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IN. trus Middle Ave of the CITY OF Rome
NAV be said 10 haye closed ylcu Pope Martin
y returned from IN, Coun,D of Constance
C,rerorovins might have looked upon his task
"a than snded ware IL moi TINT the universal
oharacter Of the Holy CITY seemed TO demand
continuation OF her history through the period
Of transition that followed down 10 tho time
when the Roman ecclesiastical ideal Of the
Middle A9ex wns shattered by the German
Reformation. During the hundred years that
intsrvepcd was accomuIIshed the great trans
form, ,ttop OF Europe which is called the Renas-
cence In the Latin world, this movement
locke like IN, r,a ,sccnco Of classic pagansm,
In Il, G,rm1n world II proved to be the re-
vtya, OF eynng ,lical Christianity To the COM
bJne WORKING of these two divisions of the
European Intellect modern civilization owes
its ria. Th,rc IL no doub, thai, in the first half
of ths nftsenth century. or. 20 be more exact.
after the Council of Constance. Europe expert
enc,d n radical change II passed from the
fantastic world of tho Middle Ages TO more or
,,f tha
conditions OF life The spell Of dogmatic trans
oen dentalism in which the Church had held IL
captive was gradually Dissolved by learning
and the discoveries of science As the fifteenth
century advanced. great events opened a wider
horizon TO the men of central and western
Europe and procured them an uneSp pccted
wealth Of material
I.atius and Germans shared in the outcome
Of thc,e events. The former revived the gods
the sags' and the poets Of classical antiquity;
they lumnal with the torch Of ancient knowl-
edge the uncritica' darkness In which schol-
astic theology and superstition had borne sway
and embelished lie with the beauties Of art
At the same time. they burst the geographical
frontiers Of the ancient world. They sailed
boldly through the Pillars Of Hercules. dis
covered the passage to the lndie', and, finally
new world. America. As the Germans had
formerly acquired the Teachings Of Christ
ianity from the I.atins. so now they received
from them the treasures OF ancient culture.
which they ma ,tossd so quickly and thoroughly
as TO give assurance of their future power in
the domain OF learning They themselves dis
covered the practical art Of printing, which
gave wings to Thought and endowed II with
Immortality. Their philosophical intellect soon
reformed two antiauated ~ stems, the Folcmaic
NJ astr n pl ha pln
Of the all-rulng Papacy. Was II merely ne
cident. asks Gregorovius, that the fall Of the
Eastern Roman Empire took place at this time?
The terrible power OF the ottoman Turk de-
soended on the City OF Constantine as Mo-
hsmmedan Cesartsm threatening Europe with
Astatio barbarism and forcing its states to
form political alhances and TO enter Into more
active intercourse. The Popes conceived the
idea Of revival Of the Crusades. but the me-
diBval Idea proved dead: faith In the Church
no longer inspired q world which had grown
practical and was now stirred only by political
motives. The particular political interests Of
independent States had usurped the place
ofthe theocratc principle Nationality or heredi-
tary monarchy now took shape. as In Spain
France. England and Austria. These kingdoms
struggled with one another for the heQemony
Of Europe Congresses OF the secular powers
succeeded to ecclesiastical councils; the at
tempt to maintain the balance of political power
Nipsrseded the ecumencal authority OF En-
peror and Pope.
After the victory over the great schism be-
tween Pope and anti-Pope, the Papal system
profoundly shaken, found itself In a new era
once moro seated, II is true. IN Rome. but no
longer as the universal power that had moved
ct its will the Western world. II, still strong
-, ,i,.ut ~
able 70 effect the restoration OF It's dogmatic
and hierarchic prestige. IL had to recognize that
It's great ideal prepo nderance had pershed The
ago Of the European renascence saw the Papacy
attain Its highest development a. profane and
secular power, which, based on the foundations
ef . petty principality, grew into consider
able monarchy. The transformation which
vas practically In harmony with the spirit Of
he times, but prejudicial to the Church itself,
Oregorovius would explain by the large meas
We Of autonomy which States and peoples had
acquired, by the loss of the great spiritual mis-
eaons OF the Middle Ages, by the cessation Of
the historic struggle with the Imperial Power,
end lastly by the downfall Of civic freedom
IN Rome. The continued existence of the Cap
i>oins republic In the Holy City would un-
doubtedly have obliged the Popes Of the If
tsenth century to turn their attention mainly
70 the spiritual sphere. Having become, on