The San Francisco call., 1898-04-09

and in that year whipped the rebellious burghers of Ghent He had an African war in 1541, and another war with France from 1542 to 1544. In 1543 he be- gan his savage attacks on Protestant ism. In 1547 he took Maurice of Saxony prisoner, and fought him again in 1852. He followed this with one more war with his old foeman of France. At this time Spain was mistress of Mexico, Peru, Franche Comte, the Netherlands, Naples. parts of Germany and a dozen of other principalities. During his reign Charles rolled back the Turks from Europe, fought for Christians in Tunis and Algiers, had travelled over Italy, France, England, Germany and Flanders forty times in war and peace. He had fought every one who disagreed with him on any subject, and when he resigned his crown to Philip and re- tired to monastery, was the most po- tent and dreaded monarch of his day.
 Philip, who came to the throne when 29 years old, fought the Pope; fought France; fought long wars with the Protestant Netherlands; fought the Turk viciously; made one of the Holy League which fought the great sea fight of Eepanto, which forever shat tered the Turkish dream of an empire in Africa, and in which CervanteS, a private soldier, lost the use of his left hand fought Henry of Navarro; main tained a perpetual sea war with Eng land after the accession of Elizabeth. He sent the invincible armada in 1888. and of the 30000 men who manned his ships only 10000 returned. He sent another armada in 1596-97. Mexico was coined into ducats for these wars English, French and Dutch. Philip was royalty Spanish or Spanishly royal. He lived and breathed murder He att tempted to assassinate Elizabeth, Hen Nf Nv.,x- r,1 TnI, ,f
 eveld, the. great burgher, and he did
 assassinate Egmont, Hoorne, William the Silent; Don Carlos, at that time his
 only son; his illegitimate son, Don Juan; millions by one edict in the Netherlands, and his private secretary, Escovedo, who knew too much. For
 many years of Philips reign the skull
 of the Chief Justice of Aragon adorned
 a Spanish market place. Here is what | he governed: Peru, Mexico, Brazll, the | Antilles, seventeen Netherland prov | inces, twelve kingdoms of Spain and | Portugal, the two Sicilies, Milan, parts
 of Tuscany, Barbary, Guinea, the Afrl- l can coast southwest, the Indian Seq
 peninsulas and archipelagoes the Phil | ippine and Malucca islands, the Grand l Duchy of Florence and the Republic of l Geneva. He was titular King of Eng
 land, through his marriage with Mary, | and a claimant to the throne of France
 through his daughter.
 Under Philip III, Philip " and
 Charles II the great empire rapidly re-
 rograded. Under Philip III there were | thirty years of war. Philip " reigned | forty-four years, which were of almost l uninterrupted war with the Nether-
 lands. Italy and France under Riche-
 lieu. Philip V, who was a Bourbon,
 and Ferdinand VI were comparatively | ouiescent Charles III was guilty of l two foolish wars with England, in both | of which he was worsted. In the Span- | ish war with England in 1762 the Eng | fish took Havana, with $15, 100000 in
 plunder. and also Trinidad and Manila | Spain bought them back with Florida. | In 1795 Spain warred with France, a
 war which was ended by disgraceful | concessions of Spanish territory. In | 1797, Spain then being once more em-
 broiled with England, the battle of St. 1 Vincent was fought. It resulted in the
 practical annihilation of the Spanish | marine. This was followed by her l lengthy troubles with France under | Napoleon, in all of which she lost
 strength and prestige. Finally came the
 successful revolutions of her American | dependencies and the civil wars of Don 1 Carlos. Spain to-day, after four cen turies of steady warfare, has but little 1 more territory than was hers when
 Aragon and Castle joined hands, but | Spanish steel has flashed in all lands
 and the Spanish gentleman adventurer
 has graven his name deep into the ages. HI. s. Garfield in Chicago Times l Herald.