davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

that is seldom followed although 1t was adopted by Napoleon in 1903 when he detain- ed 10000 British subjects in prison until the peace of 1874. At present, however, the practice of modern warfare would scarcely justify such an action
 War is not a relation of man to man. but of state to state, and its object. politically speaking, is the redress by force of a na- tional Injury. From the military standpoint it is to procure the complete submission of the enemy as quickly and as cheaply as possible. The rules that have been adopted in the carrying out of this warfare are bas- ed on the general principle that no greater aparm shall Joe done to the enemy than ne cessity may require. The one effort is to bring the enemy to terms and to achieve this there must be no gratuitous barbarities nor can there be any cruelties or insults that might tend to increase the hatred of the enemy without weakening his strength or tending to procure his submission.
 As the result. poisoning is prohibited and assassination is not permitted. although it is permissible for small force to penetrate into the enemy's camp where they can even kill the general or take him prisoner with
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

tired from the profession and spent the greater part of his time in other business, should endeavor to secure the patronage of their most profitable patients.
 It is said that General Wheelers latest messages to the president, which are sent through a colleague in congress, were severely critical in the comments upon the management of the campaign in the Phil ippines, and reflected directly upon his superior officer General Otis. If that were true of any other officer, he might be sub ject to courtmartial, but, as I have sug- gested, General Wheeler Is allowed liber- ties that are not enjoyed by other officers. It is said also that General Wheeler ap- pealed directly to the president for advice as to his future plans. He said that if h.s services were not needed in the Philippines he would return to Washington and resume his seat in congress, where he might be mere useful to the president in promoting glis expansion policy; but if he remained in the Philippines, he wanted active serv- ice, and not garrison duty. I understand that the president has allowed this letter to remain unanswered, but has indirectly erdoavored ito gratify General Wheeler s ambition to chase the Filipinos, leaving his assignment, however, entirely to the judg- -ment of General Otis. The latter, how eyer, has intimated a preference for Gen. eral Wheeler's return to congress, and is reported to have said that his presence at Manila was a continual embarrassment to the army.
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

wantonly damage churches, museums or pubEc buildings. It does not include the right to take private property. The reten- ton of archives is another barbarism that is prohibited by the customs of war There have been times when pictures and other works of art have been seized but such actions do not receive the sanction Of civilized nations. Looting is not permissi ble and authorized pillage Is only resorted to as a last necessity. The pilage of a town taken by assault is an act of barbar- ism and a town that defends itself well must be treated as humanely as if it had quickly capitulated.
 Spies are punishable with death, since there is no other means to guard against the mischief that they may do. spy Is a person who, while in disguise, penetrates the enemy's ranks. If he retains his uni form he cannot be regarded as spy. No one can be made to undertake the office of a spy, but a commander may avail him. self of that or even treacherous informa- tion. Every mode of decelving the enemy which is net perfidious is permissible, but any other conduct is. dishonorable. It is an outrage to use place protected by hos
The age-herald., 1900-01-08
HOW WAR IS WAGED AT PRESENT Rules and Customs That Must Be Faithfully Followed
 If Warfare is to Be Properly Conducted

Although the present war in Africa seems nothing more or less than an organized ef- fort on the part of two armies to extermi- nate each other, regardless of the manner in which 1t is done, it is nevertheless a fact that there are many rules and customs gov ernsng the game of war that are followed with exact nicety by those who are engag- ed in the conflict. To the private citizen these questions of right and wrong, of foui and fair, where war is concerned, are some what mysterious, but military men know and study them for they realize that if these things are not remembered on the battlefield they are liable to bring their government into disrepute.
 War is properly an armed conflict be tween two independent nations and can only be brought by the sovereign power of a state. When there is war between two na- tons. every subject of one nation becomes in the eye of the law an enemy to every subject of the other nation. This principle authorizes the detention as prisoners of war of all subjects of one of the hostile parties found travelling or residing in the country of the other It also authorizes the confis- cation of their goods, an extreme course
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

out infringing any of the customs of war If such customs are transgressed the army committing these acts place themselves in a position to be treated otherwise than as prisoners of war This law, however, does not prohibit the use of high explosives as it is permissible to destroy the enemy by any legitimate means.
 There are no rules as to the treatment of non-combatants, but no humane comman- der will harm them. The United States in- structions say that it is lawful, as an ex- treme measure, to turn back non-combat- ants, in order to expedite surrender, when the commander has expelled them in oder to nave the less mouths ao feed.
 According to the rules of war the enemy consists of two classes CD the armed force; @ the unarmed population. The latter are immune, the former may be destroyed as long as they exist. In cases of surrender quarters should not be denied the former combatants. unless they have been guilty of such violations of the laws of war as to ex- pose themselves to the penalty of death, and, even in such cases, this penalty should not be imposed until after the prisoner has been tried and convicted
 Prisoners of war cannot be compelled to assist their captors in the carrying out of their military operations, but they may be
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

employed in any other capacity. Unless they have given a promise not to escape they are justified in making the attempt. If they are shot while making this attempt no viola ton of the rules have occurred, but if retaken they cannot be punished for hav- ing made their break for liberty.
 Prisoners of war may be paroled but such parole is a voluntary contract. The captor Is not obliged to offer to parole his prisoner and the captured may refuse to accept the parole. If he does agree to release on pa role he pledges himself against active ser vice against the enemy during the existing war, but this does not prevent him from doing service in drilling recruits, quelling disturbances or performing other duties of a semi-peaceful character. If, after mak- ing his pledge, the prisoner finds that it is not approved by his government, he IS bound by his promise to return and surren- der himself to the enemy.
 Parole Is usually given through a. com manding officer. and such an officer r-has the right to give parole for himself and his men. All are bound by his promise Of course the wounded of the enemy are to be
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

cared for second only to one's own wound ed
 The non-combatant population of the en- emy's country cannot be made to fight against those with whom they sympataize but they can be compelled to give up their arms, give bond for good conduct and may be made to act as guides, drivers and workmen, providing all such services are paid for. Fugrtives and deserters, or per sons violating their parole, are liable to the penalty of death. All organized forces an nounclng themselves as enemies. must he treated accordingly. and, if captured, must be accorded the rights due a prisoner Of war
 Retaliation Is military vengeance. It inn plies that when outrage has been com mitted on one side the other side may retal- fate by the commission of a similar act. If prisoners are executed unjustly tho enemy have a perfect right to execute equa; number of prisoners. Retaliation is ie ex- tfeme right of war and should only be re- sorted to as a last necessity.
 The primary object Of war is compansa- tior for an injury and this may or may not be held to include the expense of the war. It is lawful to take from the enemy any thing that conduces to his means of resist ance. This does not include permission to
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

ing his name opposite each mark. He evidently thought it was all fn the line of business and didn't ask any questions. What did you say to him?" asked Char lie, when they had got outside. "Oh," said Joe, 'T just asked him to set down the number of drinks we had and, like the good fellow he is, he did so with out any kick"
 It was unnecessary to give the wander ings of the two friends in their laudable effort to solve what they believed to be a scientific problem in which all humanity was interested. About Il o'clock, However, they appeared in a thirst-quenching palace on Peck street just as the gramophone was shreking out the popular selection, Jerusalem Now Charlie and Joe have an innate respect for the religious, and as tEey stood before the instrument they barred neir heads. They attracted particular attention, and after the machine had run down, they put on their hats and went out They had reached Weybosset street when Joe said:
 'Sharley-'d zat barkeep'-hic-set down. drfnks?'
 Charlie didn't know, so they returned to the pace and after @ vain attempt to ex- plain the matter to tine bar clerk they de- cided to take another drink anyhow, which they agreed to remember as one that was not set down on the paper, but which was to count just the same
 ADout midnight Officer CoStigan came across two well-dressed men seated on the curbstone on Union street fast asleep. One clutched a piece of paper tightly in his hand. They were, of course, given a ride to the Central station, both sleeping peacefully all the way. The paper when examined was a source of curiosity to the officers. It bore fifteen marks and opposite each mark was the name of a well-known bar clerk In some instances the same man had signed his name more than once, but the list in- cluded the names of attendants at probably a dozen different places. The friends met in the morning before Judge Lyman. Charlie started to upbraid Joe for getting him into the scrape, and Joe's feelings were of such nature that he was in no mood to retaliate. While waiting to pay the s9.20 imposed by the judge, he did say, however: Well, hope you're convinced anyhow, Charlie. that the drink after the 18th drink is the 20th drink and that consequently the year following the 1900th year is the 1901st year, the be- ginning of the 20th century.
 "Are you" slowly replied Joe, "prepared from personal experience to state that the drink after the 18th is 'ihe 20th drink?'
 Charlie made no answer, but paid the fines of both. A few minutes later, when again before the mahogany bar, he said:
 1.-The fact is, Joe, when we got into that. church where they were singing, I some how lost count" t.- q remember distinctly being in that church." said Joe, ''but the rest Is flazy. As for the -a0th century question, you have your opinion and have mine. will stand with Miss Hazard. She says she first year didn't count and I know the first drink didn't. It was tine others that did the bus iness."
 And they let it go at that.
The age-herald., 1900-01-08
THE BOTH CENTURY
An Earnest Attempt at Practical Illu
 tration Which Failed

From the Prevalent Journal
 They met near the corner of Westminster and Eddy streets Monday night and by force of gravitation naturally drifted to- ward Middle street. 'Well, Charle,' said Joe, i've are launched on the last year of the nineteenth century,"
 "Oh,, don't know responded Charlie.
 'Whati" said Joe, you don't mean to have me believe that you are one of those mud-brained individuals who imagine that this is the first night of the twentieth cen- tury?'
 "I don't know what my brains are com- posed of," came back Charlie, "but I do know that Miss Caroline Hazard, of Peach Dale, who is now the president of Welles- ley college, says the twentieth century be- gan today. I'm a South County man my- self, and So far as I am concerned, if Miss Hazard says the twentieth century began today, why it did, and I'm willing to let 1t go at tihat'
 There was lot more besides this, but an agreement was finally reached that the question should be finally and definitely settled for all time and for all mankind by an original illustration which they mutually agreed to carry out, to a logical conclusion. The agreement was in effect that they should each take twenty drinks and with the passing of the last drink they felt they would be able to thoroughly understand the
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

pita1 flag for any other purpose and flag of truce can only be used 1egitimately for the purpose of entering Into some arrange ments with the enemy. If adopted for the purpose of obtaining surreptitious informa- ton about the enemy it ceases to be a flag Of truce and it's bearers may be treated as spies. When flag of truce is sent from detachment during an engagement from which it is sent must cease firing. The troops to which 1t is sent should, if they are willing to accept it, signal to that effect and also cease firing. It is not necessary. however, that the firing should cease as soon as the flag appears, and no complaint can be made if its bearers are killed. It Is customary, however, to signal the bearers te retire. after which, If they do not obey. they may be fired upon.
 Military occupation of a country must be real and ceases directly the Invader re- treats or advances in such a manner as to quit their hold upon the occupied territory In cases of military occupation the author ity of the regular government Is supplant- ed by that of the invading army. Any laws of the country may be abrogated and new ones may he substituted.
 A state of war is only put to an end by O treaty of peace or general truce. The former abohshes the subject of war; the lat ter leaves the question undecided. A sus- pension of hostilities an armistice. or a partial truce are about the same thing. A commanding officer has power to conclude an armistice but he is liable to punishment from the government if he does this contra " to orders. The contract binds from the hour ii which it is concluded, but he can not agree to the delivery up of the sover- eighty over territory or stipulate for any permanent rights to be conferred on the in- hab' tants of a country. An armis ice beg nj and ends at certain hours and is not bind ing beyond that time. A commanding otf1- ger is also authorized to agree to the terms
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

their own account aside from the scien- tific nature of the impulse and in conse- quence they were eager to begin when they hned up before the mahogany bar.
 It was found to be necessary to take two drinks before the front necessary to spring the scheme on the bar clerk was forthcoming. The second drink did the trick, however, and Joe, leaning con fidentially over the shiny mahogany, wlnis- pered his request into the ear of the good- looking genius behind the bar The latter without hesitation put two marks on the slip of paper handed to him by Joe writ
The age-herald., 1900-01-08
The Presidential Clock
From the Detroit News.

From the Detroit News.
 cty-Felix Meyer. He is the man who built the marvellous presidential clock that was exhibited in cities of the northern and eastern states twenty years ago. It was afterwards sold to doctor in New York for $10,000
 This clock is eighteen feet in height. It is surmounted by figure of Liberty, below which stands figure of George Washing ton holding in one hand the declaration of independence. At such intervals as the op- orator pleases lever can be pulled which sets machinery in motion by which the father of his country raises the document as the presidents pass by, each saluting
The age-herald., 1900-01-08
A Memora for a Proposal

From ColIlers weekly
 A young lady was acting temporarily as hostess, and her time was much occupied One of her admirers, nervous and absent mi'-6pN1 lover, perceived that this would be the case, and to facilitate matters he de- termined to bring affairs to point He didn't get chance. "Afterward," says the object of his ill-starred devotion, q found this memorandum the floor, where he had dropped it dn his agitation. It read thus:
 Mention rise in salary. Mention loneli- ness. Mention pleasure in her society Mention prospects from Uncle Jim. Never loved before. Propose
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

vexed question of the passing of the cen- turtles. It was further agreed that a mark
 for each drink should be put down on a slip of paper by the bar clerk of the estab-
 lishment where it was obtained the said
 bar clerk to sign his name opposite the
 mark denoting the drink he had served.
 This they knew would involve no end of explanation, provided their investigation took them into many places, but they felt that the cause was worthy of all the effort they were capable of putting forth. The argument had consumed a deal of time and energy and both felt the need of a drink on
The age-herald., 1900-01-08
Big Fire in New York

New York, January 1.-The fire early this morning that destroyed the brick factory building at Nos 33S to S42 East FTfty-ninth street, did $100,000 damage. The building was owned by Bloomingdale Brothers and used by them as a warehouse, and they are the chief losers.
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

of equalization and he may accept an un- conditional surrender. Further conditions providing for the protection of the inhabi- tants, etc, may be inserted, but a sovereign prerogative must not be assumed by mere commanding officer.
The age-herald., 1900-01-08

and lowing. At every quarter hour baby appears; at the half hour young man comes along; at the three quarters an old man takes his place, and at the hour the end of the three epochs of life takes the stage-Death.
The daily sentinel., 1900-04-03
Graus Opera Company.

Monday April 9th the worlds famous
opera company will present for the fret
time in this city the greatest Of all sue
cess "Wang" which ran for three years
at the Broadway theatre New York.
A Chicago critic says: att is psrfestly
safe to say that there is not in America
today the material for another company
OF artists who can have sung Wang as it
was sung last night, and made euch a
success as was made last evening by
sheer force of Legitimate art where the
charms OF Wang converted from stage to
audience. The envirement of the sing
ers was lost track of entirely in the
pleasure created by their superb vocal
ism. No more fattering tribute could
be paid to any of the artists that to de-
clare that their art was overwhelming
1t can truthfully be said that Wang ia
one Of the greatest productions that has
ever been witnessed in the city of Chica-
go. The stage settings, postuming and
accessories are simply gorgeous.
The daily sentinel., 1900-04-03

Nome during the season about to
open, while thousands of others
will go from foreign countries, in
Guiding many from the Klondike.
Experience has shown in many
cases that a population gathered
from all parts of the world by a
great mining excitement is COM
posed of many conflicting elements.
The maintenance Of law and order
is difficult, and it is rendered ten
times more so by failure to estab>
lish local government capable OF
meeting the exigencies of such a
case. Under such conditions it
becomes necessary for the people
to organize some rude government
of their own having the semblance
of authority, but incapable of giv>
ing adequate protection to either
life or property.
Congress will be greatly at fault
ifit fails during the present session
to enact whatever laws may be
necessary to maintain order in the
Cape Nome region and other parts
of Alaska where a considerable
population has already assembled
or to which many persons will be
attracted during the coming sums
mer.
The daily sentinel., 1900-04-03
Wouldn't Pray Right /.

Rev. Mr.. Murman, pastor Of Zion Con-
gregational church, Montreal, was ord
cred recently to pray for the British arms
in South Africa. He refused. believ-
ing that liberty of conscience is as good
a thing 10 British pulpit as IN Brit
ish pew. Now some of his congrega-
tion call him Pro Boer and say "he
cannot pray worth cent" But opinions
differ in that congregation as we'll as
elsewhere. Toronto Mail.
Editors Note-Rev. Adam Murman
was formerly pastor OF the First Congre-
gational church of this city. He is a
bold and progressive pulpit orator and
it is not any surprise whatever that he
failed to pray as ordered.
The daily sentinel., 1900-04-03
Fruita Notes.

Eggers the contoonist was an arrival
in the oity yesterday.
DR.. j. M. Beard is building a new
barn. A hasdsome one.
Capt. James Melville Kennedy is here
organizing league of the Guardians Of
tho Home.
The drum corps il practising every
evening and expect to make = showing
this summer.
Water in the bitches is making every
body work and gives The town deemed
ly deserted appearances.
The prospects for fruit were never finer,
The frost has had thinning effect
rather than a killing effect.
The Grand hotel has changed proprie-
tors. Mr.. Boyd the new proprietor is
one of the oldest residents OF
the valley. He has changed the name
OF the hotel to the commercial.
Fruita can now boast Of q new city
Jail. Five thousand feet of lumber and
four hundred pounds OF nails were used
in its construction. His honor, the may
or, presided over the hammar snd saw.
The daily sentinel., 1900-04-03
A GOVERNMENT FOR ALASKA

Alaska has been unjustly treats
ed says the Denver Republican. 1t
has been shamefully neglected.
Although long ago its contribution
to the wealth of the nation vindi
Gated the treaty by which it was ac-
quired from Russia. Congress has
given it but scant attention. The
venturesome people who have gone
there have been compelled to oon>
tend against obstacles of the most
serious character, which wise and
just action on the part Of congress
would have removed.
The Klondike excitement directs
ed renewed attention to the gov>
ernment needs of Alaska. But the
fact that those gold fields were
found to be on British territory
seemed to render it unnecessary to
provide Immediately for the local
government which years before
should have been established.
Now, however, congress finds
itself face to face with this old
problem, forced upon its attention
in this instance by the discovery OF
enormously rich deposits of gold
in the sands OF Cape Nome. 1t is
estimated that something like
10000 people will sail from Pacific
ports Of the United States for Cape