davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

ALTHOUGH everybody knew that
Senator Kean, of New Jersey, was a
railroad and corporation lawyer, and
therefore naturally inclined TO favor
trusts Of all sorts, he surprised many
by publicly declaring, while he was
in Washington day or so ago, that
the people Of New Jersey would not
support any party that condemned
trusts, because trusts organized under
their state laws paid so much money
into their treasury. Surely IL is time
TO do some hard thinking when a sen
AtOr publicly states his belief that
his state has been bought by the
trusts. To be exact, Mr., Kean's
words were: "The annual revenue
from the tax on the capital Of all cor.
porations created under our laws
amounts 10 between $500, 900 and
$780, 900. You can readily see that
the people who benefit from this in
hux Of wealth are not apt TO be antag-
onistie to the corporations that con-
tribute IT,"
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
One 5000 Tarn
Deserves Another

II is SO easy TO 90 Hrop9l
life doing good and helping
to make Others soppy. Il
lady u,ho had been III gUffh
a complication of troubles,
hAVine been thoroughly cured
and noIv enjoying perfect
health, felt It a duty TO tell
her friends that the specific
that brought her back TO health
SUaS Hoods SarSapariila.
Thus, after Hoods had served her
well. she felt il deserved a good turn
at her hands. Thousands tell the same
story Of blood purified and health re-
stored. Hoods Sarsaparilla possesses
merit peculiar to itself. -
catarrh ~ suffered over six years
with catarra. Spent over 500 In advertised
cures. lnhaiers etc. without benefit. Finally
plished q complete and lasting cure" NJ. a.
AHHFY, Victor Ave, Worcester, Mass.
Castrttls " Nervousness caused by a
fright made my wife suffer intensely from
gastrltls. Morphine was necessary 10 re-
ieye the suffering Hoods Sarsaparilla
and Hoods pills were tried after All else
failed and in four days she improved and IN
Ia days she was cured" Z. ". T. SCHMIDT
Cedar Falls, Iowa.
Blood Poison -- At u ] had bone dis
ease and used cHutches. Doctor prescribed
and wanted 20 scrape lt My grandfather
gave me Hoods SarsaDaEilla. After takint
four bottles threw aw6y crutehes, am vel
and 20 to school," CHARLEe CAMPBEhL, ISL
Ontario Ave, Niagara Falls, n. Y.
DIZZY Spells -" After the measles my
daughter had dizzy spells. which we though
would pass off but they did not until vi
gave her Hoods Sarsaparilla. In FIVE day
they disappeared and In one month she re
gained her usual health" b. II. KAMPER
BECK, SO Graves Place, Holland, Mich.
Indigestion ~ now have a good ap
petite. eat well. sleep well and my dyspep
sia and indigestion have left me. tn
reason Is / took Hoods Sarsaparilla whicl
entirely cured me ! am Baggage Maste
on the h. 4 o. Railroad" THOMAS CoLEi
| 1i9 Carr ST., Sandusky, Ohio.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Indian nihilists in the hungry gradu-
ates who take the university degrees,
acquire taste for handicrafts, and
fail TO obtain official employment.
Liberty is word with two hundred
definitions. II has already caused as
much bloodshed as the Interpretation
OF religion, and the grant OF an erron-
cons form OF liberty to Hindus In the
shape OF half education seems not un-
likely to create new illustration OF
this truth.
The writer goes on to say that the
native judges in India are very cor
rupt and the native police extort
money by terrorizing the people. Al
together the outlook Is discouraging.
There is nothing strange in this. A
writer in popular monthly says II
would have been predicted by any
thoughtful student CT history and hui
man nature, fiity years ago, IL he had
been asked what would be the result
Of the policy described in this London
letter.
Wise and good men warned us long
ago that sudden, wholesale, forced
education, under state authority, and
at the states expense, would increase
the discomfort Of the inferior race, and
bring upon us armies OF tramps and
criminals.
Our experience has made US sadder
but perhaps not wiser. When we run
he Filipinos through our free eduea-
tional mill they will lose no time in
driving us from their island homes
Free education does not SUIT every
race or community. The sehoolmaster
abroad is very popular phrase, bu
we need not send him to the Philip.
pines at present. A collection OF hor.
nets nests should go through some
violent preliminary reforms before
trying the mild suasion Of the advance
agents Of our civilization.
1t seems that our troublesome prob
lem is a nuisance everywhere when II
bobs up In any shape Even the prae-
tical Britons, have made the mistake
Of training and equipping the natives
Of India to defy and perhaps destroy
them in the near futnre.
Still we travel the same road, heed
less OF the day OF reckoning which is
surely coming.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
HALL OF HABTRARFT Posi- No. 8,
DEPARTMENT or OKLAHOMA.
GIfTHR1E Nav 90 1900
General order No. /.

General order No. /.
Comrades-By general orders No.
from national headquarters, by oui
national commander, we are enioined
TO attend divine services on the Sun.
day preceding memorial day, in ac
cordance with custom now firmly
esta ablished.
Next Sunday, May 9sth. is the lest
one proceeding our annual memorial
day.
II is now, therefore, ordered, that
in observance OF this custom; in the
performances of our duty, and in com
pliance with the above named order,
this Post do attend divine services on
Sunday, May 2sth, at o'clock D. IA.
That the several members OF this
Post invite and urge all comrades, SOL
diers, sailors and marines, including
those OF the last war TO join with you
in the observance of this order, Gus
tom aud duty.
The ladies OF the G. A. r circle and
the w. r. c. should be invited to at
tend.
II. w. Newby will preach the sermon
at the Christian church on the corner
OF Cleveland and Vine streets. A he
service will be a union service and all
the pastors and members, with their
friends OF the several churches have
been invited 20 be present and assist
in making the service what il should
be in all respects.
Special music has been arranged for
the occasion.
All Union soldiers OF every depart
IAent will - welcomed aud are re-
quested to fall In line with you on
Harrison avenue Just In front of the
governors Office, at which place you
are hereby directed 10 report
The assembly will be sounded at
2:45 p. m. on said day by the bnglers
detailed by Captain Miller, Of the o.
n G and will be promptly responded
10 at the time aud place mentioned
The line of march will be north on
Division TO Oklahoma; east ou OklahO.
ma TO Vine; north on Vine TO the
church
At the close OF the services the line
will be reformed and the line Of
march will be west on Clevelsnd 10
Divisions south on Division TO Harri-
son.
by the Post Commander. tt
w. H. HKRoD
NJ j. MOCK. Post Commander.
Adjutant.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
DeaTfess cannot be Cared.

by local applications as they cannot
reach the diseased portion Of the ear
There is only one way to cure deaf
ness and that is by constitutional
remedies De .fness is caused by an
inflamed condition of the mucous linz
ing Of the Eustachin tube. When this
tube is intiamed you have a rumbling
sound or imperfect hearing, and when
IL is entirely closed deafness is the
result. aud unless the Inflammation
can be token out ano this tube restor-
ed 10 its normal condition hearing will
be destroyed forever; nine cases out Of
ten are caused DO catarrh, which is
nothing but an inhamed condition of
the mucous surfoces.
We will give One Hundred Dollars
for any case Of deafness (eaused by
cstarrh) that cannot be cured by Halls
Catarrh Cure. Send for circulars,
free. III. CHENEY * CO., Toledo, O.
N Sold by druggists, 75 cents.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Mr.. MCKINLEY is finding the hot
water in which he has been ever since
he got back to Washington, much
more uncomfortable than that IN
which he bAthed at the hot springs,
The mess in Cuba, where the Cuban
army is almost on the verge OF open
revolt, is not conducive to his peace OF
mind, but II is no more than might
have been expected from the policy
that he has allowed Alger to attempt
70 carry out over there. Some go as
far as TO charge that Alger Is trying
TO drive the Cuban army into revolt,
for purposes OF his own, although it is
difficult to imagine what purposes he
could have that would be served by
such a misfortune rs that would nee
essRrily prove TO he.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

ACCORDING TO current gossip Seere-
tAry Alger is uugrateful along with
his other faults. lie has announced
himself candidate for Senator Me
Millan's seat. and the latter has an.
nounced his candidacy to succeed him
self. IL is said at the request OF Mr..
Mckinley. So the country is likely to
see this man who has been kept in the
cabinet against the almost general
protest OF the country running for the
senate as an anti-McKinley candidate
This is explained by friends Of Mr.
Mckinley by saying that the president
is bound by promises to keep Alger in
the cabinet unless he will voluntarily
resign, but is determined to get even
by keeping him out OF the senate.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
TINE PRoBLEMs ELsEWHEKs.

A recent London letter TO Harper's
Weekly has the following suggestive
paragraph;
American difficulties in the Philip
pines are OF special interest to
british-lndian statesmen, as the prob
lem is identical with that with which
they have 70 deal-R problem more
over, that Is not yet solved ! have
had the opportunity recently OF learn.
ing from the inside facts about the
actual condition Of British India that
do not get into the newspapers, but
are none the less interesting on that
account The policy OF educating the
native is far from proving an unmixed
success. The training Of the mind
without the training Of the character,
the development Of the body, or pro-
yiding q career. simply engenders
nihilism. England Is manufacturing
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
FRISCO LIae.

The direct through car route TO points
in southwest Missouri, southern Kan
sas, Arkansas. Indian Territory and
Texas.
The most direct route to St. Louis
aud the east, Kansas City and the
northwest. Double daily vestibuled
trains. Free reclining chair cars; OBJ
seryation and drawing room sleepers;
HGfVey dining halls. Ask the nearest
tieket agent OF the Frisco line for full
particulars, or wIite, B. N DUNN,
Il. p. a. II. A.. Oklahoma City. o. I.
BRYAN SNYDER, q. r. A., 81. Louis.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

WHEN Mr., Mckinley went away he
expressed the opinion that Agulnaldo
would surrender aud peace be estab
lished in the Philippines before his
return, but be fonnd things very much
as they were when he left Washing
ton. Aguinaldo is still trying to me-
gotiate, and is still being refused by
General Otis.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
Public Statement From
A Public Man
Hon. w. H. Ohley, EN-Seeretary OF state OF
West Virginia, writes an open letter.

CHARLESTON, w, Va, Mar. ., 1898.
To sOA0m H may e0H6(yH:
"Imost heartily recommend Pe-ru-na
as OF great benefit in cases of catarrh.
II is especially beneficial wherever the
mucous membranes are affected. As a
tonic il certainly has no superior.
w. II. OnLEY, Ex-Secretary Of State.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

SINCE Judge Scott rusttd his mouth
onto the firing line not Republican
politician has spoken. All the glory
belongs to Scott.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

ARTrE DANIELS has grown rusty dur
ing the last few years, but he is suf-
6ciently well up to enable him to
rAmble about st Paul without losing
his appetite.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

All persons desiring TO take an ex-
animation In the subject OF vocal
music only. are requested To be at the
Central school building Thursday
morning, May 2sth, at O'clock
j. X. CAMPBELL. Chairman.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

CHAIRMAN Bill Grimes is oiling up
his junts for active work A man in
charge Of census bureau has little
patronage OF his own.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

SENATOR PFEFFER has been divorced
from the Popclist party. No lucid
petition was filed, but it probably in
clnded invisible means Of support.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

wBAT Bill Walker wants now is an
investigation that will investigate.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

INSPECTOR AMOS EwISG doesn't seem
TO make much headway as an octopus
catcher
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

THF proceedings OF The Hague con
ference read like "come.on" circulars.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
THURSDAY. MAY 25, 1899.

OKLAHOMA should step in and ask
for one OF those captured caron.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Pe-ru-na has cured thousands OF OBJ
stinate cases OF eaiarrh, and is perhaps
the only efficient remedy in existence
for catarrhal diseases; bat there are
countless multitudes Of people who are
still struggling with catarrh and need
help. To such as these the unqualified
recommendation OF Pe-ru-na by Ex-
Secretary Ohley is directed. Pe-ru-na
Is scientific and purely vegetable. All
druggists sell H.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

DURING the lull in factionai warfare
Judge Scott should take time to revise
his thoughts.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25
HoG SaaJab0al&
,Uzlzz7lElz1,zaw

Hood plls eurs liver nis the non-lrIitssing AID
only csthartic 70 tsks With Hoods saTssRaIills'
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Naomi Reoekah Lodge, No. 2Lo. OF.
Cd Fellows nall IN the Welnberger build
ing Visitors welcome
KATE EWETHY, Sec. - ~
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

For any further inIormauon address
j. h. HOLDEN. Tranic MRr
South McAlester 1 Il
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

o. X a. meets every Tuesday flight IN
x OF hall visiting chiefs alwass welcome
N. u. CHERRY, Chief Of Records.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Guthrie Lodge No. 9, ,AF&AM Reg.
ular meeting third Wednesday evening III
each month al 8 O'Clock All brethren cordi.
ally invited To Attepd.
c. II. WILLIS WM ~
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Guthrie lodge No. =, l. o. o. =. meets
Monday night OF eaCn week att so, Visiting
Odd Fellows always welcome
w COOPER, NC
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

- Guthrie lodge No. 1, A. o. u. W meet
THURSDAY evening of each week at 1850 In
VICTOR block, corner Fls and Harrison
visiting WorkmeD always welcome.
O. TUOHY Recorder.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Guthrie Lodge No. 9, X. of p. meets every
Monday ats Pm In their nail in the Vie
toT blocE COZ ner First and Harrison. Visit
lug hnlghtsare always welcome
- - CHAS. POND, c. C.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Hartranft Post No. 3, G. A. r., meets on
nrst and third Saturdays In each month al
1880 p. m In probate court room VISITING
comrades always welcome.
NJ. L. MOCK, Adjutnant D' = =
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Oklahoma Encampment No. l. !. o. o. r.,
meets the second and fourth Friday nights
in e. a E-onth. =. REESE, q. r.
r. h. MERTEN. Scribe
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1899-05-25

Guthrie Camp No. 3, Woodmeu of the
World meets every Monday night ln the x
OF r. NAN visiting w Woodmen ara welcome
-, J. b. TOWERS, clerk
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

A gigantic eombiosii9o hr been form
ed 10 Manchester, Eoslspd, representing
. c.pit,l experimenting $50 600 600 Tor
the pu'fom Of controlling The business OF
,pinniaa. wesyinR aud pria,iDs calico.
I be Boston Herald, while admitting that
this shows tbs "iru.ls cau be developed
10 Esslsnd IS sell a. 10 The United s,a.es,
elsim. tbst the Eoslish calico trust will
DO eompelle 10 cell lite goods ~ 8 los
price beosuse II bias 20 tariff protection
sssinst sorld.wide eompetition. II M
sues, therefore. that the American mann
i.ctuyeu should be deprived OF every
sestise Of isrin protection to prevent them
from eIsciins high prices for their goods.
II this should be done, then. Of course.
the EpRlish trust would hsve 40 oppor
tuuity TO damp it's cheap cslicoes upon
the American market
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07
Tn. Carrsney mn.

The gold standard currency hill which
bss been inir)duced iuio tie House by The
special committee, to whom the ,utjsc,
". Referred BY the last Con, rsss, and
sbieh is expected 10 pass before the toli
day adjournment, 10 outlined - follous:
TIE sold dollar OF IS $40 grains il de
elsred 10 be the ttsudsrj Of value.
All interest bearing obliss,ions OF the
sovernmtni and I'll United ststes notes
shall be redeemed IN cold.
A divaion OF i'sue spd redemption 10
the treasury depsitmsr, Is crested.
TIE secretary Of the treasury is suito
riEed TO stll bonds II necessary TO main
nin iht geld reserve.
Provsion Ia made for pnt,'pg 80 end 10
The fo-cslled endless chain, tie re
denptioe Of sfeerbsek In geld aud then
pay ns then cut again.
The secretary Of the treasury 10 snihoti
xsd st bic discretion 70 coin the silver
tullaou In tbs tressury islo subsidiary
coin.
Ssiionsi bants ere authorized 10 iaue
circulation mp 10 the par value oil the
bends deposited By then.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

A total OF 2 billions OF dollsrs is going
to be reached this year by the foreign
trade OF The Uoi,ed States. This is by
Tar the largest total 10 our sory. They
ere stunning figures. these 81, 900 600 600
Especially are they stunning to the Free.
Trade writers aud college professors who
have so long and 30 vociferously main
tanned that Protection was sure desth to
the export trade, Ba. /, is nevertheless
true ths, 10 the calender year 1899,
the second fall year OF restored Protection
the foreign commerce OF the United States
seems certain to mske its highest record
OF the century. The October exports are
larger than those OF any preceding Os,o
Der. the total for the ten months ending
With October is grester than the total for
the corresponding period in any proceed
ing year. and it is apparent that for the
ast time In our history the foreign com
merce OF the year will exceed two billion
OF dollars.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

TIE noel ooSspieasus iessoa u he
Hpssish vn vs thai The lice Of the army
.s very nSst all hight. bat stsi The
s,,f go oil stors. II btets aosn eon
pieisly ssdsf toe demands Es5s epnr ~,
ssd Tor the .apply q which ~ erls.sd.
IL 10 10 The reform Of the s,sa depstinsSis
,hsi sscteisrf Root addresses tiuseli, 10
- 10 usks Of tie slsa cot osiy 80 mcisHi
iu,ltsnsti for ils ordinary netit, bat
sl,o 80 - 10 msts IL fssatfsl stsa 10
The Earopssn sep,s. o. she, Mt Roo pre-
isr 10 eill ser college" batesu Tor
ibe provision OF the military needs Of the
cosuiiy. snd 90 Ter /. u msy be, Of pre
pustios ior them. TIE srd be proposes
!, oBe the inportsncs Of which 20 ressou
sbls Aasfiosu citizen siil dispute.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

President Mckinley and Speaker Hen
derson are ibe closest Ct fri nds, personal
ly ss we'll as politically. aud the first
thing Col Henderson did after is arrival
in Washington, for the session OF Con
sress, VAS TO call at the White House
aud hold long conference with the
President on the work that IS expected to
be accomplished st this session. This
personal harmony between the President
aud the man who will preside over the
House, argues we'll for the country and
for The Republican party, it mesns thut
the executive s0d legislative branches OF
the government are TO work together
much smoother than they did 10 the last
Congress. The President and Mr.. Reed
we're never the slis htest bit nniriendly 10
their personal relations. but there we're
several important questions OF party
policy 90 which they we're only lot 10
accord, but were actually sntssonislic in
their opinions.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

The Bank Of England has raised its
rate OF Of discount to per cent. . very
unususl thing and made necessary by
the feeling OF uncertainty 10 regard to THE
bonth African war. Oar war With Spain
caused no such feeling oil uncert iEty In
this couairy. 10 fact our present business
boom started st the time OF the war and
hiss been growing ever since. 1t was CT
pecied that there would be Q lie, up after
. few months but II does not seem to
come. Most kinds OF business continue
very sctive sbd. what is better, the com
mon lsborets are sharing 10 the prospect
~. Only the other day The Fell River
mills decided TO advance the wages Of
operatives 10 per cent.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

Cossre.s met on Monday aud alter OF
ssbiEaion sud the Transaction OF . small
amount Of basiues, adjourned. ont OF re
spec, to the memory OF Vice President
Hobart, recently deceased. Ga Toesdsy
The annual message OF the Pfesiden, vas
read snd . iew bills snd resolutions iotro
duced. the most important being the cur
rency bill drafted by the special commit
tee oil the lssi House. appointed for that
purpose. A monster petition; sail to con
,ain 1000 900 nance, sgsinst the sdmis
sion OF Congressman Roberts OF Utah vas
presented to the Hoo Q. His case ws re
ferred 10 q sptci.l committee,
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

Iishos Secretary Of State, Al, Pstrie,
Who IL one Of the silver section Of the
Republican party which seeded =, the
b.. Louis Republican Convention OF 1896
and went over 10 Bryan, Gays the time
has come for all his element TO return to
the Republican party. EI.A,toroey
0saersi q. NJ Parsons, sno.ber Idaho
silver Republican leader, takes the same
view, The conditions that caused Us tc
leave the Republican party no longer pre-
vail, he declares. Prosperity is strongly
10 evidence throughout the nation. The
cry OF silver has iott Its force aud power
TO rally men undtr strange political ban
ners.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1899-12-07

Hon. David Is. Henderson OF Iowa
wM made the republican nominee Tor
speaker OF the house OF representatives 1t
. csuous held on the evening Of December
T. 10 oue respect .. least, Mr.. Hendet
son will enter upon the discharge OF bis
new dates With advantage such Ms few
speakers have possessed. The selection
OF many former occupants OF the exalted
pos. hes been attended by long aud sharp
csnvssscs which had included many
pledges on the part Of the successful can
dids.e, and bis assignment Of com mi,tee
places has been largely 10 keeping poll,
teal promises. Mr. Hendersons selection
viii be practically withou. a contest. and
II 10 expected that there vi, BE- no fsvors
10 bes,ou siuce the prospective speaker
has made no pledges.