The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-08-24
HOW TO LEARN SPANISH
By George F. McKibbsn, A. M. Professor of Modern Languages in Denison University)
 LESSON VI.
THE REFLExIyE VERB.

LESSON VI.
 THE REFLExIvE VERB.
 e2. Spanish employs on a vast scale | the reflex verb, whose subject is repre- sented as acting upon itself. It has in | translation four English equivalents | Q) an intransitive verb; (O verb with an indefinite subject ,one. they, people. etc.: (3) a passive verb; (4) rare- l ly a reflexive verb. which in it's plural | forms may have a reciprocal meaning. (a) The refiexive pronouns are in the singular-me. te SC; in the plural-nos. os. SC. In theory. they are direct or | indirect objects of the verb and denote the same person or thing as the sub- | ject. Since the plural ref1exive pronouns are ambiguous. oenoting either the re- | flexive or the reciprocal idea. they are often explained or strengthened by add l ing certain expressions-el uno al otro. tunos a otros. la una al otro. etc.. | (meaning one another. - each other). when the object pronouns are regarded as reciprocal; but when these are re, fiexive we may find a sil mismo, a sil mismos, etc., meaning himself, to him. self. themselves. etc.
 | (b) Section 26, f. contains the peces- sary information about the position or the refiexive pronouns.
 II (c) The verb which we choose as a model for the refexive is alabarSe, to praise oneself. to glory or boast.
 Principal parts-Alabarse, alaban- dose3. alabadose3. yo me alabo, yo me abel.
 Indicative present. praise myself. boast. etc., yo me alabo, tu1 te alabas. el, SC alaba V, SC alaba, nosotros nos alabamos, vostros, vos alabais, ellos Sc alaban. w, SC alaban.
 Imperative affirmative - AlabateS, praise myself: alabese3. let him boast; alabase3V, boast; alabemonos3. let us boast; alabaos2. boast (ye): alabense3, let them boast; alabense3VV., boast.
 Imperative negative-Do not praise myself or boast. no te alabes. no sr alabe. no SC alabe w., no nos alabemos, no os alabeis no SC alaben, no .se aia- ben w.
 td) The forms given above represent sufficiently the simple lenses. The com pound tenses trehexive verbs, have no passive voice.. are formed with tha auxiliary haber, to have, as shown in the following synopsis:
 Indicative mode-Perf., l have prals- ed myself. etc., yo me he alabado: pupf.. I had praised myself, etc.. yc me habia2 alabado; past anterior, had praised myself etc, yo me hube alab&do' fut. pf.. I shall have praised myself. etc. yo me habrel alabado. Subjunctive mode-Pref., I may have praised myself. etc. yo me haya ala bado; first plupf., had praised myself etc. yo me hubiera alabado;' second plupf., I had praised myself, etc. yc me hubiese alabado; fut. pf, shall have praised myself. etc., yo me hu- biere alabado.
 Conditional perfect. I should have praised myself, yo me habria2 alabado Examples of the refexive verbs in use: Sc enganya, he deceives him. self: SC enganya si1 mismo. he de- ceives his own ss>t: SC enganyan, they enganyan el uno al otro, they deceive each other.
 Me aprovecharel del permiso que " me ha dado, I shall avail myself of the permission which you have given me. Me lavaba las manos I was wash ing my hands. Sc escriben muchas car tas todos los dias, many letters arc written every day. En Madrid SC vive comodamente. in Madrid one lives comfortably. ?De quel SC trata? What is it about? Sc trata del problem so- cial. It is about the social problem. Sc me mostro1 el camino, they showed me the road. or the road was shown me. No SC acuerda del amigo. he does not remember his friend. Lo que no SC pue- de remediar SC ha de aguantar, what can't be cured must be endured. Guam do una puerta SC cierra ciento SC abren. when one door is closed a hun dred open.
 THE IMPERSONAL VERBS.
 63. The action of the verb Is repre- sented without subject and object. The only form employed is the third singu- lar. A few im2ersonal verbs. not those referring to the weather sometimes use ello. it, as subject. The only inn personal verb thus far used Is haber. in the sense of there is. there are, etc. explained in section 49. Many verbs are used only as impersonal, as amane- cer. to dawn; anochecer to grow dark: helar. to freeze; Hover, to rain; trontc ! to thunder; ventear, to blow Othits are acaecer and acontecer, to happen: bastar to suffice; eonstar, to be evident: convenir. to be fitting; import ar. to be important, to matter; parecer to seem; precisar to be necessary; also ser and estar. to be. when followed by de and an infiIitive, or by a noun. or adjective. A few reflex verbs appear ir the impersonal use.
 Examples of the impersonals in use Nieva graniZa, it snows and halls; truena. it thunders; tronaba todo la noche. it thundered all night; clio ct que no vive en esta casa, the fact is | that ne 0OeS not i've III LnlS uOuSe llueve ahora it rains now: estal llovi- endo (see section 55 a), it is raining acaece or acontese. it happens; basta it is enough.
 There are many impersonal expres- sions containing ser and estar, to be; and hacer, to make-es lastima3. 1t Is a pity; estal claro or hace Claro, it Is clear weather es de esperar, it is to be looked for or hoped for; era demasiadC l -s,. l,I late to see the city; hace toda una se- mana. 1t Is a whole week or a whole week ago; hace frio, caldo, Viento, 1t is cold, warm, windy; era menester Verla para creerlo it was necessary to see it in order to believe it; esmenesteI mucha paciencia, much patience is needed. Some of the above examples are not strictly impersonal. but the fol- lowing are, although involving reflex verbs-se me figura; 1t imagines itself . to me. that is. imagine; Sc me olcida : siempre. I always forget; SC me per mite. it is permitted me; permitase al dador visitar DOT una veg las Reales posesiones, etc, let 1t be allowed the person presenting (thtS) to visit once the royal possessions, etc.
 64. Adverbs-The most numerous are those formed by adding the suffix - mente (meaning the same as our suf- fix ly)-to an adjectve-to the femi- nine form of an adjective in O, but tC the common form Of most others. Elk amples-Asperame hawhly: enter | 6xadlU honda HapnlV