davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
PHOTOGRAPH.

For photography, one of the most valuable
artistic and industrial developments OF the
century, the world is indebted To a number of
persons. Daguerre deserves the credit of hav-
ing first put IL into successful practice but ne
originated only a small part of the process. A
of the great potter. wedgwood, found that
light would impress images on surfaces that
had been made sensitive with chemicals Davy
discovered the superiority Of nitrate of silver
for this purpose The elder Niepce used the
first rude camera. besides making suggestions
of less Importance. The special features of
Daguerre's procedure were the use of iodine
vapor TO sensitize his silver plate. and mercury
vapor TO develop the image after exposure. But
he had no great success in fixing the picture
until he used hyposulphate of soda In 1880. and
this followed Sir John Herschel's description of
the properties of that salt
The old daguerreotype could not be reproduced.
Fox Talbot the first TO make prints from
his original picture. although his negatives were
made of transparent paper, not glass. In 1851
Scott Archer hit upon the idea of coating a
plate Of the latter material with collodion. which
made the vehicle for his chemicals. This
formed the basis of all Photographic work for
thirty years and which is even used TO a
limited extent. But when in about 1850. a way
was found to put the sensitiz!ng materials into
a gelatine emulsion and let this dry on the
possibilities of photography were wonderfully
enlarged Not only could the professional art
list get pictures at distance from his labora-
tory, but countless amateurs were tempted to
practise the art too. This was now turned 10
account for host of business purposes as well
for pleasure. OF late years there have been
marked improvements in the papers used for
Photographic printing. the effect being to sim
plify and hasten the process. and he same
time give greater permanence and beauty To
the picture.
Among the modern applications of photogra-
ply are its combination with lithography and
etching on metal plates for the illustration OF
books. magazines and newspapers. What IS
known as the "half tone" process reproduces a
photograph with such fidelity that wood en-
craving has become almost lost art.
Many attempts have been made to copy colors
photographically, but none of them have re-
suited in altogether satisfactory way Linn
mann secured absolutely faithful reproduction
of tint, but his pictures cannot be multiplied
and need TO be examined under certain special
conditions to show what they are. The plan of
using three different color screens, both in oh
tanning negatives and exhibiting prints has at
tanned greater popularity and admits OF dupli-
cation, but ii viii not automatically give per-
feet limitations of the original hues. Professor
r. W. Wood, of Madison. Wis. has tried an en-
tirely new principle. that OF the diffraction
grating but it is impossible to say yet whether
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Medical practice has been marked by dimln-
ished use OF drugs for remedial purposes Some
physicians discard them altogether Hahne-
the theory that like cures like was. perhaps,
partially instrumental in producing this result
The profession now relies largely on proper
food, suitable dress, fresh air, exercise and
sleep TO restore health. But the prevention of
disease rather than it's cure, is the prime aim
OF medical science to-day. And measures hav-
ing that object in view are based mainly on the
discovery by Pasteur and his disciples that
many malades have a bacterial origin. A sec
ond development from that revelation, jointly
with Jenners system of protection against
smallpox is the attempt to fight other diseases
with incubation The most conspicuous tri-
u,nph with antitoxins has been won In dealing
with diphtheria but more or less promising re-
suits have also been attained with tubercuio-
sis. pneumonia, bubonc plague, tetanus and
rabies.
and partly account of Schwann's discovery
that exceedingly minute cells the seat of all
vital activities, the microscope is now largely
used for purposes Of diagnosis. The stetho-
scope is another modern instrument for finding
morbid conditions.
In surgery the two most important advances
Listers antiseptic system Of dressing
wounds and the Of anHsthetics. Wells and
Morton introduced ether to the profession in
1874. and Simpson did the same for chloroforrn
in 1S41. With these two resources at his com
mand, the surgeon is now able TO open the alb
domen, examine and remove any organ there
and perform other operations from which for
merly he would have shrunk in dismay Skin
grating, nerve splicing and the suhjugation of
diseased Joints gre among the other notable ad-
yances in the art OF healing.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
EVOLUTION.

No scientific idea devoid of industrial value
has produced so profound impression on the
thought Of the century that of which Charles
Darwin was the great eXpositor, namely, that
the many animal and vegetable species which
have existed on the earth for the last few thou
sand years derived by process of evolu-
tion from much older and less perfectly organ
ized types; that this law also applies to those
extinct forms of which fossil remains have been
found in the rocks, and to others which have
left no trace whatever. and that genealogical
lines extend backward many millions of years
and converge and merge, so that there were
originally only very few. perhaps not half
dozen, primitive types. and these of the lowest
imaginable organization.
The biologists had prepared the way for this
idea during the first half of the century by
pointing out what immense period re-
quired for the formation of the various strata.
Lamarck noted, too, that the fossils were not
distributed at random through the rocks, but
showed something like order and progress. Dar-
win presented much more convincing evidence
of a systematic development. Moreover, he de-
clared that. superabundance of life having
prevailed, struggle for existence enSued, In
which nature favored some individuals and
species at the expense of others. and thus select
ed those which should continue. The rest were
eXtermnated.
He did not explain the differentiation which
had occurred among animals and plant forms.
simultaneously with the appearance or more
complicated structures; but, this variation hav-
ing developed a wedding out process followed.
Herbert Spencer, who did much to elucidate and
commend the theory, coined the phrase sur
vival of the fittest' TO describe the method and
results of the operation. Alfred Russell Wal
lace, contemporary Of Darwin, discovered this
law Independently at about the same time.
Huxley, too, bore an important part in the dis
cussion which Darwin's writings provoked. The
"Origin of Species appeared in 1859, and the
Descent of Man" in 1871.
The scientific world adopted Darwins con-
clusOns promptly. and with delight and graft
tude. These have been wonderfully corrobo-
rated in the last thirty forty years by the dis
covery of fossils unknown 10 Darwin. among
them the missing link between and the
ape, and also by the new science of embryolOgy.
The doctrine of evolution brought order out OF
a sad chaos of observed facts. and threw flood
Of light what had seemed nsoluble problems
in zoology and botany. Biology, geology pale
ontology and other sciences received from it
tremendous stimulus.
Darwin's theories were at first construed
hostile to Christian theology. and We're vigor-
ousy opposed for a long time on that account.
Eventually, however, progressive theolOgians
discovered that there is no real antagonism be-
tween Darwinism and Christianity. So that
among the non scientific as well as the scientific
classes of humanity the battle for evolution has
now practically been won.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
UTILTZATTON OF WASTE HEAT EFFECTS
GREAT ECONOMT IN FUEL.

Sixty years ago people had not begun 10 look for
the refnements and smaller economies In steam
power plants that considered so essential to-
day; nevertheless it was as early 1si5 that the
first Mr. Edward Green made his early experiments
with the working of a fuel economizer which Is
regarded the most indispensable adjunct OF
steam power plant, by whose aid the surplus heat
escaping from the boilers is arrested and utilized
There is probably adjunct in connection with
the working of stationary steam boilers whose
economical value is generally recognized at
the present day than that known Green's Econ
omizer or Flue Feed Water Heater.
II is this fundamental principle of heating the
feed water in d separate vessel quite apart from
the boiler and thereby utilizing the waste gases
passing TO the chimney which constitutes the dis
tinctive feature OF the hrst OF MT Green's lhVen- %
economy and design is analogous in many<respects
TO Watts application of the separate condenser 70
For number Of years engineers were very slow
to take up this principle: but during the last hf;
teen or twenty years they have in the United United
States begun to reaze tne "a oT % s Sl 'ie Ing
most economical plants, and Green's Economlzer
nm 10 date plants The Pennsylvania Steel Com
rany Steelton. PENN is also using this device for
azng and ae Rome Rns BTass and copper Company Rome
n. Y, from its copper reheating furnaces, -,,
ance are @ss eo ana sonpe 70 the q ned Great
81 9er Il Fl IS IS n sed IN the az textile Of
india Japan and China, and in the gold mines OF
The Economizer is MANUFACTURED at Matteawan.
IN this STATE p BY the Gseh e Fue s1e IN
@ them them for e Fl s pans Of %
The irst Eeonomzer installed IN this country p was
In 1867, for Thomas Saunders. OF providence, X: l.
This was followed by its adoption by the late Mr.
Brookyn. the other sugar refneries quickly. follow
ing his lead The first Economizer erected Tor elec
Railway. of Boston. and was quickly followed by
orders from the Union Rairoad Company t or e Fr1y &
other large roads in the country in quick succession
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
ASTRONOMY.

Not only is astronomy the oldest OF all the
sciences. but Il is also the one which gives man
his fullest sense OF the infnties OF time and
space. The most important addition 10 the
equipment Of the~devotees Of stellar science in
the last hundred years is probably the spectre
scope. The "difraction grating" which Row
land has done much to perfect. and the new
type OF instrument devised by Nicholson have
special value for certain classes of work
where a high dispersion be had but the
prism of Fraunhofer-greaty improved. of
course--is still the chief reliance Of the astro-
nomical spectroscopist. This instrument reveals
something of the composition and temperature
of the stars, does the same for the sun. and
analyses the atmospheres OF the planets. The
discovery that celestial object which man
can see contains other elements than those Of
the earth is singularIy impressive hint of the
unity of creation. The spectroscope. too. indi-
Gates motions toward away from the OBJ
server, tells the veocities with which the stars
sweep through space. and betrays the double
character of many of these bodies whose COM
ponent parts cannot be separated by the most
powerful telescope.
Another important aid TO stellar science is
photography which records the solar corona,
sun spots, comets. star spectra. lunar scenery
and other objects and phenomena far more
curately and speedily than the hand can de-
lineate them, and registers them for future
study and comparison The sensitive plate has
also led to the discovery of stars and nebulse
previously unknown. Improved methods Of
manufacturing optical glass have made it pos
sible TO develop the refractng telescope from
an aperture Of four five inches TO forty or
fifty and this form Of instrument is now pre-
ferred to the reflector except for special kinds
of work
One of the most striking triumphs of the cen
tury is the measurement of the parallax of stars.
by means Of which their distances are deter
mined and the first definite conception of the
extent of the universe obtained Bessel and
Struve were the pioneers in this work. Other
notable achievements are the detection Of the
SUMS way through space. the exploration of the
invisible part of the spectrum, the demonstra-
ton of the harmlessness of comets the finding
of Neptune and the ring of asteroids. and the
discovery of several planetary satellites and
the canal-like markings Mars.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

Carl Herring in The Electrical World and Engineer
Products which not many years ago were rare
specimens preserved i'm form OF small fragments In
sealed Walls and kept only in laboratories ana mu-
seums as rare curiosities made electro
chemically by the ton Others, which were not
even known before. like carborundum are now
also made by the ton. A long series of new COM
pounds chiefly the carbides. have been discovered
and studied electrically. Materials like graphite
and the diamond formerly found only IN nature,
are now made artiicialy, the former by the ton In
the largest electrical furnaces in the world Real
diamonds are made, though at present only in
microscopic specimens of no intrinsic value. Real
rubies are made and small natural ones can be
melted into large ones.
There is stu another possibility of the future
which might be mentioned here. although II be-
longs more strictly TO eectro-physics than TO cleo
tro-chemstry. IT would be even more revolutionary
in character than of the Others. A careful
study of the electric phenomena in vacuum tubes
has led certain prominent English physicists 10 the
interesting conclusion that atoms which heretofore
were the smallest particles known, capable OF
subdivision. This infers decomposition of these
smaller particles into different atoms, I'm pcpu-
lar language the possibility OF the transformation
OF one metal into another: Coming from such high
authorities the statement that atoms be de-
composed startling as IT is can be criticised only
by their peers. Let wait developments; the
century Will bring them.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
WAR MATERIALS.

Cannon have grown wonderfully in both size
and efficiency during the last hundred years.
but the limit in the former respect seems TO
have been nearly reached England tried To-
inch gun on her warshps q few years ago. but
has abandoned all idea of using more there
The biggest guns for naval service now have
calibre of only twelve and thirteen inches.
They weigh from fifty to sixty-five tons, and
from forty to fifty feet in length They
throw proiectiles Weighing from $50 to 1.2oD
pounds. For coast defence. however. heavier
ordnance is possible. The great 16-inch gun be-
ing completed for the United States at Water
yliet will weigh l26 tons; and is expected & 70
piece is nearly fifty feet long and measures
six feet across the breech-
The three great improvements in heavy ord
nance are the rifling Of the barrel. loading at
the breech instead of the Inuzzle, and the use OF
fixed ammunition is. cartridges in which
the powder and ball are combined in one pack
age. Owing to the greater facility with which
guns utilizing this last principle can be worked
they are called rapid fire" or quick fire guns
A new type of ordnance, the machine gun.
originated less than half a century ago. For
long time this employed only the calibre and
ammunition of infantry rifles Gatling punched
a dozen barrels together. made them rotate on
an axis, and loaded and fired them in rapid
succession by turning crank Accles improved
the feed mechanism OF the Gatling gun. While
Hotchkiss. Nordenfeldt. briggs, Schroeder and
others devised machine guns working on differ-
ent principles Maxim Colt and others have
fire, thus making a gun automatic In the
South African War 1-pounder Maxims, capable
of firing 800 shots a minute, were used with
terrible effect
The serviceability of small arms has been inn
proved through rifling, the adoption of the
breechlOading system and the addition of a
cartridge she'll extractor and a magazine for
fresh ammunition.
New explosives have still further revolution
lied warfare. Submarine torpedoes contain gun
cotton and dynamite. Inventors have tried TO
find a way to hurl shell containing such ma
terials from a cannon without bursting the lat
ter. To accomplish this object compressed air.
combinations of compressed air and powder.
and powder OF a particularly slow burning
character, have been tried, with more or less
success. In South Africa recently the British
managed to fire shells containing lyddite car
bolic acid derivative, from their guns without
wrecling them Powders in which gUncotton.
nitro -glycerine a combination of the two is
the chief ingredient have been made lately for
both small arms and heavy ordnance. These
have the merit OF producing no smoke. and de-
veiop two three times much energy the
old kind of powder.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
4 SCOTTISH NEWSPAPERS CENTENARY.

Ten days hence January 16. 1.-THE Dundee Ad-
vertiser' will enter upon the second century OF its
existence One hundred years ago the paper was
started as a weekly of eight pages. measuring lSl5
inches by 10 inches, three columns to the page.
After some months the form altered 10 four
pages measuring q inches by l4l4 inches four
columns 10 the page. The price was sixpence Q2
oents) II was still a weekly when. away back In
1852, young man named John Leng obtained an
interest in the concern. Under Mr.. Leng's man
auement the paper made rapid progress, and in
May 1861, he began publishing 1T as daily. Mr.
Terg was knghted several years ago by queen
Victoria and he has been for years Member OF
Parliament for Dundee. He is now at the mead OF
one of the largest publishing establishments IN
Scotland. Besides The Advertiser he mas an
avenfng paper and three weekly periodicals, Which
circulate all over Scotland and in nearly every part
of the globe where Scotsmen are 70 be found
One notable thing about "The Advertiser is that
from its foundation 1t has always been an exponent
OF advanced Liberalism.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06

It will ever prove a practical process. Edison
gave the finishing impulse to the centurys de-
velopment of photography by devising an In
strument for taking series Of pictures on a
continuous dim. in rapid succession. so that
they could be made TO show the motions Of
persons animals and objects with startling
ism.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06

II has population Of 30.OOo.000. The effect OF
the geographic evolution of Africa upon Europe
may be estimated by the statements that Bel
giurn in it's relations to the Congo State, deals
with a country whose is one hundred times
It's own and that OF the II 100000 square miles
Tendencies.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
4NERICAN GLASS EXPORTS.
The American Exporter


Tho great bulk OF glassware. export consists
of pressed crystal tableware while there is consd
erahIe cast colored cathedral and opaescent sheet
glass exported Germany being the largest buyer Of
this class of products. In this connection
statement Of the exports Of American glass and
glassware during the recent past win prove inter-
esng.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06
HIGH PRAISE FOR STANLEY.

staniey's exploration of the Congo basin was
a potential force. second only 20 that OF Co
lumbuss discovery Of America Each explorer
opened up d new continent and gave rise 10
scientific and philanthropic schemes which af-
fected the progress OF the world.
Europe awakened TO the importance Of the
Congo basin. with its great lakes. Its ten thou
sand miles of navigable rivers, which leave no
part Of the basin one hundred miles distant, Its
fertile valeyS its animal life and vegetable re-
sources and its millions of inhabitants Africa
speedily became the centre of commercial ex-
ploitation which not confined TO private
enterprise. Most fortunately, by act Of inter-
national conference the Congo Free State, with
m area Of nearly million square miles, became
independent Presenting the greatest natural
pcssibili:es, il practically bears in interest and
Importance the relation to Africa does
the watershed Of the Mississippi and its tribu-
tariee the United states
BY rail and steamboat one now travels from
the West Coast through the Congo State, more
than half way Africa Its revenue is
counted by of millions of francs. its exports
and imports increase steadily, and apart from.
The II 900 900 Inhabitants of the French Congo.
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06

Singular the juxtaposition may sound 20
careless ears. Wagner has had but rival
worthy OF the name. Verdi enh0dies in himself,
every phase of development that opera has gone
through In his native Italy since Rossini. IN
1913 the year Of Ver6i's birth. changed the
tastes that had been formed on Piccini. Gina
rosa and Pasiello- His Ideals in 1880 when he
brought his 'Oberto." differed in nothing
from those OF Bellini and Donizetti. and iron,
that opera to 'Falstaff' QS93) Is wide and
IN Its way as significant a step as the striIe
from Wagner's "Rienzt' to his 'Parsifal AZ
the end OF the century Verdi IN his eighty
eighth year. Is stu influence for progress
along healthy lines while the "veritisn" Of the
younger men who are perverting the principles
OF Ponchieilt-Mascagni. Lconcavallo Puccini
Giordano and their fsllows-seems already TO oe
at the end OF it, tethsr. II. E. XREH91EL
New-York tribune., 1901-01-06

the interior of the Dark Continent only the
most succinct account is possible. For clear
ness OF statement explorations are treated under
five general heads: First. Transsaharan, from
the Mediterranean; second, the Niger regions;
third. the lake regions the Upper White
Nile; fourth. the Zambesian region, and fifth
the Congo Basin.
According 10 different definitions of afdesert
the Sahara varies in area from 2,5o0,O00 TO
3500000 square miles, of which the eastern
third is generally known as the Lybian Desert
Hitherto this desert area, with scant water in
tense heat and whiTling duststorms interpOsed
an inaccessible barrier between the Hamitic
nations OF the Mediterranean coast and the
negro tribes OF the Soudan.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1901-09-19

variation from the usual English
ap and Joke" story was told in an
49, town hotel the other night. He was
a Young Englishman and was riding
%orsohock with an American friend
from Rye TO Larchmont.
81 say. old chap" said the Eng
usbn,ap what is written on that sign
nv the wayside"
"Why. it says Private Road, re-
-rrned his friend. You ought to go tc
a blacksmith and learn TO read signs"
The Englslman was interested.
81 saw, old chap" was his reply, 'is
that joke"
.Of course it is a joke. You will see
t, next week if you work hard"
"Next week. All. smarty, III lay you
. bawtle Of wine that | see it before
|mawning.'
The wager was taken, and by the
tua they had reached their journeys
and the American had forgotten the
wager. Not so his friend He thought
and thought. and shortly before /
O'clock the following morning he burst
into his friends room with flying hair
md radiant with citation.
Il have it, | have it!' he cried, bare
Nv able to talk. THE joke is-suppose
|the blacksmith was not in"
He got the wine. New York Sun.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1901-09-19
.Jay GouId's Timely Hint.

81 called upon Jay Gould once to ask
him for rule that would bring me
success in my work. said Edward
Bower principal of one of the finest
|arammar schools in New York city.
EEvery one who knew Jay Gould knew
Ehat he was a preoccupied man, that
bis thoughts were usually far away
trom the present scene.
Il was introduced to him by a friend,
but / felt that he was scarcely con
kcIouS Of my presence. We had plan
bed TO make some startling remark to
ktract his attention, and as | did so
khe great tuaucier looked at me for a
kecoud as il he saw me for the first
kime Then | put my IL portant ques-
Fiun
what is your business?' he asked
b quick as fash.
II am a schoolmaster.' replied.
"'Then let other people do the work
THE advice was TO the point and has
proved itself invaluable. success.