The Red Cloud chief., 1901-09-06
SHOWERS OF MAMMA.
JUST WHY AND HOW SUCH PIE
NoMeNA ARE POSSIBLE.

This Food Of the People Of Israel In
the Wilderness 10 IN Edible Lichen
That IL stsll Found In Parts Of
Asia and Africa.
'Tt is mannal" exclaimed TIE people
Of Israel as they gathered the food
which seemed 30 miraculously to APP
pear at their very feet In answer TO
their cry for sustenance. but though
they ate and were satisfied, we are
told they twist not what 1t was"
And during the ages that have pass
ed since Its first appearance on that
memorable dewy morning In the will
derness of sin men have declared again
and again that they twist not what 1t
was" that thus fed the Israelites In
their need, though numberless conjec-
lures have been made and discussions
held on the matter.
The chief opinion which had sway
for a long time was that mama was
the sap of the tamarisk, but now au-
thorities. seeing In the light Of WIDEN
Ing scientific knowledge, declare that
manna was without doubt q certain
lichen Uecanora esculenta).
This is borne out by the fact that
well authenticated rains Of mamma, alb
solutely believed by the inhabitants to
be showers from heaven. have been re-
ported at least six times during the
past century by reliable travellers in
the east. and the descriptions Of the
deposit given in precise present day
language leave no doubt upon the point.
If a piece Of mama be examined
under the microscope. It's peculiar com
pound structure a be clearly seen.
There is a delicate network of interlac-
ing fungal threads glistening 10 the
light, while inclosed in their meshes
are a number Of round, bright green
cells, each a tiny algal plant. Thus
fungus and alga live together in most
intimate connection.
1t may be asked how fresh mama
lichens arise, seeing that 1t is difficult
to imagine a frequent coincident meet
ing Of a particular fungus and a par
ticular green plant. But granted the
meeting has once taken place, the rapid
reproduction Is easy to understand.
At certain times In the year a yellow
ish dust appears In little green cups
growing on the surface of the plant,
and each Of the grains of dust Is a
minute bundle containing a few of the
white filaments and a few of the green
cells wrapped up together, so that
wherever this dust may fall each grain
can become q new mama lichen.
There Is, moreover. a second method
Of reproduction In which the fungus
alone takes part and sends out tiny off,
spring to take their chance In the wide
world Of finding a suitable host. as their
parent has done, but the details are
complicated and at present involved in
some ~Obscurity.
Thus, then. LecanOra esculenta -
mammals In Its very nature one Of the
most remarkable phenomena in the
vegetable world. 1t Ii found ver great
tracts of southwest Asia. near Constan-
tinople. In the Crimea, the deserts Of
Arabia, In the Sahara and the deserts
Of Algeria.
1t is easy to pass It by unnOticed, for
1t Is grayish yellow in color and grows
on gray limestone rocks and fragments
Of rock In the form of a wrinkled crust
which seems to the casual observer
part Of the very rock itself. and needs
care to distinguish II.
Cut through. 1t Is white like corn
within, dry and pOwdery. 1t is. more
over. extremely light In weight. 1t is
obvious that there is not much nourish.
ment to be obtained from the bare face
, of the limestone rock, hence all the sus.
tenance Of the two plants must be OBJ
tanned from the atmosphere and the
rain by the little green plant, which
must thus work doubly hard to be able
to pass on sufficient food for Its part
ner's living in addition to providing iti
own.
BY degrees, as 1t grows older, 1t be.
comes loOsened Or even detached from
the rocks, and then, when the sudden
whirlwinds and violent storms which
affect many Of these regions blow, thu
featherweight pieces OF lichen crust are
torn up and blown into the air Mt thu
mercy Of the wind and carried, 1t may
be, for immense distances.
The rains, too. that descend will
such sudden vehemence sweep II ava!
into water channels, where 1t is born,
along on the stream and deposited II
hOllows and left there In heaps whel
the water subsidies.
At times, too. a waterspout will
gather 1t up. carry 1t along and ulti
mately deposit 1t In a place where hith
erto 1t had been practically unknown
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