davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
Battleships OF To-Day in
Motive Force and Fighting Force. s

The logical outcome Of these leading ideas
Is realized In the present battleships. as fol-
lows: There are two turrets, protected by
armor, the thickest that can be given
them, considering the other weights the ship
has to carry, and OF the highest resisting
quality that processes Of manufacture can
develop. Armor OF similar character and
weights protects the sides about the en-
gines. In each turret are guns whose pow
er corresponds to the armor which protects
them. Their proper ainl-not, Of course, al
ways reached-isl the heavy armored part OF
the enemy, chiefly the engines. the motive
power. When they strike outside of this
target, as often must happen, there Is eX-
cess of blow. and consequent waste The
turrets are separated, fore and aft, by a
distance as great as possible, to minimize
the danger Of a single shot or any other
local incident disabling both. The fact that
the ends of the ships, being comparatively
sharp, are less waterborne and cannot sup
port extreme weights, chiefly limits this
severance of the turrets. Between the two,
and occasionally before or abaft them. is
distributed the broadside rapid fire Of the
ship, which in its development Is In con-
tradistinctior to the compressed fire Of the
monitor. This fire is rapid because the
guns are many, and because individually
they can fire fast.
The reader will comprehend that in the
application of these leading ideas there is
considerable variety in detail. The two tur-
rets may be looked upon at present as the
least variable factor: and in disposing ar
NOR all practice agrees that the turrets
and engines receive the greatest protec-
ton. But how to distribute the total avail
able weight of armor gives rise to varieties
of practice, which find their reflection in
similar variety In the sizes and numbers OF
the rapid-fire guns. to whose penetrative
force there is Il corresponding thickness of
armor. In the Judgment of the present
writer the weight Of this argument depends
upon what is behind the armor which the
S-inch only will penetrate. If battery and
men it is strong. If not decisiye; if motive
power only. not.
The object of this paper has been not to
present an accumulation of details. but
to elucidate the principles upon which
the details rest. The latter, when correct, are
but the application of principles to prac-
tice. Subject to the imperfections attend
ant on all human work, the writer is per-
suaded that the greatest errors In practice
and especially the lack of homogeneous
ness which characterizes the present bat
t~leships-arise chiefly from the failure to
refer back to principles. Until war has
given us the abundant experience WHICH led
our predecessors to the broadside seventy
four as the rule. with occasional exceptions,
we must depend upon reasoning alone for
the solution of our problems; and the rea-
soner keeps within the limits of safety only
by constant reference to fundamental facts.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
IN DAYS OF OLD.

oBEDIAH: And what sentence did our
worthy magistrate pass upon that terrible
scold. Dame Wagginton?'
Hezekiah:: HE ordered her 20 be i'm.
mersed ten times In the ducking pond"
obediah: Good saints! I didn't think he'd
soak her that hard.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
Aopareent Economics Which
Sacrifice Best Results.

There should be added for the general
public, the caut4bn that the difficulties. the
imperfections. and the frequent hating
state of ships-of-war in commission for sea
service AT the present day are no new
things. To the naval historian. familiar
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
lighting force: III. latter being composed of

fighting force: the latter being composed OF
guns mainly and Of men. Corresponding to
these two chief powers there were Of OLD,
and there are still. two vulnerable elements,
two targets. Upon one or the other OF which
hostile effort logically and practically must
be directed. a century ago the French.
aiming at sails and spars. sought the de-
struction of the motive force. the British
directed their fire upon the guns and men.
In strict analogy now. the heavy guns seek
the motive power, over which the heaviest
armor is concentrated; the rapid-fire guns.
searching the other portions of the ship.
aim at the guns and men there stationed.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03

The battleshfp constituted as described
remains for the present the fighting shin
upon which the issues of war will denend
The type is accepted by all the leading
naval States, though with considerable
variations in size. As regards the latter
feature, the writer believes that the enor-
nous tonnage recently given is excessive.
and that the reasons which support 1T. too
numerous and various to be enumerated at
length. have the following fundamental
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
Early Ships Of the Line.

In the feetship, or the ship of the line.
as the opening century styled the class OF
vessel known in the closing days as the
battleship, our predecessors had reached a
mean conclusion. The .line-of-battleship. or
the ship of the line, as more usually called,
differed from the frigate genertcally, In that
1t had two or more covered decks. There
were one or two cases OF ships with -FOUR
decks, but as a rule three were the extreme;
and ships of the line were roughly ciassed
as two or three deckers. Under these heads
two-deckers carried, in their two centuries
of history from fifty to eighty-four guns;
three-deckers from 80 to 12. The increase
In number of guns, resulting, as 1t did,
from Increase Of size. was not the sole gam
of ships of the line. The bigger ships got
the heavier were their timbers. the thicker
therefore,. their sides. There was a gain, in
short, Of defensive as well as offensive
strength, analogous to the protection given
by armor. las the enemy's ships were
big. wrote a renowned British Admiral.
they took a great deal Of drubbing."
The two-decked ship was superior in speed
and In hardness. and for that reason, even
when acting singly. she could put forth
such power as she possessed more quickly
and more certainly. But these qualities
were most conspicuously valuable when ship
had to act with ship. The great secret Of
military success. concerted action in
masses, was In the hands of the two-decked
ship, because in her were united to the
highest point individual power and facility
for combined action. And this was true not
only of two-deckers in general, but Of the
particular species known as the 74-gun ship.
Ships below that rate lacked Individual
fighting power. Ships above it, the so and
"a, lost maneuvering power because Of their
greater length and weight.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03

gagement ensued they passed through to
the off side of their own fleet, where they
were dispersed at intervals abreast the
main line, like the file-closers OF u mill
tary line, ashore. Here they fulfilled one
special purpose. besides others. As the
fleet fought with broadsides only. its ships
were ranged one ahead Of the other. Con-
sequently. signals made on the masts OF
the Admiral could not be seen always by
those ahead or astern Of him; but the
frigates in the other line made the same
signals. Repeated as it was said, where
they could be read more certainly. But
frisates did also more hazardous work.
They went to crippled ships of the line and
towed them into other positions. into or
out of fire. and at times the Admiral sum-
moned a frigate alongside to carry a mes
sage to some part of the battle."I noticed"
says Marryatt in one OF his novels. 1.-The
look of pride on the face Of our officers
when it appeared that the loss on board
our frigate was greater than that Of some
~ t1a cI;,,, oP tho .1Srnp
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03

only in actual fact. but in present proba-
hilitv
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03
Battle That
Are Too Large,

TtHIdIUIU Z
moleCte1
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-03-03

-
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
WEEK OPENED WELL
FOR STOCKS AND BONDS.
HEAVY TRADING ON THE
STOCK EXCHANGE.
Railways Again in Demand, Sell.
ing Strong and Higher-Gran-
lite Bi-Metallic Lower.

The first day of the opening week of the
month OF July was encouraging in number
Of ways and presented more than one fea-
ture OF interest, 1t opening up active with
large dealings and at prices that were both
higher and lower. There was none Of the
wildness and hurrah witnessed SO frequent
ly during the lively days Of last week, and
which will make that period memorable in
the minds Of brokers. There were no biz
Duises In market vaiIes. but the tradi: <
was on liberal scale and we'll distributed.
the local dealing for the day amounting to
$1,000 bonds and 1900 shares of stock, the
latter being considerably larger than the
best day Of last week. The attraction yes
terday was United Railways, for which
there was an all round good, strong de-
mand throughout the full half-hour Of the
session. Both the A and the preferred and
Transit or common stock were wanted and
the bulk OF the days business was in these
The first-named opened up with a sale of
$5Oc0 at 1915. which was 4 point higher
than they closed Saturday. but later sales
OF LOCO were made at $3.50. and the mar
ket closed at that, buyers, and 1870 sellers.
Preferred stock was the strongest and
scored the greatest advance. the LIS shares
that sold bringing point advance, the price
paid. and bid, ct the close being. $50. and
$S2.5O was asked. Transit. which was traded
in to the amount Of 600 shares. sold at $g.75
and $8, the bulk bringing the outside price
and the close was right up at the top at
$2S bid and $es.25 asked. and y points up for
the day.
The weakness which has been a feature Of
the market for local trust stocks through
out all Of last week gave no sign yesterday
OF passing on or even abating any, and IN
several instances lower prices than ever
were established. There was one ex-
ception. however. to this and that was in
the case OF Title and Guaranty. which
showed signs last week of q revival Of In
terest and growing Improvement In price.
and yesterday was in such good demand
that sales to the amount of 100 shares in 50
share lots were made without trouble at
Sl55 and $156 respectively. the outside price
being 2 points higher than the closing bids
of last Saturday. On the other hand, Lin
coin was of that much and closed at $26s
sellers and no bids. There was sale of
Is shares of Mercantile at s345. and sellers
at that late, when 33A.50 was the best bid.
Commonwealth was also weaker ct 3z75
bid and $279 asked. while Mississippi Valley
was quoted u point OF at 1894 bid and $s97.s0
asked.
Appearances are dece.ving. or there Is
very little confidence placed in tho reports
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

issues received very fair support. The room
still seems confident of an almost immedi-
ate declaration of a dividend on both COM
mon and preferred. but there is POSSIBLE
ity that the labor situation may postpone
action. on the former at least.
Vanderbilt stocks were as well supported
as anything In the market. particularly
Nickel Plate and New York Central. The
grangers suffered under neglect. and re-
ports of damage to the crops from heat.
With SO much bear news current on the
crops 1t is satisfactory to notice that the
st. Paul officials report crops on their sys-
tenn in excellent condition.
Jersey Central declared the regular quar-
terly dividend Of IL per cent to-day. San
apparently the Reading Central does not
see sufficient reason for raising the rate
OF payment at present. Money opened at
about 8 per cent. but 1t was apparent that
strong banking interests were willing to
lend. In any case, the reinvestment of the
July disbursements will relieve the money
market by the middle of the week. Com
nission-house business is small, and the
public is rather disposed to hold off over
the holiday on Thursday.
The close was exceedingly dull, but fairly
hard. In view Of the capital made out of
the damage to corn crop. the. steel strike
and one or two other reports of the same
class. Steel was well supported. and a
in the granger. stocks. Insiders gave fair
support to Steel. and the report that labor
difficulties would be used as q pretext for
the nondeclaration Of the common dividend
was not credited. Money lent freely at per
cent in the afternoon.
BOND SALES ATNEW YORK.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL
New York. July 1-Sales Of bonds were made
hero to-day follows:
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

In all the European center. rh.. go.
ooes not seem to cause much alarm IN az
vener size. but exaggerated news ON ths
.anor situation In steel on this xide .esr,s
10 be causing some disquiet.
The position In Germany. nnanc,a,,y :.
t appreciably more tranquil, and there I. res .s
sonable hope that the remaining banks n.
terested in the collapsed electrical comm.
nies win pull through. =
In the local market uncertainty m Ia tb.
rate for money In the next day or two n.
sharp advance in corn on the reported dam
ago to the crop by hot winds in Kan.ss
and the sus1ension OF i national banking
bureau encouraged GOOD deal Of pressure
nom traders and consequent decline In
values. Ths strike among the sheet steel
woskers had sess efDect than might have
been anticipated. and United stn.es Steel
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

received from the property of the Granite,
Bi-Metallic. A number of extremely good
reports have been received In the course
usually breaks under a selling pressure.
This was the case yesterday. when the
selling was heavy. and at the lowest prices
yet a fine report was said to have been
received from the mine, though. upon in
vestigation, 1t was found to be only fair,
tladns w az me heaviest
has been witnessed in this stock for long
time, and included 200 share. at Sos. 800 at
Of which was bought by one house. and was
eo s va. ss Pd asked
taken in the market for local bank stocks.
and the dealings were the smallest for
long time: . There were not many changes s
main. were steady. But one trade was
worked. that being in Is shares Of Third
National at S22s. the same as It closed bid
Saturday. National Bank Of Commerce was
4 point off at s299 bid and $500 asked: Con-
tinental National was nominaily $40 SELL
ers. but Ut; State e National was " points high
stocks were slow and practically I'M
changed.
ties was quiet and practically featureless.
One sale was made in 80 shares of the COM
mon stock. which brought 5000. which was
bid at one line. but at which the market
closed sellers. The bonds were about I'M
changed. but the preferred stock. after be-
ing bid SIS. closed points lower for the
day at that asked.
Westinghouse Automatic Air and Steam
Coupler stock was in demand. and by the
same parties who were buying quietly last
the IS shares that changed hands brought
an advance Of Y point selling at -. which
was bid for more and $5425 was asked.
There was an inquiry during the course Of
the session for American-Nettie. which fin
ally resulted in a sale Of 800 shares at
$l011a and that was bid for more later,
but none offered under $1.07z.
Closing quotations:
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

lower market generally. and these cables Ald .
depressing effect On this market at the opening.
af hour bt st soa sgs s1o d 10 the sii
amounts. shout 5000 shares in all The net
purchases We're about 1000 shares.
Traders were sellers Of stocks generally at the
opening and in the first hour basng their
operations on the high local money rates. the adj
American Sheet Steel plants. 1t was Thought that
prominent speculative interest. supposed To act
cate. sold TIE general list and bought United
States Steel stocks.
feature of the market was sudden advance In
Nickel Plate second preferred. The stock moved
UP sharpiy small faler. but there was
The stock was very scarce, and a few orders arc
suficient to cacse a wide movement either way.
ON what was believed TO be inside buying. Brook
Iyn was again bought by Flower interests. They
was in use yes: erday and that earnings last
three days were large. than for any correspond
ing period in the history CT the road.
Nickel Plate common moved up apparently in
sympathy with the second preferred. Both stocks
w.re bought continually during the day by Raj,
about the earnings Of the systems and pros
poets OF the second preferred. but there were no
developments nor absolute news.
Traders sold down United States Steel on sheet
ss 1 the snSns ss sens s
dividend will be declared the common stock
;o-morrow. According to unofficial! statements.
quarter are equal to 10 per cent per annum on
the common stock.
banks this morning and new loans were made In
the stock Exchange q. to per cent. The
outside at per cent. and during the afternoon
tic rate was generally per cent.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
LOCAL MONEY MARKET.
Week Opened Up Actively-COunteF
Busfoess Brisk and Dema nd Good.

The local money market yesterday was fully
to the expectations of bankers the days trans
ACTORS considering the season OF the year ani
the ;nteose heat that has prevailed for over 3
week and which shows no signs OF abatnE. wers
liberal and business in all departments CT brink
ing was carried On in an active manner. Both
checking and depositing at the various banks
anC. trust companies were on an active ana large
o6rntry banks very satisfactory to those con-
ed. There WIS the usual good Mondays de-
rr1nd for funds. which were In more than ample
81 ppiy. and quite large number OF borrowers
were accommodated basis of TO per cent
in the extremes and ct to per cent In a ma
iorty OF cases for call and time loans.
The clearings for the first day OF the week
were reported at g, i2a,9o3 the balances amount
Domestic Exchange.
Whitaker & Co.. bond. stock commercial payer
and exchange brokers' No. 800 North Fourth
street, quote exchange as follows: -
Chicago ....... ...... lie dis 10c dis
New York .:.-...loc dis par
Cincinnati ......S2c oiS par
New Orleans ..-....; &c as as par
City Of 81. Louis.
Corrected daily by Guy p. Billion. No. 3U Olive
street: M. A..
City 3S5s I'D. 1917........~..........lo2x 104
City ass. gold. Mn. 1s1S..-....---.-l 1es
{ SIsy s Fl: 5 Id 1 49, 'jp:ls -.
civ civ s 4; . sea; a'' Mn. isii.:. Is
City IS. sterling. 20 years 1905. J-D..-.l1 10S
City -. gold. 40. 1915; llo
civ civ q. - ssseri,ns. 40. 10Th isii..ix 10
CITY o. Soid I'D. 1914 ..............leeh no
City &c. currency 40. 1905 ...........l1o13 u13
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

wall Street G0ssip.
The following synopsis Of the gossip In regard
to the leading features Of the New York mar
ket was received by D. R. Francis. Bro. q Co.:
New York. July London cables reported q
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02

Bar Silver.
New YORK. July 1.-Bar silver NO FER O0noA
London. July 1.-Bar silver z7Kd pr ounce
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
Foreign Exchnnre.

FUfCIKn EXCn0HKSs
There was light demand for foreign exchange
cdedly caaier.
D: T. Francis. Bro & Co. report closing rates
as follows:
Prime sterling. cables 4.ssHQ4.ssn; checks
Commercial bankers. checks I.s7na4. s7s. m
days 4.s5 40 s5A; 70 days 4.spt@istk.
Bankers Paris. cables 5.l5si; checks &. 1872: 60
days 5.1Sls. S"' w
3 6 Gom nm es French francs checks s.1ss9
$50 1-16, " o"9s o'-'v
3 BeIgian ian checks s.1s;sg5.17K: 60 days s.1sN3
60 BANKERS Bank Ieichsnarks. cables ssx: checks e5;
Commercial checks e5 7-1s6e6h: go DAYS s1z@
81 1915: so days 81 5-1S3s4 Ills 'sS
40k. W. 0o osss
Commercial checks 4oS: 60 days 4sX.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
city Of 81. Louis.
Metal Market.

New York. July 1.-The week starts IN natal
circles with business on the whole very light and
speculation almost entirely dormant. In London
values eased of 15s under selling pressure, clos
inS easy In tone at Els los for spot and nm 80
on futures. while the local market Declined 70
points under similar circumstance. but trading
IN both places was only Of too6in1 nature. The
close here was cay at 81 3091A Copper as
values were UNCHANGED on tho basis Of a for
Lake Superior and 1880 for casting and ebectIo-
spectively. Lead was also unchanged. b0th here
and abroad: speiter. however. fell OF e q
ly out Of sympathy. closing easy e. 0-o0d.lk
American iron markets ruled doll and quite
iron warrants =. 5o61o: Noxthern foundry Ql.14
.sse seasns;s ossnsd . ga 90 eo :ss
At tss % and Middle.ooro - lo.fd: ns ssecsss
s.<23 tons. against 15.sse tons last ysaf:
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
New York Mininr Stock.
Government nond..
STOCKS AND BONDS IN po.rox.

Boston. July 1-c1osins quotations on uon.v
stocks. bonds and mining shares: o"e''
Money.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
FOREIGN FINANCE.
England.

En- S1000s
London. July 1.-Consols for money "A ,1e. =,
Lor the sccoLnt ssk tAus.). Atehison III: Sans nv.
aan Pacific 1914: st. PAM 18lA; Illinois (,sntra,
as.a Louisville ils: Union facic preferred w
M ssSw YORK Central lSz: Erie 4is: Pennsyivanis
~ .,a: Reading ~: Erie ... preisired q: North
S sss ~ VA kand M,n me, as: United State: Steel
Hate Of dissount In the open market ior short
Dus - zAV2n per cent: three nonthS bills ~ 4
~ per cent. Amount Of bullion taken into ine
BAN Of England on balance to-day was I'll .1C.
spanish Is, ex. interest. ~
Is France.
Z. Paris, July 1-Prices on the Bour,e to-d.,
were weak IN spite OF long contangos. ForceS
sales were effected in rentes, which were eycsn
tt0nAlly strong owing to the open bear poeision
portuguese and Italians were nrfn. Turks were
freely offered on the unsatisfactory financial ron
dttion m Turkey. Rio Tintos and Kafhrs were
weak. Three per cent fentes l0of SIC for The
account. Exchange on London z5f 19c Ter checE:
spanish As II. s251S. ss:is;s.ss - i5Ss
rs GeRmany.
Berlin. July .1.--Exchanxe on London aom "a
pfG8. for checks. Discount rates-Snoff 6iiis a
per ;csnt: three months. bills 81 per cent Home
day. ,TransSaat Rails were hrm: UNDOUBTEDLY vsfs
very weak and mines closed above III vufsf
g55i sss os ths Dry sstslsmsnt d1y $3.50: "a
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Co. Refundng.

To Holders OF the following Underlying Bonds:
Syndicate Managers Of Syndicate formed under
Railroad purchase reundng $780,
terest the FOUR PER CENT PER ANNUM and he
by the syncac for underlying bonds
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1901-07-02
Domestic ExchaHHe.

Whitaker & Co.. bond. stock, commercial paper
and exchange brokers. No.. 900 North Fourth
i street quote exchange as follows: