The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-09
LESSON VI.
The Reflexiye Verb.

translation four English equivalents: %
an intransitive verb; ~ a verb with an
indefinite subject, one, they people, ETC.;
| 60 a passive verb: ca rarely a reffexive
verb, which in its plural forms may have
a reciprocal meaning.
(a.) The reflexive pronouns are in the
singular-me tie Sc; in the plural-nos,
os, Sc. In theory they are direct or in
direct objects of the verb and denote the
same person Or thing as the subject.
Since the plural refeXive pronouns are
Analogue denoting either the ref1exive
or the reciprocal idea, they are often ex-
planned or strengthened by adding GER
tain expressions-el uno al otro, unos a
otroS, Ia una al otro, etc. (meaning one
another. to each other) when the object
prOnounS are regarded as reciprocal; but
when these are reflexive we may find a
sill mismo, a sill mismos, ETC., meaning
himself, to himself, themselves, etc.
tb} Section 3f, f. contains the necessary
information about the position of the re-
fexiVe pronouns
(c) The verb which we choose as a
model for the reiexives is alabarse to
praise oneself, to glory OF boast.
Principal parts-Alabarse, aIabandose3,
aiabadose5, yo me alabe, 70 me alabe1.
indicative present II praise myself,
poast, etc., 70 me alabo, tut tie alabas,
el, Sc aiaba. ". Sc alaba. nostros nos
alabanos. vostros vos a1abais, ellos Sc
alaban, Wv. Sc alaban
Imperative Observation-Disclosures, praise
myself; alabese3, let him boast; ala
beseSV., boast; alabemonos3, let us
boast; alabaos2, boast fve); alabenses,
let them boast; alabense3VV., boast.
imperative negative-Do not praise thy
self or boast ETC., no tie alabes, no Sc ala
be, no Sc alabe ", no nos alabenos, no
n aiot
Wv.
to- The forms given above represent
sufficiently the simplest lenses. The com
pound lenses (ref1exive verbs have no
passive voice. are formed with the aux
lllary haber, to have, as shown in the
following synopsis:
indicative mode-Perf., have praised
myself, etc., yo me he alabado; plupf. I
had praised myself, etc, yo me habia2
alapado; past anterior. 1 had praised my
sen, ETC., yo me habe aIabado: fut. of
| shall have praised myself, ETC., yo me
habrel alabado
subjective mode-Perf., I may have
praised myself, ETC., 70 me haya ala
paoo; Hrst plupf., 1 had praised myself
etc, yo me hubiera alabado: second
plupf., had praised myself, etc. yo me
hupiese alabado; fut. pr, I shall have
bado. s''e'-
9onoltlonai perfect, should have prais-
ed myself yo me habria2 alabado.
Examples of the refexive verbs in use
Be enganya, he deceives himself. Sc on.
ganya a sil mismo, he deceives his own
sen, Sc enganyan. they deceive them
eeNeS or each other; Sc enganyan ell uno
al otro, they deceive each other
NE approvecharel del permiso Que Y. me
10 uaoo, L snaI avail myself of the per-
mission which You have given me. Me
iaVaoa las manos. | was washing nv
nahds Sc escriben muchas cartas todos
ioS oias' many letters are written every
day. En- Madrid Sc vive comodan,a,,+es
in Madrid one lives comfortably ?De oue1
Sc lrata! What is it about? Sc trata
Gel problema social, it is about the social
pfopiem Sc me mostrol Ell canine. they
showed me the road. or the road was
SHOWN me. No Sc aeuerda del amigo. he
Goes not remember his friend. LIE que no
Sc puebe remediar Sc ba de aguantar
what can't be cured must be endured
Cuando una puerta Sc cierra ciento Sc
abren. when one door is closed a HIM
dred open.
The ImpersonaI VeYbs.
%. The action of the verb is represent
ed as without subject and object. The
only form employed is the third singular.
ring to the weather, sometimes use clio
1t, as subject. The only impersonal verb
thus far used is haber in the sense OF
tnere Is, there are, etc, explained in sec
lion ~ Many verbs are used only as i'm
personal, as amanecer, to dawn; anochec-
er, to grow dark; helar, to freeze: Hover.
to rain; tronar, to thunder; yentear. to
dow. Others are acaecer and acontecar.
TO happen; bastar, to suffice; constar. to
De evident; convenir. to be fitting; import
ar, to be Important, to matter. parecer
to seem: precisar, to be necessary. also
ser and estar, to be, when followed by de
and an inf1nitive, or by a noun or adj
1ective A few refeXive verbs appear in
the impersonal use
Examples of the impersonals in use-
Nieya graniza, it SHOWS and halls: true
ma, 1t thunders, tromaba toda la nofle if
numbered all night; clio es que no yive
en- en- esIa casa; the fact is that he does not
i've IN this house; llueve ahora, it rams,
now, estal Hoviendo (see section So, az il
Is raining, acaece or acontece, it hap
pens; basta, it is enough
Ihere are many inpersonal expressions
containing ser and estar, to be; and hacer
to makes lastima3, it is a pity. estal
claro or hace claro, it is clear weather. es
de esperar, 1T is to be looked for or hoped
for; era demasiado tarde yer la Gin
toda una semana, it is a whole week or O.
whole week ago; hace frio, caldo, vlento.
1t is cold, warm, windy; era menester
verla para ereerlO, 1t was necessary to see
1t in order to believe it; esmenester mu-
cha paciencia, much patience is neeed.
Some of the above examples are not
strictly impersonal, but the following are.
although involving ref1exive verbs-se me
hgura; 1T imagineS itself to me, that is l
co mr. oil ci,
forget; Sc me permite. it is permitted me:
permitase al dador yisitar per una vez
las Reales posensiones, etc, let it be al
lowed the person presenting fhis) to visit
once the royal possessions, etc.
81 Adverbs-The most numerous are
those formed by adding the suff1x-mente
tmeaning the same as our suff1x-ly) to
an adjective-to the feminine form of an
adjective in 0. but to the common form
Of most others. Examples: Aspera-
mente, harshly, eternamente, fixed,y,
hondamente, deeply, pesadamente, heav-
lily: bastantemente, sufficiently, casual
mente, casually, felizmente, happily, FREE
cuentemente, frequently, inutilmente
uselessly, naquinalmente, mechanically,
negligentemente. negligently, recent
mente, recently But before past parti-
ciple we find recien instead of reciene-
mente: los recien casades, the newly
married.
(a) When several adverbs in-mente oc-
cur in succession, the ending appears
only with the last, being understood
with the preceding: Clceron hablaba
saba, elegante elocuentemente, Cicero
spoke wisely, elegantly and eloquntly
(b) Instead Of forming adverbs in
mente we may use equivalent phrases.
Thus instead of negligentemente negli-
gently, we usually find. de una manera
negligente, in a negligent manner, or con
negligencia with negligence.
(c) Adverbs of place are: aqui(D, here,