The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-09-08
CORRECT ENGLISH AND
 HOW TO USE IT
ARTICLE VIII. The Grammar of the English Ian.
 guage.
By Josephine Turck Baker.

l ARTICLE VIII.
 The Grammar of the English Lan- | guage.
 Language is the expression of thought | or feeling. Grammar Is the scientific con- | of language to the corresponding forms of thought \ grammatical form is one | that conforms to the correct usage of the language. An ungrammatical form is one that does not conform to the correct | usage of the language. An ungrammati- cal form is regarded either as a solecism (error) or, as an idiom. | A solecism Is deviation from the | correct and settled usage of the lan- | guage, as. you was, he don't | An idiom Is deviation from the cor the settled usage of the language. but the settled usage of the language, as. l | had better go, you are mistaken. | The usage of the language Is the estab- a particular word. phrase or construction
 Parts of Speech. All of the words in the English lan- guage are classified into divisions which 1 are called parts of speech:
 The grammar of the English lansugs , Is almost destitute of infections and in | consequence the grammatical construc- | ton is determined almost exclusively by | the relation and order of the words. Ibe | use that Is made of any particular word determines the part of speech to when | 1t belongs.
 A part of speech is a word having | one limited and definable office in speech | or in the practical use of language. noun. pronoun. % article. adjective. ve, b. | terjection.
 Parts of Speech Defined. A noun is a word used as a name. Noun Is from Latin .nomen-a name. Examples; Tree; boy; var; north: south S.a A pronoun Is word used in the place of a noun. Pro Is from Latin-for. Ex- ampies: He. she. him. her, it. who.
 An article is a word used to limit the meaning of a noun. There are three articles, a, an and the. A and an are called tho indefinite articles. and the is | marians call the articles a. an and the limiting adjectives. Examples: good | girl a red apple.
 l A verb is a word that asserts or de- clares something about some particular thing verb Is a word that expresses actio,e existence or condition. Verb is from sne Latin verbum-a word' Exam. | l am. he Is here.
 An adverb Is a word that is used to | modify the meaning of a verb. an ad- jective or another advero. Gxampies He walks slowly. a very nice apple, be walks very slowly:
 A proposition is a word used to show the relation between a noun or pronoun word which may he verb, an adverb' an adjective or q noun or pronoun Ex- amples: She is at home. She Is sincere in her friendsmp;& & Sne tsn-Ihnn t"1K h,s. Tore; positus Is from the Latin pono' ponere. posui. positum-to place; to set;
 A conjunction is word used to con meet words and sentences. Examples: John and James are going home He or I will go, Con is from Latin-withi junctus-Join.
 press emotion or feeling. Examples: Elasi Hurrah! Oh! Interjections have no grammatical relation to the words In the sentence. Inter Is from Latln-he- to throw. Grammatical Constitution-Lis and
 Lay.
 Lie means "to rest" ito recline." Lay means to "to cause to rest or to lie. The principal parts of lie are; Present lle: past; lay; present pres partieiple' 'S'ns Tse pfatis1Rsi prnepsi piG parts of lay are ent' lay; past. laid: present participle laying past participle, laid.
 Lle is an intransitive verb and express. snd sS 'nsIsse%; expresses action.
 Exanples-Le dntransitivel, %to ,, rest rest or to recline:" I am going to He down | l He is laying down. I had just lain dowr when you called: GA u..n will lay the book where l founa It. ,aY n' ing the carpet have laid the boolei on the shelf.
 Lay CTo Cause u Lie.)
 Present, lie; past; lay. . o. .n, past tense of the verb "to He. a r,
 Example-She told me to He down. ant SO I lay down for few minutes. Lie (To Rest.) Present, lay: past, laid. s. Laid Is the form of the past tense. Sh told me to lay the book down. ana 'aid f1e It tto Tn reSn' taI % and lay 0o cause t. Examples-You will find the hook lyini lrestingl where I laid it 'esused Saon u q, ~ the table, where it has lain Tested) eve - Explanatory Notes. In order to avoid confusion In the us of lie and lay 1t ts necessary. nrst, | conrmit to memory the principal part of the verbs in qurstioH. and. 9econdiy, | { remember that any part of the verb | lie" expresses inaction. while any part o ! the verb ito lay expresses action. ! Lie means to rest. Lay means to caus l II am going to lie down. is aorrec
 oee"Tse oto lie. 'n"f'I To ie With the verb "ar going" expresses future time. Il lay down yesterday" Inaction is ex pressed by the verb ito lie" Lay inc past tense of the verb ito ne." Laid" is frequently misused for lay. He is lying down" Tnaction Is ex l pressed by the verb ito lie" ,. 1 The present participle lying" wit lis" forms present tense of the yer "I m had just lain down when you call , ed" The past particplo "lain" with had
 forms the past perfect tense Of the yer
 "I q will lay the book where found it,
 Is correct because action is expressed D.
 the verb to lay" Lay with tn auxiliary Twill" forms the future tens of the verb ito lay"
 He laid the money on the table Ac
 Laid" is the past tense of the verb ''t @He Is laying the carpet" Action i 1 expressed by the verb ito lay" Tn l present psrticiple laying" with tn f auxiliary Is" forms a present tense
 '"e 'eI have just laid the books on th 'Ioe !to lay Lain with have" form r the present perfect tense of the verb 't
 A Conversation.
 Mrs. Al was very much pleased t 1 receive your letter inviting me to com
 today And now we can have anothe
 talk on my favorite subject.
 Mrs B.-I like to hear you say 'I wa
 very much pleased" instead of II wa
 very pleased"
 Mrs. Al never have any more troub
 1,itb that for I remember that one mui