davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
PIGS AND THEIR CARE.

To prevent disease among your hogs
quarantine all newly bought pigs or
hogs, until you know them to be free
from disease.
A hog in the torment of itching with
out the pleasure of scratching, seems
very uncomfortable. Set up post for
him to rub upon.
All grain fed to hogs should be per-
fectly sound. Heated or moldy corn
will cause intestinal worms and bring
on attacks of diarrhoea.
Keeping swine around the home and
farm buildings, as you would house
dogs, 10 like trying to make farm hands
of tramps; they become unmitigated
nuisances, of no use to themselves nor
to anyone else.
Stop for hog feed at night should be
prepared in the morning, and that for
the morning feed should be prepared at
night. 1t will become softened by be-
ing kept, and the temperature of the
feed will generally be better. Rural
World
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
BEES IN TIE WINTER.
This Writer Prefers Chnff Hives to
Quarters In the Cellar.


Preparation of bees for winter should
be begun some time before winter is on.
If they are to be fed, il should be done
while the weather is yet warm. as
liquids cannot be fed TO bees in winter.
If bees are destitute of food during
the winter proper food may be given
them in the form of candy until warm
weather comes in spring. 1t takes
about 25 pounds of honey to winter
colony successfully, and this amount
may be given them in part or in whole
of strip made from graduated sugar.
The necessary amount of stores in
each colony should be looked after care
fully in autumn. and furnished in every
case needed, so that they may be placed
in winter quarters before cold weather.
Colonies may be fed very rapidly if
necessary. In case of late feeding this
must be done, and the full amount of
provisions may be given them in few
days. A strong colony will store a
gallon of sirup in less than "a hours.
But in case colonies are fed earlier,
they not be fed so rapidly. and il is bet
ter to prolong feeding ten days or two
weeks, as this gives them more time
to ripen and seal up their stores. which
is much better. and also gives them an
opportunity to rear brood which is very
essential to successful wintering.
much prefer chaff hives to winter
in, in preference to the cellar. and If
you have never tried wintering in the
cellar, you had better leave that to the
expert. Chaff hives if well made are
good all-year-round hives. They are
good protection in winter, and In
spring they are great benefit in pro-
tecting the bees during the changes of
weather, and does not check brood rear
ing during cold snaps. They are also
convenient in summer and protect the
bees and honey in hot weather.
After using a house apiary for sew
eral years, much prefer it, and would
not again go back to our apiaries. AS
for winter protection in the house.
pack in chaff after the fashion of the
chaff hive.
of any kind should be united until their
combined strength is as good as the
best before going into winter quarters,
1t is useless to undertake to winter col
onies that are queenless. and they, too,
should be put in with others contain
should be put with others containing
queens.-A. H. Duff, in Western Rural.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
AMONG THE POULTRY.

Fowls allowed to roost in trees at this
time are liable to Group.
Generally on the farm medium-sized
breeds will give the best returns.
The safest plan is to mark the ducks
each year so as to know their ages.
In mating the breeding fowls, select
the hardest, most perfect specimens.
Whitewash is better than paint on the
inside of the poultry house and costs
less.
Feed alternately with wheat, bran and
oats. These make good egg producing
food.
Boiled potatoes mixed with scalded
cornmeal makes a splendid fattening
ration.
When eggs are to be kept, care should
be taken to turn them half over every
few days.
One of the secrets of reproducing in
winter is warm, dry quarters for the
laying hens.
On wet, low-lying lands, ducks and
geese are the only fowls that can be
kept to advantage.
Comfortable quarters, proper feeding,
with plenty of exercise, promote egg
production in winter.
1t is often the case that feeding
broken oil cake to fowls twice week
will promote laying, when other foods
will fail.
There is less risk of disease with
ducks than with any other kind of
fowls. They are easily kept healthy
with plenty of range.
There is no economy in wintering
more cockerels than will be wanted for
breeding. The sooner the others are
marketed the better.-St. Louis Re-
public.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26

is sufficient for 10 fowls. and may be ef-
fectively used either as preventive or
a cure for the former Once or twice a
week is sufficient. Rye or wheat soaked
in high wines or whisky is also said TO
be good thing.
B. Blue mass and cayenne pepper
each one ounce; camphor gum oue-half
ounce, and teaspoonful of laudanurn.
well mixed and made into pill of ordi-
nary size. Give one pill every hour I'M
I'll the purging ceases; also a teaspoon
full of brandy morning and evening.
T. Cayenne pepper and prepared
chalk, each two parts; pulverized gem
tan and pulverized charcoal each one
part measurement, not weight). Mix
well together and form a paste, with
either lamb or sheep suet. Give a pill
the size of a common marble once a day,
and keep in a warm and dry place As
hours.
5. Carbolic acid. one drachm; Civ
cerin, one ounce. Mix thoroughly, add
ing one quart of water. OF this solution,
use two tablespoonfuls to one gallon of
water. allowing the fowls access to no
other water.
The fountains and feed boxes should
be disinfected with caEbolate of lime,
or carbolic acid. The water must be
kept cool, plenty of shade provided, and
free use of green food INDUCED in for
those not attacked. No food or water
with the exception of soft or moistened
wheat bread in warm milk is needed
for the diseased birds.-Western Plow-
man.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
Resi- breeds for BroiIers.

1t is conceded that the best breeds for
producing brolers of the highest quail
ity are the Games and Dorkings; but it
is well known that the Wyandottes,
Plymouth Rocks. Brahmas and Cochins
are more generally preferred. The rea-
son is that while they cannot compete
in producing broilers of the highest
quality with the Games and Dorkings,
the chicks are more easily raised. and
that is a very important point in win
ter. 1t is the losing of the chicks when
they are young that inficts the heaviest
cost. Hardness is the first of all quail
ties to seek in breed-Farm and Fire
side.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
FARM WAGON Nd CORN CUTTER.

FARM WAGON I'D CORN CUTTER.
thickness. The font axle is four feet
two inches long it'll a hole in center
for kingbolt wi h has head on low
er end and hole II pin in the upper
end. The front d of the platform can
be raised or lowe ID by using washers
on top of front lie. A one-half inch
iron rod with L. ps in each end, one
end on the kingbo.t, the other bolted on
top of platform. is to pull by. The
front end has to lie kept up to under
side of front axle 10 keep from bending
the kingbolt The tongue is framed
into cross-piece three feet long and
braced with iron braces. The tongue is
fastened to front axle by eye bolts. On
the tongue just back of evener is bolted
an old mower spring with seat so that a
man in the seat will nearly balance the
tongue. Use the evener for foot rest.
We use it to cut all of our corn for
fodder by boiling a knife on the under
side of near front corner, as shown at
b. The knife is made by welding to-
gether two old l6-inch steel pillow points
laid fiat side up. The back end is STAYED
by piece of heavy old wagon tire bolt
ed to under side of platform with an
other in the middle. Fasten stout
board to the under side of hind axle. the
front end to fit the back knife Fasten
with bolt to the stay of the knife.
The back end of knife should be little
higher than the front end. Raise or
lower the front end to cut the height
that you want by the washers on the
front axle. | cut about three or four
inches high. Two men gather the corn
and lay 1t back on the platform; one
gathers while the other lays his armful
back. Put stakes in the hind end. We
cut a row of average corn, about 60
rods, in ten to twelve minutes. Drive
to the stackyard and rick it; we do not
shock it. To rick it, drive stout stakes
and tie on poles or nail on fence board
high enough to lean the fodder against;
next load drive on the other side. Build
as thick as will cure well. After it is
partly cured you can add on more.
They never blow down. The ends some
times blow down, but l prevent that
by sewing few feet of the ends with
binder Irvine, using an end gate rod
Tor needle.-Farm and Home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
FACTS FOR FARMERS.

Understanding permits the air and
warmth to penetrate to the roots of
plants.
Always use sufficient bedding in the
stables to absorb and save all of the
liquid manure.
When a farmer buys thing that he
can produce as cheaply, he is running
opposition to himself.
Common red clover and orchard
grass do well together, because they
ripen at about the same time.
Make, save and apply all of the
manure possible. 1t is the poorest OF
economy to allow manure to go to
waste on the farm and try commercial
fertilizers.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26

that they are of MINOR Importance when
considered in connection with the vital
matter of being able readily to identify
every individual in ones herd. 1t is
doubtful whether any system of perma-
nent marks has more to recommend it
than this. The marking is easily done
in calfhood and cannot be readily
changed or obitprated thereafter; so
that ear numbers could be written upon
certificates of registry to pass with the
animal from owner to owner as a con-
slant means of Identification, and thus
become an aid in the maintenance of a
reliable record OF pure bred animals.
a notch in bottom of left ear equals /,
two notches equal >.
A notch in top c left ear equals 3, two
notches equal 6, three notches equal 9.
A notch in bott4m of right ear equals
10, two notches equal 20.
A notch in top Of right ear equals 80,
two notches equal 60, three notches
equal 90.
A notch in end of left ear equals 100.
A notch in end Of right ear equals 200.
A hole in end of left ear equals 400.
A hole in end Of right ear equals 500.
A hole in bottom of left ear equals
1000
From these various notches numbers
can be made from to 1000. In the alb
sence Of special punch Dana's "cattle
ear tag punch" can be used, cutting
sidewise (of the punch) a U-shaped
notch sic of an inch deep by 3-16 of an
inch wide.
Example.-Notches made as follows
represent 217.
! notch in bottom Of left ear equals.. 1
notches In top of left ear equals ..... 6
! notch In bottom of right ear equals. =. 10
notch in end of right ear equals. 800. 200
Total EQUALS M or
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26

ugly sled tongue that is a disgrace to
the owner? Further, it is almost i'm
possible to split the sapling to get each
part the same thickness, and so it
must be ripped, which is hard work.
1t is, further, a delicate job to get the
split ends trimmed down so as to fit
mortise, with the danger that the
dressed end will be split in putting in
the back peg. If all these things are
safely met the wedges are continually
working out and allowing the tongue
to work and finally break or pull
through.
The accompanying drawing illus
trates method of overcoming this.
Mortise is cut in middle of roller a
scant inch wide and usually about
eight inches long. A piece of sawed
timber, two by four. dressed to prop
er proportions, can now be used, or
the regulation sapling, if desired, Cut
a square tenon on end. with room for
a peg back of roller Then cut two
wedges from catch stuff two inches
wide at narrow end and wider at other
so as to fill mortise entirely when driven
in tight. Put tongue in first and bore
three-quarter-inch hole for peg back
Of roller and insert it, drawing tongue
tight. Then put in the wedges. one on
each side, and drive tight. and then put
O half-inch peg in each wedge in front
of roller. This tongue cannot work,
for the wedges cannot slip back on ac-
count of pegs. If there is any shrink
age wedges may be driven in farther
and peg hole much farther back The
accompanying drawing will make all
clear, think.-Homer W. Jackson, in
Agricultural Epitomist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
FARM IMPlEME
II Given Decent Care The!
a Great hIany Years.


Great hIany Years.
Every farmer in this count
certain amount OF his capital ny
in farm implements. 1t is moi ar %
common occurrence to meet men who
say that the outlay each year for new
implements eats up nearly all the
profits in their business. This eXpendi-
ture may be materially reduced, says
Farmers Advocate, by giving better at
tention to repairing and housing all
The machinery a. soon as convenient
after the busy season is over. On many
well-regulated farms it is customary to
put the implements under cover
throughout the summer when not in
use. by this means the implements will
wear much longer and do more salts
factory work. 1t also adds much to the
appearance of a farm to have the inn
PIGMENTS inside rather than having
each one used to close up hole in the
fence or perhaps for less suitable pur-
pose. Though il may be the rule on
many farms to put away the harvesting
implements for the winter at this sea-
son. 1t is the exception to find a farmer
VINO goes carefully over his machine
ana puts 1t in. proper condition for next
seasons work. The person who has
used the implement during the summer
Anows exactly what repairs are re-
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
farm aud Garllrll.
FOR THE CORN FIELD.
A Handy Farm Wagon and ReIiabI
Harvester Combined.

A Handy Farm wagon and Relia VI
Harvester Combined.
The handy wagon, shown herewith,
/ use fully as much as do my ordinary
farm wagon. To build it | used six
hard pine planks. IA. ~ inches wide and
IA inches thick The two middle
planks, al and az, are II feet long,
the outside planks, a a a, two on each
side, are IA feet They are bolted to-
gether with two by six piece, b, on top
at each end, with ve-sixteen inch bolts.
At the front end of the two middle
planks on the under side l put an old
wagon rocker iron plate, G; on the up
per side piece OF TWO by six, c, d, bolt
ed through the cd rocker plate; bore
a hole for king-holt. About Az feet
from the hind e. Il. bolted with three
eighths-inch bolts piece of four by
six hard pine, c, light feet long for the
hind axle. For heels l bought two
old mowers, tool hem apart, had the
axles cut in two and bolted with clips
to the under sid, of each axle, letting
them into the W cd one-half of their
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
The Outlet of Drains.

No portion Of system Of drainage
demands more careful consideration
than the outlet. 1t is, of course. essen
tial that it should be enough lower
than any portion of the lands that are
to be drained by it to admit Of suffi-
cient fall for the passage of water from
the heads of its most distant tributaries.
Yet it must be high enough above the
level of whatever water it empties into
to prevent danger of its being over
flowed and the drainage water damned
back in the pipes.-Farmers Review.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
FISH FARMING PAYS.
A Kansas Man Gives the Results OF
His Experience.

A Kansas Man Gives the Results of
His Experience.
The Rural World has on many occa-
slons said that an acre of water devoted
to fish culture would bring much larger
returns than if devoted to general farm
ing. Mr.. Lyons, of Kansas, has been
raising fish and has ponds devoted to
them, as we'll as furnishing ice for win
ter. Many of the fish live on crawfish
and other natural food about the ponds.
But that is not sufficient to supply the
vast number there now. Mr.. Lyons
feeds them corn. He grinds it by steam
power and then steams the meal. Five
bushels of this ground steamed corn is a
iced for each of the two principal ponds.
On 1t the fish thrive, and there are now
many there that will weigh as much as
30 or 35 pounds. Mr.. Lyons watches
them as one would a herd of cattle, is
as careful about them as the most par
ucular stockman. He studied their ma
ture and knows what to do with them
under varying circumstances. He
works with them day and night, when
ever they need attention. A careful esti-
mate of the supply there now, made by
experienced men, puts it at so tons,
making them worth close to $4,000.
The work on the ponds and dams has
made them worth an easy $4,000, max,
ing valuable plant of it. The incon.
from the fish would pay very 'arge
cate of interest on $4,000 fo. y5e. 10
come
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
Keep the sancepnn Covered.

The contents of saucepan should
never cook, unless the recipe expressly
states to the contrary, without cover
Dver them. Not only is the steaming
usually beneficial to the article in ques-
ton, but when that steam is allowed to
fiji the kitchen it harms the walls and
furniture. Moreover, it imparts that
smell of cooking, not to the one room,
but more or less to the whole house.
which is so dsagreeable and is what is
often graphically. if somewhat unlSind-
~ called. "the boarding house odor."
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26

Blankets cannot be too frequently or
thoroughly exposed to the fresh air.
Even those made of the finest wool. II
constantly used without careful airing
viii cease to afford that delicious
warmth and to be the luxurious cover
ing that they were when new When
washed they should be dried as soon as
possible and the nap raised by going
over them with fine and short-ioothed
wool card.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
AUTUMN CHICKEN COOP.

Four stakes are driven into the ground,
and bit of roof frame nailed to the
top. Over this is stretched and tackled
the cheapest kind of cotton cloth, a
door and ventilating openings being ar
ranged as shown in the sketch. Perches
can be nailed from corner post to corner
pest, diagonally, and the growing
chicks kept there till the weather be-
romes cool enough to make winter quar-
tiers necessary. The cloth can then be
token off and saved for another season.
American Agriculturist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26

water and set in the middle of a shallow
pan. A board cover was placed on top.
You ought to have seen how much
the chickens and goslings enjoyed this
good drinking fountain. Do not get
the pan too large. A space Of ~ inches
below the pail and the outside of the
pan is sufficient. This allows plenty
of room for drinking, but the young
birds cannot get into the water and foul
it. Care should be taken to have the
hole in the bottom of the pail quite
small. The opening made by the point
of an awl or small nail is large enough.
/ fill one of these fountains twice day
for 60 goslings Orange Judd Farmer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
INSANITY IN HORSES.
An English Writer Explains VIII
He Believes 1t Exists.

An EngIlSh writer Explains why
He Believes 1t Exists.
Whether there are not some horses
that are actually insane is a subject
upon which opinions differ. On this
question an English writer says: Ihave
little doubt but that in many cases
where the horse shows sudden. unac-'
countable fits of i'll temper, vice or other
demonstrations of strange conduct,
that the cause is due to cerebral affec-
ton. Horses may become temporarily
insane from certain forms of disease,
such as, among others. the development
Of tumor on the brain. Fits of unac-
countable vice may occasionally be the
result of organic changes in the brain
matter, as in man, and not to normal
mental disposition. was recently told
of young foal which sometimes was
subject to demonstrations of strange
conduct, accompanied at intervals by
what appeared fits or commissions. He
was found to be suffering from water on
the brain, otherwise hydrocephalus.
He was operated upon surgically with
view to his relief, but even after he
was broken in and became a made
horse" he never afterwards was trust
worthy either under the saddle or in
harness, consequently the owner parted
with him. Singular to relate, both his
dam and granddam were queer cattle,
and at various times were subject to
strange periodical alterations of con-
duct. In the case of the foal mentioned,
there can be little doubt that he was the
victim of hereditary brain disease, pro-
ductive of temporary insanity. Such
cases, believe, are more frequent than
is generally supposed. Horses are not
always responsible for their actions.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
A HINT FOR WINTER.
An Effective Way of Fastening the
Farm Sled Tongue.

-
Farm Sled Tongue.
Ihave experienced so much difficulty
in getting tongue that could be kept
in my sled that l have given consider
able attention to various methods. The
usual one is to cut two mortises in the
roller about a foot apart. A sapling is
then secured and split or ripped back
two or three feet and spread apart so
that with lemons on end of each part
dressed to right size it can be inserted
in these mortises and held by pegs
through lemons back of roller and the
mortise holes filled with wooden
wedges. The objections to this method
are numerous. In the first place the
tongue can never be anything but rough
and ugly. Why should we take so much
pains to have buggy and wagon look
decent and then be content with an
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
White flour Gems.

One egg beaten lightly, one cupful
of milk, one tablespoonful of butter,
one tablespoonful of sugar; sift one tea
spoonful of cream tartar, one-half tea
spoonful of soda with 11s cupfuls CT
-four; little salt; beat thoroughly and
drop into hot gem pans. = Leisure
Hours
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
Getting Up.

The heights we reach are always won
BY genius and by pluck,
But when another gets on top
We wonder at his luck.
Yet, while we toiled by day, and tossed
And thought the long night through,
The chances are that he toiled. thought.
And did some tossing, tool
Cleveland Leader.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
sponge Cookies.

Two eggs, one eupful sugar. two tea
spoonfuls Of baking powder (rounding)
one-half saltspoonful salt. two tea
spoonfuls lemon juice or one teaspoon.
full OF vanilla. Flour enough to ROLL
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
FALL CHICKEN COOP.
1t Will Serve Well Until Very Cold
weather Sets In.

III VIII SeFNc Wei UhtII AerY cod
Weather Sets In.
At the beginning of September the
small coops scattered about get too
small for the growing chicks. 1t is not
convenient to put them into the perma-
nent quarters with the older fowls, nor
is it wise to allow them to shift for
themselves out of doors, roosting on
fences and in apple trees. A simple plan
to meet the fall requirements o! chick
ems is shown in the accompanying cut.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-11-26
Iire stntk.
HOW TO MARK CATTLE.
A New Method Described by Well
known Breeder.

A New Method Described by Well
known Breeder.
The cut Reproduced from a circular
issued by Mr.. Thomas McFarlane, the
popular and enterprising secretary of
the Aberdeen-Argus association shows
a method of marking cattle for identi-
tication that may be new to many read
ers. 1t is particularly intended for such
breeds as are uniform in color and have
no horns. Mr.. Harvey writes to the
Country Gen.leman:
The use of ear tags, the tattooing or
branding of body or hoofs, etc, have
not proved permanent or generally sat
isfactory.
1t has been objected to notching the
ears of animals that too great care was
required; and also that the marking
disfigures the animal somewhat. There
is doubtless degree of weight in these
objections, though it must be confessed