The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1900-09-30

power. A so-called 'string" of drilling
tools includes a steel-tipped bit four feet
long. a steel stem forty feet long, two
pieces called jars taking up six feet. a
sinker bar sixteen feet and at the top a
rope socket. These weigh about a ton and
are lifted and dropped rapidly while sus-
pended from a cable attached to a walking
beam. Once in about every five feet of
progress the string is withdrawn and a
bucket is lowered to clean the powdered
rock out of the hole. Usually drilling and
taking out the ccumulations in the hole
alternate without cessation until the well
Is completed or abandoned. The diameter
Of a well is usually from six to eight inches.
Will you give me a sketch of H. NJ. Muhi-
enberg. d. D.?-Choir.
He was the organizer of the Lutheran
Church in this country, was born in Han
over, Sept. 6, iii. and studied at Gottingen.
While there he established an orphan house
that still exists. Responding to a call for
a pastor, he reached Philadelphia in 1742.
and began a career of hard work that took
him to the German coast settlements from
Nova Scotia TO Georgia. Six years later
he founded the first synod, providing its
pIcpdtAAi6 ~ uA0 LIN -
first hymn book in large part. He urged the
use of English in the German churches, and
in New York preached every Sunday in
German. Dutch and English. He died at
Trappe. Penn, Oct. z, 1871.
What was the Congress Of Vienna, and
what did it accomplish TT. c. w.
A congress that met at Vienna in 1914,
and that WAS made M of renrpCpnfativQS
of all the European states but Turkey. It's
object was to readjust the affairs of Eu-
rope, which had been thoroughly unsettled
by Napoleon's wars. 1t apportioned most
OF the Duchy of Warsaw to Russia, divided
Saxony between its king and Prussia, dis
tributed Italy among Austrian and French
princes, reinstated the Pope in all but a
few of his possessions. the exceptions going
to France n Austria, took Norway from
Denmark and gave it to Sweden, Denmar
receiving a few German districts; added
Belgium to the Dutch Netherlands to form
the Kingdom of Holland and provided a
"Bund' as the central government for Ger
many.
Will you explain the meanings of the
many different sorts OF grades of tea? Do
black, green and young hyson teas differ
in culture. or are they grown on different
kinds of plants?-B. A. 8.
Most trade names Of teas indicate the
place of production and some are signif-
amt Of quality or Of method Of manufac-
ture. Black and green teas are the product
of the same plant, though some growths Of
tea plants are better adapted to one than to
the other. Most Of our green teas are ar
t~ifcially colored. but the genuine article is
the result of drying the freshly picked
leaves. II the same fresh leaves are per-
mitted to ferment a bit before being dried
by artificial heat they become black tea.
Young hyson is a very fine grade of green
tea made from half-opened leaves picked in
April. Very little genuine hyson gets to
this country.
Will you sketch the great ''panics'' that
have occurred in the United States and give
their dates?-E. B.
The crisis of 1886 was due to the unsound-
ness Of our system of banks, to overpro-
duction of cotton on a credit basis and to a
large amount sunk in building railroads
that had not become productive. Twenty
years later there was a commercial crisis
that was felt all over the world. Specu-
lation following the discovery OF gold I'm
California, undue railroad extension and
the weakness of many banks were the
causes in this country that led up to it, and
like causes existed in Great Britain and
European countries. Speculation in gold
caused Black Fridays panic in New York
in 1863. From then TO 1873 was a period of
tremendous outlay in railroads, manu-
featuring plants and shipping, and of in
crease of prices in all products. The crisis
of 1873 was the worst OF our history, and
recovery from it was slow until 1879 In 1884
came a slight financial panic, followed by
two years of industrial depression. In the
summer of 1893 there was a noticeable
financial crisis, of which the currency
famine of August was a feature. Crises in
1916 and 1875 were reflections of disturb
ances abroad.