The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-11-25
LESSON w.
The Demonstratives.


where the number in parentheses refers
to the corresponding word below.
As. These are employed as adjectives
and pronouns. The latter, when used of
persons, are marked by the accent. The
neuter forms are never adjectiveS. The
demonstrative adjectives are: Este, esta,
estos, estas, meaning this, these (near
the speaker; ese. esa, esos, esas, mean
ing that, those (near the person address,
ed; aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellaS,
that, those, used Of remote persons and
things Examples: Este soldado. this sol
der; esa (ciudad). that city (where you
are); esa opinion. that opinion (of
yours; aquellos estidiantes. those stu
dents (yonder); aquel sol que ilumina la
terra, that sun that illumines the earth.
46. The demonstrative adjectives serve
as pronouns also accepted upon the
stressed vowel when used of persons.
Further the neuter forms (esto, ESQ.
aquello) are pronouns, and also the de-
finite articles when used in two construc-
lions mentioned in the next two para
graphs
(a) In the Spanish equivalents OF our
expressions, he who, those who, that
which, instead of a personal pronoun
demonstrative is often some form of the
definite article, used as pronoun, or
with more definiteness) aquel, aqueiia,
etc.
CD The definite article serves as
demonstrative pronoun for the person or
thing possessed also, and before express
sions of material or origin: ell reloj de
q n1ata gold watch
the silver one; mis- 1ibros los de ",
my books and yours.
Examples of the demonstrative pro-
nouns in their various uses: Esto es bu-
emo, pero ESQ no, this is good, but that
Gs) not; aquel que estal la puerta es
mi ito, that (one) who stands at the
door is my uncle; QUO es 10 Que dice este?
What is this (man) saying? Ell que ha-
bla he who speaks; no es la que buscaba
yo. she is not the one whom 1 was seek
ing Qiterally, it is not she whom, etc.,;
mi hermano Y Ell de ", my brother and
yours; nuestros caballos los del vecino,
our horses and those of the neighbor
that is, our neighbor's) 10 de aver, the
(affair) of yesterday.
At. Old and rare demonstratives, adj
jectives and pronouns, are aqueste,
aquesta, aquestos, aquestas, meaning
this, these and aquese ETC., that, those.
and aquel, are sometimes soon combined
with otro, others; estotro, this other;
auuella ostra, that other Qeminine); ESQ.,
ira, that other near you feminine).
The Verbs, Haber, Tener, Estar, Ser.
49, Haber, to have, is seldom met ,ex-
cept as an auxiliary verb, AS such 1t Is
used with the past partfciple in forming
the perfect lenses of transitive and IN
transitive verbs alike. Its independent
use will be given in the next section.
Below are the forms which it may have
as auxiliary of the active voice, perfect
or compound lenses. Principal parts:
haber, habiendo. habido, he, hube.
Present Group.
Pres ind have, etc, he has, ha, ha-
Demos, habels. han.
Pres subj.eI may have, etc. Haya,
hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais, hayan.
Impf. ind.-I had, etc. Habia, habias,
habia, habiamos, habias, habian. Ac-
cent on in each form.
No imperative form employed as aux
Hilary.
Preterite Group.
Pref ind had, etc. Hube, hubiste,
hubo, hubimos, hubisteis, hubieron.
First impf. subj.-I might have, etc.
Hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubieramoS,
hubierais, lutheran.
Second impf. subj.-I might have, etc.
Hubiese, hubieses, hubiese, hubiesemos,
hubeseis, hubiesen.
Fut. subj-I may have, or shall have,
etc. Hubiere, hubieres. hubiere, hubiere-
mos, hubiereis, hubieren.
Future Group.
First ind shall have, etc. Habrel,
habrasi, habral, habremoS, habreis, ha-
branl.
CONDITIONAL should have, etc. Ha-
bria, habrias, habriamos, habrias, ha5ri-
an Accent on | in each FORM
(a) The following is an outline of the
compound lenses, active voice of tomar,
to take. The first form only Of each
tense Is given.
Indicative-Perfect. He tornado. I have
taken; pluperfect, Habia tornado, l had
taken; past anterior, Habe tornado, l had
taken: future perfect, Habrel tornado,
shall have taken.
Observation-Disclosures, Hava tornado, |
may have taken; first pluperfect, HUI
biera tornado, 1 should have taken Sec
ond pluperfect, Hubiese tornado, should
have taken; future perfect, Hubiere to-
mado, shall have taken.
Observation-Disclosures tornado, I should
have taken.
Infnittve-Perfect, Haber tornado, to
have taken.
cI1cCtJ 1ldDiCiiuO lOhiouOj
having taken.
Cb) Haber, followed by de ortener by
que and the infinitfve is often used to
denote obligation or necessity; quel ha-
bia de hacer yo? What was 1 to do?
Tengo que comprar I'm sombrero, 1 must
buy hat.
49.-The Independent use of haber is
limited to a few legal terms and to it's
forms in the third person singular of
al
ing: to be. When so employed it's noun.
singular or plural, follows. Our exple-
tive, there, must always be supplied In
translating. lie following examples
show this very common use of the verb
haber: No hay NAL que Glen amos dure,
there is no sorrow that lasts a hundred
years; no habral nadie en- la casa. there
will be nobody in the mouse; ha habido
mucha fuvia este ano, there has been
much rain this year; en- la Espana sep
tentrional hay pocos arboles3, in north
ern Spain there are few trees.
So The place of haber in the sense Of
to possess is taken by tener, to hold. 1t
is used with very great frequency and we
must, therefore, study 1t in full. 10 a
limited extent it serves as an auxiliary
also. 1t is of conjugation II, but Is some
what irregular Principal parts-Tener,
teniendo, tenido, tengo tuve.
Present Group.
Pres. ind have. etc. Tengo, tienes,
tiene, tenemos, teneis, tienen.
Pres. subj.-I may have, etc. Tenga
tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengais, tengan.
Pres. subj may have, etc. Tenga
tengamos. tened. tengan.
Impf. ind was having, etc. TENTS,
tenias, tenia, tentamos, teniais. tenian.
Accent on in each form.
Preterite Group.
Pres. ind.-I had etc. Tuve. tuviste.
tuvo, tuyfmos. tuvisteis, tuvieron.
First impf. subj should have. etc.
Tuviese, tuvieses, tuviese, tuyiesemos