The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1898-01-09
rorps ON so1ExoE AND INDUSTRY.

.v,,cb ,r.ck around a vrech In ou,ck ,,ne
Tho peculinr feature in thfs case 4, m the froas.
The.s copp.c, tho temnorsrv cros.over with the
main trncks without quitting a rail or n tia r milling
A spite, tbey are mortis.d into tho main tracks. and
whom tho wheat. nj, IN, train which IA IN eros. ov.r
touch than, tho trnip 4. Yal.ed nm ahovs ,bo ,evo, ~
tbe mai, ,rarhs and n...e. ovor "a .noo,hir nj.
,ho,oh tho rata ,verc c,t md :, n o,a.,,,r .ui,ch tn.
serted inter many hours OF hard lal o. nv n bundred
M NOR. man TIM, ~ IN. r,,h,,h md ,rocL 4.
b,,chod ,ra,,s n.v ms, the yvrcct hv hahn, s,,,c,od
over 10 Nh, Ieft. ha,d ,rsct. or ~ ,bc cirrpn,,tnrce.
no cnonred, that 4, ~ , twain ,ynn,s O., r,r a, che
oppo'"o ""s'oh u 'e''n""' SeA' 'hoi rugs vi .ho
er'sso'er may oe 'sken ont = momen. 70 ieti'
P""'' !" pu' :" equ""' "0' peH'N
~,
~ - u Hu''po"" '"'"eH nav Gu.
80 NV u e.ss u Nv !" "'A' w
""' o"s W wv hu'op Voe"'
" .ou"" 81 "t"0i'' w nu'o,p" D'o'e'.
49, ''O.S" a''"k u mo" VI
,'"'N 50, ". o"Viou eAt'nvs' eine's :"
-" ~" 70 u w "
soM..oNs"no, anu .no W. msy W se'. ;" y
eo"', ,"o 'u"'s' W. oei"s ''""" iu.'
y. ~, :. ,"u =" " e,oIo oo"irlo'seu ~
~ " ."o u" ' " pio',",pats e'"p'osSon u
" "sH. uesto' '"
...s-.,..n r."a. 80 ou"us " ~"
nv ms 'o"pro's'on .
80 ny u 'noi uei u u
sion. no special igniting device being necessary.
Under this arrangement the combustion produces an
increase or prossurs. which impcis the piston. and ut
the end or the stroke the gases expand still further
In q second cylinder. after which they are discharged
into the air. BY such n method tho very high degree
OF compression insurcs q rapid and thorough combus.
ton ana a higher upper limit of temperature than is
otherwise ottatnable; also. tho fuel is burned grad.
ually, and not explosively, as tho indicator cards
snow ana the combustion can be cut on about rs
Sharply and definitely as the pressure in a steam en-.
CINE. The high pressure gases nre fully expanded In
two cylinders.
r,.-u. a.. L..
~. NA"N ~" koins :" u
a "'o "'u'n VIC
80, n"ei '"o fe
,s.o,, - Ill.
- o'' ~ u''o ~ u
- -
-. -" Vi 'o ~
n,.ds =, hotS 49,. ,n, =. ~ .a.., -"
considerably In excess or thirteen thousand feet. Il 10
estimated that two years will DO required for its com.
pletion. The east portal of the tunnel is at an eleva-
ton OF about thirty.four hundred feet above sea
level. and. as IL drops nearly three hundred feet In
the length, makes . grade OF IL per hundred. slop.
ing toward tho wost; such q grade will furnish
drainage ana VIII also provide q hue for smoke. pre-
venting It from becoming thick In the long passage.
,....a ..., -"
"Ae'
1870, -. - =" :. n'.s . 10
r. .oo,N ~ ~ ~ iu" IL" uAe'
No.. 49,. 80 nv pre.eh'
,,..,,.... ,.....-" W..
~ p'aH 10 W ""A u e"'''
1890, ~. -, .-.N",.N
-. - e -. ~ u
,mr .. .u..o,. VI !. ~ ni' q
S'AS sho q
~. ~. NV ..n't" nAm
80 NN-' 80 aWu -"
,ho or ,rar, ,..,, - sN.. " w."
pumps. "hen q casting 10 ready TO be run In. the con.
trolling valves are opened and the residue Of air in
tho casting chamber is simultaneously sucked out
Into the surrounding chambers at the same moment
that tho molten steel Is poured into the mould; the
casting thus takes place In vacuo-that ID, the Sc.
Guided air and gases rush out OF the fluid metal and
dihuse themselves In the vacuum chambers. and q
hawIess. homogeneous steel casting 10 the result.
..noi Vt ho" nav
IT, a.. ;. N rp."
,,v.,,o. 49, -. vi
,,,,,tv Itch ,h,oh :, 1870. a.. 80. ..s . Il
- = - 40" VI
,...,.s -. " o"", .e'e'
-. .n...,.. :" -. !"
,.r.. p anu 'hs' W
.~sasa..Is - 800 n.1' 'u.us I isn' oh aho on
~ .r..,.oa ,n., . ss 'oeA
- 80 Ia to t'f"el " ole
80 80 ' GUS OH the
- ' pn" run
H ~ -. NC nun'en 'upe'
>" oo.,enApe gas reservoir SIT
IN ~. - 49,, ,.n,. - ~. u turh'
80 nAne 'ne reservoir
Is = u covering OF the
ps - Nv ~ w on".ie kas u turning
oa,,n,. .,sH 80 ~ IN. an i"per
~ :" .".ouSn " sn.ii op'hihs IN
-. - s~u W w Pf0o'
hser'ioe'
Tho several curious attempts now beino mad. m,
various points-by boring deeplv into the sorth-t ~
solve tho question as to the degree OF heat character
king It's interior. have led TO some interestinp d,scus
alons by physicists as to the dependence OF such hen,
on the direct influence Of the sun and that due 10 IN.
fundamental heat of space itself respectivcIv. The
existence and extent Of the latter were FIRST advanced
as a theory by the eminent French savant, NJ, Fourier
His argument was that II the globe besides its
internal heat only received beut from, tb. 4, ,h.,