The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1899-04-30
tueuese Archbishop: A keen observer and a

~tuRuese Archbishop. A keen observer ana q
Dutchman at heart. Linschoten. on his return
to Europe In 1892. placed at the service OF his
country the stores OF knowledge which he had
accumulated In Indo. Portuguese employ.
Three years later a squadron OF flour Dutch ships
was despatched under Cornelius Kaufman
:" to the countries lying on the other side OF the
Cape OF Good Hope" and the journals OF the
voyage show that Linschoten's sailing di-
rectory was used on board. Kaufman
returned in 1897. having lost two-thirds OF
his crews and done little in actual trade.
but bringing back n treaty with Bantam
which opened up the Indian Archipelago
to Holland. Linschoten's work was in some
sort a revelation. All northern Europe learned
that the path lay open to India, and That the
Indian system Of Portugal was rotten to the
core. England. meanwhile. had received n
similar impulse OF The own from a native source.
In 1888 Ralph Fitch set forth with three prin-
cipal companions bearing letters from Queen
Elizabeth to the King OF Cambay and to the
Emperor OF China. They journeyed by tho
Euphrates Valley to OrmuZ, where they we're
arrested by the Portuguese and carried thence
as prisoners to Goa. Emerging from this cap
tivity in 1884. Fitch visited the court OF the
Emperor Akbar in northern India: after many
adventures In Bengal. the golden Chersonese.
Malacca and Burmal. he observed the Portu-
Ruese misrule in Cochin and Goa. and return
ing in 1891. thrilled London with the mag
~nii1cent possibilities Of Eastern commerce.
The effect OF his report was the ex-
pansion OF the so-called Turkey Company
into an East India Company in 1893. with n
charter to trade through the Grand Seisnior's
countries overland to the East Indies. II now
became a race between England and Holland
for the capture OF the Indian trade. Hautman's
expedition Of S a5-o7 was quickly succeeded
by others. By 1601 no fewer than fifteen Dutch
expeditions had started for India by the Cape
OF Good Hope or the Straits OF Magellan. BY
that time two associations for Eastern trade
had been formed throughout the United Prov
inces. and in 1902 they were amalEamated by
the States General into the Dutch East India
Company. While.EnGland pressed hard after
Holland. 1t was with less certain steps. The
former country had rival interests. to wit. the
Muscovy Company. with its old route through
ter for trade TO India by tn" Tevant; for Hol-
land. the question was the Cape ;oute or none.
General INDUCED in. no illusions regarding
PPh tillb Tx !; and had E9t beyond aaGGes or fcars.
cies about Spain. However. in 1875. she con
scented to an expedition ofthrge ships. and gave
st sq a aS1sS5 TO %a tn se amp Sf fwS o, ye om!sf later nn as have have
ing captured two Portuguese treasure ships on
their way from Goa to China, but not a singh,
its fate. The loss OF this expedition hung iik"
q cloud over the English merchants. while the
Dutch were drinking deep to. the Indian
treaties and to the rich cargoes brought hack
~ the squadron under the famous Van
chants. subscribed upward of Sl5O.uOO for an
East Indian voyage. and then began, the
commercial rivalry between Holland and Eng
land. rivalry which was to outlast generations.
to affect national antipathies profoundly, ard
l blo s}dm npt tine E t5sE I q is AmS9 Gissd in letters TbrncS OF
forth. three models of Indian trade we're to be
presented: the Portuguese ROYAL system. the
| Spni.Stntn natfarD IF tho nntnh aud thn Epu-
lish mixed pattern OF armed private commerce
exemplified in its war aspects by brakes
buccaneering adventures and in its more
peaceful developments by the Levant Com
pany.