The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1898-09-17

! petition was granted, and on Aug. 2
the treaty was concluded BY Which
peaceful relations were resumed. Th'
Schleswig- H6lstein war lasted but {
few days, all the active campaigning
being over in a week, but then this
conflict was not really a war at all, fol
the helplessness Of Denmark agalns
the two powerful robbers which de-
spoiled her territory led the governs
ment of Denmark to conserve the lives
of its men and only show of resist
ance was made.
The war which freed northern Italy
| from the domination of the Austrlans
and made the peninsula Kingdom q
possibility was waged between May i
and July II, so days covering not only
the preliminary operations of the war
but also the negotiation of peace. AL
the actual campaigning was done IN
: three weeks, Magenta being fought Oh
July and the battle of Solferino on
{ June "a. The latter virtually conclud-
ed the war by satisfying the Austrians
/ that there was no hope of ultimate sue
cess.
! The last war between England and
Russia, commonly known as the Cri-
mean war, lasted about two years, be-
| ing declared on March Is, 1854, and
! peace being proclaimed March 80, 1856.
The Crimean war originated in dis
] pute between France, Russia and
/ Turkey as to the guardianship of the
church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jeru-
salem. Russia claimed the honor of
controlling the holy places in virtue of
the fact that they were nominaly I'M
der the rule of Greek eccleSiaStics,
while the sultan, as lord of the land,
declared that the shrines of the Holy
City were his own peculiar property.
War between Russia and Turkey be-
gan, and was continued for a consider
able time before the other powers of
Europe participated il the struggle,
but when the purpose of Russia to lay
violent hands on as much of Asia Min
or as could be appropriated became
evident, England and France inter-
fered, and Victor Emmanuel, then
king of Sardinia, sent a small contin-
gent of troops to give his country a
position among the European states.
The allied forces, English, French,
Sandman and Turkish, landed at Eu-
patoria, in the Crimea; on Sept. IA,
1854; the battle of the Alma was fought
and the heights above the stream We're
carried by a desperate assault; the ad-
vance to Balaklava followed immedl-
ately, and on Sept. 20, six days after
were driven from their entertainments,
and the allies moved on toward Sebas-
topol. The investment began on Oct.
II, 1854, and the siege continued until
Sept. s, 1855, when a general assault
was made, portions of the Russian line
were taken, and that night the Rus
sian army evacuated the city, the allies
marching in on the following day. The
siege was thus one of the longest of
the century, lasting almost year; its
results We're accepted by the car as
conclusive and negotiations for peace
at once began.
The war between this country and
Mexico lasted during two years, but
there was really but one campaign,
that made by Scott through the terri
tory of Mexico, and resulting in the oc-
cupation of the capital. The war be-
tween the Texans and the MeXicans
had been going on for several years
prior to participation by the United
States, but being of the nature of a
civil war, or, rather, of a rebellion
against an organized government. does
not come into the category of a war
between Independent states.
The wars resulting from the French
revolution lasted, with short intervals
of peace from 1889 to 1915, but, though
the whole period was virtually one pro-
tracted struggle, the individual wars
of this time were short. Napoleon had
the faculty Of being able to overcome
his enemy in a single campaign, and
rarely were two necessary to accom-
plish his purpose. Napoleon'S campaign
in Italy in 1896 was enough for Aus
tria, and treaty followed. The battle
of Marengo in 1900 decided the fate of
all North Italy. and was followed by
peace; the campaign of Austerlitz re-
suited in the complete overthrow OF
the Austrian military power in 1905,
and the Austro-Hungarian emperor
was glad to make terms with the
conqueror Prussia was FRUSTRATED in
a single campaign, which ended with
the triumph at Jena in 1906. Napoleon
subdued Spain in one summer, though
the French did not count upon the
guerilla warfare Immediately inaugUr-
ated by the Spanish chiefs against the
invaders, which ultimately brought as
sistance from England, and was one
of the contributing causes of the down.
fall of the great emperor.
The Russian arms could not resist the
advance of Napoleon and the over
whelming defeat at Borodino, in 1872,
gave him possession of the ancient
capital of the cars. The emperor,
however. could not overcome the ele-
ments. As Victor Hugo says, ma
pOleOn was conquered by God" He
was not prepared for the terrible Rus
sian winter, and the arctic winds,
snow and sleet accomplished what the
arms of man had never been able to
effect. The fall of the great Corsican
was as swift as his rise to power. One
campaign, ending at Leipsic, sent him
to Elba: from Elba he returned and
with an expedition that seemed al
most supernatural, prepared to take
the field. The second empire lasted but
100 days, yet in this time were COM
prised the march from Paris into
Belgium, and the mighty struggle at
Waterloo.
The shortness of the wars of recent
times is not by any means accidental.
but attributable entirely to the condi-
tons which now prevail. In former
centuries war was carried on by kings
and noblemen through personal mo-
tiyeS, to gain private ends or crafty
individual Diques, often petty Sights
or affrontS, such as are now regarded
as unimDortant. Monarchs and noble
men are now the servants instead of
the masters of their people and the
restraints thrown about them by
legislative bodies are such as often to
forbid their personal ambitions or
animosities from involving a nation in
war.
War was formerly waged by all the
men Of a nation. Every man was a
soldier, but all soldiers did not serve
at once, and while some were engaged
n the war, others remained at home
% cultivate their lands and support the !
rest. Then armies in the field in the |
most literal sense of the expression, |
ived upon the country, the soldiers |
paying little regard to the rights of |
property, and appropriating without !
even the promise of payment every /
hing that might be needed for the use
If the army. Now war is waged by /
ocular or volunteer troops, forming, |
save in the case of one or two powers, /