davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-14
r. w. COURTNEY.

with the facilities now offered at the
Terminal Hotel. West Point. Va, you
will miss II II you do not make this pop
ular hotel your headquarters this sum-
mcr.
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14
A Steep Trail.

one inch In diameter. standing upright.
its upper end closed M its lower end.
which was open. secured into a brass
pipe. through which the external wa
ter was a passage into the glass tube.
served as a water gauge
There was a piece of cork with phos-
phorus on ii put into the water gauge
condensing the air within and bearing
the cork on it's surface. BY the light
of the phosphorus the ascent OF the
water in the gauge was rendered visi-
BILE and the depth of the vessel recorded
by a graduated scale.
AN oar formed on the principle of
the screw, was fixed in the fore part OF
the vessel, and being turned in one di-
r~ection. rowed the vessel forward. and
being turned in the other rowed II
backward. II was constructed to be
turned by the hand or foot.
"A rudder to the hinder part Of the
vessel. which commanded IL with the
greatest ease. was made very flexible
and might be used for rowing forward.
"A compass marked with phosphorus
directed the course above and under
water.
The internal shape OF the vessel I'm
every possible section OF II verged to-
ward an ellipsis. as neal as the design
would allow, but every horizontal sec
ton, although eiliptical. was yet as near
to a circle as could be obtained.
Every opening was well secured. The
pumps had two sets of valves. The
aperture at the bottom for admitting
watre was covered with a plate per
forated full of holes to receive the wa
ter and Ia prevent anything from clos
ing the passage or stopping the valves
from shutting. The brass valve might
likewise be- forced into its place with
a screw. The air pipes had a kind Of
hollow shere fixed round the top Of
each 10 secure them from injury. These
hollow spheres were perforated fun OF
noles for the passage of air through
the pipes. Without the air pipes were
shutters 10 secure them should any &C
eident happen TO the pipes or the valves
on their tops.
Bushnell does not give the dimensions
Of his craft. but from his description
and the fact that IL was designed 20
carry but one man. il is probable that
n was no longer than a small row boat.
Crude as u was, II fully expresses the
idea back OF The submarine torpedo
boat Of to-day. Even when floating on
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

Is a good shot. who can manage his
firearms haudily from the back of a
horse. His standard Of honor and duty
as he sees them. Is high. and he thinks
hat nothing il 50 disgraceful as COW
ardice. In his personal quarrels and
in defending his life and his employers
property against Indians and white
robbers he has in many cases had al
ready his baptism of fire. He IL re-
SuurCeful and accustomed 10 depend on
himself i'm emergency. and. a valuable
quality in a cavalryman. he has an In
dian instinct of locality. and can md
his way through a strange and difficult
country. Moreover. he Is an ultra-loyal
American. aggressively patriotic and
ready at all times 10 night for his coun-
try's honor at the drop Of the hat"
Against these indisputable merits as
a cavalry recruit there mas been raised
the objection that he is lswless in per
sonal behavior. impatient Of official con-
troll and insistent upon doing things in
his own way. OF the first IL h to be
said that the foundation OF a good
fighting army lies in the individual
character and courage OF the men who
compost. War il a hard and cruel and
remorseless thing and there must be
iron in the blood OF the men who follow
a standard TO victory. The irrepresstble
spirit Of action which impels a cow
hAM O. - g. I A'EN ~ - 81 -
into the settlement for a Publication.
and To shoot up the town" Is a mis-
directed energy which. in another chan
mel. could be turned 10 havoc among
his country's foes. As To his enduring
military restrictions and discipline. and
Obeying willingly the orders OF his COM
handing officer. the whole question
turns upon what sort OF man the officer
is. Where a martinez with harsh ex-
actness would drive a regiment of COW
boys into meeting. more or less open.
a tactful commander. understanding
them and possessing their confidence,
can keep them under perfect control
and I'm the line OF battle lead them
wherever man dare 10 go. Cowboys
are greatly influenced by personal char
acter and a natural leader quickly
finds his true place among them.
What discipline and i~ntrepidity the
cowboy will show in action. when led
by officers ike Wood and Roosevelt. il
told in the history OF the charge at La
Qussina. and the carrying of the hih
of san Juan in the taking OF santiago
de Cuba. Employed as infantry,
throughout the advance and siege. the
Rough Riders showed the steadiners OF
regulars. not only in the active fighting.
but in the harder ordeal OF waiting
under fire. CLARENCE PULLEN.
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

the surface of the water 1t must have
been well nigh invisible.
The first submarine boa was
equipped with a torpedo, or Internal,
OF which Bushnell also seems to have
been the inventor, for in MS letter he
tells OF the difficulty he had i'm convinc-
ing people that powder could be eN-
ploded in the water.
Describing the torpedo and the ar
rangement made for conveying II and
placing it in position TO fire, Bushnell
says:
In the fore part of the brim OF the
crown Of the vessel was a socket
through which an iron tube passed.
The tube stood upright. and could slide
up or down six inches. At the top OF
the tube was a Nooden screw fixed by
means OF a rod which passed through
the lube and screwed the wood screw
fast upon the top of the tube. BY push
ing the wood screw up against the bot
tom OF a ship and turning IL at he
same time IL would enter the planks
When the wood screw vas firmly hxed
It could be cast of by unscrewing the
rod which fastened II upon the top Of
the tube.
Behind the vessel was a place above
the rudder for carrying a large powder
magazine. This was made OF two pieces
Of oak timber. large enough when hol-
lowed out TO contain $50 pounds of
powder. with the apparatus used In mr.
ing IL. A rope extended from the mag
azine TO the wood screw above men
toned. When the wood tube was hNed
and to be cast OF from its tube, the
magazine was to be cast OFF likewise.
leaving IL hanging TO the wood screw.
IL was lighter than the water that n
might rise up against the object 10
which the screw and itself were fast
ened.
Within the magazine was a clock
constructed TO run any proposed length
Of time under twelve hours. When Il
had run out its time il unpinioned a
strong lock resembling a gun lock
which gave fire TO the powder. The ap-
I paratus was so pinioned that II could
not possibly move Till by casting on
the magazine from the vessel Il was SET
in motion.
The operator could swim SO low IN
the water as 10 approach very near d
ship in the night without fear OF beins
I discovered. and might. IL he chose. ap-
/ preach the stem or stern with very lit
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

one on each side large enough TO put
the hand through. When open they ad-
mitted fresh air. Their shutters were
ground perfectly tight into their places
when shut. There were likewise sew
eral glass windows in the crown for
looking through and for admitting light
i'm the day time, with covers TO secure
them.
There were two air pipes i'm the
crown, a ~ventilator. which drew fresh
air through one of the pipes and dis
charged it into the lower part Of the
vessel. The fresh air introduced by
the ventilator expelled the impure air
through the outer pipe. Both air pipes
were so constructed that they shut
themselves whether the water rose
near their top so that no water could
enter through them.
The vessel was chiefly ballast "a
with lea fixed to its bottom. when
there was not sufficient, a quantity was
placed within. more or less, according
to the weight of the operator. Its bal
last rendered il so solid there a no
danger of its overseeing. The vessel
with all its ~appendages and the oper-
ator, was of sufficient weight TO settle
IL low in the water. About 200 pounds
OF lead at the bottom could be let down
40 or 30 feet below the vessel. This en-
abled the operator TO rise instantly 20
the surface of the water in case of ac-
cident.
"When the operator desired to de-
scend he placed his foot upon the top
of the brass valve. depressing IL, by
which he opened a valve aperture in the
bottom of the vessel. through which the
water entered at his pleasure. Whal
he had admitted a certain quantity
he descended very gradually. II he ad-
mitted too large a quantity. in order
to obtain an equilibrium he elected as
much as was necessary by the two
brass forcing pumps. which were placed
at each end; whenever the vessel
leaked, or he desired TO ascend to the
surface. healso made use of the forcing
pumps.
"When the operator had obtained an
equilibrium he could row upward OF
downward. or continue at any particu-
lar depth, with an oar placed near the
top OF the vessel formed upon the prin-
ciple of a screw. BY turning the oar
in one direction he raised the vessel:
by turning it in the other way he de-
pressed IL.
"A glass tube eight inches long AND
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

tie danger. lie could sink very quick
~. keep a; any necessary depth and
row a great distance in any direction
he desired without coming 10 the sur
face. When he rose to the surface he
could soon obtain a fresh supply or AIR
and If II was necessary he might then
descend again and pursue his course
Bushnell made many experiments
with his queer craft. i'm order 10 dem
onstrate its practicability. While none
OF these experiments were entirely
successful. they were all far from being
complete failures. They served 10 show
that the boat and its Internal might
be used on the ships Of the enemy with
telling results.
one attempt was made on a man
of-war aging of Governors island
in New York harbor. The operator sue
ceede in propelling his boat under its
intended victim without the least diff
nculty. So Bushnell claimed but when
II came 10 fastening the wooden screw
in her planking he encountered some
hard substance. and in shifting about
for "A new point Of attack drifted clear
OF the ship. and could not again find
her. After continuing his search for a
little time he rose 10 the surface for a
fresh supply Of air. when he discovered
that il was not far from daylight. and
fearing discovery. returned TO New
1bths SDIlEN ldA tdlNt a NlAai was HiaAF
In the Hudson river. but nothing was
accomplished by IL.
In l777 Bushnell made MS most sue
csssful experiment. IL was conducted
against the English frigats Cerbosus
a. she lay al anchor Off New London.
by means of a line which he controlled
az a safe distance from a whale boat.
he sent his magazine or torpedo drift
Ing down against the frigate's side.
The magazine was heavily charged
with powder and Was to be exploded
al the proper moment by a gun lock on
the inside.
II never reached its Intended prey,
however, but drifted foul Of a small
schooner. the crew OF which took II
from the water and proceeded 10 eN-
anime il at their leisure, on deck. As
they worked With 1t they managed 70
release the lock. and a %frightful eNplo-
sion followed. which killed three men
on the spot and blew a fourth over
board. A subsequent attempt was made
by Bushnell on the ships OF a British
fleet IN the Delaware river. In this
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

trained from boyhood to the saddle
and every equestrian exercise.
In modern warfare the story has been
the same. The Mamelukes, who carried
the Turkish sovereignty across North
ern Africa the skins. the striking cav
airy arm in the extension of British
dominion over India; the Arabs of the
Soudan. whose fierce charges pierced
again and again the British hollow
square which had stood unbroken
against the onslaugh,s OF Napoleon's
~squadrons: and the Cossacks, who have
carried the Russian arms and dominion
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14
THE FIRST SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT
Invented One Hundred and Twenty Three Gears Ago by
David Bushnell, but Never Perfected-Three
Attempts Made Against Ships.

Doubtless What was the first subma-
Of David Bushnell Of Salbrook, Conn. 1t
was built in ITS, though Bushnell APP
pears TO have been working on the idea
for many years prior to that.
While the boat was a rude affair of
most primitive construction, there is
hardly a question put that some use
might have been made of il, had the
government been willing TO second
Bushnell in his lsbors. As it was he
spent his fortune on his invention and
derived no benefit from it, nor did any
one else.
OF the public men of the day, Thomas
Jefferson alone seems TO have taken an
interest in the boat. for the only com
plete description OF 1t is to he found in a
letter which Bushnell wrote to him un-
der date of October, 1857, in which he
fully described the construction and
operation of his unique craft.
This description is most minute and
detailed. but in view Of Hollands much
discussed submarine % and the in
terest all classes. save government OFF,
Gals have taken in 1t, the letter is worth
while reproducing In part. II IL as fol-
lows:
The external shape of the submarine
boat bore some resemblance 10 two up
per tortoise shells. Joined together, the
fue of entrance into the vessel being
represented by the openings made by
the swells of the shells at the lei Of
the animal. The inside was capable Of
containing the operator, and air sufi-
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

cient TO support him for 30 minutes,
without receiving fresh air. At the bot
tom opposite to the entrance was fixed
a quantity of lead as ballast. at one
edge. Directly before the operator, who
sat upright, was an oar for rowing
backward or forward. At the other edge
was a rudder for steering. An aperture.
at the bottom, with it's valves, was de-
signed TO admit water. for the purpose
of descending, and two brass forcing
pumps served to eject the water within
when necessary for ascending. At the
top there was likewise an oar for as
cending or descending, or continuing
at any particular depth. A water
gauge or barometer determined the
depth Of the descent, a compass direct
ed the course, and a ventilator within
supplied the vessel with fresh air when
on the surface.
THE entrance into the vessel was
elliptical and so small as barely to ad-
init one person. This entrance was sur
rounded by an iron band. the lower
edge of which MAS let into the wood
Of which the body OF the vessel was
utmost support to the body Of the yes
sci against the pressure Of the water.
Above the upper edge OF this iron band
there was a crown or cover resembling
a nat. with its crown and brim, which
shut wateT-tight upon the iron band.
The crown was hung TO the iron band
with hinges TO turn over sideways when
opened. To make IL perfectly secure
when shut it might be screwed down
upon the hand by the operator, or by
a person within.
There were in the brass crown three
round doors, one directly in front, and
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

alrymen OF the modern cho seek fight
either in the ssddle or dismounted. and
through constant frontier warfare
against savage horsemen have become
admirably effective troopers. WHAT
ever other qualifications he may have
one is Indispensable i'm the cavalry
man-that he hail ride well. which inn
plies both natural aptitude and long
training. Hence. i'm our country, for a
quarter of a century past. in consider
ing the men available for cavalry re
cruits in the event Of a sudden call TO
arms. those Wild riders. the cowboys of
the Western plains. have naturally
come first to mind.
The cowboy. as he Is known to-day.
has come into being in the last % years.
In the decade following the civil war
the building Of transcontinental rail-
roads. killing OF buffalo and the gen
eral restriction of the predatory Indi-
ans TO the limits OF reservations left the
vast plains regions available To the oc-
cupancy of white settlers. and the era
of cattle raising began. Throughout
Western Nebraska and Texas. and all
the territories. wherever ;he water ia
cilities permitted men took up ranches
and locked them with cattle. The
herds of the different owners grazed i'm
common over the plain almost as I'M
restrictedly as the buffalo had done.
Once a year. in the spring. the owners
in combination rounded up" their cat
tie and branded their calves: then each
owner range herded' his steers until
the time for the au;umnal shipment of
beef cattle 10 the East. After this the
cattle wandered again where they
would until the roundup the next
spring.
For the gathering, branding. herding
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14
MAKE THE BEST CAvALRYMEN
Familiarity With the Saddle and Lawlessness Rightly Dr.
rected Result in Making Magnificent Soldiers.
Ready for Fight at MI Times.

ITO be a perfect cavalryman the man
must have learned to ride before he
learned to walk" is the saying of a
high military authority. 1t is support
ed by the fact hat the conquering cav
airy forces in all ages of history hav
been recruited from regions in which
the horseman was the only man of
consideration, and the art of riding was
taught the boy at so early an age
hat throughout his growth and man
hood IL was an instinct with him rather
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

a battle the cavalry OF an army may
be called to hurl itself against the en-
emy's front. although almost certain to
he shattered and sacrificed IA the effort.
Fol all Of these services II would he
difficult To find anywhere recruits het-
ter ftted In character and training
than the cowboy OF the plains. In sv-
erything but military discipline ne il
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

or two noteworthy occasions. played an
inconsiderahle part i'm the brunt OF the
heavy fighting. In the American civil
the result OF no important battle
upon a cavalry charge. The
principal effectiveness of cavalry i'm
warfare between civilized powers to-
day is i'm scouting, foraging and escort
duty. in cutting off an enemy's supply
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

or less painful. he learned the idiosyn-
cracies of broncho nature. how 10 keep
his saddle I'm a pitching sea-" with his
pony kImping stiff-legged beneath him.
and To handle cattle in all their moods
in all weathers. The fact that he con-
tinued to work as a cowboy was proof
in itself that he was a good rider, a
hardy campaigner and a trustworthy
man
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

trial he did not use his submarine boat,
but only his magazines or torpedoes.
This attempt vas entirely unsuccessful
owing TO his lack of knowledge of the
rivers currents. This appears TO have
been his last effort to impress the pub
lie with the Importance and utility OF
his Inventions. for he shortly afterward
went 10 France and remained abroad
for many years. When he finally re-
turned 10 America he settled in Geor-
gia. where he died in 1920.
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

and shipment of the millions of cattle
that roamed the plains a class of men
who could ride and endure and take
risks. was required. and thus the cow
boy was developed. He is the successor
of the Texas and Mexican vaquero,
multiplied and modified. He can ride
and throw the rope as we'll as the old
tim vaqueros, but has more of the
civilized and fewer of the homicidal
traits of his predecessor. He
was bred upon the ranches
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

Let us consider what part the cav
airy service is supposed to play in the
military campaigns Of to-day. when
the crossing of sabers and b~ayonets
seems to he a thing Of The past. II is
an era of missile warfare. educated
with lo~ng-range, rapid-hring artillery
and small arms. in which an army
might be annihilated before il could
come to close quarters With the enemy.
In the last four great European wars
the cavalry on both sides, barring one
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14
A Hard Mount.

eastward and southwark through Asia
to the Japan sea and the Gates of India
al were born 20 the back of a horse.
and their life and action have been
~inseparably bound with that of their
fleet and docile war steeds.
There is another class of cavalrymen
like the British mounted regiments in
India, the French in Algeria and those
splendid riders. the United States cav
airy, seasoned by scouting service and
Indian campaigns on the ~plains-cav-
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

than an requirement. The A~ssyrians,
the Scythians, the Saracens. the Tartar
hordes of Timour and Genghiz Khan.
the Huns of Attila, all were bred to sit
in the saddle from infancy. and to con-
quer and govern and perform their
work in life from the back of a horse.
The Visigoth riders who turned the tide
of battle and saved the worlds civil
zation at Chalous. and the mailed
knights who fought the battles of Eu-
rope through the Middle Ages were
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

the States" attracted by the adven-
turous life OF the plains. and inspired
by the hope of making his fortune i'm
cattle raising. as SO many men did i'm
the beginning. Usually the newcomer
was a passable rider before he came
West. Afterwards, by experience more
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

From the indianapolis Journal.
watts-Whati You drinking AGAIN. I
thought you told me you had won a VIC
tory over alcohol?
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. victory. ole
Teller.
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

a proved soldier through his mode Of
life. lie il hardy. enduring. accus-
toned TO hardships. to sudden calls TO
duty. and to long stretches in the sad
die without food or rest. His bed u
the ground under the rain or stars, as
may happen. his simple fare j. much
the same as that OF the army soldier:
His home Is the saddle and he Is usual
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

STANDING on the scsfold he laughed.
Why note The brick he dropped had
not fallen on himself, but on an unlucky
man on the sidewalk below.
The Anaconda standard. [volume] (Anaconda, Mont.) 1889-1970, 1898-08-14

trains. I'm seizing through its celebrity
of movement. some important point of
vantage and holding IT until a force OF
infantry or artillery can come up to
utilize II, and i'm harassing the retreat
Of an enemy: and. d~ismounted. fl may
render effective service in infantry hT-
ing. Beyond this is still the contingent
cy always that at a desperate stage In
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1898-01-21
The Unions Story Contest.

For the first and second best
Black Hills story written by pupils
of the Rapid City high school The
UNION will give one copy each Of
"America's Successful Men" a
beautiful work of over 900 pages,
elegantly bound in half morocco and
valued at $3.50 per volume. Stor-
les offered in this contest must not
contain less than 700 nor more
than 1000 words. Contest closes
February 2, and prizes will be
awarded at the high school building
on the afternoon of February 4.
Stories, when completed, are to be
placed in the hands of the principal
of the schools. The two best will
be published in THE UNION. All
stories offered will be passed upon
by committee of three composed
of Prof. Larrabee, a member of the
board of education and the publisher
of The UNION. The books offered
as prizes may be seen at The
UNION office.