davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
MExlco's MONEY!.
what 10 Has Bssn ana Manner in, which,
II Il Manufactured.


Before Mexico was invaded by the
Hpaniards, coins were unknown In the
country, the natives using In the place
Of money the smallest cacao beans.
Heserving those of larger size and bet
ter quality for the manufacture of
liquor, to which they were much ad-
dicted.
About fourteen years after the con.
Quest-that is to say, about the year
1886, Castilian coin commenced to
make its appearance in Mexico. As it
arrived, however, only in very small
quantities, it proved itself insufficient
for the needs of trade, even though
the latter was still of very insignifi-
cant proportions. 1t was then that
the ruling viceroy, under authority of
royal decree, ordered the manufac.
ture In the City of Mexico of small
pieces OF silver of a certain weight,
These pieces were not stamped with
and coinage whatsoever, and their
value was determined entirely by
their weight and size. From this was
derived the name ''peso," which has
outllved the first attempt at making
money in Mexico up to the present.
These pieces Of silver remained in
circulation a number Of years, and
pieces of gold and of copper were also
added in time. Soon, however, it was
found that this sort of circulating
medium made fraud and abuse ex-
tremely easy, and the Spanish gov
eminent, taking cognizance of this
fact, established, by royal decree, three
minis, granting them q perpetual ek.
istence for America. These MINIS
were located in San Luis, Santa Fe
and the City of Mexico.
The same decree also provided that
In San Domingo, ON the Spanish island
known today as Puerto Rico, only cop
per money should be made, according
to the regulations governing the mint
Of CASTLE IN the year 1859. The coin
age of Mexico was actually begun dur
ing the reign Of Viceroy Antonio de
Mendoza, who established a mint in
buildings belonging to the Marquis del
Vale. Here 1t remained only a short
time, being transferred first to the
council buildings, and later to the vice.
regal palace. During all this time the
coinage was of considerable amount,
and the facilities of the establish
ment were not sufficient to meet the
demands made upon it for coins, for
which reason frequent demands for
minting apparatus are found in the an
Client records. In the year 177S, the
mint was established in the Apartado
building, and has continued since then
in the street of that name. From the
Declaration of Independence until the
year 1S47, the mint was rented out to
private parties, whosupplied with coin
all the states Of the republic that had
no mint Of their own.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
ADay Ahead of the Almanac

An interesting circumstance incident
to Magellan's circumnavigation of the
globe and discovery of the Philippines
is that every degree Magellan sailed
westward added four minutes to his
day, until, when he reached the Philip
pines, the difference in time amounted
to sixteen hours. Curiously enough,
this escaped the notice Of all. Elcano,
the only Captain who made the entire
circuit, was not aware, "when he re-
turned to the longitude of his depart
ure, that his ships logbook" was about
a day behind "the time of the port his
long-continued westward course had
brought him back to. The error re-
manned unnoticed also in the Philip
pines till 1914, when it was decided to
pass over New Years Day for once
altogether" Thus it appeared that the
Philippines, instead Of lying far to the
west of Spain, the direction in which
the discoveries had sailed. might more
properly be spoken Of as lying about
eight hours east Of Spain. When it is
noon in Madrid 1t is about 500 in the
evening in Manila, and about ITO 10
the morning at Washington.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
A MAKEUP ROUTE.



the Protector Gave N Up.
In the course Of my hustlinR," said
q man who has done many things for
living, Il got up once In q Western
toWn wake-up route, waking I'D
people that wanted to get I'D at some
n4eo hour In the morning. It was n
nvely town, with lot of people In It
mat made a practice of sitting I'D
nights and who found II hard work
10 get up in the morning, and had
no trouble In getting subscribers. 1
hao hard work in serving 'em all. MY
nan mad to move sharp to get around
TO EN- all in time. He couldn't stay
ana argue with man that was STUPID
and sleepy. If he wouldn't get up
after fair warning he had to let him
go, and 1t was this that finally made
trouble, because these men wanted to
De walked up with club, so to speak,
IL necessary, and while my man was
punctuality itself and never failed to
be there at the appointed hour and to
wake the man up, yet he was a slight
and rather delicate man and he
couldn't enforce his demands, quite
aside from the question of having time
to stay. Some big burly chap would
say to him:
You go way or I'll break you In
two and what could my man do?
But in the morning these folks
would always be sorry they hadn got
up and suppose that was natural
enough, but they used to come to the
office and kick because l hadn't got
'em up. They said they'd contracted
to be got up and they wanted to be
got up.
well, stood this sort of nonsense
for a while and then l imported a
waker-up from the East, a powerful,
up-tO-date Slugger, who could wake ND
anybody at any hour of the night, no
matter how sound asleep he might be
and keep him awake. sent this man
out one night with my little man for a
pilot. 1t was like this
They'd go into the mans room, and
the little fellow'd do the talking.
a." Come now,' he'd say, it's time to
get up
" You go way says the sleeper.
No. says the little man, you want
to get up right now, and if you don't
I'm going to get you up
"And in minute or less the big fel.
low would tackle him. He'd wake him
up all right, and the sleeper realized
in Il minute every tSme what had hap.
pened. Then they'd go at it, right
there; but my man was a hummer
with loud hum, and he cleaned out
his man every time in short order. He
licked fifteen subscribers that meeaiRe
In an hour and forty minutes.
But l knew that while we could lick
'em easy in detail, we couldn't begin
to touch 'em in bunch, and they were
sure to come: and so along in the
morning, before they'd got around, We
moved out.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
A Hanging Scrap Book,

What is all that newspaper stuff
hanging over your desk?" a loiterer
asked a man who writes for living.
"That?" the man answered, pointing
to long strips of newspaper clippings
which were pendant from a gas chan
delier, directly over the desk at which
he sat, that is my scrap book. You've
heard Of the hanging gardens of Baby
Ion, haven't you? Well, this is my
hanging scrap book. People generally
go on the plan that scrap book must
be neatly pasted full Of clippings, and
then piled away on a top shelf of
closet, or in the bottom of a trunk
where you can never get at it without
much time and trouble. Now, my i1ea
of scrap book is one that you can
have where you want it and when you
want it; so have pasted these long
strips OF blue paper together, over the
cross bar of my old fashioned gas chan
delier. On these strips-as I clip short
newspaper bits relative to my work
bits of prose or poetry, jest or philoso-
ply, statistics or other information, |
stick a little dab Of library paste, and
up the clipping goes. 1t is convenient.
and easily renewable; there is no
patent on 1t, and the hanging scrap
book will be found valuable to all
writer's who like the things where they
can clap their eyes on them"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
some QUEER APPETITEs.
Dstriches and Gnats Arc Not Alone in
the Possession Of Them,

IuO OS6CbS1Vu Va 1AC"s
The novel operation mentioned ~
emily Of the removal of over six
bches of hatpin from the neck Of
htten is not altogether without pre-
fedent.
Kittens and puppies, and cats and
logs, it was stated, are frequent sui.
Iers from a lack Of discrimination In
twalowing things never intended for
consumption. Hatpins, meat-skewers,
Knitting needles, and ordinary needles
lnd pins are among the articles they
lave been known to swallow. Only
recently tiny fox terrier was sub.
nitted for professional examination on
What was supposed to be an abscess
Qn the side. The surgeon, however,
decided that a foreign body was pres
ont, and nothing could of course be
done without the merciful aid Of chic.
roform, for it is both interesting and
gratifying to know that even the least
painful operation is never attempted
until the animal to be operated upon
Is placed temporarily beyond the reach
Of pain. The results of this operation
disclosed the presence of a wooden
meat-skewer in the terriers stomach.
with the point projecting between its
RIBS. The obstacle was successfully
removed and today the tiny pet Is as
risky as ever 1t was.
Another small spaniel paid the pen
atty Of its righteousness with it's life,
mainly owing to the fact that its
owner was a comparatively poor man.
One morning the dog entered the bed
room. and bouncing upon the dressing
table. Tapped up diamond stud worth
five or six guineas. Ordinary emetics
had no effect, and unfortunately under
|chloroform on the operating table the
surgeon was unsuccessful in dislodg-
Ing the stud. At the wish of the
owner a further supply Of the drug
was given, and post-morte'm revealed
the missing gem.
4 1t is attributed to some, cats that
they show an Incorporate inclination
for wine corks, and frequently swal-
low them. Others swallow needles,
(which gradually work out through
their skin, and there is case on
record of an omnivorous goat that
Swallowed a packet of small needles
|and for some months afterward, owing
Ito its porcupine exterior, was a ter
|rOr to the small boys who attempted
ITO take seat on its back.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

,,,rcb Dahlgren, who after devotins
D,b time to the study Of the method
rhIch fishes breathe has discovered
Y msmbranous valves just inside the
IN which make possible the follow
4 : conception of the breathing of tele-
" ashes. which is given by Mr.. Dahl.
~ in the last issue Of the Princeton
niversity Bulletin: "The construction
II oneration of the fish's apparatus
4 that of a perfect twO-valve pump
a such pump there must be n cham.
~ which possesses two openings,
oh guarded by valve. The forces
,ecessary to operate such structure
- three Tor six in number: /. A
srce so applied as to alternately con-
,,act and expand the chamber; .. A
Srce TO alternately shut and open the
sDsterier exit valve; 3. A force
a alternately shut and open the anter-
NJ valve. These valves must be oper-
sted in proper sequence TO the eXpan.
I'm and contraction of the chamber.
M valves may be operated either
IL SEPARATE mechanism or by the auto
~o+c action of current passing
Hrough the chamber. 1t is to this latter
rclntthat attention is called in the case
Il the fish. Here we find a chamber
~ oral cavity and two openings. the
mouth (anterior openingj and the
hubble gill opening posterior open
Iag,. Muscular force is applied to ex-
md and contract the oral cavity. But
a such direct application of muscular
hrce is needed to open and close the
NJ anterior and posterior openings.
mis- Is done automatically by the
Iranchlostegal valves in the gill open
he Tor posterior opening) and by the
naxmilary and mandibular breathing
hives in the mouth opening Tor anteri-
4 opening) The fish is thus not re-
1pired to use separate muscles to close
nd open the passages, but the loss of
.hergy due to friction and retarded
Momentum on the valves must be adj
Id to that required to expand and con.
fact the oral cavity. 1t is simply
mechanical economy such as is found
b the heart"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
Fishes That FAN Upwards.

This phenomenon cannot be witness
ed everywhere. You must go out to
the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, and
then let yourself down into the sea
for about two miles, if you wish to
test the fact. At this depth the pres
sure of the water is very great-so
great, in fact, that the fish, being used
to the great weight, dare not enter
shallow water for fear of falling up
wards and bursting. Fishes which
are adapted to considerable depths
may accidently leave the bottom,
swimming toward the surface. This
allows the gases in their bodies to eX-
pand slightly, and thus renders them
more buoyant. The more the gases ex-
pand, the more buoyant they become
and the greater iD the difficulty Of
returning to the depths, until finally
the buoyancy of the body becomes
so great that they are no longer able to
return to the bottom. They continue
to rise to the surface more and more
rapidly, until the expanding of the
gases in the body kills them. AS soon
as the bodies reach the surface, the
release of all outer pressure causes
them to burst into pieces.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
QUEEN'ANNE'S RAILROAD COMPANY,
GENERAL NOTICE.
MARCH LIST, 1899

Commencing April Sth 1898, the :Queen
Anne's Railroad Company will transfer it's
business from Pier N 10 Pier 915 Light street
Baltimore, Md, and will put IN service the
Steamer "Favorite" between Baltimore and
Queenstown.
On the same date the Office ofGeneral Freight
and Passenger Agent will be moved from
Queenstown, Md, to Pier Va Light street, Bal
timore, Md.
Beginning Wednesday, March (, 81, Steame' y
OF the Queen Annes Railroad Company will
leave Baltimore at 3:25 p NJ, instead of $50
as heretofore.
1. w. TROXEL,
apl22, 9S-ti General VI tnaeer
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

Sunday excursions to Rchoboth Beach.
Six hours at the seaside Excellent bathing.
Round trip, $50. Steamer leaves Pier %
Light street: sundays, Z A. NJ, connecting
with special train Mt Queenstown for Rcho-
both Beach. Returning, steamer arrives at
Baltimore AT 1890 p. NJ. Season ticket, So 60.
Saturday until Monday, 500.
For further information, apply at Pier.
I. w. TROXEL, WD. UHLER.
Gen. Manager. Gen. Frt. and Pass. Agt.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

A large tom cat for 10 years made
voyages on a mail steamer between
Sydney and San Francisco. The ami
NAL has died, and was buried at sea.
having almost completed 100000
miles of travel.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

Quizzer-What do you understand b,
wasting ones substance in riotou.
living?
Guyer-Buying cuffs that you can,
reverse, l supposed
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
CoIora In oil Tar

Chemists have extracted from coal
tar 16 shades of blue, 16 of yellow, IL
of orange, 8 Of violet, besides shades
of other colors toe numerous to men
ton
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
GENERAL ORDER.

Mr.. c. C. Waller, General Freight and Pas.
senger Agent, having resigG ed, AL commune
cations relative to that department u1il
further notice, will be referred to this office.
l. w. TROXELL.
General Manager.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

Afternoon and sunday trips to Queenstown.
Boat remains ut Queenstown about two
hours. Round trip, 80 cents Steamer leaves
Pier 90 Light street: Daily, $40 p. NJ. sun
days, A. NJ. and $40 p. NJ. Returning, steamer
arrives ut Baltimore ut 1880 =. NJ daily.
Meals at Hotel Bolingly, or on steamer, 50
cents
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

In ecclesiastical law a terrier is a
book which is supposed to be kept in
every parish and in which there is a
record of the sources Of its revenue,
and particularly of its lands (terrae in
Latin, terres in French, whence the
word terrier). OF course it is the duty
as well as the interest of every per-
son to see that the terrier of his par
ish IS we'll kept, but the duty is often
neglected During the early days Of
the ircumbency of parson who was
rather fond of sport he received from
his bishop a formal letter of inquiry
on several matters, to which he was
requested to give answer. When he
came to the question: "Do you keep a
terrierY the good-natured parson re-
piled: No; but have two well-bred
pointers, and your lordship is welcome
to one of them If you care to have it."
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21
FRIENDS WITH MANKIND,
Animals in the Yellowstone Park Now
Have No Fear OF Man,

nave NO Fear OF Man.
The slaughter Of birds has almost
entirely removed one Of the delight
ful Accomplishments of life in the
rural eaSt-the music of the feathered
songsters. Apropos of this, it may
be said that one of the most pleasant
features of the drive through the
Yellowstone National Park is the ap-
parent intimacy between man and the
animal and bird life in the park.
Thanks to the wise and stringent regu.
lations, no shooting is allowed within
Its boundaries.
The result" says an English tour
LIST, lis positively charming Hundreds
OF little chipmunkS, with their gaudy
striped backs, sea npered impudently
about or peered at the passing coach
from the roadside The squirrel did
not bolt for the nearest tree, but mold.
ed a welcome. All bird life treated
us likewise. Even the lordly eagle
lowered near, and the wild turkey
stalked unconcernedly through the
rank grass. We We're fortunate en-.
ough to see fine specimen OF the wolf
tribe. lie stood, beautiful creature,
anu hdttueu Us Oul VI SlBul, SuOWlUR
only curiosity, not fear. Another time
we perceived doe and fawn grazing
by the road. Not until we were with
In few feet did they seek the shelter
OF the woods, yet not to fly. They
simply moved aside. Here at least
mankind was regarded as a friend
one who could be trusted. The only
animal who ran away was a brown
bear. He turned tail at the sight of
a coaching party, yet it was quite a
common thing for bears to approach
close to the hotels at evening to feed
on the refuse thrown out. 1t was an
afteI-dinner relaxation for the guests
to watch them feeding. They MUNICH.
ed and disputed the choicest morsels,
for the most part Indifferent to the
company. Only when we became in
quisitive and approaching TOO near did
they retire; and these animals were
perfectly free and unfettered in their
movements. 1t may read like a fairy
tale, but it is solid fact"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1899-07-21

The world uses $4,000 steel pens .
dow
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-09-28
BOSTON & ALBANY.
Directors Meeting a
Stormy Session
Yesterday.
VOTE TAKEN ON DISAPPOINTMENT.
Moved That New York Cen
trail Lease Be Laid
Over.
VOTE TAKEN ON DISAPPOINTMENT.

Boston, Sept. 27.-Shall Boston & AL
bany railroad directors be sustained or
not? This is the question which is still
undecided by the stockholders of that
road, after an all days session which
was so lively that it stands out in con-
trast with most every other meeting.
The stockholders have cast their ball
lots on this question, but tonight the
canvass was not completed, and Prasi-
dent Bliss gave little promise of an
nouncing a result before daylight. The
great issue at stake in today's meeting
pertained to the acceptance by the
Boston & Albany stockholders of a
lease by the road as proposed by the
New York Central & Hudson River rail-
road. Strong opposition to such a lease
on the terms offered developed early
which opposition claimed that the divi-
dends guaranteed are not sufficient,
based on the past earnings on stock of
the road.
The attendance was so large when the
meeting began in the South Terminal
that an adjournment was taken to-
Bumstead hall. By mutual consent of the
leaders of the factions for and against
the lease, the fight on that question
stands postponed till Nov. Is. The fight
began over the directorate. The protec-
tive committee presented a ticket, which
If elected, would give the protective
committee control If the road, thereby
showing disapprova al of the lease on the
terms as offered by the New York Cen
trail and recommended by the present
directorate Samuel Hoar presented the
case and after long debate a stock
vote was ordered on Mr.. Hoar's motion
to @oose directors on Nov Is.
An interesting and significant letter
was read from President Galloway OF
the New York Central in which he
stated that his company was not dis
posed to increase the rental rate and
that if the terms were not satisfactory
to the stockholders of the Boston & Al.
bany. further negotiations were use
less. This was met by a declaration
that Massachusetts did not require out.
side aid in running its railroad and con.
nections could be made with Other
properties that would meet any at
tempt on the part of the New Yorl
Central to divert business from the
Boston & Albany.
| All the speakers of the protective
committee took the position that the
property was worth more than has beer
offered for it. Mr.. Hoar stated that he
| believed the property could be better
| trusted in the hands of the, mem who
have made it what it is than to those
| who are without practical railroad
knowledge. The protective committee
believe that the motion to postpone the
| election of the directors will be defeat
ed. as they claim to control las, DOL
shares The ballot will show definitely
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-09-28
A SYMPHONY CONCERT.
Mr.. Ffranecon-Dav the Soloist-
Goldmark and Beethoven Program.

Mr.. Ffranecon-Davies the Soloist-
Goldmark and Beethoven Program.
The afternoon program was the ideal
Of the symphony concert, as regards
PROPORTIONS, contents and length, for it
presented an overture. a single soloist
and a symphony. The fact that it last
ed only an hour and a quarter is one
OF it's shining merits, for with re-
hearsal and two concerts in single
day, the listener becomes so saturated
with music that the mind sometimes
rebels and refuses to receive impress
,stous. Yet this concert was no attempt
10 "cloy the hungry edge of appetite by
bare imagination of feast for it pos
sesse6 both solidity and brlliancy. To
those who have not persistently fol-
lowed up the rehearsals, how stirring
are the first strong chords of the fun
orchestra, and how inspiring is the i'm
petuous rush of the superb Boston
symphony strings. There is nothing to
compare with them.
Goldmarks "Sakuntala" overture
with which the CONCERT began, was read
with splendid spirit Its sensuous yet
simple themes. vigorous and well-de-
The Worcester spy. [volume] (Worcester, Mass.) 1898-1904, 1899-09-28

sweetness of tone lacking, but the cello
part was admirably done, and the spon-
taneous applause at the end of the
overture showed how thoroughly the
music was enjoyed.
Mr.. Ffrangcon-Davie sang Schu-
berts great song, die Almacht" in
German, with piano accompaniment.
the desired orchestral score not bsing
obtalnable. Here, as ever, the singer
was to be praised for his discretion,
refinement and expert vocalism. He
made his delivery impressive without
roaring. Though the song offers strong
to abuse the voice, he waited
till the end for his effect of power, and
the suspense perhaps enhanced it. Per-
sstent applause brought him back to
the stage with Calchas' aria from
Gluok's "Iphigenia in Aulis." 'In vain
do mortals try are the first words of
the recitative, and Although we rule
with power is the beginning of the
aria. This is melody requiring broad
treatment, and giving the singer oppo,-
tunlty to display the richness of his
voice and his skill In smooth legato.
Nevertheless. it is not interesting mu-
sic.
The concert closed with Beethoven's
fifth symphony Mr.. Chadwick did not
make Fate angrily smash the door. hut
the triplet of blows were vigorous
enough. There was no doubt somebody
who wanted to get in. The first move
ment was read with dignity, and yet
with dash. The cadenza for oboe was
beautifully played by Mr. Sautet, who
is good enough for a premier. The cell
los distinguished themselves in the ia
nous andante. and the wooden wind
had opportunity to display its agility.
poetry and purity Of tone. The move
ment seemed to drag little, but that
made the fascinating scherzo all the
more grateful. In this movement and
the finale, much attention was paid to
contrasts, and the music moved. along
with vivacity and convincing force.
The applause that followed every
movement Of the Beethoven symphony
proves the truth of Theodore Thomas
remark, that the so-called classic music