davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

Sunday School Missionary Beeler fin
ished his Normal Institute for the pres
ent at South Bend on Thursday even
ing with a packed house. 1t is evident
that the work of the Union Missionary
is the work for the people and with the
people. Wherever he has conducted
his meeting you could find Catholics as
well as Protestants. He teaches and
breaches the plain gospel, the gospel for
the millions, never mentioning any
special creed 1t is very pleasing to
note that although Mr. Beeler has con-
Quoted meetings almost every night
this winter and his audiences consist
ing mostly of young people, yet he never
failed to have splendid order. He will
begin an institute onsthe Judson bot
tom Saturday evening, March 4, for an
indifinite period.
A St. Peter paper recently contained
an item to the effect that Anderson &
Steenberg, of this city, had purchased
the FL. G. Slater hotel at Lake Washing
ton We learn that this .isj mistake.
There has been some talk of buying the
property, but no deal haslbeen closed.
After partnership extending for nine
years, Mr. Anderson. has. withdrawn
from the firm and Mr.. Steenberg will
continue the business at the present
place Mr.. Anderson retires from bust
,, ness to enjoy a we'll earned ,rest.
The fire department was called out
Saturday by an alarm sent from
the American House. A spark from
the parlor stove had burned hole in
the carpet, filling the parlor with
smoke, and those who discovered it
thought the building was Jon fire and
sent in the alarm, but no damage was
done worth mentioning
In referring to j. M Edwards the
other day typographical error made
us say he was attending the L. and S
Medical school, when it should have
been P. and S. Medical school The
Chicago hospital. in which he has'been
appointed as one of the physicians, is
said to be one of the best in the city
Editor Neff was one of number of
Lake Crystal parties who were in the
city Thursday afternoon. Geo. has q
warm spot in his heart for the report
ers, and his visits are always welcomed
Chas Yates has returned from ST.
Paul to remain at home for few weeks.
1t is said that he would like to be chief
of police under the next administration.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
A PAINFUL INJURY.
Geo. AtchisOn Thrown From His Hack
Thursday Afternoon.

Geo. Atchison met with painful in
jury Thursday afternoon at about $50
o'clock He was at the Milwaukee de-
pot with one of. his hacks Unknown
to him, the shoe on one of the runners
with the effect that Mr. Atchison was
thrown from his seat He struck the
other rail just above one ear, making a
bad cut, and rendering him unconscious.
He was taken to his home, and Dr. Web
ster was summoned but he did not re-
gain consciousness until nine o'clock at
night. He was much, betterFriday, but
will be confined to the house for several
days from the effects of his injury.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
VIM SCHROEDER DEAD.
Passed Away With Heart Disease Last
Night.

VIM. Schroeder, who has been travel
ing for the Mccormick Harvester Co.,
died at his home on North Fourth ST.,
Friday night, of heart trouble He was
about 40 years OF age, and removed to
Mankato from Good Thunder a year or
two ago. He was born in Winona
county, but had resided in Blue Earth
county for some years A wife and sew
eral children survive him, and have the
sympathy of numerous friends in their
bereavement.
Mr.. Schroeder was well and favorably
known, and his early taking off causes
general regret The funeral occurred
Monday.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
MOVES TO ELYSIAN.

A. Levi has purchased R. f Jones'
branch store at Elysian. and left for
there with his family today to reside.
The stock consists of clothing and shoes,
and Mr. Levi intends to make his flu
ture home there. He has been with
Mr.. Jones for seven years, and is thor
oughly posted in the business He is a
first class young man, and his friends
wish him success in his new home
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
A SIEGE GUN.
The Government Presents One to Wilkin
Post,

When the Spanish war came to an
end, Engineer Thompson asked Con-
gresham McCleary to get the city one
of the captured pieces of ancient artil-
lery, but this was found to be impossi-
BILE. Mr.. McCleary said he would do
the next best thing, and try to get a
field piece used in the civil war Il was
found that all of these were allotted to
the national parks, where they were in
the same positions as during the battles.
Congressman McCleary finally sue
ceeded in getting an eight-inch howitzer
used for siege purposes 1t is
now at the Rock Island ar
senal, and authority has been
granted to preen it to Wilkin post.
Mr.. Thompson appeared before the post
Wednesday night and secured its &C
ceptance of the gift. His intention in
securing this cannon for Mankato is to
use it for one of the parks. The city
will have to furnish the carriage or
foundation for it.
Agent Moore has secured the consent
of his road to transport the cannon to
Mankato free of charge, which is very
kind act on it's part Whenever the
city is ready to receive it, the piece of
artillery will be forwarded, and it will
be desirable acquisition to the park
attractions. for which much credit will
be due to both Mr.. Thompson and Con-
gresham McCleary.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
MAROBE is FINED.
The Syrian Colony Comes. Into Judge
Shissler's Court.

Joseph Marobe appeared in the
municipal court Friday with his
attorney s. B. Wilson, and number of
his kinsfolk. Faddoul Kouri and his
friends were also there. When the war
rant was read to Marobe. charging him
with using abusive Language toward
Mr.. Kouri, Mrs. Marobe, who had ad-
vanced to her husbands side, said to
the court, Eve say no guilty" The
court informed Mrs Marobe that she
must keep still as she was not on trial
in this case Mr. Wilson then entered
a plea of not guilty for his client and
demanded a jury trial, and the case was
set for Tuesday at 900 a. M, bond be-
ing placed at 800.
The parties got together in the back
room q little later, and Mr. Wilson
brought about a peaceful settlement of
the affair. Marobe withdrew his plea
of not guilty, pleading guilty and was
fined 1856. His wife wanted to pay it,
but his kinfolks CALAMITY refused to
allow her to do so, and Clipped in
among themselves and raised the
amount.
1t appears that Mr.. Kouri owes Ma
robe some money. about 500, so the
latter claims Marobe wants to start
out peddling on his own account and
has ordered the goods and they await
payment of the bill at the depot. He
has not quite enough money to pay for
the stock without what Mr. Kouri owes
him, and he was trying to collect the
bill when he lost his temper and became
abusive. This is his side of the story
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
Political Straws.

Conrad Kleinschmidt, of the second
ward. is being urged by his friends to
accept the Republican nomination for
alderman in that ward Mr.. Klein
schmidt would make splendid mem
Der of the council, is popular with all
who know him, and would be easily
elected if nominated The voters of the
Second ward would make no mistake in
putting Mr.. K. in the council
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
DIED WHILE EATING.

Ernest Burrill. of Belgrade, died very
suddenly Friday of heart failure,
while sitting at the table eating. Mr.
Burrill was the oldest son of the late
Jonas Burrill, who also died suddenly
about year ago of the same trouble
Mr.. Burrill was 40 years of age, and
leaves wife and four children.
The funeral occurred from the Con.
gregational church in Belgrade at two
o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Holman's infant

Mr. and Mrs Henry Holman's infant
child died Friday night. The parents
have the sympathy of their numerous
friends in their affiiction.
Louis Swanholm appeared in the mu-
nicipal court and entered plea
of guilty to the charge of assault in the
third degree, preferred by Louis Lille,
and paid IS. 65 into the treasury.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
City Engineer Thompson was given a
birthday surprise party Friday night by

City Engineer Thompson was given a
birthday surprise party Friday night by
friends and neighbors to the number OF
fifty or sixty. The party took posses
sion of the house at about eight o'clock
and spent several hours very pleasantly
Refreshments had been brought along,
and were served, and when the proper
time arrived Judge Porter stepped to
the front and IN one of his neat little
speeches presented Mr. Thompson with
a fine rocking chair of la6est pattern,
Mrs. Thompson's birthday occurs next
Wednesday, and a little surprise
awaited her. alse, although she had
been let into the secret of her husbands
surprise. Judge Porter presented her
with handsome rocker and pretty
stand, on behalf of the assembled
friends and some who could not be
present.
Mr.. Thompson responded in few ap-
pirate words, expressing the pleasure of
himself and wife over the occasion
The evening was spent with games and
social converse, and all had a delight
full time
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
MERRIAM WINS.
Captures the Plum OF Supt. sof
the Census.
All the Appropriation Bills are Passed
and Congress Adjourns Sine
Die.

Special to Daily Free Press.
Washington, March Congress ad-
journed at noon today. All of the ap-
preparation bills were passed. SW. R.
Merriam was nominated as director of
the federal census, by the president, and
his nomination was immediate y COM
frmed by the senate.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
SPRING TAX COLLECTIONS.

Business in the County Treasurer
office is beginning to slacken. From
January list to March LIST the amount of
current taxes paid in was $40, 1893 70
The amount of delinquent taxes is about
the same as usual at this time of the
year. The penalty has attached to
unpaid personal property taxes.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

At meeting of the Citizens Fire As
sociation Wednesday evening. arrange
ments were made for three years lease
for the rooms over the First National
Bank, which they formerly occupied
The rooms will be somewhat remodeled
and vault put in.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
.SIXTEEN',OF EN-.
That is the Number that Took the: Civil
Service Examination.

The local board of civil service7 ex-
aminers held a session in the federal
building Friday, at which sixteen out of
the seventeen applicants were present
and went through the examination
Following are the names of those
examined,
Robert j. Just, for mail carrier.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
TOWNSHIP EXAMINATIONS.

County Superintendent Freeman's re-
port of the township examinations held
10 each township of Blue Earth county
for the benefit of the students in the
common schools sets forth the fol-
lowing:
Number of townships represented, 20.
Number of students examined, 224
Certificates issued:
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

Charles K Otto fail to appear for
examination
This IS the largest class that ever APP
peared before the Mankato board for
examination, and it was made up of a
bright, intelligent looking lot of young
IN IN.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE.
Mrs. Smith Wants her Dividend Without
Filing a Release.

Mrs Azella F. Smith secured an order
to show cause why dividends should not
be paid her without filing a release, in
the case of the ]. @. A Marsh estate,
and it was argued Friday before Judge
Severance. She appeared as her own
attorney, and B. c. Taylor appeared for
Assignee Mead. Mrs. Smiths claim is
about $40, 000
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

Total number of certificates. $3.50
Diplomas issued, IL.
These examinations will be given
again in May and every teacher in the
common schools should endeavor to
bring her pupils up to their require
ments
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

w, e. Young secured from Judge
Lochren an injunction restraining the
bank of Waterville from selling the
property of the Lord Milling Co. under
execution
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10
CITY TREASURER'S REPORT.

The following is a summary of City
Treasurer Williams report for Febru-
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1899-03-10

Mrs. Sonsteby, of st James, was in
the city Friday evening.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
AGUINlLDO TRlBiJi

Los cabecillas tagalos que, a raiz
de la entrega de llo Ilo por los es-
pafoles, han conseguido sublevar
las Visayas y el resto del Archipie
lago, siguen mandando gente que
levante los pueblos, y Sc han i'm
puesto por la tuerza del n1mero de
tai manera, Ell todas parties. que ell
general en- Jefe de las tropas an:e
ricanas Mr.. Otis. ,previaiendo la
amenazadora marejada que Sc le
vanta, va ha pedido, con caracter
urgente, considerables refuerzos a
los Estados Unidos.
Entire tanto, los emisarios que
mand6 Aguinaldo todas las islas.
van ganaudo terreno yconqustan
do voluntades.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
NUN II

pesa envoltura de sal que los cubre man.
:i4ne en- ell ma; perfecto e,tado de con
servacion.
Sc supone que aquellos terrenos for
mabar Parte del fondo de un gran lsgo,
que mediria, por 10 menos, so kilome-
tros de longitud por 20 de latitud.
Los peces que provienen de el Sc pa
recen al solo, pero sin tener semejanza
alguna con los pescados que viven en-
nuesttos dias en- los lagos y rios de
aqueIla region.
Lo; que en- las excavsciones Sc en-
cuentran no estan petrihcados, sino
conservada su carne tan perfectamente
como 81 hubiesen sido recientemente
encerrados en- un bloque de hielo.
Cuando Sc les sacl & la superfcie
de lie terra y Sc les espone al caior del
sol, Sc endurecen has.a tomar la con-
sistencia de la MADEIRA; pero este no i'm
p'de que los obreros empleados Ell las
salinas tratan de conner tales restos an
tidiu ianos
Los sabios que Sc ocupan del descu-
brlmien'o estiman que los pescados con
servados de ese modo cuentan por 10
menos diez mil amos.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12

yendo los derechos de aduanas, ascien-
a de 81 .o33 80 pesos.
Naia dehnitivo Sc ha dicho todavia
.acerca de los gastos que. e3te goberno
tiene que sufragar en- los nuevos terrific
rios. Cuba, bajo la ocupacion militar,
no agregara NADIA q las rentas de los
Estados Unidos. puesto que as leyes
que rigen dicha ocupacion exigen que
las rentas que Sc recauden Sc consagren
a las mejoras p1blicas y 4 "a administra
cion interna d. la misma isla. Es indu-
dable que ell Departamento de la Guerra
tiene derecho & aplicar las rentas de
Cuba 4 la construction dc caminos
las mejor S sanitarias Lo que interesa
averiguar es ST Sc plede apli-ar parte de
los sobrantes en- perspecti2a pagar a
los solda1os revo' ucionarios, question
que de tan ma-cadl manera Ia suscita
10 e gobierno provisional cubano. No
ha llcgado el Departamento de Guerra
4 ninguna conclusion d-hn tlva respecto
dc es.e vital deta,le, pero en- virtud de
que la medida pcopuesta tiende / ci-
mentar la armonia y la prosperidal, l, es
muy probable que Sc consdere flvora
blemente.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
America en- Ia EXPOSITION de 1900
FL Corresponsak.

He aqul algunos detal'es tomados del
informe Official que el comisionado Wood
ford presenta con fech 2o del pasado !:
Las exhibiciones coloniales de Fran
cia y otrss naciones tendra lugar en- la
gran explaaada del Troc cadero y ALI los
Estados Unidos presentaran cuanto de
mas p~etiado encieran en- su seno sus
nuevas poses:ones de Puerto Rico, Filipi-
mas, Hawai- y Cuba.
FL elificio que coatendra estos teso-
ros dc Ia cien-ia Sc e igira a manera de
puente monumental a traves del rio Sena
desde Il parque del Ftocadero hasta ell
palacio de agricnllu'a y comestib!es;
10 companias e'ectrcstas han pedido
mas de 5000 p ei cuadrados para ex-
hi5ir SIS artefac:os
Las eshibtio de los erojuctos ten.
dra un a.a ter nuevo espcc alisimo,
ideado por Mr.. Alfred Picard. comisiona
do gene al del gobierno frances. La
msqnin ell taller, ell procedimieno el
producto seran de tai manera coordina
dos que cl pu,.ico puede presenciar las
transformations su ~eiiva, del material
en- bruto hasta que O to quede del
todo hecho y acabado. Cada grupo
sera precedido por una especie de pc
queho museo que demostrara les mas
importAntes progresses realizados des le
1900
Una comi-ion americ ma ha pedido
espacio para colocar unos durmientes
sobre los cuales descansara un barril
leno de cerveza de 81 pies de largo y
20 pies de altura. FL barril sera de vi
drio J el amatistino lioor de Gambrino
sera expendido al consumidor en- la
c1spide de esa inmensa parabola mate
rializada por cerveza y cristal.
Los soberanos de Rlsia, Alemania,
Turqula Grecia Egipto, Japon, Portu
gal y otros paises honraran con su pre-
sencia esta inmensa procession triunfal
del sglo que espira.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
CORSARIOS FILIPINOS
NUEVOS REFUERZOS

Los corsarios filipinos, la vez
que los indfgenas cometen en- terra
desordenes frecuentes, Sc aprove-
chan de la oscuridad de la noche
para guiar las canoas que trlpulan
q las playas donde existen factorlas
extranjeras, atacandolas con tenaci
dad. despojandolss de sus productos
y cometiendo nuevas escenas tn
multuosas que Sc nan producido
con proporciones formidables.
FL General en- Jefe, Mr.. Otis, ha
pasado una communication al Almi-
rante Dewey indicandole estos des-
lnanes y la Immediate necesidad de
contenerlos. y ell Jefe de la escua
dra, en- dicha alternative creyen-
do contar con pocos barcos para vi
gilar aquellas dilatadas cos,as. ha
sclicitado tambien refuerzos del
Presidente Mac Kinley.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12

mes, Y que representan menos de la mi
tad de IN aio de production.
Los Estados Uniios tienen en- su Te-
soreria. pr regli general, y Hsvdaa0se
eI oy0 as t0tos los Ba1cos, Glen millones
de dollars. orc y seiscientos miilones de
dollars, plata. ST sumamos la plata que
tienen ademas las socieda1es bancarias
resultaria un dssnivel muchisimo mayor
que ell que prop onemos. Italia tiene de
hecho aunquc 20 de derecho. como 10
tiene Ffancia. patron ORC. y sin embar-
60. ell orc que hay en- todos los Bancos
&c Italia no pasa de SO miiones de pc
SOS, y solo en- plata italiana Sc cacula
que hay en- los 6aacos de Francia sien-
do responsible Italia setecientos Milo
mes de iras.
Nos proponemos tratar esta question
con espiritu ajeno a toio pri1cipio de
escuela; no somos sectarios, sonos aman.
del pals; por el trabajaremos por ell lu-
charemos y ST nos equivocsmos en- nues
tfos juicios, silvenos Id intenci5n que no
puede ser nj mas rccta nj mas honrada
No faltan In el pals PERSONS que
pueden con verdadera comdetencia ira
tar de estos asuntos. Esos deben salir
de ST, ,.marasmo, pofque en- esta lucha por
la existencia, todos nos debemos al bien
general, que es el que debemos buscar
sin apasion on1mientos y sin disputas.
Continuaremos.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
ENSEN iNz!S AuEVlS

La Req1blica dc otco pcri6di-
CO frances-i eau "a lie Ia llha en-
tire revisionistas y antilrcyfusi tas,
no Sc dio cuenta dc 10 que pas6 en-
Fashoda. como tampoco sc da cuen-
"a hoy, por las mismas causas, de la
Ultima abd;caci6n por 10 Gran Brc-
taha cuya gloria, dice, adqnirida
por este hecho no es muy brirarte
nj de muy bucna ley. aunquc pio
pende, seg1n sugiete la l6gica y
aconseis la raz6n. para prevcnir .
nos de las contingencies que pu lie
ran presentarse en- el porvenir.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
La question monetaria


Nosotros entendemos que e. talon re-
gulador de los valoTes. cienti6co, racio-
nal indiscutible, es el orc; que no puede
haber dos medidas para eli cambio; pero
admitimos cualquier solucion que armo-
uice intereses, amantes de no lastimar
ninguno legitimamente fundado. Pero
81 Sc va una conversion no defenders.
mos nunca nada que tienGa q quebran
tar ell aho'ro del pals, sino en- aquello
que la experienced aconseje como bene-
ficioso.
Y ahora 2regun'amos 9ticne Puerto
Rico riqueza, credito, valor para ha er
una emission orc 8 que la haga ell Esta
do So costa y garantir su plata, pa, a
no psyaer naaa, la emission orc podia ser
de dos millones de duros; su plata re-
presenta hoy unoa seis: total ocho milo
mes que nos sobran para las transaccio
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
LO QUE DA lAGLlTERRl
LIS tlGLO- -I0RM lNDlS

Por haber hecho constar Francia
antes de dicha concession, que el &c
to de anexionlrse Ineleterra las
pesquerfas de Newfo milan |. legal
mente cedidas & la Rep1blica por
ell trataio de Utrecht [I7I3b no
puede considerarse mis- que como
un despojo, dado el case de que la
Gran Bretana no iademnizase 4
Francia con otras posesiones, la
naci6n inglesa ha acordado trasla
dar al dominic frances las islas An
glo-normandas. situadas en- ell Ca
nal de la Mancha Jersey, Guerne
sey y Aurignyly cuya extension
alcanza a sesenta y seis Kilometres.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12
ESTiDO DE- IL REPIBLICi
PORIElIR SOMBRlO

Examinando severamente The
London Zines la situaci6n inte-
rior de la Repdblica francesa. la ca
llhca de gravis;.na, por hallarse do
minada y absorbida la atenci6n del
pueblo por una question que en- ST
POGO signihca, pero que ha logrado
el privilegio de imponerse sobre
todas las dem S y de atacar~por su
propia base las instituciones funda
mentales de la Rep1blica.
La injusticia inmensa que envuel-
We ell proceso de Dreyfus y la muer
tie probablemente proxima de este,
han de costar muy caras a Francia,
seg1n ell citad> periodico, que We
para la Rep1blica un porvenir des-
dichadlsimo, cuajado de luchas Y
conmociones gigantescaS.
Los cablegramas ,lue proceden son de
la propied4d del BOLETIN MERCANTIL.
y pueden reproducirse EN- cualq uer for
ma abonando la empresa 20 pesos por
cada uno que Sc utilize.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1899-01-12

ticular por ell per6dico "La Lucha'
conc6dese gran importancia para
los sucesos del porvenir, a la Asam-
b'ea celebrada 1ltimamente en- Ma
rianao por los generates y jefes d.
mayor graduaci6n del Ejefcito de
Cuba. En- un progeama que re-
dactara Maximo Gomez, sc consig-
naran los purtos mas salientes que
Sc trataron y disc cltieron en- dicha
reunion.
En- toda la Isla contin1au los dis
gustos por los successes relatives 4 la
recaldacion de los dcrechos de
Aduanas.