The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-03
ARTICLE v.
The Pastoral or Nomadic Order of
Civilization; the Agricultural Or

The Pastoral or Nomadic Order of
Civilization; the Agricultural Or
! der.
Let us next consider the pastoral stage
OF mems advance in the path of wealth
getting. Here human labor has great va
riety. Tenders of focks and herds may
also hunt and fish, gather wild roots and
fruits, and even till the SOIL Their main
business being that of shepherds, COM
pels them, however. to prefer for
dwelling places the open plains before
forests or mountains or even the coasts.
Unlike the hunter, the shepherd is not
purely dependent upon nature. He be-
gins to use nature and to bend her to his
will. Nature Is still the main productive
FACTOR In his support, but his own lntelli-
gence efficiently co-operates. Although
no crops are raised for fodder, the best
spots are sought for the cattle to feed,
they are defended from beasts of prey
and the diseased ones are removed. AL
most no attention Is devoted to the Gre
alton of special varieties or qualities by
breeding or feeding, these processes being
still left to nature. Hence, most of the
animals are sorry specimens though
tough and prolific. The efforts at breed
ing recorded In the thirtieth chapter of
/ the bOOh OIL GPn65tS anu those u6plCIeu
,on certain Egyptian monuments relate to
times when mere pastoral life is passing
away or has passed.
Improving somewhat upon nature,
shepherds live with less labor per CAPT
ia than hunters. yet they are far from
! being independent. Doing nothing to bet
| ter pasturage, they can subsist only
| where climate and soil render this suf-
| ficiently abundant. Thus, in an interest
| ing chapter of the Book of Genesis. it is
told us that Abraham and Lot had 10
separate because of the number of their
cattle. Evidently all pastoral peoples
| are and must be nomadic They dwell
! in tents, building no towns Or even
! houses.
Nor can such peoples, although prey to
| these Inconvenience less speedily than
| hunting peoples are, permanently avoid
oyerpopulation and the consequent wars,
| which here too, are an economic neces-
| sity. Having in their stock a reserve Of
food, and knowing that their mode of life
! does not bind them to one place, nomads
| can make war with very considerable en-
ergy. For the same reasons they resist
attacks better than huntsmen can. Adam
! Smith, in his wealth of Nations" book
/ iv., CHI. vii, pit. g. points out that this
I w DIS Tie CdQSe lOT TIE TSIdIlNS ldluIS Ol
! early European civilization in Africa
The natives to be displaced were shep-
herds, and even farmers, and did not
! yield as easily. The aborigines of Amer
| lea, on the contrary, still depending for
subsistence considerably upon the chase,
were much more readily overcome by
/ European force.
Upon the cattle-farming stage of indus
/ try war captives are enslaved, because
slaves can be utilized. Here at last
social cleavage begins. To cattle the
/ idea of private property somewhat nauu-
rally attaches, and by thrift such prop
erty can be amassed, producing a class
| of the rich, the poor freemen and the
| slaves. Of the poor freemen some will still
! be Independent, others wageworkers. OF
the slaves some will belong to the tribe,
some to individuals.
"In Arabia says Rocher "a family
with but ten camels is in poverty, one
with thirty or forty well to do, one with
sixty rich. There are, however Bedouin
| tribes on the borders of Yemen where
even the poor have forty camels and rich
people from 100 to 200. A common kirghiS
! Keeps from thirty to fifty horses half as
many cattle, 100 sheep, a few camels and
from twenty to fifty goats. The richest
| have as many as 10000 horses each, from
! 1900 to 4,000 cattle, 800 cames, 20, 200 sheep
and over LOCO goats. Among the nomads
! of Persia a man moderately we'll off will
/ own 100 sheep, three or four camels, three
or four horses and ten asses, while a itch
man may possess LOCO sheep, thirty cam
elss and twenty horses. There are even
! said to be single possessors of 10000
| sheep apiece. In the Crimea rich Tartars
NM
| nary men, say, 1000. The property OF the
BuTateS, in Siberia, seems to be very
abundant, especially to the eastward of
Lake Baikal. Many single proprietors
own each from 500 to 1000 head of cattle
of al! kinds, some even 1000 camels 1000
horses, 5000 sheep, from 1900 to 5000 cows
and oxen and 100 goats and in addition
to all this from 1900 to 10000 rubels in
money. The Russian rubel, or rouble. is
worth about co cents in United States
money. AS rule shepherd peoples do not
have metallic money. The flordes of
Jenghis Khan did not. See Adam Smiths
Wealth of Nations book w., chapter 4,
We see that the economic wealth of pas
toTal communities is far in advance of
| that prevalent in the hunting stage. The
masses no longer live from hand 10
mouth They enjoy a greater variety Of
foods. Spinning and weaving are intro
dueed and utilized for new and more
comfortable clothing. Some pastoral
communities even work metals. Tools,
dishes, wagons, arms and ornaments are
numerous and of a higher quality than
those previously known. Exchange is
more common. being immensely facili-
tated by the use of money at first in the
form of cattle. STILL production con-
tinues to be carried on familywse. so
that trade is not yet separate branch
Of industry
1t is at the pastoral grade of civiliza-
ton that proper political institutions
take rise. regime of positive law has
now come TO be; penal laws, laws of
and organs for administering these
laws are called for and appear. In the
creation of these laws, all at first, of
course, customary laws or pieces of COM
mon law, the rich manifestly have their
way. Again. pastoral. life having rem
dered possible and wars having neces-
STATED vast aggregations of human be-
ings and the mere patriarch having con-