davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
WHARF AND WAVE.

Twenty-Five sailing vessels in port.
The steamer Mauna Loa resumes her
place on the Kona-Kau route next
week.
The bark Diamond Head has been
chartered for coal from Departure Bay
to Honolulu.
The British S. 5. Glenfarg Is sup
posed to be on the way from Hongkong
to San Francisco, via Honolulu, as a
Pacific Mail liner.
At the public market during the past
week i4,36S fish were sold, a slight in
crease over the preceding week,
though still below the average. The
big run Of alalauwa In the harbor dur
ing the past week still continues.
The Mariposa sailed for San Fran
cisco at ~ o'clock Wednesday night
with a full list Of passengers and a
light cargo, consisting OF 5000 punches
of bananas, 800 bags Of rice, 1000 bags
of sugar and the usual quantity of
hides and other Island produce.
The ship Marie Hackfeld and schoon-
err Aloha, sugar laden for the San
Francisco refinery, sailed yesterday at
ternoon. The Marie Hackfeld has
been in port some two months, having
arrived from Bremen May S0th. The
Aloha has had quick dispatch, 1t being
only three weeks since she arrived
from San Francisco.
Wharfiinger Archie Gilfllian was an
anxious watcher last night for the
troop ships city Of Puebla and Peru.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22

Richardson, Miss Ivy Richardson, Mrs.
Alice Rix and son, q. b. Root, Miss 4.
q. Sayres, st. c. Sayres, p. Snyder,
wife and child, A. Taylor, Hon. L. A.
Thurston, wife and child, Mrs. s. A.
Thurston, Albert Waterhouse, II. Wat.
erhouse, a. Wilder, Harry p. Weber,
Miss X. Wheelwright, J. B. Wright,
Ralph Strong, Thuron Rice.
From Hamakua, per stmr. Noeau,
July 20.-C. A. Doyle, Mrs. Swift.
From Honokaa, per stmr. Noeau.
July 20.-4.4s0 bags sugar, r. A.
Schaefer & Co., 10i bags coffee, various.
Departed.
For Hanamaulu, per stmr. lie Au
Hou, July ia. B. Lindsay.
For Kauai ports, per stmr. Mikahala,
July 19.-Miss r. Stansberry, W. q.
Smith, Z. T. Green, Alb. Fernandez,
Mrs. knudsen, Mrs. Askew, Mrs. j. H.
Coney and children, II. II. Wilcox, Mrs.
Max Schlemmer and two children,
Miss ALA, Masters Ala, (2), Mr..
Weight, r. Mueller, H. c. Perry, Miss
Bourke. c. Gay, Chang Fai and wife.
For Maui and Hawaii, per stmr. w.
@. Hall, July 19.-Mrs. Geo. Z. Smith
les and niece, Hans Isenberg and wife,
Miss Grau, the Misses Mcintyre,
Awong. Ting Kee, c. Ahee, c. II. Aki
and wife, Miss Dias, p. A. Dias, A.
Cockburn, Mrs. +. Baker, Mrs. Rod
way. Mrs. Fredenberg, ]. +. Eckardt,
Prof. and Mrs. Richards.
For Maui ports, per stmr. Claudine,
July 19.-Mrs. II. p. Baldwin, Miss
Knapp, Miss Crozier, Misses Howie (2),
c. Weatherbee. Master II. F. Damon,
Miss Damon, Miss L. Adams, Miss Il.
Nunes, s. w. Napihaa and two daugh-
tiers, Father Maximin. Bro. Frank, Bro.
Clarence, Brothers Richards, George,
Anthony, Charles and Raymond, Apa-
ma and family, c. NJ. Til, Mrs Larsen
and 9 children, Mrs. +. Ayres, Joe
Pa, Mr.. and Mrs. J. II. Hakuo,e, Miss
Hakuole, Mrs. Alma.
For San Francisco, per stmr. Mari
posa, July 20.-Mrs. Gus Schuman, j.
Monsarrat, wife and child, Mrs. A. II.
Lee, Miss L. Lee, J. NJ. Ogilvy. Master
s. Heapy, Alpheus Dixon, w. ID. Dres-
sler, Geo. Cooke, Peter High, w. q.
Godfrey, Jr., J. Z. McCrea, Rev. Alex.
Macintosh, Miss M. l.. Peterson, wm.
G. Gregg, Adele Morgan, Peter Miller
and Wife, Mr.. and Mrs. Gatty, W. q.
Walker, Mrs. Wight and two children,
2. II. Adams, Geo. r. Ewart, Z. S. VAL
entine, Miss Lena Templeton, j. II.
Claiborne, w. A. Robertson, Mr.. and
Mrs. z. X. Meyers, w. II. Baugh, Miss
NJ. Fell, Bro. Theodore, Bro. Charles,
c. L. Brown, Mrs. w. NJ. Giffard, Miss
Gffard, r. Burton Holmes, Louis r.
Brown, Oscar b. Du Pue, Arthur Studd.
Henry Smith and wife. Geo. r. Shelton
and wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Shelton,
Mrs. Ostrom, Miss Ostrom, Miss
Violet G. Makee, Mrs. H. b. Hayes,
Miss NJ. Gang, Mr.. and Mrs.
n. S. Sachs S. L. Bishop and wife, l..
A. Rostn, A. A. Lotto.
For Kappa, per stmr. James Makee,
July 2l.-Miss Loyeaux, Mrs. Kealoha.
Geo. Fairchild and the Kawaiahau
Club.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
A Wedding.

At st. Andrews Cathedral yesterday
evening, st. John James Matthews, a
promising young Hawaiian, was unit
ed in marriage to Miss Mary Ann Pa
nul, who recently graduated from the
Makawao Female Seminary. The cere-
mony was performed by Bishop Willis
and the service was fully choral. Louis
Miranda was best man and his brother
George, groomsman. Lottle Taylor, OF
Maui, stood as maid OF honor, and her
sister, Lucilla. bridesmaid. The sur
pliced choir of the Second Congrega-
ton, of which rhe groom is a member,
rendered the music under The direction
of Wray Taylor, who presided at the
organ. The church was pretily dec
GRATED in white and green ~ Mrs
Macintosh and Miss Won Holt, Quite
large number of people witnessed the
ceremony. a luau was given at the
residence OF the brides parents, School
street, after the ceremony, to celebrate
the happy event.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
IS A FALSE TALE
Yarn That Would Involve
People Seriously.
Concerning Repairs to Collier Bru-
tus--Charge OF Criminallty Made
In Coast Paper.

A late Examiner prints sensational
story to the effect that the trouble
with the Collier Bru,us was caused by
filings deliberately and cr.minally left
in the steam cylinders by German
workman Of the Honolulu Iron Works.
The story comes from Honolulu and
the writer claims to have gathered his
information from a letter written by
an officer Of the Brutus.
The Iron Works people are most en-
phatic in their denial Of the state
ments made. Manager Hedemann says
he was highly complimented by the
officers and engineers OF the Brutus on
the workmanship OF his men, and after
most thorough examination the work
was approved
The dispatch states that the filings
were in the steam cylinders. 1t is
pointed out that no work was done
there. The Iron Works men were en-
gagged in boring on safety valve, but
filings left there could not possibly
have created the trouble and damage.
At the bottom of the whole matter
Gppears to be a man who was recently
discharged from the Iron Works. That
party has long been Jealous Of the one
German who happened to be among the
number of men sent out to work on
the Brutus. 1t Is believed that the LETT
ter from the Officer" was written bA
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
"A ROYAL FUNERAL.
Mrs. NinitO Sumner Buried Yes
terday With Special llOnOrs.

The funeral OF Mrs. Ninito Sumner
which took place from the Catholic
Cathedral at 10 o'clock yesterday
morning, was carried out after the
manner Of Hawaiian royal burial Ger.
emones. Governor Cleghorn, Prin.
cess Kaiulani and Prince David Kawa-
nanakoa were among those present.
The latter represented Queen Dowager
kapiolani. There were pail bearers
and Kahili bearers. The yellow feath-
er capes OF royalty we're worn by some
OF the attendants.
The Bishop OF Panopolis conducted
the funeral. lie was assisted by Faith
ers Clement. oliver and Ethelbert.
Father Valentine conducted the music
and accompanied the body to the
grave. The pail bearers were: Fred
w. Weed, George Sea- Robert W. VIII
cox, J. w. Blplkane, All In and Hoo
mana.
Nanito was n member OF the royal
family OF Tahiti. She came here many
years ago betrothed to Prince Moses.
q brother OF Kamehameha III, but
that Prince had died sudden
ly. The visiting princess was courted
and won by the husband who survives
her. The family has always been
wealthy.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22

IN THE CIRCUIT COURT, FIRST
Circuit of the Hawaiian Islands.
In Probate.
In the matter of the Estate of Moses
Barrett, deceased, late Of Kona,
Hawaii.
The petition and accounts Of the
Administrative of said deceased,
wherein she asks that her accounts be
examined and approved, and that a
final order be made discharging her
from all further responsibility as such
Administrative.
1t Is ordered that Monday, the end
day OF August, A. ID. 1898, at 10
o'clock a. m, at Chambers, in the
Court House, at Honolulu, be and the
same hereby is appointed as the time
and place for hearing said petition and
accounts. and that all persons inter-
ested may then and there appear and
show cause, If any they have, why the
same should not be granted.
Honolulu, July 16. 1898.
BY the Court:
]. A. THOMPSON.
19S7-3tF Clerk.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
TALK on CHILDHOOD.
Miss Aliens Address to the sum.
m ~ School Last Nirht,

Miss Allen gave delightful talk of
an hour at Progress hall last evening
on the subject OF Childhood" The
room was all but filled with pupils
Of the Summer school and people of
the city. Most OF those present were
ladies.
Miss Allen handled her subject from
the standpoint of a teacher in the
kindergarten, and evinced a thorough
knowledge of IT. She first discussed
the child nature, and then took up the
question Of knowing and training it,.
OF the work for children she observed
that lit is not question of patience
but Of sympathy" She. agreed thor
oughly with Colonel Parker in encour-
aging the myth in training; in person
flying to intensity; in Santa Claus,
and in humOring whims to certain de-
grueS.
After the lecture a number OF teach
ers gave instances in their schools
bearing upon the subjects treated by
Miss Allen
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
BIG SWORD FISH
First OF the KIND Brough, to New
Market.

An immense aulepa-sword fish
over eighteen feet long, was caught off
Diamond Head yesterday about noon
by Keohana, native fisherman. 1t
was brought to the public market ana
was soon disposed of to the natives
and japanese, who consider it great
delicacy The upper and lower
swords disappeared also and the only
thing now left of the monster is the
upper fin, which measures about three
feet long by two feet in breadth, and
hangs drying in the air in front OF
the fish inspectors office. Ii looks all
the world like huge bats wing and
Is of similar texture and shape-not
to say smell.
The aulepa Is the deep water genus
of the same species as the auku, an
eel shaped fish with a sword for
nose, which frequents the shoal waters
Of the lagoons and harbors. The au
lepa is similar to the shark with the
exception of the swOrdllke projec-
tons on both lower and upper jaws
and an immense fin on the back.
There is more or less superstition
amongst the native fishermen about
the aulepa and auku and the hoodoo
evaporates only after certain incanta-
tons. Mai aloolo aku ku ike au"'
Is proverb which in plain United
States means beware of the sword
fish" In ancient meles these creatures
are deiiied and no fisherman in the old
days permitted his shadow to fall from
the canoe on the water until sure none
were around.
Aulepa were brought sometimes to
the old fishmarket years ago, but this
is the first time 1t has appeared in the
new market. Terrible tales of en-
counters with these fish are told by old
fishermen. Several times have canoes
been speared through and through with
their sharp swords. In the case OF
Keohana, he had very heavy lead at
tached to over twenty fathoms of line
and the weight seemed to overpower
the aulepa, which soon gave up the
struggle and was hauled into the boat.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
tom" Is GONE.
Death OF the Veteran Mascot Cat
q. OF the Alamela.

Chief Engineer Little's handsome big
cat Tom, for thirteen years the
mascot of the Alameda, died at San
Francisco when the ship was last in
that port. Tom was buried at sea.
Tom was probably the most Travelled
cat in the world, and had he lived to
reach Sydney, n. S. w. would have
earned a gold collar for having sailed
a million miles by sea. When he died
he wore n silver collar, which maj ked
the completion of 100000 miles of
travel. 1t was presented to him in
Sydney and bore the following inscrip-
ton: Old Tom. 5. 5. Alameda. Pre-
scented by his American admirers, July
I, 1896" When Tom was kitten he
forsOCk the bark Alden Besse and took
up his abode on the Alameda. Chief
engineer Little was the only person
aboard with whom he would make
friends, and to him he remained faith
full until the hour of his death.
or the thousands who have sailed
the Southern seas on the Alameda
there is not one but will remember
Tom and his owner. They were great
subjects for the camera fiends and Mr..
Little has over fifty different pictures
by various artists of the dead cat.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
Notice to Ship Captains.

Z. 5. Branch photographic Office.
San Francisco, Cal.
By communicating with the Branch
photographic Office in San Francisco,
captains OF vessels who will cooper
ate with the photographic Office by
recording the meteorological observa-
lions suggested by the office. can have
forwarded to them at any desired port,
and free Of expense, the monthly pilot
charts of the North Pacific Ocean and
the latest information regarding the
dangers to navigation In the waters
which they frequent.
Mariners are requested to report to
the Office dangers discovered. or any
other information which can be uti-
lied for correcting charts or sailing
directions, or in the publication OF the
pilot charts OF the North Pacific.
w. S. HUGHES.
Lieutenant, United States Navy.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
ABOUT NUMBERS
Col. Parker Talks Further
on Arithmetic.
Modes OF Expression-Mrs. Parker
Makes Strong Plea for Devei-
opment Of Color Sense

The Summer school opened yester'
day morning with the singing of "Ha'
wall Fair" composed by Philip Henry
Dodge. The song pays tribute to the
beauties of the Islands and is a plea
for higher life. Col. Parker in open
ing his morning lecture thanked the
teachers for their constant attendance.
He said that it Is sad thing to see
anyone stop studying, to close his ac-
count with books. OF all persons in
the world the teacher should he the
last to stop. 1t Is happy thing to see
people studying all through their lives
Referring to numbers and their func-
tlons, Col. Parker said that 1t was
question whether or not numbering
should be learned without the specific
application for its use.
The remaining time OF both lectures
was devoted to discussion Of Arith-
metic. Several Of the teachers entered
into the discussion and expressed their
views. Some old ideas were roughly
handled by Col. Parker, especially the
familiar phraseology in division, when
the number of articles is so many
times" greater or smaller. He has
horror for the abstract. He says he
is a teacher Of children and not phil
usophers and there is scarcely a child
IL. - tat
times" The Colonel says he consid-
ers 1t compliment when people tell
him that he has upset their old theo-
ries in teaching. His belief Is that a
child should be reasoned with from
she child's point of view and that
teaching cis getting the child to tell
what he knows.
Mrs Parker talked on the modes of
expression. Each mode is a necessity
in developing some part Of the brain to
bring the whole being into perfect SYM
metry. Unless the nerve cells are
nourished and stimulated when the
senses of the child are first awaken
ing. atrophy takes place The normal
state insists upon expression. EXPIRES
sion is understood in speech but the
average human being fails to see or
understand expression and the craving
for II in the other senses. 1t is time,
she says, that one should respond in
mnsic, color. making. Every mode
helps each other mode. Each of them
plays an important part in developing
the body. Singing, for instance. as
sists the speaking voice, 1t assists in
bringing into active use the side and
lung muscles. it develops the chest and
shoulders, 1t makes better blood by
inducing more rapid respiration.
And singing is but one of the many
modes of expression. Mrs. Parker said
that every mother should insist on
plenty of exercise for her children. She
is a firm believer in tree climbing. She
made an eloquent plea for the develop
ment of the color sense. Every trade,
every art, depends to such an extent
upon the proper understanding of form
and color that II is almost a crime not
10 give the child free play OF his color
sense. The child will not be easily dis
couraged as his critical sense is de-
yeloped along with his ability to fash
ion and make.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
FreiShts and Charters.

Am. schr. Mildred, 4l2 tons-Fertll-
iZer from Killisnoo TO Iiahului
Am. schr. Olga, 4ii tons-on the
berth at San Francisco for Honolulu,
by Alexander 4 Baldwin.
Am. schr. Wawona, 4l3 tons tat
Seattle) -lumber thence to Kahulul by
j. II. Baxter.
British ship Grenada, 2lO6 tons
lnow on the way to. Nanaimo)-Coal
thence to Honolulu.
Haw. bk. ANDREW Welch loading at
San Franc SEQ for Honolulu, TO sail
July Il.
Am. blk. Alden Besse, loading at San
Francisco for Honolulu.
Am. schr. Honoipu, i3S tons Dust
launched from Tacoma TO
sydney.
Am. schr. John G. North. 800 tons
merchandise from San Francisco to
Honoipu.
Am. schr. Endeavor, AS tons-lum-
Der from Port Gamble 10 Honolulu
by Pope & Talbot.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
MEMORANDA.

Per stmr Mariposa, from Sydney,
July 20.-Sailed from Sydney July 4,
arrived at Auckland July s, sailed from
Auckland July 8, arrived at Apia July
10, sailed from Apia July 10, arrived at
Honolulu at 10: 80 a. m, July 2o.-Had
strong head winds all the way from
Auckland. July 3, lat. 81 degrees s.,
long. 156 degrees 2S minutes E., eX-
changed signals with British ship,
name unknown, bound for Honolulu.
July 10, $3.50 a. m, sighted four-mastei
ship bound east.
Per stmr. Alameda, from San Fran
cisco, July 20.-Sailed from San Fran
cisco Thursday, July II, at $3.50 a. m.
The English mail being detained on
the tlantic and on the Overland. Had
fine weather all the way.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
DEPART.
ARRIVED AT HONOLULU.

Stmr. Klnau, Clarke, 80 hrs. from
Hilo.
Slocp Kaiulani, hrs from waiau.
Wednesday, July 20.
Stmr. Alameda, Won Oterendorp, 6
days from San Francisco; pass. and
mdse. to w. G. Irwin & Co., Ltd.
Stmr. Mar.posa, Hayward, 16 days
from Sydney, via Auckland and Apia;
pass. and mdse. to w. G. Irwin & Co.,
Ltd.
Stmr. J. A. Cummins, Searle, 6 hrs.
from Lagoon ports.
Stmr. James Makee, Tullett, ii hrs.
from Kappa.
Stmr ,Noeau, Peterson, 90 hrs. from
Honokaa.
Thursday, July 81.
Schr. Kawallani. hrs. from Koolau.
Stmr Upolu. Hellingsen, 12 hrs. from
Kohala.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
FOREIGN PORTS.

SAN FRANCISCO-Arrived July II
stmr. Rio de Janeiro, ~ days from
Honolulu; July 8, schr. Jno. G.. North
81 days from Honoipu; July 10, blk
Himalaya, 80 days from Honolulu;
schr. Spokane, 3l1a days from Hilo
Sailed-July IA, bark Santiago, fol
Hilo; bark Mauna Ala and bktne Irm.
gard, for Honolulu.
SALMON BAY-Sailed, July 8, schr
Repeat, for Honolulu.
YOKOHAMA-Arrived, July s, mr.
Belgic, from Honolulu.
PORT LUDLOW-Sailed, July 10
schr. Robert Levers, for Honolulu.
BALTIMORE-Sailed, July ~, Nor
sp. Prince Edward, for Honolulu.
NEWCASTLE, N. S. W.-Sailed
July Q, blk. Harvester, for Honolulu.
SYDNEY-Arrived, July 3, stmr. Mo-
ana, from Honolulu.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
Catholics to Give Thanks.

BALTIMORE, July 10. - Cardinal
Gibbons has prepared a circular to be
read in the Roman Catholic churches
On Sunday morning which is intended
10 carry out the suggestion made by
President Mckinley that the people OF
the land unite in giving thanks for
the victory Of the American fleet of
Santiago. The Cardinals letter calls
upon the people TO return thanks 10
Almighty God for his blessings upon
the arms of this land in the conflict
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
Fourth ut Auckland.

A relative of Harry Armitage writes
from Auckland, n. r., that there was a
grand public celebration OF the Fourth
Of July in that city. The mayor called
n meeting and committees arranged
the affair properly. There were
speeches and music and the ending OF
the program was The Star sQangled
Banner" with everybody singing.
Ruby" Dexter says in a letter to
his mother that he had the pleasure
on the Fourth of paying his respects to
the American Consul, Mr.. Dillingham;,
and that Mr.. Dillingham; made fine
speech ut the meeting.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
School Girl III.

Mary, the second daughter OF John
Ena, now at San Francisco, is still
quite ILL., rheumatism is the trouble.
\ physician accompanied her across
he continent from birmingham, Penn,
where she had been attending school.
Mr.. Ena suggested taking his daughter
I" one Of the springs in California.
olt the physician thought the eQuable
climate OF the Islands would he more
beneficial The Enas will arrive In
August.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
a SCHOONER LINE.
Hughes and Harris OF Honolulu
Sailing From Seattle.

Mr.. Hughes, lately with the Mutual
Telephone Co, and S. J. Harris, luna
at oahu prison, purchased the schooner
Concord at Seattle and were to have
sailed from Seattle on the 18th inst.
for Honolulu, with full cargo Of gen.
era merchandise. There are four men
bes les Hughes and Harris in the sx-
ped lion. The schooner is OF about 200
ton burden. II the traffic pays she
vii ply regularly between Honolulu
am the Sound.
larry Ingham booked at Seattle for
the schooner and probably sailed by
her 'or Honolulu.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
Porto Rico Next.

NEW YORK, July l2.-The Wash.
ington correspondent of the Herald
telegraphs: Major General J. r.
Brooke will be in command of the
army that will be sent to invade Porto
Rico. General Miles will exercise SUI
pervlslon before Santiago. There will
he not less than $4,000 United States
troops, not less than 10000 of whom
will be regulars. At the fall of San
tiago the men will have a brief rest
and will then move on Porto Rico.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1898-07-22
DELAYED Honolulu Packet.

The schooner Himalaya, one OF the
delayed Honolulu packets, arrived at
San Francisco July 9th. She encount-
cred nothing but light winds through
out the trip, and was thirty-three days
from port to port. The schooner John
G.. North, twenty-one days from Ho-
nolulu. arrived the same day. and her
skipper reports having encountered the
lightest winds he has ever experienced.