davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
COMPLAINS TO KRUGER.

OVmA AhA NO ~ AnOOGAss
Lord Roberts Says That British Pris-
oners Are Treated Badly.
Blosmfontsin. Saturday April IA
Lord Robsrts In his telegram Of protest
to President Kruger. regarding the treat.
msnt 10 which the colonial officers and
troops who are now prisoners at Prstoraa
have been subjected. complains thas the
Beers have treated them like criminals.
confined In JILL
He points ont that thsrs are 90 Gases Of
snteric fever and dyssntsry In the pris-
oner's camp at Waterfall; that the Trans
vaal sovefnRent failed % supply on de-
mand Of shs Doctor the necessary msdi-
einss and medical comforts; that the
prisoners were forced to bivouac on the
open vsldt; that the siok we're placed In
an opan shed with an iron roof . nd that
1t was only whom the new doctor threat
ensd to fesign that medicines and mat
sn xUs.s p s:p.ds as as:s s :s.
things and contrasts it with the treat
msrt she British give to Beer prisoners,
sick and wounded whe, ~ Lord Robsrts
says "Rso,iveE me same treatment a.
Tour fsrmsrs who had taken the oatA
to abstain from further cooperation
with the Queen's enemies. were found
siaualiine % the Bosrs at KAgree siding
and have been brought here.
LOSSES AT wEPENER.
Alwal North, April 18.-Tt 10 officially
reported that the British losses at
Wepener In four days fighting were IS
men killsd and 1a9 wounded.
, ,,, ,n,,,,,,, .puv
ShEE eIAIEno hhSoANANo AhAA.
AuWal North. Saturday, A pril A.
Col Grenfsll v,res that The o.sualtiss
at Wepsner include Quartermastsr Will
liama Lieut. Haiford and Lieut., Duncan
~ -.,,,.a
sna ~ M. "ou.1e -
Sir 1odtrsy LARoen, resloens CON mis.
sioner a Nessru, telsgraphs that no
sheliing has ven heard from shs direc-
ZION OF Wepenef TO-DAY.
A regiment OF British infantfy ano 9
battery OF artillery arrived srioey.
Gen. brabsnes headquArsers ana All
sne mountso troops nsve sons 70 nooA
The northern post asssrss snat tne
Rouxville district furnishes l00O recruits
to the Beer forces ~ . result OF the IN
vasion last week.
Five hundred Beers under Comman'
dant Swaneposl forcsd the ROYAL Irish
rides 10 evAouaGs Rou xvills. The
FORMER drost who has bssn acting for ths
British, offered TO 90 to the front e
prove himself . true Free 6tseer and ~.
saSan Sss 3 a. oofS % .s;o,nsd Che Bcer.' nssr.
y everyone pro ducins . ,coH %s1ssr: r. IL !: !:
reported snee there are 1UV oosks y
Wepensr. Fourteen 6ritish ympathissr.
have been tmprisoneo. tns p%oss. % 1aml'
having shot Nj. quincy the motel Keep
err Tor taxing forage ~ tne ofies.: es.,oo>
peymssser Win A4oo pounos tssoo"h
was Gap tured.
EXPENSIVErBuSI
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
WHEAT PRICES ADVANCE.

Santiago de Chfis. via Galveston, April
is.-Ia consequence Of the poor crops
whsat prices are advsnoins; and shs sit
ustion will allow large imI .tstion n on
California.
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
KRCGER'S DECISION.

Free staters May BE Left to Their Own
Devices.
London, April 16.-The Blcsmfontsin
correspondent Of the Daily News tsls-
graphing Saturday, says:
president Kruger attended Q confer
sncs Of the Boar command ants ut Brand
fort On THURSDAY. Il 10 believed that q
decision was reached to withdraw the
Transvaal forces to the north OF Vet
river. preparatory TO general retirement
across the vaal river, II hard pressed.
leaving the Free Statsrs TO their own
resources. 4"
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
WARLIKE RUMORs DENIED.

encs held yesterday between representa-
tive Russian bankers snd the ministry OF
finance, ths director Of the credit depart
mt mt announced on behalf Of the minister
OF finance, "a. De Wittse. that there was
NO foundation for the runners that Russia
was making warlike preparations.
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
First Touch of Frost
Felt in Free State.
Kruger Visits the Boer Camp at
Kroonstad.

London. April l6.-4.55 .. N. -Ths war
ofioe had nothing 10 eommunioata 70
the public yesterday. IL NAV b taken
for granted that the rumor Of Cen.
Brabsnt's victory as wspsnsr IL prsms-
ture. With the remainder Of bis force he
left Aliwal North, Saturday for Roux-
vills, and there has scarcely been time
for an spgagsmsnt.
There 10 practically no fresh news this
morning. All the Biosmfoptsin de-
spatohss, however, breathe = confident
tone.
The fact that the censors allowed Mr..
Winston Churchiil's despatch on the SUBJ
jsst Of remeunts 10 pass speaks vol.
umes for tina oondition Of that question
and concerning the prospect Of any i'm
mediate advance toward Pfstsria. The
utmost Lord Rsbsrts win be able 10 do
for some time to come will Be In the d.
rsotion Of clearing the Boers from the
Southern part Of the Free State.
The despatohes announce the approach
Of winter. The first pinch Of frost has
bean fslt at Blosmfontsin, where consid-
srable rain has fallen.
II 10 said that President Kruger Waited
the Bosr camp ~ KroonstAd a. well "a
BrAndfort
The Portland daily press., 1900-04-16
BOERS DISHEARTENED.

Kruger Had To Brace Them Up
Again.
London. April 16.-The Bloemfentein
correspondent Of the Times tslseraphing
Sunday says, "It Il rspor. . tass re.
inforcsmsnts sor the Bsers. Svish sixty
wagons have arrived 81 Dswsas dorm, On
route for wspsnsr. This should prsoipi-
tate an action.
1.-THE statement that President Kruge o.
has bssn south seems 70 confirm the re-
ports 3 hat the Beers are getting dishsart-
ened. This continued exertion Of his Per.
sonal influence appears now to have be-
come nsos salty"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29
ID YOU SMOKE?

Rscnee's Premium Cigars, z not
Wis noi rri ihrn; they are fhe on.
a. hand made r cert cigar on this
z, rkei, naae af fnes' q0ailiy Of
tohacco,. a~ sweet as auuf They
p,eassmaus ~ oker@- mas be they
Fi-oher's Premium when yoo ask
for thtm
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29
A psmonS Painting

mas lse worth millions--uf nie
pninpkln may take Grst premium
buiDraldwelp-sytuuPe Pepsin hr ng'
more SOY every day as q becomes
Ieltef kaovn and uore geNcrs'y
used for constipation, indigestion
sick headache n1 fomaeh tr0ahles,
Get il n. Howard.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29

10 Cure Malar in 8 days,
T..e Quins,a All Druggists are
sa,ho, izea 10 refund The ninr! iu
vase ofchHla, feveror malaria
l. fa. 10 cure. Price soc pr
packare Nov9 Is
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29
Just arrived car Hunters cream
-four at W. w. Hornes.

sillicus-" When it comes to
deprarily, young Bouuders is
hard 10 beat Cyncns-"A bad
egg, ehl'
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29

OF Topeka, Kan, treats Success-
inlly the following dispases: KID
uey aud Liver Complaint. Indiges-
lion aud all Stomach Disorders,
Female Complaints, Piles, PIN
Plies, Rheumatics and Nervous
Diseases, Lost Manhood and
WomanhoOd, GOnorrhea, and all
Syphilitic Diseases, al all stages
Will give examination and one
weeks treatu ent free TO all that
live ~ distance up 10 the first
of January 1901 Over thirty
years IN the practice Of medicine
and fifteen years on special
diseases. Examination free. Any
kind of baths that patient may
require.
DR.. N. M. REEDER,
Chickasha, / 7.
Rooms at Frank Hoge.
The Star Restaurant inst open
ed will set regular dinner and sup
npr. Short orders AZ all hours.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1900-12-29
l
4 lIdag Trade

sv is ani veil as
eefiri. .-ilveIwarf
ca - roe consist
Il ra rtla rs, Rings.
z ~u fro gold and
E 'ev s'H auli orna-
Gca.a ~ .ehine Z glassware
epi'sr maio'ns. MO, violins
alrfrry e'f hing
Sc have uplay : extra hep
Er n. haiaaN hnsi,ess and an
cisfomers vin he promptly and
xlAuiy va - 90. "e do en-
e--v,n fre 81 AN riicles pur-
en- .cf nfn~
Came Md rp a..
Hsliom Jewelry 60.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
NORTH DAKOTA.

Fargo-Fargo roller mills are now ship
ping flour direct to England.-Hans
Johnson, who lives at the Rem Wells
farm in Stutzman county, was run over
by a drag and suffered a fracture of the
skull-Earl II. Wilson, charged with
forgery; Leon Hoyt, a deserter from the
Y. s. army at Fort Keogh, and William
J. kendrick, an amateur detective. are
In the custody Of the Fargo police.
Bismarck-State Superintendent Hal
land has appointed as a board of state
lecturers, who, will address the different
training schools this summer, as follows:
President Merrifield N. D. u: President
Worst, agricultural college; President
Carhart, Mayville normal; President Nc
Farland, V. c. normal; ]. M. Devine
Prof. Squires. N. D. u, and Rev. Eu-
gene May.
Valley City, H Smith was stabbed
in the abdomen and left arm by a
woman who has been living with him
as his wife. The wound in the abdomen
is a serious one, and may result fatally.
The affair occurred in a Main street no.
tel, where Smith and the woman have
been boarding for several weeks.
Jamestown-A rural telephone service is
to be established between Valley City
and Getchen. Twelve farmers in that
neighborhood have agreed to pay SEQ
each for the installation of the service
and a toll of $l.50 month for the use of
the phones. The line will extend out
twelve miles.
Jamestown-The new ST. Johns acad
DENY was dedicated with imposing cere-
monies Thursday. The services Of dedi-
cation were performed by Bishop Shan
ley, of Fargo, assisted by Rev. Father
Eagan.---Foley Bros. who secured the
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
MURDERED HIS FRIEND
CHICAGO FISHERMAN CREATES
HAVOC WITH A KNIFE.

CHICAGO, April 22-Laboring under
the hallucination that his friends had
entered into a conspiracy to kill him
and crazed with liquor, William A1v-
ward, fisherman. today slashed with =
pocketknife the throat Of his old friend
william Larkins, severing the 1uguIar
vein, and causing Larkins' death within
ten minutes. Then, turning on four other
occupants of his fishing shack he Hinged
at them, cutting Thomas Norris, an eiyh
teen-year-old boy, in the head, and cash
ing his own right hand. Larkins stag
Sered from the house, followed in haste
by young Norris, William Harrison and
John Clark. James Ryan, the fifth oc-
cupant OF the shack, jumped through the
window AlyWard left the shack. and
after throwing the bloody knife among
some weeds went directly to the Hyde
Park police station, three blocks away.
lie stepped up to the desk and placing
his blood-stained hands on it said:
We just cut man and l thought L
mad better tell you about it,
He went to cell without resistance.
OHlcers then arrested the occupants of
the shack as Witnesses For two DAYS
Alyward has been drinking heavily. Lar
Llns and the other men visited the shack
today. Alyward was in a quarrelsome
mood, and had the idea that all present
were his enemies and had formed a con-
spiracy to kill him. Alyward suddenly
asked Larkins: Have you got a gun
about you" He felt Larkins' pockets,
and then springing back he shouted:
You don't come any of your tricks on
me-"
He then drew from his pocket a jack
knife and opening it slashed Larkins'
throat.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
CATHOLIC EDUCATION.
ARCHBISHOP CORRIGAN ISSUES A
PASTORAL LETTER.

NEW YORK, April z2-In all the Ro-
man catholic churches of the diocese q
pastoral letter from Archbishop Corrioan
was READ this morning. Education of the
Cathoilc children takes up the most con-
SpiCuous part Of the letter. The arch
bishop says: o4A
Our most pressing duty is. first to
s our Cathoilc schools-primary. in
terllleulate and higher-to the ereat test
eInclency: secondly to causes all tho IN
sCructlon given therein to be ner1nea tod
anu ruleo by the spirit of religion. third
~ we must go on adding to the nu,nhe,.
VI our schools, till every Catholic puniI
may md place therein, since every child
mas the natural and inalienabIe right 70
what Is, by common consent. regarded
DIS an elementary, physical and mora1
euucaeloh and sinA experience teaches .as
lar as rehg1ous instruction is concerned
the lnadequacy of the training of the ar,
ul!lary nome and Sunday school.
ne tendency of the day is towards
lay monopoly of the teaching function
the croWdlng out of the parent and
private teacher and the prostration Of
everything before a Juggernaut state. Az
our coutry glories In freedom of sneach
Leeuoh OF the press, 1t is difficult 10
CoilceiVe why we should not also enjoy
their logical extension-freedom of edu.
cation VI N"
we call your attention to the invasion
OF parental rights frequently ATTEMPTED
OF late years by our lawmakers. who
would base legislation upon the assump-
lon, philosophically absurd and histori-
cally false, that the child belongs first tn
the state and afterward to the parents
ana on the un-American theory that the
state exists not for and by the citizen.
put the citizen for the state. They would
have us call public schooIe .froo, 10
making the admission of their own fads
compulsory; would unduly lengthen the
term OF compulsory attendance, without
proht to the pupil and often to the detri-
i inent OF the parent In fine they would
nave us view the people, to use the word
OF Nathan Matthews, of Boston, not as
the creators of the government, but as It's
creatures and the government itself &C
magnaned by the state into something
superior to religion, to the family. to the
rights of property and the other institn-
tons Of civilized societv.'"
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
PRESIDENT AT CHURCH
HE AND MRS. M'KINLEY AT DIVINE
WORSHIP IN NEW YORK.

NEW YORK, April 22.-Although no
session of the ecumenical conference was
held today, most of the members of the
conference found 1t q very busy day
With few exceptions they accepted invi-
tations to speak at one of the services
held in the several hundred churches Of
the five city boroughs, and even in the
neighboring cities and towns. President
Mckinley attended the II o'clock service
at the Brick Presbyterian church on
Fifth avenue. With him was his brother,
Abner Mckinley, Secretary Cortelyou AMI
Mr.. and Mrs. Morris K. Jessup.
The president breakfasted with Mrs.
Mckinley in their apartments at the Man
haitian hotel. Mrs. Mckinley was much
rested after the trip to this city, but did
not feel well enough to attend service.
At the church Rev. ]. H. Laughlin, mis-
sionary from the province of Shan Tung,
delivered an address on the progress OF
Christianity in that country Although
this province is the political storm center
of the Chinese nation, owing to the res
idence there of large numbers of members
of the Boxers, he said that the mission
aries were doing good service, and that
the gain of Christianity had been great
Both in going to and coming from the
church the president was recognized by
many people on Fifth avenue. A small
crowd gathered around the hotel to
whom he bowed In an amiabIe manner.
In the afternoon the president and Mrs.
Mckinley drove in the park.
The services in other prominent church.
es in this city were conducted by the
most prominent of the missionaries now
attending the ecumenical conference.
President Mckinley left Jersey City on
the midnight train for Washington over
the Pennsylvania railway
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
In L~abOr'S
Field.

At the meeting Of the Iron Moulders
in Assembly hall last night two reports
were received with general satisfaction.
One was the report of the shop commit
tee, which shows that moulders are
wanted at the st. Paul Foundry, and at
the Minnesota Malleable Iron w1rks
The other was that of the conference
committee, who reported they had reach
ed an agreement with the st. Paul foun-
drymen on the wage scale. The agree
ment calls for ten-hour day, with a
minimum wage of SITS per day, pay day
twice month, and an allowance of time
and one-half Nfor work done over time.
The foundrymen also agree to provide a
locker for each moulder. In the case of
accidents or break down in the ma
chinery the moulders grant the foun-
drymen fifteen minutes grace, after
which they receive the same pay as If
they were working. The agreement will
continue in force from now till April 1,
1901, and IL either party wishes to alter
anything therein, thirty days notice must
be given
The report was ratified by the union,
and the agreement was signed by g. com
mittee of the Foundrymen's association
last night.
One application for membership was
received at the meeting and also one APP
plication for reinstatement. Two new
members, George Chamberlain of Chica-
go, and A. Little, of Minneapolis, were
admitted on card. Sick benefits were al
lowed James Mcdonald. Cornelius Quincy
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
MINNEAPOLIS DETECTIVES MAKE
AN ARREST SUPPOSED TO
he IMPORTANT
QUIET DAY IN MILL CIT,
Gleanings of Sunday In the City at
j. st. Anthony Falls show
Very Orderly
City.
HLCEE'S MINNEAPOLIS OFFICE.
- 90 WASHINGTON ~ SOUTH

Joseph Venue was arrested last NIGHT
by Detectives Connor and Smith upon a
charge of grand larceny, and the police
believe him to be a sneak thief of un
usual importance and responsible for the
recent ransacking of several Minneapolis
flats. Venues capture was rather pc
culiar. Some time between 10 O clock
saturday night and o'clock Sunday
morning three valuable spring overccats
were. stolen from the home of George A
Hanson, 1l09 Second avenue south The
manner In which the thief effected an
entrance ne house is peculiar Venue
pays he came In through an open window
4I"1lsoh Is positive that the window was
Nioseu ana locked when he retired Sat
uruay night. When the family arose VOC
Ierday morning the window was fo,,rd
open and the curtain was pinned nm with
nail to avoid the noise which would
nave peen made running It I'D on the
-o-iei' Inc front door was locked One
0'1I0oat lay on the parlor floor and
lii'ee other coats were missing entirely.
Inc theft YVES reported to the police ot
once. Last night Detectives Conner and
smith arrested Venue and recovered tho
HtOIen coats.
r. Z. Williams, GIG Third avenue nth
missed little dog yesterday afternoon,
&c Hau reason to suppose that the ami
MAJ mad been poisoned and starred ~
Runt for it. While searching his harm
zof the dog he turned up an old NAT
Uress' and to his surprise found two nice
S UVercoats. Being a trife wise himself
"l5hams carefully replaced the two coats
ana mattress just as they had been and
men nou1ed the police. Detectives Con
--on anu nmltn each camped in a dark
corner OF the barn, and late last night in
came Venue and started to '1ift" he
plant. He was promptly placed under
arrest and the police say he couldn't 10
0 or than acknowledge the robbery
ne detectives found the missing cyerco9f
IN Venues room in a Bridge square Iodg-
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23

contract of building the Northern Pacific
extension from Casselton to Dickey, have
Sublet forty miles Of the work to Evans
Bros. & Parker, OF st. Paul-Fireman
jured at Sanborn, where his engine was
being used to switch some cars
Cooperston, N. D.-The school board
has re-engaged the entire corps Of teach
shaw has received official notice from the
government that after April so the peo-
pie of Jessie, Binford and McEIenry will
have daily mail by railroad.-On petit
who was serving term in the county
Jail for keeping blind pig at Buford
last summer has been released.
Bottineau-The Stephens Cattle COM
pany crossed q train load of cattle from
Manitoba for their ranch on Moose riv-
er, south of here. There were over 400
head, and the duty paid was nearly 81 900.
Customs Inspector Grain is here from st.
Paul helping the officers.
Bismarck-Several safe blowers have
been working along the line of the
Northern Pacific this week, and the de-
tectives of the road are busily seeking
to get trace of them. They blew open
safe at Valley City, and IL is believed the
men who operated there have been To-
Gated They are said to be part of
gang of professional crooks from Chi
cago.
BuffalO-R. S. Lewis, the big bonanza
grain elevator this summer at the sta
ton which will be located on the new
railway just south of his farm.
Grand Forks-The steamboat business
has been opened in earnest, and about
100000 bushels of wheat will be hauled
from down the, river. The traffic and
freiehting by the water route this year
will Ssurpass any previous year.-Attor-
ney John NJ. Cochrane, of Grand Forks,
Will be the, orator of the day at Devips
Lake on Memorial day-At the last
meeting of the commercial travellers in
TINS city 1t was decided that they ACCEPT
the offer of the Great Northern for their
TRIP TO Duluth in June.-Company r
mas been reorganized, with w H. Ryan
captain and w. II. Alderman first lieu
tenant
Minot-E. ]. Sharp, of Forest CITY. To-.
mas Deen here investigating the feasibil-
Ity OF operating flour mill. He received
considerable encouragement from the
farmers and business men, and prospects
pa 1alr for the completion of the mill
- Grand Forks-Prof Mccain. of East
Grand Forks, has been elected To The
position of lecturer for the summer term
or the st. Cloud normal. The position
70 very important one, and in choosing
FroI McCann compliment has been
paid to East Grand Forks.
Warsaw-The contract for the erection
81 Ponsh Catholic church at Warsaw
10 cost $29,397, has been let to A WI
ienstem, of ST. Paul. When comnIeted
TINS viii be the finest church building ~
the state. ""Ai0ins III
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
HOLD UP THE WARRANT
NO EFFORT TO GET HOLD OF PAY
LOR FOR THE PRESENT,

FRANKFORT, KY, April 22-While
the Franklin county grand jury has not
adjourned, it is understood that investi-
cation of the Goebel assassination has
been completed. The indictment against
Republican Gov. Taylor, charging him
with being an accessory to the p1urder
was held up till after the argument of
the government contest, which is dock
eted for hearing before the supreme court
at Washington April 80, and it is said by
persons IL the councils of the prosecution
that no such warrant will be issued or
other steps taken in the case till after
that time.
The rumor that Gov. Beckham has been
applied to for requisition is without
foundation.
Col. David Colson, who has been con-
nned in the Franklin county Jail, which
Is guarded by the Beckham state troops,
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
SUICIDE At ALBERT LEA
A. p. CASGRAIN, OF CHICAGO
JUMPS INTO FOUNTAIN LAKE
AND is DROWNED
LEFT SOME LETTERS BEHIND
Quietly Arranges All His Plans
and Then Takes the Fatal
Plunge Into the
Water.

ALBERT LEA, April 22-(Speciall-A
man registered at Hotel Hall as A. P,
Casgrain, Chicago, hired a boat at noon
and rowed into the deep water of Foun-
tain lake. He wrote the addresses of
DR.. H. r. Casgrain, Windsor, Can, and
Jane L. Richmond, Madison, N. Y, and
then took off his hat and coat and left
them with packet Of letters in the boat,
after which he jumped overheard.
He was seen struggling in the water,
but before he could be reached he sank,
and the body has not been recovered.
Large quantities of dynamite was ex-
ploded in the water in the vicinity of
where the tragedy took place. The par
ties named by the suicide have been no
titled, but have not yet responded
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1900-04-23
Stationary Engineers Festive.

Minneapolis stationary engineers held
special meeting yesterday afternoon In
Alexander's hall for the purpose of ini-
tiating sixteen new members. Forty ap-
pIcations remain to be decided upon
Next Sunday another meeting will be
held at which something definite in re-
gard to the status of the stationary en-
eineers will come up. The stationary
engineers of this city claim they are the
worst paid in the country, and the mem
bers Of the union have come to the con-
clusion that it is about time for change
IN New York stationary engineers receive
g cents an hour for eight hours work,
and in st. Louis they receive $14 a week
for eight hours. In Minneapolis the
wages will not average u cents an hour
for twelve hours a day. The union will
make an effort to change this