The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1901-06-12

One OF the most malarious districts in
the world is the Roman Campagna, in
Central Italy. Up to a year or two ago
any one who spent any length of time
or who ever slept for night in that
section was sure to contract malaria
+ THE ITALIAN EXPERIMENTS.
Dr.. Patrick Manson, professor or medi-
cine in the School of Tropical Diseases,
London, carried out in 1900 a series of
experiments in Italy which demonstrate
ed that the mosquito is responsible for |
nine-tenths of all the malaria in the |
world
DR.. Manson, as early as 1854, while a |
resident at Annoy, China, began investi- |
eating fevers and their causation find |
ing even then that mosquitoes were one |
of the principal causes of various febrile |
diseases. To DR.. Manson is, therefore |
due much OF the credit of finding the |
connection between malaria and the mos |
quito.
| 1t was through DIR. Manson's efforts |
/ that in 1860 a remarkable experiment was
! carried out in Italy. The British Govern
! ment equipped expedition for the pur-
/ pose of gathering evidence against the
mosquito.
! a small house was built in the most
malarious section of the Campagna. 1t
was a low-lying, single-story structure
with numerous doors and windows. All
! these had mosquito proof netting, there
being seventy meshes TO the inch.
! Underneath the caves of the house an
open space ran parallel with the top OF
the windows. This space was likewise
covered by netting.
This opening was made so that the in
mates of the cottage would not suffer
/ from the heat of the country during the
hot season, lasting from June to October.
HOW NOT TO HAVE MALARIA
The house on completion was occupied
by Drs. G. c. Low and Louis Sanborn,
also by Sig. Terri, an Italian investiga-
tor. retinue of servants was in at
tendance upon the investigators.
The scientists did not live in the cot
tage during the entire course of the ex-
pertinent. They only entered the screen
house at night 1t was the rule that
every one should be indoors an hour be-
fore shutdown and that no one should go
out until an hour after sunrise
Free access 10 the Campagna swamps
was had during the day. No medicine of
any kind was taken by any of the party
during the experiment.
At the end of the allotted time-from
June TO October-not one of the party
had contracted the least sign of malarial
infection.
male malarious mosquitoes We're caught
and sent to London in a box. DR. Man
sons son allowed himself, for the sake
OF science, to be bitten by these insects.
In three days time he had incpient ma
laria, and by the end OF the week the
malady was N full swing.
The Campagna experiment proved
complete success. 1t not only demon
strated that the mosquito caused ma
q.
very species and even the sex RESPONSE
bic for the disease
IN TROPIC COUNTRIES.
independent Investigations were con-
Quoted by Major Ronald Ross, an off,
Ger in the East India service of the Brit
ish Army Major Ross work also de-
monstrated the malaria mosquito theory,
and the British Government, through it's
School for Tropical Diseases, is estab-
fishing mosquito-proof houses in all
places where malaria is prevalent.
? But long before the time of I4averan
: Manson or Ross recognized the fact that
malaria, or a kindred disease under an
other name, prevailed in swampy places
Greeks and Romans drained their
swamps and lowlands in very early
, times. Before their time Eastern ma
tions fought fevers by draining off stag
nant water from unhealthy places and
( purifying drinking water
4 Not all mosquitoes cause malaria.
Though there are upward of 80 known
species. it is proved that only those of
: a single genus are malaria making. These
are the anopheles. There is another ge-
nus-the culex-which. is still under sus-
E picion.
The dangerous anophele is, however,
D widely dtstributed-in fact, malarious
= mosquitoes are mixed up with the others
I TO extent which makes one suspicious
n of anything in the mosquito line.
n HOW TO TELL A MALARIA NOS
QUITO.
Here is a simple way in which ma
a larial mosquito may be distinguished
: from a harmless one. Anopheles when
a sucking blood, hold themselves at right
/ angles to the surface from which they
;, are drawing their supply. Their hind legs
sticking straight up in the air. Harm
; less mosquitoes rest on all their feet
. holding their bodies parallel to thu skin
Male mosquitoes are not blcod-Suckers
a The female is the one that does the mis-
- chief.
Another noteworthy fact: Tie wing o.
the har:- full mosquito is distins Iishcd 10y
four snail black specks in the shape o.
e a cross
a re you see a mosquito IN yoi- Id NJ
:. with IviF Elack spots on Its Wings. ~ECSt
n blGed sucking attitude CONSISTS IN stand
a ing on his head, do not permit hirl K
e resent FiS bill It may be fu:l ST nIa
e. lQria, and doctors bill Nigh: follow.
n The sucking apparatus of niossiu-tt
is is TeT ark bic affair. Ins-eaI Of On.
n long probe il consists of seven distinc
= parts. They are technically known a.
l. the antennae, the palp, labrum, hypo
pharynx, mandible. maxilla and labium
/ The aforementioned member makes III
r the principal part of the sucker and
directs the insertion of some OF the othe
IS parts through the skin.
/ HOW A MOSQUITO DOES HIS WORK
- When a mosquito has found suitabl,
:, blood well he places the labiuTn over
- / and directs the labrum into the flesh
- Smaller parts are now inserted after til,
manner of needles, each increasing il
size. The blood is then sucked up. Will
- inserting his boring apparatus into one!
= skin the mosquito deposits the germs o
malaria. There are, as it were hypo
dermically injected directly into tn
blood.