davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
Smallpox Among Nebraska Indians.
iona ha Bee /

| C. p. Matthewson, agent of the ON
aha and Winnebago agency. was in the
city yesterday. Speaking of conditions
on the agency he said:
I'VE have about got control OF the
| smallpox, or, to be more exact. it has
about run thru the Wlnnebago tribe
and from this time we look for a de-
crease in the cases. There have been
but few new cases reportedS during
the last week and this sivs us hope.
Out of the entire tribe 600 were success
fully yaccinated, 100 We're immune on
account of previously having the dis
ease and of the others expect no. more
than seventy-five are subject to the dis
ease at this time, as all have been ex-
posed long enough for the disease to
have made its appearance before this
time. There have been about thirty
deaths since the disease became preva-
lent.
My worst trouble is now with the
town of Homer, and / expect that thru
the action of the village board of that
place the smallpox will be communi--
Gated to that part of the state The
county commissioners of Thurston
county quarantined Wi,.nebago town
ship and since that time the Winneba-
goes have not been permitted in any
of the towns of the county. / have no
authority to force the Indians
TO remain upon the reservation
sioners took this action / lei the
Indians to understand that it meant that
they must remain at their homes until
the quarantine was lifted. A few days
later found representatives of certain
business men and saloonkeepers of Ho-
mer on the reservation telling the In
dians that this quarantine was not
binding in Dakota county This was
true, and l could not deny it. Soon
thereafter number of the Indians from
smallpoX-infected districts went to Ho-
nier to trade. Citizens of that town
wrote to the commissioner at Washing
ton requesting him to have the Indians
kept out of the village. This he had no
power to do and SO Informed the citi-
zens. They then appealed to the village
board of Homer to have the reservation
qrarantined. AT the suggestion of the.
merchants who wanted the Indian trade
and the saloonkeepers the board refused
~ tdke SUCH dclloH, ana To-Day Indians
just recovered from the disease and
those just taking 1t may be found on the
streets of Homer at any time The re-
suit is that some of the white people Of
the town have contracted the disease.
while upon the reservation no white
man has been sick. have heard of sew
eral cases, but the only one personally
know is that of the city marshal of Ho-
mer. who is very sick. We can handle
the disease on the reservation now, but
I fear an outbreak which will be serious
along the north line OF the reservation in
Dakota county,"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
Business opportun,tie. for All.

LOcatICNS III IOWA, 1IIInUIDs MlnneS0-
ia and Missouri on the Chicago Great
Western railway: the very best agri-
cultural section Of the United States.
where farmers are prosperous and
business men successful. We have a
demand for competent men, with the
necessary capital, for all branches Of
business Some special opportunities
for creamery men and nillers Good To-
cations for general merchandise. hard
ware, harness, hotels, banks and stock
buyers. Correspondence solicited. Write
for maps and Maple Leaflets. w. J..
Reed. industrial agent. 604 Endicott
Bldg. st. Paul, MINI.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
To Florida for the Winter.

Low round trip winter tourist rates
are now in effect via the Iowa Central
route to the south. The tourists desiring
trip for the winter to the Carolinas.
Georgia and Florida should avail them
selves of the advantages via the iowa
Central route. The chair car and Pull
man service in connection with the
southern routes is particular feature
commended to the public. and your pat
ronage is solicited upon the merits of
the service. For full particulars and IL
Illustrated booklets call upon the Iowa
Central agents or address George 8.
Batty, G. p. & T. A.. Marshalltown
Iowa
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
MRS. H. n. ovERMANNs TWO LITTLE GIRLS.

girls couldn't be without their
through hesic them the Peruna
constantly the two with our
children received satisfactory results we would
youngest Elsie is the that had
medicine she would
her Positively we
couldn't keep without Peruna. Yours gratefully
H. III. Overmann
1866 WinskOw Ave, Cincinnati. o.
Mr. vandegri Carroton treat her
Peruna
Pesuna she sound ana
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
Great Luck Of an Editor.

For two years all my efforts to cure
eczema in the palms of my hands
tailed" writes Editor H. N. Lester, OF
Syracuse. Kas.. then l was wholly
cured by Bucklin's Arnica Salxe.' It's
the worlds best for eruptions. sores ana
all skin diseases. Only % cents at Geo
p Powers
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
ONE CENT A WORD.

/ ADVERTISEMENTS under the head
ing Wanted" For Sale" ITO Rent. !"
ITO Exchange ITO Trade" Lost"
or found inserted in this column
ONE CENT A WORD for each inser-
ton. payable invariably in advance.
No advertisement inserted for less than
15 cents.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

IF YOU WANT TO BUY a GOOD
home cheap with all modern improve
ments, plenty of fruit. good barn and
other outside buildings. call on Dir. /. H.
Fry.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

FOR sALE-oN EASY TERMS,
new and second hand billiard and pool
tables. bowling alleys. cigar store and
bank fixtures at the Iowa branch OF the
brunswick Bake Collender Co. Ad-
dress II. D. McElroy. state agent. Mar
shalltown, Iowa
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

FOR sALE-lso ACRE FARM,
good Improvements, seven miles from
Marshalltown, two miles from nearest
market. ID. II. Gross. 800 North First
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

FOR SALE-WELL IMPROVED
fractional $50 acres in Union county.
il will take $4,000 to $4,000 in Mar
shalltown residence property. j. A.
Stillwell, 100 South First avenue
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
WHAT'S IN A NAME

Depends upon the name
SCOTS Emulsion is a nan
hat has value. Maybe i
'oesn't mean much to you
ut to the consumptive VIII
as been strengthened and f
med, to the siclSly childre
Tho have received good healtl
, the weak mothers an
abies who have grown stron
to these SCOTS Emusic
aeans something.
To all of them it has mea
n easy and natural return
Icalth.
We'liscnd you little to Try, Il you like,
SCOTT s. BOVINE, 400 Pearl street, New 70.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
FOR SALE.

A FOR sALE-REGIsTERED RED
polied bulls, five miles north on Third
avenue road. II. A. Cole, MARSHALL
town, Ia.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

WANTED-GooD WAGES ToCoM-
petent girl. No washing and ironing.
Apply los West Church street.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

FOR SALE. f. MEEKER HAS
cord wood for sale.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20
-------------'--7--------7------
WANT ED.

e--------------
WANTED-EyERY OWNER OF A
COW to know that Olive Food will in
crease the quantity and improve the
quality of the milk 25 per cent. 100
feeds, 81, at Hammond & Benedict's,
No. East State street.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

room and restaurant. Inquire o.
Gohlke, State Center Iowa
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

WANTED-GoOD GIRL FOR GEN
eral housework Mrs. A. II. Simon. 212
North Third street
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

WANTEp-GooD BOY FOR cLER-
ical work 10 to is years old. Address
AZ care of T.-R.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

Statesmen WANTED-FoR up
to-date line of lubricating oils, paints,
boiler compounds, etc. No experience
necessary. Salary or commission.
Vulcan Chemical Co., Cleveland, o.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

TO RENT-FIvE ROOM HOUSE
in Electric addition; 81 per month.
Inquire Henry Sundell. Is North Cen
ter
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

TO RENT ~ MODERN STORE
room 2ox1oO feet. well located. steam
heat. e. f. Binford.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

WANTED-TWo LADIES WANT
work by the day. Will assist at evening
parties. T0S West State street.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1901-11-20

Observation-Disclosures PER-
nanent man. Office and outside work.
A. T. Morris, p. o. Gen. Delivery.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Saltwater News.

Saltwater Republicans held a city con-
vention yesterday forenoon and nomi-
mated ticket for the coming municipal
campaign. Judge r. T. Wilson was the
CHAIRMAN of the convention, and Roy S.
Staples was elected secretary A E.
Doe, the present judge of the municipal
court, was unanimously renominated for
that position, and Orris E. Lee was
nominated for special judge. Ward con-
VentionS were held Immediately after the
city convention, and no contests occur
red excepting in the Third ward. In the
First ward Rufus Golf was nominated
for alderman, and J. F. Burke for school
director. In the Second ward George E.
Munkel was nominated for alderman and
a. j. Holm for school director In the
Third ward Ira E. King was NOM
mated for school director, but
lively fight occurred in the choice of an
aldermanic candidate Paul Hanson, E.
A. Englin and j. M. Bengston were after
the nomination, and on an informal bal
lot Hanson received six votes, Englin 5
and Bengston l. The next bollot gave
were taken without change. The dele
gates adjourned at IL o'clock and agreed
to meet again at 1:30. The first vote
after dinner showed no change and it
was then agreed that the choice should
be by lot. Both candidates agreed to
abide by the result and the candidate
whose name was first drawn from a hat
should be the unanimous choice of the
convention. HanSOn'S name was drawn,
and he was declared the choice for the
office
Democratic primaries We're held last
evening for the election of delegates to
attend the city convention today.
Postmaster w. e. EaSton and H. w.
Davis, chief clerk at the prison, returned
yesterday from a trip to Battle Lake,
MINI.
The Ravenna will leave this morning
with raft of lumber for various down
river cities
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
INSURANCE Held Void.

WINONA, Mimi, Oct M.-(Special)--.
supplementary to his letter to County
Auditor Weibel the other day regarding
the $4,000 insurance on the Winona coun-
ty court house, in which Public Examiner
ance, placed with Posi-, Gle & Schmidt,
to be void, Mr.. Pope has sent the auditor
another letter, in which he states that he
considers the whole of the insurance to
be voidable if not absolutely void, for
the reason that the board of county COM
missioners voted by a vote of three to
two TO accept proposals at the rate of
$1.2O, thereby rejecting proposals which
were submitted at a lower rate.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
HELD TO GRAND JURY
PRELIMINARY HEARING IN TANKE
MURDER CASE is CON-
n CLTDED
MRS. TANKE BREAKS DOWN
Prosecution Says Some of It's Most
Important Evidence Has Been
Withheld, and That Com
victiOn Is Certain.

ST. PETER, Mimi, Oct. 24.-(Special.)-
Hearing in the Tanke murder case was
concluded here late this afternoon and
the accused were held to the grand jury
without the privilege of bail. The prose-
cution claims that it made out its case
While Withholding its most important evil
dence. that when it comes to trial it will
present this evidence and not fail to
convict
During the day Mrs Tanke's brother
testified that before the murder of her
first husband she had complained of his
disagreeable temper and said she would
have to get rid of him by divorce or in
some other way. AT this time the woman
broke down for the first time in the court
in the course of trial and was led from
the room by the sheriff much dscom-
posed.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Fergus Falls, Hotel.

FERGUS FALLS, MINI, Oct. 24-The
the front here, and the outlook for an
early settlement is not particularly, hope,
ful. Several years ago the city loaned
$4,000 on the hotel, and its claim has
year ago the council ordered the city's
mortgage foreclosed, and the time for
redemption having expired. the city
comes into possession of the property
today. A few weeks ago the council
voted to lease the hotel to Mai Curry,
the present proprietor, at rental of $125
per month. The mayor has thus far de-
clined to approve the lease.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Hastings Hapnenfngs.

HASTINGS, Mimi, Oct. 24-(SpeciaL)-
J. H. Haverland arrived here today from
ColfaX, N. D., owing to the death OF his
infant son Irving.
Mrs. L. w. Smock left for Racine, Wis,
today.
Miss Esther Trembling was surprised
by a number of her young lady friends at
the home of her parents, the Rev. and
Mrs. John Fremling, this evening, her
twentieth birthday.
The Enterprise Dancing club has been
reorganized and will give series of
dances this season. The first takes place
on Friday evening, Nov. 1.
D. N. Sprague, of Wapello, Iowa, is the
guest of his nephew, F. N. Crosby.
The initial hop of the Terpsichorean
club will be given at the DanZ theater to-
morrow evening
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
BADGER Chicken Raisers.

LA CROSSE, Wis, Oct. 24.-(Special)-
The Wisconsin Fanciers' association, a
state organization, was organized and
present from all parts of Western Wis
consin. officers were elected as follows:
President, j. N. Summerfeld, Sparta;
vice president, w. G. Marston, La Crosse;
secretary, E. P. Walcott, Onalaska;
treasurer, ]. L. Gardner, La Crosse. Ar
engagements were made to hold q state
poultry show in La Crosse during the
coming winter. A committee was appoint
ed to take charge of the matter, and the
dates will be announced at a meeting to
be held one week from tonight. A resolu-
ton to allow lady fanciers to join the as
ISOLATION as honorary members was
unanimously adopted.
At meeting of the directors Of the
Manufacturers and Jobbers' union this
evening the following officers were elect
ed: President Joseph Clarke. vice presi-
dent, H. ]. Hirsheimer; secretary, r. Cal
vert; treasurer, w. T. Funk.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
BibIe Conference ENDS.

WINONA. Mimi. Oct. 24.-The closing
day of the Southern Minnesota Bible cor
fe! erce was marked by a large attend
ance. A marked and pleasing feature
of the conference was the vocal music
rendered by Prof. p. P. Bilhorn. the well
song and prayer services at each of the
three sessions today. This morning Rev.
Riley, of Minneapolis, delivered an inter
esting address on the topic, 'Christs
Epistle to the Church at Perganus." In
the afternoon Rev. George r. Fisher, of
Mortified, conducted Bible study. fol-
lowed by Mr.. Kellogg on the subject,
Sharing the Glory of Christ" This
evening Rev. H. w. Kellogg, of Milwau
kee, will speak on the topic, Strength
ened With Christ Presiding Elder j. f.
Stout will also speak, his subject being
tsS1l r1it1aincr LIN >,
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Eagles KILLED at Brainerd.

BRAINERD, Mimi, Oct "a A. c.
Stansberry and J. w. French, of Brain
erd, killed two large black eagles yester-
Gay at Mile Laos lake which measured
nearly nine feet from tip to tip of the
wings. The great birds were brought
down with charges of No. 6 shot one OF
them being only slightly injured in one
wing. Mr.. Stansberry says he put up
the gamest fight he ever witnessed, until
a we'll directed blow with q club laid the
bird dead beside the other. The pair viii
be mounted
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
KILLED AT TWO HARBoRs.
Richard COnIey Run Over by Duluth
& Iron Range Train

TWO IIARBORS, Oct. 24.-(special.)-
Richard Conley was fatally injured the
afternoon of the 23rd inst near St Louis
station on the D. & I. r. In trying to
board moving ore train, he missed his
footing and fell between the cars the
wheels passing over one of his legs He
also sustained a fracture of the skull
The injured man was taken into the
caboose, but died before reaching Two
Harbors No relatives could be located
in this section of the country and the
remains were taken to Thomas J. Brown s
morgue. Conley had been working for the
D. & /. r. during the past summer, and
parties who were with him at the time
Of the accident state that they formerly
knew him in Cleveland, Ohio. The chief
of police here has telegraphed to the au-
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
&C EDIA S
ITCH IS TORTURE

Eczema is caused by an acid llu1uor il.
the blood coming in contact with the
skin and producing great redness AID i'll
fl 1nmation; little pustular eruptions form
and discharge thin, sticky fluid, which
dries and scales off sometimes the skin is
hard, dry and assured. Eczema i'll any
form is a tormentipg, stubborn disease,
and the itching and burning at times are
almost unbearable; the acid burning
huInor seems to ooze out and set the skin
on fire. Salves, washes nor other exter-
nal applications do any real good, for as
long as the poison remains in the blood
1t will keep the skin irritated.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Fatn1 Hunting Accident.

THORPE. Wis, Oct. 24.-(Special)-
Barney I1eschinski accidentally shot him
self while in the woods yesterday by
pulling his gun over a log and the trig-
ger catching. He was found about s
o'clock last night still alive, but died
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
The oldest and Best WAY.

Before getting your ticket to California
be sure to call on the Minneapolis & st.
Louis Agents. This line offers a greater
choice of routes, quicker time and bet
ter service than any other. Through
Tourist cars. e. P. Rutherford, City
Ticket Agent. 39S Robert street.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
MASON. CITY ELATED.
Captures Headquarters of Modern
brotherhood of America.

MASON CITY. Iowa, Oct. 24.-(specialD
Mason City has been chosen as the
Headquarters for the Modern Brother
hood of America The organization COW
ers ten states, and it was a position
sought after by Davenport, Cedar Rap
ids, Council Bluffs and Sioux City With
ing the past year Mason City, by active
competition. has secured the location of
the National Memorial university, thu
Odd Fellows Orphans home, and now
the Brotherhood of America headquar-
tiers. The city feels highly elated over
its last achievement.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Mrs. Helen C. hammers, of Still
water, Passes Away.

water, Passes Away.
SALTWATER Mimi. Oct. 2i.-(Spe-
cial Mrs. Helen C. hammers, one OF
the early pioneers of ST. CroiX valley.
died last evening at the home of her
daughter, Mrs. Fred Swanson, in this
city. She was sixty-eight years old, and
had been i'll with diabetes several years.
She enjoyed the distinction of being the
first white woman married in Washington
county She is survived by ten grown
children, among them George, A J., Ma
than and Charles hammers, of this city
completed
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
About the first thing the doctor

About the first thing the doctor
says-How are your bowels ?
Then, Lets see your tongue"
Because bad tongue and bad
bowels go together. Regulate the
bowels, clean up the tongue. We
all know that this is the way TO
keep we'll.
You can't keep the bowels
healthy and regular with purges
or bird-shot pills. They move you
with awful gripes, then you're
worse than ever.
Now what you want is Cascarets.
Go and get them today--Casca-
-
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Through Tourist Cars.

The old familiar way-tried and proven.
See Minneapolis & st. Louis Agents for
lowest rates to California.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25

like candy, and they will work geny-whe you sleep
They they strengthen the muscular walls of the
bowels give life Then they regularly and
ally That's what you want Cure guaranteed Be sure
get Cascarets. Sample and booklet free Address
Sterling Remedy Company, Chicago New York.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Bad FORM OF LETTER.

/" For three years I
had I etter on my
hands, which caused
them to swell to twice
their natural size. Part
of the time the disease
was in the form of rum
ming sores, very pain
full, a nd causing me
much discomfort. Four
doctors said the letter
had progressed too far
TO be cured, and they
could de-, nothing for
nc. IT, K only three
bottles of S. S. S. and
was completely cured.
This was fifteen years
ago. and I have never
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
DEATH OF A PIONEER.

thorities at Cleveland with a view of
locating his relatives if possible.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-10-25
Squadron as Unit.

He said his policy had been to keep
the squadron together as unit, and
added: II think it will be admitted, in
changing the location of squadron from
one port to another, that it would be un-
military and unwise to proceed in any
other formation than as a unit
MY impression is that useful auxili-
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1901-11-07
HARD FIGHTING
BRITISH AND Beers ENGAGED
OCTOBER "a.
Beers Left Forty Dead on the Field-Rsportsd
British Loss Nearly as Larse-Botha Is.
capped Capture by Very Narrow Margin.
II Is Stated-Kitchener Report for the
Week.

London, Oct. 3O.-A dispatch from
Lord Kitchener, dated October %, says
he has received reports of the fighting
October "a, near Great Marco River,
when Delarey and Kemp attacked a
British force and were only repulsed
after severe fighting, leaving forty dead
on the field, including Commandment
Omstireysen.
The British lost twenty-eight men
killed and fifty-fve wounded.
The Beers :arried light British wagons:
The republicans appear to have paid
special attention to the guns, as thirty
seven gunners and drivers were killed or
wounded.
Lord Kitchener mentions number OF
minor affairs and says this weeks 'bag"
consisted of seventy-four Beers killed,
sixteen wounded and 1853 made prisoners:
In addition, forty-five Beers surrendered
and the British captured AL rifles,
Is, $50 rounds ofammunition, PIG wagons,
$50 horses and 5000 head of cattle.
Pretoria, Oct. 3O.-Gen. Botha today
barely escaped capture at the hands Of
Col. Remington's force.
Remington surprised Botha's lager,
the Boer leader escaping by only few
yards start.
Botha left his hat, revolver and papers
behind him in his flight.
Ten prisoners, including Commandant
Hans Botha, were taken.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1901-11-07
AS YOU LIKE IT.
Kins Edwards Health Stated to Be Very Good
and Very Bad.


London, Nov. 1.--With full sense OF
its responsibility in the matter, the Med
ical Press and Circular publishes some
alarming details ON the subject OF the
kings helth. 1t is stated that papillo-
matous growths have on three occasions
been removed from the kings vocal
chord and that an immediate operation
of another nature has since been rem
dered necessary.
"Under the circumstances" says the
Medical Press, sit seems right and
proper that the natural anxiety should
be at once met with clear announce
ment as to the truth or otherwise of
----"sina reports"
London, Nov. 1.-The Lanco.~ .-,-.
saws it has official authority to announce
that the recent rumors regarding the
health OF King Edward are entirely with
nnt truth or foundation. The Lancet
further saws the Kirg is in good health
and has undergone no operation what
ever.