Arizona republican., 1899-11-04
HOW TO LEARN SPANISH.
By GEORGE F. M'KIBBEN. Professor
of Modern Languages in Denison
University.
LESSON II.

II 1 ne present lnllHlllNe serves as
the key form, by which the verb is
named. Verbs are classified according
to the ending of the present infinitive:
AR marks the first conjugation: ER,
the second: IR. the third. AS models
/ of the three regular conjugations we
choose tOmar, to take; conner. to eat.
and vivir. to live. OF these tonar rep
resents by far the largest conjugation,
the majority of the 5000 Spanish verbs.
10. Observe that each verb consists
-Of two elements. usually plain to the
eye; the stem, or unchanging part Of
the verb, and the ending, or the vaTi-
able part.
16- The principal parts. from which
the whole infection of the verb may
be inferred, are commonly considered
five in number: the present infinitive.
present participle. past participle, first
singular of the Indicative present, and
the first singular of the Indicative pre-
terite. Below are the principal parts of
the model verbs, each form accompa
MED by its meaning:
l. Pres Inf.-tOm2r. TO take Pres.
Part.-tomando, taking. Past Part
tornado, taken. Pres. Ind.-tomO, I
take. Pref. Ind.-tOre. I took.
Il. Pres. Inf.-comer, to eat. Pres.
Port.-cOmienio. eating. Past Part
condo. eaten. Pres Ind.-comO, eIt.
i7ret. Ind.-comi. I ate.
II. Pres. Inf.-vivir. TO live. Pres.
Part.-yivien6o. living. Past Part
vivido. lived. Pres. Ind.-vivo, ! live
Pref. Ild.-vivi, I lived.
Il. The subject pronouns are express
Ell il connection with q single tense
only of the model verb below. showing
them all within q BRIEF space. They
are usually omitted except cor emPha-
SIS or cIearness. The p-onouns OF al
dress require especial attention. The
foreigner must know for reading plr-
poses tn, thou, vos, you singular and
vOsotrOs you (piuraD. But the only
prOnoUn needed by the foreigner in ad
dressing persons under ordinary cir
cumstances is listed, plural ustedes,
which are commonly represented by
the authorizations V. and w. These
are pronounced as if written in full.
These pronouns of address listed and
ustedes are contr2ctions of vuestra
MERGED, your grace. and vuestras mer-
cedes, your graces, and are always
used with the third person. singular,
and third plural respectively of the
verb il question. He and she are rep
resented by el and ella; plural, clos
and elias.
IS. Conjugation ], Model Verb. tomar,
to take, Simple lenses, Active Voice.
Principal Parts: tomar. tOmando, to-
mado, tomo tome.
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present tense-I take, etc. Yo tomO.
tn tomas. el or ella toma, V. toma,
nosotrOs tomamos, vOs, vosotros to-
mais, ellos. elias tOman, Wv. toman.
Imperfect tense-I took. etc. Tome,
tonaste, tomo, tomamos, tomasteis,
tomaron.
Future tense-I shall take, etc. To-
mare. tomaras. tomara. tomaremos.
tomareis, tomaran.
SUBJUNCTIvE MODE.
Present tense-I may take, etc Yo
tome. tn tones. el or ella tome, V.
tome, nosotros tomemos. vos. vosotros
tomeis. ellos. elias tomen; Wv. tomen.
First imperfect tense-I might take.
etc. Tomara, tomaras, tomara, toma-
ramos. tomarais. rOmaran.
Second imperfect tense-I might take,
etc. Tomase, tomases. tOmase. toTna-
semos tomaseis. tomasen.
Future tense-I shall or may take,
etc. Tomare, tomares. tomare. toma-
remos, tomareis. tomaren.
(The forms given above as first and
second imperfects are in some gram
mars treated as second conditionais
also)
CONDITIONAL MODES.
Present tense-I should take. To-
maria, tomarias. tomaria, tomariamos,
tomariais. tomarian.
Imperative mode-TCma, take (thOu);
tomad. take (ye): tome, let him take;
tome V. take; tomemos. let US take:
tOmen, let them take; tomen w. take.
Negative imperative forms-No to
mes, take (thOu) not; no tomeis. take
not; TO tome. let him not take: no tome
v, 90 not take; no tOmeros, let us not
take; no tomen, let them not take; 10
tonen w, 90 not take.
10 Only two OF the forms given
above under the imperative mode are
real inperatiyes. These are toma and
tomad. second person. singular and
plural The rest &C. TIE Affirmative
forms and all the negative forms are
borrowed from the subiuncdve.
%. Scores OF verbs Of coHjuEation I
undergo changes in the Stem, though
the eudirgs are wholly regular. These
stem changes are OF two kinds: Vowel
changes within the stem and consonant
changes at the end Of the sem.
"a The changes in stem vowel are
due to stress or accent. They appear
only in the present tense of the indica-
tive, subjunctive and imperative, and
only in those forms whose stem is ac-
cented or stressed. The vowel change
that occurs is called expansion or diph-
thongization, and affects most fire.
quently e, which becomes ie. and o
(rareIy W, which becomes ue. The fol-
lowing forms of alentar, to encourage.
and sonar, to sound or ring, may serve
as examples:
Indicative present. encourage. etc.
Aliento. alientas. alienta, alentamos.
alentais, alientan. l sound, etc.-Su-