The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1899-11-12
An era Of tel.phons toll REDUCTIONS nowhere

an era Of telephone toll reductions nowhere
charging more than one.half the Bell rates.
improvements in INSTRUMENTS and service, a.
well as 10 give reductions in charges. What
,hese companies now need to PVT them
to have their local txgh%nses con:
Tor the latter PURPOSE. it is asserted. that the
new Continental Telegraph. Telephone and
Gable Company has been WtHSc2rpSra'fd IN NoT
Widener. William i. Elkins and their friends.
Foregoing the danger to their business In
began the present suit Against the National
Telephone MANUFACTURING Company OF Boston
T. Angust; iS,2' a!lcglsg inirLn.ement o, ;ns
help to the independent manufacturers and
telephone, companies and an association was
formed to hire LAWYERS and make i defence. The
whole strength OF both sides will therefore be
plttcd against each other in this case. The de-
snse sets up two a;1ert2n one H. ,h1, me
not novel. having been, Anticipated in the IN
yentions Of others. and the other is that the
ent taken out hv Berlp.r himself
The telephone was named by Wheatstone in
$40, but his name spp,,at only to the com
hiuations OF strings and vibrating bars or
membrane which transmit The sound OF the
voice Ivy direct vibrations Philip Reis. whosss
earlier inventions are asserted to have crnbod-
led the principal Of tho lcrIincr pat
ent, published accounts OF his ex,
q .@"n@s in h' witt; 'G,S Grci mso {:
vibrating membrane which carried metal
point tina; Alternately made and broke an cleo
trical current Mt each nnN"mont The re-
ceiver was knitting necdle enclosed IN u
helix Of wire and the Whole enclosed In
a rsnt Rs SH needle %sSG ' gave Of soH"
which formed into singing tones the notes
q which depended un1n th. rnnldity OF
ths membrane Of the trunsmit;sr. He after
ward made more perfect Instruments on this
principle and u is asserted that these traus:
character
Vibrations which give character to the human
tone and that this, was due to thevcry rrincipe
that makes the Bcrliner device valuable. al
though Refs was not aware OF what his device
The hasi. o, the telephone was Bells inyeu-
ton dependent upon the discovery hat II an
armaturs . moved back au forth IN front Of
a lived magnet, el"G,r,c cHrrcnts 81 n,liIerens
wire cooled about the magnet His original
inS'rument was mad" in this wav, using a
straight Tar magnet with n spool ot wire
around one end and diaphragm Of ierrotvpe
pluta liked in front OF ~ wher" It could
s@swes =. - n.e E"ISe r v me
other end o the line. which acted as y receiver.
tion II, the induced currents This telernone
instrument. with improvements IN detail. is
Tn ,nS s.nins i bower T' o. I'll. tslSrhone wal.
however. very vsHk Early In 1877, or per-
hars before. it was announced by Bar!iner that
could be produced bv having the Diaphragm
touch globe OF meta and la-~ing an
e-ctric current from a battery through the
diaphragm and globe and thence ever
current. he found would vary in character
with each variation ofprcssure. due to he ten
dency TO vibrats IN response TO the voice, and
would thus record. not only the main tones OF
the voice. hut also the over tones, which give
IL character. This sams principle was
time by Prof. Hueh.s. who called III.
device for using 1t a microphone. because "
nacniiled sounds pro' Hughes .ciastrip
oi rurhon with shnrrCned points s"' tn metal
cup. AZ either end and attached To u hoard to
PASS his current through. and II fly walking on
III. board could I've heard di-tinctlv in tn's-
phone At the other end Of tho ! re, Edison soon
made a telrrhune trnusmIttsr. on the micro
phone princpls. using soft carbon. pressed
against metal for the spn-ltiN" par. \ later
dav-loumert ~ the idea was to use two pieces
81 hard carbon, ora attached TO the hn"t Of the
diaphragm that - talked againsi aud the other
TO wire hack Of this. and the e"'-
t-iral correction Ia kept up through
separate bits or grains OF carbon n,Nng
the space between them. Subject 10 many
variations in detail. this is the trans
IN tier now IN use everywhere IN this country
Many attempts hAN- ha.n ma - 70 profuco "A
tran-mitter a. 200 not on tho Bcr.iuer princl-
pie. and IL is asserted that some OF these Nrs
succcsses. hut IT Ia fact that none o. them
has yet come into uSo.