New-York tribune., 1901-01-06


Of the continent. Wallace and Bates did Won
derful scientific work in the Amazon basin- fol-
lowed by Agassiz and host Of other explorers
Of the tributary basins of the Amazon. Steinen
has mapped the Xingu. Church the Madeira.
Chandless and Labre the Purus.
In the Guianas Schomburgk's researches are
the most valuable. In late years the most i'm
portant explorations doubtless those OF the
French International polar expedition at Cape
Horn. under Martial
PATHMAKERs IN NORTH AMERICA.
OF the continents none other has so benefited
by explorations Of last century has North
America To the genius. tact and energy Of
Humboldt early dsoD due modern geo
graphical knowledge Of Spanish America. which
was materially increased by the explorations OF
Pike from ST. Louis 70 Chihuahua. via the
Kansas. Arkansas aud Rio Grande
KOtzebUe and Zagostin in the first half and
Dali. Kennicott and Allen in the last half Of tho
century have outlined the general features OF
Alaska. In the Stickeen. Klondike. Tanana.
Nome and Koyulzuk regions the gold hunters
have explored thoroughly. In Canada the early
discoveries of Franklin. Richardson. Rae and
Back have been supplemented by Petitot in the
Mackenzie basin. Dawson and Ogilvie in this
Yukon watershed. Bell and Tyrren around Hud~
sons Bay. Boas in Bafin Land. and Low in Lab
rador
west Of the Mississippi was almost entirely
unknown in 1900. The early rans-Nississippt
explorations form one phase OF the history OF
the United States Army. The most fruitful in
results of such journeys is that of Lewis and
Clark QSo5-GD- They assembled the Missouri
from mouth 70 source, crossed the continental
divide, traced thence the Snake and Columbia
TO the ocean, and returned via the Yellow
stone. For the first time the United States
was crossed from the Atlantic TO the Pacific
This demonstration Of the practiCabfity of ovsr-
land travel was an essential factor IN the oc~
eupancy OF oregon. whlcn gave yne nrst foot-
hold for the American on the Pacific Coast
MAPPING THE GREAT WEST.
Pike explored the valleys of the upper Mis-.
sissippi. Arkansas and Rio Grande, crossed part
Of Chihuahua and Texas. then unknown eoun-
tries. Bonneville 1882 800. explored the valleys
of the Platte, Green and Yellowstone. and.
pioneer of the Oregon trail twice crossed to the
Columbia, passing west via the Snake River.
the Grand Ronde and Blue Mountains. Ha
also discovered the great basins Of Salt Lake
and Humboldt River and the pass across the
Nevadas to the Sacramento. Bonneville first
correctly charted the photography Of the trans
Rocky Mountain regions. and eliminated the Rio
Buenaventura and other mythical streams Fre-
an extensive series Of scientific explorations
Kearney surveyed the boundaries of Texas and
Louisiana Boone the country between the Ar
kansas and Canadian. and Emory from Leaven-
worth to San Diegosayia the Arkansas. Del
| Norte and Gila-, dova u
Among the many5 expeditions may be men
/ toned that Of Simpson TO the Navajo country.
Stansbury TO Salt Lake. Sitgreaves TO the Zuni
and Colorado rivers. and Mullen from Walla-
walIa to Fort Benton Important surveys
/ those of TIE Pacific Railway route by Mcclellan
/ Whippie. Parke. Williamson and Derby, the
/ Mexican boundary. bx Emory, the northwestern
boundary 0S5G-'ef \ and in later years of King.
Hayden Powell and Wheeler. which have eluef-
/ dated most of the geographical problems in the
\ United States
| RIVALRY IN ASIA BEGAN EARLY.
In the geographical as in the political evolu-
si0 of Sia rha
Britain and Russia. so that Northern and South
ern Asia have been almost separate fields OF en-
terprise for the dominant nation, with Central
Asia as debatable ground for rivalry by both
nations. In Northern Asia explorations in the
early. century confined largely to the local
extensions of knowledge. except additions to the
New Siberian islands by Samk1f. SirOvatshof.
Hedenstron and SannikOf 1S05-'11 OF the SIhe-
rian ocean by Wrangell anG An1Ou, 1920 IS
and in Nova Zembla by Lutke, 1S21-24: zach
tussow. 1SS2-'35. and Baer and ZivOlka, 1sSl-Ss-
/ graphical Society in 1S45 gave impetus and di~
/ rection Asiatic discoveries. increased knowl-
. edge of the Russian Empire being the aim
/ From 1s49 TO 1851 Hoffman. AksakOf and others
/ explored the Ural region and the ethn0graphic
/ features OF Russia proper and OF Western ST.
beria- Extending the scope 1rom IS0l 10 leil,
| besides Siberian researches in AmoOr, Usur1 and
/ Saghalin. the Caucasian and Aral-Caspian re-
/ giOns were explored in the southwest. while TO
/ the east many expeditions entered Turkestan.
Manchuria. Khorasan and Mongolia-
Between 1871 and 1885 Central Asia. Mongolia
! and Western China were explored. largely
through Prievalsky and International polar
! stations were established on the Lena and in
! plored Turkestan minutely. the deserts OF North
I western Siberia and Lake Baikal were exam
| ined, and a sea route opened from TObolsh by
/ way of the Kara Sea to St. Petersburg
THIBET is A MYSTERY YET
| During the last fifteen years attention has
been paid to Caucasia Turkestan. the Arloor and
/ Black Sea regions. In these years perhaps tho
I most interesting explorations are those Of He
1 din who crossed the desert OF moving sand hills
between the Yarkand and Khotan rivers. OUT
4 lined the northern rim of the great Thihetan
plateau and examined Lob Nor Basin.
/ Explorations in Southern Asia originated IN
! the desire TO extend inland from the coast ser@
Elements the sphere of British influence Polirt-
I cal considerations speedily entered into the
problem. AID those barriers proved more dlrhcule
/ 70 surnlOunt than physical obstacles In reach-
! ing the Himalayan foot hills, and later in pass
/ ing across the ranges into Afghanistan and
/ Thiber the explorer necessarily awaited brief
/ intervals in the wars. OF conquest and occupa-
Manning succeeded in entering Thibet in 1911.
hut was soon expelled NOn-intercourse was
risidly enforced that the British surveys had re-
the early advances were made through secret
I Journeys of punditS, among whom ChanGra Das
stands foremost. AS usual, much has been
| learned by missionary laDOrS especially IN
Thibet through Hue and DesgOdins. the latter
also contributing much TO knowledge of Indo-
China In recent years both countries have
! been explored by Rockhin BOnvalOt. Littledale.
Szechenyi. Henri of Orleans and Others under
conditions that leave much to be added
japan has opened her unknown empire 70 the
world. While much has been done by japanese
travellers to make it's geography known. vet
the geological researches OF Naumann should ha
| noted
MAP OF Africa FILLED IN