davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
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ODD NAMES IN MECHANICS.
Foreigners Have Hard Work TransIatina
Some English Words


The English language has been en-
riched by many words drawn from
other tongues to facilitate direct and
comprehensive expression on all sub
jects.
Within the language itself similar
principle has prevailed. and old words
OF Well-eStabliShed Tleanug have been
adopted i'll the SCIENCES and arts To
designate certain things or operations
that seemed to resemble those from
which the names Were taken In thcir
new relations these words have strIctiy
technical meanings
Their suitability is often obvious
enough in English hui 1lIcy can rarely
be rendered in tlvir exact TECHNICAL
sense into their actual equivalents in
foreign tongues.
number of words drawn from the
animal kingdom for use in the mcchan.
lc arts are enumerated by Il writer in
Straps and Buckles. The machinist
employs dog on h.S lathe: he takes a
hog cut, if the tool win stand it; the
castings are made from pigs of iron,
which in turn were fed from SOW.
W yin 10 SCI ullOH Il uuISt OF DUCK,
and punched or bent by convenient
bear. Hosting is done by crab and
convenient cat is Il part of the outfit
of shop crane, and Il kit of tools is
ever Oh hand.
a crow helps to straighten work. Il
jack to Int it, mule pulley aids in
driving machinery that Il donkey en-
CINE turns. A fish connects parts end
to end, or strengthens Il broken beam:
shells are used ali over; Il worm does
powerful but quiet work
A cock shuts off the water: one kind
of Il ram raises At and another does
heavy work \ printing press has IL
fly; the first locomotives had Il grass
hopper valve motion and drive, and
butterfly valves are common.
Herring bone gears are used by the
best builders; turtles INT printing press
cylinders, and fly wheels are running
all over the world. In drilling. even an
old man is called into service and
doctors prevent faulty lathe work
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
SOMETHING NEW.
How Some People Follow Every
New Fad.
ments Should BE Tried Upon
Somebody Else.

Some persons are always so anxious
for something new that it is astonish-
ing they still continue to eat plain
bread and butter. They have always
thrived well on beef, eggs, and pota-
toes; but somebody writes an article
for a scientific journal, and attempts
to show that these foods are neither
rs cheap nor as nutritious as some
other kind of food. Therefore, some
persons drop this standard diet and
take up whatever some young scientist
directs. We cannot understand this
When anything has been thoroughly
tried and tested. and found in every way
satisfactory, why do some people per-
sist in running after some new-fangled
notion2 Take cod-liver oil for in
stance. 1t has been used for two
hundred years with most marvellous
success, and in large variety of
complaints. Its success has been no
greater in the past than it is to-day.
More skillful methods Of preparing it,
and emulsifyiug It for it is generally
Acknowledged shat it should always be
given in the form of an emulsion),
gives assurance that its future ese il
bound to be even far greater than
ever.
And yet some people talk about =
substitute for cod-lIver Oil =! Sub
Stitute2 Why. it is almost laughA-
bic. 1t certainly would be SO, were
the question not such a serious one.
There can be no substitute for cod
liver oil, for there is nothing at all like
it known To medical science. When
SCOTS Emulsion OF Cod-liyer Oil with
the HypOphoSphites has been used for
over twenty years, and when thou
sanas have testified to its curative
properties, is it not strange that any
one would think of trying an eXperi-
ment with some new preparation of
cod-liver oil? When you know you are
safe in taking SCOTS Emulsion, is IL
not too risky business to try something
new? DO You think SCOTS Emulsion
could have stood these twenty years,
and have larger sale to-day than ever
before unless it had true, genuine merit.
Where do Won suppose these substi-
tutes, which do not contain particle
of oil, will be twenty years from now9
And where will all the fancy prepSrG-
tions, as the various wines of cod-livcr
oil, be at that timer 1t is perfectly
safe to predict that before they are
half as old as Scott's Emulsion is, they
will be forgotten. Do not allow your
selves to be experimental upon; be
satisfied with the beat and take AA-
vantage 81 twenty years of ever ~
Greasing prosperity.
Ecott's Emul sion SontAins more pure
Norwegian Cod-liver OIL than any Other
emulsion in the world, that will stand
The test of time a. being q perfect IN
SsPArAble emulsIon- Ask your d0Ct0A
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
QUEER ADVERTISEMENTS.
Some Awkwardly worded Notices Found
in Newspapers.

como AWkWAruly W Ofueu NOtlCoS tOund
in Newspapers.
mo person." wrote an imaginative
undertaken, lever having tried one of
these air-tight collins of ours will ever
use any other"
This is supplemented by the truthful
but discouraging advertisement Of a
dentist: Teeth extracted with great
palms."
A western farmer advertises for a
woman to wash, iron and milk two
cows"
An advertisement once appeared in
a Washington paper for "a room for
young man 10 by r."
This is an advertisement from the
columns of an English court journal:
Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! For
domestic and charitable purposes of
every description, quality, size and
weight"
The following advertisement is from
an Australian paper: Wanted, a young
woman (the palmer the better) to help
a small genteel family in their domes-
tic matters; one without ringlets pre-
ferred."
An American paper published in Par
is recently contained the following
unique advertisements; "a young man
of agreeable presence, and DESTROYS OF
getting married, would like to make
the acquaintance Of an aged and expe-
rienced gentleman who could dissuade
him from taking the fatal step"
Here is a specimen of domestic ad-
vertisng from the columns of the Lon
don Times: "Mr5. George Ashton, 5
Victoria street, Westminster, takes this
opportunity Of thanking her numerous
friends for their Kind letters of SYM
pathy on the dissolution of her mar
rage"
The court of Schleswig- Holstein once
issued the following curious notice:
"At the request of Herr Peter Lehman
of Altoona, the seaman Dietrich Lob
man, who was born in Kirchmoor in
November, 1S4S, and was drowned on
the journey from Stockton to Ham
burg while sailing in the ship Bertha
Jenny, is hereby called upon to appear
before this court and report himself
on or before Friday, January 20, 1893,
at II o'clock p. M, under pain of being
declared dead"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

A recent traveller. in giving a descrip-
ton of his climbing Mount Popocate-
petl in Mexico, and visiting its crater,
says that they were able to return from
the top of the mountain to the snow
line in fifteen minutes, covering a dis
lance which had required them six
hours to ascend. One sees things like
that often in common life. A man
struggles for years to build up good
reputation for honesty and integrity
among his fellow-men, and then in an
unguarded hour he takes a fatal to-
bogganslide that hurls him in a single
act below where he began to climb
twenty or thirty years ago. 1t is those
who persevere unto the end who win
the crown, and no one can afford to
grow careless or to cease to be watchful
against temptation.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

Some idea of the attention paid in
England to the breeding of the useful
horse as distinguished from the ami.
nal used for racing may be gained
from the fact that at the recent London
show of the Shire Horse Society the
total value of the cash prizes for eX-
cellence in this breed alone aggregated
1927. There We're seyen classes for
stations, six for mares, and two for
geldings, and there were n number of
cups and special prizes as we'll There
are also breeders prizes. thirteen in
number, for stations and mares. and
two for geldings, with first prizes off10
In each. This is certainly an incentive
for farmers to raise strong and sound
draught horses. and IN example that
It would be well to follow in this coun-
try.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
DOES FARMING PAYP
depends Largely Upon Management and
Economy in All Things.


Economy in All Things
~ is very natural for the prosperous
person Ill any vocation to tell the I'M
fortunate one that his failures are due
TO lack of judgment and energy. Let
Us examine the profit of farming from
business standpoint.
MI. A, retired merchant, has S13,-
oOO to invest in farming. The follow
ing gives a rough estimate of expenses
ana income: We assume that Mr.. A
employs Mr.. r to do his farming; $500
ana house is no eXtravagant salary
for MIR. B. Mr.. A also hires Mr. c for
eight months at $50 per month. Mr.
A buys well improved farm of 100
acres at $40 per acre, $4,000. To
equip said farm costs $1,000. We then
nave the following items of expense:
interest on $4,000 at per cent,
$3.50: taxes, S125: insurance, $12; an
nual repair of buildings and fences,
500; seeds. including clover, 500: feed
for four horses, 5000: incidentals. SO:
Mr.. BIS wages, $500: Mr.. C's wages,
5000: threShing and extra help during
year. 500; total expenses, S1.SS2
Now as to his income We assume
that Mr. A intends to engage in gen
eral farming-clover. corn. oats and
wheat. Deducting roads. drives and
yards, it will give us 3S acres of each
crop:
Wheat SO acres by 20 bushels mt roc.
500: corn. SIS acres by 30 bushels. mt
3Oc. $50: oats. IS acres by 10 bushels,
at 25c.. S3SG; hay. 20 tons at 81. 800:
total income $1.5S2; total expenses.
S1,SS2: loss, $500.
1t is apparent if Mr.. A had to Dor
row the money to buy the farm. he
could not meet his actual expenses,
unless he gets higher prices or in
creases the yield per acre. The con-
clusion is, no matter how much iudg-
ment and energy farmer has. it is
very doubtful whether he can afford
to pay $40 per acre for well i'm
proved farm for the purpose of rails
ing clover corn. oats and wheat. The
remedy for Mr. y lies in converting
the clover-instead of using it as fer
tilizer-intO beef. mutton and pork
This of course means more capital and
additional risk.
Can a young man buy farm and
ever expect to pay for it? Yes, if he
can get Il good farm for $50 per acre
and is willing to practice mixed farm
ing, and scrupulously live up to the
motto "WaStp Not"
There are many farms in every
country whore with the present prices
it is impossible to make a fair living
with general farming. What shall
these farmers do? Some say change
the tactics and raise some special
crop-herres. fruit, sheep, poultry.
etc.-good advice. provided these
farms are so located that they are in
reach of a good market
Does farming pay? The man that
bought n farm two years ago says it
does. The one who bought % years
ago says no. Thirty years ago we
paid for one acre of naked ground as
much as three acres improved, equally
good soil. bought Mt public sale last
summcr.-Country Gentleman.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19


I for coasrlng down the track, the aver
age descent oil which is S44.S feet per
mile. The toboggan is supposed to be
used only for pleasure purposes, no
| employee being authorized to use it
while in discharge o. his duties.
The device consists essentially Of a
plank - inches wide and 3 feet in
/ length, along the middle of the under
side of which there is a cleat which
| runs between the rack bars ana holds
the tOboggan thereon. On either side
| of the middle cleat there are brake
shoes bolted to the plank at one end
and bearing against the outside sur
faces of the rack bars or cog teeth.
These brake shoes are applied by
clamps bent over the sides of the plank
and operated by lever which, as ap-
pears in the illustration, the rider holds
within his grasp.
The plank bears upon the upper
edges of the cog teeth by steel runners,
which consist of two straps bent over
the ends of the plank. To hold the
device in balance a bar or pole is
bolted to the top of the plank. cross
wise, extending over the track rail on
either side. Across the front end Of
the plank there is bolted a rest for the
riders feet.
The method of operating the device
is simply to place the toboggan on the
track, sit down and attend to the
brake.
The speed attainable with this tobog-
gan depends upon the pleasure of the
rider a record of a fraction under n
mile a minute has been made on the
particular toboggan shown in this il
lustration, there being many of them
In use on the road.
The entire stretch of track from the
top of the peak, down to Manitou, nine
miles, is used, except at four points
where the track rails diverge at sid
ings. At these points the rider must
come to IA stop and carry his toboggar
about 40 leet. 1t is officially stated
that on one occasion an cmploye of the
company made the entire trip over the
nine miles in II minutes.
The high friction created by the con
tact of the runners with the rack rails
causes the former to heat, and on the
.ghter grades of s to II per cent the
heated runners have been known tC
adhere to the rack rail and stop the
toboggan.
/ For the purpose of fabrication and te
prevent the runners from unduly heat
ing. the rider carries a bar of soap
which he applies to the top of the rack
teeth by reaching over in front of the
! toboggan. Even then the friction is SC
great that at very high speed on the
long grades streams Of fire follow the
toboggan.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
BUSHY-TAiLED ANIMALS
Manner in Which They Make Use of Their
Tails When Asleep.

Some Of our wild animals" said q
naturalist, carry about with them all
summer that which nature has evident
" intended as substitute for their
winter flannels. l mean their tails OF
course. So far as / have been able to
Judge the bushy-tailed animals know
no other use for their tails than as pro-
lection against the cold. Did you ever
see fox sleeping? That is one sight
OF which the most patient student of
Wild life cannot always boast, because
a fox is always wide awake and has a
general antipathy to being looked at.
My own observations with sleeping
ones have been confined to two that l
raised from pups. When it was cold
they would shrink UP and seem fairly
20 wrap their tails about them. When
the air grew warmer they would uncoil
little and sometimes discard the tail
entirely, just about as impatiently as a
Sleeping child will kick off the covers
When he gets too warm in the night.
do not think that this attitude is
habltual with sleeping foxes. When the
weather was warm they did not curl
up at all, but lay sprawling with their
tails on the ground behind them.
The raecoon makes the same use of
nls tail. Did you ever see one prepar-
ing for a nap? Like the fox, he goes
% sleep on his side, but he makes more
russ about it than lazy lad getting up
"a the morning. First he bitches up
ms shoulders and arches his back, and
N the cavity thus formed he carefully
tucks away his knees and elbows and
Gead. Then he brings his tail up close,
Inc end of it curving over his head. He
pnWinds himself half dozen times be-
tore he gets curled up to his satisfac-
tlon, and when finally arranged he re-
fembles nothing quite so much as a
pun without the customary openings.
ne squirrel also covers himself with
lS tail, sleeping upright and propped
salnst something.
In fact" concluded the naturalist,
thls is true of every bushy-tailed ami
al have been on terms of sufficient
itimacy to see asleep. 1t is a very
ihdly arrangement nature has made
~ their comfort, and they do not seem
mind very much carrying around
peir winter fiannels in the summer. If
icy did not carry them with them
Ierever they went they would prob
Ply lose them, as the red man proves
ms tale of the bear and the rabbit"
New York Sun.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
ALASKA'S BROWN BEARS.
They Are Good Roadmakers and Furnish
Dangerous Sport for the Hunter.


Dangerous Sport for the Hunter.
"The brown bear is the great road
maker of the Alaska peninsula" said
a guide of many years experience in
that region. Not only are the banks
of the streams troddcn into good trails
by the huge, numbering brutes, but the
swampy plains are crossed in every
direction by paths leading to the hills
The traveller will do we'll to follow
them in iourncying across the country
as they invariably lead to the best
turdtn@ places of streams and form
TIA" easiest routes To the hills The
northern SIDE of The kcHai peninsula
bordering the shores of Cook Inlet
kaudiak island and the Alaskan pen
mStla as tar west as I'niak Island are
fav"rltc stamping grounds of the
ALASKA brown bear. He is huge.
shaggy animal. varying in length from
six 10 twelve feet and weighing from
500 To l,l00 pounds. This bear pos
SrScS all the courage and ficrcencSs
of his southern cousin, the grizzly. and
he has been hunted so little as yet
that he is absolutely fearless of man
and is an exceedingly dangerous ad-
vcrSAry
I'm dealing with the Alaska brown
bear n hunter should never go alone.
a companion is almost as essential ny
n gun. II possible. man well ac-
quantcd with the peculiar habits Of
this animal should he engaged to act
rs guide. Good bear dogs are of
great assistance: but they must be
brought into the country by the hunter,
as there are very few dogs there.
There are no trees as far west as Port
age Ray, and the hunter must he ex-
cccdingly careful how he enters the
heavy thickctS which cover the river
bottoms. rs the bears favor this kind
of ground. and if aroused or wounded
will unhcStatingly attack.
"Being an expert fisher. the bear
frcquents, during the salmon season,
all the rivers cmptying into the Behr-
ing Sea and the north Pacific and
their tributaries as far ms the fish go.
After the salmon run is over the ami
NAL retreats into the receSSeS of the
hills. where berries and small game
are plentiful.
"Thc Alaska cranberry is an especial
ly toothSome morSel to the brown bear,
has particularly sweet tooth. The
Alaska cranberry grows on marshes
that are 2.U0O and even 5000 feet above
the sea level. When ripe they are al
most Il deep purple Jelly made from
these berries is of a rich claret color.
and rs transparent as the most flaw
less glass. The flavor of it is delicious.
Bear hunters haunt these elevated
marshes when the berries are ripe,
for then they are sure of a profitable
and easy bear harvest
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
THE UNLUCKY DAYS.
rn. Ancients Had a Long List of Days e
be Feared.

rb. Ancients Had Long List of Days e
be Feared.
In ancient times the heather were
en- superstitious with regard to certain
Javs that they were pointed out in
their calendars with different colored
characters to mark the lucky ones and
the unlucky, and all classes arranged
the details of their daily life with
refercnce to these marks.
We of the present day claim to be
free from all this, but many there are
who will not begin a journey nor
niece of work on Friday, nor cut the
hair in the last quarter of the moon.
and who are very much frightened if
the soft rays of Luna chance to fall
mon the face while they are asleep.
Friday is even under Il ban; even
with regard to the weather, there is
an old saying which declares that
Fridays moon,
Come when it will, comes too soon.
In countries where capital punish
ment is in vogue Friday has nearly
always been 'hangman's day"
There are many Superstitions con-
neeted with New Years day; one that
is still firmly believed by many of
the devout is that of opening the Bible
at random and putting the finger on
any chapter contained in the two
open pages. 1t is believed that the
luck or unluck of the coming year will
IN a greater or less degree be fore
shadowed by some of the lines.
Again, others believe that it is very
rnlucky to take anything out of the
house on New Years morning before
taking something in; the old rhyme
which expresses this belief runs as
follows:
Take out, then take in,
Bad luck will begin:
Take in, then take out,
Good luck comes about.
Certain days for birth have general
" some particular attribute given
them which tell US that the child:
Born on Monday is fair of face;
Born on Tuesday, full of Gods grace;
Born on Wednesday. sour and sad;
Born on Thursday. merry and glad;
Born on Friday, worthily given;
Born on Saturday, work hard for your
living;
Born on Sunday, you will never know
want
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

An excess of nitrogen usually tends
toward wood production and an in
creased growth. nj the expense it is
thought of the crop of fruit Potash
and phoSphoric acid. on the other
hand, are supposed to promote the gen
eral vigor Of the tree, and increase the
quality of the fruit 1t is thought
that potash imparts a high color to
peaches and Strawberries and covers
grapes and plums with n deep bloom;
but lis effect on the fruit has not yet
been thoroughly studied.
The experience of many large fruit
growers favorS the use of potash in
fertiliZing orchards. II is commonly
applied in the form of muriate. from
200 to 300 lbs y being considered
an economical dressing if the orchard
receives an application each year.
often wonder if the practice is not
sometimes carried too far and if a
complete fertilizer would not in many
cases. give better results.
The result of experiments in the fer.
tilizing of peach orchards Mt the Y. J..
exp. sta shows the greatest yield Of
fruit per acre where muriatp of potash
and nitrate of soda were applied. but
potash gave much better results than
either nitrate of soda or phoSphoric
acid alone. Potash seemed to promote
certain vigor aud thrift which were
lacking in trees deprived of them
Potash has proved the most valuable
Of the single elements: the net gain
being greater than where barnyard
manure was used. The largest net
gain, however. came from using a
common fertilizer s. D. Willard. the
well-kuown western New York horti-
culturist. saws: ain order to have good
hard wood healthy leaves and we'll
developed buds we must rely upon
potash and phosphoric acid.-Prof. w.
e RrittOn
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

When one receives an invitation to a
wedding in Cairo Egypt, it is an i'm
portant event, because instead of be-
.ng asked for 1O-miDutes' church cere-
mony or brief evening reception, the
Invitation reads for three days. There
Is feasting during all this time, and the
house and street are literally decorated
with flags and lanterns.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
A NOVEL TOBOGGAN.
HAIR RAISING RID DOWN Pixies PEAK
RAILWAY TRACK.

The Device Consists of a Plank Three Feet
Long and Twelve Inches Wide-The As
tonishing Speed That Is Deveioped-Fric-
ton Sometimes Stops the Machine.
Although there are many kinds of
vehicles in service on railway track,
perhaps few people ever thought of
using such thoroughfare for a tobog-
gan slide, especially track with rack
bars along its middle; and besides,
there are few steam railway tracks
steep enough for the purpose. The ac-
companying illustration shows de-
vice used " the officers and employees
of the Manitou Pixies Peak railway
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

That plants when injured suffer from
fever is a new discovery by a British
botanist. Plants suffer in a similar
manner to animals under like condi-
tons. The rate of respiration in
creases and the temperature rises,
reaching a maximum within twenty
four hours.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19

A Trcnchman has just patented a
paper.bag material impervious to wa
ter, the ordinary wrapping being coat
ed with gas tar and the layer of tar
covered with q thin sheet of tissue OF
similar paper, so that the tar does moi
come In contact with the contents OF
the bag.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-05-19
Many pig Citirs in .Janan.

Japan, with n population Of 45,00O.-
600. has 900 towns that have more than
100000 inhabitants. In 1856 the nun
Der of such towns was III Osaka has
increased from 100000 to $4,000 in.
habitants. in ten years. Yokohama
from $4,000 TO 10000, Kobe from So.
900 to $4,000. Toxic has now popu
lation of 100000.