davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
"crueI and Unusual Punishment"

Editor Morning News: A bill pro-
viding for natural penalty for the un-
namable crime which threatens the
safety and sanctity of the rural home
in the South, was introduced into the
General Assembly; 1t was referred TO a
committee and by It reported back,
with a recommendation that IL do not
pass" This probably disposes of 1t for
the present. My belief is that the ex-
pertinent was worth a trial; when no
one has remedy to suggest IL is well
to venture into the field Of untried pen
atty. 1t was urged by the chairman
of the Judiciary Committee that the
avt would be unconstitutional, be-
ing "cruel and unusual" And so il
fails to find support. Whether the
method now in use has any material
advantage over the proposed expert
ment does not appear. But 1t occurs
TO me that II any other treatment be
"cruel and unusual this too, should
be discarded. In this way much now
practiced could be abandoned. Being
cruel we need only to make It "unus-
ual" Many thoughtful persons who
doubt the wisdom of the state in deal
ing with convicted murderers Will APP
preciate a suggestion that, in order to
make a cruel penalty illegal, IL is
needed only that IL become unusual"
In my letter Of last week to the
News, | referred to the symposium In
the New York Journal, upon the Race
Question, characterizing the expressed
views as "Platitude." This is not
strictly accuratee, but inadequate
would better express the situation.
To say that THE negro is here" is to
utter a trulsm, to say farther that he
is here to stay, is quite another mat
ter. The question of migratiom after
preparation, for a portion of the Race,
must enter into any intelligent discus
sion, or it must fail to attain any sat
isfactory conclusion. Bishop Kelley,
for whose opinion have great respect,
also falls into the common groove Of
utterance but ] am confident farther
study will indicate a need that the mi
grafton plan should have a hearing.
In the matter Of preparation by edu-
cation, the more capable should be-
come the teacher, IL in order to do
this a knowledge of Greek and Latin
becomes need. who shall say them
nay? If we fail to aid, or throw him
drance across the path, the work will
be undertaken by aliens; and II Will be
worse done than ~ we did It.
There Is practical unanimity by most
Of the clever writer's as to the need for
negro education, and the discussion Will
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
WRECKED AT WAYCR0SS.
Cars ON the Plant System Went
Through a Low Trestle.

cars on the rant system WeW
Through a Low Trestle.
Southern Railway train No. 81 and
Plant System train No. 80, which are
run as one train from Jacksonville to
Savannah, had an accident at Way
cross yesterday morning. No lives
were lost, nor was any one hurt, but
the equipment was damaged and long
delays to traffic were caused.
The place of the accident was tres
tic not more than a mile north OF
in the yards limit. A force of men
was engaged in repairing the trestle
at the time, but it is not known wheth-
err the wreck was caused by the spread
of rails or the collapse of the trestle.
The engine and two or three of the
cars had passed in safety, but the en-
tire train was not to get over the tres
tie. Something gave way, and down
went the end of a Pullman car and
of baggage car. The trestle was not
high, so that ends of the two cars
rested on the ground, while the other
ends remained on the portion OF the
trestle that remained standing or upon
the banks at either side.
About an hours delay followed the
accident before the cars that had pass
ed the trestle. but which had jumped
the track, could be got back on the
rails and made ready for the contin-
uance of the trip to Savannah where
the train arrived late. Mr.. j. c.. Rob
inson of Clio, Ala, was aboard the
train, and he said that the car in which
he sat had passed the trestle, but left
the rails. Its short journey along the
ties, he said, suggested ride in a
buggy over cotton rows. The con-
ductor happened to be in the car at
the time, and Mr.. Robinson said that
he cautioned the passengers to remain
seated and thereby allayed the excite
ment.
A wrecking force from Waycross
sought the scene of the accident imme-
diately, and soon repairs were in prog
ress. 1t was reported last night that
they were progressing well, and trains
will be running through to-day.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
CITY BREVlTlES.

Lizzie Crosby. the 16-year-old girl ar
rested in house on East Broad street,
is still held prisoner at the police
station house.
William Gill, the man arrested by
Mounted Patrolman T. c. Murphy for
deserving from a cavalry troop at Fort
Riley, was taken to Fort Screven yes
terday by the officer.
Monroe Irvine, the negro lunatic who
bit Quar- termaster Arnold, was commit
ted to Jail yesterday on warrant
from the Court of Ordinary. The off,
Ger is still confined to his bed.
The Postal Telegraph Gable Company
has opened an office in the Central Ho-
tel, opposite the Central of Georgia
Railway depot, for the accommodation
of the packing houses and other pat
rons.
The board of directors of the Y M.
c.. A held it's December meeting last
night. Twenty-three new members We're
elected, thirteen seniors and ten juniors.
The directors are pushing the canvass
for funds to meet current expenses.
G. w. Jenkins and Frank Thomas,
both white were arrested last night by
Mounted Patrolman Eivers on a charge
of vagrancy. The prisoners will he
given a preliminary examination IN
Police Court this morning by Recorder
Myrick.
A Civil Service examination for an
assistant in Division of Entomology
will be held in Savannah, Jan. IL. The
examination will consist of the follow
ing subjects: Economic entomology OF
the orchard, systematic entomology,
histology of insects and microscopic
methods.
Mr.. Joseph r. Lovenstein was yester-
day elected a clerk in the Office of the
Chatham Real Estate and Improve
ment Company. 1t was decided not to
fill the vacancy in the office of assist
ant secretary and treasurer. Mr.. Low
enstein is a grandson of the late sec
rotary and treasurer of the company,
NJ. J. Solomons, and recently returned
fl ON the Philippine Islands
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
MANY ENJOYED THE CONCERT.
Savannah Music Club May Abolish
RuIe Prohibiting Applause.

The concert of the Savannah Music
Club. given in the Lawton Memorial
last night, was one Of the best that
has been given this season. Also 1t was
very well attended. The programme
was as follows:
overture. Midsummer Nights
Dream" (Mendelssohn), Mrs. w. f.
Morel and Miss Edith Robinson.
Tannhauser, "Blick ich umher In
diesem eden Kreise" (Wagner).
Tannh ausar, 20 du mein holder
Abendstern" (Wagner), Mr.. A. sund-
heimer.
I'D Bal!ade Chopin, Miss Helen
Einswanger.
"vagabond's Love" q. Gregh), Miss
Alberta de Four.
iSerenade," violin and piano
(Pierne). "Berceuse," violin and piano
fGodard), Miss Carrie Kayton.
Sunset" Dudley Buck); "A May
Morning" Denza). Miss Saidee King
Impromptu IF sharp, Chopin
Valse Caprice (Rubinstein), Hiss H.
Marion Smart.
The accompanies were Miss Emma
II. Coburn, Mrs. w. II. Teasdale and
Miss II. Marion Smart President i.
LLOYD owens announced to the men,
hers that an effort is to be made to
abolish the present rule of the club,
whleh prohibits applause of any kind.
This matter will put TO a vote at fu-
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
LOCAL PERSONAL.

Mr.. M. Hill of Appleton is guest of
the Screven.
Mr.. L. S. Fender of Ruddell is a guest
of the Pulaski
Mr.. A. S. Jones of Garnett is regis
tered at the Pulaski.
Mr.. j. H. Patterson of Chains is a
guest of the Pulaski.
Mr.. w. I. Jones of Atlanta is regis
tered at the Pulaski.
Mr.. S. G. Turner of Albany is regis
tered at the De Soto.
Mr.. l.. C. Fletcher of Atlanta is a
guest of the De Soto.
Mr.. J. H. Stubs of Columbus is a
guest of the Screven.
Mr. S. w. Minis of Sylvania is reg
istered at the Pulaski.
Mr.. A. H. Langworthy of Orlando is
registered at the Pulaski.
Mrs. L. A. Hudson of Jacksonville Is
registered at the Screven.
Mr.. M w. Marshall of Lamont, Fla,
is a guest OF the Screven.
Mr.. Allen Sweat left yesterday on
business trip to Brunswick.
MIR. M. Nj. Covington of Thomasvilie
is registered at the Pulaski.
MT. y. W w duC VI IlCl oNliiiioA AS5AS
tered at the Pulaski yesterday.
Mr.. John w. Dickie of Augusta regis
tered at the De Soto yesterday.
Mr. G. w. Erwin of Allendale was
among the arrivals at the Screven yes
terday.
Mr.. C. F. Redding of Waycross was
among the guests of the Pulaski yes
terday.
Mr.. John w. Brown of Augusta was
among the arrivals at the Pulaski yes
terday.
Mr.. ]. r. Carney of Swainsboro was
in Savannah yesterday a guest of the
Pulaski.
Mr.. r. S. Hull and Il. II. Mcneil OF
Ocala were among the guests of the
Pulaski yesterday.
MIR. Harry Adams of Troy, Ala, for
merly United States marshal in his
district, is in the city on business.
Mr.. w. Il. Kay of Brunswick was
among the visitors to Savannah yester-
day. He was en- route for Atlanta and
left for that city last night.
Mr.. Howard A. Winburn of Atlanta
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
MARRIED W0MEN'S CARD CLUB

Mrs. William bearing bearing enter
tanned the Married Womens' Club yes
terday afternoon with a delightful
euchre party at her home on Hall
street. This was the last entertain
ment that will be given by the club I'M
til after the holidays, and realizing
this fact probably added to the enjoy
ment of the occasion. Certainly the
guests seemed just in the spirit for an
afternoon of card playing, and several
hours were charmingly spent,
The handsome parlors of Mrs. bearings
home were attractively arranged with
palms and jars of beautiful ferns. Gar
lands of Southern smilaX, wreathed the
walls, and the soft lamp light shone
through green and white shades. Each
table was marked with score cards of
different design, all beautifully paint
ed Cupids were used for one set
lovely little heads for another, birds
and flowers for third and fourth. The
Yellow Kid, in various attitudes ap-
peared at a sixth table. and an absurd
little set of rag town" babies for the
seventh.
The first prize, gauze and
ivory fan, was won by Mrs. Arthur
Gibbes, while Mrs. Charles Gibbes won
Nne second, a Japanese CAKE pidte. Ihe
lone hands were marked by little orna-
nsents, suggestive of the coming yule
tide, and the prize for the greatest
number, a magazine cover of burnt
leather, was also won by Mrs. Charles
Gibbes.
Mrs. Bearings guests were: Mrs.
w. w. Owens, Mrs. j. c. LeHar-
dy, Mrs. Charles Gibbes, Mrs. John ).
Hawkins. Mrs. James r. Dent, Mrs.
Charles Shearson, Mrs. Louis LeHardy,
Mrs. William G. Morrell, Mrs. Thomas
s. Wylly, Jr., Mrs. Rauers. Mrs. Flem-
ing IduBignon, Mrs. N. II. Finnie, Mrs.
J. b. Chestnut, Mrs. John Screven,
Mrs. w. w. Rogers, Mrs. Arthur
Gibbes Mrs. George Wordfin, Mrs. A.
S. bearing Harden, Mrs. Julian Schley,
Mrs. Thomas j. Charlton, Mrs. ]. A. q.
Carson, Mrs. r. Cuyler' Gordon, Mrs.
Charlesworth Hunter, Mrs. Anderson
Carmichael, Mrs. lEldred Simkins, Mrs.
John Sullivan Schley, Mrs. Cecil Cab
bett, Mrs. William A. Bisbee, Mrs. }.
p. Williams, Miss Leila Hill, MISS
Maude Hayward, Miss Hartridge, MISS
Ward and Miss Nina Pape.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
LOOKING FOR DRUMMER.
Failed to Return With Horse and
Buggy Hired Him.

Younglove & Sipple reported the loss
of a horse and buggy at police head
quarters last night, and the officers
have been asked to arrest a man VINO
gave his name as William Brown. The
livery men have also offered a reward
for the return of their property and the
apprehension of Brown.
The man rented horse and buggy
from the firm for Tuesday, but can
celed the order because of bad wealth
err. He secured the turnout Wednes-
day and kept IL for two hours. Yes
terday morning Brown hired the horse
and buggy again and was to have re-
turned by 4 o'clock. When he did not
show up at dark Mr. Supple became
worried and reported the matter to the
police. The stranger claimed TO be
iewelry drummer, and is Hebrew.
The horse he rented yesterday is
white animal. and the vehicle top
buggy. A description of the man and
turnout is advertised by the livery
firm.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06

yesterday assumed charge of the sheet
music department of the Ludden &
Bates S. NJ. H. He is a musician of
ability, and the composer of popular
compositions, among the best known
being the "St. Elmo March,"
DIR. and Mrs. Louis M. Oppenheimer
of Tampa, Fla, are the guests of Mr..
and Mrs. j. S. Oppenheimer, on Hunt
ingdon street, east. DR.. Oppenheimer,
who is one of Tampa's prominent ply
sicians. is convalescing from a severe
spell of illness. His many friends, both
in Tampa and Savannah, hope for his
speedy restoration to his wonted health
and vigor.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
THE SECOND COTILLION.
Appearance of the Debutantes Ad
ded to Its Interest.

ded to Its Interest.
The second cotillion of the season
was danced at the Guards Hall last
night, and the occasion was a brill
liant one. Mrs. w. Gordon Harrison
led a most successful and beautiful
german, and the presence of several of
the seasons debutantes added to the
interest of the occasion.
Miss Claudia Johnson of Gainesville
made her formal entrance into society
and was charming figure in gown
Of embroidered chiffon over pale blue
satin.
Miss Eileen Hunter, who made her
tune of white mousselaine de sole
woven with narrow satin stripes, and
trimmed with ribbons of white panne
velvet.
Miss Marian Maclean's lovely gown
was of rose pink silk muslin with APP
plique of cream guipure, the tucked
bodice finished with soft fichu of
muslin.
The fourth debutante present was
Miss Mary Kline, whose home is now
in Admission. Ala. She wore an ex-
ouisite gown of white silk with rufies
of white chiffon, and transparent yoke
and sleeves of white lace.
Mrs. Thomas Wayne, Mrs. Ralph
Elliott, and Mrs. Rauers were the
ehaperones. while among the many
dancers were, Mr.. and Mrs. John NAL
loch, Mr.. and Mrs. Louis LeHardY,
Mr.. and Mrs. Charlesworth Hunter,
Mr.. and Mrs. Hubert Duckworth. Mr..
and Mrs. Cornelius Moses, Mr.. and
Mrs. bearing Harden, Mr.. and Mrs.
Wright Hunter, Mr.. and Mrs. Edward
Stoddard. Miss Daisy Brown of Scot
land Miss Placide Bridgers of North
Carolina, Miss Angie Cubbedge, Miss
Kate Rauers, Miss Lola Moynelo, Miss
Frieda Rauers, Miss Harriet Elliott,
Miss Leonera Gabbett. Miss Willene
Buchanan. of Philadelphia, Miss Rosa
Sullivan Miss Edith Warfield, Miss
Mary Wayne, Miss Ethel Taylor. Miss
Elsie Barnard, Miss Jeanne Haines,
Miss Clifford Munnerlyn, Miss Righton
Habersham, Miss Helen Denham, Miss
May duBignon, Miss Annie Maclean,
Miss Nan duBignon, Miss Lily Ander-
son, Miss Georgia Edmondston, Miss
Flora Dancy, Mr.. H. NJ. Stoddard,
Mr.. Clarence Anderson Mr. Edward
Demere, Mr.. G.. Noble Jones, Mr.. John
Morris, Mr.. George Ford, Mr.. William
Haskell, Mr.. Clarence Connerat, Jr.,
Mr.. Harry Daniel. Dr. John Haskell,
Mr.. ALBION d. Johnston, Mr.. Harold
Aver, Mr.. Robert Waller, Mr.. Frank
Hayward, Mr.. Coulter Carmichael, Mr..
Savage Lyman, Mr.. Stephen Hayward,
Mr.. Tattnall Pritchard, Mr.. North
Chisolm. Mr.. Robert Butler, Mr.. Fred
Myers, Mr.. Charles Edmondston, Mr..
Theodore Barnard Mr.. w. o. Chears,
Mr.. j. Galloway. Mr.. Tyrrel Morgan,
Mr.. Willard Sullivan. Mr.. Tattnall
Pritchard, Mr.. Hammond Eve, Mr..
Jack Rauers, Mr.. Shelby Myrick Mr..
Julian deb. Hops, Mr.. Gordon Howard,
Mr.. Heard, and Dr. Martin.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06

probably help forward the desired con-
summation. Mrs. Julia. Ward Howe, Of
Boston, venerable with years, contri-
butes her quota to the sum of knowl-
edge, avoiding platftude, indeed going
far in opposite course. Mrs. Howe has
been wrongfully charged with having
written Uncle Toms Cabin" but has
proved her innocence. but she sounds a
note in the discussion which would
make her Battle Hymn of the Repub-
lie" a, real need If her view prevailed;
but, happily, she is not likely to in
duce any new adherents to the doctrine
of race degeneracy;and we may dismiss
her and her expressed view. She is not
likely to be able TO re-incarnate the
spirit of John Brown, or to set a corr
poral body of the reformer marching
on; so much of rest seems to be with
in our keeping. What need is there that
a peaceful republic should have "A
Battle Hymn?" Inasmuch as prohibit
ton does not always prohibit. and there
is no claim that the open-saloon effects
reform, is 1t not possible that Mr..
Wrights dispensary bill may have a
mission to supply the need which ex-
lists to obtain the best possible meas
ure to regulate the liquor traffic? It
does not suit the extremists, which is
favorable to It's usefulness. A county
school official of Fulton, says that
among parents of our own race there
is frequent indifference, and some
times. opposition TO the education OF
the children. Travelling Libraries are
placed in some schools and the children
eagerly read the books, but more than
once has come the old story of igno-
rance, I'VE do not want our children
to read novels" with this added. 1--WE
want them to work." 1t is well that the
child be taught habits of industry, but
there should be time for play. And this
is part and an important part of the
newer education, for both parent and
child.
Recently / enjoyed introducing a
young person Of 10 to Alice, of Won
derland," and the Looking Glass" At
first he hesitated over a belief in the
existence of the Dodo, the Unicorn,
and even denied the possibility Of the
"Mock-Turtle.' I explained TO him and
showed the pictures taken from life,
also told him 1t would be impossible to
make a mock turtle soup If a mock tur-
tie had never existed; he readily recog-
nized the truth, There could be no
life without pre-existing life, so he is
now happy in being numbered among
the true-believers, while l am conf
dent that my train of reasoning is as
good as that which satisfies children
OF larger growth. Except We have
faith as a little child
November has put on q new face and
has given us this year much OF sun
shine. little of shadow. Mrs. FELTON,
points out the glaring defects in the
Rural school system, but fails to guide
us TO anything better; indeed she adds
to the complication, and 1T becomes ev-
ident that we must look elsewhere for
a contamination Of the work. But she
liz an earnest worker In many fields.
and will find her true mission, while
others carry on the work OF the public
school. William Riley Rovd
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
LITERATURE CLASS.

A charming literature class, conduct
ed by Miss Annie Backus, had its first
regular meeting yesterday in the par
lors of Mrs. Frank Screven's home,
on Taylor street. Miss Backus has
taken THE Myths" as her subject Tor
the winters work, and yesterday gave
a most interesting and delightful tax
on the theories Of the origin of myths.
The class will meet every Thursday
at noon, and the next one will be at
the home of Mrs. Alexander X. Law
ton, on Abercorn street. The members
or the class are Mrs. Charles Shearson,
Mrs. A. r. Isawton, Mrs. Henry Backus'
Mrs. Raymond Demere. Mrs. Louis
Warfleld, Mrs. Frank Screven. Mrs.
William i. Clay, Mrs. James Sullivan,
Mrs. T. Buckney Huger, Mrs. THOMAS
J. Charlton. Miss Lizzie Bancroft, MISS
Emily Charlton, Miss Mary McAlpin
and Miss Meta Thomas.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06

AN extra verse to our national
hymn" says the London Chronicle.
recalls the fact that in Germany q
curious addition is accepted. 1t was
first published in the time OF the
Georges, and despite the ribaidry OF
the additional verse IL is considered an
integral portion by many Germans.
The verse runs:
God save great George our King,
Long live our noble King,
God save the King.
Send us roast beef in store,
II it's gone send us more
And the key OF the cellar door.
That we may drink"
Even Germany cannot evade that in
variable lack OF rhyme which dogs our
national anthem"
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
BOWLING AT YACHT CLUB.

Quite a number Of ladies spent yes
terday morning at the Yacht Club
bowling, among them Mrs. w. r.. Nc
1ntyre, Mrs. +. Y. Douglas, Mrs. A.
b. Ciirardeau, Mrs. Bacon, Mrs. Ruby
Nicoll. Miss Tina Roberts, Miss Emmie
Crawford Miss Theus and Miss Van
Buren, Charlton.
Al the Hussars' club Bowling Alley.
too. there were present party or
young ladies. among whom were MISS
Leonora Gabbett, Miss Clifford Mum
nerlyn, Miss Nan duBignon, Miss May
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
CeciIinn and simplex Players.

At the usual Friday afternoon con-
cert of the Cecilian and Simplex piano
players, which will be given this after
noon at Macarthur & Sons Co.'S from
TO o'clock. there will be the fol-
lowing special numbers on the pro-
gramme:
Vocal solo, when / Think of You
(Bowers), Mrs. j. S. Banks.
Cornet solo, THE Holy City
(Adams). Mr.. G.. Brown.
Piano solo. selected, Mr.. Edwyn IL
Woodlands
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
WILL LEAVE FoR SERVICE.
Lieut.. j. A. Thomas Has orders TO
Report for Army Duty.

Second Lieutenant j. A.. Thomas,
who was recently appointed to the
United States Army win leave soon for
Fort Mcpherson, where he has been
ordered to report for temporary duty.
He has been assigned to the Sixty
eighth Company of coast artillery, his
rank being from Aug. 1. From Fort
Mcpherson he will go to Fort Baker,
Cal, to join his company.
Lieut.. Thomas has seen service al
ready. He was in the naval militia
prior to the Spanish War, during which
he held a commission as lieutenant in
the Third Immunes. He has many
Savannah friends who will watch his
career with interest.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
THE "nULL Bat SPECIAL.
View md Fast Schedule From sn-
vannah to Brunswick.

View nnd Fast Schedule From sa-
vannah to Brunswick.
Mr.. ]. A. McDuffie of Brunswick, the
general manager and traffic manager
of the Brunswick and Birmingham
road, spent yesterday in Savannah IN
consultation with the prominent rail-
road officials Of this city. Mr.. McDuf-
fie announces that under the new
schedule. which went into effect this
week. the trip between Brunswick and
savannah Is now made in two hours
and forty minutes. Besides lowering
the time OF the trip, the Brunswick
and birmingham has further added 10
the accommodations Of it's passengers
by putting on buffet car which Is
added 10 the train each day at Rice
boro.
Since the new schedule has gone into
effect some Of the local railroad men
have dubbed" the through train the
Bull Bat Special" One Of them sprung
this title on Mr.. McDuffie yesterday.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
HAUPT LODGE OFFICERS.
Those Who VIII Conduct It's Affairs
During Next Six Months.

Those Who VIII Conduct It's Affairs
During Next Six Months.
The semi-annual election of Haupt
Lodge, odd Fellows, was held last night
and resulted as follows:
Noble Grand--Frank Grower.
Vice Grand-A. Jasme.
Secretary-C. A. Vetter.
Treasurer-S. Wilensky.
Trustees-W. G.. Mcintyre.
General Relief Committee-Frank
Grower.
Property Trustees. Wilensky.
This lodge, as is the case with all OF
the odd Fellow lodges this year, shows
a substantial gain in membership.
having now enrolled 260. and most
satisfactory condition as to finances.
Haupt will have five representatives
in the next Grand Lodge.
The Savannah morning news., 1901-12-06
LIVE OAKS OFFICERS.
Lodge in Good Condition as to Mem
hers and Finances.

Live Oak Lodge of Odd Fellows held
its semi-annual election last night with
the following result:
Noble Grand-W. p. Baldwin.
Vice Grand-J. w. Buchanan.
Secretary-IeanderB Butler.
Treasurer-F. Werm.
Trustee-Leander Butler.
General Relief Commttee-Leander
Butler and l.. G.. Harvey.
Live Oak Lodge is one of the most
prosperous in the city. both as to
finance and to membership.