davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

other bed is planted with flowers in sea-
sou. changing its character therefore, for
spring, summer, and autumn flowers. On
the north side Of the garden is a large
rustic shed with rooms for the classes,
to0lroom. and workroom for the teacher
in charge.
The first and second grades use the
garden in object lessons and observation
work in home knowledge. The third.
fourth. and fifth grades learn the plant
families and their characteristics. For
the sixth. seventh. and eighth grades the
work in the garden is review, and some
experiments are tried. Time spent in the
garden is counted as regular school time,
and all work in nature study is done in the
garden or in the shed, as far as this
is possible.
The observations noted by the pupils
are from time to time used for essays.
These notes include native plants, their
structure life history, development, in
fluence of climate. necessity for rotation
of crops. ferulizing, manuring garden
work. distinguishing noxious from useful
plants. birds and insects that help and
those that harm vegetation.
Even in this example of the modern
school garden its scope as designed by
Froebel is not carried out in its wider
significance. Such a form may be consider
ed merely a step in the direction pointed
out by the great philosopher. The ulti-
mate end and object however. of all such
study is to draw mankind closer to nature.
to find in her the root Of all ethics. as well
as the source Of all beauty and inspira-
tion. Such movement is regarded by
many leading thinkers as especially sea-
sonable at this period of the worlds his
tory. when the people are floclling into the
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18
WORK FOR LITTLE HANDS
Gr.wih of the School Garden Imam
gurated By FrOebeL
Efforts to Establish the system in
America Founded Upon European
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. OT an Institu-
ton in Operation at PossuecL
in ThurinGia-No rk of the Pupils.

The annual volume Of reports Of the Blu
fcau of Education has just been issued for
submission to the Secretary OF the Inte-
rior One Ct the chief features Of these
reports is the description TO which some
of them ar, devoted Of the school garden
as 10 exists in Europe.
The purpose OF these descriptive reports
is said to be TO induce the Governments
interest in this form Of education and
10 have il provide for the establishment Of
schools after The European modes.
Many people undoubtedly do not realize
the real value and scope Of the ldndergar-
ten and school garden. and in order TO
adequately comprehend their true import
il Is necessary to review the life OF Froe-
bel. the founder OF this school system as
il exists today in Europe and the advocate
OF nature study as it is understood by
training the faculties Of observation and
reelection simultaneously in the youngest
child and gradually leading mp TO the eN-
omulifcatiou Of the highest truths through
the Simplest and most practical methods
Of outdoor study.
The term kindergarten is Froebel's own,
and be did not mean it to apply merely
in the material sense OF the garden beds
cultivated by the children. but in its more
spiritual significance denoting an enclos-
ure where the human plant is nutured,
ard IN this harmony and unity of purpose,
in The analogy so poetic and philoscphic
between the material and the spiritual, is
read The key TO the guiding Impulse of the
man aud the evolution in education he has
accomplished
The annals Of genius present few such
sad careers. so full Of high resolves and
hopes. and yet so fraught with bitter dis
appointments as that Of Froebel
Born at Obsrwerssbach, a village Of the
Thuringian Forest on the 2lst OF April
1872. he was only an infant when his moth
az died. and his father marrying again
very shortly he was left to the tender
mercies of a stepmother However. a ma
ternal uncle taking pity On the boys neg
lectgd condition and cruel treatment pro
vided for his schooling in the town Of
Sl8dt-Im.
Throughout this early period of his life
his essential genius. overlooked and uD-
noticed by the generality OF his comrades,
was very apparent 10 the delicate observer
To establish connection between the most
apparently dissimnar things seemed TO be
the ruling passion Of the child Not be-
ing able 10 adapt his mind to the dry text
beck and the routine Of the classroom be
was considered a Ounce. and was taken
from school and apprenticed for two years
10 forester G791-'sgl. Here in the soil
tude Of the Thuringian Forest, taught by
nature which he believed the voice Of God
be found tongues in trees. books in the
running brooks. sermons in stones. and
good in everything
Years afterward the celebrated Father
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

nent factor in this movement Prof. $. +
Lar gley. Secretary of the Smithsonian In
ytitution. notes in his last report the on
thusisstic interest displayed by s'hcol-
children IN nature study aud the advan-
tgges afforded them for this purpose by the
National Geological Park. Botanic Garden
etc
Il is not merely TO official and scientific
circles that the movement for the intro
duction OF Froehels system in this cO-ntry
is confined. Many private persons OF te-
nevolcnt ideas who have made a special
study of child life have interested them
selves IN the school-Earden and while
working silently have none the less fur
theved in no slight degree the interest
now generally manifested througout the
country iu their establishment by the Gov
eminent
As an example Of ore Of these may be
mentioned Mrs. Helen NJ. Wilcox of this
city who for q number OF years. has
worked arduously in the cause OF the
school garden She has endeayorod to es-
tablsh enc in Washington founded uIon
the most approved European models and
her efforts have now every prospect Of
success. She mas distributed the excellent
literature existing in Europe throughout
this country and has interested many per
GUNS 't ifl'lAiA'hh tAll' ltAA anu 'NNNtA 'AfAl
positions in establishing the system here
in its most improved fern.
description OF a school garden at
Possueck in ThUringia, the scene Of Froc-
heIs lab1rs may be taken as a typical
picture of this form Of institution as il
exists today iu Germany. This school
garden was started in 1895 by Dr. Lott,
the present ducal sghool inspector at Co
burg. ground covers about four-ftths
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

any cause Is absent. Each bed is marked
hy O stick with the owners name. On sun
days the garden is open as a city park for
pedestrians from in the morning until 6
in the evening. Parents and visitors are
at all times welcome. and have shown
great interest and appreciation for the op-
portunity.
The central walks are reserved for them,
the children using the side paths along the
fence When two or three children
from the same family work here they can
raise q considerable part Of the family veg
etablcs The mothers. and often the younger
children. come 10 help in the work and TO
carry home the produce.
Pupils Who show themseves worthy and
able are chosen as helpers. They care for
the common property. such as tho trees.
botanical division. the fountain, round
beds. borders, walks etc They never leave
the place tIll they have seen that all tools
arc put away and all the walks are in or
der These helpers form a sort of board
OF arbitration 70 decide disputes or punish
unseemly behavior
In the middle walk running north and
south are two round beds and a fountain
with a basin containing water plants.
One round bed is rOckery. covered
with Alpine planks. saNifrages. eentians
campanulas, primulas, asters, etc The
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

of an acre in the southern end Of the town.
The site selected is specially adapted for
the purpose, being protected from the
north wind by line OF houses. while it
is open TO the sun at all hours Of the day.
II is about ten minutes walk from the
schOOlhoilse. which is near the centre Of
the town. The soil is rather heavy clay
over. couglomerate. The cost OF the grou I'd
and its conversion into its present use
amounted 10 $50 and the annual ex-
pense for its maintenance is SIS. The
garden is surrounded by a fence and is
provided with gravel walks. In tie
northern end. containing about an acre,
are planted specimens Of all the native
trees. some eNotics, and the most common
ornamental shrubs, every tree and sArub
being marked with label containing its
name and habitat. As far as the SPACE
allows II has been the intention to arrange
such trees and bushes together as are
found together in woods. so that the
group ng would shcw natural afhnities.
The botanical division contains the
plants needed in the natural study work
in school There are the different kinds
Of grain. poisonous plants. medicinal herbs.
fiber plants. spices. Oil-producing plants,
pod plants, bulbs, salads, etc.
The remaining six large plots are divd-
ed into small individual beds for the teach
ers and pupils. At the beginning OF each
section is the teachers bed to serve as a
pattern for the pupils. During the past
year six hundred pupils OF the four up
per classes of the Bungersehule worked in
the garden and raised vegetables such as
beets, cabbaees Of many kinds. lettuce. po-
tatoes. onions. etc. aud flowers such as
pausies. heliotropos. mignonCttes. etc. The
work is optional, and each pupil has the
choice OF what he viii plant in his patch.
Garden tools are furnished by each child.
The gates are open every day from five to
seven In the evening and each child is eN
pected TO spend one hour per day at work
in wedding. watering. hOeing pruning and
training. Those who get done first are al
lowed 10 assist in the care Of the other
parts OF the garden. They are also per
mitted 10 help one another, and If anyone
finds what needs attention such as cater
pillars on plants or branches hanging
down iu the patch OF a ueighbor. he is en-
couraCed TO attend TO it. If his neighbor for
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18
THE BANK OF FRANCE.
The story of Great Financial In
Stitution.

paris Correspondence Of the London Standard
Today february 49, is the Tooth ami
versary of the foundation of the Bank of
France. Its very modest beginning was
not calculated TO enable its first share
holders to foresee the great future in
store for their establishment. When the
first meeting OF those shareholders was
held only a few thousand Of the shares had
been taken up. The bank had been created
with a capital of 80, 600 600 francs, divided
into thirty thousand shares of 600 francs
each. but even at the expiration Of six
months no more than 1880 shares had
been subscribed for, and of that number
five thousand belonged to the Caissc d Am
ortissement When the First Consul Ma
poleon was aiming at supreme power there
existed a few issue banks in Paris, but
their independence did not please the
autouratic sentiments Of the future master
of France He wished to have Il bank he
could call his own. and consequently order
ed his State Councillor Cretet TO Great the
Bank OF France.
Though not a great huanci5r. Cretet was
clever enough to graft the new bank on
the Caisse des Complies Courants. and it
is a curious fact that the first bank notes
isused by the Bank OF France were those
of the Calsse des Complies COurants. In
1900 there were q O00. 600 francs Of these
notes either in circulation or in the Golfers
of the bank Al that time the Bank Of
France was simply another issue bank.
which had to compete with those already
existing. and even two years later an the
shares OF the bank had not been subscribed
for. Advantage was. however, taken OF a
monetary crisis TO grant the Bank Of
France the exclusive right to issue bank
notes in Paris. but the rights Of the pro-
viuciaI issue banks was not for the time
being inteTfeTed with
This was the first privilege granted the
Rank Of France Ii was to have lasted
fifteen years. but before the expiration Of
that period it obtained the charter which
in IT'S fundamental principles. still exists
today That charter was granted by de-
cree On January Is. 1895 but on April 20.
1896. the privilege to issue bank notes in
Paris had been prolonged for twenty-five
years. and the Emperor had decided TO
give the bank governor and two deputy
governors chosen by himself. In this
manner the Bank OF France was definitely
founded. It's charter. which expired in
1913. was renewed in 1910 for twenty-four
years IN lS4S the Bank Of France obtain
ed the monopoly for the issue OF bank
notes throughout the whole OF France. and
later on its charter was prolonged Il
1881. when il was again extended to 1920
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

balance Of advantage Is all in favor OF the
modern system we admit. But still no great
reform is ever effected without some draw
backs-no fortress is ever taken without
some loss. and these old strongholds OF
drink and dissipation. as too many OF them
were. have not been improved out CT eX-
istenCe without some little social sacri-
fee. There was. moreover. in the old tav-
ern rooms. as may be seen in such Of them
as still survive. a kind OF suugness and
coziness uuattainable IN the paiatial edi-
fees OF Pail Mall and St James Street
These are spacious. splendid. luxurious.
but we miss in them that appearance Of
old-fashiOned comfort which greeted US on
entering a good tavern. especially on a
cold winters night still, We have OCr
compensations. or. rather, oUr p0sterits
VIII nave them. in comparative freedom
from many of those bodily ills which IN
limited indulgence in stout. pu1ch. and
port was calculated to foster.
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18
ATRAMP COMBINE IN VIEW
HObOes TO Organize Mutual Bene-
fit Association.
Ralph Roe. the Acknowledged King
of the Army of Nomnds, Its Pro-
Washington, With Lodges All over
the Country - success Predicted

"A tramps" union is to be organized in
this section Of the country" remarked
Ralph Roe, who calls himself the King Of
Toboes, while idling on the sunny side Of
Pennsylvania Avenue one afternoon last
week.
Roe is more recently from Baltimore
and it appears that the anti-frec lunch
bill now before the Maryland Legislature
has had the effect of arousing to action
this man who claims the distinction OF
hobo leader and all around organizer, and
who is taking steps for the protection Of
his fellow idlers. Already he has inter
ested the Migrants of Baltimore in his
plans and is confident of support to put
them into effect. The King of Hoboes is
in Washington looking up sentiment
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

pulled myself up on It. Then I wedged
my back into the corner and curled up as
coy as kitten. Riding in a cowcatcher
was an entirely new sensation to me- but
grew to like it until now | might be
called cowcatcher fend l managed to
STICK 10 the train each time an engine was
changed. and that was the longest trip
ever taken entirely in a cowcatcher by
any living man. At Frisco had to wait
an hour before the mail. which bore nv
letter. was distributed. have never seen
Stewart since that nlght al Denver,
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18
Persian Religions.

tFTom Tue Inul3uap0Ils NIWs-l
The religion Of the rersianS is a schi,matic
MshumrlAu sect styled the Chiites, originating
with Ali, while the Arabs and The Turks are
Tor the most part Suuuists The Chi.tes claim
that All, 10 thc exclusion Of al other success 0rs
OF Mahouei recognized by the Suuu-ts j. az last
equal in holiness to Mahonet himself The Sur
uists put Mahonet above everything aud sccept
unrcscrvedly the sum OF his doctrines the Soma
while the Chi,tCs regard the SONIA as ar spoe3
phzl uor, unworthy oil couhdlnce.
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18

large cities. and when these latter are
developing such an amount OF ignorance
and crime. The establishment of school
gardens throughout the United States is
being strongly recommended by many
prominent scientists and educators. and it
may be confidently hoped that America
will further to the fullest extent the
splendid precepts and principles Of Fried
rich Froebel
The times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1897-1901, 1900-03-18
PAIN IN THE LAP OF CUBA
CaStOms Of the Old Not Departing in
the New Era.

hsiatic Indifference TO the Proprie-
ties of Life stIu Has nm Abiding
fi"ce-Reasons for n Continuance
OF American OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
lions of omciaIs In the Island.
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19
COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

In the court of common pleas yester-
day morning Judge Studley heard the
case of S. B, Fairchild vs.. the Smedley
company. This is case in which the
plaintiff sues to recover 500 damages
for the loss Of a violin which the de-
PENDANT, it is alleged, smashed in NOV
ing.
The plaintiff testified that he has had
the violin In his possession some thirty
or forty years and he valued it at SIS,
Considerable amusement was caused by
the testimony of Mr.. Newell. Mr.. New
ell is well known violin fancier and
what he does not know about violin
Is not worth knowing. He told the
court that he had bought vioins some
times for ten or eleven dollars, fixed
them up and sold them for one hundred
and twenty-five, and also enlightened
the court further as to the restoration
of infirm violins. The matter occupied
the attention of the court for the entire
forenoon.
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19

York physician and formerly Mrs Win
ton, who was taken into custody Octo-
Der 7, was again before the city court
yesterday morning on the continued
case, and despite strong effort on the
part of the counsel to procure her dis
charge Judge Dow again continued the
case until October 49,
Judge Dow stated that if no ordinary
steps are taken by the New Jersey au-
thorlties to secure eXtradition by that
date or if not satisfactory explanation
of the delay is rendered, the woman will
be discharged The woman is held un-
der Sc, 900 bonds, which she has been UNI
able to secure.
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19
CIRCULARS ISSUED
BY the Constitutional Reform Associa-
tiOn

BY the Constitutional Reform Associa-
\ ton.
| The Constitutional Reform associa-
tion has issued the following;
| The Constitutional Reform assocla-
ton which was organized in 1870 by Df.
Leonard Bacon, Hon. Henry B. Harrl-
son and Nathaniel Wheeler, has been
recognized on a. more enduring basis
and at it's preliminary meeting in New
Haven on the Goth ult. two hundred
names We're on the roll.
The list of members is rapidly in
creasing, and is constituted of men
prominent in every walk Of life, belong
ing to all political parties from every
part of the state.
The sole object of the association is to
bring about the calling Of constitu-
tional convention by the Legislature in
order that the people Of Connecticut
may adopt new constitution that Will
be suited to the age in which we live,
to the conditions of population which
now exist, and which will do away with
the inequalities, the evils, and the civic
corruption which are traceable directly
to the worn out constitution which has
served the state since 1918.
The association is absolutely non-par-
tisan, it is not committed to any spec
ial reform nor does it single out any
one defect of the present constitution
as more serious than others. Nor does
it countenance any attack whatever
upon the rights of the smaller towns,
being content to leave all questions of
detail to the good Judgment and sense
of fairness of the people in convention
assembled.
The association is satisfied that if the
people are permitted by the politicians
to undertake this work they will frame
a fundamental law which will provide
for fair representation, plurality cleo
lions, an effective veto by the execu-
tive, a restriction of the powers of the
legislature to it's proper sphere, taking
away from it the power to interfere in
the appointment of judges, county COM
missioners and other officers; in short,
constitution that will restore to the
people the rights which belong only to
them, such as the right to elect their
own servants, and to hold them to a
strict accountability for their actions;
a constitution that will enable the hon
est non partisan citizens of the state to
effectively protest against the boss, the
machine, the lobby, and civic corrup-
ton of every sort.
In order that the efforts of this as
sociation may be crowned with success,
the cooperation and moral support of
every citizen of Connecticut who be-
lieves in this movement is needed. Our
campaign will be one of education
seeking to interest citizens to add to
our numbers, and to convince legisla-
tors of their duty towards the people
in respect to a constitutional conven-
ton.
VIII you not join the association and
give it the strength of your name and
influence? James e. Wheeler
Secretary.
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19
PROFESSOR JENKINS.

Will Examine Trees to Find GU
Whether or Not They Are Decay.
ing.
On account of many complaints re
ceived at the department Of public
works lately Director Hugo is to have
a conference with Mayor Driscoll. Mr.
Hugo has in mind plan whereby tbs
Connecticut agricultural station is to be
asked to give an opinion as to the best
way to proceed, and that as soon as a
report is received from Professor Jen-
lxins Mr.. Hugo will ask the court OF
common council to find ways and means
for the work
Since Wednesday complaints have
been coming In fast, each one citing the
fall of the tree at the green as warn
ing which should be needed. Director
Hugo says about his stand upon the
tree-removing question: ut is better to
spend the money needed to remove the
trees than to pay $1,000 damages for
every life lost, which will surely come
unless the decayed trees are all re-
moved"
After a conference it was decided to
test q few trees and Superintendent Of
Streets Brennan, DR.. Jenkins Of the ex-
pertinent station and two assistants ex-
perimented with a number OF the lar
ger trees on the green. Small augur
holes We're bored in the tree trunks four
or five inches above the surface of the
ground Most of the trees were In good
condition. Several trees whose tops
had begun to decay We're sound in the
lower trunks
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19
IN THE PROBATE COURT.

Judge Cleaveland in the probate court
yesterday gave his decision in regard
to the dispute over the bills presented
by Dr. McDermott, administrator on
the estate of his father, the late Pat
rick McDermott The last named was
the executor of the estate OF William
Keegan, the ice dealer, and his accounts
were included in DR.. McDermott's re-
port to the court. Patrick McDermott
charged $3.50 for services on the Keegan
estate and DR.. McDermott charged $50
for medical services in attending Mr..
Keegan.
Both these items were objected to by
Thomas Keegan, sole heir of William
Keegan.
The court allows $3.50 on the admin
istrators account as executor and $50
for Dr. McDermotts medical services,
thus reducing both charges.
Martin & Coyle represented Thomas
Keegan and Attorneys e. ]. Maher and
J. B. Ullman were counsel for Dr.. Nc
DermOtt
The daily morning journal and courier. [volume] (New Haven, Conn.) 1894-1907, 1900-10-19
AN INJUNCTION.

An injunction was granted to Senator
Holden Of Derby yesterday restraining
the city of Ansonia from changing a
grade of street in that city Judge
Wheeler signed the injunction.
The injunction is in connection With
the case of Thomas A. Nelson ct ux., ct
al, VS.. the city of Ansonia. The city
attempted to change the grade of one
of the streets. The corporation counsel
held that the order for the same was
Illegal. The city fathers decided to ig-
more the counsels advice and 60 ahead
with the work. The residents of the
street in question in order to block the
work secured the above mentioned in
junction.