davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
Removal of Stains.

The removal of stains from i.ne linen
comes within the province OF the wait
ress who should attend to it before
sending to the laundress. The follow
ing specific directions for various
stains, as recently given in the valuable
"Waitress Course, at Pratt Institute,
Brooklyn, might with advantage be
pasted in every housekeeper's scrap
book, while copies clearly written
should be hung up in the kitchen or
laundry for weekly reference:
For fresh tea and coffee stains use
boiling water. Place the linen stained
over large bowl, and pour through it
boiling water from the teakettle, held
at height to insure force.
Old tea and coffee stains, which have
become "set," should be soaked in
cold water first, then boiling.
For chocolate stains use cold water
first, then boiling water from the tea
kettle.
Fruit stains will usually yield to
boiling water; but if not, oxalic acid
may be used, allowing three ounces of
the crystal to one pint of water. Wet
the stain with the solution, place over
n kettle of hot water in the steam OF
in the sunshine. The instant the
stain disappears, rinse well; wet the
stain with ammonia to coupteract the
acid remaining. Then rinse thoroughly
again. This will many times save the
linen, which is apt to be injured by
the oxalic acid. Javele water is ex-
cellent for almost any whire goods. 1t
can be made at home or bought at any
druggists. For wine stains sprinkle
we'll with salt, moisten with boiling
water, and then pour boiling water
through until the stain disappears.
For blood stains, use cold water first,
then soap and water. hot water sets
the stain.
For scorch, hang or spread the article
in the sunshine.
For mildew, lemon juice and sun
shine, or if obstinate, dissolve one
tablespoonful Of chloride of lime in
four quarts cold water, and soak the
article until mildew disappears. Rinse
very thoroughly to avoid any chemical
action upon the linen.
For peach stains o weak solution OF
chloride of lime combined with in
finite patience. Long soaking is an
essential.
Grass stains may be removed by
cream tartar and water. After stains
are removed, to keep table linen at its
best, soak in cold water until the dirt
is loosened, wiring out and put in cold
water with shaved soap and bring
slowly to q boil. Boil twice rather
than rub, as the rubbing wears the
fabric. Rinse out the soap very care
fully, and be careful about the bluing,
rs much of the bluing in use contains
iron. If little stiffness is needed,
add little thin starch to the bluing
water, or iron while very damp, which
gives fine gloss.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24

hers also, but. at Mrs. Giles's hos
pitable table,. under the genial infu-
ence of generous fare and pleasant
old-time "reminiscences, she told the
story of Tommy Barnes and the lamb
chops in o way that made the deacon
lose his breath with laughter And.
when she was tucked into the yellow
sleigh for the ride home, Mrs. Giles
stopped at the door to say:
"I putsome bits sof bones and things
in basket under the seat for Tommy.
Takes q sight of stuff to reely fill up q
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
Johnson's Chill and Fe-
yer Tonic is a ONE-DAY
Cure. 1t cures the most
stubborn case of Fever in
II Hours.
HIGH altitude Not Beneficial.

More people over 100 years old are
found in mild climates than in the
higher latitudes. According to the
last census of the German empire, OF
a population of 55,0Oo,o0o, only 7s
have passed the Tooth year. France,
with a population of 100000, has
213. centenarians. In England there
are 146. ireland 57S, and in Scotland
46. Sweden has 10 and Norway Is,
Belgium 5, Denmark 2, Switzerland
none. Spain, with population OF ls'-
Ooo 900. has 4o1 people over 100 years
of age. OF the 2,25o,OOO inhabitants OF
seryia 575 people have passed the
century mark. 1t is said that the old
est person living whose age has been
nroved is Bruno Cotrim, born In Al
rica and now living in Rio Janeiro.
He is $50 years old. A coachman IN
Moscow has lived 140 years.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
O HEART, GIVE THANKS.

O heart, give thanks for strength, to-day
TO walk. to run, to work, to play!
For feasts OF eye; melodious sound;
Thy pulses easy, rhythmic bound;
Ten servants that thy will obey;
A mind clear as the suns own ray;
A life which has not passed Its May.
That all thy being thus Is crowned,
o heart, give thanksl
Feet helpless llo that once were gay;
Ewes know but nights eternal sway;
Souls dwell in silence, dread, Profound,
Minds live with clouds cnclrclinS round;
In face Of these. thy blessings weigh!
o heart, give thanks!
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
cot fur 'nough to give his moralprinci-
e., II or,;n, -

cot fur 'nough to give his moralprinci-
Piles fair showin'."
Tommy was on the step waiting to
welcome Miss Matte, which shows
his forgiving disposition, and, though
he got as much rs was good for him
out of the basket under the seat, Miss
Matte very wisely concluded that the
mince pie, roast chicken and cram
berry sauce could hardly have been
meant for his delight, so she locked
them in the cupboard, saying de-
cidedly:
"This time, Tommy Barnes, I'll
give your moral principles fair show
ing" EMILY HUNTINGTON MILLER.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
On Ecscrt Air.

Winthrop-"If Freddie is going to
spend Thanksgiving with his grand
mother, perhaps you'd better buy him
that tin horn"
Mrs. Winthrop-"I spoke to him
about it, my dear, but he said it would
do no good to him, as grandmother IS
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
rerri1,1e Nirht Blindness.

Night blindness is peculiar affec-
ton Of the eye in which the patient
sees very we'll during the day, but be-
comes blind as night approaches. 1t
is mostly met with in warm climates,
and usually gives way to mild treat
ment.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
4 Sucking Pig For Thanksgiving.

There are some old-fashioned Ieo-
pie who prefer sucking pig to turkey
Mt Thanksgiving, and to have this dish
in perfection an old saying goes that
the small animal must be three weeks
"under moon.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
Why take J0hns0n's
Chill & Fever Tonic?
Because it cures the
most stubborn case
efFeYer i'm ONEDAY.
THOSE HARDEST HIT.

THOSE HARDEST HIT.
Willie-Papa, does beggary always
follow bankruptcy?
Papa-Yes, my son, it usually does
but the creditors usually become
the beggars.
DIFFERENCE.
She-It's always to mans credit
when he is able to stop drinking.
He-Not always. Sometimes It's
to his lack of credit.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24

Organ-grinding has been taken up
by a Felixstowe England) curate to
obtain money for his church building
fund. He pays $40 month for the
hire of the barrel organ, and in three
weeks has collected S75.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24
The Kids HnrYest.

Now he is us pleased as pleased can be,
And has no cause to sigh.
With all his heart ho says: ITO me
Thanksgiving time is pie"
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24

light, the calf's head at her elbow
seemed to be grinning OF them both.
well, Miss Mattie;" called out the
market man, in his hearty fashion,
''I see your mind is not set on q tur-
key this time, but just wait till I start
this basket off for Cap'n Lawson's and
I'll show you the right thing-a
plump littlo duck I clapped into the
safe this morning, thinking to myself
that's the very moral of treat for
Miss Matte.
Miss Matte looked embarrassed
and rubbed her forefnger uneasily
over q small coin that lay in the palm
of her hand under her glove. 1t was
a silver fve-cent piece, and she had
taken it with much hesitation from n
little store of pieces, most of them
given her when she was a child. For
herself she could have got along very
we'll with bread and. tea, but somehow
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1897-11-24

7 was growing
dark when Miss
A1artie, with her
basket on her
arm, came into
the corner mar
ket to buy her
Tha nix gi vi n 6
dinner. T h 9
haskell was OBJ
surdly small, but
Miss Matte was
little herself,
and when she
set it on til e
hi gh counter
and stood blink
;Dnin +1,a l,rioht
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

capitol offered prizes Of 800 and 81
for plans. Stephen Hills, Of Boston,
was the successful architect and erect
ed the building. IL was regarded as
one of the purest specimens Of colonial
architecture in the country. Hills all
designed the State eapitois at Indian
apolis aud Jefferson City, No, n
they were almost copies ofthat destroy
ed to-day. The original er'-f ofthe main
building wIs si3j.O)). II stood prac-
tieaily unchanged until 1886, when sn
addition, until recently used for State
library and until to-day for committee
purposes, was erected at the north side
at cost Of $4,000. In 1874, the doub-
ling Of the House membership caused
an enlargement of the House wing,
costing $4,000. Two years ago sl25,
900 was spent in extensive improve
ments, mainly on the House size. Tbs
result was not satisfactory, and la
year So 900 more was spent, the work
being not yet completed when the fire
destroyed the building.
Seventy-one regular and special ses-
sions Of the Legislature have met ia
this capitol and II Governors have sent
their messages to them. The most i'm
portant legislation under the States
three constitutions was framed within
the walls and the building has wit
messed the most exciting scenes Of leg
islative history, from the "BuckshOt
war" down TO the stormy Senatorial
elections wherein Simon Cameron w.
the chief actor.
On Tuesday, February l, lSs5, =
years almost to day before the capi-
tOPs destruction, Gen Lafayette VS.
given a reception in the House by q
Legislature and sat in the chair
which john Hancock, president Of the
Continental Congress, sat when be
signed Lafayette's commission. IA
1850 the Prince of Wales was also r.
ceived there, and the great 2randso a
of George I'LL, at the invitation
Simon Cameron, seated himself on TIE
chair of the first signer Of that declar1-
ton of independence which wreste
the brightest jewel from England's
crown. This historic chair was not q
stroyed to-day, having been placed a
Independence hall, Philadelphia, son
time ago.
Fifty years ago Daniel Webster, a.
tired i'm his famous blue coat and bra
buttons and buff vest, addressed IL
Legislature in the House. Later Pre-.
ident Zachary Taylor was given re-
ception there, and on February22, ls6
Abraham Lincoln, on his way to as
sumo the Presidential Office, spoke 70
the Legislature in the House. Ths
night ne secretly left the town aud wss
hurried to Washington, to escape q
Baltimore the assassination that over
took him four years later.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
THE FLAMES RAPID woBK.

Bare walls, warped and shattered,
with the ribs of the dome and the tall
pillars at the entrance, are practically
all that is left of the capitol. The en-
tire interior is destroyed.
The fire which demolished the struct-
ure must have been making concealed
but steady progress for hours before it
was discovered. The first arrivals in
the Senate chamber noticed an odor OF
burning wood, and between that time
and noon the matter was occasionally
mentioned. The building is heated by
steam, but wood fires are used in some
of the smaller rooms, and it was taken
for granted that the smell came from
some of these. Finally Senator Grady
called page and told him to go and
discover the source of the smoke. The
boy returned with the information that
ii was steam and there was no smoke.
Shortly after noon the Senate took q
recess until l o'clock to wait for the
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
DR.. Kings New Discovery For Con-
sumption.

This is the best medicine in the
world for all forms Of Coughs aId
Colds and for Consumption. Every
bottle is guaranteed. II viii cure snd
not disappoint. II has no equal for
Whooping Cough, Asthma, Hay Fever,
Pneumonia, Bronchitis, la Grippe,
Cold in the Head and for Consumption.
IL is safe for all ages, pleasant to take,
and, above all, sure cure. It =
always well to take DR.. Kings Me-
Life Pills in connection with D..
Kings New Discovery, a they regula.
and tone the stomach and bowels.
We guarantee perfect satisfaction O.
return money. Free trial bottles E,
Snyde-'s drug store, Somerset, or -
Brallier's drug store, Berlin.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
Bucklen's Arnica Salve.

The Best Salve in the world for Cats,
Bruises, Sores, Ulcers, Salt Rheun, Fe-
yer Sores, letter, Chapped Hands,
Chilblains, CoFns, aud all Skin Erup-
tions, and positively cures Piles, or no
pay required. 1t is guaranteed to give
perfect satisfaction or money refunded.
Price p cents per box. For sale at j.
n. Snyder's drug store, Somerset, oil
at Brallier's drug store, Belin, Pa.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
SOMERSET, Pa WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY TO- 1897
WINTER.

The sky is drear,
The woods are sere,
At each uprising gust
BY road and brake
The dead leaves quake
And shudder in the dust.
Ger meadows brown
Dull storm clouLs frown,
While glimpses of the sun,
BY contrast throw
A colder glow
Upon the moorland dun.
Athwart the vale
A vapor pale
With ghostly motion shifts,
Beyond the haze
Their foothills raise
Their tops above its riffs.
My heart stands still
To feel the chill
Of silent WOOD ana Held,
The very flood
OF natures blood
Seems suddenly concealed.
IT'S not the view
OF mountains blue
That stirs my inmost soul,
Nor overhead
The clouds OF lead
That onward darlxly roll.
1t is, that all
On which a pail
OF death has thus been laid,
Will wake ere long
To life and song,
In springs fresh garb arrayed
Walter Scott.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
Neuralgia and CoasspasiOa.

ROCHESTER,, Pa. Dee. }. 1895 Il
have taken several bottles of Hood ;
Pills and they have givel great satis-
fiction. l was troubled with neur-i-
gia and constipation but have been
greatly relieved by Hoods Pills, and
recommend them to al who are affiict-
ed with troubles of this kind"-Mrs.
Kate Bradford.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
Grasp This Opportunity.

On receipt of ten cents. cash OF
stamps, a generous sample will e
mailed of the most popular Cstarrh
and Hay Fever Cure Eiy's Cream
Balm) sufficient TO demonstrate Is
great merit. Full size 51c.
ELY BROTHERS,
SO Warren 81, New York City.
/ was afflicted with catarrh last aut-
umn. During the month of October /
could neither taste nor smell and could
hear but little. Ely's Cream Balm eur
ed it.-Marcus George Shautz, RAN
way, y. j.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

II is said that if the earth's atmOs-
phere were suddenly increased in thic%-
ness TO 100 miles, the sun could not
penetrate it, aud the earth would soon
be wrapped in ice.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

a quart of oysters cor tainS on the
average, about the same quantity Of
active nutritive substance as a quart
of milk, or pound of very lean b eef
or pound and half OF fresh goldfish
or two-thirds of pound of bread.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

as the letter, and the eolonel's
~ sparkled as he handed it to
81 - h. remarking at the same time,
..cooa views for us, major; good news
4 There is no doubt about it, you
lat is / mean we are growing
Ia ri / don't mind confessing now
have long been anxious as
- rohNity to provide properly for us
- Nyou should find it necessary
-. !. eni business. In fact, we
-. uowledge that we have
a.. est economy even now.
80. it all. really had for
boy, or almost forgot
aly he has found us
ght.u
out and it is all ri
reading the letter,
=: hand, but sad
wistful expression b sau - -. ~ g..
face. This is indeeSt - -
you, colonel, and / ~ -
but I-I-of course it
think of parting from o
be otherwise" ri
"Parting from me, 80 uo
mean? There'll be nj p
me-"
.vrn .,o sf course; he is
-, -. -. ,nd if, through
consideration for you, hi 10 To- W W, 80 -,
still should have to des
a.. - No. = :. tupposed that
1t should be; he probably 10
of me. Why should we
He knows you only thru :,
but when you are his XII "a.
both natural and right
with him. ~
1t must be rememb ~
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

Hundreds Of precious little ones oyfe
their lives TO Dr.. Thomas Electric O.
the sovereign cure for Group and al
other throat or lung diseases.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

1t rains on an average POS days in Il
year in ireland, about $50 in England,
at Kozan about 30 days, and in Sibes a
only 90 days.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

The most dangerous waters in the
world for the passage of ships lie or
the East Coast of England, Cape Usl-
ant, in France, and Cape Finister.e,
in Spain.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

A French professor is the own IT of a
collection of go human heals, repre-
senting every known rass of people sA
b . gloss.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

Hoods Pills are easy to buy, easy 20
take, easy to operate.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

According to the deductions of a
well-known astronomer, we receive as
much light from the sun as could be
emitted by $50, 600 full moons.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
A Valuable Prescription.

Editor Morrison of WOrtbingtOa, g,
Ind, ''Sun," writes You have Vi =
liable prescription in Electric Bite, >,
and can eheerfully recommend it for
Constipation and Sick Headache, ard
as a general system tonic it has no
equal" Mrs. Annie Stehle, 1925 Coz
tage Grove Ave, Chicago, was all run
down, could not eat nor digest foo,
had baekache which never left her
and felt tired and weary, but six bot
ties of Electric Bit,ers restored h. T
health and renewed her strength.
Prices so cents and Sl.O0 Get bot c
at J. y. Snyder's drug store, Somers I,
or Brallier's drug store, Berlin, Pa.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

The returns of causes for insanity IN
England show that in every 100 eases
n are hereditary, n may be attribut, 4
to drink, l. to business and mon y
troubles, IL 70 loss of friends, 10 20
sickness and IL To various causes
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
HAVE YOU READ
pHrLApELpHlA uah Times
THIS FORMING?

THE TIMES is the most extensively
circulated and widely read newspaper
published in Pennsylvania. Its dis
cussion of public men and public meas
ures is in the interest of public integri
ty, honest government and prosperous
industry, and it knows no party or per-
sonal allegiance in treating public is
sues. In the broadest and best sense
a family and general newspaper.
THE TIMES aims to have the largest
circulation by deserving it, and claims
that it s.unsurpassed in ali the essen
tials of a gree. metropolitan newspaper.
Specimen copies of .cav. addition will
be sent free to any one sesding their
address.
TERMS DAILY, $500 per annum;
sl.O0 for four months; 30 cents per
month: delivered by carriers for cents
per week. SUNDAY EDITION. e
large. handsome pages-224 columns.
elegantly illustrated, beautiful eolored
supplement. 500 per annum; csnts
per copy. Daily and Sunday, s5.9yper
annun: 30 cents per month.
Address all letters TO
THE TIMES,
Philadelphia.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10

Pure

Blood means sound health. With pure,
rich, healthy blood, the stomach and di.
gestive organs will be vigorous, and there
win be no dyspepsia. Rheumatism and
Neuralgia will be unknown. Scrofuia ana
Salt Rheum win disappear. With pure
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
p F. SHAFFER

t-l>-LIAA AND SURGEON,
Somerset, Pa.
-s professional services 10 the citi-
.'-,.,s- and NiclAliy. OMce cOraer
las aa1 pa.n0. ,.le,l.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
PfTTsBURd KELLEY INSTITUTE.

No. 1916 Fifth Avenue,
restores 70 them all their powers, mental and
physical, destroys the abnormal appetite, and
restores them to the condition they were In be-
fore they INDUCED in stimulants. This has been
done in more than 1000 cases treated here, and
4 among them some of your own neighbors, to
whom we can refer with confidence as 70 the
absolute safety and efficiency of the Kelley Cure.
The fullest and most searching investigation Ia
n vited. Send for pamphlet giving fun iniorma-
tion.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
THE KELLEY CURE
Philadelphia.

Ia special boon TO business men who. having
fitted unconsciously into the drink habit and
rzaken 70 find the disease Of alcoholism fastened
apon them, rendering them unfit TO manage az
fairs requiring clear brain A four weeks
course Of treatment al the
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1897-02-10
Blood

Your nerves will be strong, and your sleep
sound, sweet and refreshing. Hoods
Sarsaparilla makes pure blood. That is
why 1t cures so many diseases. That IL
why so many thousands take it 10 cure
disease, retain good health and prevent
sickness and suffering. Remember
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1897-02-18
Newnure~

Correspondence OF the Argus.
FEBRUARY 10.-U. b. Williams.
Of Cumberland, Was 10 town th q
week.
Ray Smoot fell and broke his arm
again.
Rev. Babcock is in Nebraska N
business.
Miss Minnie Horchler has been
visiting in Frostburg, Md.
Charles Gilbaugh, who was in
Jured some time ago, is able to De
out.
Herman AshbY, OF Grafton, was
here visiting his father, who is very
sick.
Miss Mollie Smith, of Cl,rks-
burg, Is the guest Of Miss Carrie
Perrill.
George Robinson, of Kingwood ;,
was In town calling on s b. Mont
gOmery.
Mrs. T. NJ. Clayton, who has
been Ill for some weeks, is much
improved.
j. w. Maddox, the popular lum-
Der Inspector, returned from MI
extensive trip through Ohio.
Messrs. Seth Harrington. Emory
Snider and Milton Stanhagan. of
Monongah, were IN town last week.
John Herber,. who met with the
painful accident of having four ribs
fractured SEINE weeks ago, is able
10 be out.
Miss Lena Horchler has returned
from Monongah, where she was the
guest of her sister, Mrs. Frank
olanhpgan.
A social was given by Miss Had
dox OH last Friday evening. Among
those present were Misses Nettiv
Hawkins, Lcttie Smith, Minnie
Gardner, Dora Barnes, Bessie and
Inez Duln, Della and Lota Hair
rlngton, Messrs. James Dulin, Jas.
Morris, o. T.. Frazier, Il. Albright
and Harry Fordyce. The young
people were highly entertained and
enjoyed the evening hugely.
"WHIsKERs, JR."
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1897-02-18

the officer Of the guard. We were look
ing TO sec them test him. and after Cap
tain Clark had somewhat retired him
self the test was applied. BIZ johnson
was the man TO make st. We had beer
at sea about three weeks, and No. 2
gang was on deck from 1 TO 4 O'Clock in
the afternoon. JohnsoH was acting as
an assistant 70 the ships carpenter, and,
although his demeanor was sulky and
Bnllen, no fault could be found with
him. 1T was O'Clock, and the captain
was asleep, and l had charge Of the
deck. The guards were scattered about
among the convicts, while one watch
of the crew was below. All Of sudden
Johnson laid down the tool he was
working with, folded his arms and de-
clared to the doctor, who was oversee