The daily morning journal and courier., 1899-03-14
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l WCiC llG MOIlHly w IltluSo, III i'oo
 The Aurora" in 17SS, and 'The Mos
 cow Journal" in 1791 These publica-
 tions were however, almost entirely lit
 erary in their character, and never ven
 tured upon the dangerous ground o1 politics, unless by order of the govern
 ment.N During the reign of Alexander
 'The Bee" was first published. This sheet was by far the most important
 and influential organ of Russian press
 opinion during the first quarter of the present century Among it's most fa-
 nous contributors were De Fretch and
 Boulgarine, Pouchl1ine and Lermontof.
 The censorship in every form has al- ways existed in Russia, but 1t was never more powerfully organized than under | the reign of Nicholas I. Every news paper, every pamphlet, every Russian or foreign book, whether ancient or modern, was first subjected to the cen-
 sorship There was even an upper committee of censors," specially
 charged with the supervision of the
 corps of censors. Later on, during the
 latter part of Czar Nicholas I.'s reign, special censorships were established, | Not only were there ecclesiastical cen l SOlS etIlQ llllIlldIy tcupOlS, Ddl NFEly government department was infested | with the power of controlling every l newspaper or other printed article pub lished which in any way dealt with the department in question. The many difficulties which Russian authors met with in publishing their works resulted in the novel plan of collective publica- tion, in periodicals known as alma hacks" It was in these almanacks that first appeared the works of the
 great national historians, Kalamjine,
 Pouchkine, Lermontof, Polejaief, Ry-
 leef, Pogadine and others. These pub
 lications proved so successful that they
 resulted in the starting of several
 monthly magazines. It was then that
 appeared "The Muscovte,' "The Pa
 triotic Annals" to which Dustolevski
 and Hergen contributed. The various
 impediments placed in the way of the
 Russian press were of kind to make
 these monthly publications prosper
 rather than the daily newspapers.
 On the accession of Alexander II. all
 the special jurisdiction mentioned above
 was abolished An imperial ''ulase" suppressed every 'exceptional' law against the press, exception being made only for offences against religion. Or dinary censorship such as exists in other countries, was established in- stead. It was at this time that Katkof and his friend, Professor Leontief, founded in Moscow "The Russian Mes a large monthly review, The tragic end of Alexander ITS reign (1S81) put sudden stop to the relative liberalism which had existed in the matter of the press. "The Polos," "The Order" "The Moscow Telegraph" and other organs of the liberal party were suppressed The remaining or gans of the press became the mere echoeps of the autocratic regime inau- surated by Alexander III.
 Until the time of Katofs death, in 1888. "The Moscow Gazette" continued to be the most influential daily organ in the empire The principal existing dai- ly papers in the empire at present are the "Novoie vremia ("The New newspaper having no polti- cal opinions, but widely read on &C., count of it's able editorial articles and | its well-organiaed, system of reporting, | unique in Russia. The "Novosti," a liberal sheet; the "Sviet,' an ardent | organ: the Journal de St. | published in French, ven- erable organ of the ministry of foreign affairs, and finally the "Nedielia," organ, widely read among students.
 There are many monthly magazines published in Russia. Chief among these are "The European Messenger" ! liberal and progressive organ; the 'Rousskii Vrestmk," (Russian Messen- ger,") founded by Katkof, and "The | Russian Review" newcomer on the field, having among its contributors Paul Leroy Beaulieu and other noted French litterateurs.
 From what precedes it will be seen hat the Russian press is an entirely different instution from the press of my other country. Russian newspa- oers are, to great extent, society or yans. From their columns the careful observer will be able to obtain very accurate idea of modern Russian social fife, subject full of interest. Society II St. Petersburg, and again in Moscow, s very different from that of Paris,
 london, Berlin, Vienna, Rome or New OTk. oHe IlIluS III tUe IIuSSldH capital <. leither the loose morals prevalent in he German metropolis, the aristocratic which characterizes Vi- ma, the feverish activity of Lon lon and New York society, nor yet the ngrossing love of pleasure which pre- dominates in the city of the popes Russian society, as exemplified in St. is original and unique The city by the Neva is both serious nd frivolous, city where the transi- ion from the sublime to the ridiculous akes place with the greatest ease. St. society is divided into cry great number of coteries, and in rder to become fully acquainted it is 1 ecessary to have the entre to several of lese. There only can one fully appre- ate the charms offered by St. Peters urg society to those fortunate enough have been received in friendly man. .- Vt, -.a-->ys. ys.s-..tst~.4.ttez-Hts-t | q