davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
MISTAKES IN FARMiNG-HOW TO
AVOID THEM

A common mistake among farmers Is
la permitting certain weeds 10 control u
portion Of the farm. Here is al acre
under the perfect sway Of the Canada
thistle, there Is one yielded up 10 the
docks, aud another TO wild carrot, or
oxeye daisy. The acres thus controlled,
yielding aothing, cot directly into the
profit OF the farm. Now II IL pays TO
clear abandoned woodland OF It's brush
and stumps and stones for farming pur-
poses, then surely, IL necessary, IL would
paw 10 put force of men upon an acre
of docks 20 clear IL Of these pernicious
weeds. Every weed patch, like every
brush patch and stone pile, Is an expense
TO farm so long as IL Is given pisce.
We pay taxes upon IL, fence IL, often
NOW il, and plow IL, but it returns moth
ing 10 US.
The wasteful custom, handed down
from our fathers, of accommodating heaps
OF manure In the barnysrd, 10 be hauled
out once year, Is such M enormous
mistake that the folly Of it should be
reiterated until every farmer Is convinc-
ed that he must adopt the modern prac-
tice In his farm economy. Let him fol-
low this iine of thought In reference TO
IL. Manure possesses plant food that Is
directly available TO plants; 70 be avail
sble, the plant food must be soluble In
water; il soluble In water, then every
rain that falls upon the manure heap
must take out portion OF the valuable
plant food and the drainage OF the barn
ward must receive IL, never TO be re-
stored. There Is never more plant food
In manure than ut the time IL Is made,
aud therefore the sooner IL reaches the
fields the better, so that the soil may d.
rectly absorb what the rains dissolve
from IL.
In the last quarter Of . century the
practice OF using commercial fertilizers
has become a new custom In practical
agriculture, yet il is surprising how
many farmers disregard the analysis OF
the fertilizer when making a purchase.
To choose fertilizer intelligently, we
must consider It's analysis before we ask
its name or price, then II our land needs
more phosphoric acid and potash, and
less nitrogen, we can avoid the mistake
of buying an expensive plant food that
is worse than useless upon our farm
n. Z. Farmer.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
Bar.up,'s Petition for Discharge.

In the mater %
FRANK W HACKETT, IN Bda<THPtoy-
Bankrupt.
T. the Hos NATHAN WEISS. Judge os the Us.
trict Court OF The United states for the Dfsfrict
q Maine
EEANK W. HACKETT OF Canton: IN the
i County OF oxford, and state of Maine, IN
ssii District respectfully represents that 9n ths
Sth iSV Of April. lAst past, he wAs daly az
. u- ged bankrupt under the Acts OF congress N-
istsnz n Rsnkrto,rv. that he has duly sarren-
iered al his property aud rights OF properly, /,
ant has fully compiled witn al the Requirements
Of said Acts aud OF the orders Of Court toaenins
as hsnkruptcy. -
Wherefore he prsys, That ne may oe oeSres1 q,
debts provahle against his estate under sAlu
bsukrupt Acts. except such debts as afe eA
cepted by lsx from such discharge
DATED this 25th day OF October, A. y: ns".
FRANK W. HACkErT:
Rankrnpt
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
KEep our oE IhE RuIs.

Il Is the natural thing no doubt for
tn, farmer, as for every other man, TO
do as he has learned by experience, es-
peislly II that experience has been
ga ned at his home In his youth. But
in thousands of cases keeping along In
the ruts in which ones father ran brings
certain and sometimes great disaster.
In is time when the margins Of profit
on everything are small, when competi-
tion Is sharper than II ever has been,
and when the hardest work, the closest
attention TO details, the most avoidance
Of waste and the closest economy are
needed to keep both sides of the ledger
ever. IL Is well, therefore, for every
farmer 70 consider carefully and see II
he !: not running In some one or more
ruts that he would better get out Of.
There are some bad leaks on thousands
OF farms that the owners seem TO keep
their eyes closed to, that are manifest TO
peope who travel through the country,
whether by rail or by common roads.
On scme Of these the farm papers harp
a great deal, and very properly so; and
yet, strange 10 say, they 60 on just the
same. A notable instance OF this kind
Is the leaving OF valuable farm imple-
meuts exposed to the weather. This
piece of folly, for II Is the rankest and
most expensive kind OF folly, is SO COM
mon that il may be said TO be almost
Why il Is such common
practise, and why so persisted In Is one
OF the inconceivable things that cannot
be accounted for on any intelligent
basis. What IL costs the great mass OF
farmers every year Is almost incalculs-
bic.
1t Is computed by the makers Of reap
Ing machinery thst the average useful
period Of machines Of that kind In the
hands OF farmers Is from three 20 five
years. At the end OF that time u new
has to be bought. Not because
the old one has worn out, but because IL
has rusted out or warped out and be-
come useless from exposure. On the
other hand, some farmers get good
service out OF such machines for fifteen
years. The outlay for machinery TO
such q one is just one-third what IL IL 10
the other kind of farmer, and the savings
from this sort Of care go long ways
making the man Independent.
Surely this Is matter well worth con-
most seriously by every one
who does not wish TO become impoyer-
shed. Journal Of Agriculture.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Corn meal is the COW feed bought by 3
great majority Of farmers when they are
sbort on the grain ration. This Is really
sbout the most expensive concentrate
that could be found in the market lts
responsiveness results not from Its nign
nrice. but from the fact that it contains
such very small quantities OF the protein
needed in milk-making. just one iook
Ar a table showing the chemical compo-
sition Of standard feeding stuffs ought 70
convince any dairymAn Of the extravs-
sance Of buying corn meal. The ieed-
ine stuffs inspection st the Vermont e1-
ney;ment station calls particular xtten-
lion 70 this one fact; and. In order 90
make it clearer. has published the
fisures In pamphlet form 90 tnat any
farmer can get them and study them io'
himself.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
ITO N coSrrxuml
Must Discrininate.

For mercy's sake, Mildred" ex-
claimed Mrs. Highmore. shocked at the
negligee attire of her youngest daugh-
ter. who had gone to the front door to
look at fire on the other side Of the
street, don't you know you never
ought to appear In public with your
collar unbuttoned and your sleeves
rolled up except when you are playing
golf T-Chlcago Tribune.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
ORDER OF NOTICE THEREON.

DISTRICT OF MAINE. So -. -
on this srd day OF Now. A. ID. 1890, on rcsn-
log the foregoing petition N Is "a
upon the saune on the ssnd day % Nov, A, -
IsoO before ssif Court as Portland. In SAID Dis-
grict AZ 10 0'clcck IN the forenoon; ana thst no
yoc thereo be published IN the Oxtord Deno,
rrat A newspaper printed IN said District. Ano
that al known creditors, and othsr persons IA
interest nav appear az the said rfDt ana piays. 49,
and show cause. 10 any they have way vi sn
prayer ~ ssii De,itlonsr should not be granted.
And it Il further ordered by the Coars, Ina. ..
the Clerk shall send by mall TO All known 49, "a
tors copies of said petition and this oruer. -.
dressed 70 them az their places OF resiuehoe ~'
stAtes
Witness the Honorable NATHAN WEBS. 'auxe
0f the said Court. aud the seal thereof - xo.'
iand, In said District. On TIE Srd day OF N"''
A. ID. 800. -
L A. n DANIcs cm'>-
A true copy OF petition and order thereon.
kstess: A. H DAVIS. Clerk
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
ks1P Ihe EARN NEAL.

There are several remunerstive things
In keeping the farm neat and la good
trim, and many unremunerative things
connected with the farm that Is filthy
ana neglected. Neatuess Is an agent OF
health aud dizziness and disorder are
causes OF disease. The habit OF putting
machinery in place under cover, clean
ing up the yard, moving weeds around
the fields and cutting scattering bushes
In the pasture Is frequently contagious
and when a farmer does these things he
unconsciously induces sli his neighbors
70 do the same. The opposite of neat
ness Is not ss contagious, but Is disgust
ing 10 every one OF reasonably neat
disposition. The Farmers Guide, In
discussing the subject, says:
The farmer who trains his mind and
ewes and ears 10 know, see and hear
things that are "out of joint on the
farm Is very good neighbor for the
rest Of us to pattern after. IL We would
all train ourselves 10 see and recognize
the things that are as they should not De
and endeavor 20 put them Alright the
community would be the better for our
having lived in Il. IL We take pride in
our farms and our homes We are very
apt 20 take pride Ia our community, our
township, our county, our state, our
country and our Creator. The way 20
lay the foundation for this pride Is keep
ing close lookout for the little things
that 20 wrong, and yet il takes but
few Gays each year 10 keep the brush
cut away from the fences, 10 nail up
board here aud there that may have be-
come loosened, TO keep the fence up
straight, with no weak places 10 tempt
stock 10 break through into the owners
or peighbor's field of grass or grain, 10
put the implements under shelter when
not in use, 10 pick up boards lying
around the barn and house, 10 trim the
fruit trees and cut out old dead or dying
branches. 10 now the lawn al least once
a wear, 20 arrange all the gates so they
will freely swing on their hinges, 10 have
a we'll kept garden, good supply OF small
fruit, the pump in good working order,
a good supply Of dry wood under shelter,
% keep the roadside clean, and brushes
cut, 70 clean out all open bitches, and
TO look after the stock frequently and
cArefully-and these Thugs take but
little time 81 the proper time aud they
increase the cash value OF the farm. IL
We have Ia the pSst neglected these
things, let us resolve 70 do differently.
Possibly we will not have So many
leisure hours, but we Will be adding TO
the looks and worth of our esrthly
and 10 our standing Ss men
and farmers. Turf, Farm and Home.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Very fine razors are made at the pres
ent day. but Of no finer steel than that
contained In the Damascus swords and
knives which the ancients used several
thousand years ago.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

In the center Of the plaza In Lima 10
. pretty bronze fountain that wls
erected in 1873. . gift from some nobls
epaniard. and h probably the oldest
fountain In America.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

At Peckforton. Cheshire. England. Ia
10 l,e seen very queer beehive 1t is
In the shape Of q castle on an ele-
plants back aud Is carved In stone.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Next to opium In power are certain
kinds Of grasses. notable among which
II hemp. which causes Intoxication and
anRsthesia.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
"MA,,y a Mckle
Makes a Muckle. .

"Lme upon line" Is the
suay = bailding grous. The
"Mfckle" IN tits Scotch
properb Is something Oery
small. bm tie "nsseale" b something
great. 0e microscopic bacillus makes
6npu,e Mood and "nsacNt o,se" (nrca
disease z,d disastr) fozou,s. Hoods
Srsapa,ala deans tie Blood - nothing
else can. \ brises "nsrcAs Joy a
"miekis ooa. Haif teaspoonfuf doses.
Pimples-" Pnpiss. Asokheads and
. kdnf Of rash covered ny fas. A
hiend advised me to t!y Hoo6s Sassaps-
efA. IHacs taken ksse botfits and the
panpies A,s saue." Lissis Hsyrh~S.
n HuH~fb Has. B'soktn. NJ =.
Hcd1 SeyaboaM
1ee1S - - ~ nj - ssslrrss.elag -
~ S17kGH0 r ~ ~ noo46 0oEonpo11{ln
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Dtnxlsvs snd .Rxx stsse'' alternately leave
Fraakan wharf. Portland, and India wnsrf'
Bosson, AZ % p NJ, daily, sundays exceptea.
These steamers meet every demand OF n's~.Sss - -
Steamship service In safety, speed. COMMUTE -'A
luxury OF travelling. IN
rhrouxh uckess for Providence. Lowell.
Worcester. Seu York. &C.
y. .. LIeCOnB. GensxA AAnse&'
r. n. Darslsek AgsnA
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
AMONG THE FARMERS.
"srxxp rux rLox.~

Ccrrcspond.nce on practical Agricultural topics
n solicited. Address all Communication In
tended for this department to HkSRr ID. HAN
Paris. Me.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
BICYCLE STOLEN.

Sto.cn. from the sitewalk In South Paris VII
lage Wednesday Dight. sept ~. 1870. Co
Iumb!a Bicycle mo1c 81. No. lOds, chAialess,
Win coaster brake. Color. black
n found. arrest and notify
A T. BAsSETT,
Deputy sheriff and Licensed state Detec,ive.
Norway Maine.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Great men are they who see INA,
spiritual is stronger tnsn any ysaS mJ
force: that thoughts rule the wor'o'
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20

Contentment stifsns the )o'nu VI
progress
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1900-11-20
c. JONES.
Smith b Machinist,


SOUTH PAkI>, MAINE.
NAnufarturer Of general machinery, steam en-
Zines. NIL work. spool machinery and tools,
sots' .et screws, taps, dice and drills made and
renaired sewing, moving and thrcshing ma
chlnes. pumps Of AL kinds. presses. guns, pis-
- knive-, traps, esc.. neatly and promptly re
saired. steam and water psping done 10 orSier.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
Contest Notice.

Land Once at RAPID City. S. D., Oct. 8, 1900.
"A sufhcient contest aff,d wit having been
filed in this office by Herbert j. Helwich,
contestant. acatnst Edward Sweetman entry
No. 452l, made August 20, 1894, for north half of
the southwest quarter, southeast quarter of
The southwest quarter, section 30, to vnship .
south. range II, east, and lot 8, section S,
township 3, south, range Ii. f. b.. II. NJ. by
EDWARD SWEETMAN,
Contestee, 10 which it is Alltged thnt said
Edward Sweetman has wholly abandoned the
lands included in his homestead ontry No. 1891
ana has been absent from said lands for nearly
two years last part and during said time has
not been on said premises nor cultivated any
portion thereof; said parties are hereby noti-
fled. to appear, respond and offer evidence touch
ing said allegation at 10 O'Clock .. m. on Nov.
Is, 1900, before the Register and Receiver, land
that final hearing will be held at 10 O'Clock a.
N. on November 10, 1900, before) the Register
and Receiver at the United States Land Office
in Rapid City. s.. d.
The said contestant having, in a proper an
davft, filed October Is, 1900, set forth facts
which show that after due diligence personal
service Of this notice can not be made, it is
hereby ordered and directed that such notice
be given by duo and proper publication.
A. X. Gardner,
Register.
". S. Warner,
v. VIII
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19

We live by our blood, and on
it. We thrive or starve, as
our blood is rich or poor.
There is nothing else to live
on or by.
When strength is full and
spirits high, we are being re.
freshed, bone muscle and brain,
in body and mind, with con-
tinual flow of rich blood.
This is health.
When weak, in low spirits,
no cheer, no spring, when rest
is not rest and sleep is not
sleep, we are starved our blood
is poor; there is little nutri-
ment in it.
Back Of the blood, is food,
to keepthe blood rich. When
it fails, take SCOTS Emulsion
Of Cod Liver Oil. 1t sets the
whole body going again-man
woman and child.
II you have not tried II, send for free sample,
Its agreeable taste will surprise You.
SCOTT q BowNE, Chemists
4ea4Is Pearl Street, New York.
soc. and srns; aMdrusgps.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
From Wednesdays Daily Edition.

From Wednesdays Daily Edition.
Il brings to the little ones that price
less gift of healthyaesh, solid bone and
muscle. That's what Rocky Noun
tain Tea does. 35c. Ask your drug
gist.
When you want a first class heat
ing stove get a "Wilson Air Tight
they are ahead of all others. Use
one for a day ana you will have no
other at any price.-Tom Sweeney
Hardware Company sells them.
Frank Alderman Of Pedro is in
the city.
N. E. Chaplin. of Belle Fourche is
at the Jester House.
Mel. Quick has sold his barber
shop to Geo. CASTOR.
W. w. Sturms came up from Hot
Springs, this morning.
g. w. Green came up from Hot
Springs this morning.
Theo Sagert, roadmaster for the
Elkhorn, Is ID the city.
1. a. Chase was = passenger for
Deadwood this morning
/, Mrs. 3. N. Reeves and children,
vent 70 Keystone todsy,
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
A STRANGE
Rather Weird Exercises Attending Bur-
ial of Spanish Kings.

aHaEE"s4
Strange and almost weird is the
ceremonial which accompanies the
burial or Spanish kings. The pan
theon, or royal tomb, is at the pal
ace of the Escurial, situated 5000 feet
above the level of the sea, and some
distance from the capital. Only kings,
queens, and mothers of kings are
buried there, the collins of the kings
lying on n side, those of the queens
on the other. After lying in state for
several days in the throne room at
Madrid, an enormous procession is
formed, accompanying the body to
the Escurial. A halt Is made on
the way and the corpse rests there
for one night. In the morning the
lord high chamberlain stands at the
side of the coffin and says in loud
tones: us your majesty pleased to
proceed on your Journey? After a
short silence the procession moves on
and winds up to the grand portal of
the palace. These doors are never
opened except to admit a royal
parsonage, dead or alive. When the
casket containing the remains is at
last placed in the vault. the chamber
lain unlocks 1t and, kneeling down,
calls with a loud voice: 'Senor!
Senior! Senor!" After a solemn
pause he cries again: His majesty
does not reply. Then 1t is true, the
king Is dead!" He then locks the
coffin. gives the key to the prior (the
palace of the Escurial contains also a
large monastery and church,, and,
taking his staff Of Office, breaks it
in pieces and filings them at the cask-
ct. The booming of the guns and the
tolling of bells o to the ma
ton that the king has gone to his
final resting place.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19

Bryan club headquarters last night.
Mr.. LaFollette is a pleasing speaker
and took up the issues Of the cam.
paign and presented them from the
fusion standpoint. His explanation.
of the work Of the railway commits
kioner in this state and its fight in
behalf OF the freight rate law was
interesting and convincing. The
meeting was q good one. MIR. La
Toilette left for the northern Hills
this morning to continue his cam
paign 10 behalf OF the fusion state
ticket.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
sl.p. with SNAKE. and pied.

Percy Selvins, who was bitten on the
hand by a moccasin snake. is dead. He
vas a professor Of art and language in
the Greenville, Mich, school, but had a
love for reptiles. He had several boxes
of different kinds of venomous snakes
which he kept in his house, and every
day left them out in his rooms and
played with them. /. He handled them
and on cold nights took them to bed
with him and placed them next his
body to keep them warm.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
Notice to Owner Before Issuance
of Tax Deed.

Notice to Owner Before Issuance
Of Tax Deed.
To Herbert s. Hall and to all whom it may
concern:
You are hereby notified that on the LIST day
OF Novemi er, 1897, the then treasurer, OF Pen
nineton county, South DAKOTA offered for sale
and did sell to said Pennington q unity, South
Dakota, the following described real estate stu,
ated IN said county and state, to-wit:
Lot No. !, section 3 1, township 2 north, range
z east, in oil forty (Io) acres. the same being
real estate. for delinquent taxes for the year
1926. with penalty and interest thereon, which
were due and delinquent, together with costs
allowed by law, and q certificate ri said sale
was issued to said county, which Certificate has
been for q valuable consideration duly assigned
to Milton Il. Merritt who liz now the legal owner
OF the certificate OF purchase: that q period OF
over two years has elapsed since the making OF
said sale; that 10 person or persons have re
deemed said premises from SAID sale. and that
tho + ght Of redemption, including said taxes,
penalty and interest accrued and to accrue
since said sale, together with all costs allowed
by law, win expire and deed be made by the
treasurerer Of Pennington county. south Dsko
Ia, to the undersigned after sixty days from
the complied service Of this notice.
Milton B.. Merritt. s
First publication Oct. IL, 1900.
= Y q
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
An. Made . Bridge

A naturalist found that some black
ants were devouring the skins Of some
bird specimens on a table. 80 hS made
tar circles on four pieces Of paper, and
put one under each leg Of the table.
Ants will not cross tar. Pretty soon he
found the ants buslly at work again,
and looking at the tar circles found
each one was bridged by bits Of sand
which the clever ants had brought in
from the street.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
Anclent Milne, of slnai.

History furnishes records of the
working of the copper mines of Sinai
from about 5000 B. G. to 1900 b. G..
These possessions brought on several
bloody wars. The scepter Of Pepi II.
of the sixth dynasty is preserved in
the British museum. The entrance,
the ruins Of the furnace, the crucibles.
the huts of the miners and some frag-
ments Of tools still exist. In the de-
bris have been found remains of fur
naces and crucibles, Stag aaa cinders.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
Kodak Fiends at Liberty.

Kodak Fisnds 1t Liberty.
Amateur photographers who worked
with hand cameras can take snap shots
without limit free. at the Paris expo
sition. Users Of cameras with bases
must secure permits from the commits
sioner general. They are privileged to
operate only until 1 p. m. Permits for
a single day will cost Is francs. For
the entire period of the exposition the
cost will be 1000 francs. Exhibits
may not be taken" without permis-
sion Of the owners
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
Prevented a Tragedy.

Timely information givin Mrs. Geo.
Long, Of New Str~aitsville, Ohio, saved
two lives. A frightful cough had long
kept her awake every night. She had
tried many remedies ahd doctsrs, but
steadily grew worse until urged to try
DR.. Kings New Discovery. One bottle
wholly cured hea; and she writes, this
marvellous medicine also cured Mr..
Long OF q sever attack of Pneumonia.
Such cures are positive proc; Of its
power to cure all throat, chest and
lung troubles. Only SOC and $1.00.
Guaranteed. Trial bottles free at
Gardeners drug store.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
That Throbbing Headache.

Would quickly leave you,. If you used
DR.. Kings New Lie Pills. Thousands
Of suffers have proved their ma,chless
merit for Sick and Nervous Headach IS.
They make pure blood and build up
your health. Only Is cents. Money
book if not cured. Sold by w. L..
Gardner Druggist.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1900-10-19
First publication october 10,
Po.r chndr.. I.as.l.A

Posr Childr~a IAkeleA
The children of the poor in Japan
Gro nearly always labeled in Ease they
should stray from their homes while
their mothers are engaged In domesua
duties.