The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1900-10-14
cIzed. and Pencles became sole ruler OF the
State. thus fulfilling the prophecy,
I IT,.

Of Sicily. For more than u century the phe-
nomena Of nature had been made a subject
Of inquiry in the Ionian cities OF ASIA MinGT'
and AnaXagoras was one Of the last ana great
est representatives Of this school oil research.
The negative results Of such philosophy were
more Cogent than the positive, no Two thinkers
agreed In their explanation OF the universe,
but they were all Of one mind In denying truth.
and reality TO the changing phenomena of the
outward world. The same searching CRITICISM
was In time applied To politics aud ethics. The
various forms Of government we're discussed.
and with them the object and purpose OF all
government. a distinction was drawn between
nature and ordinance. between universal and
particular laws. It was but a short step To pass
on to ethics and ask: What is the criterion Of
right or wrong? What is the value Of custom?
What weight should be given to authority
Istruth the same for all. or does it vary accord
ing to circumstances and tcmperamentsP
This spirit Of inquiry passed from the extreme
east to the extreme west Of the Greclan world.
The speculations current at Miletus and Ephe-
sus we're repeated In the cities Of Magma Hrr'oia
and Sicily. but owing to peculiar circumstance
politics became Of more importance than phys
| les in the Sicilian cities. and philosophy tended
10 pass into rhetoric. Not only were those
cities constantly engaged I'm setting their
| house In order" I'm reconCillng the claims OF
various settlers and harmouiIlnG the customs
of various tribes. but more especially. AFTER
the expulsion ~ the tyrauts and the re'tora-
| ton of the old inhabitants IN their homes ana
possessions. numerous questions would arise
| which could only be settled in the law courts
# was bv the art of speech that men hoped 10
| regain their lost position, OFTEN. no douh''
the claims put forward were Of a very unccr-
go. r..l ,.I tI.ra ytna IA rTAlt tpmntnflnn
to make the worse appear tho better reason.
This had not been the attitude Of tho older
inauirers. but now philosophy and sophistrN
p,rtsd comnany. they Stood a. far a~und"r
a do the student Of Jurisprudence aud tho
successful pleader. While AnaNagOras would
have been in danger of starvation had not
PericIes come to his help. aud while Socrates
lived on less than the LATEST citizen could earn,
the new teachers, such as ProtaRoras Of Nhd"ra
aud GorgiaS Of eontiui. we're we'll paid for their
instruction. The wandering life Of these
sophists. who went from city 10 city as lectur-
ar. emancipated them from civic traditions
and thus a prejudice was raised against them
i'm cities where morality came To men through
the state and was bound NJ with state insti-
tu,ions. Among the sophiSts were men OF
great ability and knowledge who played a
useful part In stimulating the minds Of their
INllNtS ana hllldl |lhS W NH'I' ''''' ''''
| which was new and valuable. but even the best
Of them hardly perceived the true effect of
his teaching and the sccond.rate we're mere
| intellectual g,adatorS. ready to maintain any
| thesis for tho sake Of display and profit.
The appearance Of the sophists and the
| spread Of sophiStical teachings seems for n
time to have rcvolutionil"d education at Ath-
ems In more than one play the comic poet
Ari-tophanc. contrasts old things and new. the
| Young man ~ lie had b'cu when moulded 10y the
best traditions Of Athens. and n LIE became
in the hands Of sophists. In mind and body
the change was for the worse, dignihed oh"-
dience and decorous selt-control were succeeded
by a noisy. arglmcntatlve cono"It which @ aimed
to be infallible on every subject The older
| men at Athens watched the movement with
anxious eyes. More especially were the young
orators regarded with suspicion; stripling4
who came forward with the new equipment
Of logic and d~ialecticS. They were thought
to be entirely without moral principles, and
an orator of the new school was at once as
stunned 10 be a man Of bad character With
| Pericles, on the other hand, the sophists and
their doctrines found u welcome, and he thereby
brought on himself a par, Of the dislike which
the plain Athenian felt for Intellectual hair
- lifting. Ultimately a combination was
formed against Pericles, and parties, which
81
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