davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The herald., 1898-01-02

days later as borean ravagers Of north
ern Europe.
The great anti-cyclones, or high-pres
sure eddies, which constitute the Amer
lean cold waves, drift into our territory
from the Canadian northwest provinces
and are studied under rapidly changing
conditions during 5000 miles of their
course. The high-pressure eddy, with
all the conventional principles of the
cyclone reversed may be said not to
depend upon the land of it's birth for
the cold it brings, for a strong vertical
and antl-cyclonic motion at the center
is continually drawing down the cold
air from above. In the cold wave it
must be conceded that the loss of heat
by radiation to a cloudless sky is much
greater than that gained by compress
sion, or else it must be assumed that the
atmosphere possesses such intense cold
at the elevation from which the air is
! drawn that, Notwithstanding the heat
gained by compression in it's descent, it
is still far below the normal temperature
at the surface of the earth.
| The West Indian hurricanes, always
at sea-level and in humid air, which are
the most violent of all American storms,
intrude themselves into the domain of the
United States weather map at the bend
of their parabolic course, at about la
tude thirty They have for years fur
nished a fruitful theme for the thoughts
of the investigator.
For twenty-seven years the forecast
ers of the weather bureau have studied
the inception, development and progress
sion of these different classes of atmos-
pheric disturbances. From a knowledge
personally gained by many years. ser
vice as an official forecaster, do not
hesitate to express the opinion that we
have long since reached the highest de-
gree of accuracy in the making of fore
casts possible to be attained with sur.
face readings. 1t is patent that we are
extremely ignorant of the mechanics OF
the storm, Of the operations of those
vast yet subtle forces in free air which
give inception to the disturbance and
which supply the energy necessary tc
continue the same.
Having long realized this, determined
at once on coming to the control of the
United States weather bureau to svs-
tematically attack the problem of upper
air exploration, with the hope ultimately
of being able to construct daily synop.
tic weather chart from simultaneous
The herald., 1898-01-02
When Others Fail Consult

readings taken in free air at an alti-
tude of not less than one mile above
the earth, as it appeared to me that
previous plans for investigating the up
per air by means of free and uncon-
trollable balloons, by observers in bal
looms, or by Independent kite stations.
were of little value in getting the infor-
nation absolutely necessary to improve
our methods for forecasting. Simultan-
eous observations at a uniformly high
level from many kite stations was the
plan I inaugurated for the prosecution
of this important investigation. Pro-
fessor Marvin was assigned to the diff
ficult task of devising appliances and
making instruments, and l am pleased
to say that we have improved on kite
flying to such an extent that apparatus
is now easily sent up to height of one
mile in only moderate wind. We have
made an automatic instrument that,
while weighing less than two pounds,
will record temperature, pressure, hui
nudity and wind velocity. Before next
spring we expect to have not less than
| twenty stations placed between the
Rocky mountains and the Atlantic
ocean, taking daily readings at an ele-
walton of one mile or more.
We shall then construct a chart from
the high-level readings obtained at
these twenty stations and study the
same in connection with the surface
chart made at the same moment. Being
thus able to map out not only the ver-
teal gradients of temperature, humid
ity, pressure and wind velocity, but the
horizontal distribution of these forces
on two levels, it is hoped to better un-
derstand the development of storms and
cold waves and eventually improve the
forecasts of their future course, extent
and rate of movement.
In exceptional cases we have flown
kites OF a. height of nearly two miles.
From daily readings at only one kite
The herald., 1898-01-02

The most elaborate New Year toilettes in the world
made by Japanese bellies. The women of Japan have
been having New Year for hundreds of years before
the of Christian countries, according their
chronology age the world they learned
to of it than the of shorter-ved
nations.
The New Year in Japan, falling little later than
ours brings the owery kingdom into its full oweriness
and that day the whole glad New Year called in
celebrate the advent of another twelfthmonth
It is commonly supposed that in Japan hold a
secondary place to and that festival could
carried by them and for them But far from being
the case there is nation earth that values its
women highly the Japanese and country where
the New Year is beautifully ushered in by them.
Women have strange way all the world of bring
ing in the New Year. Other holidays ALL
and women, but the New Year devoted to
, women alone.
In Japan New Years day the ladies up early
and making most elaborate toilet The toilet of a
Japanese is always refined one and the sweet
of cosmetics and the most delicate of scents
ployed for her Identification. But the New Year toilet
is something specially fine.
On New the Japanese belle, like the Chinese
one, wears old clothes Everything from her flowing
silk garments to her straight delicatey
undergarments is all Her favorite color pink and
/ her robes gorgeous in coors of pink and red.
She makes her toilet sitting the floor with silk
robe around her When she gets out of her peculiar little
bed upon the floor and lifts her shapely head
smooth, round pillow she gets into perfumed bath,
the taking of which she is assisted by her female
wants, if be of very high rank and by the
wealthy Her perfumed bath is poured into tub and a
little mating is set around the tub Into the
water she gets, while her sit outside the
upon the clean mating floor.
The herald., 1898-01-02
DR.. LiebI& e Co.'s World DIspensary
aoS ANGELES NaPSvNq ~ 1ipi SSH Sts: -

station, at Washington city, we nave
derived information as to the olrectlon
and force of the wind above the one
mile level, which has greatly assisted
us in estimating the future direction or
q storm center when our surface chart
gave but negative indications. 1t Will
he a fascinating study to note the prog
rese of cold waves at this high level and
to determine if the changes in temper
AZURE do not first begin above. The
weddings at washington indicate that
contending equatorial and polar winds
nav he more potent in the formation Of
storm eddies than heated and ascepding
conventional currents.
am anxious to know the difference
in temperature between the surface and
the upper stratum in the four quadrants
of the cyclone and in the four quadrants
of the anti-cyclone, especially when the
storm and cold wave conditions are in
tense. At an elevation of five miles but
little effect remains of diurnal tempera-
ture variation. At this altitude the at
mosphere Is free from the disturbing
influence of immediate surface radia-
ton, and consequently there is but lit
tie change between the temperature Of
midday and midnight The vertical dis
tribution of temperature in the several
uuadrants of the cold-wave or rain
storm areas may give clue to the fu-
ture direction of the storm. When we
are able to construct isobaric gradients
at the one-mile level it may be discov-
cred that the storm center at that ele-
walton will not always coincide with the
geographical location of the storm CEN
ter at the surface Of the earth. The
displacement of this center may possibly
give some indication Of the future d.
rection of the storm. There are MANY
interesting problems to be solved by this
investigation.
WILLIS s. MOORE,
Chief of Weather Bureau, Washington.
The herald., 1898-01-02
TALKING TO THE WINDS THROUGH KITES

| cyclones of the arid northern Rocky
mountain plateau dash down upon our
great lakes with rapidly increasing en-
ergy, Notwithstanding the fact that there
was little or no condensation. and hence
no addition of the latent heat which
Espy supposed was absolutely essential
to continuation of storms.
The widely differing elevation, topog-
raphy, temperature and aridity OF the
broad region under observation give con-
ditions which are unequaled anywhere
] in the world for the advantages which
| they represent to the physicist to study
the mechanical phases of storm devel-
opment and progression, or at least
such as can be profitably studied with
observations taken only at the bottom OF
the gerat aerial ocean surrounding the
earth.
| Here we see summer cyclones formed
under the intense insulation which beats
down through diathermanous atmos-
phere upon the arid waste of the Rocky
mountain plateau; cyclones which II
they form in the northern part of the
plateau region move eastward to our
II lakes and thence to the st. Lawrence
with scant rainfall; cyclones which, II
they have their origins farther south on
the warmer plains of Colorado, move in
to the Ohio valley and thence into New
England with considerable more precip-
itation; and cyclones which, If they have
their inception on the hot and high plains
of Arizona and New Mexico. can always
be expected to give abundant rainfall
when they reach the lower Mississippi
middle Atlantic states. All these can be
studied during the inception at an aver
age altitude of 5000 feet above sea level
and under conditions of extreme aridity;
they can be viewed later as they come
down nearly to sea-level in the Missis-
sippi valley and reach more humid at
mosphere 1000 miles from the place of
their birth: and, finally, they are seen
as they reach the extremely humid air
of the Atlantic ocean, 1900 miles further
east.
The great winter cyclones which orig
mate south of the Japanese islands and
cross the Pacific ocean, come under our
vision as they successfully surmount the
formidable Rocky mountain barriers
with but little diminution of energy.
sweep across our continent with in
creasing force and heavy precipitat ton.
and within three days pass beyond our
meteorological horizon at the Atlantic
seaboard only to be heard from three
The herald., 1898-01-02

miles east and west, and so fortunately
located in the interest of the meteorol-
ogist as to cut an important arc from
the circumpolar thoroughfare of storms
of the northern hemisphere. The ex-
IRENE points of observation are Edmon-
ton in the Canadian province of Alberta,
on the northwest; ST. Johns, on the
northeast: Key West, on the southeast,
and San Diego, on the southwest; and
arrangements are now complete for
co-opera ton with Mexico similar to that
in operation with Canada, which will
in a few months extend the area of OBJ
servation southwark over Mexico and
Yucata
1t is wonderful panoramic picture OF
atmospheric conditions, which by the
aid of simultaneous measurements and
the electro magnetic telegraph joining
the places of observation by magic
touch is presented to the trained eye of
the forecaster. Each twelve hours the
Kaleidoscope changes and new graphic
picture of actual conditions is shown.
Where else can the meteorologist find
such opportunity to study storms and
atmospheric changes?
In the middle of the eighteenth cen
fury Franklin detected the rotary and
progressive motions of storms; early in
the nineteen century Redfield and
Espy contended over rival theories as to
the mechanical principle involved in the
formation of storms, and little later
Maury studied the storms of the Atlantic
ocean; still later Loomis, Dove and Fer
rel reviewed these theories and added
much to our knowledge; but to this late
date no one has been able to satisfactor-
lily coordinate the forces operative in
cyclones or to assign cumulative values
to the horizintal temperature and pres
sure gradients, to the surface and inter-
nal frictions of convection, to centrifu-
gence, to the latent heat of condensa-
ton, and to the effect of hemispherical
circulation. Probably the only compon-
ent of cyclonic force that is well under
stood and accurately computed is the
DETECTION due to the earth's rotation.
Our early investigators studied only
the storms of low levels and humid airs
where convection was only needed ia
carry the moist air currents to but a
slightly higher elevation before cooling
by expansion would produce condensa-
ton, and an immediate acceleration OF
the cyclone by the liberation of latent
heat. They had never seen the whirline
The herald., 1898-01-02

Still another new position has been
opened for women. On every floor in
some of the large new hotels woman is
now required whose business it is to sit
in her parlor and receive those among
the guests of the hotel who, as strangers,
need to be directed about their purchases
about the best milliners, dress and boot
makers, manicures, etc. For this she
receives liberal allowance (few work.
ing women ever clear half as much). All
her living expenses are paid, she has
every other evening to herself, and her
meals are served in her room, so that all
unnecessary publicity is spared her.
Harper's Bazaar.
The herald., 1898-01-02
RALPH CRUGER.

From his experiments, Major Moore
concludes that artificial wings can be
constructed in imitation of those of the
flying fox, and that the action of the
pectoral muscles can be reproduced by
spiral springs of suitable strength to
hold the wings expanded, the up-and-
down motion being accomplished by
means of light electric or other motor.
Two or more pairs of wings, arranged
tandem fashion, are found to be better
than single para result fully in ac-
cordance with the conclusions formed
by other observers. Major Moore con-
siders it quite possible to construct a ma
chine of this type capable of raising a
man.
| A Texas matchmaker and electrician
has built for himself a very effective and
novel scarf pin in the form of a tiny
electric motor, which though only weigh
ing one pennyweight three grains, is
complete in every detail. and can be ope-
rated when supplied with current This
is probably the smallest operative motor
in the world. Gold takes the place Of
copper throughout. and the field mag
nets, which necessarily have to be of a
magnetic material, consist Of two thick
nesses of very fine sheet iron scraped
down and polished. These are held to-
gether with gold screws, and wound in
the regulation manner with very fine
silk-covered wire. The comrutato,
bars are also of gold, and the smallest of
brushes deliver the current to the arna-
ture windings. Notwithstanding its
minute size this little motor runs at a
lively speed and creates quite a hum
when supplied with current from O. small
sllver-chloride battery carried in the
vest pocket.
The herald., 1898-01-02

The apparatus has taken four years to
construct, and it has been jealous Sc
cret of the balloon detachment. The
balloon rose to the height of about 1000
feet and in spite of the benzine motor
which drove it, failed to make any head
way against the wind. 1t disappeared
behind a cloud and was found in field
with the car bent up under the weight
of the balloon, and both badly dam
aged. This result was attained at a
cost of about $4,000.
4
Paris has about 500 900 electric lights
and London twice as many. More than
half of Berlins streets are now lighted
with gas glow light perfectly white.
and five times as powerful as the old
flame, and the lamps are being placed
rapidly in the other streets, and the city
with q consumption of 10,000000 cubic
meters of gas, will have five-fod the
light heretofore obtained from 1000. 600
The 100000 900 oil lamps burned nightly in
England cause 800 deaths annually and
165 fires yearly in London alone.
r 4 +
The relation of dust and typhoid fever
has been investigated by Drs. Kelsch
and Simonin of Paris. They have report
ed to the Paris Academy of Medicine
that in the summer of 1896 there were
eighteen cases of typhoid fever in
small barracks. The water supply was
pure, but it was found that in the au-
tumn of 1895 three cases of typhoid were
laid up in the room where the epidemic
began nine months later. Those fur
thest from the beds and room suffered
least The flooring was taken up, the
rooms disinfected and no more typhoid
appeared. a few months later twenty
two cases occurred in barracks in an
other town. The building was small, and
the rest of the town free from the dis
ease. This time some dust was collected
from the floor of the barracks, and, on
examination, Eberths bacillus and the
bacterium coil We're discovered in it.
= u
The herald., 1898-01-02

The United States weather service has
been in existence twentyseven years
During the past twenty-five years the
daily synoptic charts of the service have
shown the most comprehensive atmos-
pheric survey ever presented TO the
forecaster or to the broad investigator
of the fundamental principle of storms.
The vast region now brought under the
dominion of twice daily synchronous
observations embraces an area extend
ing 1000 miles north and SOUTH 5000
The herald., 1898-01-02

With the notable exception of NJ Pen
aud, most eXpermenters on mechanical
flight have worked with fixed aeroDlanes
driven by screw propeller. A some
what rev departure has been made by
Major r. f. Moore. who has selected the
Indian flying fox Pteropus edulic) as his
pattern on which to construct models.
The herald., 1898-01-02

(Written for The Herald by Willis s.
Moore, Chief of Government Weather Blu
reau of the United States.)
The development and progress of storms
and storm phenomena obviously depend
upon conditions existing throughout ue
great masses of free atmosphere several
thousand feet above the surface of the
earth. Heretofore all systematic daily
weather observations have been made in
| the comparatively thin layer of air imme-
diately next to the surface of the earth.
If We except occasional observations made
from balloons, all meteorological data Is
| related solely to surface conditions. Fur
ther advances in the art of forecasting
weather conditions upon scientific basis
demand simultaneous observations at con-
siderable elevations in the free air. How
to secure these with regularity, at any
time and at any place. is the great prob
lem. We believe that satisfactory So
luton will be worked out in the near flu
ture. The kite gives us partial solution,
and large amount of searching scientific
study has been given by the United States
weather bureau TO the kite, in order to
| make of 1t a thoroughly trustworthy and
| efficient piece of aerial machinery for
securing the desired observations al great
| height in the free air Many most valua-
| BILE improvements and important results
have been brought out and preparations
are now far advanced towards equipping
a few selected stations with the necessary
plant for making observations whenever
the conditions permit.
1t is obvious that kites, alone are not
sufficient to enable us to make observa-
tons every day, but we regard this intro
duction of kites as a first step in the solu-
tion of the great problem. 1t is likely that
the results from kite observations in the
free air will prove to be of much greater
value for forecast work than surface data.
and If this is the case, we have no doubt
| that the ingenuity of our experts will be
able to supplement the kite with other
apparatus, such as captive balloons. when
the air is in state of calm, or even some
form of sef-propelled aerial machines.
which have lately been shown to be thor
oughly practicable and possible achieve
ments of aerial engineering. The value of
the free air observations being once es-
tablished. nature is bound to yield up to
her persistent students the means and
methods whereby to secure the results they
seek.
The herald., 1898-01-02

Balloon steering is still an art of the
future. An experiment has been made
at Berlin, in the presence of large num-
Der of officers, with a balloon composed
entirely of aluminium, including the
car, but it has proved an utter failure.
The herald., 1898-01-02
Observation-Disclosures;
BREV|T|ES Of SCIENCE


The total number of electric lights
both arc and incandescent in New York
city is estimated TO be 1,043,46S.
\ \ \
Carriages can be utilized in winter by
a new appliance, consisting of runners
mounted in pairs, and having curved
sockets in the upper sides, in which the
wheel rims are held by screw clamps,
the runners being SO attached to the
body of the wagon to stiffen them.
The Niagara Buffalo transmission has
proven a success since its opening, the
demand for power greatly exceeding the
capacity of the line so that another
line of equal capacity has just been put
in service. The present voltage of the
transmission is 10000 volts alternating,
which is transformed down to 375 volts
at the Buffalo end.
+ =
Trees caf- be transplanted without dis
turbing the roots by usinG Il new appara-
tus which has a row of curved fingers
pivoted to, radating arms attached to
ring placed around the tree trunk, the
fingers being driven into the ground
at even distances from the tree and all
lifted at once by a derrick to raise the
tree from the earth.
"a 4 4 4
Electricity isnot only the fearful agent
which at times lights up the heavens
suddenly and startles the soul with it's
loud clapping7 of thunder but also the
life-giving and life-awakening cause
which, as Highland heat brings forth the
magic color and the breath of life, which
transmits to thy heart the pulsations
of the universe and awakens in thy SOU
the charm of glance and smiles. Cali
leo Ferraris.
4, + \
Balloon steering is still an art of the
The River Falls times. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1894-1933, 1898-09-20

before her final departure. Rom
go and Juliet will be given on
Monday next, the Doth inst. at
Thelander's Hall. The perfor-
nance will be handled by the tull
professional company with
Miss Waldorf as Juliet and we
venture to predict much larger
attendance even than before.
With all due respect and praise
for our amateurs it cannot bu' be
gainsaid that Romeo and Juliet
will be a much more brilliant
affair than it's forerunners. Tick
cts will be on sale at Taggart's on
Wednesday morning and intend
ing play goers would do we'll to
secure their seats at an early date.
This will be literally a farewell
performance as the Company
leaves River Falls on Tuesday for
their fall campaign.
The River Falls times. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1894-1933, 1898-09-20

Among some of the substantial
structures Of this city is the fine
businss block of johnson &
Elertson and Carroll now about
completed. This is built of solid
brick, making 1t thoroughly fire
proof, and Is two stories high with
easy stairs opening from the
front leading to the second floor.
It would be hardly possible to
better plan a building for hard
ware store than the Johnson Y
Elertson block is planned. An
elevator leading from the base
ment to the second floor has been
placed near the rear, capable or
lowering the heaviest articles
usually handled in a hardware
store. The width of the building
5 is 254 #. by 100 # The base
ment is the full size of the build
ing with we'll cemented floor
which will be used for store
room.
The second floor will also be
used for a store room. In the
reaffof the second floor room
for the tin shop has been built
which was dropped below the seal
ing some four feet, SO arranged
with windows that the timers
are in PLAIN view Of the occupants
of the store. The shelving will
be arranged with view to con-
venience as well as to artistic de-
sign, making the store as good as
the best in the land.
Messrs. johnson 4 Elertson
will begin to move into their new
quarters next week.
Mr.. Carroll's side of the block
is equally well planned for the use
intended-that of a bakery-and
is finished in Georgia pine. On
the whole this block is a most
valuable addition to the substan.
tial improvements of this place
and is a happy contrast to the
old wooden rubbish removed to
make room for the new bloc.