davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
MARKET FOR FUTURES GOOD GAINS MADE DURING THE
 DAYS SESSION. At the Close Prices Were Unchanged to 6 Points Higher, Except August Which Was Up
 12 Points.

NEW YORK Oct 3I = The cotton market opened steady with prices 3 points lower to 3 points higher and immediately became very nrm on a turn of shorts for cover and an in- Aux of buying orders through Wall Street com mission houses. During the rest of the fore noon the course of the market was steadily upward with buying for both accounts very active. Whereas January sold at 7.4i on the call 1t rose to 7.53 before the early buying movement abated. The cables from Liver pool contained nothing to materially affect To- cal sentiment, either way, and receipts Were quite as large as expected. both at the ports and interior towns. But in place of the fine weather which has prevailed for six weeks or more sharp fall in temperature to frost level was forecasted with showery conditions west of the Mississippi tomorrow The early action of the market clearly indicated that yesterdays selling movement had cleaned out practically all the long interests and had ere ated a large short account, particularly in January. Trading quite active until af- ter midday when the outside buying subsided. Profit taking then carried prices of sharply from the top, January selling down to 7.46. The estimates for tomorrow's receipts pointed to a sharp decline in the movement while the news from Fall River reflected firm market and little prospect of strike in the mills. The market late in the day displayed a dis position to do better on the least support
 The close was steady with prices net un- changed to 6 points higher, except August which I0 points higher.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
MEN FOR GOOD ROADS
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NAMES
 32 FOR CONVENTION.
Montgomery Advocates are Rapidly Completing Work of Organizing for the State Convention on
 December 4th, 9th, and 9th.

At the meeting of the Executive Com- mittee for the Good Roads movement yesterday. the Invitation Committee was named The new committee VIII lnWte the convention of Good Roads Advocates to Montgomery.
 The committee will consist or the ioi- lowing:
 Thomas H. Carr, II. c. Davidson, Phares Coleman, J. B. Gaston, HIM. Hob- bic, J. K. Jackson, T. G. Jones. N. Lob nan. Tennent Lomax, J. l. Mckinney. w. F. Vandiver, A. A. Wiley. J. $. Will cox. George E. Tyler, C. w. Buckley, D. c. Sims, S. Roman, J. s. Pinckard, w. R. Waller, Joseph Norwood, w. II. Micou, Jr., w. l.. Martin, s. B. Marks, Jr, R. F. Ligon, J. M. Kennedy J: II. Hartley, J. G. Harris, w. A. Gayle, John G. Crommedin, John ". Durr, Alex Troy and l.. l.. Gilbert.
 There were present at the meeting Mayor E. B. Joseph, Alex Rice, C. A. Allen, w, B. Jones and Dr. H. l.. Stone of the committee. Captain W. H. Seldom was present to represent R. R. Poole, Commissioner of Agriculture, and G. w. Jones was present to represent Captain J. M. Falkner.
 On motion of Captain w. B. Jones, Mayor Joseph was called to the chair.
 At a previous meeting of the Executive Committee, MT. Rice was requested to submit twenty-five names of citizens who should constitute the Invitation Commit tee MT. Rice said that he had gone over a list of prominent citizens and had se- lected thirty-two names, whom he thought good men, to be members of this committee. On motion, the committee was increased from twenty-five to thirty two.
 Hon. Kirk Jackson, private secretary to Governor Jelks. was elected permanent secretary of the Executive Committee.
 Mayor Joseph stated that Captain Falk- ner expected to receive a letter from Mir. Moore. President of the National Good Roads Association, in which he would go into details about the proposed convention, and suggested that the com- mittee adjourn until Saturday afternoon at o'clock, when it is expected the let ter will be here. He also suggested that the appointment of finance committee be deferred till that time.
 The committee adopted both sugges- tions and adjourned.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Chicago Grain and Provisions.

CHICAGO, Oct 3l.-Strength in corn was the result of wet weather for shipping and a huences on the Board of Trade today and De- cember corn closed &d1zc higher, December wheat K advanced and December oats hc up. Provisions closed unchanged to 219u5c higher.
 Corn was given an impetus at the opening by improved Liverpool cables and December opened unchanged to hQ% higher at STAG vented free movement of crops and advanced Western prices and on small receipts shorts began to cover, soon sending December to 58. Advices indicated poor average in quality and quantity. being fed to stock from the shock. There also a fair improvement in the shipping demand and some news of lots taken for export Trade in the May deliv- cry was prominent. At the high price there a setback. due to profit taking and a quiet trade until December sold back to its lower opening price. Toward the end of the cember closed firm, sQh higher at 57NQ59. Receipts were 30 cars.
 Wheat in the main had an easy feeling on numerous bearish influences. but supported by corn held well throughout the day December opened shade lower to shade higher at ceipts were almost double those of the cor responding day last year. Clearances also were small. but on the corn 1, bulge December figure, firm. $ higher than yesterday Local receipts were lo5 cars. none of contract grade; Minneapolis and Duluth reported SIS care making a total for the three points of 623, against 69S last week and 536 d year ago. Primary receipts were l,lo9O 900 bush
 
 board clearances in wheat and flour were 7oI,- 900 bushels. The seaboard reported loads taken for export.
 There was some activity in the oats pit fol- lowing the strength in corn. December opened A higher and small advance followed the operations of several bulls and buying hy commission houses. Eastern houses were fair buyers December closed firm, L higher at 37, Receipts I23
 Provisions dull and steady. Prices were unchanged at the opening though there was an easier feeling in the hog market, Jan uary pork closed unchanged at Sl4 90; Janu- ary lard 21aG5 lower at S8, 65G9.6 67, and January ribs 2l2c down at S7.67.
 The leading futures ranged follows:
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
R. M. Scale 6 Co.'S Cotton Letter.

By Special Leased Wire
 NEW ORLEANS, Oct. 3i.-Liverpool did not respond consistently to the easiness of Ameri- can markets yesterday the disposition abroad to go slow at this juncture being still appa- rent. In view of the enormous shipments now heading across the Atlantic, foreign trad CTS are evidently content to let events shape their own course. steadier tone was obvi- ous here at the opening, the pressure to sell having diminished considerably and the prediction of colder weather in the extreme western belt. a moderate advance in prices was established. but the spot situation failed to emerge from the easiness that 1t has drift ed into and this fact exerted unfavorable inuence on contracts, causing a partial loss of the improvement. Closing quotations are about points above yesterday.
 The market appears to be in position to re- spond readily to any encouraging develop ments. The main opposition to steadier tone at present comes from the holders of spots who have not shown any tendency yet to desist in the effort to press sales.
 Predictions of lighter receipts in the near future, however are becoming more nuner- ous. and, if they are realized, the effect will doubtless be to stimulate prices materially.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
H. & B. Beers's Cotton Letter.
Especial to The Advertiser l

Especial to The Advertiser.l
 NEW ORLEANS. Oct. 3l.-Our market re- sponded to more favorable Liverpool advices than expected by opening 4a6 points higher. improving .6m7 additional later on the fear of the cold weather in the Northwest extend ing into the cotton belt. Realizing subsequent ly occasioned a break of points from tho top but shorts covering near the close caused an advance of points from the bottom, mak- ing the net gain 7d9 points on the day. There has been slight fall in he tempera- ture the Missouri Valley and the North eastern Rocky Mountain slope. while else where the temperature has risen or remained stationary. The predictions for probable showers in sections followed by fair and cold weather. Of course since IL is practically November st, the danger of early frost has been removed. the crop Is assured east of the Mississippi River and killing frost now would do little damage. If, however, killing frost is delayed in Texas week longer. the increased crcp already laid by the favorable weather during the past seven weeks, will be augmented considerably by the top crop ideas are increasing and although the trade are woTkuL for reaction, ft is unlikely any de- cided enhancement can be maintained. unless a severe killing frost materializes west of the Mississippi River.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New Orleans Spot Cotton.

NEW ORLEANS, Oct, 3I.--In lne SI''I VVVI ton market today there was an actMs urrnaht lariy well assorted; in fact, thanks to the heavy volume of supplies now pouring m to keep their tables full to overiiowhg' so that buyers have no difficulty in makins ao selSs s,75o bales. including 5000 to arrive Quo tatons li6c lower. ~ l., s.,.
 There was fairly brisk trading in futures today with measurably wide huctuatlnhs in values, though the backing and ming "t prices was influenced by no greater W%.smf f selling and buying, On the first call prices were 4 to points higher and later on sh"wed a further improvement of 3@4 polntts' { ei3Slns m with net gains the day of 5 pois.Vs ps vatn VI VI November ard December and 7a9 points on the other positions. , hoti1,, ; Louisiana exchanges will be closed No mar kets
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
KNOX AT LOTHIAN. Judge Hubbard Adjourns Court to Allow Him to Speak.

Dothan, Oct. 3I.-(Special. )- Judge Hubbard adjourned court today at 2 o'clock and gave over the court house to Hon. John B. Knox to sUeak for ratification of the new Consti- tuition. MT Knox was greeted with an i'm mense crowd. among which Eleny ladies' He made a telling speech and it was well re- ceived His plain explanation Of the new Con- stitution was very much appreciated His sneech has done the cause great deal of good There is hardly any doubt about Henry aoing for the new Constitution.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
BORING FOR OIL.
Work Will Begin Today Near Hart
 selle

Hartselle, Oct. .-(Special,)-Mrs Salle Kitchens died at oakvile yesterday afternoon She had been in feeble health for some time. Mrs; Kitchens was ss years old. She was the mother of pr. ]. NJ. Kitchens of this place
 After much delay at the oil well. work will begin tomorrow. The first work will be to get out the plug which placed in the promoters are very hopeful of making 8 rich find when the plug Is taken out It has beer thoroughly demonstrated that oil is there the only question being whether it is in pay ing quantities. It is believed that by going a little deeper much oil will be found
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New York Coffee and Sugar

NEW YORK. Oct. 3I.-Coffee futures opened steady in tone with prices indicating decline of 5 points under realizing by room longs and foreign selling started by heavy primary receipts and continued weakness in foreign speculative markets. Heavy domestic ware house deliveries comprised about the only bull ish factor in the days news. and this was offset by easier spot market. There were few changes from the opening basis during the day and only moderate business trans acted. The declines abroad were said to be due to heavy unloading by longs. Houses with foreign connections hold here; active sup port from the bull contingent was lacking, the market receiving it's steadiness from demand from shorts who took profits. Closing prices were i5d20 points net lower with the tone described irregular. Sales amounted to 36, 25o bags, including November at 5.e5@ 6; December, 6lo; January, 6l5G6 20: March. 6 s5ae 70; April, $40; May. 5s@ 6 60; June, (. 6.6o@6. 65; July. 6.7oq6.75; Au- gust. 6so, and September 6 eo@6 e5. Spot Rio easy No. invoice 65s mild. quiet; Cor dova, 7ladl |.
 Sugar-Raw. quiet and easy; fair refining. 3 g. l6; centrifugal e6 test, l3- Ie; molasses sugar. -l6: refined easy: No. 6, 44o; No. 7, 4. 30; No, 8. 4 20; No. g. 4.I5: No. 70, 40; No. IT,; 4.o5; No l2 4 o5; No. I3, 3 05: No 4 3 05.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
London Financial Cablegram.

NEW YORK. Oct. 3I.-The Commercial Advertisers London financial cablegram says: The stock market today was idle in anticip1- tion of tomorrow's holiday. The rise in the bank discount rate from to 4 per cent. came as a surprise and suggests the belief that heavy money demands impending, but the market was glad to have the matter finally settled. American stocks firm with the coalers leading. London regards New York gold exports a bull point since they divert the French demand from this center. Paris exchange is steady and Berlin is 2o4l The Indian banks have reduced the discount rate from to 4 per cent.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Kansas Citv Live Stock.

KANSAS CITY. Oct 3I.-Cattle-Receipts 7ooo natives, ,ooo Texans and 400 calves; strong: choice export and dressed beef steers, s5.4od6. AS; fair to good S4. 7oq5.7o; stock and feeders. S3.S594. 25; Western fed steers, S5. 25Q6.25 Western range steers, S3 25d5 30; Texas and Indian steers S2 7oa 3s5: Texas cows. SI,75q3; native cows, S2 6o@4. 40; heifers, S3a5. 25: bulls. S2 35a 3 90; calves. S345.
 Hogs-Receipts. I ,ooo heavy, S5G6 light, S5 25d5 75: pigs, S4 Sod5.25.
 Sheep-Receipts, 5000; steady; 4 native lambs, S+d475; Western lambs, S3 75q4 50 native wethers. S325a3 65; Western weth- CTS, S2 3543.25; ewes, $3a3 40; culls, s 50 235
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New York Dry Goods.

NEW YORK Oct. 3I.-Dry Goods.-,The Fall River market has been very quiet. Today the decision of the operators not to strike has checked bidding 3s for regulars. Demand for brown cottons dull; prices unchanged. BIeaChed and coarse colored goods quiet at previous prices. Prints very firm and in de- mand Ginghams scarce in all leading markets Cotton things firm: cambrics ad- Vanced 1sc per yard.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
GOES TO INSANE HOSPITAL.
Mrs. Gardner Makes Bail and is
 Released from Jail.

CentervilIe. Oct. 3I.-(special Mrs; Lillian Gardner, who has been confined in the Bino County fail for eighteen months or more Tor the murder of Mrs. Mamie Caddell. was re, leased today on a S5,ooo bond. This bond was granted at the last term of the Bibb County Circuit Court. but she failed to make 1t until today. On being released rom 5ail. truscaIoosa. having been adjudged insane be- fore Judge W. L. Pratt. At the first term of court she put in pleas "f insanity but no action taken to adluaSe hSF lnsahe until the present time.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Local Cotton Market.
New York Shot Cotton.

NEW YORK. Oct. 3I.-Cotton-QIiet; mid ding, 5-l6; net receipts, 35; gross, 8, eo5; sales, 5I9 stock, 75, io5; exports to tn continent, 445.
 Total today-Net receipts. 76,69l; export to Great Britain, a9 AZ: to Franee IS7sl Conso,idated-Net receipts, $50 $50; export to Great Britain. 59 538; to France, 5O,759 to the continent ,o52
 Total since Sept. Met receipts | .e98, 6 l2 exports to Great Britain, 629 867; to France I76 525; to the continent. 565, SAY,
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
SOME PEOPLE THINK

And others don't have time. Those who think that the Accident pCEty The Ad7ertissr IS giving to its reaJ- CTS, almost free, is no good or too cheap, should learn a thing or i've. Ask about it. -ts
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
HAT AS GOOD.

Just because The Advertiser agrt es to practically give every subscriber a 1000 Accident Policy doss not mean thnt it i5 inferior to others. ;t's just as good as any policy you pay full rates for Ask about it..
 If
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New orleans Cotton Futures.
Liverpool Cotton Futures
Cntton at the Ports.

M NEW oRLEANsmdsiisnrSyE LEA ordinary se low mid ans S51ng %iSSinf ;.,r' 7IIss IIssrS: S08S Pscepts as 64s stGss ISo iddlns "A receipts 262; stock. Io'S SSSTITtdIing. 7h sales 300; receipts, @T' e7o: stock 2si22siT 2s,j2sing 7ss: re- ceipts. lI.4zl; stock, ,S,st middling, 73-Ie; .aisi aoo 9nIsSlias stIfh '.? 7.
 wILMINGToNaFtirmI' N,oPt mI'422i.
 ceipIs. i.l67; stock
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Cincinnati Provisions.

CINCINNATI; Oct. 3l.-Flour-Dull. I.ard-Quiet at S8. 50 Bulk meats-Easy at SS 37ls. Iacon-Easy at So 50. Whiskey-Firm on basis of s 30. SuCar-Steady.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
T HI TNuNTHT DTIGI EG

Cash quotations were as follows: Flour-Steady.
 WheatNNo. 3 Spring, esaeela; No. red Nc. 2 oats. saass4; No. white, 4oasd Al: No. white, 39Am4o.
 Mess pork. per bbl., SIS 6oa 365 Lard per 100 lbs. S9 6oQ9 65. Short rib sidets doosel. S7.S5q9. Dry salted shoulders (boxedl; 714G7l. Short clear sides (boxed). S9 25GS. 35 Whskey. basis of high wines, SI.50.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Money and Exchanges.

NEW YORK. Oct. 3I.-Money on call steady at 21sq4 per cent; last loan at 3; rul- ing rate, A.
 Sterling exchange firm with actual business in bankers bills at 4,S6%G4. S67s for demand and 4.93ssa4. S3A for 60 days; posted rates, Commerciai bills, .93d4. s3h.
 Bar silver, 57%; Mexican dollars, 45h
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New orleans sugar and Molasses,

NEW ORLEANS. Oct. 3l.-Sugar-Steady good demand: new plantation open kettle cen .,ifugal, 3hd3 el6; centrifugal white, 4@41s yellows. 3i2G4
 Molasses-New quiet but steady; open kettle 30035: centrifugal. l7T23.
 Syrup-Quiet: new 25d27.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
.CHARLEsTON, Oct. sI.
LOCAL WHOLESALE PRICE LIST
Provisions.

Racon-Ioc.
 Meal-7oc per bushel
 Corn-White. 77c; mixed, 75c. Salt-Liverpool, S sack; Virginia, Csc Mich igan, 25O- pound barrels. Sl.75. Butter-Jersey, 2oq2eci Tennessee country. l5c.
 Oats-White 4ec mixed. 47c. Syrup-Fancy, 4oc; reboiled, BOG. Fiour-Patent, S425 per barrel; straight 0s; ssuigar-Granulated, ga 59sc Y C.. Sac; cut loaf 6l2c.
 Jute Bagging-2 lbs, 7l2d7%c; l& lbs, 2 G7Ac.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Grand Concert at Auditorium.

Saturday morning. 1O:SO to 12, Paolctti's New Orleans Band. A select and spe- cially arranged program. Admission 25c. adV-2t.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
St. Louis Provisions.

ST LOUIS. Oct, 3I.-Flour-Quiet and un- changed.
 Whiskey-Steady at Sl.3o.
 Dry salted meats-Boxed lower; extra shorts S8 2la clear ribs. SS 25: clear sides, S8 50. Bacon-Boxed lower; extra shorts Se; clear ribs, S9 I2h; clear sides, S9. 37k.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Treasury Statement.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3l.-Today's statement of the treasury balances exclusive of the gold reserve. shows: Available cash balance, Sl63. 336. OPP; gol1. Slo9 o7o, e2o.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
In 1he Financial World

NoRFoLK-steady middling. 7%; sales. l,- BALTIMORE-Firm; middling, g.; stock, 7,- l07.
 IBsosToN-ouiet; middling. is-Ie; receipts PHILADELPHIA-Quiet midding, g. 6; receipts. 2.267; stock, actual, 1928.
 ST LoUIS-Quiet; middling. 7N; saies 600; receipts, 5685; stock. 40, 335
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
County Products.

Fggs-Per dog, 2On 22l2c Chickens-Grown, S2 50G3 per dog. Syrup-Country, 4oa45c per gal Dried Apples-Peeled 6c. Evaporated Apples-9c. I.emons-Choice, s2 75; fancy. S3 per box. Potatoes-Irish, SIlo bushel sweet, l25 Onions-SIl5 bushel.
 Hay-Johnson grass in ales, sIoabI2 per ton,
 Cheese-Full cream. l2l2c: selected, I3lsc Apples-S3 25m3 50.
 Rutabagas-Si.75 per hbL
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Drugs

Camphor- -62lzH67l .c per pound. Alum-3i3T 4c per pound Quinlne-559 soc per ounce.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Hides Wnol- Etc

IIdes-Green salted, 6a6lsc; dry flint, If1sc; dry salted O..
 BeesWax-23iec per pound
 Shearing-I o@2oc each.
 Wool-Clear. unwashed, 4c clear washed lSq22c; bury Sc; bury, washed. l6yI8c
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
WoodWare.

Half Bushcls.-Iron- bound, per doz., S2 SO Peek Moasures-Iron- boun1, per duz., S2 25 Buckets-Two hoops, S2 50; three hoops, S2 75; brass, red cedar S6.
 We'll Buckets-S3 SO
 Tubs Painted in nests. S3.25, Missionaries 75m2 SO
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Naval Stores,

WILNI NGTON. Oct. 3l-Turpentine-Quiet at 4lqm35la; receipts. 34 casks.
 Rosn-Firm at eoae5; receipts. I22.
 Crude turpentine-Quiet at Sl lo42; receipts, 37 casks
 Tar-Nuet at SIPS; receipts 22.
 CHARLESTON Oct. sI.-Turpentinc-Firm and unchanged. Rosin-Firm and unchanged. SAVANNAH Oct. 3I.-Turpentine-Firm at 35s receipts. 99; sales, L. l47; exports. l46. Rosin-Firm; receipts. I,936; sales, L. lI2l eXports. 800; prices unchanged.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
Hardware

Nails-Cut. S2 60; wire, S2.s5. Axrs-S5 5od6. 50 Barbed Wire-3lec. Cotton Cards-S4 50, Hollow Ware Cnun'ry, Be. ChAtn Trat es- S3H5 per duz Bellaws-S4. 5Oa 10.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-11-01
New York Future Futures.

NEW YORK Oct. 3l.-Quotations for co ton futures today as follows;
The Conservative, 1901-06-20
Che Conservative.


hamlets are thriving, roads and bridges
are built and improved, and the people
are prospecting as never before.
Another thing, which has, within the
past ten years, happened, to the inestim-
able and lasting good of the state, is
the breaking up Of the old custom Of
planting cotton on credit; that is, of
having the cotton factors of New Or
leans, Memphis and Mobile, "find" or
finance for the farmers.
Figure it as you may, the charges
made by these gentlemen-including
commissions on buying mules, plows and
supplies, on selling the crop, and the
discounts deducted on notes given
amounted to well over twenty per cent.
per annum OH the money, or the money
value, actually furnished by the factor
to the farmer.
No Northern state has ever stood, or
is productive enough to stand, such a
charge throughout series of years, and
yet the South generally, and particu-
larly Mississippi after four years of war,
followed by ten years of misrule, did,
throughout a generation, under these
circumstances, subsist and grow. This
bears the strongest testimony possible to
the fertility Of the soil and the ca
pacity of the people of Mississippi to
work, endure and conquer.
| T1o 70 oforc, o,.o1itc hoc,or to 1>o fro,,
orally withdrawn after the panic of No
vember, 1890, and today the farmers of
Mississippi are very generally out Of
debt. Many parts of the state now en-
joy the blessings Of mixed farming and
fruit culture, under which crops are
marketed during the spring and sum-
mer months, thus furnishing the cash
with which the cotton crop is now so
largely grown.
The development of the material re-
sources of Mississippi seems to me at
least to have been retarded by the fol-
lowing causes:
1. Slavery. This created great family
estates, constituting complete civil COM
munities in themselves, and thereby
making unnecessary, if not also i'm
possible, that concert of effort which so
largely, through joint stock companies
and the aggregation of small individual
contributions into vast corporate capital
long since furnished the North with it's
banks, factories, turnpikes, canals, rail
roads and other active agencies of COM
merce, and has kept them agrowing.
2. The repudiation by Mississippi of
it's bonds in 1841, and again in 1852 Of
this your own historians say:
"There can be no question that the
reputation Of the Union Bank bonds,
followed eleven years later by the for
NAL reputation of the Planters Bank
| bonds bV the votes Of the neOn1a has