The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1901-11-30

detail by Mr.. i. NJ. Johnston IN q volume
entitled THE Roman Theooracy and tho
Republic.- Niacmillans)., Before mar.
rating. however, the events which marked
the wears 1900, and which BEGIN with
tho elevation OF the Bishop Of Imola,
C,oyanni Maria Mastai- FeTetti, to the
papal chair under. the name Of Plus TX,
the author undertakes 10 portray the sit
nation Of the I,aii,ns In the first half OF
the nineteenth century, or. In other words.
TO describe the political. Judicial. econom-
icsl and social conditions which, prevailed
IN the states q the Churoh'during the thirty
wears which followed tho downfall OF Ma
noleon and the restoration Of the temporal
nower OF the Papacy. II is these and kindred
,opics. discussed In the first two chapters.
"a which we shall hero direct attention.
having the reader TO trace In the book
,,self the consequences Of the election OF
liberal Pope.
What was the character Of tbs people who
after 1915 found themselves once moro
subiected to the rule Of the papacy? The
author makes no attempt 10 devolve upon
others the answer to the question. In
stead OF collating the Accounts Of travel
l,r. philosophers and historians. and
inviting the reader to dsduce thercfrom
an opinion OF his own, he undertakes to
formulate an adequate statement on the
subject,
He begins by. reminding us that the
modern Italians trace their origin from
many sources. and show In their blood .
great, though now well-fused diversity
n race. Saracen and Norman, Goth,
Lombard, Greek and Albanian, successfully
settled and begat children In the Italian
peninsula. To this day a marked diner
ence is observable between the hard -headed
piedmontese with their slightly Northern
charac,eristics and the crafty sicilians
who reveal at every turn the impress OF the
Greeks and the Saracens. In the authors
Judgment il Is for photographers to de-
termlne precisely what ehect on the race
this intermingling of ethnio stocks may have
Rad. bu, he offers the suggestion that In
the remarkable fusion may he found an
imnortant cause Of the abnormal cerebral
activity Of the Italians. The activity,
hox ever, does not seem TO be baaiIctd
nv n c~orr,,uonding force and a correspond
ing sense Of discrimination; our author
would describe the modern Italian intellect
nj. dl.cursive rather thar discriminative.
He il Inclined to think that intellectual
concentration and terseness OF diction
departed from Italy with Dante and
Nachiayeli. That the Italians on the
one hand are intensely emotional, and on
the other are relatively incapable OF a per-
sistent purpose, is a conclusion that has
been reached by many unprecedented observ-
err. Such was the view Of them taken by
Hallam, and Mr. Johnston accepts II, when
he saws: Subject 10 irresistible bursts OF
passion and TO paroxysms Of grief and
desperation. they are soon at one extreme
or the other-heroes one moment, the
next panic-stricken-a people apt for
revolution and for failure" Our author
firmly repels, however, a charge that has
been often made, a charge that the modern
Italians are deficient In courage. just
before the first French attack on Rome
in lss, Commander. afterward Admiral.
Cooper Key Of the British Navy entered
in his diary that the Romans were all
cowards,- and Gen, 0udinot proclaimed
bombastically 90 his troops that Italians
do not fight Such an opinion is even now
prevalent, owing. perhaps. TO the fact that
in 1905 the Italians. though they had to deal
with only a remnant OF the Austrians.
were beaten. both on land and sea. By
Nj. Johnston, however. the opinion Is pro-
nounced hastS and unjustihed. He points
out that, without showing any OF the
prominent and persistent bravery that
mas been the distinctive attribute OF GER
tain races, tie Italians have on many oc-
casions. csrscially when skilfully led, in
Acause in which their hearts and under
standings were engaged. shown military
valor worthy OF the highest admiration,
IL must not be- forgotten he says. that
although more than once found wanting
at a critical moment they always demon
strated by the numberl-ss victims they
usered " despotism. and by such brilliant
military feats a. the capture OF Milan IRON
Radetsky and ths defence Of the Nascelic
Agniist the French. that oOwardlce " not
q term that can b. properly APPLIED
% the Italian people II was moi
- much In physical courage hat they nos
and then showed themselves lacking s'
n tie intellectual equilibrium. political
oonhience. and military leadership anc
raining that ~ 40 far 20 command victory
The author 81 tho volume ls inclined "a
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