The sun., 1901-11-30
NEW hooks.
Continued from Seventh Pdos.

dsoisions guided by any better authorny
than that of the conscience OF the Mon
signori who sat in judgment. and OF the
patched-up conclusions presented 70 them
by their poorly paid subordinates; IN
many OF these courts Latin was the only
language used, and. further TO delay nnality
of decision, above them all the Papal au-
thority reigned supreme Away from
Rome, provincial governors ruled Win
Oriental supremacy, and dictated. not only
the decisions, but even at times the very
laws Of the local dispensaries OF justice
As n specimen OF the vexatous ana arpi-
trary edicts issued by provincial governors
Mr.. Johnston quotes one ascrioed 10 the
initiative Of Cardinal Rivarola. In the year
1924. when Legate of Bologna. he proclaimed
It TO be lawful for any inhabitant OF that
CITY to pass through the streets at night
without carrying lantern
From such judges and such laws we pass
to the financial and administrative depart
ments OF the Pspal States. Under the
French Imperial regime the Roman budget
had been recast and placed on a sound basis
so that when In 1914 Plus VII and MS Secre-
tarv OF State. Cardinal Consalvi, took over
the government, they found themselves
,ossessors Of an income more than equal
To the eLDenOltuIt vi WIG 'NofS' -
Church This state Of affairs was fairly
we'll maintained under Consalvi's admins.
tration, but, shortly after his death in 1924,
che condition OF the Papal finances rapidly
srew worse. There was nothing seriously
emiss. indeed, until. coincidently with the
election Of Gregory XVI. in 1891 to the Papal
chair. the northern provinces revolted.
To suppress the insurrection money had TO
xnI ah kan tho CON-
fidenoe OF bankers, owing TO the unsettled
state Of Europe that the firm OF Rothschild
demanded a discount OF IS per cent on
loan Of 1000 OoOAscudi. which II made to the
Pontifcal Government. After 1884 yearly
balance sheets ceased TO be presented,
and the treasurer rendered no account
whatever Of his administration. According
TO Mr.. Johnston's figures. which have been
pronounoed too low, the accumulated
borrowings, added to the preaxisting debt.
amounted at the end Of Gregory's reign TO
about forty millions OF scudi; the annual
revenue was about nine million scudi.
which Il cost about ono and a half millions
to collect. and the annual expenditure
was about ten millions.
For this unsatisfactory condition Of the
Roman Exchequer a remedy might have
natural resources, the industries and tho
commerce of the Papal States; but the
leaders of the clergy, although conpara-
lively rich. viewed change and improve
nent with dislike and apprehension. Man
ufactures were all but non-existent trade
was restricted in every way. and but one
prosperous form OF business was known,
20 wit: smuggling. Tho roads were nearly
inrpassabe and offered the further dis
advantage Of being infested with brigands.
Such was the importance attached TO their
calling that brgands entered into con-
tracts and treaties with all sorts and con-
ditions of men, including occasionally the
Holy Father himself To stem the tide OF
chaos that thus threatened 10 engulf the
States of the Church, not only were there
no. national institutions. but not even the
ancient municipal institutions remained.
The latter had been swept away In the
storms Of the revolutionary period and
the restored Pope Plus VII. had taken care
not 10 revive a local autonomy Incompatible
with the highly centralized. bureaucratic
eystem which he wished to perpetiate on
the lines introduced by the French. Not
only moreover was the administration
offhe State absolutely unchecked by popu-
lar representation and public press, but
Il was entirely In the hands OF class, or
rather caste OF ignorant and bigoted
ecclesiastics BY ignorant our author
docs not mean that such a man ar Gregory
XVI was not cOnversant with literature
and history. but that he shut his eyes 20 the
characteristics Of his epoch. and could
not comprehend the utility Of railroad
and telegraph lines.
When Gregory XVI died. there was a
much smaller proportion Of non-ltalian
Cardinals IN the Sacred College than now
exist. Now there are twenty-five foreign
and thirty Italian Cardinals. IN 1880 there
were ffty-hve Italians and only seven for
,iRnsr, Moreover, az the date last mem
toned, the Couclave pruoeeded 30 rapidly
% the clolu. of a Pop- that a nOn-ltalIsn
Cardinal. who had been entrusted with
Austria veto, did not arrive la time 20
int"rpoAe A.
When I've Sarrei college assembled ia
cai,clava on June rs. lsa6 tWo weeks
after 'ro puutifr denth, the most inhuen-
tial IT oil a.. Cardinals was lAmhru-rlni
Ie hat hD-u for many yssrs PaIal S'.'r".
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