davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La voz del pueblo. [volume] (Santa Fe, Nuevo MeÌxico) 1889-192?, 1901-03-23

Paso q ser ley la medida aque.
lla que dispone que el que quiera
vender licores tendra que sacar Ia
licencia para un aflo.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
- archaeology. -

Fourth-Paieolithic-Cavs d~vsIiers: riints vel
worked and fnsly shaped Solutrien).
Ftfth-Paleolithic-Cave dwelleTs: Abundant
Sixth-Neollthic Polished flint working. Pas
toral and agricultural man.
What time these periods cover nothing
yet proves. The date Of 400 d. c. for mans
appearance. with which belief our century
started. has been pushed back by one dis
covery after another. Estimates OF from
l0.Ooo TO 10000 years have been given from
various possible Jews. In Egypt an expo-
sure of 1000 years or more only gives a
faint brown tint TO fints lying side by side
with Paleolithic fints that are black with
age. ! incline to think tina. 10000 years
=. G. FOR the rise OF the second class and
1000 b. G. for the rise OF the sixth class.
VIII be a moderate estimate.
Passing now from Paleolithic man OF the
latest geological times whose works Lie
under the deposit OF ages to Neolithic man
OF surface history whose polished stone
Tools lie on the ground, We find also how
greauy views have changed. For ages past
metal-uslng man has looked on the beautt-
IniE polished or Clipped weapons OF his
Iorefathers as "thunderbolts' possessing
magic powers. and he often mounted the
smaller ones TO wear as charms. At the
beginning OF this century well-fnished
stone weapons were only preserved as curl
ositles which might belong to some remote
age. out without any definite IDEAS about
them. The recognition of long age, Of
earlier unpublished stone work has now nit
these more elaborate specimens to a COM
paratively late period. and yet are probably
oIdcr than the date to which our forefa-
iners placed the creation OF man.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06

was the second turning point, when ripe
ness passed into decay; and In LysippoS
there r. mere vivid naturalism and an i'm
pressionist manner. without much soul or
thought. as In his ApoXyomenos. about go
p. G. After this mere triviality and genre
subjects are usual. pOrtraiture is a common
aim. and dignity was vainly striyen FOR n
colossal size. The giorihcation % showing
dead and vaniquished enemies IS seen in the
Dying Gaui and figures OF slain foes az
Perg1mon. Later on. about $50 B. G.. We see
the violent. complicated and straining ac-
ton Of the figures around the great altar OF
Pergamon. which also appears IN the groups
OF the LAGOON and Farnese Bull. In the
Graeco-Roman age a conscious artihciality
took the place OF life and expression. as
We see IN the Apollo Pelvidere. the Venus al
Nedici. and the Farnese Hercules. Art was
saved in the first century A ID. by the de-
votion Of portraiture. which gave a sense or
reality and conviction which 10 entirety
absent in the Imaginative works Lastly a
painstakinz study and admiration Of earlier
works led. under the wealthy patronage OF
Hadrian d30 A. d.. to an eclectic revival
which was wholly artificial and passed away
within a generation. We have fixed on
sculpture as the most complete expression
OF Greek art: In other directions there j.
neither enough material nor enough re-
search to give us a connected view. Not a
single town. hardly a single house In Greece
has been ~excavated; there IL no consecutive
knowledge OF the ordinary products and
objects OF life and there IS very little record
ed OF the discoveries of tombs. The artistic
interest OF the sculpture and architecture
has starved other branches OF archaeology,
and for Greece more remains TO be lone
than for some less celebrated lands.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06

OF art and luxury throughout the uppef
CLASSES. Magnihcence became fashionhone
ana inc lower classes contented thenlSeise,
with most berefaced limitations OF Costly
wares. Foreign Islands came closely IN con
tact with Egypt. The ships OF the syrian
coast and Cyprus continually traded 10 ana
fro. exchanging silver. copper and precious
stones for the gold OF Egypt. Greece also
traded Its fine pottery OF the Mykenhea1
age Tor the snowy necklaces OF goid ana
the rings and amulets With names OF
Pharoahs. Egypf then dominated the
shores Of tbs Western Mediterranean the
plains OF the Euphrates and the fertile
soudan- But this power and wealth led 10
disaster. Like Rome, later on. she could
not resist the temptation to live on plunder.
Heavy tribute OF corn was exacted. large
numbers were employed In unproductive Ia
Dor. ana national disaster was the natural
consequence. Egypt never recovered the
dominion or the splendor that were hers
IN TINS age or this period some slight no
lions are given Us from literary remains
IN the Bible and Greek authors; but arch
seo!ogy Is 50 far. our only practical guide,
as In the earlier ages. The great temples
ana monuments OF tbs seventeenth to the
twenceth dynasty G6o0-1lo0 B. c. bear
hundreds Of historical inscriptions. the
tombs are covered with scenes Of
private life. the burisls and the
ruins or towns furnish US with all
me objects Of daily use. This age is one Of
the fullest and richest In all history. and
haruiy any other is better known. even IN
Greece or Italy. Yet all this has been
orotght TO light In this century. and the
knowledge OF the foreign relations Of Egypt
rs entirely the result OF the last fifteen
years
Inc principal discoveries about these later
sses nave been In the papyri. which have
Oeeh largely found during the last twenty
years. The Details OF the government and
NE OF the country In the Ptolemalc C3O5-So
u. - ana Roman GO B. C, GO A. d. peri
Gus nave been cleared UP. and many prizes
OF classical literature have also been re-
covered. The archaeology OF the Middle
Ages In Egypt has also been studied. Many
OF me Arabic buildings have been recently
cieshed up and put In good condition, and
the splendid collection Of manuscripts IN
Cairo has opened a view Of the beautiful
art or the thirteenth-ffteenth centuries so
closely akin TO what was done in Europe AZ
the same time.
Egypt Is then before all other lands ths
country OF archaeology. A continuous his
tory Of 1900 years. with abundant remains
or every period TO illustrate Il, and Q rich
prehistoric age before that give complete
ness TO the study and the fullest value OF
archaeological research.
The valley of the Euphrates might we'll
rival That OF the Nile ~ 1t were scientifically
explored. but unhappily all the excavation
mas been Gone solely with a view to In
scllptiOn and sculpture and no proper rec
ora has been made. nor nave any towns
been examined. the only work being In
n nIA .v--N
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
After the Age Of Perikles the
Arts Ripened to Decay.

Tn civilization Of Athens was also At n.
height In this age. under PerikIes, and the
minor arts received their most refined and
perfect time After this comes Moth
ing but ripening TO decay. II must ALWAYS
be remembered that we|haye but very few
m Of original work Of the great ar
lists Nearly all the actual marbles pre-
served are copies made in later times. which
show little Of the delicacy of the original:
anc the few original marbles that remain
are mostly of unknown subjects BY un-
known men The great work in Greek
archaeology during the last fifty years has
been comparing the records Of ancient art
lin Pliny. Pausanias. etc) with the remain
ing sculptures. critically assigning the
various types Of statues to their celebrated
originals. and thus forming some idea OF
the real history of Greek art. From these
studies. full Of detail and controversy. We
may briefly sum Up the characteristics OF
the principal artists and their imitators. At
about 40 b. c. Pheidias showed in the
Parthenon the highest expression Of divine
and mythic forms. in a simple and heroic
style which was never eQualed. Half a
century later POlykleitos followed a more
human expression, using motives (as in the
DoTyphOros). but yet portraying an abstract
humanity. BY go Il. c. Praxiteles brought
the expression Of moods to his works
graceful, animated and with a full ripeuess
as N the Hermes OF Olympia. or the Faun.
Skopas. slightly later, marked his work by
his great vigor and strong personality. This
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
Perhaps the Earliest Remains
OF Man Are In America.

Inc earliest remains OF man In America
or perhaps in the world-are those beneath
the great lava beds of California: sincs
lhose were deposited the rivers have en-,
their beds through 1000 to 1000 feet of lava
rock. Implying an erosion during tens. or
perhaps hundreds. OF thousands of year,
But little can be assigned, however. with
any certainty to a date before the Christian
Era; though mounds OF refuse on both
ocean shores may probably belong to an
age before any human history.
n most important studies have been
those on the highest civilization of the con-
tinent. that OF Central America The de-
stroying Spaniards preserved but little Of
native record except Incidentally and tina
nrst collector OF Aztec MSS. was Benaducf
ufS6J. OF whose treasures but an eighth
survived his i-mprisonments and persecu-
lions. one Of the greatest disasters TO his
tory. The first great publication of manu-
scripts was the magnificent work of Lord
hingsoorough QSO: and almost at tbs
same time appeared Prescott's history
Ihough the later researches have shown
mat the land was divided into many small
kingdoms. rather than under one power
as prescott supposed. yet his account Of the
calendar and chronology OF the Aztecs has
oeen verified and added to. and far more
mas been done in reading the MSS. than h,
supposed possible Aubin. after some years
OF Work in Mexico. brought to Europe MSS.
OF an entirely new kind. showing a fully de-
veioped system of phonetic Writing, which
he has largely d~eciphered with success, hay-
ing analysed over 100 syllable values cor.
rectly.
One OF the most complete studies has been
that of the Magyar Quiche peoples, and es-
pecially of the Mayans OF Yucatan. In 1854
,anda's work on Yucatan written 1850 was
rediscovered and the occount of the calen-
oar has sufficed to enable Goodman TO dis
cover the meaning Of a very large number
OF signs QssO: these enabls the numerical
to be translated. and show that
a period OF as much as 5000 years was dealt
with by the Mayans. perhaps belonging to
mythical ages The alphabetio signs of
Lahda have proved useless so far, and
Goodman even disbelieves In any record CT
eept that OF numbers Seller has shown
the Identical origin Of the signs used by
Aztecs and Mayans for the days end
months. Little has been done to max.
known these remains Until the recent expIo-
ratons. casts and publications. of Mauds-
ley. who has worked magnifcently for sew
enteen years at Capan. Palenque and Chi
chen-Itra; these are but three OF nnumer-
able cities OF Guatemala and Yucatan thar
need exploration
In New Mexico the many ruins from the
TO the Rio Grande have been
to resemble those OF the modern
Indians. and 20 nave none of the
characteristics of Central American archf-
there are 10 sculptures, and tha
rock inscriptions are too primitive to be in
terpreted. Nothing points to an Aztec nc
and probably the ancestors of thu
people were the builders.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
The Signs of the Zodiac a
Relic Of Mesopotamia.

Inc main landmarks in the later time Of
TINS civilization are the Elamite invasion OF
hudur-nan-khundi 2z0 y. c.. which upset
the Semitic rulers; and the Assyrian inva-
sion Of Ttglath-Adar QZ7O b. CO, after
which interest centers in the Assyria1
and its development OF the Meso-
potamian culture which IL borrowed. The
main buildings Of the Assyrian Kings were
their enormous palaces. the mass of which
was of unbaked bricks. faced with aIabas-
ter slabs, such were the works Of Assur-
naztr-pal CNimrud. Ss90 Il. Co.. Sargon
Khorsbac, 40 B.. c.. Sennacherib and As
~sur-bani-pal (kouyunjik. 700 b. CT. The
later. Assyran. form of the civilization was
10 the earlier ChaideaD much what Rome
was to Greece. a rather clumsy borrower
who laboriously preserved the literature
and art Some OF the Assyrfan sculpture
OF animals Is, however. perhaps unsur-
passed for vivid action. The systematic
Libraries. containing copies of all the older
literature for general study. were most
creditable. though the Assyrian himself
composed nothing better than chronicles.
Nearly all that we possess of B~abylonian
religion. and much Of the history, Is in the
ccpies ~scrupulously made from the ancient
tablets By the Assyrtan scribes. who noted
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
The Mound Builders of the
Mississippi Valley.

The fnnurnerable earthworks Of IN. Mis-
sissfppi valley were formerly supposed to
belong TO some vanished race; and the view
mat they were connected with the Central
American civilization is favored by the pyr-
amid mound. which was hardly known 9TH
ervise. and by the excellence OF the minor
sculpture. But there are great differences
between the two civilizations. The mound
builders were far inferior in metal working
and their burial customs are peculiar. The
use or materials from both east and west
coasts shows ar extensive The
best summing up Of the researches Is that
by Professor Cyrus Thomas. after his ex-
tensive excavations. He concludes that
the remains Of the mound builders show no
great antiquity; that they were formed by
tribes like the existing Indians; that tine
builders were of the same culture as were
the Indians when discovered: that such
mounds continued to be made and used for
burial during the European period. and that
ne principal builders were the Cherokees.
india and America are here treated with
the assistance of MIR. ]. S. Cotton and Mr..
d. MacIver1
II will be seen now how totally our view
OF mans history has been changed by the
study of archaeology. and how fundamental
iy this science affects our ideas of the past
and our expectations for the future of our
race. The main outlines have been dfmiy
seem but in every country the greater part
yet remains to be done. and in Turkey, Per-
sia and China most important civilizations
are as yet quite untouched by exploration.
Inc coming century will no doubt see a
harvest from these lands; and 1t is TO be
hoped that what yet remains in the safe
keeping Of the earth may be found by able
men, who will preserve it for Instruction.
anc enable posterity to trace the fortunes
of our species.
w. NJ FLINDERS PETRIE. {,
Copyright. l9vo. by the sun Printing and
Publishing Association.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06

every defect in the original with critical
! fidelity.
The Mesopotamian civilization has lief, its
marx on the modern world. Its religion
greatly Influenced Hebrew. and thence
christian. thought. the Psalms. for instance,
being a BabylOnian form Of piety. Its sci
ence fixed the signs OF the Zodiac. the
months OF the year. the days OF the week.
and the division OF the circles IN degrees. all
or which are now universal. And its art.
carried by the Phosn,ci1ns. was copied by
the Greeks and Etruscan., and thus passed
on into modern design.
The knowledge OF Palestine was but slight.
and or Northern Syria nothing 70 speak of. a
century ago. Travellers with some scientific
ability. such as Robinson ns3s and 1850, De
saulcy 0s59 and Van de Velde Qs5D. greatly
extended our view and led up 20 the splendid
survey by the Palestine Exploration Fund
uSb and on. which exhausted the surface
study Of the land. The more archaeoloSicai
work Of excavation was begun at jerusalem
CseT-IO and resumed Qss2-99 at Lachish.
Jerusalem. etc. The typographical results
are all important and leave nothing 20 be
done until excavation can be freely applied;
ana the small amount OF digging yet done
mas liked the varieties OF pottery back TO
1000 b. c. and given some early architecture.
But the ruins Of Syria. and indeed Of Turkey
In general. are practically untouched. The
discovery QsGD Of the inscription OF Mesha.
King OF Moab 1896 Z. c.. opened a new pros
pect Of research which cannot yet be entered
upon. In the North OF Syria nothing has
been done except the German work at SIN
gerli. from which came an Aramean inscrip-
tion OF about 40 b. G. And In the South a
large number Of Inscriptions Of the Arabian
dynasties. reaching back some centuries b.
e. have been copied; but there. also, exca-
walton IS impossible
the revival OF interest in Greek civilian
ton was at first purely literary, and re-
NAMED so during two or three centuries.
But during the last century various tray
elers and residents abroad made collections
which awoke an Interest I'm the art, and
though most OF these collectors were con-
tent with merely SNOWY sculpture, greatly
restored and fslsined for the market. yet
some-such as Hamilton-took a real arch
geological interest in the unearthing and
collecting Of ancient art. The condition OF
study at the end OF tho last century was
that many private men OF wealth had
bought large quantities OF sculpture. which
was but little understood and looked on
more from 4 decorative than a scientific
point OF view. while there were the begin
ninzs Of a serious appreciation OF Il which
had been Just aid down by Winckslmann.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
midas Coinage Tells Much
Of Its History.

inscriptions abound IN India. on co,,..
plsIe. stone pillars and native rock Tbos.
IN Sanskrit or modern vernaculars arc rac-
oIus OF lahd grants or local dynastfes. Tna
oroes,-ln two different a!phabets nf
.I4c orlslhl-are the famous edicts Of
ASoka CThird Century B. CO. who has b.en
caIeo the Buddhist Constantine. He nlacad
theSe monuments OF his power and religion
aFouno his frontiers Of Northern India. I'M,
their meaning was forgotten until Prin.sn,.
requirement The Hindoos seem "a b.v.
. coinage Of stamped silver plat. baror.
neHanoeI. but regular COINAGE begins Il,
!. osctrlan kingdoms Gro B. Coo A. d..
WIN Greek and native Inscriptions Sine.
then the coinage 10 continuous ana ,nvsI.
uaDie ior history. No stone building or
sculpture Is older than Alexander 227 p r.
or certainly earlier than Asoka C3a-az7 "a
- Greek influence 10 plain In the Puniab
y naive style 10 seen IN the caye-teu-
p Inc richest results have been from
the mounds, some Of which ave 1T. 20
FORTS or palaces. but the more imnor,an- a A.
mo stupas. lofty domes erected two 10 ON.
1nousand years ago. TO enshrine Buddhls,
relcs. These domes are surrounded wJth
ssuiptureo rehefs Of scenes IN the life OF
5uoona. and are often dated by inscrin-
uons From one lately opened the B,Iddh.
relic has been sent to the King ~ Sta-
,he only Buddhist King. Much has ba.3
uohe Dy the Government IN publishing ana
providing casts and photographs: bur India
yet needs a scientific archaeoIoeist 10 re-
core Details with the accuracy demanded bv
modern research.
archaeological work in the United STATE,
and IN Central America was begun bv
oquier about the middle Of the century. ana
inc attention thus drawn to the subfect
mas Dorne fruit in the more accurate and
hciehunc explorations connected with III.
iseyIIg ana geological departments, and.
ABOVE all. those of the Smithsonian Bureau
OF EthnoloSy- The names OF Whitney
wright Cyrus Thomas. Holmes, Fowks
alihdeien and others will be familiar to ali
american readers by their work of the las.
years, and need no Introducing hera
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
Bronze Weapons Found IN
England Were Thought to y
Be of Roman Origin.

In the last century the bronze weapons
found in England were attributed to the
Romans by some writer's. though others
with more reason. argued that they were
British. In the first year OF this centur-
began the comparative study of such
weapons with reference TO modern savage
products. The development of the metal
forms from stone prototypes was pointed
out IN 1916; the tracing out Of the succession
OF the forms and the modes of use appeared
In ls4d. Further study cleared up the details.
and within the last twenty years the full
knowledge OF the Bronze Age in other coun-
tries has left no question as to the general
Facts of the sequence of fits history. In each
type Of tool and weapon there appears first
a very simple form initiated from the stone
implements which were earlier used. Grad
uauy the facilities given by the casting and
~touShnesS OF the metal were used, and the
forms were modified: ornamentation was
added and thin work in embossed patterns
gave the stiffness and strength which had
been attained before by massive forms. The
general types are the AK. first a plain slim
of metal. later developed with a socket: then
the chisel. gouge, sickle. knife, dagger.
sword, spear and shield: personal objects az
pins. necklaces. bracelets. earrings but,on,
buckles and domestic cauIdrons ana cyns
Most of these forms were found toVether al
.yorn out and broken. In the great bronze
'in under's K1srd at Bologna.
nue estly in the prehistoEy Of Europe come,
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-01-06
Systematic Excavations in
South England the =
First Real Investigation

-Ihs beginning OF a more intelligent knowl-
cage or such things was laid by the svsteu-
suo excavations OF the burial mounds scat
Ter over the south OF England, which was
cone IN the early part OF this century by
Dir Richard Colt Hoare. A solid basis ~
facts was laid which began to sI1nerseda ,ba
romances woven by Stukeley and others in
the Iast century. Gradually more exact
methods OF search were introduced. and In the
last thirty years Canon Greenwich has done
much. and General Pitt Rivers has estab-
nshed a standard Of accurate and completa
work with perfect recording. which 20 tbs
highest development Of archaeological study
IheSe and other researches have opened IN
the NE or Neolithic man to us, and We see
that he was much as modern man II com
pared with the earlier stage OF man as a
hunter. The Neolithic man made pottarv
spun ana wove linen. constructed enormous
earthworks both for defense and for burial
ana Systematically made his tools Of the
oest material he could obtain by combined
labor in mining. The extensive flint mine,
IN cha!k districts Of England show long
continued labor: and the perfect form and
splendid finish of many of the ston. wear
ons show that skilled leisure could be de-
voted 10 them and that aesthetic taste
had been developed. The large camos
prove that a thorough tribal Organization
prevailed. though probably confined to small
clans.
About the middle Of the century q ,.v
type OF dwelling began TO be explored. the
lake dwelling; this system OF building town,
upon plies in lakes had the great advantage
OF protection from enemies and wild beasts.
ana q constant supply Of food in the fish
mat could be hooked from the water below.
such settlements were first found I'm
the Swiss lakes. and explored there by KEEL
Ter they have since been found in France.
hungary. Italy. Holland and the British
Isles Thu earlier settlements of this form
Delong to the Neoiithic Age, but only in Cen
traI Europe. In these earliest lake dweIlIngs
weaving was known. and the cultivation 81
max grapes and other fruit and corn. Will.
the usual domestic animals were kent and
cattle were yoked TO the pillow; pottery was
abundant and was often Ornamental with
patterns. The type of man was
round-headed Following the Neolithic LAX.
came those Of the Bronze .sge and
as the bronze objects are similar to those
In other kinds OF dwellings we shall
notice them In the Bronze Age in general.
Inc type OF man was longer-headed than In
the earlier lake settlement. The domestica-
non or animals shows an advance; the borse
common. and the dog. OK. pig and sheen
were greatly improved. Pottery was better
made and elaborately decorated, often with
strips OF tinfoil.