The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1900-04-15

tAIN - w Wv lAlA4b - -
pud.s,ion Of the mode Of making Presidential
nominations by a caucus o! Congress ana The
genera suppression Of proper'y Qualifications
hy manhood suffrage. ~ particular interest,
also. i the account Of early settlements made
in Texa. b. Austin and other Americans, and the
consequent abor,ivr negotiations for the puT-
chase ~ that TERRITORY from Mexico. lnasnuch.
however. a, these topics may be found treated
el-ewhere. We prefer 70 dwell upon the features
which make the present work unique and con
Ane ourselves 70 the chapters which describe
the growth of the country. lts economic con-
dnons in 1905 the extent Of IT, literary ACTIVITY
and the view taken 81 our civilization al the
period by English travellers
!. $50. the States originally thirteen. num-
here1 four and twenty. Four cites. to vii
New York, Philadelphia Boston and Ba.''-
more. boosted Of more than 4ooO inhabitants
each and he two former had each more than
TO- 90 Fourteen lad more iAan 1000 "a b.
while scores Of towns which in the fourth
decade Of our national history contained a
population Of 4 thousand and more, had not eN-
.sted in !776 AccoTdiag 10 the census - $50.
the soil o. he republic nolr!shed * millions
O. the happieSt people upon earth " .esS
remarkable han the increase N numbers wa
the .up-nvcWcg' in civilization LIE A.n'E
the seaboard had become easier Much ~ The
hardship o. earlier tunes Wa gone Increase
in wealth. A. vel a. population. 1oined with
improved means %! Communication ha- greatly
expanded business opporturtIe- New IN
dlstries new trades. new occupations had
arisen and now Afforded vavs Of gaining a live
l!hood unknown in the tine Of Washington
Manufactures had grown W since 1906 and
had dotted tie Eastern and Middle Nta'e~ VIII
a thousand mills aad factories There we-e
now steamboats, Oh AXE and rver canals
united srea, waterway While q network ~
urnplkes spread on, in every direction from
the cine. urban centres Thee clv.A2ers had
50 ABRIDGED d.s,AH0r '!-t u ls- Boston va
bat two DAYS from New YORK New YORK bat
eleven hour, from Philadelphia ard Phis-
delphia on.y frtee1 hour. from Washington
AID FIVE day. rom !.l'.burs Fr~lsht could
De moved from New YORK - Buffalo through
the Erie Cana ior four ,enfs a ton per mile
tolls included These rates r~evolunonized
business The deld a merchant or manu'ac-
rurer could now hope 70 cover Nv DO" eu'erp-~e
seemed poundiess The whole West a. vel
a. 'fH tAk'r % anne lis HlAIhFlr hVO IT hl-l'I-
tatlon aompaue- for the handling Of freight
had heer established in order to enable + t1
reach the larcs- mart Banks wee multiplied
and Insurance oonpa1le. WIRE sprurn &c ~
on ever hand Ten y thousand ~ men
who. under the I'd conditions would lave
been doomed 80 ek- out a s,anty livelihood N'
farming or nv cobhliuE or hy tolEnc IN ne
crowded ranks o. un-kLled labor. now found
new call!nss open 10 'hen They became NIL
hand, and operative 'hsv turned uac..r!'tS
and mechan.n, hey ~ery-d a. engIa"er, and
frcmAn on iuv .'eanona', a. clerks and BOOK
kesyer- m banks ana insurance coHIan'r>
they handed freight and tended the gate on
-he 'urrIikeS or We hr dc'- On the canas
they drove the 'o-,e- thai dragged the cana.
boats. W found ouII1l weu' II some ~ ne
| older .ndu,tr.e> which such e. '~a-lorlIc sud
printing ,Noer skIus srsse-dr ylns ha'-uss
inc and carpentry Tad been greatly expanded
since ths " ar Of lSl.
The re = new industries and TIE deve.0l-
, rlert ~ I'D ca .>-d az immense d.-'eNiior ~
the number of vorkiucmen s't working
women The growth o.! hi. class h~ousa'
70 question, ~ ec0romlc reform and in -;
the labor movement began Fewer hour, u
I labor higher wages better treat'ne.. and paw
/ mont H. honest money. instead Of deprecated
bank paper became 'hA demsrds Of thc time
Il i True that some o. these d.'aauds
were a. old ra Republic Quincy en
shoemaker .ourneymea taiior> and ~carlc'-
ter, had s'r.-. ~ 'i-rned oN' yer and over
again t1rlnc n" IA : forty ve1~. Sometimes
the g-.evau-e m. been 'hs elar.nrfa.G' ni
nnn-!..ou we~ s-ue'we, u had been "
Nasa. sometime, II LAD boot the allotment
az work to women. TwIne the purpose NJ nc
.trke mad been n secure q shorter vorElnc
day The first n these movements occurred
in 1871. when the Union society oi Carpenters
a, Philadelphia ordered a turnout They
complained that IN summer they were forcec
70 toll from -gr-.sa 10 sunset for Eve shilling
A dav. and IN winter were put o. pIeoework
and they demanded nat througnr.t tAe zeal
a working day should nun from Q IN the morn.
ing 70 AZ night. with an hour for hrcakfas' anc
an hour for dlnner ~. in other wo-d,. shoulC
conprehend ten hour ~ labor. Nothing cam.
% the movement The carpenters were forced
~ weld and in all HkelIhrod not o-e II then
ever lived 10 500 the time when 'he working
man Id not labor thirteen hours ont ~ m.
tvenrv-'our The second protest against -
long 4 working day wa made IL ls?? nv M
,olrneyue. u4IIwr.sAtS srd nathlne vo.k
ars Of Philadelphia They met AZ q tavern anC
pAssed resolutions that ten hours Of lahor ver'
enough for one day. Their acuon went no fur
they and led 10 NJ immediate result Ate,
ISe5 however The v-rklug men ard vomei
h-Acsn n '-Canlze IN earnest. Unions " varl
on. crafts were formed IN ali the seahoArC
rit.. and Uanl'Ar tu- ne centres north 81 Bai
fr.'r- 10 New tncaud The Voo.ien weaver
and cotton operative led he wsv H. New
. N.-E ..Ty the shin rHTTETfsrE and CElEprS
following the Example 81 the PHILADELPHIA
"a tiu.,ts began 10 Their turn ~ aEliate io
a '"u-hoAF Gar. - energetic t~-cail" the laho
agitation hat in lN9s. A. attempt was mad
m the New Nork Legislature 10 secure a me
char4c. lien .av and a. report strongly favor
IL. such a measure ~ relief vA~ tr@Sorlsd
Nevertheless 'ta triumph Of the moysnen
COR shorter hours Of labor Wa su.l distant
We have mentioned the wages pad Z
carpenters 10 Philadelphia IN !1ei. L. ls2i
A. un,klied ia5orer a hodoarrler a wood
!: he received - cents !oT twelve hour ~ work
aad l. A- found euIinvmeui i1r 80 dav~ n
year Hundred, v"rS SAD - work for = cent
and even - cent, day IN winter on the caaai
and rrnpike, 'sI5 a month and found wa
ron.Idered Sr'd pay and one-'h.7d that 'ln
N winter i was not uncommon during III
winter fnr men - Work for their b0Ard In
eIrrllc. o.; women were lower vet Man.
trada> and occupations now oJen :, them -iIhA
Rad ~ existence. " yer" theu coN9ueu - men
They misht bind shoe sew rag. tod and -urc
book. necorls spoilers ~ make coarse -hIrt
and duck TaaraI"0I- a. eIchto r len C%n'> apiece
~t.rt making wa eagerly sought after ye
the most eIIer' seamsrress could not ans
more than nine shlrt- q week. for which N
would receive - u % cents. t. the dssper
ate poverty produced by such wages man
evils were attributed. lntsmpersnoe was er
70 bes "a plier AID young girls we're drive