davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

A cripple from sprain is one who neg
lects to use St. Jacobs Oil to cure It,
Prompt use of it brings prompt cure, and
the trouble is gotten over easily.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Kemp's Balsam will stop the cough at
once. Go to your druggist to-day and got
a sample bottle free. Sold In 10 and oO
cent bottles. Go at once; delays are dan
gerous.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
nenntx 4. blood Oeep.

Clean blood means a clean skin. No
beauty without it. Cascarets, Candy Cathar-
tic clean your blood and keep It clean, by
stirring up the lazy. liver and driving ail I'M
banish pimples, boils, blotches, blackheads.
and that sickly bilious complexion by taking
Cascarets,-beauty for ten cents. All drug
gists, satisfaction guaranteed, l0c, 25c. Doc.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
A LIVING WITNESS.
Mrs. Hoffman Describes How Shs
Wrote to Mrs. Pinkham for
Advice, and Is Now Well

DEAR Mrs. PINKHAM:-Before using
your Vegetable Compound l was
great sufferer. / have been sick for
months, was troubled with severe pain
in both sides of abdomen, sore feeling
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

To quit tobacco easily and forever, be mag
netic, full Of life, nerve and vlgor, take No-To'
Bac, the wonder-worlSer, that makes weak men
strong. All druggists, SOC or q. Cure guaran-
teed. Booklet and sample free. Address
Sterling Remedy Co. Chicago or New York
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Mrs. winslow's Soothing Syrup for children
teething, softens the gums, reduces inhamma-
ton, allays pain. cures wind collie. 25c.a bottle
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

The number of women in the vail.
ous departments of the University oi
Michigan for 1897, according to Presi'
dent Angells recent report was 675.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Fits permanently cured. No fits or nervous.
ness after first days use of DR.. Kline's Great
Nerve Restorer. SStrial bottle and treatise free
DIR. r. II. KLINE. Ltd, 93l Arch St, Phila., Pa.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

The inventory OF the effects Of the late
John w. Keely OF motor fame, fixed the
valuation at $l5S6.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Moves the bowels each day, In order to
be healthy this is necessary. Acts gently
on the liver and kidneys. Cures sick head
ache. Price 25 and soc.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Greater New York has working
police force of more than 1000 men to
protect the life and property OF its
citizens.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

We think Piso's Cure for Consumption Is
the only medicine for Coughs. - ENNiE PiNcK-
ARD, Springfield, Ills, Oct. |, 1894.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

A Presbyterian church has been built in
juneau, Alaska.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
Rcmcdy For the Grippe.

A remedy recommended for patients af-
hicted with the grippe is Kemp's Balsam,
which is especially adapted to diseases OF
the throat and lungs. Do not wait for the
first symptoms of the disease, but get q
bottle to-day and keep 1t on hand for uss
the moment 1t is needed. II neglected the
grippe has tendency to bring on pneu-
monia. The Balsam prevents this by keep
ing the cough loose. All druggists sell it..
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

In 1879 the first electric railway was
operated in Berlin, Germany, by Siemens
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Need not give up when attacked with
severe congestive cold, II Hoxsie's Disks
are used. They check any cold. 20 cents.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Lancet, commenting on the clam of
Grassi to have preceded Bignani in
She discovery OF the misunderstanding
mosquito, suggests that it would "be
of interest to know the distinguishing
marks of his special mosquitoes, so
as, inter ALA, to understand how it is
that in Rome, where there areno mos
quitoes properly so called, malaria is
prevalent, while in Florence, where
mosquitoes (properly so calledl
abound, there is no malaria at all. -
Medical Record.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Found immediate relief in one bottle Of pr.
HAToH, Box $50, 0,Woilaston. Mass..Aue. IT. 1898.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
No-To-Bac for FIFTY CentA

A fish has been found In Hudson Bay
which absolutely builds nest.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Cough away fyou want to. but II not, use
Hale's Honey OF HOrehound and Tar.
Pixies Toothache Drops Curein one Minute.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

One-half OF the Confederate pensioner'
IN Mississippi are widows.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
Men and women VINO Work

Every continent on the globe, with the
exception of Australia, produces wild roses.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
LANES Family Medicine.

Spanish books will be admitted to Cuba
free Of duty for ten years.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

The national debt Of japan does not ex-
eeed $3.50 ,000, 900.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
To Cure n cold i'm one Day.

When man is his own worst enemy 1t Is
generally rather one-sided fight.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

To Cure Constipation Forever.
Take Cascarets Candy Cathartio i0c or 25c
n O. c. G. fail to cure druggists refund money
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

The Peruvian government has decreed
the re-establlshment of the habeas corpus
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

During the present century about SO,'
900 900 men have lost their lives In war.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

silk is nearly always dyed before 1t
woven.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
pont rob,,eo spIt and smOle Your Llre Away.

The Indian population OF the United
States is 24S,S40.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Photographic clocks and watches are in
use in Switzerland.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
Cn,nrrh Cnnnot be Cured

The national debt OF France Is over
sc ,0eO, 600, 900, being about Sli6 per capita.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

uIofus not unIy sul0 rcIIoIi Out " PrVuHP'
cure. 1t soothes, subdues and ends the
suffering.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Guaranteed tobacco habit cure, makes veal
men strong. blood pure. SOC. g. All druggists
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

The screw alone of an Atlantic liner
costs about 100000.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets All
Druggists refund money fit fails to cure. &c.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

There is twelve-acre field OF carnations
In Redondo, Cal.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Senator Wolcott speaks in high-pitched
voice and with few gestures.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
EnsiIY Gotten Over.

Heat holidays have been established by
law in the public schools'of Switzerland.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

Educate Your Bowels With Cascarets.
Candy Cathartic, cure constipation forever
I0c, 25c. II c. O. G. fail, druggists refund money
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08
Courh. Lcnd to Con.umptIon.

Rats and rabbits are becoming plague
in the Azores.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1899-02-08

nuruMATIcM CURED-One bottle Positive
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
A FIVE O'CLOCK TEA.
Miss Barrett Entertans Her Sunday
School Class at | leicester.

Leicester, July 17.-Miss Helen M. Bar
rett gave a 5-oclock tea on the lawn at
her home on Grove street today to the
members of her Sunday school class.
Among those present were: Misses Lavina
Foley, Jennie Standring. Bridget Foley,
Anna Stein, Jennie Rice, Agnes Stand
ring, Cecilia Grady, Eva O'Brien The
tea was followed by a musical program,
and whist playing was enjoyed until s
o'clock. During the evening Miss Lavina
Foley in behalf of the class, presented
her teacher a beautiful prayer book
Joseph King suffered an unusual and
painful accident at his home on Rawson
street today He was leading his COW
into the barn. when fly bit her and she
gave her head sudden jerk. This move
ment swung the iron end of rope
against Kings face with great force The
blow took him right above the right eve
and knocked him senseless. When he re-
covered he found himself still holding the
rope, with the COW standing still look
ing at him. A cash an inch long was
cut ahoYe his eye and his eyebrow and
forehead bruised. Dr. MeNeish rendered
surgical aid
The funeral of Mrs. Mary Morrissev
was held from the town farm and the
Interment was at st, Johns cemetery,
Worcester.
,ng ms vacation in town, returned to
The w c. I. U. will hold a tea meet
ing on Friday at the home of Mrs. A, B.
Davidson. The associate members will
IurIlsh musical program in the evening
oilcer James A. Quinn arrested Alfred
"a Bonte, "A years old, at Spencer today,
for stubbornness.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
MUST PLAY BETTER BALL.
southbridge Disguised With Amateurlsh
Playing,

Southbridge, July 1.-THE exhibition
of ball playing as shown by the South
bridge team last Saturday in the game
with the Clintons does not have ten
dency to inspire much confidence
among the sporting fraternity, who are
anxious to even up matters with Web
ster, in the game which will be played
in Webster next Saturday afternoon.
Last Saturdays game was played in
a listless, half-hearted manner, and
the errors made in the fielding were
simply nonsensical as we'll as ineXcusa-
BILE. Unless the boys make big brace
before next Saturdays game they will
be subject to more criticism than they
were in the two games played on July
4th.
AL E. Hughes is visiting for couple
of weeks in Providence and Boston.
Miss Rosale Morse is spending the
month at the Pine Tree Inn, Masha-
paug Lake.
Thomas Olney left yesterday for
Westford, Conn, where he will be the
guest of his aunt, Mrs. Abbie Kinney.
The London Vaudeville company
gave a first class performance at Fair
View park this evening, commencing a
weeks engagement.
Bids will be closed by the sewer
committee on July "a for the laying of
the main sewerage pipe connecting
with the main line to the sewerage
beds, and connect with Hook street to
the depot, distance of one and quar-
ter miles.
The w. c. T. U. will meet with Mrs
Frank H. Bacon tomorrow afternoon
at o'clock. A special temperance
work will be considered.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18

preening of feathers; they also learr
| how to scratch, when only five or six
days old, and when there was no OPP
portunity for imitation.
| Chickens as soon as they are able tC
see have an instinct TO follow anything
when guided by sight alone. From the
very first a chick when he gets 6
worm, runs away from his comrades
put when the chicken is entirely iso-
lated he shows the same desire
Chicks have a pretty large equipment
of ready made knowledge, but they
have to learn some things. They dc
| not recognize water, but have to learn
how to drink. All the characteristic
activities seem to be instinct.
! The individual character of animals
must be studied. The idea of imita-
ton, however, is not good in the chick
DR.. Spaulding thought that animals
not only could learn, but could forget
and that if certain instincts were not
brought into activity, at certain times,
they lost their force.
DIR. Wesley Mills book on animal in
telligence gives a number of expert
ments of chicks and pigeons. Thorn
dykes work is to be found in the sup
plements of the Psychological Review.
In the next number of the Psychologist
cal Review will be an article by DR..
Kline on a laboratory course in ami
NAL psychology.
The experiments on chicks have been
on their ability to learn how long it
will take him to get out of box, and
having got out once, how long it will
take him the second time.
Another experiment has been in col
oring the food. Chicks which had been
fed on crackers were given crackers
colored red and made bitter with qui-
nine, and they We're watched to find
out how long it would take them to
remember the bitter taste of the qui-
nine.
White rats are good animals for ex-
periments, because they are tame and
are not easily frightened, while the wild
rats are very fearful of any noise. One
of the experiments tried was as fol-
lows: A small box made of wire gauze
in which is placed a bit of food, has a
swinging door fastened on the outside
by strips of paper. This was placed
in the cage containing two white rats
on whom the experiment had been tried
before. After a few seconds indecision
one of the rats went to the door and
tore off the paper strips
In another case the box was made
without door, but with a hole in the
bottom through which the rat could
enter. The edges of the box We're
banked with sawdust, so that the rat
would have to dig his way in to get at
food 1t took him several minutes to
find the right place to dig but was
soon able to get at the bit of biscuit
inside the box.
DR.. Sanford described another sexperi-
ment where the food was placed in the
centre of a rather complicated maze.
and said that after the rat had found
ms way once, was able to make the
trip in 80 seconds the next time.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
EGYPT'S CIVILIZATION.
1t Has Spread Itself Alt overthe World
AS No Other Nation Has,

Or, Chamberlain's address was on
First civilizations and their ideals
He said in part: When we come 10
study human history, the continents
as we know them fade away and civ
ilization has begun where it is least
expected
From Africa there seems to have
come all the civilizations of the world,
except probably that of China and OF
Central and South America. Migrations
have inevitably been from the west,
eastward. The Mediterranean has been
the scene of all the great origins of
civilizations that have moved the
world and move it still.
Thousands of years ago. a large race,
almost white, occupied the region in
the north of Africa and in southern
Europe We can with reason look upon
some of the tribes of the Alps of Thes-
sally of Armenia, as nEving always
been there. The return Of the Moors
to Spain was to a land they had titled
centuries before. This theory that the
Mediterranean region has been peo-
pied by an original race, was started
about one-half century ago, on physi-
cal and linguistic grounds. This race
Surge called the -Ligunan-L
dian, and it is probable that this is
true. If one looks at the culture district
of the Mediterranean, Egypt, Babylon,
Greece, Sicily, Italy, Sardinia, southern
Spain and the northern part Of Africa,
this can be seen to be true,
Each of these regions has lived a life
of it's own. This takes in all the Sem
ties, Egypt, Carthage, all are brought
under the one great impulse of belong
ing to one race.
These were at the start African
races. The other part of Africa was
cut off from Europe by this great race,
and there is no reason to believe that
the white would have developed ciyiliz-
alton If he had not been situated in the
region so suited for the culture of civ
ilization. This is the reason why the
negro race was never able to develop
civilization. DIR. Boaz sums UP the
cause Of civilization as opportunity.
Dr. Brinton thinks that under the shad-
ow of the Atlas In upper Africa, did
our race begin its great migration.
In the neolithlc age it is thought the
first migration took place into Europe
by way of Spain, for there was no
Straits OF Magellan then. The second
migrated in the other direction. cross
ing into Asia Minor.
A most important fact is the unity ex-
lsuns between northern Africa and
nortAern Germany peoples. The types,
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
EXPERIMENTS WITH CHICKS.
Or. Sanford Tells of the Number Of Inter
esting Things Learned About Them.

DR. Sanford continued his discussion
of animal and human minds and said
in substance: In the last lecture we
spoke on the paramecium, whose ac-
tivities We're reduced to three very me-
chanical processes.
We decided that this gave no psy-
chical evidence such as we know it,
but that there might be some psychi-
cal side, though the question must be
answered theoretically. Then we saw
that the slug reacted to light. taste
and smell; 1t can be shown that they
can learn by experience, that they have
memory Then we spoke on the chick
as Spaulding had observed 1t. The ex-
periments I read had dealt with sight.
and II was found that chicks were
able after short time to avoid obsta-
Giles.
TO continue, In regard to the per-
ceiving OF direction of sound. Spauld-
ing's observations show that chicks
Matched in bag, and kept there for a
time, went directly to box in which a
hen was placed"
Instructive fear OF a hawk in chicks
only day or two old was observed bv
spaulding. They show the instructive
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
PROGRAM TODAY.

The ingram for today is as follows:
a. M; Dr.. Hodge Lessons with
plants"
a. M; DR., Burnham-"H Hygiene OF
writing"
10 a. H. DR.. Sanford Reason and
instinct"
II a. M; DR.. Hall-"The affections"
l.30 to p. M: DR.. Hodge" Nature
study laboratory"
2 p. m: Or. Llndley-"Memory."
2 to p. M: Mr.. Goddard iologi-
cal laboratory"
3 p. M: DR.. Chamberlain First CIV
ilizations and their ideals"
p. M: DIR. Meyer" Development of
the supersegmental mechanism"
p. M; DR. Sanford Pedagogical
conference-"Psycho in normal and
secondary schools"
7 p. M; Or. Lindley- Psychological
demonstration.
p. m: DR.. Hall--"Mind and faith
cures; their histories, truths and falsi-
ties" -"'7'
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Or. Meyer Discusses Its Development
From Sympathetic Standpoint

Or. Meyer Discusses Its development
From Sympathetic Standpoint
DIR. Meyer spoke yesterday on the
embryological development of the ner-
vous system. After giving a resume of
Saturdays lecture and describing
briefly the construction of the efferent
and afferent nerves in the worm and
athropoid, he went on to a discussion
of the development of the sympathetic
nervous system and described at some
length the development of the brain
and spinal cord in the human foetus.
While DR. Meyers lectures are tech
nical to degree. they prove exceeding
ly interesting. He uses a ppofusion of
colored charts and wax models, and IL
Illustrates by diagram on the board
He described the development of the
hind brain, mid brain and fore brain,
leaving out the details of the more
complicated parts. OF the spinal cord,
he told of its form and functions, and
told ,how 1t responded TO stimulus.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
DOWN TO WORK.
No Time For Leisure
at Clark Uniyer-
sity.
DR.. HALLS LECTURES POPULAR.
Great Interest Being Taken
in DR.. Hodges Nature
Study Laboratory.
DR.. HALLS LECTURES POPULAR.

The fourth day of Clark university
summer school showed an increased in
terest in the lectures and a general
tendency to get down to hard work in
both lecturers and students.
"A large number of Worcester people
attend DR.. Halls lectures, but the
other professors are not sighted. A
great deal of interest is being taken
in DR.. Hodges nature study laboratory,
and today the class will spend two
hours there. Yesterday they talked
over the habits of some of the animals
and took a short excursion within the
university grounds.
The educational conference conducted
by Dr. Sanford yesterday was on draw
ing and education. DR.. Bailey of III
diana university gave long talk on
the school drawing in Indianapolis, and
said the work done in the schools of
New England and New York compared
favorably with that in any of the
grammar or high schools in the coun-
try.
The new arrivals yesterday were: w.
L. Cooling, professor of philosophy,
Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa; Mrs.
George w. Sigourney, Oxford; Mary w.
Rockwell, Kingston, r. l.; John A.
Rockwell, Boston; I. L. Walsh, Brook
field.
The first social event Of Clark uni
versity summer school took place at the
residence of DR.. Hall last evening in
the nature of an informal reception to
the students at the school and those
interested in it. There were about 100
present, among whom were a number
of Worcester people. Refreshments
were served, presided over by Mrs. C.
c. Baldwin, Mrs Winslow Lincoln and
Mrs. James H. Wall. Miss Hall, Dr..
Halls sister, of Washington was pres
ent and Mrs. Beals of Chicago assisted
the ladies who served. There will be
several more receptions during the
course. DIR. Hall giving another ne 1t
Tuesday evening.
Henry H. Goddard will receive his
degree of Phi. d. from the university
in few days. His thesis has been
printed, and as soon as it is accepted
by the faculty, his diploma will be pre-
scented. He will begin work as profess
sor Of psychology at Westminster nor
NAL school, Westchester, Pa, this fail
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
BUTCHERS and UIIVlO
GROCERS' EXCURSION JULY ",
10
NANTASKET
BEACH
---OR---
NAHANT
Or BALL GAME, BOSTON VS.. ST. LOUIS.
TICKETS $500.

We expect this excursion will run to
and from the new South Union depot at
Boston, and will give every one the priv
ilege of seeing the largest and hest depot
in the world
TRAINS LEAVE WORCESTER at $50
$40 and $50, The LAST ONE WILL STOP
az M1lLBURY JUNCTION at Z a. m. and
NORTH GRAFTON at 7O5. RETURNING
train leaves Boston at D. m. The last
train, will stop at AIillbury Junction and
North Grafton, N-'N
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
Here's Why

If you want drink that's really
good that will bring ruddy color to
your cheeks-that will give you a
hearty appetite-drink Williams
Root Beer. It's made from the
choicest roots and herbs. 1t has a
snap and vim that satisfies the
hirsty throat. Drink the genuine
drink the kind made from roots
it costs only two cents a quart.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18

the school. The thing we need most
is just how to do a little fish culture in
the school aquariums. A manual of fish
culture based on the United States fish
commission, is published. 1t is useless
from pedagogical standpoint, for it
does not speak of any fish that could
be cultivated in the school.
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-07-18
SPECIAL NOTICES.
SEALED PROPOSALS.

Sealed proposals for building a SCHOOL
HOUSE AT THE CORNER OF CHURCH
AND WALNUT STREETS, CLINTON,
the architect until 5 p. M Friday, July ri,
1899
Each bid must be accompanied by a
certified check for $500, to be forfeited to
the town of Clinton should the party to
TO furnish satisfactory bonds and sign
contract for the erection and completion
of the building within three days after
notification of such award.
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS NAV
be seen at the office of DIR. C. II. BOW
ERS, Clinton and of c. j. BATEMAN,
architect, Exchange place, Boston.
Proposals to be addressed to HON. ].
w. CORCORAN chairman school com
mlttee, and enclosed PROPOSALS. FOR
SCHOOL HOUSE AT CLINTON, MASS"
The right is reserved to reject any and
all bids or proposals.