Virginian-pilot. (Norfolk, Va.) 1898-1911, 1900-12-09

gave It's territories to the duchy OF
Milan. 1t regained independence in
152S, and the republic was re-estab-
lished. 1t was finally reduced in 1906
his empire. And in 1915 the Powers
gave IL to the King of SARDINIA.
Venice was republic from it's foun-
dation in the fifth century continuous
that year Bonparte. who had conquered
it, gave 1t by the treaty of Campo
Formio to Austria. In exchange he
took away from Austria, Belgium and
Lombardy. He said to Rourienne, his
secretary: BE easy. They shall pay
for it. Their republic has lived"
The territory of Lombardy, which he
took away from Austria, he erected
into two republics, the Transalpine and
the Cisalpine, 1896. Afterward he
the Italian republic. He made his re-
lative. the Prince of Piombino, Presi-
dent. Then, in 1902 he had himself
made President; and be garrisoned it
with 10000 French troops. In 1906. when
he became Emperor of the French, and
the title of President was no longer
compatible with his new dignities, he
managed SO that deputation went to
Paris and offered him the crown. And
the Italian republic became the king
dom of Italy.
There is a little republic in the Span
ish Pyrenees called Andorra, which is,
like that of San Marino, too small to
awaken the jealousy of kings, and
which therefore still remains.
When Greece threw off the Turkish
yoke her people set up provisional
republic. But the allied Powers, who
had helped Greece, stepped in and pre-
vented 1t, and set up German Prince.
Otto, as King. Che was ;.fterward
compelled to fiee.)
The Ionian Isles had a little aristro-
craticai republic, with headquarters at
Corfu. This republic fell under the pro-
lection of England, who gartisoned it.
prince was made King of Greece, in
place of Otto. England gave the Ionian
Isles to him. And so that little repub
lie passed away.
When Russia. Prussia, and Austria
divided Poland between them by the
treaty OF Vienna. they took Il small
tract of land and erected il into
State, and called 1t the Republic OF
Cracow. Its people. however, took too
much interest in Polish independence.
so. in 1886 they destroyed it, and gave
Its insignificant territory to Austria.
Very few people know that there was
a republic in RusSa-even Russia. In
the middle ages the city and prn-
cipality of Novgorod WAS a republic.
Not Mini Novgorod. where is held the
great fair of Asia, but that one in north
of Russia, near St. Petersburs;. In
those days it was the only part of
Russia which resisted the Tartar con-
quest In 147S Ivan the great Grand
Duke of Moscow, conquered ii, last of
all the independent States of Russia.
On the strength of this achievement
he proclaimed himself Gar
Iceland, from the eighth century, was
republic, but in 1851 was conquered
by the Norweigians.
Switzerland has never had king
although several times subjected to the
sway of foreign emucrors. Since 1908
her government has been purely rcpub-
lican ana some of her Cantons were so
even before that.
The northern provinces OF the Meth
erlands. when they threw off the Span
ish yoke in the seventeenth century,
established republic called the repub-
lie of the United Provinces. which ex
listed for nearly 200 years. But in 1906
Napoleon made ii II kingdom, and
placed his brother, Louis, on the
throne
The German free cities OF Hamburg,
Bremen. Frankfort. and Lubec can
hardly be called republics. since they
recognized the su1erainty of the En-
peror. For sixty or seventy years,
however there heng no longer an En-
peror they may be regarded rs indie
pendent, as well as free. But their in
dependence was destroyed in 1871. when
the Prussian army proclaimed Freder-
lex William Emperor at Versailles.
England once made IN experiment
III republican government, by cutting
off the head OF her king. and abolishing
her House of Lords. Cromwell how
ever exercised absolute power us Lord
protector. and the Office and dignity
descended to his son. This arrange
ment. from the behendiug of Charles
|, in 1858, TO the restoration of Charles
III, in 1860 lasted twelve years only,
and is one of the few examples unon
which the Tories rely to prove their
dogma.
Another example is France. In 1889
France became u constitutional king
dom, In 1793 n republic. in 1906 Ma
poleon made himself Emperor. In 1914
he was overthrow by the allied
Powers, who occupying France with
their armies, restored the ancient king
dom in the person of Louis XVIII. The
next year Napoleon returned from IIhn
and for a hundred days regained his
empire. Upon his defeat at Waterloo
the Powers again installed the Bour-
bons. who ruled until 1880. when
Charles y, was compelled TO flee by
revolution. Unfortunately the revo-
luton, under the advice of Tailyrnnd
made Louis Philippe general
of the kingdom. He soon became King
although the government was liberal
lied by the adoption of a Constitutions
In 1SiS the people made another at
tempt to establish the republic. driv-
ing out the King (who made his es7
cape as MIR. Smith'O and erecting a
popular government. In 1851 Louis Ma
poleon. having been elected President.
and taking oath 10 support the repub-
lie. overthrow il and made himself En-
peror. Upon the first opportunity the
people renewed the struggle for pop
uiar government, In 1870. when he lost
the battle of Sedan. Theirs and Gam
beta proclaimed the republic, which
still exists. During nil these years,
from the beginning OF the revolution
until the fall of Louis Napoleon -l7Sg-
1870 France was under republican gov
ernment only fifteen years. 1t took all