davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Boyvlegsed Sailors.

Sailors are bowlegged class. An
old salt always walks as if he were on
the deck Of ship, and he never takes
great strides like landsman. He is
used to having to walk great distances,
in his imagination, on the quarter deck.
and he can't get rid of the habit of
making the most Of his promenade.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
A LESSON In wasb,np

Pliny the Great could see things in
front of his nose as well as afar off.
Il notice that the women rub the wash
Ing in cold water" he wrote one day.
Let them heat the water, and the al
kali in the soap will be freed and take
far better effect" And only after that
did women know how to wash.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
The River Jordnn

The Jordan is the ''Descender." Dur
ing it's course it falls over 1000 feet.
At no point is it navigable even by
small craft to any considerable dis
lance and presents the unique spectacle
of river which has never been nayi-
gated flowing into sea which contains
not one living creature.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Chance For Vengeance.

Simson (angrily)-I have sent the ed
itor of The Hightone Magazine forty
two of my poems, and he has returned
every one of them.
Friend-Don't send him any more.
He might get mad.
Suppose he should. What could he
dow
HE might publish one of them I'M
der your real name."-New York Week
lv
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Abandoned Cisterns.

An abandoned cistern is often dan
gerous thing and should be filed. as
stagnant water which may remain in
it is common source of disease. If
this cannot be done at once. it is good
plan to throw in proper disinfectants
and gradually fill it up, with sifted
coal ashes.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Make Some one Hapnx.

Charles Kingsley thus counseled
friend: Make it rule and pray to
God to help you to keep it never, if pos
sible, to lie down at night without be-
ing able to say, I have made one hui
man being at least little wiser, lit
tie happier or little better this day.
You will find it easier than you think
and pleasanter."
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Jungle Talk.

Hello! Where are you going?" cried
the lion as the fleet footed stag dashed
by him.
"Oh, I'm just travelling for my health"
painted the stag. why do you ask?"
MY friend the tiger invited me to
participate in a stag dinner party to-
day. and l was wondering if you were
the y."-Philadelphia Press.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Catherine de, Meaiei

Catherine de- Medici of France was
tall. dignified woman of striking per-
sonal appearance. Her manner was Of
ten cold and repulsive, her language
naughty. She was never popular or
well liked Her features We're regular,
and the chief merit of her countenance
was full black eye that seemed to
fascinate those on whom she looked.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17

To make good tea and coffee the wa
ter should be taken at the first bubble.
Remember continued boiling causes the
water to part with its gases and be-
come flat. This is the cause of much
bad tea and coffae.-Ladies' Home Jour
nal.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
A Peculiar Word

q The word 'habit' is one of the most
peculiar in our language. If you take
off the first letter, you still have "a Bit"
II you remove the second. the word
."bit' is still on hand. Decapitate that
by removing the "b' and it is still a
word. Take off the 81" and you find
the old "habit" not st" totally destroy
ed.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Foolish.

Robert Lowe. afterward Lord Sher-
brook. once saw deaf member of par
lament trying his best to catch with
his ear trumpet the words of an ex-
tremely dull speech. "Just look at that
foolish man." said Lowe. Throwing
away his natural advantages"
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Knew Her.

Pat-And how is the wife. Mike?
Mike-Sure. and had the doctor last
night.
Pat-I didn't know thot she was so
sick as thot.
Mike-No, and she didn't need him,
but iv she hod died sure and she would
always how blamed me!-Judge.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Wen Bred.

Gentleman-That looks a well bred
dog.
Owner-I should think he was we'll
bred. Why, he won't have a bit of din
ner till he's got his collar on!-Punch.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Didn't Want II at the Price.

II have my opinion Of you." sarcas-
tically remarked the lawyer. well.
you can keep it." holly retorted the
client. "The last one had of you cost
me five dollars. "-Philadelphia Record.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
why He Never Attain. Her ideal.

A man who is earning the living for
family doesn't have time to live up to
his wife's ideals, and by the time he
has made his money he is too old and
wants to be comfortable. - Atchison
Kan) Globe.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
Experienced,

He-The love have declared for
you, my dear, is a perfect love.
She-And will you swear that you
have never loved another?
He-Ah, darling, you forget that prac
tice makes perfect-Richmond Dis
patch.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
No Deferred Payments.

rs your daughter learning to play by
note?"
Certainly not" answered Mrs. Cum
rox little Indignantly. Eve pay cash
for every lesson. The eav'-Wash-
ington Star.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17

The Nile is noted for the variety Of
its fish. An expedition sent by the
British museum brought home 1900
specimens.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17

Railways use up over 100000 tons
of steel a year, almost half the worlds
product.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1901-10-17
The Real Bitterness.

Mamma-But, darling, why should
you object to taking the good doctors
advice?
Bobby-It isn't his advice, mamma.
It's his horrid old medicine that 1 hate
to take.-Chicago News.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Mr.. H. b. Faraldo has received and
has In transit large consignment OF
goods, lately bought at the lowest
cash figures, andcannotb he beat when
IL comes to selling for cash. He has
q full line Of dry goods, dress goods,
clothing, shoes. etc, and invites Gus
toners to call and examine his stock
Before purchasing elsewhere.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Mr.. Robt- M. Irwin, who has been
with the s. & X. r. v. surveying corps,
came home on sick leave Of absence
Tuesday night. and win remain sew
eral DAYS In order to recuperate.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Mayor w. L. Richardson has recetv-
ed an invitation from Mayor WEIGH,
Of Alexandria, for the officials Of Col.
fax and the citizens generally to visit
Alexandria next Monday as the guests
of that city, and take part In cele-
brating the completion Of the Valley
railroad to that place.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Deputy &. NJ. Lacroix returned from
the Indian Nation ON Thursday, hav-
ing In charge J. b. Davis, who gave
bond to appear at district court to
answer the charge against him.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Norris Silver. North Stratford. n. H.:
II purchased bottle OF One Minute
Cough Cure when suffering With cough
doctors told me was incurable. One bot
tie relieved me, the second and third al
most cured. To-day am q we'll mar"
j. A. HYDE.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14
CHARTER
OF the
Bank or COlfax.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
HrAxB OF LoyIsIAnA.


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
STATE OF LoUIsLAEA.
Parish Of Grant.
Be it known, that on this, the 2lst day
Of August, A. D. nineteen hundred and
one 1901 before me John A. Williams,
duly comm issioned and qualified Notary
Public in and for the parish Of Grant,
State Of Louisiana, and in the presence
Of the Witnesses hereinafter named and
undersigned, personally came and APP
peared The several persona whose names
are hereunto subscribed. and whose resi-
dence is stated and written opposite their
names, Who declare, that. awaiting them
selves Of the laws Of Louisiana applica-
BILE to banks and banking, and beng de-
sirous Of acquiring and enjoying the
privileges and powers granted BY the
State OF Louisiana to corporations for
the conducting Of 4 bank or banking
concern, they have agreed, and BY these
presents do covenant, agree, bind and
Obligate themselves, ~ we'll AZ all such
other persons g. may hereafter become
associated With them, TO form Z body
corporate in Law for the objects above
set forth, with the following stipulations,
terms and provisions. to-wit:
Article /.
The name and title OF this corporation
shall be . Bank OF Coifax. It's
domicil and place of doing . banking
parish of Grant, State OF Louisiana, and
it's capital stock shall be and it is hereby
fixed at Fifteen Thousand Dollars, d.
yided into one hundred and fifty shares
| Of One Hundred DOllan each. the APP
! - u md
| the place Of residence and the number of
shares and amounts held BY each OF them
respectively being Get forth opposite the
signature Of each Of them, which amounts
Of said shares are to be paid Tor in cash
a. called for by the Board Of Directions.
Article ~
That said corporation shall commence
| it's existence from this date for the pc
Rod Of ninety mine years, and by its cor
porate name may sue and be sued, plead
and be impleaded. appear, answer and
prosecute in any and all courts of Justice
in this State and elsewhere.
The president Of this corporation shall
be the officer on whom citations or other
legal process may be served, and in bis
absence upon the vice president or any
other officer selected and designated by
the board OF directors for that purpose.
i Artiole III.
i This corporation is hereby organized
for the purpose OF doing q general bank
ing businees under the laws Of this State
and under such authority. shall have thu
power to discount bills, notes and othel
evidences Of debt, to receive deposits
buy and sell gold and silver bullion AMI
coin, stocks, bonds and bills of exchange
to lend money on real and personal 90
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

After q months vacation away, |
return to resume my practice.
e. b. GRAY, NJ. ID.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14
For Sale.

A 7O-saw gin stand, with condenser
and fixtures, will lie sold very cheap.
Apply to j. A. WILLIAMS,
s14 COlfax, La.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

T}osrERY:-Black to suit the quiet
taste, shades to suit the dressy, and
loud ones to suit the ultra swell. All
kinds at economical prices at
EAsrERBROOK & Co.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14
sher,ff and Tax Collectors notIec.

Notice 10 hereby given that ths assessment
rolls Of Grsnt parish for the year 1904 have been
Hlsd in my Office. and that taxes ON movable
property will become delinquent within twsuts
DAYS from this no ice. and il not paid ! will
procssd With the collection Of came according
to lav. n. e. SWAFFORD.
Sheriff and Ex-Of6cio Tax Colfector.
September /. 1901.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

The Hest Prescription for Mnlsria.
Ch,lls and Fever is a bottle Of GHovE's
TAsrELRss CHILL TONIC. It y simply
iron and quinine 10 tasteless form. NO
cure-po pay. Price, SOC.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

lam authorized to sell the old build
ings Of the Colfax High School, said
buildings to be sold subject to the APP
prevail of the trustees.
: r. s. CAMERON.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

Major Poindexter Dunn has been IN
Colfax nearly all the week looking al
ter the Valley railway interests
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

BoRN.-To Mrs. J. L. Fletcher, on
Tuesday, Sept. 8. 1901, q boy.
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14

xhis cac.n1u1o = = svsgy hoe q Ne o>anioa
Laxative bromo- Quinfno 9sAaets
~ pono1y ~ ouseo . ~ - 80 ~
The Colfax chronicle. [volume] (Colfax, Grant Parish, La.) 1877-1981, 1901-09-14
New goods at HI. B. Faraldo's.
Don't stop till You get to Faraldo's.
Mr.. ]. w. OQuinn moved into MS
new residence last Saturday.

new residence last Saturday.
BoRN.-To Mrs. J. L. Fletcher, on
Tuesday, Sept. 8. 1901, q boy.
Major Poindexter Dunn has been IN
Colfax nearly all the week looking al
ter the Valley railway interests.
Mr.. r. f. Mcknight has rented the
residence recently vacated by Proi
H. b. Hines. and he and his wiie
moved In last Monday.
Mr.. w. L. whitaker, OF the Grant
Lumber Co., Selma, and Mr.. r. H.
Smith, Of Montgomery, was among
our visitors this week.
HosrrRY:-Black to suit the quiet
taste. shades to suit the dressy, and
loud ones to suit the ultra swell. All
kinds at economical prices at
EAsrERBROOK & Co.
Deputy &. M. Lacroix returned from
the Indian Nation on Thursday, hav-
ing in charge J. b. Davis, who gave
bond to appear at district court to
answer the charge against him.
SrArIoNERY:-Writing pads, scratch
RAIDS, memo books. pencils, etc; every
thing man or woman can use IN this
llae, and quite a neat saving In price
for You at EAsrERBROoK 4 GO.
Il
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
Dr. Pierce's Medicines Do Cure.

We must either believe that a large percentage of the population lie deliber- ately, and premeditatediy and without any motive other than a love of mendac- ity. or else we must believe in the many and remarkable cures effected by the use of Dr. Plerces Golden Medical Dis covefy and "Favorite Prescription.
 For these cures are testified to by hun dreds of thousands of men. and women. scattered oyer every state in the Union These are the men and women who are the backbone of the country. Their word is good with the merchants with whom they trade. with the neighbor5 and friends who are of the community in which they live. It is equally good when they tell the story of cures achiev- ed by the use of Dr. Piercn's medicines.
 Think of the matter in ttis l'ght. Here are hundreds of thousErcs "f credible witnesses who without conference or col hlslon testify independently to common series of facts. Such testimony as this from only two or three persons would be adequate to determine a matter of life or death in any court of law in the land. What can he said when instead of two or three witnesses. hundreds or thousands testify that Dr. Pierccs med- icines do cure the diseases for wnich they are prescribed and recommended? We come back to our starting point. We must either believe this multitude Of witnesses or we must believe that men and women who are as we are morally and socially. will go out of their way to write a monstrous falsehood. damag- ing to themselves and perilouS 10 the public which 1t is designed to deceive and delude. Such an opinion would be disgrace to the lowest class or human intelligence. AdN.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22

No other remedy invented by man has ever received as much praise from men of high station as Peruna. Over forty members of Congress have tried 1t and recommended it to suffering humanity. They use it themselves to guard against the effects of the intense strain of public life; to ward off tho i'll effects of the changeable climate of Washington. They keep it in their homes for family use. They recommend 1t to their neigh bors, and they do not hesitate in public print to declare their appreciation and endorsement of this greatest of modern remedies.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
BIRTHS AND DEATHS
OFFICIAL RECORD FOR THE
 PAST WEEK.
Contagious Discasss and Other In- formation Compiled by Sanitary Department of the City of
 Montgomery.

Deaths were reported to the Sanitary Department of the city during the past week as follows: septsmber E; Charles Paine. age % September %, Hugh Ballard. age is years, not stated. sses;
 September %, William Bowman, age l9 sspiensber sS. infant of L B. Sheppard. age months. bowel trouble. ,.ssl, f1ss 4s-%3s. Negroes. ' ' rs September il, child of George Bradford, 'age@s months, enteritis. September I4. child of Estelle Barlow. i. september 14. child of Annie Foster. age days, unknown. ssDtemSsr II Sarah Ivory. age 70 :. .-SeptenheS aa child of West cowling. sxe 1s 46ekthS maIarial fever.
 September 16. child of A. l.. Trimble, age i3 months, entero colitts.
 September 17. child of M. C. Fielder. age years, acute gastritis.
 September IS. Annie Davis. age 70 years. September is. Afford Thomas. age 5s September 1s. Thomas Wilson, age 5s gears. heart disease.
 september % Edna Norwood. age 9 yerrs nsrmits for shipment of bodies to other cities were issued as follows: .. September l5. Charles Paine. age 70 years, heart disease, Valdosta, Ga. September 20. Allie E. Upchurch. age months. pneumonia. Carrollton, Ala. September 15. Jeff Wilson. negro. age g years, tuberculosis, Selma, Ala.
 Record of Births.
 Birth recorded during the past week were as follows:
 To Mir. and Mrs. C. H. Pope. girl To MT. and Mrs J. Reubin. girl. To Mrs. and Mrs. F. c. Bennett girl. To MT. and Mrs. Carl M .Roemer, a girl.
 To Mr. and Mrs J. L. Holloway. a girl. To MT. and Mrs. T. M. McCutcheon, e girl
 To Mir. and Mrs. A. P. Miller, a girl.
 Negroes. To Willie and Mary Webster, boy. To J. w. and Cora Leverett. boy. To William and Dora Harris, a girl.
 Contagious Diseases. Seven cases of scarlet fever were re- ported during the week. one each from Wards One, Two. Three, Four and Five and two from the police. jurisdiction.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
The Building Permits.

Building permits were issued during the week ending yesterday by the City Engi- heer: .l' F. B. Joseph, to move. .pne-story frame holse, corner Hull and Alabama Streets and put new roof upon same, $9Oo. Mrs M A, Jackson. to remodel three one5stofy frame houses, on Hull Street betHieen, J lula and Winnie Streets. 10o. .
 W B. Hoimes;~ to put new roof upon ons@story afrane house DOT ner Grady and Mobile Streets. $400. - @ t- '<e''. g
 w E. Haygood, to put new door ir brick warehouse on Lee Street between Bibb and Tallapoosa Streets. t10O.
 General Cooper. to make repairs upon one-story frame house on Ripley Street near Grove Street. $50
 Christian Ludman. to repair roof or one story frame house. 359 Clayton Street $50.
 Mrs. Nora Aitkin. to erect coal and wood house in rear of two-story frame house, 5l6 North McDonough Street, $40.
 Mrs. D. T. Blakey. to make repairs upon. two-story frame house, 5S1 South Lawrence Street, S25.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
CONGRESSMAN CROWLEY e ...... Uses Pe-ru-na in His Family For Catarrhal and
 Nervous Affections.
bottle of Psruna he seems like . sdifferens man. .n-aomulus 2. Linney. 4r

| bottle of Psruns he seems like sdinerens
 man. "-Romulus 2. Lnney. eh Congressman A. T. Goodwyn, Robin son Springs, Ala, writes: "1 have now used one bottle of Peruna and am aweil
 man tedays-A. T. aoodwyn. sel.s D. s. Senator ". N. Roach from Lari- more, N. D., writess T have used Pe- runa as tonic. It has greatly helped me in strength, vigor and appetite"
 Congressman H. ". Ogden from Bep- ton, La, writess "I can conscientiousIy recommend your Peruna."-H. W. Ogden. -.. Congressman Fl. W. Smith from Mur- physboro, Ill.,, writes: aI have taken one bottle of Peruna for my catarrh and I feel very much bsneAted. Geo. W, Smith.
 Congressman David Meekison from Napoleon, O., writes: "I have used several bottles of Pefuna and feel greatly benefited thereby from my catsrrh of the head."-David Meekison. Senator Mallory, Of Psnsscoia, Fla, writes: CT have used your excellent remedy, Peruna, and havS recoumended it both as tonic and Q safe catarrh rer,- edy."-Stephen R. Mallory. -s ~
 Senator M. 0. Butler, ex-Goyernox of South Carolina, writes: "I can recom- mend Peruna for dyspepsia and stsmach trouble."-M. c. Butler. ,.s.; =.
 Senator WV. Sullivan from Oxford. Miss, writes: "1 take pleasure in re. commenting your great national catarrh cure, Peruma, as the best have ever tried. ."-W. v. Sullivan.
 Senator J. M. Thurston from Omaha. Neb., writes: "PerunA entirely relieved me of very irritating coush."--J. M. Thurston. ~aa
 Congressman H. c. worthington from Nevada, writes; Ihave taken one bot tic of Peruna and t has benefltsd me immensely."-H. c. Worthington. ....
 Congressman Howard from 1t. Payne, Als., writes: @I have taken Peruna for Ia grippe, and take pleasure in recom- mending Peruna as an ,excellent rem edy."-M. ". Howard.
 Congressman Willis Brewer from Ala, writes: tsT hsve used one bottle of Peruna for lassitude, and take pleasure in recommending it."-Willis Brewer. :, s- ::
 If you do not derive prompt and satis- factory results from the use of Peruna, write at once to Dr. Hartman, giving 0 full statement of your case and he will be pleased to give you his valuable ad- vice gratis.
 Address Dr. Hartman, President of The Hartman SAnitAriun, Columbus, Ohio. ..r as. .
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
ANOTHER NEW HOTEL.
Mir. J. H. Clancy Will Run New
 Europeau Hotel,

On October 1. the old Merchants Ho- tel will pass out of existence and Mir. J. H. Clancey will open in its place new house from office to the roof. .s
 The celebrated perfection felt mat tresses furnished throughout entire mouse, neT csrpe5s, . neW wa, wsiis, d new pa-
 Mir and Mrs. l. NJ Railey will be in charge of the house, and all that come may rest assured they will be taken care of in a home-like manner.
 Single rooms for ladies or gentlemen, by week or month. at reasonable rates. Families can secure rooms furnished or unfurnished for the season. Remember, any room in my new house Is an open, well-ventiIated. outside room, not an in- side sweat box in the entire house. Come and enGRse room from me and get meal ticket cheap. ., J. H. cLANcEY.
 Adv. Clancey's Hotel.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22

It is exactly as Congressman Crowley says: "Peruna is swift and sure rem- edy for coughs, colds and h grippe and all catarrhal complaints. It is an excel- lent remedy in all nervous troubles. It never fails to prove itself . powerful tonic and lasting cure." This is what Congressman Crowley says, and this is what thousands of other people are say ing all over the United States. ''
 Congressman Romulus 2. Linney from Taylorsville, N. O., writes: "My score tary had as bad e case of catarrh as I ever saw, and e.ace ho has taken ono
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-22
SENATOR HANNA's LAST LOOK At President Mckinley in Life-A
 Pitiful Scene Enacted.

Buffalo special to washington Post.
 Senator Hanna, Colonel Myron T. Herrick and Secretaries Wilson and Hitchcock were at the Milhurn house awaiting news of the sinking President at 6:49 o'clock Friday even ing when Dr. Rixey. knowing Senator Han ma s longing to see the President alive, told the four men that they might so into his bedroom for a few minutes.
 Senator Hanna no sooner looked at the pain marked face of his friend than he burst into tears. and would have fallen to the floor but for Secretary Wilson and Colonel Herrick He was led from the room and soothed. after which he soon reGained control of himself I'm all right now he said. I'm all right, but I must 20 in and see him again" His request for another loo kwas granted He stood few feet fPom the bedside and looked again at the unconscious President.
 Suddenly Senator Hanna dropped to his knees at the bedside, and peering into the Presidents unresponsive face said in tones that never will be forgotten by those within earshot: MT. President, Mr. President. can yeu hear me7 Don't you know me 7?
 There was no response, and the stiffness be-