davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1900-06-29
ALEXANDRIA GAZETTE AND VIRGINIA ADVERTISER
OFFICIAL.

AUDTTOR'S ANNUAL STATEMENT.
sho wing the amount OF receipts with which the
Treasurer Is charged on the books OF this
office: and the amount of warrants drawn
upon the Treasurer on account OF the vari'
GUS departments Of the city government for
the fiscal year, terminating May 81, 1soo.
GENERAL FUND-REcEIPTs.
Balance in Oh Treasury June j, IN
1899, p4o4 oo
From Geo. L.
simpson, May
or: For fines, 12,163 90
Licenses, 1921 SO
Night soil con. 10000 no
tract, ooI OF sAA,0o@ DC
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

Independence. Kaa Jan 6-The arts
tocracy Of the Usage Indians In the In
dian Territory are looking forward 90
the marriage Of Mary Corndropper, the
only daughter Of TX Chief Frank Corn
dropper. with great pleasure. Accord
ing 10 custom in vogue among the
Osagos from time immemorial. she
will bo sold 10 the highest bidder
the compensation TO be made
In ponies Mary is an exceptionally
good looking squaw, 20 years old but
has not much education She has been
twice before sold in marriage. and be-
cause Of her beauty brought heaps Of
ponies" both times Her first husband
was Tall Chief, who paid 400 ponies.
John Logan, n prominent member Of
the Usage council, was the second
husband. and he paid 300 ponies Both
marriages proved unhappy, and separa'
ton followed This il why she is TO be
put on the block again.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

Washington. Jan. o. Secretary Hay
has received a cableSram from Ambis-
sador Choate az London stating that ne
had an eminently satisfactory interview
with Lord Salisbury relative % the seIa.
IRE of American goods hy British war.
ships Lord Salisbury listened iut'uilf
20 the representation, on this subj e..
made by Mr. Choate, 10y direction OF tue
state department aud then took them
under consideration. promising y,.uu
tarily to give the matter immediUo at
tentiou and 10 return a speedy decision
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

Paris, Tex. Jan. 6--Robert Park was
found dead in well at the home Of his
brother. Charles Park here. He was
missed from his sleeping apartment and
a search was made His clothing was
found out In the yard near the well
curbing Neighbors were summoned and
a man was lowered 10 the bottom, whore
he found the lifeless body. The de-
ceased was unmarried. about 40 years
Of age, was a member Of one Of the old
est families in Lamar county. Justice Of
the Peace Love viewed the corpse but
did not hold an inquest deeming it un-
necessary.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07
FOUGHT FOR FREEDOM
Two Condemned Prisoners Make an
Attempt to Escape.
ONE OFFICER HURT.
The Men We're Armed With knives aud
Assaulted the Officers Who We're
10 Execute Them at II Paso
for Murder.

Fl Paso. Tex. Jan. 6 -Geronimo Par.
IA and Antonio Flores. who were exc
cuted here Friday for murder. made a
desperate effort to kill some Of tho Off.
GERS or spectators when their cell door
was unlocked
II had been decided to hang Flores
first. for fear that he would break down
When the officers unlocked the cell door
to convey him TO the gallows both pris.
oners dashed out aud stabbed right aud
left among the crowd with dirks made
Of coarse steel wire.
A desperate struggle followed and the
most intense excitement was precipi.
tated.
A constable showed PARA into cell
and bolted the door. and five rangers
and deputy sherifs sprang upon Flores,
disarming him and bearing him to the
floor
lie was handcuIed and his feet were
bound and then conveyed 10 the scaitold.
where death was instantaneous
Ranger FL Bryan was wounded in the
stomach by a dagger thrust
The sheriff then declared that no citi'
zen or officer should be injured by Par
"a. and called on the prisoner 10 throw
mp his hands.
Il have decided 10 shoot him down II
he resists. said he. as he opened thu
cell door Five officers drew their 6
shooters and covered the prisoner. IL,
was removed without difficulty. but d
dirk was found at his feet
The trap doors sprung open as th'
sheriff pulled the lever, and Geronimo
Parra's head was almost severed from
his body by the iope.
Geronemo PARA was a noted cattl'
thief and was executed for the murder
Of Ranger George Fusselman, COMMITTEES
more than nine years ago.
Antonio Flores killed a woman west q
this city last March.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

Meridian, Tex, Jan. 0 - Tho city Of
Meridian and the northwest portion Of
Bosque county have been under consid-
cradle excitement since Monday over
the discovery u five well developed
cases Of smallpox about sir miles from
town. Some three weeks ago a man
was suddenly taken IN with fever and
soon afterward WAS covered with erup.
tons The doctors then pronounced IL
chickenpoN He recovered in some 10
days. but since that time nearly every
one who was exposed 10 him during his
illness contracted the iisease. only IN "a
more severe form
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

cut strip Of thick PAPER - that the ends will
exactly meet when drawn hgAhg around second
iolnt "a the finger Lay one end on this diagfnm
81 the o. and order the numbef The other end
Indicates
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07
Two Ncgros, Hanged.

Charleston, s c., Jan. 6-Charle'
Wilson and Zacharia Singleton, negroes.
were hanged here. The necks Of both
were broken by the drop. Wilson killed
a white soldier in September 1893, and
Singleton killed a negro compaEioa - a
gamblingiquarrel last November.
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07

pauls Valley, l. T., Jan 9. Burglar.
broke into the office at the mill and ete.
yator at Pauls Valley and blew open the
iron safe, but received no money except
some small change. The officers here
have no clew as TO their identity
Bryan morning eagle. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1898-1909, 1900-01-07
" KniekerbOcker" Watch.

Given for rs lion
heads and . 1-eent
stamp. Neat appear
Ing and an excellent
time keeper SOLID
uickel.silvCr case. with
ornamental hack 4
Nickel movements.
cscApcmcnt fully
icwelcd The famous
"KnickerbockcT" '
watch
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Says He Heard the Order; Go
Get Your Guns. rs Time for
Shooting to Begin"
NEELy LEFT THE SAFE OPEN
So 1t Develops In Cuban En-
bezzlement Trlal-Costly
Boer War.
SOLDIERS HAVE THE FEVER

Georgetown, KY, July 24.-The pros.
ecution in the Powers case this morn
ing awarded subpoena duces tecum
against the managers Of the Postal
and Western Union telegraph Offices
at Frankfort, requiring them to bring
into court all cipher kilograms sent
through Offices between the dates of
December 22nd, and Feb. 5th. All
subpoena duces tecum against both
secretary of state and adjutant general
requiring them to produce the execu-
tive journal and other records in
court. Editor Pat Macdonald, of
Frankfort, testified, January 30th, a
few minutes prior to the shooting he
saw w. H. Cuiton and another man
whom he thought to be State Inspector
Lester standing at the point where
Goebel fell shortly afterwards. Satur-
day prior to. the assassination the wit
ness saw a man running down the
steps from the legislative halls and
calling to the crowd of mountain men,
said: Go get your guns; it's time for
the shooting to begin" Representa-
tive Berry, republican, had just been
unseated. The witness did not know
the man talking.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

settling the present ditiiculty, China
places special reliance in the United
States. We address this message to
your excellency in all sincerity and
candidness with the hope that your
excellency will devise measures and
take the initiative in bringing about
the concert of powers for the restora.
tion of order and peace. The favor Of
your kind reply is earnestly requested
and awaited with the greatest anxiety.
Wang Hsu, 26th year, 9Th moon, 23d
day July 49,"
The cablegram was at once COM
municated to the president at Can
ton, Ohio, and the following is his
reply: s'The president Of the United
States to the emperor Of China, greet
ing: / have received your majesty's
message of July 10Th, and am glad to
know your majesty recognizes the fact
that the government and people Of the
United States desire for China moth
ing but what is just and equitable.
The purpose for which we landed
troops in China was to rescue our lega-
tion from grave danger and for pro-
lection of the lives and property of
Americans who are sojourning In
China in the enjoyment of the rights
guaranteed them by treaty and by in
ternational law, the same purposes
publicly declared by all powers which
have landed military forces in your
majesty's empire. l am to infer from
your majesty'S letter that the malfac-
tors who dlsturbed.t the peace of China,
who have murdered the minister of
Germany and member of the Japa-
nese legation, and who now hold be-
sieged in Pekin those foreign diplo-
matists who still survive, have not
only not received any favor or encour-
agement from your majesty, but are
actually in rebellion against the inn
perial authority. If this be the case,
| most solemnly urge upon your ma
jesty's government to give to the pub
lie assurance whether the foreign
ministers are alive, and If so, in what
condition. ~ To put diplomatic
representatives of powers in immedi-,
ate and free communication with
their respective governments and re-
move all danger to their lives and lib
erty. (3) To place imperial authori-
ties of China in communication with
the relief expedition, that co-opera-
tion may be secured between them for
the liberation of legationers; the pro-
lection of foreigners and the reStora-
tion of order. If these objects be ac-
it is the belief OF this
that no obstacles viii be
found to exist on the part of the pow
ers to an amicable settlement OF all !
questions arising out of the recent
and the friendly good offices
If this government will, with the |
assent of other powers, be cheerfully |
placed at your majesty's disposition !
for that purpose.
WILLIAM MCKINLEY,
President.
BY JOHN Hay, Secretary of State.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

The church was beautifully decora
ted, and Miss Alice Cowgirl and Mr.
Jack Millett rendered the appropriate
wedding music. The house was dense
ly packed with the friends and well
wishers of the happy young couple
which well attests the high respect and
love in the community in which both
were raised are held. Miss Ruth ELI
son, strewing flowers before the hap
py couple as they took their position
under the arch of flowers before the
altar, was a beautiful feature.
The bride was gowned in dainty
Paris muslin Zen traine)Iace trimming,
the veil worn was arranged gracefully
so that she made Charming picture
and about her there was the same watt
of sweetness and sincerity.
Miss Mary Helm dressed in a sty-
lish white swiss, carrying a bunch of
hydrangers. Miss Mamie Rogers in
a becoming white swiss, made with
many sheer rufEies, carrying hydran-
gers.
Groom dressed in conventional
black. They walked out by Lohengrin.
A profusion Of palms and summer flow
ers formed the decoration and all the
details of the occasion were tasteful
After the marriage ceremony at the
church the bridal party, with relatives
and a few select friends repaired to
the residence of the brides parents
where a reception supper was served.
The bride Is a daughter Of Mr.. and
Mrs. Geo. Helm, educated and accom-
blessed with the rarest adorn-
ments of mind and person, and as she
hath always been most dutiful and
daughter. the. highest en-
comium is that she will prove most
dutiful and affectionate wife. The
groom is a gentleman by inheritance.
born and bred and educated to true
mhnliness. For. some years he has
been located in Las Vegas. New Mex
leo. where he is now engaged in bust
ness, and where the young couple will
make their future home. They have
known and loved each other from child.
hood. and the same love and conf
dence will brighten. and cheer their
efforts in their distant home. A wealth
of love, respect. and good wishes from
hosts of friends and relatives attends
and prays for them in their future life.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Missouri Murderer on Trial,

st. Louis, July 24-A special to the
"Post Dispatch from New London.
Mo-, says: The state rested the case
In the trial of Alexander Jester for
the murder of young Gates today,
and P. Fl. Cullen, chief counsel for the
defendant, petitioned the court to
find defendant not guilty. The petit
tion was promptly overruled. The
testimony for the defense begins this
afternoon.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Yellow Fever Amonn rroons

= Washington, July PA dispatch
received at the war department from
Havana says: General Lee obtained
information from Pinar del Rio that
nine deaths there last month reported
to be pernicious malaria,are now be-
lieved to have been yellow fever. DR..
Reed and a specialist who were sent
to Pinar del Rio by Gen. Lee reported
that yellow fever exists among troops.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Left enc Safe Oman.

New York, July "a Hearing in the
case OF c. +. w. Nicely continued to-
day with George Marshall of the f.
nancial department of Cuba, ON the
witness stand. u. S. District Attor-
ney Burnett, of the prosecution, paid
particular attention to the fact that
the safe which contained whatever
funds we're in the pestofiice, had The
outer door always opened, and there
was general laxness about the hand
ling of funds.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
RlcycIes ana Guns for rent.

Shells to order on short notice. am
munition of all kinds; anything re-
paired from a baby rattle up. A full
line of sporting goods carried in
stock. Bicycles and guns for rent. Lo-
cation old postofice stand Colorado
phone 219. Young, Frick & Harris,
Props. 1861
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Lots for sale CHEAP.

For the purpose of closing out the
remaining unsold lots in the lower El
Dorado and Hillside Companies addi-
tions to East Las Vegas, will sell at
greatly reduced prices for the next 80
days. Apply to Wise & Hogsett.agents,
This is splendid chance to get bar
gain in good building lots. 1se-1m
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
BY JOHN HAY, Secretary of State
Cure for Cholera nfantum-Never
KnntAn 80 Gail

Cure for Cholera nfantum-Never
Known to Fail.
During last May an infant child Of
our neighbor was sufferig from cholera
infantum. The doctors had given up
all hopes of recovery. took a bottle
of Chamberlains Collie, Cholera and
Diarrhoea Remedy to the house, tell
ing them l felt sure it would do good
if used according to directions. In
two days time the child had fully re-
covered The child is now vigorous
and healthy. have recommended this
remedy frequently and have never
known it to fail.-Mrs. Curtis Baker,
Bookwalter, Ohio. For sale by X. D.
Goodall, druggist
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
New raIIor shon.

Gentlemen's suits cleaned and repair
ed; also special attention given to
the cleaning and repairing of ladies'
tailor-made suits; all work guaranteed.
Give me call and be convinced. OPP
posite the San Miguel national bank.
75-1m PEDRO sEDILLo.
pron.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
ANOTHER KENTUCKY WAY.
The Marriage Of a Las Vegas Young
Man Happily Reported BY His
Home Paper.

Married in Hickman. on wednesday
evening. the 18th, inst, in the Bap-
tist church, Elder L. W Russell Off
ciating. Mr.. j. Clint Ellison and Miss
Matte Helm. Attendants-Mr Hen
ry Helm and Miss Mamie Rogers;
Mr. Willie Helm and Miss Mary
Helm.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

Leave orders with Mrs. +. W. Fleck
for fresh homemade bread, pies, cake,
and ice-cream. Ice cream and cake
served in connection with the regular
short order service. Santa Fe Route
hotel, phone 165. 2OS-1m
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
War is Costly.

London, July "a Supplementary es-
Inmates necessitated by the prolonga-
tion of war in South Africa amount
to II 100000 pounds, making total of
"a, 500, 900 pounds voted for this pur-
pose and bringing the total army es-
Inmates up to 76, SO9,O 900 pounds.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Death in > Landslide.

La Crosse, Wis. July 24.-A Milwau-
kee passenger train, No. 2. ran into a
landslide near Wabash, Mimi, about 5.
o'clock this morning. The engineer
and fireman were killed and several
wounded.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

Parties wishing transportation to
the Sapello summer resorts and the
Rociada mining district, can save
money by applying to H. E. Blake, Las
Vegas. n. N. 213-Snlo
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
Clash Of Arms Il Feared.

Vancouver, B c., July 24-Two
battallons of Duke Connaught's own
have been ordered to Stevenson to the
scene of the salmon fishermens strike
and fight is expected.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
RiovcIes for Sale.

Bicycles and sewing machines re-
paired, locks and gunsmith, in fact all
kinds of repairing in the machinist's
line well and promptly done. A. q.
Lewis, prop, opposite Aqua Pura Co..
Douglas avenue. 193.1m
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24
ohicers Killed In = RIot.

New Orleans, July 24-Police Cap
tain John T. Day. and Patrolman
Peter ]. Lambs were killed by negroes
in a riot this morning.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

Las Vegas Rubber stamp WaFts.
House numbers. notary seals. linen
markers, rubber stamps and type. Las
Vegas Rubber Stamp works, Douglas
avenue. next to Aqua Pura once. slim
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

Figures will be cheerrully given and
estimates made on all kinds of cor
nice, tin. and repair work. Our work
is guaranteed. Prepare work promptly
done.
LEWIS e NYGREN.
162-tf. Center st.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

Brings business. Ifyou want
to buy anything, rent any
thing, sell anything, the best
and quickest results are TO be
had through The Optic wants.
o0o0s0o0O.UoIees sco00000oc
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1900-07-24

162-tf.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26

Recently Senator Livingston, who
Inns some mining interests in Pinenut,
leased tho ranch connected with the
mines to u German who had Il family
Of eight children. While thoy were
talking ovc the tcrmp, Livingston
counted up the children aud called
his attention to tao fact that II he had
two moro children he could, under
tho law, petition for II school district
md elect his wife as teacher TO draw
n certain amount Of money from tho
school fund. Ths idea wns Il new
to tho ranchcr, but no caught on
very quickly, aDd, after scratching
his head Il fcw moments replied:
"Giyo me Il two years Lease aud |
think | can make it,"
Tho lcnso wns made ont for two
ycars, and with tho mans ordinary
luck he will DO ablo 10 call on tho
school fund whom the proper timo
comes.
How much moro rent he pays Liv.
in case no lands tho goods ia not
stated, but Developments in tho Pine
Nut district will DO watched with in
tcrest. Carson Appeal.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26

There seems to be a big difference
OF opinion rs I O tho amount of snow
III the mountains. George Hardesty
was in from South Fork last night
and we are informed that he reports
but little enow in the Ruby mount.
aims. II the present fiue weather
continues much longer, there is al
most sure to be a lack OF water next
season. This opinion Is based upon
what Others tell US in regard to the
snow in different sections Of tho coun-
try.
Henry Miller OF the firm Of Miller
d Lux was thrown from a buggy at
Gilroy, California, yesterday and sus-
tanned conclusion Of the brain. Tho
accident was caused by the horses
taking fright at the train. Miller re-
covered consciousness later in the
day and was removed to his home in
San Francisco. The extent OF his In
iuries could not be determined, but
MS extraordinary vitality may pull
him through.
MIR. j. W. Kinsley OF Helena, Mon
tana, Past Supreme Master Work.
man Of the A. o. U. w, is in town
visiting the members Of the Order.
Mr.. Kinsley introduced the A. o. u.
w. into this State in 1880 and organ
lied most OF the lodges now in exis-
tence in Nevada. Ile is on a trip
through the State, and will meet the
members Of Humboldt Lodge at their
hall this evening. On Wednesday
evening next he will return to Elko
and deliver u public lecture in the in
terest Of the order, to which the lad
les and gentlemen OF Elko and yicin-
ity are cordially invited.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26

Senator Hanna Inns caused to he
published against tho newspapers a
complaint for paying too much Mt.
tcntion to him. lie says: "Ihey for
get thnt ] am n member Of the Unit.
ed States Senate, a position That
should carry dignity with it Mr..
lInnna If both right and wrong in re-.
epect TO this matter, Tho position OF
United States Senator should indis.
puiably carry dignity with it and just
NJ indisputnbly it does carry dignity
with il II the person who occupies tho
position 10 himself a man Of dignity.
But IL he lack these characteristics
winch become the occupant OF tho
great Office Of Senator, or 10 no him.
self be not digniicd IL cannot clotho
him with dignity, Tho dignity de-
ponds upon tho mRn inside tho toga,
not upon tho toea or the seat in the
Senate. IL he 10 q wise puro States
man and moi n moro politician, IL no
has ntriotiem md In zealous in
safeguarding tho public woal; 10 no
puts country before pnrty aud the
peoples interest before his own. no
Senator OF tho United States will
have u to complain that the pa.
pcB do not houoor hm M II Senator
or recognize he Senatorial dignity
Philadelphia Ledger.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26
Deafness Cannot BE Cured

by local.applications MS they cannot
reach the diseased portion OF the ear.
There is only one way to cure deaf
ness, and that is by constitutional
remedies. Deafness is caused by an
inilamed condition Of the mucous lin
ing Of the Eustachian Tube. When
this tube gets inflamed you have u
rumbling sonnd or imperfect hearing
and when it is entirely closed deaf.
ness is the result, and unless the in
flammation can be taken out and this
tube restored to it's normal condition
hearing will be destroyed forever;
nine cases out OF ten arc caused by
catarrh, which is nothing but an in
famed condition Of the mucous sur
faces.
We will give One Hundred Dollars
for any case OF Deafness (caused by
catarrh) that cannot be cured by
Halls Catarrh Cure. Send for cir
culars, free.
Address, +. J. CHENEY & Co,
Sold by Druggists, Toe.
Halls Family Pills are tho best.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26
Over twenty Uses for Corn.

Tho Indian corn propaganda mt tho
Paris Exposition and the convention
recently held in the west in tho in
terest OF corn producers, brought
out the fact that over 90 important
products are now manufactured from
corn. One OF the most important
products is distilled spirits, tho de-
mand for which has increased greatly
since the invention Of smokeless
powder, in the manufacture OF which
spirits are largely used. Among the
other products made from corn are
mixing glucose, crystal glucose, grape
sugar, anhydrous grape sugar, special
sugar, pearl starch, powdered starch,
refined grits. o~urinc, dextrine, gum
paste. granulated gum, British gum,
corn oil, corn oil cake, rubber substi.
tute, gluten food, chop feed, gluten
meal and cor germ. With tho pres.
ent means of economical manufac.
turc there is not a particle OF corn
wastcd.-Cal. Vineyardist.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1900-01-26

Hoods Pills are o irritating, mild,
effective.