davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18

New Spindle Wagons from $500
up, for sale at JOHN HELLER's, West
King street.
Mrs. Maggie Hart died, while
under the influence of ether, in
dentists chair in Cumberland.
Does your Buggy, Spindle Wagon
or Carriage of any kind need repair
ing and painting? Now is the time
to have it done at JOHN HELLERs
West King street.
MIR. P. T. Hail, the popular fur
nisher and shirt maker, OF Washing.
ton, has moved to larger quarters, in
the building 18th and F. SITS, N. w.
When in Washington, call, he will
be glad to see you, the expert cutter
Mr.. Dulin, will be glad to take your
measure, and will also, in the near
future, make his regular spring
visit to Martinsburg, to see old
friends and become acquainted with
new ones.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Spain's Greatest Need.


Mr.. r. P. Olivia, of Barcelona,
Spain, spends his winters at Aiken,
S. @. Weak nerves had caused Sc
we're pains in the back of the head.
On using Electric Bitters, Americas
greatest Blood and Nerve Remedy,
all pain soon left him. He says this
grand medicine is what his country
needs. All America knows that it
cures liver and kidney trouble, puri-
fies the blood, tones up the stomach,
strengthens the nerves, puts vim,
vigor and new life into every mus
Gle, nerve and organ of the body. Ii
weak, tired or ailing you need it.
Every bottle guaranteed, only 80
cents. Sold at Matthaei's Pharmacy.
100 N. Queen street.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
State Grange.

The State Grange concluded its
business at Charleston by elscting
the following officers: Master. I.
G. Atkrson. Morgsntswu; ovcrsrer,
D. W. Skinner, Mason county; Lct-
urer, James George, Mason county;
steward, George II. Spcrrow. Ber-
kelley county; assistant steward
George Fl. Lewis. Greenbrier coun-
ty; chaplain, j. M. Rine, Marshall
county; treasurer. T. G. Perry, Jack
son county; secretary, M. V. Brown,
Putnam county.
Executive Committee-M. A..
jackson. Greenbrier county. for
three years, aid s. G. Gist, of
Brooke county, for two years. An
address was delivered before the
grange by F. P. Walcott. editor Of
the American Grange Bulletin. OF
Cincinnati.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
HELPING THE POOR.
Charitable Work.


Humanity, though often heartless-
" outraged, BY the needless. care.
less and thoughtless, again comes 70
the rescue of the poor Of the city TO
avert, as far as possible, the suffer-
ing, following the unprecedented
storm, of snow, wind, ice and cold,
that so suddenly swept its direfui,
chilling and deadly blast over the
country. A public meeting was
held in the Council chamber on Mon.
day night, attended by quite nums
Der of kind hearted, public spirited
citizens, and an organization was e.
hcted by making Mayor J. !.
Padding, Chairman, and Mr.. w. u.
Austin, Secretary. The object OF
the meeting was sufficiently stated
by the Chairman, and suggestions
as to the best method for relief ask
ed for. The remarks of Mr.. Max
Robinson met with general approval,
resulting in the appointments OF a
committee of five, one from each
ward; with the Mayor as Chairman,
to have charge of and be response
BILE for collections, Distribution OF
supplies to the worthy poor, and to
appoint subcommittee for each
ward, and the following gentleman
were on motion appointed as such
executive committee:
Hon. John T. Paulding, Chair
man, First Ward; Max Robinson,
Second Ward; E. V. Little, Third
Ward; Edward Deck, Fourth Ward,
and Geo. Schill, Fifth Ward.
The committee directed the po-
licemen to notify the ministers and
physicians of the city to meet them
at the City Hall, Tuesday morning
and give such information in their
knowledge of those actually in need
of help and adjourned until that
time. On Tuesday morning they
met and issued the following:
IAN APPEAL
The undersigned appointed at the
meeting of citizens held for the pur-
pose of relieving the deserving poor
of the city, earnestly request dona-
tions of money, feul, food and cloth
ing which can be sent to the Mayors
office or if notice of such eontribu-
tions is sent to the Chairman or
Secretary they will be called for.
A permanent organization has
been effected for judicious and
proper distribution. No supplies
will be given out at headquarters
but upon proper investigation by
competent committees relief will be
given to worthy families.
Notice given to the Chairman,
Secretary or any committeeman of
deserving persons will receive prompt
attention. Respectfully,
JOHN T. PAULDING,
Chairman and Treasurer.
e. Y. LITTLE.
GEO. W. SoHILL,
GEO. W. BUXTON,
MAX ROBINSON,
Executive Committee Citizens Re-
lief Association.
A. F. LAMBERT,
Secretary.
Committees-Citizens Relief. As
ISOLATION.
First Ward--J. W. Thompson,
Cbas. Cutler.
Second Ward-J. W. R. Fisher,
L. W. Robinson.
Third Ward-Henry Heller, D.
A. Cline.
Fourth Ward-John Grotzinger,
Will Kline.
Fifth Ward-Geo. W. Gayer, J..
W. McQuilkin.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Came to Life In a Coffin.

Parkersbcrg, W. Va, Feb. ID
The body of a man covered With
snow was found lying near q big
cave at Ceredo. Coroner Weymer
was notified and Immediately sent
an undertaken after the body: The
body was placed in coffin, and when
the lid was removed on arrival at
Ceredo the corontr and bystanders
we're much amazed 10 see the sup
posed corpse moving. The body
had simply been chilled through and
warmth had brought back life. He
was tramp from Tennessee and
gave the name OF Fremont. Both
legs may have 10 b. amputat.d.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Promotion For Miller.

Washington, Feb. 15.-Col. Mar
Gus P. Miller of the Third Regiment
of Artillery viii be nominated to be
brigadier-general in the Regular
Army.
General Miller commanded the
military forces which captured the
city Iloilo with out the loss of man
or an arm, sud his promotion is in
recogniti,n of his meritorious SER
vices on that occasion.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Innings.

Staying at home and keeping
warm.
Savings for the -four barrel and
coal bin, by preventing outside lux
uries.-Ouchl
Illuminating over the misspent,
which memory prevents from being
an inocuous deseuetude.
Go1d reasons for not going to
China or some other climate, when
so much missionary work, for less
pay, should keep you at home.
Looking for release, from the col
lectors bills, the bankers drafts, the
laws demands and Natures require
ments, and wondering how these
dsrned things find US out.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
a FrightfuI BIunder

Will often cause horrible Burn
Scald, Cut or Bruise. Bucklen's
Arnica Salye, the best in the world b,
will kill the pain and promptly heal
it. Cures Old Sores, Fever Sores
Ulcers, Boils, Felons, Corns, all
Skin Eruptions. Best Pile cure on
earth. Only % cts. box. Cure
guaranteed. Sold at Matthaei's
Pharmacy, 100 n. Queen street.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
The Farmers Institute.

The State Farmers Institute held
an interesting session at Charleston,
and the following officers were chos
en-: G. c. Brown, of Charleston,
president; James George, of Mason
county, vice president; 7. j. MAIN,
of Brooke county, treasurer. The
president of each county organiza-
ton was appointed vice president:
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
The Wool Growers.

The West Virginia Wool Growers
Association, in session at Charles
ton, elected the following officers
for the ensuing year, viz: S. @,
Gist, of Brooke county, president.
James Beall, of Brooke county, sec.
rotary. Vice presidents were chosen
from the different counties repre-.
sented.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Fire Alarm.

The explosion OF gasoline stove
in the rooms occupied by Mr.. Kin
sey Creque, Jr., at III N. Queen
street, last Friday afternoon caused
an alarm of fire to be sounded. A
slight hole in the carpet, and, a
feather pillow, which caught fire was
thrown from the window. 1t was
soon distinguished and only slight
DAMAGE.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Martha Washington Tea.

The young people OF the Aid So.
ciety Of the Lutheran church, will
give a Martha Washington Tea at
the reception rooms of Mrs. Quen-
eel, Tuesday evening, February 81.
Refreshments will be served and an
elegant supper from 6 o'clock until
1890. At this tea the wheel will be
exhibited, and also the Auburn
quilt, which attracted so much at.
tention during the repairs of the
church in 1885. Everybody wei
come,
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
That Throbbing Headache

Would quickly leave you, il you
used DR.. Kings New Lille Pills
Thousands of sufferers have proven
their matchless merit for Sick and
Nervous Headaches. They make
pure blood and strong nerves and
build up your health. Easy to take.
Try them. Only Is cents. Money
Sold at Matthaei's Pharmacy, 100
n Queen street.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
A NOTEWORTHY DEPARTURE.
Sixty Cents Worth of Entertain
ment for Only Five Cents.

Sixty Cents Worth of Entertain
nent for Only Five Cents.
1t has been considered wonderful
to publish magazine for 10 cents
containing as much reading matter
as would be given in so columns of
the average newspaper. But the
Great "Philadelphia Sunday Press"
comes to the front with the an
nouncement that, beginning next
Sunday, February 10. it will be so
enlarged that each number Will con-
tain six times as much reading mat
ter as any ten cent magazine. just
think of i'll For five cents you can
get "The Philadelphia Sunday
Press" and find as much entertain
ment and instruction as if you spent
so cents for magazines. Look out
tor next Sundays Press 1t will
be wonder.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
LunaticS.

Miss Annie Champ, living at the
house OF Mr.. John Porterlield, on
the Warm Spring road, was brought
TO town Thursday evening and plac.
ed in Jail, on account of insanity.
She is not dangerous, but she imag.
ines that someone is after her all the
time to kill her.
Mrs. T. P. Keesecker, of Sopho,
Hedgesville district, was taken to
the insane asylum Thursday even
ing She was placed in Jail for safe
keeping until taken to Weston,
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
How To Find Out.

Fill a bottle or commonssglass with
your water and let it stand twenty
four hours: sediment or settliDg
indicates an unhealthy condition OF
the kidneys; if it stains your linen
it is evidence of kidney trouble;
too frequent desire to pass il or pain
in the back is also convincing proof
that the kidneys and bladder are
mt of order
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
smallpox Quarantine ordered.

Considerable excitement was Great
ed in Cumberland, when it became
known that Mrs. Rachel Foreman,
South Cumberland, had a we'll de-
veloped case of smallpox and quar-
entine was ordered.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
The Jefferson Court.

Owing to the impossibility of
reaching Charles Town, on account
of the fearful storm, no trains run,
ming, Judge Faulkner was compelled
to telegraph an order directing the
Adjournment of the Grand Jury
until Friday, 18th inst, and of the
petit jury until Monday, Goth inst.
We me; him hunting a train on
Wednesday morning, but the Su-
perior Court was far too much,
even for the railroads.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
woman's Terrible Doom.

Wheeling, W. Va, Feb. 1l-Mrs.
o. B. Harper, of Point Pleasant,
while wearing an immense pompa-
dour comb made Of celluloid stopped
to pick mp pin from the hearth in
front OF blazing coal fire.
The comb took fire and before it
could be extinguished burned all the
hair from her head and charred the
scalp so that fears of of her recovery
are entertained. She had a wealth
of dark brown hair, and had just
dressed it preparatory to going to
a party.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Random Shots.

ST. Valentines day was not as
comical as the G. II.
Major Gurus, Of the City Band, is
not golden calf, but his wand is
brassy.
Gerhardt, with bis brilliant scin-
tillation, as a burned corker, only
proves that his end is the other end,
and the other end is his end. Whew!
Yes; you can say, "Soft, don't lay
the DUST" but our banker said
"This is daisy Storm" renewal,
necessary. Hope, the renewal may
not be daisy.
Rents and rentals are the order of
the day. Want great big house
if possible, pay rent if you can.
Don't stop TO look at the interest on
price of lot, cost of building, taxes,
insurance and repairs. Figure up,
a four room house, at $1,000, lot
$3.50 dollars, taxes $2a per hundred,
see where you are when you become
q house owner.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Legal Ethics.

In the Circuit Court of Berkeley
county, W. Va, the other day oc-
Cured pungent repartee, between
two very able local attorneys. Il
am not as smart as you," said one.
81 plead guilty. said the other, and
the episode ended. Disciples of
Blackstone will appreciate the dec
aration and the plea.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
NEW YORK OBSERVER.
What One Dollar VIII Sc
cure.

Established May, 1928, and now
almost rs years old; the Oldest re-
ligioug news paper with continual
existence under one title. The New
YORK OBSERVER still stands In the
front rank, and is the freshest and
foremost religious family newspa-
per. 1t IS valuable to the Chris
tian family by reasons of what it
excludes as well as by reason of its
contents. Freighted with literary
treasure from all parts of the globe
ably commenting upon the religious
and secular events of the world, full
stimulus to the worker in every de-
partment of evangelical and benevo-
lent effort; giving due weight to the
things of time as we'll as eternity,
it meets the daily need OF the intel
ligent American household. With
never less than thirty-two pages,
often containing forty pages, assort-
ing its contents into easyily accessi'
BILE departments, and presenting
work each week Of forty or more
skilled and entertaining writer's, and
ten times that number in the course
OF year, it is noted for its vigor
and variety, its pith and points, its
freshness and force. For 1899, il
will excel its best record. New
writer's and old ones are sharpening
their quilts for the benefit of OBJ.
SERVER readers, and will make the
paper better than ever.
THB NEW YOBK OBSERVER
will be sent on trial to any pereon
not already a subscriber, for ter
months, for one dollar. Samples
free. Address,
NEW YORK OBSERVER,
$50 Fifth Avenue.
If. New York
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18

Distressing Kidney and Bladder
diseases relieved in six hours by the
"NEw GREAT SOUTH AMERICAN KID
NEY Cure" 1t is a great surprise
on account of its exceeding prompt
ness in relieving pain in the bladder,
kidneys and back, in male or female.
Relieves retention of water almost
Immediately. Ifyou want quick re-
lief and cure this is the remedy.
Sold by L. G.. Matthaei, Druggist,
Martinsburg, w. Va.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
For Sale.

Oae good work horse, or will ex-
cllasge FOR good driving horse
T ". BRooKs.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Indian Chiefs at Carlisle.

Eight Indian chiefs have arrived
at Carlisle from Fort Peck Agency,
Montana, and are guests at the In
dian Industrial School. They rep
resent the Assinaboine, Piegau and
YanksNn Sioux tribes. The chiefs
are accompanied by an interpreter
and an Indian agent.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18

Adamant and Calclned Plaster.
same as used on new Courthouse
for sale by J. 81. MILLER 4 Sens.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
Genuine BARGAINS ia every
thing in the line / keep. When Isay
bargains / mean it. Come and see.
W. L. JONES, Jeweler.

Read from the treasured volume
The poem Of thy choice,
And lend to the rhyme OF poetry
The beauty Of thy voice.
Which you cannot do when you
suffer with a Cough or Cold. Rid
yourself of the discomfort by buying
a bottle of Pan-Tina, the best remdey
for Hoarseness and Influenza. Pan
Tina costs IS cents at L. G. Matthaei's
Drug Store.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18

The store room, stable and other
buildings now occupied by A.
Kogleschatz & Son, on East Martin
street, for rent.
Apply to
I8.tf. J. N. THATCHER.
Martinsburg independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1875-1900, 1899-02-18
q "a . II @ n - -.
x..-. IL j, The Kind You Hare MAays 59agii
s'ss :, M>Hzzezx

Antietam Cement for sale bs
j. HI. MILLER & Sons.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
4 SWORD FOR CAPT. BRADHAM.
The Recruits of the Citadel Presented
a Handsome Sword TO their Captain.

Qnite nice surprise was given Cadet
Capt Bradham at the Citade! Wednesday
last after DINER, when ths corps was as
sembed in the chapel of the South Care
lima Military Academy. The recruits have
been holding many secret meetings, and
indulging in whispered conferences among
themselves for some time. It turns out
that they intended to surprise their cap
tain with a token of their esteem. After
much deliberation they decided that the
proper thing to present him would be
sword. SO they contributed u handsome
sum for this purpose. 1t came a few days
ago; and many more whispered conSu'ta-
tons We're held. As great many Of the
cadets were going home for the holidays,
they decided to anticipate Santa Clans.
Cadet Hutchinson made the presentation
After few we'll chosen remarks he banded
Capt Bradham the beautiful sword rs q
token of the Appreciation which the re-
cruit class Of '99 feel for your untlrlnG 81
forts"
Capt. Bradham faced the cadets and
said: Fellow cadets Of the South Carolina
Military Academy, corps Of cadets, and
gentlemen Of the recruit class: 1n receiv
ing such an honor know net how to thank
you. Ihe SunbealnS o. happiness reign
supreme when such generosity exists.
Caesar, with al! his power. never felt the
appreciation now feel. Napoleon, in all
his glory, never possessed such domain
as now survey. Such gift IS to be de-
sired not only by myself, bit by any man
who has ever ttol upon the soil OF South
Carolina.
'Bnt, gentlemen, there is one thing l
wish to ask you, that You will ever dare to
be the men you have been under my
charge Wherever go. or whatever BE- 2ly
condition, you can always find friend in
me- promise you further that this sword
shall never be drawn save in honor"
The sword is handsome and richly
mounted On one side is eugraved:
Cadet D. A Bradham, captain Company
B." On the other: "Preseutel by the re-
cruit class Of S99."-News and Conrier,
Dec. %.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
"Christmas Comes But
Once a Year, -

And we, as purveyors to the public,
announce with qualification that we
are prepared to display the Hand
soonest and most Artistic assortment
of Holiday Goods ever offered to the
public in Manning, Clarendon and
adjoining counties.
Our goods have been purchased in
Northern markets, direct importa-
ton from Great Britain, France,
Germany, Italy and other European
countries and bear the governments
imprint, "Made in Europe
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
Millions Given Away.

1t is certainly gratifying to the public to
know of one concern III the land who are
not afraid to be generous to the needy and
suffering The proprietors of DR.. Kings
New Discovery tor consumption, coughs
and colds, have given away orel ten million
trial bottles OF this great medicine; and
have the satisfaction OF knowing it has ab-
solute!y cured thousands Of hopeless cases.
Asthma, bronchitis, hoarseness and all dis
eases Of the throat, chest and lungs are
surely cured by it. Call on L. Is. Lorycs.
druggist, and get a trial bottle free. Ee9u-
lar size SOC and 81. Every bottle guaran-
teed or price refunded.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
Special Notice.

We beg to inform oar patrons an ir!enls
throughout Manning. Clarendon and al
joining counties that We prepared to fill
any and all prescriptions no matter by
whom prescribed assuring them that they
will be compounded with ease, accuracy
and despatch. Our imprint on any Recipe
is q guarantee Of its accuracy and purity.
The r. B. Loryea Grug store, Isaac n.
Loryea, Prop.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
GA Thing of Beauty is a Joy
Forever"

We have profusion of Shakes
pearean Vases, Bisque Ornaments
and Figures, Cups and Saucers, Cup,
Saucer and Plate in Sets, Tea Sets,
Water Sets, Accessories for the Ia
BILE, Graduated Glasses, Vases, in
China and Glass, at all prices. We
can please the most fastidious.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27

Notice is hereby given
that no advertisements Will
be hereafter changed in this
paper where the copy is
brought in later than Sat
llrday noon.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
"Reading rlaketE1 a Full TIan,"

And if you desire to be instructed
and entertained call and inspect our
line of English and American Poets,
Novels bound, and also paper COW
cred editions at popular prices.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
Are You a Letter Writer

And desire to indite your effusions
on Paper that will show a refined
and cultivated taste? Then inspect
our assortment of
Box Paper, Writing Paper by
the quire; Pads at &c, sc and
lOc. A full line of Lead Pen
ellis, Indellible Pencils, Pens,
Pen Holders, States, Slate
Pencils, Colored Cra yons,
White Crayons, Gold Paint,
Inks in all Colors, Mucilage,
Glue, ETC., etc.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
Purest Drugs

Will enter into Prescriptions com
pounded by us. The same can be
said of our preparations produced in
our Laboratory. In fact everything
bearing our imprint is a Guarantee of
its Purity.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
Keep Quiet

and use Chamberlain collie, cholera and
diarrhoea remedy for all pains Of the stom-
ach and all unnatural looSeness Of the bow
els. 1t always cures. For sale by L. B.
Loryea, druggist. !J%nlay
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27
GA Rose by Any Other Name Would
Smell as Sweet"

This may be true as regards the
rose, but the only way to procure the
scent of the rose is to use Gard
woods, Lazell's and Eastman's Ex-
tracts of Rose, Violets, Heliotrope,
Lily of the Valley. etc. etc.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27

man or woman to
w travel for large house; salary S63
monthly and expenses. with increase; posi-
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27

1t never occurs to a boy that be
will some day know as little as his
father.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1899-12-27

twenty-five years in nations his
tory is as yesterday, but in the his
tory of a firm its relative Importance
to all classes of society cannot be
ver-estimated, particularly in the
development and perpetuation of a