The sun., 1900-12-30
PERU BEFORE THE lNCAS.
m .1x UgrgS ssARcH ron TRACES
ns rms EARitEsr iSHAHfTANrs.
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r.r,,.,s,,, Of california; nas rsnds n
,..a,.. p,,vy,sn tiishiands fov tive Year.

HsftApytpHiA. neo "" 'hter"suns
.>coyt ot the progress Of the University of
csiltorniss srrlor'tion for relics ot the
n.oois Who we're the predecessors of the
fnoss In South and Central America was
.,..n nv President Benjamin Ide Wheeler
=, an. rn..tins on Friday of tho Archrolog gioal
I,s,i,u,e of America. Mrs Phebe A. Hearst
No.. .u,plled funds N continue the e1plora-
lion for i've years This 10 President Wheel
49,. account Of tho work already done;
.pr MAJ Uhle 4. now a, work In tho Valley
q, cbIncha in the interior OF Peru. His
chico, is to collect material Illustrative
of the civilization OF the period Of the Incas,
and OF the older culture which fourished
in various parts Of Peru before tho days OF
the Incasic Empire.
LAST March he disembarked at TruJtllo.
Q Peruvian seaport. some hve hundred miles
north OF Lima. and at once started for
rsgton on the western slope OF the eastern
Cordillera Of the Andes. near the headwaters
Of the great River Marathon. which has long
been known as the former scat OF an ancient
civilization. On April . he arrived at the
town Of Huamachuco. where stands the In
tsrestins old church OF San jose. one OF the
first buildings erected by the Spaniards In
Peru
Eight miles wsst Of Huamachuoo the hill
Of Maroa- -Huamachuco rises 70 An elevation
Of nearly twelve thousand feet above ses
level. It's rocky heights towering 2.ooo feet
or moro above deep. warm, well-watered
valleys which produce the fruits OF tropical
climate The summit commands the long.
western slopes of the eastern Cordillera and
the broad astsrn slope OF the western Cordil-
lera of the Peruvian highlands. which here
has q width Of from fifteen to twenty leagues.
IL was this uninterrupted outlook which caused
the summit to be chosen as the home OF these
aboriginal peoples Nothing could 60 on
within ten OF twenty leagues about without
being observed by these hill dwellers. and
IL would have been almost impossible for any
enemies TO surprise them
The Indian families which still dwell upon
the summit have named the northeastern part
Of the ridge 'El Castillo. because il was
formerly surrounded on all sides by walls
the ruins on its summit is q main building
oalled FL Castillo in narrower and special
sense. On second eminence Is Du..uIng
psllsd Cerro de MonJas, be- cause OF several
Enclosures which were considered by the
Indians as having been converts, Because
q the decay Of the ruins on th9 third Part Of
q fourth eminence Is called because OF the
court-lke inclosures built upon 1t. the 'Cerro
The ruins Of Marca- -Huamao ohuco are now
much dila pidated. All the ediices were built
Of broken stones taken from the native rock
with admirable skill The interstices between
the larger stones were exactly. nned with
smaller fragments. The size Of tho stones
OF the wall. The higher walls were Inclined
a little back to reduce the thickness at the
ttop; clay was az u used as mort;ar some me, very very
''!fsa .oa n Maros- re HI -Husmschuco are both SQUIRE
f. snf s9sr ksa sssm
81 S0minssihRs s RsfISp tSps P' -Haamsehueo $
reprS rsprs.en. nj by themselves sometimes a whole
fortress sometimes a single habttation we'll
protected by the character OF their environ,
AZ ouch inolosures stand on the CerTo de
Mon]as and about four on the Cerro Viejo.
IN the Interior OF the fortress called Ell Cas-
Nllo. All the rounded Enclosures have very
few entrances. II they are single ha6lts-
Where possible. they are constructed above
steep rocks. The characteristic detail of
BY sSe doSbe Ts oned a nH Ike A' gallery These
galleries contain several floors connected
BY ladders and opening into the inner court
windows opening to the outside Of the in,
closure. but they were never OF such kind
The interior Of the Enclosures is mostly oc-
cupied by small square buildings OF q single
door. following In their disposition no ap-
In the interior Of the fortress El Castillo
are a large number OF such square buildings.
forming mostly long narrow courts IL is
disposed along the sides Of square market
place. The main building of the fortress
word stands upon natural elevation Of the
hill Its walls rise to hei ght Of sixty feet
or more. II forms several terraces which
rose one above another. and were divided
BY walls into different rooms. Several large
buildings formed the continuation OF this
edince to the east. but they are nov in ruins
Long. broken stones, or slabs. joined TO
the pillars OF the doorways and the windows.
and similar slabs laid horizontally or verti-
cally used TO strengthen the corners ofthe
building 1t Is evident that the Inhabitants
were acquainted with the art Of working
stone by fire They understood, also, the
amples Of this work are uncommon Dr. THE
has found certain architectural stones, henr-
ing nt'Ee,nS in o e1a fsS
Marc -HIamachuco but with tho exception
OF human remains little, was found. save few
ancient. painted earthenware. The tombs
were generally of three kind -toinbs at the
foot ot shelving rotSa; tomPf 81 IN square & or
the tS plain. and tombs in the interior Of house
walls These latter were curious. a. the face
concealed within. They were mostly found
he Il GRs%d GsRTound Several walls were found which
10 ten feet apart Tho hole in which the body
was preserved was generally irregular. IL
IA An tinsolve ed problem whether the in ter ments
were made before or after the original con-
str,,ction of the wall Most OF these tombs
contain the bones OF from two 10 eight indi-
viduals Only In a few cases have the bones
been preserved completely. save the bones
OF guinea ri gs, two ordinary earthen vessels
and a small piece Of cotton cloth no oh lects
were found with the bones in these tombs
"The best results in the neighbOrhood OF
Humachuco were obtained by excavations
upon the Cerro Amaru or liill Of the Serpcnte
This site is covered with many remains OF
ancient walls Here are three ancient conical
wells After weeks work DR. hle sue
out the mud. found quantity Of blue. green
and black stone beads and other ornaments
OF stone and shell These shell ornaments
were made from the SpordyIus p,ctOrum,
a species absolutely unknown in Peruvian
waters. and found only IN tac tropical seas
between Panama and the Island of La Plata,
OF the northern coast OF Ecuador lnis
shell was highly valued by the peruvians
and used In RELIGIOUS ceremonies DT. HE
believes that these wells were tho object of an
ancient worship. and that beads and uTna-
ments were thrown in as religious offerings
Worship Of springs, wells and hilitOps s'il
prevails among the Indians of some OF the
southern part OF tho Peruvian highlands
Hard by the well on tie CeTro Amaru
was found ecurtured 'tone little weather.
worn hut showing clearl' that IL was meant
10 Iepre-ent the head of a wild beast, with feet
and tlsk, cy o. and nose hi. head. said
the Indians. and three others Ike II which
once existed there, were the guards" of
the three wells Dr thle believe, that the
L..