The San Francisco call., 1898-05-15
lRD TURRET OF THE BATTLE-SHIP INDIANA. s

the ship lying below the water line IS shut in by continuous roof of steel which is three inches in thickness for ward and aft of the bulkheads. Over the central armored citadel it is two and three-quarter inches thick. All the plating indicated by dotted lines might be shot away without the 'VitalS suf- fering injury or the ship being sunk. The reader will see that it is its lofter sides and the extra deck and freeboard which they provide which constitute practically the difference between battle-ship and a monitor.
 This brings us to the consideration of the monitor type. Take away from a battle-ship all that portion which IS shown in our drawing in dotted lines above the water line; lower the bar bettes until they rise only few feet above the steel deck, and we have a ship of the general monitor type. The monitor is distinguished by very low freeboard-only a few inches in the ex- treme type-the absence of heavy secondary battery and the possession of a main armament of heavy guns. Such a ship labors heavily in bad weather and is not intended for ser vice at any distance from the coasts To make seagoing vessel out or her it would be necessary to add one, or even two decks, placing the guns well LID above the water, after which changes she would De HO iOuSSi lllOlli- tor, but seagoing battle-ship.
 In the cruiser type the protective deck does not extend across the ship at one level, but curves down to meet the hull at a point several feet below the water line This sloping portion is made thicker than the flat portion, as in diagram No. II, where the deck is three inches thick on the flat and six inches on the slopes. In the case or the armored cruisers, belt Of vertical armor is carried at the water line ana in all cruisers the V-shaped space De tween belt and sloping deck is f1lled in with coal or with some form or water excluding material, such as cornpith cellulose. -s
 In diagram II, which represents the fine armored cruiser Brooklyn, it will be seen that before it could reacn the eneine-room a shell would have to pass through three inches of vertical steel about six feet of coal and six inches or inclined armor-a total resistance equal to fourteen or fifteen inches of solid steel. The guns and turning gear are protected by five and one-half inch steel turrets and eight-inch barbettes. The barbettes. it will be seen, do not ex- tend continuously down to the armored deck as in the battle-ship, for this would require a greater weight oI armor than can be allowed. Conse> ouently. the architect Is only able to furnish the guns with small armor- nIated tube for protecting the ammunf- tion in it's passage from the magazines to the barbettes.
 Tn the protected cruiser the side ar nor at the water line disappears alto- gether, and dependence is placed en- tirely upon the sloping sides of the pro- tective deck, the water excluding eel lulose and the or 8 feet of coal which is slowed in the bunkerS in the wake or the engines and boilers. The barbettes, t,Irrets and armored ammunition tubes of the armored cruiser disappear, and their place is taken by comparatively Iieht shields and easements of four inch steel which serve to protect the gun crews.
 It will be seen from the above de- scrintion that each class of vessel is only fitted to engage ships Of it's own type. The protected cruiser Colum- bia (No. D might, with her light and 4 inch guns, hammer away all day at the Indiana (No. 3 without being able to do much more than knock the paint off the latter's 1S-inch armor. whereas one well directed shot from the 13-inch e1Ins of the Indiana would be sufficient fo sink or disable the Columbia The Brooklyn would fare better, and at close range her 8-inch guns might hap nen to penetrate the belt or turret ar mor of the Indiana, but the issue of the duel would never be in doubt for an in- stant A Columbia or a Brooklyn would show it's heels to an Indiana or Massachusetts, and their great speed would give them the option Of refusing or accepting battle with almost any craft that is af1oat upon the seas to- day.
 If sbould be mentioned, in conclusion. that the dividing line in the classifca-