davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12
He WAN 10 SPEAK "FRENCH."

2 IL ought to be provide for not less
than twenty thousand distinct signals,
and should besides. be capable of desig-
mating not less than fifty thousand ships
with power Of extension if required.
3. A signal should be made complete in
signal made by the combination of the
signs employed and the more important
signals should be expressed by the more
simple combinations.
4. A signal should not consist OF more
than four flags or symbols at ore hoist.
D. A signal shold be made complete in
one hoist in one place.
G. Signals should have the same mean
ing wherever shown.
T. The signal book should be arranged
numerically and alphabetically.
s. The code should be so framed rs 10
be capable Of adaptation for internation-
al communication.
The international code is undeniably
good. II is used by men-of-war in COM
municating with other men-of-war and by
merchant ships IN communicating with
each other. IL is a good al-rOund sys-
TEN.
OUR PRIVATE SIGNALS.
Every navy has its own signals by
which il can talk without being under
stood by strangers. 1t was this private
set Of signals which caused Captain Sigs-
bee so much WOrrlment dIler the Maine
was blown up. our own pet signal sys-
TEN is the wig-wag which is the best
knOn of &c sea signals 1t is done by
wig-wagging a flag from right 10 left,
from left TO right from front TO back
and back to front. 1t is generally opera
ted by the hand. but when distant wig
wagging is done ii is operated by means
Of a very large flag which IS attached 10
a very large mechanical arm.
Our navy dopts the Myer code OF sig
mailing. This Is the code used by private
yachts and by many people in country
places who desire to communicate with
each other and who do not own tele-
phone At sea IN a rivate yacht the
wig-wag is used to communicate with the
yacht houses on land. or with friends
ashore, or even with passing vessels
can be done with a flag a pocket han,
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

A signal code is the language OF ships
al sea
II the cruisers Of the United states
NAVY we're TO lose their power OF speak
ing TO one another the effect upon the
navy would be disastrous. Speech at sea
between warsh!ps IS as necessary rs
specch on land between mortals.
For wears and years experts have been
work getting up a system Of ship signals
nv which vessels could communicate
With each other quickly and perfectly;
but up to date no perfect system has
aver been devised. There is not one on
the face Of the earth or on the sea a per-
feet system Of ship signaling. Ihere are
q, existence a great many signals which
are In constant use. but all these have
their Imperfoctlons. Some are faultier
than others.
The great obstacle in tho way Of ship
slgnanng 10 the distance There are
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

great many signals which are good with
in eyesight. but as soon as the eyesight
fails the signal becomes useless. In
case OF q fog a great many systems are
thrown out; others become useless at
night. other systems have TO be discard
ed because they depend wholly upon
color and color IS extremely apt to pail
when most needed. The eyes are de-
ceived by the rapid dasnng.
Flag systems are very good. but I'm
case Of a calm the flags hang limp and
then even the flag system is useless.
This. however. IS the most efficacious
OF all. and is in general use all over the
world.
SECRET CODES.
When Captain Sigsbee's Maine was
blown up the captains first thought was
for his private signal code. This is in
the capt aims cabin Of ever cruiser and
IS kept under lock and key. This secret
signal code is printed I'm a book, the
covers Of which are weighted with lead.
In an engagement at sea, If the vessel
is about 20 be captured the captain or
the next officer thinks OF the signal code
gets IL out and drops 10 overheard. 10
falls like lead to the bottom of the sea
and the enemy does not get hold Of It.
Fortunately. Captain Sgsbee found the
signal code safe in the cabin-or what
remained OF the cabin-of the Maine.
There II was. wet. but perfect. If It had
been lost at sea 10 would have necessi-
tated the making OF a new code for the
entire United States Navy.
Some years ago an international signal
code was adopted by which all vessels
on the high seas could speak 10 each
other. This code IS of such a nature
that II can be read by English, French
German. Spanish. Italian or Russian
sailors without trouble. They do not
need TO know any other language than
their own in order 20 read the code.
THIS iternatlonal code consists of eigh-
teen flags. as follows:
One burgee, four pennants and thirteen
square flags. and In addition an answer
ing pennant The eighteen flags repre-
sent the consonants OF the alphabet and
by a combination OF two three or four
OF these flags arbitrary signs are made
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

ing this eighth annual reunlon-such as
the benevolent care through state aid
or otherwise. OF disabled. destitute ana
aged veterans and the widows and Or
phans OF our fallen brothers-in-arms
which will be one OF the most important
matters for our consideration. In this
connection. the General commanding calls
especial attention to the increasing age.
multiplied sorrows, and cOrroding cares
of many OF the gallant old soldiers who
risked their lives and fortunes for what
they considered right during the eventful
years OF 1S61-'65. Through the mortuary
reports received at these headquarters
he is daily and almost hourly reminded
that the frightening shadows Of Time
are fast settling over the old heroes
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

pository OF Confederate relics and tho
history OF Southern valor. popularity
there is no relief and aid for our Vete.
rams or their families outside OF cur
selves and our own resources. 10 perfect
a plan for Mutual Aid and Benevolent
Association, 20 make such changes IN tho
constitution and bylaws as experiences
may suggest. and other matters OF gene.
raj interest.
RAILWAY RATES.
VI Each camp now admitted into ths
United Confederate veteran organlEa-
ton. and those admitted before the re-
union. are urged TO at once elect accred-
ted delegates and alternates 10 attend.
IS only accredited delegates can parti-
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

kerchief. an oar, a broom. or any imple-
ment
Here is the wig-wag code as generally
understood on the small bodies OF water
OF the United States II is a good thing
to preserve IL, II you own a yacht or
Az: B-2ll2; DR.; E-l2; FIJI 4;
I-i22s M-122l; Mi: Oh; P-122.
Q-12l1; RAJ; S-2l2; TT; UP;
V-l222; W-112l: x-l22: Y-1l1; Z-2222;
end Of words: end of sentence-33.
In adapting 1t TO the use OF the United
States Navy It is slightly changed for
secret purposes. For instance A can be
known as 1922 and so with the other num-
bers. The letter whic represent them is
quite arbitrary, so that the system can
easily be turned into a secret one.
This code can be used by means OF a
winker light. quick flashes standing for
the different numbers. or 1t can be adapt
ed TO the blast OF a whistle. IL is the
simplest and most effective signal code
known.
NIGHT SIGNALS.
For night use the North Atlantic Squa-
dorns usese an electric design called the
Ardois 4 mis- Is operated by means of
four double lanterns. one below the
other. with two incande scent lights OF
make brilliant at one touch all the col
Ors necessary TO make a desired letter.
For instance which in the wigwag
takes three swings of the nag is shown
instantly in the electric lights by three
red lights reading from top 20 bottom.
Il would be shown by four white lights
and w by red. red, white and red.
reading from top down.
This is very quick and can be depended
H., &C. fHrr or al auf d.
lance. Beyond three miles the search
Light has to be used, which is a slDw.
diffcult method but Is quite successful.
The searchlight is generally operated by
the wigWag as it can be easily turned
from side TO side. There is a signal svs-
tenn which consists Of sending mp differ
ent oolored stars. red white, yellow and
blue which are shot into the sky. These
are read by a private signal system.
II IS doubtful II a perfectly satisfactory
system OF signals will ever be invented.
The trouble is with the elements. What
g. good an clear weather will not work
in cloudy weather and the cloudy wealth
er signals are too slow FOR fair weather.
The system used in fox would not be
possible in clear weather. and the wig
wag which is necessary I'm case OF calm
would not be necessary when the breezes
blow So after ell the signal system is
about as complete as it will ever be.
10 certainly enables Captain Sampson TO
ask Admiral Sicard for orders and IL
enables Admiral Slcard TO command the
New York. Indiana, Iowa and al the
other good ships 10 attack the enemy
at the right moment
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12
THE LANGUAGE OF
OUR SHIPS AT SEA.
By Otto Boldt, Inventor Of the Boldt System.

which represent words and sentences Of
the same Specification in all languages.
LETTER CODES.
Letters are represented by the flags IN
the international code instead Of numer-
ais. Letters are adopted IN order 10
make more comprehensive code. II
numerals were used only lilo distinct
signals could be made with a hoist OF
four flags; but with letters 1857 distinct
signals are possible with never more than
four flags up for a hoist.
In deciding on this method the Inter
national Board Of Experts laid down the
following principles as the basis for the
formation Of an efficient code As The
United States only has standing offer
open 10 all Who care 10 invent q signal
sode. = may be interesting to give the
principles complete.
l. The code ought TO he comprehensive
and clear and not expensive.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12
ApnuRA1 SIMPSON USES THE WIG WAC SYSTEM

ing that from the world-renowned repu-
tation OF the great people Of that beau
tiful city and glorious State, that in the
cordial welcome which they will extend
to the United Confederate Veterans, the
grand old veterans of Atlanta and Of the
entire State Of Georgia, will strive by all
means at their command TO excel the
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

Judge Cohen. OF the New York Supreme
Court has denied the application made
by Fay Templeton 10 set aside the at
tachment which was issued against her
property in a suit brought by Edward f.
Haskell FOR the recovery Of t@,6l7 on a
breach OF contract The claim was orr
efualiy held BY Charles L. and Edward T..
Rice. who eilege that the actress broke
her contract with them. by which she
was 10 20 on tho road with Excelsior
for forty weeks.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12
NEXT REUNION
OF CONFEDERATES
The Annual Gathering for This Year
in Atlanta July goth.
THE GENERAL ISSUES ORDERS.
N Which He Urges the Camps TO Be
gin TO Make Preparations for Send
in Del egates - Bust Ness of
Importance to be Transacted

The following Is self explanatory:
eadquarters
United Confederate Veterans.
New Orleans, La, May q, 1895.
General Orders-No. 2H:
The following statement is made in or
der to remove doubts and misapprehen-
sions as to the holding Of the reunion.
There is not a single reason why the re-
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

boundless hospitality so generously and
lavishly extended at all our former re-
unions.
CHOOSING THE DELEGATES.
". He especially urges all camps 70
commence now, without delay, preparing
for delegates alternates and as many
members as possible TO attend, 50 as TO
make IL the largest and most representa-
tive reunion ever held. as bushes OF the
greatest gravity affecting tho welfare OF
tho old veterans will be transacted dur
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

The Andrews Opera Company closed It's
four weeks season In Philadelphia last
night.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

Mrs. Fisks produced "Divorcons" In
Nsv York isst week.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-06-12

Mons All-Wool Suits. $50
Mems Clay Worsted Suits, 500
Mems Atwood Serge Suits. $3.50.
Mems Fancy Worsted Suits, $3.50.
Mems Crash Suits, $lsS.
Mems Double-BTeasted Serge Coats,
Sos
Mems Serge Coats and Vests. s3.4S.
Mems Balbriggan Underwear, 200.
String Ties and Bows, SC.
Mems and Boys Straw Hats, 200.
Mems Cashmere Pants, S5c.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30
Civil Government Of the Schools.

Editor OF The Times:
Sir.-The bill before the House Of Dele
gates prescribe civil government as one
of the studies in the public schools Is a
move in the right direction. Considering
what small contributions the schools
make to the knowledge of our institutions,
1t Is "a wonder that our Republic has done
as well as it has. But I'm the old days
we had in Virginia, a ruling class that
furnished leaders who instructed the
people. Now that is all changed. Poll
ticians are uncertain whether 10 say their
souls are there own till the people tell
them they may. The people have be-
come the leaders, let us therefore. educate
them in the fundamental principles OF
government. What better way Of doing
this than by teaching the children some
thing about the government OF their
county, their city, their State? The
wisest Democratic statesmen Virginia
ever produced, the one who had most
faith in the people and knew best the
sources of strength of Democracy,
Thomas jefferson, laid great stress on
the study of such local institutions as
the township. We talk grandly about
the evils OF Capitalization and yet we
neglect the chief means of preventing
those evils by an intelligent study Of our
local II a. tOuiiAtJ ioA
as ours is to remain a true Republic, 1t
will have 10 be by teaching our people
TO do more OF the governing through their
local institutions and less through legis-
latures and Congress. In this work,
Virginia IS behind other States.
Every boy who studies a history or
Virginia should be taught something or
the government of the State. There Is
not one of u who has not at some time
regretted that he was not given such in
formation What would have been good
for Us. Is good for our children.
Mr.. Boyco quotes the opinion OF some
one to the effect that the South viii IN
the future furnish the statesmen for the
country Whether this is true or not.
Virginia IS called upon TO produce her
own leaders and TO train up intelligent
citizens. One method OF helping to-
wards this result is TO teach civics TO our
children. what you would have APP
pear In nation. put into the schools"
b.
Ashland. Va, Jan. p. 1898,
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30
University Of Virginia.

Editor of The Times.
Sir:-I was much gratihed by your ex-
ceIlent editorial article of this morn
ing in favor Of continuing the usual leg
islative annual appropriation to the Uni
versity Of Virginia There Is one view
OF the subject, however, 10 which you
do not call attention and which l have
not seen mentioned. As Is well known
Mr.. jefferson designed and intended the
University TO be the head and crown OF
a great system OF popular education in
Virginia. That design has never yet been
formally fulfilled, although from the foun-
dation OF the institution to the present
time, many Of the best professors and in
structors in the Virginia Colleges and
subordinate schools have been educated
at the University, and although since the
establishment OF the system of public
schools in Virginia there has been pro-
vision in the appropriation TO the Uni
versity which is a great ally and aid to
that general system of popular education.
/ refer TO the provision by which Virginia
young men may be educated in the aca-
demical departments Of the University
without charge for tuition, many OF
whom have devoted themselves 20 teach
ing in the dienrent schools and colleges,
or have become useful and distinguished
citizens in other walks IN life, and many
of whom without such provision in their
behalf would not have been able 70 ac-
quire any higher education at all, or If So
only at the expense OF the restitution OF
educ,sional advantages 20 other members
of the family or the great embarrass-
ment OF their parents.
The University is thus especially In It's
academical departments. the great and
continual fountain and stream of educa-
tional facilities and influences, 60 the
worthy. but INDECENT young men OF the
state. but much more Of the enrichment
and Improvement OF the common school
system by it's constant contributions to
its efficiency and advancement in useful
ness, through educated educators. All
this OF course is somewhat at the public
expense, but It is for the public good and
advantage, as in the case OF the common
school system itself with the difference
however that the common school system
is entirely at the public expense) or
which It is an informal. yet a most useful
and inherent part and in part fuliment
and execution of the noble plan OF the
great designer, Thomas Jefferson. OF the
whole system, and the founder Of the
University at its intended corner stone.
CITIZEN.
Richmond. January q. 1897.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30

a law. IL Is 70 be hoped that II VIII be
defea ed IN the House OF Delegates.
Twice a year is as often as judgments
should be obtairable I'm all agricultural
and fruit growing countries, and, indeed
is once too often, as the fruits Of labor
only come I'm once a year. and II the
means with which they are produced are
taken away ut any time, you can see
that the productive agencies Of our coun-
try will be very much hampered and ia
many instances destroyed.
Some OF our city representatives, ! see
are asking for this law upon the ground
that it will enhance the value OF our
country property. because, forsooth, you
can obtain a judgment in nineteen days,
and take it from MS Speaking for the
country, we want 20 say that the repre-
sentatives from the cities i'm the present
legislature, IN view OF their utterances,
are not the custodians OF the rights and
interests of the country people. Hence
we ask that all such legislation be stop
ped and The country represe ntatives ask
ed TO put their seal of condemnation upon
all SUCH whenever, presented.
IL the object of this bill Is 10 abolish
circuit courts. which will be its result.
then the Legislature should boldly say so
and not make this covert assault upon
their efficiency and necessity.
Lovingston. Va, Jan. IS. 1898.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30

millions Of capital for railroad improve
ments. new municipal Improvements and
new industrial enterprises. VIII the peo-
pie Of the South make the most of this
opportunity?
We say that Il is easy for those not
informed to infer from the above that
conditions cited are the rule In the sonth'
when such is not the fact. However, IN
our comments. we were candid enough 10
admit that there was ground for the
Records article. Wherein 1t asks does
Tho Times differ from the Manufacturer
Record7" In these essentials. we reply;
that while we admitted that PopuiisH
had found n temporary abiding place IN
the South. II was receding as evidenced
by the fact that the recent session OF the
Georgia Legislature did not entertain
single measure in restraint OF enterprise
That while we admitted that Popuhsm
attempts had been made at reputation
we cited the isolated cases and noted
the strong protest OF press and people,
that We insisted in conclusion that the
southern people were honest and pro-
gressive.
We submit that the outsider VINO reads
the article in The Times will get an i'm
preston very different from that which
the Records article would make on his
mind.
we have gone thus at length into the
subject not TO combat our Baltimore con-
temporary, but to do It full justice.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30
CoNTEMpORARY.s CoMpLAINr.

The Baltimore Manufacturers Record
complains sorely Of The Times that it
circulated an ugly word" against 1t
in characterizing recent publication Of
the Records, about the South as SANDER
GUS" We confess that the word was a
harsher term than the occasion war
ranted, and we assure our contemporary
that we did not mean to be offensive. We
do not believe that the Manufacturers
Record. which has done such valiant
work in developing the South. is capable
of Intentionally slanderlng It.
We did think. however. and do think
that our contemporaries article was too
sweeping, and that it did the South an
injustice.
"Some communities is an indefinite
term. and may mean many sections. But
let US quote the Records article. After
reviewing the opportunities Of the South
IL said:
These facts give the South an opportu-
nifty such as no other section ever en-
joyed. Populism. though strong in some
mint power of evil. Some of its legisla-
ton, enacted and threatened, has, how
ever greatly retarded all business in
terests. TO this may be added the in
difference of some communities in
promptly meeting their obligations, thus
making all alike suffer. This is due main
ly not 10 any intentional wrong-doing, but
TO a failure to appreciate the necessity
of strict compliance with the spirit and
letter OF financial obligations.
The men OF affairs of the South and the
honest legislator appreciate this situation;
the blame does not rest upon them except
indirectly. Nowhere can a higher sense
OF business honor be found than In this
section. But the men Of character have
been too much absorbed in their own
business affairs. I'm their farms, their fac
tories, their mercantile interests 10 fully
see the necessity of combating the work
OF the scheming. visionary politicians,
who find a congenial field OF employment
In seeking 20 devise dishonest legislation,
and thus the honest. intelligent legisla-
tors ind themselves without adequate
moral backing on the part of the people.
The time has come for the business men.
or rather, we should say. for the honest
men OF the South. whether in business or
not 10 unite against the work OF dema-
gogues.
With wise legislation. freedom from
Populistic agitation against capital and
corporations. and a strong support of all
laws looking TO the equitable protection
Of investments the South will command
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1898-01-30

You have 10 IN the bookmark. which is
made OF single silver or gold hairpin
by bending 10 over about two-ffths OF
It's length from the top and pinching IL
together in such a way that when II Is
slipped into the book 1t forms a stift hold
er tor the pages as well as a marker
Tor the place.
The pen rack IS made OF hairpln
opened up and Strengthened out turned
UP into little hook-like ends al the tips
ana hung from two lacks above the desk
From this little bar" are suspended
three or four hairpins that have been
Strengthened out and bent into hooks at
each end on the lower row OF hooks
goes the pen. by using a shorter set Of
hairpin above and repeating the process
just described you car have a rack q
hold a pencil as well.
Clothespins are made from halrpins.
and so are bill file holders and letter
holders. BY studying few OF these out
lined articles and consulting the ilustra-
tons you can soon become quite an
adept az forming these beautif ul littis
household articles and can make I'd in
your own mind the other useful things
your personal needs call for
There are always three styles of knit
ting silk bah holders. which can be better
understood from the illustrations, and
the rules laid down for the other artl-
cles can be applied here.
The kitchen ball OF twine holder de-
serves some mention. however II Is
made by taking six hairpIns. straighten-
ing them out until they fosn a fat
piece OF wire. bowling them unth they are
round enough 10 ut ball of cord and
then wiring them az both ends and maxi
ing them into sort OF oval cdr TO- the
cord. The upper ends are uooked for
hanging the holder TO the gas r. and the
lower end Is left loosely Arranged % that
the end OF the cord may iropped
through for Keeling OF FOR aye Ana
there are others-New York 2rLd.