davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

the world in check are confidently ex-
pected to be solved in Cornell. Speak
ing upon the subject Professor Fuertes
says:
10 deal effectively with water. it
is necessary to be equipped with ap
raratus and accomplishments entirely
different from any which would be re-
quired IL other Specialties in engineer
ing. 1t has been believed that the limit
reached in the progress of hydraulics
IS due mainly to the lack of oppoTtu-
mites for proper experiment. on suit
able scale. And this is all the more
strange, since almost every nation on
the face of the earth is obliged to spend
II the aggregate fabulous sums of
money in the Improvement of rivers,
harbors and coast defenses. Yet a
large number of unsolved doubts of ten
tative hydraulic works are forced upon
The engineer.
This laboratory will enable the en-
gineer to devise any single simple prob
lem, ard after study of its construc-
tons, add to the original problem such
disturbing new conditions as may en-
able him to discriminate between the
effects of individual, simple causes and
their combined inter-action. A hasty
survey of the causes of failure in many
Of the river improvements upon the
Danube, Rhine, Rhone and our own
Mississippi, reveals the necessity of
better data and a settlement of the
lOng-disputed theories of transoorta-
ton by dragging and by suspension in
water. That we viii be able to solve
some of the great problems in engineer
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

as a mere sliding of the ice. Very soon,
however, other observers saw that this
simple explanation by no means suf-
feed, for the most casual observation
showed that the channel through which
the glacier moves-its banks or borders
lis not usually of uniform width from
beginning to end, but, on the contrary,
widens and narrowS much as does the
channel of a river. And, like the river
of water, this river at all times cons
pletely fills its channel, spreading out
into lagoons of ice where the channel
widens and narrowing into a slender
stream as the walls contract. Clearly,
then, the ice stream changes its shape
Just as the stream of water does; yet
how is this possible, since ice is a solid,
and a very brittle solid at that?
Numberless explanations have been
Put forward in calculation of this plz-
zle, but the one that has seemed to have
greatest plausibility, and hence has
gained greatest currency, assumes that
the ice in the depths of the glacier Is
being constantly melted by the pressure
of the mass above it, and as constantly
re-congealed, being nodded into new
forms during the moment or transit
ton. The justification for this hypoLhe-
sis is found in the fact, which was nrst
demonstrated by Professor James
Thompson, the brother of Lord Kelvin,
that pressure, Insufficient, greatly low
ers the melting point of ice, and IN the
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
QUICK PROPOSAL RECORD.
A Virginia Girls Unique Experience
While Travelling Abroad.

A Virginia girl believes that she <as
broken what might be called the quick
proposal record A few years ago. be-
fore her marriage. she was travelling
abroad with an invalid friend. They
were on their way from Brussels to
Amsterdam. and the only other occu-
pant of their coach was a rather fine
looking man, who had settled himself
in the corner.
They paid no attention to him. but
chatted away together. Miss W
finally wanted a pencil TO make out
some accounts, and after looking
through their bags, found that they
had neglected to bring one with them.
The stranger, who had been watching
their movements intently, here offered
his, very courteously. In a few mo-
ments he spoke to them about d ter
rible railroad accident which had just
occurred in England.
ConventiOnalities are usually thrown
to the winds in travelling, and the man
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

ais, is not new, for the mobility of such
solids under pressure, as when ham,
mered, is Familiarity known. A curious
experiment recently made by Professor
Sinclair has Illustrated this in a. very
vivid way. By means of an ingenious
apparatus, it has been possible to pho
tograph the surface of bowl of water
at the moment a ball dropped from q
height falls into it. The photograph be-
ing instantaneous, the water sDlaShed
up about the ball gives the impression
of a solid crater. But the curious fea
ture is, that exactly such crater as this
is formed, in fact, when a cannon ball is
fired into a sheet of armor plate. About
the mouth of the hole where the ball
enters the iron is a buIging rim or
crater OF iron, which was manifestly
splashed uD exactly as the water
splashes uD about the miniature ball,
making the observer feel that the iron
and the water are really of one physi-
cal nature. one being merely a little
harder thai the other. The expert
mentS at McGill make it clear that the
same thing is true of marble also; that
in short, in a broader view. brittle SOL
ids are only very fragile liquids. just
as malleable solids are very tenacious
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09


studies upon the delivery conditions
of the watersheds of streams and
tributaries which feed canals, in refer
ence 70 the amount and kinds Of mat
ter suspended by floods, the inter-rela-
tons of the deliveries of tributary
floods Such studies as may prove use
full for determining the co-efficients of
food volume, the length of dams, spill
ways, and heighth of floods over them,
so as to perfect the formulas for the
delivery OF watersheds. The water
shed of the Cornell canal covers III
square miles, which will be most per-
fectly surveyed, geographically and
geologically.
with this canal, experiments can
also be made upon current metres, and
the motion. of water in open channels,
in pipes and over Weirs, under variable
conditions OF velocity, materials OF bed,
conditions of surface contractions and
heads.
Determination Of the resistance of
motion of boats in canals, the effect Of
waves, etc.
Experiments on water-jets, forms of
water wheels, buckets and forms of
propellers, including water propulsion;
which subjects, by themselves, will give
rise to a large number Of investiga-
tions.
r,rhe uses of this laboratory will not
be restrained simply to questions strict
ly classified as of hydraulic Importance.
For example, on the sanitary side, the
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
SOLIDS ARE STIFF LIQUIDS.
Some Discoveries of Broad Significance In Industry and
Geology.

further fact that cake of ice, if cut
in two or broken into fragments, will
re-congeal into one mass if the parts
are kept in contact. 1t was pointed out
by the Scotch geologist and mathema-
tician, Dr. Croll that the suns rays,
beating upon the surface of the gla-
cier, might penetrate into its trans
parent depths, and, being retarded at
the bottom, might heat the ice at the
depths TO a temperature above that at
the surface and this cause would man.
ifestly act in conjunction with the in
creased pressure ar the bottom of the
glacier, TO effect the melting of the ice
there AT no time, however, would there
be any great surplus of heat there, and
the portions Of ice thus melted would
be certain to re-congeal almost instant
ly, because of the large quantity of heat
which is distracted and rendered latent
whenever ice changes into water. But
during the instant of transition from
ice to water and back to ice again, the
particles of the mass might slightly
change their form, under influence of
pressure and of gravitation; and thus
and endless series of infnitesimaI jerks,
as It were. the glacier would creep on
as it is observed to do.
Now, however. the experiments re-
garding the mobility of marble put
quite new complexion upon the ques-
ticn of glacial movement. For if it be
proven that marble, a substance far
harder than ice, and quite as brittle
can be nodded by pressure alone into
new shapes, it seems perfectly plaus-
fble that a much less degree of pres
sure might mold ice into new forms by
causing its molecules to slide over one
another without the intervention of
melting. In this view, ice and marble,
and. oe course. all other solids are to
be regarded as merely very stiff or Wis
cid liquids. Gravitation alone does not
sur1lce 10 make them flow, as it does
more lim0id liquids, but when addi-
tional force is applied their mobility
becomes apparent.
IRON A STIFF LIQUID.
This view, indeed, as applied to such
solids as iron and other malleable met
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

so feet of head. Half way down the
six foot steep pipe, a turret-iike struc-
ture makes convenient the conducting
of experiments ON all forms of orifices,
nozzles, valves, cocks, etc, up to four
inches in diameter and under differ
ent, constant and variable heads.
Along the bottom CT the creek there
is room for experimenting upon larger
pipes and straight lengths up to 1000
feet and upon indefinite lengths be-
yond this distance, with both vertical
and horizontal curves. A number of
Ventura metres which do not use cleo
trical counters, are provided for ex-
periments of this nature. Upon the
walls of the canal itself, two rails sup
port a truck provided with a small
motor that can be adjusted to run the
truck at suitable velocities.
A chronograph, marking seconds, is
made to register automatically the
travel of the truck at every ten feet
of its run, and therefore its position
and velocity can be determined with
any desirable degree of accuracy. The
water of the canal can be so regulated
at to be either perfectly quieScent or
its velocity can be controlled, by the
amounts allowed TO enier the upper
weirs of the canal and the relative
positions of the down stream weirs.''
INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS
Some of the experiments to be con-
Quoted by Professor Fuertes will be
very interesting. In determining the
action of water on the beds of streams
the canal will be used. Sand, gravel
and other distractions such as are
usually found in the beds of streams,
will be heaped along the bottom in
various positions. Then streams of
water of varying veIocities will be al
lowed to run through. The way in
which the water pushes the sand out
of its way, piles it up in one place or
clears it away from another will be
observed and the result be of infinite
benefit to the engineering world at
large. Perhaps we shall, as suggested
by Professor FuerteS, soon know why
the Mississippi river plays such havoc
with its bed at times, why some rivers
are constantly changing their courses,
why the thousands and one phenomena
constantly observed in rivers are al
ways taking place.
The old question of the friction of
water in pipes may be answered, or at
least great deal of light may be
thrown upon it. The projecting head of
a river may cause a thousand eddes
in a sewer pipe and greatly affect the
rapid passage of city's filth. This
sanitary problem is in itself of vast
interest and Importance. The proper
tilt of an underground pipe for in
stance is a technical question which
nevertheless concerns the good health
of every person in the. community
These and other problems of not less
interest the professors Of Cornell uni
versity expect to solve. The labora-
tory Will, therefore, have a Worldwide
Importance inasmuch as there exists
none other of similar scope On the
other hand its office as a great insti-
tuition of instruction must not be for
gotten. From its portals must come
with the lapse of time, a great army
OF budding engineers whose stock OF
acquired knowledge Will influence the
achievements of all the world.
THEODORE WATERS.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
ing is almost certain. from the superior
nature of the equipment.
REATPROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.

ing is almost certain. from the superior
nature of the equipment.
GREATPROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.
These great problems affect the
whole range of engineering, and with
a Wow 10 solving some of them, we
have mapped out the following range
Of experiments:
studies upon the dragging and sus-
pending power of water at the various
stages o. its saturation with sediment
1.-THE effect of transverse, longitude
nal and submerged dams, under stand
ard conditions. which may be modified
at will by certain disturbing influences.
DISCRIMINATING the corrections to be
made IN the beds of streams so as to
give them the mPst permanent longi-
tudinal profile.
studies upon the conditions of such
rivers as build their minor beds above
their major bed. Major Leach's recent
paper Upon the Mississippi and what
il needs, offers numerous suggestions In
this line.
Studies oe canals, bars and deltas.
and of the disposition of sediment from
rivers into Quiescent water, and
against hiSh tides.
"Study of the conditions affecting the
tangents and curvature in water
courses, looking TO securing perma-
hence of channels and depth of water.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.
1t is the Largest Institution of It's Kind in the World and Sci
entStS Expect to Use it in Solving Many Problems.

draplic equipment to the foresight of
the director of the college of civil en-
cheering, Professor A. E. Fuertes, who
saw the opportunity afforded by the
peculiar conformation of Fall Creek
Gorge, within the limits of university
property, for a hydraulic installation
of this kind. He is enthusiastic over
the new acquisition of his department,
not only because it will be so splendidly
equipped. but also because the labora-
tory is likely to be the center of hy-
draulic advancement for years to come.
Not only will students use the labora-
tory, but it will be at the disposal of
any engineer desiring to conduct any
experiment he may need to make in
conducting his business. Any engineer
may make proper inquiries and receive
in return the data upon experiments
of importance he may desire to have
made. Therefore the great problems
which are holding the hydraulicians of
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
Copyright, 1887. the s. s. Mcclure Coz

Copyright, 1887, the S. s. Mcclure Coz
Cornell University is now building
what viii be the largest and NEST COM
pletely equipped hydraulic laboratory
IN existence. Singular as the state
ment may seem, there has been no i'm
portant hydraulic laboratory worthy Of
the name. The Boston Institute of
Technology has hydraulic laboratory,
but it is small and unimportant COM
pared with the one at Cornell, which
will be 6S times larger than any now
in use. The Importance of the install
lation can be realized when the fact is
pointed out that hydraulicians the
world over are anxiously awaiting the
result of several tests which are to be
instituted at Cornell as soon as the
plant is completed.
The hydraulic engineering feats of
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

DR.. Pierce was first 20 introduce a,
Little Pill to the american people.
Many have initiated them, but none
have approached his Pleasant Pei
let's in true worth, or value, for all
laxative and cathartic purposes.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
ENGINEERING BIOLOGY.

I'm the line of sanitation, new
science is looming up, properly called
engineering biology. Hitherto the
biologist has been interested mainly in
the genesis of life, and his studies have
had no decided trend toward offering
information which is Indispensable for
the purposes of water supply engineers.
On the other hand, the physician has
given little attention to the modes of
life and death of the infinite number of
micro organisms found in water, which
prey upon human life. The engineer
who is to supply drinking water to cit
les makes it more or less stagnant
behind huge dams and impounding and
distributing reservoirs, and has had
hitherto no definite knowledge of the
best methods for fostering and preserv-
ing a standard of purity in his water
supply. I have reference only to the
work not yet done, and indeed, to be
done under the special view of the en-
gineer; and since impure water is the
cause of innumerable deaths, the OBJ
portunity which the laboratory affords
for many important studies can be
easily appreciated.
AN effort viii also be made to find
out how 10 populate our drinking
water with forms of life capable of
destroying dangerous organisms, and
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

Some very remarkable experiments,
just reported by Profs. Adams and
Nicholson of McGiu university, tend
to show that a substance so hard and
brittle as marble, may, under certain
conditions, be nodded like clay. They
placed a column of pure Carrara mar
bic in a sheath of iron, and submitted
it to graduated, but long continued
pressure, with the result that the mar
bic shortened and thickened bullying
so as to swell the iron sheath. The
iron then being cut away, the marble,
no longer cylindrical, but greatly al
tered in shape, remained still solid and
brittle as before. No increase of tenn
perature, or other agency than pres
sure, was applied in producing this re-
suit
This experiment remarkable in itself,
has implications that make it of pc
culiar interest to persons as widely
separated as the scientific geologist and
the practical house builder. For, on the
one hand, it tends to throw light on
the intricate problems as to the forma-
ton of the earth'S crust, while on the
other, it suggests a danger from the
building of such sky-scrapers as are
Springing up in our cities, that hlther-
to has been quite overlooked. If marble,
becomes plastic under sufficient pres
sure, then clearly there must be linn
it to the height to. which one building
stone can be heaDed upon another in
the erection of walls, without mourning
the danger of such yielding of the
stones Of the bottom of the wall as
will { anger the integrity of the en-
tire structure. Short of the point at
which the stone crumbles, there is ap-
fol, ell
ly change it's shape under stress of
steady and long-continued pressure.
Thus there is introduced a new ele-
ment which the architect in estimat-
ing the strength of material has over
looked, and which must be reckoned
with If our modern sky-scrapers are to
be permanent and safe structures.
For the geologist, the interest in the
proof of the Elasticity of marble rests
on the light it throws on certain OBJ
scure formations of the earth's crust.
1t proves that under the conditions of
pressure existing deep in the crust,
stones may be nodded into new shapes
without being melted. In point of fact,
the nodded marble of these expert
ments, when examined under the mi
croscope, was said to present many re-
SemblanceS to certain natural rocks
whose peculiar cleavage had been ditfl-
cult TO explain. IT OIIentlnleS SeeInS dS
if a layer of rock had been twisted
from the position in which it apparent
~ had formed. Sometimes it is mani
fest from chemical changes in the rock
that it has been partly melted during
the process, and then there is no diff
hculty in explaining it, but where this
has not occurred it was difficult to be-
lieve that the change of shape has ac-
tually taken place. But these expert
ments leave no doubt in the matter.
However brittle a rock may seem to be,
it is really, so it appears, a plastic sub
stance, capable, under proper condi-
lions, of flowing into new shapes as
surely, if not as readily, as putty or
dough is nodded.
MOTION OF GLACIERS.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
MOTION OF GLACIERS.

Another interesting question on
which new light is thrown by this ex-
pertinent is the perplexing one of the
motion of glaciers. AS everybody
knows, a glacier is, in effect, great
river of solid ice. 1t is equally well
known that the ice stream flows along
it's channel slowly, to be sure, but just
as surely as a stream of water. The
early students of glaciers doubted this,
but numberless careful observations,
eliminating with the famous ones of
Prof. Tyndall, have demonstrated the
point beyond all controversy. OF course
the bed of the ice stream is usually
steep, and hence at first sight it seems
nothing remarkable that the ice should
slide along it. So the famous explorer
of the Alps, de Saussure, who was
among the first to recognize the mo-
ton of glaciers, explained this motion
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
ARrNoR PLATE PENE TRATtD BY CANNoN BALL.
&C a
trated By

liquids perhaos some day we shall
mold or statuary out of marble. in
stead o. slowly carving it, as is now
done.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09
TIT. Alaska EXPLORATION o..

,Under management of H. Liebes & Coz
Office. 1s9 Post Street San Francisco,
Cal Agencies in Principal Cities Of the
World.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

relations that should exist between the
grade Of a sewer. its size and the vol
une of flush water required to produce
given effect are almost entirely I'M
known
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

This view, indeed, as applied to such
solids as iron and other malleable met
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-01-09

The university owes its splendid hy-
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-10-22
WINSTON'S TOBACCO FAIR.
\ Large Programme with Paraues'
Addresses and Amusements.

WINSTON, ~ e., October A-spe-
clal-The official programme Tor me
Piedmont Tobacco Fair was given out to-
day. II will commence at II o'clock n.
VI. on wednesday, November a. Win
grand opening parade.
AT l2.3O on the same day the oiatloh
will be delivered by Or. b. A. Alderman
president Of the University. At O'Clock
i'm the afternoon a grand floral pdFade
will take place. =,
on THURSDAY November Sd. at 10 a. NJ,
there will be a grand bicycle parade
At =. VI. big tournament VIII De
given IN North Winston
At . a. NJ. on Friday, November tth
the County Fair will be opened al Star
warehouse At 10 A. NJ. live stock Will
be entered at Browns Warehouse. At
iP. VI a live stock parade viii take
place and at f. NJ the Graded School
pupiis will have a parade.
Among the amusements will be a grand
midway. evening concerts and theatrical
entertainments.
A Surry county Republican has ac-
cepted a proposition made by Hon. Glenn
emf Manly, OF this city, 10 go TO New
bern and see the state Of affairs there
politically. Mr.. Manly agrees 10 pay
his expenses.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-10-22
J.E. Meriweather Secretary.
The School for Scandal"
y. j. SMITH.
chairman

The appearance Of Louis James, kath-
ryn Kidder and Frederick Warde az the
Academy Of Music next Tuesday night
in an elaborate revival OF The School
for Scandal" viii be one OF the most
prominent dramatic events 81 the sea
son.
No other comedy seems 10 have been
associated with important occasions so
often as Richard Brinsiey sheridan S
famous comedy II has been the fea-
ture Of some OF the most important ben
efts OF the century, and whenever ana
wherever IL has been given, because OF
its own interest and because only the
greatest artists have lent their energies
10 its Interpretation IL has been an
event.
Ii is the determination and the belief
Of Messrs. Wagenhals and Kemper that
In gathering their present stellar com
pany and arranging their expensive pro
auction. they have made n revival OF
The school for Scandal which WI
rank conspicuously in tho future anti
ouarians' "reminiscences Of great casts,
and at the same time furnish the play
goers OF to-day with a memorable OPP
portunity to become acquainted or TO re-
new acquaintance with this masterpiece
under the most suspicious and inspiring
circumstances
The advance sale Of seats for tho en-
gagement has been out OF the common
IN Size and has exceeded any former sale.