davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

drawing from that kind of employ
ment to go to farms or to engage in
other occupation. The upshot of
all this is that the labor here mention
ed has to recruit itself very largely,
II not altogether, from that class of
foreign immigrants which is consid-
cred the most undesirable, and that,
however Objectionable that class may
lie IN other respects, it is put to use
which cannot be dispensed with.
In dealing with the question of i'm
migration we have, therefore, TO deal
at the same time with soclal condi-
tion which will be found practically
to stand in the way Of all sweeping
measures of restriction. Although
there is at present a verv strorg and
widespread feeling among our people
favoring such sweeping measures,yet
it is not probable that this feeling will
find expression In legislation equally
sweeping. While readily admitting
that in point OF numbers we are re-
ceiving much more immigration than
we need, yet we cannot close our
eyes to the fact that it is extremely
difficult, If not impossible, to devise
a plan of restriction the practical ex-
ecution Of which would not in large
measure exclude the desirable immi-
grafton togetherwith the undesirable.
The enactment Of such plan into law:
would inevitablyresult in tonspira
cy of very important and powerful
interests to eyade them. For th'
same reason the enactment of SUE
laws will turn out TO be poliT
impracticable. The probp6lo& ~
that we shall have to myHiq ne bee
Of the law as il stands, excludin
paupers, idiots, criminals, and so or
perhapst TO strengthen !. j
amendments, keepipe . ~ udiciou
: "poh tue ..'or, in view tn
/, limits of existing possibilities, an
to employ every means afforded b
our political and social institutions {
lead the obstreperous foreign eIemen
upon the path Of good citizenship
This task will, especially as regarc
! the second generation, appear far les
hopeless than 1t now seems If we
taken in hand. In the meantime "
should deprecate the extravagant n,
ton at present entertained by man
well meaning people that all the il
of our political and social conditio
, are owing TO the influx of ignorar
, and'depraved persons from abroarC
Those who take this ground who'll
misconcelve the origin aud nature {
many existing evils, and will be al
to overlook necessities of reform an
improvement which lie in an entirel
, different direction.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

Edgar S. WiIan" ~" "eliable and
well posted correspondent a. "o.S9 o.lS%9v.
says all talk of an extra session OF
the legislature is purely speculative.
1t may be stated as fact that Gov.
McLaurin has not reached a coaclu-
sion in the premises, and will not do
so until all the tax collectors have
settled with the state, and the amount
of poll taxes collected shall be ascer-
tanned as predicate for intelligent
executive action. II has never been
the intention of the Governor to call
an extra session solely for the pur-
rose of building a new capitol, but 1t
has been apprehended that such a
session might become imperative to
provide revenue TO meet the current
expenses Of the state when the matter
of buildings a new capitol would come
up as an important incident. The
data necessary to clear comprehen-
sion OF the situation will not be in
the hands OF the governor, perhaps,
for several weeks.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

President Cleveland proposes to
haye the White House in fine order
for the arrival of his successor. The
New York Mail and Express says
the arrangements include a new door
mat for the front stoop, an extra
stock Of kindling wood for the kitch-
en- stove and brand new chimney
for the lamp in the hall.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
THE GENERAL COLD WAVE,

- ~ ODA'Gbth0 OOAD " ~ v u
From the scientific standpoint the
cold wave which has covered he
country Is phenomenon of extraor-
dinary interest. IT is one of the most
widespread visitations Of low tempe
rature of which there is any record
From the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
from the Great Lakes to the Mexican
Gulf, there is uniform condition Of
depression and Afrost. The whole
country is shiyering. The naples of
Vermont, the orange groves u middle
Florida, the truck gardens Of the
Eastern shsre and the vineyards Of
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

We may moi reeegnize the bel
IigBF FEflT fights of the C1bans, but
we are bound by knowledge of
passing events to recognize that
they are still in the ring-that is,
not still, but quite active. They
recently destroyed q Spanish g9n-
boat, with dynamite, killing a
number of officers. Two battles
have taken place, as reported,
within the past ten days, in which
the Cubans were victorious, killing
about 300 Spaniards in each and
wounding many more. The home
government is becoming impatient
with General Weyler.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

the California slopes all feel the
blignting touch ofthese icy blasts Of
winter. The cold wave is a common
hardship, and In ITS frigid sweep all
differences of latitude and longitude
haye for the time being disappeared.
As against the scientific specua-
ton which this phehomenon invites,
the helpless distress which the cold
wave has disclosed presents somber
and pathetic picture. The suffering
among the poor in the great cities is
dreadful. Hunger and cold have
carried the shadow Of despair into
thousands of ouseholds, and the con-
dition of affairs IN New York and
Chicago is such that promt concerted
public action alone can save the
sacrifice of life. We cannot be-
lieve that the condition of the
poor is worse than year ago, or
even so bad, but the swift and BIT
ter change in the weather has so
sharpened their distress and so vi
| wildly revealed their helplessness
to the world that the need of as
sistance has been more urgently
demons trated than ever before.
Fortunately the duty of the we'll
to do in this pinching emergency
is cheerfully recognized. The
heart of the people is eagerly re-
sponsive to the cry of distress, ,anC
the needful relief for the victims
of hunger and cold is alread.
forthcoming quickly and boun
- sously. II is time for promp
sns generous giving-for givint
t in such hearty, generous, sympa
/, thetic fasion as will silence, n
this cautious cagrst could not tolLld
. what stoto Chicagp-iO auout social d'
s cay and the solishness of wealth
e The splendid offerings alread
d given to the great work Of relieN
y ing the victims of cold and hun
q ger show that the impulse of cha
s ity is saving force in our soci,
D life. and they afford an amp
IS guarantee that the poor and hell
- less have but to make their wan
Il known to receive the assitanc
c they need.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

Last Monday the New Orleans
Picayune attained the sixtieth wear
of its existence. So long life evil
dences well ana in extending con
gratulations a continuanceIof Ii Nc life
and prosperity ls wished.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

Referring to the above, by which the
firm Of Moreau & Osolnach Is dissolved.
the undersigned assuming entire charge OF
the paper, solicits a continuation of past
public favors, CHAs, G.. MoREAU.s
January %. 1897.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

Senator George is lying critical
ly i'll at the Garfield, Washing
ton, He had been i'll and enter
ed the hospital January 5. He
was then suffering from a compli-
cation of diseases, bronchial ca
tarrh causing him particular an
noyance, MississippI's beloved
George is seventy years old, and
this fact miligates against his re-
cuperation.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

,,-.. 70 epow o@V" ''l.'
Here are II ra,rnn1rr----,ltqt tie
ty is beyond DESCRIPTION. ito
cost which not the only style + -, -
will have to settrtop tp1 Jrgorl rao5rl :, ,,;y,s6cca-
sion of grand fancx-ss9ss ball
which she and her daughter, the
Countess of Cranen, are to give
next month to 400 at the Hotel
Waldorf, New York City: Ball
room, $1,000; state apartments and
other rooms, ,$2500; buffet supper,
$4,000; regular supper, midnight
to 5 a. M, $4,000; cotillion fa-
vors, 500, 900; floral decorations,
$4,000. Here are some of the
items which the guests will have
to pay to enjoy such a luxurious
hospitality: four hundred car
riagcs,$ 00;600 mems costumes,
$4,000; 600 women's costum es,
$40, 900; @0etics, hair dressers,
Of course NOBODY not IT. possessed osa'sa%i
of diamonds will be present, con-
sequently the value of the jewels
worn will not enter into the ex-
penses of the affair. A leading
jeweler who knows we'll the "40O"
jewels says that from $4,000, 900
to So, 100000 worth will be worn.
1imes-Democrat.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

Col. Ingersoll finds blackguard-
ing the Bible and religion more
profitable than practicing law and
has given up the law SO as to de-
vote his entire time to money
making.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

After March 4, by singular coin
cidence, the two United States sena
tors from Kansas will be from the
same county; and both Will have
been members from the state senate
whec elect ed.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

The city council of Atlanta, Ca.
has been at work reducing salaries,
and to such an extent that the result
is an aggregate retrenchment of fifty
thousand dollars.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
0FENTTT@T.
" f. WALKER, D1 D. S.,

PASS CHRIS PIAN, MISS.
Rooms 2, "a, and s, Northrop Build
ing, over PosJofIlce. Office months, Feb
Iruarv, April, May, June, July, august
September.
Consultation hours 1890 to / p. M,
Appointments made by mail or telegraph.
Bay st. Louis Office, fourth house south
OF Nicholson avenue.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
THE SEA COAST ECHO.
cnAs. G, MoRrAu, EDITOR & PROPRIETOR
CARD.

| have this day sold to Mr., Charles G,
Moreau my half interest in The Sea Coast
Echo. A, G.. OsoINAcH
Monday, January %, 1897
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

The state papers are ousily engage
talking about the new capitol. The
building should not be discussed so
much jGst now 1t is all rigat-iu
print.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

The editor who says hat if
Hanna gains a seat in the nate At
will be "by fair, straighlo 4
fighting" is either unan q 4
with IIanna's methods
anxious to get a federal 3
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
d. B. SEAL
ATTORNEY -AT-LAV

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW
PRACTICES In all Sea Coast counties
oFFIcE; Union near Hancock streets
BAY ST. LOUIS, MISS.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

GAsTON G. GARDEBLED,
Builder and contractor. Special atten-
tion gisen to particular orders. Office:
CofH lain aud Toulme streets.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
Ha 777a-af
HOGS IN MISSISSIPPI.

The country exchanges that
reach the Clarion Ledger table
contain notices yearly every week
giving weights cf hogs slaughter
ed by enterprising farmers of the
county. A Mississippi hog that
tips the beam at 500 pounds is
L"ammon these days, = atass' :
riSi2SFF, riSi2SFF ~ FPSat i,.::.s y 81 ~ ,,ss.o -
r. n ~ -sltars ssfuaJot as' ';1sHts n, -oS
!, y S. so@ssssses- fiffrequent of where one
weighs six, seven or eight hun
dred pounds, Ten years ago a
500 pound hog would have been
equal to q circus in most neighbor
hoods of the state, but the farE:
ers have infused new and better
blood into their herds, and the
old time lazor back is even disap-
pearing from the swamp ranges.
Two or four shoats of good breed.
well fed and cared for, will make
as much meat as twenty scrubs
that ale forced to root for living
till II to 18 months of age.-Cla-
rion- Ledger.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
Thos. l.. Evans,
rHE, nRUGGIS'T
A .D--szy
srAR DRva sroEE'
noa, Union street, Bay st. Louis
Fresh Drugs
AND
Medicines,

Toilet Soap, Perfumery, Sponges' re w,
no Fvans' Liver Regulator, sure ouio
tor M All diseases Of the liyer'
,sA PRESCRIPTIONS compounded uay ~
,,,a51 Orders by mail promptly a'Senu-
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
cor
Blood

When a horse Is poor in flesh,
a new harness won't give hin
strength. IF a house Is cod
new furniture won't warm Ii.
II Your strength is easily ex-
hausted; work a burden;
nerves weak; digestion poor
muscles soft; If you are pale
and worn out, the trouble is
with the blood. 1t Is not SO
much IMPURE blood as
POOR blood. Pills won't
make this blood rich; nor will
bitters, nor iron tonics, any
more than new harness will
give strength to the horse, or
new furniture will make a
house warm. For poor blood
you want something that will
make rich blood.
SCOTT'S EMULSION of
Cod-liver OH with Hypophos-
phites IS the best remedy IN the
world for enriching the blood.
We have prepared book telling you
more about the subject. Sent Free.
Forsale by ali druggists at Soc. &c SJ.O0.
SCOTT 8 BOVINE, New York.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

(; HENDERSON & HENDERSON,
Law firm, practice in all courts ON the
sea coast. Front near Main streets.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
T. b. TURNER,

The grocer. Fancy and staple groceries
at living prices. Union near Second sts.
See advertisement in another column.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
LIVE OAK DAIRY,

p. Bourgeois. Strictly pure jersey milk,
cream cheese, butter, buttermilk. Deliv-
cry ffee. Inspection Of premises invited.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
BAY ST. LOUIS
BUSINESS DIRECToKf

gnsiucss men who permanently aoVer-
t,se create an impression Of strength ana
q, soundness. People at least ieei 'na'
,bose who Rsep their names before 'ne
p6bdc are solid and substantial.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
JOHN RoCHoN,

Wagon and carriage to hire for ~
casions and can be had at all kmm,s''ss S+ y.
vt the depot at all tifmes.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
j. f. JOYCE,

2 8 j. +. JOYCE,
@Drugs and chemicals carefully com
pounded; prescriptions speciality. Front
street. opposite Joyce 81 Osoinach.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
n. RIENTHAL,

Carriage maker, general repairing and
horse shoeing, cor. Washington ana Han
cock streets.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
OPPOSITION BAKERY
J.W. WATTS,

Agent for Peerless, Eldridge, Crawford
bicycles. Next Combel's hardware store.
See advertisement in another column.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30
L. M.GEX, AGr.,

al II' NJ UKE1kj 1tNIv
Q General merchandise, fancy and staple
Z .3cefles, country produce, corner Han
= TX and Washington streets.
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

,5,y ,.ri~ nnrft.r II vot,yJlS
that purEoal provoking, Duncan"
oasa o, sll'd notrVhut do you mean by
stock-hoIsfoA without leave or Ii
entitled t. hinA
The sea coast echo. [volume] (Bay Saint Louis, Miss.) 1892-current, 1897-01-30

-s-....., :. Tor boy )social order; and
1t was a'wVntoiIball this it is nee. ssary
all with that IN not en.iiely to prohibit,
eyes all thation in order to save this re-
Jajlic from serious trouble.
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31
SHE HAD HUSTLED
Her LIE Had Been Fan Of Action, and
Her MemorE VTaz Good


Her MemorE Was Good
81 want you 70 state to the court ex-
sctIy what your occupation has beck
during the past five years" said law
yer 10 buxom-lOOking lady Of about
IS years, who was on the witness stand.
'51Ye1, let me see" said the witness,
refiectively, with half-clOsed eyes ''Tve
hustled, I can tel1 you that to begin
with. Five years ago was running
railroad restaurant in Wyoming, but /
give it up cause the trains stopped stop
ping there for meals. Then opened up
a newsstand and cigar store out IL
Shooting Iron, Dakota, but 1t didn't 'tpay
very well, so I sold out and took up a
quarter section Of land and thought I'd
20 into the sheep bizness, but that sort
O thing was too lonesome fOrone Of my
disposition, 50 give 1t up and opened
a boarding house in a mining town, and
that was lively enough, until the bot
tom dropped out O. the camp because Of
the mines Petering out. Then pub
Eshed and edited a newspaper for six
months, and spent the next six months
as my own lawyer fighting the libel
suits had on hand. Then opened UP
a.
was too cOn4inin', 50 I give 1t up and
started out in the Christian science
business and done wen at 1t for awhile,
but found that could do better teach
in dancin', so went into that for the
winter, and the next spring I opened
up an employment Office, but It didn't
pay very well, so along IN the fall /
started out as singin' evangelist. and
during the winter I married a revival
preacher, but I left him when I found
that he had another wife, and opened
up bakeshop in a new town in Arizona,
but the town didn't grow as I thought it
would, so I sold out and opened up a
real estate Office in Colorado, but hard
times struck the state, so 7 went to
New York to sell stock for a coal min
ing company, butI found I could do bet
ter lobbying IN Washington, and 1 went
there, but the climate did not agree
with me, so I went to Minneapolis as
book agent, and on the way there ]
married a man in Chicago. who said
that he was rich publisher. but he lied.
and I left him after three months and
went down to New Mexico to open a
sanitarium for consumptives. Then ]
sLaEt6u Out anu "cuS tAaOuBH AlAG
states as a magnetic healer and trance
medium, and made big money at that
until I got converted at a Moody meet
ing and joined the Salvation army, but
T."
'Tguess that7vil do - interrupted the
lawyer
"AI right" responded the witness,
''but I amt half through yet. I teH
you, but I've hustled. IN. Y. Word.
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31
First published December b
-

TN the district court IN and fOE sherman e9In-
IT, Kansas. s. A. Miller, p-aIuttHs =. 1he
Mutual Building and Loan association OF food
land. Kansas, defendGnts- By virtue ol an order
81 FaIs issued TO ne, out Of said district court,
% the above entitled action VII on tuesday
the 9Th dsF Of JanuarT, A. D. 1e5s Ct one o clock
D. u. Of said day at the east lront loor OF tlle
court hczss IN the city OF 6OOdlz11, u the atoE-
said county and state, clter at p1b1e sale. ana
EsiI 70 The hfEhest and best bidder toE cash N
haEd al q the foll0wing desC11ed zeal estate
to-wfts Lots j, 2 q 3. $ 8 q . . ID ~ - ~. 1e
II ~ a. Is - aid % IN block four 90 u seoond
a-ffftfcu to Goooland- hansaEs sane DelnB Al
"a HIocs four and known as the - Ills DrgpeEtyi
To- Iq and % IN hiocE four ~ IN g. A- n aou1-
fsan 70 f1oodland Hznsas- sane beng EnclTu az
fhs gTflson property lots aud s tn 1lock tNo
% - I5-e7irf77rl % original town cL 6oo1land
tT-1-sr same being known IS the hlg7s proper
- - y fi box E in The cziginal toVn Of
c-rso.7ierd- EansEs. Eaule beng zDcFn e. 4aa-
-r79-'9 2 res. lots q an6 % - block ave % u
y ~ = - addition ta Gooolzrc. Aa1zss, same
fasnE i-z5Un as tie Dresssr 11r1reErI 1s 2 enc
Z = h7ocr eleven tLs.- m sharp a aQl1l1Gl e
cldcs1rr- KarEaa- Eau.s tsir8 nc6n q f1o
80 Dirr rrozartT. The a1ol1 -cr- 7e1 Erll
-rtr f,si1I trc rrc11tET q lzt1 --l
77-t e--7r VIII s1'E e1cect - l-T ans az
sfar .-Zr- .--- a-- c1.-1 ~ % r-f r--.-
rsr-r7 r'rerc --. nag 1
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31

In a case recently decided in the
court OF appeals, the court says: ssThe
instructions Of the court Judge SMITH
as a whole are so erroneous and mis-
leading as to have deprived the de-
PENDANTS Of all their material rights
under the issues Of the case" The
case was q mortgage foreclosure case,
the defendants we're poor man and his
wife, and the judge, a republican, has
recently been reelected bY populist
votes because she is learned and lust
judge. Topeka Advocate.
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31
A YzAR OF PLEHTY IN KANSAS.

] a
Itisa commonplace truth that the
source Of the prosperity Of this cOun-
] try lies in the soil-tbat good crops
mean good times; but Il is only when
We have before as such astonishing
figures as are furnished this year BY
the Kansas state board of agriculture
that We appreciate the supreme i'm
portanee Of agriculture. OmittiDg the
odd thousands, We find that the yield
of winter wheat in that state is fifty
million bushels, worth thirty four mil
lion dollars, or 100 per cent more than
last year. The corn crop totals, one
hundred and ffty-twO million bushels,
and the yield Of oats is twenty-three
million bushels, the two together bring
ing in thirty-twO million dollars. The
total value Of winter aud spring wheat,
corn and oats is sixty-six million dol
lars
This is the record Of a year Of plenty.
Compare it with the crops Of the pre-
vious year, when the combined winter
and spring wheat, corn and oats
brought only ntteeu million dallars 20
the farmers.
The table Of the yields and values
OF crops and products OF all kinds, in
Guiding, in addition to the cereals al
ready mentioned potatoes, fax, sor-
ghum, dairy products, ETC., is one
hundred and thirty-six million dollars.
The total value Of crops and live
stock is two hundred and thirty million
dollars, and the total net increase Of.
all agricultural products is over forty
million dollars. In the presence Of
such figures one is prepared to believe
there may be more truth than jest in
the statement that Kansas will "for-
ward a car load OF cancelled mort
cages" to the forthcoming exposition
at Omaha as a token Of her returning
prosperity. Scientific American.
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31
- Dubli.bed Decen - s.I


IN the district court in and for Sherman c0un-
i ty. Kansas. William Walker, 5r-. DiaiutI1.
vs.. The Goodland Building and Loan associa- ?
tion of Goodland, Kansas. defendant. By virtue
Of an order Of sale issued 70 out Of said dist
rict court IN the above entitled action. Eili,
the 4th day Of January, 1s9o. at one o clock >.
n. Of said day, at the east front door Of the
court house In the city Of GOodland, in the
aforesaid county and state. offer at public sale,
and sell 70 the highest and best bidder, for cash
IN hand all Of the following described real es-
tate, to-it= Lots o. s. and 3. IN block >, First
addition 70 eoodiand. Kansas. same being
known as the Dunn property lots 4 n block Y
IN Sharp's addition 70 GOodland. kansas. SANE
being known as the Dustin property. The above
described property being the property Ct said
defendant and the same VII be sold subject %
any and all Liens for taxes and all other liens oI
eTery kind and character that may Be thereon.
81 u. BZON~W. ReceITur.
The Goodland republic., 1897-12-31

The law provides that no bonds can
be bought by the school fund where
the debt OF the community issuing the
bonds is in excess of 10 per cent of the
valuation. State Treasurer Hefebower
holds that not only the debt of the
county should be considered, but that
all bonds issued by cities or districts
within the county should be added.
In other words, all debts for witch the
property within the bonded territory
Is pledged should be considered, IL
Dir. He1ebower's idea of the matter is
accepted as correct there will be few
communities whose bonds can be sold
to the school fund commissioners.