Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1900-01-12
THE ALKALl TROUBLE.
varicns Causes and R~emedies-A.
vital Mattersto the West.

s i re AENALl IROOBEEs
varicus Causes and Remedies-A
Vital Matter to the West.
The department Of agriculture has
continued its work Of Investigating
and mapping the alkali soils Of the irri-
gated districts of the west, with re-
suits at once interesting and prac-
tically important to the irrigation
farmer. Noting the work Of the diyi-
sion of soils in his report just issued,
Secretary Wilson says:
The trouble from alkali is due pri-
marily to the large amounts of solu-
BILE salts generally present in all soils
of an arid region. The rainfall is not
sufficient to carry off the salts a s they
are set free IN the decomposition of the
rocks. These salts are naturally dis
tributed throughout the soil and for
a few years are not harmful. With the
application Of irrigation water, how
ever. in the intensive cultivation Of
crops the excess of water accumulates
and is liable to fill up the subsoil, and
this, together with the rapid evapora-
ton in an arid climate, shifts the salts
until they gradually accumulate at or
near the surface in such quantities as
to be beyond the endurance Of crops.
The natural drainage has Of course a
great Influence on such In accumula-
Etion3of both seepage waters and alkali.
Another, and perhaps the most inn
portant, Of the rise Of the sub
soil water and accumulation of aIkali
is in the leakage II seepage from
canals. AS such damage is liable to
be widespread it is a matter for serious
consideration whether canal companies
should not be required to protect their
bitches from undue loss and indiyid-
uals be restrained from overirrigation
or made liable for damages in civil
suits.
Another source OF trouble is in the
use Of water for irrigation containing
too large a salt content. Such action
only invites widespread suffering and
loss to the settlers.
In some districts the condition of the
water can be controlled in a large
measure by the water companies. Res
ervoirs are frequently lowered for res
pairs or for cleaning out at the begin
ming of a long dry period, and the re-
naming water concentrates by eyapo-
ration until it is really unfit for irriga-
ton if the inflow is small and the usual
floods are delayed. Furthermore, the
first flood after a long dry spell often
brings down great quantities Of alkali
which have accumulated on the water
shed during the dry season. Frequent
" these first flood waters should be
diverted from the reservoirs in order
to prevent serious damage to the COM
munity.
When the alkali contains considera-
BILE quantities Of carbonate of soda, the
usual remedy is heavy applications OF
gypsum, with drainage, IL necessary
to insure thorough aeration Of the land.
When the other alkali salts or seepage
waters have accumulated In excessive
quantities, drainage Is necessary.
So sudden and unexpected is the
damage from the rise of seepage va
tiers and alkali that estates worth thou
ssandsso dollars may have to be aba4-
doned in two or three years, with ali
utter depreciation Of value.
The matter Of artificial drainage as
q means of preventing damage and Of
reclaiming alkali lands has been SO Of
ten advocated without attracting the
attention necessary to induce action
and the matter is Of s,aHl vital impor-
lance to the west that I have recon-
mended to congress m appropriation
of $4,000 for the purpose Of actually
demonstrating the practical utility OF
the different methods OF treating such
lands.
Soils OF the Pecos Valley, New Mex
ico.
Circular No. 8 of the division of
soils, department Of agriculture, con
Germs the soils Of the irrigated districts
aF fhn pnnnS rYa11nv4 NJ M axfant