The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1897-01-06
THE PRESIDENT RIGHT.
SENATOR H1LE'S PdPIR ~ SUP
pORT or OLNLy'S CONIENIION.
of Foreign Governments l. Entirely
an Executive Function.

from Itst TO lSyi, tcndluS 10 HH'W INC
accuracy OF Secretary Olneys contention
that the recognition of foreign govern
ments was exclusively "A ncXccutNc iunc-
ton. in which Congress had no part.
The presidents cited were numerous.
After criticisms from various writer's on
international law. the memorandum sets
forth specifically the states that have
been recognized and the manner OF doing
So Among them are the following.
The French Republic 1875, recognized ny
the reception by Washington OF the Min
ister VI. Genet as the representative Oh
tho new republic.
NAPOLEON As EMPEROR.
The Empire. 1904. i'm which the recogni-
tion OF Napoleon as Emperor was ei-
fcctcd by new credentials 10 Mr.. Arm
strong. the American Minister at iarls.
These credentials were signed ia blank
so they could bc filed out in the form re-
ouircd by the new government and 10 be
ready 10 be pre.cutcd when Mr.. Arm
strong was satisfied that the Empire WaS
lin possession and control of the govern
mental power and the territory Of the
nation. the usual conditions precedent 10
AN cases Of recognition By the United
States government
A similar course followed upon the abb
dication of Napoleon and the restoration
of the monarchy of Jsli.
The next radical change i'm the form Of
the French government was the republic
of 1878. The provisional government WAS
proclaimed ON tine morning OF icbruaI}
-. 1913. and was recognized by Mr.. kush'
the American Minister ON Che 18th, by am
address TO the members OF the new gov
eminent New Credentials were sent 20
Mr. Rush ana the President cNprcsscd nus
approval OF the Minister course ln DC
ing first TO recognize the new republic
EVERY NATION MS ONN tDGE.
Within few years. continues il'
memorandum. 1T became a6th necessary
for the american government 10 SIGNIFY
its view of another revolution OF power
iu France OH the decree ol me Secon'
empire and the accession OF NapoieoH
llI This recognition was affected hy
an instruction TO tndt effect, and ne"
audience 200 the usual way, 10 MI. hiFt9'
our Minister at Paris, with Il renewal
OF the assurance that the United states
gladly recognized the right of every MAJ
ton TO determine the form OF MS own
government
At the close Of the Franco-Gcrman.
the deposition OF Napoleon Ill., and the
proclamation o! inc republic 10y Gam
BETA, Minister WashbOfnr, was author
lzed by telegraph to recognize The re-
public 0S7OJ AIR. DAVIS. Acting Secre-
tary of State. first instructed Mr. Wash
borne 10 recognize the provisional gov
eminent If 'ln possession and control
Ills second dispatch was unconditional
. and directed recognition. the third in
structcd him 10 tender the President
congratulations upon the establishment
of republic government when the
proper moment should arrive 90 cOmmu-
nicate them. March II. 1871. Mr.. Fish
teleRraphcd Mr.. WashbOrne 10 "Rccog-
nize the Government of NJ Theirs
SOUTH AMERICAN STATES.
lea were recognized 10y President Mon
roe. who dispatched Ministers Co inf Ar
gcntinc Republic January =, ls23, Chile,
January -, lN23 and Mexico. january
e. 1873 Colombia was recognized by
the Presidents reception of Mr.. Samuel
Torres as Charge d'Anaircs January Il
cor 1W. $50. AT this time Colombia con-
sisted of what afterwards became Ecua-
dor. New Granada. and Venezuela. by
separation.
Brazil declared its independence Sop
tcmber Z. 81. and Pedro J., son of King
Jon VI. of Portugal, was proclaimed Em-
perOr December ]. 1872 Nhc Independence
of the Empire Was recognized Dog the
Presidents reception Of Senior KeurliO
as Minister 90 the United States. May
25 1s2l
The Federation q Central American
states WAS recognized by the Presidents
reception OF ar. cana 1s Minister Au-
gust g. 1924 This federation consisted of
the States OF Honduras. Guatemala and
Nicaragua. Costa kica and San Salvador
The Kingdom of Hawaii was recOg-
niZcd in 1926. when Captain Thomas APP
catesby Jones was sent there o. negotiate
% treaty. which was signed hy the King
December % 1896. The provisional gov
eminent of Hawaii was recognized hv tho
negotiation Of the annexation treaty of
February u. 1893.
TENAS RECOGNIZED
The Independence of Texas was rocog-
nized by the sending Of Nh Ia Brauchc
as Charge d'Anaircs March o. ls... after
tine President had satisfied himself that
the newly-organized Government was in
possession and control and capable of
maintaining its status. and after McXi-
co attempted invasion had been aban-
doned
other cases mentioned i'm the memo
randum. whore the recognition was com
pletc by the action of the Executive alone
were those Of Belgium in 1882. Greece in
l>@, llayti iu 1862. Liberia IN ISIS. San
Domingo i'm 1896. Corca I'm l>fS the present
Empire Cf Germany I'm 1871. the Congo
Free state in 1871. ROumauia by varying
acts in lNsS and 1850. Scrvia in 1854 and
the various Central American States.
Tho greater republic OF Central America
ON1) was recognized hv the President
reception, ON December a. 1896. OF ITS
Minister. Mr.. Rodriguez with the un-
Outstanding that no existing obligations
OF any of the States comprising the new
natiOu-IiOndurns. Nicaragua and Sal
The President had been advised by cere-
monial letter Of September 30 1896 OF the
decree establishing the new Government.
Diplomatic relations between the United
States and the independent states OF ire
American continental system have been
substantially. though not actually COM
tnuOus since their first assumption me
unions and federations that have arisen
are the separations that have occurred
and tho governments resulting from the
f. p 80 fr
Central ana South America have an. from
the point Of view Of recognition. been
treated I'm the simplest way. when
the establishment of "a new government
has been satisfactorily proven. and IT'S
stability has been proved 10 Doe suitably
fixed IN the will Of the people its recog-
milton had followed hy direct instruc-
ton TO the American Ministers. on the
ground as a rule Of by a new credence.
the reception Of a diplomatic agent 10y
the President Of the United States. or
an eXcQuatur 10 q consul
Recognizing foreign revolutionary or
re1rtionarv Governments 'is held 20 boz
one exclusively Tor the Executive and
cannot be- determined internationally
by congressional action
instructions 10 Adams and Conger.
Brazil. 1859 and $780, instructions 10 Egan
Chile. 1s91-g2.
NO LAW OF CONGRESS FOUND.
The memorandum concludes with
note that says the facts narrated nave
been gathered i'm an examination OF the
records of the state Department. other
authorities as TO methods Of recognition
have always been consulted. Upon the
point of sending a minister 20 initiate
gtDIornaffe relations with "a new State.