The Nome nugget., 1901-12-25
I6pt. Siem Advance An h.
 teresting Theory
AS TO THEIR CAUSE
The Rushing of the Currents North and South as Regular as the easOns-Sh0re Whaling in the Arctic Ocean,

Every school boy learns in his lessons and observes for himself that water expands when its temperature drops below 36 degrees above until it freezes at B degrees above; that the specific gravity of ice is only about nine-tenths -of the specific gravity of water at 36 degrees or over, and that if he leaves a tub, brm full of water, out of doors lover night to freeze, he will find in the ,morning that the water in his tub has fhas OverhOwE and frozen all around to sthe outsides of his tub. We all know .this, but not alone the grocer who thoughtlessly leaves his full vinegar Abarrel, with bung driven tight, out to freeze, only to find it bursted in the smorning and it's contents spread frozen lover the ground; but also those scien- rtists who have searched for years for tthe causes of the phenomena of ocean .carrents and who have tried to deter mine the directions and actions of ,currents in the Arctic Ocean always 1cci CO ISs UllS
 During my foe whaling days 'sat Pt. Harrow, Alaska, where the success of sour whaling always depended upon prevailing ice conditions, my attention was bound to be drawn to the actions and movements of the ice masses. fbegan to look for and to sum up the causes of the often phenomenal and .erratic motions and drifts of the ice dlees and tried to isystematize these causes but never could learn the under Flying method until remembered the .principle.that water expands when it freezes. Thenall at once I began to see light, and since then many incl dents and facts have served to strengthen the impression that this principle is a far-reaching factor not alone most active in determining cur rent and ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean but a.s, predominant cause cf many ocean currents.
 Just compare the Arctic Ocean to a tub brim full of water. Winter comes and it commences to freeze. The water in the Arctic tub starts to expand; it either has to overflow tfe tland or 10 seek an outlet. Such an outlet are the sBering Straits. Through these the Arctic waters rush to the south in the fall an1 winter until tie level is found and estal liShed. Then summer comes aand the expanded ice and water masst s s0f the vast Arctic Ocean begin to warm up little, and to melt, and to contract. 1The equilibrium is destroyel again sand must be rest, Up rusl es the water from the south in strong currents and Juns like millrace sth, ough the Bering Straits to the north to gratify gravitstion. Is this mot the simplest explanation of the cause of the north and south currents rwhich we know flow through the Bering Straits summer and winter ? The warm rushing waters fion the sCnth accelerate our summer here and modify our climate. In Nome we gen. .erally experience t,Cur highest water >in the fall, because the Arctic then actively overfows into Boring sea and sthe prevailing strong south winds hold the waters back from finding e quick iIevel to the south.
 There must have been a time when yBering Straits had not been cut through :as yet, and the Arctic >Ocean did not Ehave this outlet for it's expanding waters. What was 'a more natural consequence thantha the waters and ice masses then did rise and moved Bodily right over the land and that those immense land covering ice caps were formed? :? The Seward peninsula -shows all the signs of having but re scently emerged from such ian ice cap q believe that with the opening o .Bering Straits the ice mssses which l. SJlIce covered all of the d6Fthern half o tile North American continent, first began to recede and my conviction is ethat the ice cap which covers Green Hand today is caused and issfed by ar overflow of the waterand ice masses O the Arctic Ocean which have no outle ,which offers less resistance there We could keep on suggesting interest sAng speculations. A good mathemat siciap would without doubt be Sble tt compute and to demonstrate neari! ,coprectly the annual amount of expan sion and. d.contraction the water tand E' masses undergo in the Arctic Ocean
 It must be sufficiently pronounced t'
 interfere with correct mensuration
 the globe. Take it all in all this circu
 lation of the cold and warm waters, tin
 rushing to the south of the chilled
 ra4or If tha north and the rushing [