davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Missionaries Murdered.

Shanghai, Sept. 9.--Ten Amend
sionaries and three American chias
Danish missionaries and one Brit
sionary, stationed in Shansi provisa
murdered late in July, according !
rate reports received. They wer|
toned at Ten Chow Flu, Rev. u
C. w. Prince. Rev. and Mrs. Z;
water, all of the American board, 4
of MIR. and Mrs. Prince and Mr.. 4
Atwater's two children; Mr.. and !
I. Lundgren, Danes, and Miss
British. Stationed at Taiku. n
Mrs. D. H. Clapp, Rev. G. 7. Y
Rev. +. w. Davis, Miss Rowena
Miss Mary T. Partridge, all Of VI
lean board. The Ten Chow Flu n
the station under a Chinese esconl
coast and were murdered en- rouz
Taiku party were killed at that ]
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

The Spokane Industrial Exposition,
will be held this year from Octo-
Der I'd to the 18th inclusive. The man
agement Is new and many new features
are to be added. MI w. E. Hawley,
secretary Of the Chamber OF Commerce,
Is secretary and manager. The work
OF preparing for the Exposition was
commenced earlier than ever before and
in consequence many improvements are
promised. 1t has been decided TO re.
duce the admission fee from the twenty
FIVE cents Of last year to fifteen cents,
which will undoubtedly make the at
tendance larger than ever before
Many new entertainment features al.
ready have been secured. the greatest
OF which is the Royal Marine Band Of
Italy, forty pieces. twelve soloists and
one tenor singer. This Is the finest
musical aggregation which ever came
west and only was secured because they
desired to make trip to San Francisco.
Music lovers Of the east have gone mad
over the magnificent music OF this
band.
Among long list Of entertainers
who will contribute to the amusement
as we'll as instruction of the visitors to
the fair, In addition to the band. two
or three famous performers have won
worldwide regulations. Among these
Is Atlantic, who in beautiful flowing
robes performs wonderful feats OF fire
dancing, all the while posing upon a
large globe Of fire which rolls about the
stage under the control of the beautiful
dancer. Little Nero, the wonderful A.
year-old tight-wire walker, is another
big attraction.
The premium list for the exposition
has been prepared with great care this
year. 1t Is now ready. A large amount
OF money has been appropriated for
cash prizes, and in addition some splcn.
did special premiums are offered. AS
usual generous cash prizes will be
awarded to the county and district ex-
hibits. and $3.50 Studebaker wagon
will be given to the best Individual
fruit exhibit raised on one farm; a SIS
double set Of harness will be awarded
for the best individual exhibit Of
grains, grasses, roots and vegetables;
a $50 steel range for the best exhibit
Of canned goods and preserves a $50
improved Spokane sewing machine for
the best exhibit of jellies and pickles;
a handsome $S5 light wagon for the
best individual display Of garden
truck; a SITS buggy for the best gen.
eral exhibit OF fruits. grains, grasses.
roots and vegetables, raised by one man
in either the Palouse or Big Bend coun-
try.
Last year the mineral department
was universally pronounced one OF the
best, II not the best, at the exposition,
and this year there will be still better
display Of the mining resources Of the
Northwest.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

Miami, Fla, Sept. 9.-Tbe -,
South American Of Liverpool. l.ss
mahogany, bound from Santa Az \
leo. to Falmouth. is a total a
French reef. Florida, 4s mils. '
Miami. The captain and crew y.
men left on the wreck, arrived -
morning and are being cared -. "a
customs officials. The burr;o
the South American Tuesday. s..
4, when of careys Port light Al Ss 4
and at 2:3O a. m. Of the 9Th ',sl
wl'h all her canvas blown away !.
manageable, was hurled upon ;. =.
The vessel will prove a total I
her cargo may be saved.
Captain schjoneman of the so,,u
lean reports that on his wav ~
ne passed the following strands
The four-masted schooner JAM.
OF Philadelphia in ballast, insias =
and afloat; a vessel with only ths
OF her masts showing, name and
a!'sy unknown, crew presumsbir
Norwegian barque with no ono =.
and the barkentine Culdoon l,d..
lumber, previously reported. =
another vessel on the reefs south
South American and a steamer il :.
ashore north OF this place.
Damage I" Cane crop., &
New Orleans. Sept. 9.-Tbe
done about New Orleans by III.
was trifiing. DR.. o. H. Bufford ~
geant Quin of the United STATE. {,
forces, who were reported drowned,
up safe and sound at Fort St. phijs
The greatest damage done by II.
has been to the cane crops.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
unuT,sm COLUMBIA.

The Snowshoe mine will shortly be-
gin shipments to the smeltcr ut Grand
Forks.
The new orc bins and sorting floor
ut tho Nickel Plate mt Rossland will
bs finished In a few days.
Machinery for the Chaplcau stamp
mill has arrived ut Lemon Siding from
Fraser 1 Chalmers Chicago.
Tho Winnipeg minc has made con-
tract with tho CRANKY smelter for the
treatment OF |. 900 tons OF ore,
Tho owners Of tho Canadian Belle. on
Copper mountain In tho Similkameen.
arc preparing for extensive develop
ment.
Tho now machinery at tho Ccntcr
Star 1t RosslAnd Ii reported to BE-
working we'll and . steady output IL
bcins kcpt up.
Tho construction Of tho sampling
mill ut tho La Rol has commenced. II IL
expected that Il will DO completed
some time next month.
The Monitor at Thrce. Forks has been
bonded by the London company which
some time ago took over tho Ajax. The
Monitor has been \ shipper from the
grass rootx.
The contract has been let for the $50.
ton concentration for tho Highland
tkootenay. u. c. Mining CO.. limited.
Tho plant IL to be rushed into opera.
ton with all speed and the company
expects to have II working within 20
days
The tearing down Of the Hiensc re-
hnery at Trail. II. C.. Is completed. Tho
structure vas removed TO make room
for the new lead furnaces tor the smell.
ter. The last part to come down WAS
the big wtone chimney. which was so
feet high.
During August the orc shipments
over the kaslo 4 Slocum railway to
kaslo totaled over 1000 tons. OF which
moro than half came from the White.
we9sr mine to the ore sampler. The
Fayns sent to San Francisco 40 tons
ana also exported via Sandon abou,
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

The record OF development on the
mines In Republic camp in August was
the smallest for two years. In some
Instances half the force was laid on.
The Ben Hur closed down totally for
an indefinite period. No ore was stop
cd on the San Poll, Black Tall or Quiip.
Some Of the mines In fact most VI
them, viii do no more than little dc
voiopment work unit! some machinery
In In operation for crushing custom
ores. Tho Tom Thumb worked but q
small part OF the month on account OF
installing machinery The Republic
did 10 feet of drifting south from the
location OF the l5O-fOot Wine on the
ust No other work was done In the
mine. Ninety feet OF crosscut tunnel
was the record OF the Rebate for the
month. There was 20 feet OF double
compartment shaft sunk on the Butte
4 Boston and 20 feet OF crosscut run
from the 250-foot level. The Chico
ran 30 feet OF drift south from the To-
cation OF the 2S5-foOt shaft. On the
San Poll there was 60 feet OF develop
lhouN WIN uOuC. AWFUL lCCL vi
crOsscut was driven on the Gold
IIelge last month. There was but 80 feet
Of tunnel driven on the Golden Har-
vest during the month. The Quilp
takes the first rank In the development
for tho month OF August. About 80
feet Of raise and Wine was completed
on tho Ben llnr No work whatever
waa done after the middle OF the month.
Tho shaft Oh no San Juan Is being
timbcrcd and enlarged. When this
work has been finished the shaft will
bc sunk an additional 100 feet to $50
feet In depth. The drift that Ia being
run west from the 260foot level OF the
Butte 4 Boston is In 20 feet 1t will
probably take 100 feet Of crosscut to
reach the ledge. As the rock Ia hard
not more than three feet will be driv-
On each "a hours. The Chico IL still
south from the bottom OF tho 2S5foot
level. Work Is progressing favorably
on the Morning Glory. Drifts are be-
ing run north and south on the 200
foot level OF tho Princess Maud. Tho
south drift In In 40 feet and the north
10 feet The ore averages 4 IL feet
Ia width and In OF good grade. The
boiler on the Tom Thumb has been re-
paired. Work OF development Is going
ON from tho 2s5-foot level. At the
point where the crosscut from the
shaft passes through tho west ledge II
" 10 feet wide and carries the same
grade OF ore that was found on the
160.foot level The California. on
O'brian creek. Is producing nne orc,
Some OF 1t assays from $3.50 to $500
per ton. A shipment OF eight tons has
been made to the Grand Forks smolter.
There has been u force Of fve men
working on the Flag Hin for some time.
Tho superintendent states that good
progress IL being made In the shaft.
Tho mines on Lambert creek are at.
tracing an increasing part OF public
attention. Tho first mine In the camp
that came into prominence was the
bclcher. II was among the first on the
reservation to begin development and
has continued nnlnterruptedly. II
In most promising property. The
orc VARIES greatly In value, ranging
from SO 10 $50 In gold.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

New York, Sept. 9.-There 1
doubt that ex-Champion Corbett
for England on the Campania l
Marguerite Corneille, an actress 4
same vessel. Corbett said nothill
wife about going, but left a y
delivered to her four hours afts]
gone, telling that he had gone % |
and intimating that he would :
turn. There is also a report thu
fore sailing Corbett sold his salc
Corbett will bring suit at once "
on grounds OF cruelty and desa',
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
An American Mon.

Boston, Sept. al. L. McCuskll
erett, Mass, the American chamr1
the five-miles swimming match vi
r. Nvill, the English and A
champion, tonight at the Chute
in 2:N:4S. Cavill was seized wit.
when six laps from the finish q
drew. McCusker swimming the 4
OF the distance alone. Previou
hve-mile race the two champions
a quarter mile race, but Cavill 4
OF his course on the last log, alb1
Cusker to win by three yards; ID
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

London, sept. IA dispatch to news
agency from Nagasaki, japan, says it is
reported there that the dowager empress
OF China has been captured by the Rus
slams at Johol.
Expedition to PaO Ting Flu.
Taku, Sept 1.-The expedition to Fac
Ting Flu will leave on Friday. 1t is made
up Of two regiments of cavalry, battery
of horse artillery and 800 infantry Of
British; Italians, 1000; japanese, 800;
Russians, 800; Americans, 5OU.
France Will withdraw.
London, Sept l2.-France has formally
adhered to the Russian proposal ~
withdraw from Pekin to Tientsin.
Italy Has No Interest.
London, Sept ia spcciol dispatch
from Rome says the Italian cabinet has
decided to initiate immediate negotiations
with China.
Lii Wants Protection.
Washington, Sept. administer WI has
received cable dispatch from Earl Lii
Hung Chang giving an imperial edict
signed by the emperor directing him to
proceed Immediately to Pekin, and there
to cooperate with Prince Ching toward
peace negotiations and settlement of all
war difficulties. The edict is dated Au.
gust y. Accordingly, Ii Hung Chang
asks that the powers cooperate in afford
ing him personal protection and facilitat
ing his journey.
Prefers to Trust Uncle Sam.
Washington, Sept. ia cable dis
patch from Earl Lii Hung Chang has been
received giving the text of an imperial
edict directing him to proceed at once to
Pekin and there cooperate with Prince
Ching in the negotiations for peace. The
edict is issued by the emperor and is
dated August p. Sir Robert Hart, min
ister OF imperial customs, is directed to Sc
cure necessary facilities for the trip. The
powers also are asked to afford Ii Hung
Chang protection and security and to ia
cilltate his movements. In accordance
with this last direction from the throne,
Earl Ii asks that request be made for
government vessel ON which he can
make the trip from Shanghai, and Minis
ter WI will probably ask that the United
States designate vessel to carry the
Chinese statesman.
The edict was delivered by Minister WI
to Acting Secretary Hill. The text will
not be made public until the reply Of the
United States is determined upon.
Ii Hung Changes Credentials,
Washington, Sept. 1.-THE acting Sec
rotary of state has replied to the edict
transmitted yesterday by Minister WI
giving Ii Hung Chang extraordinary pow.
ers to negotiate for peace as follows:
THE United States does not feel called
upon to express any opinion at this time
as to the sufiiciency OF Lii Hung Chang's
authority, but hopes it will transpire that
his credentials are full and authoritative,
not only for negotiating, but to enable
him without delay to give assurance that
the life and property OF Americans will
henceforth be respected throughout the
Chinese empire"
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Remarkable Statement.

A special dispatch from Hong Kong
contains the remarkable statement that Ii
Hung Chang has received adyices from
Pekin to the effect that the allied forces
are gradually handing over the govern.
ment of the capital to the Chinese, and
that 4'rince Ching, former president of
the tsung Ii yamen, has been placed in
charge of the imperial city.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

Dallas, Texas, Sep. IA bulletin re.
ecNed here states that Governor Savers
has placed Galveston city and island un.
der martial law. Adjutant General Sour.
=! Is ordered to have state troops to take
charge at once. The order includes in.
stne,ions that the troops compel the PEG
pie to bury the dead
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
struck by Lightning.

Ritzville, Wash, Sept. 9.-Carence
Daman, aged "a. was killed by lightning
near Scott Saturday night. Daman re-
Gently came to this county from ottumwa,
Iowa, and made his home with his grand
parents. He was working with the Wat.
son threshing outfit and met death while
as'eep near the machinery.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
II uAaiA IL Firm.

st. Petersburg, Sept. 9.-The support Of
Germany and Great Britain is not de.
SPARED of. Bat if they do not agree to
do so. Russia. it is again asserted, will
nevertheless firmly maintain her decision
to withdraw her troops from Pekin.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Captured Dorr Po.,t,on

London, Sept. 1.-THE war office has
received a report from Lord Roberts saving
GENERAL Butler, September !, attacked and
captured the Beers position at Spietskop.
tie adds that the Beers reiterated over a
narrow causeway. losing heavily. The
British had l3 men killed and a5 wounded.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Californian Wrecked.

Reno. Sept. IA wreck on the Nevada,
California Oregon extension derailed
IL cars OF beef cattle, reducing the ears to
k'ndling wood and killing 20 head of fat
steers. The track is now clear and trains
are running as usual.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
MINES AND MINING NEWS
1teDs Cleaned Trea Late ReD0Fts-
All Dtstriets Are Being Developed
"A Prosperous Year 10 Predicted
Mains Notes sna PessS aals.

A deed has been filed covering all
the property OF the Milwaukee Min
ing company. excepting its concentra'
tor and mill site, to the Frisco ConsOl-
idated Mining company. The con5id-
Grafton named In the deed Is 81. but
that instrument bears $3.50 In revenue
stamps. indicating an actual consider
alton OF }230,O00.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Mckialcy's Letter.

washington. Sept. l0.-The letter of
President Mckinley accepting the NOM
nation OF the republican national con.
vention for the Office of president Of the
United States was made public Sunday
night He states that the gold stand.
ard Is the all-important platform plank
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
The Golden Vase.

Boston, Sept. 9.-Will C. s.,
Cambridge won the "golden vas
bicycle race, two hours a night, Y
concluded at Charles River park
with 202 miles 1851 yards to
Score al the finish: Stinson.
1851 yards: Archie McEachern'
TT yards; Albert Champion,
205 yards; ]. F. Moran, lss
yards.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

The textile workers Of the South are
being organized and the employers are
making every effort to oppose the move.
AS result large number Of strikes
are being waged.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Arthur Sewall Dead.

bath. Me-. Sept. 6.-Hon. Arthur Sewall
died OF apoplexy at $50 a. m. yesterday
al his summer home, Small Point, about
i2' miles from this city. He was Ga
years Of age.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
NMden.rOMell laChief.

Pretoria. Sept. l2.-General BADEN Pow.
ell has been appointed chief of the Trans
vaal police.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

Condition of wheat "
Washington. Sept. LITTLE
winter and spring wheat is ~
100 last year. That of corn .
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

The bootbiacks Of Portland
have organized.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
DDER WAR WILL SOON IND
PRESIDENT KRUGER HAS FLED.
BOcr Resistance About ~ an End
BOtba Wants to SOrrender-LOrsl
NOI.erts Com plains of Treat nae
of PrtsOners.

Lorenzo Marques, sept. I3.-President
Kruger has arrived here.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

Washington, sept l3.-'lhe Chinese min
ister has called at the state department
and received Il favorable response to his
Application Tor exemption from interference
by TINS government OF Ii Hung Changes
journey from Shanghai to Pekin.
The United States government is push
ing forward steadily toward the beginning
OF negotiations with the Chinese govern
mcnt for settlement OF the present trou-
bles.
An evidence OF its purpose was found in
us decision, communicated today to Min
lster WI, to facilitate by every means in
rs power the journey OF Ii Hung Chang
10 efkin. This carries with it.he placing
OF warship AT his service ii request OF
that kind is made by Sir Robert Hart. SO
lar II has not been made, and the state
department officials do not believe that
II will BE-. 1t is believed that Sir Robert
Hart will be able To find Il merchant steam
er more suitable than Il warship for the
purpose.
While efforts are being made by the
Chinese government To begin negotiations,
the killing OF American citizens and the
destruction OF their property continue.
Four provinces in China are in disturbed
condition and Shanghai itself is menaced
10y the dlsorderly elements. Negotiations
can not he thought of while these things
continue, and while there is a possibility
of preventing them through the influence
of the Chinese government.
R".siH Seiscs Funds.
Pekin, sept l3.-~'rhe Russo. Chinese bank
which. as announced yesterday, closed here
today. and removes 10 Shanghai, will con
iiseate, is a part OF the indemnity to be
paid Russia, the Imperial university fund
OF a'"o,oO taels, deposited with it. against
which the Chinese drew for the PAYMENT
Ut their troops.
UOxers Won.
Berlin, sept. ia Dispatch to the
frankfurt Zcitung from Shanghai, saws the
Boxers, united with the Society of the Big
knite from northern Shan Tuny. are re-.
ported to have defeated the imperial hi
nese troops in the northern part of the
province of kang Su, which Is south Of
Shan rung
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14

The wooden mill at Dallas, Ore, is seek.
ing new location in California.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Chinese AFFAIRS UNSETTLED
DowAGER EMPRESS CAPTURED,
A RumOr A@Oat That the Russiaus
Made the CaptuFe-NOt Officially
Conn rme d-Ame ricans Leave for
PaO Ting Flu.

London, Sept. ia dispatch to news
agency from Nagasaki, japan, says it is
reported there that the dowager empress
OF China has been captured by the Rus
slams at JohOl.
Kootenai County Republican. (Rathdrum, Idaho) 1899-1903, 1900-09-14
Expedition to Pao Ting Flu.

Taku, Sept 1.-The expedition to Fac
Ting Flu will leave on Friday. 1t is made
up Of two regiments of cavalry, battery
of horse artillery and 800 infantry OF
British; Italians, 1000; japanese, 800;
Russians, 800; Americans, 5OU.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-04-13
TO HEAR CALVE NO MORE.
Famous prima Donna Will Retire
To Save Her Life.


New York. April 12.-F:uma CaIve. the
greatest Carmen in the World. ono OF thrcl
~ four wuri'!tamnus MurcUcr.tcS and tho
ttvorite SantuzZG of "Cavallieria- RuSti-
cana. Will lie heard only twice mere at
The Metropolitan cpcra-h0uSe. and. after
April -. probably never again in Anne riC,t.
y year ago 'aiv. declared i'm an inter
view that she had only six years to live,
unless she rcnuuucsi h.T art and finished
her li" III the country away from all ~
'lt, mtnt w" years ago she wrote Mr..
Grau tt:at h. must not count uu her for
III" seas n approaching owing {" the cnrii-
tiou Of her nerves au'. her liver She has
Sufierg'.. t"u. from hear; trouble Early
la. February. while 4 guest Of the tenor.
Sd!'zH. and his wife at Atlantic City. cliv.
b"Ca:n. convinced trIt she was too i'll -
s.r-'. AMI mad" trip tG Florida.
TIE rlin1Dr circulated. however. that she
iF suffering from. cancer Is aufhUritativeiv
denied. and the report that she would soon
submit to 4 dangerous operation is also
diScre !ited hy those nearest her. Calvn Is
. rich woman. AMI has no need to sing
a"ain. Prior TO III" present season. since
sSc was here last. she has sung only oc-
Casionllly-iu Paris Madrid and London
More than this. she has 40 need or desirs
to do. in the future.
So next Saturday afternoon. ard on the
farewell occasion of April -. Calves aa-
mirerS. In MI probability. will see her for
the last time on the stage.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-04-13

midst lnstra'! OF initiating thcir example OF
catin.; her broad .t:d milk with the spoon
laid at hc- plate she d"EIur'd the food
wiki her fingers. Eut IN" coed women "f
the Institution Suoa taught her bette. and
w"r" In taru rewarded 10y lavish demon
Straiiou% ni affection un her part. ShG uuW
throws he: arms around tnc attendants.
ut''tS Ar"2ns ami grunts "f satisfaction all
her ~ make
she hangs around h-r LITTLE rlay!n.t :
ana tlkc- particular interest IN thc picture
books with which ;he hcrle j. ul"H'ifuil;
supplied. For hours she Looks over III" II
uimihed p-"rH uf som" particularly inter
gsting t"yb"ok and studies th- animals. mo
flowers. and phi"rta with whSa her child
i"h eyes are unfamiliar.
IN IN. f:la'fpn's room is rocking horse,
rhi'h has become the especial pet OF the
'nN creature. she plays wiih IL all day.
lciS II ~ sa' would living animal at:l
rides on It's back with infinite pleasure ~
pftSS"" III t"r childish eyes. Urea !y she
htS learned to know the horse in the pie
turehuuk. b.caus, Of her acquaint i:!cr vi: ),
rs wooden mate OH the floor.
:cSttrday Sf" suddenly discovered n nrc
az III. racrs NJ tn" book the IutlircS or :;
horse. For u moment an expression OF t.
l!ght passed over the chilis C";rtyu..ur.
1h"n she ran. with hc- finger -. mic
tGf" IN the book. to the ndi:u:l. ojnt"h
hrst I" II and then TO the rocking hnrEe on
the floor 10 ahow the inatron that her It'll.
mimi had discovered the similarity between
IN" Two objects
The child l. small for her age. Her hair
is blond and abundant. and lor yre aye
brown as two Dark berries nuI y"ry III
i"!l'r"ut. She X uirc4dy very much at
home amidst her Now SURROUNDINGS