davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
EXTRAORDINARY POWERS.

The Samoan difficulty will be settled
without a clash. 1t is very evident
that the three governments thoroughly
understand one another and mean to
arrange matters without any arbitra-
ment to arms. Unless Germany was
seeking for a ''casus belli," when any
thing might serve there is nothing in
the Samoan affair that need bring any
collision.
The powers conferred upon the com
mission which was to leave San Fran
cisco two days ago, are very full The
commissioners on their arrival will
have supreme command in the islands,
and will have authority to which there
will be no one to gainsay. Everybody
now in authority will be suspended as
soon as the commissioners arrive Prac-
tically it is three kings who are going
to Samoa.
The commission differs entirely from
the commissioners sent out by the
United States government to the Phil
ippines. The latter went purely to OBJ
tain information and to establish re-
lations with the aboriginal inhabitants;
it has no executive powers. The Sa-
moan commission besides obtaining in
formation has distinct executive pow
ers. When the three commissioners
agree their action is conclusive, and
there will be no referendum to their re-
spective governments. Such powers to
commission are almost unprecedented,
especially a commission from three
separate nations. 1t argues that the
respective governments have the full
lest confidence in their representatives.
and that the instructions given to them
must have been thoroughly canvassed
between the three governments.
We shall hear tomorrow of the condi-
ton of affairs in Samoa when the Mo-
ana left. 1t is not likely that Admiral
Kautz will have remained inactive af-
ter the fatal ambush OF April LIST. He
most probably has exacted a retribu-
ton. 1t is to be hoped he has done So
for Mataafa's party will be disposed 70
listen to reason. The trouble with peo-
pie like the SamOans is that if they de-
feat a little detachment of American
and British bluejackets and marines
they imagine they have defeated the
entire American and British nations
They are too ignorant to understand
that if either were of a bloodthirsty
character, it would not be a difficult
task to eXterminate the whole Samoan
race. What the Samoans need is a
sharp lesson to abate their overween-
ing self pride,
DR.. Solf, who passed through yester-
day, seems very much more man OF
the world than his predecessor in the
municipality of Apia, DR.. Raffel. The
latter had been too long in a narrow
self centered, intriguing little commu-
nifty, where national jealousy ran high
DIR. Solf is fresh from contact with the
brightest minds which are interested in
Samoan affairs, and in taking hold,
even for the, shoEt time he viii have
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27

The results of the municipal elections
which are always looked upon more or
less as indicating the trend of the ma
JiOnal party politics, seem to show a
AS was pointed out in these columns
a week or so ago, the election of Car
ter Harrison, as mayor of Chicago,
was really in favor of the Republicans,
though Carter Harrison is a Democrat
of sorts. Kansas is Republican; Lin
coin, Neb., the home of Bryan, elect
ed Republican mayor; Tacoma shows
Republican strength Ohio of course
is mainly Republican; Michigan, al
though Democratic in the large cities
has elected a majority of its new judi
ges from the Republican ranks. Wis
consin scores Republican victories, and
Rhode Island has elected the entire
Republican ticket throughout the state.
The Democratic gains are small. 1t is
evident that up to the present the mass
of the country will support the views
of the administration and of the party
Instead of losing strength, as was pre-
dicted by the mugwump press, the ad-
ADMINISTRATION is gaining steadily, and
support will come to it's foreign policy
of far greater strength than many are
willing to admit at present.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27

before the commissioners arrive and
ers, are suspended, he will be able to
do much to allay irritation among the
white population.
Had we not been annexed the affairs
of Samoa would have interested us very
much, and we should have been study
ing them with view to seeing how
events there might guild us to the solu-
ton of our own problem. But, thank
goodness, our own problem is solved.
We are a part of the United States
and we have done forever with the po-
litical unrest which exists under the
weak government of a small state
which is physically unable to help it.
self against aggression and is a prey
to any turbulent spirits who choose to
intrigue and to threaten revolt. All we
have to do is to try and develop our
Islands to their utmost capacity and to
make them worthy of the great coun-
try of which we are now an integral
part. In time we will have what po-
litical rights congress may decide to
grant us. but our troubles are practi-
cally over. We only have to wait to
obtain all we can wish for. 1t is pity
that the Samoans have not a like hap
Ply future. There will be unrest there
as long as the tripartite arrangement
is in force, though there may be peace
as far as the three great powers are
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
@imeRy @o1oicS'
APRIL 10, 1899.
APRIL 10, 1899.

THE WEATHER HAS BEEN UN-
USUALLY COOL, AND LITTLE AT
TENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO
THE REFRIGERATOR. THE ICE
LASTS WELL, AND NOTHING is
SPOILED. BUT THE CHANGE is
COMING. VERY SOON IT WILL BE
WARM AGAIN AND MUCH CARE
AND ATTENTION MUST BE GIVEN
TO PERISHABLE ARTICLES.
WE ARE ALWAYS PREPARING
FOR EMERGENCIES, LOOKING
AHEAD, AS IT WERE, AND HAVE
LAID IN A STOCK OF
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
HONOLULU
STEAM
COMPANY,

Have added to their business a towel
supply department.
They will furnish you with six tow
els a week at the nominal sum of SIPS
per month.
Their solicitor will call on all the
large and small firms the beginning of
next week. This will be a God-send to
printing offices, and Office rooms of all
descriptions.
Ring up telephone 5S3 if you want
towels.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
Alaska
Refrigerators,

A MAKE WE HAVE HANDLED FOR
YEARS AND THEY HAVE PROVED
CLAIMED FOR THEM. THEY ARE
A PERFECT COOLER, AND GREAT
ICE SAVERS. WE HAVE THEM IN
ALL SIZES FROM
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
ROsTAND IS NOT INSANE

LONDON, April 19.-There is no
foundation in the report that Edmund
Rostand, the French dramatist, auth
or of "Cyrano de Bergerac," has be-
come mentally deranged. On the con-
trary, he is in excellent health and is
now engaged in writing a new play.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
COOlerS

JUST IMPORTED. THEY ARE
LINED WITH AGATE ENAMEL,
WHICH PRESERVES THE WATER
FREE FROM METALLIC OXIDES,
AND IS EASILY CLEANED. WE
HAVE THEM IN THREE SIZES:
TWO, THREE AND SIX GALLONS,
HANDSOMELY PAINTED, AND AT
TRACTIvE IN APPEARANCE.
THE PUBLIC is CORDIALLY IN
NITED AND ALWAYS WELCOME
TO CALL IN AND EXAMINE GOODS
AND PRICES.
WAIIAN HARDWARE CO
FORT ST., opp. Spreckels' Bank.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
SIS to $50.

FOR SMALL FAMILIES THAT
CAN DO WITH AN ICE CHEST, WE
CAN ACCOMMODATE THEM ALSO
AT $3.50 UP.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-04-27
|NDURATED FIBRE WARE.

A Large Assortment Direct
from the Factory.
BABY's BATHS.
BOWLS.
BUGGY PALS.
BEER TRAYS.
CHAMBERS.
DAIRY PALS.
TUNNELS.
FLOWER POT SAUCERS.
HANDY DISHES.
JARDINIERES.
KEELERs.
MEASURES.
PITCHERS.
SLOP JARS.
sLOP JAR MATS.
SLOP URNS.
STABLE PALS.
sPITTONS (Three Sizes.
TUBS CAN Sizes.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
TO CARE FOR CUT GLASS.

rroo5an rub should be used for washing cut
ga nd the water in which it is cleaned should
not b. 100 warm for the hands
A sudden change OF temperature Is PAD lot e'HA'-
war and Z; should never be left upon marnle o'
stone The deeper the cutting, the more Haoi
It is % be broken. Decanters and water oo'''es
which have become disc~oTed may "
r,a be rer1oved nv placing shot with bits OF paper
and song soap suds in the vessel and shaking
them well together. Beans are sometimes used m,
s,ead ~ shot A tablespoonful Of nuriauc a aS
m -5r- ~ water will remove oDstl!ate s'0at "a
70 4-srs,g ne outside. cloths and towers, d ~,
brush are necesaTy The ~a IA iegp sp t
-. ,.ei sbo,id he placed under the dishes -
drsnng To secure high polish vig r}rctIy clean
re- v-ber n is warm with peFleCt55S =
to1el lass which ia ornamented with gold shou ii
Be washed in suds made Of CasLe soap Finely cut
glass s-ouIi be kept in closed CABINET anu -''
handle. much
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
IOWA CLUBVONEV BTSY

The clubwomen Of Iowa have entered heartily
into the work Of the travelling library system.
which they were instrumental in establishing IN
that State
During the triennial convention Of the Iowa Fed
Grafton Of Womens Clubs recently held In Burling-
ton, Iowa. It decided appoint special
committee 10 confer with the State Librarian and
others in establishing commission for library ex-
tension. The State Of Iowa has seventy travelling
libraries OF fifty volumes each, and has made an
annual appropriation Of s2OO0.
The State Library Board has authorized spe-
cia loan department. by which the librarian may
lend TO any public Incorporated school or college
in the State any single book collection OF books
which he has may deem II desirable TO obtain
The books lent the fling OF certified check
covering the retail price Of the volume or volumes
The check is returned when the book Is brought
back the borrower paying express charges.
This will be OF value TO womens clubs, enabling
them 10 get small expense books needed for
looking up special subjects
Eleven new public Libraries have been established
In Iowa since the beginning Of 1895 and IN many
of these cases the womens clubs were the leading
rsfrffg
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
INTERESTING FACTS.

.15s-5Eercbiefs 10 the amount Of $4,000 were
irnpo-,ed 70 this country during the hscAI yea
rudirr Tine % last" says The Dry Gooos hoo .i
nls,r ~ a summary Of foreign trade s'auSr yl.
which mas tug, been issued by the treasury D
psrtment GO. .,e-,os,
There were 10000 pounds OF south 80
cotton imported This is Of the Piura Varle'y an
is used In the manufacture OF unoer"e"'
sembles wool in the character Of It's more .
"Fi,,y-two million square yards OF cotton oLo,"
The greater portion from Great Britain "eie
broyer, be~e during the same period. This IS an
increase Of eight million square yards over the
Preceding year - .-tro,d.
There were y45O0O0o worth Of cotton EN-
cries edgng and laces $4,000 worth OF , Inas
t7GUe worth Of jewelry ana pItciI00un, 80 ~
SSNgf worth OF kid gloves, *6Z,iVVVy, " o,,ount
silk silk dress and piece goods 10 100 Co
Of 81 t0gG and OF velvets and plushes ',,Sotrv
Tho large stocks Of wool held III lIIS - a re-
which have so long been matter OF c COUNTY, o., ises
clearly rejected in the importauons WI.oHt oearIv
Were ess than 100000 pounds Asatdiosoo ,,o,,nds
l3 J0 90 pounds in 1885 and nearly SoiV'V" P
Il lsg7 80 ,,,,or.
But 1900 80 yards Of woollen cloths Vs. ss3s 600
ed this year against IS $1,000 yards IN lS', r'E In
Worth II knif fabrics against 81 JoJOU WORN ~. ,I
uSl and Of wOOllen yarns only il5Vp 49,
the figures IN 1880 showed 1901" pouHuH
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
FIFTY YEARS AGO.
WHEN THE FIRST WOMAN SUFFRAGE
MEETING WAS CALLED.

WHEN THE FIRST WOMAN SUFFRAGE
MEETING WAS CALLED.
The first woman suffrage convention held
j. Seneca Falls. y. Y. IN July. 1875 Mrs. Eliza
beth Cady Stanton OF this city, is Almost the only
person living who attended IT, Lucretia Mott.
Mrs. Stanton, Mary Ann McClintock and Martha
Z. Wright issued the call for it, but did not sign
T. The subjects for discussion Il agreed
SHOULD be the social religious and civil condition
OF women and their rights. Doors were not opened
81 the frat days sessions.
James Mott was chairman. Frederick Douglass,
Samuel Tulman, Ansel Bascom. E ". Capron and
Thomas McClintock were present. Papers were
tead BY Martha Wright and Mrs. Stanton.
The Declaration or Independence was used as d
model for their declaration OF sentiments. That
man made one code OF morals for himself and an
other for woman was charged. and that the ten
6ency Of this had been to destroy wOmans conf
Cence in her abilities. The declaration further
stated that had mOnOpOliZed all avenues Of
profitable employment; that all colleges were closed
10 women. and that IL theology. medicine or law
she had no part
' BY speakers al the congress II was repeatedly
asserted that only mental employments were open
70 woman. The rights demanded In that deClara-
tior have since nearly al become laws although
e. that time they were received with dersion and
SCiCI.e.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
WELLINGTON. KAN. REPORT.

Mrs. c. y. Doughty president Of the Wellington
Kan) branch OF the T 5 :. reports the society
there active Since the last report six packages
OF literature have been mailed forty packages OF
papers and magazines have been distributed local
ly together with two glasses Of Jelly. basket OF
apples a pretty dolly and a fine handmade hand
kerchef -Four cases have been paid and two
letters written The branch is expecting 70 have
a column for the T. : 5 work In one OF the
weekly papers
Mrs riggs who has been the recipient OF some
OF the Sunshine from the society. has passed into
that life eternal where pain and suffering are
unknown.
Mr. Minnie Placev a member Of the T. s s.
has been passing through great sorrow, having
buried her father In May and her brother-in-l law
in July She would appreciate words Of comfort
from r. : ;. members.
known friend Tor .'The Cosmopolitan" The maya
zines are read and passed on. She also acknowl-
edges the recent Of SUNDAY school papers for the
ittle ones from Owensville Ohio.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
THE OLD TRUNDLE BED.

M M, me old trundle bed where slept when boy.
w w NAT canopied king might not covet the joy7
ne glory and peace OF that slumber OF mine,
Like long, gracious rest in the bosom divine:
light
but daintily drawn from its hiding at night.
IN nest OF delight from the foot 20 the head,
was the queer little dear little old trunde bed.
IN. the old trundle bed. where I wondering
Inc stars through the window, and listened with
10 the sigh OF the winds as they tremblingy crept
lhrough the trees where the robins so restlessy
slept.
Where heard the low murmurous chirp OF the
wren,
And the katydid stlessly chirrup again
Ihrough the maze OF the dreams Of the old
trundle bed
on. the old trunde bed, Oh, the old trundle bed
win us plump little pillow and old fashioned
us snowy white sheets and the blankets above
Sinootned down and tucked round with the touches
Of love:
Inc voice OF my mother TO lu me TO sleep
win the old fairy stories nv memories keep
SSII fresh as the lilies then bloom Ger tie head
once bowed DER my I'm the old trundle bed!
flames Whitcomb Riley.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
THE BACILLUS or LEPROsT.
From The British Medical Journ'

At a recent meeting OF the National Academy ~
Medicine OF Bogota. DR. Carrasdula asserted that
ne had successfully cultivated the bacillus leprr
on sloped sod!hed human serum ana OF Dee.
bouiilon prepared according 70 the Hlethou 81
Thoinot and Masselin The bacillus was then cui,i-
waited from serum TO serum. ana from Douil.oh 70
bouillon pure cultures being always obtained, ~
Cara auilla further states that ne observer tns
hactius An motion I'm two stages OF It's developments
-as long slender bacilL which move IN an unnu-
lafory manner and as short, coarse amos, Emp
The latter he fancies ne has observed nagela. but
he Is not positive to this. His results 90 not en-
snronck of Utrecht who has also claimed 10 nave
c,,,ivated Hansen's bacillus Professor Campana
80 &c. has also convinced himself that he has
.nccss.fuily cultivated the bacillus leprse These
esper,ments require confirmation and extended oo-
ssrvatIon before they can be accepted as aDso-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
A SERMON ON THE NEGRO.
DIR. BROUGHToN WOULD NOT LET THE
UNEDUCATED VOTE
ATLANTA PREACHER SAYS THIS WOULD
SOLVE THE RACE PRoBLEM-HIs
NApEARE AGAINaT VICE

WARFARE AGAINST VICE.
The Rev. Dr. Len G. Broughton pastor OF the
Tabernacle Baptist Church OF Atlanta whose de-
nuncaton Of the lynching Of Southern negroes
brought about the sackng Of his church by ruff
fans OF Atlanta last night in the Hanson Place
Baptist Church Brooklyn preached sermon
on Christian citizenship in which he called for the
absolute elimination Of the ignorant colored man
Of the South a political factor This. he de-
clared would be necessary before the prob
lem was settled. He would have the negros right
70 vote taken away and not restored until the
negro is qualified from an educational and moral
point to exercise the franchise. He declared that
South Carolina was the State where the coored
were the happiest and most prosperous where
there were no lynchngs and 10 which there was a
steady exodus OF negroes from other States. 1t
was because the negroes In South Carolina were
not allowed 10 vote, he held. Meanwhile he would
redouble exertlons TO educate the colored people
and tit them for the ballot.
To Tribune reporter DR.. Broughton after the
service said that II the ignorant blacks could be
eliminated as political factors the people Of the
South would cheerfuy consent to redistrcting
OF the Congress districts according to the votes
actually cast thus largely cutting down the num-
her OF Democratic districts. He added that ever
since the war the great question I'm the South had
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
rToUFRS FOR THE DINNER TABLE

AT this season OF the year there Is no excuse for
the absence Of floral decoration from the dinner
,ahle whether in town country. In town the
matter is easy-carnations five cents dozen; ferns
and asparagus tops 10 be picked UP Tor song
but In the country II is mo trick at all as the
-, % would exDress H. Wild turnip blossoms
- leaves daisies and grasses. milkweed, bios
soms and lady slippers. any and all OF the wild
eouers whose existence is hardly noticed so plent-
s,I are they are susceptible OF being made deco
IT, principal point Is do not mix the varieties
- a. most two kinds in your decorative scheme
nay O. q. s,reen with tudicious abundance remem-
ling that every blossom has It's beauty enhanced
~ re iuxtaposition Of green leaves
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
pLAYGROryDs TO REMAIN OPEN.

In The Tribune Of Sunday August 6, announce
ment was made that free Fairgrounds in Ninety
ninth-st. near Amsterdam-ave., would have 10 be
closed for lack OF funds 70 carry them on Yester-
dav came word from Mrs. Clarence Burns. chair
man Of the committee that has had the Fairgrounds
in charge announcing that their hearts had been
made happv by the receipt Of a generous check
from Mrs Esther Herman. a Sunshine member.
This 900 will enable them TO go on with their
work of making happy hundreds Of poor children.
Mrs Herman had read the announcement In The
Tribune In addition 10 the regular work OF the
playground groups Of children are now taken on
6utinRs each week. while library has been estab-
lished in connection with il, where books are given
out twice a week.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
HOW THE CORSET Is MADE.
WOMEN TAKE PART IN THE MANUFACTURE
SIMPLY AS MODELS


Women have no hand IN shaping the co'se'
which she and her sisters are 20 wear. a rous Z"
draft Of II is put on the model, and the man oe
s,gner indicates the length and the curves DS
marks When It hts TO HE sausfaction pIhs's'
cast is made Of her figure with the corset on r'o'i
this cast iron forms" are made pressure VI
600 pounds is brought 70 bear upon the corse's
which are fitted 10 the forms This enables them
10 mould the forms Of their wearers TO prevailing
fashions and leaves not a trace OF a chance Ior
personal diosyncracies.
The sheath fitting skirts are responsible for sew
eral devices FOR obtaining snugness AT the hips
Corsets are rather longer than last year. but sun
easy above the waist $500, -
The Russian Minister OF Education IL said 10
have prohibited the Of cOrsets before the age
Of confirmation. ,
The manufacturers receive great many appH-
cations from fine looking girls who desire positions
as models for fitting and photOgraphing. but they
find II difficult 10 secure girls who are willing 10
have their faces photographed for advertisements
This accounts for the advertisement pictures which
have gauze spread before the face the face turned
away. hidden in the arm or concealed by Fan.
MANI OF these girls pose for artists.
Dealers pay from ,25 to 500 for the privilege OF
fitting and photographing In addition TO the usua
time rates paid by artists.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1899-08-14
FOR SAILORS AND SOLDIERS
SPECIAL WORK DONE BY THE MEMBERS
OF THE WOMANs CHRISTIAN TEN
PERANCE UNION.
SERVICES IN THE HOSPITALS AND on BOARD
SHIP PART OF THE DUTIEs-CoMFoRT BAGS
BY THE HUNDREDS

DIIiEsS-COMFORT
BY THE HUNDREDS
The department Of work among the sailors and
soldiers OF the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union FOR New-York State has been divided. Mrs
Mary D. Ferguson, Of Syracuse continuing as SUI
perintendent Of work among soldiers and Miss
Emma Alexander. OF West New-Brighton. Staten
Island, being appointed to work among seamen
OF The forty departments Of work In the Woman S
Christian Temperance Union II Is claimed that
none has accomplished more than this one.
The different chaplans have allowed Miss Alex
snder TO hold temperance services aboard every
snip Of the North Atlantic Squadron, and also on
the dock in Library Hall and in the Brooklyn Navy
Yard and on many OF the auxiliary cruisers
Pledges have been signed. literature has been dis
tributed. hundreds of well filled comfort bags have
been given out, oelcacies and flowers have been
taken those III in the Naval and Marine hospitals
and 20 the sick boys on the various ships.
Mrs. NJ. l. Crandall county superintendent, holds
services at the Naval Hospital. Brooklyn. every
Tuesday evening. for the men confined there. Be
sides these. there occasional socials and musi-
Gals
There Is no canteen at Governors Island, and
the WOman's Christian Temperance Union is
making strenuous efforts establish place where
cold drinks can be obtained TO take the place Of f.
The wife Of the commanding officer. Captain B.
X. Roberts IS a white ribboner. and through her
efforts Miss Alexander has been enabled 10 hold
services every Thursday evening. An entertain
merit or concert is given occasionally. The work
there is 10 be in charge OF the superintendent OF
Richmond Kings and NewYork counties
Good work IS reported from Fort Wadsworth.
Recently. when Battery l. sth Artillery, was or
dered 10 Manila, the Womans Christian Temper
nnce Union OF Richmond County provided every
man with well filed comfort bag-1$ in all
The merchant seamen supplied with literature,
comfort bags and delicaces for the sick
Probably class OF more generally
rnisjudged misunderstood than is sailor. OF
Jack. he is Familiarity known" said well
known member OF the Noman's Christian Ten
perance Union recently. When ashore he is Ike
a Ssh out OF water: he does not know what 70 do
with himself: he Is a happy-go-ucky sort Of fel-
low and always looking out for good time The
better class OF people, as a rule. steer clear OF
him but the salOOnkeeper offers all sorts OF IN
ducements, and the result is that he not only gets
him. but his money well OF which Jack usually
has abundance. and ne is free air with II.
The name Of Miss Agnes Weston, worlds super
iutendent OF work among the seamen for the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union. has be-
come well known 10 officers and crews alike in
England that her presence on board a ship is made
known BY q signal