The sun., 1901-03-17


whatever may be his own preposSes-
sions cannot but desire to see the evidence
for the evolution Of the mind as we'll a or
the body summed up by so eminent scientist
What Prof HaeclSel has undertaken 70 do in
Che book before us is to survey the develop
msnt Of psychic phenomenl from protist TO
man and 10 demonstrGte the natural origin
Of every faculty OF the human soul So far
% the sreat maj ority OF scicn,ists are con-
cerned the evolution OF the human body
from lower or ders Of being Is scarcely chal-
Ieneed. although Il 10 admitted that on" or
more links in the chain Of empirical proof is
thus far lacking On the other hand, the
evolution of the human mind 10 stiIl vehe-
nsntly disputed.
1t 10 10 the s~oond chapter Of his volume
that the proof Of mans descen, afforded by
his DO dily. frame is set forth in cons!dal able
detail. without following tho exposition
minutsly wte pass at onoe 20 the concu sion,
which runs as follows Comparative anatomy
demo nstr atNs to the sansfao don OF every
unpre udioed and critica stu dent the sirn'tl-
can't faot thas the body Of man ana that OF
ths anthropoiE ape are not only peculiarly
similar, but IRE practic ally one ard the
oam0 IN ov6fy VJnpOfLhht TeepEOt. Inc rHiT
400 bones, In tile same or der and structure
make w our htner skeleton: the same 500
muscles effect our movements, the same ks.r
clothes our skin; the same groups of gansli-
onio cells build wv the marvellous structure
Of our brain: the same efour-chambered heart
b the central pulson.eter in our circulation;
The same tb!rty-two teeth are set In tho same
order in orr avs; the same ssltvary. hepatio
"a 1oafrto ola dlgostiya
process: the same repro ductive organs insure
tho mainte On snoe Of oar race Prof Bseokel.
indeed. does not deny that on close eIaInnn-
don certain minor differences In point of size
Ind OF shape are observ ed In most Of the
organs of man and Of tho Rnthropoid ape;
he points OUT, however. that we discover the
lame or like diff ences when We institute
sarsful comparison between the higher aad
fower raoes Of men In fact, even whom ""
carefully compare various individuals Of
our own race, we encounter no two psrSo ns
that have exactly tho same size and form OF
nose ears, ey % and 81 forth. Not tlntreOucntlN
NWo sisters are 20 much unlike IA 70 make
fhsir origin from the same parents almost
ihcrs dIble,yet all these In dvidual variations
do not weaker the signifc ance Of the funda-
mental SINH arity OF structure; they are
Gaceable to certain minute differences IN
the growth Of the dividual features.
What Is true of man nnatomically is equally
true Of him from physiological point OF
view. His vital activities are discussed In
the third chapter. the purport of which may
be briefly summed M. Tho circulation or
the blood and respiration are accomplished
n man under precisely the same laws ana
n the same modes as In all other mammals
aud in these alone: these laws and modes are
determined by the peculiar structure OF tho
heart and lungs. In mammals only IL oil
the arterial blood conducted from the left
ventricle OF the heart 10 the body by one,
che LEFT, branch OF the aorta, while in the
birds IL passes along the right branch, and
In reptiles along both branches The blood
of mammals is distinguished from that OF
any other vertebrate by the circumstance
that its red cells have, by reverslon' lost
their nucleus The respiratory movements
are effected largely by the diaphragm In
this class OF animals alone, because only in
them does the diaphragm form complete
partition between the pectoral and abdom-
tnal cavities Special importance, moreover,
In this highest class Of animals attaches 10
the productio OF milk in the breast mammG,,
and to tho peculiar method of rearing
the young which entails the supplying OF
this nutritive process reacts most power
fully on the other vital functions. and as the
maternal affection Of mammals must have
arisen from this intimate form OF rearing
the name of the class Justly reminds us OF the
great importance of the process The mater
nal instinct. which in man IL exalted TO the
purest and noble-t type Of maternal love, is
encountered also In an extreme form In the
exaggerated tenderness Of the mother ape
Prof. Haeckel goes on 90 say that as the
apes approach nearest to man Of all the man.
mails in point OF structure. We shall expect
to hear the same of their vital functions anC
that we find tn he tho case Everybody know
how closely the habits, the movements the
sense activity, the mental life and pHrenta
customs OF apes resemble those Of man
Scientific physiology proves the same sig
phcant resemblance in other less familiar
processes. particularly in the working o
she heart, the division ~ the breasts an,
the sexual life In the latter connection /
is especially noteworthy that the mature
females Of many kind, of apes slicr a peri
odical discharge of blood from the womb
which corresponds TO tho menstrlatIon q
the human female The secretion of III
milk in the glands and the suc,orial proc
ess also takes place iu the fewnle ape i
precisely the same fashion as In woman
Finally, the author notes "a of especial in
terest the fact that the speech Of hc hiGhs
apes seems on physiological comparison I
represent stage In the formation or articulat
human speech II seems that among lvin
apes there is an Indian species which j. mus
cal; tho HviobItes sgndocivinS sings a fu
octave in perfectly pure, harmonious h7I
tones No impartial philologist can hes
tate any longer to admir- that our oahornl
rational language has been slowly lnd grndu
ally developed out Of the imperfect Srrcr
Of our PoCene simipn ancestors
Prof Haeckel urNr consider, tho Rrcu
nent for mans descent from lower animal
which is furnished hy our embryonic q,
yeopment Il is we'll known that even
latG A. Ten years ago, the majority of en-
brypugi'tS believed that man was dt-'ir
guishnd hr certain pc.ul,ar,'l"s ~ tho Tor,
of ;hr par"utG, namely b, tho posscSsio
OF VIVA, /, pltipd rho drc,ilig rSd,Ju. and hv
special formation e 'he umh.licai cor
Nhi.n a,i'.- tine dcriiUG 10 m" lutrS
was Supposed that IN" r"-t of the ula,rntaI
m,ludinE ihe 0pc-, we're without those - cci
embrvonlr StrICt ares The ttHicUiHls ~,
biii,di,s i SMOOTH cylindrical cord fro
sixteen To- twruty-tlree inches long an
about "a thick u the little finger II form
the connecting huk between the fptus AZ
Che maternal pla'ruta since II conducts Il