The sun., 1901-05-05

simple and austere m9do of life to take up
his residence In the halls OF the late Caliph
I He remained In the House Of the Vhier.
and gave UP che palaces 70 the officers OF
the army. No longer royal dwellings,, the
beautiful mansions OF tho Fatimids fell into
decay, and not a vestige OF them has been
preserved.
Saladin's career from his accession 90
power is distributed by our author into three
distinct periods. which may be called the
Egyptian, Syrian and Palestinian In regard
to the chief scene Of action; or tho defensive
| consolidating and aggressive In reference
TO policy From tho day he became ruler OF
Egypt he had vowed himself solemnly to
war of determination against the Franks
| Menceforward his whole life was devoted to
that one end. During the first or Egyptian
| period (lieG-74D, he was on the defensive
not 80 much against the rusaders as against
the frienas of the Fatimids. and even against
| his liege lord the King OF Syria. His design
| at this time was 10 resist Internal ana foreign
| attack. avoid collision with Nur-ed-din. ani
| streng hen hlmse. In Cairo by every rossibe
naan,, DO 1t io,l and mi it,r,. Ths second or
4 nln period ul74-sel beginning with
the death o. Nur-ed-din. saw Saladln
now tho leading Mosem ruler OF the
near East extending his sway over Syria
| and Mesopotarlia, anu consolidating all
the available force OF Islam for tho 6nal strug-
| gle with he iniidels Tho third or Pales-
! tniaa period lliso-o3) witnessed the holy
war against the Crusaders, ending with tho
| Peace Of Ramla concluded with Richard
| Lion Heart, by which tn Crusaders retained
the coast cities from Acre 10 Jaifa, and
| pilgrims we're permitted to visit the holy
| places at Jerusalem. In a few months the
treaty was followed by the death Of tho
champion OF Islam. Through all three
| periods Saladiu's one aim had been steadily
| kept in view. every act OF ststecraft and
every campaign being directed TO the main
| object. the creation OF a united Saracen
empire strong enough to drive the Franks
to the seabo ,rd If not into the sea.
! II was the Ayyubid dynasty $50 called
| from Ayyub, the father OF S1ladinl that re-
! PEELED the two crusades which underVenetian
! influence had for their primary object the
conquest OF Egypt rather than OF the Holy
! Land The former belongs to the years
| l2ls-l22l. while the latter. headed by ST
Louis. began with the ca pturs OF Damietta
in 1910 and ended with the capture OF the
, King and the destruction of his army in $50
| in the interval (l228I was signed the memo
rable treaty bet, esn the Ayyubld Sultan
Kamil aud the Emperor Frederick II, by
which the Christians gained more without
| nghting a battle than Richard Lion Heart
had n,en able to procure -on his part the
Sultan OF Egyp, surrendered Jerusalem
| (which was not TO be fortified. however,
together with Rethlchem, Nazareth and the
! pilgrim road b. Jana and thence to Acre
int o the absolute possession OF tho Emperor.
rcserving only the hdrdm of Jerusalem. in
closing the mosque Of omar. for the eNclu-
sive use aud possession OF unar led Mosems
| He also released all Christian prisoners.
/ including many Of the unhappy victims
! OF tn 'Childrens Crusade. The Emperor
! IN return engaged to defend the Sultan against
, al enemies, even Christians and guaranteed
that the northern Syrian Princes OF Antioch,
Tripoli and various other places should re-
cc've no assistance from any external power
These engagements were TO hold good for
ten years and half
! Frederick H. entered Jerusalem within a
month after the treaty. and enthroninc him
self within the Church OF thu Holy Sepulchre
set the crown upon his own head. The next
day the Archbishop Of Cesarea placed the
| Holy city under an intsrdict, to the amaze
ment and Indignation OF tho crowds Of pill
grins. The place where Jesus Christ SUI
fered and wa. buried they cried. is banned
! by a Pope'" Scared by the calamity they
| hurriedly followed the Emperor 10 Acre.
! whence after appointing men to govern his
! new acquisitions and Strengthening by all
possible means the Teutonic Order he sailed
for Italy, The Crusade was over. and. though
II had procured the recovery OF Jerusalem,
the city was In the midst Of hostile country
and could not be held against any attacking z
force The Sultan Kami. however. obser we'd
religouslv the treaty he had sworn as d,d
the Christians by the Pope's reconsidered d
orderl. but he could not always prevent
bands OF ianatical Mosle,ns from i'll using the
pilgrims and disturbing the peace Of the
Holy City. on the other hand the Emperor >
naughty treatment Of many OF the syrian
and Cypriot- mobiles left unhealed wounds
and led 10 u series of Quarrels. Mr.. Lane
Poole regards the gain 10 Chrstendom from
this crusade as insignificant, but he holds
that the fault lay more with the Pope and
his supporters than with tho Emperor
Toward the close OF the year 1850 the
Ayyuhid dynasty came 20 nm end in Egypt
Tho Mamluks we-e now the masters, and
thei- history occupies the remainder OF this
volume. The Arabic writer's give but few
'fldllFu npNl|fN 'l lHe lNIF' Utl fOnQlLOU OF
Egypt under 'hc Sultans OF the Inc ~ Saladln
Their general hut vague testimony Indicates
that, as n rule, the country was PROSPEROUS
and that the three kings whose rigns coverc
nearly the whole interval from ll05 tu I25u
were intelligent and capable governors,
tully alive 10 the agricultural interests OF
the land and 20 tho Importance u order and
Justice Rev rits 0r couspiraCes were in
frayu.pI - o., tba -
lGhn-' '-dn Zuheyr that tie learned society
Of Cairo was at thB tme intellectually dis.
tnFuished and found appreciation at the
Court The poems u Y0ha-cd .dil reflect tho
court life Of the Nile Land before the middle
Of the thirteenth century. We are told that
in their plsyfulness, Jorhomic, humor anc
lighr treatment Of serious things they
resembles European GERS de sociei, While
coed in being stately without afrectation
and in eypre sing admirati n without ser
| Witty. The Avyuhld kings showed a
| husinessllke readiness 20 omen tho count.
! 80 Europ'an trade In l?Os tho sultan An
| throughout Egypt. and allowed them +,
erect fnngdk, or mart. at Alexandria sim
| ila" privileges were granted about tho an M
| time 20 the y sans, who sent "A consul it
! Alexandria, uri those concessions w..
renewed IN l:IJ-ll The Christian Invasion IL
| 1919 naturally lEt"riered with coumprcia
| relations, and no further record OT t-adi ~
privileges occurs 'ill 1898, whom AdIl n con
| nrmed their former tights 10 the Nrno,lg M.
a al