The times., 1898-09-18
A study of PaternnIism.

character, ana essays TO SOlFe SoinS Ptoo-
lens which have puzzled the average stu
dent of history. The conclusion reached
by the author is practically summed up
in the introduction. The book which fol-
lows contains the arguments, which are
recapitulated In the concluding chapter.
Mr.. Gaullieur says:
have tried to investigate here the causes
es some of the results obtained in France and
Germany from the transfer 10 the state OF
those individual rights and privileges WhlSh
English speaking nations-and particularly the
American people-have SO far considered insepa-
,aFle from individual welfare, and consequently
indispensable TO national prosperity. or1glnai-
j., both France and Germany had the same ieud.
81 constitution as England; but both France ana
Germany by increasing gradually the authority
=. +be sstafe', have obtained results totally diff
seren- rom those obtained in England In Doth
of the former countries the national government
can he maintained by military force alone; were
.bis force removed, both Paris and Berlin woulo
ho,oe aoain the scene Of revolutionary efforts
sending 10 overthrow legal and constitutional au-
thority; while in England, in the united o1aees,
or in Canada and Australia, nobody ever uhliihs
of Irsetting governments by revolutionary neth, ,
ods. Nevertheless. France, like the United
States. is republican in form; while Germany,
lie England is a monarchy. But wnlIe Ihe
English monarchy and the American repnohc arc
enjoying the blessings of internal peace, Ihe no.
4be same evil results and exhibit The same sores
C'onseouently il Is evident that these Two
states must be suffering from common aus
Of disease; while monarchical England aho re
rrbIican America must owe their present pohsl
81 health 10 a common doctrine entirely moe
rendeut from outward forms OF appearances. lne
French and German doctrine OF state patelia
with all its consequences, seems 70 me 10 " ll
common cause OF the French and German ilAli1li ,i
il-health: TO it alone, as we shan see !. II. M
.oricsl evidence can we attribute not only nlOst
- II their mast disasters, but also their present
political misery.
Whatever the reader may think of this
,beorv the author certainly brings lot
ward some very interesting arguments
tn its support. The weak point OF lhe
hook is a constant assumption thai the
form Of government in England and
America is practically perfect 1o lIoSe
who know the faults which these gov
arnments. in their present imperfect,
though progressive, conditions present,
.hfs attitude gives rise TO suspicion tnat
Mr.. Gaullieur is prejudiced. The thought
of the author is evidently anu-socaalis-
tic. He contends that any adoption OF
paternaI measures by the American Gov
ernment would. however mild these meas
ures might be, precipitate US into the
gulf already opening for France ana
Germany. Mr. Gaullieur thinks that 1t Is
of no use to expect divine justice on
earth from state, any more than from
an individual, and there is certainly an
element of truth In this.
A few of the facts which are brought
forward in outlining the history of the
countries discussed viii surprise the ay-
erage reader. One of these is that while
Two hundred years ago there were be-
tween five and six millions Of English
speaking people on the earth, there are
now no less than LIE, 600 600, while the
French and the German peoples have only
doubled in number. The English-speak-
ing nations are in the lead in material
progress, wealth and intelligence, as well
es in population. This, the author thinks
Is due to individual liberty, REINFORCED
by invention.
One of the points which are made with
regard to the relative number of English
speaking colonists as compared with
French and German colonial subjects. is
that a new community cannot possibly
be developed without a larger measure of
individual liberty than is allowed by the
latter countries. The author describes
the life of the child born in France or
Germany, and the allegiance to- the state
which Is enforced at every step. The
state controls all institutions of learn
ing, all churches, and practically all
money interests, thus tempting the
bourgeois citizen to invest his money
where Il will be absolutely safe-With
the government, instead of risking IL in
private enterprise Thus, while Eng
land loans money IN all parts of the
world, the French invest very little even
in their own colonies. The view of Mr..
Gaullieur is that by this system of edu-
cation and business the state kills all
inventive impulse, and fills the country
with graduates of state institutions. who
are theoretically, but not practically, fit
for duty. State bureaucracy also inter-
feres in the transfer of land, and in the
matter Of marriage. A German officer is
refused permission to marry any girl
whose father makes his living by physi-
cal labor, or who has not a specified
dowry IN her own right Altogether. the
picture drawn in the first chapter of this
book, OF the paternal supervision of the
citizen Of France or Of Germany. reminds
one of the satiricaI rhyme written by
an American sojourner in the latter coun.
try. lnterfered with by the police al
every turn, he finally exclaims:
81 think I would like 70 die!'
'Oh, mo-" said the Polizei
You first must be measured and weighed. and
then
Tel where you were born, and why. and when:''
Having described the state of things
now existing IN these two Europeau
countries, the author then goes back tc
medieval times and explains how il all
came about. He traces the effect of the
feudal system in European countries in
very interesting way. and his descrip-
ton OF the state in which the medieval
count, or baron, almost anywhere I'm
Europe, lived. moved and had his being
Is rather picturesque. 1t is in substance
as follows:
Let the reader remember what kind ot 1;f,
mankind led in Europe after the death of Charlie.
nagne- The Saracens. coming from Al
Tlc2- bent on destroying Christendom had con.
quered the greater part Of Spain and half Of mod.
eTn France; they were plundering Sicily and the
Italian shores: they had penetrated into Sv-it.
Eeriand, and kept foothold for almost cen.
Sury near the Alps on the bank of the Rhone
IN. lle Magyars or Hung9rians, were making inroad:
-nic Germany and Italy; the Normans the Scan.
oanavlan vikings were desolating northern
France the English coasts and landing freeboot.
ers IN Italy and IN Sicily. The waves Of tsmpes
tuous humanity caused by the sinking of the Ro
man empire, rolled to and fro without defined
limits No settled, permanent geographicsl
boundaries existed for any nation; every land
was at the mercy Of any daring adventurer whc
eould % piunaeF ana destroy at the head OF few
thousand bold followers Times were such tina,
according 10 the Spanish chronicles mo knipbt
OF baron sleeps in his castle without keeping tn,
horses saddled near the hall where he lies .
This situation produced after a while new
state Of things. Europe was in such chaos aftel
Charlemagne's death that, in the absence of :
central authority strong enough to interfere sue
cessfully, the descendants OF the old invaders
the petty rulers, who were permanently settled o,
their estates, took 1t upon themselves TO protect
their own and their vassals' property. Ever,
count, every baron, fought for himself and thos,
who were ''his people" Thoze towns those vii
lages, those valleys which were being devastated
belonged 10 him and TO the people who toiled fo
him and for themselves. Besides. the lords anC
the vassals the descendants Of the conquero-s anc
the conquered, having lived side BY side for :
few cnnnrafinns and acnnired cnrnInnr irlfernsts