Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-05-10
DOWN F0s BUSINESS
Continued from Third Page,)

Continued from Third PageA
of stationary or land boilers expressed in
terms of boiler horsepower
The complete code covers 100 printed
pages and is purely technical
Junior Committee Report.
Mr.. Francis ESF'rothingham. secretary of
the junior committee of the society, read
report of the junior meetings of the sea-
son of 1899. HezsaiS in part:
The junior movement to enlist a greater
| interest and participation in the work of
the society has now become fairly estab-
1ished. Two monthly meetings have been
held, one In March and one in April the
| first of which was well attended and the
| hall
AT the March meeting papers were read
| by Chief Engineer Gardiner c. Sims of the
Vulcan. repair ship of the United States
| navy stationed with Admiral SIMPSONS
| fleet at Guantanamo bay in the late war
and by Prof. Aldrich. passed assistant en-
gtneer on the same vessel. Mr.. Sims gave
| a detailed account of the loss of the Maria
Teresa, and Prof. Aldrich of the equipment
and work of the Vulcan. At the April
| meeting an illustrated paper was presented
| by MI. Arthur L. Rice on the history of
| the compression ard liauefaction of gases
with special reference to the Iiauefaction of
| air. supplemented by those experiments
| that have been so generally made public in
| this CO lnection.
THE committee that has this movement
| in charge consists of b. c. Ball Arthur L.
| Rice, Percy Allan, F. E. rockingham and
the secretary of thu society as advisory
members.
american Success in Mechanics
Mr.. j. B. Stanwood of Cincinnati read a
very interesting paper on standards for
Direct-COnnected Generating Sets" In
which he spoke of American success in
mechanics as follows:
An important factor in Americas indus
trial progress has been the extended appli-
cation of standards. There are standard
dimensions for materials; standard sizes
parts and capacities of machines; standard
gauges Tor close measurements; standard
systems of inspection and testing ETC.
These different forms or methods of
Standardization have usually originated or
developed in commercial and manufa curing
activities, Independent of any governmental
lnstigatlon or control. They are uni
versally recognized and employed wherever
industry and commerce exist throughout
our land
This principle, carried out in our in
ulViduai shops ana factories. has developed
the well-known interchangeable system"
of construction, which. by forcing atten-
ton and care upon little things has further
specialized operations. and has stimulated
the development OF special machines to per-
form these operations. to the end that the
cost Of production has been greatly re-
duced.
Such Standardization inside and out
slae OIL the shops also aids rapidity of pro-
auction lnasmuch as standard material can
be kept in stock to form standard PARTS or
to complete standard machines apparatus
or goods, all before these are even ordered
Ihese results-cheap production and
prompt deltVery-in connection with a high
grade OF product Ito which these methods
contribute) are most powerful factors for
securing and maintaining foreign trade
America today
1t was moved and carried. after discus
SION that SUCH committee be appointed.
Boiler and Furnace Efficiency.
Mr. r. s. Hale presented a paper. pre-
pared by himself and w. B. Russell. both
OF Boston. the subject being Boiler and
Furnace EticieRcWH Mr.. Hale said that
the studies Of boiler efficiency hitherto pub
lished have been mainly based either on
theories that Gould not be satisfactorily
checked by experiment. or else on expert
mental determinations of the efficiency
without observing the facts necessary as a
basis for a satisfactorily theory The ason
for this Is that an most experiments only
the efficiency of; tfrsO boiler as whole has
been observed, W hiie this depends on va
rious factors. such as the efficiency of the
furnace, of the heating surface, Of the
crate. etc. etc. and comparison Of boiler
efhclencies as a whole, without observing
u
arately, is only one degree better than
would be a comparison of boilers based on
coal used per horsepower hour Indicated
in an engine without determining the eff
cheney of the engine.
The next paper was one very technical in
character throughout. 1t was presented by
f. l.. Emory of Morgantown. W. Va the
subject being Test of a Steam Separator"
Investigations of Boiler Explosions
The last paper of the morning was pre-
scented by Gus C. Henning of New York
city, an interesting account OF investiga-
lions of boiler explosions. in which the
author says:
In spite of the numerous boiler eXplo-
slons constantly occurring in all kinds of
service. and the numerous investigations
of their causes which had been made Of
Totally and otherwise, no general method
mas thus far been proposed which gives any
certainty of reliability of conclusions.
The well-knoWn boiler tests made by
government board Of the United States. at
Sandy Hook, gave only negative results
and were of little practical value.
lhls seems very strange. more especial
~ when 1t Is considered that the funda-
mental causes are very limited in number.
Ihey are excessive pressure, defective ma
terlal, low water. defective workmanship
and local defects"
Explaining these he saws: Excessive
pressure can be produced by willfulness or
by care .ess operation; 1t can be controlled
by photographic recording gauges, alarm
whistles and competent management. De-
fectlVe material can be readily avoided,
ana should never be used in any case; it is
criminal to use It Low water may be the
| result not only of carelessness, but of
many accidental causes, such as derange-
ment of pumps injectors. stoppage of
pipes gauge glasses, valves, etc, or even
by suddenly augmented leakage. which
cannot always be discovered promptly or
even Immediately provided for after dis
coVery. Defective workmanship exists more
or less in all boilers, except those which
are built without caulked seams and rivets
and punched holes, and all parts of which
are prepared and finished by machine tools
ana consist mainly of tubes with screwed
ends Defective workmanship develops
grea ter or less defects during service and
necessItates constant repair and patching,
and may be cause of material weakness in
course of time Local defects may exist
in all boilers mutually or develop after a
while in service"
An adjournment for lunch was taken at
l o'clock
noc