davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03

the naval mllitIa-and long may It wave
but it is doubtful II it can turn out.
under any present theory, the Jackies
most needed at sea.
VESSELS AVAILABLE.
Luckily we have ahoat a number or
fine merchant steamers and yachts which
can with deft despatch be made auxiliary
cruisers. transports and despatch vessels
The special vessels receiving the mail
subsidy are really a part OF the actual
fleet of the country and must lie turned
over 10 the government when needed. The
others would be available. as the best or
them run in trade lines which would be
interrupted In case OF war and even
where this Is not the case their tender
can be confidently expected.
Some Of them could be readily converted
into cruisers because IN their construction
this possibility was never lost sight OF.
and IL the guns. munitions and war equip
ments were ready could take the sea in
side OF three weeks. Others would need
a lot OF changes: but. taking them all,
by and large we ought to have ahoat,
say In six weeks after the commence
ment Of hostllties. a fine squadron OF
effective auxiliary cruisers.
OUR AUXILIARY FLEET.
or course all the auxiliary ships belong
TO the unarmored class-that is. vessels
without metal side protection or gun pro-
lection. save by shields. with us the
unarmored effective fleet consists Of for
ty-nine vessels. varying IN size from the
Minneapolis. Of 400 tons displacement.
10 the Pinta, OF 500 tons. Undoubtedly
in weeks time forty-five Of these ships
could be put into condition for waging
active war. for already forty OF them are
now IN commission. doing such services
as fall 10 a peaceful navy. But these
forty or fifty cruisers. no matter how
efficient. are inadequate TO the Demands
that would be made upon them or upon
ships II their class In a time Of active
hostilitles, and the only way 10 provide
for such exicencies Is 10 enroll as part
OF the regular naval force such vessels
Of the mercantile navy as can be made
to serve nearly the same purposes.
Mindful OF the dangers Of the nrasent
threatening situation the Navy Depart
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03

ment has for some time been preparing
for the moment when mobilization ar
riyes. Under the orders some nifty or
more of the staunchest. fastest steam
ships in our merchant service have been
inspected by naval officers TO determine %
into desirable cruisers OF war. 90 the
number of guns 10 be mounted In both
main and second batteries. 90 where these
pieces are 20 be installed. and (D what
consequent structural changes viii be
necessary. IN most Of the vessels Il has
been decided that little more work need
be done beyond removing some OF the
ament. This could be readily completed
within a week were the guns and the gun
mounts at hand Lucklessly not more
than half the guns needed are now ready.
nor anything like enough carriages even
TO mount them. However in case the
modern breechloading rapid fire guns fall
short recourse can be had n some Of the
od-time smooth bores. which still will
give good account Of themselves.
In the meantime Spain has not been
Idle. In 1857 that government entered into
an arrangement with the Spanish Trans
atlantic Steamship Company, which con-
templates the establishment OF a compre-
hensive steamship service and also an
efficient fleet OF auxiliary mercantile crlli-
amounts TO 400 ships OF 506 $50 gross tons.
Forty-nve Of these have a speed OF and
greater than twelve knots. and upward OF
twenty OF the largest and best OF the
Spanish Transatlantic COmpany's ships
are constructed especially wi h the OBJ
1ect of converting them into men-of-War.
New York Herald.
Comprehensive tables are given below
to. show the ships which Uncle Sam can
rely upon.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
Eject Of War Near Norfolk.

The general idea OF war IN the ali
stract has TO a very decided extent dead
ened the full appreciation Of its effects
upon local interests. OF course. the
powers in Washington. and in fact. the
peopie all over the country. are not con-
sidering Norfolk in their negotiations.
and yet this city would be IN considerable
danger should hostilities break out. Tor
pedo mines at the Capes are sateguards
when finally placed. but Fort Monroe
would be but little protection. IL has
been stated very recently by one IN au-
taoritv and who kncws whereof he speaks
that the present gun equipment at the
Fort could net prevent one or more
spanish green-colored torpedo boats or
torpedo boat destrOyers from making
her way up here on a dark night.
There are no rapid firing guns at the
Fort. and while the large disappearing
guns and mortar battery could and would
90 effective work against a cruiser or
battIeshlp. they would be almost useless
against thirty mile per hour torpedo
boat.
A question Of more or less interest IN
connection with war and It's effect local.
" concerns tho battleships kearsarge
and Kentucky. now being completed az
Newport News. Should one OF these
Spanish flyers pass Old Point. II would
be but a short time before both OF the
batNeships would be n perfect wrecks.
II is very probable that they will lie
removed from such close proximity 60
probable danger. and taken either some
distance up the James river or up the
southern branch OF the Elizabeth river
for completion. on account OF the con-
venlenco for rapid construction, II IS
thought that the latter will be the point
selected Norfolk Landmark.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
Of the Reserve and Vessels Of the
Regular Navy.
MONITORS ARE NOW SEAWORTHy
Their Advantages Over Battlcships
aud Cruisers For Coast Defense is
Immense-Haye no Solar Pick
us-Is IL 20 be the Future
Fighter in the Nayics or
the WOrld2

In the days OF sail great conveys were
shepherded by ships OF the line. while
the frigates-the eyes Of the squadron
secuted far in the van and TO windward
and 10 lee" as the song has II. With a
few trusty swift sailsrs bringing up me
rear TO ward the fOray OF plcdroon ana
privateer All types carried guns IN thOse
days. and many story Of gallant defence
against long odds By merchantmen may
be found IN naval annals. Maritime Jacks
were skilled IN the use OF the pike and
cutlass. In the service Of blunderbuss. gun
ana carronade, and when press gangs
swoopod down and after few hard
knocks. and d little bludgeoning perhaps
tumbled them into the tween decks OF
ships OF war, they were really up 10 theH
work when a fortnights drilling was
done.
Things have gone somewhat different
~ nowadays. perhaps more with the
fighting training Of the men than with
the ships. And so TO meet these new con-
ditions all the great eea Powers have re-
serves OF some kind from which they
can man their ships quickly and get
something OF the same results as IN the
old times. Perhaps he best OF all the
reserves In organization. discipline ana
efficiency is that OF France. Wherever
tide waters run in that country the ma
rine conscription exists and no man can
hope for command In the merchant SER
vice unless he has done his service 10 the
STATE. Many privileges in the fishery and
domestic trade are reserved 10 the dis
charged men o-wars-men and TO the re-
servists. And there are good reuring
age. a fair pension. quarter prices on
railways and a theatres. free schools and
scholarships for the children. and an ola
ace secure from pinching want or char
ity.
Russia is well supplied with reserve
and so Is Germany. but newt 70 France.
with 100 COO men. comes England. or
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
Trouble i'm Camp.

CHICAGO. April 2.-The action Of Gov.
Tanner IN requesting the resigna ION on
Acknowledgement II. a Wheeler has
nrecipiiated a crisis in the state Guard.
Gen. Wheeler promtly sent In his resig-
nation. and his stan resigned vi h him.
This was composed OF ten Officers s.
The trouble arose out Of the parade Of
the Seventh-an Irish regimant-On ST.
Patrick's Day. Col. Kavanagh the COM
mander. asked permission 10 parade h s
regiment and Gen. Wheeler gave the
permission. Two days later Gov. Tanner
suspended Col. Kavanagh and nu- him
under military arrest. Kavanagh show
ed he had permission. Then Tanner re-
stored him and requested Wheelers res
ignation.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
VESSELS OF WAR.
Their Classification and How Names
are Selected.

The Times has received several queries
as 10 the difference between battleships.
cruisers. gunboats and monitors the
terms being used n great deal In the
newspapers every day at present. Briefly
stated. the classification Is as follows:
a battleship is one designed 10 fight In
line OF battle. In modern usage 1t Is dis
unguished from a cruiser by It's heavy
armor plating and slower speed. and from
monitor by its greater size and sea-
going qualities. In former times they were
called 'line-of-battle ships" the class In
Guiding no vessels that could not be adj
mitied as a unit IN the line OF battle Of
the heet-L e., none carrying less than
sixty guns.
A cruiser Is a vessel OF war that cruises
In search OF an enemys ships or 10 pro-
tect the commerce OF It's own country.
During the sail period frlgates were the
principal cruisers. The name Is now sp-
piled TO vessels Of war OF less military
power than battlsships. but adapted for
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03

Spanish Minister to the United States)
pounds. They can be fired ten TO twenty
times every minute. They are discharged
as rapidly as the breech-tlock can 10
opened, a cartridge inserted. the block
closed and the trigger pulled. With
dozens of nervously energetic arms
at work I'm patriotic fervor, these
guns would give continuous
performance costing thousands upon
thousands OF dollars. The very tiniest
shot from the Massachusetts Gatlings
would cost 80 cents, and the larger ones
SO each. At ten shots a minute from the
twenty six-pounders. twelve shots from
the four one-pounders and two hundred a
minute from each of the quartet OF Cat
lings, on a conservative basis the second
airy battery would hurl $4,000 worth OF
projectiles and burn $500 worth Of pow
del.
5000 A MINUTE.
Thus as nearly as can be calculated.
the Massachusetts, would expend for
tune Of s2e5 900 in an hour. or almost ex-
actly 5000 a minute. In a single second
at this rate. the Massachusetts, would
spend 1885.
Then consider her opponent II the
Spanish Dons worked their guns as rap
idly as we did ours and just as long be-
Spanish treasury would have suffered a
forced draught of s265 600 more. The Pc
layo has seventeen big guns. single
discharge of all OF them involves sl0.0j0
One OF her guns cost 500 each shot.
Twelve others dispose OF $500 each every
time one speaks. The twin e'even-inch
dogs of war cost $500 apiece every time
they bark The two i2.5-inch rifles cost
nearly 1900 apiece when service charges
are used.
Her secondary battery would cost $1,000
every quater of an hour IL every one
FOUNDER six-pounder and small gun were
utilized TO the utmost limit. That would
mean $72 coo for an hour.
A hot engagement OF an hours dura-
ton. then. would mean more than half
million dollars worth OF powder and
shell expended.
The damage done would be at least
twice as much. dollar for dollar-or
100000.
SOUL STIRRING SIGHT.
What a soul-s:irring sight II would be!
Nearly 50o men In each vessel. Ei' Ia o.ic
actuated by a common impulse. ell de-
termined 10 do their utmost TO MAIN and
mangle and kill. Stripped TO the waist
the men down in the ammunition cham
bers sweating. black and grimy. work
lIke tends in a new inferno. In the tur-
rets three-score gunners loading. aiming
----------------------
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
Fighting on a Floating Fortress.

innate 100. and probably more. That
would mean 1850 more of money burn
ed.
The projectiles. however, are the most
expensive part Of the whole ,usit'ne,
They would make hole in that 81. $4,000
defence fund o. $4,000.
TO this should be added the cost OF
working the secondary battery. The
rapid-fre guns would live up to their
names. and If the two antagonists APP
preached each other in a nand-to-hand
grapple so to speak, these spitfres
would cough and rage necessarily. Their
firing. though comparatively paitry
exependiture If each single discharge were
considered. means another huge sum in
the aggregate. These rapd-hre death
dealers convey proiectiles weighing from
a pound to one hundred and twenty-five
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03
C(Iba'S Effort TO Secure Freedom

longer voyages. Some have armor While
ofnSre lave not. They are known, respCc-
ti,eN. as armored and unarmored
cruisers. -,
A gunboat IS a warship OF small class
and Hight draft, carrying neaVy guns
man-of-war next In size below cruiser.
F'ormerlv they were small vessels, win
sails and sweeps. and having one gun.
They are especially valuable In protec. Ing
the cities contiguous TO rivers and mar
hors where heavier vessels cannot 90 WIN
safety. ,.. .
A monitor IS an ironciad sitting very
low in the water. and having n ilat otcN.
sharp stern. and one or more revolving
turrets. carrying heavy guns.
General speaking, the bdttleshlps arc
named FOR states. cruisers for larger
cities. gunboats for smaller cities. WINE
the monitors usually have Indian names
There are number OF exceptions TO ms
however
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03

, less but the Massachusetts,, a battleship
of 1928 tons. Then the disparity in favor
of the Stars and Stripes would be only
a matter of some 3OO-odd tons.
THE ARMAMENT.
AS to the armament. here is the way
the two leviathans compare:
Massachusetts: Main Battery-Four 13-
inch breech-loading rifles; eight S-inch
breech-loading rifles four 6-inch breech-
loading rifles. Secondary Battery-Twen-
~ 6-pounder rapid-hring guns; four J.
FOUNDER rapid-fre guns: four Calling
guns six torpedo tubes.
Pelayo: Main Battery-Two 125-inch
breecn-loadng rifles; two 11-inch breech-
loading rifles: one 6.2-inch breech-loading
rife: twelve 47-inch breech-loading rifles.
Secondary Battery-Two 2.7-inch breech-
loading rifles; twelve 1-pOund rapid-fire
guns; three torpedo tubes.
If either snip were so disabled that she
sank fortune of So 000 would be sub
merged. More than likely each would
sustain damages calculated at half the
total cost Of either or $l,SSjoO0. A con-
sentative estimate of the amount OF ma
terial utterly ruined or destroyed would
be $4,000. All this. be II remembered,
without for a moment considering the
loss of human life involved.
"a modern man-o-war said Captain
Howard Patterson, graduate OF the
Naval Academy. author of the Naval Die
tiOnary and other maritime works. is
not only a floating volcano. but float
ing coffin. In an engagement to-day all
the boats would be cut adrift Cied to-
gether perhaps), all deck apurtenancees
not absolutely necessary in an action
would be cast overheard. so that a tell
ing blow at the ships vitals would meas
ths quick sinking of the iron pot and the
impossibility OF rescuing her men"
Imagine a battle lasting an hour only.
In that time the Massachusetts might fire
her four l3-inch guns twenty times. That
would mean eighty projectiles weighing
S, 600 pounds or a tons of shot and shell
hurled toward her opponent.
Her eight S-inch guns might belch forth
their fierce greetings half as often again.
That would mean nearly thlrty-siX tons
more. The four 6-inch guns. being less
cumbersome, could be manipulated cften-
er and during the argument" they might
present material reasons weighing as
much more.
THE COST.
Powder to-day costs D cents pound,
averaging the different sorts used on a
battleship The quantity of powder used
10 eject these 100 tons OF proiecties from
the main battery only would amount to
sixty tons, or 10000 worth. The fuses
FOR these projectiles cost from 81 to SIS
each. The number used would approx
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-04-03

CONTINUED on Ninth Page.)
SuÌˆd Dakota nachrichten. (Sioux Falls, SuÌˆd=Dakota) 18??-1900, 1898-03-17
saette saafbarfeit.

sgralt 8pffpr (su ibrem glanne, bss
lie, neil er pbne ibre grldubniB iihs1
bic 3eit ausgeblisben mar, binausga
iperrt batte): .,gun Jag mir einnul
fpie biIt Oh eigentltch beirn 9austhDI
Gereingetpmnlen2 SD Bate es bod
gef6loiTen!!@
@r: .Sa tpeiBt 8n, ME iCb 20 nra
ten geItunben bin unb ni9t biusiI
fnnllte. ging gerabe Elm @iitbrshsr bp1
iiber, ben i1 einftens NIT @rFpIg bed
thsibigt bate. Der psgriff Fofott rlei1||
Jfotb unb mddte mir aus Duntbarfel
nit feinem ga9ibliiifel bag Saustbu|
ouf!!@
SuÌˆd Dakota nachrichten. (Sioux Falls, SuÌˆd=Dakota) 18??-1900, 1898-03-17
Seia. anseifpiel
gnn gepr9 s3niie- gairna.

gpn Geur9 8ufie- galmn.
4uf sfutter gobn mari i1 ben Ban.
Die tleine augsl 5u beriihren.
lin IN ben &reis Der dnbern aa
Qu1 mid dfs Metiter sinsuFIbren.
0p9 fam er aud benz 3iele nab
limb lit er5itterno fte6n gebliebeu,
9tets mar Elm befrer @erfer bd
llnb bat i'm raid binfortsetrieben.
So fpielP id9 Sag nm 9age tpo6l,
9ph INNER mar metn Miibn perge
hens
9a ip1r6 bas Spiel mir gum Snnlhn
9es etsenen. perfeblten 2e6ens.
Die fleine &ugsl mar bas Slid.
Die 5pieIer an Die 2ebensftreiter
5tets trieb man rneirsn 8an 5uriid.
9un bin ia nib unb ipieI ni9t pei
ter. ..
SuÌˆd Dakota nachrichten. (Sioux Falls, SuÌˆd=Dakota) 18??-1900, 1898-03-17

@ihe ge,5err
Eeoattio nj r,
mann en- Ntann
e lpellig in Die
Sabre tommt,
Oann braut. er
man9moI ebbes,
no en- lun9er
Wtann gar nit
bran oentt. Wler
fiehlt nit mehr fp
SuÌˆd Dakota nachrichten. (Sioux Falls, SuÌˆd=Dakota) 18??-1900, 1898-03-17
@praa.

81 a e li1l6 nn9 i'm 2eben lernen
Mir bas 2eben ieIber fennen.
llnb ipie mir auf falinen Megen
5ft nod unleren Glide rennen:
8ig i'm Mlter mir erfabren,
MAS ber csuasnb RdthjeI !parea.
SuÌˆd Dakota nachrichten. (Sioux Falls, SuÌˆd=Dakota) 18??-1900, 1898-03-17
OfFener SdIreibebrietO Ofs DBilipp
Sanerampter.

Cepyiisf '1s,g iy Ire 'etmsn PressS Plate CO.
No ai5.
Wlein lieber 5err AebaftiOn1rI
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1898-02-25

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Chester S. Harrington, being duly sworn,
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in the above statement by him signed are
true CHESTER 8. HARR1NGToN.
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Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1898-02-25
NO STARTLING NEWS.
Developments of the Day at Washington
of Negative Character.

Developments of the Day at Washington
of a Negative Character.
WASHINGTON, Feb. 22.-The days
developments in the Maine disaster
were of aYnegative character, greatly
to the disappointment of a considerable
number OF persons who were looking
for some startling discovery by divers
working in the sunken hull.
For very obvious reasons Captain
Sigsbee at Havana is making the most
strenuous efforts to hasten the recovery
of the bodies, probably nearly 100 in
number, still imprisoned in the wreck
of the Maine. It was knowledge of
the captain s desire that probably led
Consul General. Lee to notify the state
department of the need for more
divers. This had the desired effect, for
the navy department took action to
send more help.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1898-02-25
GREAT WAR PREPARATIONS.

Unole Sam Very Busy. According 70 :
I Il Madrid Paper. .5s
II MADRID, Feb. a.. The impartial
publishes the following dispatch dated
New York: .z@ ;5s. .s5s5
3 Great military preparations are boz
ing made. The forts are being rein
forced. Three hundred artillery
have been sent to Sandy Hook and the
naval reserves have been ordered to
hold themselves il readiness The gun
cotton and smo keless powder factories
are. working night and; day and il Isl
generally believed thatsa great crisis III
therelations between the United States
and Spain IS imminen Z;
. The. government has received no in
fornations tending to- con firm the dis
Patch from u ews ork O. The Im,lp,aroial
ref to the axtensiv
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1898-02-25
SPAIN'S RESPONSIBILITY.

Question That Is Now Agitatine Students
of International Law.
CHICAGO, Feb. 22.-The question Of
which might attach to
the government of Spain in case the
Maine explosion was due to a mine in
the harbor of Havana, and was the
work of a fanatic or an accident, has
become subject of discussion among
lawyers. International law is matter
largely Of precedent, and mine explo.
sion in fortified harbor in time of peace
has no precedent. All unite in saying
that if such an event was by design it
would be cause for war. No less an
authority than Robert T. Lincoln, Sec
rotary Of war under Garfield and
Arthur and former minister to Eng
land, is positive that in case of acct
dent, or if the mine was exploded by a
Spanish fanatic, Spain would not be
burdened with any legal responsibility.