davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

The intImatlon of the president that
he vii. veto any measure OF congress
declaring for the Independence Of Cuba
will have lettering effect upon the en-
thuslasm of the seLa.e. yet it is bare
ly possible be may nave the opportunity.
Congress may throw upon him the re-
s~pons.blllty Of denying to Cubans what
the American people so eagerly demand
and then pass resolutions as strong as
he will endorse which will be enough 20
lead US into war anyway. 10 fact what
congress has already done will be con-
st.ued by Spain as sufficient cause for
war and it is bound now to come no
matter what the presidents attitude and
he appears to realize this and is getting
the army and navy in position to strike
the first blow. A prominent writer thus
summarizes the presidents attitude:
People who are talking about the
coward!ce Of the president forget that it
takes more moral courage to resist a
popular movement than either to lead or
follow il. The president realizes as
fully as any one the intensity Of public
sentiment through the United States. IL
he had nothing more, the demonstration
in honor OF Gen. Lee III this city last
night was enough to convince him that
30 per ceut Of the people will approve
the most radical policy toward Spalu.
In resisting that sentiment he not only
e~ndangers the success Of his ~administra-
ton bat hIa entire politica. future, and
runs the tle risk Of creating a hopeless
division IL his party But he takes
conservative ground because ne is brave
enough to do what he thinks il right.
He IS guided by conscience and judg-
ment rather than by hysterIcal patriot
ism and resentment. War Is always
wrong. Wal is II form Of insanity. al d
a desire to punish wrongs and avenge
10 jurles by killing people Is the result OF
heredlty, for our ancestors we're savages
and the refinement Of culture will not
eytllgulsh that passion In the human
race for many generations. The same
public excitement and indignation eX-
listed before the civil war in the United
States and made that awful struggle q
necessity. Old residents-men who
were in public affairs forty years ago
remember distinctly scenes similar to
those that are now exciting the people,
In trying to hold the people down and
prevent this country from getting on
the wrong side the president ~reallzse
that he is making himself unpopular
Nevertheless he will continue to apply
! the brakes whenever an opportunity ie
offered him to do so.
Garden lots plowed and narrowed on
| ohnrk rntico M A (Nru1s,N-fg
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

r. A. Holmes the Tyndall postoffice
robber. at the earnest solicitation OF his
wife plead guilty in United States court
at Sioux Falls Thursday and was sem
fenced by Judge Garland to two years in
the penitentiary. Chas. Knife an Indian
charged with stealing q steer from Fred
Fry, had his case continued to the
Pierre term OF court. John Guy charg-
ed with selling liquor to Indians and
VIM. Potter held by the grand jury on
the charge Of larceny we're both accquit
ted by trial juries.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
TIE SENATE DEBATE.
Sarge Number Have Signified an Inten-
tIon to Speak on Cuban Resolutions.

Sarge Number Have Signified An Inten-
ton to Speak on Cuban Resolutions.
WASHINGTON. April l6.-Despite the
lowering clouds which threatened to
pour out their suspended torrents at
any moment, and despite too, the un.
usually early hour of converting, the
senate galleries were thronged when
the vice presidents gavel fell, precisely
at 10 o'clock. Indications before the
senate convened were that the debate
would be prolonged. perhaps far into
the night, and it was the expressed in
tention of Chairman Davis TO endeavor
to force q continuous session until the
pending resolutions were disposed OF.
When the senate adjourned the vice
president had before him a list Of %
senators who had expressed their in
momentous question beforeit Whether
all Of them will avail themselves Of the
opportunity to talk is somewhat prob.
lematical, as a dozen or more have an.
nounced that they will not stand in the
way Of an early vote.
At the suggestion of Mr.. Davis the
ordinary morning business was set
aside and the foreign relations commit
tee Cuban resolutions were laid before
the senate.
Mr.. Cullom (Iil,. delivered a care
fully prepared speech covering the gen.
Iral Cuban question.
Mr.. Berry of Arkansas followed Mr..
Cullom in an eloquent speech. MIR.
Daniel criticized the presidents course,
while Senator Gray upheld II. Mr..
Tillman favored recognition Of indie.
pendence and deplored the fact that the
president was surrounded by bad ad.
viser-.
Mr.. Wolcott said he could not vote
for the recognition OF the Cuban gov.
eminent, for he wanted to avoid the
scandal Of recognition; no spectacle was
finer thar that Of this country interfer.
ing unselfishly and for the relief of an
oppressed people had ever been pre-
sented. He was glad to sec such a spec
tacle, for he did not want a war Of con.
quest.
Mr.. Morgan gave notice tina: ht
would move to lay upon the table any
amendment to the Cuban resolutions
rs fast ~ they came in.
Mr.. Spooner was tho next speaker
He also thought we were on the TIRES
hold Of war. He deprecated the re-
Elections upon the character of thu
president.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

make an honest effort to cooperate with
the allied silver forces if they get their
share Of offices on the state ticket other.
wise to put up a ticket of their own
The free silver republicans held a meet.
ing at Mitchell on the same date also
and called a state convention of their
party to meet at Aberdeen June ~, tc
cooperate with the allied silver forces.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

The republicans Of Dell Rapids were
caught mapping in city election matters
this year. they having forgotten to file
their petitions for city candidates until
Thursday II orning only to be told by the
city auditor that it was too late. The
s,lverites we're more cunning having
filed their petitions Wednesday evening.
Editor. Nesbit will now have a lone run
for Mayor.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Dewitt ; Witch Hazel Sii.e
Sire, Piles. ScaIds, Burn.


IN ne county court OF the county 81 Lake,
state 81 Npnth Dakota. In the matter OF the ~.
tate o. William A. Prince, declared. No,ice j.
hereby @Iveu by the uLdrr-igued Janet Prince
dd mlnietratiIx Of the estate OF William a. Primo.
dccehrcd, to he creditors OF, and all persons hay
ing Claims against the deceased, 10 exhibit thtr IN
with the necessary vouchers within four month.
after the frat publication OF this notice 10 IN.
said Janet Prince, administers, rix n. her home or
the south half OF section -, township lu&, range
-. Lake county, South Dakota.
Dated, Madison, South Dakota, March %, 1895
JANET PRINCE,
Administrative OF the estate OF William A
Prince, deceased.
D., ID. HOLDRIDGE d. SON,
Attorneys for Administrative
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Herbert Morris Dead.

CHICAGO, April l6.-Herbert Morris.
son of the multi.millionaire packer.
Nelson Morris, is dead. after an illness
of several weeks. \ present of $1,000.
900 was made by Nelson Morris to Her
bert Morris when the young man was
married last June to Miss Hulda
Bloom. daughter OF Leopold Bloom, the
widely known grain operator. Young
Morris had travelled extensively and
was an author OF some note.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

The democratic state central COM
mittee which met at Mitchell this week
have called the convention for the nom
nation of state officers to meet at Aber-
been June %, the same date and place
for the populist state convention. A
re solution wos also adopted by the com
mite to the effect that the democrats
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
The American Navy. CubA ana Ha
wall.

\ portfolio in ten parts, sixteen views
In each part. Of the finest half tone pic.
lures Of the American Navy. Cuba and
Hawaii mas Just been ISSUED by u Chi
cage publishing house.
TIE Chicago. Milwaukee x ST. Paul
Railway has made arrangements for n
special edition for the benefit Of is pa
irons and a specimen copy can be seen
at tho ticket office in the depot. Single
parts may be- had at ten cents each. the
full set. u hundred and sixty pictures
costs but one dollar. Subscriptions for
the set may be left with the gent. In
view OF tie Present excitement regard
ing Cuba these pictures are very timely.
Call at the ticket Office and see them.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

The farmer. the mechanic and the
bicycle rider are liable to unexpected
and bruises. DeWitt's Witch
Hazel Saive is tina best thing to keep on
hand. 1t heals quickly. and is a wei
known cure for piles.
Faux Smith
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

Geu. Wey!er wants 10 tight Americans
AL has offered his services 70 the
Queen. MIR. Weyler can be accom-
mola,ed any time he wishes as there are
grea, many Americans who would like
~ t;yEt Iivl
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Chinese Are Coming

SAN Francisco. April lG.-Collector
of Port Jackson has been notified by
the secretary of the treasury that 22O
Chinese would arrive at this port on
the Gaelic, due on the Goth inst.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

STRAYED-I'rom my premises in the
city OF Madison, Sunday, April 10, one
Holstein COW, black and white, about to
calve. Information rs to her where.
abouts will be literally rewarded.
JEeSE ROSE.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

The maiden hung her shape!y head
and whispered in my ear. ''lours I'll
death Iii always be-. Just promise ne
Rocky Mountain Tea" 30 cents.
FRANK SMITH.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

Mrs. Mary E. Lease helped STIR up the
the Sioux Falls city election campaign
Thursday evening by an address there
on municipal ownership.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
l.ladStOue'S Condition.

LONDON, April 1.-THE morning bull.
letin regarding the health of Mr.. Glad.
stone announced that he was holding
his ornnnd. ard was suffering less.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
ARE WILLING TO FUSE.

south Dakota Democrats Decide to c.
Operate With PopulIsts.
MITCHELL, S. D., April 16.-The
Democratic state central COMMITTEES
met here and selected Aberdeen as the
place to hold the state convention on
June ~. at the same time the Populists
hold their convention. A resolution
was adopted to cooperate with the
Populists if q fair representation on the
state ticket can be secured.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

There's scarcely "a disease that constl-
patton will not bring. Kills you little by
little. Rocky Mountain Tea positively
cures. FRANK SMITH.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Kidney or Bladder,Troubles.

Any OF the above complaints or too
scanty urine are surely and speedily
cured by "Dr. Fenner's Kidney and
Backache Cure" Bed wetting by chill
dren is generally cured by one bottle Of
this powerful remedy. Testimonials
will be furnished on application to the
dealer whose name is gwen below. II
not satisfied after using one bottle. your
money will be refunded by Frank Smith
OF Madison.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

A little Toy asked for a bottle Of "get
up in the morning as fast as you cam
the druggist recognized q household
name for DeWitt's Little Early Risere
and gave MIN a bottle Of those famous
little pills for constipation, sick head
ache, liver and stomach troubles.
FRANK SMITH
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Third w ard

For Alderman
y. l.. ANDERSON.
For School Board
ROBERT JONES.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

Thousands Of sufferers from grippe
have been restored to health by Doc
Minute Cough Cure. 1t quickly cures
coughs, colds, bronchitis, pneumonia
grippe, asthma. and all throat anC
lung diseases.
FRANK SN r..
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
TIE DAILY LEADER
SATURDAY APRIL IL. 1883.
TERMS OF ST DESCRIPTION
To ADVERTISER

TO SDN HNHlSEHS'
TIE DAILY LEADER makes a special feature o..
flruishlr 'nforna alton concerning he aovan.ases
a. r.-on,c as of the city Of Madtson and OF the
STATE st lsrge emitting IL 80 the patronage oiao-
7eg.i-er- Of every class
p SrAuI. p..e.or
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16
Fourth " ard

For Alderman
GEO. f.. NEDDER.
For School Board
II. II GCLSI me.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

Garden lots plowed and narrowed on
short notice. w. A. CUMMINGS.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1898-04-16

CITY Election Nor-Partisan Ticket.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12
uAwKExE VIEW OF AGUINALD0.
Des Moines Fan says He Is Very bad
Combination.

Des Moines, Ia, July 12.-Win \.
Pears. who travels in foreign lands for
proprietary medicine company Of this
city. has justr turnedfrom a threeyear5'
trip in various parts OF the globe. He
was six days 4 passenger on the same
boat with the Philippine insurgent
leader Aguiraldo when the Malay was
on his return to Manila. Pears impress
siOns Of the Malaysian are q disappoirt-
ing revelation 10 his friends in this
country. lie says:
Il met AGuiralGo. the leader Of the
insurgents, in Hons Kong. and sailed
on the same boat with him from there
Ito Singapore. He was bit cf a chap,
half-Caste-ragt Spanish and part Ma
'laysian-the wort combination that
.CCu!I be produced or imagined. I have
no faith in MIN whatever. He sold his
.CouEtrymcn for Spanish gold and then
played the hog and refused to divide
with his fellow Ccuspirators.
We are going TO have lots Of trouble
with Aguinaldo before we set through
with him. The merchants Of Hong Kong
have little confidence in the insurgent
chief. and predict that We viii rue the
Gay that We picked the little shaver up,
IL we go further than freeing the peo-
ple"
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12
FORTUNES BY ACCIDENT.
Z DIV Cap; ain Made q Million By CarrJ-
irc One Passenger.

irc One Passenger.
If there is anything that makes n
poor, toiling man happy it Is to read
about hukes that have made fortunes.
Fer instance. there was Il captain Of a
vessel plying between English and Ars-
truliml points who made lgclIy strike
when CCly.cts were taken 20 New
South Wales.
y time expired man came to the
mariner and begged to he taken home,
The former convict Lad nc money, but
be would gladly give his plot Of land
for transportation.
The captain accepted the terms, and
great i the Joy CT his descendants, for
that plot IS now occupied by wharf
and it Is valued at $l,1@J, coo
y Limericl. tobacconist believed him
SELF 10 be ruined by a fire that destroyed
his shop. The EoXt day he found tins OF
snuff that had been IL the fire Carlos.
ity prompted him TO open The calgsters.
Re found that the action Of the flames
had materially improved the aroma and
paugpnoy Of the snuI. The discovery
made him very rich
Ttc discovery Il the Mount Sheba
mine was purely q flake. and its OUTPUT
Of Gold Is the greatest CT any mine in
the '7aT.d except III the klondiEe dis.
5cic..
\ hank clerk in London heard that
there was rich deposit Of gold at a
csI.;a place At tic Cape Of Good Hope
IL se- shout forming provisional syn
G..a;e among his fellow clerks, and they
r.5.nl aacGt $500 among themselves
| : a..Iing engineer was sent ont. He
ma, q Thorough investigation, but
iCu"d 10 gold lie had decided 10 give
~ TIE search aud was ready to leave
| f1r t.nc, when be ran acres. a miner.
Wei stranger, be scfI, 4 guess
yo7 a.e on = hunt for the shiny. 'Tain't
Lo-". boss
Have yan a claim Ler,:" asked tbs
cE?jnne.
Yes AID ! want to make tracks NJ
the COUNTRY That my claim over b.
thar caIgl's hump. !ou can have il
fc' SEQ ard Lcrc's a sample of tbs
qlar;a That claim amt worth it.
weight III gold. Lat It's worth every
dollar ask for ,s
Lag engineer examined The specimen
AID decided that there was gold ~ it
IL acted quickly
'l.Itc.. you what I'll 60. mate, " HI
s1ld IN give you $50 on the risk C
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12
Free of Charge to sufferers.

Cut this out and take it to your
druggist and GET a sample bottle free
of DR.. Kings New Discovery. for con-
sumption, coughs and colds. They
do not ask You to buy before trying.
This will show YOU the great merits
of this truly wonderful remedy, and
show You what can be accomplished
by the regular size bottle. This is no
experiment, and would he disastrous
to the proprietors. did they not know
it would invariably cure. Many of
the best physicians are now using it
in their practice with great results.
and are relying on it in most severe
cases. 1t is guaranteed Trial bot
ties free at Hartz " Ullemeyer's drug
store. Regular size 80 cents and 81.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

seemed to he left out of every dis
patch to Washington. caring nothing
that his was not the chief command.
and that others might reap the fruits
OF his vigilance at the last. and when
Cervera dished out of his hole Schley
was there. 1t was not Simpsons
fault that he was not in Schlev' 5
place. 1t was poetic justice.
Sampson was attending to his duty.
and deserves thanks for that, perhaps,
but not for crushing the Cape Verde
llcet. because he didn't crush it. If
Cervera had escaped, Schley. left on
guard. would have incurred the dis
grace He did not escape, and Schley,
left on guard. deserves the honor. 1t
is Il bitter disappointment for Samp-
som, no doubt. and we are sorry for
him, but as he is an officer and . gem
tleman, it cannot lessen this bitter
ness for him to be given the fruits OF
an honor another man won.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

AT the beginning Of the Spanish
war SPANS threats to set loose her
ships of war upon our commerce and
drive it from the ocean. and TO keep a
predicatory war for years on the high
seas, caused our people more anxiety
than any thing else. Ii was not
doubted That We would be successful
in Cuba, but even after the Spanish
armies were captured it was feared
that Spain would he able to continue
the war Indefinitely. This anxiety
about the Spanish navy has been dis
PEELED. The destruction of two of
their largest squadron- has eliminated
the most feared factor in the war.
Our fleet ha, seized a large number Of
Spanish ships with large cargocs.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

There is much Justice in this from
the Chicago Journal:
Give credit for the battle to the
man who won She battle. That is
justice. That is equity. Anything
else is unjust and ubiquitous. 1t was
Schley's fight. Schley had been there
for six weeks watching that hot hole
in the coast OF Cuba and waiting for
Il chance to get ut the enemy. He is
the man who trai,ed Cervcra to San
tiago. He i, the man who did the
bottling. Then he lay day after day
and week after week. waiting and
watching. with the patience OF IN old
mastir, caring nothing that hi, name
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

THE Adrian county, Mo-. courts
have been wrestling with u peculiar
law suit, in which rats cut the princi-
pal figure. A farmer named Sturgeon
hired one Walker to kill the rodents
on his place agreeing to pay one cent
apiece for the tail, OF LOCO of the
victims. When 100 tails had been
presented Walker asked $50 a. pay
for his services. Here the trouble be-
gan. for tie farmer refused to pay for
any number less than 900. He also
claimed that Walker tried to palm of
mouse tails ON him a, tails of Young
rats. The hired man secured favor
able verdict in the lower court, but
Sturgeon viii continue his legal fight
to escape payment.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

Camp Douglass, Wis. Juiy 12.-Wal-
doTf kirdon. q sergeant in company B.
of StoCght5n. refused to be sworn into
the service of Uncle Sam as q volun-
taer and tired 10 make oJhar d-serters.
Captain Christopher ROLLS detailed d
squad to force him from camp, hut h
would not 60. Finally Colonel Seaman
sent detail from company D II throw
him out. This detail lifted Kindon from
his feet bodily and carried him out,
finally drumming him from camp.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

OF the 195 pairs of shoulder straps
distributed by the president, but Y
went to soldiers. The others were
conferred upon Young men whose
claim to recognition rested solely
upon the wealth or the political and
social influence of their families. In
stead OF the republican basis Of merit
the appointments were made on the
monarchial basis Of favor. Dubuque
TELEGRAPH.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

This Zine Negro Snld;er Is Seriously
Shot for Observation-Disclosures.

Springfield, His, July 12.-Sargeant p.
N. Felix, of company c, Ninth infantry,
at Camp Tanner yesterday shot Private
JANIS Jones, company {, OF Chicago IN
the left breast over the heart, seriously
WoundinG him. Jones and a comEG1e
attempted to pass the white guard
despite the fact that they had NJ pass,
ard being refused attacked the guard.
Felix and others came TO the. guard ;
rescue and Felix was struck by p stone
thrown by one Of the negroes. He then
drew n revolver and shot Jones Felix
is in Jail.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

The KnoN county republican CON
vcntion and the republican couven-
ton of the Thirly-liith senatorial
district held at Calesburg ves:er-
day. both gIoriou,ly snubbcd Gov.
Tanner.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

The best salve in the world for cuts,
bruises, sores. ulcers, salt rheum,
fever sores. letter. chapped hands,
chilblains. corns and all skin erup-
tons, and positively cures piles or no
pay required. 1t is guaranteed to
give perfect satisfaction or money re-
funded. Price - cents per box. For
sale by Hartz & Ullemeyer.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

Chicago. July 12.-The situau i
the stereoty-cr-' strike here is suo-
stantially as follows: The p@.e~s Ea:z
are all running smoo,h.y ard ti,s n =
ing resumed their full So. I..o OILY
embarrassment ~ the situation : t.
ovcr-zurply o. starzotypers wh1 have
gathered in here from ci parts Ci t'a
country. Tnc publishes vi h I L vi
that all positions are nlI,d a-G tnat
further Applications cannot be cc.s.G-
prai
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12
Mile. Arrives at Santiago.

Washington, July 12.-The war de-
partment is advised of the arrival off
Santiago of the auxiliary cruiser Yale.
with General Miles and staff and a por-
ton Of Garretson's brigade. Ge-eral
Miles had a conference with Admiral
Sampson and later conferred with Gen
eral Shaftcr by means Of the signal
service telephone wires.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

Washington. Jaly l2.-Gcaeral Shat
ter's available logcc yesterday after
counting I'll rcnrgrgcHents. and de-
duCtirs the desi. sci; and wounCed.
was -t.'Fo fighting men. according 10
militia. Estimates.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12

Chicago, July l3.-Nrs. George =
Pullman yesterday fled in the probate
court her f-ITal rcnynciG,.cE Of II.
benefits urC-r her late hUzJana's VIII
This is the preliminary to MAILING .
claim 10 he share Of the estate CAG,.
her lnNcr ,i.hts.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1898-07-12
Quick Relicf for Asthma,

Foley's Honey and Tar is guaran-
teed to give prompt relief in all cases
of asthma. Do not class this with
other medicines that have failed to
give relief. Give it trial. For sale
by T. II. Thomas.