davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily sentinel., 1900-09-28
SKULL CRUSHED.
Man Found Under Railway TrestIe
With His Skull Crushed---
Name Robert L. McGhee


At noon today man was brought to
this city from DeBeque and taken to St.
Mary's hospital, suffering from frac-
tured skull.
The assistant in DR.. Bulls drug store
at DeBeque accompanied the man to
this city. and gave the following story to
DR.. Capps, who was called by wire to
care for the man, by those who had sent
him to this city from DeBeque.
Last night laborer found the man
lying under the railway trestls at De-
Beque, which is only short distance
from the town. His skull was fractured
and he was unconscious. He summoned
assistance and the man was taken to the
station where every possible aid was
given by Dr. Bull OF DeBeque and Dr.
A. r. Craig of Mesa who happened to be
there. 1t was just about midnight when
the man was discovered He has re-
mained unconscious ever since being
found.
When he arrived 10 this city he was
Immediately taken to st. Mary's hospi-
tai where an examination WAS made by
DR.. Capps and he found the mans skull
crushed just above the left eye and also
at the base OF the skull. His left jaw
was also broken.
DIR. Capps thinks that the broken
skull is pressing upon tho brain and
that there is but little hope for his re-
covery.
Some letters were found on his person
which revealed his identity. Ris name is
Robert l.. McGhee The letters were
from his brother, J.C. McGhee at Sands,
North Carolina, and from friend of his
family, j. h. Todd, at 107 Laurel street
Leadville.
When dressed for the hospital bed it
was found that he had twenty-five dol
lars hidden away in his stocking which
was placed IN the hands OF tho sisters at
the hospital.
The letter from his friend at Lead
vile invites him to come there for va
cation and the tone of the letter would
indicate that the relatives of the young
uIhh oua sAo youuk Ihuu AoI LAO
is not over 25 years of age, are reputable
people.
DR.. Capps wired his friend at Lead
vile thus afternoon.
II the young man shows any signs of
returning consciousness this afternoon,
an attempt will be made to relieve the
pressure on the brain. caused by the
bone pressing thereon. by the operation
OF trephining.
There are various theories how the
man received his injuries, the most
plausible one being that he was stealing
a ride on the train and that in some
way he received tho blow on the head.
Another theory is that the blows, two
having been dealt, one in front Of the
skull and the other behind, that he had
been the victim Of foul play. That he
may have had companions and when
they found he had money they may have
attempted to rob him and in showing
fight he was attacked by superior force
and thrown from the train and fell
where found,
The daily sentinel., 1900-09-28
About the Weather.

About the Weather.
ihe maximum temperature yesterday
was 50 degrees.
Tho minimum this morning was Al de-
grees.
The forecast for this section is:
Fair tonight and Saturday.
The daily sentinel., 1900-09-28

An excellent opportunity for person
to show their charitable spirit is the
dance tomorrow night.
The daily sentinel., 1900-09-28

Continued on third page)
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

' CONTEST NOTICE. nrparlmrm of the
in'rr"l, ,nitnd states Land Office. Fargo. y.
-. May islh. 1900 \ sufficient contest atti-
davil having been filed i'm This office 10y Ole O.
fr"ushoug ronlts,Hnl against homestead n
Try No 2.+l?. made March :Anl 1899 for north
west quarter section ID. Township l+> Range
hl. ny Louis lokrn>on. contrSlrr. i'm which it
iS,alrgrd thai the said Louis linkrnson has
wholly abandoned said tract: that lr la,
changed his Residence 1hcrrfrum for more
than sin months since making aid n,rv that
said trtc, is NOT settled upon and cultivated
ny SAID party rs required by law: that the.
said Louis ii"krn>"n has never established
his residence upon said lrHr, from the date of
ms said entry up till this present date: tha;
ne HAS failed 1" make amy Improvements
whatsoever upon said tract from The da," of
his said entry up To this present date. except
TO build n frame $ anly about hN6 fee, with
out floor door and windows: that the said
Louis finkcnsSon docs MOI reside upon said
land al this date: and tina, his absence is moi
caused toy military or naval service. Said
parties are hereby notified to appear respond
and offer evidence tourhin. said allegation AT
loorl"ck II. M. ON July l>lh. 1900. before the
register and rrrrivrr;, the L :, Land Office
in Fargo. North Dnku,n
ne SAID contestant having. i'm prupcratfi-
davit. filed May 18th. 1850. set forth facts
which show that after due diligence personal
service or his notice can not lie
made. il is hereby ordered and directed that
such notice he given 10y durHnd proper pubi-
cation.
CHA>. y. VALENTINE. Register
Henry kr"gh Atty for plaintiff.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

CONTEST NOTICE Department of the
terror. L. :. Land Office. Fargo. ~ d. May
18th. 1900. \ sufficient contest ;ttidHvil lav-
ing been filed in this office 10y Anton Larsen.
contestant. against homestead entry No .sa>
made March 10Th. 1880 for northwest quarter
Section 96 Township l4S. Range 81. 10y Ole H.
Larson. runtr>ter in which it is alleged tina,
the said Ole H. Larson has wholly abandoned
said tract. and changed his residence there
from for more IL han sin months since making
said entry and next prior To HE date herein:
that the lid tract is not settled upon and Gull
tlvated by said party as required by w:thnt
the said Ole H. arson has made no improve
mcntS upon said tract in the way of buildings
or caused the same tn he done from the date
of his said entry up to his present date: tina,
the said Ole IL. Larson does not reside upon
said tract at this date. nor has he ever resided
thereon from the date of his said entry up to
this date: that there are no buildings of amy
description villa >ot yer upon said tract at this
date: that his absence from said land is no,
caused by military or naval service. said
parties are hereby notitcd to appear respond
and offer evidence touching said allrg;i, ion at
10 O'Clock Il. M. on July 18TH. 1900. before he
register and receiver at the United states
land office i'm Fargo. North Dakota.
The said contestant having. in :. proper :, fiji
dhvil. flied May lSth. 1900. SET forth fact,
which show that after due diligence personal
>erv ice nf this notice can not be- made il is
hereby ordered and directed that such notice
he given 10y due and proper publications
CHAS. y. VALENTINE Register
Henry kr"gh atty for plaintiff. May 81
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

CONTEST NOTICE. Drpammrn,, of the
Interior. United States Land office Fargo. y.
d. May 18th. 1900 \ sutiirirn, runtrs, ntti-
lavi, having been tiled in this office 10y Christ
Larson. contrSlcc. against homestead cent ny
No. 9:s'.0. made March DIST 1889, for Sout Invest
quarter section D. Township AS. Range 81. by
Alfred Anderson. ron,rStrc in which ii is al
legged tina, the said Alfred Anderson has
wholly abandoned said tract; that he has
changed his residence thcrrfrom for moro
than six months since making said entry:
tina, said tract is not settled upon and Guilt
waited by said party as required Ivy law: tia,
the said Alfred Anderson has failed 10 ma k,.
or cause to he made amy Improvements what :
survcr upon said tract from the date of his
said entry up tothiS present date: that the
said Alfred Anderson does not reside upon
said r;irt at lhi, date. nor has hr resided
thereon from HE date of his said entry up to
date: han his absence from said land is not
caused Ivy military or naval service. said
parties are hereby notified to Appr;i +. res pond
and offer evidence touching said allegation II,
lourlork a m. on July 18th. 1900. before the
register and receiver at the L. :. Land Office
in Fargo North Dakota.
The said contestant having. i'm Il proper ;t1i-
davit. filed May 18th. 1900. SET forth facts
which show that after due diligence personal
serv &c of this notice can not he made. il is
hereby ordered and directed that such notice
he given 10y due and proper publication.
CHAS. y. VALENTINE. Register
Henry kro=h attorney for plaintiff
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28
Taken Up

One red yearling bull with rope
around his horns. Came to my
pasture on Sec. s-l4o-6O May the LIST.
Owner can have same by paving
charges. MASON KNAPP.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

CARR. A. BENIN.
one of he heirs of Christian i5rhn deceased.
H. +. No "l,oti for he - of ncl,. lots ! and :,
of Sec ; in Twp. l+6 II. of r. 81 W.
He names the following WITNESSES To prove
his continuous residence upon. and c.u,iva-
lion of. said land. viz: William I.urht Louis
Evcr> Frrdrih Lurhi. John F.vrrS. of Rinfortl
i. o.. Griyg> Co.. y. u.
rlIA> y VALENTINE. Register.
John q. Ole Agent GA
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

NOTICE OF FINAL PROOF Land office
al Fargo y. d.. June :. 1850 Notice is hereby
given that The following settler has
tiled notice his intention to make final five
years proof in support of his claim. and that
said proof will lr made before Oscar ID. Purin-
ton. clerk of district court AT his office i'm
Coopcr>,own. Grigg> Co. y d. ON August L.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28
Treasury Department.
OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER q
CURRENCY.

CURRENCY.
49,. W\>HiNGroN. d. G.. May 18th. 1880.
Whereas. 10y satisfactory evidence present.
ed to The undersigned. it has been made to ;.p
pear that The First National Bank of Coon
rr>tnwn in the village of CooperStuwn, i'm ne
county of GriEg:. and state of North Dakota
has complied with all the provisions of the
statutes of the tnitrS states. required to DO
complied with before an association SHAH be-
authorized to commence the business of hank-
ing:
Now therefore, |. Charles G.. Dawes. comp
trolltr OF the currency do hereby certify that
the village of Cnoprr>1own. in the County of
GrigTS. and state OF North Dakota is u,ior-
iZed To commence the business of banking a.,
provided in section tiftN-onc hundred and sin
lN-ninr "f the Revised Statutes OF the Initrd
states
In testimony whereof witness my hand and
seal OF office this twenty sixth day of NAV.
1900.
tSF t;,nl r' LIAR! G.. pAWES:
NOTICE: FOR PIRLICATION Land office
AL Fargo. y. d.. May % 1900, Notice is here
~ given that the following named settler has
filed notice Of her intention to ma Ike final proof
in support of her claim and that said proof
will he made before VIM. A. Johnson i,ldr, of
the county court AT the courthouse in Valley
city, \. d. H IN IVY , T. u Ii% kT yiI;
4. F.. No. 2l+l3 for the W. of nw'. of Sec. i'm
Township l43 Range 5S
She names the following witnesses to prove.
her continuous residence upon. and rultiva-
ton OF. said land. viz: Frank Auhury. Ed
of Dazry. y. ID.
cHtS;;, \. VALENTINE Register.
Wintrur 4 Wintrrer. a,ty> for claimant.
May
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1900-06-28

For information in detail address
James c. Young Land COMPANY. No.
3N Guaranty Loan Bldg. Mime
apolis. Mimi
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
Marine Intelligence.

Plymouth. Aug. 2-Arrived: Furst Bis.
Elarck. from New York for Hamburg.
Queenstown. Aug. ARRIVED: Germanic
New York for Liverpool.
CaerbourS. Aug. ARRIVED: Pretoria
New York, via Plymouth for Hamburg.
Antwerp, Aug. 1.-Arrived: Nederland
Philadelphia.
Queenstown. Aug. 1.-Arrived: Pennland
Philadelphia for Liverpool. Sailed: Belgen-
land. from Liverpool. Philadelphia.
Hong-K Kong, Aug. ARRIVED: Previously:
Carlisle City. San Francisco, and Portland
Ore. via Yokohama: Doric. San Francisco.
VIA Honolulu and Yokohama; Victoria, Seat
tie. via Cape Nome and Yokohama.
Queenstown, Aug. Sailed: Teutonc,
from Liverpool. New York.
New York. Aug 2.-Sailed: rAquitaine
Har;e: Kaiser Friedrich, Hamburg. via Ply
mouth and Cherbourg; Grosser Kurfurst,
Bremen. via Cherbourg.
Liverpool Aug. ARRIVED: Steamer Ger
manic, New York. via Queenstown.
Rotterdam, Aug. ARRIVED: Spaarndam,
New York, via Boulogne. Sailed: Steamer
statendanr. Boulogne and New York.
Liverpool, Aug. 2-Sailed: Steamers Cor
n:hian, Montreal: New England, Boston.
Fis Queenstown; Norseman, Boston.
Sydney, n. 5. W., Aug. 2.-Sailed: Steam
" Mariposa, San Francisco, via Auckland,
hpia and Honolulu.
Chebourg Aug. 1.-Sailed: Steamer Lain,
eom Brenen and Southampton. New York.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
LOCAL AND SUBURBAN.

The value OF prizes to be offered III the
militia tournament has been increased by
tie Exposition management.
There are reports that the municipal def
cit may be SiSl0 lSa.24, instead of Sl4l. 1851.
A rartly-burned house which has changed
ownership caused a blockade of Aubert
avenue and three of the Suburban street
cars.
Lord Stocks a negro. fell twenty-five feet
down an elevator shaft fell squarely ON HI;
head. and was only slightly injured.
Henry Mankman. IL years old, was
acquitted of the charge OF assaulting Miss
Annie HaeIring at Ninth street and Allen
avenue.
William Cuddy Of No 10i2 Park avenue
fell out of window in a dream and was
injured.
Mrs. Ida Wolff OF No. 1916 North Seventh
street tried 10 jump from Eads Bridge. and
later tried to jump from the window Of l,fr
home.
A baby abandoned on the doorstep of No.
264S Locust street. was discovered when an
alarm clock left with 1t sounded 4 warning.
II is expected that park concerts will be
abandoned for lack Of money.
The subcommittee of the ex-Confederate
Association has selected the figure for the
monument to he erected at Springfield, Mo.
a new race track IS TO he built at the in
tersection Of the Wabash and Suburban
tracks in the county.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
GIVES CREDIT TO AMERICA.
German Papers Expression OH the
Advance on Pekin.

Berlin. Aug. 2.-The National Zeitung. in
q leading article on "Americsf In China,
says:
IF the movement upon Pelsin has now
really begun, America undoubtedly deserves
great credit. Immediately after the first
direct news from Mr. Conger, the United
States Minister. was received-a communi-
cation firmly regarded at all times in Wash
ington as authentic-AIr. Hay insisted with
all earnestness that Mr. Conger's cry for
help absolutely demanded speedy relief. 1t
even seemed for a while that the American
Secretary Of State entertained the thought
of sending a purely American expedition
to Pekin, if necessary"
The paper is gratifed at President Nc
kinley's refusal to accept Ii Hung Chang's
offer to deliver AIr. Copger If the American
expedition is countermanded. 1t thinks.
however, that Washington's China policy
has been wavering. and it explains this as
due TO the exigencies of the presidential
Campaign, and to the presence of the Chi
nese themselves In the United States
The hreuz Zeitung has an article on the
same subject Assuming that the United
States is still ready to mediate, this journal
remarks:
1T would be brilliant eIectioneering
coup IL President Mckinley's administration
could come forward as the preserver OF the
worlds peace"
The papers print a sermon preached by
Emperor William last Sunday, ON board the
imperial yacht Hohenzollern. from Exodus,
chapter xviii Z, And it came to pass.
when Moses held up his hand that Israel
prevailed; and when he let down his hand
Amalek prevailed"
The subject was THE holy duty and holy
power of intercession." The reports show
that the discourse was quite bellicose
toward China. OF the soldiers going thfther
the imperial preacher said:
They shall be the strong arm which pun
ishes assassins. They shall be the mailed
fist. which snlites that choatic mass They
shall defend. sword in hand. our hoIiest
possessions. True prayers can sun
cast the banner of the dragon into the dust
and plant the banner of the cross upon the
walls
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
SAMPLING THE SEWAGE.
City Chemist Teichmann Made q
Trip Up the River.

City Chemist Teichmann yesterday went
up the Mississippi on the harbor boat and
collected samples of water at various points
along the river for analysis to discover the
effect Of the Chicago Drainage Canal sew
age on st. Louiss drinking water.
The start was made from St Louis at $50
a. m. and the boat proceeded several miles
up the Illinois above Grafton, where the
first samples were taken. The bottles were
next dipped in the Mississippi. few miles
above the mouth of the Illinois. Going
down the Mississippi samples were procured
several miles below the mouth of the Illi-
nois, where the waters of the Missouri and
Illinois commingle with the Mississippi.
The empty bottles were tossed into the
water and uncorked about four feet below
the surface. Doctor Teichmann left the
boat and rowed in skif distance Of
Analyses will be made by Doctor Teich-
mann, and the results of his fnvestiga ton
will bs published SO soon as he feels that
1t will be prudent.
He was accompanied by City Counselor
Schnurmacher. President Robert E. Nc
Math of the Board Of Public Improvements,
Harbor Commissioner Ait, Sewer Commits
sioner Hermann and Street Commissioner
Varrelman. all of whom went simply for a
days outing. The party returned at 10 p. m.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
MARRIAGE BY TELEPHONE.
Percy r. Lambert of st. Louis Was
the Bridegroom.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL.

REPUBLIC SPECIAL.
Binghamton. n. Y. Aug. "A bride and
bridegroom were united to-day by n father
who lay dying many miles away. The bride
groom was Percy r. Lambert of st. Louis
and the bride Miss Edith Graves of Bos-
ton.
The young people had arranged for a
quiet wedding at the home of the brides
aunt, at which the brides father, the Rev
erend William Graves, was to officiate. The
ceremony was to take place at noon, but
early this morning word was received that
the Reverend Mr. Graves was very i'll at
his home and could not leave his bed. His
heart was. however, set on performing
the marriage ceremony for his daughter
and n plan was finally hit upon to have the
ceremony performed by telephone from the
bedside. The questions and answers were
distinct and heard by those gathered about
the phone.
After the couple had been pronounced man
and wife, to make the knot doubly secure
the ceremony was repeated by a local
clergyman. although attorneys expressed
the opinion that question as to the le-
gality OF the ceremony could be raised.
The city directory does not contain the
name Percy h. Lambert.
A reporter visited several families of
Lamberts last night, but failed to find any
person who knew the bridegroom in the
Binghamton wedding.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
SHARKS BRIGHTEN BATHERs.
Miss Griswold Helps to Land Three
Big Ones.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL

REPUBLIC Special.
Bay Shore, L. l.. Aug. For the first time
in many years schools of sharks are infest-
ing the waters of Great South Bay, and
shark hunting parties are fast supersedins
blue-fishing excursions as a seashore diver
sion.
To-day Miss Josephine Griswold. who is
n guest of General and Mrs. Draper on the
yacht of the retiring Ambassador to Italy,
At least Miss Griswold attracted them to
her line. The crew of the yacht did the
rest. After hard fight the sharks were
hauled on board and brought to Bay Shore.
The largest measured eight feet, the next
seven feet nine inches, and the smallest six
feet five inches.
The presence of sharks in the bay has
frightened hundreds of batherS who are
su1mmering at the numerous resorts along
its shores. scattered over a distance of
twenty miles. and bathing has been aban-
doned for the time being, save in the surf.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
T0-DAY'S NEWS IN BRIEF.
RI-STNFSS.

Discount rates were TO per cent OF
call and time loans. Clearances, &I2c.o2o
balances. s57l,07l New York exchange, sc
discount bid, par asked; Louisville, 2Sc dis
count bid. par asked; Chicago. zoe discount
bid. 10c discount asked: Cincinnati, 29c dis'
count bid. par asked; New Orleans, &c dis
count bid, par asked.
Wheat locally closed lower at I1@c II
Aug. 72i4@2sc Sept, .5isc II. Dec .SF.a'i'ic
no. . red. Corn closed lower at 3.l2c n
Aug. 36Ss6Sic b. Sept, S2i,c Dec, 322isc
Year, SaIac Il. No. . white. oats closed al
2Ic II. Aug. 207sc a. Sept. 2li2a24c No. :.
The local market for standard mess PORK
closed firm at $l2..5. Prime steam lard
closed steady at 6.15H6.1,l@c.
The local spot cotton market closed quiet
and lnNer.
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
SOCIALIST ARRESTED.
Says That He Is st. Louis Con-
gressional Nominee.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL.

REPCBLIC SPECIAL.
Dayton, o., Aug. "A man who says he
is Charles Specht. the Socialistic congress
sional nominee from the Twelfth District OF
Missouri, who was selected at the Social
istic Democratic Convention held at st.
Louis yesterday, was arrested In this city,
charged with lettering.
Specht ia 4 representative OF the Interna
tional Union of Cigarmakers. and has been
In this city for several weeks assisting the
local Cigarmakers' Union, which has been
Striking.
For some time great crowds have been
congregating in the neigh bGrhood of the
nolunion factories. On Monday evening
quite Il number We're taken into custody
by the police, and last night another raid
was made on Herman street. Ten men and
nine women were arrested and all taken to
the station-house on a charge of lettering
Among those arrested last night were
Specht and man named Theis. AL gave
bond and will be tried tomorrow.
Eleven others were arrested tonight, but
Specht made good his escape, while four
of his associates were arrested the second
fiY5,a
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
BAD ELK DIED IN JAIL.
Consumption Carried Off Sioux
Murderer.

Sioux Falls. s. D.. Aug. 2.--John Bad Elk
q Sioux Indian murderer. who has been in
Jail here since April of last year. died to-
Gay of consumption
In March, 1899, on the Pine Ridge Reser-
walton. Bad Elk shot and killed John Kills
back, one of the party of three Indian
policeman striving to effect his arrest, He
was tried, convicted of murder and SEN
fenced to be hanged June 16 Of last year.
Before the date set for the execution the
case was appealed to the United States
Supreme Court, which early in May last
handed down a decision granting Bad Elk
a. trial. which would have been held
next month at Deadwood. Since being i'm
prisoned, Bad Eiks health has steadily
failed
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
DEVERY'S NAME INVOLV WE'D.
New York Police Chief Holds a
Note for Gambling Debt.
REPUBLIC SPECIAL

REPUBLIC SPECIAL
New York. Aug. Chief Devery's name
became connected to-day with a story of a
gambling debt. The head of the police de-
partment was made to appear In the public
records as the holder of a note for 81 ,3G0
given for a loss across the green table.
Alfred Marks, publisher of No 156 Fifth
avenue, filed this morning a petition in
bankruptcy, and in the schedule of liabilities
made this entry:
William s. Devery. No. $40 West Twenty
eighth street. $3.50; gambling debt of the
petitioner. contracted in 1894, and note given
for same"
Chief Devery's name is William g. Devery,
and his address is No. $40 West Twenty
eighth street.
Marks, in an interview. said he did not
lose the money to the Chief of Police, but
that Devery bought the note at a discount
from a friend
The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888-1919, 1900-08-03
BAPTIST MISSIONARIES SAFE.
Dispatch Regarding Those in East
ern China Mission.

Boston. Mass. Aug. "a telegram was
received here to-day by the American
Baptist Missionary Union, dated Shanghai
1t said:
Holmes, Bousfleld. will be on next
steamer. All safe"
Reverend C. +. Merriam. editorial secre-
tary of the union. said that the dispatch in
dcated the safety of all the missionaries in
the Eastern China mission of the union.