The Florence tribune., 1898-11-19
MUSICALDISCOVERIES Bonedictine ETOnks Have Done Much
 in This Line. An Interesting Chapter on the Growth cEa Development Of Music
 During the Early
 Centgriez.
In one of series of lectures on ssThe Development of Music" deliV-


 'sThe Development of Music" deliv- cred recently by ]. Y. Elegier, or Au- burn, \. I he says
 'Ta Cmdo Arctiuus, who lived iass0i Bens si9tnc man& Of q he monastery af PomRaa, little town of Tuscany svo are i1debted fer the art of soimi- 1ation, tae adoption cl tge lines ct fbe statl, tae use of the ciets 2ndcther improvements. To Huebald, q fiem- ish monk, we owe the introduction of the organum, a primitive species of harmony, and we are under similar obligations to Franco, monk of Co., logne, for the art of measuring music by the use of notes.
 ~The introduction of the ripc organ in France, in the year 757, fcllowed by it's general use in the churches of the west, gave a powerful impetus to the study and development of harmony. At first the organ was used as an ac- compartment to the voice, entirely in unison, but the ease with which sey- eral sounds could be distinguished at oree, and the fact that many combina- tions of sounds seemed agreeable to tie ear, led to the gradual discov- cry of counterpcint and harmony. The minor third was one of the first noticed for it's pleasing effect, though oEly at the close of inc song.
 sIn the year 1922 the first scale took the form which it now retains. One of the more remarkable things in the development of music is the lateness It which notation ygas devised for defin- ing the relative length of musical notes, especially when we consider that the rhythmical senseis the earliest and strongest of the musical faculties of mankind. There is no record among the ancients that they had many signs of indication for the length of notes, and centuries rolled over Christendom before there was any chronicled at tempt to find principle for supply ing this necessity.
 "In the same year in which William. duke of Normandy, conquered England and introduced into that country. ,ehich are still in a condition of bar 1 barism. the germ of manners and civ ilza tion, Franco, a monk of Cologne, i reduced to @ system the rules Tesrec ecl- inprhv which had been established before his tiule. He distinguished three kinds of time--the long, the ! ereFe and the aeu1i-hreve. At this period music was written on four lines, but in the year 1922 Guido Arctinus, the Benedictine monk, introduced the use of the staff with five lines, on which, with the spaces, he marked his notes by setting point up and down upon them to denote the rise and fall of the voice.
 From the time of Charlemagne, dur irg six centuries, everything was done to strengthen the dogmas of the church. Many examples of haggling about technicalities can be given which are absurd, childish and laugha- ble in their bigotry. Marchetus, of Padua, insisted upon all notes having the tail upon the right side, because Christ received the spear in his right side. Franco thought triple time the only perfect time, because it ex- presses the idea of the Holy Trinity. In this period the notes were colored red, blue, green and yellow to denote the tone of thought.
 "The crusaders to the Holy Sepul- ehre gave a powerful impetus to the cultivation of minstreIsy, and fostered the growth of that class of musicians known as the troubadors, who, from their attendance on royalty and nobil- | ity, acquired enormous power in the course of time, which eventually led to their suppression.
 'sThe same inclination which led to the founding and establishing of the 1 troubadours in the Roman nations called into life the minnegesang in i Germauic nations. The minnesinger not only composed but played and sang his own songs, accompanying himself on q small triangular harp, ] knight mention that most of the trou- | badours aud minnesingers were noble men; but as the poetic and musical art became at length open to the burghers and practiced in the guilds, the schools of the German mastersing- CTS soon followed. Remember, at this period a soprano or woman's voice was unknown. That tyrant, man, has ugurped and held on to every pre- rogative, artistic, political and re- ligious, to the exclusion of woman, from time immemoriaI Even now he is endeavoring to exclude women from the choir of some churches. ."-N. Y. Tribune.