davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
JUNIORS MADE MERRY
TENTH ANNUAL ENTERTAINMENT
OF THE ASSOCIATION HELD
LAST NIGHT
OCCASION A HAPPY ONE
Programme Included an Annual
Address by Fred w. ZoIlman,
Which Was an Interesting Re-
view of the History of the Junior
Ffoneer Association - Dancing
Followed Songs and Addresses.

Inc tenth annual entertainment and
dance of the Junior Pioneer associa-
tlon, held last evening at association
pariors, was very largely attended.
Ihere was an admirably arranged pro-
sramme, which opened with an over
ture by Seibert's orchestra Mrs. ]. B.
br1mhal gave 1.-The Soldiers Good
Dye, as a soprano solo, and A L. Lar
Eenteur delivered an address on The
P1oneers-1843- 1892" Mrs. Charles O.
Krieger sang Meyer Helmund's 1.-The
Dream That Lived" and Charles Scar
fett gave violin solo.
Fred w. Zollman delivered the adj
oreSS Of the evening ON '"Ther Junior
Pioneers" and reviewed the history of
the organization.
A. G. Johnson recited the Star
Spangled Banner" and Miss Anna
erode, in a clear soprano voice, sang
B1ngham's 1.-The Swallows" Gus Zen
zius gave a tenor solo, and then W. j.
Thompkins told about George Wash
1ngton and his hatchet. All the num-
pers on the programme were encored.
Dancing followed the entertainment
with music furnished by Seibert's or
chestra. Supper was served at mid
night In the refectery.
The committees in charge were: Ar
rangements, Charles T, Jessrang, Ju-
Illus Keller, Fred A. Defel, Albert j.
Schweitzer, William R. Johnson; re-
ception, William r. Tostevin, r. N.
Hare, Edward Dahl, Albert J. Oertel,
John Jackson, John Wagner, Frank
Robert Jr.; floor, William Allen, E. w.
Bazille, Charles Kartak, Robert H.
Seng, Frank Lindeke and A Charlton
neau. Among those present We're:
MI. and Mis-. B. B. Lapenteur Mr.. and
Mrs. C. J. Miss, Mr.: and Mrs: A. Fetsch, Mr..
and Mrs. A. j. Wilwerscheid. Mr.. and Mrs.
w. F. Zimmerman, Mr. and Mrs: John
Mr.. and Mrs. George Sausrwein, Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles o. Krieger, Mr.. and Mrs. But
zenhart. Mr.. and Mrs Frank Robert Jr., Mr..
and az Mrs A. L. Lapenteur. Mr.. and Mrs. J.
ard Mrs. john Schulze, Mr.. and Mrs. Robert
H. Seng, Mr.. and Mrs. Julius Keller, Mr..
and Mrs. John I. erode, Mr.: and Mrs Fred
Mrs. E. L. Murphy, Mr.. and Mrs. J. B..
Botzet, Mr.. and Mrs. A. Charbonneau, Mr..
and Mrs. Thomas Smith Mr.. and Mrs. E. w.
Mrs. c; A Gariyeau, Mr.. and Mrs. William
Riley, Mr.. and MrI Edward Dahl Mrs. N.
Gross, Mrs. M. Marker, Mrs. W. Strait, Mrs.
Peter Wagner, Mrs. c. H. Way, Miss Lottie
Miss May Davis, Miss Edna Zenzius, Miss
Theresa Jessrang, Miss Josephine S.ahl, Miss
sosephine Meyer, the Misses Wagner,
Julius, Keller, Fred Herman, j. j. Strap,
john Jucks, R. H. Patterson CIV Foreman
Herman E. seibert NJ. ]. o'Conner, A. j.
Oertel, Henry 2. schwabe. Gel. c. F. Hans
George May. M. ]. Miley, Frank Remer, Mat
Bantz, F. o. Hammer, NJ. ]. McManus
Charles Ct les r. Keller 4. J. schweitzer,- Charles
Matt schweitzer, John W. Willis, George
Ward, Louis Jergens, George NJ Ellsworth
yohn Stahl, Patrick Kelly Jr., F. H. Witt
John j. jackson. B. zimmerman, J. H.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
SPAIN DISLIKES DELAY.
Settl ement of the Philippines cues
ton to Her Advantage.

VtlcU0 ent OF the fn1hPR1neS 9u6S.
ton to Her Advantage.
LONDON, Jan. 12.-The Madrid cor
respondent of the Times says:
ut is not to the advantage of Spain
that settlement in the Philippines Is
delayed. The fact is fully realized
that Spanish shipping is suffering from
the uncertainty, as well as the inter-
est Of the religious orders, where prop
erty Is at stake, and many of whose
members are prisoners.
1T is not true that the Spanish COM
manders have been ordered to give the
Americans trouble. Spain desires to
bury the hatchet. A scheme is being
seriously discussed for the govern
ment Of the Philippines by an inter-
national company or by three COM
panies, like the British South Africa
company, which would be more sat-
isfactory to the natives than the rule
of the United States, and would allow
of Spanish investments without loss Of
markets in the archipelago"
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
TELEGRAPHIC BREVITIES.

VIEW YORK, Jan. 1.-THE trustees of the
general convention of Universalists met here
today. The chief business was the appoint-
mept OF missionary to japan, appropriations
esd the election OF financial secretary.
CINCINNATI, o., Jan. 1.-THE Freedman 3
Ald society OF the Methodist Church is hold
ing its annual session here today
NEW ORLEANS; Jan. 11-Attornev Gem
eral Cunningham today commenced proceed
tngs in the civil district court to prevent the
Cincinnati Debenture company. organized
under the laws OF Ohio, from doing business
in this state.
CHICAGO Jan. LEX Senator Fred Du-
bois. OF Idaho was married today to Miss
Edna Maxwell Whited, of Dolan, S. D. The
ceremony was performed by the Rev. Dr.
Rowland Hanson, at his residence where
the bride has been visiting.
NEW YORK. Jan. 1.-The American liner
New York, formerly the cruiser Harvard.
started today ON her first passage since the
Spanish war, as a merchantmen, to England
and the transatlantic service of the line wa
thus saved from Interruption
DUBUQUE, To-, Jan. 11.-Judge Shiras, In
the United States district court today. rem
dered an opinion sustaining the constitu-
tionaity OF the Iowa law taxing foreign In
surance companies,
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
SCENES IN SENATE



and hold them. / am willing to trust
the administration. I have no SYM
pathy with those who talk of making
war on Aguinaldo any more than
have with those who talked of max
ing war on Gomez"
Thank God ofor that" murmured
Mr.. Hoar from his seat, but in voice
audible through the chamber.
Il repeat" continued Mr. Foraker,
that we had four choices as to what
we should do, and affirm that the
president acted wisely. 1t Is now for
congress to Investigate whether the
Fll1pinos are capable of self -govern-
ment and whether they desire self
government. We will know in a short
time what theafeelings Of the Filipinos
are. Then we can act intelligently
and, I trust, Justly"
Continuing, Mr.. Foraker said he
would place In the record the procla-
nation Of the president to the insur-
gents as a declaration Of the spirit
and purpose of the United States.
When he took his seat there was a
demonstration of approval from the
galleries which was unchecked by the
presiding officer.
At the conclusion of Mr.. Foraker's
speech, Mr.. Allen, CNeb.) continued
briefly the debate upon the constitu-
tional questions relating to the acqu1-
sition of the Philippines. He combat
ed the position taken by Mr.. Foraker,
maintaining that the, United States
government could not constitutionally
acquire the Philippine islands without
the ultimate object in view of admit
ting them into the Union as state.
AT $40 o'clock, on the motion Of Mr..
Davis, chairman of the committee on
foreign relations, the senate went into
executive session.
AT the conclusion of the executive
session, Mr.. Morgan (Ala.) announced
that Mr.. Sullivan (Miss.) was not
ready to proceed with his speech on
the Nicaraguan canal bill, and on his
motion the senate adjourned.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
New Plaeterers, Union.

The new plasterers' union held their Sec
ond meeting at Assembly hall last night
rive rive members, Peter Bude, Bernerd Nc
Charles Engstrom, were initiated ana three
new applications were received. T. C. VIII
son, financial secretary, and c. Italian.
treasurer. were added to the permanent Of
hceTs The delegates to the building trades
council reported that permanent council
mad been organized and that a member of
president of the new council. Resolutions
indorsinS Ed Chrfstopherson for tine Office
OF factory inspector were read and approved.
a committee nj four from the Minneapolis
union, Thomas Hoy, II. F. Smith, Oscar M
Halvorsen and John Seward, were present and
offered the new union any financial or other
assistance needed. The new charter will ar
rive In time for next Wednesday nights meet
ing and the new union will then start on its
way in good shape
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

the receipts from all sources from May 10,
1897. to Jan. 1, 1899. were $3,674.75, ana the
total disbursements for the same time for
mileage and per diem, postage printing and
other expenses was 1865, leaving balance
in the treasury of $2S7.S0. The report shows
that PISS certificates were issued and the
board has at present on hand 124 applica--i
tons. The board during the twenty months
OF its existence Travelled u,164 miles. A
tabulated table attached to the reports shows
the miles Travelled by each member and the
expenses incurred by each, and also the
various expenses of the board. Accompany
ing the report is a number of recommended
tons which the board hopes to have con-
sidered
The board at its meeting instructed the
secretary TO prepare a written vote of thanks
and mail the same to Schnell & Krank of.
4CS Jackson street, for their kindness and
courtesy in allowing the board part of their
salesroom and furnishing chairs for the work
of the board during the past three days.
Secretary and Mrs. NJ. E. Murray entertained
the board at dinner last night.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Amalgnmated wooa WORKERS..

Amalgamated Woodworkers' Union No. 40
held their regular meeting at Assembly hall
last night The installation of officers, which
YVES to have taken place. was postponed until
the next regular meeting. J: E. Haglin and
wait on the retail shoe dealers and reques.
them not to uee any shoes made by the fac
tories of Marlborough, Mass, who are at
present fighting the unions.
The union Endorsed Ed Christopherson for
the place of factory inspector on Commission
er S7McHale's staff Two now applications
for. the past month, which was read. showed
the union to be in fourishing condition.
The committee on ball reported that Luck
ers' hall had been engaged for Saturday, Feb.
A, and that the tickets were now ready. The
committee was in favor OF Assembly hall
but could not get it. ON account OF it being
engaged every Saturday night until spring.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
GEN. WHEELER's PLANS.
Wants Special Pensions for Rela-
tives of San juan Heroes.


tives of San Juan Heroes.
WASHINGTON, Jan. IL Gen.
Wheeler. appeared before the house
committee on pensions today and made
a fervid appeal for a special pension
bill giving the widows and relatives of
those who fell at Santiago and other
battles of the Spanish war an amount
commensurate with the gallantry of
those. who lost their lives Gen.
Wheeler spoke of the sacrifices and
hardshfps through which our forces
had passed, and in particular recited
the brilliancy of their move up San
Juan hill. He paid high tribute to
Col. Haskell, one of the officers who
died after returning to this country.
and to Capt. Gridley, of the Olympia:
Ensign Bagley, Col. Hamilton, Mai
Force, Capt. Dickinson and others.
whose widows and relatives 1t is pro-
posed to pension at a sum greater than
that allowed by the general pension
law.
After hearing Gen. Wheeler, the mat
ter was referred to a special commit
tee, to report a general plan Of dealing
with the subject.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Socialist Labor Party.

The Socialist labor party held their regu-
lar meeting at Assembly hall last night and
elected the following officers for the next
financial secretary, L. Berg; treasurer, A.
Bercenson.
The committee in charge of the lectures
lecture next Sunday afternoon on the ..Rela-
ton of Socialists to Christians" and the lee
tnre will be followed with a general discus
sion by those present. The organizer was
instructed to purchase 200 copies of the rev
constitution and platform from the national
secretary.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
SENATE DIVIDED.
Treaty
Question of Discussing Ire
Openly Is Deferred.

Question of Discussing Treaty
Openly Is Deferred.
WASHINGTON Jan. lin the executive
session of the senate, Senator Davis, OF Min
nesota, presented the report of the foreign
relations committee on the peace treaty.
Senator Berry moved that the debate upon
the treaty should be conducted in open SEN
ate but the motion went over until tomor-
row.
There were only casual remarks upon the
policy Of publicity, and these were general
ly favorable to the removal of the secrecy
injunction from the treaty. and as generally
opposed to the opening of the doors OF the
senate for the debate on the treaty.
Senator Davis gave notice that he would
ask for the earliest possible consideration.
giving the impression that he would take
up the treaty tomorrow.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
WILL NOT BE DIvuLeED.

Secret Instructions to the Paris
Peace COMMISSIONER.
WASHINGTON, Jan. 1.-THE president has
decided it to be Incompatible with the public
interest to comply with the request contained
in the Hoar resolution to supply the senate
with the instructions given the American
peace commissioners. If any reasons are
given for the declinaton, the leading one will
be the fact that as the treaty Is subject to
action in Spain, even after ratification by the
senate, its con summation might be jeopardized
by the publication at this stage of the con-
hdential instructions.
Cmmfssion Men Meet.
NEW ORLEANS, Jan. 1.-THE seventh an
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
GEN. OTIS cENsURED.

mericans Leaving Manila Bitterly
Denounce His Inaction.
LONDON, Jan. 12-The Daily Mail
publishes the following dispatch from
Hong Kong:
Inc Americans who are arriving
mere from Manila complain bitterly of
the 1naction Of Maj. Gen. Otis, particu-
larly in leaving the Manila. water sum-
ply at the mercy of the rebels. They
say collision between the Americans
ana insurgents Is inevitable. Aguinal-
oos dispatches to the Filipino junta
have been stopped"
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Mr.. DINGLEY BETTER.

Physicians Now Have Hope He VIII
Recover.
WASHINGTON, Jan. 11.-Greater en-
enlargement for the recovery of Repre-
sentative Dingley is felt by his physi-
clans tonight than for some days. This
Is based on the wonderful manner In
which he has kept UP during his des-
perate illness and the marked vitality
shown. Save for new complications,
which are not looked for. the family
feel very hopeful that the worst is
past. The patient has been fairly COM
Portable today. has taken nourishment
freely and is resting well tonight.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
cUPID's FRANKS.
God of Love Spares Neither the
Young Nor the Old.

God of Love Spares Neither the
Young Nor the Old.
CLEVELAND. O., Jan. 11.-Mrs. Sc
vile II. Pickands, 81 years of age, Of this
city. and Jay c. Morse, 60 years, of
wheaton. ILL.,. were married today at
the home of the bride, by Rev. George
n. McGrew. of st. Paups Episcopal
church. Mrs. Pickands Is the widow of
Col. James Pickands. q wealthy iron
ore dealer, who was known by iron
men throughout the country, and who
died about two years ago. Mr.. Morse
is a widower and a millionaire, ana
was business associate of Col. Pick
5ands. MT. and Mrs. Morse have gone
On a wedding trip. They will make
their home at Wheaton til
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Lathers Getting in Line.

A party of fifteen fathers of the city called
at Assembly hail last night for the purpose
Of holding meeting and starting union
but owing to all the halls being engaged
they postponed the meeting until Wednesday
night next. at Assembly hall delegation
OF two was present from the Minneapolis
union to assist in the work, but will come
down again next week with q larger dele
CATION. s's47ez-s
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Company g Returr.

Company G, of the Third regiment, which
Paul Yesterday afternoon and went out i'm.
medlateiy to Fort Smelling to join the regi-
mtent, which will be sent East according to
building, as soon as suitable TRANSPORTS for
the philippines can be obtained The Mace
OF the company at Walker was taken, by
company "A, OF the Seventh regiment, which
was sent up from Chicago for the purpose.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Two Small Fires.

H. F. Ware, at Grand avenue and fawton w
streets, to the extent of 500 yesterday morn
ing. The cause of the fire is unknown.
-. "A small one story frame dwelling at Wa
Sloo damage by fire yesterday morning. The
mouse Is occupied by a colored family whose
members were absent
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Soldiers Come and Go.

WAL WALKER, MINI, Jan. r.-Company G left
gave them a grand farewell. The Whois
town was at the depot with cheers, flowers
ana and, hhandshaking. Last night grand fare
Wen pail was given at the barracks by the
eighty men. and cordial welcome was ex
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
500 CUT IN, TOO.

Underbid the Other Lines for the
Movement of Troops.
Bids for the transportation of the Third
regiment to New York on the way to the
philippines were opened yesterday afternoon
by Capt French, but no awards were made
and the amounts of the bids were not made
public. The six local roads bid 1882 per
capita and the 500 1914 ~
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

nual convention Of the National League OF
Commission Merchants OF the United States
was called to order by President e. H. Bowen,
over 400 delegates being present. Twenty-six
cities OF the North, South. Bast ard West are
renresenfeA
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
THROUGH CARS TO CALIFORNIA
Quick Time--Best Service.

Tourist car running through to Los
Angeles leaves Twin Cities every Thursday
via "The th-Western Line"-C., St. p.
N. & o. Ry.-the Pioneer through car line
from the Twin Cities to California. making
the following fast times
Leace Minneapolis 7:Id p. m. st. Paul. 7:45
D. m Thursday. arrive Ogden lao a. m.
Sunday. San Francisco 9:45 a. m. Monday.
Los Angeles 1880 a. m. Tuesday.
For tickets at lowest rates and other in
formation call at 413 Nicollet avenue Mime
apoiis, and 1916 Robert street, st. Paul, or
address T. w. Teasdale. general passengt.
agent St Paul
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Joint High Communication.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 1.-THE American
Canadian commission was In session todav
but its work was devoted to matters of deatil'
The members Of the commission report how
ever that they are making steady progress,
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

Painters Preparing to Organize.
Twenty five painters tried to meet at AS.
semb,y hall last night for the purpose of
starting their new union, but owing to all
the halls being engaged they adjourned. to
meet next Saturday night, when a large dele
cation OF the Minneapolis union Is expected
to be present.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Dead in Los Angeles.

Alfred Moore died in Los Angeles Cal I'm
8. as the result of injuries sustained several
months ago, when he was thrown from his
puggy, winch came into collision with a fire
st. Paul. ife VI
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

NEW YORK, Jan. n.-Col. George P Web
s.er, well known lawyer and a prominent
member OF Tammany hall, died at his home
In this city today. He was born in Connecti-
cut, but in early life went to Newport, KY.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Announc emenis,

TO WHOM IT MAY OONCERN-John B.
Wood is no longer connected with the man
agen1eHt of Sherman hall, and he has this
day released Louis Nash from any liabili-
ties incurred by him in connection there
with The hall Is now under the personal
supervision of Prof Mozzara=
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

NEW YORK, Jan. 11.-Augltoue Rayel the
father of the famous Ravel family, French
pantomimist, and the largest survivor of the
FAMILY, is dead in this city aged IS years.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

NILES, Mich, Jan. 11-Jesse De Long the
well known horseman, died today at his home
at Falkland, five miles north of this city. His
death was caused by the grippe Mr. De Long
was owner of many celebrated running
horses, and was known on nearly every track
east Of the Mississippi
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Vital Statistics,

MARRIAGE LICENSES.
Max Herman ................ Hennepin County
Mrs. Anna Wenick ............ Ramsey County
Charles A. Schweiger .-..... .Goodhue County
Dorothea w. Nelson. ......... Ramsey County
Martin Cramer Ramsey County
Alma Christine Lndgren. :. Ramsey County
David w. Evans ........... .Pinestone County
Olive Shell Brundage. Ramsey County
BIRTHS.
Mrs. Joseph Bruels. 4s2 Jackson ..... Boy
DEATHS
FraDka1ton Madison, Minnesota st. g mos
Mamie l.. Sandin, Wabash av.......2 yrs
Albert Sandin, Wabash AVIS mos days
Harriet M. Prince, e92 81. Clair ......7S yrs
Johanna Murphy, 1888 Reaney. .........79 yra
Nettie Collins. 6S7 Euclid ..............39 yrs
William Schneider. Won Minden st......6 mos
Pat McDonough, 352 Commercial $500. AS yrs
Mary e. Richardson, 519 Grand. .........13 yrs
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
Death,

PRINCE-At St Paul, Jan. 9, Mre. Harriet
M. Prince, aged 70 years. mother Of
Charles e. Prince, of st. Paul, and Frank
w. and Herbert s. Prince. Of Detroit,
Mich. Funeral from residence of her son,
9S2 St. Clair street. Thursday, at p. N.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
PASTY1CEREALS
Responsible for daany Cases of lndl-
q,stiOn.

the breakfast table in a starchy, pasty
and wholly indigestible manner. You
are sure of properly cooked dish
when Grape-Nuts are served, for abb
solutely no preparation Of any kind is
required, therefore, the flavor and ease
Of digestion are just as intended by
the food experts who make Grape
Nuts. Try them Made by Postum
Co., Battle Creek, Mich.
Leading grocers sell eGrape-Nuts.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12
DEATHS OF A DAY.

=! HASTINGS, MIMI. jan i1-(Special}-
Walter r. Hanna died this morning from
brights disease, aged 60 years. He was an
old citizen and a former member of Com
pany D, Second Minnesota infantry.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

VICKSBURG, Miss. Jan. 11.-Capt. Nc
Michael Caroline, of New Orleans, a steamboat
man, well known from ST. Paul to New Or
leans, died on board the steamer Chalmatte.
few miles south of Lake Providence, this
morning. Carbine was IS years of age and
years.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

RYAN, w McAdams, San Francisco: A.
N. Fox, Madison; R. v. Sims, Chicago; T. F.
Weber Adams, Mass. G. D. Eggabroad, Win
Hartman, Chicago A. L. Gartshore, Van
couver, B. c.; O. P. Buell., Kasota; K w.
Buell.. Preston; s. X. Cameron, In Crescent;
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-01-12

The Democratic county COMMITTEES met last
ments. Action. however, was d3ferred