davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
MANYLEss Failures,
LARGE DECREASE FROM LAST
YEARS FIGURES.
Volume of Trade Much Larger During
November than Through Correspond
ing Month of 1905 American Syndi-
.-cste 20 Divert Grain Traffic to Canada.

II. q. Dun & Co.'s weekly review OF
trade says: Business continues wonder
fully large, prosperous and healthy. AS
the detailed statement of failures by
branches of business cannot be made UNI
til next week it seems well to say that
in four weeks failures have been reported
amounting to $6,S4S,590, against Us, no.
475 in the same weeks of last year, ST.
Gle, 195 in 1897 and over $12,OOO,OOO in
1896 and also in 1890. Yet the volume
of solvent trade represented by exchanges
at the principal clearing houses has been
for the month 22.5 per cent. greater than
last year and 46 yer cent. greater than
in 1892. Wheat remains weak, yielding
~ cents, although Western receipts
were but barely half last years for the
week, and for four weeks only 81 Ia, 800
bushels, against 80, CO.,, 739 last year. The
great decrease in Atlantic exports for the
week-only 2,410554, against 6,123,O06
bushels, and for four weeks 1918, 40,
against 17,3SS,21O last year-explains
much weakness. Corn declined ] cent,
with slightly smaller exports than last
year for the week, but for four weeks
1926, I45 bushels, against '11,4I9,v9S
last year. Failures for the week have
been IA in the United States, against
2S1 last year, and u in Canada, against
10 last year"
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07

Secretary Of War Roots first annual
report Is Of exceptional interest in that
1t deals exclusively with great questions
OF insular policy, army reorganization,
the future Of the Island OF Cuba, and
Of the state Of affairs In the Philippines.
The Secrtary's report is a surprise to
the officials for its originality. 1t has
not the ear marks of the usual annual
paper and officials say ii is the most in
dependent and far-reaching of any yet
offered during the present administra-
ton. Comment on the report is diversi-
fed and the consensus of opinion seems
to favor the instrument in most of it's
provisions and recommendations.
SECRETARY Root has attacked red tape
methods and in the face of the Adjutant
Generals report to the contrary, recon-
mends the adoption Of the system of ro-
tation of staff officers in the United
States army, thus hoping to abolish the
stale methods, giving the officers gener-
ally knowledge OF the requirements Of
their positions and preventing the use
Of red tape methods, the chief cause Of
so many mistakes in the past trouble
with Spain. There seems to be an opin-
ion that these provisions in the report
especially will provoke a bitter fight in
Congress.
The report begins with a recital of the
policy followed in reorganizing the army
in accordance with the necessities aris-
ing from the discharge of the State vol
unteers and Of the men enlisted for the
Spanish-American war, and gives Stats
tics of the past and present strength Of
the organization, covering in that respect
matters dealt with in the reports of the
Major General commanding and Of the
Adjutant General.
1t is stated that ut present all of the
new regiments of volunteers are in the
Philippines or on their way there. The
operations in those islands are next taken
up and the report again points out that
the outbreak Of last February was pro-
vOked by the Insurgents themselves and
was, from our standpoint, unfavorable.
Frequent reference is made to the re-
port OF General Otis to show the magni-
tude of the task set for him with the in
adequate forces Mt his command when
the outbreak came.
In reference to the management Of
Porto Rico, he recommends a govern
ment consisting of Governor, Secre-
airy of State, Attorney General, Treas
urer, Comptroller and Superintendent Of
Public Works and Education, appointed
by the President, with legislative coun-
ell composed of these heads of bureaus
with a minority selected from the peo-
pie of the island by the President.
He suggests Supreme Court, appoint
ed by the President, and trial courts ap-
pointed by the Governor. The people
are to be given the suffrage for the cleo
ton of municipal officers, who are to be
Independent in the exercise of purely To-
cal functions, but are to be removable
for cause by the Governor, the vacan-
cies being filed by a new election. Many
other recommendations arc made con-
corning affairs of national Importance.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
notee of Current Events.

The Pope proposes to make New
Years address to nonagenarians of all
countries.
George Hite, z, Louisville, Ky. got the
carbolc acid bottle instead of the whis-
ky and is dead.
Burt Harvin. 10, Fort Worth. Texas,
caught in shaft. His legs, arms and
head were torn off.
Whiteca7 outrages are numerous near
Conway, Miss. where Joe LAHORE was
burned at the stake.
Shingle manufacturers of Washington
State, in an endcavor to force up prices,
shut down for sixty days.
Col. Henry Inman, Topeka, Kan,
widely known MS the author of the "Old
Santa Fe TRAIL is dead.
Miss Flora johnson, Jewett. Texas,
dropped lamp on the floor. House was
burned and she was cremated.
A panic was caused by falling meteors
in Russia, the people believing the end
CT the world was about to come.
Rumored In Mexico that Gen. Diaz will
refuse denomination for the presidency.
People demand that he keep the ONCE.
The American Public Health Associa-
tion has declared emphatically against
the use Of food preservntive preparations
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
WHElkk
~ FAIRJ
Mckinley shaves himself.
lola. at 81, often went hungry.

SHuNtS
lola. at 81, often went hungry.
Attorney General Griggs is crack
shot.
or Emil Zola's works 10000 copies are
sold annually.
United States Senator Nelson was
born in Norway.
Mr.. Gully, Speaker of the House of
Commons, is an expert at golf.
Two streets i'm Ledignan, France, were
named after lola and Dreyfus recently.
United States Supreme Court Justice
Shiras is a stenographcr.
III. w. Dcnnison of Vernon is the
law adviser to the japanese Government.
John Stephens Of New Albank, Ind,
danced recently on his ninety-eighth
birthday.
Thomas Sidney Cooper, aged o., is the
Oldest member of the British Royal
Academy.
Former Gov. John s. Pillsbury of Min
nesota has given 100000 to the Mime
apolis Home for Children and Aged
Women.
Bolton Stafford Bird, the new premier
of Tasmania, was once a Congregational
minister.
Former Senator Davis of West Vir-
GINA is to present the State with an or
phan asylum.
Prof Fryer of the University of Cali
fornia Is collecting funds for a free hos
pital for Cinnamon in San Francisco.
Jesse Brakeman OF Mason City is near
ly 1O1 years old, and claims the distinc-
ton of being the oldest man in Iowa.
w. c. Coleman. one of the wealthiest
colorcd men in the. South, has started =
cotton mill at Concord, N. c.. with 600
spindlee.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Grit and Nerve.

While rowing on the Paw Paw river
near the Coloma and Paw Paw Lake
Railway bridge, three Of George Gilson's
children, Dora, Lucy and May, aged IL,
8 and @ respectively, had narrow escape
from drowning. In some manner May
fell from the boat. Dora sprang into
the water to rescue May, and in doing
so upset the boat, throwing Lucy into the
river also. Dora succeeded in reaching
May and with her in her arms reached
Lucy just in time to prevent her going
down. Dora held the heads Of the two
girls above water, and after desperate
struggle succeeded in getting them to
shore. All three were more dead than
alive.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07

Two Detroit railway electric cars col
lided at the corner OF Warren avenue and
Twenty-third street, injuring six people,
one severely. One of the cars was back
ing down from Thirty-third street to a
switch at Fourteenth avenue when the
trolley came of. completely darkening the
car. While the conductor was endcavor-
ing to get the trolley back on the two
cars crashed together. They telescoped
for several feet and it is almost mira
Gle that several of the passengers were
not killed.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
MARKET QUOTATIONS.

Chicago-Cattle, common to prime,
$500 to $7.25; hogs, shipping grades,
$500 to $500; sheep, fair to choice, $3.OU
to $3.50; wheat, No. 2 red. 65c to tic;
corn, No. 2, Sic to 32c; oats, No. 2, &c
to 23c; rye, No. 2, 54c to soc; butter,
choice creamery, &c to &c; eggs, fresh,
lie to 19c; potatoes, choice. 35c to Acc
per bushel.
Indianapolis-Ca Cattle, shipping, $500 to
$3.50; hogs, choice light, $500 to x4.25;
sheep, common to prime, $500 to x4.25;
wheat, No. red, Csc to &c; corn, No.
white, &c to 33c; oats, No. 2 white, 25c
to &c.
st. Louis-Cattle, 1926 to S6.75; hogs,
$500 to $500; sheep. $500 to $4.25;
wheat, No. 2, tic to Tie: corn, No. z
yellow, 3Oc to 32c; oats, No. 2, 23c to
Doc; rye, No. 2, &c to 53c.
Cincinnati-Cattlc, $3.50 to $3.50; hogs,
$500 to $4.25; sheep, $3.50 to $500;
wheat, No. 2, 69c to zoe; corn, No.
mixed, Bic to 33c; oats, No. mixed, 25c
to &c; rye, No. 2, 50c to Gle.
Detroit-Cattle, $3.50 to $3.50; hogs,
$500 to $500; sheep, $500 to "a W;
wheat. No. 2, 69c to roc; corn. No.
yellow, 33c to 35c; oats, No. 2 white, &c
10 Zoc, rye, otc 10 0vc.
Toledo-Wheat, No. 2 mixed. SIC to
ESQ., corn, No. 2 mixed. &c to 34c; oats,
No. 2 mixed, 23c to 24c; rye. No. 2, SOC
to SIC; clover seed, $40 to $3.50.
Milwaukee-Wheat. No. northern,
64c to 66c: corn, No. 3. &c to 34c; oats,
No. white. 24c to 26c; rye. No. 1, 54c
to 5Gc; barley. No. o. 43c to 45c; pork,
mess, $T.75 to $S.25.
Buffalo-Cattle. good shipping steers,
$500 to $6T5: hogs. common to choice,
1925 to $4.25: sheep feir to choice weth-
ers, $500 to $3.50; lambs. common to
extra, $3.50 to $5.2'
New York-Catt'e. 81, o to $6.75; hogs,
$500 to $3.50: sheep. 500 to x4.75;
wheat, No. red. 72c to 5lc: corn. No. z.
Doc to 4Oc; oats. No. 2 white. 30c to &c:
butter, creamery. 2Sc to 27c; eggs. west
ern. 15c to 21c. s1aAn
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07

Nearly lfwhs1s nlock Al the Buslncs.
DISTRICT n Laid Waste. 2
An, eiscfftc sparh,dnsdhea basemente Of
Partridge & Richsrdson's big depsrtment
store, Is to 20 North Eighth, street, Phil
adelphia, started fire that In less than
four hours laid In ashes nearly an entire
block OF business houses and caused an
estimated loss OF over $3,OOO,OOO. The
heaviest losers are j.. b. Lippincott a.
Co., book publishers. whose big six-story
brick building, containing rare and valua-
bic plates and machinery, was completely
Quilted. involving loss estimated by a
member of the firm at $2,OOO,OOO. The
next heaviest loser was Partridge Il
Richardson. Their loss on building and
contents Is estimated ut $0OO.OOO. Lit
Brothers. whose department store adjoins
the Lippincott building. estimate their
loss at $400, 900. : In addition to the big
houses mentioned numerous smaller
stores were either Quilted or badly Jam
aged. Chief among these were Bailey's
8 and 10 cent store, loss $1OO,OOO, and
Rosenberg's millinery establishment. loss
$4,000
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
SHIPS MISSION A MYSTERY.
Vessel at Mare Island to Go to Pana-
ma Under Sealed Orders.

Vessel at Mare Island to Go to Pana-
ma Under Sealed Orders.
The United States ship Ranger, now ly-
ing at Mare Island. San Francisco, has
been quietly fitted out for some long voy-
age, and well-founded rumors are current
that she is bent on some secret mission.
The officers of the warship refuse to dis
cuss the nature of the voyage. Several
six-inch guns are being placed in position
on the vessel. The only thing the offi-
GERS will admit is that the Ranger has
been ordered to Panama, and will sail
early in December. Sealed instructions
have been received from Washington, to
be opened on arrival at Panama. 1t is
believed by naval men in San Francisco
that the Rangers ultimate destination Is
Manila, and that she will be anchored for
shore duty at some of the new ports re-
Gently taken from the rebels.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Cry for Help from Guam.

Another appeal for re-enforcements has
been sent by Capt. Leary. Naval Govern
or of the island of Guam. The few men
the Governor has ut bis command are
but an insignificant force compared with
the 5000 population OF the island and
fears Of a native revolt are increasing.
The Navy Department first received a
telegram from Capt. LeCry asking for
an additional force of marines late in
October, and his appeal was answered
by the mastering Of 800 men. This sec
ond appeal leads the department to be-
lieve that the situation is more grave
than was supposed
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Husband Dead. Wife Missinu.

The dead body of John Cremeans, with
bullet hole in the head, was found in a
bed in his late home at Glenwood, Ohio.
Cremeans was an aged and wealthy citi-
zen. His young wife cannot be found.
Clerk Dropped from Rolls.
n. E. Dawson, clerk in the Office of
Gen. Miles, has been dropped from its
rolls on account of letters he has written
to officials of the Government rejecting
upon the President.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
CUTS HIS WIFE WITH AN AK.

Then Sets Fire to His House and Per-
ishes in the Flames.
At Duluth, Mimi, Jacob Schneider at
tackled his wife, Mary, with meat AK
at their home in an isolated portion Of the
city, and after cutting her horribly satu-
rated the house with kerosene ana set
fire to it. He persisted in the flames, but
the wife was saved by her daughter.
Three other women in the house ran to
the rescue of the wife, but Schneider
drove them out Of the house. Schneider
had borne good reputation, but his home
life had not been pleasant.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
bartender Kills an Indian.

A member of the Indian police from
the Blackfoot reservation was shot and
killed by one Schultz, a bartender at
Shelby, Mont. The Indian and his COM
panions were drunk and the Indian start
ed for Schultz with a gun, which he had
been pointing at others in the saloon.
Schultz warned the Indian to desist, but
the latter kept coming, and was shot
through the heart.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
sTARvEs IN A PULLMAN CAR.
Illinois Man Sick as Result of Riding
in Linen Closet.

r in Linen Closet.
. A well-educated young man who says
he is Charles Hassinger of Collinsville,
ILL.,, is under the care Of the st. Joseph,
No., city physician, suffering from hun
ger and injuries caused by remaining sew
eral days in a cramped position in linen
closet of a Pullman sleeping car bound
for East st. Louis from San Francisco.
Hassinger says that he gave the porter
in charge of the car an overcoat and a
few dollars, all the money he had. for
permitting him to ride from Sacramento.
He was compelled to seek medical aid at
st. Joseph.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
JeaIous woman Ki,,s Two.

Mamie belong shot and killed Lizzie
Sessions and Calvin Andrew in tit of
jealousy at Landpebble Phosphate camp,
near Tampa, Fla. Andrew had been pay
Ing considerable attention to the DeLong
woman, but had transferred his affections
to Lizzie Sessions. Mamie belong went
to the Sessions woman's house to horse
whip her, and the trouble resulted in the
murder Of the two.'d ~
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Romance in Mobiles Wedding.

1t leaked out at Springfield, Ohio, that
Dagmar Engstrom Of that city had been
Economically married to Eva Lindahl of
Cincinnati. The groom is working in a
machine shop. His father is the distin-
guished Admiral Engstrom Of the Swed-
ish navy and an attache of King Oscars
court. The couple next summer will go
to Sweden and take up their residence
at Engstrom castle.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Promised Big Profits.

The doors of the home Office of the In
vestors' Trust, 1921 Arch street, Phila-
delphia, doing business exclusively with
patrons outside the city and promising
large profits on Investments, have been
closed. Efforts to find the president. sec
rotary and cashier are unavailing
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
WOOD WILL HAVE COMMAND.
Former Governor of Porto Rico to BE
Supreme i'm Cuba.

Supreme i'm Cuba.
Despite his not being officially known
as the ''civil governor Of Cuba, Gen.
Leonard Wood, according to a Washing
ton correspondence, will be invested with
all the powers of that Office. He will be
military governor, in supreme command
of the island. In the absence of insur-
rections or trouble his duties will chiefly
be civil. He is to have the rank of ma
jor general and outrank the army Off
GERS who remain under his command.
President Mckinley will make several
promotions to brigadier generalships in
the regular army. Gems. Lee and Will
son are to be thus favored.
Gen. Wood displayed fine administra-
tive abilities while in charge of the med
ical departments. He refused 100000 a
year to act as superintendent of street
railway company in Washington in order
to go to Cuba. His headquarters will
soon be established in Havana.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Wreck on Union Pacific.

At Bushnell, Ncb., the Union Pacific
transcontinental trains collided with
frightful effect. Fifteen passengers in
jured, though none fatally, is the report
from the two trains, both of which were
heavily loaded. One of the trains was
taking water when the other crashed into
it. Fireman Doone was fatally hurt.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Strike Leader Sent IN JaiI.

John p. Reese Of the United Mine
Workers of America, who was sent to
Fort Scott, Kan, by National President
Mitchell to direct the coal miners strike,
was found guilty of contempt Of the Fed
eral Court by violating an injunction
against strikers and was sentenced to Jail
for three months and to pay $500 tine
and several hundred dollars costs.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Passes from Harpers, Control.

The difficulties under which the pub
fishing house of Harper 4 Brothers, New
York, has, according to rumor, been la
boring for many months, resulted in the
entire business passing from the hands
of the Harpers into the control of the
State Trust Company, acting as trustees
for j. r. Morgan Il Co., holders of 3d.
100000 in mortgage bonds.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Shot Wife and Himself.

Louis Bach of Brooklyn, n. y, at
tempted to kill his wife, wounding her
twice, with pistol. She fell in faint,
and Bach, thinking her dead, shot him
self through the brain. Bach wished his
mother-in-law, Mrs. Robbins of Denver,
to give him $1,000, but his wife objected.
This led to quarrel between husband
and wife
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Many Homicidcs in St. Louis.

Seventy-five homicides have occurred
in st, Louis during the eleven months of
this year. 1t exceeds by six the record
for the twelve months OF 1898. OF the
many slayers, Frank Il. Galloway is the
only one whose life is in jeopardy, he be-
ing the only one under sentence Of death.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Boy and Girl Are Drowned.

While several students were skating at
Regina, Man., on the reservoir two Of
their number, j. Clarkson of Seaforth,
Ont, and Miss Montgomery of Edmon-
ton, skated away from the others, went
through the ice and were drowned.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07

tile establishment of John IL. McAuley,
consisting of groceries, clothing, boots
and shoes, crockery, etc. The loss is es-
timated at $4,000.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
pmteur Treatment Failed.

After suffering awful agony for two
days, Joseph Gibbs, aged 81 years, died
in the Chester County, Pa. Home for
Hydrophobia Patients. His wife is af-
tiicted with the same disease at her home.
Gibbs and his wife were bitten by rabid
dog about two months ago. He was sent
to New York, where he received the Pas
teur treatment.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
son HELD FOR MOTHERS DEATH.
Alfred Swingle in Jail at GAINESVILLE,
o., on a Charge of Murder.

<AhTeu SWluSlc HI jail NJ HuhSsNhASt
o., on a Charge of Murder.
Alfred Swingle, IA years old, is in jail
at GAINESVILLE, Ohio. charged with shoot
ing and killing his mother, Mrs. John
Swingle, near Stoyertown. IT was at
first thought Mrs. Swingle had been MUIR
dered by a tramp. Suspicion began to
point to the son, who told conflicting
stories, and when questioned Mt the coro-
ner's inquest he broke down and con-
fessed. The lad stated that the shooting
was accidental; that the gun was already
loaded and that when he happened to
pick it up it was discharged, the load
entering his mothers head, killing her in
stantly. The boys story is contradicted
in part by his father, who says that the
gun had not been loaded for some time
and that both barrels were empty when
he went to work in the morning.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Advance in standing Timber.

The purchase OF large tracts Of FIR for
ests in Washington State by Eastern
lumbermen has caused a sharp advance
in the prices Of, both logs and standing
timber. Stumpage prices have risen with
In the past thirty days. from 10 to ~
cents, according to the accessibility Of the
timber belts.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
FARMER SHOOTS TWO OFFICERS.

Attempt to Levy an Execution Results
in n Double Tragedy.
Near Chicago Junction, Ohio, Constable
William Smith was killed and Marshal D..
Il. Conklin of Plymouth was fatally
wounded by Ezra Moore, farmer. The
officers went to Moore's house to levy an
execution and Moore became incensed.
Selling a gun, Moore shot Smith in the
head and Conklin in the head and shout
der. Smith died in few minutes.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Tragedy Ends Family Woes.

George w. Brooks shot his divorced
wife three times at her home in Detroit.
He then rushed out upon the Grand
Trunk Railroad tracks adjacent and shot
himself dead. The woman will recover,
although wounded in the neck, shoulder
and body. The shooting was done after
a short stormy interview between the
couple.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
WILL DIVERT GRAIN TRAFFIC.
Canadians Take Steps to Capture Large
Share of American Trade.

Share of American Trade.
The harbor commissioners of the port
of Montreal have accepted the PROPOSE
ton made by Buffalo and Cleveland CAPT.
talists looking TO an increase of grain
exports through that port. The syndi-
cate is to be granted site for large
elevator and freight sheds, and in turn
agrees to build fifteen steam barges with
lows, all at cost of $1,10O,OOO. The
syndicate agrees to bring 25,OO0,0OO
bushels of grain to Montreal next sea-
son and to increase this amount to 3d.
100000 bushels or more in 1901. A bond
of $4,000 is to be given.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
REcoNcILED AT THE INQUEST.

st. Louis Attorney, Exonerated by the
Jury, Meets His Wife Again.
At st. Louis the coroner's jury return
ed a verdict of justifiable homicide in the
case of Attorney James L. Roberts, the
lawyer charged with the murder of Prof.
X. A. Simpson, the dramatic agent. AT
the inquest Mrs. Roberts testified that
Simpson, who was giving her theatrical
lessons, had insulted her. Mr.. and Mrs.
Roberts, who had been separated for
some time, became reconcled at the in
quest.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1899-12-07
Equivalent TO a Life Sentence.

At Hillsdale John Page was sentenced
to Ionia for term of six years for burn
ing the barn Of Dell Lander at Lickiey's
Corners, Sept. 10, 1893. The sentence
is equivalent to life sentence in Pages
case, for he is now a man of 1S.