davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
nidn,t Knnw the Governor.

Gov. Tyler was at Fairfax TO attend
the celebration there. bat did not ar
rive till late in the day He was ex'
pected earlier, but ne missed con-
nections, and when he reached Fairfax
station he presented a dusty and be-
draggled appearance and felt overcome
By the heat. AS the celebration was at
Fairfax o. H., the crowd was there Of
course, but buggy was sent to the
rail yay station, some distance away, to
convey the Governor to the courthouse
when his belated train arrived. When
he reached the station he saw no famil-
lar face, but selecting the best looking
buggy in the collection he approached
the driver and asked If that buggy was
sent to take Gov Tyler to the court
house. The driver. a oolored man, re-.
plied in the affirmative, whereupon the
Governor said; Il am Gov Tyler. 7"
The driver looking at the dusty indi
vidual before him, without saying a
word. shook his head and drove eff
Then the Governor got into public
conveyance and was driven TO the court
house where he received hearty vel.
come. He tells this story himself
Alex. Caste.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Thev Need Water.

Nearly all off the railroads running
into Richmond are beginning to feel
the effect of the long drouth upon their
water supply, and more than once late
IL two tenders have been required to
carry water for one engine going up
the road.
The o. and o has q fine pond near
Frederick Hall which Is fed by a good
strsam and which has served we'll this
summer. Recently, though the pond BE-
gan to fail. The usual water supply
was missing and its sedgy sides bore
evidence Of the lack of the limpid tide
A grave and serious official, who is
authority on water supply, visited the
pond TO ascertain by what freak Of
nature the stream had ceased its merry
flowing.
Up above the pond and In the woods,
he came across q batch Of industrious
negro men who had built splendid
dam that stopped the riVulet In lie
career and was furnishing deep ana
refreshing looking pool.
what are you fellows doing" asked
the railroad man.
why, boss. we'se gittin ready for
DO baptism, " and away he dug, dam.
ming the creek and the o. and 0. man
went Off doing the same thing at the
negro. Richmond News.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Miss Jewett Departs

Miss Lillian Clayton Jewett. Of Bos-
ton left Richmond Friday for New
York. IL is possible that the fact that
in her mail the young woman received
letters advising her to take this course
had something to do with her departure
She admitted that she had received a
number Of communications from Rich.
mond people, but declined TO discuss
their nature.
One Of these letters. however. was
from Mr.. JIG Eggleston, q well-known
young lawyer Of Richmond. who offer
ed TO enter into a joint debate with the
pretty agitator. His proposition was
that these discussions should be held in
one of the largest halls that could be
secured In Richmond or elsewhere 10
the South, and that each debatOr should
have limited time under prescribed
rules. Mr.. Eggleston proposed that the
money taken Ia from this unique de-
bate shoald be given the orphans Of the
victims Of lynch law Miss Jeweit did
not reply TO this offer but. it Is believed,
will do so as soon as she arrives North
If the proposition is accepted. the joint
meeting. which will be the first one
ever known in the South between D
man and a woman, will attract q vast
deal of attention.
Miss Jewett was greatly disappointed
that she did not receive more cordial
reception at the hands Of the oclored
convention and members Of that race
generally. She confessed that there at
the former capital Of the Oonfederacy
she expected 90 be given q rousing re-
ception by the negroes. This was by
no means accorded her Whatever may
have been the real wishes Of the colored
people. the leaders prevented any formal
recognition of the young Boston woman.
"A fact that appeals to me, " said
Miss Jewett in an interview, "is the
number Of deaths annually recorded as
resulting from hasty action Of mobs. "
But all these" il was suggested /.
"are not negroes. and only small per
cent. are for assault.
That is true" said Miss Jewett,
land will confess that were lynch
ings for offenses against white women
by negroes the only offenses l would no
longer advocate this movement in the
way that do. You don't understand
me, " she continued. mo one does, and
sometimes 1 don't understand myself.
l have been under a nervous strain Tor
such length Of time that l am abso-
lutely in need of rest. "
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
FREDERICKSBURG W TUESDAY. SassEMBER 49, 1900

owner 20 any part Of Great Brit
ain, the slave instantly became free.
and continued free 10 all intents
and purposes. About the year 1860
the High Court Of Admiralty Of
! Glasgow, Scotland, made a similar
decision In the case Of negro slave.
voluntarily brought by mis- owner
10 that city. Bot the leading case is
that Of a negro slave named Somerset,
who was by the voluntary action OF his
owner brought to the soil of old Eng
land. The slage made { lends. and by
their aid asserted in the English courts
his freedom against the claim Of his
alleged owner Lord Mansfield. as chief
Justice decided the case in l772, and
declared the slave to be free. And these
authorities had been followed by several
decisions in the United States, both In
she Northern and Southern States. which
were all to the same effect One Of
them was the case Of a mulatto slave
girl In New Orleans, who had been
voluntarily sent by her owner 30 Paris,
In France, TO learn the trade Of dress
ing the hair. Mr. Justice Matthews
decided that she was thus made free.
he said: Everything which may
p operly be done in paTvorem libertatIs
should be- done, even TO notice parts tof
history dehors the record " And in
the Somerset case. Lord Mansfield said
"The state Of slavery is Of such ma.
ture that It is incapable Of being intro
duced on any reasons, moral or politi.
cal, bat only by positive law. which
preserves It's force long after the rea-
sous, occasions and time itself from
whence it was created are erased from
memory IL Is 80 odious that nothing
can be suffered to support it, but posi-
tive law.
Therefore the common law declared
Dred Scott to be free. The facts are
briefly these he had been the negro
slave of Doctor Emerson, surgeon in
the United States army residing IN Mis-
souri, In 1884 his owner voluntarily
carried Dred Scott 20 the military post
of Rock Island. In Illinois "a free State
under she Virginia Ordinance Of l7S7)
and afterwards carried him in 1885 TO
Fort Smelling in the territory acquired
from France, and north Of 36, 30, and
therefore free territory. In 1888 DR..
Emerson carried Dred Scott back 80
Missouri, and sfterward sold him and
his wife aud children to John +. A.
Sanford, who laid hands on them TO
claim and control them as his property.
Assuredly upon the facts and she law
as setforth by Lord Mansfield and fol.
lowed in the United States. Dred Scott
was free.
But the seven judges declined TO act
in favor Of liberty. They wished TO
settle the law favorably 90 what they
regarded as Democratic doctrine. But
they were not Democrats after the
Thomas Jefferson type. They decided
according TO the school known as loco.
fooo," in the days Of Andrew Jackson
and Martin Van Buren,. The motto Of
that school was that Of offensive wars.
ITO the viotors belong the spoils "
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Correspondence of The Free Lance }

Correspondence Of The Free Lance
King George O. II Sept 18th.
Rev. John MoNabbe. Of Herndon,
Fairfax county. Is visiting in the coun-
ty. where ne meets hearty greetings.
Rev DIR. II o. Cameron, professor at
Princeton University. who has been
visiting the Hunters, has returned
home.
Miss Austins Arnold, daughter Of DR.
7. I. Arnold, Of willow Hill, left
on the llth inst to attend school. in
Farmville. Va.
Mr.. T j. Hargest. Of BLEAK Hill, "
is visiting friends in Baltimore and
Hartford county, Md
Miss Lillian Gouldman, daughter Of
Mr.. A. b. GoulomsD. Of White
Plains. us visiting friends in Washing.
ton.
Mr. Lewis A Ashton, Of Waterloo
has returned from business trip to
Washington.
Mrs. Kate K. Henry and Miss Flora
Mason, who have been spending the
past month at Old Point aud Virginia
Beach, have returned to Shelburne, "
the home OF Judge John K. Mason.
The school board of Rsppahannock
District has elected the following
teachers for the public schools in the
said district, which will open on Octo.
Der lst The oolo.ed teachers are des
ignated by the letter 20" opposite
their names Mr.. NJ A. Potts school
No. Miss n. L. Goodman, No. 3;
Miss Mary Gray Arnold. No 81 Mr.
Jas H. Boggs. No. A Mr.. f. D.
Davis. No. 8; Miss Mamie Rogers,
No 8; Miss Lillian Gouldmsn, No II;
Mr. Geo. F. Parker. C, No. 6 Mr. s
J. Parker, c. No 7 Miss NJ. E. Bur.
rell, G, No 10; --.
Miss Bessie Mason aud Mr.. Roy Ma
son, of Colonial Beach, who have been
visiting their uncle, Mr. E W Mason
at Cleveland. have returned home.
Miss Kitty Pollock, Of Washington
is the guest Of Miss Eva Tayloe. at
PoWhatan.
Mr.. Geo Ogle Tayloe of Ferneaux, ="
who has been the guest Of Mr.. Geo
Mason, at Colonial Beach, has return.
ed home.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Southern RAILWAY.
sobpdule in Eject June II. 1901

6ohpdule in Eject June II. lSOO
All trains arrive at ana depart from
Pennsvlyania Passenger SIatOl. ,,,-,....
S.OI A. M.-Daily-for DanViie' CnHIlVese
and wsy stations, connecting al SalYellon 'I''s-.
60, Werrenton. al Manassas Tor Strasoufg
IA Harrisonburg daily and StauntOn week
dsos Al I,vnchburg with the Norfolk ano
WSstsrn daily for Roanoke ana poiIls
oonth huest and with @. X y. x. X. daily lOi
Natural Bridge and Lexington. ,v,-,,c,,,,
ills A. M-Dally Tim UriIhb
STATES FAST MAIL carries FulIIisn n
alaspers New York and "sshihsIoln c. ~
TscIsonvilie. via savannah. uniting AZ SsI-
susn-S vith pullman Sleeper for Asne-
S;iSs and Hot Springs, \. u. knoN-
viIIs Chattanooga and mehlBni1 l3ll u,
T1o, rn and al Charlotte with fuIl-
1osn aleener for Augusta snd Birmingham
snd at Columbia with sleeper Iof mares
TON Pullman Sleeper New YORK " Tn Nen
Orleans. Solid train Washington 70 Een
Orleans without change, connects a. Ly yiiOi,'
burg daily for Natural B5iuse qnu pafo-d iA'Vs We
ton, and week days LOT HaS'
DiI.a5 mn N-Dsily- Local for Chsrlottes-
VILE. connecting at Calyerton Tor warren
ION; on, p M-IOcal for 5trssbnrg and Har'
.,,onburg daily except Sunday. ..----,,,.
4.3O p. " daily, local tor HheIlot.ssF
connecting at CalyeIton I9a , " an6 vior,da
pSnrsas pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars
~ York and Washington to Port tampa,
';a Iacksonviue. and to Augusta wa
cninmhia with connection Tor Aiken.
Thronoh coach 70 Jacksonville. Dining Gar
sefsiS o.sS p NJ. daily, washington and
Chattanooga Limited, via lynchlo.uIg, VIII ~
Sleepers. New York and Washington 70
Memphis and New Orleans through Bristol.
Throngh .cosch to Memphis. Parlor
God Observation Car between Radford Va,
ana Alfalfa, Ala. Dining Car service.
tn45 PM daily, WASHINGTON AND
aOTTH. w ESTERN, VESTIBULED LIN.
iTEDn composed OF Pullman Vestibuled
9Ieepers. Dining Cars and Day Ooacnes, fuil'
man sleepeYs, New York 70 NeshYille,
Tenn. via Asheville, Knoxville and Chat
tsnooca; New York to Memphis, via blrin-
ingham. New York to New Orleans, via AT
ianta and Montgomery. Pullman, Library
and Observation car between New York and
Washington and Macon. Vestouled Day
Coach, Washington to New Orleans Dining
"a annsst v personally Conducted Tourists
RTonrsion. Through Sleeper on this train
avery Monday, Wednesday and FRIDAY
from Washington TO san FIahclsCo oo y wisn- 20
ont changa. Leave Richmond at ll.OO Z. M.
TrainT on the Marrow Gauge reaon Orange
daily at l0:40 A. M
Trains on the Southern Railway pan'
Orange DkILY AZ follows
aOUfH BOUND =.
Il:1O A. NJ. 235 2. NJ 7.4o Z. d.
north BOUND =,
For rates. map folders and s'eeping car
snsoe apply to nearest Southern Railway
Agent, or
- q -. E.xN
FRANK S.GANN0N Bird Y. Pres q 9en.Mg ~
IN. OULP, Trsfii1 Man 'ger.
W. A. TURR General Passenger AGENT
ia BROWN, Generi Il Agent,
WASHINGTON, ID. o
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
CRABS AND OYSTERS.
Great Demand for the Little Red DoIioao

Great Demand for the Little Red Delicacy
1.-The demand for that little Southern
delicacy, the oyster crab, is always larg-
er than the supply. and have all can
do 70 abtain the so or 80 gallons which
are daily required TO flavor stews and
making omelets In the leading hotels,
restaurants and clubs of this city, said
a wholesale fish dealer IN New York to
Washington Star writer. "Our north
ern oysters do not obtain these little
dainties so l am obliged to buy them
from the oyster shuckers along the
York, Rsppahannook and other Southern
rivers. The Chesapeake Bay shore oyster
men send us some also.
"The little crab found in the oysters
lie not. as commonly supposed by two
thirds of the oyster.eating community,
she young Of the blue crab. but Is o
distinct species. 1t is q messmate VI
and caterer 20 the wants Of the oyster,
therefore, being benefit instead OF 8
detriment to the latter. In return for
the oysters kindness in protecting Is
against its enemies the little crab catches
and ornshes food which in its entire
state could not be taken by oysters A
singular thing in connection with them
is that AL found inside Of the oyster
are females. The male Of the same
variety has hard shell.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

The National Council. o. U. A. NJ. ,
closed the work of the council in Rich.
mond last week. A. l. Thompson, Of
New Britain. Conn was elected Of
major general for q term of two years.
The funeral benefit department hiss paid
in claims $Ss. 400 during the past year
A per capita tax from State councils tc
the National Council was fixed at iC
cents on each member in the several
jurisdictions. The board of officers wal
instructed TO form plans to raise funds
for the relief of the Galveston suffer
ara
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
BURNING BODIES OF FLOOD VICTIMS
corpses Thrown Into the Sea Washed
Ashore.

The CRY still comes from Galveston for
disinfeotants. It is the one hope OF saw
ing what ls left of the population Tele-
grams are pouring into Dallas and every
other Texas city asking for lime. car.
bolic acid and anything else that VIII
operate 10 purify the sitting condi'
tiOns
A new horror is confronting Galveston
Il is second disposition Of many OF
the dead. Bodies thrown into the sea are
hoatiug back TO the city. They must
now be disposed of by burning Dis
infeotants become more necessary.
State troops that have been on duty
at Galveston are breaking down from
their exertions and the unsanitary con-
ditions. Adjutant. General Scurry call
ed out the Dallas Rough Riders Of
the First Cavalry to relieve the
exhausted Light Guards.
Relief work is down to a systematic
basis. Dallas is the principal point OF
concentration and distribution for more
than one half of the State and much
of the country outside Of Texas. By
actual count BOG communities have re.
mitted their contributions Of money,
clothing. food, drugs. etc, to Dallas.
Counting what has been received by
Gov. Sayers and the relief com
mittee at Galveston and Houston. ap'
proximately 100000 worth Of relief
has been obtained and the stream Is
increasing in volume.
Ten times as much, however. as has
been donated will be needed before the
distress is safely relieved. Drugs. disin'
feotants and clothing ore the most
pressing needs.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Potomac, fredericksburg
AU16JE0MOHT 9AILROAD
NV <cnednle for 1850.

Connections at FredericRsoUrg VII "a n
a r and Weems Steamboat 20. AZ
Orange with Southern snd Chesapeake 2
Ohio x. K. -.,,-....,,l. ana
The only line to the ChanceliOrSvils sno
wilderness Bsttlehelds. ,-.o-,.
eastern Standard Time. Dsily eLcsptsnn'
daV. w. h. RICHARDS, Gen MSnsssl. 1Su
f'rrain No. 2 leaves Orange the aih molSAiSS
IN each month at p. m
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
Railroads.
N s &7W NaTIoIh9sMle MesterN lest
Schedule N Eject
Nav 27. 1900.
EAVE SIC n MON SfND-

NAV = r iSOOs -..-@
LEAVE ElS = MGHn Hnr,oNs NJ
o.OO \. NJ. NORFOLN LINZ ~, ~,
Ives Noriolk ll:sO A. NJ stops oh'y AZ ,,s ~
ershurs Waycrly, and sGuoiS. S''''" ass
.fckets not accepted nn in,s ttHl.' y tpPSS
COS An THE ChlCANo p y " ~ -,
S-OS,.bl,nrs Roanoke. Columbus. Hno
r,i.s.-o Rufct Par,or car Potter o'urS I"
g"anskc Pullman sleeper hoanoNe u" W, w.,
'r,I',s. also. Tor BristO', hnoNNllc' anu
Cbatfsnooea Pullman sleeper hoahoN' u"
LIS LIS p, ". Ocean shore Limited. Arrives
NSrf * 5.l5 a. VI stops only az , tlc..u :, y
Waverly. and suffolk SECOND GAS va 1''S''S ~,
not good on this train Through e'"V" u
Virginia Beach .,.eoi,, and in
$50 i. NJ For suffolk. Norlo,N anu any II i.
tcrmediatc stations. Arrives AT N"''''N ~
o1O p. NJ, For Lynchhurg. and hoanoke, s,',
f,1,,o,S|.ts AZ Tynchurr with washington anu
Tbs,rsnoos5 Limited Pui man eleeperS
Lvnchburg 70 Mcmphis and NeN Vl,Ss,t,, Vl,Vs,.s
g9fc. pariur and Observation c0is na"',' ,'', y, !,
m Alfalfa. Ala. Pullman sleeper w. w., !. !.
Richmoud ami LyuchuurE, ah9 neI'9s '.1o3 .,.'33
for occur ancy 40 ssI Z, NJ Als"' i"'''''''''
Slsepcr Petcrsburg ana NoauoNc' .,,......
Trains arrive richmond from L4 p, ,1,'',, ,, u, p
.,, D.. West a Ally al l.ii y. NJ. aud 80 J., vi
from Norfolk and the East az li-i" - 'N'' '''
\. NJ. and $50 Z. VI.
Oncc. -, Main street. ,,.rD
city Passenger and IicFct A-cui'
e. Il. BOSLEY. District Passenger h-ct.,
W.B RfNILL. General taSsvnk'' ~ 80:
General once. Roanoke, va ~
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
HOTEL DANNEHL,
fHEKRv pAWNEHL. Psoe.l

european and American piap- steam. Gas
Electricity. Comfortable Rooms. Bountifnl
Tabl Good Heafaufant. Reasonable rkte1
A well supplied BAR and RK1AlL LLQuoh
N6TABLfbHMHNI II oonneotI0n. oou4
elI ~ thnf ef> tk4NQfp. Htofg 81 lf1,"
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
STATE or ONO, CITY or TOLEDO. 20
Lucas COUNTY,

FRANK J. CHENEY makes oath that he is
senior partner Of the firm OF 4. j. tHENkf 4
"a. doing business In the City Of TOsed0
County and State aforesaid, and that said
firm will pay the sum of ONE HUNDRED
DOLLARS for each and every case OF CA
TARRn that cannot be cured by the use of
''''''' FRANK J. CAENEY.
Sworn TO before me and subscribed in my
presence, this 9th day of December, A. D. 1886.
A. W. GLEASON.
J SEAL Notary Public.
~-Y
Halls Catarrh Cure Is taken internally, and
acts directly on the blood and mucous sur
faces of the system. Send for testimonials
free.
FL. CHENEY CO.. Toledo, o
Sold by Druggists. 100.
Halls Family Pills are the ocnf'
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

The navy will establish trial course
for the smaller war vessels in Ohesa.
peake bay.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

The great success Of chamberlain 8
Colo, Cholera and DiaTrhoea Remedy
in the treatment Of bowel complaints
has made it a standard over the greater
part Of the civilized world For sale
N. N. Lewis, druggist.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

SO. washington to Niagara Falls and Re-
turn $40. via Pennsylvania Railroad.
On Thursdays, July 30. August and
%. September 6 and 20, and October 4
and IS, personally conducted excursions
will leave Washington BY special train
AZ S 90 q. m, arriving Niagara Falls
II ;O5 D. %. Tickets limited 20 ten
devs and allow stop.oyer retuEniDg at
Buffalo, Rochester and Watkins,
fvf4.W-o0tI2
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
C.&O 70 hot Springs

CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE CHICAGO
ST. LOUIS AND TIKI WEST.
THs sHosrHsr AND QUIcKEsT RoUTS 10
THE WEST.
The most direct and popular route to
old Point and Norfolk
GRAINS LEAVE DosWELL, VA
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18
KING GEORGE.

School Teachers Elected Personals, Etc
Etc.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

: Far slasf Information, addEes.
JNO. D. POTTS
a. "a. r, A., Riehmond, Va.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1900-09-18

Time marked daily except sunday.
Pullman Sleeping Cars on Noa. and
for Cincinnati and Louisville.
TRAINS FOR OLD POINT AND
NQRROIK
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1900-03-06
ISM it?
FOR THE PHILIPPINES.
senate Committee Reports FsvorabIy
the spooner Resolution for
Their Government

WARRINGTON, March S-Ths penats
committee ON the Philippines decided 10.
day 70 report the BIN introduced BY gena.
tor spooner Tor the control o. the Philip.
pines Lodge. chairman OF the COMMITTEES.
mace the report TO the senate. The BIN is
as follows.
That when the insgrrection aKains, the
s9Fereigniy and authority OF the United
states IN the Philippine Islands. acquired
from SPAN ~ tae treaty concluded az
faI1a on me 10Th day of December. 1888
shall have been completely suppressed bv
the military and naval forces q the .1nttel
States al military. cigll and Judicial pow
ers Necessary 10 govern said islands shau
unih otherwise provided by congress. bs
vested Ia sqcn person and pef soma and
SHALL be exercised In such manner az ma
president y the United States shan direct
for the maintaining and protecting OF -
innAhit&nts % said Islands "a The free en-
ioymeni % their liberty. property ani re-
lsiur."
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1900-03-06

ORDERED An INVESTIGATION.
Inquiry Into Charge. usde Against
CbarIe.tan'. Officers

NEW YORK March b.--A special 70 tho
Herald from Washington savs
Beside directing Rear Admiral Watson
20 make n thorough investigation % the
charges ~ iutaxication preferred against
TIE officers of the wrecked cruiser Charles
ton, Secretary Long has written &c the
r~rSon making them. requesting that re
specifically name the officers guilty ~
the alleged ofTease
The secretary Is Inclined ia believe the
charges are without foundation. especial
~ as they were sent 20 the department
from Ruigary Instead ~ being preferred
nv a cous0l. Hs reported. they were sent
~ clergyman. TIE secretary sAlA that
they were very general IN character ana
failed 20 give the name o. any officers
keaT Admiral Natsoa has been furnish
20 with copy ~ the communication from
the Clergyman. and eili max. strict n
quiry u l. supposed ~ Department on
ciels that the Clergyman must have got
his Information from an enlisted man
who had a grievance against the Charles
ton officers