The record-union., 1899-10-21

| ter would be Great Britain, precisely in
the same manner as, when an American
/ citizen was subjected some ten years
ago to a gross outrage at Kissingen, the
State Department at Washington
1 sought redress not from the Regent or
Government of Bavaria, but from the
/ Kaiser, and from the Department of
Foreign Affairs at Berlin, as intrusted
with the international relations of the.
Kingdom of Bavaria.
THE RIGHT OF DOMESTIC. INTER
yENTION.
1t is by this responsibility toward for
ieign nations on the part of a paramount
Power for subject State that the linz
Iitations and extent of suzerainty can be
best defined. AS a general rule, the
term suZerainty implies absolute au-
1 tonomy and absence of control in the
internal affairs of the country upon
which it is imposed. The policy of nom
intervention, however, ceases when in
the opinion of the SuZerain Power it be-
comes necessary to interfere for the
purpose of safeguarding its response
bilities toward foreign nations. For it
is evident that where one State repre-
sents another in it's external relations,
and the former is consequently respon-
sible to foreign Governments for the
wrongful acts or omissions of the lat
ter, it must be armed with the right to
interfere in the internal administration
of the subordinate State for the pur-
pose Of guarding itself against claims
/ for indemnity on tie part of foreign
| Governments. That is why England is
fully justified in insisting that Presl-
dent Kruger should inaugurate num-
Der of domestic reforms in the Trans
vaal which are necessary for the pro-
| lection of foreign life and property
there, and which have been pressed
upon the British Government by Ger
many, France and Italy, which have
extensive interests DIN the dominions of
the South African Republic.
OF course. if the Beers were to re-
establish that slavery of which they
were the most obstinate champions-it
was owing to Great Britain's abolition
| of slavery that they first "trekked'
from Cape Colony to Natal, and fur
ther north to their present territory
England as the suzerain Power would
not feel itself called upon to interfere.
It tolerates slavery in Zanzibar, which
Is subject to its suzerainty, and like
wise in all the sovereign States of Brit
ish india merely insisting that no Eng
lish officials shall be called upon to
give their support to the institution by
| taking any part in the recapture or
runaway slaves and their return to
their masters. But when the BOer Gov
ernment devises a number of laws
which are destined not merely to black
mail, but absolutely to destroy indus
tries and interests in which large
amounts of French, German and Ital-
ian capital have been embarked, then
Great Britain as the suZerain Powet
has any right, nay, is morally and le-
gally obliged, in response to appeals
from Germany, France and Italy, to in
tervene in the internal administration
CT the Transvaal to the extent of in
sisting upon fair and proper treatment
of all foreigners.
UNCLE SANS OBLIGATIONS AS
SUZERAIN
By assuming the suZerainty over the
Sultanate of Sulu, the United States
cannot be in any way considered as
giving it's Endorsement to that slavery
which is and has been for hundreds of
years past one of the principal institu-
tions Of the country. Nor will the
American Government be held respon-
sible in the eyes Of the civilized world
for any acts of Oriental savagery and
cruelty perpetrated by the Sultan, pro-
vided he does not interfere with for
eigners. But it will be the duty of the
United States to intervene in the inter-
nal administrations of the Sultanate
whenever foreign interests are men
aced either by the Sulu authorities or
else by anarchy, since in becoming SUI
zerain this Government has assumed
the obligation of furnishing the citi-
zens of foreign nations the same pro-
lection that they would receive in this
country.
Unless I am much mistaken, the con-
vention between the Sulu Sultanate
and the United States is almost identi-
cal with those that govern the relations
between the sovereign States of Brit
J ish India and Queen Victoria in her
capacity as suzerain and Kaiser-i- Hind
that is to say, Empress of India.
Briefly speaking, these treaties empoW-
er England to restrain the native
States from making peace or war,
from sending or receiving foreign En-
bassies or from holding any intercourse
with foreign Governments save through
English official channels. They further
invest the British crown with the pre-
rogative OF limiting the size Of the
armies of the native States, which are
likewise compelled to submit to the
presence of a British resident. Finally,
the treaties in question regulate the
residence of Europeans in the native
States, and invest England with the
right of deposing the native ruler in
the case of internal misgovernment of
such a character as to imperil English
and foreign life and interest. The Sui
tanate of Johore and five of the So
called Malay States enjoy greater de-
gree of independence toward Great
Britain. But inasmuch as they have
bound themselves not to negotiate
treaties, or to hold any intercourse with
foreign Powers except through Eng
land, which in turn assures them of
protection from external hostile at
tacks, they have virtually accepted the
suzerainty of Great Britain, although
they call themselves allies instead of
vassa1s.
1t is a question whether the Ottoman
AAf a