talk 10 Il
quite lesson in self-restraint.
There IS nothing more unfeelng
than descanting upon the pleasure OF
the table 10 the dyspeptic, or the per
son with an inherent palate. How
ever. we must remember that the term
palate is now but a figure Of speech,
inasmuch as il has been determined
that the tongue is the seat Of tasting
in three divisions; the tip responding
10 acids and pungent things; the mid
die sensible to sweet and bitter, while
the back part devotes itself TO the
fayors emanating from fatty sub
stances. When the butter on the
bread is good. or when we have sugar
on il. we may now be permitted TO
eat It butter side down.
To many the division between
floods" and food accessories" Is a
hard one. but there is a pro-
nounced distinction, and the new sci
ence Of dietetics makes the division
plain. Foods must contain nutrients.
while food accessories may or may
not. A determination by rigid test
that some of the most delectable o.
luxuries long classed as foods tthe
~ushroom, for instanee), are wholly
wanting in nutriment, and proof that
certain much maligned condiments
(notably black pepper when properly
selected and prepared) contain Peptic
fonics which aid nutrition are all in
line with the interdependenee Of the
two classes covered by the terms
foods on the one hand and food
accessories on the other.
Regarding the divergent theories OF
life involved in eating TO live or living
TO eat it is not possible 10 set up the
compromise principle that a thing
worth doing at all IS worth doing
well. Especially if il is worth doing
three times a day. Is not the doctrine
Of eating to live quite sordid, even as
the mania for living TO eat is disso-
lute2
We have much 10 learn from the
japanese. Chinese and French con
eerning their habits Of amiability and
even decorous joyousness at the fam
ilv table. How lugubrious IS the aver
age family meal with us, It seems TO
be a mere meeting place in many fam
lilies for nagging and pickering.
Black pepper is the king Of food
accessories. but one cannot enjoy il
in the thirty-third degree until one
learns how 10 get il and how to
use IL.
A pepper expert ought to know
whether be is in London. Paris OF
Amsterdam by the pepper. If nothing
else. In London the pepper is strong
without fragrance. going there from
the straits. settlements. In Paris
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
TREATY AGREED TO.

A message was received late
yesterday afternoon from Chief
Burlington stating that the con-
ferees OF the Eenate and lower
house Of congress had reached
an agreement upon the Cherokee
ire atty. The message stated also
chat the mineral and oil lease sec
lions had been eliminated from
. the treaty.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
ANENT THE TREATY.

The Cherokee agreement as re-
ported by the conference com
mittee in congress yesterday will,
ia a short time, be submitted to
the Cherokee people for ratihca-
ton or rejection at the polls The
provision is that within twenty
days after ita approval by congress,
the Chief shall by public procla
NATION call an election to be held
within sixty days thereafter for
the purpose Of voting upon iis
acceptance or rejection.
From present indications the
agreement will be overwhelmingly
rejected by the qualified Cherokee
voters. The reasons for this state
of public sentiment against the
tresty are many, and some OF them
quite weighty and some Of little
significance so far as the real
merits Of the treaty are concerned.
There are 90 many conflicting
interests in the Cherokee nation
t hat to .harmonize all Of them is an
impossible task. Every separate
interest adversely affected by the
treaty will oppose its ratification
by the full voting strength OF the
interest 60 effected. There is a
large and influential element In
the tribe that are opposed to the
agreement because they want 10
change Of any character that
means the dissolution OF their
tribal autonomy. No amount OF
reasoning would ever convince the
full blood Indian that be ought to
make a change in his land tenure.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Cut raw potatoes into small balls
with a vegetable SCOOP. Boil u min
ufes. drain and salt. Nix three table
spoonfuls Of butter. one tablespoon
full chopped parsley and a little white
pepper and roll the marbles in it til
entirely coated. Good Housekeeping.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
second class CoIonist Rates.

February 28, March ;, Y, 10 end %,
April ?, 9, l6. . aud 20, 1901. On the
above dates the Frisco line will sell
one way tickets 70 Los Angeles, San
Diago. San Francisco and intermedi-
ate poinfs al $3.50 from Yinita-
3. E. WALLER, Local Agent.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Mrs. Penbiossom-Do you know. our
receptions viii fall on the same day2
Mrs. Witherby-Bow good Of you to
sneak Of it, I shall change mine. q
course. wouldn't disappoint you for
anything Brooklyn Life.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

yes" she exclaimed. Indignantly,
"he kissed me by force"
oh. we'll" replied her friend. non
chalantly. st was all your fault
"Ali ny fault?"
Certainly. If you hadn't resisted
he wouldn't have had 20 use force -
\. Y. World
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

The ten-year-old daughter Of
Bryan Snyder, the General Passen-
ger agent Of the Frisco, died at bis
home in St. Louis yesterday.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

The secretary of the interior has
approved the map of the townsite
of South McAIestei, and the work
of appraisement will soon begin.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

The VI. K. and I. railroad COM
pany has placed an order with the
Baldwin locomotive works for
twelve freight and five passenger
engines.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

VIII pay 30 cents for bones, 2oc for
castings for three weeks. Top price
<or hides all the time. Blueiacket
Racket Store. Jan l-H
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

The present is an exceedingly
busy time on the Katy. The traffic
is very heavy and an unusual
number Of long loaded trains are
passing daily. Instead Of the bus
mess falling of as is usual at this
season OF the year it is increasing.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Matrimony often means month Of
honey and years Of vinegar.-Chicago
Daily News.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Kansas has 9 new National
aower-the Carrie Nation.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
The St. Louis p, '..,- e: :;;;-:': 8 ss.s.s.
-'' 8 s;s: s.: s:,s;,,''' S:ss, GIobo-Democrat.
The Great Republican
Paper Of AnsricA
Twice Every Week--oDe Dollar Year.

As newspaper reputation the GlobeDsmocTat oTda ID y +
dollar
the a weekly gives the latest egranc
from section section complete OF the world IN ful 'sga
n sections - =. ..7s. r.-,
home departments devoted 70 ne aI
Home each OF the high
market correct ana
interesting issue 10
amusement
rseonle conditions andcr OF life
a whos Weekly Globe
OF family IN the world and
during the send one do only one
today write Tor tree sample copies 70 ~
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Are you nervous, run doan, weak
and despirited: Take d few doses u
Herbine. II wiii infuse new enemy,
new life into the exhausted nerves,
the orerw0rked brain " muscular
system, and put a new face on life and
business: price 30 cents. Peoples
drug store. dW
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19

Observation-Disclosures
= Stock r1arket-
: The condition Of The cattle
market At CbicagO and ST.
: Louis At noon today ss re- ;
ported BY telegraph By tbe :
sirsborn, Hutton. Evans Com
Z mission Company vas: ;
: Receipts At Chicago, 200. ,
Receipts at s.. Louis, l 600. +,
: Prices. Chicago. weak
Z 81. Louis, steady.
= Weather Prediction.
= For viuiiz and vicinity; ,
: Fair tonight and Tuesday. ,
sTTTTTTITTTTTFEII!Ill!. .
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1901-02-19
ARTESIAN WATER.
clsImsa By the Engineers to be Use
Isss For steam Hakiug.

The Frisco road officials placed
. water tank east Of the depot
grounds for the purpose Of testing
the arlesian water for use in the
engines OF the company.
In case il was found that the
water could Be used j. vas the in
tsnuon Of sbe company 10 con-
struci 3 permanent tank here and
abolish the one vest Of town.
The engineers Of the road have
fled reports about the water only
ons OF two Of them stating that lie
use was available. The Olhers
claim that it foams and that it is
not a good steam producer. An
engineer stated today that The
water will cosrods the boilers.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-04-05
HELP TO SETTLE THE NEST.
IMMIGRATION FIaONE EUROPE is
EXTRAORDINARILY HEAVY
THIS YEAR
FAIR SHARE COME THIS WAY
Returns From New York Show That
European immigration Is 100
Per Cent Greater Than
Last Year.

The last scattering homeseekers passed
through the city yesterday and the
weeks excursion traffic has proved the
largest of the season. Those who arriv-
ed yesterday were from the Eastern
states and all the coast roads were COM
PEELED to attach extra cars to the regular
outgoing trains The movement to the
tar West this year will easily surpass
that OF any previous season. and this is
partly to be explained by the phenom-
enally heavy immigrant traffic from Eu-
rope. 49,
Last year there were landed at New
YORK 40S,491 immigrants, as against 49,
162 Tor the year before, and this year the
returns show an increase of 101 per cent
over even last years figures AS a gen.
eral rule one-tenth Of the arrivals 50 to
the western states, and at this rate
there VIII be $4,000 foreign settlers locate
III Minnesota points further west before
the end of the year. A feature of the ex-
curs1on traffic this season has been the
unusual preponderance of Eastern farm
ers over the foreign element A fair pro-
portion of the homeseekers who pass
through the Twin Cities every week are
prosperous and go West simply because
they know that they can do better there
on this point the freight handled by the
coast lines affords abundant testimony
officials say that the freight being taken
west this year for the homeseekers is
almost twice as much per family as it
was last spring.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-04-05
LIVING IN WRONG STATE
REV. JOSEPH UNDERWOOD SHOULD
MIGRATE TO FAR-OFF
UTAH
SAID TO HAVE FIVE WIVES
Possibility That He May BE Brought
Back to Minnesota to Answer
to the Charge of
BigAmy.

Joseph Underwood, a gentleman Of col
or, who at one time officiated as a saver
Of souls in the capacity Of pastor of the
Pilgrim Baptist church, but who, &C
cording to the best information obtain
able. is now doing missionary work
among the cOlored residents Of Fraser,
Iowa, may be called to st. Paul to an
swer to the charge Of bigamy.
The fact he no less than five tines an
swered the divine injunction to love and
cherish" was brought TO light yesterday
In the district court before Judge Otis,
when that official heard the plant Of
Mrs. Ida G. Underwood, who asked for
and was granted an absolute divorce
from this gay deceiver.
According to the story of Mrs. Under
wood, who is a mulatto so far as color
is concerned, she married Underwood at
Adrian, Mich, in 1888, he at that time
being engaged in the laudable occupation
known as tOnsorialism, or barbering.
included with this he used his bland
ishments in Ogling white trash of the
feminine gender. firing of Michigan, he
left his dusky wife and came to st, Paul.
where, as pastor Of the Pilgrim Baptist
church, his field of labor was large
To st. Paul his wife followed him. and
was surprised to find him married to a
white girl named Anna Hook The white
woman, however, tired of her kinky-
headed husband, and learning from Mrs.
Underwood that she was his r1ghtful
wife. accepted the complications as an
excellent chance to sever an unaccept-
able alliance.
Mr.. Underwood refused to recognize his