The herald., 1898-04-17

than quote the following portions:
1.-THE cooperation by which the socia
life of such insects is carried on seems al
first glance to be of the kind Mr.. George
has called directed cooperation, in which
correlation in the efforts of individual units
is brought about, as 1t WERE from without
by such subordination of some of the units
as secures conscious obedience in response
to intelligent direction. The republican
monarchy of the bees has it's queen, its
workers, its drones the ants range them.
selves for march, for battle, or for work
in militant or industrial armies.
"Yet closer observation shows that this Is
more in seeming than in fact, and that the
great agency in the correlation of effort
which the insects show is something which
impresses the units not from without but
from within their own nature-the force or
power or impulse that we call instinct
which, operating directly on the individual
unit. brings each. as it were, of its own
volition, to its proper place and function
with relation to the whole in something of
the same way in which the vital or germin-
ative force operates within the eggsnell to
bring the separate cells into relations that
result in the living bird
Now of this power or impulse that we
call instinct conscious man has little.
While the Involuntary and unconscious
functions of his bodily frame may be Or
dered and maintained by it as something
akin to It. and while it may in the same
way furnish the sub-stratum of what we
call his mental frame. vet instinct, go
strong in the orders Of life below him,
seems with man to fade and withdraw as
the higher power of reason assumes con-
troll. What of instinct he retains would
not suffice even for such social construc-
tions as those of ants or bees or beavers.
But reason, which in him has superseded
instinct, brings a new and seemingly illim-
liable power of uniting and correlating in
dividual efforts, by enabling and disposing
him to exchange with his fellows. The
act of exchange is that of deliberately
parting with one thing for the purpose and
as a means of getting another. 1t is an act
that involves foresight, calculation. judg-
Municipalities in which reason differs
from instinct.
"All living things that we know of CO.
So far as we can see nothing that lives
can live in and for itself alone. But man
is the only one who co-operates by ex-
=,
from all the numberless tribes that with
him tenant the earth as the exchanging
animal OF them all, he Is the only one
who seeks to obtain one thing by giving
another. A dog may prefer big bone to
a little bone and where It cannot hold on
10 them both may keep one in preference
TO the other. But no dog or other aslimal
will deliberately and volur tar!ly give up
one desirable thing for another desirable
thing. When between two desired things
the question which is put to it, Its an
swer is always the answer of the child,
both until it is forced to leave the one IN
o-der to hold the other. No other animal
uses bait to attract it's prey; no other ami
mai plants edible seeds that 1t may gather
the produce. No other animal gives an
other what it itself would like to have in
order to receive in return what 1t likes
better. But such acts come naturally to
man with his maturity and are his Iiistin-
gushing principle.
'ENchauge is the great principle by
which the spontaneous or uCcon-
5cious cooperation of men in the
production of wealth is brought
about and economic units are welded into
that social organism which is the greater
leviathau. To this economic body this
greater leviathan into which It builds its
economic units, 1t is what the nerves or
perhaps the gang,ions are to the individual
body. Or, to make use of another illustra-
tion, it is to our individual desires and
powers of satisfying them, what the
sw;, clboard of telegraph or telephone or
other electric system is 10 that system,
means by means of which eXertion of one
kind, in one place, may be transmitted in to
of another kind in another
place, and thus the efforts of individual
units may be conjoined and correlated so
as to yield eatisfactions in most useful
place and form. and to an amount enor-
exceeding what otherwise would
be possible"
OF the modes of production, which Mr..
George distinguishes as adopting. grow
ing and exchanging, he says:
Were 1t not for exchange the co-opera-
ton of individuals in the production of
wealth would go no further than 1T might
be carried by the natural instincts that
operate in the formation of the family, or
by that kind of cooperation in which in
dividual wills are made subordinate 10
another individual will. These, it is evil
dent, would not suffice for the lowest stage
Of civilization. For not only does slavery
itself, which requires that the slave shall
be fed and clothed, involve some sort of eX-
change, though a very inadequate one, but
the labor of slaves must be supplemented
by exchange to permit the slave owner 10
enjoy any more than the rudest satisfac-
tions. 1t was only by exchanging the
products of their labor that the American
slave owner could provide himself with
more than his slaves could obtain from mis-
own plantation, and a slave-based society
in which there was no exchange could
hardly carry the arts further than the con-
struction of the rudest huts and tools.
When we speak of pyramids and canals
being constructed by enforced labor we are
forgetting the great amount of exchange
which was involved in such work
Many If not most of the writers on
political economy have treated exchange
as a part of distribution. On the contrary
1t properly belongs to production. 1t is by
exchange that man obtains and is able to
exert the power Of cooperation which,
with the advance of civilization so eno--
mously increases his ability to produce
wealth"
He declares that the motive of exchange
Is the primary pos stuate of political econ
omy, the universal fact that men seek to
crafty their desires with the least exer-
ton. This leads men by a universal I'M
pulse TO satisfy all desires and needs
through exchange, through the great
mazes that we call commerce.
1t is impractcable to give work of over
500 pages. and treating of so many subjects,
any adequate review of all it's parts, and