davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

point, as the pressure increased Through
the leakage. 1t was advisable to keep
track Of the sensitiveness from time to
time by measuring the throw obtained
from some reasonably constant source.
CAS- the work ON the starsF'was so very
roughly quantitative, due to changing
atmospheric absorption, as well as to
the difficulty in accurately measuring
such minute reflections under the uncon-
trollable conditions which surrounded
the work, It was decided that with rea-
sonabIe care and attention to the fame
a candle at distance from the instru-
ment would conveniently serve the pur-
pose
ut should be borne in mind that the
total radiation from candle is subject
to smaller variations than the photo
metric intensity No standard candles
were to be had, but uniform grade of
paraff1n candles was obtained, which nor
ugal1y burned 7.6 grams of paraf1n per
hour.
''Such candle was placed at a dis
tance of A feet inches from the
radiometer. A small silvered fat mirror
was interposed in the path to direct the
candle rays into the radiometer. In de-
termining the sensitiveness the candle
was lighted and left to burn until It's
fame had assumed approximately normal
height and diameter, and then five or
six exposures were made In one direction
only, l. E., not counting the return swing
The average was taken as the sensitive
ness. The changes in sensitiveness with
time were so gradual that one deter
mination was sufficient for an evening 5
work
1.-The sensitiveness In the different
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

was primarily undertaken has been in a
measure realized in gaining more or less
trustworthy estimates of the heat from
four stars and planets. Although the re-
suits so far gained can be considered
only in the toughest sense quantitive,
they indicate way to a more extensive
knowledge of the heat radiation of the
brighter stars, by supplying a basis upon
which the requisite apertures of con-
densing mirrors may be computed and
by suggesting further refinement in the
radiometer.
"a concave mirror five feet ia diameter
would possess a gathering power more
than six times that of the two-foot mir
ror used in the present work, and with a
suitable modified Coude mounting, such a
mirror could be effectively employed,
even with no greater radiometric sensi-
tiveness than that already realized. By
its aid white stars down to the second
magnitude, and red stars possibly to the
third, could be arranged in the order OF
toe thermal intensity of their radiations
1t should also be possible to study rough
spectral of stars like Sirius, Arcturus,
Capellab Vega and possibly others.
1.-THE case of the radiometer was made
from a bronze block 5X5x10 en-, the long
avis of which was bored from the top to
within Z nm. of the bottom, by hole
en-. in diameter. Communicating with
this aXial boring were three lateral Dor
ings. Into boring in the middle of the
front face was soldered tube % nm. In
diameter and % nm. long, capped in the
inner end by circular brass plate with
small central circular opening A screw
thread cut inside this tube near the In
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

ner end was fitted by a ring nut This
window was closed by 1uorite disk,
with plane parallel faces.
The radiometer suspension was built
up on whip of fne-drawn glass 30 nm.
long, to the lower end of which was at
tached small plano mirror, made by
silvering a fragrant of very thin micro
scope cover glass. On the axis above
the mirror, and in a plane at right angles
to it, delicate cross arm Of drawn glass
was fastened, bearing on It's e2tremities
the two blackened radiorueter vanes The
sensitive vanes were circles approximate
ly MN. In diameter, which, to secure
l1ghtness and uniformity, were stamped
out of thin mica. with a circular steel,
made for the purpose. These yanes were
mounted as symetrically as possible
with reference to the axis of rotation.
DEFECTS IN THE RADIoMETER.
ut is harly probable that the form and
dimensions of the radiometer which 1
have described could have been of the
most favorable proportions for the great
est sensittveness. The whole matter Of
the radiometric activity Is too little I'M
derstood to make theoretical speculations
on the best form or proportions of much
practical value. My own experience,
furthermore, has been too short to lead
to any exact Quantitive rules for con-
struction
1T was found impracticable without
spending too much time to make the
radfometer case perfectly air tight 1t was
therefore necessary, once in TWO or three
days, to pump it out in order to main
tain the requisite sensitiveness, which
ran slowly down from the maximum
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

series Of observation ranged between 90
and IL millimeters for the heat from a
candle q feet inches distant, after one
reflection.
"In making the observations one Of
the observers stationed himself at the
instrument tent, lighted and trimmed the
candle, and then, with a cord in hand,
withdrew to such distance that,
though he could watch the candle, his
own image could by no possibility be
reflected into the radiometer A box.
with the shutter facing the tents, was
placed on the parapet Of the heliostat
gallery, with a lighted lantern inside to
serve as a signal to the man in the tent.
A cord which operated this shutter was
carried in ito the observer at the radi-
ometer. When all was ready he drew
this cord, which exposed the lantern to
the assistant in the tent, who replied by
exposing the candle so that it's image
fell upon the radiometer
when the suspension had reached the
extreme of its swing, the lantern shut
ter was dropped as a signal to conceal
the candle in the tent. After a satiSfac-
tory series of measurements had been
obtained for the candle in the nearer tent
the assistant was signaled TO go to the
further tent, where the same procedure
was followed until q satisfactory series
had been obtained from that station On
the way in from the further tent n
second series CT measurements was mazda
on the candle In the nearer tent. BY
this method measurements on the heat
of one candle at a distance of 63S6
metres and on the heat Of two candles
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

University OF Chicago, where Prof.
Nichols spent two Of his summer vaca-
tons
Results obtained from these expert
ments have just been carefully reviewed
and computed and sent to Prof E. Hale,
director of the observatory, who is very
much interested i'll the work.
Prof. Nichols experiments have for the
first time proved beyond a doubt that
the planets and some of the fixed stars
send an appreciable quantity of heat to
the earth. The quantity is so minute that
the wonder is that an instrument could
be made which would be sensitive enough
to detect and measure it.
This invention, which can record such
an infinitessfmal amount of heat, Is called
a radiometer. Though based to some
extent upon the principle Of the bolo-
meter, by means of which the power Of
the suns rays is tested, and although
it comprises some of the principles Of
the radiomicrometeT both of which in
struments have been so successfully used
in measuring heat rays, in construction it
is essentially different
CLOSELY FOLLOWED BY ASTRON-
OMERS.
The bearing Of these first measurements
of stellar heat upon the life history of
the stars is very important. Consequent
ly the recent tests have been followed
closely by astronomers throughout the
country, and experiment will succeed eX-
pertinent until authentic and unvarying
statements can be made in figures. While
exhibiting the radiometer and discussing
the results obtained with it, Prof
Nichols remarked:
THE object for which the present study
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

the whole composition. From every d.
group different idea OF the subject g
A despot is forcing his subjects to pulI
drawing the chariot are represented the
different ages, showing that there is no
consideration for the helplessness Of the
young or the aged under the rule Of the
tyrant. The figure also represents the
diverse characters of mankind; the youth
protesting against slavery typifying the
intelligence Of the Notwithstanding class.
In a female figure, a fury, who is hold.
ing the reins with one hand and with the
other applying the lash. thus intensifyinS
the humiliation Of the oppressed.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
MEASURE HEAT OF STARS
ASTRONOMERS CONSTRUCT INSTRU-
NIENT WHICH SOLVES A PER-
PLEXING PROBLEM
IMPORTANT RESULTS OBTAINED
Prof. Nichols RadiOmeter Proves
That Planets at Least Send APP
preciabIe Quantity of
Heat to Earth.

Whether the stars, millions Of miles
away, send to the earth's surface any
heat with their rays OF light is a ques-
ticn which long puzzled astronomers. 1t
has now been satisfactorily solved.
Heat from these far off heavenly bodies
has not only been detected, but 1t has
also been measured by one of the most
sensitive and delicate astronomical IN
struments ever invented, an instrument
capable Of measuring the heat Of a cam
die mile away.
Credit for solving the problem and for
constructing this delicate instrument be-
longs to Prof f. f. Nichols, of Dart
mouth college. The experiments took
place in the Yories observatory of the
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

The sculpture of the Pau-American ex-
position at Buffalo is upon most elab-
crate scale. There are some 125 original
groups and many other pieces of statu-
airy, numbering in all about 500 The
buildings and grounds are so profusely
adorned as to constitute in themselves a
vast art gallery. The sculpture is used
chiefly about the fountains, in the courts,
at the entrances to the principal build
ings, upon the Triumphal bridge, the
electric tower, plaza, propylaea, and
along the main thoroughfare called The
Mall. which runs between several of the
principal buildings
A harmonious and poetic sculptural
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

scheme, carrying out many allegortcal
ideas, was devised by Mr.. Karl Bitter,
director of sculpture.
The Government buildings represent
the idea Of man and his institutions So
cial progress, and the struggle of the
race upward from a lower to a higher
condition. and the sculpture in their Vi
clnity illustrates this general theme
Opposite the government buildings,
across the Esplanade, are the horticul-
ture and mines buildings, in which
nature and her works are the rredomi-
nant ideas. This theme Ia carried out in
many ways by the sculptors of the statu-
airy in this portion OF the grounds, who
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

".
Far from the Hurons many foliaged VIII
lage,
Far from the IroQuois,
Far from the scene Of rapine, hate and
pillage
Beside the Illinois.
".
Here Hennepin, while lordly Sachems
wondered,
In burning August turned his strong
canoe
Which he had built where walled Mag
ara Numbered
Towards the West and regions of the
Sioux. From Er1e's Shore!
The red cross flags, the cour-de-bois, the
| ranger;
The knight, the chevalier,
The poor of earth, the exile, freed from
danger,
The lonely pioneer.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

responses, indicating the location of the
gold. Another is digging for the ore
while still another is washing it in the
stream. In the Story Of Light, the
Genius of Inspiration is holding aloft
q torch to show the source of enlighten-
ment. She points to the earth as the
source Of this element of progress. One
man Is drilling for gas another is stand
blowing glass, the various figures illus
trat1ng some phase OF industry in fluid
or gaseous mineralogy.
The. Despotic Age, by Isidore Konti,
looking the Sunken Garden, in front of
the government group, and the visitor
approaching this end Of the Esplanade is
impressed by the strength and viGor Of
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
SCULPTURE At THE PAN=AMERIGAN EXPOSITION.

ere such men as F. e. Elwell, Charles H.
Ntehaus and George T. Brewster.
In the portion of the Esplanade nearest
the government buildings is a sunken
garden with fountains artistically ar
ranged in connection with it; and sculp-
tural groups carrying out the symbolic
idea associated with man and mis- insti-
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

at distance OF 1896 metres from tho
Is mica concave mirror were made.
JUPITER'S RAYS MEASURED
I'm an endeavor to further test tho
matter the transmission Of Jupiter's rays
through piece Of plato glass "a mn.
thick was measured in connection wiz,
the other heat measurements The plan
followed was to take a, series Of eight or
ten reflections on Jupiter, then take
about the same number through the
glass, repeat the first set, and so on
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

savage state UP 20 the age of enlighten-
ment The various phases of this
progress are represented by number OF
groups Of sculpture, by sculptors of ma
tional repute. The central fountain Is
the Fountain of Man, by Charles Crafty,
of Philadelphia. The fountain is COM
posed Of a number of groups Of figures
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

Of Gold" and the other the "story of
Light" interpreting, respectively, solid
and fluid mineralogy
In the Story Of Gold, the "Gepius Of
Opportunity" Is seen signaling through
waiting possibilities. One man Is carry.
ing a wand Of witch hazel. which he
stretches out searchingly for magnetic
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

other portions of the grounds are other
gardens and sculptural groups, similarly
arranged.
At the end Of the Esplanade in front
Of the three buildings of the United
States government, the theme Of the
sculpture is the progress of man, his in
stitutions and his development from the
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
She Knew n Thing or Two

Warrington Star
What did your wife do when she
found those poker chips in your overcjat
pocket?" asked the practical joker.
She took the matter very cOolly. She
found out where they came from and
sent messenger boy to get them
cashed''
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
Couldn't ARord II

Ohio State Journal.
Simpkins-Going to the Pan-American?
Snifkns-Nope; can't afford it.
Slmphns.That will be great disap-
pointment for your wife
SnIfklns-I don't see how; she and ths
children are there for the summer.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

west is a seat with carved grotesque
head, the work of western tribe. On
the base is suggested the hieroglyphics
of the Aztec Of Mexico.
There are two groups illustrating Min
eral Wealth, which are placed in the
fhs Mneg OK fhe ae N M Ir9af
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

So passed La Sale, his water chariot
driving
Triumphal down the tide
And, hard against the imprisoned cur
rents striving
Rode on the blue lakes wide.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

The whole rises to height Of fifty-three
feet.
The pediments Of the BthnoIogy build
tpg suggest the study of ethnology- by
Sas use i Of two 9gc9ratbye 9ggre orc Of
the skull Of a primitive race; the other,
studying their works. On the east is q
birch bark canoe in a rice field. On the
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

Ger Erie's Shore rose Hennepin's mild
order
Tt ended eras old;
Tho Electric City, on the blue lakes
border,
Begins an age untold.
On Eries Shore.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

surmounted by MAN the Mysterious"
who is portrayed as having two faces.
typifying the two natures Of man He ts
partly yelled and the whole figure gives
the idea of mystery and dignity. This
figure stands upon pedestal borne by
figures typifying the Five Senses
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
side Trips to Bann Hot Springs.

For the benefit of the visiting Wood
men the 500 Line will run excursions to
Banh, Field and Glacier In the Rocky
Mountains. All expenses included for
nine days. Get itinerary and particu-
lars at 500 Line ticket Office, 379 Robert
street.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

tutions are used here, both for purposes
Of characterization and to express to the
millions visiting the exposition the poetic
side of the buildings and their exhibits,
and indeed the poetic aspect of the whole
grand purpose of the exposition.
At the west of the Esplanade and in
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

II.
Since on these lakes the dark robed Jesuit
drifted
Far from the crystal seas
And knighted sea kings on the green tides
lifted
The silver Fleur-de-lis!
III
Since prayed Marquette, by ancient tribes
surrounded
In forest ways untrod,
And lonely Joliet mighty cities founded
Where first he talked with God.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

Under this group is huge lower basin,
and outlined against its cavernous
shadows, may be discerned through the
dripping waters the writhing forms OF
the virtues struggling with the vices, and
other figures representing sympathy
and subjects Of a. similar character.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

O cross. that marched into the sunset,
cleaning,
Down from the Northern seas,
That nations followed wondering and
dreaming
The silvery Fleur-de-lis.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

VI.
La Sales strong hand the rudder guided,
singing,
Towards pine trimmed seas and shores
While birds from mighty harvestries
came winging,
Above the lifted ores
VII.
They saw the land with peace and plenty
growing;
On rolled the rivers fair,
And seas. Of flowers Ger endless shadows
flowing,
And seas Of odorous airI
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

Faith still beholds thee on the waters
glowing
In twilight's amber air
Thy prophets walk the uncertain waves
yet knowing
That God is with thee there.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
Erie'S Shore -Hennepin

I.
On Fries Shore! how have these prairies
altered
Since those dim, distant days
When tranced with beauty, lonely voy-
ayers faItered
In their uncertain ways
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16

Still on and on the dark priest wandered,
praying
And singing hymns of praise,
And on and on the blue lake rolled, dis
playing
Its grand march to his gaze.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-06-16
VIII.

VIII
The lonely chief upon his pine plurned
Gazed Ger the of blooms
And watched the strange sail It wan
dered weary
Amid the twilight gIoOms,
From Erie's Shore
TX.
The bison cooling in the stream before
them,
Fled to the dark oaks shade;
The wondering eagle wheeled on slant
wing DER them;
Their sails the warm wind swayed
XVI.
epin's mild And who can tell Of that new age tie
story?
It's righteous peace. or wars?
blue lakes We only know the Electric Cftys glory
Was summoned from stars
To Erie's Shorei
Shore -HeZekiah Butterworth
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1901-01-25
Mr.. T. D. GREEN
IN A NEW FIELD
viii Assume Charge of the Princess
Anne Hotel at Virginia Beach-Ex-
tensiye improvements Made,

Mr.. T. d. Green. at present the assist
ant manager OF the Jefferson Hotel. has
leased the Princess Anne Hotel, at VIZ
sinia Beach and will assume personal
supervision over that well known nos
telrv February 1st. Mr.. Green. however,
will continue in his present capacity az
the Jefferson during the winter season,
but will devote ms time exclusively 10
the management of the Princess Anne
during the season.
The Princess Anne is now the property
of the newly organized Virginia Beacn
Development Company. which also OWNS
the Atlantic and about l,oO0 acres OF ad-
jacent property. This COMPANY Is CON-
Dosed of PHILADELPHIA and Atlantic City.
n l. CAPITALISTS whose aim 1t Is under
stood is to make Virginia Beach the At
lantic City of the South, and the capt.
taIization of the company runs well into
six figures.
According TO the plans OF the company,
thousands of dollars viii be expended TINS
summer in making Virginia Sssch one oi
the most attractive resorts on the Atlan-
tic Coast 4 new water supply VIII be
established and a modern electric plant
will he erected for lighting and power
,rhe con1Danv will build many attractive
t,uncolas in connection with the hotel, ana
will supply these with light and water, as
the company will retain controi OF poth
of the proposed plants Hes.des d ia-7S
casino will be erected. adjoining the hotsi-
Work of laying out golf links has been
begun. and a country club IS also piahneo
for the near future. These are only I'M
provements decided upon 60 those aiEesloy
made. ,-,.
Mr.. Green who has leased the princess
Anne. is one of the prominent younger
hotel men. He has been connected with
the Jefferson for about two years. ana
has made many friends in this city MT
Green has in reality grown up IN the
resort and tourist business, and mas
gained his experience Wflie cohhscted
With some of the leading hotels of the
country
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1901-01-25
YElNEZUEI.ANS
ARE HOSTILE
Scorpion May Have to
Land Armed Force.
BRITISH sLOOP SUNK.
She Was Supposed to be Carrying
Arms to insurgents.
CLOSE EMBARGO ON NEWS
The Government Hostile TO BermudeS
COMPANY. Because Its Concessions
Have Been isesrnnted TO
People in Touch With
Government, Who
Wish to Sell.
CLOSE EMBARGO ON NEWS
fsv Associated press.)

FORT DE FRANCE, ISLAND OF
MARTINIQUE. Jan @L-tVia Haytier.
Cable.)- following report is filed here
to avoid the press censorship in Vene-
zuela. making cabling of news from that
country almost impossible:
THE attitude of the Government OF
Venezuela toward the Bermudez Asphalt
Company Ghu7ericau1 is hostile for the
reason that the concessions recently ac-
corded by the Government have been
given to people in touch with the Gov
ernmeut and who would like to resell
them to the Bermuslez Company The
Government having refused to accede TO
the request of the American Minister.
who demanded q suspension of action on
the part of the new conccSsiouists IN
taking possession OF their grants, strained
relations between Venezuela ana the
United States resulted. and war VeSseiS
are expected TO return to La Guayra. and
If the Venezuelan Government employs
force to take possession of the asphalt
lake it is believed the United States atiN-
iliary cruiser Scorpion will lard an armed
force.
THE attitude of the Eenezuetans to-
wards Americans is hostile. On the iotn
of this month the Venezuelan troops in
the Hoyo barracks, at Caracas. mutiniet,
and killed their colonel the lieutenant
colonel and seven men and then fed In
various directions. Two hundred and ten
OF the men were recaptured There was
no lighting in the town. and the exact
cause of the nlutiny is not known
BRITISH .SIOoP. SUNK,
Accurate details arc not obtainahc re-
gardinS, the sinking OF the British sioop
Maria Teresa by the Venezuelan gunhoatt
Miranda. 1t is supposed the Maria Teresa
was on her WAY from the British Island
Of Trinidad with cargo OF arms intended
for the Venezuelan TeyuiGtienists. and
that she was met oy tiic Miranda. which,
wishing to take possession OF her, fired
upon the Maria Teresa, and by so doing
set her on IRE. after which she sank, ac-
cording; to one report.
VERY little information is obtaiuahls
regarding the movements of the Eenezue-
Ian insurgents and the troops of the Cow
ernment of Venezuela. In the East the
insurrection appears To be localized bss-
tween Cumana and the extreme north.
east of Venezuela The insurgents have
again taken possession of Cerupano, and
during the evening of January 2ist there
was q tentative uprising in the neishhor-
hood of Barcelona.
Calm prevails in the West. but q NUM-.
ber of arrests are being made. and the
revolutionists appear to be concentrating
mt Curacoa'