davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
yexPANsloN" is IN THE AIR.

-
Editor Democrat Star.
&When one leaves. home for a while
and returns lie notices changes that
are made more forcibly than those
who remain at home.
So on my return | find a spirit of
progressiveness In all u peoplezaRd
1t nearly begins to look az tho ID
sleepy old Moss Point is aboutto wake
from her Rip Van Wrinkle slsep. OF
twenty years. All over our cou@<H.
State and nation can be seer a restless
ness and spirit OF going forward. So
without mentioning the expansions in
a political way relative to the West
Indies, Philippines and the "open
door" In China, we notice the assured
truth OF the early completion Of the
Nicarauga Canal and It's certain effect
on our coast. BY referring to a correct
map you can see that through our
harbors and railloads that will be built
thereto, is the nearest outlet for Kan
sas ,sGhicago, st. Louis and all
the great central West, through the
canal to the Orient. Here at home we
see an effort to extend the Moss Point
& Pascagoula Railroad, the surveyors
being now ut work. The L. n. Dantz-
Ter Lumber Company are building a
railroad from Vancleave westward,
and | predict that this road will finally
run from Moss Point and connect with
the New Orleans & Northeastern Rail.
road at Nicholson, and run east and
connect with the Mobile s. Ohio Rail-
road at Mobile. Thus our Coast will
be given another railroad from New
Orleans to- Mobile, besides changing
the main terminus OF the Gulf & Ship
Island Railroad from Gulfport to Pas.
cagoula. The Moss Point s. Pasca- |
gOula Railroad will run North and
give a Gulf terminus to the great Hill
nois Central Railroad, the Meridian & |
Vicksburg Railroad and the Kansas
City, Memphis s. Birmingham Rail
road.
1t is an old saying that God made
the country. but man makes the towns. |
This is true, and IL our people are
really awake they can in a few years
have many towns and a great com
mercial city, from Elders Ferry south
to Bayou Cassotte.
The mention of Bayou CasSotte re-
minds us that ever to thatold staunch
and conservative W. Denny & Com,
pany have expanded ard bought
up the great Frederic property, and
here we are led to say that Expansion
is IN the air."
l believe that nations. States and
communities, like individuals. have
missions to perform, and when the
Lord says 90 forward they should
obey.
| have seen a great deal written
about THE Prince OF Peace" and all
such rot, but my Bible declares that
fle said "Think not that / came tn
bring peace, but a sword" | would
like to know of Bro. Bryan what he
thinks Of Gods command to Israel to
lake the land of Canaan and kill all
The people. Christ will be the "Prince
Peace" but not until all opposition
md Satan are put down. More when
,he spirit moves me. NJ. A. DEEs.
Moss Point, Miss. March 10, 1900.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

Expansion mean either the viola
ton OF the Constitution. or the admis.
siou TO citizenship in the United States
OF a lot OF niggers. cinnamon, dagoes
and other mOngrel races, who are as
incapable OF understanding free insti-
buttons as a lot Of wild bears. And it
also means that American laborers are
to be placed In competition with Phil.
ippine laborers. who are paid the
best skilled labOr-$l 80 per week. Elk.
pansion will do alright for the million.
aire who would own his princely estate
In the Philippines and work them by
slave labor at starvation prices, and
then sell the products at a good profit
in competition with the fruits of the
toll OF free men, but | see nothing in
IT for the Southern laborer or planter.
Greenwood Commonwealth.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
Congressman Mclain.

The Natchez Evening Bulletin pays
the following compliment to our Con.
gresham:
1.-The able, faithful and conscientious
Representative Of the Sixth District
in Congress has announced his candi.
dacy H.. Te-eiecbiun 10 the position he
ills with such distinguished fidelity.
We do not believe it is needful for our
good friend to make announcement OF
his desire to return To the National
Legislature. The people of his district
will put him back in the place whether
he be willing or unwilling. He is in
diSpenSable to this section and to the
State. We have said, and reiterate
that Mr.. McLain is an ideal C0ngres.
sional servitor. He is not "A spasmodic
worker, but Il steady laborer, alert,
tircless. wise, e~xpeniing no energy
aimleSsly or fruitlessly. There is not
ii faint of demagogism in his honest
spirit. He serves the people from a
sense OF duty, not from a sense of pol.
icy. We have not heard Of any one
who proposes entering the race against
the best Representative the district
mas ever had. To apply a phrase well
used and known, it would be a waste
OF time and money To antagonize the
able and efficient Sixth District Con-
gresham"
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
FRESHMAN.


Capt. G. II. Irving, of Scranton en-
joys the distinction Of being the nus.
band of woman who has been married
to no less than a dozen men in different
parts of the country, nearly ali Of
whom were alive and tolerably healthy
at the same time and from whom she
had thOughtlessly neglected TO procure
divorces. Acting under IA similar i'm
pulse, she forgot to tell each succeed
ing husband the circumstances on,
nected with her life, hut after she
married Captain Irving the affair
leaked out and has now become public
property. On account Of this and
other Irregularities she has been placed
in Jail to await trial and answer the
charges OF such surviving husbands as
care to make complaint about numer-
Gus and divers affections being tram
pied in the dust, and whose pocket
books have been pathetically touch
ed" This lady is evidently Of Mormon
Observation-Disclosures County Press.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

Mr.. Samuel j. Gray has sold the
name, good will. contracts and SUBJ
scriptions OF the Pennington Herald
to Mr.. A. r. Hart, Of the Bay St. Louis
Progress. The publication Of the
Pearlingt0n Herald will be resumed on
or about the lst Of April, after which
time Bro. Hart will be publisher Of
two newspapers, both weekly. We
hope the two publications will make
Bro. Hart the richest editor In the
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
PAsoAGoULA AS A SUMMER RESORT.

AS the first suggestion of the pleas
ant spring breezes are waited to our
cheeks, ito gentle touch sets us to
dreaming OF the beautiful waters
which ripple about the Mississippi
Sound. In our minds eye we find pic.
tured long stretches OF resinous pine
woods, amid whose shades sweet song
birds sing, and at whose feet blue
laughing waters ripple along, tickled
occasionally into white-capped waves
which almost lave beautiful villas Of
snowy white set in the fragrance OF
emerald foliage and radiant blossoms.
or all the earthly ~paradises along
the Mexican Gulf Coast there is moth
ing to equal P%ascagoula in point of
natural and romantic scenery. to say
nothing Of the lovely little towns, so
busy and industrious of Scranton and
Moss Point.
Come all ye who are weary laden and
test the hospitality and beauty OF our
shore.
The convenience OF the Louisville &
Nashville railroad and its cheap rates
will make this an easy thing to you,
and you will not regret il.
On June first an accommodation
train will commence running between
Mobile and G%ulfport, and we are sure
Of innumerable visitors who will be
we'll repaid for their trip to any of the
resorts, for they will find themselves
with renewed energy, health and hap
piness galore.
AS we have said before, just come
and make the experiment we won't
disappOint you.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

program with refreshments at X. of H.
hall on April 18th. Admission rs cents
children 10 cents. BY the same there
Will be given an Easter egg hunt on
Saturday before Easter Sunday.
Some one said the good boys all died
young, but there is one good boy living
In our town. He is kind and consider
ate and brought his teacher, who is q
widow, a nice load OF wood Christmas
for a present. He works and earns the
money he pays for his schooling, indie
pendent of his parents. He is reliable
and liked by all. His name Is Albert
Miller, son Of Mr.. Joe Miller.~
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

The discharged colored walters and
the substitution Of white men ny a
number Of restaurants OF New York
shows the growing prejudice to the
colored man in the North. The North
ern press and platform is ~eternally
bowling for equal rights for the negro
IN the South, yet many instances can
be cited where the usual pursuits and
advocation granted him down here are
denied him in the North. The South
Is the home for the colored mar and
the Southern man is his best friend
after all.-Columbus Dispatcb.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
POLL TAX ~DELINQuENTS.


An Act to require the tax collectors of
the State have published a list Of
the name Of all persons delinquent
for poll taxes after the irst OF Feb
ruary In each year.
SEC. l.. BE IL enacted by the lepis.
lature az the State OF Mississippi.
That it shall be the duty of the tax
collectors OF the different counties OF
the State and they are hereby required
to make, on or before the first day OF
March Of each year. alphabetical lists
of all persons in each district of the
county, Object to pay poll tax and who
have 60g paid the same on or before
the first day Of February OF each year.
Said lists OF delinquents shall be made
on or before the first day Of March OF
each year, duly sworn to by the tax
collector, and by him published in some
newspaper published in the county
once a week for two consecutive weeks
1.-THE drst publication tn be made by
the drst day OF April Ut each year,. and
at the same time mi copy Of each o.
said lists shall also be posted for two
weeks at the court house, or court
houses II there be more than q court
house in the county. or IL the proprie.
tor OF the newspaper 0r newspapers
published in the county fail or refuse
To publish list at the price hereinafter
provided for, then Che tax collector
shall post a copy OF the delinquents in
each district in some public place in
the district, and this shall be done as
above provided for lists posted at the
court house or court houses.
SEC. 2. That the proper costs for
advertising the delinquent lists for
poll taxes to be paid out of the courty
treasury upon the allowance Of the
board OF supervisors. Provided. not
more than two names be placed in a
line. The cost Of such publication to
be at the rate OF five cents a line for
each insertion. The total cost of such
publication not to exceed twenty-five
1921 O) dollars for any year.
SEC. 8. That the tax collectors in
the different counties in this State
shall, within thirty days OF every
election, furnish the board of election
commissioners with a list Of those de.
linquent for poll taxes aud so adver-
tiSed as provided for in section ]. OF
this act, and the same shall be prima
facia evidence that the persons on the
lists had not paid their taxes before
the second day Of February.
SEC. 4. That any tax collector who
shall fail or refuse to comply with any
OF the provisions OF this act shall be
deemed guilty Of a misdemean0r and
upon conviction shall be fined in a sum
OF not less than twenty 1925 OW
dollars nor more than five hundred
dollars.
SEC. 5. That this act take effect and
be in force from and after its passage.
Approved March 10, 1900.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
Our South Mississippi Coast.
Aberdeen Examiner.

Aberdeen Examiner.
Friend p. X. Mayors. OF the Pasca-
goula DEMOCRAT-STAR eulogizes our
lovely SOuth-M Mississippi coast. Moth.
ing he could say in its behalf would
ilatter or exaggcrate. Old Baron Hum
boldt. n of the greatest travellers
wrote OF 1t nearly IA hundred years ago
as 1.-THE most salubriouS spot On
EARTH" and the whole world will in.
dorse him in the near future, and its
eighty miles Of sea-frOnt will be u CON
tinuOus row OF villas. hotels and SAM
tariums the winter health resort of
the North !; the %favori,e and restful
resort Of the people Of the Southern
cities and the valley plantations.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
-
ESCATAWPA ITEMS.
by SCRIBUs.

-
Wintry winds do not go we'll with
fruit blossoms.
The store at M. P. L. Co.'s mill has ha6
all addition puton, and business is thriv.
ing there.
When you sweep the church foo,
don't forget tosweep under the benches
and stove. irt
The preacher says Conscience makes
towards Of usiall," and one a that
people do not attend church more regu-
larly is because they ore not willing to
square up w~ithgtheir consciences and do
right. , s-llt.e 81 J-9
MI. A Smith and son have O contract
to cut and deliver o large quantity Of
-oe"lut hsTaf @
Mrs. Levin, lecturer and organizer for
l. p. 4 H. M. IS. ia expected to visit here
very soon, and will be the guest of the
society here. pfi
The parsonage quilting bee was at the
home of Mrs. Joe Cirlot on Tuesday Of
last week. The quilting was all right,
and SO was that gumbo and other nice
things that composed the dinner furn-
ished by the hostess.
Mr.. G.. w. Garner came over and at
tended to the burial of the negro who
was killed at the Lake mills.
Young ladies and gentlemen should
go out of church while services are
being conducted.
1t is said q newspaper will make its
appearance very soon in the little village
OF Moss Point, across the river from Els.
catawpa.
The ladies aid society OF the Baptist
church will give, m entertainment April
9th for benefit Of their treasury.
So said, that aIcsrtain young bachelor
will go TO- keeping "bach" soon. That
shouldn't be; there are too many nice
Young housekeepers. A word to the
stc, and he has . very nice bird
cage rsa>kely, too.
MI. 9. Mort hAs ) nice, new fence
aroYUk his yssd, and win finish the in
tericf - his home in . beautiful and
srtisticsmsaner soon.
The L. P.s. viii give anoatQrbainment
sonsisting o. : literary - musical
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

The platform adopted by the Neb-
raska State Convention Monday, and
which w. j. Bryan favors for adoption
by the National Democratic Conven-
tion, reafirms the Chicago platform,
opposes a large standing army, de-
nounces the action OF the Republican
party on the Puerto Rican tariff bill,
declares against trusts and imperial
ism, and fav0rs the election of United
States Senators by popular vote.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
LAND NOTICE,
LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, MISS,
A-IA aAoA

LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, MIss,.)
March 8, 1900.
Notice is hereby given that the follow.
ing-named settler has filed notice OF her
intention to make final proof in support
of her claim; and that said proof will be
made before the circuit clerk of Jackson
county, ut Scranton, Miss, ON April 26,
1900, viz:
Lucy M. Rouse, homestead entry No.
&!,5l4, for the nwN, section 30, township
4 south, range 8 west.
She names the following witnesses to
prove her continuous residence upon and
cultivation Of said land, viz:
Ruben Byrd, Suten r. Byrd, Amazier
Breeland, John Gates, all Of Vancleave,
Miss. ~ -
March l8, 1900. 5-0t
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
LAND NOTICE.
LAND OFFICE At JACKSON, Miss,

r ""NO OFFTOb At JACKBON, MIsH.,
- February ~, 1900.
Notice is hereby given that the follow
intention to make final proof in sunnort
OF his claim, and that said proof wifi he
made before the circuit clerk Of Jackson
county, at Scranton, Miss, on April s,
Lewis Eerfill, homestead entry No.
25,2HO, for the M swN and sWK swN.
section %, township 8 south, range 8
He names the following witnesses To
prove n continuous residence o and
cultivation Of said land, viz:
Henry Cooley, Benjamin Brown. Gal.
vim Prior, Green Prior, all Of Basin.
!. r-..,....,. ,.,o JAMES HILL, Register,
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
MARINE.
OFFICE DEMoCRAr.SrAR,l
Scranton, Miss, March %, 1900.

REPORT for week ending March %. 1901
ENTERED.
March 10; British sch. Lena Pickup Roop, %,
tons nom Havana.
March 70: Mexican sch. Tres Hermanos, Herman
dec, % tons from Campeche.
"ar trau ~ MOI, sup Servia, S%orensen, 1909 tons
Aarch ". American sch. Otis Clinton, s53 tons
IRON Havana. ~
March 20. American sch. Clifford I. White. Over
s5s tons from MatanzAs.
March II. American sch. James Slater. Petersen.
s66 tons from Cienfugos.
CLEARED.
March Is. British sch. Syanara for Havana. with
Ha.'ai. feet lG.Aber, val $5,327 by l.. n. Dantz.
March Is. British ship Thomas Hilyard for AM
sterlam, Hol.. with / 0as, 2ss feet lumber, val.
Sizgsi ny Paterson; Downing Il Go.
March 10 1t. bark Lima for Genoa. It,, with
Iiso97 feet lumber. val. $500.
March 10. American sch. Abbie C, Stubhs f,r
Kingston, with 800. 1872 feet lumber, val sl.OIs
ny !. N. Dantzler Lumber Co.
Maich IL. American sch. Henrietta J. Powell
for Vera Cruz, with sf6,s SEQ feet lumber, val.
March IS. British sch. Lady SHEA for Nassau. with
iso 1lo feet lumber, val. ga by l.. N. Danlz.
March 10. Am. sch Marian for Caibarien, with
lWo, lo3 feet lumber. val. u. 49, by s. ), Henry.
March 20. British sch Melrose for Nassau with
l57,i2a feet lumber, val. 81 1888 by S. 5. Henry
March ~. American sch. Anne NJ. Stammer for
HAVANA, with 344,014 feet lumber, val. "a. 10 By
J.. N Dantzler Lumber Co.
Marrh ~. Nor. bark Asathe for Fleetwood, Eng.
with s43, $40 feet lumber, val. go. 3e3 b., Baars,
DunwOody II Co.
New York Daily HERALD at Scranton
Pharmacy, north L. ~ N. Depot
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

II Mary who owned the little lamb
were here it would no longer he Mary,
but the fascinating and charming Miss
Mae. When a certain girl started To
school several years ago her name was
Bridget. The next year she changed
it to Bridgetta. During the second
year she dropped the first syllable and
became Eta. That developed intn
Margaretta and finally into Marguer-
lite. That is "A long jump from Bridget,
but 1t seems tn he the order Of the
day.-Hatticsburg Progress.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
LAND NOTICE.
LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, MISS.

LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, MIss., I
March 8, 1900.
Notice is hereby given that the follow
ing-named settler has filed notice of his
intention to make final proof in support
OF his claim, and that said proof will be
made before the circuit clerk Of Jackson
county, at Scranton, Miss, on April q,
1900, viz:
William s. Brooks, homestead entry
.06,4s3, for the se14 swA, VIZ seq,
section % and neA nwX, section 81,
township 0 south, range 6 west.
lie names the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation of said land, viz:
John Parker, Aaron CCurtenay, Lewis
Sepree, Charles Cronier, all of Canady,
Miss.
So, ,oo JAMES HILL, Reg ister.
MArCh ~, lIO. SGT
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
There IL some talk among tn

There II some talk among the CAPT.
tallsts OF Jackson about building a
magnificent modern hotel. The Lord
knows that the capital city needs a
decent hotel more than anything else.
II has never had but n good hotel,
and that was the Bowman house built
before the war. It only lasted q short
time before 1t was destroyed by Ore.
BY I'll means let Jackson have q Grst.
claas, up-tO-date hotel. and leave other
cnterprises alone fur the present.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

Biloxi wants more hotels. Scranton
% well as every town along the Gulf
Coast needs larger and more modern
noteis, except Pass Christian. The
Mexican Gulf Hotel az that beautiful
sea side resort is all that is needed
there, and We understand It IL full Of
guests the rear round.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

Gov. Longino has appointed Capt.
W. II. Hardy, of Hattiesburg and Gen.
William Henry. Of Jackson as commits.
sioners to the Pan-American EXPOSE
tion, which will be held next year at
Buffalo, N. Y.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

Col. W. A. Montgomery, Of Kinds
county has announced himself a candi-
date for Congress to succeed Hon. Pat
Henry. Montgomery wanted the Gov
ernor's Office, now he wants to go to
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
FOR CONGRESS-SIXTH DISTRICT,
We are authorized to announce
HON. FRANK A. MCLAIN,

OF Amite county, as a candidate for re.
election to the Lower Houseof Congress
from the Sixth District, composed of the
counties Of Adams, Wilkinson, Amite,
Pike, Lawrence, Covington, Marion
Pearl River, Perry, Greene, Jones, Har-
rison, Hancock and Jackson, subject to
the action Of the Democratic party.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

There is a truce between the Demo
Gratis and Republicans In Kentucky.
to exist until the supreme court shall
render u decision. After that no one
can tell what may happen. There may
be fireworks.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
Administrators Notice.

This public notice is given that letters OF
Administration on the estate OF Ira W.
Moifett. deceased, been this day issued to the
Undersigned, and he also hereby gives notice
to oil perso ms who may have any claims
against said estate to probate the same fOr
registry and allowance within the time al
lowed by law. or same will he forever barred.
1900.
ALBERT A. MOFTETT, Administrator.
March 10, 1900, h.St
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
LAND NOTICE.
LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, IfIss

LAND OFFICE AT JACKSON, MISS I
January 20. 1909.
Notice is hereby given that the fol-
lowing-named settler has filed notice OF
his intention to make final proof in sup.
port of his claim, and that said proof
will be made before the circuit clerk Of
Jackson county, at Scranton, Miss, on
March q, 1900, viz:
James Malcom, homestead entry No.
Zl!,H3o, for the wv seq and SEX seE, Sec
ton 30, township 8 south, range 5 west
He names the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation Of said land, viz:
Dawson Waters, Jr., John Tilley,
Alfred Tanner, Joseph X. Tanner, all Of
Americus, Miss.
February 2, 1900. siSt
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

The board of'health Of San Francisco
now acknowledges that the Chinaman
who died in. that city IA few days ago
died Of the bubonic plague-the first
case Of the disease that has ever
occurred In America.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

The Free Skaters are gathering at
S~m'thfeld, about seventy-fve miles
south OF Bloemfontein and about ffty
miles east Of SpringfonteIn, where
Gatacre is.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

We direct the attention Of readers
to the advertisements OF L. Hammel
u Co., retail and wholesale dry goods
merchants Block Bros, Southern car.
rage repository; John Z. Scott, piano
and music dealer, all of Mobile, Ala.
These firms are well known and relia.
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23
Nonresident Notice.

To Mrs. Emma Frances Scherrer, Mrs. Eliza
beth II. OldendOrf, Mrs. Henrietta Bud
dig. administrators Of tho estate of II.
Buddy. deceased, and Harry Gisch:
You are hereby commanded to appcr be.
fore the %chancery court Of Jackson county,
Mississippi. AT the courthouse thereof, In the
town OF Scranton. on the
Second Monday. the 1871 day Of .Augnst, 1900,
to defend the suit of Amanda Giscb. ct. ais.
In saiH court, wherein you are defendants.
Given under my hand this 18th day of
March. 1880. +. II. LEWIS. Clerk.
March %, 1900. off
The Pascagoula democrat-star. (Pascagoula, Miss.) 1878-1920, 1900-03-23

The British intend to "pacify and
"benevolently assimilate" the Dutch
republics by giving every British set
tier 240 acres OF land now owned by
the BOer republics.