davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
EXCURSIONS TOMORROW.

Steamer Manchester for Mt. Vernon at 1O
Am. and 10 pm.
Steamer Norfolk for Fortress Monroe
and Norfolk at $50 pm.
Steamer Estelle Randall for GlymC Mt ana
intermediate points at $50 am
Trains leave 1872 street and Pennsylvania
avenue for Arlington every fOrty-fve min
utes and Mt. Vernon hourly from 10 am.
to pm.
Cars leave Aqueduct bridge for Arlington.
Fort Myer and Falls Church every half
hour.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Phi Delta Phi Club to Dine,

The Phi Delta Phi Club of Washington
will hold its April dinner at Harveys this
evening at o'clock The speaker will be
Assistant District Attorney Ashley NJ.
Gould. The club is composed of alumni of
the legal fraternity of Phi Delta Phi. Its
officers are: A. A Birney, president John
T. Hendrick, vice president and Fritz V.
Briesen, secretary and treasurer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
sir:On taSteiberg Dead.

The announcement OF the death of Simon
Castelbers last night at Atlantic City of
spinal meneESitis was made today. The
Ceath Of this young man removes one of
the most promising of the younger business
men Of the community. He was twenty-six
Years old. but had been associated with
ms rather ana brothers in the jewelry bust
reSs IN Baltimore and Washington for sew
tral years- The news of his death came as
Z shock 10 his many friends and acquaint-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
EaXOred lY AsSeSSNr.

Favorable action has been recommended
to the District Commissioners by the as
SCISSOR, Mr.. II. H. Darneille, upon the re-
quest of Mr.. Charles c. Collision that the
tax for 1885 against sublot so and part of
sublots and 8, square 1888, be Cancelled be-
cause of omission from tax certificate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Makes an Abatement.

Seymour B. Wright, who has been en-
gagged in the furniture and upholstery bus
mess at 1115 G street, today made an as
signment for the benefit of creditors,
James Hood Weldon being named as as
signee. The assignor lists among his as
sets a stock valued at $500 and various
accounts receivable. The liabilities consist
of debts due out-of-town firms.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

The Illustrated lecture by Mr. John P.
Clum at the Congregational Church tomor-
row evening will follow approximately the
same route. far as San Francisco as
that outlined for the Presidents trip next
month. The lecture is entitled I'm the
Wake of the Setting Sun
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Complaint was made to the police last
night by Mrs. N. l.. Campbell of 1858
Rhode Island avenue that a colored man
employed by her yesterday morning to de-
liver a box at the Baltimore and Poto-
mac depot failed to perform his duty. The
box contained $40 worth of flowers.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
LOCAL MENTION.
ADJUSTMENTS TONIGHT.

Academy-'The Honest Blacksmith
r Chase's New Grand-POlite vaudeville.
Columbia-'The Princess Chic
Kernan's Lyceum-Flynn's Burlesquers.
Lafayette-"The Bankers Daughter.
Mathematician Drew in Richard CarVel
New Bijou-''The Gay Girls of Gotham"
1917 c. street-Nana.
Odd Fellows Hall-Championship pool
match
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Gets Eighty Per Cent,

The District Commissioners have directed
that Policeman Trumbo be allowed to re-
tain 50 per cent of reward of $50 given
him for the arrest of one Ashton an al
legged deserter from the army. the balance
to De devoted to the equipment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

That the best bargain offered at present
is Il .'-lh. box creamery butter 81 40 Tele-
phone I'll James F. oyster 800 Pa ave.
Center. X St. Riggs ana West End Mkts-
Advertisement
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

schedule In eject April II, 1901.
Trains leave from Fenna. Station.
e Sol an; Daily Local for Harrisonburg and
i1:I5 am. Daily q. s. Fast Mall sIeeptnc
cars to New Orleans. Columbia, Savannah and
Ashevlle; Chattanooga and Memphis, and at Dam
vile with sleeper for Birmingham and at Char
inston to New Orleans dining car sefrce e WASH
.oi ann ann W DAILY n Local for GharottesylG
s AZ pm pm B Pay Local Tor {, Cha.le.tssxlle
ing cars to Augusta with connections for Aiken
P PG ames sna to r. and
arH fro GRtng at panye With Pullman sleep
Tourist sleeper Washington to San Francisco Mon
days. Tuesdays and Fridays. Dining car service
Limited via Lynchburg) Sleeping cars to Roam
Sse 1esn Mn01 Thres Shatanoogn Memphis and New
Ioa9 I'm Daily: Washington and Southwest
Vile. Chattanooga and Nashville, and to Atlanta,
bile and New Orleans pInins car seTSiee DAILY MG
except Saturdays and Sundays sleeping car
Sunset Limited Annex Sleeper Washington to New
Orleans, connecting at New Orleans with Sunset
Limited for San Francisco.
TRAINS ON BLUEMoNr BRANCH.
week days and e:25 pm Sundays Tor Blaem p%
6;25 pm Saturdays and ABS pm week days and
Leesburg. 6:25 pm. week days to Hsrndon.
Through trains from the South arrive Washington
e;42 s% e52 AM am 'sS m an daily 2IS pm;
am. Week days and a:4d pm. daily. From Char.
lottesville SIS am. and s:4o Pm daily.
Tickets. sleeping car reservations and other in
formation furnished and baggage called for and
18th st. NV; 81 Penna. NV and at Penns.
Phone ne 144i for P: R R. Cab Service;
L. S. BROWN. General Agent.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
star Advertisements, 18th and RI. ave.

branch office Huddleson's drug store, cor
ner 14th street and Rhode Island avenue,
at regular rates, and sent Immediately to
The Star office without charge for the mes
serger.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Curtice Bros Jams, 1sc.: 3 Jars, zoe. Cur
tiCc Bros Gage Plums, 2 cans, 25c. Jas.
ID. Donnelly, 14th & 1 sts. it,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Peace and household happiness come
with the use of DEATH DUST. Kills all
insects. 10 and % cents. All dealers,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
1925 To Baltimore and Return 81 %

1tIlfISyIVaTlIa Ral1rOad.
Tickets sale Saturday and Sunday
April 20 and 81, good to return until Mon
day, April 90. All trains except Congress
sional Limited.-Advt
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Wedding Decorations.

For floral designs of unsurpassed elegance
and originality consult 'Gude.' 1224 F St.
ADVERTISEMENT.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Visit the unique Bears Head in the base
ment of the Raleigh. A refined place for
ladies and gentlemen.-Advt
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
CITY ITEMS.
Hotel Engel,

| Opp. B. and o. depot. Imported Munich
| Hofbraeu on draught. Business mems lunch
from II to-. Dinner from to s. ap9-tu, tn, I'm
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Hotel johnson Cafes.

For High-grade Oysters, New York Lit
tie Neck CLANS and other marine products.
Midday Lunch, Table d'Hote Dinner and
q la carte service. Lifetime experience. 1t
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

If it is FUSSELL'S Ice Cream or Cake
1t is al you need to know. Since 1851.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
MONUMENTS

The Van Amringe Granite Co. 1ncorpo-
rateGD. Boston and Washington. Monumental
Designers. Ask to see our exhibit and get
our prices before placing your contract. Ad-
dress Washington Office, 1892 18th st. n. w.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

and o., Saturday and Sunday. April 20 and
Il. good for return until following Monday
Eickcts good all trains except ROYAL
LiYnited.-Advt
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
Get "OId BraddOclx" Maryland Rye
WhenkYOu Need Medicinal Whiskey.

Physicians recommend it because Of its
purity and age. Keep a bottle on hand
At grocers', cafes, clubs. Jas. Clark Dis
tilling Co., D. P. Mccarthy, Mgr.,61O Pa.av
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Money to lend at 4. 5 and per cent on
real estate Frank t. Rawlings, 1905 Pa ave
advertisement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

BIG SALE OF OIL STOVES.
Bargains at Little & Page, 1910 F.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Four-burner Gas Range. only $50. A
Eberly's Sons 11S eth NV.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

Subscribers will confer a favor If they
will notify the office of the failure Of the
carrier to ring the door bell when The Star
is delivered.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

GAS AND OIL COOKING STOVES
61G II st. c. a. Muddiman & Co 1904 G st
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

At T D. PYLES' stores: 4 cans Cream
Corn. 25c.: . cans Star Peas. 25c.; lbs.
Starch. Zoe; doZ. &c. Soap, zoe: Potatoes,
50c-; 6Oc. Crooks Preserves. 800; Lunch
Crackers, &c, Cream Cheese, Ice.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18
ACCOUNTANTS.
j. Z. BATES,

j. L. BATES,
Public Accountant and Auditor, f
Room 40, Washington Loan and Trust building.
delft 9th and y SITS, NV. Telephone No. 9T2.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1901-04-18

DRINK KENNY'S FINE COFFEES.
No equal at any price
Pure sugars sold at cost.
c. d. Kenny Co. city stores.
Der Deutsche beobachter. [volume] (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 1869-1911, 1901-04-11
Eunlt uno WiQenlc6att.

= prdbiitoriIds gntbedunsen ir
Merifo. = Oie arddoloaif4en Sorz
i9unsen in Meritp lenfen in Der leBS
ten 3eit in inmer ar0Berem MaBe Die
Mufmsrtfamfeit auf fth. Man ent<
bedt sablreidbe Spuren md4tiger prd>
biitoriIder D0lter, Die AT berNnnabme
sefiibrt baben, baB man bier an ben
Qlusgansspuntt bes Meniden auf Der
tpetlihen 9emilphdre aetommen lit.
2ln perl9Rbenen puntten bes 2anbss
finben auglei9 Muserabuneen ftatt;
tpi9tig iinb Die in Der umaebuns bes
alten MatefenzSecalli Bel Der bsutigen
Rat6ebrale BON Merito; prof. Starr
bon Der uniDeriitGt ghicoao miBt in
Der MihniB BON Ghiapas 8Dpfs Der
llreintpobner. prof. @apille arbeitet
in Dsrbinbune nit Dr. .2eopolo BATES
in ben Nuinen BON Mirtla. Die tpi9-
tighten Goridunsen finb ieooh bic bon
prDf. Niben, bic felt benz Sabre 1889
in Guerrero aufgeiteQt perben. Wiit
ieinsn natiirlihen 0iilfsqueaen gebDrt
Guerrero au ben reihiten Staaten Der
Mepublif Merifo, unb bier firben fi9
in Der Sbat 8elpeiie Der Glteften gipis
lifation. Oie lebten @ntbedungen
profeTor Nipens itelsn atpeifenos feit,
, bab eine groBe. nah Mnionen adbz
(enbe BebDlferuna elmer prGhlitori19en
| MdfYe bies Qdrb in ferner VerQanoen>
beit betpDhnt unb unnittelbare 3sug~
niHe ietner Dirt au leber. feiner Sit
| ten unb fogar leiner NeliaiOn binter=
| laiIen bat. NiDsn beaann einige Wels
len fiibli9 bonn heut!aer StGbther
| syguala, unb &c bat Bel feinen iih iiber
Saulerbe bon englifdlen Allubratmeis
| len erftredsnben Meiien Auinen bon
| Senpeln, ppramiben unb Wobnlrnger
in gum 9beil trob Der Derbeerunger
burh Die ssyabrbunberte lsiMi9 erhal,
tenem 3ufanbe entbeft. Ddbrenf
anbere freilib bolIftdrubia 5erfaller
iino. giele Der prabiitOrifhen @esen-
| ifGnbe, barunter @0benbil0er aus
4 @tein unb Wouidelfhrlen, Mrtife|
gum perf0nIihen Gdmud, Merte
Mebs, Rohgerdtbe u. I. nj, finD ar
bas ,Mmerican M,ifsufs of Nuturd
| 6iitorD" unb an bas sNatiDna
Mufemnl1 IN Merifo geihidt iporben
| Die mtrifanifde Mt9iering Setpdbrt
bpr furaem prof. Jlipen Das aus
i fMiebIime Hedf. II, cinen 5000 Qua
Der Deutsche beobachter. [volume] (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 1869-1911, 1901-04-11

tper Ct is nit Bel ben Mebespeiler ges
iDe1e, I'm ih Tam Shne fage. bas Ding
bot mid eepoHelt. Der Sohnnie hot
qefaqt, er bdtt geiehn, baB Der ga
mad ben Mepob gelullfe NOR I'm 70
ben icb eebenft, seb emol aht, Der Rnn@
ne is am gnb mebbie pibber fort. DO
ben icb atpper mel SGdett ange5oge IN
lin mad ben Diepob aelaufe, 10 f4nel
tpie i'd setonnt hsn; ggis ieh bin I'm
fomme, DO is mid Der Dbilipp entgei
aegefomme I'm Dot Q 5ehs gelnadt. lo
bdppie als tpie en- Serfie. tpan1r Der
Denfsqiffenbel gepdBi is I'M er fieh!t
fein aopp nod an iein Ned. Gr bot
aeIaat. es mar dne ahlreAt, iebt bdhlts
mer beim sebn I'm bann follt ia emol
ebbes 1ebn, mas autfeit pdr. DO lin
ih emol neigierig. ipas bas Is. Wsti
bette Rigaros Sabrs
2iaaie 9anfitensel.
Der Deutsche beobachter. [volume] (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 1869-1911, 1901-04-11

tire iilberheIle Gttmme, bic i'm. ben
arnen Seufel. In sin Wadrhenretd)
trdgt.
6as publifum lit auBer iib, es iuz
belt 8eifdn nit ber ftiirmiIhen Bez
qeiiterung, bic ba 3u 0aufe tit, ipo
Dem @ebilDeten Ielten fiinitleriiher
@enub au 2heil tptrb. Die Sdngerin
beeeiitert iib an ibren 3nhOrern uno
ian benz anbdhtigen @eiiht ihres
! Sniiblings bort an Der Gde. sic
lGdelt tim su, tie fiihrt fih IN einsr
aludliaen 9aune, iie finbet, bab lie
1iemals i1Dner gefungen. aieb I'M
Qieb eiebt iie 3n, fleine. heraise8olfss
tsei1en, buftig ipie 8lumen in 4aJ
| unb 6eibe. Die ainbbeit lit In ihr
lebenbis setpDrben, bic 3eit Der glas
lbenben phantd5ieen unb 9offnungen,
! Bic ibr, bem Rinb Der fahrenben 3eute,
eiaentli1 reht ipenig an Srifhem nnb
| sSrobem eeboten bat, Die ihr aber beut
iiberitrahlt erfbeint bon benz Grinrez
runssf1ein bes einen idDnen &inb=
Ibeitstages. /.
Oas Gpnaert lit sll Gnoe. gBte aus
ipDbligem 3auberbann gertifen erhes
ben iic1 bic 3ub0rer. sic umringsn
1 bic Riinitleriln, I'm nod etn Wort. ei<
nen Slid BON Der @penberin TO Dieler
lRunft unb poeiie au erbai4en. Die
9erren umbrdngen bic gefeterte Das
me, alle begebren lie bic gbre, biele 5u
! librem @aftbof au geleiten, ipo etnTsits
Imabl ibrer barrt. Yoftilfpns Wilbelm
iit es au Mutbe, als lei er aus einen
nnfagbar berrlihen 6immel auf Die
Mutagserbe auriidsefalen. 2angiam
unb ilnbemertt min er aus benz Sad
j1nleihen, aber Mt,ita tptnft ibm, All
I'bleiben. Sic etlt auf ibn au mn
lf1iebt tire 6anb unter ieinen Nrm
Meine 6erren, 1agt tie iiberniithig
i ib muB fir tire Nitterhienite banfen
SD babe bier eiren 8e16iiBer, einer
alten ssreunb bon friiber ber, benz 81
meineMnpeienbeit bier iiberhanpt ber'
| banfen. gr barf Gltere Rehte gelteni
MAIDEN unb tpirb mid na6 8auie gs
| leiten.
| Wie er iib benomnen bot in ienen
groben Muaenblid, ipie er, Der poIttl.
Ion, bic beriibmte @Gngerin iiber Di
StraBe seleitet bat, Das 1T Wllbeln
niemals gan5 flar setpeien. Gr tpa
tpie berauicht bon Slid, ShDnhei
unb @tpls. Mls Elm Mdrhen tpiirbe e
fpdter .man9mal fein GrlebniB be
fraAtet baben, b6tte niht babsim in
5hubfa6 Elm Sting NIT foitbareil
Gtein gelesen, ben ibm beim Mbihiel
bic @dnsertn eefhenft.
Wilbelm lit beute elm alter, gra,le
Sunaoe1elle. @r fdbrt nod ben poit
iDaaen, ben lebten, Der nod in hd
6tdbt9en rollt, Elm Sabraeug, bas s'ei
ten benuBt pirb. Oas @tdot9en i
tobt unb traurig gelporoen: Der frob
: liAe @trom bes 8erfebrs lit aus Jet
men @aiIsn aefdipunben. Dbe fte9e1
Die Yatri3isrbGu1er, ftumm itnb ot
Spinnereien, Die muntern 6erren I'm
: Samen 1inb per19nunDen, perao9e
!. bic reitben, lebensfrnben Samilie;
{ Mbsef6abt, lanstpeilig tobt erlhsir
: bic gBelt, tpenn man heute burh bd
t StGotlein tpanbert; tie lit gar mid
I 5u bersleihen nit Der f9Dnen, roman
fif9en 3eit, in Der man jung mar IN
grlebniife bate, bic ba elnSen i
Mntagsleben, tpie Der Sting In Wil
helms 6hublobe, tpie Die stpei 5abl
ten unb bas gonaert in ben GrinH'
Z runsen bes alten poftiQons.
Der Deutsche beobachter. [volume] (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 1869-1911, 1901-04-11
Ofener Scbrcibebrief por.
ss;,,ie RanfitsnseI.

go. 7o. Mea.
Mftiter Gotther.
mein alter @iel IS
tpibber be- nn lch
fein froh, Denn in
ben bocb lpenIga
items ipiooer en-
Bartner. Wtne
@e, gleid IN stelh
gsieat ilh germ utl
no Die ssrau Is bo
Der Deutsche beobachter. [volume] (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 1869-1911, 1901-04-11
NeareifIid.

1CtyItITltu.
Sir bic ltlD0erne S5rau'nbeipegung
Qat syrGulein 0auru fih erhiBt2
Sd fiilb' begreiflib biefe Meguna,
go fie faon breibis Sabre Fbt!
The Conservative, 1901-03-21
Che Conservative.

archaeologist without being noticed
were it not for the numerous pot-shards
and Clipped flints found there.
The subject Of lodge circles is an i'm
portant one and can not be exhaustively
handled in one article. The subject is a
new one in this state where so little has
been done in archaeology, although Ne
braska is one of the richest fields in the
Mississippi valley. Much light has been
shed on this field by Hon. J. V. Brewer,
who has done so much in the Kansas
field. The two states occupy the same
field of archaeology and, in many in
stances, what is true of one is true of
the other, so one may gather many
points from careful reading of his
works which apply alike to the archae-
ology of both states.
Nebraska as a Field for Study by Archae-
ologists.
The geographical location of the Ne
braska field is such that the subject will
be difficult one; students will be in
clined to confound the remains left by
the various nomadic tribes with the re-
mains Of the permanent inhabitants,
who were themselves semi-nomadic and
followed the buffalo every autumn for
their supply Of meat and robes. (That
these permanent inhabitants domesti-
Gated the buffalo in an early day is a
mooted question. do not believe the
evidence is sufficient to Justify an
opinion either way; however, am in
clined to doubt theory until it is
proven). Careful, diligent search and a
careful systematizing of the remains
will, in time, give very satisfactory
summary of the ethnology of Nebraska.
1t will take years of study, exploration
and classification of the relics left to ac-
complish this even under the most favor
able circumstances, but what state is
more worthy? What subject can add
more to the scientific knowledge of the
human race and do more to give us a
broad, charitable and comprehensive
view of the human family?
Why send our scholars to Egypt and
Troy, to Babylon and Pompeii, when a
race of human beings left relics as inter-
esting, and who knows but as ancient,
as the wonderful tablets of Tapar:
In time we hope to shed more light on
| fI,ic cuI>ioot 0f 101ro oiro1oc hy1t
enough is known now to convince one
that there is much more to learn and
this is often in itself good education.
The mills are numerous and consist of
flat rocks, usually igneous, which
naturally offered surface suitable for
heather mill stone and somewhat
smaller stone which could be held in the
hand for an upper mill stone. have a
80 L. 81,
The Conservative, 1901-03-21

old settlers say were followed out as if
by constant grinding. The limestones
are very hard and would have answered
the purpose very well. Owing to the
quarries, almost within the confines of
the village, these rocks were doubtless
used as mills. Constant climatic changes
effect the surface of these rocks, and as
the mills were left on the surface, they
have either deteriorated with time or
were removed for building purposes in
an early day. Some eight miles farther
up the creek have discovered large
rock that has been used as mill This
gives me the idea that another village
site may be discovered near the rock.
Primitive Milling.
These mills were used to grind corn.
The meat taken during the fall hunt
was cut into very thin slices, Castaneda
says no thicker than leaf, and dried in
the sun; it was then ground to a powder
and stored in the intestines of the
buffalo after they had been carefully
cleaned and dried. In this way the food
supply could be easily carried and
would keep for long time. 1t was
prepared for food by placing handful
of this meat-meal in pot of water over
fire and it would swell up and form
sort of soup which was very savory.
The mills were used for the double pur-
pose of preparing meat and grinding
corn. Mention is also made of herbs
being ground for food or for medicine
The mills are numerous throughout the
state and some have been found which
have been Clipped very nicely into rect
angular forms having a raised edge all
around to keep the grain in place; most
of them, however, are simply flat rocks
with slanting surface.
Coming now to the last division Of my
article, the places of burial, I must say
at the start that I know little if any
more of this point than when I first be-
gan the study Of Nebraska Indians ten
years ago. At none of the village sites
have we been able to find single bone
of an ancient Indian; few remains Of
more recent interments have been found
near these sites but one can easily note
that the bones are of a recent Sioux or
Pawnee.
How these ancient people disposed of
their dead is mystery as deep as the
direction from which they came to
populate these beautiful sun-kissed hills
and smiling valleys.
The various theories proposed as a
probable solution to the mystery are
better not repeated; they are only
theories and until we can find conclu-
sive evidence of the manner of disposing
of the dead it is better to frankly admit
it'd ,x,o 1o not broxu This 1aaveS the
The Conservative, 1901-03-21
Construction of Lodges.

Construction of Lodges.
One naturally reads much between
the lines in these voluminous Spanish
accounts, written as they were by men
who jotted the points as they happened
to observe them and not in systematic
or logical way. Many little things are
told which leads one to an opinion for
which he cannot give the best Of reasons
at all times. I believe the aborigines
heaped earth about their permanent
lodges for protection in this cold climate
Now the Spaniards did not say SO, but
the remains Of the lodges wherever they
are seen in this part of the state have
that appearance. These lodges were
evidently not "mud huts," as some
would have us believe; if they We're,
clay would have been used as the black
soil would not have answered the pur-
pose. One of the groups Of lodges
explored was situated on very sandy
ridge and the soil here would not make
plaster that would stand drying.
There are no indications of clay in any
of the sites explored.
They doubtless built their fire in the
center and let the smoke escape at the
highest point of the roof. We get this
idea from the facts recorded of all abor-
iginal races of whatever country we
may be studying; the Zuni remains in
New Mexico show this to be the custom
there, although but few writer's mention
it as their observation at the time the
Spaniards were visiting them or exter-
minating them, as you please. These
lodges were doubtless made of both
straw and skins, whichever was the
most convenient, placed over structure
of poles and branches of trees; earth
was heaped on the outside as a protec-
tion against cold in winter.
The lodges differed, even in the same
village, as one clan, or totem, or family
would naturally be more skillful than
others in building; the villages varied
as they became more or less permanent; f;
that this is true may be observed by the
lodge circles. Some are larger than
others and some Of the smaller ones
show the largest banks around the
edges. But after three hundred years
of erosion and thirty of cultivation, one
must have sharp eyes to notice these
differences; the site would doubtless be
The Conservative, 1901-03-21

timber, many three and even four stories
high and neatly thatched," shows an
other type of structure.
After one has read all these descrip-
tions, meagre as they are, and has
tramped over the ancient sites thus des-
cribed for few years he gets pretty
fair idea of how they must have looked
when first seen by the adventurous
Spaniards three hundred and fifty years
ago. Whether they were in the bloom
of their beauty, on the decline in mag
nificence, or still growing in their per-
fection of architectural splendor, is a
matter of conjecture to the student Of
today.