The Red Cloud chief., 1901-08-30

AWFUL CONDITION or the PEAS.
ANTS IN ITALY.
No Wonder the Country Is the Fruitful
Mother Of Anarchy and Socialism
Long Working Days and No Sundays
OFF Duty.

From sunny Italy came the An
archfsts who slew the Empress Eliza
beth. President Carnot. Prime Minis
ter Canovas and finally humbert him
self. In sunny Italy is probably the
rankest growth Of Anarchy n So
cialism In all Europe. And in the
sunny plains and valleys Of northern
Italy is what perhaps is the worst
condition Of serfdom that exists in
Europe today. Here in the provinces
that border on the river Po-Lom-
hardy. Venetia and Emilia-the peas
antry stagger under burdens so de-
pressing and %unending that 1t is no
wonde that the extract from this hui
man press Is Anarchy and Socialism.
1t is In these provinces that the fer
ment of Socialism has worked the
most. Here the peasants are organ
lied more or less completely into So
cialistic groups. Whatever OF worth
there was in the old system OF labor
In these provinces disappeared 20 years
ago when many Of the old MOBILES were
forced to give up their landed estates
because Of the fall in price of wheat
and cattle due largely to American
competition. With the ruin OF the
mobiles came that Of many of the ten
ant farmers and small proprietors.
who were compelled to leave the fertile
and smiling country and go into the
towns for work, or else emigrate to
America, there to begin life anew. The
field laborers Of Italy are divided into
two classes. the obbligati, who are
hired by the year. and the disobbli-
gait, who are employed by the day.
The former class, Of course, are a little
better of than the latter, for their con-
tract runs longer, and they can look
further ahead. But in either class. the
outlook is miserable enough. For not
only does the peasant bind himself to
work for his owner, but he binds his
whole family. with the possible ex-
ccption of babes, who would be in
cluded. except that they can produce
nothing, and therefore are left in the
Orner of the fields. For this reason.
that an employer car get the services
Vi oh htIV idhiiiy " tuC VIlCc VI
one man. an unmarried man, or the
man with a wife and no children, Is
at a great disadvantage, for work for
him Is not to- be had as long az there
are unemployed families at hand. Yet
another hard feature OF this system Is
that the head Of the family must stip-
ulate. IL he has unmarried daughters,
that they shall not marry for the Pc
Rod Of time which the contract has to
run. A days work in this part Of
sunny Italy Is from 4 in the morning
to . at night-that is, from the first
flush Of dawn to the last light to be
had from the setting sun. There is
no Sunday in the calendar of the Ital-
ian peasant. On the day OF the week
which all Christendom observes. as
On other days, he is in the field at
4 o'clock in the morning, and between
Z and 8 has his breakfast; he gets an
hour at midday and half an hour at
5 or q O'Clock and then he works on
till he no longer can see. The women
go into the fields with the men. They
hoe In the maize fields, feed the cattle
and cultivate the fax. II the children
arc babes they can do nothing-to the
great sorrow OF the employer. for they
cat, IL ever so little. but do not pro-
duce. But when they get to be a few
years old they are useful In looking
after the pigs. etc. and as soon as pos
sible they arc sent to work with their
parents. The wages of the peasants
family are partly In money and partly
in kind. and he has the privilege of
rent free. In cash he gets from SIS to
$50 a year; In kind he gets IA bushels
OF maize, seven bushels of wheat nj
from 200 to $50 bundles OF firewood. II
he Is in a vineyard section he receives
in addition 800 to 800 pounds of grapes
while in other sections he gets six to
nine bushels of rye. He may get some
rice, which he mixes with the millet
to produce the indigestible bread
which is responsible for the disease
called ~pellagra. Then he may have
the privilege Of a little patch of ground
on which he may raise maize, two
thirds OF which goes to the employer.
and he may raise silk worms, too. SO
the average peasants family of six
persons may carr altogether from 1920
to 1925 a year. or schooling for the
children there is none. except in the
winter in the villages. Consequently
many Of these Italians who come to
America IN the hope OF lettering their
condition neither can read nor write
their W language. Great wonder II
Is II anything good can come out OF
modern Italy.
Tall l'li.~l~ S.,, a., .aa..,,