davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dziennik Chicagoski. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1890-1971, 1898-11-10

miasta towny daily .pufkoWnl.
kownikowi Roosevelt l07,736
g}os6w wieksaosci, zapewnia'
jac mu tym sposobem zwy.
cisztwo przeszio 2f tysiscami
wiekszosci.
PHILADELPHIA, Pa, logo
Listopada. - Kspdydat re.
publika6ski ma gubernatora,
Stone, otrzymal 455, ,5S2 g}o.
sow, demokrata jerks 333, 783,
prohibicyonista Swallow 1914.
437 glos6w. Wiekszosc :repu.
blika6ska wynosic bsdzie
okolo 125,000 glos6w.
indianapolis, 10 Listop. -
Zwycisztwo przechyliio sic ma
strone republika6ska W legi.
slaturze beds demokraci W
mniejszosci. Kandyda repu-
blika6ski zajmie krzes}o W se-
nacie zamiast senatora Turpie,
demokraty.
ST. PAUL, Mimi, logo
Listop. = Srebrny republika-
min John Lind, indorsowany
przez demokrat6w i populiA
stow, zosta1 wy brany guberna'
torsm 10 tysiacami wiekszosci.
CHARLESTON, w. Va, logo
Listopada. - Senat stanowy
bedzie republika6ski, a iaba
poselska demokratyczna. PrzY
wsp6lnem. glosowaniu demo-
kraci beda mieli po swojej
stronie kilka gios6w wiekszo
Sci.
SALT LAKE, Utah, 10 Iii
stopada. - Demokraci obrali
Robertsa posiem ma kongres.
Wybiora takze swego senatora,
gdyz W legislature zaslada
Al demokratow, Is republika.
n6wi 4 fuzyonistow.
MADRYT, logo Listopada. -
Rad zostal uwiadomiony o
przybyciu niemieckiej parry
cesarskiei do hlszpa1skiego
portu Cadiz. Dotychczas ME-
wiadomo, o lie wizyta cesar
ska bedzie mis}a charakter u
rzedowy lub prywatny. Kro,
Iowa regeutka zaprosl pare ce.
sarska do Msdrytu.
PARYa, logo Listopada. -
Wsp6lne posledaenie komisyi
pokoju trwalo kr6tko. Komi-
sarze ameryka1scy wreczyll
swym hiszpa1skim kolegom
document, spisany ma 80 stro.
nicach, W kt6rym odpowiada-
ia ma zarzuty hiszpahskie W
sprawie Fllipin. Protoko1u
tego ME odczytano. Przyszfe
posiedzenie wsp6lne odbedzie
sic W Sobote.
Minister marynarki Lockroy
zaprzecza wiesciom, jakoby
Gala fota NORA Srodziemnego
byla W pogotowiu do rozpo-
czecia krokow wojennych,
Panic amerykadskie ofiaro.
wa}y miastu possg Jerzego
Washingtona.
LoNDYN, 10 Listopada. -
Ma dorocznym bankiecie u
lorda mayora miasta bylo ze-
branych $50 gosci: Admiral
Kennedy naczelny w6dz
armii ladowej Wolseley wnie
Sli toasty, zapewniajac, re ma
rynarka i wojsko jest W zupef'
nosci przygotowane DO pod!s'
cia walki z jakimkolwiek ME
przyjacielem, ,kt6ryby z Anglia
chcia1 szukac zaczepkl.
Lord Salisbury oswiadczyf,
ze caiy szereg wypadkow "a
granics sprawial rzadowi VIE
Ie klopotu. Anglia weamie
udzia} W konferencyi, majacej
ma celu zwalczac anarch i'm.
Francya zeszla z drogi, pro-
wadzacej do wojny enropej.
| skiei. zrzekaiac sic Faszody.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17
OFFICIAL PAPER OF ALLEN COUNTY,
REPUBLICAN TICKET.

For Congressman, End Dist. d,
Bowersork.
For Governor-W. f. Stanley, OF
Sedgwick county.
For Associate Justice-W. r.
Smith, of Wyandotte county.
For Lieutenant Governor-G. E.
Richter, of Morris county.
For Secretary of State-George A.
Clark, of Geary county.
For State Auditor-George f. Cole
of Crawford county.
For State Treasurer-Frank f
Grimes, of Wichita county.
For Attorney General-A. A. God
ard, of Shawnee county.
For Superintendent of Public In
struction-Frank Nelson, of McPher'
son county.
For Congressman-at-Large-W. j.
Bailey, of Nemaha county.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17

Myler, g. c. Thomas.
Elm, J. r. Tredway, ]. Q. Roberts,
NJ. f. Sickley.
lola Twp, e. l.. Arnold, Jas. Hill
debrant, John Woodiu.
lola City, 1st ward, J. F. Cozad;
End ward, VIM. Ross; 3rd ward,
Oscar Foust; 4th ward, c. Kreuter.
Logan, g. Dewitt, Chas. McClay,
Frank Moon.
Hum boldt, J. H. Gardner, b. S.
Smith, G. A. Amos.
West Cottage Grove, w. Stewart,
A. Cochran, l. G. Maulsbury.
East Cottage Grove, X. H. Blair
b. l.. Ludlum, w. w. Huffmire.
Salem, G. w. Lytle, Wilbur Ger.
all, l.. c. Thomas.
South Elsmore, J. II. Smith, H. A
Myers, c. b. Huff.
North Elsmore, n. l.. Ard, j. p
Decker, VIM Buck.
On motion it was moved that the
nominations made by the Republi
cans at the Primaries be ratified
Carried unanimously, the ticket thus
placed in nomination lie as follows:
For Representative-John Francis
For Clerk of the District Court
H. NJ. Miller.
For Supt. Pub. Inst.-Grant Billie
For County Attorney-G. r. Gard
For Probate judge. b. Smith.
After short addresses by the nom
inees, which were enthusiastically re
ceived, the convention adjourned.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17
THE COUNTY TICKET.

For the first time in history, we be-
'lieve, the Republicans of Allen
county nominated their entire ticket
at the polls so that nothing was left
for the convention to do but to form
ally ratify the action theii consti-
tuents had already taken. This
unanimity is certainly an evidence of
the entire harmony existing within
the party, token of the united front
that will be presented to the enemy
in the coming campaign, and a sure
omen of victory.
While 1t is evident from the nearly
unanimous action OF the primaries
that the ticket nominated will receive
the support of all the Republicans of
the county, it will be very hard in
deed for those who are not Repub-
licans to refrain, on purely personal
grounds, from voting for our candi-
dates.
For Representative we have named
man of more than State reputation,
q man whose name is a synonym for
honesty, and whose large experience,
wide acquaintance and sound sense
will make him one of the marked
members of the Legislature. 1t will
certainly be a hard matter for any
citizen of Allen county, whatever his
politics, to refrain from voting for
John Francis.
II. NJ. Miller has made model dis
trict clerk. He has been NaccommO-
dating, faithful, accurate and method
ical and the records of the
court were never in better
shape than they are now. To re- elect
Mr.. Miller is only to bestow most
worthily reward of merit.
The fact that Judge Smith had no
opposition, in spite Of the almost
settled rule of "two terms and out"
Is the best evidence that could be
given of his strength with the people.
He owes this strength to unremitting
attention to the duties of his office, to
the exercise of good judgment in de-
Gliding upon the many delicate ques-
tions that came before him, to his
impartiality and his unfailing
courtesy. The man who makes the
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17
THE WINNERS.
The Republican County Convention Ratifies the
Choice Already 1ade BY the Party
At the Polls.

1t was one-thirty when the conven-
tion was called to order, Tuesday,
June IA, by J. T. Tredway, chair
man OF the central committee.
f. w. Myler was chosen temporary
chairman, and Chas. f. Scott and c.
G. Thomas secretaries. On motion
the usual committees were appointed
as follows:
PERMANENT ORGANIZATIONS.
Geneva, NJ. Leavitt, Carlyle, J. r..
Dunlap; Deer Creek, w. &. Shlnkl e
Usage, A. Donica; Marmaton, II. B.
Adams; Elm, j. T. Tredway; lola,
Frank Travis; Logan, Chas. McClay
Humboldt, b. S. Smith; Cottage
Grove, H. Stewart; Elsmore, Vernon
Campbell; Salem, G. w. Lytle.
COM. ON RESOLUTIONS.
Geneva, J. G. Cornell; Carlyle
Frank Jackson; Deer Creek, g. w
Smith; Usage, A. Donica; Marmaton
w. f. Young; Elm, G. w. Smith
lola, Edgar Simpson; Logan, Charles
McClay; Humboldt, A. Sleeth Cot
tage Grove, q. A. Barnett; Elsmore
J. P. Decker; Salem, r. II. Bennett
On motion the committee on ere
dentials was Dispensed with and tn,
roll as handed to the secretaries wal
declared the official roll OF the con
vAntion "a followa.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17

race against him will be very lone
some.
Grant Billbe holds an office that is
nearly the hardest in the county to
fill without offending somebody.
That he has filed it for two years
without giving offense that was harsh
enough to find lite way into public
criticism certainly argues elOquently
for his tact and fairness and honesty.
And when to these qualities are added
ambition and energy and industry,
the combination lie one that the people
are bound to approve.
Before this campaign Mr.. G. r.
Gard was but little known over the
county. But the surprising strength
which he developed in nearly every
township shows that he was not only
industrious in making himselfknown,
but that he made q most favorable
impression on his new acquaintance.
The favorable impression will be fully
confirmed, the REGISTER feels sure,
by longer and more intimate acquaint-
ance. A man with the big head and
the fine face of Roll Gard can surely
not help being strong and honest
man. He pledged himself before the
convention to perform the duties of
his Office without fear or favor and to
the best OF his ability. That kind OF
talk has the right ring, and the
people will approve it at the polls.
The delegates from the Third dis
trict did wisely in selecting j. ID.
Christian as their candidate for Com
missioner. "'Dave' Christian has
been my neighbor for eighteen years, "
said Charlie Stinson, land l never
heard anybody say word against
him.n A man of whom his neigh bors
talk that way will do to tie to. He
has managed his own affairs we'll and
that means he will manage we'll the
affairs of the county. He is honest,
he makes up his own mind, and he
has good sense. Those three things
make good commissioner.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17
COMMISSIONERS CONVENTION.

COMMISSIONERS CONVENTION.
The delegates from Geneva, Carlyle
Deer Creek, Usage and MarmatOn,
comprising the 3rd commissioners
district, met Immediately after this
adjournment of the county convention
and organized by the election of G. l..
KnowltoD as chairman and K. w.
Myler, secretary. One ballot for COM
missioner was taken resulting as fol-
lows: J. ID. Christian 25, T. J.
Anderson 6, ]. ]. Closet. Mr.. Chris
tian WAS accordingly declared the
nominee.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17

So it it strong ticket from top to
bottom. Not weak man on it. Not
man who must be apologizsd for.
Not a man who has not the respect
and the confidence of the people of the
county regardless of political atfilia-
tions. The REGISTER is proud to
support such ticket and predicts its
triumphant election.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17

~ am down to five cents" writes
one of the boys of the Twentieth pri-
vately to the REGISTER, land it
makes me feel badly,-especially
since / have seen the oceans roll"
The longer you let that soak the fun
nier it gets.
The Iola register. [volume] (Iola, Allen County, Kansas) 1875-1902, 1898-06-17
LADIES' oXFoRDS.

Something every lady should have
during the hot weather We are
loaded with Low Cut Shoes in broken
sizes. Odds and Ends that sold at
1925, $3.50 and $500, but to clear
them out quickly, we will sell them
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28


Mr.. Henry Wise has freak in his pos
session which tells of what seems to be
an inexplicable natural wonder. 1t is a
round oak pin, three inches In diameter
and six and one-half inches long. 1t is
driven full Of nails, which are rusty from
age. you may think it strange to be-
lieve," said the fire and tornado man, "but
I know it to be a fact. Only three days
ago, as was driving along the road in my
Guggy over in Webster county, L stopped
where some men of my acquaintance were
chopping down some trees. They had just
cut down a poplar about three feet in
diameter. In saving the tree up they
struck hard substance in the heart. The
place was Immediately cut into and this
pin taken out. The tree was closely ex-
amined, and not flaw or blemish of any
kind could be found where the pin might
have been driven in it. 1 questioned the
parties and they declared they could as
sign no reason as to how the pin got there
The tree must have been about 100 years
old. judging from the slowness of the
growth of forest trees. There were no
signs of decay in the poplar around the
spot where the pin was imbedded. 1 have
worked a good deal in timber myself dur
ing my life. but 1 frankly confess that
never saw such freak before"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
OVER TWO HUNDRED OFFSPRING.
Georgia Woman Kept Busy Visiting
Her Many Dekcendanfs

Georgia Woman Kept Busy Visiting
Her Many Descendants.
From the st. Louis Globe Democrat
Mrs. sallie SILVER, who lives near Albany,
Ca, has 235 living children. grandchildren,
Great-grandchildren and great-great-grand-
children. In addition to these, seventy-five
OF the old lady's descendants are dead,
making the total number 3D. The 235th
link in the old lady's lineage came last
week. and is the cause of objection on her
part on unique grounds. She asserts that,
as she considers it her duty to visit each
relative once in two years, the everextend-
Ing circle draws on her strength more than
she can spare.
Mrs. Shiver is in her ninetieth year, but
enjoys remarkably good health. She can
walk several miles without experiencing
unusual fatigue. Her mind is clear and
the weight of nearly 100 years has left little
impress on her erect carriage. She is a
perfect mine regarding local and state his
tory, and is great favorfte as a racon-
teur. The remarkable progeny for which
Mrs. SILVER is responsible sprang from tho
seven children born to her and Manning
Shiver, who died in 1865 at the age of six
ty years. The Oldest child is seventy and
the youngest forty-three. From this stock
has spread out, in fan-like array the i'm
mense family, probably unrivaled in num-
bers In the south. Each descendant having
family receives a visit from Grandmother
Sh1ver In regular rotation. She completes
the circuit once in about two years, and
makes but short stop under each roof
Her coming is always regarded as an event
Of great Importance, and each household
taxes vacation on the occasion of her
visits.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
APPLE CROP IN STORAGE.
In Indianapolis Alone There Are
$4,000 Barrels.

bo,UtO barrels.
From the indianapolis Journal
An Indianapolis commission merchant
told a reporter Of the Journal that there
are now fully $4,000 barrels of apples in
the indianapolis cold storage houses He
says they are being held for higher prices,
but in the end will have to be sold at much
lower figures than those now prevailing.
A Chicago paper says Of the apple crop OF
1897:
"A year ago at this time. when cry of
apple famine was first started there were
found to be about 4,00O, 900 barrels in ordi-
nary and cold storage. This was the re-
mainder Of crop of about 100 600 600 bar
rels. Choice estimates on the stock now
On hand throughout the country in cod
storage make it about 2.JO0.OOO barrels,
against last years supply of 100000. a
large proportion of which was then in
common storage. The 116,0OO0OO barrels
consumption between harvest and storage
time were moved through the medium
of low prices, the one thing which is act
ing as bar to disposition Of present
stocks. A practical man In the trade fig
ures out that present cold storage stocks
are from 30 to 40 per cent larger, relative
ly to the size of the crop. than was the
stock in similar storage a year ago, or in
fact. ever before. The 1895 crop was popu-
larized by its ,cheapness. The 1897 crop
is being kept out of the reach of the peo-
pie generally by the high prices demanded.
prices not justified by either the size OF
the available supply or the quality of the
fruit. AS a whole, the trade has talked
up values and now holds apples at prices
where the mass of the people cannot af-
ford to eat them. Without a change Of
tactics the result will probably be that
apples will rot in storage and the public
be deprived Of one Of the most popular and
healthful fruits and one which. owing to
its abundance and the ease and cheapness
with which it is marketed, should by rights
be the least expensive Of the products"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
PETRIFIED ARTICLES.
Huge Tree Slowly Sinking Into the
Earth.

Earth.
From the Galveston News.
Warda and the surrounding country are
noted for petrifed articles of various kinds.
/ have on exhibition petrified rock about
two feet lorg and one foot and half wide.
1t weighs forty-fiy pounds. and is without
a doubt shoulder blade of a mastodon.
1t plainly shows the socket in which the
bone Of the ,eg rev0lves. It was found
several years ego by q party while SEEMING
in the bed Of the Colorado river. Within
three-quarters Of mile from Warda there
is a Detrified tree, supposed to have been
a post oak 1t is about twenty feet long
and at the thick end of the trunk it Is
about two feet in diameter, while at the
top II Is over d foot In diameter. When
first observed, about eighteen years ago,
about half Of its diameter was above
ground but, owing to It's great weight, 1t
is slowly but constantly sinking. All
around In this part of the country q per-
son can find specimenes Of petrified wood
CT many varieties. The writer has OBJ
served stumps and parts Of stumps plain
~ showing traces where they had once
been burned and now they are solid rock.
1t seems as though untold quantities Of
petrihed wood could be found under the
ground. for IL a person will make an ex-
animation of the banks of the local creeks
gullies and ravines he can find pieces of
petrified wood sticking out Of the banks
on every side. The writer in examining
some specimens in the surrounding creeks
found several pieces of petrified wood pro-
truding from the banks, which, although
petrified, was so brittle that 1t could be
broken to PIECES with the hand. The
cause of this appears to be lack Of some
kind of acid necessary in the course of
petrlfication to make it solid. One of the
most curious and at the same time one
OF the most perfect specimens that the
writer las observed is what is supposed
sfn oh 1aiv wv c1,o
a quantity Of petrified acorns and other
ingredients which can not now be distin-
guished. 1t ia supposed to be the stomach
of hog, or some other prehistoric her.
bivorous animal. The writer has also no.
ticed two other very beautiful specimens.
the one being a lEehigtoric shell, known
by the Latin nanik Of Nautilus lineatus,
and the other a common pear.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
"Home Rule" Not Mentioned.

2 Vice President W. C. Protzman of the
Ariel Rowing Club Of Baltimore has re-
ceived letter from Claude r. Zappone Of
this city, member of the executive board
of the National Association Of Amateur
Oarsmen, concerning the work of the
board at its recent meeting in New York
Mr.. Zappone says that the Ariels gave
him official protest or proposed amend
ment on the subject of "home rule" as re-
ported in the daily papers. and that the
matter had not been mentioned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28


In plying their trade thu toy-makers of
Austria confine themselves to the manu.
facture Of the particular articles in which
they excel. For example, one worker-an
old woman-carves cats, dogs, wolves,
sheep, goats and elephants. She has made
these six animals her whole life long, and
she has no idea Of how to cut anything
else. She makes them in two sizes, and
she turns out as nearly as possible LOCO Of
them year.
She has no model or drawing of any kind
TO work by, but goes on steadily, uner-
rtngiy, using gauges of different sizes, and
shaping the animals out with an ease and
an amount OF truth to nature that would
be clever II 1t were not utterly mechanical.
she learned from her mother how to make
these SIX animals. and her mother had
learned, In like manner, from her grand
mother. The old dame has taught the art
to her own grand daughter, and so will
go OH being transmitted for generations
In some houses there are families that
carve rocking horses or dolls or other toys
ana In other houses there are families of
painters. In one house are a dozen girls
painting brown horses with black points.
In another house they paint only red horses
with white points. 1t Is separate branch
OF the trade to paint saddles and headgear.
A good hand will paint twelve dozen horses
day. each horse being about q foot In
length and for these she Is paid sixty SOL
al, or about half q crown.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28

Harold Frederick notes that no London
ne" spaper mentions the fact that Lewis
carroif' wished. In his later years, to
marry Alice Liddell. the daughter of the
Dean OF Oxford. for whom the Immortal
fantasies OF Alice" were originally writ
ten, ana that the decision of her parents
hearts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
HIS LATEST BULLETIN
Official ACCOMPLISHMENT by President
N. s Young.
TIN HURST y b A MANAGER
Success Of a New Game at New
ifoFs
CURRENT SPORTING NOTES

President Young of the National League
has just issued his latest bulletin" as fol-
lows: -
The Western Association has accepted the
services of the players reserved by the dis
banded Quincy club, for the purpose of
supplying the vacancy in its membership.
The following organizations have paid for
protection, and have qualified under the
national agreement of 1898: Western
League. class A; Atlantic League, class A;
Eastern League, class A; Interstate
League, class B; New York State League,
class c.; International Association, class D;
Western Association, class F, with priyi-
lege of taking B.
Contracts-With Cincinnati, W. E. Hoy,
c. H. PETIT, j. w. Holiday F. Dwyer, H.
w. Mcfarland, William Dammann, H
Steinfeldt: with Lancaster, G. Leidy, a,
Madison, A. Roth, F. Ward, H. Wilhelm,
P. Chiles; with Newark B. Cassidy, r,
Delehanty c. Jordan, F. Strasburger, T.
Gettinger. William Carrick, D. Calhoun, W.
HI. Gallagher. w. j. Hallman; with Pater-
son, W. E. Conroy, r. L. Westlake, s. H.
La Rogue, M. J. Haynes, c. Carr. J. Dele
hanty, J. M. Hughes, J. Weaver, P. Coons,
F. W. Fisher, A. H. Moves; with Allen
town, G. Ulrich, jr., William Osbourne, J.
seagrove, T Leonard. G. Moss, J; ].
G. Cleve, w. ]. Mackey, C. Boyle H New
ell. C. Shaffer, c. Leyh, John Wood; with
Richmond, Ed Commit; with Dayton c. D.
Saltsmarsh, w. w. Watts, J. Kennedy, c.
Lesh, w. Nichols; with Mansfield, Ed.
Beecher Ed. Dalrymple.
Released-By Pittsburg to Kansas City
William Merritt; by Washington to Omaha
T. Tucker: by Mansfield to Milwaukee, Ed.
Beecher Ed. Dalrymple; by Newark to
Toronto, Joseph tombstone, T. J. Sheehan;
by Dallas, Dominick Mullaney.
Brooklyn has withdrawn their selection
Of ]. J. Toman of Auburn and E. Z. Hor-
ton Of Syracuse.
Detroit drafts P. ]. Moran of Lyons.
Il XOIrNG Eacrot
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
His Experience.

From Puck.
Trivvet.-'Let me tell You my experience
with the bicycle
Dtcer-"Are you q scorcherr'
Trivvet-"No I am q scorchee."
gument.-Puck. -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
Tim Hurst Has Accepted.

A special from New York to the Cincin-
natl Commercial-Trbune says that it can
now be announced with certainty that Tim
Hurst will appear in the role of manager at
ST. Louis next spring. At first the little
umpire refused to treat with Won der Abe
or his figurehead.
Won der Abe has a habit of hiring at least
three managers month, and Hurst did not
care to take chances of walking home from
st. Louis few weeks after the opening of
the season. A few days ago he was offered
a full seasons guarantee and liberal sal
airy, and he will at once sign st. Louis
contract.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1898-01-28
The New Game Of Broom Ball.

A new game was given a boom at the
ice palace in New York Wednesday night
and it became an Immediate success as a
spectacular attraction. 1t is known as
broom ball, and is exactly the same as
hockey, except that brooms are used for
hockey sticks, and instead of a fat puck
of india rubber foot ball is used. One
thing that pleased the onlookers was that
the ball could always be followed with the
and the Ice Palace Skating Club scored 1.