davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05

Chile pauses upon the date. April 5. ISIS,
calls attention TO the fact that II was
''one Of those beautiful days in autumn
so frequent in this climate. without cloud
or wind" Chile notes that General San
Martin rode forward with two OF his leu
tenants, all in peasants clothes: that he
exclaimed: The sun which is rising over
the mountains viii witness our victory; -
that of in the distance the cruel Osorio
was shaking IN his boots and trying 10
avoid an engagement But he could not
do II, and in an hours time after the first
assault his surviving followers are trying
70 break the flying record. More than
800 Spanisrds lie dead upon the field and
the number OF prisoners eventually ex-
ceeos 5000 while less than l.oO0 OF the
patriots are killed or wounded O'Higgins.
who has been unable TO take part IN the
battle. rides forward, puts his arm over
an Martins shoulder. and says in style
heroic: Glory TO the savior OF Chile"
an Martin rises 10 the occasion. and.
pointing to his wounded friend replies.
General. Chile will never forget the
name Of the iliustrious invalid who pre-
sents himself on the field of battle in that
state"
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
AN ENJOYABLE SPECTACLE

The spectacle who were all SpanIard6,
since the Indians siaid away, were by this
time ready for the climax. They had been
worked up into 4 state Of pleasurable eX-
element and anticipation, and had the as
surance by proclamation THAI the fnal
scene would be in no wise Disappointing
Tupac Amaru was now led forth. after
having been an involuntary andw agoni-
zed witness of the frightful tragedies that
had lust taken place. His tongue was cut
out aud ne was stretched upon the ground.
Then Iassoes were fastenedsto mis- wrists
and ankles. lassoes whose opposite ends
were fasened to wild horses. At a given
signal 7he horses were started 70 pulling
apart. and the man shot VI n the air, TO
be torn TO pieces before the eyes OF his
youngest son. whose piercing and frenz.ed
shrieks in tha; terrible moment have well
been called the death knell of Spanish
colonial dominion.
But Don Jose Antonio Archie did not -
understand It. He twas WAC in his capa.
city as Judge had passed sentence upon the
hslpness rebels. Like Phi.p II az the
auto d. Il in Valladol.d Re had a reserved
seat n the most favored position overlook
ing the square. and he fz-tered himself
in the midst ot his keen enjoyment OF tas
torture that the des-h kneI which then
rang out was the kEs-l OF revolution N all
the Spanish colonies forever and ever. He
could no, realize ina; What be sax bug
the frs; il a series OF dramatic Pe-for-
maaces Of which We 2 ,a-s daay and gen
GRAFTON are seeing the close Tst sGch vas
,he case. aud row that ths dna. &C, IS -
soan % be completed = Is Interesting 70
review the earlier onss and % summon
prophetic visions before the happy Judge
as he SIS there gaz:as out upon the crowd
ed square in that mountain city lilo3 f-e-
aoove the level Of the sea
TO begin Rt;h. there Is the vision q q
child born = the year l7Sl- This child IS
Ferdinand. the future king % Spain. who
plots for the overthrow % MS ta.asr wHen
se has hardly arrived a; ,hs age Of man
hood. Tns year lS9S sees Ferdinand depart
ng INFO France. where aoth he and als
,a-he- s-ec ompelisd 10 a56ieate b. The
Emperor Naooleoa- and u aIso sees the .
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
BOLIVAR ON THE SCENE

/ San aMrtin now gives his attention 70
plans for the invasion OF Peru. but Il
Is long before he gets away, and mean
1 time decisive engagements take place In
other parts Of South America. Up IN
Colombia, Bolivar, the -oS persistent Of
men, is whipping the enemy and being
whipped alternately. but all In good time
he will establish a national holiday even
as San Martin has done In Chile. The date
Is August T. 1919. the place Boyaca. Such
names as Macgregor and Macintosh figure
in these Colombian enL sgemenis. and the
Albion legion from the Sritlsh Isles Is
generally in the van. Victory comes swift
~ at Boyaca. as II did at Maipo and
Bogota is as ready 10 celebrate as ever
Santiago was. The Spaniards are badly
routed and 100 prisoners are taken. hTe
following December Bolivar. who has
been president and supreme chief here.
and there. and everywhere. IS chosen by
the congress at Angostura as president Of
the United Provinces Of Venezuela and
New Granada. which are together called
Colombia.
During this same year and the next
there Is much activity on the part NJ the
Chiieno navy along the coasts OF Chile
and Peru. Lord Cochrane. ono OF the
most remarkable naval geniuses the world
has ever seen. is in command. He II
about 10 make more brilliant still a career
that began with almost unrivaIed bril-
Hancy in the British service. Early in
February. 1920, he Is of the grand harbor
OF Valdiv!a I'm southern Chile. last
stronghold Of the SpaniaTds That har-
Dor has rugged and steep shores. with
heavy timber along the bluffs. The only
approach 10 the crest above is by narrow
paths but the Spaniards have not been
satisfied with the natural strength OF the
place. The irregular coast line Of the bay
Is fairly dotted with forts. ct, II there
had been twice as many Of them II would
have made no difference To Coehrane. lie
had come down there in an old tub 81
frigate fully determined TO do or die
When the tub sprang aleak and the hold
filed with water II was the admiral him
self who pushed aside his incompetent
mechanics. tucked up his sleeves, and
mended the shaky pumps He would hate
10 be drowned Just now when he is ach-
ing for a Tight.
The undertaking looks Ike madness. but
the admiral explains to Major Miller. the
of the marines. that therein
lies its chance for success.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
POSSESSIONS THEN AND NOW

The total area of SPANS American nos
sessions today is 5,2O5 square miles, with
population of 243S.395. At one time
Spanish America embraced the whole Of
South America-the Brazils included
Central America, the Bahmas, Mexico.
and those portions of North America out
Of which the states of Florida Louisiana.
California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada,
Kansas and Missouri and Texas have
since been erected. 1t was the glorious"
Feriod of Spanish history, and at home
and abroad Spain was rich in possessions.
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
united the kingdoms Of CASTLE and ARA
gon, and the kingdom of Naples in Italy
and the Islands of Sicily and Sardinia
were acquired by conquest. Upon the
death OF Isabella CASTLE and Arragon
again divided, to be united during the
reign of Charles the First, who. being
Hapsburg. inherited the vast territories
of that family in Germany, the low coun-
tries from his father, and finally becom-
ing head Of the Holy Roman empire. was
the greatest and most powerful prince in
Europe. In addition to the conquest of
Cortez and Pizarro, Charles I. took Mi
Ian in northern Italy and all that was
most valuable in northern Africa Thus
the Spanish ruler became lord of the best
part of the known world and his glory
as an individual was reflected upon Spain
as a nation.
The East Indies yielded gold and spices
in return for Christianity and disease
as freely 10 the Spaniards as the Ameri-
cas- had done. Under the succeeding mon
archs of the Hapsburg time, the enor-
nous treasures brought from the colo
MES was squandered in riotous excuses /
or lavished among the Spanish nobility
When the Moors had been driven from
Spain much Of the brain and sinew was
lost. The true Spaniard was n soldier
and the mechanical trades were looked
upon with contempt Spanish histories
abound in glowing descriptions of the ex-
tent and Importance of manufactures dur
ing the occupation Of the thrhone by the /
HapsburC family. The fact Is that Spain. /
after driving out the Moors and Jews, f.
was required 10 import all those arti- +.
cles which required the manipulation Of F.
the skilled mechanic. and here is the first .
cause Of the loss Of her American ter /
ritories.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05

the same kind OF lights to the infinite
confusion OF the SpaHiards. So he sails
cut with fine ship. provisioaed for three
months. and aSundan;ly equipped. But
there Is = sequel 70 the AFFAIR that has q
greater interest for the people OF thu
United States than the fact tia, Cochrane,
b. this and other exploits. anaihilated the
Spanish navy on the Pacific coast. Next
day the provision boat Of the Macedonian
went ashore as usual. when the officers
and crew were SET upon BY a Spanish MOB
and massacreed. OF course the govern
ment had nothing 70 do with Il. The gov
ernmen never has anything Go with
such matters except in the way OF diplom-
acy afterwards. yet &, IS not pleasant
memory to Ink with that OF che Maine
disaster.
The leers;lnE army. which had left
Chile. August ls. 1Sea entered Lima. July
?. 1871 and the independence Of Peru was
proclaimed July - In the north the s.ars
OF Bolivar and fturbide ara IN the ascend
andt. That terrible Albion battalion -
Bolivar. with IT'S hardy fighters from the
British Isles. Is s;ili In the van I, crosses
A rivulet single rie. presses onward ana
upward 10 an almost inaccessible height.
where a Spanish army Of 5000 me - wait
ing. and leads ua,rio; army 10 victory.
a national holiday Is now established Cor
Venezuela. date % establishment January
"a 1891, and place Caraboo.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05

! In Buenos Ayres. in Caracas. and in
Mexico. the people who had been afflicted
! by excessive taxation, government mo-
nopoIies and trade restrictions did not
feel the more kindly when the home gov
! ernment relaxed these stringent meas
ures as the French revolution drew TO a
close, feeling that policy, not a desire to
promote the welfare Of the colonies, had
/ actuated the officials in this matter The
overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty by
Napoleon gave the Spanish Americans an
opportunity which they had long waited
for. 'Juntas" were appointed in the sew
eral communities, and these committees
of leading citizens forcibly Invested the
Spanish officials Of their authority, claim
ing all the while TO be loyal subjects Of
his Most Catholic Majesty. But while the
muterings Of discomfort grew stronger and
stronger and the juntas generally super
seeded Spanish authority, petty squabbles
broke out among the patriots themselves.
Spain was helpless in the hands of France.
The people were eager for liberty, but
they had so long been accustomed to the
despotism of the dark ages and had en-
joyed SO little of the advantages which
come Of education and the press as TO be
unfit to govern themselves.
In 1910 the Spanish government began
to reaIiz ethat if the Amerisan colonies
were to continue in subsection action must
be tack nat once. The Cortes was called
together at Cadiz, but the first thing done
by the Cortes was to put forth a declara-
ton Of the sovereignty Of the people; and
this was followed by decree giving the
colonies equal representation in that body.
OF course, an election in far away Amer |
lea could not be held but the Spanish !
American who happened to be in Spain |
were given seats. The purpose of the pre-
tended generosity was soon apparent |
When the Spanish leaders retalized that |
there were more voters in America than !
in Spain a proviso was enacted by which |
all men having the slightest faint of ne
grob lood should bedeprived of franchise. |
This would have given Spain absolute con-
troll of her colonies, with every appear
ance of fair dealing
Then Napoleon released Ferdinand of
and Caracas and Buenos Ayres
having demlared for independence, Joseph
Bonaparte kindly offered to assume the
sovereignty of Spanish America. Neither
Joseph nor Ferdinand was wanted in
America. However. the Americans, whose
plans were really not yet matured, con-
-inued to deceive both sides for two years
more.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
WHEN IT ALL STARTED
And How the Cup of spain's Iniquity
Overlooked HAY Is. 1851.

| New York. April 3-May IS, 1871, is a date
! long to be remembered by Spaniards and
! Spanish-Americans It was a gala day
for the Spaniards OF the time who hap
pened then to be in the City OF Cuzco,
Peru, since a spectacle was there arranged
for them that was moreintensely inter-
esting and satisfactory than dozen bull
| fights, or even than an execution by order
Of the inquisition. The crowd that gather
ed about the great square first saw the
bodies Of eight or ten people, which had
been tiedin sacks, dragged thither by hors-
es They were not dead bodies, either.
That would nave spoiled the fun. They
were all alive and sentient, and the poor
spirits that inhabited them were expect
ing a doom so awful that it makes any
one but Spaniard shudder and sicken to
think of it now.
The chief Of the victims was one Jose
Gabriel Condorcanqui, d descendant of
the Incas, who had dared to demand
form the Spanishs autroities some allie
Walton for the sufferings of his race He
had seen the Indians condemned to work
in the mines in yearly levies which came
forth with not more than one-Quarter or
one-fifth of the membership with which
they had entered. He had seen such of
them as were permitted to live imposed
upon by district governors, who enjoyed
a trade monopoly that was one grand sys-
tenn of barefaced swindling He probably
knew of the case of one of these COVER
nors who took a cargo of spectacles off the
hands of a lunatic Spectator and decreed
A.
attend divine service upon certain festi-
walls until he was properly decked out with
these useless and troblesome ornaments.
There is humor in that for person who
is separated by a century from the thrifty
wag of corregidor, but the descendant
of the Incas was serious man and near
the scene, and if he ever heard of the spe-
culation he classed itwith other robber-
les of his people, and counted itwith them
and with the murders in the mines among
their grievances. The more he brooded the
more thoroughly ne became convinced
that the time for revolution was at hand,
so he assumed the royal name of Tupac
Amaru and led a revolt of which that
gatheringin the square al CuZco was the
sequel.
AS he stood there bound he saw his uncle
a man of 50 years old, and his son, boy
of 90 brought forward to have their ton
CUES cut ont and to be garroted with an
iron screw. Then other relatives were dis
posed of in like manner, i'll he turn of his
wife came. Her tongue was cut out also
but the band of the garrote was so much
too large for her slender neck tina, the
screw would not strangle her. After sew
eral Intellectual trials with it the execut-
toner's concluded that 1t was worthless for
the purpose in hand. and casting lassoos
over her head, pressed their feet agains,
her and jerked this way and that till she
breathed her last.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
SPREAD OE lNSuRRECIlON

In Ruenos Ayres. the old seat % a
Spanish viceroyaltv. the revolutionary
spirit did not awaken as easily as in
other parts Of spanish America. But by
1910 there was revolutionary party in
Chile and Paraguay strong enough 10
send a delegation to Washington. Cara
cas- Venezuela which was the first city
70 declare for Independence suffered much
from the Spaniards. New Granada
which was the first regularly organized
republic. was further inland. Brazil had
again fallen under the domination Of the
house Of Braganza- and proved refuge
for the entire Portuguese royal family
during the reign Of NAPOLEON. i was de-
clared drst an independent kingdom then
became an empire, and. as every one
knows. continued as such until lSS9, when
Dom PEDRO was driven from the throne
ana a republic declared.
The first Instruction broke out IL Mex
leo in lSt0. but leadership was wanting,
as il had been IN South America until
the fame Of Bolivar made al The patriots
Of thar continent look 20 him for relief.
The City OF Mexico. which had ancLently
been the capi-al OF che Aztec Empire, con-
tanned I4oco8 inhabitants. L was strong
" garrisoned. and pactficauoc by The
sword and torch and gibbet could We'll
be ATTEMPTED by -he Spaciards. L vas.
But after q long series Of conflicts and
executions" which in Europe would
have been termed msssacres. The home
government abandoned the lions skin and
took to thar Of the fox. Admiral Apo
Gaca. who had learned 10 lie In the 6lplo-
matte service At the Court Of s. James,
was able 20 accomplish what the ruthless
cruelty Of The Spanish soldiery could NOT
bring peace 70 the country. But the
tranquility which he restored did not ex-
tend beyond his administration.
In 1914 all Of SPANS American CONT
mental possessions We're IN revolt SIN.
the successes which the patriots had net
in Venez2esa were followed by such 3
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
RISE OF SIMON BOLIVAR

Meantime one of the most remarkable
men of the age was beginning to make
his presence felt. What the memory OF
George Washington is to English-speaking
Americans that and more is the memory
of Simon Bolivar TO Spanish-speaking
America. He was the ''liberator' and the
numerous histories of the revolts of the
Americans against Spain may be resolved
into biographies of this one man.
Bolivar Ponte and Palacio Y Solo, the
names Of this hero's parents, indicate Hi
daIgo descent on both lines. Simon Boil
:var was born in 1873, and after receiving
thebest education his native city. Caracas,
could afford, he was sent to Madrid, where
ne married a daughter of the noble house
of Toro. His family was wealthy and
prominent in Venezuela, so after seeing
something of the manners of other Euro
pea9 capitals Bolivar returned TO Carac-
as, intending 10 devote his attention 10 the
management of the paternaI estate. The
death of his wife and the necessity of a
change Of scene caused him TO again visit
Europe. on the return he visited the
United States, remaining in this country
long enough to study its institutions, and
the insight into the principles of good gov
eminent fired him with noble ambition
to establish similar form of democracy
in South America. The year 1910 saw Boil
ivar in possession of a commission from the
junta, and he was sent soon afterward
on a mission to England.
on July 5. 1911 Venezuela declared her
of Spain and lighting began
in earnest. Bolivar was in command OF
the expedition which drove the Spanish
from his nataive city. In 1914 ne captured
Bogota and New Granada. 1t must not
be imagined. however, that Bolivar's ca
reer was always accompanied by victory.
The war was conducted by the Spanish
with the same atrocities which have mark
ed the career Of Spanish arms, whether
in Holland, North Africa, Cuba, the Phil
lppines. or any other region where Spain
has had a practically unarmed people alta
her mercy. Captain Hardy OF the English
ship Mermaid wrote TO the papers IN 1916
THAI ne had seen 4 young y oman OF re-
spectacle family In Armana given POO
.ashes on her bare back for having spoken
disresp ectfuny Of the Spanish govern
nent. The girl died Of the shame and
rain
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
How Spain Lost Her Hold in America

5evere reverse that in the same year Boil
war was obliged TO fly to Jamaica After
a short resistance in that island he went
to Hayti, where the greatest Of all ne
groes, Toussaint FOverture, had establish
ed a republic. President Potion gave
arms and men. and in May, 1916, he again
landed on the mainland Bolivar was
now recognized as the commander-fn-
CHEZ of the insurgent forces. He defeat
ed the royalist troops whenever he met
them, and in the rainy season of 1918 had
established his headquarters at Angos-
tura- on the Amazon. The following Feb
ruary congress met. Bolivar presented
his views on government 20 this body
and concluded his address by rendering
his resignation as general Of the armies.
He was unanimously requested to retain
command until the independence of South
America was recognized. In July he
joined General Santander, defeated the
Spanish, and gained Bogota and all Gran
ada for the patriots. Then It was that
Venezuela and the New Granada united
TO form the Republic of Colombia
BY the close Of 1920 the Spaniards were
completely driven from Colombia The
attention of the patriots was then given
to perfecting the internal organization of
the country The following year a consti-
tuition, modelled upon that of the United
states, was adopted. Bolivar became
president and Santander of the ci-devant
New Granada vice president Peru was
next freed from the Spaniards, although
a bit Of a quarrel between patriot lead
ers enables them to temporarily regain
possession of Lima. A new state was
formed Of Upper Peru, called Bolivia, and
Bolivar was made perpetual dictator
In the year 1926 all OF the South Amer
lean continent, with the exception of Bra
I'll, had overthrow monarchial govern
ment. In -S21, Iturbide and Santa Anna
had achieved Mexican independence, and /
all that remained to Spain of her vast |
American empire were Cuba and Puerto I
Rico
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1898-04-05
RESTRICTIONS IN TRADE

Trade between Spanish America and
other nations than Spain was made prac-
tically impossible by the severity of i'm
port duties. Even between the several
Spanish communities in America trade
was restricted in the same fatuous man
ner. Spanish Americans We're in more
deplorable condition than North Aneri-
can colonists. for the English could pro-
vide their dependencies with everything
needful in the way Of manufactured
goods. taking raw material in exchange.
Spain, deficient in skilled labor. was OBJ
liged to import tools clothing. farming
and mining implements before she could
supply the colonies. and having an abso-
lutte monopoly Of trade the most ext0r-
tionate prices were demanded. Then the
Spanish who had come from old Spain,
began TO envy the CreoleS and set them
selves up as a higher and pGrer caste.
But the Creoles were everywhere the
wealthy and influential class 1t was es-
timated by the English Review in $50
that at least a dozen Of the descendants
of the Spanish conQuerors % Mexico pos
sessed annual incomes Of $4,000 or more
although the poems were generally unable
10 buy clothes enough 70 cover their max
edness. The great middle class could not
help envying the freedom Of the people
Of the United States. Cor their own courts
were venaI and the governments as 6es-
potIc as corrupt. Moreover. the great
wave OF new ideas-the foremost being
''Iiberte. egslite frate-nite." which the
French revolution sent around the globe.
x-as not without its effect
The four prime causes Of the loss Of
Spanish dominion IN America may be
summed up as follows
spanish cruelty and bad government;
the example Of the United States; govern
ment monopoly and trade restriction; the
influence Of the French revolution.