davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07

needle. and 1t decreases in size until 1t
looks like the finest cotton. There Is some
Of it in the cave which Is called mineral
cotton that would deceive any one If 1t
were away from the cave. There is some
of 1t hanging to a stone beyond the Pearly
Gates which the guides have called Noah :
Beard. that is Il bunch of fine spun white
wire several feet long and white as snow
When the calcium light is thrown on the
frostwork it flashes and scintillates like
diamonds.
Miles of Passages.
The cave is formed of assures or crew
ices paralleling one another at a distance
of from fifty to three hundred feet apart
These assures range in height from thirty
to over one hundred feet. They are all
connected by numerous side passages
scarcely large enough originally to permit
an ordinary sized man to get through. Ii
has been necessary to widen and deepen
these connecting passages In order to make
the cave accessible to tourists. There are
eight tiers or layers of these assures the
lowest being five hundred feet below the
entrance. The chambers have all been
found in the assures. and range In size
from twelve feet square to little more
than three acres
\ A recent survey of the cave disclosed the
fact that 1t covers an area two miles square.
BY simple arlthmetical calculation one
can obtain some idea of the miles of cave
there are to be yet explored. There are
eight tiers OF assures: each assure Is two
miles long: In each tier the assures are
distant from fifty to three hundred feet
over q space two miles wide placing all
the assures three hundred feet apart there
would be ffty-f1ve on each tier. or one
hundred and ten miles; then multiplying
by the number of tiers, the result will be
eight hundred and eighty miles, without
counting the side or connecting passages
And the size Of the chambers. There are
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07

jaunt of five hours. All of these trips can
be made without inconvenience.
There is some tradition Of the cave hav-
ing been first discovered in 1877 by Lame"
Johnny. of the early stage robbers
and outlaws of the Back Hills who was
subsequently the central figure in a necktie
party. In the fall of 1881 John Wells.
granger, located in Cold Crook canon lust
outside the present limits Of Hot Springs.
and followed the canon in search Of
deer. About thirteen miles from home his
attention was attracted by a noise that
sounded like an intensified whistling of the
wind through the pines, and upon investi-
eating he found, hundred yards away in
the bottom Of the canon. a hole about
eight inches in diameter out of which a
heavy wind was rushing. Wells did moth
ing toward further investigation, but in
the spring of the following year two men.
Tom and Jess Bingham impelled by a
spirit of curiosity. blasted out the hole
until 1t was large enough to crawl into.
ihey went in little distance. when their
further progress was stopped by a deep
well. and this ended their explorations
In the fall of 1882 Joe Petty. Henry Marty
and Joe Carr drove out from Hot Springs
Chen called Minnekahta) properly equipped
with ropes. lights and provisions. They
descended the we'll which had stopped the
Binghams. and crewled along the bottom
some distance. when they were stopped by
the passage becoming too small for them to
get through.
In 1898. during the worlds fair the larn-
est chamber In the cave was discovered,
and named the Fair Ground. This room COW
ers an area Of q little over three acres and
| a high central dome and numerous wings
radiating from 1t: the dome Is about sixty
feet in height, the average height of the
whole room being about twelve or fifteen
feet.
The cave will eventually be thoroughly
developed, lighted with electricity, and an
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07
Sounding Niagara's Torrent.
from the Philadelphia Record


The Michigan Central Railroad Company
Is improving and Strengthening its great
cantilever bridge across the Niagara river
at Niagara Falls and in order to get at
the facts of the rivers depth beneath the
bridge Assistant Engineer w. c. Duncan
and r. c. Shenehan, United States engineer
in charge of the Niagara river and of the
lake survey at Buffalo. recently made
soundings from the bridge.
Those familiar with the Niagara locality
know that the cantilever bridge Is situated
just above the Whirlpool Rapids, and that
beneath it the current is very swift. This
rapid current made necessary the use of
unusual methods to ascertain the deDth-
In the tests referred to heavy weights
were used. These weights were made of
cast iron and were shaped something like
an egg, supporting long fin in the rear
This fin was to keep the sinkers weights
from twisting when in the rapid current
and thus breaking the wire. The wire at
tached to the weights was Of the finest
tempered Steel and, although 1t was about
an eighth Of an inch in diameter. it was
warranted to support a weight of 24OO
pounds. One OF the weights used weighed
600 pounds and the other $50 pounds. They
were lowered from the bridge at mid
ascertained that the depth Of the water
was seventy-eight feet. The weights were
raised and then lowered again, and they
were lost. making in all four such weights
dt the DOttOH Oh inc river, TOT others had
been lost in previous tests in former years.
Another weight was attached to the wire
and lowered about 100 feet out from the
shore. when 1t was found that the depth
of water there Is forty-three feet.
By means of such soundings. the Michigan
Central Is able to make accurate maps of
the river at the point of crossing, and in
this case It is especially valuable because
Of the fact that the cantilever bridge
abutments are located close to the water 8
edge on both sides Of the stream.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07

electric railway from the cave to Hot
Springs constructed. A large number OF the
chambers have been named by visitors.
Various social. fraternal and religious Or
ganizations have rooms which have been
properly dedicated. Among these are Odd
Fellows Hall. G. A. R. Hall. w. c. T: Y.
Hall, Eastern Star room, Woodmen Hall,
T. p. 4. Headquarters. A. o. U. w. Hall,
K. P. Hall. Elk Hall. which was named
and dedicated last August. and halls for
all the religious organizations. The Odd
Fellows Hall is perhaps the most flttingly
named: in it are two goats. a large and
small one. which are wonderfully life-like.
the three links, the all-seeing eye. and
number Of little things which Odd Fell
low would readily see. In the ceiling Of the
Monte Cristo's Palace are his diamonds:
they are two open goodies six or seven
inches across. and connected: in one Is
pure calcite crystal formation and In the
other pure quartz crystal. Biologists al
ways stop here and look and wonder, for
the two formations belong to periods that
are separated by thousands of years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07
A NATURAL WONDER
Wind Cave in South Dakota is a
Marvellous Place.
MILES OF UNDERGROUND PASSAGES
And Yet 1t Has Not All Been'Com-
p'eteIy Explored.
THOUSANDS OF Gu AM BEERS
OF CHAMBERS
DOWNRIGHT. 1899. by s. s Mcclure Coz

Copyright, 1929, by s S. Mcclure Coz
Written for The Evening Star.
The Back Hills of South Dakota. de-
scribed as the richest one hundred miles
square on the face of the earth, possess, In
addition to their mineral richness one OF
the greatest wonders of the world. This is
Wind Cave. in Custer county. twelve miles
north of the city of Hot Springs, In the
southern portion of the Black Hills.
This cav. is in an immense bed of lime
stone-a bewidering labyrinth of boXwork,
stalactites, staagmites. popcorn, geodes
and frost work of glist ming wilderness so
delicate that at the slightest touch it crum-
b,es in pieces.
1t seems a fitting playground for the
little people with whom the supersti-
lion of the IrGians Peep ed the Black Hills
in tine days when they Were afraid of the
scmber mountains. before The paleface
came and the iron horse followed after and
the spirits of the hills We're driven out.
Prof. Merrill of the Smithsonian 1nstf-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07
some openings which lead below the eighth
tier, but these have not yet been explored
WHY 1t fs Called Wind Cave,

why 1t II Called Wind Cave.
Wind Cave has been rightly named. In
every moment of the year the wind is rush.
ing in or out of the entrance with terrific
force its direction being regulated by the
rise and fall of the barometer. About 200
yards from the entrance, no matter wheth-
er coming in or going out. the current of
the wind is always in, and this inward
rush prevails throughout the entire ex-
plored portion of the cave. except in a small
side passage not far from the entrance. out
of the mouth of which the wind comes
seemingly to meet the main current and go
back into the cave with it in an unending
and unvarying circle. For days the wind
has rushed out of the opening at the en-
trance, and yet all the time there no
change in the direction of its course in the
cave In last March for fifteen days the
wind blew in continually, except for
period of three hours one day. This was
during the bitter cold weather of last WIN
ter Mr.. Folsom. who lives In the house
above the entrance. said that during that
time he saw icfcles on the bottom Of the
pa ssage leading to the entrance that were
two feet long and not larger than a lead
pencil; they were formed in this manner
The cold current of wind as it came into
the cave followed the floor, pushing the
warmer air to the top. The evaporation
caused by the meeting of the two currents
was so great that a stream of vapor was
formed. which rose to the top in the warm
air. and collected into tiny drops of water.
which in turn fell back to the floor in the
cold current freezing instantly: the drop
ping was SO slow and the drops so small
that the icces We're not given chance to
grow except in length.
No Animal Life.
The steady current of wind may be given
credit for the perfect purity of air in the
cave. it being dry, sweet and fnvigorating,
and as stated, Interchangeable in tempera-
ture. On warm day the explorer feels
the chill upon first entering. but in few
moments is comfortable, and need not
very about drafts and colds until the trip
is over and he steps cut into the warm air
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07
Going to the Mast.

"Going to the mast is not ordinarily
voluntary act on the part Of the naval
sailor The drunken delinquent blue
Jacket or marine generally goes to the
mast with the master-at-arms for escort
anu MAJ ~ nus ca poi a. loi la suafu' ano
not for the purpose of relating a tale of
oppression. but to take whatever medicine
the skipper serves out to him for his sins.
The naval enlisted mans voluntary trip to
the stick il a move akin to the lands
mans visit to a police station OF court for
the purpose Of getting satisfaction for a
real or fancied wrong. The biuejacket
been imposed upon and wants redress, that
he proposes to see the commanding officer
about IT. He says that he'll t-go to the
stick or ''the mast" which, Of course, he
actually does. for all of the conversations
Of q mAn-o'-war commander with enlisted
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07
An Inference.
Prom Life,

FrOm LlIt
well. sir, it is almost impossible to real
lie what a large place Chicago really Is.
IT guess you don't know many Ccicago
people,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1899-10-07

Gambling takes the bulk OF the dust. and
every species Of game Is represented in
Anvil City. a.
A Thousand Dollars an Hour.
As to what amount of gold is being taken
out there is no means of determining. 1t is
known that not more than 100000 in all
have been shipped by steamer. and 500, 600
of that has gone opt within the past week
The beach mining is reported to be turn
ing out about O.000 day. but this in the
nature Of things cannot continue And
when 1t Is exhausted these men will go
to work on the numerous claims lying
back from the sea and along the creeks
Here the gold is found in very rich de-
posits, the claim of Lindeburg & Co. on
Anvil creek turning out over a thousand
dollars an hour $25.OOO In twenty-four
hours), one nugget recently found being
worth 1872 Another claim owned by DR..
Kettlesen in one dky cleared up $1,000. and
so the stories go. One may hear almost
any kind Of a fairy tale. and while many
of them are exaggerated. the fact remains
that just now every man In the district has
a pocketful of dust and heart full of
hope, and there are no dead brokes in An
vii City. What the conditions will be q
year hence will not be known until then,
and cannot be predicted.
November 1 communication with the OUT
side world will be completely shut Off for
seven months at least, and only a few. of
the people now in the Cape Nome district
are fixed with either food or shelter for
the severity of the climate. though those
who are prepared with houses to live in
and sufficient food and fuel can not only
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
GIRLS STUDY FARMING.
They Have Full Use of Every Priv
ileEe In the Minnesota College
of Agriculture.

Fifty girls have taken up the study of
farming this year in the college of ag-
riculture at Minneapolis, says the New
York Sun. They have entered for the
full course, and will work in the same
classes with the men. Heretofore girls
have been allowed to study al the col
lege only six weeks in the year and
that during the summer months, after
the mems classes had dispersed for the
long vacation. This year they are to
have full use of all the college priv
ileges. They have now dormitory IF
their own, and new staff of instruct
ors for special subjects in the girls
department has been added to the fac
ulty. The agricultural course of study
covers term of three years, and in
cludes every branch of the subject. In
stead of blacksmithing, carpentry and
military drill, which are required Of
the men, the girls take laundering,
cooking, sewing, house management
and social and physical culture.
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10

not only be saved. but no injury will re-
suit, nor will growth or fruiting be in
terfered with. The writer last year
had a valuable York Imperial apple
tree split in this manner while the limbs
We're hanging moderately full Of fruit.
The halves were drawn well together
by means of ropes through the heavy
limbs above the crotch; a hole was then
bored through the center of the trunk
at the crotch, and large bolt inserted.
A large iron washer was used at either
end. The nut was then placed on the
bolt and the halves drawn close, the
rope being again used to avoid strip
ping the thread of the bolt. The ropes
were removed and the trunk was more
secure against wind than originally
the large washers keeping the bolt ends
from sinking into the wood. Finally. a
wax composed of one-third rosin, one
third beeswax and one-third tallow,
melted together, was smeared all over
the crack and in the crotch. The crop
of apples matured as fully as those of
the surrounding trees, and no diff
ference has since been noticed in it's
growth. This year bark formed over
the crack, pushing away the wax. The
iron bolt through the tree will not in
any way injure it.-Guy E. Mitchell, in
Farm and Fireside.
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
Warming Milk for Churnins.

At this time of year it is often diff
cult matter to churn cream and extract
it's butter fat. Warming the milk to lao
degrees is an effective remedy for this.
1t will also enable the dairyman to get
a greater amount of cream from the
same milk than he otherwise would.
But the milk should not be allowed to
become much warmer than 140 degrees
or it will make the butter soft. AS the
warmed milk is cooled pretty much all
the cream will rise at once. 1t should
be skinned before the top hardens into
a crust, as it speedily will. When put
away to await churning at this season
cream should be stirred once day, so
as to mix all its parts together and pre-
vent mold forming on the surface.
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
TIE SAN JOSE SCALE.
OfAcial Experiments Have Proved
That 1t Cannot Survive the Proc
eas Of Drying Fruits!

The agricultural department has just
completed series of experiments
which prove the falsity Of the claims
made by several European governments
upon which American fruits have been
excluded from their markets. The ex
port Of American fruits is very extern
sive, says American Gardening. and
has suffered great loss through the un-
called-for restrictions imposed by va
rious DEGREES which have at one time
or another shut out our fruits from for
eign markets. The last experiment,
which was witnessed by an expert of
the German government, was con-
Quoted for the purpose of determining
whether the San Jose scale. found in
pears, apples and peaches in various
parts of the country, could survive the
process of drying fruits. That it does
not survive is abundantly proven. The
effort. to shut our fruits out OF Eu-
ropean markets began with Germany
in February last, when that govern
ment prohibited all plants, fruits, dried
fruits, parts of plants, and even the
boxes and packing in which they were
shipped. OH account of the alleged pres
ence of the San Jose scale. Suisse
uuently fruits were relieved from the
embargo, subject TO an inspection ny
experts of the government at the port
of entry. 1t was claimed by the Ger
man government that thescale got into
the native fruit trees and infected and
killed them. The scale, when it at
tacks trees, will not kill them, but no
case has ever been discovered OF scales
from fruit finding their way to the
trees This German decree was fol-
lowed by similar ones on the part OF
Austria Hungary and Canada, but drld
fruits were not included. Other Euro
pean governments, Great Britain,
Sweden, Holland and France, took the
matter under Amusement, but as yet
have taken no action. Switzerland:
however, late this summer adopted
substantially the original German de-
cree and shut out all of our dried fruits.
Exporters of this product Immediately
appealed to the state department, and
that department acted upon the sug-
geStlOnS Oh inc agricultural uOpAA'
ment Representations were made to
the Swiss government of character
deemed sufficient to cause revocation
of the decree, but no action having
been taken, the chief entomologist OF
the department conducted the expert
ments referred to. The experiments OF
the department of agriculture have
extended over period of several weeks
and have been most minute and careful
in the attainment of results. Large
lots of peaches, pears and apples in
fected with the scale have been tested
by all known methods of commercial
drying, by sun drying, by evaporation,
by the use of sulphur and without,
with the result that each of these proc
esses destroys the life of the scale. In
the experiments made each scale was
carefully watched for several weeks,
and after the fruit had been dried each
and every scale on every piece in the
entire lot was examined. In no in
stance had the scale survived the proc
PISS of driving
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
FOR UNLOADING CORN.

sorted corn, or can be left at the crib.
it can be taken off by merely lifting up
the hind end so as to let the block on
the end of the side bar pass under the
cleat of it's front end, and then pull it
back and it will slide out as easily as
an endgate. There are no chains to
loosen or hooks to unlock. 1t needs
no blacksmith work. Any farmer can
make one to fit his own wagon. 1t is
very convenient in cornhusking times;
far superior to board set in the wagon
bed to start to scoop on.-A. S. Fors-
man. in Ohio Farmer.
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
TAKING AsToR DOWN.
The Ex-American Citizen Gets BAD
~ Snubbed in His Intercourse
with the English.

William Waldorf Astor, the expatriated
American millionaire, who now resides in
London, is the subject of lengthy biograph
ical sketch in Tit-Bits, publication issued
in the British capital Incidental to the
sketch it is related how the duchess of
Cleveland gently set him down on one occa-
sion. When his grand estate Offices on the
Thames embankment were finished he gave
magnificent banquet to number of swels.
Showing one of the staircases in the building
to. the duchess, Mr.. Astor is alleged to have
asked:
Isn't that handsome, your grace?"
YES, it certainly is, replied the duchess.
isn't it more so than any other staircase
you ever saw" Mr.. Astor is reported to
have persisted.
At this the duchess back very naturally
got up.
"Yes," she said, gently, ri admire it very
much. It is much fnerOthan our old stair
case at Battle abbey, which has been spoiled
these 200 or 300 years by the spurs of those
stupid old knights"
Battle abbey is probably the grandest old
place in England and compared with Give.
den,, Mr.. Astor's country house, is like
battleship to torpedo boat.
Another story with similar point is re-
lated in the same sketch Mr. Astor, it is
averred, was lost in admiration of the duke
OF Westminster's lawn at Cliveden when he
first saw it and, it is said, asked the gar
dener:
"How do you grow turf like that?"
,".Well,, sir" says the gardener, rubbing his
chin and looking very innocent, "you jest
sows yer seed and then as it rolled every
day for 100 years or so, sir. Chicago Chron-
Williston graphic. (Williston, Williams County, N.D.) 1895-1919, 1899-02-10
GERMS OF DISEASE.
Very often They Are Conveyed from
the Farm Home to the City
in Milk Pals.

Milk pals should be carefully
handled in order to keep disease germs
out of the. milk. Doubtless this utensil
is often the carrier of disease from one
place to another. It is a connecting
link between the disease and the
healthy people in the distant city. A
child may be sick with scarlet fever
in the house of some farmer that sup
plies milk to city milkmen. The fact
OF the scarlet fever being in his house
is thought no reason why his milk
should not continue to be used, as the
cows are in the barn. perhaps far from
the house. But the milk pals are
kept in the house. The germs of dis
ease are very small and very numer-
Gus. Some of them fly like dust in the
air. 1t is very easy for single germ
out Of the millions to get into the room
where the milk pals are kept, and
settle into pail. The mixer takes
the pail and does the milking, and the
milk and germ are sent to the city.
In the transit the germ nlultiplies, for
it has delightful medium in which
to grow. By the time it has reached
the city customers the milk contains
thousands of germs and these are dis
tributed to numerous customers. In
most cases the people that swallow
this gernl-infested milk receive no
harm from it, their systems being able
to throw off or destroy the germs. But
among the customers are found few
whose systems are susceptible Of being
made the prey of the disease germs,
and these fall victims.
In case CT any contagious disease
breaking out in the family of a man
that supplies milk extraordinary pre-
cautions should be taken. The milk
pals should never be used till they
have been scalded out with boiling
water. Even this is not sure way of
keeping out the germs, steaming being
required to make them absolutely safe.
AS most people are not in reach of an
apparatus for steaming, the next best
thing is the scalding. Then care should
be taken that the garments worn by
the mixers be not those that have
been exposed TO the germs. Every
thing about the milking should be
washed, including hands and face. We
realize the fact that it would be better
if the farmer, in case of the outbreak
of contagious disease in his family,
would decline to sell his milk for some
time, but we also know that most
farmers feel too poor to make so great
a sacrifice. Unless the sacrifice is to
be made. extraordinary precautions
should be taken.-Farmers' Review.