Evening journal., 1898-05-11
WAR ENDS CENTURIES
What History Tells Us About the
Worlds Great Conflicts.
At the Close OF Every Hundred Years
since the Tenth Century Hostile
Nations Have Decn Em-
broIled in Battle.

little real significance it may have, that
regularly since and including the close
of the eleventh century each cycle OF
100 years has been completed with a
blaze of wars. In nearly every instance
they were conflicts Of importance and
had a decided bearing on the woe or
welfare of mankind. They say history
repeats itself, and if it does the nine
teenth century viii be but following
precedent that is 500 years old should
it, too, end amid the roar of cannon.
At the close of the tenth century
there was comparative peace among the
European peoples, or as near peace as
ever existed in those troublous times.
There were some minor struggles, to be
sure, but they we're rather in the way
of organized brigandage than real war
fare. A throne or two mado up the
booty for which the highwaymen con-
tended, and the Danes were massacred
In England in 1902, but otherwise the
sunset of the old era and the dawn of
the new were unaccompanied by storm.
] What vigorous warfare was, carried on
did not affect Europe, because il result
cd from the first invasion of India by
Mahmond Of Ghuzhi in 1901.
But with the close of the eleventh
century not only did the crusade begin.
but Robert, duke of Normandy, made
war on his brother, Henry l., and in-
yaded England, and so the last half dec
ade of the eleventh century was signal
lied by strife that was bounded on the
one hand by Jerusalem and on the other
by London.
IN 1l05 a series of general wars be-
gan with the successes of the Moors
over Alfonso the Noble, king of CASTLE,
and the opening of that great strife
which was to shake Europe, the strug-
| gle for supremacy between the Guelphs
and the Ghibellines, Pope Innocent III.
summoned Europe to a new crusade,
and that added 10 the general uproar
A fourth crusade was inaugurated in
1901, and Philip Augustus wrcsted one
French province after another from
King John of England.
The war dance of the end of the
end of the thirteenth century began
with an invasion of England by Philip
the Fair and John Balliol, and the Scots,
under Wallace. supplemented this with
a dash of fighting on their own account.
The French invaded Flanders at the
same time, 1897, and Albert of Austria,
son of Rudolph Of Hapsburg, took up
arms for the dethronement of the Ger
man emperor, Adolphus OF Nassau. The
Genoese did u little naval fighting with
the Venetians, and Boniface VIII. had
4 successful bout with the Colonas oi
Rome. In 1902 there was rising il
Flanders against the French, and II
the next year Edward !. completed hi,
conquest Of the Scotch. so the four
teenth century began noisily enough.
To jump forward to the end Of this
century we find the Turks and Hun.
garians fighting and Ladislas fighting
for Naples with Louis III. of Aniou
Owen Glendower is leading n revolt OF
the Welsh and the Percys defeat the
Scots. Tamerlane defeats Bajazet, and
all these troubles are happening in tho
last four years of the fourteenth Cen.
fury and the first two Of the fifteenth.
The sixteenth begins quite as hope
fully. Charles VII. conquers Naples anc
ferdinand II. recogers it. PerlIin War.
beck signalizes the death of the old era
in England by backing his pretensioni
TO the throne with arms. The Frencl
conquer Milan and Maximilian of Ger
many makes war on the Swiss. Louis
MI. conqucrs Naples, and so all Eu
rope, practically is in trouble.
The next century is near its begin
ming when Howard and Essex captur,
Codiz. Maurice of Nassau also takes Z
rap at the Spaniards, and Elizabetl
sends Essex to ireland TO put down tn,
insurrection under the earl of Tyrone
Sigismund Nasa is driven out of Swe
/ ! den and the French invade Savoy. Alau
= rice Of Nassau defeats Albert of Aus
. tria, and so again we find Europe war
ring from Ireland to Sweden, and soutl
to Austria.
At the close of the seventeenth cen
tury there was q particularly warn
, time. Villeroi fought William III. II
! tho Netherlands. Savoy finished Of
0 n war with France. Peter tho Grea
r took Azov from the Turks and tn
French captured Barcelona.
The close of the eighteenth centur.
p brought the French conquest of Hol
n land, instructions in Paris. the Frencl
. invasion of Germany, successful cam
paign by the Austrians, the earlier vic
!. tories of Bonaparte with the famou
"Army of Italy" the campaigns o
= = 1896 against Austria and Germanyi
Z declaration of war against England b.
Spain.
(. During the last three years of this cen
= tury England trembled under tn
shock of the earlier Napoleonic war
j. and there was the great rebellion in Ire
land. The English stormed Seringapa
> tam and in 1901 came the war betwee
q Tripoli and the United States.
Is the close of the nineteenth cen
d; tury and the coming in of the twentict
to be the exceptional period of SO
l. ycars2 viii it be marked by peace @
by wars resulting from the pfospectiy
,s partition of China, the proclamation q
a Cuban republic. and any one of a scor