davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
VESSELS TO SAIL TOMORROW.

VESSELS TO SAIL TOMORROW.
Stmr. Kinau, Freeman, for IIilo and
way ports, - noon.
Stmr. Claudine, Cameron, for Maui
ports, ) p. IN.
Stmr. Lehua, Bennett, for Maui and
Molokai, p. m.
Stmr NIikahala, Thompson, for Ma
wiliwili passengers only, Eleele, Ma
kaweli, Waimea and Kekaha. p. IN.
Stmr. Kilohana, Thompson, for Ma
wiliwili, Hanamaulu and Koloa p.
m.
Stmr. James Makee, Tullet, for Ka-
paa, p. IN.
Schr. Ottilie Fjord, A. C. Segelhorst,
for San Francisco: 6256 sugar valued
at $31, 476.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
MAHUKONA

Sailed, May 6, schr. Metha Nelson,
Rice, for San Francisco; $500 bags SUI
gar, Castle O. Cooke; 1900 bags II. II.
Davies d Company; 1,414,S00 pounds,
valued at $57 ,955 "A. Hawaii Railway
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
Departed.
KAHULUI.

Arrived May II, ship j. j. Thomas,
from Honolulu.
Sailed, May II, ship S. b. Carleton,
Amesbury, for New York: 5000 tons
sugar; schr. Honoipu, for San Francis
Garonne, Conrad, from Honolulu, en-
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
s. S. CLAUDIN E,
CAMERON. COMMANDED,

CAMERON, commander,
Will leave Honolulu Tuesday at 8
o'clock p. M, touching at Kahului,
Hama, Hamoa and Kipahulu, Maui,
Returning, arrives at Honolulu sun
day morning.
Will call at Nuu, Kaupo, once each
month.
This company reserves the right to
make changes in the time of departure
and arrival of its steamers WITHOUT
NOTICE, and it will not be responsible
for any consequences arising there
from.
Consignees must be at the landing
to receive their freight. This company
will not hold itself responsible for
freight after it has been landed.
Live stock received only at owners
risk.
This company will not be responsible
for money or valuable of passengers
unless placed in the care Of the purs-
ers.
Passengers are requested to purchase
tickets before embarking. Those fail
ing to do so will be subject to an ad-
ditional charge of twenty-five per cent.
The company will not be liable for
loss of, nor injury to, nor delay in, the
delivery of baggage or personal effects
OF the passenger beyond the amount of
$4,000, unless the value of the same
be declared, at or before the issue of
the ticket, and freight is paid thereon.
-
All employees of the company are for
bidded to receive freight without deliV-
ering a shipping receipt therefor in the
form prescribed by the Company, and
which may be seen by shippers upon
application to the pursers of the Com
pany's steamers.
Shippers are notified that if freight
is shipped without such receipt it will
be solely at the risk of the shipper.
4 c. L. WIGHT, President.
S. B. ROSE, Secretary.
CAPT. J. A. KING, Port Supt.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
A GOOD THING.

There's one good thing when they feel
dry
Ihat business men cannot pass by,
For far and wide it's fame YOU hear,
They stop to drink of "Rainier" beer.
On draught or in bottle at Criterion.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15

Agents for DIR. Deimel's Linen-Mesh
Underwear. Send for Catalogue.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
TIME TABLE
WILOER'S STEAMSHIP COMPANY
1900.
s. s. KINAU,
CLARK, Commander,

Will leave Honolulu every Tuesday at
II o'clock, noon, touching at Lahaina,
Maalaea Bay and Makena the same
day; Mahukona, Kawaihae and Lau-
pahoehoe the following day, arriving
at Hilo Wednesday evening.
Returning will sail from Hilo every
Friday at o'clock p. m, touching at
Laupahoehoe, Mahukona, Kawaihae,
Makena, Maalaea Bay and Lahaina,
arriving at Honolulu Saturday night.
Will call at Pohoiki, Puma, on the
second trip of each month, arriving
there on the morning of the day Of
sailing from Hilo to Honolulu.
The popular route to the Volcano is
via Hilo. A good carriage road the en-
tire distance.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
DEPARTURES.
NIondnN. Ma

Monday, May -.
Stmr. lie Au Hou, Mosher, for Hama
maulu and Waimea, p. m; no
freight.
Stmr. Waialeale, Green, for Kilauea.
p. m.
Stmr. Moltolii, Dudoit, for Maui and
Nlolokai ports, p. m.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15
PASSENGERS.
Arrived.

Per stmr. Kinau, from Hilo and way
ports, May 13.-F. NJ. Hatch, DIR. +.
Livermore, II. NJ. Martin and wife, j.
NJ. Dat, Professor MAXWELL Mrs. c. p.
Eagan, Miss Stephens, George Kleugel,
w. Ii. Singlehurst, II. p. Dalton, +. S.
Lyman, +. c. lie Blond, f. ID. Baldwin,
c. n .Ragsdale, T. o. Wilson. A. Van
Gofre and Wife, Rev. II. Ii. Brand, j.
a. Scott, r. T. Forrest, a. NJ. Wilson,
II. Deacon, II. Ivers, Samuel Parker, C.
Motley, j. c. Motley, A. Lidgate, S. p.
Lumaheihei, E. f. Gliding, p. p. Phil
lips, j. Wight, wife and child, Mrs.
Chan Chow and eight children, Yee
Father Matthias, ID. Berlowitz, c.
Francis and 81 deck.
Per stmr. Claudine, from Maui, May
14.-MIiss b. L Allen, Mrs.O. Dor and
child, a. Hooking, w. A. Mckay, w. E.
Bal, Thomas Duncan, John Dover, II.
b. johnson, w u. Coelho, w. l.. Hardy,
j. A. Griffin, John Grunwald, Parker
Lewis and wife, Rev. S. Inai, E. w.
Christie, w. L. Decota and Al deck.
Per stmr. Mikahala, from Kauai May
AS. b. Hunter, wife and children,
Frances Gay, A. ID. Larnach, wife and
child, w. Armand, i. f. Pinkham, f.
Gardner, II. c. Pfueger, Miss Deacon,
DR.. Hutchinson, Chang Sing, Chang
See, All Chuch, Ting Sal, All Say, wife
and children and Al deck.
Departed.
Per S. S. America Maru, for Japan
and China, May At. Matsuolla, Mr..
X. Inouya, Mr.. Moriaga, Mr.. Mizuna,
c. Saito, S. Horiya, Mr.. Niikuni, Mr..
MaZuda
Per S. S. Gaelic, for San Francisco,
May 13.-Mrs. w. NJ. Kincaid, DR.. and
Mrs. Hyde, Mrs. c. b. Smith, A. Rich
ley, Mrs. Halstead and daughter, Rev.
NJ. c. Harris, Mrs. Manfredi, c. A.
Brown, c. Cleveland, j. r. McGrew,
Mr.. and Mrs. f. NJ. Swanzey, Captain
Philip NJ. Lydig, Colonel George Mac
farlane and 10 Storage.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1899-05-15

HOODS PILLS cure all liver ills.
Mailed for 25c by c. I. Hood & Co.,
Lowell, Mass. I
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

ONAWA, Ia, April 2S.-A tornado
swept the farming country twenty
miles east of here last night. Three
persons are reported killed. Great
damage was done to farm property.
The killed are said to be:
HANS SEVERSON, farmer.
BOY NAMED PERRIN.
AN UNKNOWN MAN.
SON OF GEORGE FERRIN.
John Amerston was carried half a
mile and dropped into the river, but
escaped alive. A number of others
are reported to have been hurt, but
their names have not yet been learned.
The houses of Peter Peterson, Amr-
ston and Hans Severson were blown
to pieces as were also the other build
ings on their farms.
A buggy belonging to Mr.. Kinsley
of Ute was blown away and has not
yet been found The house of George
Ferrin, three miles southeast of Ute,
was demolished. A boy 10 years Old
was killed and Mr.. and Mrs. Ferrin
and five daughters are not expected
to live.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

ST. Louis, April 2S.-A special to
the Globe--Democrat from Kirksville,
Mo-, says:
A gathering storm that had been
threatening all the afternoon broke
on Kirksville at $50 tonight in all
the fury of a cyclone. 1t struck a
patch a quarter of a mile wide, sweep
ing the prairie clean. Four hundred
homes and mercantile establishments
were levelled to the ground. Thirty
persons are reported dead and the
number is thought to be much larger.
In the heavy rain which followed
the people who had escaped turned
out to rescue the injured. For two
hours not much was accomplished, as
all was confusion, but by 8 o'clock
twenty-five dead bodies had been taken
from the ruins.
1t is confidently expected that the
list of dead will reach between fifty
and sixty if not exceed that.
Almost 1000 people were more or
less injured.
Daylight will be necessary before
an adequate conception of the destruc-
ton of life and property can be had.
Each blanched face reports a new
calamity.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

WASHINGTON, April 2S.-The War
department did not receive any lnfor-
nation yesterday from General Otis
respecting he campaign about Cal
umpit. 1t is said now that while it
is part of the plan for Lawton, moving
westward from Norzagaray, to take
the rebels in the rear at Calumpit ana
crush them between his own force and
that of Macarthur, that such was not
the only purpose of his expedition.
The principal object was to clear
the country back to the foothills of the
numerous small bodies of insur-
gents which have been harra SIS
ing the country and making
life miserable for American troops
by forays at unexpected times
and places. 1t is believed THAI
General Lawton has fully succeeded in
this and that when he has effected a
juncture with Macarthur north of Cal
umpit it will bepossible to establish
a comparatively short line of works
across the coun ry and prevent the
return of the insurgents from the
north.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

WASHINGTON, April 29.-An Off
cial list of the different departments of
the army under the war department
has been issued. 1t shows no changes,
save those recently made in Cuba. Tex
as is not established as a separate de-
partment, but remains in the depart.
ment of the gulf, with headquarters at
Atlanta, under command of Colonel R.
Frank, First artillery. The depart
ments of California and the Columbia
are under General Shafter; the Colo
RADIO and Missouri, General Henry c..
Merriam; Dakota, General Wade; the
east, General Merritt. The commanders
of the departments are the same as
previously announced.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
GALLANTRY OF TROOPS
Kansas Men Cross a Stream
Under Heavy Fire.
NtBRASkANS AS RESERVE FOLLOW
Enemy Driven from Position After Max
Ing Feeble Resistance-Over 5000 Re-
Inducements Appear-One yolley, How
ever. Sufiices for Flower OF Rebel Army.

MANILA, April 2S.-General Mac
Arthur's division crossed the Rio
Grande today and advanced on Apalit,
completely routing the flower of the
rebel army.
The enemy was very strongly en-
trenched on the river bank near both
sides Of the railroad bridge. General
Wheaton sent Colonel Funston across,
with two companies of the Twentieth
Kansas regiment, couple of privates
swimming the swift stream with a
rope under a CALLING fire for the pur-
pose Of guiding the raft. The men
crossed in squads of twenty and at
tackled the left flank of the rebels, who
scuttled like rabbits into covered ways
and trenches. The rest of the regiment
was compelled to cross the bridge in
single file along stringers. All the
woodwork and most of the ironwork
had been removed. The first Montana
regiment followed the Kansans across
the bridge.
The First Nebraska regiment, acting
as reserve, attacked the rebels in
three lines of trenches, driving them
out, killing sixteen and wounding
many.
In the meantime a large body of
Filipinos, estimated at no fewer than
5000, led by General Antonio Luna on
black charger, that was evidently
coming to reinforce the rebels who
were engaged with the Nebraskans,
appeared in the open field about two
miles to the left.
Emerging from the jungle the en-
envy formed an open skirmish line
nearly two miles in length with very
thick reserves behind. Then they adj
vanced at double-quick until they were
about 1000 yards from the American
line, when General Wheaton ordered
his troops to fire.
The rebels, who were evidently I'M
aware that the Americans had crossed
lie river, broke and ran in the direc-
ton of Macebele and Apalit. Most of
the rebels fled to Apalit station, where
two trains were awaiting them. They
left hurriedly, presumably for San Fer
nando. The towns of San Vincente
and Apalit were simultaneously burn
ed and evacuated by the natives.
Twenty prisoners were captured, in
Guiding a Spaniard.
The American troops also captured
brass cannon and quantity of arms
| and ammunition and the same even
ing they captured Maxim gun on the
| railroad.
The fighting lasted from noon until
o'clock.
The American loss is one man or the
Montana regiment killed and three Of
ci
The heat in the early part of the
afternoon was terrific, but a drenching
thunder storm which came later great
| ly refreshed the Americans
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
A PEACEFUL OUTLOOK.
Indicat lions that the Insurgents are

Indica tions that the Insurgents arc
About to Give Up.
WASHINGTON April 29.-General
Otis telegrapheu the war department
this morning that the commanding
general of the insurgents has receiv-
ed from the insurgent government d.
rections to suspend hostilities pending
negotiations for the termination of the
war and the insuprgent staff officers
are now on the way to Manila for that
purpose.
The text of General Otis dispatch
follows.
MANILA, April 29.-Adjutant Cen
eral, Washington: After taxing Ca
lumpit, MacArthur's division crossed
the Rio Grande river in the face of
great obstacles, driving the concen-
trated forces of the enemy back on the
railroad two miles. Macarthur re-
ports that passage of the river was
remarkable military achievement, the
success of which was due to the dar-
ing skill and determination of Col
onel Funston, under the discriminate
ing control of General Wheaton. Cas-
ualties slight, number not yet ascer-
tanned.
This morning chief of staff from
commanding general of ilsurgent Fore
es entered our lines to express admi-
ration of the wonderful feat of the
American army in forcing the passage
of the river, when was thought i'm
possible Staff officer reports that in
surgent commanding general has re-
ceived from insurgent government di-
fN q
negotiations for the termination of the
war. Staff officer with party is now
enroute to Manila and will soon arrive.
Lawton's forces well in hand in vicin-
ity of Angat, east of Calumpit, where
he is waiting supplies to be sent to-
morrow. Yesterday morning force OF
1900 insurgents attacked troops at
Taguig; driven back by Washington
regiment Our loss two killed, twelve
wounded.
The dispatch from General Otis was
Immediately telegraphed to President
Mckinley at Philadelphia. The off,
Gals of the war department all believe
that the hostilities are about conclud-
| ed.
MANILA, April 29.-The Filipino
| advances for peace have been fruitless.
Colonel Manuel Argulese and Lieuten-
ant Jose Bernal, who came into Gener-
al MacArthur's lines under a flag OF
truce, told General Otis that they were
representatives of General Luna, who
had been requested by Aguinaldo to
ask General Otis for a cessation of hos
| tilities in order to allow time for the
summoning of the Filipino congress,
which body would decide whether the
people wanted peace.
General Otis replied that he did not
recognize the existence of a Filipino
| government.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

WASHINGTON, April 2S.-Major
Francis S. Dodge, paymaster, has been
ordered to proceed from New York to
Havana, Cuba, with the necessary
funds for the payment of the troops
in the division of Cuba. The COM
handing general, Department of the
East, will furnish suitable escort fer
the funds. On arrival at Havana Ma
ior Dodge will turn over the funds to
the chief paymaster, division of Cuba,
and will then report to the command
Major George r. Smith, paymaster,
of his duties in charge of the pay
ment of $4,000 900 to the Cuban army.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

CANTON, O., April 29.-The jury in
the George case brought in a verdict
of not guilty. Mrs. George entered
the court room at 1875. She was &C
companied by her sister, Mrs. st. Clair
and Mrs. Milligan, a friend
Before the verdict was read the
court cautioned the audience that there
must be no demonstration. In spite OF
that there were loud cheers as the clerk
read the verdict of mot guilty" A
score of womer. rushed to Mrs. George
and shook her hand. Congratulations
were also extended to her attorneys.
Mrs. George worked her way to the
Jury box, took each juryman by the
hand and gave them word and nod
of thanks. Then the court said she
was discharged and released the jury.
The Jury was out just twenty-three
hours and forty-fve minutes, and dur
ing that time twenty-five ballots were
cast. h einterval between these bal
lots was spent in reviewing the testi-
mony and discussing its various
phases. After the jury reported, 1t
was said that the first or preliminary
ballot showed four jurymen favorlng
a verdict of guilty in the first degree
and eight jurymen for a verdict of not
guilty and acquittal The last ballot
was a unanimous vote of Inc twelve
men of not guilty.
A number of congratulatory tele-
grams were delivered to her. TO a re-
porter of the Associated Press she
said she would go to her old home in
Hannoverton tomorrow and visit her
mother, Mrs. Lucinda Ehrhart, for a
few days. Then she would return to
Canton to gather up her belongings
and arrange for the future. AS to the
future she said sac had no definite
plans as yet. She has been invited to
20 to the seaside on an extended vaca-
cation during the summer, and she
would probably accept the invitation.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
ENDOF THE WAR TNEAR
This Is the Belief Prevalent
at Washington.
AGUlNAlDO APPEARS IN EARNEST
Parties Seut Within Our Lines to See
Looking to Cessation of Hostilitles-
Last Ditch Undoubtedly Reached by
the Insurgents.

WASHINGTON, April 29.-The end
of the Filipino instruction is in sight
in the opinion of army and navy Off
cials. A telegram received from Gen
eral Otis announced that Aguinaldo
had taken what Is regarded as the first
step toward surrendering, namely. re-
Questing cessation of hostilities. Sec
rotary Alger said, as the department
closed, that, while it could not be said
that peace was assured, he regarded
the prospects as of the brightest and
felt confident that the end of the insur-
rection was near. To his mind there
would be repetition of the nego-
tiations which were had before Santi-
ago. The secretary left Washington
tonight for ten days trip in the
west, and it gave him great satisfac-
tion to leave affairs in such promising
shape.
Everybody is praising the volun-
teers, a marked change in the senti-
ment expressed a few days ago, when
it was understood that the same men
were pleading to be brought home,
Colonel Funston came in for the most
commentator, even the regular OIL
GERS taking note with admiration OF
the fact that his achievements were
all strictly within the line of plans
laid down for him by his superior
officer, General Wheaton.
General Corbin said that every vol
unteer who participated in the fight
ing in the Philippines since peace was
declared should have medal of honor
BY the terms of their enlistments they
were entitled to withdraw from the
service, but they had remained volun'
tarily, performing more than was re-
quired of them, which was more than
the ordinary duty of soldier.
1t is expected that tomorrow there
will be further negotiations with the
insurgent representatives. While the
hopeis expressed that our commission
will not hold out for terms so severe
as to lead to a. renewal of the fightlne
or the withdrawal of the insurgents tt
another stronghold further north, 1t Is
realized that Otis must exercise care
to make sure they do not in bad faitf
forded by a suspension of hostilitieE
to secure whatever of benefit to them
selves may come from the rapid!
approaching rainy season. Campaign
ing on the part of the Americans viii
be almost impossible at that time
However, it is believed that Aguinaldf
is now really in earnest and that his
sole effort is to shift responsibility
for the surrender to the Filipino con
gress.
Adjutant General Corbin says TIT
Filipino peace overtures will not brins
about any change of plan in this
country as to forwarding OF ships
supplies and troops to the Philippines
Transports are about to sail from Sa1
Francisco and a considerable number
of troops are under orders to proceed
to Manila.
1t is said at the navy department
that the developments of the day MAKE
1t improbable that the Iowa will D'
sent to Manila, according to the origi
nal program. In view of the state o
affairs in China, however, the Amer
can fleet on the Asiatic station VII
be kept at high standard.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
Commercial Ties That Bind.

LONDON, April 29.-Robert P. Por-
ter, who was the principal guest of the
White Friars club tonight, respond
ing to a toast, "The Anglo-Saxon
Brotherhood" d~-elt upon the ever-in-
creasing commercial ties binding the
United States to Great Britain, ties
which he said would be still further
improved by the fact that the tariffs of
Americas new dependencies would be
patterned after nngland's open-door.
In the course of his remarks Mr.. Por-
ter said that during his recent visit
to Germany he had tried to make 1t
understood that Germany would profit
as we'll as England, by manufacturing
America raw materials In this con-
nection he observed that despite recent
events the United States was in close
sympathy with Germany.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
President Thanks the soldiers.

PHILADELPHIA, April 29.-Imme-
lately upon receiving from Washing
ton the dispatch of General Otis, Pres
fdent Mckinley sent the following
message of congratulation and thanks
to the soldiers in the Philippines:
PHILADELPHIA, April 2S.-To
Otis. Manila: Your message announc-
ing the achievements of MacArthurs
division and the proposal by the insur-
gents of suspension of hostilities most
gratifying. Convey to officers and men
heartfelt congratulations and gratitude
for their signal gallantry and triumph
CIVILIAN M'KINLEY."
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
VIII Not Relieve CoghlaD,

PHILADELPHIA, April 28.-An au-
thentic statement was made this after
noon after his arrival in this city that
President Mckinley has no intention
of removing Captain Coghlan from the
command OF the Raleigh. The presi-
dent, it was stated, reports to the con-
trary Notwithstanding, has not even
considered such action. 1t was also
learned from the same authentic
source that the admiration held by
the president for Captain Coghlan's
participation with Admiral Dewey in
the destruction Of the Spanish feet
completely overshadows any desire on
his part to administer rebuke to the
Raleigh's commander.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

ST. LOUIS, April 29.-According to
the best information the storm which
caused SO much loss of life and de-
struction of property in northern Mis-
souri, originated in Nebraska. Its
course was southwest, through western
Iowa to the Missouri state line, thence
through Harrison, Grundy, Sullivan,
Linn, Macon, Shelby and Marion, north
and west through Lewis, Knox, Adair,
Sullivan and Putnam counties. When
the storm retraced it's course it was
almost parallel with the other track
traversed, and it was then that Kinks
Willie and Newtown were struck.
AS far as known Kirksville, New
town and Lancaster, Mo-, are the only
towns that felt the full force of the
storm.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04
Close of the George Trial.

CANTON, O., April 2S.-What was
expected to be the last day of the trial
of Mrs. George for the murder Of
George d. Saxton began with re-
sumption by Prosecuting Attorney
Pomerene of his closing arguments
for the prosecution. He continued a
review of the testimony, first paying
attention to the time of various Incl
dents and the alibi attempted on be-
half of the accused He said no mai
is all bad and that many have reason
to remember George D. Saxton for his
good qualities.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1899-05-04

WASHINGTON, April 28.-Under
date of February % Major s. o. Pot
ter, chief surgeon of the Second Bril-
gade, Second division, in Manila. re-
ports to the War department concern-
ing the health conditions OF his COM
mand. The brigade at that time con-
sisted of he First Colorado. First
South Dakota and First Nebraska.
They had been in action and had lost
thirteen killed and forty-nipe wound
ed.