The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-21

| Soy Els Sois
 Eres Somos Son
 voy Va Vais s Vas Vamos Van
 (b) The present indicative in Spanish Is peculiar in one use only-it serves in- stead of the English perfect in expressing as dafe fom fne a by an expression of time, containing desde. since, or the impersonal verb ha, hay, or hace. it is--usually the latter. Examples: Hace dos horas que estoy es- perando. Qt is two hours. that l am waiting), have been waiting for two hours. Anda perdido desde anoche, he has been wandering lost since last night. Hay dos dias que estaO malo. He has been sick two days.
 Co Spanish and English agree Tn the other uses of the present tense; First, to express what happens now or at all times; second, to take the place Of the future; third, to take the place of past tense. Examples: Esta casa es de mi tio: this house is my uncles. AsiQ como el sol alumbra la tierra, asid) Ia buena doc trina es la luz del entendimiento as the sun nlumines the earth, so good doctrine Is the light of the understanding. Voy al instante, l. am going at once. Fl bails empieza las diez. the ball sbegins atzd6 Todos corren a su encuentro, all run to meet him. .t -1
 (D Progressive verb forms, denoting ac- ton of the first kind (under Il, c) are ire Qu mt: Escribo, write. Estoy escribiendo, l am writing. Estamos esperanto w., we are waiting for you.
 (e) The perfect in Spanish D like ours express an acticn as now completed, the action affecting present conditions some- what; @ unlike our perfect 1t IS some times used of actions wholly past. EX- amples: Hemos acadado el trabajo, we have finished the work. Me he eauivo- cado, have been mistaken, Lo he reef bido el invierno pasado. I received 1t last winter. But note the following (section 66. c) substitute for the perfect of some thing that has just happened: -Acabo de llegar, I have just arrived.
 d) The pluperfect and past anterior (section 4S. al are alike in meaning. But the past anterior using as auxiliary the preterite of haber, to have. occurs com monly in dependent clauses of time and followed by a preterite. The pluperfect Is not so limited, and has progressive forms also. Examples: Hahia2) trabajado el HabiaG2) estado trabajando eI dia entero. he had been working all day: Cuando hubimos acabado nuestra lectura, nos fuimos Jugar. When we had finished our reading we went to play. Apenas me hubisron visto Cuando me llamaron, scarcely had they seen me when they called me. In the last two examples (re- quiring the past anterior) a particular event Is stated. But If habituai action is stated the lenses are the pluperfect, in the time clause and imperfect in the princi- pal clause: Luego que habiamos acs- bado nuestra lectura, saIiamos. as soon as we had finished our reading we used to go out.
 n. Tenses of the Indicative-Present, Perfect, Pluperfect and Past Anterior.
 72. lenses of the Indicative. concluded There remain unexplained the imperfect and preterite, the future and future per Feet.
 (a) The imperfect and preterite agree in denoting past time, but differ in the kind of action denoted.
 condition of the verb as continuing or customary in the past, but the preterite represents 1t as complete at some wholly past moment, The preterite, therefore. is while the imperfect (often in the progress Eive form) Is the tense used in describing past events: Note the following examples:
 Yo escribia Cor Yo estaba escrfbiendo) cuando entraron los amigos, I was writ ing when the friends came in. Cada noche To hacia(O la misma ,hora, he did so every night at the same hour. No SC me permitioO hablar. I was not allowed to speak. Su perseverance, fuenl prefia- da con el buen exito(S), his perseverance was rewarded by success. Pedi -tl}. per misc para arreglar este asunto I asked permission to arrange this affair Fl buque SC scercoO a la costa the ship ap- preached the coast. Enviod) Colon car regiones descubiertas. Columbus sent geographical maps, with a description of the regions discovered.
 (b) The imperfect with expressions of time (desde. since. etc..) is sometimes equal to our pluperfect in expressize~ an action as continuing at a certian past moment from a previous past Examples: Andaba desde las diez, he had been walk ing since 10 o'clock. Trate de reprinnir una carcajada que me andaba retozando va haciaCO rato en el cuerpo tried to repress a laugh which had for some time already been struggling within me. %;
 (c) The preterite is sometimes used for pluperfect Example :Otros mil campcones tuvieron igual melancolicoC0 fin despues que ilustraron la historic nacionaL "a thousand other champions had a like melancholy end after they had glorified the national history.
 6d) The future. as in English. denoes an action as about to occur and expresses command or prohibition. Unlike ordinary English. 1t denotes very often-a confident conjecture. a probab,lity-always with reference to the pro mt Examples: Prom to Io sahraG) ", you will soon know 1t. No tendras0) dioses aienos delante de mi. thou shalt have no other gods before me. Seis dias trabajaras1) y haras0 todd tu obra, six days shalt thou labor and (shalD do all thy work. No Inataras0), thou shalt not kill. No -hablarasG contra tu projimo(0 falso testimorlo, thou shalt not utter false testimony against thy neighbor. Estra0) malo, he Is probably sick, or. he must be sick. Sera D las dieZ, 1t Is probably 10 o'clock. Tendra1) unos veinte anyos, he must be 20 years old.
 0) The future and future perfect occur often in questions expressing conjecture and surprise. Examples, ?HabraO otro mas pobre y triste que Yo? Can there be auother roOrer and Sadder than IF ?Se