The sun., 1901-03-17

| and the indetermlni DetWeen tne opponent
! and the sustainer Of the freedom OF will has
ended to-day In favor Of the determinist.
! The human will has no more freedom than
| that Of the higher animals from which II
! differs only in degree. not In kind. In the
last century the dogma Of liberty was fought
with general philosophic and genealogical
| arguments. The nineteenth century has
given us very different weapons for Its def
mite destruction the powerful weapons
which we find in the arsenal OF comparative
| physiology and evolution. We now know
that each act OF the will is fatally determined
| by the organization Of the individual and as
dependent on the momentary condition OF
his environment as every other psychic act
/ ivity The character OF the inclination was
| determined long ago by hcr'ditv from parents
and ancestors: the determination 20 each
| particular act IL an instance OF adaptation 10
| the circumstances OF the moment wherein the
| strongest motive prevails, according to the
| laws which govern the statics OF emotion,
| Onto geny tea us 20 understand tho evoiu-
ton OF the will in the individual child. Phyl-
| logeny reveals to us the historical develop
ment Of the will within the ranks OF our
! vertebrate ancestors.
It IL manifest that two periods are TO
be nguished In individual psychogeny'
| The first IL the embryonic period. Lot US
| see what Prof Haeckel has TO tell US re-
gardD9 the embryoosy OF the soul. 1t 10
! well known that the human fgtus. or embryo.
! normally takes nine months Tor 270 days. 70
| develop In the uterus During this time IL Ia
| entirely cut on from the outer world. and pro-
| tected, not only by tho thick muscular walls
OF tho womb, but also by the special f9tai
! membranes which are common to all the
! three HIGHER classes OF NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS..
| birds and mammals. In all the casses OF
! Gmniotes these membranes tthe Gmn'on anu
! the sero!emmdI develop in precisely tho same
fashion. They represent the protective ar
| rangemcnts which wore acquired by the
earliest reptiles. the common parents OF ai
the amnlotrs, in the permian period toward
/ the end OF the PalFozoc aerl when these
higher yer,ebrates accustomed themselves
! 10 live on land and breathe the atmosphere.
We rcrcat that IN the case of man and all
! the othor amniotas. the embryo is entirely
withdrawn from the direct influence of the
outer world. aud out on from any reciprocal
action Herewith by enclosure In its protec-
tive membrane Moreover tho special care
of the young exhibited by the amniotes gives
tho embryo much more favorable conditions
| for the cenogenetio abbreviaton Of the pal
| inRenetio evolution. There is. In the nrst
! nlsce. an excellent arrang ent for the nour-
! lshmsnt OF the embryo: In the reptiles. birds
and monotremes (the ovipsrous mammals
| nouri.hment is effected BY the great yellow
nutrltiye yelk which Ia associated with the
eca: IN the rest Of tho mammals (the mar
| suplals and placentalsl II is effected by the
| mothers blood, which Ia conducted TO the
fcetus by the blood vessels Of the yelk sac
and the allantois In the case OF the most
| highly developed plaoentals this elaborate
| nutrtive ARA ng emert has reached tho Nigh
est degree OF perfection through the con-
struction Of a placenta hence in these animals
the embryo is fully developed before oirth'
| It's soul. however. remains during all TINS
tine In state Of embryonic slumber state
| OF repose which Pryer has compared 10 tho
| hibernation Of animals
| We scarcely need point out that during
| tho po.t-embryonic life Of the individual.
mans psychic activity. like that of most OF
the higher animals, runs through many
stages Of development. 1vs Of which may
be thus disting uIshed; First, the soul Of
the born infant up To- the birth OF SELF
oonscio usness and the learning Of speech
Second. the soul Of the boy or girl up 70 pu-
bsrty, that Is to ssy, until the awakening OF
the sexual instinct: Third the soul OF the
| youth or maiden. up to the time OF SEXUAL
intercourse (the idealIst period Fourth.
the soul OF the grown man and the mature
woman: this Ia the period OF full maturity
and Of the founding Of families IL lasts until
about the six;eth year for the man, and
the nftieth for the woman. or. in other words.
until irrohition sets In. Fifth the soul Of the
old man or woman tthe period OF degenera-
tom Mans psychic lie, in fine. runs
- A., ann nv L n N
ward progress, full maturity and downward
degeneration, As does every other Ntai no-
| tivity In his Organization.
| In a chapter on The Phylogeny OF the
Soul" Prof Haeckel expresses the opinion
thstths tract of at least fourteen million years.
which, on the lowest estimate, has elapsed
since the beginning Of the Trla-sic period.
IL amply sufficient TO allow even the greatest
psychologioal advances The following Is
our authors summary Of th" ripesi results
Of investigation in connection with this sub
iect. First: The brain Of tho mammal
IS differentiated from that Of the other verte-
brates by certain features. which are found
in all branches Of the class, especially by a
prepOndeTant development Of the first and
fourth vesiCleS the cerebrum and cerebellnm,
while the third vssicle. the middle brain,
disappear, altogether Second The brain
development Of the lowest and earliest nam
mails uhe monotremcs, mArsupials and pro-
> choristesD Is closely allied TO that Of their
palpozoc ancestors the Carbonferous am
phibia (the stszocsphdlal and the Psrmiar
I reptiles Cthe tocosduTtaD Third: During the
Tertiary period commences the typical de-
velopment OF tho cerohrum, which distin-
guishes the Younger mammals so strlkingly
! from the older Fourth: The special de-
vclopment tquantitstively and qualitativelyl
OF the cerebrum, which il so prominent q
I feature IN man. and which is the root OF hi,
u preeminent psychic achievements. ia only
found outside humanity. In small sectioT
OF the most highly developed mammals n
the early Tertiary epoch. especially in th'
u anth ropold aIes. Fifth The differences o.
brain structure and psychic faculty whici
separate man from the HnthropOid ape are
. sliahter than tho corresponding interva
. between the nnthropoid apes and the lower
10 prmates Uhc earliest slmIT and prosimi8)
Sixth. Consequently the historical gradua
u evolution Of the human soul from lonI
. chain o. higher and lovcr mammal soul
= must, by application Of the universally valiC
phyletic laws of tho theory of descent. h'
regarded a. fact which has been sccn
. tihcally proved