The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-14


 (b) The present indicative. in Spanish Is peculiar in one use only-it serves in- stead of the English perfect in express Ing action as continued from the past Tn the present--iu which case 1t IS accom- panied by an expression of time, contain Ing desdc, since, or the impersonal verD ha. hay. or hace, 1t is-usually the latter. perando Git is two hours that l am wait tne) have been waiting for two hours. Anda perdido desde anoche, he has been wandering lost since last night. Hay eos dias que estaO malo. He has been sick
 tc) Spanish and English agree in the other uses of the present tense: First to eXpiess what happens now or at all times; second, to take the place of the future; third. to take the place Of past tense. Examples: Esta casa es de m como ei sol aIumbra la tierra. asidl la buena doctrina es la luz del en.endimien- to, as the sun illumines the earth, so good doctrine Is the light of the under. standing. .Voy al instante. l am going at once. Fl bsile empieza a las diez. the ball begins at 10. Todos corren a SUI en- suentro, all run to meet him.
 action of the first kind (under T, c) are frequent: Escribo,. l write. Estoy es- cribiendo. l am writing; Estamos es-
 Ce1 The perfect in Spanish ID like ours expresses an action as now completed, the action affecting present conditions somewhat; @ unlike our perfect. It IS Examples: Hemos acabado el trabato, we have finished the work. Me he equivoea- do have been mistaken. Lo he recibido ter But note the following (section 66, @ substitute for the perfect of something that has just happened: Acabo de ilegar,
 tG The piuperfect and past anterior (section 4S, a) are alike in meaning. But the past anterior. using as auxiliary the preterte or haber. to have, occurs com monly in. dependent clauses of time and followed by a preterite. The pluperfect Is not so limited. and has progressive forms also. Examples; Habia(O traba. day. Habia(2) estado trabajando el dia entero. he had been working all day. Cuando hubimos acaoado nuestra lectura, nor fuimos 5ggar. When e we Ina had ian nm Apenas me hubieron Yisto cuando me llamaron. scarcely had they seen me when they called me. In the last two examples requiring the past anterior) a particular event is stated. But if habit ual action is stated the lenses are the pluperfect in the time clause and imper- feet in the principal clause: Luego que habiafnos acabado nuestra. lectura. salia- mos as soon as we had finished our read ing we used to go out.
 Martyrs and Heroes of Mexican In-
 dependence.
 Las semillas imperfectas de civllizacion que trajo la conquista, geminaron lenta- mente, hasta que su desarollo irresistible produjo la insurreccion de 1910. y Ia res tauracion gloriosa de 1921, AsiO los vol canes que inundan los campos en tor rentes destructoYes de fuego, so apagan y dejan al agricultor un suelo fecundado DOT las convulsiones masO terribles de la naturaleza.
 A Ia resurrection mejcana. Los inmor- tales Hidalgo " Allende, ,un humiide ministro del culto y un official subalterno, unidos a pocos patriotas, lanzaron en una poblacion oscura ell grito de Independen- cia. DifundioseCD el eco salvador. y turbas innumerables, sin armas nj dtsciplina, ateT de ia Para nrimeros jefes sucumbieron sin deshon- "a a la tactica(0 superior de sus enemi- gos. en ei ,d patipulo ss seilar9n @ con toda 1i Fl Ilusfre Morelos, .el valiente Matamoros ell constante Bravo, el caballeresco Nina otros mil campsones tuVeron igual ia historic nacional con hazanyas mara. villosas Unieronse(3) el fanatismo la tirania(2) contra los lbertadores; los joven Bravo. Victoria, Teran, Muzquis Guerrero, etc., no bastaron a sostener una causa va northumberland la Patria dc sus me1ores hijos, parecia() resignarse Empero las cenizas del gran incendic revolucionario aun abrigaban la centells vivihcadora del patriotismo.
 The above passage is from an address by the poet Heredia, delivered at Toluca Mexico. on Sept. 2, 1884. in celebration Of the anniversary of independence.
 Vocabulary.
 In addition to the abbreviations used in previous VOcabularies We use from this time on for a verb, ", and leave the number of its conjugation to be determ- lned by the inhnitive ending If the verh be peculiar 1t is followed by a figure NhnVufVauv a tha Vntgr11har of fhR class fO which its peculiarity refers it. Thus, Defender, V. l.. to defend, because it's Ind. Pres. would run; defiendo, defiendes, defiende' etc. Proper names are not here included. Ahriaar. Y.. to ahaltar.