The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1899-03-12

ute when all the sections were united
and opepratod as a single line OK l,Jsl
miles.
1861 A submarine cable which had been
laid across the Mediterranean Sea be-
tween France and Algeria In 1861, proved
complete failure after few months
OF experiment
1851 Construction Of a cable hno 10
connect India with England undertaken
by the indian government, the line 10 De
laid through the Arabian Sea and Persian
Gult 10 connect with land lines, thence
10 Calais and by the short submarine line
under the British Channel 70 England
The submerged line I'm the Arabian sea
and tho Persian Gulf had a total length
Of lao miles. but with three intcrmcdi-
ate landing places This line consisted of
a copper core surrounded by layers Of
guttapercha, alteruated with other nom
conducting and waterproof material. be
Ing protected by an outer sheathing OF
twelve galvanized iron wires wound
spirally about II. which in turn were
protected by double wrappings Of tarrcd
hemp yarn. All Of these materials and
the various sections OF tho cable were
constantly and thoroughly tested elcctri-
cally and otherwise during IT'S construc-
ton. The limo when laid proved COM
plete success. becoming the first success
ful telegraphic connection between Ing
land and India
MIR. FIELD TRIES AGAIN.
1865. Another attempt made by Cyrus
W. Field. or the United States, ard
his associates in the United states ana
England. TO lay "a submarine telegraph
cable from Nalenua, Ireland, 10 New
foundland and the United states. The
s.
5000 co. partly I'm cash and partly ln
shares Of the company consisted Of seven
copper wires surrounded by numerous
cOatings of guuapercha and other Wa
terpr0Of non-c0nductOrs This was in
turn surrounded by ten Bcssemer steel
wires, this being the first use or steel
wires for cable protection. each Wire be-
ing separately wound with pitch-sOaked
hemp yarn. the shore ends being also
further protected by thirty-six heavy
iron wires wound spirally about tho COM
nlctcl cable. Tho steamer Great Eastern.
then the largest steamship at0at was
specially fitted mp for laying this cable
Great care was exercised in every Uar-
ticuiar but after 1856 miles had been
laid westward from Nalenta the cable
broke in water over lioDl feet deep and
the attempts 10 recover it were uusuc.
ccssfu
1886. Mr Field and his associates zee
Moved their efforts 90 lay cable across
the Atlantic new company with
5000 ooo capital was formed with the d0u-
bic purpose OF attempting 10 find tho end
of the cable partially laid in 1855 and CONE
Dloto tho Tine. and also 10 lay another
cable parallel with and near 10 it. The
cable manufactured for the proposed nov.
line was similar to chat of 1865. The
Great Eastern was romOdeilod fo further
meet the requirements of the work. and
left NaloUta. Ireland. July 10. 1890. roy-
ing out the cable in liuc about twenty
five miles north Of that followed on the
preceding year She safely arrived 40
Newfoundland in fourteen days from tho
date NJ leaving Nalenta, and electrical
communication was Immediately estab-
lished between tho United states and
England which hae never since been
more than temporarily interrupted. The
Great Eastern then returned tO the spot
whore the cable was lost iu 1855. and
after ten DAYS work succeeded SOB King
ing the end on board from depth of
over 1900 feet. the tests Immediately
made showing IN TO be in perfect work.
ing connection with the Naiortl end.
4 splice was made and the laying " Che
line toward Newfoundland resumed and
ON September Sth The cable was landed
no that point and The second successful
fine of communication between tho
United States and Europe thus com
Dietcd. Newfoundland being already ir
submarine telr-rlulic cOmmuui cati0u
with The mairland and tele~aoh sys-
TENS of the United S'atos THE length
between Trinity Bay Newfoundland. and
Valentia ireland is given lv the Am.ri-
OF 3D. b.