The Winslow mail., 1898-06-18
WAR ENDS CENTU RIES
What History Tells Us About the
Worlds Great Conflicts,
At the Close of Every Hundred Years
Since the Tenth Century Hostile
Nations Have Been Em-
broiled In Battle.

It is at least curiops fact, however
little real significance il may haye, that
regularly since and Including the close
of the eleventh century each cycle OF
100 years has been completed with
blaze of wars. In nearly every instance
they were conflicts of Importance and
had a decided bearing on the woe or
welfare of mankind. They say history
repeats itself, and if it does the nine
teenth century will be but following
precedent that is 800 years old should
it, too, end amid the roar Of cannon.
At the close of the tenth century
there was comparative peace among the
European peoples, or as near peace as
ever existed in those troublous times.
There were some minor struggles, to be
sure, but they were rather in the way
Of organized brigandage than real war;
fare, \ throne or two made up the
booty for which the highwaymen con,
tended, and the Danes were massacred
in England in 1902, but otherwise the
sunset of the old era and the dawn of
the new were unaccompanied by storm,
What vigorous warfare was carried on
did not affect Europe, because it result
ed from the first invasion of India by
Mahmond of Ghuzhi in 1901.
But with the close of the eleventh
century not only did the crusade begin,
but Robert, duke of Normandy, made
war on his brother, Henry l., and in
,aded England, and SO the last half dec
ade of the eleventh century was signal
lied by strife that was bounded on the
one hand by Jerusalem and on the other
by London.
In 1895 series OF general wars be-
gan with the successes of the Moors
over Alfonso the Noble. king of CASTLE,
and the opening of that great strife
which was to shake Europe. the strug-
gle for supremacy between the Guelphs
and the Ghibellines. Hope Innocent Ill
summoned Europe to a new crusade.
and that added 10 the general uproar.
A fourth crusade was inaugurated in
1901, and Philip Augustus wrested one
French province after another from
King John of England.
The war dance of the end of the
end of the thirteenth century began
with an invasion of England by Philip
the Fair apd John Balliol, and the Scots.
under Wallace, supplemented this with
o dash of fighting on their own account
The French inraded Flanders at the
same time, 1897, and Albert of Austria,
son of Rudolph of Hapsburg, took up
arms for the dethronement of the Ger
man emperor, Adolphus of Nassau. The
Genoese did little naval fighting with
the Venetians, and Boniface VIII. had
successful bout with the Colonas of
Rome. In 1902 there was a rising in
Flanders against the French, and in
the next year Edward /. completed his
conquest of tho Scotch. So the four
teenth century began noisily enough.
To jump forward To the end of this
century we find the Turks and Hun
garians fighting and LadisIas fighting
for Naples with Louis II. of Anjou.
Owen Glendower is leading revolt of
the Welsh and the Percys defeat the
Scots. TamerlaIe defeats Bajazet, and
all these troubles are happening in the
last four years of the fourteenth Cen
tury and the first two of the fifteenth.
The sixteenth begias quite as hope
fully. Charles VII. conquers Naples and
ferdinand II. RECEIVERS it. Perkin War
beck signalizes the death of the old era
in England by backing his pretensions
to the throne with arms. The French
conquer Milan and Maximilan of Ger
many makes war on the Swiss. Louis
MI: conquers Naples, and SO all Eu-
rope, practically is in trouble.
The next century is near it's begin
ming when Howard and Essex capture
Cadiz, Maurice of Nassau also takes
rap at the Spaniards, and Elizabeth
sends Essex to Ireland to put down the
insurrection under the earl of Tyrone.
Sigismund Vasa is driven out of Swer
den and the French invade Savoy. Maui
rice of Nassau defeats Albert of Aus
tria, and so again we find Europe war
ring from Ireland to Sweden, and south
to Austria.
At the close of the seventeenth CEN
tury there was a particularly warm
time. Villeroi fought William III. in
the Netherlands. Savoy finished Off
n war with France. Peter the Great
took Azov from the Turks and the
French captured Barcelona.
The close of the eighteenth century
brought the French conquest of Hol
land, instructions in Paris, the French
invasion of Germany, successful cam
paign by the Austriaps, the earlier VIC
!ories of Bonaparte with the famous
Army of Italy," the campaigns of
1895 against Austria and Germany; II
declaration of war against England by
Spain.
During the last three years of this CEN
fury England trembled under the
shock of the earlier Napoleonlc wars
and there was the great rebellion in Ire
land. The English stormed Seringapa-
tam and In 1901 came the war between
Tripoli and the United States.
Is the close of the nineteenth CEN
tury and the coming in OF the twentieth
to be the exceptional period of 800
years? VIII 1t be marked by peace or
by wars resulting from the prospective
partition of China, the proclamation of
a Cuban republic, and any one of score
of contingencies which may loose the
dogs of war before the new era dawns?
The precedents of history hint at war.
Boston journal,
Picture Postal Cards.
Most persons who have travelled
ol, -. a.