The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1901-01-01

- AAoNhrV VI nv " "
to popular sentiment that even the Tory
party headed by Sir Robert PEEL had re-
nounced the principle Of Protection and had
% modified the Corn laws as to launch the
country far upon the pathway to free trade.
Thenoeforward for a quarter Of a century
the progress Of British manufactures and
Of British commerce was astounding, and
the politico-eoonomicsl doctrines OF the
so-called Manchester School were tri-
umphant. and almost unquestioned. A
second Reform bill considerably widened
the electorate. and the disestablishment
Of the Anglican Church In Ireland en-
bodied a well-meant endeavor 10 con-
ciliate the Irish Catholics, who. 1t was
already evident. however. would be con-
tent with nothing short Of the repeal OF
the Act Of Union. Meanwhile the founG1-
ton Of the so-called Free Church In Scot
land represented a conscientious and we'll
organized revolt against the compulsory
connection of religion with the State. The
epoch with which we are now dealing be-
held the awakening OF the British public
mind to the necessity Of sanitary improve
ments: and the crying need Of better facil-
tiles for elementary instruction was recog-
nized in 1870 by the Forster Education act.
On the European Continent the second
division Of the nineteenth century was
signallzed by the separation OF Belgium
from Holland; by the rise and fall OF the
July monarchy in France; by the outbreak
OF revolution In is4s from Berlin TO Naples
and from Paris TO Budapest; by the crea-
ton, exaltation and decadence Of the Second
Empire; by the twice effected rescue OF the
seemingly moribund Ottoman State from
dissolution, by the emancipation OF the
Russian serfs and the defeat Of Polands
expiring struggle for liberty; by the looping
Of Iombardy and venetia from Austria and
the divorce Of the E1be duchies from Dem
mark: by the transfer Of Teutonic hege-
mony from the H%APsBURGs to the HoHES-
%zoILERNs; by the temporary expulsion OF
the Bourbon dynasty from Spain; by the
extinction of the Popes temporal power;
and, finally. by the triumph Of the prin-
c.ple Of natlonalities in Italy and Germany.
Well for both parties was the miscarria GO
Of the attempt made by the Vienna Congress
TO subordinate the Flemish and Walloon
Catholics. who constituted a great majority
OF the population Of the Austrian Neither
lands, To the Dutch Protestants Of the
Seven United Provinces under "A Primo Of
the House Of Orange. The causes Of tho
overthrow Of the Constitutions monarchy.
peNonihed in Louis PHILIPPE. under
whom France had been prosperous at home
and through whom she had acquired Algeria.
were his failure greatly TO augment the
national prestige in Europe and his refusal
TO widen the electoral basis Of the legis-
lative body. IL is also obvious that a mis-
take was made from a dynastic viewpoint
in bringing back amid imposing ceremonies
the body Of the great NAPOLEON from ST.
Helena 10 Paris. and in thereby r~eviving
the Napoleonic legend. which was 10 pave
the way for the election Of the Empe-or's
nephew to the Presidency of the Second
French Republic. However detcstablc may
nave been the Vaccinations which re-
suited in the coup d'ttdt of Dec. ?. 1851.
il is certain that. during the first fourteen
years Of his reign. NAPOLEON Ill. was not
only Il successful, but a popular. sovereign.
He avenged the retreat from Moscow by
taking Sebastopol; and ct SOlferino and
Magenta he punished Austria for her do
sertion Of his uncle. Thanks 10 his in
t~elligent encouragement. the manufacture
and Of France made extrlor-
binary progress. and the means u internal
communication by rail and telegraph were
signally improved. He could say Of Paris
what AvGUsTrs said Of Rome, that he found
IL brick and left it marble. HIS reign was
further illustrated by remarkable engineer
ing works, OF which the most impressive
II the Suez Canal. promoted by French
diplomacy and constructed by French
capital The Illustration Of his design TO
found an empire in Mexico was the be-
ginning Of the end. Then came his suc-
cessive checks In stateoraft by BISMARCK
to retrieve which he suffered himself
against his better Judgment. TO he driven
into the war of 1870. which proved fatal to ms
dynasty. Like his uncle. he left France
smaller in Europe than he had found her
and staggering under IA load of debt hitherto
unparalleled. yet he gave her Cochin
China, and Cambodia. the basis Of an EN-
pire in Farther India
Although the revolutionary movements
of ls4s seemed To contemporaries abortive,
they we're to have substantial results within
the second section OF the nineteenth century.
The King Of Sardinia, the King Of Prussia
and the sovereigns Of most OF the lesser
German States gave Constitutions 10 their
subjects. and. after the battle Of Sadowa,
their example was followed by the House
Of HAPsBuRG itself. az regards both the
Kingdom OF Hungary and the Cis-Leithan
provinces. BY the close Of 1880 the Sar-
dinian Statute had become the organic law
of Sicily and Of the greater part of
Italy. and. from the hour that France be-
came involved in war with Germany. IL
was evident that VICTOR EMMANUEL would
become King of the whole peninsula
through the absorption Of the States OF the
Church. The reverses encountered by
Russia in the Crimea and the loss of Bess-
arabia we're 10 some extent counterbalanced
by the conquest of Tashkent and Samarcani
and the establishment of a protcctorate
over Bokhara, while In the Far East she Sc
cured by treaty from China, when the
latter Was weakened by the Taeping re-
bellion, not only the left bank Of the Amur,
but also the coast strip between the mouth
Of that river and the Corean frontier, near
which wa presently to rise the naval fort
ress of Vladivostock. IL was not so much
-. -. Il.