Arizona republican., 1898-03-14
wn. The Atlantic and Pacific
 rs bocame SnaniSh lakes and be-

came so through constant wars. Every foot of this vast western holding, with the exception only of Cuba and Porto Rico. has been lost by war O. through the direct consequences of war. Since the dethronement of Ferdinand VII and enthronement of Joseph Bona narte revolutions have cost Spain nearly all of her Transatlantic colo nies. Peru. Bolivia, Chilli and Ecua- dor went in 1924. Venezuela went in ! 1923. Mexico achieved independence in 1929, and the isthmian republics in 1923.
 ; In 1519 the Frankfort diet gave the crown of Germany to Charles V, who was Hapsburg, and Spain leaped at once into prominence and power in the wide field of European politics. For eighty years it dominated the nations of Europe, always at war and always ruling, when it ruled, with an iron hand. At that time facing each other were four of the greatest kings Of history. They were Charles of Spain Francis I of France, Henry VIII of England and Solyman the Magnificent
 The ablest of them was Charles. Dur ing all of his reign his people had small breathing time between his wars. For thirty years he was en-
 gagged in what are called the Italian wars. He was really behind the Con-
 stable de Hourbon's sacking of Rome in 1527, because Pope Clement has ab- solved Francis from a truce, and that merry monarch had immediately be- gun fighting again. In the eight years between 1527 and 1885 he had his usual war with Francis, a war win the low Ia pirates and captured Tuns s. In 1536 he invaded Provence, and in that year whipped the rebellious burghers of Ghent. He had an African war in 1541, and another war with France from 1542 to 1544. In 1543 he began his savage attacks on Professionalism. In 1547 he took Maurice of Saxony prisoner, and fought him again in 1852 He followed this with one more war with his old foeman of France At this time Spain was mistress of Mex ico, Peru, Franche Comte, the Ne h. erlands, Naples, parts of Germany and a dozen of other municipalities Dur ing his reign Charles rolled back the Turks from Europe, fought for Chris tians in Tunis and Algiers, had trav- eled over Italy, France, England, Ger l and peace. He had fought every one who disagreed with him on any sub ject, and when he resigned his crown to Philip and retired to a monastery, was the most potent and dreaded mon arch of his day.
 Philip, who came to the throne when 29 years old, fought the pope; fought France; fought long wars with the Protestant Netherlands; fought the Turk viciously; made one of the Holy League which fought the great sea fight of Lepanto, which forever shat tered the Turkish dream of an en- pire in Africa and in which Cervantes a private soldier, lost the use of his left hand; fought Henry of Navarro; maintained perpetual sea war with England after the accession of Eliza beth. He sent the invincible armada in 15S8, and of the 30,OO0 men who manned his ships only 10000 returned. He sent another armada in 1596-7. Mexico was coined into ducats for these wars-English, French and Dutch. Philip was royalty Spanish or Spanishly royal. He lived and breathed murder. He attempted to assassinate Elizabeth, Henry of Ma varre and John of Olden-Barneveld the great burgher, and he did assassi- nate Egmont, Hoorne, William the Si lent, Don Juan, millions by one edict in the Netherlands, and his private secretary, Escovedo, who knew too much. For many years of Philips reign the skull of the chief justice of Aragon adroned a Spanish market place. Here is what he governed: Peru, Mexico, Brazil, the Antilles. sev- enteen Netherland provinces, twelve kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, the two Sicilies, Milan, parts of Tuscany Barbary, Guinea, the African coast southwest, the Indian sea peniIsulas and archipelagoes, the Philippine and Malucca islands, the Grand Duchy O. Florence and the republic of Geneva. He was titular king of England. through his marriage with Mary. and claimant to the throne of France through his daughter.
 Under Philip III, Philip " and Charles II the great empire rapidly retrograded. Under Philip III there were thirty years of war. Philip V reigned forty-four years, which were of almost uninterrupted war with the Netherlands, Italy and France under Richelieu. Philip V who was a Bour bon, and Ferdinand VI were compara- lively quiescent. Charles III was guilty of two foolish wars with Eng land, in both of which he was worsted. In the Spanish war with England in 1762 the English took Havana with s15, ,000, 600 in plunder, and also Trini- dad and Manila. Spain bought them back with Florida. In 1795 Spain watred with France, war which was ended by disgraceful concessions of Spanish territory. In 1797, Spain then being once more embroiled with Eng l land, the battle of St. Vincent was | fought. It resulted in the practical annihilation of the Spanish marine. This was followed by her lengthy trou- bles with France under Napoleon, in all of which she lost strength and pres tige. Finally came the successful rev olutions of her American dependenc' es
 and the civil wars of Don Carlos