davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1897-08-29

frock suit Of the same general style as for half
dress, but all made from the same material. and
the long-waisted cutaway frock suit will be pre-
ferred by many For all Of these suits fancy
suitings in cheviots. worsteds. tweeds. home
spuns. etc. will be used The most popular sack
will be the three-button cutaway. the fronts Of
which will be cut away from point high enough
to permit the lowest button of the waistcoat to
show; and the next popular will be the four
button cutaway, which will be less cut away
and from lower point, and will entirely cover
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

world are Lord Rosso's, at Psrsontowp,
Ireland, with 72-inch reflector; the Bees
serner. London. 80; Sir William Herschel,
As; Lansell, Liverpool and Melbourne. A.
inch: Paris, 47-inch; Common Ealing, 81;
Toulouse. 33.6-inch; Marseilles, BIB, and
Harvard College, 28-inch. The enormous
weight Of the mirrors of the rejecting tel
escope Is a serious objection to their use.
The two refectors In Lord Roses tele-
scope weigh the one seven and the other
four tons, and the difficulty Of casting In
a homogeneous mass such a quantity Of
metal Is as great an obstacle to its en-
ployment In a telescope as the cost There
has recently been discovered, however,
a method OF covering plate-glass with sill
yer so as to give perfect reflection, and
IL this proves successful rejecting mirrors
may yet play an important part In the his
tory of practical astronomy.
The principal makers OF object glasses
are the Clarks OF Cambridge. Mass;
Merz, Grub, Cauchoix and Fitz, in Eu-
rope. The Clarks have an established
reputation superior to that OF any other
manufacturers, and, from the excellence
Of their work and the success with which
they have manufactured these huge object
glasses, deserve the fame that has come
to them. Nearly all the great glasses in
this country are the work of the Clark
factory, and, although the glass Is procur-
ed in Paris, the labor to bring 1t into pro-
per shape has all been done in America.
Few people have an idea of the amount
of labor and expense involved In the man
ufacture Of a 80 or 40-inch object glass
for telescope. In the first place, the Sc
lection Of n proper disk Is a matter of no
little time and labor. The glass for a
telescope must be of perfectly homogen-
Gus texture throughout. Every one has
noticed in looking through the glass of a
window that here and there will appear
distortions of objects without, the cause
being inequalities in the glass or differ
ences in its substance. In an ordinary
window glass. distortion of this kind is
a matter Of no consequence, but in the
object glass of n telescope, IL the material
at one point is trihe denser than at an
other, or, il in cooling. the glass becomes
harder or softer at different places, the
result will be fatal to correct observa-
ton. 1t is said that nearly forty disks.
were tested before a selection was finally
made Of one to be used for the Yerkes
telescope. The testing Of the disks is q
matter of Mathematical accuracy, the glass
to be used being placed in room dark
cned, save for small light at the other
end. then careful instruments are employ
ed to test every quarter inch of the en-
tire surface. Sometimes there is. n super
fetal flaw, which disappears in the grind
ing, but il the defect is in the interior of
the disk, that piece Of glass is worthless
for Astronomical purposes, and is set aside
at once. '
After the selection of perfect disk
the grinding begins. In its early stages
machinery may be employed to reduce the
disk to an approximately correct form, but
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11
Osman Digma a Scot.

Osman Digma, who for years has
been giving the British trouble on the
Upper Nile, Is, according to the Pail
Mall Gazette, really Scotchman
named George Nisbet. He was born
in Rouen of Glasgow father, who in
1913 emigrated to Egypt. where he
died. His widow married Turk
named Osman, who adopted her son
and made him heir to his slave bust
ness. George Nlsbet took the name OF
Osman Ali, and after being educated al
the military academy, where he was
the Intimate friend of the late Arab
Pasha, became slave trader. The
harm done to his business by the En-
glish and French interference In Egypt
and the fall Of Arab Pasha, turned
him against his former countrymen
He must be over 60 years of age now.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

mansions and the most delicate mathemat-
ical instruments are daily called into play
to determine the progress that has been
made. In ak to nine months the progress
becomes perceptible, in eighteen months
the work 10 far advanced, at the end Of
twenty-four months OF steady rubbing,
the glass Is approaching completion. Here
and there, however, in spite of the care
with which the rubbing has been done,
there are inequalities detected by the in
struments, IL not by the eye. and these
must be remedied by a little extra rubbing
here, little less there. Finally, as con-
Guiding operation. the workman spends
weeks rubbing the surface of the glass
with his bare hand; no reducing sub
stance, no emery, not even the finest and
softest powder, will answer the purpose;
the bare hand alone must complete the
operation. When the hand of one work
man IL bereft of the skin, another takes
his place, and the bare-hand rubbing goes
on for weeks and months. Finally the
instruments detect no further inequali-
ties, the tired hands of the workmen rest
and regrow the cuticle that has been lost
the glass Is finished.
/. \, At the workshop it is mounted in tenn
porary tube, then taken down, and, IL
necessary; retouched at different points
and packed for shipment. Seventy-thou-
sand dollar object glasses for telescopes
do not travel in freight cars; the jolting
would ruin them forever. They are pack
ed with dense layers of cotton batting, in
boxes especially made for the purpose,
are transported in soft-springed vehicles,
at q walk, to the nearest railroad station,
and then ride in palace car to their des-
tination. The box is set on edge, and at
every few miles is turned so as to pre-
sent another edge Of the glass to the jar
ring motion of the train, lest, on account of
the great weight, the substance OF the
glass should be changed in texture by the
internal strain. A force Of skilled me-
chanics accompany the glass to its desti-
nation; no one is allowed to touch it but
these men, who themselves attend to the
work Of adjusting ii in the telescope and
then of mounting the instrument. Ere
il starts en- its journey it is insured for
its full value against accident, and the
Kohinoor in the Tower of London is not
watched more closely than the object glass
Of n telescope.
Little by little the wonders OF the heav-
ems are disclosed to our view, but he who
the great telescopes are without labor
knows nothing of the intelligent effort,
the innumerable calculations, the patient
and lOng-continued toll represented by the
object glass of telescope.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

the astronomers at Williams Bay viii NOT
be slow to crafty.
The Yerkes telescope has an object glass
of 40 inches and focal distance OF over
90 feet. the glass being, as already stated,
the largest ever made. The Clarks have
a similar glass In hand. which. when COM
pleted, viii be placed in an observatory,
under the direction OF Harvard, ON Mount
Hilson, In Southern California. America
will thus have the proud, distinction Of
possessing the two largest telescopes In
the world. Even without these, how.
ever, our country is, to borrow slang
phrase, ''in. the swim" automatically, as
well as every other way, for we possess
a larger number or great telescopes than
any other nation in the world. The Lick
Observatory, situated, at Hamilton, CAL,
has 3G-inch glass set up in 1887, the
equatorial. In the Naval Observatory at
Washington, has glass Of 20 inches, put
in position in 1878; McCormick's glass nj
the University OF Virginia is 20 inches, SCI
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11
LOST MINE IN ARIZONA.
Rich Property, Guarded by Crumbling
Brcastworks.

Rich Property, Guarded by Crumbling
| Brcastworks.
The story Of the discovery of an old,
forgotten mine in an unfrequented 10
cality in the foothills of the Pinal
details such as usually accompany
legends Of lost mines, created lively
interest about the public resorts In
Globe.
l.. s. Goble, r. Quarrels and III. 8.
McClelland, on August II, while pros
pecting in the foothills eight or nine
miles south Of Globe and three and a
half miles to the left of the toll road,
discovered an old shaft, and near by on
the hill above the ruins Of breastworks,
which had evidently been erected for
defense against Indians. The evidences
of great age observable in the decayed
shaft almost filed with debris, and the
crumbling breastworks, excited the
party's curiosity, and they stopped to
investigate. The old shaft was found
to have been sunk on well-defined
ledge, from which they took promising
specimens Of ore which tested well in
copper and gold.
Owing to the unsafe condition of the
old shaft, after having removed two or
three feet'Af the debris, they aban-
| doned it, and having made their loca-
tons, they started new incline shaft
below the old works. From the sur
face down they had a twelve to four
teen inch streak of sulphuret ore run
ming FROM Is to SO per cent. in copper
and well in gold, one assay giving $40
| per ton. The incline is now down If
teen feet and the ore has widened to
| three feet.
| A well-preserved skeleton, with a bull
| let hole through the skull, or bearing
other evidence of foul play, is desir-
able, If not an essential exhibit of ev-
cry such discovery, and as this was
lacking, Mr.. Goble industriously set
about to supply the deficiency, nj
though in justice to our Informant, he
says it was the hope of uncovering
| treasure more than to make so grew
some a find, which prompted him to ex.
plore a mound of stones lodged in a
crevice in the rocks near the breast
works. After removing about three
feet of rock and leaves Goble struck hfs
pick into what proved to be the eye
socket of human skull, which caused
him to momentarily shrink with horror
but summoning up courage he proceed
ed with the work, and soon uncovered
complete skeleton of man. Near
the right hand lay dagger eaten will
rust, large chunk of quartz seamet
with coarse gold, and handsome
specimen Of onyx. What was the fate
of the human being whose bones hat
been thus rudely disturbed? Had hi
been murdered by the implacable foe Of
the white man, the blood-thirsty
Apache, or had he peacefully laid dowI
life's burden and been tenderly com
mitted to the grave by friendly hands
There Is none to answer, and the mys
terry must remain unsolved.-Globe, A
T., Silver Belt.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11
wAsHlNo rHE STREETS.



Undoubtedly one Of the best methods
Of keeping streets clean Is that of fire.
quent flushing with water, especially
when the sewer outlets are so planned
as to permit all the solid refuse to be
washed out through them along with
the water. In many cases, however,
the supply Of city water does not per-
init the liberal flow necessary for a
thorough flushing. so that this luxury
can be permitted only when an excess
Of water Is on hand. The city OF Olden-
burg, near Lubbock, has provided an In
dependent water supply for the es-
pecial purpose of keeping the streets
washed, this being one Of the nuIner-
Gus sanitary improvements which have
resulted from the cholera epidemic Of
1892 In the north seaports. In order to
avoid the cost of new buildings the
pumping plant is placed in one of the
electric stations where space was
available, the water being taken direct
from the River Hunte, the pumps be-
Ing driven by belt from turbines. A
system Of high-service mains alto
gether distinct from the regular water
supply Is connected with this pumping
plant, and pressure Of sixty-fve feet
head Is maintained by an automatic
regulator, permitting the excess water
to be returned to the river whenever
the demand Is reduced. This high
service pumping system supplies thir-
ty-seven flushing hydrants placed at
such points of elevation as to permit
the streets to be cleared by the slope,
The hydrants are so arranged that
their ordinary discharge is through
openings In the curb at the gutter line
but they can also be Immediately con-
verted into fire plugs for hose attach.
ment, either for street sprinkling or for
fire engine supply. Since the river wa.
ter at Oldenburg is unfit for household
use, the plant above described Is avail
able only for the special purposes for
which 1t was planned, but the expense
of thus using local supply Of brackish
water for purposes of street washing
and fire service Is so moderate that the
method Is worthy of consideration In
other localities. The entire cost OF
the Oldenburg plant was less than
S,0O0--that is, less than 5000 per by
drant-while the economy in street
cleaning alone would soon repay this
after which the cost of operation
would be much less than by any other
method, not to mention the superior
sanitary Electrical En-
gineer.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

New York, provided itself with 13-inch
object glass. There are glasses of similar
size at Allegheny, Pa, and Albany, n.
Y, while others Of II inches and less are
in position at so many places in the United
States that to give list of them would
be tedious.
The principal foreign refracting telc-
scopes are those located at Poulkova, in
Russia, 80 inches; ut Nice, of the same
diameter; the Greenwich at London has
a glass of % inches, the Royal Observa-
tory at Paris has 21-inch glass, while
the Irnperial Observatory at Vienna is
fitted With a telescope of the same power;
the University Of Cambridge, England,
has 25-inch lens In the telescope; the
observatoriesi Mt Milan and Strasburg
have esneh 1S-inch glasses; the Huggins
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

up in 1883; the observatory ut Princeton
has 23-inch glass, put in position in
1888; the telescope of the University of
Chicago, sethp in 1854, which did service
before the Yerkes instrument. had an
aperture of 1875 inches; in 1880 a tele-
scope Of 1G inches was hung in the War
ner Observatory in Rochester, n. Y; in
1879 a telescope of 1876 inches was placed
in position at Madison, Wis, in the Wash
burn Observatory: as early as 1913 a tele-
scope, with n glass slightly less than 10
inches in diameter, was put in operation
Mt Cambridge, Mass, by Harvard Uniyer-
sity: in 1855 the Litchfcld Observatory
of Hamilton College at Clinton, n. Y,
was provided with 13.5-inch glass, and
about the same time Columbia College,
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11
GREAT YERKES GLASS
ENORMOUS TELESCOPE WHICH
HAS BEEN COMPLETED.
New Observatory at Lake Geneva,
Wis., Object Glasses and Their Manu-
facturcrs-The Delicate Operations
Involved In Grinding Large Glass.
Some Big Telescopes.

The opening OF the Yerkes Observatory
was one OF the mC.t notable events in the
history of modern astronomy, for the teie-
scope then put in operation Is the most
powerful instrument that has ever been
turned to the heavens. The distinguish
ed American astronomers who, from
many institutions, gathered at the observ-
atory had an opportunity such as was
never offered to astronomers before. for
the enormous power of the 4O-inch object
glass brought into view details on the
moon and planets to degree never equal
ed by any glass previously constructed.
The Yerkes Observatory, so called from
its founder. is probably the most perfectly
equipped observing station in the world,
whether considered with regard to its sit
uation, to the number of its instruments
or their delicacy. The situation is chos-
en- with reference to obtaining not only n
clear sky, free from dust and smoke and
electric light. but also u spot free from
vibrations of the earth. The instruments
of an observatory are so delicate that the
jarring of the earth caused by passing
wagon or train may put them out Of equi-
poise and require n readjustment. The
observatory is called Chicago institu-
tion, but is, as matter Of fact, located in
Wisconsin. ut the head OF Lake Geneva,
seyentyhve miles from Chicago. A large
area of ground was purchased and laid
off in such n way that there should be no
roads in the immediate vicinity of the
building. The nearest railroad track is
almost two miles distant, while the clos
est electric lights are seven miles. The
instruments can easily be protected from
electrical disturbances, but the shining of
an electric light in the sky is source of
serious embarrassment to the observing
astronomer for bright illumination close
at hand nullfies the power of his instru-
ment when observing the stars. Thus it
will be seen no pains have been spared to
perfect all the conditions favorable to the
astronomer and the great fortune which
has been expended in fitting out the OBJ
servatory has made it perhaps the most
perfect on the planet.
The main building is $50 feet in length,
or more than one city block, while the
two LIS are each 160 feet. The dome, in
which the great telescope is located, is at
the further extremity Of the main build
ing, while at the ends of the LIS are small
er domes for telescopes of less power and
other instruments. The building in which
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

after the coarse grinding is finished all
the rest of the labor must he done by
hand, work of great length and mex
pressibly tedious. The object glass of the
Yerkes telescope required nearly two
years and a half of constant daily labor
for its completion, and the cost was $780,
600. After the mechanical grinding is
completed, the workmen begin with emery
powder and leather pads, and by Il slow
circular motion gradually work down the
surface of the glass to the required di-
mansions. The tediousness of grinding
down disk Of tough glass by slowly NOV
ing ones hands over its surface is more
exasperating than the hardest labor. Day
after day, week after week, month after
month, the mechanic, a skilled mechanic
at that, spends his time in rubbing the
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11
A Christian lindeaYOr.

1t was the work of DR.. Il. Il. Clark,
and was successful, as the reader will
see. The doctor was in railway car
in India, and in another compartment
were several private soldiers. The
story Is told by Doctor Clark In the
Golden Rule:
The soldiers were beguiling the to-
dunn Of the way by coaxing to their
compartment every poor, NANCY dog
which they could induce to come near
them with a chicken bone or n piece of
bread. Then, when the dog got within
striking distance, with heavy hockey
stick they would hit him with all their
might over the back or legs. l saw
them break the back of one poor dog,
and the leg of another that went off
crying with a most pitiable kill"
now thought it was time to inter-
fere, and as few people travel in this
part of India except government OFF,
Gals and military officers, knew that
Tommy Atkins" would take me fol
one of his superior officers. So, put
ting my head into the compartment
where the four human brutes were
seated, said to them:
"You are the most cruel and coward.
ly men I've ever seen in my life. to
beat the poor dogs in this way. If
know of your doing anything more OF
this sort on this journey, will report
you to the general in command al
Agra"
1t Is needless to say that these par
ticular "Tommies" were cowardly a.
well as brutal. They said not word
but skunk into a corner Of the compart
ment, and I heard no more yelplne
dogs that day.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1897-11-11

Edward Langtry Drank Himself into
q state OF Insanity and Died.

State Of Insanity and Died.
No one familiar with his history was
surprised to learn that Edward Lang
try, ex-husband of the Jersey Lily, had
died In Chester, .g., mad-house.
The troubles between him and Mrs.
Langtry and which indirectly led to his
death are of long standing. Like SO
many matrimonial failures the Lang
trys' troubles began trivially. After
the Quaker Irishman-for Mr.. Lang
try was the son Of Belfast dreiand)
Quaker--had married Lily, they took
up their abode In a London suburb.
One night Mr.. Langtry met baronet,
just the way young husbands are al
ways doing In novels. His name was
Sir George-Sir George Chetwynd,
Baronet of Grendon Hall. 1t was just
casual sort Of meeting, but 1t changed
the whole course of the young Irish
Quaker's life. He invited the baronet
to his home, and the latter and Mrs.
Langtry became mutual admirers.
The baronet insisted that the Langtrys
should accompany him to his country
place. They went, and for weeks had
an enjoyable time. On her return
home Mrs. Langtry became dissatis-
fled with her surroundings. She want
ed city house, and one was found Tor
her in Belgrave square.
For woman as young, beautiful and
charming as Mrs. Langtry, 1t was not
difficult to enter the charmed Belgrave
square circle, and as her dinners were
delightful, her house superb and her
husband agreeably blind, 1t was not
long before she enjoyed the distinction
Of being the most talked-of woman In
that part of the English capital. Then
came the browning glory, and, incl
dentally, the start of the pace that
killed-Langtry. She met the Prince
of Wales.
He had seen portrait Of her by
Millais, had admired the color, the
pose, the simplicity Of charm, and
bought 1t. Millais called it the Jersey
Lily, and the prince announced that he
would be graciously pleased to meet
the original Jersey Lily. From that
moment began Mrs. Langtry's fierce
period of hobnobbing with royalty.