davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

WASHINGTON. March Ex-senator
Proctor visited the White House and up
town departments today. and his calls
excited - great deal OF interest. He spent
half an hour with Secretary Alger, ex-
planning, IL Is believed, the military sit
uation in Cuba. and afterwsrd held
conference with Judge Day. assistant Sec
rotary II state. Then he went TO the
White House and was closeted with the
president fer two hours and quarter.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

ts-ai k.rshsa. vsssess. sasD ena yscsss
are szcsuaec sE this. We hsa = p&stie9-
h-.y is-gs narSsr q yachts ofk&red 20
ia al "a vii. 70 1sssot, sntsr ssfe -
sotastorss fer = ss1ssacx Of fnes<s
Clement 4. orsseesn, presi6sas 81 the Ia
tsTna.ioaai SAssxa.tm Company. c~ners
~ TIE ArssrteaE ssne. was In consultation
witt Ire board IN rsesssaGs - the g..
Louis. b1: TIA result Of s.ss corset tsaioa
esusd nos b. searnsd- II was szid by . sne<z-
be- o: ,.ss hssrt ira: nothing had been DE-
c.dsd. TIE ~. Loals ss advertised 10 sail
On Wednesday. bat II was admitted by az
cfs.eial IF the company Tits n,o<nlEx that
Ls dsd rss know whether or ret she uosld-
Lkas Commander Kelly dsS:sssd 70 say
taaf ths A.ssmsr soula BE- held In sass
pert
isttiaGs for Auxiliary crsfsess.
WARRINGTON. March iA-S. r.
Palmer. representing the Gusntsra :s1a
Works Of Mes York. whless bail; ssse en-
EInss az the Maine. was 81 the nary de-
pafsnsenf loasY In consultation wisE IRE
officials respecting the conversion af vss-
sssz 90 the merehsn; marine trio war
craft. While not a sssipbglIalag nFm. the
etriusard works have Zone great deaf Of
work OF engines AID interior astsngs 81
9isips. within IA just tae eiass Of work that
Hilary cruisers.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
FOE A FLYING SQUADRON.


WARRINGTON. March A-Tns biz
afsnor~si cruiser Brooklyn arrived at
Fortress Moaroe fhis morning direct from
run up. and II IL expected vii! await at
Hampton Roads the ARRIVAL of the Min
psapaiis and coiun bia. which are sus,
lifting out CT Philadelphia. This forcs
viii form an exceiient nucleus for pro-
tecsed flying squadron In case the depart
Ment decides 80 form one.
II IL stated at The navy department. TIA.
the Marhlebead. which arrived at Tampa
Saturday night. waz ordered 10 shat place
to take some stores Tor the North Atlantic
squadron.
The torpedo boat Foote arrived y.
Charleston yes,erdav on her way 90 Key
wes; TO join the fioiilia-
The battlestip low, went from Tortugss
% Key West yesterday.
The gunboat Annapolis has arrived at
Curacao.
The training snip Essex has sailed from
New York 10 Portsmouth.
The Mschias '.e~s tn nostsn.
NORFOLK, Va. March 1.-THE gun
boat Maehias has been ordered 10 Boston
aaa she will sal! IT, the morning. IL Is
supposed that the transfer was made be-
cause the work ON her could he done more
expcditiously la Bnsieu. this yard devoting
al it's energies 10 the Newark.
The Mnrbieh~ad strikes Bostom.
CINCINNATI. March IA speciat to
he Commercial Tribune from Tampa SAYS.
Mile coming up the bay without y plot
the Marhlehead serape6 on the bottom. hut
"a tho tide was high she got hack into thu
channel without any damage
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
Test of Dry Dock No. :.

NEW YORK. March 1.-THE work OF
testing dry dock No, 3. which has been
practically rebuilt since tho leak was dis
today and Was more successful, than the
tests made yesterday. 1T lad been ex-
peoted that the dock would be ready for
use by April ]. but ID is now doubtful II II
viii be ready before May /.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
TROOPS NOT STARTED YET.
No Announcements Made - ISy~ Them
From Fort ssfI 10 AsEvaa.

TOPEKA Kan. Ma5,s. IA report
tr@t United States troops ara brlae moved
n Atlanta fron For: So VIA ;hs Reek
Hard road. cannot ~ verified at rai-
~a4S headquarters, Ihs officials ssy ih.t
p, srtanxeuas M fer cars 80 Rush Springs
efAe station rea5ess Faf; SID Save been
made 20 far.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

sonuri. To do this. however. IL was neces-
sary 10 abandon the name OF the depart
nent OF the Platte. and the territory in
cluded within the present limits of that de-
partment will be known as the depart
ment of the Missouri. The old department
OF the Missouri retains the name OF the
department of the lakes.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
spanish Securitie. Drop SIN Lower.

PARIS, March H--on the bourse today
Spanish Is feh SIS. At Lisbon they were
~ points lower, and "a, Madrid they were
quoted = point below Saturdays closing
price.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

tween Japan. England and the United
States 20 conquer The world. Grea, en-
thasasm was caused by some OF the re-
marks OF the speakers. which one Of the
members Acknowledged were IN favor OF
such an alliance.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
SUI. the Department of the Missouri.

WASHING Msr&A if-~TAe secrs~
tasy II war a4s ma93.ile8 BIS order G. las,
- Re military departments - IS 10 retain
Us n4ne u iss eE&stcrsai G. sAs l4S-
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
Rush Work ON War Vessels.

NEW YORK. March Ii-work ON the
Dolphin is beng rapidly pushed along
while workmen on the Chicago and At
lania are also very busy
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
Cotton willis Resume WorI..

TAUNTON. Mas NaYch 1.-THE 100
operatives Of the Walttrnfon Gotten Ns,ls
returned % @egk today after strike last
tx Ave wrekS.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

CHATTANOOGA. March 1.-THE Day
ton coal and Iron Company. Dayton.
Tern has made an advance If 10 per
cent. Ia ne wages 81 its miners. i.Igp In
number. Q take efYec; April l.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
Autonomy IL Not Wanted.

PHILADELPHIA. March H-Dr. John
Guiteras, representative of the Cuban
jun.a In this city. in an open letter toGay
discusses the published statements that
there is a project on foot to settle she
Cuban question on a basis au;otsomic.
THE plan" says DR.. Guikeras. suggests
for Cuba all the privileges now enjoyed by
Canada. / cannot believe that such a
plan IS entertained by ME United States
government. and l feel that an appeal
should be made 10 public opinion 10 pro-
nouuce Itself against the cousummation
cf such a sacrifice"
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

JOHANNESBURG March 1.-THE muir
derer Of Nolf joel. man named Field
she.n. has been arrested.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

NEW YORK. March li-J. 81. Cebsl-
los. general manager Of the Spanish Trans
atlantic Company. made the following
statement today
Il regret TO See my name published In
the morning papers IN connection with
negotiations looking toward peace to be
established In the Island Of Cuba. and
stating that l was acting with full kDowi-
edge Of the Sakasta minStry. ali Of which
l deny 90 be the case. Whatever interest
/ may take in this matter IS solely prompt
ed by ms desire TO prevent a conflict be-
tween Spain and the United States. and to
establish. II possible, a basis, as every
true American hopes TO, that will give us
peace at an carly date for all concerned"
Thomas Estrada Palma. OF the Cuban
evolutionary party in this city. said that
the proposition for the Cuban pacifica,ion
reported TO have been offered by Senior
Cesalios was not satisfactory 20 the juntA.
We will not consider any proposition
for the settlement OF the war he said.
unless IL be based upon the absolute In
dependence OF Cuba. We are willing TO
pay Spain an indemnity Of not more than
Slosl oao, go. II this is not satisfactory 10
Spain We will continue the war. Our re-
sources are sufficient to do this. l will
not receive Sener Cebalios unless ne wants
TO treat On the basis Of absolute independ-
enca."
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

h.egsar-No; amt no society man hu,
oihe would help me in a kind OF a 60.
cis'y way. Pedestr.an--How so? Hsrsa-
1t would let me In TO a charity hail
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

great a prsponderance Of beets--iust plain,
dead ones-in that OUTFIT?
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

TO CURE A COLD IN ONE DAY
lake Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets.
ruSkists refund money II fails to cure
<Se- Genuine has L. B. O. on each tahiet.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15
HEAVY GOLD IMPORTS CONTINUE
Large sam. Engaged In Europe for
New York Banks,

NEW YORK. March if-~shlp-nep,s o.
god from Europe have 5sen announced as
fellows
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1898-03-15

I rtsA 70 make t;se denial - broad ana
enrl attic a. rcsxfae-
II yas exrszaest ~ the minister tnss
Seror Cebaisos rid recently hesE named
By TIE autonomous cabinet as al aid 70
him la framing the proposed eo-rneseias
treaty bssw@en the Tnstsd States ana
Cuba. Tia. vas In accordance Stsa ZEE
autonomous pssn By which they iae1-
selves we're gfTsn eeatroi CT taefr tslsn
aca.rx. But In RAINING Senor Ceba1es.
fs@ minister pointed cut. he sad his as
socla.es were 10 assist him as the piea'-
po,sn.sary Of spaia- Whether Dir. &C.
sssses on his OWE responsibility MADE ever
.ure. is &c. known a. the legation ne
asa ros cal there, ard IL Is said that any
thing 10 NAV have aone vas without TIE
consultation or sanction which would Ssve
Il me sIlxhtes. status as the act OF the
Spanish government.
The minister .sas received no Inclination
as 70 tits finding. ot The Spanish naval
csr,ssssxser. xtaica Is investigating the
Mains diaaSter. Tie says this commission
Is proceeding ~i,h the same Formally and
saerecy as the United States court % in
qsIry. ard that any animation CT lis ind
luss wlH NOT ha justified until rs .ormai
r. port il presented. Mr.. Polo added that
his professional belief, however. is that
there IL 10 doubt the Spanish commission
VIII report that the Maine explosion was
dee 20 accident. He said he was con-
WINGED that this also would be the con-
eluslon reached by the people In this coun-
try when all facts In the matter are made
known
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
LAFAYETTE La, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER

methods of mob law. He pro-
tected the rights of white and black
when the city was in a turmoil, thus
showing the whole country that ours
was a righteous cause.
The people of New Orleans and
the whole State should forever keep
green the memory of these men.
From the date of this heroic act we
can trace the numerous years of
good government and the rule of
the white man that have blessed
this State. 1t was one of the few
instances where the manhood of a
State must rise in mass and crush
the misrule of tyrants, supported by
a fostering government. This day
marks the end of Federal interfer-
ence in our affairs and the dawn of
local selfgovernment by the white
man, and the people of Louisiana
should ever honor the memory of
those who fell to accomplish this.
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
IN /IHPOS/ZION.

Our level-headed contemporary,
the Baton Rouge Advocate, says:
ssSrenuous efforts are being made
by those in charge of the notoriety
mill in connection with the Lafayette
monument fund to have contribu-
tions taken up in the public schools
of this State fer that purpose. OF
course, the parties in charge of the
enterprise care no more for Lafa-
yette than they do for any other
person who has been dead nearly
three quarters ola century, but they
do care for notoriety and they wan,
this notoriety to be purchased for
them at the expense Of the United
States. To this scheme, in SO far
as Louisiana is concerned, the Adj
vote desires to register an emphatic
objection and it hopes Super!nten
dent Calhoun will discourage this
attempt to impose upon the public
school children of this State We
have no objection to the erection Of
yc:te-;ndeh VIC rat!,er like the idec
provided the money raised for tlc
purpose be collected from, the whole
people, but we draw the line against
the imposition of this tax upon tie
public school children and we aP-
peal to school superintendenis and
teachers to protect the pupils of the
State against this new and rapidly
spreading form Of taxation. Why
should We thus impose upon the
patriotism of our children and prac-
ticallv coerce them into doing a
thing which if it be desirable at all
should be done by the whole nation?
1t is the duty of both superinten-
dents and teachers to protect their
pupils against such impos;tions. !"
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
Lara YE TIES CHOICE.

LdFA YETZE'S CHOICE.
The Democracy of the parish has
instructed its delegates to vote for
g,ess and Hon. Overton Cade for
railroad commissioner.
Messrs. Broussard and Cade are
in every way worthy of the high
compliment paid them by their fell
low Democrats of Lafayette parish.
Both have been tried in positions of
honor and trust and it is the verdict
that they have not been found
wanting.
Mr.. Broussard, as is we'll known,
is our present representative in
Congress. That his record there is
eminently satisfactory to his con-
stituents, is shown by the unani-
nous action of the Democracy IN
the different parishes to give him
the nomination. That he will be
nominated, there is no doubt, and
his election is equally certain.
Hon. Overton Cade is we'll
known to the people of Lafayette
parish, whom he has already served
with credit. He represented this
parish in the State Legislation and
his record in that body is proof
enough of his integrity and incor-
ruptibiii,y. He is honest, wellin-
formed, broad minded, and we be-
lieve that he will, if elected, make
a valuable member of the railroad
commission. In endorsing his can
didacy the Democracy Of Lafayette
has honored good citizen and
staunch Democrat
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
At Variance With the Facts.
The St. Louis Globe-Democrat of
Sunday prints the following:


'sFrank Printz, who little less than a
decade ago was the recognized champion
long distance swimmer of America, is to-day
a patient at the Lutheran Hospital in this
city, totally blind, the result of an attempted
assassination. About four months ago
Printz was in Louisiana, the superintendent
of construction for the Consolidated Engin-
enring Company, corporation putting up
electric light and waterworks i'll that State.
One night in Lafayette parish, Printz stepped
INTO a saloon to get cigar. While he was
lighting it a row started between a railroad
man and some other men. Printz, a big,
stalwart fellow, interfered in the interes: of
peace. and soon quelled the disturbance.
Suddenly the railroad man, who had
started the row, raised shotgun and fired
at Printz. The load took effect in his right
arrA. Printz turned around just as mis- as
sai,an: discharged the second barrel, loaded
with birdshot. The shot blew out his
right eye aud destroyed the sight of the
other. Between the two shots Printz drew
his revolver and fired on the railroad man,
but without effect. Printz was brought here
by his friends and placed in the Lutheran
Hospital, where he remains. Aside from
his blindness he is in perfect health. He is
a member in good standing of the National
Association of Stationary Engineers, from
which he should have received benefit of
$500, which, however, he has not received,
and as matter of fact, the association has
shown a disposition to neglect him. The
local Brotherhood of Stationary Engineers,
on the contrary, has given him assistance. -
Had the author of the above
tried he could not have succeeded
better to write an account of this
unfortunate affair more at variance
with the facts. 1t is needless to re-
count the particulars of the shoot
ing which resulted SO seriously to
Pr;ntz. Suffice to say that the
grand jury has, after a full invesri-
CATION of the case, refused to indict
.Ignatius Weiggle, who did she
shooting. Printz was very COM
petent engineer and while engaged
in experimenting the construction
of the electric light and waterworks
plant at this place gave evidence of
a thorough knowledge of his pro-
fession and seemed anxious to do
his work properly. Unfortunately
he fell victim to certain influences
to which he owes his present
trouble.
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17

Hon. r. F. Broussard for renomi-
nation as candidate for Congress,
and for the nomination Of the Hon.
OvertOn Cade as candidate for
railroad commissioner for this dis
triCt;
Be it resolved that the following
named gentlemen be and are hereby
appointed delegates to represent this
parish at Thibodeaux September
70, 1898, and at the convention to
meet at Baton Rouge Sep. 81, 1898,
for the selection of a candidate for
railroad commissioner: Alexandra
Delhonme, L. S. Broussard, .Alcide
Leblanc, Ed c. VOORHEES,, DR.. n. d.
Young, d. A. Cochrane,, ]. Q.
Broussard, w. B. Torian, \. NJ.
Martin, Leo L. Iudice, \. Brous-
sard, Albert Liable, Dr.. n. O.
Clarke, E. l.. Estorge, DR.. J. p.
Francez, William Couret, Octave
Guilbeau, Julian Mouton, VIM.
Campbell, DR.. c. w. Scranton.
Resolved further, That the can
didacies of Hon. r. r. Broussa:d
for Congress-, and Hon. Ovcrton
Cade for railroad commissioner,
are hereby endorsed; that ma nri-
~ of the delegates present cast the
vote of the parish as a unit On all
questions, and that these proceed
ings be the credentials Of the dele
gates.
The committee then adjourned.
john HAHN.
Chairman Democratic Executive
Parish Committee.
p. l.. DECLoUET, Secretary.
The above being endorsed by our
committee, with resolutions and
recommendations.
D. A. COCHRAN,
Chairman Democratic Executive
Committee, Lafayette, La.
Attest: VIM. CAMPBELL, Secretary
pro tenn.
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
Home Building and Loan Asso.
citation.

\ number of gentlemen interested
in the organization of local build
ing and loan association met last
Thursday evening, pursuant to call,
at the courthouse. A committee
composed Of Messrs. Chas. D.
Caffery, c. O. Mouton and E. c..
Voorhies was appointed to draft a
charter and solicit subscriptions to
shares. One hundred shares were
subscribed on the spot and it is safe
to say the success of the new enter
prise is already assured. Here is a
golden opportunity for building up
the town, and giving wage earners a
safe and profitable investment. A
few dollars per month will not be
missed and in time will prove a
comfortable item in case of a rainy
day.
The scheme is perfectly honest
and the books and accounts of the
association will always be open to
inspection by shareholders. Backed
and controlled by our citizens of
known integrity and business capac-
ity, the enterprise affords every
reasonable assurance to depositors
and we trust that the committee So
Letting shares will meet with that
measure of success to which the
new organization is SO richly en-
titled. All shareholders and others
interested are requested to meet at
the city hall next Friday evening at
8 o'clock, Sept. g, to organize
permanently and elect officers.
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
THE FOUR TIE ENZH OF
SEPTEMBER.

One of the red letter days in the
history Of Louisiana, and even the
South, is the fourteenth of Septen-
Der, 1874. On that day the citizens
of New Orleans took i; upon them
selves to wrcst from power the u
noble ''carpc: Bag government,
which had SO long Slapped the life Of
the demonstrating South. 1t was
after this display Of the determina-
ton of the citizens Of this section Of
the country that the Republicans Of
the North opened their eyes and
we'll saw that potent causes must cx-
list to compel our people to resort 20
such desperate means. The result
was a revulsion of opinion and tho
days of the carpetbagger were mum
bered. He remained in power a
few months merely by sufferance,
for at the next election the white
men took the helm of the State.
But this victory for local self
government cost dearly. At the
head of Canal street, on a little
triangular plat of ground, app'o-
priately called "Liberty Place."
rises a simple white shaft, in com
memoration of the valor OF those
brave men who fell in the defense
of that which is as dear as anything
else to the Southern heart. The
martyrs of that historic day arc E.
H. Toledano, Fred Norman, w.
G. Robins, Chas. Brulard, S. r.
Newman, John Graval, Albert M.
Gauthier, R. G.. Lindsey, J. K.
Gourdain, A. Bozonier. Major w.
A. Wells and J. NJ. West These
are the heroes who were killed on
that memorable day. No better
cause was ever fought for. The
dearly won liberties of the Ameri-
can citizen had been usurped by a
horde of political corruptionists and
in laying down their lives they
showered upon their fellow citizens
these civic liberties.
The principal actor of this trag-
edy, one of the grand figures in the
history of Louisiana, he who took
the most prominent part on that
day, is still in the land of the living.
It was D. B. Penn, then lieutenant
governor and acting governor Of the
State, who assumed all RESPONSE
bilities, issued all orders and by
his indomnitable will managed
everything so that the Infatuated
citizens did not resort to the
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17

Arrivals at the Rigues House:
Louis Mauras, Nose Mayer, G. J..
Delacroix, Paul Roussettc, G. A.
Magner, Theo Frois, IsidOre Hes
chinger, w. Won Tresquo, J. b.
Craven, NJ. Schwartz, Geo. r.
Springbett, NJ. Behr, G. Derbes,
w. J. Harwood, &. A. Gieson,
Thos. Top, A. Derbes, Moses Mcy-
er, Lionel Garcia, p. Gallagher
New Orleans; Emile Babin, Bccaux
Bridge; Wm: Polk, AleSandria;
S. b'iEpstein, New Jersey; nj. ksp-
Ian, Crowley; NJ. :T!'G ordy,s Able
vile; Nj. Darby, New Iberia; Mrs.
J. W. Titus, Houston; p. Q. Gu
rillon, Houston; Lionel Bienvenu,
Opelousas; G. GodChauN, Abba
vile.
The Lafayette gazette. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 1893-1921, 1898-09-17
Sunday Law ViO1atOrS.

Violators Of the Sunday law were
having their inning with the grand
jury Thursday evening and Friday
morning. Liquor dealers from the
different parts Of the parish testi-
fed before the jury and as a result
large number of indictments were
expected. The familiar faces of
those citizens who are supposed to
take their cocktail on the Sabbath
morning as we'll as on other less
sacred mornings were seen around
the room of the grand inquisitors.
From all appearances quite a sum
will be collected from Sunday law
violators to be turned over to the
school fund after the usual fees
have been taken out of it:
Now that violators of the Sunday
law are to be tried by the court in
stead of jury of twelve, it will be
the part of wisdom for every fellow
who has sold whiskey on Sunday,
to plead guilty and take his medi-
cine in the most unobjectionable
form.
There are many who believe that
under the former system it was i'm
possible 10 enforce the Sunday law,
but that now it will be an easy mat
ter for the officers to rigidly enforce
this unpopular statute. A large
majority of the people of this parish
are opposed to the Sunday law, but
as law abiding citizens they dc not
like to see it violated with impunity
as it has been in the past.