The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-22
The Globe 5 s Ss%s.,1'uay
Correct English ard Flow to Use 9t.
ARTICLE VIII.
BY JosERHINE TuR * BAKER.

Language is the expression of thought
or feeling. Grammar is the scientific
conformity af the spoken or written
forms of a language to the correspond
ing forms of thought A grammatical
form is one that conforms to the correct
usage of the language. An ungramnlat-
ical form is regarded either as a sole
cism (error) or as an idiom.
A soleclsm is a deviation from the cor
rect and settled usage of the language.
as you was, he don't.
An idiom is a deviation from the cor
rect usage of the language, but not from
the settled use Of, the language, as, 1 had
better go; you are mistaken.
The usage of the language is the estab-
lished or customary mode of employing
particular word, phrase or construc-
ton.
Parts of Speech.
All of the words in the English Ian
guage are classified into divisions which
are called parts of speech.
The grammar of the English language
is almost destitute of infections, and in
consequence the grammatical construc-
ton is determined almost exclusively by
the relation and order of the words. The
use that is made of any particular word
determines the part of speech to which it
belongs.
A part of speech is word having one
limited and definable office in speech or
in the practical use of language.
There are nine parts of speech, VIZ,
noun, pronoun, article, adjective, verb,
adverb, proposition, conjunction and in
terjection.
Parts of Speech Defined.
A noun is word used as name Noun
is from Latin nomen-a name. Examples:
Tree, boy, war, north, south, east, west,
England, painting, music, ETC.
A pronoun is a word used in the place
of noun. Pro is from Latin-for Ex-
amples: He, she, him, her, it, who,
whom, they, theirs etc.
An article is a word used to limit the
meaning of a noun.@ There are three
articles, a, an, and, the. A and an are
called the indefinite articles and the is
called the definite article Some gram
marians call the articles a, an, and the
limiting adjectives. Examples: A good
girl, q red apple.
A verb is a word that asserts or de-
clares something about some PARTICULAR
thing, A verb is a word that expresses
action, existence and condition Verb is
from the Latin verbum-a word. EX-
amples: George walks, birds sing, I am
that am. he is here.
An adverb Is word that is used to
modify the meaning of verb, an adiec-
tive or another verb. Examples: He
walks slowly, very nice apple, he walks
very slowly.
A proposition is a word used to show
the relation between a noun or pronoun
which follows 1t and some preceding word
which may be verb, an adverb, an adj
Jeet1ve, or noun or pronoun. Examples:
Size Is at home. She is sincere in her
friendship. She took him to the sea-
shore. Pre- is from Latin-before; pos
titus is from the Latin pono, ponere, po-
sui, positum-to place, to set.
A conjunction is a word used to connect
words and sentences. Examples: John
and James are going home. He or will
go. Con is from Latin-with; juhctus-
join.
The intersection is word used to ex-
press emotion or feeling. Examples:
Alas! Hurrah! Oh! Interjections have
no grammatical relation to the words in
the sentence. Inter is from Latin-be-
tween; jectus is from jacio, ject, jectum
to throw.
Grammatical Construction.
Lie and Lay-Lie means "to rest" "to
recline" Lay means to ito cause to
rest or to lie." The principal parts of
lie are: Present, lie; past. lay; present
participle. lying; past partciple, lain
The principal parts of lay are: Present
lay; past, laid; present participle. laying:
past participle, laid
Lie Is an intransitive verb and express
es inaction. Lay Is transitive verb and
expresses action.
Examples-Lie Gntransitive), "to rest
or ito recline;" I am going to lie down,
1 lay down yesterday. 1 was lying down.
He is lying down. I had just lain down
when You called.
Lay (transitive), to cause ''to lie;" I
will lay the book where 1 found it. He
laid the money on the table. He is laying
the carpet. I have laid the books on
the shelf.
Lie (to rest)-Present, lie; past, lay.
Lay and not laid is the form of the
past tense of the verb "to lie."
Example--She told me to lie down and
so lay down for few minutes.
Lay (to cause to lie)-Present, lay; past,
laid.
Laid is the form of the past tense.
She told me to lay the book down and
laid it on the table.
Lie (to rest) and lay (to cause to rest).
Examp1es-You will find the book ly-
ing (resting) where laid it Caused it
to lie). 1 laid Caused to lie) the book
on the table, where it has lain Tested)
ever since.
Explanatory Notes.
In order to avoid confusion in the use
of ''lie and lay it is necessary, first, to
commit to memory the principal parts of
the verbs in question, and, secondly, to
remember that any part of the verb "to
lie" expresses inaction, while any part of
the verb "to lay" expresses action.
i a nc TO
to rest.
81 am going to lie down. is correct
because inaction is expressed by the verb
ito lie." 'To lie' with the verb lam
going" expresses future time.
81 lay down yesterday" Inaction is
expressed by the verb 'to lie." Lay"
is the past tense of the verb ITO lie"
Laid" is frequently misused for lay" !
HE is lying down. Inaction is ex- |!
pressed by the verb ''to lie.'
The present participle Lying" with "Is"
forms a present tense Of the verb ''to |
lie."
II had just lain down when you call |
ed" The past participle lain" with |
''had" forms the past perfect tense of
the verb "to lie."
81 will lay the book where I found it," |
Is correct, because action is expressed by |
the verb ''te lay Lay with the auxil- !
larry will forms the future tense of the |
verb ito lay.
'.He laid the money on the table," Ac-
lion is expressed by the verb 'to lay"
Laid" is the past tense of the verb ito |
lay
He is laying the carpet Action is
expressed by the verb .to lay" The |
present particip1e laying with the aux
Iliary SIS forms present tense of the
verb '.to lay
ST have just laid the books on the Ia
b1e." Action is expressed by the verb "toj