The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1901-02-10

Nv " Sase ~ ~nevs ~ sppiy fretsonsl
sis-tricity ~ fslesrsphy Hi- v"rs va
follovsd h~fors tho elo-- ~ Tho oshiufy Nv
r'her similar prups~s- Volta . dl-rovsfy
su0n ssvs y -n~v~ impe'us - 'h~~" 81
fvrts vs. esay rnuush ~ stop snd starr
. curfsn, In . Inc ~ wire connsc'ins 'vo
prints lrt .om-,hins mof~ than 'hst sas
f~tnl-ss soai r~e-etv~r ~ m~sns zoo
recognizing 'h~ preesnc~ ~ 'hs"noe ~ en'
rens IN 'hs vie NJ elrcuii. ~ n"' ssis'
Tho az hai ~ ssH fot Tho discovery ~ N"
srs~,. ~ sle,,,ic eiftsn's up"n magnets
ard 'hs proiucilru ~ magnetism nv snch
CURRENTS Curipu-ir even IN isn ~" f"i
that . virs Conveying = current ~o'lf 10
fsef . compass ne~ils va nhs"tv"d ny
Ramssno-i ~ Tren'e. hut n sss sfisrvml
~, vp,,sn snd M until isip va any real
stvsnc~ made
II vs- then ths, ue-st~l ~ Copenhagen
hossd thsi , magnet tends ~ cot i's"lf ~
fish, ,ngl~- n Tho wire conveying . current
snd that tho direction of'ufnlng depends IN
tho directlon " 'he current The study y
tho ma sne,ic Effects ~ elect rc currents by
Araso. AmrAre and tho production ~ No"
sNFFfFN fNNuNf' nv wv NFHN Nhff' E'
tho very v,llahls work ~ Henry ani o'h"r'
made possible 'hs completion ~ tho e%l"ctrlo
telegraph Ihs wa dons hy Mnrs AMI
Vail IN America. and slino@t simultaneously
by vorksra abroad but hefur" Worse
hal sntetei tho nrli Prot Joseph Henry
had eHemplined by experiments No" work
Ing ~ electric sigualNrg hy ela,fro magu"f
oyer , short, line. u Wa ncurv In f1''
Who mr., maie = practically useful electro
magnet ~ soft Iron The history uf'N" cleo
trio telegraph teaches NJ that ~ no single
Individual Ia the invention due Tho Mora"
svstem had haen demonstrated In is37 but
not until isit vaS the 0r-' telegraph I'm"
built. II connected Baltimore AMI Wash
inRton AMI the funds for defraying IT, cost
we're obtained from Congress only after a
severe struggle. This can easily be under
stood. for electricity had not up 20 thnt
time ever been shown 20 have any practical
usefulness. The success 81 the Morse tele-
graph was soon followed 10y the e~tab-
li=hment 81 Telegraph lines ~ a means 81
communication between all the larg"
cities and populous districts Scarcely ten
years elapsed before the possibility o' a
Transatlantic telegraph was nooted. The
cabI. aid in 1858 wa. n failure 4 few
words passed and then the cable broke
down completely. This was found TO be
due 10 defects In construction. A renewed
effort to lay a cable was made In
1854. hut disappointment again followed
the cable broke In mid-ocean and the work
again ceased. The great task was sue
osssfully accomplished in the following
year. and the pluck and pertinacity OF
those who were stalking their capital, II not
their regulations for business ~sagacity.
we're amply rewarded. Even the lost
cable OF 1853 was found. splced 10 a new
cable. and completed soon after ~ "A second
working line. The delicate instruments
for the working Of these long cables were
due to the genius Of Sir william Thomson,
now Lord Kelvin, whose other instrument,
for electrical measurement have for years
been a great factor IN securing precision
both in scientific and practical testing.
The number Of cables joining the Eastern
and Western hemispheres has been in
creased from time to time and the opening
of a new cable Ia now an ordinary occur
renee calling for little or no especial note.
The introduction Of the electric tel"-
graph was followed by the inyention Of
various signalling systems, the most I'm
portant being the FIRE alarm telegraph
rs suggested by ChanuIng and worked
out by Farmer. We now. also, have au-
tomato clock systems In which a master
clock controls or gives movement 10 tho
hands Of distant clock dials by electric
currents sent out over the connecting
or circuit wires. Automatic electric sig
mails are made when fire. breaks out In "a
building, and alarms are similarly rung
when a burglar breaks in. Not only do
We have ~telegraphs which print words
and characters. as In the stock ticker"
hut In the form known az the te~leautoaraph.
invented by Or. Elisha Gray, the sender
writes his message. which writing Is at
the same time being reproduced at the
receiving end Of the line. Even pictures
or drawings are wired" by special In
struments. The desirabilty Of making
one wire connecting two points do a large
amount Of work. and thus avoiding the adj
dition Of new lines. has led TO two remark
able developments of telegraphy. In the
duplex. quadruplex and m%ultipleI sys-
tens. several messages nay at the, same
time be travesing q single wire line with
out interference one with the other, In
the rapid automatic systems the working
capacity OF the line ia increased by spe-
cial automatic transmitting machines and
rapid recorders, and the electric impul.'s
In the line itself follow each other with
great speed.
Improvement in this field has by no
means ceased. and new systems for rapid
transmission are yet bing worked out.
Tho object Is to enlarge the carrying ca
pacity Of existing lines connecting large
centres II population. The nane of
Wheatstonc. Stearns. Edison and Delaney
are prominent in connection viii this work.
For Use In telegraphy the originally crude
forms Of yoltaiC battery. such ~ Davy
used. were replaced by the more perfect
tvpcs. such IA the constant battery of Dan
Tell. the nitric add battery Of Grove, DATING
from 1896. and the carbon battery Of Bun
sen, first brought out In lS42. Such was
the power Of the Grove and Bunsen bat
tories that attention was again called 10
the electric arc and 70 the possibility Of
It's use for electric illumination. Accord
I.t. ,. g,t tIut rt,.rn.t,,,a -, a,,,