davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
IS A GREAT LEADER. :
Sig. Giuseppi CreatOre Bids Fair to
Rival Most Famous Conductors

There is no more interesting personal
fty in musical roles than Sgr. Giuseppe
Creatore. director Of Ellery's Royal
italian band. Creatore is a musician. He
Is music to the ends of his toes and the
tips of his fingers. Nervous, erratic, en-
ergetic, he is the very soul of music, and
he plays on his great band as a master
plays on his organ. Italian musicians
are by no means easy to handle, but
Creatore, solely by the force Of his
musical genius, has led them to a high
stage of efficiency, and in spite OF his
severity in musical matters, everyone OF
the fifty-five members Of the band wor
ships the director.
In personal appearance Creatore is
slight and why. He enters into lsfe
spirit OF his music with heart, soul and
body and his gymnastics while waving
the baton are laughable until amusement
is lost in admiration Of the magnificent
music he produces. The soul of the NIL
stefan seems to carry him away, his hair
stands on end, his arms wave like
windmill, his very body trembles and
pulsates and he seems to go fairly mad
with his music. But with all his eccen-
tricities he achieves results that few
other band leaders have ever reached.
The band is composed Of ffty-fve
italian musicians, selected from the fore
most musical organizations of Italy. The
selection was carefully made from hun
dreds considered, and practically every
man is a soloist on his own instrument.
The band will be heard at the Peo-
PIES church Dec. q, and %. with
matinee on the latter date, and at the
Metropolitan opera house, matinee and
night, Dec. %.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08

and edited and interested not
only the young epple for whom
these concerts were primarily given,
but many of us Off maturer years
as well. We may fstter ourselves that
We know all about the concert numbers
that we hear-but we 30 not-and if we
are honest with Ourselves We are glad
to be told just what Mr. Damroseh tells
us about them. In an earnest matter of
fact manner he relates how, when and
why this overture and that symphony
were composed, he. plays the different
themes-not on a piano, but with his full
orehestra-and after dissecting each COM
position plays it in its entirety.
This Is the age of music study The
country Is full Of clubs and circles and
societies that meet for the sole purpose
of studying the meaning of musical COM
positions. All of our programmes are
loaded down with explanatory notes.
and explanatory lectures are numerous
and well attended. But Mr. Damrosch
calls immediate and direct attention to
the music on hand, explains and Illus
trates 1t fully, and then plays it in the
most luminous light possible for the
young people who gather to hear it.
Mr.. Richard Burmeister was the So
loist ON Saturday, and played with a
poetic charm that was peculiarly fitting
to Won Weber's music.
The first matinee concert Of the Ameri-
can Symphony orchestra, Sam Frankie,
conductor, was given in the Lyceum thea
ter on Tuesday afternoon. Mr.. FRANKIE
is making a speciality of olden-time mu-
sic and his programme on Tuesday was
confined to compositions by number Of
eighteenth century composers Sacchini
Q73D furnished an overture, "Oedipe a
Colone;o 'Vfvaldi Q743). concerto for
strings; Llldfy $685., an, aria from
"Thesee;', Gretry Q741), divertimento,
and Mozart Q756), his E-fiats symphony.
Mrs Morris Black was the assisting so
loist.
This quaint music Is often forgotten in
these days of weird orchestral combina-
lions and bizarre effects. And it Is
pleasure to be led back occasionally to
the quiet, pleasant paths of these old
time WORTHLESS who were satisfied with
less noise and (oftentimes) more music.
Our ears, accustomed to the modern Or
chestral strivings after the unattainabIe
are soethed by the sweeter and softer
strains Of these gentle writer's of long
ago. It was a peaceful afternoon Mr..
Frankie gave us and one that we shall
remember with pleasure for some time
to come.
Josef Holman has appeared twice
within the week at recitals Of his own,
and has at both appearances strength
ened the opinion already formed. His
touch is remarkable clear and brilliant,
his knowledge and Interpretation of his
selections far beyond his years, and there
is seemingly nothing that his fingers and
wrists cannot accomplish. His follow
ing has grown in geometrical progress
sion since last year, and his programmes
have been supplemented with so many
encores pieces that they might with per-
feet propriety be called encore or request
recitals. Popularity Is writ large upon
his banner.
It is always pleasure to recount the
successes made by American musicians.
Mrs. Margaret Johnston McAlpin, who
is to be heard here In concert early In
January, has had an senyfable series If
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08

been marked. He has sung In special
performances or opera, but he loves con-
cert and oratorio work best and prefers
to this class of music.
The Women's Association OF st. An
t rhe;ayn Park Will give musical at the
row evening at o'clock. The pro-
gramme will be in charge of Mrs. J.: H.
Southall and will include vocal numbers
bach and Miss Todd also piano solos by
Mrs. Percy Villas and Miss Carrie Zum-
bach. ,Ats
The National Educational Association
OF the United States will meet in Min
neapolis, instead Of in one of the Eastern
cities as was first expected. The conyen-
beth Parker Boyd is secretary of the de-
partment of music education. AS an
nounced In the music columns of 7 e
this city viii iii, read e. paper on Music DC
in the Public Schools From q Vocal
Teachers Standpoint"
The second Of the series of entertain
ments given by Mr.: Ben Johnson, read
er, and Mr.. Lewis Shave, baritone will
take place Wednesday evening at the
eroeen. The subject Is Merchant OF
Venice"
Messrs; .Elmquist and Rhoden. of this
city, authors Of "Hiawatha March"
lar compositions, have just had published
a song entitled, Sunny Days" The
composition promises to be as successful
ly received as their other justly popular
efforts.
Miss Winifred Betz. pupil of Miss
Harriet Hale. will sing at the meeting
of Distaff chapter, Daughters of the
American Revolution, which meets with
Mrs. Judson Wade Bishop Tuesday after
noon at her nome on Mackubin street
he win also play obligatos for Miss Betz
The Kneisel quartette will give con-
cert the third or fourth week In May at
the Central Presbyterian church under
the direction of the Minnesota State Mu-
sic Teachers association. This is the
first public entertainment of the new or
ganization.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08

matte numbers from the pens of Widor
and Gigout, and America by q pastoral
interlude, by Horatio Parker. Mr.. Eddy
played with q brilliancy and certainty
that are his by right of incessant prac-
tice and gave his well chosen programme
variety of effects that are seldom heard
at one recital.
On Saturday afternoon Mr.. Frank
Damrosch gave the first Of his series Of
symphony concerts for young people.
The works presented were Beethoven's
overture to 'Egmont,' . Won Weber.s Con
certstuck," for piano and orchestra, an
adagfo and gayotte by Bach, and
Saint Saens' ballet music to Henry
Mr.. Damrosch gave short explanatory
talks about the numbers played,
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08

=
successes In Europe fand looks forward
to q repetition of then here. Dramatic
sopranos are rare these days. Mrs.
McAlpin is one Of the few American
singers who can rightly claim this title.
Endowed with natural talent and having
had the best Of training with Mons.
Edouard Pluqne tof the Paris grand
opera; San Giovanni, of the Milan con-
servatory: sSignor Eeaare Rossi, the MI
lanese orchestral director, and Alberto
Randegger. Of London. Mrs. McAlpin
plunged at once into operatic work and
sang to delighted listeners In Venice.
Rome, Bologne. Genoa, Milan and Ma
PIES arousing everywhere the greatest
enthusiasm for her dramatic singing In
Faust, T" "Traviata, ~, .'Favorita,'' La
Figlia del Reggimento," and Puccinis
s'Villi." Her concert in January will be
awaited with pleasuable impatience.-
Frederick Dean.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
MUSIC IN NEW YORK
THE MADRIGAL SINGERS GIVE A
CHARMING PROGRAMME or
PART SONGS
EDDY AND HoFMANN REcITALs
Margaret Johnston McA1pin, a New
Dramatic Soprano, to Be Heard
in Concert Early in
January.
sneciaI to The Globe.

Special to The Globe.
NEW YORK, Dec. THE Madrigal
singers under the baton of Frank Taft
gave their first concert this season on
Monday evening. They were assisted by
he Knesel quartette. Years ago there
Tas a lit lie company of New York vocal
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
MUSICAL NOTES.

Miss Georgia lilly, youthful VIOLIN
list, will give q recital Thursday evening,
Dec. 10, at Raudenbush Music hall, as
sisted by Miss Hopes ladies, orchestra
in several classical selections. Prom
inent vocalists will also take part Miss
Ttlly is twelve years Of age, and has
been under the instruction of Miss Hope
years.
Miss katherine Richards Gordon will
give a. programme for the Schubert club
On New Years day. This is an extra
afternoon. and another of the musical
treats arranged by that club for its mem
bers
The programme for the Wednesdays
Schubert club musicale win be given by
Augustine guest.
Mrs w. A Merrill
concerto-'Lento Ma Non Troppo"-
r. Strauss
Miss Mabel Augustine.
a. 1.-THE Four-Leaf Glover" -. Brownell
b. ."The gingerbread Mani. Gaynor
C. 1.-THE Little Jap Doll" ......J. Gaynor
mpromptu in C sharp minor. .Rheinhold
Miss Hilda Hirschman.
E. si heseV wee Parted; .Aiirea Al Etsesa
Miss Nellie Van Duzer.
a. Der Einsame Wanderer" Grieg
O. An na deD Frahling ;a1sg
Miss Augustine.
'Elfentanz" Sapellnikoff
Miss Louella Snow.
Violin Vol obi obIigaso es By Harry DOr pJ'0u
Edward German
7 J,v%
NnAps'ois Miss n Bessie parneil. 1sA'
Accompanists-Mrs. Dorr, Miss Lola
Green, Miss Carrie Zumbach.
Mrs, Norman Nash McFarran has Is
sued invitations for a recital to be given
~ her puR Bon Mas and Pay Ms sR Rass
schoch. assisted by Mrs. Vincent Ebert,
Mr.. w w. Woodwork and Miss Green,
accompanist, In the Professional league
rooms Raudenbush building, Thursday
evening, Dec. 12 at s:15 o'clock.
The following programme Will be pre-
"Armorer's So Song p,,,;n:... De Koven
Can Forget :.....:.......De Koven
"Du Dist VIE cine Bltrme'' ......... Cantor
Miss Schoch.
'"The Song Of Hybrias the Cretano-
Mr.. Bollinger.
'"H Prego O Madre,' .............. Panofka
Mrs. Smith.
oeeHAs Miss schoch. .'el'''0el'
Nirvana 49,. ............ Adams
Mrs. Smith.
Philemon ct Baucis, yulcan's Song
Mr.. Bollinger
Stabat Mater. Inf1ammatus. $500. Rossini
Mrs Smith,
Miss Butcher. Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Gilbert,
Mr.. Woodwork.
y
Joseph Baernstein, who sings at the
Peoples church Tuesday evening, Dec.
TO- for the st. Paul Choral club In 1.-THE
Messiah is one OF the great bassos Of
this country. AS a boy he showed de-
cided musical talent and bent his every
effort to obtain the means for study.
about ten years ago and began his study
under Oscar Saenger. His success has
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
His Design.

Heartleigh-Mr. Hackett has bought his
wife an automobile. He's what you may
call an indulgent husband
Burt-Indulgent fiddlesticks. He knows
the things are dangerous.-Boston Even
Ing Transcript.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
one with wheels.

$50 the trip Sunday Is to be by bicy-
Gle? But the doctor has positively for
bidden me to ride the wheel. What shall
Nothing sirnpierl Consult some other
Observation-Disclosures Welt.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1901-12-08
To the Land of Sunshine and Flow.

Your choice of route to California, In
through Pullman Tourist sleeping cars,
twice q week. via The North Western
Line. Tuesday morning go via Omaha
and Union Pactf1c-Southern Pacific
Lines; Saturday morning via Kansas City
and Santa Fe Route.
Low rates. tickets and all information.
of j. A. O'Brien. G. T. A., 413 NicoIlet
avenue, Minneapolis. Mimi; E. A. Whit
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
THE METHODIST MEETING
Several Interesting Addresses on Subject of Missions-Institute
 Closed Last Night.

The Methodist Missionary Institute. composed of members of all Methodist congregations in the city. which has been in session at the Dexter Avenue Methodist Church since Wednesday morning came to close last night with an instructive address by Rev. J. W. Rush of Prattville.
 Two sessions were held yesterday and they were largely attended. The morning meeting began at 10 o'clock with an interesting address by Rev. E. c. Nave. pastor of the West End Methodist Church. He reviewed the missionary work Of the church and gave some statistical information on the subject.
 The subject of "Woman's Work in Missions" was discussed by Mrs. W. T. Kendrick and Mrs. Minnie Moore.
 Messrs c. G. Kirkle. M. H. Holt and W. E. Holloway spoke on How to Overcome Selfishness and Develop Christian Liberty"
 At o'clock last night pr. Rush of Prattville delivered an interesting ad- dress on the New Orleans Missionary Conference. He spoke at some length and his remarks were given the closest attention by large congregation.
 owing to illness Rev. A. L. Andrews, pastor of the Dexter Avenue Church was not present last night.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
AN ORDINANCE VETOED
MAYOR DrsArRDovx1 r1rvr-
 LDoZs TO STREET RAILWAY.
Message VIII Be Submitted to Coun- ell Monday NiSht-Chisf Ike outivs Thinks City should
 Have Transfers.

Mayor Joseph yesterday vetoed the ef the City Council granting the right to the Montgomery Street Railway Company to connect its tracks with the seelye line on Perry. Moulton and Commerce Streets.
 The ten days limit expired yesterday. The Mayor had made up his mind several days ago not to sign the ordi- nance and yesterday morning he wrote out lis veto. signed and sealed it and filed It with the City Clerk to be read at, the next meeting of the Council Monday night. :" ri @..
 The charter provides that 1t shall take . two-thirds vote of the members of the Council to pass an ordinance over the Mayors veto. On it's final passage in the Council the vote was . to !, a. follows:
 Ayes-Messrs Fleming, Davis. Fin ley, Hartley, Hudson. May. Rushton. Westcott. Wiley.-S.
 Nays-Messrs Kohn. Roman. Toole -3,
 Msssrs Holt, Houser and Ruth were absent.
 The Mayors veto message will not be made public until 1t is submitted and read to the Council and its con- tents can not be learned. It Is re- ported. however. that the Mayor has vetoed the ordinance on the ground that the Montgomery Street Railway should not be granted any more fran chises and privileges by the Council without giving something substantial in return. In this instance he thinks that the assurance of transfers from the seelye line, which the company has acquired should be one of the require ments before the privileges asked for are granted.
 It is said that & vigorous effort will be made to pass the ordinance over the veto and to do this 1t is only necessary to hold the former vote and secure one more.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
Health for 10 Cents.

A lively liver, pure blood, clean skin, bright eyes, perfect health Cascarets Candy Cathartic will ob- tain and secure them for you. Genu- inc tablets stamped C. C. C. Never sold in bulk. All druggists, Ioc.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
DELToHTFUL LAWN
 PARTY AND MUSICALE,

me members of the Barbour Chap ter entertained at a notably elaborate 2. ::.=,zs=.sss lawn party and musicale 0T "wednesday evening at the handsome home of Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Weeden. sn compliment ito the members of the U. D. c. Convention and other visitors fo Eufaula-
 The lawn was lighted with strings of Japanese lanterns. and all about it were placed tables beautifully appoint ed. at which refreshments were served. At one, fruited punch was served by Miss Caroline Dent, a charming young
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
THE MINISTER'S UNION.
A Resolution About the Proposed
 "Sisters' Hosrital"

The following resolution was adopted by the Ministers Union of Montgom- cry at a special session held on Mon day afternoon:
 Whereas. it has reached the Minis ters' Union of this city that it is pro- posed to erect in Montgomery a hos pieaf under sectarian control to be sup ported in part by funds from the city treasury,
 Resolved. That the Union protests against the scheme. while it accor1s goodwill and sympathy to any such hospital or other benevolent institution
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
Globe Mills Burned

Augusta, Ga, May l6.-The Globe Mills. incorporated with J. A. w. Clarke as President burned at 8 o'clock this morning. Loss. s45, ,00e; in Surance, $35, ,00e. The mill employed 15O hands and made heavy duck. The plant will be rebuilt.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Acres of Ashes" the story of the Jacksonville fire by Judge Bentamin Harrison of the editorial stan of The Florida Times-Union and Citizen, Is ready for the printer. It is a com plete, accurate and graphic description of the greatest nonhagratIon in the his tory of the world since the famous Chicago fire of 1871. It pictures scenes and incidents that are heart-rending. It is elaborately illustrated in half-tone engravings. Book of 200 pages for on- Iy 25 cents. Sent prepaid anywhere in the United States. Six copies for S1 Send your own order or get up a club at once. First edition limited. Address, Publishers Acres of Ashes
 Jacksonville. Fla.
 
 A mans true character crops out when
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Tommy-Pop. why is Justice represent ed as being blindfolded? Tommy's Pop I suppose, my son, it is because there are so many people who manage to keep out of jail.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

No new States were admitted between 1896 and 1900. New Mexico, Arizona. and Oklahoma are now the Territorial candi- dates for Statehood.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Mrs. W. E. Peebles of Mt. Meigs is in the city with her little daughter Sa- rah. who is under treatment at an in- firmary.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Mrs. A. O. Stoddard of Selma spent yesterday in the city on her way home from the U. D. c. Convention at Eu- fauia.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
NEWS AT THE STATE HOUSE.

that looks to private and personal con- tributions for its support.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
OUR CONSTANT AIM
To Make Holt's Dye Works the
 Racnrnized Leader in Tailoring.

To make this house so pre-eminently the recognized leader that all must acknowledge its position is our constant aim.
 Our goods and work can not be eaualed at the same price in MOntgom- -adV
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Appointments were announced yes terday at the Executive Department as follows:
 Constables-L. J. Jordan, beat 5. Es- cambia County: Ernest U. Mccullough. beat 8. Escambia County; w. L. Stein, beat 20. St. Clair County; J. L. Middle ton. beat 4. Marion County.
 Notaries Public-W. R. Anderson, Pinckney City. Jefferson County; W. H. Reneau. Maylene. Shelby County.
 Notaries Public and Justices of the Peace-F. W. Petit, Jr., beat IS. Greene County: c. F. Donaldson, beat g. Marion County.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Miss Bessie Hollan of Troy is visit ing Miss Eloise Reynolds on Adams Street.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
Book on the Jacksonville Fire.

Miss Roberta Fitts left yesterday morning for her home in Albany, Ga.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

soeiesy girl of Essaula, sister Co Mir. Hubert Dent of this city. | Mr. an6 gsss. Wesden received the gussts tn tAs sewing room. which opens a ths veFzndA. where the musi- cal program was rendered. There, mid clusters of palms, ferns and other bexutffuf growing greens, a pinao was ,, placed and on it Mrs Edward Long d6coursed sweet musical numbeiS, and played the aesompensments for the following program. | | Duett--"Lsrboard Watch" Mes deMee Locke and iwance. t. | ?. Solo-"The Kissing Gale" Miss | 2 QWrtett-'Sing me Song of the Sunny South" by Messrs Edmondson, Ooughtie. Dantzler and Mrs. Nance. ! l. Solo-The Conquered Banner" Miss Thweatt
 S seao-'.AIics. Where Art Thou" Mrs. W. D. Jelks. C. SoIo-"rhe Little Game Called Kissing" Mrs Toy. T. eoie-~Tn May Time" Miss Caro- 8. My Old Kentucky Home" M.. - Locke and Messrs Edmondson. Dentx- Fer and DouGftfe. Mrs. wsedsn ss president of the Barbour County Chapter was hostess of this beautiful entertainment and if was pleasure to her guests to enjoy hospttahiy ss the hands of so charming q hostess
 Q. D. c. CoNvKNFIoN NOTES. In Mrs. J. ". 4. Sanford's address sass tsad of the fact that the spot in Kentucky where the house in which Je0srson Davis was born stood, has besn cousscsased by the building of a church.
 The Sophie Bibb Chapter reported $b2. given to central committee for the old seidier's fund. This was the largest sum contributed by any chapter in the division.
 Miss Annie Ciisby was the most gen. eraIIy useful woman in the convention. On account of the absence of both vice. | presidents she had treble duty and was | equal to all demands made on her. MrR Kirkpstriek's rulings were char acterized by fine judgment and perfect Iimpartilaity. It would have been im- possible for any on-looker to discover her side" of q move while she was pre- siding. As has been her administra- tion So her final presiding-splendid.
 Miss CConnor, who was stenograph- CT for the cszvsstion, did excellent work which expedited the work of the convention to . great degree. l IN SOCIETY.
 4 number of bright girls met at the residence of Kathleen Nave on Friday last and organized the ''Pensy Literary Club" The club is composed of the following members: Mary Meyer, Kathleen Nave. Lida Mashburn, Lytle Ament, Rit& Amsnt. Nellie Hayden. Annie Laurie. Katie Steiner. Annie Sykes.
 After election of officers. they ad- Journed to meet with their President, Mary Meyer, Friday afternoon, May 17th. with "an afternoon with Eugene Field"
 The following invitations have been issued:
 Mrs. C. B. Terrell
 At Home,
 Miss Hays,
 Wednesday, May twenty-second,
 four o'clock.
 Cards. R. s. v. P.
 Notice White House Association.
 There will be a called meeting of the White House Association at 1O:S0 o'clock this morning at the residence of Mrs. Bethea, and all members are ur- gently requested to attend.
 Mrs. Alfred Bethea,
 Mrs. J. D. Beale, Secretary.
 Regent.
 MISS ASHBY AT AUBURN.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

Mrs. P. H. Nell of Auburn spent a part of yesterday here on her way home from the U. D. c. Convention at Eufaula.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
MISS AsHBY AT AUBURN.

This evening Miss Ashby will lecture before the people of Auburn on Child Labor in the Mills of the South" While in Auburn. she will be the guest of Professor and Mrs. Duggar.
 Mrs. M. L. B. Woodson, the founder of the Louise Short Baptist Widows and Orphans Home" located at Ever green, Ala, is in the city, and with her usual care for suffering humanity, is very much interested in the great famine which is growing daily among the Chinese. She is calling attention to the possibility of helping these peo- pie who have so little regarded Chris tian efforts heretofore.
 Judge and Mrs. H. M. Somerville are the guests of Mrs. Somerville's sis ter. Mrs. J. F. Johnston, on Madison Avenue. They are always cordially welcomed to Montgomery.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

A mans true character crops out when he Is dealing In trines.
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17

urday "A MIsLAID PROPOSAL" by Elliott Flower
The Montgomery advertiser., 1901-05-17
Teachers Passed and Appointments
 Announced

Announced.
 Teachers were passed yesterday by the State Board of Examiners as fol- lows:
 Fayette County-Mrs. F. V. Thomas Donie Wiggins. J. M. Pratt, Ella Ba- ker. A. D. Caddel. L. R. Fowler, W. A. Martin. J. J. Studdard, J. W. Smith, J. c. Springs. C. B. Brotherton, T. J. Black. J. D. Thomas, G. o. South, En- ma Woods, l.. l.. Studdard, J. L. Smith, H. c. Fowler.