davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02

~, Jou,-, ua, called a. Errs last
week.
Mr., II. {. Young has been suffering
from her oh rnrm,, Il"uri>y. daring the
past three weeks.
While Mn, ". l. Phillips was rN"r-
cisinU her culinary skill at North STRAIT
ford Nlr>. John Harris Of South Canaan
caI,.d for Mr.. nrlia LYMAN and the
other mrml-.r> OF Mrs. Phillips family.
W. understand that Ernir Desmond
/, quite III at Mr. FL. Buniord',
The wind held high carnival last
Thursday. ESPECIALLY in the east part "i
the town. Roads were impossible and
building, damaged mnr- ur l.,>. Ia
some l"raliti.> farmers were unable Ia
water their stock until evening.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02
West Concord.

Mr.. Elisha Woodbury., an aged citizen
OF this town, died at his home February
-, after a week. illness.
Sugar makers should remember that
it is for their interest. as we'll as that of
our excellent tinsmith, K. $. Brigham,
to order their supplies early in the sea
son.
Mrs. c. +. Wadleigh who has been
very i'll for some months past, is now
rapidly improving. Her sister, Mrs. II.
NJ. Hunter has returned to ser home in
Lowell Mass.
The friends of DR.. and Mrs. f.. W.
Parker, missionaries now located at
Shahjahanpore, India, will be pleased to
learn that he has been elected delegate
to the General NJ. +. Conference, which
meets at Chicago. They expect to leave
Bombay about March Is. reaching New
York the middle of April.
Our unprecedented mid-wintcr rain,
made sad work for our iumbermen, open
ing the streams and piling up ice in Il
manner to compel discontinuance of
their business for some time. The rains
of last Saturday night made the roads in
some localities almost impossible, caus-
ing a very light church attendance ON
Sunday,
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02
TO GET A HOSPITAL.
HOW SMALL CITIES MAY SOLVE THE
PROBLEM.
Formation of an Association Is the
Entering Wedge Method of Sup
port-CiNic Pride Factor In Sc
curing Success.

4 short time ago the Chicago l'rib-
unc received a letter from II. A.
Crawford, mayor of the city of Flint
Mich. 10000 population, asking for in
formation as to the best method of Sc
curing hospital. Through its col
umns The Tribune replied:
The question of the ACCESSIBILITY and
practicablity of providing hospitals in
cities of $4,000 population or under has
formed the subject recently of many
letters of inquiry similar to that of
Mayor Crawford, indicating that n
large number of the smaller cities feel
the need for such institutions, The
problem has many bearings and in
wolves among other questions the fol.
lowing:
Is hospital desirable for a small
city?
If 50, what kind of hospital should
it be?
How may such a hospital be secured?
can it be made self sustaining, and
if not. how may it be maintHinrdt
AlIpiuN StNtIil SIIlIll 'ili~ III 'll'
west have provided themselves with
well equipped hospitals. Evanston and
Dixon. in Illinois, have fine inSttu-
tons of this kind. At Clinton, la, a
hospital is being built and plans have
been drawn for a hospital at Stcuhcn-
vile, O.
From hospital superintendent and
officers and from physicians who have
had wide experience in hospital prac-
tice expressions of opinion and state.
ments Of fact have been secured which
apply to the problem that is presented
in Mayor Crawford's letter. Nearly all
agree that such an institution is neccs.
sary and practicable for Il city of lJ,-
600 population, and a number think 1t
only question of a short time until
even smaller cities, rs a rule, will be
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02
East Haven

Mrs. F. W, Powers is not as we'll at
this writing,
Russell Waid has gone to Sugar Hill,
\. H.. to visit his sister.
Fred CuShman was called to his home
in East Charleston Saturday hy tn" i'll
ness OF his wife.
Mrs. a. l.. Hudson, who has been at
East Newark caring for Miss Inez
Shores, has returned home.
Mr.. and Mrs d. c. Howard attended
the houSewarming OF Mr.. Towards sis
ter at East Concord February l.. They
also visited friends at st. ,Iohnsburv.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02
Banker RoutS a Robber.

j. K. Garrison. Cashier of the bank of
Thornville, Ohio. had been robbed of
health by a serious lung trouble until he
tried DIR. Kings New Discovery for Con-
sumption. Then he wrote alt is the best
medicine ever used for a severe cold or
bad case Of lung trouble. | always keep
a bottle on hand" Don't suffer with
Coughs, Colds, or Lung trouble when you
can be cured so easily. Only SOC and
Sl,00. Trial bottles free at Thurston's
Drug Store.
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02

provided with complete hospital taeii- 4
ties. Tie consensus Of opinion Is that .
hospitals ia small cities max be made .
almost srlf supporting IN al exceed 4
lugly short lime and that tie burden
Of the support OF such an Institution i
moi 10 l,e compared with the burden OF
the maintenance Of a church.
The result of investigation Indicates
that the most feasible plan for the or
sauization and establishment and aft
erward the support and control 81 such
institutions In the smaller cities Is
through the formation 81 associations
of individuals TO include the leading
and influential citizens. both men anu
women. care being taken 10 select rep
rescnlatiycs Of all religious denomina-
tions aud fraternal orders. 80 that the
association may be without bias ana
in order that the Institution may re-
criye the unanimous support OF all
classes aud factions OF the entire com
muuity. This has been the start OF
many uf the most successful aSSocla-
tions which are now firmly established
upon sound basis. Tolerance oi eN-
cry religious view Is said 10y those of
experience to be the first principle that
/ must bc observed where the support Of
/ the entire public is desired.
The question of revenue is, Of course,
th. most important one To Ice met with.
Ii has been found 10y experience in
some eases that the most feasible way
in which to make beginning is for the
association to raise money enough 10
furnish and equip small rented
house. which will not only meet the
emergency demands. but will impress
upon all the citizens the need for hos
pital and its value To the community.
For the support of this hospital the
churches may set aside one Sunday in
the year on which day all conuibu.
tons shall 20 to the support OF the
hnSptal. Churches aud societies or
wealthy individuals may he found who
will support one bed, and il has been
found that where one organization as
sumcs such a burden others soon VII
take the Olmc step.
In an undertaking OF this kind in a
. I'LL ..i,,. ,.i.i,. r,;Jo iS - lorrn factuI
'.'..,,.;,,,, - rho ci,iy.n fool,
- ,a,i,eo,.,ior =, cor,.,n,,,,t
a., ,,nIs ,o rivo nj,
49,, ,,,,t ,.,.,,,.. comm pcorh,
No., w., 49,, a,,,,,,,,,, o,,o,.ior.e Ia,
] ,,,. ~, .,,,, a.. .,,rt h,s hoo,
= .,',. t.o,,.... ,,,,,,,,i.... ~ .,,ccos. al
!. r,.,, 49,, ,,,,,.o,,,,,,, olony
.,i,,.,,a'I -, ro.,f,,I ,r,.rin
.,',,. ,,n,,..t,ion. ond ,rchi,oc,
~ ,I.,,,,,I hos,i,ol, ,ho, 70
,- ',,..,,,,I. ''i,. n,oI,, 49,, If no,,,lo .
r. ~ ,',,,,tans $40 nol - a thor,,n.
-. l., a,,sso;,,,, ,o,,,i,oI consc
w., ...;.,, :. 49,, ,,,,,,. =
w. ,,.ao,, -. h,e Iarco non,,la
ii ,''',''' .'.,'.., =, ,~,no Lo,orIors nc,r
a .I. .h,,,,1t 10 ,ol 90 -,
onn ,e,,. .,., a,.,,ir,,,. ,oods -
-, .,.n ara ,,rari,od Gov socor
~ ,,,.,i,, ,,,a, ~ od1aJ in lima for m
f. -, a,,,,,,i,,,s t;s,,s,s
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02
Cssey County Herald.
Fanny. M,U,u =. 1900.

The Republican state I":umiitrr will
meet at Montpelier meg, Thursday rn -,'-
l,.rt the times aud places "i the two state
conventions this wear u.,. iu nominate
state officers. aud presidential electors.
the other to elect delegates tn the
national convention. Regarding tl"
latter We note that SOME Of our rNrhaugr>
suggest the uamc ot cur tuWu>mau
T.. VI. Bartlett ~ one ui the delegates.
Mr.. Bartlett j. a man we'll qualified a.
a delegate in every way. lie is indie
pendent. aud not only Suuud uu all
moral questions hut his litr is also CON
siStent with his public action with ref
sreuce To them. lie represented his
town in the Legislature and his county
in the senate in most rrniitahlc and
industrious manner. is work in the two
branches of the assembly bringing him
prominently before the whole state
He is now grand master of the gran,
lodge of Vermont. |. q. q. F. If tn,
convention makes choice of him as one @
the delegates. in honoriug him the con
vemtion will honor itself. The name O
Col. II. Il. Cutler of Barton is also ou.
gestcd for delegate at large. lie is
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1900-03-02

would serve the state with distinction.
We hope these two bright Young men
will he members of Nemont's repre-
Sntation in the national convention.
LETTERS FROM OUR READERS.
Gentlemen: The great issue OF the
coming compaign is rapidly being moul-
ded into shape. The free silver party
is defeated and dispersed and the silver
issue received its death blow 10y the pas
sage in both houses of Congress of the
gold standard financial bin. The demo
Gratis see that they must bury the dead
body of their former issue and find an
other young and strong ideal around
which the united force OF their party can
rally and present a strong front to the
republicans. For year past they have
been casting about for this issue. Some
suggested trusts. But the real character
anu tHeCI VI II uSlS is NHl So lIlIlCl an
open question:. the issue is SO indefinite.
and the parties are SO nearly agreed in
their ideas upon the sub ject, that it has
been found that it could in no wise he
made the leading question. Next cX-
pansion was eagerly pomccd upon 10y
the democratic leaders: but thu courst
of history during the past few month,
has been 50 rapid that expansion is now
an accomplished fact, and the politic
ans would have the nation return t,
where it was two years ago even if sucI
change was possible Within one
month the coming great issue of the
campaign has been born, has lived it,
babyhood. its boyhood, and has grow
to be giant. oyertowerin. all othe
questions.
Little did Senator Ross realize when
he delivered his great speech on our Out
lying Dependencies that he was promul
eating the great issue for 1900 Blu
no one who has read the debates in tn
Senate and House since the speech wa
delivered, who has watched the cours
of legislation, who has seen the policy O
the administration unfolding itself, an
who has read the newspaper comment,
can doubt that the leading question {
the campaign is to be whether or nc
the constitution of the United States
'r proprio rjgorc, unaided by treaty {
act of Congress- extends to and co"el
inhabitants of the territory acquired b
the United States from Spain. The II
publicans, following the lead Of the ven
cradle senator from Vermont, are tal,in
the negative side of the question: IT
Republican National Committee
sending out thousands of copies of Il
speech all over the country and is NAL
ing it the great plank of the platforl
about which all republicans are asked I
rally. The democrats are adhering
the principle that wherever the STA
and Stripes float, there the constitute
of the United States extends with I'M
bated vigor, and every right privileg
and immunity secured by that instr
ment to the citizens of the United State
is secured to every inhahitant OF the te
ritorial possessions. ~
The TranSvaaI War.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
SCOUT BURNHAM'S VIEW.

The American scout. + Il Durnham.
now on his way back To South Africa.
expressed considerable satisfaction at
the news Of the capture OF spion Kop
He said 10 representative Of the Asso.
clated Press:
1T II evident that the Boer position
is being shaken and I DO no, think IT
will ne a Ions business now 10 drive tho
Doors ou, q the prhkeHshury We shall
then reach rolling. open country where
there 10 a chance 20 display tactics and
undertake Ranking movements and cav.
airy operations. But the Boer. are sure
to make a mos, determined stand around
Pretoria i, will not take long TO
reach the Boer capital. but the siege
Of Pretoria will Re both long and dim.
cult"
Burnham ssils for South Africa Sat.
urday on board the Scot. TO take up
his appointment, on Field Marshal Lord
Roberts, personal stan he says In.
gram. another scout. leave. San Fran.
cisco forthwith 10 Join him In South
Africa
The evening world., 1900-01-25

Free State Pass-s-Josbers's
Army In pspiI.

LONDON. Jan S-The Importance of
the capture Of spion Kop by the British
10 much dwelt upon by the military ss.
perts here.
II commands tao road to the olivier's
Hook Pass, ami the seizure Of this pass
which will probably follow. imperiis the
position 81 the whole Boer army around
Lsdysmith. cutting OF all roads Of re-
treat east into the Free State.
The experts say tina, u Gen. Butler
seines Oliviers Hook Pass and throws a
strong force into tho Free State the re.
lief ~ Ledysmlth would no, only follow
OF itself. but would force Jouh-rt TO
cy,cua,e the whole OF Northern Natal
and retreat into the Transvaai.
warren's division Is connected by q
light railway with Frere, Buffers old
headquarters. through Springfield. his
new hsadquafter. This division Is now
on the left. Gen. Clery's division Is In
tn. centre and Gen. Lyttlcton l. on the
right Lord Dundonald's cavalry are
still operating on the extreme left nank
near Acton Homes.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
WARREN A GRIM SOLDIER.
Cape Dstch Always Nrf~r "a Him
o.. "Th, G-nerat"-Hts
Great Rscopd.

LONDON Jan. Lieut., Gen. Sir
Charles Warren IL one IL the ablest Of
rcers in the British army and IL more
feared by the Beers than any other
leader now In The field.
The Dutch always refer to Warren A.
The General" lie IL a man OF the
Gordon I'VE, stern. rvservei and n dsep
student lie has seen much hard ser.
vice In South Africa. and has always
carried out his plans. No, being /,
ccuriier. he II no, liked by the wolseley
clique. hut his ability IL undoubtea and
forced the War ONCE To- give him a
command. Indeed. there 1. a strong be.
lief that ~ Mans for Ranking the Bo-r.
at Lsiysmi;h ar, really his.
Warren 10 q weishnan %, birth. hav.
ins frst seen tn. l!xht In bangor in iste
lie Is \ Royal End nerr and his Der.
vices are OF the mos, varied Kind He
conducted the sncsvat ons In Jerusalem
In lssi 10 is1o. aid down the boundary
lire between Griaualand and the orange
Free State In 1876. Commanded the Dia.
moni Field Horse In 1875. led N. expeil.
ton against the Bechuanas. eomman,.
cd the Northern Border expedition, isry.
followed the Egyptian campaign Of iss.
commanded the Beehusns expedition IL
isst. commanded troops at suAkim Ia
1875. vas chief ~ London Police In
isss-s<; commanded troops In the straits
fc;tiemsnis In 1884 and the Troops !.
the Thames district In iSs-a
- = - as9hss 9 aner AssonL -
The evening world., 1900-01-25
Gas IS NOW
6 CENTS.
The New Amsterdam
Company Reduces Its
Price from $l.O5.

The Board NJ Directors Of the Nov
Amsterdam Gas Com pany held a srecia
meeting this morning and reduced the
price 81 gas from ti05 per 1000 feet
to the old price of Is cents. The rate is
now common with all the companies In
the city.
II II aid that the reason for the re.
duction al this time is that the New
Amsterdam Company supposed. whc,
!, raised the price. that the other com.
panics would follow suit.
As the other companies did not do %
they found they were losing many cus.
toners and decided on the old rate.
Al the Offices OF tho company the fol.
lowing statement was given this after.
noon regarding the meeting:
AT a special meeting Of the Board Of
Directors the price Of gas was reduced
from the legal rate Of Sos per i.ooo feet
to IS cents. commencing with Jan. IS
This action was taken for purposes Of
holding the large amount Of increased
business received by the company DURING
the war"
The New Amsterdam Gas bonds sold At
2: l.: ihL~ afternoon, 5000 worth being
offered With no takers. This was caused
by the notice NJ reduction In price
The common stock soil dovn to - and
the preferred 10 " -.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
WAR SENDS
STOCKS Up.
Prices Advanced Here
on News Of British
Victory.

The report Of the British victory in
Natal lmpsrted q buoyancy to the stock
marke, a, the Opening to-day. Prices
we're lifted a potn, In the specially prom.
inent shares ana good fractions In other
stocks.
The ebuliiiion ceased In the issues that
made large gains at the start. In a
hslf hour some we're back to last nights
level.
Sugar and Metropolitan. for ,Astance,
began point TO the good. then slowly
,Ost the gein.
While this victory helps TO stay any
further bearsh assaults for the present.
the Big workers In the street do MOI,
count II SUFFICIENT to start the market
% the upward course
Metropolitan was somewhat OF a foot.
baii The quotations In 1t nuctuated
Wildly Broohlyn Rapid Transit held
AIRY hrm a. an advance Of abou, a
Third Avenue and Manhattan were
activity.
The r,ilroad. were Arm. ssa.cisl,y the
international stocks. The srangery
s sa,Tss |, P ;S.. each ,.! to Siih g
tssWrS tns0Ce. ~ VI tue
active shares. q reaction followed the
opening, but only to the extent OF =
snail fraction.
. lrregularity In some Of the mos, active
Spe cislties prevented the general mar
NE sst from , making much hesdway In
The undertone Of the market seemed
easier, Foreign arbitsse brokers boughi
AZ The market fel! below parity. Blu,
local traders sold abort In view OF the
failure OF outside demand to develop
Some large individual transactions oc
CURED IN bonds on q scale upward.
Price changes were no narrow and lr-
regular and 30 few stocks were dealt
" that no downward tendency could be
In the early afternoon.
The light demand for stocks prompted
some bear selling Of the specislties, g.
pecially In the New York City stocks.
which yielded 20 some extent.
The movement did not attain any i'm
Portnnce and shorts covered again.
gains.
The total sales Of stocks to-day war;
,zl lp shares and Of bonds t,.Ni.ooo par
The evening world., 1900-01-25
WHEAT WAS HIGHER
ON LIVERPOOL CABLES

Wheat opened about IL higher to-day.
Influenced by good Liverpool cables,
.h,ch apparently reflected the reported
plague In Argentine
pari, prices opened s to % points
h,sher. Local interest In our whoa,
make, soon subsidized, and Immediately
After the opening the bulls seemed con.
TN, IA hold their own without being
Ssv York's opening prices we're: May
cheat. ASS: July. 0s-s bid. May corn.
- ~ asked.
cnicago's opening prices we're: May.
~hca,. Ci-s: July. Ella May corn.
ria May oats. alt
New York closing prices were: May
wheat. asa: March. ass; JUDY. . IS
asked. May corn. - IL bid.
Ch,caeo's closing prices were: May
What. q bid: January. "a s. bid: July.
c;t. Nay corn. q Ia asked. May
oats. = 81 asked.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
THE TIME
IS SHORT.

Possibly you do not realize 'h"'
with the beginning Of this year oil
our Lord 1900 and during this month
while this rate is being given, nearly
al otuer enterprises directly or in
directly Of a medical nature are be-
Ing compelled to raise their rates
or charges.
Possibly you do not knew that with
the beginning OF the year 1900 the
cost OF all drugs and chemicals, the
cost OF all bottles and labels and
printing. the cost Of everything con-
ncc,ed with this work, the cost of
everything that the sick require, has
gone up like rocket, doubling It.
self almost each month.
n you should be aware OF these
facts You will not wonder why the
Copeland practice cannot maintain
this rate Of 8 q month longer than
The date Get for Its withdrawal,
Wednesday evening. Jan. 81.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
MOTT SHOWS HIS TEMPER.
Refused Ia Let Confessed Thi~f Ne
Taken 10 Headquarters. sna
Scoldrd InanirImK Ncportera.

Nellie oBr!en, OF 80 Wes, Thirty.
ninth street. was the prisoner. TIE com
plainant. Jacob r.. Sprague, Of Hemp.
stead. said that she stole so from him.
Policeman Lane toh Magistrate Mott
that the woman admitted taking the
money ana also that she was wanted at
Police Headquarters. he asked Ia have
the case A!d over sp that she could BE-
taken before Capt McCmsky
Magistrate Mott Indignantly refused
the request ard held the woman for .,.
animation tomorrow He allowed bar.
tender TO 20 her ball.
When asked Who the bartender was
he tod the reporters that I, was ,ope
OF their business that they wanted ,o
Know altoseiher too much Tn. c,..
Itself Was heard behind closed doors ana
"ss entirely Of a private CHARACTER
The evening world., 1900-01-25
Slept in a Chair
For Over Seven Months.

GEO. W. FLEiR. live. AT i1s n.
slh 81. and is the proprietor % the large
Nholesalc butcher csiAh, shmcnt at iOi Z.
to'h ST Ever since h. can remember Mr.
f1eir had been troubled with q stopped UP
nase IA he srew oder the trouble extend
INTO his thros, and chest. every mjfains
he had severe spell OF coush.as. tfyius
70 raise what seemed to BE- hard lump IN
his throat. This cough vas c,en - ,io.
lent and sirsinng that b, suffered from an
Intense headache and nausea for the bal.
ance o. the day lie tried inhalers and
remedies. but could fe, no relief Finally
ne became 80 short u breath and chokcd
w 90 easily that he couldn't lie 10 bed
over an hour at time. lie had to get
W and gasp for breath. Fur seven month.
.. spent every night sleeping propped UP
IN chair, and for three months before hr
anne 10 the Copeland ofhces he had not
hep' Va bed one single night. lie vas -
believed br the nrst Treatment that he slept
IN bed that nisht. and has never missed \
nights sound, natural resi since. n YOU
suffer as did Mr.. Fisir, call upon him and
hear the full history Of his case and cure.
lie will be GLAD to tell you ali about II.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
JUST 4 B0ER TRICK7

Tue statement that there was only .
small garrison at 8pAon Kop came some.
what as a surprise. as II was lms sinei
that the Beers we're there in great force,
and II 10 taken In some quarters 10 in
iica,e that the Bocrs were not so sur
prised ~ the assault IS II appeared. but
previously drew on their main body and
le., a small force to Withstand the Brit
lsh advance. II Is even suggested that
the Beers inveigled the British into oc'
cupyinR spion kop and have now sur
rounded them
II Is evident. In spite Of the fact that
the British hold Potgie,er's Drift and the
hills above. that the Beers have sue.
ceeded In bringing Up enough artillery
TO inhIc, considerable losses on the Brit.
iAh force which, seized spion kop. al.
though Lord Dundonaid Is supposed to
have been securing the country beyond
the ranges In order TO prevent this very
thirs. and although Gen. Lytte,on oush,
20 have got near enough TO SpSon kop
to either intercep, the retresting BocrS
OF prevent serious attack. once the
British had taken possession OF the hill.
The evening world., 1900-01-25

Of the sad side Of Victory. A question
often asked was: when will the casu.
altles be received
Though Gen. Buffers despatch 10
dated to-day and speaks u Splon Kop
being captured last night" II appar.
emily means Tuesday night
As. according to Gen. Buffers de-
sputch. the small garrison was sur
pr.sed.' his subsequent statement: "Our
Losses were considerable" Indicate. that
the British suffered greatly later from
he shell IRE from further Boer positions.
The evening world., 1900-01-25
BULLER'S FIERCE ORDER.
TsIls ME- Tssops - Tackle Bosss
Haad.to.haad when SCR.
pgSseA by voilrys.

LONDON. Jan z.--1sn. Buffers Or.
dsrs To his iroopA the substance Of
which hss ALREADY been cabled. after
warning them to beware Of false orders.
conclude:
"Oss gesevsis viii ssi, stss sss
order, ssnety .Aassseer shosDd
ssv csc ~ asp time be ssspssseA
~ . veaDey ~ esese susssess. BE
Dess ssoeobss shss she ssly wsv
- sn1sag - vsssssv NJ ~ 49,
The evening world., 1900-01-25
RECOGNIZED BY POWERS.
Noatasv white says DR.. L~yd. Il
Accredited t0 Russia. France,
Germany aad Holland.

WASHINGTON. Jan q Montagu
White, the South African diplomat. an.
thorized a statement to-day regarding
the recognition Of Transvaal agents
lie asserts that Dr Lcyds Is recog.
nlzed by foreign powers lie IL credited
10 and FUZZY recognized as Minister from
the South African Republic by Russia.
GERMANY France, Holland, Belgium
and Portugal