davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
First published Daily Leader Aug
ust 80, 1897.
Notice for Publication.

Land office at Guthrie, o. T., Aug
ust 2s, 1897.
Notice is hereby given that the follow
Ing named settler has filed notice OF his
intention TO make final proof in support
OF his claim, and that said proof will be
made before the register and receiver, at
Guthrie, Okla, on October 3, 1897, via;
twp 10, r2,w.
He names the following witnesses TO
prove HIS continuous residence upon and
cultivation Of, said land. viz:
A. r. Frsbie, j. Il. Thompson, w. p
Eager and Felix McGlnnis, all OF Guthrie,
o. II.
42ss A. N. ]. CROOK. Register.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

SENATOR CHANDLER seems to be over
valueing England's friendship for sill
yer. II will be time enough to throw
up our hats and cheer when England
takes its first official step in favor Of
silver
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
400 Reward 500.

The readers Of this paper will be pleased to
learn that there is at least one dreaded disease
that science has been able to cure in all its
stages, and that is Catarrh. Halls Catarrh
Cure is the only positive cure known to the med
ical fraternity Catarrh being constitutional
disease, requires constitutional treatment
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally, acting
directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces OF
the system, thereby destroying the foundation
of the disease, and giving the patient strength
bY building up the constitution and assisting
nature in doing its work. The proprietors have
30 much faith in its curative powers, that they
offer One Hundred Dollars for any case that Il
fails TO cure. Send for list OF testimonials.
Address, f. ]. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, o.
as- Sold by Druggists, 75c.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
irst published I'm the Daily Leade
sept. ,, 1897.
Notice for Publication.

Land Office at Guthrie, o. r., Sept. l.
1897.
Notice IS hereby given that the follow
named settler has filed notice Of bis in
tention TO make final proof In support OF
his claim, and that said proof will be
made before the register and receiver u.
y land office at Guthrie, U. T., on octo-
Der 9, 1897, viz:
John l.. Gordon, for the W hf, ne or,
sec l2 tp Is, r west.
He names the following witnesses q
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation Of, said land, viz;
MJames Mcdaniel, James Il Kinzer and
William II Rickstrew all OF Guthrie. o
T., aud ThoLlas POteet OF Mckinley, O.
ia 1929 A N. J. CROOK. Register.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
First published in the Daily Leader.
Sept. II, 1897.
Notice for Publication.

Land Office at Guthrie. Ok. Sept. 16,
1897.
Notice is hereby given that the follow
named settler has filed notice OF his inten-
tion TO make final proof In support OF HIS
claim, and that said proof win be made
before the register and receiver, United
States land office, at Guthrie, Ok, on
October %. 1897 VIZ:
Montgomery N. Remington, for lots 3
and and south hf NJ or sec 5, Up II, r 2,
west.
He names the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation OF said land, viz;
Nathaniel Gooch, James b tiooch,
Thomas 5. Smith and James A. FarQu-
harson, all OF Guthrie, o. Il.
424S A. N. j. CROOK. Register
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
'irst published In the Daily Leader Au
gust %, 1897,
Notice for Publication

Land office at Guthrie, @. T., August
81. 1897.
Notice is hereby given that the follow
ing named settler has filed notice Of his
intention TO make final proof In support
OF his claim, and that said proof wifi be
made before the register aud receiver at
Guthrie, o. T., on September 23, 1897, viz:
Nathaniel Arnett. for the lets Z, and
6, and Sc or NV or sec 7 Up IL n,rie,
He names the following witnesses 10
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation OF said land, viz:
Homer Fugate, Thomas j Lewis,
james p. Martin, Fielding s. Pulliam,
all OF Langston.
42ie A. N. J. CROOK. Register.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
/ First published In the Daily Leader
Aug q, 1897.
Notice for Publication,

Land office at Guthrie, Okla, August
26, 1897.
Notice IS hereby given that the follow
ing-named settler has filed notice OF his
intention to make final proof in support
Of his claim, and that said proof VIII be
made before the register and receiver L .
5. land office at Guthrie, Okla, on Sep
tember 80, 1897, viz:
Clairgille BreauX, for the hf, or,
sec l3, OF tp II n, rlw.
lie names the following witnesses to
prove his continuous residence upon and
cultivation OF said land. viz:
Hilary WhitlOw, Daniel Shea. Dalton
Smith, Alphonso J Aston, all OF Langs-
ton, O. T.
1925 A. n. ]. CROOK, Register.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

81 SAW the dangers TO my beloved
country" says Mark Hanna, and in
order TO dispel the calamity lost my
time and nearly my life How about
Your honor?
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

BRIASs opinions are OF such little
weight that Speaker Reed and Secre-
tArY Gage think that about eight
columns OF reply are sufiicieat.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
Knirhts Of Puthias Meetinr.

At Poncs City, .. T. Septem Der ~,
1897. For the above occasion we will
sell round trip tickets to Ponca City at
one and one-third fare. Tickets TO be
on sale Sept. II, and good for return
Sept. is Continuous passage in each
direction. A. J.CoRRINs, Agent.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
Victor HlocK

with each purchase OF 500 worth al one
time VIII be given a free card 10 the Guthrie
Circulating Library. good for two months.
We take subscriptions for any paper OF per.
iodieal published and can obtain for you
any book published on short notice. We
solicit your patronage. Your friends,
A.. B. LlLLIE A co.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

In addition to being slugged by a
dinning room girl, Mr.. Brownlee, Of
Enid, must bear the sarcastic disgust
Of Dom Jacob Admire, OF Kingdsher.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

Whenever your laundry 10 not rats.
factory, II you will return II before
wearing, We will re-lauDdry free Of
charge. Guthrie Steam Laundry,
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

IT locks as though George orput is
going to thoroughly vindicate the
Judgment Of all his political enemies.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21
A. n. aud A. 81.

Regular communication OF Guthrie
Lodge No. ?, A. +. and A. NJ, Tues
day evening, Septem Der 2l. All visit
ing M. NJ. invited. H. II. ARDERY,
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

For man who announced that he
would make no pledges President Nc
Kinley now comes forward with a
remarkable lot OF promises
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

We thank you kindly for past favors
and hope you will continue to remem-
Der us for no one can be found who is
more anxious to please than +. M.
Curtis, proprietor Guthrie Steam
Laundry.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

SAN MURPHY is a horrible example
OF politician who didn't know the
value of flop
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

Mr.. DrNeLEY is finding it extremely
difficult to remember just what he did
put into that tariff bill,
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21


BRoCKToN, Mass, sept 20. - One
thousand operators on the Chase last.
ing machines in the shoe factories of
Brockton and vicinity struck yester-
day. The edge settlers at several fac
tories followed. should the strike be-
come gen eral, ., 500 men would be
affected. The strike is directed against
the Chase company and its machines.
General 0obin's q. A. n Assistants.
HARRIsBURG, Pa, Sept 20 -General
-. y. $ Gobiu of Lebanon issued gem
.eral orders to-day from the headquar-
ters of the Grand Array OF the Re-
public. assuming the duties 0f the
commRnder-in-chie and announcing
the appointments OF General Thomas
J. stewart, post No. a., department Of
Pennsylvania, as adjutant general,
and Charles Burrowes, post No 2s,
department OF New Jersey. 10 be
quartermaster general. The appoint
ees viii serve without salary Head
quarters have been established at lu-
dependence hall, Philadelphia.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

cine ever contained so great curative power In
50 small space. They are a whole medicine
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

TUESDAY, SEPT 21, 1897
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

'hIrd Day. ThursdaY, ost. u.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1897-09-21

3. 223 trot .........
6 e.e2 pace .....
Z. Gentlemsns Driving Race. Oklaho-
ma horses not trained for one
year previous to date of entry
and not having a record better
than 2;2b, TO be driven to buggy by
owners, best two in three; mile
heats ......
s. mile aud repeat. running race
g Free tor all Oklahoma bicycle race.
purse
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

rortR early in 1854, from Harrison county.


and in the same year formed partnership
with Methodist preacher named Masten
and opened up general store, which did
a very considerable business from the
start. In the following year Messrs. Field,
Mock and Mann built saw and grist mill
on the Clear Fork. about a quarter of a
mile west of the junction, but the failure
of the water supply caused its abandon
ment later. In 1859 the proposition to
build an extensive grist mill at Mansfield,
nearer the center OF the wheat supply, was
favorably considered, and the three story
brick mill now in operation there was the
result. In this enterprise. also, success
greeted their venture, and the Mansfield
mill became famed from the Rio Grande to
the Red river. Extensive contracts with
the government brought large returns, and
wagon trains came all the way from the
Rio Grande after flour. The firm also
opened a general store in Mansfield, which
was for many years the only mercantile
establishment at that place.
Mr.. Field retired from the firm in the
early seventies, and has been resident OF
California for some years.
He Is represented In Fort Worth, how
ever, by three sons. who are among the
professional and business men of the city.
These are DR.. j. 7. Field, w. Henry
Field and JEFF D. Field.
His children were DR.. j. T.. w. H. and
JEFF D. Field. who stIl reside in Fort
Worth, Mrs. Fannie Morrison of Red
Lands, Cal. who was with him In his last
moments. DR.. R, A. Field of Enid o. r.,
Joseph B. Field of Cairo. H.. and Mrs.
Eta Foster Of Nashville. Tenn.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
ANTI-RAPE MOVEMENT.
Hillsboro Negroes VIII Act in the
Matter.

hiiisborO Negroes VIII Act in the
Matter.
Hillsboro. Texas. September 1o.-Thc
negroes held mass meeting in the court
house last night to discuss negro assaults
on white women and the remedy. Speeches
We're made by Sam Marshall, Professor T.
H. Smith. James A. Johnson, r. A. will
liams and others. Captain W. A. Fields
was present and responding to calls as
sured them OF the sympathy OF the whites
in the movement they had on hand.
The question of sending delegates to Co.
iumbus was discussed and tabled on the
ground that the matter could be handle by
eacn locality better than 1t could be at n
general State meeting. 1t was argued that
the negroes who commit assaults are TO-
horant, gambling, worthless fellows who
40 not read newspapers. attend church or
schooi, but who frequent low dives and
uens ana acquire low ideas of morals IT
was further contended that this class had
TO be reached before the evil could ba
stopped and the way to reach it was to
organize law and order league ana n
go IN persc1 to this class of negroes and
reason with them and II they were then
unaois TO make them honest and industri
o.s 10 draw the social line and ..show
mem, as one Of the speakers said, "tha,
they nave no place in our hearts and
MONIES, Our race has suffered enough in
dignity and shame from these WORTHLESS,
negroes and We want to zee ii stamped ont
deemed" t'o
sam Marshall was made chairman and j
w, rayne secretary Of the league. A COM
MITES OF nve was appointed to draft !
oOn ana by-lawr. They win meet
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
INSURANCE.

The insurance companies. recognizing
that Houston has an p-to-date, magniil-
Gently eautpped and thoroughly organized
fire department. with an adequate water
supply. have reduced rates materially and
in this item Of expense several thousand
dollars arc sayed merchants and others, A
conservative estimate places the aggre-
gate OF Insurance carried In Houston dur
ing year at about $40 900, 100. tho aver
age ratio being in the ncighborhood o. SIZE
per hundred dollars. according to location
and risk assumed
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

Fort Worth. Texas. September TO-
Ttiesrams received here last night from
San Diego. Cal, announced the death there
Of DIR. Julian Field, Icing pioneer citizen
OF this city and North Texas. He went 10
California come seven years ago.
He was the hrst democratic postmaster
at Fort Worth after the war.
The following biographical sketch Of him
sppesred In local paper here some year.
ospaia saiiAa Paid. whe eans = rsrs
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
New beaumont Bank.

Alvin. Texas. September 1l.-Mr. Y
Cummings OF the Alvin Exchange e'as'
lust returned from Beaumont. w.
perfected ARRANGEMENTS for the opeal1
bank in that city by himself 81
weston and Houston CAPITALISTS. MA
Cummings will succeed to the polp.
cashier of the bank here. while ~ y
Cummings goes to Beaumont.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
suit for Damages.

Sherman. Texas. September u.s.
Lvtle filed suit against the ShermaS
Street Railway COMPANY asking -
in the sum of $1,000 for persons w
which he ALLEGES he received IN ~
sion that occurred Tuesday. MT. X
was a passenger on the mule car Nv
collided with an electric car and q
that the force OF the collision tniss
against seat, producing severe ~
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
TERRIBLE
RESUL7S

Are often produced by improper
ment Of certain diseases. THIS
cially the case in those delicate ~ ~
peculiar to men and >women. "
fore best to consult specialists q II
lished reputation. like DIR. Hatne~-8
Co. ~
do not countenance any of the irauS1
methods employed by many other K
Ms free prescr ptions. free samplsss 4
ID. medicines, etc, Consultation wv NV Y
is free. and II you decide to pls@
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
OIL MILLS AND PRESSES.

There IRE four large oil mills aud half
dozen great congresses located in llors-
ton. and these institutions bring to Hous-
ton vast sums of money. When working
to their full capacity during the winter
months employment Is given to fully 1900
hands at good average wages. This work
crs and supports them for large portion
Of each year.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
buildings and repairing $e alrsidy y
The proposition was df lied BY sSa1

The taxpayers who pted asllna'
proposition did so generally becauk
regard the clause in the new city y
which deprives the school fund o. u
pro rata of delinquent taxes as nq
paid in as unjust. The delinquent "!
February last amounted to 5000 y
the old charter provisions the schod ,
be entitled to about one-third o.
money. The new city charter proyiiiu
all delinquent taxes as paid into ~
eral fund and none Of them to the 7
OF the school fund.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
NOTES.

There are ten laundres In Houston,
exclusive OF the Chinese. Employment Is
given by them to 225 hands, whose wages
range from SO to 500 per week
The Houston barrel and cistern factory
Is one of Houston's industries supplying
good trade, chiefly in oil barrels and
beer kegs. Sixty hands are on the pay
roll and the capacity is from 400 to 500
oil barrels per day
The new abbatoir and packing house
VIII soon be actively at work Strengthening
hogs and cattle and putting up meats.
Work has been started on soap factory
which will be the largest in the Southwest
when In operation.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
buried mt Canton.

Kaufman. Texas. September
body of Fred Hubbard. the little ~
met with such horrible death herr -
dav. was taken to Canton. Van Zan@
ty for burial yesterday.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

Dallas Texas. September ll.--An cleo.
s'on was held IN this city today ON the
p'opossti'on 70 vote = special tax OF 3
e e on the 500 Of taxable values for !
tnd 70 % ussd In building new schocI
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

case in Their ~
you will be
obtaining
tory result::.s
are the lesdl..,;|
expert specEl..
this county,
SPECTACLE.
Blood posT
nervous
pimples on
kidney and
difficulties W
ures and v@
piles, ulceM
matism. I
and diseass
mankind
or call
HATlIAWA
SSi So. -
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

Lime is a flrst-class disinfecu
purifier. e. M. Burke. Sl4
avenue, sells any quantity. 'Pnone ~
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

TexaE or IS st. Charles stTeet
leans, NAL treatment given ~
sor sa%se. No S'.as Tor * sfin
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

are handled by carloads, and always hnd
a ready market in Houston, which Is
the base Of supplies for a vast territory
reached by the great railway systems
which spread out In all directions. There
Is not city In the country which can
show such rapid development in this
line a. can Houston, and each season an
increase over the previous one is noted.
Last season we handled over 100000
worth OF business" said Mr.. T. H. Thomp-
son, "and this year we expect to run con-
siderably above the million mark. Other
firms in the same line are growing and
we may safely calculate on this year being
much larger than any other with mag
nifcent outlook for future growth.
THE RACE TRACK.
Situated three miles from the court
house, the geographical center Of the
city, is the Houston driving park. access
sibe on fine driveway and reached also
by the Southern Pacific railway, by a
belt line Of standard gauge road, large
portion OF which Is double tracked, 30
that enormous crowds can be moved rapid
ly to and fro. The grounds are located on
well drained tract OF land and are adj
mirably fitted for the holding OF State
fair as well as race meets In the in
closure, which contains some 1876 acres,
are several groves Of timber. one contain
ing ten acres. There is massive grand
stand, capable OF seating from $500 to
5000 persons. There is a magnificent cool
ing paddock, club house, boarding house
and numerous well built stables. The
track is full mile and Is regarded as
being one OF the fastest in the country.
The property recently changed hands. and
1t is understood that the new owner will
endeavor to have fair held as we'll as
having a race meet. Irma and Governor
Strong, two OF the greatest purse winners
on the American turf, belong to the Foote
brothers string Of horses and belong to
this track, the Foote's having been for
time managers of the property for Mr..
Harvey T. D. Wilson,
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
pRopuCE AND COMMISSION.

In the line OF handling produce Houston
leads all other Texas cities. the business
done By some half dozen Arms aggregating
annually at least 81 500, 900. a large portion
Of which In meats and fruits. The Hous-
ton firms are noted for their stability and
the prcmptness with which r~mittances
for produce handled on commission are
always made. There ia not better eauip-
ped establishment OF Its kind In the entire
South than that OF T. II. Thompson &
Co. This Arm started on a small scale
and in few years found 1t necessary
TO erect a large brick building Of their
own. which Is situated on the tracks of
the Houston and Texas Central railroad.
the freight being loaded aud unloaded d..
rectiy to and from the cars in the second
story Of the warehouse. In the basement
Is . large refriserating plant. which keeps
the large vaults at q temperature always
about the freezing point. Fruits from
Europe and California and vegetables and
produce from all over Texas ana western
touissanA = veil - fseu Nsrthssa ststss
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
LUMBER.

The unsatisfactory condition OF the Tim
Der market during the past year r, neers
anything like accurate statistical informa-
ton concerning this great ministry cx-
tremely difficult TO obtain. For time
prices were demoralized and salars were
said to be cutting prices all to pieces To
add to this there was long suspension
In building and consequent icrrcsse In
demand. Manufacturers sought ether
fields and developed gratifying oNiort
business. This relieved the slraiu ana
prices are now advancing and arc much
steadier under u better demand. This fact
has caused renewed activity In this direc.
ton and plants arc again resuming their
Old business gait Situated as Iouston is.
this city was selected us headquarters Tor
the Texas and Louisiana Lumber r,alers'
Association. Large yards are io,a,cl here
on the lines Of railway and everything IN
the way OF sash. doors. blinds ana nnntels
are manufactured, giving employment to-
quite an army Of mechanics am Working
men. The curly pine OF the lumber re-
gions Of Southeast Texas and sostl,wts 81
Louisiana. all directly contiguous to Hous.
ton. the city from which they purchase
their supplies when oil finished, Is regarded
as almost equal TO the famous birdseye
maple for doors. mantels, tables. desks
uanels and wainscotting. Houston mann.
factures all report the prospects "a en-
couraging and predict general revival in
the manufacture Of lumber.
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
RRECK.

10 and around the city there are seven
plants which manufacture brick. the clay
being Of GOOD quality. In this industry en-
ployment y given to 600 hands. which Ia
eluaes the men Who cut and furnish the
it,eoe cords x wood annually consumed d
nskaas - .. - ~ bsaek rsersssntsa u
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12

The resumption Of public works nv IN.
cny will give employment to 1000 men
mat is. counting those engaged In getting
out the raw material, furnishing wood for
or'ck yards, street hands, teamsters
nosses' etc, All this money will be snent
IN Houston. as the sums going out arc
expended In localities which buy their
supplies here.
Wnen september Is ushsred In the bus.
'est season OF the year commences ana
coh'inues for several months. The rail-
ways employ extra men ana nut at wor,.
hundreds who have been Idle during Inc
duli months. The congresses. oil mills
and navigation company furnish work Il
hundreds more and the earnings Of th.s,
wage workers are expended in Hou.,or
y y upon them the entire CITY 4 ~
pendent for its revenue and for the mai,
tenance Of lie business houses ana nlacs,
o. amusement.
Tnere y never any occasion to sen,,
Money away from Houston to purch;.e I,
ssau 4 Stance 1t the adyerti.smsn, /,
- ee1lns houses In the North -.
Ia - In . ths advertisements q A.,
~ 4sneaee nesshsnts viii couvincs II,
N e esep<ioal that seods ana sovelt,e,
y pero1eeeo y Hsuaton q chee,l'
! 4 - ~ege1 - AnsstsA llsxsSsn'
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-09-12
GALVESTON BUSY.
A Post Correspondent Notes Some OF
the Live Affairs.

the Live Affairs.
Galveston. Texas, September H.
Especial correspondence --Having been
absent from this city for two years, !
find on my return that the following
changes have been made during my alb
sence: