davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
wAnsH,r GOES TO sLUErrELD.
To Protect American Interests In
That Quarter

To Protect American Interests In
I. That Quarter.
1, Havana, April 8. = The Cuban MILL
tary assembly being dead, Gen. Gomez
will take up his programme Of solidi-
flying the Cuban people into a party
that shall, without ceasing, urge the
United States to withdraw from the
island. His purpose is to make the
people seem to have but one emotion,
one desire-the thought of independ-
ence and of absolute separation from
the United States. Gen. Gomez con-
siders the dissolution of the assembly
as his personal achievement, aided by
the military administration here and
countenanced at Washington. He be-
lieves that he energies from the con.
troversy with the assembly stronger
than ever with the better classes. His
theory Is that the Cubans, who, be-
fore. thought him merely an adroit
guerilla chief, are now prepared to re-
gard him as a political leader, and that
Il few days more will probably see him
in name general-in-chief of the army.
Yesterday Gen. Pedro Diaz, who
commands in the province of Pinar del
Rio, invited several generals and brig
ade commanders who are friendly to
Gomez to conference regarding the
lattcr's future course. AS many who
were invited We're some distance away
from Havana and could not arrive here
in time for the meeting, there We're
only few present, but the possibility
Of reinstating Gomez as commander
in-chief was formally discussed. with
the result that little or no opposition
to the proposal developed. In order
to get more general expression of
opinion it was decided to defer the
formal meeting until to-day. No other
candidate is possible, and if any such
action is attempted it will undoubted-
ly be carried through.
Gen. Gomez, if reinstated. would be
of greater service to the United States
in the disbursement of the $3,O0O,OO0,
but his political programme means the
keeping up of agitation and disturb
ance i'll the minds of the people and the
weakening of American authority by
producing the impression that every
thing done by the Americans is tenn
porary and may sooner or later be
overturned. American observes con-
slider any such agitation as extremely
harmful to the industrial revival and
the restoration of Cuban credit.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

Manila, April S.-Col. Smith. the gov
ernor of the island Of Negros, reports
that a number of bandits, headed by
man named Papaissio, attempted re-
bellion on March q, and killed several
officials of Jumamaylan. He also cap
tured other officials and issued proc
lamation calling upon the natives to
rise and eXterminate the Americans
and Spaniarls.
Mai. Slime and two companies of the
California regiment were dispatched
by water to the scene Of the disturb
ance and Col. Duboce and two other
companies were sent Overland. On
April 2 this force marched twelve
miles and captured Labzid, the head
quarters of the bandits. and destroyed
the town. The troops also captured
thirty-tive prisoners and scattered
Papaissio's forces, thus efectually
quelling the rebellion ut the outset.
There has been a weeks respite in
the hostilities at Malolos, chiefly il
order to allow the Filipinos to digest
the proclamation of the United States
commission. The rebels remain re-
markably quiet. The sharpshooters of
Gen Lawton's line have borrowed the
Filipino tactics, and are harrassing the
rebels by night. picking off some Of
them nightly. Malolos is resuming it's
natural aspect, business going on.
Preparations are going on to establish
a permanent camp for the troops there
and the soldiers are cleaning the city.
A third of the American forces at
Malolcs is sent nightly to form an adj
vance line a mile north Of the city,
with patrols and sentries ahead of the
line. Gen. MacArthur's volunteers
arc receiving Krag-Jorgensen rifles,
the Filipinos having discovered that
they could effectively fire their Mausers
and retreat before the Americans ap-
preached near enough to use their
Sprirgfields with effect. Advices re-
ceived here from Samar, an island
forming province Of the Philippines,
say the revolutionists there are weary.
Their leader, Gen. Lukban, Of Chinese
ancestry, has deserted with the funds.
The Inhabitants are DESTROYS of Amer
lean rule.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
STORIES OF REFUGEES.
The Natives Coming in Freely-Ex.
petitions RcyOnd MalOlOs


New York. April Z. - James Creel-
mans SPECIAL to the Journal from Ma.
mia says: Gen. MacArthur's brigade
moved o..t of A!alolos to the nortEward
in the hope Of finding the main body OF
the Filipino army and effectively de-
-vroy,ng it, Earlier in the day the
Montana infantry and the Fourth cav
airy. supported by TWO guns of light
artillery made Il reconnaissance. but
encountered only rowing bands of rcb-
els. A few shots were exchanged and
two of our men We're Slightly wounded
The natives are still pouring into our
lines around Malolos. seeking protec-
zion and ready to VOW allegiance. Many
OF them are wearing insurgent uni
fori1ls: some have only the trousers Of
THEW army clothes. their coats having
long since been cast aside. They all
say that they are hungry and do not
want to fight any more They are
astonished to find that they are ac-
corded good treatment and arc housed
unmolested. Occasionally a native SOL
der is seen Saluting al American Of
ficer, thus showing his military train
ing.
Terrible stories are related by the
refugees about the irsurgent troops
committing barba-eus outrages upon
women and iocting property in all d.
rections. Black clouds of smoke on
the horizon mark the trail Of wanton
p1ilage by pretended patriots. Our
troops are protecting property. while
the insurgents are destroying it.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
HELD AS A PRISONER.
American Soldier Who Had Wan.
dercd Into InsurEent Lines.

American Soldier Who Had yVan-
dercd Into Insursent Lines.
Washington, April Seen. Otis has
sent a dispatch to the adjutant gen.
eral, replying to inquiries made in re-
gard to one Huber. Senator Perkins
Of California had informed the depart
ment that it was believed that Huber
had been killed by the insurgents.
The reply of Gen. Otis says:
Huber, hospital corps, insurgent
prisoner; passed beyond lines without
permission seven days before HOSTILE
ties commenced, having camera and
revolver. Was arrested near Malolos
because armed and taking photographs.
Was in civilian clothes, claimed to be
British seaman; was in fair health
Feb. 10, when money furnished him,
with promise Of more to follow. He
and three other prisoners arrested be-
fore hostilities commenced were at
Malolos ten days before capture of the
city. Believed that all are alive"
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

New York, April Sire early yes
terday morning destroyed the hand
some residence of Wallace G. Andrews
at No. 9 East Sixty-seventh street. and
twelve persons sleeping in the house
were burned to death. Fire brands
carried by the wind were blown into.
No. 3, East Sixty-ninth street, two
and causing the death of Il servant.
All Of the thirteen bodies have been
recovered. Several persons We're.
more or less injured.
Whether the fire started from ;:n
explosion of a lamp or Of gas has not
yet been determined. But when it WAS
first discovered at 2 o'clock in tie
morning the flames seemed to burst
from all parts of the house Mt ou:a.
Policeman Mcknight was ut Fifth
avenue and SiXty-siXth street, wilun
he heard an explosion AMI saw the
glare Of flames in SiXty-ssventh street.
He ran With all haste to the spot ana
found tongues of fire leaping from The
upper windows of the Andrews house
and halfway across the street. lie
tried tx. break i'll the door and arouse
the inmates Of the house. but was
driven back by the flames. Not watt
ing any longer than to arouse the.
family of the Rothscllilds III the adj
Joining house, No. +, he salt in an
alarm. When the tiremen arrived they
went through the Rothscllills ho,S"
and managed to get in the rear rooms
of the third floor of the Andrews.
hcu>e, where they found Mrs. ST.
John and her three-year-old son Wal
lace. unconscious on the floor. Their
night clothes almost burned Off They
were quickly taken into the Roths-
childs house. Mrs. st. John died in IL
few minutes. Her child died in q fire
mans arms. The firemen made To-
lDaated efforts to get to the other rooms:
l';lt they might as we'll have attacked
furnace. The building. if saturated
with oil, could hardly have burned
more tiercely. Like most large New
York dwellings it was high and mar
row and encasel OH two sides by solid
brick walls and the effect was like Il
great chimney. The flames reared
and crackled and shot into the. air Il
distance OF a hundred feet or more,
throwing a great fiery syray over the
reefs OF the surrounding houses. All
ctfurtS to arouse the inmates i'll time
to save themselves were fruitless, and
aside from Mrs. st. John, the only 9th
or persons who got out of the house
alive were the two servants. Jennie
En;ns and Alice White, who appeared
ut the upper windows terror-stricken,
and. needless of the cries of the fire.
Een that they would raise ladders and
save them. jumped. Jennie Burns
leaped out first She turned over and
over and fell almost directly on her
head. Her skull was fractured in
several places. The other woman,
when she saw the fate of her friend,
l!"sitated for moment, then as the
smoke thickened, she, too. jumped.
She fell upon 81 rear extension of the
building and was picked up uncon-
scious and severely injured.
While the fire in the Andrews house
was raging great clouds of sparks
were carried with the wind and a
brand fell into an upper open window
Of the house of Albert ]. Adams. 1t
caught in Il curtain and instantly the
room was ablaze. A servant lost her
life. The police and tiremen got the
family out without serious injury.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
AGUINALDO OUT.
A Report That Gen. Antonio Luna
Succeeds Him.

Succeeds Him.
Manila, April There are persistent
rumors that Aguinaldo. the insurgent
leader. has been supplanted in the con-
troll Of Filipino affairs by Gen. Antonio
Luna. Communicated of the Fill
pino forces. Luna is described as be-
ing typical belligerent.
A Spanish banker who was inter-
viewed expressed the fear that the
proclamation would not reach the
masses controlling the revolution be-
cause. he explained, the Filipinos at
Manila are mostly domestics and clerks
who have no definite opinions and the
wirepullers outside of the city have
undoubtedly intercepted it. The bank
er expressed the opinion that if the
proclamation had been issued on May
2, or even on Aug. IA. Of last year. the
result would have been different as, in
his opinion. based on twenty years cN-
perience here. the only thing that APP
peais to the masses is the gun.
The editor of Oceania thinks the
proclamation is the most polite docu-
ment ever published in the Philippine
islands. ard that it is bound to con-
vince the Wavering of the folly of
further lGstilitieS.
An English merchant says the first
clanse. with reference to tile estab
lisllEcnt and maintenance of Ameri-
can sovereignty and warming the reb-
els, should settle the question in the
minds of every thinking Filipino.
A Scotch shipowner thinks it does
not leave any further doubt as to the
policy of the United States. and that,
consequently. Agunaldo must submit
to the inevitable. as the continuance Of
ncstilities is opposed 10 the best inter-
ests Of the Filipinos.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

The graphic story of the succor Of
a starving soldier at indianapolis has
an economic as we'll as philanthropic
interest. The soldier, it seems, was
found in a fainting condition before
the house Of Gov. Mount. He was car
ried into the house, where the gov
ernor was entertaining some friends.
His immediate bodily needs were re-
lieved, and the governor "sent out a
member of the legislature to secure a
railroad pass to Chicago" The gov
ernor has an executive turn of mind.
He knows how to employ the best in
struments; how to accomplish things
in the shortest possible way. When a
railroad pass is needed who can do the
business with more neatness and dis
patch than a member of the legisla-
ture"?
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

Orders recently issued from the
headquarters of the American Tin
Plate Company in this city for large
increase in wages in all it's plants.
The men affected by this order are
those who have been receiving less
than $3.50. Wages will be raised from
to 10 per cent, the greatest increase
going to those who received the small
er wages. OF the 10000 men employed
by the company, fully one-half Of the
entire number profit by this advance.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
It will be both unfortunate and mis-

1t will be both unfortunate and mis-
chievous if the views expressed by Mr..
Rhodes shall be accepted in this hemis-
phere as in any measure interpretive
of American spirit. They are very
wide of the mark. The duty of this
country with respect to possessions
which have fallen to it as the result of
a war unsought and undesired can in
no proper sense be associated with a
thirst for worldwide dominion or with
a disregard of the obligations of neigh
borliness and honest dealing.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
GUNS AT PAGo PAGO.
W0rlSmen BuiIIing Wharf and Co
ing Sheds To BE Protected,

W0rlSmen Building Wharf and Coal.
ing Sheds To De Protected.
San Francisco. April 8. = 1t is re-
ported that the armed collier Scandal,
which accompanied the Iowa around
the Horn, is to be sent to Pago Page
larbor. Samoa, to prevent any inter-
ference with the work of erecting a
wharf and coaling sheds therefor. The
firm having the contract has recently
chartered the British iron ship Cardi-
gan Castle to take some 1000 tons Of
material to Samoa and forty skilled
machinists are to be sent there. The
United States armed collier Aberendo
is to be dispatched from the East with
steel p.ling for the wharf, but may not
arrive for some time. In view of the
possibility of trouble with natives it
is thought that the quick-firing guns
of the Scandia may he of use in pro.
tecting American workmeh.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Fatal. M1ssTEP.

Railroad Omcinl Falls Under a Car
rs 1t Was Moving.
St. Louis, April s. = Allen L. Dali
rymple. assistant superintendent in
~ killed by train at the union station
last hight. He was attempting to
board an outgoing Frisco train, but
missed his footing and fell under the
wheels. He was about to start on a
tour Of inspection in the line of his
duty. He was forty-two years of age
ard native Of Alabama.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
NATIONS DEAD HEROES.
Laid to Rest in Arlington Wit
Impressive Ceremonies

Washington, April S.-With full HON
ors of war, upon the crest of Arlington
cemetery yesterday morning the ma
ton, represented by President McKin-
ley, his cabinet and other dignitarics
of the government. tl!' commanding
general of the army Ind other dis
tirguished officers. ~ he regular mill
ltary and naval r. IS of the District.
vast CONGO NJ 10000 people paid
the last tribute Of respect ard honor to
the bodies of the 33G men who lost
their lives on distant battlefields for
their country during the Spanish
American war. and who were ycster-
day mustered into the silent army that
sleeps i'll the last hivouac of tho grave.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
LEo.s HEALTH.

Again Ii Is Declarcd to Be Quite
Satisfactory.
Rome. April s. - DR.. I.apponi con-
firms Prof. SIaZzoni's opinion regard
ing the satisfactory condition Of the
pope's health. He says the pope is
about to resume his walks in the Nati-
can gardens. and will preside Mt the
ceremonies of the anniversary of his
coronation to lee held ca April 1G, ut
st. Peters.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
THE MARKETS.
Latest Quotations From Grain and
Live Stock Ccnters.

Live Stock Ccnters.
st. Paul. April 8. - Wheat - No. 1
Northern. 20 1-2@72c; No. 2 North
ern. 6S q 69c. Corn - No. yellow,
81 3-4M32c; No. 3. 81 1891 3-4c. Oats
No. 3 white, 2S@2S 1-2c; No. 3. p 1-2
@2Sc. Barley and Rye-Sample bar
ley, 36M42c: No. 2 rye, 4S@49c; No. 3
rye. 47M47 1-2c.
Duluth, April S. = Wheat - Cash,
No. 1 hard, % 3-4c; No. 1 Northern,
O3-4c; No. 2 Northern, G. 1-4c; No. 8
spring, G3 3-4c; April, No. 1 hard,
% 3-4c: No. Northern, 7O3-4c; May,
No. 1 hard, "A 3-4c: No. Northern,
II 3-4c; July. No. hard, "a 7-Sc; No. 1
Northern. y Use. Oats, q 1-2@2Sc.
Minneapolis, April 8. - Wheat =
April closed at 10 1-2c; May opened at
roc and closed at 20 5-Sc: July opened
at II 3-4c and closed at re. On track
No. 1 hard, II 3-Sc; No. Northern,
20 3-Sc: No. ? Northern IS 7-Sc.
Milwaukee, Wis, April 8. - Flour is
steady. Wheat steady: No. Northern,
Is 1-2c; No. Northern, re. Oats
higher at % 1-4@3Oc. Rye higher; No.
/. SIC. Barley firm; No. 2, 4Sc; sample.
440l47 Lee.
Chicago, April 8. = Wheat = No.
red, 74@76c; No. 3. 7oa74c; No. 2 hard
winter &c; No. 3, 63Mt6c; No. North
crn spring, 72@73 1-2c; No. 2, 71@
y 1-2c; No. 8, 65@71c. Corn-No. 2,
80 Use; No. 3. 30 Lie. Oats-No. 2,
q 1-4M27 1-2c: No. 3, q 1-4c.
Chicago, April s. = Hogs - Light,
s3.G5@s.70; mixed, $3.S5@3.95; heavy,
$3.S0@3.95; rough, $365@375. Cattle
-Beeves, 81 q $50; cows and heifers,
81 q 4.S5; Texas steers, $3.50 a $50;
stockers and feeders, S. q 400.
Sheep-Natives, $3.5O@5; lambs, $3.50
M5.3O.
Sioux City, Iowa. April 8. - Hogs =
$3.5O@3.7O. Cattle-Beeves. S4@5. 10;
cows, bulls and mixed, $2@4: stockcrs
and feeders. $3.5O@4.40; calves and
yearlings, $3.75@49O.
South st. Paul, April s. - Hogs =
$3.7o@3.75, Cattle-Cows, $2.5O@3. so;
bulls, $2.90@3.25; steers. $4.3C@4.35;
stockers, $3.S5@1.5O; hcifers, $325@
$50. Sheep, $3@5.40.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

Sixteen battleships will be able to
larry our flag to a number of places.
The United States has five in commits
sion, five launched and under construc-
ton, three in the stocks and three pro-
vided for at the last congress.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Return From Manila,

San Francisco, April S.-The follow
ing volunteer soldiers returned on the
transport Scandal from Manila: First
South Dakota, H. n. McKenney. Com.
pany Fl. Thirteenth Minnesota, II. l..
Moore, Company G.: G. ]. Rustad, r: j
NJ. Hayes, b; Il. +. Gubesing, G; /. w.
Short, l.: G. +. Fcnny, l..
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Banker Ea.ton Guilty.

West Union. Iowa. April 8. = The
trial of James H. Easton of DEBORAH.
charged with fraudulent banking,
which has been in progress before
Judge Hobson in this city for the past
four weeks has resulted in verdict
Of guilty. An appeal will be taken. 4
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
To Try Mrs. George.

Canton, Ohio. April S-Ihe jury to
decide the fate of Mrs. Annie T.
George. accused of the murder of G..
u. SaXton, was completed yesterday
afternoon, and before court adjourned
Prosecuting Attorney Pomerenc had
stated to the twelve men an outline OF
what lie expects the witnesses for the
state to prove.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
THIRTEEN.
n. LIVES LOST
BURNED TO DEATH IN A FIRE At
NEW YORK.

residence Of Wallace c. Andrew.
Suddenly developed In Flames
While the Family Wa. Asleeo-
Fire Spread With Such Rspidity
That the Policeman who Tried tn
Arouse the Family Was Dr:ve..
Back by the Flames Fire Sup
posed to Have Started Either
From am Explosion of Gas or a
Lamp-All Bodies Recovered.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

Manila, April 1.-THE United States
cruiser Charleston, which has been
cruising along the west coast Of Luzon
to the north, sent boat in shore near
Dagupan last Saturday to make sound
ings The rebels opened fire, wound
ing a United States officer. The cruis-
err thercupon bombarded the town, the
insurgents evacuating it.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Strike Will soon End,

Islpeming. Mich. April $. = From
present indications the strike here
will end within the next few days.
About one-third Of the regular forces
have returned to work, while the re-
mainder continue to hold meetings
ard disagree on what course to par
sue.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14

Gen. Otis says: Manila is no place
for women. This is war, not picnic =
It IL gratifying to note the fact that
( Gen. Otis has conducted his campaign
very successfully thus far without in
duleing in any profanity whatever for
publication.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
To Form a Glue Trust.

Pjttsburg, Pa. April s. = The Dis
patch says: From Il reliable source
it is ascertained that Philip ID. Ar
incur, the Chicago packer. is making
strenuous efforts to consolidate the
glue business of the country 1t is
estimated that it will take about $40
GoN,O00 to buy up all the glue factories
of the country
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
hURRY1NG THEM HOME.

Volunteers Being Hustled Out of
Cubn Before the Rainy Season.
Washington, April SIT was said
ut the war department that less than
1000 volunteer United States troops
remain in Cuba. The department is
awaiting itself Of every resource to ger
these men out before the rainy season,
and reports Indicate that this can he
accomplished by the 26th of the pres
cnt month.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Italian Troop. Landcd.

London, April Sit is asserted in
Rome, according to a dispatch to the
Daily Mail, that the Italian warships
have already landed troops ut San
Mum bay, where the Italian govern
ment has been seeking a ninety lime
year lease OF Il naval base and coal
ing station.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
oLl,EsT S.Asos TDEAD.
tas.ffi ~.
tIas Eeen Affiliated With the Order
Scveniy.Nine Years.

ScventS.Nine Years.
Quincy. Ill. April 8.-James Clark.
eng OF the oldest, Nasons IN the United
States. Died here yesterday. He was
hcrn in Wilst sbarre. Pa. one hundred
years ago IN July. He affiliated with
the Masonic order ut Sudbury, Ohio,
in 1920. and is sad to have been the
senior Mason in this country. He was
Il personal friend of William Henry
Harrison. His first vote was cast for
James Mcnroa and he had voted at
every election since. He turned out
to the polls Tuesday and caught colo,
from which lie died.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Many House. burned

AIuscatine. Iowa. April SIN" livery
barn of Ottie Snyder was l1,inc;? here
last night. OF the fifty horses in the
Loss. $4,000; insurance. $4,000.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
Gen. Ha.tine. Decllne. It,

Washington, April Seen. Russell
Hastings has declined the presidents
appointment as director of the b,l-
rcau of American republics. The en-
ccutive committee has reinstatta
Frederick Emory as director.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1899-04-14
SAMOAN COMMISSION.
Germany Names Doctor. Schmidt.

Germany Names Doctors Schmitlt-
Lctla and Steukcl,
Rerlin. April 3. - Emperor William
rcc"ived the United States ambassn-
cor. Andrew ID. White. in audience
yesterday. 1t is rumoretl that DR.. O.
Schmidt-Leda, German minister at
Caracas, VeneZ.. and DR.. Steubel, the
German consul general ut Shanghai,
have been appointed Samoan commits
s:oncrs for Germany. Both were
formerly i'll Samoa.