davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
WORK OF RECONSTRUCTION BEGUN
Form of Government Adopted for the Isl.
and OF Negroes.

The unfavorable circumstances con-
nected with an active campaign has
not been permitted to interfere with
the equally important work of recon-
Struction. Again l invite your atten-
tion to the report of the commissioners
for the interesting and encouraging de-
tails of the work already accomplished
in the establishment of peace and or
der and the Inauguration of self-gov-
erning municipal life in many portions
Of the archipelago. A notable begin
ming has been made in the esta blish-
ment of a government in the island Of
consideration This was the first island
to accept American sovereignty. Its peo-
pie Cnreservedly proclaimed allegiance
to the United States and adopted a
constitution looking to the establish
ment of a popular government. 1t was
impossible to guarantee to the people
of Negroes that the constitution so
adopted should be the ultimate form of
came exclusively within the Jurisdiction
of congress. The government actually
set up by the inhabitants of Negroes
eventually proved unsatisfactory to the
put into force by order of the ma jor
general commanding the department, of
which the following are the most i'm
portant elements:
TT was ordered that the government
of the island of Negroes should consist
of a military governor appointed by the
United States military governor of the
Philippines. and a civil governor and an
advisory council elected by the people.
The military governor was authorized
TO appoint secretaries OF the treasury.
interior agriculture. public instruction,
an attorney general and an auditor.
The military government exer-
cises the supreme executive power. He
is 20 see that the laws are executed. ap-
point 10 Office. and fill all vacancies in
Office not otherwise provided for. and
may, with the approval of the military
governor Of the Philippines. remove any
officer from office The civil governor
advises the military governor on all
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

public civil Questions and presides over
the advisory council. He. in general,
Performs tho duties which are per-
formed by secretaries of state in our
own system of government.
The advisory council consists OF eight
memoC-s S-:acted by the people within
territorial limits Which are defined in
the order of the commanding general.
The times and places OF holding cleo
tions are to be fixed by the military
governor of the island of NegroS. The
qualifications of voters are as follows:
ID a voter must be male citizen OF
the island of Negros. (2) OF the age OF
81 years. 90 He shall be able to speak,
read and write the English. spanish or
Visayan language. or he must own real
property worth $50, or pay rental on
real property of the value of $1,000. ca
He must have resided in the island not
less than one year preceding, and in the
district in which he offers to register
as a voter rot less than three months
Immediately preceding the time he of1er
to register. 90 He must register at a
time fixed by law before voting. Coz
Prior to such registration he shall have
paid all taxes due by him to the gov
eminent. Provided. that no insane per-
son shall be allowed to register or vote
THE military governor has the rlght
to veto all bills or resolutions adopted
by the advisory council, and his veto
is final if not disapproved by the mill
tary governor of the Philippines. The
advisory council discharges all the or
duties pertaining to said offices are to
be performed by the secretaries OF the
treasury. interior, agriculture, puoIlc
instruction the attorney general. and
the auditor. The judicial power is vested
in three judges. who are to be ap-
pointed by the military governor or the
island. Inferior courts are to be estao-
lished. Free public schools are to be
established throughout the popuIous
districts Of the island. in which the
English language shall be taught, and
this subject will receive the careful
consideration of the advisory council.
The burden of government must be
distributed equally and equitably
among the people. The military au-
thorities will collect and receive the
customs revenue. and will control postal
matters and Philippine inter-island
trade and commerce. The military gov
ernor, subject to the approval of the
military governor of the Philippines,
determines all questions not specifically
provided for, and which do not come
under the jurisdiction of the advisory
council.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
CONSIDERS THE CASE OF CUBA.
Refers to the Resolution Passed by Con-
gress April 10, 1897.

The president then takes up the i'm
portant question of our connection with
Cuba. ard says:
THE withdrawal of the authority of
Spain from the island OF Cuba was eff
fected by the LIST of January. so that
the full re-establishment OF peace found
the relinquished territory held by US in
trust for the Inhabitants. maintaining
under the direction of the executive
such government and control therein as
should conserve public order. restore
the productive conditions of peace so
long disturbed by the instability and
disorder which prevailed for the great
or part Of the preceding three decades.
and build up that tranquil development
of the domestic state whereby alone
can be realized the high purpose as pro-
claimed in the joint resolution adopted
by the congress on the 18th of Aprf,
1895. by which the United States dis
claimed any disposition or intention to
exercise sovereignty Jurisdiction or
control over Cuba. except for the paci-
fcation thereof. and asserted its deter
mination when that was accomplished
TO leave the government and control of
the island TO its people.
The pledge contained in this resolu-
tion is OF the highest honorable obliga-
ton and must be sacredly kept. ] be-
lieVe that substantial progress has
been made in this direction. All the
Cuba have aimed TO fit il for regener-
ated existence by enforcing the su-
premacy OF the law and Justice: by
placing wherever practicable the ma
chinery OF administration u the hands
of the Inhabitants: by instituting need
ed csni-ary reforms: by spreading cd
ucstion; by fostering industry ard
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
AS TO CIVIL SERVICE AFFAIRS.
Reasons for the PRONUNCIATION of the or
der of May 80, 1199.


OF the oder exempting certain civil
service positions from the classified list
the president says:
The executive order of May 6, 1895.
extending the limits of the classified
service brought within the operation OF
the civil service law and rules nearly
all of the executive civil service not
previously classified. Some of the in
illusions were found wholly illogical and
unSuited to the work of the several de-
partments. The application of the rules
to many of the places SO included was
found to result in friction and embar-
rassment. After long and very careful
consideration il became evident to the
heads of the departments responsible
for their efficiency that in order to re-
move these difficulties and promote an
efficient and harmonious administration
certain amendments were necessary.
These amendments were promulgated
by me in executive order dated May %,
1899. The principal purpose Of the or
der was to except from competitive ex-
animation certain places involving
fiduciary responsibilities or duties of a
strictly confidential, scientific, or execu-
tive character, which it was thought
might better be filled either by non
competitive examination or in the dis
erection of the appointing officer than
by open competition. These places
were comparatively few in number. The
order provides for the filling of much
larger number of places. mainly in the
outside service Of the war department.
by what is known as the registration
system, under regulations to be APP
proved by the president, similar to those
which have produced such admira Bile
results in the navy yard service.
"All of the amendments had for their
main object a more efficient and salts
factory administration of the system of
appointments established by the civil
service law. The results attained show
that under their operation the public
service has improved and that the civil
service system is relieved of many OBJ
jectionable features which heretofore
subjected it to just criticism and the
administrative officers to the charge of
Unbusinesslike methods in the conduct
of public affairs. 1t is believed that the
h.erit system has been greatly strength
ened and it's permanence assured. 1t
will be my constant aim in the admin
istration of government in our new
possessions to make fitness, character
and merit essential to appointment to
office, and to give to the capable and
deserving inhabitants preference in APP
DOIntmentS
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
None Better Than All.

Miss Gingham-And l suppose they
have bargain days in Glasgow Mr.
NcIvor?
McIvor-Ma conscience, no, 1t wad
IA do ava.
MISS Gingham-Indeedi Why, I
thought bargain days would just suit
your peoplei
Mcivor-That's JUST 1t. 1t would
SUIT them over weel. If they had bar
gain days. naebody wad buy onything
on the ither days, ye ken.-London
Telegraph.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

the whole agreement with the sultan
the president explains is made subject
to confirma ton by congress. and the
sultan was informed that the agree
menI is not to be construed in any way
as giving the consent of the United
States to the existence of slavery in
the Slllu 1rchin=iaeO
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

never listen to calumnies. because
II they are untrue l run the risk OF be-
ing deceived, and il they are true, OF
hating people not worth thinking
about-MontesQuieu
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

| BURLINGTON ROUTE-C.. Ii. & G. RAIL.
| way-Depot First avenue and Sixteenth
street. NJ. Young, agent.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

arrival. departure. tDaily. except Sun
sDaily except Saturday. AL others daily. Tel
ephone 1898
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

Pa senger trains leave c.. r l. Il u. moline
avenue) depot five 90 minutes earlier than
time given. Trains marked daily, ali other
trains dali ' except S nday.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL.
- ralway-Racine & Southwestern Division
Depot Tween ierh street, between First and
Second avenues w. w. Brecki ridge, Agent.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
THE TRAVELLERS GUIDE.


CHICAGO. ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC
Raiway-TicketS can be purch 'Sed or
baggage checl ed atR l. * II Twentie h street
depOt..'.r G, p l. & Z, depot, corner Fifth ave-
nue. and Thirty-frSt street Frank IL Plum
mer, agent.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
Daily except Sunday.

ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY
Depot First avenue and Twentieth street.
NJ. A. Patterson, General Pa Senger A. ent.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1899-12-06
America at Paris ExposItIon.

Preparations for the Teprese nta tion
OF the Industries. arts. and products OF
the United States st the worlds ex-
position To be held in Paris next year
continue on an elaborate and compre-
hensiYe scale thanks 10 the generous
The Brownsville daily herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1897-1910, 1899-01-23

ed -, on base line of a certain giant
Of D of land from the King
OF II Spain known as the La teria;
thence due south 10 vs. across road /;
Shence I 100 rs TO old bed of river, ana
xhence following the ba' of said old
river for southern boundary Of said tract;
thence north 7391 { west 40 vs.. thence
aorth u west 2l0vs. thence south 81 . wst 200
" thence south s51z 2 IVES. 400 vs. thence south
ne ssst 800 IS. thence south 273<0 west go VS.
The Brownsville daily herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1897-1910, 1899-01-23
TIE HERALDOFFICE;
9ggSgeEgESkssEbas.A

Is prepared to execute all orders for Job Print
50 ing such as Letter Heads. Bill Heads EUsi
ness Cards, Wedding Cards, Envelope Cards
land in fact all kinds of Printing
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
NEW GOLD-MINING COMPANY.
Charter Granted by Judge Weilford'
To Mine in Alaska.

Judge b. r. Wexford. sitting in the
Circuit Court of the city OF Richmond
Yesterday granted a charter to the Golot-
min Bay Gold Mining Company Of Viz
ginia. and the charter will be placed on
record to-day. The officers named in the
charter are: DIR. r. +. Franklin, presi-
dent. Mr.. George II. Griffith. secretary
and treasurer. who. together with Messrs.
pleasant L. Reed, c. w. saunders, ana
William Gray, constitute the Board or
Directors. The capital stock is TO be not
less than 5000 nor more than $40, 600, and
is TO be divided into shares of 81 each.
THEIR THREE CLAIMS.
The two frst-named gentlemen have
but recently returned from the kondlke,
where they located three placer-minlng
claims of twenty acres each, and these
claims will be developed by the company
now in process Of formation. To this end
an expedition will be run TO the Klondike
in April when Messrs. Franklin and
Griffith will lead a party of ten. They
have already prospected their claims tho
oLghly and though they hadn't time to
reach to bedrock, they found that the
pans yielded from % cents TO $50 in dust.
The gold in their claims. which are stu
ated on the Neucklus river sixty miles
north of st. Michaels. in Alaska, and
about sixty miles from Golofnin Bay, as
says 1880 per ton.
The party, when they leave here in
April expect 10 remain in Alaska eigh-
teen months, and thoroughly develop the
claims.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
PERSONALS AND BRIEFS.
Miss BASS WEEDS Mr.. Mcdaniel.

A quiet but pretty wedding took place
last evening at o'clock in the presence
of few friends at the residence of Rev.
r. Melville DOwley. S07 west Clay street.
The parties married were Mr.. ). +.
Mcdaniel and Miss Eula G. Bass. After
the ceremony the party returned 10 tne
residence of the brides father 10 remain
until this morning. when they will leave
for a visit 10 their friends in Prince Ed
ward county.
The groom is a trusted employee. Of
the Chesapeake and Ohio railway, located
az Clifton Forge, and is a young man OF
sterling qualities. For some years MS
home was in Prince Edward county, near
Rice Depot, where he is remembered for
his integrity and manliness.
The bride is the daughter of Mr.. Sidney
Pass who resides at 1910 McDonough
street. Manchester. She, by her charming
and beautiful traits Of character, has
made many and lasting friends. not only
i'm Manchester. but wherever she goes.
They will make their home at Clifton
Forge
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06

Mrs Joseph T. Lawless is improving
very slowly, and is still quite Ill.
Mr.. II. C. Joyner. Treasurer or Am
herst county, IS at New Ford's.
There will be an important meeting OF
Richmond Lodge, No. 42S, l. o. G. T., at
Lee Camp Hall tonight.
DR.. w. d. Quesenberry, member Of the
House Of Delegates from Caroline coun-
". was at the Capitol yesterday
Mr.. J. S. PEBBLES. of Norfolk; Mr.. Ro-
bert Yancey, OF Lynchburg, and Mr. John
II. Barbour, Of Culpeper. are at Muir
phys.
Mr.. Il. ID. Christian was reported as
somewhat worse last night but he was
not considered to be in any immediate
danger.
Judge Allan r. Hanckel. OF the lCorpo-
ration Court OF Norfolk, is the guest OF
Hon. Joseph r. Lawless, Secretary OF
the Commonwealth.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
DIVIDEND NOTICES.
DIVIDEND NOTICE.


ATLANTIC-COAST LINE RAILROAD
COMPANY OF VIRGINIA.
The Board of Directors have DE-
CIARED A DIVIDEND OF PER
CENT. on the capital stock OF the At.
lantic-Coast Line Railroad Company OF
Virginia, including the original stock and
the Glass u stock of the Richmond and
PeteTsIHHIH6 ie oF 3"I pep oi1 TENT ana
stock Of the Petersburg Railroad Com
pany, on the par value of 800 thereof. out
of the net earnings of this company for
the six months ending December 81, 1885,
Ppai{Snrs ~ yeeord IN each co ~ SvocR
the 10th day of January, 1889. The trans
Ter books win be closed from the 10th to
he 10th OF January. 1899 both inclusive
De 23-dtd W. r. JONES. Treasurer.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
personal.
A GARD.

Richmond, Va, January /. 1899
I HAVE THIS DAY ACCEPTED THE
agency for Richmond and vicinity of the
following well-known F1RE-INSURANCE
COMPANIES: Scottish Union and Ma
and Mercantile-assets, $30.000,(00 Each
company has a large deposit with State
Treasurer 10 proteae local policy-holders.
Entering as | do In this. my new po-
sition, j respectfully ask of my former
and that before placing their insurance
may be permitted TO see them.
Very respectfully,
LEWIS +. MASON,
corner Eleventh and Main streets
Qunder National Bank of Virginia).
ia l-6t
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
More Cavalry for Cuba.

HUNTSVILLE, ALA, January 5.-The
remaining six troops of the Eighth Cav
airy have been ordered held in readiness
for departure to Savannah, where they
will take the transport Michigan for Nue.
vitas, Cuba. Signal Corps Company II will
accompany the cavalry, which will leave
within the next few days.
Major Clarence X. Edwards adjutant-
general of the Fourth Corps. has been
ordered to Habana, 10 serve with General
Ludlow. Captain J. ID. Thompson has
been detailed as acting acknowledgement
of the Fourth Corps.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
DIR. Hiden uOnored.

Rev. DR.. ]. c. Hiden, pastor or the
Groye-Avenue Baptist church, on We'd
nesdsy night was called upon by an oilcer
Of the church. who presented him vita
a purse of gold on behalf OF some OF tne
nassto-,s admirers among his members.
Cr Hidden was taken by surprise. He was
not informed who had paid him this silent
tribute of love, but expressed ms grau-
tude and appreciation for the kindly spln'
that prompted the act.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
KNIT UNDERWEAR ODDS ARE
JUMPED.

THREE PRICES TELL THE STORY;
AT 25c.--Boys' DIR. Wrights ShIrts anu
bra wers odd sizes: Misses SOC. Rib
bed Union Suits; Misses Merino Pants
Ladies' soc. Merino Pants and vests
any of the above garments 25c. ,,
AT FOc.-Iadies' and Misses WooL KID
bed Pants, were 81: Ladies, WOOL IL ni 10.
ladies' Wool Merino Vests and Pants
we're sl--any in this lot for 5Oc
AT i5c.-Misses' Merino Pants, were soc: ;
Ladies 25c. Ribbed Vests; Children
DC Union Suits; Boys 2oc. Gray ME-
rino Shirts-any in this lot loo.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
RELY hailed; Britton i'm Jail.

John. Rely. the man who engaged In a
duel in a bar-room at Nineteenth and
Main streets with William Brltton on
Wednesday midnight, was granted pan
yesterday by Judge witt In the sum %. 0i
was taken from the almshouse to the
jail during the day. Both men Will re-
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06

WANTED,
A MAN WITH SOME EXPERIENCE
as a Cutter for factory work, or a tallor
that can learn the work. Address W.
care Dispatch. Ja VII
WANTED,
A RELIABLE AND TRUSTWORTHY
White Woman 20 clean the house ana
make herself generally useful a GOOD
home for the right party. Address He'LP'
care the Dispatch. j. VII
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
CARBOHYDRATES AND LACEs.

Hundreds of pieces, lengths to yaruS'
about half-priced to-day
THE BOOK DEPARTMENT
will sell all that show the least handling
like this:
Bibles. that sold forSl.5O Up to $269 for
zoe; Flexible Leather-Bound Blpiss,
that were $40, for 4Sc.; 'oc' ones loi
25c. rsI
Large illustrated volumes OF bongtel-
low. Milton, Carlton Poe, Byron, etc.,
that were y2.25, for Coo.
l lot of 79c Books, nicei.' bound ana
illustrated, for loo
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
The De Baras Held for Trail.

JACKSONVILLE, FLA. January s.
Baron and Baroness T. DE Bara, charged
with using the United States mails for
fraudulent purposes. were to-day ordered
held in the sum of 5000 in the case of the
former and $500 in the case of the latter
for trial before the United States Court
at Chicago. They have not as yet been
able TO furnish bond.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
- ..'
SPECIAL NOTICES.
EIECTION NOTICE.

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN THAT
AN ELECTION FOR DIRECTORS OF
THE ROSNEY IRON AND LUMBER
COMPANY Limited. In accordance with
the bylaws OF said company. Will be held
al the office OF the company. at Rosney.
buckingham county. Va, on MONDAY.
the 9th day Of January. A. ID. 1899, be-
tween the hours Of and o'clock Il. NJ.
CHARLES 4. REIFSNIDER.
de Z3-F&Suntd Secretary.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
co
FUEL CO.

DONALD MACDONALD, President.
JOS. HENsHAW, A. j. MACDONALD,
yice-President. Secretary
HENRY IMMENHORT,
Manager River Department.
GEORGE w. sAHDEL.
Manager Chicago Branch.
l.. q. SMITH.
Manager Eastern Brnnch.
Noavo building. Fisher Building,
Cincinnati. '~hicaso'
Chamber Of Commerce,
Richmond Va
DOMESTIC SPLINT. STEAM, AND "as
GOALS.
IA 6-3ml
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
The Tri-piocesan Convention.

The Holy Trinity Chapter Of the Bro
therhood OF st. Andrew met at the ehuycn
last night. The meeting was chiefly ior
the purpose of preparing for the tri,dlo-
caeap contention OF the brotherhood, 10
be held at Charlottesville just prior to the
beginning OF Lent.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
GLASSWARE ODDS AND ENDS.

As Tumblers. that were up to Zoe.
dozen. for &c. each.
II Goblets that were 60c. dozen, ~tpr
1c. each.
AZ Cut-Pattern Vases, that were &c,
for &c. zach.
q Celery Stands, were 15c., for &c. each.
CUTLERY ODDS AND ENDS.
lot of Al Plated oyster Forks, were
s. a dozen. for sc. each.
"a Knives and Forks, were " dozen,
for &c. each.
a Carving Sets, blades furnished from
handling, were up 70 50, for i5c. set.
z Sugar-Shells were pc, for &c.
80 Celluloid Knives and Forks, were
$3.50 dozen. 10 close l0c. choice.
TINWARE AND GRANITE ODDS AND
7 Coal Vases, nicely decorated, were
$3.50, for soc. each.
j. Imported Gray Tea-Pots, were 75c.,
for 15c each.
8 Copper Bottom Wash-Boilers, slight
~ denied were 75c., for 25c. each.
DOLL ODDS AND ENDS.
Dolls slightly soiled, were % and &c.,
/ for 10c.
Dolls that were so and 75c., for 25c.
Dolls that were 81 and $780, for soc.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
Supposed Darn-Burner Lynched.

BANKS. ALA, January 5.--A barn be-
longing 10 n white farmer named Green
was burned yesterday, together with some
corn and other products. Suspicion was
directed towards Marshall McGregor a
negro in Mr.. Green's employ. This morn
ing his body was found hanging TO a tree
near where the barn had stood.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
EMPLOYMENT WANTS.
WANTED.

tde 2l-1m)
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
WANTED.

AT ONCE, AN EXPERIENCED MALE
Teacher. qualified to teach German, Latln;
and French. to take charge as Principal
of Barton Heights High School. The
board will meet at the county courthouse
on Saturday. the It'll, at II NJ, TO con-
slider applications. j. 70. BROADDUS'
Chairman. ia ~
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06

We are selling n
wonderful number Of
our FL Truro Cuban
Handmade Havana
Filler Puritano CT
CARS, because they
are equal to most
10c. cigars. Step in
the little store below
post-omce and try
one. You'll like them.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1899-01-06
New Cabinet for Spain.

MADRID, January 5.-General Pola-
yieja. the former governor-general OF
Cuba and the Philippines. and Senior Sill
yela, the Conservative leader, have agreed
upon the formation OF new Cabinet, and
have been summoned by the Queen Re-
gent
The early advent of the Conservatives
To power IL regarded as certain.