davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
"BIG SKIS" BIG EXPOSITION.
EVERYTHING RELATING TO PRINTING TO BE SHOWN AT
THE GRAND CENTRAL PALACE


standing. But they nobly stood together and and
been aff@eS5onately @ known by their fellow members
This demoralized state of affairs finally became
SO bad that both employers and the craft became
sick OF 1.-THE craft because they were as so gen gen
labor; the fair employers because there was no
aafy estimate fo WoR an6 so found hem
ho chose a5 h to a o Of he
The hour being ripe. the man appeared
as president John r. oDonneil. Under his able
leadership it rapidly grew in numbers: and before
and JOB trade was pa ced in the market and sue. &c.
Slough of Despond
VARIOUS LINES OF PHILANTHROPY.
Since that time, owing to its generally wise and
conservative policy, the of the union has
been onward and upward 1t has grown to a
membership of nearly six thousand. and as 1t has
grown In numbers 1t has broadened in its aims
and objects. 1t has now under its administration
a burial fund hospital fund, monument fund
and out OF work fund. In addition to this. 1t
mas rented a farm at Bound Brook. where 1t is the
intention to give those out of work and the super
annuated opportunity to become self-supportfng
outside OF the printing business by teaching them
farming
In the last seven years Big Six has paid out
average of $4,000 each year for the sick and
INDECENT members OF this s259OCO total. 5000
can f from the sa m re ef n by a M sn s
assessments of its members.
The organization maintains beds in St; Marys
Brooklyn; ST vincent's, Hospital New-York. and
Presbyterian Hospital. New-York; and also often
finds it necessary to maintain patients In the Eye
and Ear Infrmary. NewYork; the Seton Hospital,
Spuyten Duyvil. N " and the Home for Incur
ahles, New-York
1t pays 5000 per annum to the Chids--
Drexel Home in Colorado Springs. Col and at
the present writing has about fifty members (con-
sumptives) in the Home.
Among the benefits lately achieved for its mem,
bers by No. G and the international Typographical
Union, the greatest one is the nine hour day for
the book and job trade, which has been so sue
cessfuy put into operation under the able guild
Of J. Murphy, eX-preSident b,
chairman of the Internat tional Typographical
Big Six is probably the best known @ Individual sl
in every way worthy and its movements have
always been characterized by moderation ana good
sense. 1t believes that g strike should be the
last and extreme of trades union It's
power and influence are great. and while 1t seeks
BY every honorable means to avoid trouble: II
driven the wall 1t believes in fighting with might
and main. -,
Among the Of those members of Big Six
or of the art preservative who nave become
famous, may be mentioned Amos J. Cummings,
who Is proud of the fact that he still carries
current card of No g. Bayard Taylor and sn1 John
Howard Payne, the author OF Home, sweet
Home; Edwin Forrest, the tragedian and j.; b.
Studley, the famous Old Bowery actor.
Besides these. President Buchanan; salmon r;
Chase Lawrence Barrett, and John McCullough all
worked at the case. JAMES III. bhEoLiN
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
ILLUSTRATION or TO-DAY.
HOW 1T HAS DEVELOPED FROM THE BE
CUMMINGS OF FIFTY YEARS AGO

The history of engraving and illustration during
the last fifty years is one of frequent and COM
pete changes in methods. It will be impossible In
a brief article do than trace through the
pages of the illustrated periodicals the evolution
that has taken place in illustration since the first
members of Typographical Union No. 6 set the
type around 'cuts'-the commonly given to
all illustrat tions printed with type.
There We're Illustrated publications and
finely illustrated books prior to 1885, but it be
said that from that year dates the beginning of the
demand for illustrations, and with the demand
came the supply in gradually increasing quantity.
When the supply of illustrated publications would
exceed the public demand, then would come often
failure the publishers. Stirring stimulated
the demand for Illustration. For instance the DR..
BurdeIl murder in 1856 saved Frank Leslie's Illus
trated Newspaper from collapse. while the Civil
War made "Harpers Weekly" and Frank Les
les great properties
It was in June, 1850, that "Harper's New Monthly
Magazine first appeared There few cuts in
the early numbers, and they poor in quality. THE
International Magazine was also born that year.
and died after. "Godey's Ladys Book and
''Grahams Magazine" were illustrated monthlies
at that time In 1851 the first American Illustrated
newspaper with any pretension appeared. It was
called The Illustrated American News" r. W.
Strong the proprietor of engraving establish
ment. was the publisher. Among the engravers in
Strongs employ from The Illustrated
London News who destined to have greater
influence on illustrated publications than any other
lndiVldual. In England he engraved his name
Henry Carter. but when he reached America he
recut 1t to read Frank Leslie. p. T. Barnum was
one of Lesie's early acduaintances. that when
Strongs venture at illustrated weekly failed
Barnum backed Leslie in The New-York Illus
trated News" This in 1858. In the mean time
Strong began "Diogenes: His Lantern in 1852. II
was edited by John Brougham. an imitation OF
London Punch. Strong changed It's title to
yankee Notions" which name saved its life for
fifteen years. Yankee Doodle Young Amer
lea another, though unfortunate. venture of
Strongs.
EARLY ILLUSTRATED WEEKLIES
In December. 1855, published the first number
of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and
from that dates the establishment in this country
of the Illustrated newspaper reasonable busi-
proposition. The Civil War placed Leslie's
business such solid financial footing that he
was encouraged to start other publications
after another until they numbered ten. Leslies
success induced Harper & Brothers to bring
their Illustrated weekly in 1857.
The method employed to illustrate all pubca-
tions was wood engraving 1t consisted In the
artist drawing the picture a lockwood block the
exact size 1t was to be printed The design this
block then engraved into lines the block
suitable to be printed from AS this lockwood en-
craving was too fragile to withstand the wear OF
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

The mammoth Printing Exposition and FAIR
under the auspices of Typographical Union No
will be opened in the Grand Central Palace
Lexington-ave and Forty-third-st., on May T. to
run until June 2 This will be the first exposition
of the kind ever held. Marcus Nathan, who has
successfully directed several expositions has the
general management of this one, the proceeds
from which to be used in furthering the
benevolent features OF the organization. such as
the Hospital Fund, the Burial Fund. the relief
OF members who are out of work and the
paying of money weekly to members too old to
meet the competition of their younger fellows
These last placed on the superannuated list
established by that body some years ago, and
are not liable for dues assessments.
Blk Six maintains beds in four hospitals
for its members who sick and without rela-
tives. and a part of the International Typo
graphical Union It contributes to the main
tenance Of home for DID, infirm or consump-
tive printers in Colorado Springs, the financial
foundation of which was laid by the late George
W. Childs and the late Anthony Drexel. 1t has
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

the printing press II was duplicated in an esctro
type and the latter used the printing nrass
With the advent of 'Scribner's MaEazine'' IN ISSi
improvements. the chief being the M 80.
graphing of the drawing or the boxwood This per
pleased and In any medium he chose ee us he
From this time might be dated the ''eoIdan .,
OF engraving. Printing press makers were caiioS a
for more perfect machines. and they responded on y
1872 The Aldine' the art Journal OF An,a., IN
showed the world the strides we had rnad
Illustration. The Century Magazine brought IN IN
ART OF the wood engr2ver 10 st greater perfection
While the public taste being etuca ted - 'ol' M
pect even greater achievements on the part y, TX
wood engraver. eXperimenterS were AZ wo-t a. N'e
endeavor bring photography to take the plac an 9
the engraver. 'No vi
publication on March 1873. OF The New-yorrse re
Daily Graphic. the nrst daily illustrated neU,.
NaDei IN 'ne "oiu' A"e HfaPhic during the
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
AN IMPORTANT PROCESS.
srEREoTYPING VITAL TO THE NEWSPAPER
THE TRIBUNE THE PIONEER

.or, the numerous aids in producing the mod
ern newspaper. so that large number OF copies
can be put on the streets o. in the Haiis lapid',
that of sereotypng the pages Is perhaps tne 80
understood by the general reader. We all kno"
something about the so-caled typesettine iia0"A
and the wonderfully perfected presses, wh'ch rattie
off so many thousands of copies every hour' ou'
few OF us realize that these things OF themselves
would be comparatively useless were II not ior 'i
aid of stereotypng. After the machines nave put
.be naws into lines and columns and these have
In turn been arranged into pages, there must theh
be some means of duplicating these pages SO tiia'
any number Of presses can be running at the same
time ON the same matter This duplicating is per-
formed by stereotypug; that is 10 say the paso
~ tvne s renroduced in one solid plate of metal gem
orally cast in a curve fit the cylinder OF the press
and 1t is this plate that the paper Is Prineu
The type itself is never used TO PRINT Iroh "u''
after a paper mould has been taken, the type OF
linotype. is returned to the composing room 70 De
distributed or remelted. II any one OF our large
daes were to be printed directly from the type on
one press II would require perhaps month con-
tinuous running TO print enough copies Aoi 0"e
dav and the type would be completely worn out
sarara1 t,nes If on the other hand, the same
number OF presses were to be used as at present
and the type set for each press 1t would require
all the compositors in the city to get out one paper
So II is easy to see how really important the
process OF stereotypng is TO the getting out OF our
modern newspaper and also how necessary II IS
that this work be done in the very shortest time
possble After the last line of news has oeen
received there must be the least possible time con-
sun1ed in putting this news IN type and IN making
a sufficient number of plates to run the presses
In a welI-regulated newspaper there is schedule
showing the time each page is TO be closed up ana
sent to the stereotype room, and this scheduIe Is
followed like the timetable OF a railroad In the
early part of the night the advertisements
editorials and accumulated news are made up into
pages as soon as possible. and the other pages are
held open for the news which comes in at the last
minute In this way a steady stream OF pages can
be sent to the stereotype room, and when the last
page is ready 1t be rushed through with light
Ming rapidity. Ten minutes is fair amount OF
time necessary for a starter-that is. sunicient
number Of plates start the first press-and after
that the other presses be started in rapid sue
cession
Although there various processes or Stereotyp-
ing the only now used in newspaper work IS
the papier-mache process. The old plaster OF Paris
or CLAW processes are slow and costly for this
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

best set forth in figures Ordinary news pape. issa,
for nine cents in 1850 tand at twenty cents III Isss
can now be had three cents. 1t mas peeh 49,
than two cents Yet fine hand made papelsrry a nS
both here and abroad that then had no MAJ keL o
Importance find buyers at from thirty 20 eighty
cents a pound. Printing machinery, on tRe Son u,
trary has advanced enormously. The ola lott ~, VI
hand press better made than It ever was, ssis
at about the same rate 1t did fifty years aso uut
the hand press is longer factor in the pIouuc-
ton books. The machinery required Tor o ~
modern books and newspapers costs from si'ooo 70
s25 600: printing inks much cheaper ana niuCn @
better The wages of ordinary workmen nave
doubled. and of expert workmen have trebled NOT,
withstandng this advance in cost OF lapor ana
presses the price of books has practically decreased
nor are there as many out of employment now
in proportion the employed as there were hity
wears ago. The inventions OF electrotyping, pnoto-
engraving, fast printing machinery, ana type cast
ing and typeSetting did put many men out OF work
in their beginning, but they have cheapened work,
have increased the number of buyers OF printing.
and produced occupations and given better
wages to workmen. Complainers against invention
may take courage The more complex the machine
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
NETWORK DAILY TRIBUNE SUNDAY MARCH % 1900.

seventeen years of its existence deveiopeo n.d
of pen and ink artists who nave sincs ia@n 'nn ne
among the leading illustrators OF sue usS' rbtcb
GRAPHIC method was Hthographic one "niGn nII
had MANY artistic qualities to recommend ~. SUI
printing from stone was too slow Insth 10 ~ p
init of large editions. Various metho1S VI ah,
he prnted with type were being experinented witt
Ev iSs0 these were perfected, but IL was NOT uhtl
March iSS4 that the first New-York dany paper
began the illustration OF ts pasTT Tbis method Of
enrrayine by which the illustration was mrs,
drawn in pen and ink and then engraved IN retiea @
and more generally adopted until IL came INTO uss
In the finest magazines taxing the Piace ~ -
engraving almost entirely. During TINS PelIVu f
and ink artists fourshed and the %noIe - - u
engraving and illustrating was reVoiutiolsI -,o~a
Since January 1897 there has been stin NOR more
wonderful revolution taking place IN oIs .ie Tba
ton of the great metropolitan ddiy Pa, ~ dtd in
Tribune led in this latest improvement hT !. III
the setting of type by machinery oh Iuui s, go,
January 81 1891 there was publisned on III, T-a,ons
mage of The Tribune portrait or the Hon Iri.d
States Senator. This portrait was printet& 49, uae
..haIf tone'' engraving which up TO that time W.
regarded as an Impossible method for the ne uaS hI
newspaper Still The Tribune printed this sn. nai.
tone pict,,re on its rapid web perfecting presses
without any change I'm It's machinery vi ~. -
quality of ink paper used FROM tiia' @ 80 The
this the illustrations in The IriDuhs % noSe both in
marvel of other newspaper proprietor - 49,
this country and Europe, and nan tol,e - ,a1,g
is being tried with more or less success uS f+m1e
M ners everywhere What possibilities tne IutuIr
PPids for this latest Improvement In newspaper
engraving and illustrating may De preutcIe .hSy1a-
Tbe Tribune's recent triumphs In photograph..hhs NE
famous dinner gatherings ana IeL. IeL,.toc n,sss a
nhotneraphs perfectly by the fast printing pres
far, hours later What improvements tne next ny
Years NAV bring illustration appear 10 % III o
renroduction of the colors OF nature anu
luton already beginning TO Greer II mo WOPGAN
zines. ~, ,--,.,,a,- Art Departu,ent.
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

degree Every publisher spends considerable IN.
and money in producing handsome books As -
CARDS the outside cover. cloth is prOduced roz 4
various beautiful shades and artists OF the highest
renown are engaged by the different PUBLISHERS 70
produce works of art 1t can safely be said thai
the cloth bindings OF to-day have reached the hga
est pinnacle as regards art. and the wOrknansa9
in every detail perfect. and the work OF to-day N
New-York excels that OF any other country in point
OF binding and decoration
Leather binding twenty-five 10 fifty years ago vas
all hand work. No machinery was used ms
workmanship was perfect. even II the effect Of us
whole was not stylish or artistic The mateTlas
used then were the best that existed Ihele W.
then no limitations OF morocco or lsvant i was
question in those DAYS or turning well bound
book. and close examination OF BOOKS oOuh1 -
those days will show rhat the workmanship vas
be divided into two casses-wholesaie ana W y!
work. Wholesale work is gotten up specia-y ~.
this work is done by machinery. and the maIerIas
used are mostly limitations OF the finer grades :.
are 10 blame Tor thiS deterioration. hhSs 5,,s-5s
cheap and SNOWY books. and TO meet their denanIis
some skimping in the workmanship and mA'e'la'
is necessary. -,
1t is not many years ago that the Circuit bindings
used on Bibles could not be done IN NeN-isaa 80.
They were all imported from England, WneIe a.
are shops specially devoted 10 this line Or NO. .
This is now being done IN New-York IA la.ss s
quantities and very cheaply but the 1naterlais 90
are of the commonest kind-cowhide. spht 'as
necessary thickness, and stamped in imila'09ns 0s,. =
morocco and levant. All the finer grades o. 5lois'
are str imported to this country.
Job binding is confined 10 few shops. En2 nsss 1
speciality OF this class OF WORK The NorA y ~
well: good material is used and Workmanship -
best. The outside decorations are very aTtis,e -
it is fact that the binders employed IN ths sS ~
OF work doing their utmost and spaTlIls
efforts to produce thorough specimens OF oooAo..Ss
inSs- In this work little. il any. machinery 80 -
fhoroush work cannot be done with ths A
Machinery in cloth work has improved the c'hH-
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

also established farm at Bound Brook, N. j.
where members unable TO procure work may live
during the summer and winter and learn farm
ing. The product of their labor is sold In the
New-York and New-Jersey markets and the
money is divided equally among the workers
The large yearly increase in the ranks of the or
ganization has also increased its duty to its
out-of-work and superannuated members-its
membership is nearly 6,O00-and for that reason
the replenishing Of its benevolent funds is
necessary. The sum of S259000 was paid out
in the last seven years to members coming un-
der the laws governing its philanthropic feat
ures.
Over year has been spent by the Exposi-
ton Committee in comforting with firms who
manufacture printing materials. presses stereo-
tipping and electrotyping machinery, paper, type.
typesetting machines, material and machines
for photo-engraving, bookbinding and litho-
graphing and manufacturers of ink. All the
firms engaged in such lines Of trade have been
interested in the Exposition with the result that
10000 square feet Of floor space will be devoted
20 exhibits. Under the auspices of the New-York
and Brooklyn Federation Of Women, auxli-
ary of Big Six fair will be held on the first
balcony Of the Palace building, gifts to which
are being sent to the committee in charge.
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

Improbable because they slow and O. small
size Beginning In 1850 with l9x24 and 24x3S sheets
the size OF book paper and of printing presses
has steadily increased until sheets of 4ox6o inches
are not uncommon The hand press then in US
cost about s225: the small Adams and cylinder from
1900 to $1,000. Servceabie machines of large size
cost from 81 500 to $1,000 If a rotary or web
press be selected. the buyer must pay from $1,000
to SOS OO0
The price then paid to piece compostors on book
work was % to 25 cents thousand ems. Time
hands earned 50 week An extra valuable hand
So The foreman of thirty or forty men was seldom
paid more than s12 week
BEGINNING OF ILLUSTRATION
Book printing had little benefit from kindred arts
Electrotyping known but put aside as
expensive; the process most used was stereotyping
in plaster. Stereotypng in plaster always un-
satisfactory to book printers for could not fairly
reproduce woodcut. The art of electrotyping
first put TO practical by Professor Mapes in
lsil, became an established business In 1853 and
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

dispense with the wetting OF paper. About 1880 the
paper makers provided coated paper with surface
smoother than polished marble This enabled book
printers produce woodcuts and half tone work
with vlgor of black and more paeness OF gray.
While II has been OF great value for illustrations
In magazines the coated paper and the dry paper
process OF printing have seriously damaged the APP
pearance OF type work. The average job, book and
news printing OF to-day lacks the solidty and read
ability os similar work done fifty years ago.
The pendulum of fashion has swung backward.
The paper in highest fashion now Is coarse; the
types preferred those modelled after the advice
OF William Morris, ard black and sometimes
angular. Tho neat and orderly arrangement OF
types, common enough hfty years ago. are no" put
printers are preferred in Job printing and in many
newspapers. So far they have been kept out OF
book work, but IL would be presumptuous TO say
they will always be kept
The changed conditions in fifty years are perhaps
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
FIFTY YEARS OF PRINTING
A MASTER MIND TELLS THE CHANGES
WROUGHT IN THIS ART.

To record improvements made in fifty years calls
for much space. One may we'll begin with the
most common form of printing The newspaper OF
fftv wears ago sold for or two cents. rarely
had more than four pages. 1t was only when adver-
tising was plenty or when an important document
had m he published that the sheet was increased
In size This was done IN preference to making
sheets OF four more pages, which would compel
the use of two or presses. The income from
advertising was scant. The amount OF reading
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
THE GOLDFISH INDUSTRY THRE4rEah''

The goldfish industry is threatened w. w. hank
and dealers n nevis preparing Av..ais ny
ruptcy The announcement. which lssng y pub
authority, Is more pOrtentouS thaa 4 sSS.ssarab.e
lie might think. There IS Very r-s are
trade in these creatures, and the pticu1, ,r boys
most excIsfveIv bovs But In time or ~. fist
fancy turns 10 other things. his tho-s -s .ains
now are long long thoughts, and theS an be able
on he wars of the future whea ne So m
10 rlay a mans part IN the great gam ,r oscil-
ste OF stuaying natural history iR hS Sf,r,rns and
toy guns ana swords and deadly oatt.ss a. thus
fought in dark entries and obscure paiss.s VII
IN fhs nexf generation, many naturd ssined
lost 10 England and some good soI,' sI - 1oG11e
although in the process few humois
perish.
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25
MACHINERY IN BOOKBINDTNG.
FORMERLY NONE WAS USED. NOW LITTLE OF
THE WORK is DONE BY HAND

I1IT NVfNN II DVNf. Bf HAND.
New-fork nifty years ago had forty-fve employing
bookbinders; in 1875 this was increased 10 eighty
five. and to-day there are about one hundred and
ten engaged in leather and cloth bookblndirg
Bookbinding twenty 10 nifty years ago was divided
into two classes-cloth and leather Many shops
turned out both styles OF work. the Is done
to-day
In regard 10 cloth binding. ir one were TO take
book that was published fifty years ago and a
book published to-day. II will at once b., noticed
that the style OF binding is materially changed
used; In cloth bindings II was mostly hand work
and done WELL even II the covers were solemn look
Ing and inart,stic. With the advent ot marhl,arv
there has been complete revolution IN the binding
OF eioth BOOKS Machinery has produced better
books better bound, ana artistic IN ~. ,,rh..,
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

tlons of both men and the work. while sle hsa .
duction OF machinery In leather work IN
contrary effect. HENRY bl@aNN
New-York tribune., 1900-03-25

the more need of to It, Machines max,
work and increase wages
THEODORE L. DE WHINE.
Virginian-pilot. (Norfolk, Va.) 1898-1911, 1900-02-10
Continued on Page IT,
SITUhTI0N in KENTUCKY HGGRHVATEDI
Taylor Rejects Louisville Agreement and Orders Arrest o
Democratic legislators.
(By Telegraph to virginian- pilot.)

fBy Telegraph to virginian- Pilot)
Frankfort. Ky. Feb. o.-Governor
Taylor announced to the Associated
Press representative this afternoon
that he would take no action in regard
to the Louisville agreement for some
time. if at all.
WARRANTS FOR LEGISLATORS.
London. Ky, Feb. s.-The following
message from Governor Taylor was re-
ceived to-day by a member of the Leg
islature:
Have warrants issued for members
of the House and put in the hands of
sergeant at arms to serve
The warrants were made out late to-
day. and given to Sergeant farms
Creil. OF the House,