davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Western star., 1900-01-27
EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING.

The executive board of the Old
Landmark Association met in Hemp
stead Janury 23d, 1900.
Members present-Rev. L. X. Will
liams, president; d. A. Starks. Sec
Rev. T. G. Collins, Rev. w. NJ. Massey,
Rev. B. w. Wade, missionary.
Meeting opened in due form.
The secretary read the report of the
missionary, and after quite a lengthy
discussion the report was adopted
Committee was then appointed to
consider the needs of the missionary
field: w. M. Massey. chairman; F. l..
Lights, L. X. Williams, B. Lilly.
The report of the committee was re-
ceived and adopted, which is as fol-
lows:
After discussing the needs of the
field. the brethren decided to appoint
another missionary to assist in pros
ecuting the work; the same to be ap-
pointed to work on the following
plans: Cd That he cooperate with
B. w. Wade, who was appointed as
general missionary. in order that the
work be prosecuted without friction;
(2) That SIS be appropriated for
each months missionary work. and
that w. M. Massey be employed to as
sist in the work. and that the division
of the SIS be as follows: That Rev.
Wade receive $50 per month and that
he have two churches. and that twen-
ty-seven days constitute an associa-
tional month for Rev. Wade; and that
Rev. Massey be allowed S45. and that
all the money he collects from his
churches be applied to his salary.
w. M. MASSEY.
F. L. LIGHTS.
L. K. WILLIAMS,
B. LILLY,
Committee.
The following resolution was read
and adoDted:
Resolved, that each church be re-
Cuested to ask its members to pay 25
cents this year, as nothing much was
paid last year; and that clubs be organ
lied in each church to collect five cents
each month until 25 cents is collected.
L. K, WILLIAMS.
Adjourned.
l.. K. WILLIAMS, President.
The Barrel Organ in Church.
To attend church where the music
is supplied by barrel organ must be
very like stepping into a bygone CEN
tury, but it is an experience which the
parishioners of Trottiscliff-a Kentish
village within twenty-five miles of
London-can every week enjoy. Its ad-
herence to old customs may be par
doned, for church was standing at
the time of the Domesday book. and
the existing chancel is more than 800
years old. Its pulpit is one that stood
In Westminster abbey until 1924. The
musical capabilities of barrel organ
are limited, but the parishioners OF
1rottiscliff have choice of sixty, there
being six barrels, each supplying ten
tunes-most of them very old fash
ioned.-Notes and Queries.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
ADlbasSador Cbo,to ,.,1 -

ADbasSador Choata s.1l ~
Lropensi,y u, i'r joking. At thug rsa ~
'rn Address the other d,, ehl,.
terrnpted by a sgualliag a.S e w
audience. Wherunon nru '"oy hg.
representative to the com, '>s''ostJ
turned to the bishop of LON, :, ''as
iemlnded his lordship chat y M
Knew better than himself ,6,, 10 "a.
tie mouths of babes o,5 ,"' Oe Il
cometh forth wisdom. And '%S.'9 ~
hsh folk present at ono. - 'ae % Els
strange To say. We !oGe,
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Eneetual.

Gentleman Ito village cobbler)-
What's that yellow powder you are
taking so constantly, my friend?
Cobbler-It's snuff-catarrh snuff.
Gentleman-"Is 1t any good? I'm
troubled somewhat that way myself.
Cobbler with the air of man who
could say much if he chose)-Well, I've
had catarrh for morn thirty years. and
I've never took nothin' fort but this
Epoch.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

4 child in Arkansas recently bar,..
died at the age Of 10 months. ro,m,.
held an inquest over the BODY ,s
IN making out the certificate Of da,s
stated that the child was uumarris
and that it's occupation was ken
iLg It's parents Swake o nights
The Western star., 1900-01-27
IhN raViny rrr .t,,

Fas lately attracted a g,ro, a.,
attention. The Use of them ~ so pgaI 4
be increasing. This clearly sEo-. Iyy,a' %
eN hansted condition of the ro.r euO"S al
blood, which may be rcma1:os I:,S ao
by streng henlng thc SIomacn Ully
letters Stomach BitterS will l. uos I'M
Tor you. 1t cures dyspepsia co..i y" ai
ton and nervousness ,'''~pl-
The Western star., 1900-01-27
The Nashville Christian Advocate

The Nashville Christian Advocate
says: "a Texas jury has Just given
a lie sentence in the penitentiary to
a prominent citizen for part cipat'ng
in a lynching on the 23d of May last.
1t is thought probable that three 9th
er gentlemen will get the same pen
atty. This is one of the healthiest
signs that we have lately seen and it
ought to operate as clarifyer of the
atmosphere" The Baptist Standard
commenting on this says: 'The reas-
on these murderers have reen con-
victed is that their victims were white
men, and the mob was small. If the
mob had numbered 200 instead of
twelve and the victims had been Ne
groes, the matter would never have
gotten into the courts"
The Western star., 1900-01-27
You Can Get Alien, Foot.r,,.r

Write touay to Allen ). Uims.e, l.
Roy, \. y. for a free sample Of ,I,.S -
Foot Ease, a powder 70 sn.ke in,an4'
'hoes. II cures cnIiDldIns svs,,s-
lamp. swollen. aching ieet. II m.s'.
Iew or ught shoes easy. cor,.S
cure for COrns and Bunions an 4r~
sists and shoe stores se,l II: 2ic ."
The Western star., 1900-01-27
The LHsalPRs APe.

Its a lessless age" remarked Sim
pers.
What do you mean?" inquired
Gales.
Here's a couple who entered upon
a loveless marriage. drove away in a
horseless carriage and received all
their congratulations by wireless teleg-
raphy. hy."-Philadelphia North American.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Harsh Treat ment.

MY dear, / thought they had aool-
ished corporal punishment IN Ine
navy"
They have"
Does that apply to yachts. too"
81 suppose it does. What are you
driving at?"
why. l noticed that in recent race
off Newport one of the yachts was
steered so badly that her spanKer
struck a buoy."-Cleveland Plain Deal
er.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
NelghbOrly Ties

"The telephone is great social fac
tor"
That's so. We wouldn't have called
on those people next door at all If We
hadn't wanted to use their telephone.
Chicago Record.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

full in selecting officers. Too many
times the very Negroes whom you take
for your friends and lift them out of
the ashes and promote them so that
they will be respected by the people,
will be found among your enemies
with glittering dagger, Brutus like.
to plunge into your vains.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Mrs, Notwithstanding ,u.,
think of that poor tramn n,,l ""iOl b
uP dead on Christmas day" a rySa
.pShand-,l can just imagine how ru'''.
feel my dear, but PERHAPS h. ''N ya
,he one you gave that ulDcs nj. ''SaI
Judge. "'" Pc 10" =
The Western star., 1900-01-27

The pastor and deacons are the only
officers recognized by the Scriptures.
All others are men made, and usually
give the churches trouble. If we
would succeed and build up the
churches spiritually and financially,
we must follow closely the old land
marks mapped out by Jesus Christ and
the apostles. Any departure from it
brings divisions and untold troubles in
the church
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Old Time DpxteritY.

Joe Ker-The earlier watches were
much cleverer timepieces than those OF
the present
Jacques-How so?
Joe Ker-They marked the time with
only one hand.-Jewelers' Weekly.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Art for Arts Sake.

Miss Rosebud-Maude Osborne Vowi
she never means to marry.
Miss Pepperton-I presume, then.
that all that work she does on her COM
plexion is nothing but art for arts
sake.-Sydney Town and Country Jour
nal
The Western star., 1900-01-27
The Dinerence.

Detectives in real life are not bit
like the story book detectives"
That's so," said the man who hasn't
any savoir faire whatever. The story
book detective invariably catches his
man sooner or later" Washington
Star.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

There was 131 legal hangings in this
country last year, which was an in
crease of twenty-one over last year;
100 of these were executed in the
South and thirty-one in the North.
Fifty-eight were white men and sew
enty-two colored; one Indian. Geor-
gia hung nineteen and lynched twenty
eight.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
His Kind of Courage.

Il want you to pull tooth, out not
with gas. That costs too mucil!"
We'll. you're a brave man. Show nae
the tooth"
Wait a minute. My mother-in-law
will be here right away. It's her
tooth. Der Floh.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

The chief trouble with m'nv ar'ls''
that they use paint when thq
should limit themselves 10 whiegal
The Western star., 1900-01-27
WANTED

trlveling salesman IN each southern Ssh.
$50 TO $50 per montn AMI travelling ,vsr.e,
'Npe' fence not absolutely II cr>>ary Gov ms.
iculars, address, pENlCKS rOL,lC0
Work 5 CO.. PenickS. Va.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
OUR BUDGET OF FUN.
SOME GOOD JOKES. ORIGINAL
AND SELECTED.

A Variety OF Ouips. GibeS aud Ironies'
tn Cause n smile - FlOtsam Sno
Jetsam from the Tide OF Humor-
Witty Sayings
The Western star., 1900-01-27

\ Denver lawyer shot two editors
because one Of them called him 4
cheap skate. He came nigh.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

The State republican convention for
electing delegates and alternates to
the Natinoal republican convention
meets in Waco on March 6, 1900.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Varied Po..rbu,lo l., po

Peru possesses sge a diversity of
elevations and climatic peculiarities as
net Os Snown nD,1 20 produce %au any prod
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Two bottles Of Piso's Cure for Con'VWLg
!oL cured me of bad lung irouD.e'v,g5@i' ,g5i
+. Nichols, Princeton, Ind, Mar ~, l'''
The Western star., 1900-01-27
Generally Ruled by Kindness.

UeHerIIIy NuIeU by NIndneSSs
You are one of those humanitarians
who believe in bringing up children
without corporal punishment, aren' I
you?"
Yes. AS true as I'm standing here
I've never struck one of my children
except in self-defense Answers.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

FITS Permanently cured. No nts nerv ousn',s ara
first d9y's rrse Of Dr. kliuc's Great Nrr'" t' 'orr
Send tor Rec $500 trial bottle Grd ntan$
OR. X. II. KLINE, Ltu.. 93I Arch st. hlal,fLAh
The Western star., 1900-01-27

After all, n mans opinions do Hr
amount 10 much more than bundle o.
prciUdices.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

When il comes to press cCu>OH
Gil,tary editor in South Africa?
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Ignorance sometimes puts one I"
blinking.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
The Rest Prescription for Chill,

and Fever is a bottle OF GROVES T'SrUw
CHILL Tonic. IL is simply iron aEi guHEI
> JaSteless form. No cure-no pa. Pltt IL
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Two salesmen in each state wanted 70 %l
T. 'bacroand Cigars. Experience no, necessary
actOryA2lj, ThaNton, Va.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
no CURE A COLD IN ONE nAY,

Take Laxative BrOmo Qunine Tablets al
ruggiStS refund the money if it ili 10 CUR
&c. +. w. Groves signature on each box
The Western star., 1900-01-27

In the course of time every defea'e
candidate will have n monument a>'
martyr.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Some dark horses do notegen inoS
row to keep dark.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

Mrs. WinslOw's Soothing syrup
For children teething. sOftens the guns
The Western star., 1900-01-27
BRYAN BULLETIN.

The deoth of Mrs Harriet Haynes
the wife Of Deacon w. H. Haynes, who
The Western star., 1900-01-27

feacher-What do you know of the
micrCbe family?
Little Maude-Please, ma'am, NAM
ma has forbidden us to gossip about
other peoples family aHairs.-Ex-
change.
The Western star., 1900-01-27
No Knife, No Pain!

We will guarantee the re o. Cancer Gatr
lrrria File, simple and Malgu1nt rnar
IithrEt u Dit""r nn paN. All chr)Uti, re.
pcCialty Address liOu~'"" u. i.ht harI.
ry, p. o. Box D, Houston Hci ,hI,, Ie,,,.
The Western star., 1900-01-27

A leather medal will last one j"
lime.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Last Monday littls niece of Chas. W.
Evans arrived from Louisiana. She is
only nine years old and came all of
the way by herself She is the daughter
of Mr.. Evans brother. This brother en-
listed from Muscatine county, this state.
at the breaking out of the war for the
Union, in the 9Th Iowa and served three
years. Coming home at the end of that
time he visited his relatives. This was
the last time his brother Charles ever
saw him for he soon reenlisted and served
until the end OF the war and at the end
OF that time he remained in Louisiana
and married there and raised family
Although his relatives in the north knew
he was in that state they did not know
his location until in recent years
A few years ago he died and in year OF
so the widow died. The other children
were nearly grown, but this left the little
girl an orphan, and her brothers desired
she should make her home with her un.
cle's people and they are glad to well
come.her. On her trip up here alone
she speaks Of how kind people on the
train were to her, much OF the time Civ
ing her meals at the eating houses. Sh.
will make her home with Mr.. and Mrs
Frank Evans.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Anna Weaver, Maggie Hartzell and
Alice Talbot are new students at the
summer school making the total enroll
ment seventy six. This compares fav-
orably with other years. In 1896 it was
sixty nine, in 1897 it was seventy three
and 1898 1t was seventy seven. Last
year it was about hundred, owing to
the expiration of more than the usual
number of certificates. Superintendent
Farquhar and his assistants are conduct
ing good and successful school. Next
week will end the summer school after
which two weeks normal term will begin.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Bilharz 4 Son are remodelling the up,
stairs OF their store, taking out the par
titions, offices and rooms in the front
and fixing it so as to occupy it all fol-
sales purposes. They will put in @
broad and easy stairwayIin the rear Of
the west side and upstairs they will keeE
carpets, cloaks, shoes and later perhaps
millinery and other departments. They
will put in gas plant for lighting and
will make many other improvements
The carpenters have:already commenced
the work. It is to be done under the
direction Of +. l.. Evans. The Messrs
Bilharz are enterprising and progressive
men and have one Of the best stores il
western Iowa, and the improvement.
they are now making is another indica
ton that they are going to keep at the
front
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Low ROUND TRIP RATES TO Dies
MONIES Republican state convention.
On July 81 and August l the Great
Rock Island Route will sell tickets to
Des Moines and return for one fare for
the round trip. Tickets good returning
until August 3. Take advantage of this
cheap rate to make a midsummer trip
to the state capital. For full informa-
ton inquire of nearest Rock Island
ticket agent.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Cornell College, at Mt. Vernon, Linn
county, will get several students from
here the coming year. Harry Sampson
who has completed two years will return
Of course. Lou Roberts who has had
one year there may go back, although
that is not yet certain. Wren Graham,
Lavisa Overholtzer and Susie Musson,
all three from the graduating class Of
our high school the last year, expect to
go. We also understand that the two
Misses Larsen expect to go Cornell is
becoming great school.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mr.. and Mrs. w. Burnside returned
home Monday from visit of some weeks
at Grinnell. Their son Charley who has
been attending college there the past
year also came with them. Their little
grandson Wilson also came along. His
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Wadsworth, and
MISS Belle start this week on an extend
ed visit east. They take steamer at
Chicago and go by water past Niagara
and Montreal. They will then visit in
Massachusetts, before returning.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

W. H. O'Connell of this place who is a
candidate for Grand Master of the Ex-
chequer in the X. P. lodge, has good
prospects of success. There are one or
two other candidates, but as Mr.. O'Con-
nell is well known to the leading Knights
OF Pythias over the state, as he has at.
tended many grand lodges and helped
others, as he is well supported in this
section and by his many friends, it is
thought he has good chance to win.
He is competent and deserving and we
hope he will obtain the honor he seeks.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

The premium lists are out for the fair
which is to be held September IS to 81.
The managers say prospects are good
for better fair than usual. The new
buildings and Improvements at the
grounds will be quite help.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26
Working Night And Day.

The busiest and mightiest little
thing that was ever made is DIR. Kings
New Life Pills. Every pill is sugar
coated globule of health, that changes
weakness into strength, listnessness
into energy, brain-fag into mental
power. They're wonderful in building
up the health. Only 20 cents per box.
Sold by A. H. Roberts.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mrs. John Musson, Mrs. Sam Handles,
Miss Eva johnson and Miss May Rein
emund are new members of the Colum-
bian Club. That organization is making
good progress in every way. A commit
tee is now collecting the subscription
for the new building recently purchased.
1t is expected that the upstairs rooms
will soon be fitted up for the library and
occupied by them.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mr.. Bert Drury arrived in the city Sat-
urday evening from Henderson. to see
his uncle p. l. Drury Of this city, who is
quite sick. Mr.. Drury has not been able
to do anything since in February and Of
late weeks has been gradually getting
worse. Last week was much harder on
him than any previous, as he was unable
to leave the house at all. His many
friends hope for his speedy recovery.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Tuesday two little boys of A. M. Hayes
got hurt while attending the tourna.
ment. They were sitting on a fence
near the track when it broke down. The
younger one, Glen, aged about nine, had
both bones in his right arm broken Just
above the wrist A. F. Drake brought
him to DIR. Jackson's office and had the
wound attended to. The older boy Lau-
rem, aged about eleven years, had his
left shoulder aud arm strained few
days previous when playing, and was
carrying his arm in sling. This fall
from the fence hurt him again so badly
that the doctor further examined him
and foundthe collar bone broken and the
arm strained. 1t is sad thing for tn Q
little fellows. The Atlantic fire com.
pany heard Of it and contributeds5.0 90 and
sent it to the parents to help in proyid-
ing for the boys.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Harry Watts came home Friday even
ing from Lake Okoboji, where he had
been for few days. He left here four
weeks ago on his bicycle and has been
in Omaha and northern Iowa since then,
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Robt. Dennis returned Sunday even
ing from Wyoming where he has been
working with railroad outfit. Robert
does not speak very well Of Wyoming.
Says there is too much alkali there to
suit him.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

DIR. A. L. Brooks has been very sick
during the past week, so bad that his
friends were uneasy about his condition
for few days. However, he is much
better the last day or SO and this morn
ing he thinks he will be able to be out
of his room in day or two.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

"We have sold many different cough
remedies, but none has given better
satisfaction than Chamberlain's," says
Mr.. Charles Holzhaur, druggist, New
ark, N. J. ut is perfectly safe and
can be relied upon in all cases of
coughs, colds or hoarsness. Sold by
A. H. Roberts, druggist.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

The publisher Of the Ledyard Leader,
r. M. Carpenter, will move his outfit to
Rake, new town on the Burlington
railroad. where he will issue his paper
and teach the town school. The pros.
poets for the new town are bright
Chicago Newspaper Union.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

c. l.. Tramp, pioneer resident OF
Audubon. is in the city today the guest
of his old friend, Alex. Young. Char.
les Escher, ST., OF the famous Long
Branch Stock Farm, eight miles south
has gone on visit to his native land
Scotland. While there he will purchase
number Of thoroughbred Aberdeen
cattle, which will be consigned to Man
ming. Manning Monitor.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

MISS Marguerite Stuart returned to
her home at Cedar Bluffs, Nebr., Friday,
after visit of several weeks with her
grand parents, Mr.. and Mrs. A. @. Thorn
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Ed Van Garder and John Weighton
are the delegates from the X. p. lodge
here to the Grand Lodge which meets at
Waterloo next month. The former who
is still up at the lakes will go from there
to Waterloo.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Rev. J. F. Hinkhouse left on the noon
train Tuesday for Fairfield, Iowa, to at
tend the board meeting Of Parsons Col
lege. He will not return for several
weeks. He hopes after a few weeks
OF rest to enter more vigorously upon his
duties as pastor Of the Presbyterian
church.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Rev. r. W. Matheny and family ex-
pect to go to Lenox next week where
Mr.. Matheny will deliver an address at
the NJ. W. A. picnic. They will visit at
other Iowa places before returning,
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

A. d. Lennon, of Guthrie Center, is
here this week with several pretty little
Shetland ponies, showing them to our
people He has about fifty on his farm
at home. They are quite attractive. F.
M. Leet has bought pair for his family.
B. S. Phelps also purchased one.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

JIG. F. Wicker expects to go to Will
ton, North Dakota, Saturday on an ex-
cursion to that place. The railroad is
now completed there. A large number
are going up from near Perry and few
from this county.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mrs. H. E. Jump, who is spending
the summer with her daughters at An
tony, Idaho, writes home that she is en-
ioying her visit very much. She is
pleased with the climate there in sum-
mar
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Doctor McLaren will occupy the up
stairs rooms in the Stuart brick recent
ly moved onto the corner. The rooms
are now being finished and decorated.
The location will be very good.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

The Misses Farquar and Hopkins re-
turned to their home in Villisca yester-
day after a several days visit with rela.
tives in this city.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

W. B. Davis commences new dwell
ing house today on the land he purchas-
ed last spring on the south edge Of town.
1t is to be 2Sx2S and two stories high.
r. J. Creveiing is the builder.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

G. B. Russell is gradually failing. He
is unable to leave the house now except
that sometimes he gets out on the porch.
He has host of friends who sympa.
thize with him and would rejoice at his
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mrs. Vettel and children went to At.
lantic Saturday for visit. They had
been visiting at the home of her brother
Geo. w. Cosson for about ten days.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

For the campaign the weekly Capital
will be sent until after the November
election, for ten cents. Address L..
Young, publisher, Des Moines, Iowa.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1900-07-26

Mrs. Roberts returned to her home in
Atlantic yesterday after few days visit
with Mr.. and Mrs. G. b. Russell.