davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

ture: the substance of the cell may be better electric conductor; but the reason is probably to be found in more perfect connections and greater pum- Der of circuits for nerve impulses. The impulse moves faster and is more com pletely registered as a picture in the gray matter. The complete connec- tions furnished by the activity of the small cells cause all the giant cells to act as so many stations on a circuit. Of course the greater the number of giant cells and the more complete the connections, the larger will be the head and the greater the intellect
 Prof. Hodge and his school have completely abandoned Lombroso's an atomieal generalizations about stig- mata. degeneration, etc. The anatomi- cal structure of the brain of many criminals resembles that observed in perfectly honest, upright people. Prof. Hodge declares that the real diff ferences are functional, not structural, and he holds out more hope to the de- generate than Lombroso does. It de- pends much more on what sort of ac- tion is taking place in the cells than on the shape of the ears or the conforma- ton of the skull. as to whether a man will commit crime or not.
 For example" he remarks, lin the case of d young man who had commit ted suicide Prof Wilder pores over the brain for three months, and claims to find a remarkable confguration of the eonvolutions.' 1 should feel like study ing the physiological conditions of the man before commission of the act, his digestion, sleep, nervous tone. condi- tion of muscles. etc. It seems pretty safe to assume that the functional leads and melds the structural rather than the reverse. 1t any rate, practi- cally the functional is to a greater ex- tent within our control, and we should exhaust all the possibilities on that side before settling down to the more rigid anatomical relations.
 Weigart has reyerently analysed the breath of a number of criminals. and found that it contained more poison than that of men in regular. lawful pursuits. This shows that the bodies 'of criminals are giving out more ami nal ptomaines, and that some defect or peeuliarity in the cell structure of the brain has irritated it. Why no one yet knows. But according to this latest school of neurological scientists crime as we'll as insanity is a nervous disease and genius nervous condition that may possibly be systematically produeed; and if we can produce ge- niuses, as Prof. Hodge hopes. we can certainly by the same methods reform criminals and cure the insane
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
WONDERFUL TRAINED BUGS.
Insects That Astonish Gay Paris
 at the Present Time.
Two Bedbugs That Operate a Minute TriR Hammer at the Bidding of Their Trainer = 4 Much-
 Abused Insect.
fConvrlght. 1Sa7.1

An ordinary bedbug is not an insect that commands admiration on account of it's surprising intelligence, and it is Lard to believe that two of the species are attracting wonderful crowds to see them go through a set perform ance; but this is actually going on in Paris.
 The owner of the two educated bugs is Victor Shumann, who calls himself "IJhe Insect Tanner of Berne.o Shu- mann has taught the two bedbugs with which he is now amusing the Parisians to go through a perform ance in which model of the great Nasmith hammer at the works of Krupp, at Essen, in Germany, is the centerpiece.
 Shumann constructed this model only after many months of hard work, and in itself it is a great curiosity. The ponderous hammer of which it is a copy is of the pattern familiar to those who have visited works in which big ma chinery is made. The mass of iron that constitutes the striking part is moved up and down a framework above the anvil by means of lever which is so nicely balanced that the operator of the hammer can crack a hickory nut or crush masses of white hot metal with equal facility. The tiny model of the ponderous hammer shu- mann constructed of solid gold, as far as the hammer and anvil are con cerned, and of silver as to the frame work; the chains and gearing of that dearest of metals, platinum.
 The hammer which Shumann took as model weighs 100000 pounds. The model weighs just little more than
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

half an ounce; but in spite of it's micro scopical size every portion of the ma chinery is as workable as in the pom derous original. The framework is of so fine a construction that it resembles the hair spring of a tiny watch, and the platinum wires of which the chains are made are of such thinness that they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope.
 The operations of the bugs are sur veyed through number of magnify ing glasses to which the eyes of the patrons of the queer little show are applied. At the word of command from the insect tanner the bugs issue solemnly from little compartment built for them under the framework of the hammer, and while one eneircles with his fore feet the lever which raises and lowers the hammer, the other proceeds to place a tiny bar of metal on the anvil. At a second signal from Shumann the bug at the lever raises the hammer to the top of the frame, and brings it crashing down on the golden anvil. At least the spec tators can imagine they hear the crash flor through the magnifying glasses the tiny machine seems to be of enor- nous proportions, while the bugs are enlarged until they become fPightful- looking monsters.
 The performing bugs and their gold en hammer are becoming the talk of Paris, and the exhibit is pronounced one of the most remarkable that even that city of surprising shows has seen for some time. Shumann has become so enthusiastic over the success of his idea that he has promised the Paris ians to outdo their widest fancies in the training of his bugs, by making them so sllillful that they will not only go through the mechanical work of raising and lowering the hammer, but will actually fashion the tiny section of wire on the anvil into geometrical figures.
 Shumann claims that the bedbug is much abused insect. q have trained many insects" he said in a recent in- terview, but for choice give me the despised and persecuted bedbug. I admit that dead bedbug is not the most prepossessing of insects, but q live one properly treated is something to admire. Those bugs of mine will come at my call, and as you see will obey my commands instantly when or dered to work the hammer. I claim that they are possessed of unusual in- To e
 than even the ant, which is usually considered the cleverest inhabitant of the insect world. I begin the training ot the bugs by placing their feet in position, and then moving the machin- cry or drawing the tiny bar of iron in the right direction. The bugs, of course were for escaping at first: but sxz >rs> -<- - e2---- <-<.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

they soon learned that no harm came to them by keeping where they were, and after time the motion l applied came to be mechanical to them. ana had only to place the feet of one on the lever and place the other in the vicinity of the bar of iron to cause them ootn to % through the performance spontan- eously. It was an easy matter after that to train them to come at the sound of my voice and go through the desired actions. I am quite attached to the ln- seets, and would not part with them for any money"
 It is probable that the performing bedbags will be brought to America in the fall, and the people of this coun- try will have an opportunity of seeing insects, for which it has been thought there was no earthly use save to plague humanity, going about their black smith work with the cleverness ot trained mechanics.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

To show that these big cells are close Fly connected with each other and yet are independent units Prof Hodge sub jected the little animals to long and severe fatigue. The nucleus in some of the big cells shrunk away to tiny par ticlss, and the protoplasm divided. The two illustrations, one representing a healthy child's brain and the other the brain of an old man, dying from old age, make plain these two conditions in the cells. The crustacean was now allowed to rest, but rest was no longer able to restore the extremely shrunken cells to their original shape, and Prof. Hodge perceived that the creature had in consequence lost part of it's memory. This fact shows why so many men lose their memory, and yet retain their other faculties.
 The above is given as an introduction leading to the great problem of brain physiology, which has been partially solved within the last few months, but which must be fully cleaned away be- fore any great advance can be made. The secret to be revealed is how these giant cells in the cortex of the human brain are connected, and how the con nection is interrupted.
 What Prof. Hodge has learned about the brain of the crustacean has recent 1 ly been taken up by such histelogieal masters as Ramon Y. Cajol and Golgi with the most interesting results. It was found that in state of sleep or inconsistencies every one of the large cells stood disconnected. The moment any two of them were connected, changes taking place in their proto- plasm and nucleus were noted, which showed that nerve impulse circuit had been opened. And it was seen that this circuit was produced by the con tact of the dendrons of neighboring cell.
 Why the connection is interrupted ] between two cells during unconscious
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

great distances. That they succeeded in preventing their own destruction when arrayed in the face of thousands of disaffected and violent men was due to the coolness and courage of the off, eers and enlisted soldiers. When Capt. Hall, in command of one troop of cav airy, rode alone in front of an angry mob of at least 5000 men and women and begged them to listen to reason the case seemed desperate. He told them plainly that he would have to fire if they did not go back. His nerve and self-eommand instantly awed them and caused them to retire without shot, It is not right to risk so much or to expose brave and true men to destruc- tion where an adequate force can be o easily provided. The larger command is the best guarantee of the peace we all loye-a peace obtained, if possible, without bloodshed.
 "A desire for some sort of promotion is not unreasonable; and it is essential to the continued efficiency of an army. A reasonable increase, say, of one sol- dier to each thousand of our popula- tion would be ample. The primary and subsequent promotions could then fol- low. One senior lieutenant of artillery in our army has been lieutenant for 30 years. The senior captain of cav airy has remained captain since 1874. He was an officer of volunteers for ten years before he became a regular, and an enlisted man prior to that. Many second heutenants of cavalry have served longer in the army than Sheri- dan, Schofeld or myself had served when we became major generals in the field"
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
NEEDS OF THE ARMY.
Gen. Howard Writes of Them in th'
 Forum.


 "Secretary Lamont" says Gen. Howard, in an article entitled "A Plea for the Army" which ap- peared in the August Forum, asked congress for two or more regiments of artillery and for change of organiza- tion, so that we might adopt the mod ern form rather than remain alone with China. It is evident that his requests should have been granted. Senator Proctor. while secretary of war, formed the regiments into two battalions of four companies each. This, in spite of the original ten-company formation, gave small battaions, adequate to the control of firing line in extended order; but for effective work the regiments should preferably be larger and have the three-battalion formation.
 "0ur small regular army being part of our national defense, ought to be the best possible and adequate to the work to which it is constantly put in peace and war. In Chicago in 1894 2,ooo reg ulars-all that were available-were collected, and these had to be brought
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26

ness, and why completed during con- sciousness, has been partly discovered and partly conjectured. The small cells-known as glia cells = situated along the nerve flores and dendrons, were distinctly seen to expand during sleep, throwing out feathery wings which seemed to interpose between the dendrons and nerve flores, breaking the connections. The moment the brain was aroused the cells contracted and forced a connection between the dendrons and nerve fibres Scientists are not yet agreed whether the action of these cells is only mechanical, or both chemical and mechanical, but they are fully agreed that they are of the greatest importance to the func- tioning of thought in the brain.
 Prof. Hodge is of the opinion that the small cells also furnish support and nourishment to the giant cells from their contact with the blood yes sells. Investigation has not yet gone far enough to determine what effect the destruction of one or more of these connective cells would have upon the giant cells; but the brain, of course, would be as worthless without them as without their big neighbors.
 What we already know of the func- tion of these cells helps to explain some of the mysteries of the brain and at the same time overturns some pop ular ideas. The loss of memory may be due to one or two eyents-the impair ment of the giant memory cells from overworlS, loss of sleep, disease, etc, or the failure of the small cells to perform their function as connective agents There is a striking number of cases of persons whose minds suddenly go blank without any known cause. There was the remarkable case of Rev. Mir. Holmes, a New England clergyman, who unaccountably lost his memory a few months ago, so that he had to re- learn everything he had ever known. After few weeks effort in learning to read and spell, all his former knowl- the memory cells had evidently lost connection on account of the failure of the small cells to do their duty. Why are we unable to remember at times, while at other times our minds are overwhelmed with crowding memories The inaction or the intense activity of these connecting cells explains it.
 The function of the small cells may also explain why there is so surprising mental difference between men pos sessing nearly the same brain volume, number of gray cells, etc. The brains of men of genius are no larger, as a rule, than the brains of men of aver age ability; the grap cells are little if any greater in number, and are much the same in size and appearance. They may possibly be of finer struc-
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
A MEDICAL OPINION.
The Danger and Benefit of Bicycl.
 Riding Made Clear.

Inc DAMSGr anu bhcyc1G
 Riding Made Clear.
 The views of Dr. Mendelssohn. an in- struetor in the University of Berlin, on the benefits and evils of bicycle riding as set forth in paper read before the Society for Internal Medicine. and ex- tensiyely published. have become a general topic of discussion by the Ger man press. The chief points of Dr. Men delssohn's paper were:
 The advantages of wheel riding may be inestimable if practiced intelligent ly and with moderation, but harmful, absolutely dangerous, if carried to ex- cess, or in cases where contra-indica- tions to riding may exist.
 sThe advantages accruing to riders are obvious, since the wheel affords gymnastie exercise and recreation, especially to the mentally overworked, and it is ideal because of the independ- ent and inexpensive means of locomo- tion.
 1.-Two classesof danger rare assigned to the use of the wheel: CD mechanical; (2) excess.
 ITO the mechanical class belong in- juries from accident, inflammation of the knee joint resulting from over work. inflammation of both male and female pelvic organs result ing from pressure of the saddle and use less articles of dress, such as the cor set.
 ..The excess class is more serious Constant excessive exertion produces an increased atomic and molecular change throughout the body, es- peeially in the vital organs, to the de- gree of effeeting general weakening of the individual, and can produce an especial susceptibility to infectious diseases.
 "The tendency to sickness produced by cold-catching is proved by experi- enee to be great
 ''The tendency to sickness produced dangers in cases of excessive cycle rid ing. A large number of sudden deaths have already been recorded due to ex- cessive strain on the heart.
 ''The contra-indications to cycling are: 1, existing heart lessions; 2, art erial calcifcation; 3, albumenuria 4. old age; 5, childhood.
 "The indications are: 1, cases of ex- cessive uric acid and gout have been known to benefit by cycle riding.
 ''2. In certain mild forms of chronic disturbances in the pelvic organs, which are thereby subjected to cer- tain degree of exercise, which works similar to the gymnastics and massage of the Thur Brandt method.
 "3. Slight disturbances in the respi- ratory organs, excepting absolutely lung dilatation, are sometimes bene- fited by wheel riding.
 Wheel riding. like many other things, if carried to excess, results in harm, while if indulged in mildly might be innocent or indeed productive of good.
 ''The use of the wheel should be for bidden only in especially contra-indi- l cated cases"
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
DEAREST was THIRD.
Wheelman Gets Some Taffy Not '.
 tended for Him.

There is one amusing feature about ,rs... riding that all old riders, and good nssi rnassl new ones, must have noticed. That ~ a'any ,ly way a moderately proficient rider will 70 s.e su on a conversation with some one behind dlGh1ly ny without really knowing who that some nm aa may be. A moderately proficient rdas Jua isn't clever enough to turn his head fo 'lss leaasS backward, and so he talks right on in TX x. dark. le
 The other day a wheelman was ccn,:. up the Dodge street hill. There isn't ,,,us na.u of hill on Dodge street, but slight as tea ;t :a it bothers the new riders. Just ahead ss the wheelmdn in question, who was ;i r;d;soL. 7. at leisurely rate, was stout lady, monntag on new bike. Halfway up the ine,;su i,;su the wheel.nan was astonished to hear shss bas call out
 "Comil.g, dear?"
 The wheelman didn't answer. Ha s.,. sure the inquiry couldn't be to him. and IIbls bs
 3All out of breath. dears'' she cal,.a
 And again the wheeiman made no ron,u
 Don't be discouraged" she cheepp;YI.:. shouted. You'll get there by and by dear. d, est"
 The wheelman thought so too, but h. made no mention of the fact As
 "Does it tire GOT 'ittle armies so muehaaen continued the stout lady.
 That was too much for the wheelman u. put on steam and passed the lady. As ibIs bs whirled by she caught sight of his smlins ins coUntenanee.
 "Oh, I beg your pardon" she cried and narrowly averted tumble S4a
 When the wheelman had gone Iittl. further he looked back over his shanlJasee sissse and saw lank young fellow, with f,zv, f.Ss little side whislSers, toiling wearily up tbs thss hill. sle
 And he feels pretty sure that was edaa. est. st."-Cleveland Leader. A's
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
ABOUT THE HUMAN BRAIN
An Authority Believes Proportion of Geniuses May Be Increased
Prof. Hodge Gives His Reasons-Dis- covery of the True Functions of So-CaIied "Glia Cells"-Experi-
 mcnts on Brain Powe'-.
rcopyrirht. 1se7.1

Shall we ever be able to turn out geniuses, according to the needs of SO ciety, by scientific methods?
 Prof. c. r. Hodge. of Clark universi- ty. one of the very highest authorities on the physiology of the brain, says that he has strong hopes that the pro- portion of geniuses can be materially increased when enough has been learned of the condition involved. No brain of a genius. he declares, has ever been analysed by strictly modern neu- rological methods.
 Possibly, however, before we are much older, it will be known what sort of physical and chemical action is taking place in the brain while the mind is producing thought; for it has now been established beyond doubt that for every thought and emotion a corresponding physical and chemical action takes place in the brain.
 It is true that the channels of nerve impulse through the simplest brain have not yet been traced, and the A B Q Of the human brain has not yet been mastered. Nevertheless enough has been acquired to enable us to grasr the subject in flash when once a liv- ing human brain can be examined Only in the very lowest orders of life has it been possible to study the cells in the living brain under the micro scope with any degree of satisfaction A professor of the University of yir. ginia is reported to have opened tAe
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
Nicknamer or Genern1.

Gen. Grant was known by his men during the rebellion as "Old Uncon- ditional Surrender" and sometimes simply as ''Old U. S."
 sherman was known as Uncle Billy" Mcclellan as Little Mack"
 Meade was called George"
 Burnside was "Rhody."
 Hooker was Fighting Joe"
 Pope was "Saddlebag John."
 Mcdowell was the Pope"
 Sigel was "Dutchy"
 Logan had several sobriquets, but was generally called "Old Black Jack" Roseeranz was Rosy"
 Halleck was "Old Brains"
 Butler was "0ld Cock Eye"
 Thomas was Pap" and Sheridan was always Little Phil. Military Gazette Chicago.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1897-09-26
PROPOSITIONS.
AOI ooAAIQN z LIVER MEDICINE CERTIFICATES.

Write us fst How long you have krowu used or sold Dr. M. A. Simmons Liver Med. cine. 2nd State Diseases 1t cured. 3d Givs names of those cured 4th State tho differ. ence between it's strength and action and the strength and action of J. II. Zein & Co.'s Liver Regulator and the Chatia. nooga Medicine Co. 8 ''Black Draught," both of which contain Woody Bulbs of Roots and Stems of Herbs, and have sold at about cents per package. and should not retail at over 10 cents if consumers are not imposed upon, while Dr. NJ. 4. Simmons Liver Medi- cine, made from the purest and most care. fully selected Drugs, regardless of cost, with the Bulbs of the Roots and Stems of the Herbs by our secret process extracted and thrown away, cannot be sold at less than 25 cents The reason of the difference Is this; On June 30th, 1893, the Supreme Coun enjoined J. H. Zeilin s Co. from manufact- nIlng and selling medicine under the nams of ''Dr. Simmons Liver Medicine"
 Zeilin's answer to our bill said, the medi. cine vas designed as "cheap negro medi. cine for the negroes of the Mississippi Val ley" And Zeilin's manager testified in the case, and Zeilin's advertisements said sthss all the Liver Medicine they make is made by the same formula" What more conclusive evidence could there be that all their Liver Medicine is "cheap negro medicinein
 Again, the United. States Court, in tho Zeilln case at Knoxville, Tenn, enjoinedthe old proprietors of the article now called "Black Draught" from perpetrating fraud by using the words constituting our trade name, and "Black Draughtr was not known till after 1878; yet they falsely advertise that it was established in 1S40, and filch our trade by allowing their customers to untruthfullJ represent it as the same as our genuine arti. cle, they giving color of truth to the de- cception by publishing the picture of pr simmons on their wrapper, thereby asso. ciating their article with our Dr. NJ. A, Sim. mons Liver Medicine, which he established In lS40, and every package of which nM borne his picture since 1sa0
 On receipt of letter enclosing recently taken Photograph we will mail you siW Package Liver Medicine (FREE1.
 c. F. SIMMONS MED. Co.,.
 e. LoIrra Mo.