The times., 1901-04-07

rious Continental States, they have, with
few exceptions. steadfastly refused to
acknowledge themselves to be in any way
representatives of their brethren, and in
some cases (notably in Franco during
the last few years have either remained
supinely Indifferent when Jewish ques-
tions were before their several Parlia-
ments or have even aided those whose
agitation was directed against their fell
low Jews. In England, on the contrary,
the Jewish Members of Parliament have
never forgotten that, in addition TO their
interests as citizens of England, they
have a duty to perform to the Jews,
whom they also represent, and they have
therefore been able, while giving their
best services to the State, to be also use
ful to their co-reiigionists 1t may be
due to this cause that the emancipation
of Jews on the Continent has in no way
been able to stem the recrudescence of
anti-Semitism; while it has undoubtedly
done this in England The opposite eff
feet is most clearly seen in Algiers,
where the wholesale emancipation of the
Jews i'm 1870 through the efforts of Gre
mieuX, that bold champion of his people,
has i'm large measure contributed 10
make the riots possible which have in
late years been witnessed in that French
colony. Neither the population Of Algeria
nor the Jews there We're at that time
ready for such a measure; it did not,
therefore, come as the result of a devel-
opment among the people, but as some
thing imposed upon them by the Govern
ment.
In addition to Roumania, Russia is prac-
tically the only country which has re-
fused to enter the European Concert. and
which by means of laws and ordinances
represents still the dark period of the
Middle Ages Il has turned the prov
inces on its western borders into a tre-
mendous Ghetto. and driven the Jews to
exile by making life within that pale
practically impossible. Even Portugal in
1921, and Spain in 1868 (the two countries
from which the Jews had been banished
for great number OF years., opened
their doors to them once more; though
few Jews have ventured to return to the
Peninsula, despite the fact that in 1886 a
committee was formed in Madrid for the
promotion of Jewish immigration into
Spain
THE WANDERING JEW
The Wandering Jew is not the Jew Of
legend but the Jewish people of history.
The dislocation of large Jewish bodies,
which was characteristic of the Middle
Ages, has been kept up during the nine
teenth century; and this dislocation has,
as in former times. profoundly modified
Judaism in the various countries. From
the fifteenth century on to the nineteenth
hostile legislation on the part Of Western
Europe had been continually driving the
Jews to the East The expulsion from
Spain and Portugal, at the end of the
fifteenth century, forced several hundred
thousand into Turkey; while the hard
ships which they had to suffer in the
smaller German States and in Austria
caused large numbers 10 seek a refuge in
Poland and Russia. The tide commenced
10 turn westward about the middle Of the
eighteenth century, though bands of Jews
from Poland had been driven into Ger
many. italy. and Holland in the terrible
years OF the Chmelnicki prosecutions
G6lS-l65D. The readmission Of Jews into
England the relative kindness Of Fred
erick William of Prussia and Of Fred
erick the Great, aided certain slow but
that at the end of the eighteenth or the
first half of the nineteenth century these
Polish Jews were to be found in all parts
Of Germany. Holland, and England. This
slow migration back again to Western
Europe took on, however, much larger
proportions I'm the latter part of the nine
teenth century; but before this could
happen a strong movement still farther
westward had already taken place. Jews
were among the earliest settlers on the
American continent. They were in nearly
every case Of Spanish or Portuguese de-
scent, having come from Holland and
England to the possessions which these
Powers held on the new continent In the
middle of the nineteenth century, when
the tide of immigration from Germany
was at its height. a large number of
Jews from the southern States and the
Rhine region found their way TO these
shores. The Russian atrocities OF 1882 and
the following years caused a greater
shifting Of the Jewish population west
ward than can be paralleled at any pre-
vious time. It has been estimated that
between the years 1852 and 1900 fully one
million Russian Jews left their homes in
ing places in England, Germany. and
France. The largest number Cprobably
half million) came to the United States
and Canada. Untoward economic condi-
tions existing in Galicia and the frequent
outbreaks of anu-Semitism there. forced
out during the 90s large number of Cali
clan Jews; and in 1899 and 1900 the hos
tility Of the Roumanian Government has
made il impossible for thousands Of Jews
to remain in a country In which most
Of them had been born, and. under cir
cumstances the like which has hardly
ever before been seen. bands of the Rou-
manian Jews have been wandering over
Europe, seeking the means by which TO
come 70 the American continent in or
der there to establish themselves anew.
There are between ten and eleven million
Jews today i'm the world. Of these about
800, 90 live in Europe; 100000 in the
United States and Canada; $4,000 in At
RIGA; 10000 in Asia and 5000 IN Austra!-
asia.
COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS.
All these changed circumstances varf-
Ously modified the Organization of the
Jewish communities. Napoleon's attemDt
in 1851. as the result Of the Sanhedrin
which he had convened in Paris to found
this organization upon a modern basis,
dividing the Jews Of France into certain
consistories and ACCOMPLISHMENTS, had
an effect not only upon France but also
upon those countries which for time
were under his influence GIolland, Bel
gium. etc.). and even upon many of the
German States IN 1893 such consistories
were established H., AKr.g,pI,alfo % nj GA.
sci; ia 1903, an Oberrath was created in