The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1900-08-29
CHATS AND SKETCH ES
About Town and Elsewhere.
THE ANTI MASONIC OR "MoRGAN"
CRUSADE,

church, has had its prosecutions. Aud,
Ike the church, it has triumphed over
them all. TIE prosecutions are 10 in
nump,r: In France in 1744; in Turkey
IL l740; The papat persecution in 1751 /;
in Span soon after; in Naples in 1851,
ana sgaio ia l755 and 1859; in Scot
land In 1745, by the Presbyterian
church, and again in 1857; in Switzer-
land in ITO; in Bataria in 1885; in
L1mbardy in 1888; in Austria in 1889;
il Nice, in 1889 and 1903; in Russia in
1894, in 1871, aud in 1901. In 1903,
the Russian persecution ceased and
Alexander / was inflated into the Fra.
ternity. In Sardinia in 1894, King Vic
tor Amadeus suppressed the order in
hs Kingdom. About 1900 the press in
Europe began to persecute the insti-
tuition.
Napoleon l was a patron and pro-
tector Of Free Masonry At his fall,
however, the persecution was renewed.
Pope Plus VII. confirmed the previous
bullet OF Clement XII. and Benedict
XIV. His example was followed by
the governments of Milan, Venice,
Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Sardinia,
Parma and Spain. In 1924 the King of
Portugal issued an edict against the
order, and in 1924 Pope Plus TX re-
newed the hostile edicts of his prede-
! ceasors,
'He is sadto cave been member of the Order
tedicts.
-.
AT last the spirit OF persecution
crossed the Atlantic. In Mexico the q.
/ government, under the Influence of the
| priests, succeeded in bringing about
the dissolution of the order as an or
ganized body. Since the establishment
of the Republic, however, masonry once
more fnurishes in Mexico. The cause
Of the persecution was the belief that
the order was opposed to tyranny, and
in favor of civil and religious liberty.
One cause of the opposition to free ma
sonsry III Europe was the fact that it
was confounded with "Illuminan" and
"Carb0narism."
The llluminati, (''the Enlighten-
ed ia n name which has at different
periods been borne by four different
societies: the "Alombrados," Cor the
equels,) IN Spain, in the end of the 10th
Century; the "Gueriuels" in France,
about 1864, an association of Mystics in
Beleium, in the latter half of the 10Th
century; and the "Order of the Illumi-
natl which was founded in Ingolstadt
in Germany, May /, 1776, and soon
spread over almost Ill the Roman Cath
ole parts of Europe. Its founder at
fret called II the "Order of the Perfect
ibilis s." The illuminate were espec-
tally hostile to Jesuitism and restraints
imposed upon the human mind in Ro-
mon Catholic Germany, ana wished to
promote the dominion of Reason, and
religious and political emancipation.
More than 1000 OF the most scholarly
men in Germany soon became mem
oers. 1t was suppressed in 17S4.5,
1t WAS modelled after Free Masonry
and had eight "grades" or degrees !;
novice, mineral, illuminatus minor,
illuminatus major, cavalier, priest, re-
gent, and king. 1t was favored by the
"Carbonari," C'Colliers," or "Char-
coal Burners'O were secret political
society, first, in some degree, made
known in Italy in 1918, tho it had ex-
listed long before. Under Murat's gov
eminent of Naples, the Neapolitan re-
publcans escaped into the wilds of
Abruzzi, and naming themselves the
"Carbonari, " formed secret society.
Their motto or war cry was Revenge
upon the wolves who devour the
lambs" When the expelled Bourbon
dynasty was reinstated upon the throne
of Naples, the number of Carbonari in
Italy swelled in one month (March,
1920 to over 100000 including many
persons of education and good family.
Many joined under the impression that
the society was Masonic lodge un-
connected with politics. Lafayette,
Lafitte, and other French Republicans
became members.)
The peculiar phraseology of the
Carbonari is taken from the occupa-
ton of charcoal burners. Among
themselves the initials were styled
'good cousins" The place of meeting
was called shut" (bsracca), the neigh,
borhood around il the "iorest," and
: The interior of the hut Ga lodge ROOM
was the uendita, or "place for selling
COAL" The religious and Protestant
character OF the order is expressed in
one of its statutes: "That every Car.
| UOudlO lhb luC uhtuIhl anu ludiltudDlS
right of worshipping God according tc
his own convictions" Though Car
bonarism did not arise from free ma.
sonry, (as some have supposedly it has
borrowed many forms of masonry.
-.
The statutes of the French Carbon
ari are most stringent. The faintest
whisper of the secrets of the society to
outsiders, or "paiens," (pagans) as out.
siders are called--is treason, and is
punishable with death. Nothing per.
tanning to the order might be written
The Supreme or Grand Lodge commu
nicates with the subordinate lodges by
means of special agents, who exhibit
their authority by the presentation OF
the half OF card, cut in a peculiar
manner, and which must match the
other half transmitted, for the purpose
Of Identification. Among the symbols