davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

These prices, all of which are from
recent reports and correspond both as
to date and as to the grade of com
modify, show the effect of protective
tariffs. Without a tariff the prices in
the American market could not posi-
bly, be so much higher than those in
the English market.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

LARGE numbers of young Irishmen
are coming to this country to avoid
being drafted for Cham berlain's war
in South Africa. Fighting in behalf
of imperialism against a people strug-
CLING for their liberty does not sit
well with Irish men.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

The British censorship on the war
news from South Africa has been
drawn tighter than ever. Which fact
means that the general status of the
situation is not so bloomin' bright as
it might be.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21
To Cure q Cold In One Day,

TaAe Laxative Bromo Quinine Ia blets.
All druggists refund the money if it
fails to cure. E. w. Groves sigma
ture is on each box. % cents.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

Little Trixie," the musical melo-
drama at. Harper's theatre. Sunday,
April %, is full of heart interest,
startling scenes and sensational eli
makes. 1t is novelty in the way of
musical performances.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

The first plank of the republican
platform might properly read: Lone
bad term deserves another"
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21
restored to those who consult the

Hundreds of hopeless cases have
been cured by them. If you are a
chronic sufferer no matter what the
nature of your ailment, it will pay
you to see them, because they have
for years devoted all their time to the
study and care of the diseases they
treat.
Because their offices are furnished
with every appliance and curative
agent known by the worlds greatest
specia lists to be of service in the di-
agnosis and cure of the disease.
Their Berlin system of curing
Deafness, ringing noises in ears,
Catarrh of the Nose, Throat and
Stomach and diseases of the
Lungs, is curing cases that have
formerly been regarded as almost
hopeless.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21

Their Hot Air Treatment, com bined
with Electricity, for the cure Of
Chronic rheumatism and diseases o.
the muscles and Joints, has cured
hundreds of cases.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21
Free.
IN.
Der Demokrat Building
EOS w. Third Street, davenport.

Hours to II a. m, to and to p. N.
Sundays to u O. N.
Telephone 1894
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1900-04-21
MEN, YOUNG AND OLD.

Who are nervous, weak in body
and mind, losing flesh, sleepless, low
spirited, without energy and ambi
ton, will find that the doctors have
discovered remedies that have proved
the greatest boon on earth to this
class of cases.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24
Oklahoma Dental Co.

DR.. G. f. Dean, dentist, manager Of
the Oklahoma Dental Co., with head
quarters in Oklahoma City, vii. be at
Hotel Cobb, Vinita, Friday, June ] TO
s, 1900, prepared to do ali kinds Of
dental work az prices within reach Of
the people. But, remember that he
is not cheap john" workman and is
not doing cheap john" work. BY do
ing a large business, and buying his
material in large quantities ne gets
the very best goods for the least
money. Then by having the latest
and best appliances and methods he
is enabled TO execute the most perfect
work on the shortest time, and az a
price far below the man who does
business on a small SCALE Therefore
he can and will do your work for less
money. and still realize a good profit.
DO You want to know something
about hims He is prepared 70 show
YOU letters Of recommendation from
the very best and host widely known
people In Oklahoma.
For eleven years he has been located
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24
A Thousand Tongues

.ould not express the rapture of An
,ie Il. Springer, Of 1l25 Howard st.,
Philadelphia, Pa, when she found
;hat Dr. Kine's new discovery for
consumption had completeiyIscured
Ter OF a hacking cough that for many
,aars had made life a burden. All
,ther remedies and doctors could give
ner no help, but she says OF this
foyal cure-s'it soon removed the pain
in my chest and l can now sleep
soundly, something l can scarcely re-
member doing before l feel like
sounding It's praises throughout the
universe. So will every oDeswho
tries DR.. Kings new discovery foT any
trouble Of the throat, chest or lungs
Price soc. aud 81. Trial bottles free
at Peoples Drug Store Snd A. w.
Foreman'S: every bottle guaranteed
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

in Shawnee and Oklahoma City, and
the facts that he was for five years
president of the Territorial Board
Dental examiners Of Oklahoma and
that he represented Oklahoma at h,
"World's Fair Dental Congress' at
Chicago in 1898, attest that the doe
tor is a dentist of high standing ami
a high standing in any businei AZ
only be attained by giving sstlsiae'
tion.
His painless method Of ex Fcu|pt
teeth is wonder. He can ,moKe
our eeth with no discomfcft what
ever. He extracts thousal ds EvFefg
year. Hereafter he will via Na|1a
every three months, OF which due ro-
Itice viii be given. This FIRST Visit he
will make extra low prices 10 order to
introduce his high grade work Don q
/ fail to see him at once. As Hotel
Cobb, June ] to 8.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24
TOWNSHIP AMENDMENTS
Conferees Agree on indian
Appropriation Bill.

Washington, May Ex-senator
Jones yesterday presented a me-
mortal of the emigrant Cherokees
asking payment per capita OF the
trust fund due them under the
treaty Of 1S46.
The conferees on the Indian APP
preparation bill finished their
work and agreed to report the bill
to both houses. The bill carries
total Of sS, ,223, 600, including $780,
600 for the Dawes commission.
Clerks of the United States courts
in the Indian Territory are to pay
into the treasury all fees in excess
of $1,000. All contracts looking
to membranes Of the lands of the
Mississippi Choclaws are made
void
The townsite provision, as
agreed upon, provides that the
secretary ofthe interior shall cause
to be surveyed the towns in the
Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and
Cherokee nations, with a popula-
ton of at least 200. The secretary
may at his discretion appoint
townsite commission Of three
members for the Creek and Chero-
kee nations. Each commission
shall appraise and sell for the
benefit of the tribe the town lots
in the nation in accordance with
the agreement made with the
United States. AS soon as the
plat is approved the commission
shall appraise the improvements
thereon and sell them in conform
ity with the amount.
II shall not be required that the
townsite limits established in
plating shall be identical, but such
limits shall be established as shall
best snbserve the then present
and prospective needs. And the
exterior limits of all towns shall
be designated and fixed at the
earliest practicable time under the
rules and regulations prescribed
by the secretary Of the interior.
Upon recommendation of the Dawes
commission the secretary is auth
orized at any time before allot-
ment to reserve from allotment
any lands in the Choctaw, Chick
asaw. Creek and Cherokee nations,
not exceeding l60 acres, at such
stations as shall be established on
the line Of any railroad. and this
irrespective Of the population Of
the town at that time. Such
townsites shall be plated and sold
for the benefit OF the tribe.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

DR.. Caldwell's syrup pepsin is guar
teed 10 cure constipation, Indigestion.
sick headache and stomach trouble
Peoples drug store. d&w
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

To find customers for anything you
have to sell, or TO find what you want
TO buy, on any sort Of business
proposition. advertise in the Daily
Chieftal1.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

II you wish to have beautiful, clear
white clothes, ask Tor Red Cross ball
blue. Refuse limitations.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24
WHAT OUR SCHOOLS COST
Report Of the Secretary of the Board
of Education.

Report Of the Secretary of the Board
of Education.
w. L. Chapman, secretary of
the yinita board of education has
made public a statement showing
the financial side of the education
tional affairs of this city. The to-
tai expense Of the eight months
term recently closed was So, 96O.S7, {,
and a deficit OF s2S.62 is shown
OF the total expense sS44.2S was
incarred in the preliminary work
Of establishing the schools, such
repairs on buildings, moving and
locating colored school, securing
transfer Of lease on academy, ETC.,
leaving s3,1l6.64 as the actual
running expense ofthe term.
CASH RECEIVED.
cts warrants. s3,652.00
Less discount .. 6l.35 s5,590-e5
lotokee warrants lO5.o0
les discount ...-.... al5 l0i.s'
Rtnt ...... 1885
rn,iion -........... Az
Paid 70 treasurer ...... s.. ss2. .2i
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

favorable heard on all sides his OF course peases
ooh we have even more agreeable surprise store Tor the man
The close and economical buyer and udgo good values the
the that tied up in our big clothing and we fully
hod of turning merchandise into cash.
The daily chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Ind. Ter. [Okla.]) 1898-1902, 1900-05-24

The big reductions we are making in our
entire stock of
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

WYOMING FOREST FIRES.
Nothing Hut Heavy Rain Can stop
Thcm-sheep Hcrdcrs and
FIOcks In Danger.

Saratoga, Wyo., Aug. 81. The for
est fires continue TO rage in The
mountains between Battle Lake and
Grand Encampmcnt, and those towDs
and the numerous mining camps and
sheep camps are threatened with de-
struction. The herders were forced
TO drive their focks high up in the
mountains to get feed, owing 70 the
scarcity of both feed and water on
the plains below, and II IS feared
that many of these herders have been
surrounded with their fiocks by the
flames. The timber is as dry as tin
der and burns fiercely. Nothing can
prevent the progress of the flames ex-
cept a heavy rain.
1t is estimated that the loss thus
far, exclusive of the millions Of feet
Of fine timber, will be over 100000.
Miners have joined the forest rang
ers in the work of fighting the fires
Their combined efforts, however.seem
TO be of no avail.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Ex-senator John j. Ingalls,, OF Kan.
sas. died al East Las Vegas. \. NJ. on
the morning OF the 10th. The direct
cause of his death was bronchitis,
complicated Ivy heart troubles. Tho
remains were forwarded To his old
home in Atchison, kas., for inter-
ment-
Two italians. Natalie Maresca and
Nichil Guida. have been detained at
Quarantine. New York harbor. their
deportation 10 Naples. ITALY. bcin,
recommended tc the secretary of the
treasury. They hal been reported
froir Rome 10 he anarchists who
might attempt the life of the presl-
dent.
The statement of the treasury bal
ances in The general fund. exclusive OF
the $4,000 600 gold reserve in the di-
vision OF redemption. issued on the
18th. showed: Available cash balance,
Slil.550.6sf: gold, S.2.e00.4ls.
X. G.. Dun & Co.'s Trade Review. is.
sued on the 18th. reported: Failures
for the week were 16l in the United
States, against 1856 last year, and -
in Canada. against - last year"
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24
EARTHQUAKE IN ALASKA.
IL Lasted Seventy seconds ana
Changed the Course Of one 81
the Mountain streams.

Chicago, Aug. 21.--A special 10 the
Record from Vancouver. Il. g., says
The steamer Clutch, which has ar
rived from Skagway, brought news
that an earthquake, on August ~
shook Skagway for 20 seconds auu
was even more severely felt in paw
son. All the way down the river me
shock was apparent, and at seNera'
places was particularly well dehneu.
At Dawson two small governments
buildings in course Of construction
were toppled over.
Arrivals from the Stewart rNe''
half way down the Yukon to Dawson
saw the mountain there was spll' N
two. One stream was damned W,
partially. by fallen rock and i turneu
into the newly formed canNon
through the mountain. Five miles q
this stream and two miles Of the se''
ond tributary Of the Stewart were
left dry.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24
After stone Thrower~.

Wabash. Ind, Aug. 20.-Ihe north
bound passenger train on the Lake
Erie q Western railroad. due al Macy
al midnight. was assailed with stones
by gang Of toughs near that place.
4 number of huge powders were
thrown through the car windows and
several passengers were struck by
the missiles and the broken glass and
suffered painful injuries. Engineer
Hasset says he saw the fellows dis
mount from bicycles as he approached
the crossing. Detectives are working
on the case
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Wabash. Ind. Aug. 2O.-~amuel r.
Murdoch. general manager 81 the Lo-
gansport and Wabash VALLEY Gas COM
panN. which supplies Wabash. Peru.
Decatur and Logansporf with fuel. saws
the field pressure AT the wells OF his
company has declined from $40 pounds.
al their best. to 40 pounds. The area
of producing territory in the Indiana
field he added. rs now less than 600
square miles. and the limits are CON
tracing at an alarming rnpil rate"
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Told in Brief by Dispatches from
Various Localities.


Wabash. Ind. Aug. 21,- Mrs. Lille
Ely. OF Nappance. aged 70 years died
under peculiar circumstances. While
ia Chicago recently, with her sister
in-law. tAe latter sought 20 play "A
joke on Mrs. Ely by wrapping big
doll. With eyes that closed and opened
in the clothing Of Mrs. Eby's infant.
Presenting the doh, which had It's eyes
closed n though dead. TO Mrs. Ely.
she remarked: Here is your baby
Mrs Eby took one glance and eN-
claimed: My. how YOU frightened
me-" and was attacked with eonvul-
sions. which have since resulted in her
lenfh
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Wabash Ind. Aug. 90. IN changing
the line Of the main track of the
Baltimore & Ohio road through De
kalb county for a distance az several
miles The contractor has encountered
a great sinkhoe. which j. giving him
much trouble and TRIPPING the cost Of
the work. The hole " hich seems 10 be
Guicksand. i a few miles west 81 Gar
rett. in al 10000 yards Of airt have
heen dumped into the cavity. but there
is not yet afforded foundation upon
which 10 build the grade.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

The Deadly rIobert Rine.

Columbus, o., Aug. TO- Mrs. +. II.
Monnctt. the wife Of the former at
torney general Of Ohio. while stand
ing ~ the doorway Of the Cumber-
ia"d. a fashionable apartment build
ing on the west side. where she re-
sides. was struck in the breast by a
bullet from Flobert rifle IN the
hands Of boys who were shooting
sparrows on the other side OF the
street. The bullet penetrated the
lungs, and the attending physicians
stated tonight that Mrs. Monnett was
IN very critical condition.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24
DARK AS NIGHT AT NOON
Hundreds Of buildings Raxed -.
gan, Wis.. by y Term.
Wtndstoran.

Milwaukee, Aug. 2l.-A special III.
sheboygan, Wis, says:
"A terrific windstorm strucl
city yesterday afternoon. The nos,
came very suddenly from the noy,h
Eight large buildings we're uroo,.,
and 200 small houses were No.
down. The loss will be upward !,
$500. 900.
AT noon IL was dark as iight III,
intensely hot. a few moments nofo..
one o'clock the storm broke. in.,...
ing in force until tornado WAS MAN.
ing. Persons were thrown down az
fences and signs hurled hundreds =,
feet. The storm ragged for some min.
utes and passed of to the south.
THE storm started in the wes,err
part of the city, near the cemct.rr
and swept down onto the south Ia
and of into the lake. II was t,y,
miles wide. and wrecked cvervtbir,
in its path. All was over in ten min.
utes.
THE roof OF the large warehouse a,
the Croker company was blown ~
and thrown against the large factory
The building was wrecked and n.
large stock Of chairs was left witbon,
protection from the rain, which fen
in torrents. The street car barn va.
wreckedand street cars were smashed
Electric wires were all blown down.
The roof Of the malthousc OF the
KoErad Schrierer Brewing Go. was
lifted from the building and carried
over one hundred and fifty feet and
thrown into the street. II was ear.
ried over the huge vcntilators of the
brewery.
The American Folding Bed Co.'S
plant was demolished. and the sheds
in the a. Zimball & Sons brickyards
were blown down, and the bricks seat.
tered in every direction.
The storm struck the South Side
Lutheran church and the stccplc was
blown down onto two residences
smashing in the roofs.
The Fourth ward schoolhmise. a
beautiful building, was completely
wrecked, one side and the front being
blown in, causing the root 70 fall did
crushing the floors down into the eel.
lar.
The plant of the Optenbcr4 4 Son.
neman Co. was partially wrecked.
Several freight ears standing On the
Northwestern railroad tracks were
blown over on their sides
That no one was killed seems al.
most n miracle. The wind wrecked
building after building. with The
greatest rapidity. and there wa. little
warning of the approach of the Storm
The people in every case were oui Of
their homes before the storm struck,
and those who were struck hy living
debris were only slightly injured.
In the factories the employees were.
in many cases, bruised or cut from the
wrechage.'
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

New Albany. Ind. Aug. 20.-After
six years OF waiting Mrs. Jennie Y.
Bean. rich widow. and James Van
Hoax OF Charlestown. have been mar
ried. The event was fixed for June,
1894. hui several tragic incidents pre-
vented the ceremony being performed.
Emil Schaeffer was In love with Mrs.
Bean and persisted in paying her at
tentions. until one day in an alterca-
tion he was shot through the heart by
Van Hoax and Killed. \ sensational
trial resulted in the acquii,al Of Van
Hoax
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Mishawaka. Ind. Aug oO.-Flying
crickets. q species never seen in this
locality before. struck the city in
myrads. filing the air and making
life a burden for humanity. Concerts
were discontinued. summer vaudeville
performances abandoned and mercan-
tile establishments We're forced TO
close. Thousands settling upon troll
ley wires broke the electric current
for street cars.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

kokomo. Ind. Aug. 20. Division No.
6. Uniform Rank knights OF p,thias.
Of this city. known as the 'kokomo
Kids" who captured the worlds cham
pionship in competitive drills a, Toron-
10. Can. in 1896. and held II for several
years. has decided 70 again strive for
the honor and first prize ~ $500 a.
the annual tourney al Detroit. Au-
gust no.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

POPULATION OF CHICAGO
Increase for the Decade over Hall
Millton-Elcvcn Hundred Th""
sand In Twenty Years.

Washington, Aug. 21.-The popul".
ton Of the city of Chicago, accora"s
to the Official count Of the return -
the twelfth census, Is as follows; 70
1900. Chicago city, 1,69s,5ia; ~ lN,O'
l.o99.s5o. These figures show for 'no
city as a whole an increase in popuia-
ton of sos, 725, or 54.4i per cent. from
1890 TO 1900.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Coils +. Huntington. president of
the Southern Pacific railroad. died at
Pine Knot lodge, his camp in the Adj
rondack region, on the 18th. When
Mr.. Huntington went 20 the lodge. on
the 9th, he was in his usual good
health. and remained SO up to an hour
before his demise. He was probably
worth 100000. 900.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Evansville, Ind. Aug. Joseph ID.
Keith. charged with the murder Of
Nora kifcr, was brought here from
Eooneville for safe keeping \ mob OF
300 farmers formed mile below
bonneville. and was preparing TO
storm the Jail. The Jail is heavily
guarded. as the mob threatened to
march here and take III. prisoner
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Wabash. Ind. Aug. %. Reliable
grain dealers from al parts Of the
state have collected statistics show
ing the total yield Of wheat in Indi-
ana for the present year. The figures
indicate that the production j. the
smallest for many years and not ex-
ceeding 100000 bushels. against from
25.0ooOoo TO 4O.oo0O0N for several years
in success sion ppior 10 1850
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Kokomo. Ind. Aug. 2O.--.,ge Is no bar
TO matrimony in this section Of the
state. William A. Proctor. aged -. of
FL nam county. and Mrs. Nancy
Yong. aged 81. OF RnssiaviI.e this
county. We're married here by Justice
Deilayen. and the happy Ola couple
departed for the farm home Of the
groom in Putnam county.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

The list OF awards TO American ex-
hibitors at the Paris exposition was
made public on the 18th. The United
States, in all. secured 1881 awards. OF
these 220 were grand prizes. 4s6 gold
medals, $50 silver medals, 422 bronze
medals, 270 honorable mentions, and
long list Of gold, silver and bronze
medals for collaborators.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

Dealing with the question of Amer.
lean coal imports, on the 18th, the
London Daily Chronicle said: Amer
lean coal owners seem bent on gain
ing an entrance into the British mar
ket. We wish them good luck in the
name of free trade. Let them do their
best in the open market and bring
certain greedy folk on this side of the
water to their senses"
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

At the launching of the Russian
cruiser Noyick, at Dantzic. on the
18th, which was witnessed 10y NJ. Lock-
roy, former minister of marine for
France. Pierre Maltzeff, captain of the
Russian cruiser, significantly re-
ferred to the Russo q erman" COM
radeship in China.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

The war department, on the 18th.
made public the Filipino correspond
ence captured some months ago by
Gen. Funston's command in Luzon. IL
makes interesting reading. from
whatever point of view it is consid-
cred.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

1t was reported in Hong Kong, on
the 10th. that the Canton customs de-
partment had received dispatch say
ing that Sir Robert Hart. director
general of Chinese imperial maritime
customs. accompanied by his staff. had
left Pekin, under Chinese escort, and
that cruiser would be sent to meet
him on his reaching the coast.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24

South Bend. Ind, Aug. 20.--Catholic
fIungarians dedicated st. Stephens
church here. Rev. John Guendling.
vicar general OF the Fort Wayne do
cese, had charge OF the ceremonies
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1900-08-24
4 Houscboat Tour.

Wabash. Ind. Aug. William Ep-
pert. an old salt water sailor. Is build
ing in this city a large house boat with
which he intends TO navigate the Wa
bash river 10 its mouth and then.
eqnipping the craft with steam and a
stern wheel. proceed mp the Ohm TO his
old home in Henderson county, Ky.
Experts wife Viii accompany hird.