The times., 1899-08-07

zunis now, that they assist the motion of
the currents, due to mistaken idea OF
cause and effect suggested by the sight OF
stones rolling IN running brooks.
Along the Main Canal.
The explorations of Prof Adolphus e.
Bandelier and Mr.. Bottume show clearly
that these prehistoric towns extended
along the sides of the main canal for
great distance, in proportion to their
width, and were situated on the outer edge
of the cultivated tract. which included all
the intervening land to the river. The
towns all consisted of enormous central
citadel or temple buildings within clusters
or dwellings in walled Enclosures. which
| in turn were surrounded by the thatched
huts of the laborers. Stone and sundried
| bricks were used as building material and
the main eartheD walls were formed within
framework of timber and wattled cane;
thus their architecture was derived like
| their pottery, from original basket types
| The best preserved walls show that the
houses were in large communal blocks, 800
or 400 feet long by 200 feet wide, and pos
! sibly larger, built three or four stories high
of adobe bricks without admixture of
straw. They were situated near the canal
or its branches, were sometimes provided
| with special reservoir, and in all cases
purposes. The walls were probably pro-
tected from climatic influences by cement
of some kind. The citadel structures are
| thought, from the thickness of the walls
and the amount of debris, to have been six
or seven stories high, and to have been
| used in times of war as a place of refuge.
In each city was alse another large pubic
edifice, oval in form, forty or fifty feet in
diameter and conjectured to have been
temple of the sun.
Representations are found in the rock
inscriptions and in terra Gotta images OF an
animal that was undoubtedly used as a
! beast of burden. This beast resembled the
| llama of South America. Spanish writer's
! at the time of the conquests by Cortez and
Pizarro speak of the existence of wooden
cloth among Pueblo Indians, and as moth
ing has been disclosed indicating contact
! with the whites it Is presumed that these
| people had domesticated the llama. II this
! is so it establishes a connection between
these people in Arizona and the Peruvians
| II also proves that either these prehistoric
| Arizona people were OF great antiquity or
else there existed an animal of the llama
species in North America much later than
is supposed by natural historians
The twentyseven skeletons that the Bot
tune expedition secured and the hundreds
OF others that curio dealers and museum
men have dug up show that the people
were small in stature and that their skulls
were neutrality-suspicious. Tor broader across
than lengthwise), like those of the Zunis
Aztecs, and Peruyians. Some of the skulls
| have little extra bone in the back part
of the head popularity of the Incas, and
known as the Inca bone. This fact indi-
Gates close relationship between the mys-
terious race in Arizona and the civilization
of South America.
Worshipers of Nature.
Prof. Bandelier, who has spent dozen
winters studying the prehistoric remains of
Arizona, believes that religion was the
main purpose of life among these people
Each action appears to have been vested
with significance OF its own, even the
location of the public structures being de-
termined by certain NEUROLOGICAL indiea-
tions. These people worshiped the sun,
and had lodge rooms in the temple. Sac
riiciai stones have been dug up in several
spots. but the nature of the sacrifice has
not yet been determined The burial Gus
toms shed some light on the social and
religious ideas prevalent at the time To
secure the liberation of the soul after
death the body was burned and the ashes
fncioSed in an urn placed at the foot of
the pyral mound. This was not considered
necessary il the case of priests and mem
bers of the esoteric societies, who had a
simple UuTldi III graves prepared DelOH
the floor of the house. In these graves the
body, thiekly wrapped in cotton cloths so
as to exclude moisture, was placed and
covered with soft adobe, which, on drying,
formed substantial vault. Adobe sar-
eophagi, supposed, from their extra deco
rations. to contain the remains of persons
of exceptional note, have also been found
in the upper stories of the citadels. 1t is
inferred from the fact that two bodies are
occasionally found together that man and
| wife were inferred side by side. Like all
nature worshipers, these people endowed
each object with its spirit counterpart. and
either buried or burned the individual 5
belongings beside his body, that they
might accompany him on his spirit jour
ney. Likewise, the burial urn was killed
by cracking or perforatins its side in order
that the soul might escape.
The ancient city of Los Muertos had a
population of more than $1,000 perhaps be-
fore the days OF the Pharaohs and the
!, Roman Kings. The city is laid out north
and south; at least, in a majority of in
stances the streets run to these cardinal
points. The walls seem to vary little
, | from this rule; in fact, they are crooked
in places. as if they might have been
constructed for the support of bastions or
towers. This city and the one containing
an old fort farther down the ella River
are the only ones in which the writer ever
! | found any evidence of preparation for war.
1t seems as if the race who lived in this
Gila country was either so numerous that
it feared no attack or had no enemies with
which TO contend.
Prehistoric stock Yards.
South of Phoenix, on the mesa, are the
ruined corrals or stock pens in which the
animals of the inhabitants were kept.
Many finds prove the purpose for which
they were used. What the animals were
, is not so easily determined. On the Stats
found in ruins south of the Salt River
are splendid figures of llamas. In the
ruins that have best withstood the ex-
posure of the ages many interesting speci-
mems of the ceramic art have been found.
Ollas of all shapes and sizes, runs contain
ing the ashes of the dead, and jars partly
filled with paFched corn and beans are
found in remarkable state OF preserva-
tion 1t seems as if the entire city had
been swept by flood and the earthen
houses melted down shaken by an
earthquake and toppled into a thousand
fragments, giving the inhabitants barely
time to escape.
Few of the skeletons that the amateur
explorers have taken out show signs oi
mutilation or have broken bones. The peo-
. pie appear TO have died of suffocation OIL
some natural cause that left no mark upor
; the frame. In several spots where bones
have been found deeper digging has brought
, to light large quantities of bone dust as fine
, | and light gunpowder- In one spot, neal
, Tempe, several tons of bone dust have beer
found recently lying in what appears tC
, have once been trench some seventy fee
long and two feet deep, nine feet below