The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1898-09-25
PREHISTORIC cRUsHERs FOUND IN OHIO.

s~cription establishes, the use ct that neriod Of
Very Very latest Hbsst0 period q areeISn Civilization tSiSS
for HS.i grinding. Arts and sciences spread and
we're improved in other directions. but the
art of corn grinding remained practically
From Greece the art Of grinding went to
Rome and To- the shores OF It Az b and there
ance Of the sort almost to the ChEiStian era.
and at the Christian era its history as the most
mans discarded It ths saddle stone was rele,
Been found nd traces Of this device they are found
e IL tse Of Pt the eT Brltisfh Isles aes ef IN the 9tannHHs and
earth forts Of France, in the sand caves Of It
ssIiE Issi IN The ssl Is9s dw Sed Gef 9f syit1e aria sls io
t~hroushoat aboriginal Africa and America.
The origin Of the mortar, a distinctly share
An attempt to shape, a stone In this manner
a maFk eiv 2Rs tai5xlaifHf o we've Per rndsIg G iasRioned
the, mortar may be. t Is at least a beginning.
a and ao yeTy s Of a a sHper rhs c fashion Ra q. t ds1ts ieea
the handsome mortars Of Roman times are evil
dence Of that; The earliest HISTORICAL speci-
tar. Egyptian mural sculptors not seldom
illustrate the eSNntemp0 sr1fgd use Set. OF c, the
mortar, inc heDTeWS CdTTleu JHelT- RTdlu
on %oFt &c ds SisR 1 tasp B. 9 g. t he ps saREsG sloss
the thee sh b re ss of the ss 4 aMd G "a T to C1 af hSgs
p. g. the mortar was in use, The Greeks Of
the mortar period appear to have effected one
ployed men instead OF women. as the Egyp-
tians had done. Frequent allpslons t9 this o.
of .Piiny the. Romans abandoned the mortar
and the saddle stone for the quern. Sitting
and betting n the separating i Of the eo finely NJ ,1 and
cation advanced: the custom Of parching was
old. but the process was much improved In
The quern was an italian contriyance. not
knowni apparently. until about 1000 years
machine, the first in which the. parts formed
a perfect mechanism, the Invention which dis
carded the loose stones for one machine.
animal, and no mention Of the hand mill had
d HESSe;a,s aSsTa III %i / y III r. Ss|Ei5i3as: + tFo q
yoiving miistones. according to ,Piiny,, but
nil to GappadoGia, and says that fhe Capga;
ably in error in making the statement. At
mill; The idea q tie anGiissnts was that the
ward flow to enable it to fall from the stones.
and the lower stone was made, almost conf
cal IN form, but later the stones became grad
ually tiattened, until the stones at last be-
came perfectly fiat. With the spread OF the
invention, to Britain, Gaul and to Europe in
general, the ancient Roman name mlola versa
tiis gave way to the designation "quern."
the Teutonic equivalent. One early and i'm
portant Improvement in the mill, was the
growing OF the grinding faces OF the stones.
Decorations. espe ,ially the, form OF q cross.
were often cut on the topsof the upper stones.
From the, employment OF slaves to the use
Of cattle in the working Of mills was compare
lively a short step, at least. from the modern
Rome abolished slavery in the fourth cen
Italy. 1t is evident that they had been in opera
ton probably six centuries before. Cato and
Yarro. whose lives covered the period 232-27
b. c.. both mention them. The mills were
cumbersome. being at first practically the
same as slave mills, and they were worked by
sorry, creatures, indeed. from all accounts
that, have come Town. The ordinary beast
employed was the poor ass. who shared the
pleasures and tribulations-most OF the time
the latter-ot his owner, the miller. Every
year on the 9th of June were celebrated the
Eestalia. and among the celebrations were
the festivities of the millers. The Door
little asses were fdted. caressed and decked
with garlands on that occasion. but that was
probably their only day Of pleasure, Apol-
eius In his Golden ASS" draws what is prob
ably the real. everyday picture of the ass at
"A good many beasts were employed there
in turning various millstones. and that, not
only by day, but all night long: for the mill
was always going, | the narrator became an