The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-08-10
HOW TO LEARN SPANISH
By George F. McKibben, A. M. Professor of Modern Languages in Denison University)
 LESSON W.
The Demonstrative

| NOte-Ihe ngureS reIer tO tTe uuiH- of the accented vowel or the preceding word, excepting in the reading selec- | ton, where the numbers in parentheses refer to the corresponding word below. 45. These are employed as adjectives and pronouns. The latter, when used of persons. are marked by the accent. The neuter forms are never adjectives. The | demonstrative adjective are: Este. esta, estos, cstas meaning this. these (near the speakeD; csc, esq. esos. esas. meaning that, those (near the person addressed); aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquelas, that, those, used of remote persons and things. Examples: Este soldado, this soldier; esq (ciudad), that city (where you are); esq opinion, that opinion (of yours); aquellos estu- diantes, those students tyonder); aquel sol que ilumina la tierra, that sun that illumines the earth.
 46. The demonstrative adjectives serve as pronouns also, accented upon the stressed vowel when used of per sons. Further, the neuter forms (esto. eso, acquello) are pronouns, and also the definite articles when used in two constructions mentioned in the next two paragraphs.
 (a) In the Spanish, equivalent of our | expressions, he who, those who. that which, instead of personal pronoun | a demonstrative precedes the relative. This demonstrative is often some form of the definite article. used as a pro- noun. or (with more definteness) aquel, aquella, etc.
 (b) The definite article serves as | demonstrative pronoun for the per- son or thing possessed also, and before expressions of material or origin; el reloj de orc el de plata. the gold watch and the silver one; mis libros y los de ", my books and yours.
 Examples of the demonstrative pro- nouns in their various uses; Esto es bueno. pero eso no, this is good but that ds) not; equel que estal la puerta es mi tio, that (onea who stands at the door Is my uncle; que es To que dice este? What is this (man) saying? Fl que habla. he who speaks; no es Ia que buscaba yo, she is not the one whom l was seeking 0iterally,it Is not She whom. etc); mi hermano el de ", my brother and yours; nuestros cabal- los los del vecino, our horses and those of the neighbor (that Is. our neighbor's); 10 de ayer. the (affair) of yesterday.
 F. Old and rare demonstratIves, ad- jectives and pronouns, are aqueste, aquesta. aquestos aquestas. meaning this. these, and aquese. etc. that, those. The regular demonstratives, este, csc and aquel, are sometimes seen combined with otro, other; estotro, this other; aquella otra. that other Uemi- nine); esotra, that other near you (feminine.)
 THE VERBS HABER TENER,
 ESTAR, SER.
 4S. Haber, to have. is seldom met except as an auxiliary verb. As such it is used with the past participle in forming the perfect tenses of transtive and intransitive verbs alike. It's inde- pendent use will be given in the next section. Below are the forms which it may have as auxiliary of the active voice. perfect or compound tenses. Principal parts: haber, habiendo, habido, he, hube.
 PRESENT GROUP.
 Pres. ind.-I have. etc. he, has, ha, habemos. habeis, han.
 Pres. subj.-I may have. etc. Haya, hsyas, haya, hayamos, hayais, hayan.
 Impf ind.-I had etc. Habia. habias. habia. habiamos, ha abiais, habian. Ac- cent on i in each form.
 No imperative form employed as auxiliary.
 PRETERITE GROUP.
 Pret ind.-I had. etc. Hube hubiete, hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron.
 First impf. subj.-I might have, etc. Hubiera, hubieras, hubera, hubiera- mos, hubierais. hubieran.
 Second impf subj.-I might have, etc. Hubiese, hubieses. hubiese, hubi- esemos. hubieseis, hubiesen.
 Fut. subj.-I may or shall have, etc Hubiere. hubieres, hublere, hubieremos. hubereis. hubieren.
 FUTURE GROUP.
 First ind.-I shall have. etc. Habrel. habras1. habra1, habremos, habreis. .habran1.
 Conditional-I should have. etc. Habria. haorias, habria, habramos, habriais. habrian. Accent on in each form.
 O. The following is an outline of the compound tenses, active voice of tomar to take. The first form only of each tense Is given.
 Indicative-Perfect He tornado, I have taken; pluperfect, Habia tornado. l had taken; past anterior Hube tornado, I had taken: future perfect. Habre1 tornado. I shall have taken.
 ubjunctive-Perfect, Haya tornado. I may have taken: first pluperfect, Hubiesra tornado, should have taken; second plpperfect. Hubiese tornado, I should have taken: future perfect. Hu- biere tornado, I shall have taken
 Conditional-Habria tornado, I should have taken.