davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

st. Pnul-ChicaEO Lines Stiffen Them
selves Up ON Their Position.

St. PauI-Chicago Lines Stisfen Them
selves Up ON Their Position.
The local passenger agents met yesterday
at the office Of j. T. Conley assistant gen.
eral passenger agent of the Milwaukee, and
discussed the question of soldiers rates to
Eastern points. The recent action of the 500
In lowering rates for soldiers and the refusal
of the St. Paul Chicago lines to do likewise
has caused misunderstanding. The soldiers
who were anxious to go by way of the st.
Paul-Chicago roads tried every inducement
to obtain rate low as was offered by
the 500, but without success. but that did
not prevent them from circulating reports
about town that such and such roads offered
to take them at cut rates. So persistent were
they in starting and circulating these rumors
that the agents began to suspect each other
and there has been considerable suspicion
among them in consequence since.
The meeting yesterday was ca led by Mr..
Coniey who wanted the roads to arrive at
understanding in the m,tter. The ques-
tion debated and notes were compared
and the upshot of the meeting was that there
general confidence was restored.
There are number CT other soldiers due
from Western points, who have been dis
charged and going to their homes in the
East and South, and it agreed not to
cut rates for them until another meeting has
been held to talk the matter over.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Alleged ST. Cloud swindIe.

ST. CLOUD. Mimi. Feb. 22.-(Special.)-
Several st. Cloud business men have appar-
emily been swindled by a young man who
gave his name ]. E. Sherman. Sherman
deposited sum of money in local bank and
gave various small checks, until he HAD
purchases. rendering in payment checks,
which have been thrown out at the bank. all
of Shermans money having been drawn to his
order.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Society for the Prevention of CRU
city to Animals

This organization was incorporated April p.
1858. The milestone just reached will be
marked by full printed report. It has not
for the past seven years been deemed neces-
sary to expend the society's money in print
Ing expensive books, but the anniversary and
the exception.
The anniversary was considered at the last
monthly meeting on Thursday, but action was
deferred until the annual meeting in JuIy
Secretary Holbrooks report at the last meet
ing. held at the office of the president, N P.
Cole, showed that for two months the num-
Der of cases reported was 451; prosecuted, "a
sick and disabled. Al; whole number of ami,
mails involved, S91: relieved. 1876; number of
warnings given. 496.-G 0 Year Book and
Almanac
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

prospective immigrants In Iowa and other
states in tho mid-western tier circulars
praising the Milk River valley place OF
residence.
The forerunners of the spring impigra-
ton movement have already started west
ward" said Mr.. Folsom yesterday to a re-
porter for The o b e. but the movement
will not get in fun swing until next month
and April. There will be many Dunkards
among the immigrants this spring but farm
ers from all over the country are now look
ing to the Northwest"
Mr.. Folsom said the mails every day bring
letters asking for Information about the
Northwest, some from European countries.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

MINNEAPOLIS. Feb. 27.-The gentlemen
who have taken in hand the project of form
ing a country club at Minnetonka Beach
have secured an option on thirty-six and q
fraction acres of land on the site of the old
Hotel Lafayette. and the deal for it's pur-
chase will be consummated as soon as J. j
Hill, president of the Great Northern road
which owns the property, returns from his
Western trip. An effort is also being made
to secure enough ground adjoining to make
the tract an even forty acres
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
PROCEEDINGS IN BANKRUPTCY,
DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED
States, District of Minnesota,
Third Division.
In the Matter
Henry c. Ehrmann-)In Bankruptcy.
traut, Bankrupt.

NOTICE OF
FIRST MEETING OF CREDITORS.
To the Creditors of Henry c. Ehrmanntraut,
of st. Paul, County of Ramsey and District
aforesaid, 2 bankrupt.
Notice is hereby given that on the 9th day of
February, A. D. 1899, the said Henry c. Ehr-
manntraut was duly adjudicated bankrupt;
be held at No. IS Germania Life Building.
in the City of st. Paul. Minnesota, on the
18th day of March, A. D. 1899, at 10 O'Clock
in the forenoon, at which time the said
creditors may attend. prove their claims,
appoint a trustee. examine the bankrupt
and transact such other business as may
properly come before said meeting
Dated February 9th, 1899.
M. DORIAN JR.
Referee In Bankruptcy.
Edmund s. Durment, Attorney for Petition
er. so4 New York Life Building. St. Paul.
MINI.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Landseekers' Excursions.

The pd-seekers rates put in by the Great
Northern and Northern Pacific threaten to
disturb the rate situation throughout tie
West Southwest ard South. The Union and
Central Pacific. and the Santa Fe and Colo
RADIO roads complain that the reduced rates
will give the Northwest undue ADVANTAGE
and consequently they will make special rates
with an idea of drawing immigration from
the Northwest to other sections of the coun-
try.
The meeting of the Western Passenger as
sociaton which was held yesterday in Chi
cago was called for the purpose of register
ing these complaints but neither the Great
Northern nor the Northern Pacific was rep
resented at the meeting.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
NEW ULM COAL RATES.
Publication of Rates Being With
held at the Roads Reouest.

The railroad commissioners yesterday post
poned week the publication of the hard
coal freight rates from Duluth to New Ulm,
at the request of A. E. Clarke, general solic-
itor Of the Minneapolis & ST. Louis, who
asked for time for a conference. It is be-
lieved that road will obey the order of the
commissioners if the other roads involved
will agree to do SO.
The roads interested held meeting in Min
neapolis yesterday afternoon, but the result
of their deliberations was not made public.
The commissioners are prepared to carry the
matter into court, and it is thought the roads
will acquiesce in the order without neces-
stating litigation, which would be expensive
and which in the end they might lose
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

MINNEAPOLIS. Feb. 27-The Minneapolis
health authorities are greatly alarmed over
the discovery made by Health Commissioner
Norton and one of the inspectors that a
large number of the darymen supplying this
city with milk are feeding their rnilk-pro-
ducing stock with fermented beet pulp taken
from the beet sugar factory at st. Louis
Park
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
TO SPUR DENTAL BOARD.
Minneapolis Dentists Are Dissatis-
fled With Present Practices.

fed With Present Practices.
Minneapolis dentists are prepared to offer
some suggestions to the state board of dental
examiners as to how the board should transact
its duties and have invited the board to meet
them in Room 3N Medical block, Wednesday
afternoon, at o'clock
This mass meeting, to which invitations
have been sent to all city dentists. is the
sequel to a meeting held Friday evening
As told by some of the promoters of the
meeting, one of the chief causes of com
plant against the dental board is that many
dentists have received certificates from the
board for several years and have continued
to practice without ever paying the certificate
fees.
Another cause Of complaint is the issuing
of certificates to two or three applicants who
it is claimed. were not properly qualified to
practice, but who got their certificates in
some irregular manner. 1t is proposed to get
the board to reverse itself in these cases.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

BRAINERD, Mimi. Feb. 27.-(Special.)-J.
o. Casey, of Sylvan Lake, Mimi. was brought
to Lumberman's hospital here today from E.
w. Backus' camp with his right leg broken In
three places, caused by a log rolling on him.
Charles Rachliss. proprietor of small
sawmill at Jenkins. Mimi, was brought here
for treatment today. His right hand was
torn off above the wrist between a belt and
a pulley.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

-MINNEAPOLIS Feb 27-Levi L. Cook.
one of the Oldest settlers of Minneapolis. and
also one of the largest land holders here
morning. at the advanced age of ninety-four
years.
Mr. Cook came tosNIinneapols thirty-five
years ago. and was one of the first men
here at that time that recognized that Min
neapolfs real estate was a bonanza.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

MINNEAPOLIS. Feb. 27.-Charles Craieie
member of the fire department has com
menced suit again the city to recover salary
during the time he under suspension.
The amount involved is only about $500, but
the point is important as the action in a
sense is q test suit
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
For Automobiles.

MINNEAPOLIS. Feb. 27.-Capitalists inter-
ested in machine designed for use in auto
mobiles are constructing an experimental
engine at the plant of the Moore Carving
Machine company. If successful a plant for
the manufacture of horseless carriages is
!lke!y to be established in MINNEAPOLIS
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Under Government Control.

The Hot Springs Of Arkansas, owned and
controlled by U. S. Government are admit
ted to be the best medicinal springs in the
is the shortest and best route. Low excur-
sion rates
Call on f. P. Rutherford at NJ. & St. L.
Office, No. 1876 Robert ST., for tickets and de-
scriptive literature Reduced rate tourist
tickets to all winter resorts
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Six Warrants ISSUED.

WINONA Mimi, Feb. 27.-(Special. )-Depu-
ty L. S. Marshal Tallman has issued six
warrants for the arrest of people in the vii
lage charged with selling liquor to the In
but at least two of the local liquor dealers
are among the six.-Stone and wood are be-
ing secured for the new flour mill to be erect
ed at this place in the early spring.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

CHICAGO, Feb. 27.-The January statement
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway
shows net earnings of $s56 1913, an increase of
Ss62, S2s over January. 1895 For the seven
ST., 069, Oil, an increase of $685. 524 over the
corresponding period of the year before.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
NEW MART OF TRADE
MIR. LOWRY MAY OFFER TO BUILD
NEW CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE
MATTER UNDER AMUSEMENT

81. lated Into IA Written Proposition,
but Has Been Under COnsidera-
ton in an Informal Way-Site
SeIected-PiOneer Passes Away
TEST Salary Suit.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
SPRING IMMIGRATION.

Fererunners of the Movement Have
Already Started Westward.
Moses Folsom. immigration agent of the
Great Northern, is preparing for rush of
migrants to Montana and other points on
the line this spring. He is sending out to
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
RELIEF SOCIETY
EMPLOYMENT REGISTER.

Once. al East Ninth st. Telephone 49,
NAN-We can furnish good. strong, handy
man for wholesale house or any other such
work.
BOY-A bright willing boy for office o. er.
rand boy: needs work badly.
SEWING-We have several good women who
want to get plain sewing to do: also
woman who can do all kinds of crocheting,
etc.
NURSES-We can furnish efficient women to
care for the sick
WOMEN--To do washing ironing and clean.
ing can be had from this office; also men
to do odd Jobs. weed saving. etc.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

months and the latter one year for grand
larceny. George A, Stacey received from St.
Louis county, will serve four years for
burglary.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Lost and Found.
go Words or Less, zoe.

PURSE LOST-Sunday morning, in vicinity
of Ashland, Western, Selby, Laurel and
Mackubin St, purse containing currency and
papers. Liberal reward if finder will apply
to x 101. Globe. III +, - =.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Business Chances.

20 Words Less, zoe. q,
UNUSUAL opportunity to invest $500 or more
securing large permanent income Capital
safe profits sure. H. Griffin, 1850 Broad
way, New York.
YOUNG MAN with small capital to invest.
What have you to offer? No realty. Ad-
dress A 1O7. Globe.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED
States, DISTRICT; of Minnesota,
Third Division.
In the Matter -rt,sA
Joseph Ehrman mn y In Bankruptcy.
traut Jr., BANKRUPTCY

Joseph Ehrmann-I\In Bankruptcy.
traut Jr., Bankrupt.
NOTICE OF
FIRST MEETING OF CREDITORS
To the Creditors of Joseph Ehrmanntraut Jr.,
of St. Paul, County Of Ramsey, and District
aforesaid. a Bankrupt a.
Notice is hereby givene that on the 9th day of
February, A. D. 1899, the said Joseph Ehr-
manntraut Jr. was, duly adjudicated bank
viii be held at No. IS Germania Life Build
ing, in the City of St. Paul, Minnesota, on
the 14th day of March, A. D. 1893, at 10
o'clock In the forenoon. at which time the
said creditors may attend prove their Gains,
appoint a trustee examine the bankrupt,
and transact such other business as may
properly come before said meeting.
Dated February 9th, 1899
NJ. DORAN JR.,
Referee in Bankruptcy.
Edmund S. Burment, Attorney for Petition
er. 9O4 New York Life Building St. Paul.
Mimi. -s
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
For Sale,

- !. 70 Words or Less, gOc. IT
FOR SALE-A bargain,
Cherry Office counter,
10 feet by feet 6,
drawers,
large double lockers
Excellent workmanship
We are going to move.
Must sell at once
Ii interested address
N. B. c., care Globe
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Pr0fessio naI.

20 Words or less, 9Oc.
THEATRICAL AND MASQUERADE cos
TUNES, wigs. boards, grease paints, etc..
by Mrs. Louise Neitmann, 56 East Seventh
St, St. Paul, MINI.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

Financial.
10 Words or Less, zoe.

10 Words or Less, 20c.
n $40, $50, $50. $40. 500, S1OO TO LOAN
n on furniture. pianos. household goods
etc.. without removal. Loans can be
~ paid in installments. reducing cost
F. accordingly. Promptness, privscy aud
" lowest rates. Guaranty Loan Co.. 2O1
Manhattan Building Robert and Fifth
LOANS on household furniture, pianos, etc.,
without removal from your residence; mod
crate rates; call and get rates. confidential
private offices. Minnesota Mortgage Loan
Co.. 81 Pioneer Press Building.
MONEY LOANED salaried people holding
permanent positions with reliable concerns,
upon their own names, without security
call and get our terms and plan Of lending
before closing loans elsewhere; easy pay
ments; confidential. 317 Pioneer Press Bldg.
MONEY loaned on life policies; or bought l.
P. Van Norman. Guar. Bldg. Minneapolis.
$500, $500 and 81, 900 to loan at and per
cent; bring in your applications. j. L.
Farley, "a Nat Ger.-Am Bank Bdg
AND PER CENT MONEY to loan on i'm
proved property In st. Paul and Mime
apolis. V. c. Gilman. New York Life Bldg.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Instruction.

20 Words or Less, 2Oc.
PIANO pupils given frst-class instruction;
beginners specially; Mason method and
virgil table work; satisfaction guaranteed
Address S. Globe.
THOROUGH instruction on the piano given
70 beginners; terms $40 per quarter-twenty
lessons, Of one hour each. Address 81
Globe. W.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Offices for Rent.
Flats for Rent.

10 " OFtS or Less, 1SUc.
fIATS-For rent, flats, seven rooms: hot
and cold water. bath, etc.; $13 and $15 Fo 5
Block, Dousman ST.. near West Seventh
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28

State of Minnesota
Department of Insurance
st. Paul, Feb. %, 1899
/, the undersigned Insurance Commissioner
of the State of Minnesota. do hereby certify
New York, above named, has complied with
the laws of this State relating to Insurance,
and is now fully empowered, through its
thorized agents, to transact its appropriate
business of Fire Insurance in this State for
the year ending January 31st 1900.
ELMER H. DEARTH,
Insurance Commissioner.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1899-02-28
Klein Wanted Males

st. Paul and Minneapolis Ids. 20 Words
or Less, 10o.
Ont-of Torn Ads. 20 Words or Less, zoe.
BARBER-Barber wanted at Newspaper Row
barber shop; must be good workman
BAKER-Wanted at once fancy baker and
ice cream man. Apply Ramaley, Caterer,
3S8 Selby.
IF YOU ARE CATHOLIC, unemployed. and
will work for $1S pct week, write MacCon.
nell Bros. Ii Franklin st., Boston,. Mass
WANTED-Men to learn barber trade Eight
weeks completes. Two years saved Best
season to begin. 300 positions to fill Special
inducements to strangers Call or write
today. Moler Barber College, 223 washing
ton av. south, Minneapolis
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1899-09-27

Last night the Orpheum had its
usual big house and an excellent pro-
gram was presented. The opening &C;
is bright and full of startling situa-
tiOns. Mr.. Walton and his black face
work is, a strong card and he is al
ways Introducing new instruments
and selections Mr. Hill received the
usual encores for his singing. Tonigh:
is the last night of Miss Lillian Leslie
the charming vocalist; she has been
quite favorite and now closes a most
successful season. Mr.. WintOn the
popular ventriloquist ard entertainer
will introduce new act tonight which
promises to be stronger than any
thing he has yet presented.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1899-09-27
LOCAL BREVITIES.

McGinty at the Orpheum tonight
will show some new pointers.
Manager Curtis Iaukea OF "Haleiwa'
\ was up from Waialua yesterday.
Hon. H. NJ Sewall is receiving con-
gratulations on the birth of a daugh-
ter
Ffrst-class carpenters are wanted by
Beardslee & Page, architects, at the
Arlington Annex.
drews Cathedral grounds is the great
attraction for Saturday afternoon.
The wedding OF Miss Abbie Kalili-
kane 10 Lewis II. Miranda takes place
tomorrow evening at 7:30 o'clock at
St. Andrews Cathedral.
Most of the passengers booked for
the America Maru will likely try to
get away on the City of Picking on
Friday or by the Australia.
The wedding of Mr.. Benjamin Cor
rea TO Miss Adelaide Marshal will
take place at the Roman Catholic Ca
thedral at 7:3O o'clock on Saturday
evening, September 80.
Saturday will be pay day for Gov
eminent employees and pay day for
those who are fortunate enough to
hold dividend-paying sugar stocks in
stead of the other kind.
The stock subscription books of The
Orpheum Co., Ltd, will be open
Thursday and Friday, September %
and 20, from 1920 a. m. to 1890 D. M
and to p. m. each day, at the office
of J. c. Cohen, King street.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1899-09-27
PER S. S. AUSTRALIA.

A full line of Grapes, Plums,
Peaches, Apples, Bartlett Pears, Or
anges, Lemons, Celery, Cabbage, eau
liflOwer, Burbank Potatoes, Onions
Dates, Dried Figs. Assorted Nuts, Sal
mon, Founders, Halibut, Crabs, East
ern and California Oysters (ip tin and
SHIELD, Turkey, Chicken, Ducks. A full
line of Canned Goods.-CAMARIN
REFRIGERATOR.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1899-09-27
Ex australia:

THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT CO., G.
Andrews, King street, will receive
Peaches, Oranges, Plums, Lemons,
Cherries, Lines, Grapes, Bartlett Pears,
Apples, Apricots, Celery, Cauliflower,
Cabbage, Eastern and California Oys
ters, Game in Season, Fresh California
Butter, Etc. Telephone 4S4.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1899-09-27

In all cases of physical or mental ex-
haustion, the use Of little Jesse Moore
"AA" Whiskey will be found invalu-
able as a stimulant
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1899-02-02
FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS-.
WASHINGTON. February 2.
SENATE.

Mr.. EIkins presented the credentials
of Senator-elect Scott, of West Vir-
giDia.
a number of petitions were received
by senators for the speedy ratification
of the treaty.
HMr. Chandler called attention to the
general demand in the country for early
action and he added that the resolu.
tions of the New Hampshire legislature
were unanimously adopted.
Mr.. Nelson called up the bill to ex-
tend the navigation and commerce
laws OF the United States over the
Hawaiian ISLANDS, but it went over
under an objection from Mr.. Pettigrew,
who said he wanted to examine the
measure.
MIR. Chiffon presented the credentials
Of Senator-elect CulbsrsoD, of Texas.
The Senate adopted resolution
offered by Mr.. TillmaD, calling upon
the President to inform that body
whether or not any franchises to corpo.
rations had been granted in Cuba since
the island had been under the military
rule of this government; if so, to state
the names, etc.
Mr.. Spooner then spoke against the
Vest anti expansion resolution.
At the outset Mr.. Spooner stated
that the Philippines proposition was
one OF the fruits Of the war. and to him
it was one of the bitter fruits of the
war. He contended that Congress had
no power to acquire territory by pur-
chase or otherwise. But that territory
could be acquired. however, through
treaty. He had no doubt Of the power
of the government to accept the Phil
ippines by cession.
Mr.. Tillman interrupted him several
times with questions.
He wanted to know that in the event
of annexation could the United States
make any laws to prevent the inhabi-
tants from going from one territory or
state to another, and insisted that if the
Philippines were annexed, the ten
million Asiatics all would have per-
feet right to take ships and come at
once to this country to compete with
American labor. If manufacturers and
planters sew fit they could import as
mach of this cheap labor as suited their
purposes.
MIR. Spooner admitted that this was
the most perplexiDg future of the whole
question. He was not prepared to say
how such an embarrassing problem
could be solvedi but he thought Con-
eress Lad right to restrict immigra-
tion and to enact import laws that
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1899-02-02
T0-DAY'S TELEGRAPHIG NEWS.
zinc 5 ituation AT Nfanila.

HONG KONG, Feb. , The Filipino
members of the joint commission at
Manila have formally demanded the
release of the launches seized by the
Americans aud also that they be per-
mi:ted to ay the Filipino flag in the
waters of the Philippines. General
Otis is reported as being favorable to
granting these concessions but Admiral
Dewey refused, not wishing to put him
sslf in position ohliging him to EN-
ploy search lights in order to discover
the movements OF the Filipinos, to pre-
vent the smuggling Of arms or avert q
possible torpedo attack. The use of
the Filipino flag is permitted on shore.
The police almost daily find small quan.
titles of rifles or ammunition, Jail Of
which ere sezed. The Filipino tele
graph Office in Manila, connecting With
all parts OF the Island OF LUzon, has been
closed by the Americans and the opera
tors arrested upon the discovery that
the wires were being used for the trans
mission Of General Otis's secret orders
and dispatches to the Filipino govern
ment st Malolos. How these were OBJ
tanned is q mystery. There is no evil
dence that TIE FIipinos intend to begin
bostiIities, but it is practically certain
that they will resist if the Americans
force matters.