The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-11-11
II
The Verb.
By PROF. GEO. F. McK1BsEn. AM. Profes

The Verb.
IA. The present infinitive serves as the
key form, by which the verb is named
Verbs are classified according to the end
ing of the present infinitive: AR marks
the first conjugation; Err, the second; IR,
the third. AS models of the three regul-
lar conjugations we choose toomar, to
take; conner, to eat, and vivir, ii live. OF
these tomar represents by far the largest
conjugation, the majority of the 5000
Spanish verbs
10. Observe that each verb consists of
two elements, usually plain to the eye;
the stem or unchanging part of the verb
and the ending, or the varia part.
16. The principal parts, from which the
whole infection of the verb may be in
ferred, are commonly considered five in
number; the present infinitive, present
participle, past participle, first singular
of the indicative present, and the first
singular of the indicative preterite. Be
low are the principal parts of the model
verbs, each form accompanied by its
meaning:
l. Pres Inf-tomar, to take. Pres.
Part.-tomando, taking. Past Part.-to-
nlado, taken. Pres. Ind.-tomo, take.
Pref. Ind.-tone, I took.
II. Pres. Inf:-comer, to. eat. Pres.
Part.-comiendo, eating. Past Part
condo, eaten. Pres. Ind.-como, eat.
Pret Ind.-comi, I ate.
III Pres. Inf-vivir. to live Pres.
Part.-vivendo, living. Past Part.-yivido,
lived. Pres. Ind.-vivo, I live. Pref.
Ind.-vivi, l lived.
H. The subject pronouns are expressed
in connection with single tense only of
the model verb below, showing them all
within brief space. They are usually
omitted except for emphasis or clearness.
The pronouns of address require especial
attention. The foreigner must know for
reading purposes tn, thou; vos, you (sin-
gular) and vosostros, you (pluraD. But
the only pronoun needed by the foreigner
in addressing persons under ordinary cir
cUmstanceS is listed, plural ustedes.
which are commonly represented by the
authorizations v. and w. These are pro-
nounced as if written in full. These pro-
nouns of address listed and ustedes are
contractions of vuestra MERGED, your
grace, and vuestras mercedes, your
graces, and are always used with the
third person, singular, and third plural,
respectively, of the verb in question. He
and she are represented by ell and ella;
plural, ellos and elias.
IS. Conjugation L Model Verb, tomar,
to take. Simple lenses, Active Voice,
Principal Parts: tomar, tomando, toma-
do, tomo, tome.
Indicative Mood.
Present tense-I take, etc. Yo tomo tn
tomas, ell or ella toma, V. toma, nostoros
tcmamos, vos, vosotros tomais, ellor, elias
toman, Wv. toman.
Imperfect tense-I was taking, etc. To-
maba, tomabas, tomaba, tomabamos, to-
mobais, tomaban.
Preterite tense-I took, etc. Tome, to-
mase, tomo, tomamos, tomasteis, to-
maron.
tomaras, tomara, tomaremos, tomareis,
tomaran.
Subjunctiye Mood.
Present tense-I may take, ETC. 70
tome, tn tones, ell or ella tome, V. tome,
nosotros tomemos, vos, vosotros tomeis,
clos, elias tomen; Wv. tomen.
First imperfect tense-I might take, etc.
Tomara, tomaras, tomara, tomaramos,
tomarais, tomaran.
Second imperfect tense--I might take,
etc. Tomase, tomases, tomase, tomase-
mos, tomaseis, tomasen.
Future tense-I shall or may take, etc.
Tomare, tomares, tomare, tomaremos,
tomareis, tomaren.
second imperfects are in some gram
mars treated as second conditionals also.)
Conditional Mood.
Present tense-I should take. Tomaria,
tomarias, tomaria, tomariamos, tomari-
ais tomarian.
Imperative mood-Toma, take Ghou)
tomad, take (ye) tome, let him take;
tome ", take; .tomemos, let US take; to-
Ia y, 4..I-1 k11-1
Negative imperative forms-No tones,
take (thou) not; no tomeis; take not; no
tome, let him not take; no tome ", do
not take; no tomemos, let us not take;
10 tomen, let them not take; no tomen
w, do not take.
10. Only two of the forms given above
under the imperative mood are real i'm
peratives. These are toma and tomad
second person, singular plural. The rest
of the affirmative forms and all the neg
ative forms are borrowed from the sub
junctive.
20. Scores of verbs of conjugation 1 I'M
dergo changes in the stem, though the
endings are wholly regular. These stem
changes are of two kinds: Vowel changes
within the stem and consonant changes
at the end of the stem.
(a) The changes in stem vowel are QUE
the present tense of the Indicative. sub
junctive and imperative, and only in
those forms whose stem is accented or
stressed. The vowel change that occurs
is called expansion or diphthongization,
and affects most frequently e, which oe-
comes lie, and o rarely W, which be-
comes ue. The following forms of allen
tas, to encourage, and sonas, to sound CT
ring, may serve as examples:
Indicative present. encourage, etc
Aliento, alientas, alienta, alentamos,
alentais, alientan. sound, etc-Sueno,
suenas, suena, sonamos, sonais, suenan.
Subjunctive present. may encourage
etc. Aliente, alientes, aliente alentemos,
alenteis, alienten. l may sound, ETC.
Suene, suenes, suene, sonemos, soneis,
suenen.
MISUNDERSTANDING, alentad, encour-
age; suena, sonad, sound.
A few other verbs marked by this ma
tional tendency to diphthongzation,
which should not be called an Irregular