davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
AFRICAN sLAv TRADE.
Capture Of Negroes in 1915 by AZ
American Ships Grow.

capture OF N0GFo0S IN 1O4o ny a.
American Ships Grow.
The story of the first American voy-
age to Africa, of which we have a
definite record, tells us somewhat OF
the methods employed in obtaining
savage cargoes. A Boston ship, COM
manded by one Capt. Smith, went
away to Madeira with salt fish and
slaves. Sailing thence, with the pro-
ceeds of her sale, she touched on the
coast of Guinea" for slaves. She found
some London slave vessels already
there, with their captains very much
d%isgruntled because trade was dull.
There were very few slaves for sale.
that is, and to liven matters a little,
the Yankees and the Londoners united,
and ION pretense of some quarrel with
the natives landed a 'murderer'-the
expressive name of a small cannon-at-
tackled a negro village on Sunday, kill
ed many of the inhabitants and made a
few prisoners, two of whom fell to the
share Of the Boston ship" That was
in '1642-just t~wenty-six years after the
Dutchman landed the slaves in Vir-
ginia, as recorded by John Rolfe, the
first American sQuaw man False pre-
tense, outrage and slaughter of inno-
cents characterized the first-recorded
gathering Of slaves in which the Amer
lean ship had part. They "killed many
of the inhabitants" and got two slaves
for their share of the plumber. That
Capt. Smiths act was not according to
the ordinary usages of the trade may
be inferred from what happened when
he returned to Boston. A quarrel with
the chips owners over the proceeds
of the voyage resulted in a law suit.
The story of the voyage was told in
court, and although it was not a Grim
inal trial, one Of the magistrates
charged the master with a three-fold
offense-murder, man-stealing and
Sabbath breaking" The captain es.
capped punishment on these charges on
the ground that the court had no juris-
diction over crimes committed In
Africa "a decision that was typical OF
what was to Gomez. but the two slaves
were returned home.-"The Slave
Trade in America" by John R. Spears
in Scribner's. II
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Calf.FeedlnH.

The calf should first be 'mothered"
hefore it is taken from the dam. This
clears the skin of effete matter and
materially aids the circulation. 1t is
very important that this be done as
tha calf isin a weakened condition and
thia aids in the development OF its
strength. After 1t is done the calf
NAV be removed without suffering. In
all instances, 1t should receive the first
milk d colostrum. This contains prop
.erties that are purgative In nature and
clears the alimentary canal Of mate
.rials that otherwise might cause com
.eaation Of the various digestive organs.
81 3 remove the calf from the dam
:. soon as dropped and fail to give.
n colostrum, disastrous results may
follow. In glancing at the compost
st,nn Of eolostrum milk It ID Q to
- comparatively low in vater. high
solids. abnormally high In caseln:
ma albumen. low IN sugar and high.
sr"aah. Il 10 thus especially adapted:
Aosfhssnssds of the young and grow.
aaimal. Those who hayr han.
E"O - Al ~ MMEE e. TX Z@k
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
yR@CZENGE ARD|
O. zySEkPR@&RESs

markable elevated railroad is nearing
completion. while part of it has been
in operation for several months. The
cars are suspended beneath the super
structure from a single rail on which
run motor trucks attached to the car
roofs, the motive power being cleo
tricity. Each car can accommodate so
passengers, and the maximum speed,
with a train Of either two or four cars
is Is miles an hour. The road, which
is more than eight miles in length,
crosses Wupper river without in
terruption.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Doesn't R.nss va1u. of steers.

OO00n'G 0uISC SVuAV0 OF 6s00EUs
The hardest fight made against the
Grout bill in congress was made by
the packing houses in the name of the
cattle raisers of the United States.
They insisted that the f%orbfdding OF
the 'coloring Of olsomargarine to re-
semble butter would kill the business
and thereby destroy a market o beef
fat which would u q depreciation
of from 81 to 81 per head on cattle
marketed in this country. These oleo-
margarine people quoted statis-
tics or other authorities to prove this.
They simply asserted it and let IT go
at that. Now let us look into THIS
matter. According to the report OF
the Agricultural Department OF the
United States there were slaughtered
at forty-fve points under government
inspection 100000 head OF cattle
during 1899. Enough were slaughtered
at outside uninspected points to bring
the total up to 5000. 900 head as a low
estimate. The statement of Secretary
Gage of the treasury department shows
that there were used in the oleomar
garine produced in this country last
year 24,491,7 69 pounds cleo oil, which
is made from beef fat. This means a
fraction less than five pounds OF tat
from each animal, or to be specific,
4.99 pounds. At its value the past year
this fat would be worth 9 cents per
pound, or As cents. AS tallow 1t is
worth 6 cents per pound, or 30 cents.
Sell the fat for soap (for which there
is always unlimited demand) instead
of for bogus butter, and it would MY
mean a difference Of Is cents a head
for steers-so small an amount as not
to be appreciable, when it is cons1d-
cred that it costs / or 2 cents a pound
to produce the oleo oil which does not
go to the farmer. This country last
year produced 166, 100000 pounds of
oleo oil, of which 142, DOC, 900 were ex-
ported. If the oleomargarine business
were dead in this country the export
trade would easily take the entire
amount produced. 1t will be seen,
therefore, that the manufacture OF
oleomargarine in this country is OF no
practical value whatever to the live
stock interests.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
SHOES OF souTHERNER
Az q Rule Shorter Than tho Northern
er's, with Higher Instep.

Az q Rule Shorter Than the Northern
er's, with Higher Instep.
"There is no doubt a marked differ.
ence," said a New Orleans shoe man
ufacturer, Gin the size and shape OF
the average foot north and south Of
Mason and Dixon's line. A great deal
of nonsense has been written about the
so-called Creole last but the shoe
best adapted to high-class southern
trade does possess certain distinguish.
ing features Of Its own. It is shorter
than the northern shoe, to begin with,
and has a much higher instep. The
difference in the instep varies from one.
half to one and a half inches, which ia
equivalent to saying that a man with
a typical southern foot could not get
into a shoe made on a typical nothern
last. The Creole model cuts less of a
figure in the trade now than 1t did
formerly, for two eason First, PEG.
pie wear looser footgear at present
than they used to, and the distinctive
points are not 80 noticeable, and, sec.
ond, an immense number of northern
folks have come into the south, and
the local manufacturers cater to their
patronage with a considerable percent.
age Of the factory output. But the ma.
tive southern customer still calls for q
short high-arched shoe. In the old
days every southern gentleman had his
boots and shoes made to order, and
the impression is v now pretty gen.
eral that no factory-made article can
possibly be as good as the hand-buiil
wares turned out by the antebellum
craftsman. That is a great mistake.
A high-class, machine-made shoe il
better than anything produced by hand
for the reason that the stitching is alb.
solutely uniform throughout. In hand.
work no two stitches are of exactly
the same tension. but on the machine
they are as like as so many peas. The
result Of this uniformity is that thu
shoe holds its shape better and Lasts
longer. That is one point out of many,
The only question is that Of being at.
ted. and lastmaking has been reduced
to such an exact science that there i,
no difficulty with any foot not abso.
lutely deformed."-New Orleans Times.
Democrat.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Peculiarly Of tho Merganser.

The merganser is a species, Of fish
duck Of great beauty Of plumage, COM
mon in the Adirondacks. Senator
George Chahoon. who has studied the
birds In this region for many years.
notes q habit Of the merganser which
he thinks Is unique, and he is surprised
that pathological writer's have not
recorded it-the males are entirely mi
Igratory, and the females are not. 'For
more than 20 years." says Nj. Cha
boon, II have seen female mergansers
On the Ausable river all winter. and
I have frequently seen them on the
Adirondack rivers: but I have never
seen a male merganser IN the winter.
and In the late fall the males and fe-
males gather In separate 9hocks. and
when the male mergansers appear In
the spring they are always In Hocks by
themselves"
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Scientific Jottings.

The Empire State Sugar company
which is building a large sugar plant
at Lyons, N. Y, has ordered ten auto.
trucks Of five tons capacity, which are
to be used to cart sugar beets from the
farms to the refinery. The company
has $500 acres of land contracted 70,
Three electric omniubses have also
been ordered to run between Lyons
and Sodus Point. on Lake Ontario, 9
summer resort, to compete with tho
steam railroad.
On the Jumna canal, at Delhi, monk
eys swarm upon the banks and, being
overcrowded and consequently un.
healthy. they suffer considerable from
various diseases. When one monkey
is obviously i'll a few of the large,
monkeys watch for a favorable oppor-
tunity and then push 1t into the canal.
If the poor creature be not drowned at
once, it is thrown into the water again
after it regains the trees, or else It is
forced to keep aloof from the rest Of
the company.
Loss Of human life by lightning in
the United States during the year 1899
was greater than. any preceding year
for which statistics have been collect
ed, says the Scientific American. The
number Of persons killed outright or
who suffered injuries which resulted in
their death was 562: the number Of
those who received injuries varying
in severity from slight physical shocks
to painful burns and temporary par
alysis was 800. The greatest number
of fatalities. about As per cent, were in
the open. The next greatest number
occurred in houses. about "a per cent;
II per cent occurred under trees and
. per cent in barns. Fully a dozen per-
were killed in the act of stripping
clothes from a wire clothes line or
coming near to one.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
NEW BATH TUB ATTACHMENT.

The shower bath is u luxury which is
not found in many homes. partly on
account Of the expense Of the extra
space necessary. for the apparatus. but
1t goes without saying that the device
here shown will soon find its way into
common use. The inventor is William
H. Bridgeman, Of New York. The ap-
paratus is provided with means for at
taching it to the edge Of a tub, and con-
nections can be made to the faucets by
means of a rubber tube, to force hot or
cold water into the pipes. The latter
are perforated along the sides, and
screw clamps r provided by which
they can be adjusted to any desirable
angle, throwing the spray either d.
rectly on the body Of the bather. or
causing it to ascend a short distance
into the air and fall gently If the d.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Dipping.

OAPH1uBs
Prof. G. F. Curtiss: Nearly all
range sheep are affected with scab,
though it is frequently held in check
SO as to be scarcely noticeable when
the sheep first arrive from the range.
It's development appears a few weeks
later, however, and unless proper pre-
cautions are taken it becomes a Sc
rious interference with good results
in f%attening, besides a source OF IN
fecting the yards and premises with
the germs of this disease. On this
account it is generally considered best
to dip all range sheep brought to the
farming sections for feeding. The dip
ping should be done Immediately or
at least very soon after arrival, ana
repeated in about ten days to insure
effective work. In case this has not
been done promptly on arrival OF the
sheep and the disease makes its ap-
pearance during the winter, it Is gen.
orally advisable to attend to the dip
ping without further delay, even
though the weather may be quite Sc
we're, IS postponement will only pro-
long the difficulty and at the same
time cause greatly diminished gains
as we'll as much lower value on the
market. Sheep may be dipped even
at a zero temperature with less mem
ace to the flock than to allow the dis
ease to go unchecked for a few weeks.
When necessary to dip in sever
weather, the work should be done un-
der shelter in a liquid slightly warmed
and the dipped animals placed imme-
diately In dry, warm quarters and kept
in for several days until the fleeces
have had time to dry.
There are various dips on the mar
ket and in common use. Lime and
sulphur and the tobacco dips are eff
fective and popular where the work
is done on a large scale. A number
Of the prepared dips on the market
are equally effective, and they have
the additional advantage of promoting
a more favorable condition of the
fleece. All farm aocks should also be
dipped at least once a year for the
general good effects resulting from
dipping regardless Of the existence OF
scab.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
died calves have been astonish;d by

died calves have been astonishei by
the rapid growth and strength dis
played by young animals several Gays
after birth. The colostrum-milk Is the
best e of providing the animal
with the requisite food for growth and
development. This matter must there
fore receive due consideration when
weaving calves and raising them by
hand. It is no trouble to raise a calf
by hand provided artificial nipples are
used. The calf will then suck quite
as readily as from the udder Of the
COW. This prevents It's gorging itself
and producing scours and other intes-
final troubles. Should these result
from careless feeding they can be rem
edied by the addition of lime water
and by feeding in such a manner that
the animal will have to take the milk
slowly SO that it will become thor
oughly mixed with the saliva and
other digestive juices and properly as
simulated.
Colostrum-milk creams as we'll as
other milk, but it has a very high
color due in part to the effete material
contained in it. This is caused by the
incomplete disintegration of the It's
sues Of the udder Immediately after
parturition. 1t has an acrid, disagree
able taste and is not fit for human food
until from nine to ten milkings, or at
least until all the colostrum particles
have disappeared from the milk. IN
a healthy animal this will generally be
accomplished in the time stated.-An-
drew M. Soule, Tenn. Experiment sta-
ton.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
The Mystery Of Radium.


The substance called radium emits
radiations resembling the X-rays with
out the application Of work or energy
from external sources, and without APP
preciable loss of weight. This seems
to be inconsistent with the law Of the
conservation of energy, but the mys-
terry Is explained by the calculations of
Monsieur Becquerel, which shows that
a loss Of weight so infinitesimal that
in a thousand million years 1t would
amount to no more than a milligram
would suffice to account for the OBJ
served effects. According to this K
PLANTATION the emanations from radium
consist of material particles. But
how Infinitely minute must those par
ticles be!
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Glass Dissolved in Water.

Every kind Of glass at a sufficiently
high temperature, says Prof.: Carl
Barus, must eventually show complete
solubility in water. Under pressure
glass dissolves in water heated to 40
degrees Fahrenheit. Sea-water o
than about geo feet beneath the surface
will remain liquid at that temperature,
and If it penetrates the earth's crust
where the temperature is equally high,
it will, apart from the pressure, lique-
fy the silicates, or CLASSY rocks. Prof.
Barus concludes that at a depth Of
about five miles. silicates in contact
with water are virtually fluid, and that
the level Of aqueous fusion in the
earth is five times nearer the surface
than is that OF igneous fusion.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
TOOL FOR CUTTING MoRTlsEs.

The cutting of mortises in timbers
for frame buildings has hitherto been
a labortous task, even with the aid of
the boring machine In common use for
this purpose, and without the machine
it is almost impossible to cut the SER
les Of holes in the straight line neces-
sary to form the mortise. Isaac Schur-
la Of Danvers. Mass. has designed
the tool shown in the cut to replace
the machine now in use. and the rapi-
dity with which it will perform the
work will recommend it to the prac-
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04

MI. Beddard. in his new book on
whales, reminds readers that although
the imagination is apt to picture the
giant reptiles Of the Jurassic and
C%retaceous periods as having exceeded
in size all modern animals. yet In fact
there is no evidence that the earth has
yer contained. either on land or in
the sea. creatures exceeding the whale
In bully. The mammoth was larger than
the elephant. but the ichthyosaurus
could not match the whale for size. al
though with its terrible Jaws It would
doubtless have been the whales mas
ter.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Queer Street Music.

Some of the hand organs and street
pianos this year are turning out rel
Iigious music. Familiar hymn tunes
which have not ordinarily been heard
In the streets from these instruments
now seem to hold a crowd Of listeners
as we'll as the Coney Island songs and
rag-time dances. One Of the street
pianos which made the circuit Of the
central part Of the town Just now To-
playing AZ sober IN air as thatssto
which u sung the hymn: "It IL wen.
it 10 we'll With my soul."-New York
Sun. .gss ~ /.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
where spiders Arc UsefoL

At a recent meeting Of a%rborcultur.
lists in France. the question was de-
bated whether spiders should be suf-
fered to spin their webs on fruit walls.
The general opinion seemed to be that
the webs were more useful than OBJ
jectionable. It was remarked that
they prevent the incursions Of AR
wigs and similar insects, and also in
terfere with the operations Of noxious
flies whose larvae ravage leaves and
fruits.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
suaee vs.. Non-silage MILK.

CONDENSED from Farmers ReXtew
stenographic report Of Illinois State
Dairymen's convention.)
Prof. W.. J. Fraser spoke on silage
and non-silage milk. He told I
tests made at the university to find II
there was any well-founded prejudice
against milk made from silage. the
first trial was made with 80 professors.
They were given both kinds OF milk
and were asked to say which they
liked better. They were not informed
of the kind of test being made n did
not even know that either milk had
silage in it. OF the 80 professors one
could see no difference in the milk,
and one of the others that could see
a difference had no choice. OF the ~
remaining 81 preferred the silage milk
and the z the non-silage.
A second trial was made with 30 stu
dents, and of them 81 preferred the
silage milk and 9 the non-silage. linen
the test was tried on q ladies IN town;
three of the ladies could see no diner
ence in the samples of milk and none
OI Cu0m udU ally OUJCSIAoA
kind of milk; but 10 preferred the Sill
age and IA the non-silage milk. In a
second test is could see a difference,
and six had no choice; Z preferred the
silage and 6 the non-silage milk.
A test was then made on milk ex-
perts: M. Cheeseman, Mrs. Kedzie,
DR.. E. S. Stewart, the Palmer House,
| Chicago, and the Leland Hotel. CHI
cago. The first four preferred the sill
age milk, but the Leland hotel pre-
ferred the non-silage milk.
Out of the entire number go pre-
ferred the silage milk. SO the non-sll-
age. and Is had no choice. There were
| 22O tests made on Is different persons.
| OF these, tests, 11S were in favor OF
| silage milk and 65 in favor of non
| silage milk; 81 showed no choice.
The criticism on silage milk is there
fore seen to be unjust; but If rotten
| silage is fed there will be objections
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
A Remarkabne New Zealand Bird.

The capture of a fourth specimen Of
che "takahe," or fighless rail of New
Zealand, is regarded as n OF the
most important events of recent years
In ornothology. The capture was ef-
tected nearly two years ago, but de-
tailed accounts of the bird have just
reached England. The takahe Motor
mis- hochstetteri) is about equal in size
to a goose, but it's wings are very small
and unlike all Of its relatives in other
lands, 1t cannot fly. Its breast is of a
rich blue color. and its powerful beak
Is. described as "a large equilateral
triangle of hard pink horn." apparent
ly an excellent weapon. The first
specimen of the bird was caught In
1S4s. the second in 1851 and the third
In 1879. The new specimen is said to
be the finest of all. and 1880 has been
offered for 1t.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04

tical carpenter, aside from the fact that
its cost is no more than the old ma
chine. At one side of the frame which
supports the bits is a guiding plate, at
tached in such a manner that the turn
of several thumb screws will move II
toward or away from the bits, thus ad-
justing the tool for cutting the NOR
tise at the proper distance from the
edge of the timber, and as the bits are
removable from the frame the mortise
can be made Of the desired length by
taking of one or more of the end bits.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04
Alfalfa AZ Sheep Pasture.

Alfalfa a. Sheep IaStQfes
A. F. Klinkerman, Bent county, Col
orado, writing to the Colorado Experi-
ment station, says:
We have pastured sheep on alfalfa
part or all of three seasons One sea-
son we lost as high as 10 per cent
by bloat, but this was due largely
to inexperience. During 1898 we let
the yves run on alfalfa during the six
weeks Of the lambing a and as
soon as that was over we sent them
to the range. We lost about 1 per
cent during the six weeks. We had
about 500 ewes, and their lambs on
fifty acres of alfalfa. We have al
ways left the sheep on the land when
~irrigating 1t. We expect May lambs
to weigh 60 pounds the first Of Oc-
tober II pastured on alfalfa. In 1898
we turned the ewes and lambs on the
range the first of June. It probably
took two-thirds of the first cutting
Of alfalfa to lamb the sheep on it,
but we consider ourselves we'll paid
in saving Of lambs and the start 1t
gave them and the old ewes before
turning them on the range. We are
satisfied that we saved at least If
teen per cent more lambs than could
be done on the range and also saved
in the expenses of herders during
lambing.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04

rect stream is too harsh for the skin.
With this device the bather can rinse
the skin without the necessity Of refill
ing the tub with fresh water, and a
shower at the proper temperature will
prove itself an agreeable feature to the
bath.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1900-08-04

Mango in pigs is a disease caused by
an animal parasite (sarcoptes. suis).
The disease is transmitted by CON
tact. Blotches or small pustules ap-
pear on different parts Of the body,
and the hog scratches frequently. For
treatment, wash the skin and apply
daily . mixture OF one part Of sui
phur. one part Of carbonate Of potash
and eight parts Of oil. Sulphur may b
given N the feed.