The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-09
LEssoN VI.
The Reflective Verb.

| a reciprocal meaning.
| (a) The reflexive pronouns are in tbs
| Singular-me, tie Sc; in the plural-nos
| os, sc. In theory they are direct or in,
direct objects of the verb and denote the
same person Or thing as the subject
Since the plural refiexive pronouns are
| ambiguous, denoting either the ref1exiye
or the reciprocal idea, they are often ex-
planned or strengthened by adding Ger
tain expressions-el uno al otre, unos q
otroS, Ia una al etro, etc. (meaning one
another, to each other), when the object
pronouns are regarded as reciprocal; but
when these are re1eXive We may find q
sill mismo, sill mismos, etc., meaning
himself, to himself, themselves, etc.
(b) Section &c, f, contains the necessary
information about the position of the re-
fexive pronouns
(c) The verb which we choose as a
| model for the refiexives is alabarse, to
praise oneself, to glory or boast
Principal parts-Alabarse, alabandose3
alabadose3, yo me alabo, yo me alabe1.
indicative present II praise myself,
Ell, Sc alaba. v. Sc alaba, nostros nos
alabamos. vostros vos alabais, ellos Sc
a1aban, Wv. Sc alaban.
Imperative affirma tive-Alabate3, praise
myself; alabese3, let him boast; ala
beseSV., boast: alabemonos3, let us
boast; alabaos2, boast (ve) alabense3,
let them boast; alabense3VV., boast.
Imperative negative-Do not praise thy
self or boast, etc, no tie alabes, no Sc ala
be, no Sc alabe ", no nos alabemos, no
os alabeis, no Sc aiaben, no Sc alaben
Wv.
(d) The forms given above represent
sufflc1ently the simplest lenses The COM
pound lenses (reflexive verbs have no
passive voice. are formed with the aux
mary haber, to have, as shown in the
following synopsis:
indicative mode-Perf, have praised
myself, etc., 70 me he alabado; plupf., [
hao praised myself, ETC., yo me habia2
alapado; past anterior, 1 had praised my
sell, etc, 70 me habe aIabado; fut pf.,
shall have praised myself. etc. yo me
habrel alabado
subjective mode-Perf., 1 may have
praised myself, ETC., 70 me haya ala
paao; hrst plupf, I had praised myself.
etc, yo me hubiera alabado; second
plupf., had praised myself etc. yo me
huplese aiabado; fut. pr, 1 shall have
praised myself, ETC., 70 me habiere ala
bado. ''-e'-
conditional perfect, should have prais-
ca myself, yo me habria2 alabado.
Examples of the reflexive verbs in use
Be enganya, he deceives himself: Sc en-
-AAA'iAAO,
sell, Sc enganyan, they deceive them
serves or each other; Sc enganyan ell uno
al otro, they deceive each other
we approVecharel del permiso que me
Ma dado, L shall avail myself of the ner-
mission which You have given me. Me
iaVaba las manos. I was washine INV
nands. Sc escriben muchas cartas todos
los dlas. many letters are written every
aay. En- Madrid Sc vive comodamente.
nm
Sc trata? What is it about? Sc trata
uel proplema Social it is about the social
problem. Sc me mostrol Ell canine. ihey
showed me the road, or the road was
SHOWN me. No Sc acuerda del amigo. he
Goes not remember his friend. LIE one no
Sc puebe remediar Sc ba de aguantar
what can't be cured must be endured
Cuando una puerta Sc cierra ciento Sc
aoren, when one door is closed hun
dred open.
The ImpersOnaI Ve.bs.
6S. The action of the verb is represent
ed as without subject and object The
only form employed is the third singular
few impersonal verbs, not those refer
ring 10 the weather, sometimes use clio.
1t, as subject. The only impersonal verb
thus far used is haber, in the sense of
tnere is, there are, etc, explained in sec
ton Az Many verbs are used only as i'm
personal, as amanecer, to dawn: anochec-
er, TO grow dark; helar, to freeze: Hover
10 ram; tronar, to thunder; ventear to
blow Others are acaecer and acontecar.
to happen; bastar, to suffice constar. to
De evident; convenir, to be fitting: import
ar, to be important, to matter; parecer
to seem; precisar, to be necessary: also
ser and estar, to be, when followed by de
and an lnfinitive, or by a noun or adj
the impersonal use.
examples of the impersonaIs in ,,se-
Nleva graniza, it SHOWS and halls. true
ma, 1t thunders, tromaba toda la nolle if
numbered all night; clio es que no yiye
en- esta casa, the fact is that he does NOT
i've IN this house; llueve ahora, it raIas
now, estal lloviendo (see section So, az il
is raining, acaece or acontece. if han
pens; basta, it is enough
There are many impersonaI expressions
containing Ser and estar to be; and hacer
TO makes 1astima3, it is a pity: estal
claro or hace claro, it is clear weather: es
de esperar it is to be looked for or honed
Tor; era demasiado tarde yer la Gin
dad. 1T was too late to see the city: hace
toda una semana, it is a whole week or q
whole week ago; hace frio, caIdo. yiento.
1t is cold, warm, windy; era menester
verla para creerlo, 1t was necessary to see
1t in order to believe it; esmenester mu-
cha pacfencia, much patience is neeNed.
Some Of the above examples are not
strictly impersonal, but the following are.
although involving refiexive yerbs-se me
hgura; 1T imagineS itself to me, that is, l
imagine; sc me olcida simepre 1 always
forget; Sc me permite, it is permitted me:
permitase al dador visitar per una vez
las Reales posensiones, ETC.. let it be al
lowed the person presenting dhis) to visit
once the rOya1 rOSSeSSiOnS off
ga. Adverbs-The most numerous are
those formed by adding the suffix-mente
meaning the same as our suff1x-ly) to
an adjective-to the feminine form of an
adjective in 0, but to the common form
Of most others. Examples: Aspera-
mente. harshly, eternamente, ixediy,
hondamente, deeply, pesadamente, heav-
ily; bastantemente, sufficiently casual
mente, casually, felzmente, happily. fire.
cuentemente, frequently, inutilmente,
uselessly, maquinalmente, mechanically,
negligentemente, negligently, recent
mente, recently. But before past parti-
ciple we find recien instead of reciene-
mente; los recien casades, the newly
married.
(a) When several adverbs in-mente oc-
cur in succession, the ending appears
only with the last, being understood
with the preceding: Ciceron hablaba
SdDlay eieSdHte elOcuentemenle, cicero
spoke wisely, elegantly and eloquntIy
(b) Instead of forming adverbs in
mente we may use equivalent phrases
Thus instead of negligentemente, negli-
gently, we usually find; de una manera
negligente, in negligent manner, or con
negligencia, with negligence.
(c) Adverbs of place are: aqui(D, here
aca(D, hither, alli(D ahiG), there, allae),
thither; abajo, down. arriba, up; cerca
or jrnto, near; debajo, beneath, delante
before, dentro. within. inside; atras and
detras, behind; fuera, outside or away,