davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
More Light.
= Ba .

49, fstHE 3g& FH.f EElsS. gTg0 49, W. F9f
The Grand Forks Review
says: In the general advance
ment Of the state during the
past year, from an agricultural,
standpoint, the country lying
west Of Jamestown on the
Northern Pacific has not been
consid cred, in fact the slope
country has never been seri
ously considered az contribu-
ting Is the available area Of
our agricultural lands. There
fore we have never seriously
thought Of that section as
adapted to grain raising and and
general farming. It had its.
chief value as tne stock raising
country and as containing coal
and mineral deposits. How
ever it appears now that even
tire Missouri slope country is:
adapted to thegrowing Of grain
and general farm products. It
issonly another Red River val
ley theoryknocked in the head.
- 4[ItEtEEHNl. r6tf tLaH=ln III y. :, -. - ~
We remember very distinctly
that once upon a tirne--not
more than five years ago--the
valley. people all turned up
their noses whenever the coun-
try lying west of range Sc, or
the Red River valley proper,
was mentioned asever amount
ing to anything, and investors
We're very chary indeed about
mPking loans west of the dead
line" as a Grand Forks broker.
remarked one year-having
reference to the west line of
Grand Forks county. Today
the most prosperous section Of
our state is west of the dead.
line" So it has been regard
ing the Missouri slope country,
and SO it will be, the Review
predicts, as to the development
ofStllat section of our state. III
will simply be another case of
history repeating itself. There
is no discount on the quality Of
the soiil-tltatlla las been1emon-I
str1tea this year-2O bushels of:
flax and 80 bushels of wheat to
thu aceresiis 4 refutationeH stories
Of the kind that would lead PEG.
pie to believe the soil is not
adapted u tile growing Of ces
Yea "a fssiele f1 G4rasai
.FEAo,lrks III. Bert Kneeland, who
owns a farm on the slone, raised
Corn this year that took the
god p'edalsa at the Buffalo exs
position: The only problem
the tile slope people haveto face IS
the rainfall, and we believe
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
VILLAGE oFF1CERs.
!: LOCAL NEWS ::
l@~~N>~~N

%tEs ftatE Ef4S.Es8eeAS tAE E. Nc EffrrS t.tgf~E xSTs
a Happy New Year!
S. N. Pye, Of Bismarck, was q
visitor last Saturday.
Christmas day was warm arm and and
pheasant,
Don't fail to sec Arthur and.
Irene Gale, top line singers and
dancers with Hills Players.
Dr.. w. a. B.ntly, Of Bismarck,
was transacting business in the
city the first Of the week.
/. Rovig was a visitor to Bis
marck last Saturday returning
home Monday.
"A number from a distantce were
in attendance on the dance Thurs
day night.
It is reported that the n. F,
surveyors are within 22 miles Ct
Washburn
VIM. jaeger came up from Bis
marck Wednesday and will haul
grain from Mannhayen.
Frank Lenhart, Of Mandan, has
E~yHgSetsT4 IlrIIE
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28

Eight big specalties between
acts ms the bill Of fare with Hills
Players, Monday Dee. 30.
Attorney Gibson returned Fri
day from Bismarck aherss hesspentt
Christmas.
sWm Mann, off this place, was.
taken to the hospital az Bismarck
last Saturday. sH 4 had ! severe
5attackof rheumatism.
W1eSare short "a local matters
fthiis week owing wing, toEC hristmasas day
being spent smi thheScapitaall Scsiit
the local editor, buutsffnnpm nov "a
weesslh,so,p,e to 81 bsa l " giVe an ths
items importmle ma hope YOU
Win hslpus opt !! \ sIlFlp s ,snes \
I li HI lsasns u the eadesrn,arrk
stheclose a4otlhsesssslyssaalii 81
Epssyear AN arlssssa ~
EaoSns sslse NJ ad D
ysar Una pIotheIna Yeal
NM a Issls
miliioneliifisess and ps ~ y
N mSsS lkAaNI lGSa slGaIl M
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
PROFESSIONAL CARDS.
DE-. J. "a. DILLON.
PaYsIGIAN AND DENTIST

JANIS T. NCCULLOCH,
Il ATTORNEY AT Law
Of1ces with 3. A..Lamb
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28

9EORGErP. GIBSON.
,A1TORNEfSAT-LAw, RIAL, ESTATE q Leans
szg Washburn Nd
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
A.LAMB

A.LAMD
ATPORNEY-AT-I.AW z
Practice before the United States In
teriOr Departure: t a specially. ] also
have on hand i complete copy OF the
united states Land Office Flats and Z
Records I or Mclean. Olive aud Mercer
81 EnNntinS :3f
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
The Grand Opening.

The opening ball at the new hall
Thursday evening was the most
complete event that has ever taken
place in W~.yli,nrn. The lower
floor Of the hall vas usesl for the
occasion. Over 100 tickets were
disposed Of and the hall was
crowded TO its utmost capacity,
"a number from 4 distance we're
present and the dancers enjoyed
every moment Of the time, {
The dance commenced at 8
o'clock and was continued until
the early morning hours. The
scene on the ball room floor was as
the happy dancers formed for the
quadrille a beautiful one and
was. enjoyed by the onlooker as
well as those who participated. It
would takaa column or two to 60
and describe the handsome cos,
tunes wornsby the ladies present.
Suffice to say that the dance was
a success in every way.
The music was furnished by the
Bismarck orchestra and the music
- AETft. -1tH.E sHEV-S1 49,. .Tg%.Eh NarmJN. fstfg-
furnished was the best ever heard card
in the city. The boys won many
ecomliiu,ms over their playing.
Manager VAIL Is 70 be cengratu-
over'thesssuccess Of theggrand open per
ing bail.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1901-12-28
OTTO GRETHEN

rs M1sS10E 7T-T--
\ 4 sss vi 8washburn, N. D
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
BAD FOR CHILDREN.
Evli r1cc,s az Eaucn:ionn; Mctsai,
EMt, Co:.diticas.

Eyli n.-cc,s az Eauor .ionni Ect3iaGs
EMt, Co:.diticas.
A met..tal iouraal iaslsts tat the
,sli'm dcac to c.ld.ca By the prescGt
A,e,hods Of edrcat.ca ID cs the Iaost
aai4,HA c..alacsar. !. l.a.n;aias that
iae ?oaais.~.l3 of c.piJlas i.sa sgYo
comD:oteiy ci.auged within Gie ias,
laf ccniiey. G4a the new, sitaa,ion
raGss he Ext II :, race better fitted 10
withstand lae strain o? u3s.a.n cxisl-
eEes is 70 he plopasated. When LII
dren were Eraiight W IL the cognt.'y.
nucna.na ti.c greater pGit Ct thair y.l..a
in the f:csa. cpcA AZ, colsiieYaiipni
rs to physical ;leyclop@fnt Gid not d.
ter into The quesi.cn The eavi,ol.
mert bclug healthy :.r.i food pleu. ..iil
and nutli;ioes. the nat sequence
Was that the hrnian YroGlict Srcw IN
hardy and robust weil equipped for
tie battle Of life. TIE ever Increasing
tendency to desert the coInliy for the
town has ,.iaccd a fresh problem be
fore our scientific nVp ana s.nitar.ans.
Children pass the,r youth amid IN
healthy surrounding ana II many IL
stances are improperly anl irYcG;.iarly
fed. Added TO Ills is tie undue strain
OF scEcol life. The apparg-t aim cf
modern cdacation Is to deVelcp tie
mind at the expense of The body. Tie
necessity OF exercise and fresh a,r us a
part Of n chilGs training is strangely
overlooked. The physical education CT
the child is not q whit less imDort.iat
tLan the development Of its mental
side. An authority on the trimming Of
children says that ample playground
space should be attached TO schools
wherever possible, and, above everJ-
taiag. youIs children should not be
expected 10 work longer than two hours
at stretch. Or. J. $. Larl.ford in 4
paper on ttia subject says that an am
bilion is Impaired 10 the child by hered-
ity and example TO know everything
and If he has not tie ambition the at
tempt is made 20 hammer everything
into HIN. Regardless of aptitude Or
natural tendency OF mind, the pupils
are grouped ia enormous classes. and
al have the same adjustment of work.
Ia the majority Of cases the burden IS
too heavy. and just rs surely as effect
follows cause in natural law Il still
weaker generation WIN follow the gen
Grafton of children which is now being
weakened and Unbalanced. DR.. Lank-
fore, :it.ti.GGces tie careworn and broken
down condition Of teachers as an index
to the heayy course ard wrong classI-
scation of chiilren's work. To insure
the physical and mental well being of
the rising generation considerable mod
ificaticns in the existing system Of cd
ucasion are necessary.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
SUPERSTITION IN HAWAII.
Remarkable Instance OF las Appiicn-
tion TO u voicnno.

That the former royal family of
Hawaii had supernatural powers Is
st!ll firmly believed By Il very large
number of the natives Of these is
lands" said Chief Examiner Server Of
Tie evil service commission to Il Star
reporter. "WLea Commissioner. r.odeii-
berg ana myself visited TIE c.iy OF
l3.lo wl.i!e we We're cn the is':.:.ls re-
Gently. we were told the .iary Of Tie
rescue OF that city from ,lesi9uc..an i;
81 volcano hy Princess Enna OF il.'
Hawaiian royalty The sicry vas told
Us ~ the iudge OF the city and voucled
for by half Il dcaen Americans WHO
claimed TO krow personally.
Tile volcano whic,. was dog the
damage is some thirty miles from the
city. It began active operations ;,nA
tie stream Of lava which fowet from
It started straight for tile city OF lilo.
covering IN area OF about half Il nile
wide. The flow Of lava WIS slow. US Il
gained only 4 small distance each day.
Il presented a sciid wall CT ro!hct
stone six or eight feet high and re-
mains to corro5orate the story.
"As the lava approached tie city the
natives became fnuch alarmed and
were on the verge cf paric. wien Il
rlessare came from Princess Emma.
Size said tlat wAe;: there YVES :,ny dan
acr Of the destruction Of the city by tAe
lava. If she was inicralcd of tie saule
she would coEle to H.lo ard step It's
fow. This message was just III time.
Tie lava lad reached to within half II
pile Of the city. and the princess was
se:.t for In great haste. She came at
once. bringing 81 live white dove. n
sucking pig and i bottle Of native run.
The pcpulace Of the city all followed
her ~ she proceeded 10 the edge of the
lava. Wien there she ordered the pig
killed. and. dipping Up its blood with
her fingers. she srrinkled It's drops On
the lava. repeating the while some
strange native lingo. The death CT tie
dove followed. and It's blood was l:l:e-
wise sprinkled on TIE flowing stone.
Last came tie rum. and this WIS pour
cd as Il sacrifice 20 tie mystic power.
THE story ends here. for the lava
never flowed another foot. TIE city OF
lilo was saved. and Princess Emma.
likewise all Of The royal bleed. can 10
this day WELD al powerful sway with
the natives OF Hawaii. Washington
Star.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Machine For Basket Making.

Just before lie died the. noted Mcr-
genthaler completed wonderful ma
chine for making tile cheap baskets
such as grapes are commonly pacl;ed
In. Where an expert operator former
ly produced 200 grape baskets daily hy
hand the saise operator with the ma
chine. with greater ease. can now pro-
duce 1000 baskets daily. and these
machine made baskets are said to he
superior in every WY to the hand
made article. He has utilized several
OF the principles OF his linotype ma
chine.-Popular Science.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Migration Of birds.

In an article OH california Water
Birds" In the proceedings of the Cali
fornla Academy OF Sciences Mr.. Loo
mis- concludes that the shenrwnfers of
Monterey find their position and shape
their courses by landmarks and that
birds possess no mysterious supcrhu-
man faculty for determining direction.
or else these same shcarwaters would
not have been bewildered as they were
IN the fog. He also considers that the
young are guided from the place OF
their birth TO their winter abode
through the experience OF the older
birds. He sums up by saying that bird
migration IL habit evolved by educa.
tIon and Inheritance. which owe their
origin ana perpctuntIon to winter, with
Its failure of food.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Dc Plant. ThinIc

"Do plants think:' said st. Marys
planter 10 the New York Journal.
Have they powers Of reason or any
way OF determining what is going on
around them: The questions seem
rather fantastic. admit, but they are
prompted by some very curious obser-
vat,ors made at my home only 4 few
weeks ago. My daughter, who is very
fond Of flowers. has morning glory
vine growing in Il box on Ter window
ledge.
while watering ii recently she no.
ticed a delicate tendril reaching out TO
ward 4 nail In the side casing. She
marked the position OF the tendril in
pencil ON the wood and then shifted
the nail about an inch lower. Next
day the little feeler had DETECTED itself
very noticcably and was again heading
f1r the Eail
The marking and shifting We're re-
peated four or tive times. always with
the same result. and finally one night
the tendril. which had grown consider
ably. managed 10 reach the coveted
support. and we found il coiled Tight.
around II. Meanwhile another bunch
of tendrils lad been making for Il hook
that was formerly used for n thermoi,-
eter. Just before it reached its desti-
nation my daughter. strung Il cord
across the window sash directly abov1.
1T was a choice, then, between the
old love and the new, and. as 4 morn
ing glory seems 10 prefer Il cord TO any
thing else. /: wasn't long in making up
It's Ilnd. In very few hours the pale.
crisp. little tendrils 49, which. by the
way. convey surprising suggestion of
human ingers-had commenced to If,
toward the twinc. Next day they
reached IT and took such a firm grip
that don't believe they could possibly
have been Gisensaged without break
iur the fiber"
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
sunrhirr mud Influenza.

In view OF the known bIctrricidal
influence of sunlight. says the phila
delphla Medical journal. II would not
be surprising. to learn that an inverse
relation exists between the amount OF
sunshine and the prevalence of infec-
tious diseases. providing. however. the
temperature Is not excessive Some
observations recorded by Ruienan APP
pear to Indicate that Influenza Is more
prevalent whrl the amount of sunshine
Is less. and II * not impossible that u
similar rule would br found 10 apply
to other Infectious diseases also. l,f
the eight years from 1883 TO loD the
number of hours sunshine durin. the
month OF January. when influenza was
exceedingly prevalent. was between
9S In $500 aud ,..3 In iSyD. the mean
being 1874. A similar state Of affairs
was observed IN Magdcburg. where
from 1852 TO 1900 the num,cr of hours
of sunshine varied dnrinG The samc
month between 10 In 1900 aud g.: In
1883. Similar figures were obtained In
observations innir In other cities Of
Germany.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Effective co-opcrntion.

An Interesting Illustration Of what
can be done by cooperation is seen IN
an account of the Improvement Of 4
number of roads In q Michigan section
by farmers. says the Chicago Record.
In this district the country is sandy
and the roads have been so lad
throughout most OF the year that I; has
been impossible to bring to market the
proGuce of the farms. The nearest
town WAS applied to. but It WIS so poor
that IL was compelled to decline the re-
quested help. Finally the farmers de
cided to help themselves. About five
years ago - of theri came together
and offered 10 haul mari one day free
If the township would allow them to
take the mari from its bed. CoDzent
vas given. and about. 20 men y.,iGn-
Eeered to shovel and level the mari. and
so the first half mile was laid. This
road proved such a success that the
down. The mari packed down hard
and made such an excellent bed for
gravel that ;he farmers raised among
. themselves enough money To put q
.lressinG of gravel about eight inches
Nick over onc-quartcr of q mile of the
road. This made .n excellent walk.
and the following year more money
was collected. and half a mile WAS put
down. But this time only four inches
of gravel WAS spread over the mail
The next year another quarter mile
strip was graveled. and about half n
mile Of mari WAS put down ready for
graveling next fall. Ae Z natural con-
sequence Of the Improvement in 'the
roads more produce Is now sent 10 the
local market. aud The principal town of
the district has benefited so largely by
the Improvement that II has offered TO
furnish gravel FOR n nile of road II the
farmers will provide the labor TO spread
II, which they have agreed 10 do.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Alcohol -.o.ors.

N. Oei,ors in ~ address recently de-
livered before the German Distillers'
association. riade the following est
mates as TO the comparative cost Dcr
horsepower hour Of using gasoline,
petroleum. illuminating gas and alco-
hol. According to his data, the saso-
line motor consumes o.II pound per
horsepower. representing cost of 81
mills: petroleum motor 0.SS pounds.
at % mills: gas moto: costs q mills
per horsepower. and an alcohol motor
uses o.9S pound at 20 mills. His re-
suits. therefore. show that the alcohol
motor is cheaper than the gasoline,
Learer than the gas and costs about the
same as the petroleum.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
STEEL WOOL.
A Crriors Material That ~ CscG ns a
SuDstitrtc ler SHR1iamHcr.

"
NSteel wool. introduced five or s'-
years ago, ID a machine produced matc-
rial that is used as n substitute fer
sandpascr. II is composed os sl.a.p
edge. threads os steel. which curl -
sogetner Ike wool. or somewl... ,;.s TIE
wood lbers Of the familiar Ega.oIi:.l
known az excelsior carl up together.
though the steel wool Is very llcch iii.-
er, tie finest OF il being hot ,nucl:
coarser than the coarsest of natural
wopls. The steel wool is put rp in
packages confirming one pound each.
These are something Ike rolls CT cot
ton batting, hut smaller. q pound OF
steel woal. loosely packed making. roll
ed III paper ard open at tie ends, 4
package perhaps II inches long and !.
or 3 !iches IN diameter.
Made in various degrees Of coarse
ness. steel wool is put 10 . variety Of
uses. the iirer wools for polishing wood
alc metal and the ccarser for rubbing
down paint and varnish. II is often
used on special parts OF work; while.
Lpr example. Oh the fiat surfaces of q
/loor man would use sandraper with
n block Of it for the moldiE2s lie
world use steel wool. which .is Into
the creviccs ard conforms iiseif to IT.
regular shapes. Such work can lie
dune with steel woe. fa: more ioaC.ly
and quickly than with saudp"p.r. ;.Gd
\ il is used with Ike advantage On lrrcc-
Nular and small suriaces AID ca carved
No.,;
BESIDES tho steel wooi. there IS q
coarser material Of tie sare kind can
ed a.eel shaylnss. which Is put 10 vari
Gus uses. as II taking OF cld paint or
varnish ard in polishing wood before
printing. and i is. usrd cn bowling al
legs and on floors tor smoothing and
cleaning them.
Sandpaper cioTs II use: steel WOO,
breaks down. The wool Is commonly
used with gloves 10 keep the ends from
sticking into the fingers.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
ACCIDENTS FRoM cAc.
CareIcss=css ana icno-anee r. Cook
ing, Lighting .ga r.easiaa.

Carcicss-:csS -.9s. fanoraEee r. CoOis-
ing, Lighting .gG Ee2siaa.
Numerous acc.Gerts cecrr arag.a,ly
in the rso CT Gas Ger uE-tne. ccok.ng
OF heating, Trough either carelosanoss
or ignorance. says Tie Her' Tot.i News.
The largest member cf accidents prob
ably occur f.om ignorant -,ersons
either Blowing CIT the eas Or ta-a.as
II or ana subsequently turn,es the
cock on sufficiently Tor t!-a gas 10 es-
capa i.aEoticed.
Many othc. accidents a.c tie result
of TIE bgd practice of turning Down q
gas fame. particularly IN . bedroom.
This is always ii advised. for sreh q
turned down faEc may be oither
blown cul by draft Of mir from an
open window or elsc it Eay lie o;l-
t.ngrished by q sudden variation Of
reduction in ;Ae pressure. when this
happens in small bedroom without
ventilation, there Is great danger Of
asphyxiation. particularly so if water
fas is used. Mach can lie done-to avert
this danger 5y a proper arrangement
OF the gas piping II houses.
Another Ga-geluus custom IS TO ahut
OF the gas ct tie inain service or at
the gas meter during tie night, and na-
negous accidents. some Of tICil fatal.
Lave resulted rom it. II is almost
equally lad 10 turn OF tie gas 81 the
meter during tie day.
Notwithstanding tic universal irtro-
duction q gas lighting, there are still
many persons who would be benefited
by receiving plain Instructions ca The
use OF gas in the household Gas com
panies would benefit themselves and
the public by paying more attention TO
this matter Among available Stats
ties may Le found numerous incidents
o. death or accidents due TO faulty
management CT gas. Ancng TIE more
remote causes the writer finds the fol-
lowing mentioned: In ore Of the two
adjoining rooms. supplied with gas
from one so called prepayment gas
meter. man retired for the night when
the gas saTply from the meter was ex-
hausted. hut forget 10 close his gas
burner. The occupant Q: the adjoining
room came home late II night. dropped
coin in the slot of the gas meter and
got a fresh supply Of gas. which mean
while also escaped in the adjoining
room. killing the occupant.
Escape OF gas and explosions have
also happened in the use Of gas cook
ing stoves where boiling water. run
ming over the vessel. extinguished the
flame. II has already been mentioned
that the SO called independent gas con-
nections with two keys may lead to ac-
cidents by the wrong che being turned
I b. mistake. Where the gas in the eel
lar freezes in winter time it is danger
ous 10 attempt TO thaw out the gas
meter or service with q Game. 4 gas
meter should rever be examined vith
n burning light. Eor should any tools
be used near :. gas meter known TO be
leaky. on account of the danger of fy-
icg SPARKS.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
Automobile. OF Better Design.

The Electrical Review pleads for
more originality in the designs OF auto
mobiles. The automobile goes around"
it says. ''forlornly. as if il We're an or
dinary vehicle seeking the departed
spirit of its horse Something seems
to be wanting. At the same time no
advantage Is taken of the absence OF
the horse. at is time says our con
temporary, "to make design that shall
embody together with grace AID beau-
ty of line all Of the conveniences that
the horseless structure is capable OF
and not In any degree suggest the an
cient hippomobile as its predecessor
Among many of the couvenleIceS
which are possible In the new style the
following may be mentioned as typical.
Access hy !. door IN front of the ma
chine instead OF by the lncouvenlent
side doors now In vogue and uccessl-
tated by TIE fact that the horse Is in
front of the ordinary vehicle: lower
steps and bcdies. made possible by the
smaller wheels which can he used With
the automobile. to the great conven-
ience Of the feminine half of the popu-
lation: open fronts of clear glass for
inclosed types of vehicles. so that the
occupant can look directly ahead at
the street and the passing scene with
out having TO crane his neck sideways.
as In the common cab on the streets
today"
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
water po,vcr. 4. s,y..:c,

Sweden. Of all the countries of Eu-
rope. is perhaps most blessed with nat
uIal power. From the mountain
streams Ut the head of every ford II
quantity of energy is available, the to-
tai being enormous. To this fact the
Swedes are rapidly waking up. and i'm
ports of electrical machinery for the
utilization OF these water powers are
growing with rapid increments. Flee
tric railways are under contract AT
Trolhaettan. Gothcnburg. Lund, Bier
rod and Joenkoeping. The electric au-
tomoblle Is also achieving considerable
popularity In Sweden and other Sean
dinavlan countries. the benzine and
gasoline varieties OF motor carriage be-
Ing considered too noisy and far too
evil smelling for those regions.
Gilpin observer., 1901-10-17
MIX Prescrxntion.

A recently issued report Of the Mas
sachusetts state board of health gives
some interesting information regard
ing milk preservation. OF the samples
examined by the state analysis l1.G per
cent We're found TO lie adulteratcd-
that is. 10 contain q preservative. OF
these. 10 contained boracic acid. 3 car
Donate Of soda ard by far the larger
portion Cj,D formaldehyde. Expert
ments made to test the value of thesc
three substances as milk preservatives
gave results very much in favor of for
maldehyde. The milk undergoing tie
test was kept ct the temperature of tho
laboratory. about 36 degrees f.