davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Yakima herald. [volume] (North Yakima, W.T. [Wash.]) 1889-1914, 1897-04-22
THREE IMPORTANT POINTS

FIRST-Go via St. Paul be-
cause the lines to that point will
afford you the very best service.
SECOND-See that the cou-
pom beyond St. Paul reads via
the Wisconsin Central because
that line makes close connections
with all the trans-cCntinental
lines entering the Union Depot
there and its service is first class
i'll every particular.
THIRD-For information call
on your neighbor and friend
the nearest ticket agent-and
ask for a ticket reading via the
Wisconsin Central lines, or adj
dress
JAS. c. POND, or GEO. s. BATTY,
Gen. Pass. Agt.. General Agent,
Milwaukee, Wis. 246 Stark St.
Portland, Or
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22

Wood pulp is the latest material for
the making OF frames for bicycles. The
use of wood after it has been ground up
and reduced to pulp is not so new as
many people suppose. AS far back as
1919 Frenchman named Reamur pub
lished an essay upon the subject, taking
his hint from the wasps, whose paper
like nests are literally made from wood
pulp manufactured by those insects.
But it was only something like 80 or 40
years ago that any practical trial of the
matter was made, and it is almost Who'll
ly within the last quarter of century
that the industry has begun to attract
attention and assume Importance. For
some time past railroad car wheels have
been made from wood pulp and also
many other things which are exposed
to great strain in use, and now the at
tention of bicycle makers has been at
tracted to this useful article. -Brooklyn
Eagle.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22
MANY BiCyCle Patents.

There have been any number of in
ventions made in the line of the bicycle
In fact, just at the present time the in
ventors of tho country seem to be turn
ing their whole attention to this matter,
and it is estimated that fully so per
cent of the applications filed for patents
with the government relate directly or
indirectly to the bicycle. That this is
the case should not be regarded as
strange. Many Of the devices are not
patentable, owing to the fact that they
infringe ON inventions for which patents
have already been allowed. The variety
and style of the devices for which pat
ents are sought is great and embraces
everything now known in bicycle con-
struction and lots of things not known.
The practicability of many of the inven-
tions can be doubted, but the inventor
is always sanguine, and as he is the
party directly interested there is nc
reason in the world why any one else
should object. Washington Star.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22
AMONG THE RACERS.

More than 800 professional licenses
were issued last year in England.
Louis and Charlie Callahan will be
on the bicycle circuit as usual this sum-
mer.
Tom Sullivan, the famous professional
sculler, will try his luck this year as a
professional cyclist
George Banker says that he will not
follow the national circuit this year,
but will train for the big Philadelphia
meet.
Diakoff, the well known Russian
champion, has become a "pro" at last
and will soon begin to make things hum
in his new role.
Huret, the famous French racer, is
barely ~ years of age and is the holder
of many records. Four times he has
beaten the "a hour record.
Jap Eden, the Dutch crack, is the
champion skater of Europe, distinc-
ton he will lose on account of his ina
bility to defend his championship, which
is open only to amateurs.
Billy Murphy, the Brooklyn "pro, !"
will coach the Princeton cycle team
candidates. Asa Windle will look after
those Of Yale, while Columbia men
have the services of p. l.. McCue.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22
SHORT WHEEL NOTES.

An English railroad has provided
Bicycles are no longer luxuries they
are necessities, says the New York Ad
vcrtiser.
During the last two years in England
over 500, 600, 600 was invested in the
cycle trade.
a tandem driven by electricity has
been recently tried i'll England and is
said TO have proved u success
There is a tiremaking machine, in use
by a well known tire manufacturer,
that can turn out 5000 tires day.
Lady Colin Campbell's objection to
riding London streets is that she 'does
not like omnibus horses breathing down
the back of her neck.
In the Argentine Republic law has
been passed forbidding women to ride
bicycles in public. 1t is stated that the
law was enacted to protect the owners
of public vehicles.
A corset maker committed suicide not
long ago. AS usual, the deed was laid
to the small demand for the waist con-
strictors, brought about by the general
use of the bicycle by women.
There is no part of the bicycle that
rusts so frequently as the spokes Of the
wheels. Saturate rag or piece of cot
ton waste with kerosene and dip i'll
powdered pumice stone; rub briskly,
and the rust will quickly disappear.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22
The Object of Tire Cement.

The object of tire cement is not, as
many suppose, to prevent the tire roll
ing off the wheel, as there is little dan
ger on that score. The main use for
which cement is intended is to prevent
the tire from creeping" or moving
around the wheel. The harm from creep
ing comes to the valve stem or leap, F"
which is almost sure to be injured or
entirely torn off. Cement for this pur-
pose need not be-in fact, should not be
of sort that dries too hard, so as to
be liable to crack. Thick carriage var
nish has been used for tires with sue
cess. New York Press
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22

Cycling, it is claimed, is responsible
for great reforms in dress, even to the
sizes of women's shoes. 1t has caused a
reaction, it is stated, against the Chi
nese deformity and a sympathy with
nature in this matter, simply because
women cannot pedal with feet like the
extremities Of piano forte. Doctors
have preached against and denounced
the French heel and the compressed
foot, but without receiving the slightest
attention. The bicycle, however, has
proved all powerful, and the myth Of
the very small foot is now almost ex-
ploded. New York Advertiser.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22

Sold throughout the
POTTER CORPORATION Ppetors
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-04-22
Cruel.

Officer Ito recruit)-You look as sullen
as an ape that has just found out that yoy
are his descendant -Fliegende Blatter,
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1897-06-21

Mechanics Home. corner Hotel
and Nuuanu streets, lodging by
day, week or month. Terms: 25
and 80 cents per night. 81, and
$1.25 per week.
Kroeger Pianos, sweetest in tone,
Jas. w. Bergstrom, sole agent, cash
or installments. Warerooms at
G. Vests, Masonic Temple. Of
fee at Thrum's Book Store. Tun-
ing and repairing. ~ Tele-
phone BAT.
We don't expect you to give us
the preference il what we have to
sell is inferior or our prices high
err than our rivals, but when we
offer a superior article for less
money, you do yourself wrong
by not looking into the matter.
Call and see our samples of
portrait work. King Bros, ITO
Hotel street
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1897-06-21
NEW PUNCTUATION MARK.
A Badly Needed Invention Suggested by
the Caustic Copy Reader.

A Badly Needed Invention Suggested by
the Caustic Copy Reader.
II shall be famous / have an idea
that will send my name laundering
down through the ages" remarked the
copy reader.
'Humphl' replied the humorist. 1T
will be the first idea you have ever had.
You spend most Of your time destroying
the good ideas Of others"
well, that may be, although you
never have any idea to destroy, seeing
that you get those which you have from
Joe Miller's jokebook and the old al
MANAGES.
"Ob, well. let's have your ideal"
ITO tell the truth, it was suggested
to me by you.
"Ahl thought as much, and yet you
say
Don't be in too big hurry. You
haven't heard my idea"
"What is it?"
~ have invented a punctuation
mark for humor. 1t is intended to show
the reader where to laugh. In olden
times, you know, the point Of the joke
used to be printed in italics. Nowadays
there is no way to show the point, and,
as many of the jokes, such as yours,
have no point, it is impossible to print
the point in italics. Now, Isuggest that
punctuation mark be placed at the be-
ginning and at the end Of everything
supposed to be funny, so that the reader
may be prepared to laugh when he be.
gins to read and know when he has
reached the point and it is time to
laugh. would suggest that the mark
be two little squares placed above the
line, and shall call it by my name.
What do you think Of that for an ideaf
1t was suggested by your stuff. rs I told
you"
But the humorist had given the copy
reader look of scorn and had vanished
Chicago Times-Herald.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1897-06-21
Uncertainties and n Certainty.

Uncertainties and n Certainty.
The attention of the public is
now fully occupied and diverted
in the consideration and discus
sion of several important current
and prospective happenings. An
nexation, as yet insecure, Re-
ciprocity threatened; the coming
of the Naniwa, and her mission
after arrival; the outcome of the
war between Greece and Turkey
and, whether or no, all Europe
will eventually become involved;
the settlement of the quarantine
squabble-are all themes of much
conjecture and uncertainty, and
while opinions are freely offered,
none can accurately foretell the
outcome of any of these matters.
Nevertheless, it is becoming more
apparent, as each day passes, that
Buffalo and Hoffbrau are the
favorite brews, and it is crafty
ing that assurance is given that
regular shipments of these whole
some and strengthening bever.
ages can be depended upon, and
that thsy will, as heretofore, be
dispensed at the Royal, Pacific
and Cosmopolitan Saloons, and
that the interchangeable check
system is an established fact. '
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1897-06-21
A New Abstract Office.

As a result of Is years expert
ence in the Abstract Business, !
am prepared to make Abstracts OF
Title in a most thorough, accurate
and complete manner, and on
short notice.
f. w. MAKINNEY.
In w. o. Smiths Office, 318
Fort Street. 2l5-H
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
THE LORDS VINEYARD
Services and Sermons In The Several
SancIuares Of the City Sunday.
THE MEANING OF THE GREAT MYSTERY
a True Man Not Ashamed orr tho Light
Gods Great hook rho nny or
ihie liz Passing Away. How IL The
Work Prog rcysinu- Iudnisni -Sonc
Thoughts Of tho Atonc,urnt,

Sacred Heart Church--First ma IS, 80
q. m; second mass, II o'clock a m :
vCspers. Followed by bcncdction Of the
BLESSED Sacrament. at 3 p. IN.
Epw9rth NJ. IL. Church, South, Rev.
w. j. Young, ID. D.. Dac;or-prcachlng
by tho pastor II; II n. IN. and T:i5 y. IN.
MORNING subject: Some Thoughts on
the Atonemcnt.' Evening: "Jud ism"
Sunday school ?:15 "a. m.
Cumberland Street NJ. l.. Church. Rev.
pastor at / q. m, and by Rev. j. w.
Moore at 1870 p. m. sunday school Ut
$50 H. IN. Epworth League 4 p. m.
81. Johns a. NJ. Il. Church. Rev. ID.
j.. Schlon. pastor--Pi oaching by the pas
tor AZ il u. m. and 7:45 r. IN. Morning
day school $3.50 II. IN. Singing school
j. m. Christian Endeavor y. m.
freemnson Street Baptist Church.
Preaching nj II n. M. and $50 y. IN. by
Rev. J. ID: Taylor ID. d. Doors of the
church will be opened ut close of The
morning and evening sermons.
FirSt Baptist Church, Rev. Il. b.
Hatcher misunderstanding by the pas
tor at II II. IN. and 7i5 y. m.
Frcemason Street Church of Christ
G)isciplcsD. Rev. r. j. Bamber pastor
drclchins at II n. m. and 7:45 y. IN.
Sunday school 9:45 a. IN. Y +. S. c. T..
G:i5 y. III.
Fist Lutheran Church. Charlotte
street between GriIlby and Brewer
streets, Rev. j. H. S'hcnk, pastor
Preaching at II. IN. and 1880 D. m sun
day school at 10 n. IN. Special services
VIII he continued every night during
the week.
Christian misunderstanding II n. m. In
the Christian Science rooms Public Ii
brnry building. corner CRANKY street
and College Place. Subject: "paul's
Defense Before Aglippa." Testimonial
meeting Friday evening at o'clock.
Rev. ~. l.. Gaines. pastor of Emanuel
y. NJ. f. Church, Will address the Mems
meeting OF the Colorcd Y. NJ. G.. A. this
afternoon ut 5 o'clock. "
Centenary Methodist church-Rev. w.
II. Edwards, pastor, Will preach ut II
a. m. and 7:45 y. m. Sunday school ut
9l6 Il. IN. Junior League at y. m.
Cottage prayer meeting Mt p. IN.
Memorial Christian Temple. Rev. J.
Preasly Barrett, pastor-Sunday school
Mt $50 a m. Preaching at II n. m. and
7:i5 p. M The y. =. S. c. Il. meets Sun
day evenings at 6:i5 o'clock Mid-weck
prayer meeting on Wednesday night at
1:i5. The holiness meeting for lsihlc
study and prayer GU Thursday evening
ut 7i5. You are cordially invited to
attend any or all of these services.
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
PROGRAMME CHANGED.

The secretary OF the city union OF the
Kings Daughters wishes 10 notify all
THE Kings Daughters and the public
generally, that owing TO the inability
OF Mrs Rottomc to reach Norfolk as
carly as expected. the programme will
necessarily be changed. Tuesdays ses-
SiOnS VIII be at II a. IN. and $3.50 D. M
At p. nj. Mrs. Isabella Charles Davis,
corresponding secretary of the Interna-
tlonal Order of Kings Daughters, will
give Il talk on tenement house work,
and Miss Elizabeth a. Taylor Will sing.
Wednesday, session will be ut 1920 q.
m. and $50 p. In. Wednesday night at
s p. IN. Miss Annie Virginia Culbertson
will give delightful entertainment I'M
der the auspices of Trinity Circle Ports
mouth, for the benefit of an epileptic,
whom the Kings Daughters of the
State arc supporting. and wish to en-
ter in the home for incurables.
Thursday, the morning session only
will be held. hut at p. m. Mrs. Bot
tome, who Is the founder OF the or
der, and Is so we'll known by the pub
lie generally through her heart to
heart talks in the Ladies' Home Jour
nal, will give a talk on the work OF
the Kings Daughters in all parts OF
the world after which an Informal re-
ception will be given-hy the city union
of Norfolk to Mrs. Bottome and Mrs
Davis and the visiting delegates.
we hope to have a full attendance OF
all resident Kings Daughters OF Nor.
folk and vicinity.
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
SPOKE TO FULL HOUSE
Captain &ccauI and Or. Wise Opened the
Campaign for the Republicans.
The CAPTAIN WAS WITTY AS USUAL
Missionary Mcctiug at Washington
Avenue Church. OofbnII IIinf WINS
30 Hc If AZ s7nGm't RnIncd--Amusc.
mcnts This WccIs-Dcnth of mn
Sgcd lady.

Newport News. Va. October 23.-(Spc-
clal.)--Ihe iicpuhlican side of he gub-
, erHatorial campaign was opened in this
S!i! FRIDAY niEht by Captain Ii. l.. Me-
Caul! and DR.. K. a. Wise. Mr. Reverdy
Stewart, che Legislative candidate OF TIM
district, presided as chairman of the
meeting and introduced first DR. Rich
ara y. Wise, who spoke briefly, stating
oaat he was Republican nrst. now ana
Always. regardless Of who rot xhe fed
e:al patronage In this district. That he
rtJo!ced In William McKimcy'a election
To the Presidency ana endorsed the
present tatasnanship-iike adminis,ra-
non, and the fact that the patronage
Went TO those not in sympathy with him,
the recognized candidate by the nation
al committee for Congress made no diff
ference III his Republican 9m.
captain AlcCaull was tlcn i'm; roduced
as the speaker of the evening. The ge-
nal Captain. by way OF preface, made
some observations which served to put
MS audience in n good humo., and by
MS native wit kept ii there during the
en;ire evening. The silver question put
| IN issue by the Roanoke convention. the
Sl;D'e school question and IN? election
law issue were discussed ut length and
ended with an appeal to all Republicans
10 stand by the State ticket When Mr.
George t.. Bowdrn's name was called out
ny an auditor CAPTAIN McCIull grace
iully declined 10 discuss MI Bnwdon
ana said there was no time To split in
time or bhttlc; that the question whether
YOU are riding bareback or in The sad
de C0feTrirE 10 the question of organi-
zation) of ri:Sht ought nc; to be asked
~" Is there time 10 answer since the
business OF true soldier is TO push 10
the front. That If General Walker,
Alnnter OF Congress ani National Com
mit;eninn, could supper; the Static tick
81 why could 10: all loyal Republicans"
me speaker then closed with an anec-
Gote and n few happy remarks
Two falicnt facts in this opening Of
EhS camEaign here were noticcl BILE and
deserves remark. First. with two a.
three exceptions. the Bowdcn Rcpubll-
cans wee not in evidence, while many
Democrats were present and seemed to
enjoy the entertainment Second. few
coiored pcC3l" attended the meeting; s'rc
Gnllcry set apart for them wns not nearly
hichi in fact, there were MOI fifty col
pred men present. while the entire au-
d.ence was composed OF about 300 per
sons.
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
Town OF SUFFOLK

number of applicants. There were only
eight persons put on the books. The
municipal contest last spring brought
out several multiples or the above. al
of those registered to-day were white.
COMING COUNTY MARRIAGE.
Mir, John 4. King, TO- will be mar
ried TO Miss Ida o. Harrell 90. next
Thursday. Both the principals live near
Whalcyville. The br'de-,oLbe IS u
daughter Of AIR. Moses H. Harrcll
LITTLE ITEMS
Mrs. a. L. Deaton. o. Roanoke. came
to-day to be the guest OF her sister, Mrs.
Lee Britt
Mesdamos H. C. Chea,ham and III. A..
Tucker have come back from Norfolk,
where they attended Il mcetclg of the
Woman's Missionary Association
Mayor c. G. Vaughn. ST., OF Frank
lin. continues in a very low state. and
his death any day would not surprise
his friends.
Mrs. John a. McATanus. Of Wallace
ton. and hcG father, George ". Bright
Esq. of Wilmington. Del. have con-
cluded Il stay with Mir. and Mrs. e a
Thomas. Saratoga street.
Mr.. James Parker. " former Suffolk
photographer. has located in Plymouth
The Town Council is talking about re-
ducinE the number of policemen. II is
now III the hands of the Police Com
miSSioncrS
Justice y. S. lIley has returned from
fishing trip down the Nanscmund.
His congreEa ton appreciates more ans
more The sermons OF Rev. William Alex
nndor Barr rector Of st. Paul's as The
time Of his departure far Monumenta al
church. Richmcnd. draws near.
Miss Sal!ie Cox, Of Hartford, y. c.,
IS the guest Of the Misses Boykin.
Il he divine sprNtcps llraC,Jinp
mutton Will begin mt Che Presbyterian
church Sunday night. After the first
evening, whom the pastor. Rev. William
CHM. breaches. the services will be
conducted by Dr.. William S. Lacy. OF
Norfolk.
in" Franklin Light infantry Is max
Ing realty TO build Il new Armory Hall
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
BICYCLE RACES AT GEoRGErowN
How the Doughty Moran Downed the
ElnNen- i aired Schnde.


The following account of the races Mt
Georgetown was unnvoidably delayed in
transmission:
For the first time In its history has
Georgetown University been the scene
of IL regular bicycle meet To-day the
campus and giandstand were full of
WashinGion's society, who Witnessed
some very spirited events. 4 notable
feature OF the meet was the fact that
all first prizes were carried off by
Georgetown riders. although the fastest
riders In the district participated. Ow-
ing to the fact that the track was built
for running and IS not banked very high
at the turns, no notably fast time was
made. The match race between Schade
and Moran created no little amount Of
interest. but tho naxen-haired youth
had to he contented with second place
After Moran had crossed the tape he
was presented with the prize, full
blooded, snowy white bull pup, deco
rated in grey and blue. George Lyons,
Of fhe track team. ran the half in
80 To- brcakingi ihc college record Of
2i02 by 21-l5 seconds
THE SUMMARY.
First Event--One Mile Opcn: Five
starters; NJ. Sullivan, Georgetown, first.
Time. 2:3I la.
Second Event-One Mile Open, in two
HChtS, tWo 10 quallly TOT maj. First
heat, SChadc, first; Wilson, second.
Second heat, Moran, first; Vannemller,
second.
Third Event-Tlnal One Mile Open.
Schade. first; Moran, G.. ", second
Time, 2:15 3-5.
Fourth Event-Police Championship
Race: Duvall first; no time.
Fifth Event-N1atch Race: Moran,
first; Schadc, second. Time, 2:4O 1-5.
Sixth IGvent-Two Mile Handicap,
three TO qualify: First heat, Schade,
Wilson and HILL Second Heat: Muller,
Hanger and Brearley.
Seventh Event--FInal Two Mile
Handicap: Schade, Hill and Wilson.
Time. 4:57 2-5
Eighth Tvent--One Mile Invtationi
-Four starters; Schade, first; Wilson,
second; Vannemiller, third; Moran,
fourth Time, 2:3O 3-5.
In the near future the track will be
converted into a regular cycle course,
and meets will be held from time to
time. Six Norfolk riders were invited
to attend and 1t is regretted that they
did not show up.
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24

relict Of the Gate Captain Nelson Smith.
and mother OF ID. G. Smith. who is the
clerk of the courts of this city, Is dead
ST. Johns Church, Hampton at 3 D. IN.
Sunday.
MIR, Thomas Q. Hall. correspondent OF
the Louisville Couricr-JOuruai. Is In SHE
city gathering data relating to the bat
tlCship Kentucky. which is being built
here.
-Four torpedo boats. comprising the
torpedo tIr:illa of the North Atlantic
squadron, passed up the james. leaving
this city about noon to-day. 1t wns not
learned how far they intended TO pro-
coed up the river.
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
Y. M. c. A. NOTES

This afternoon, at o'clock. the mems
meeting will be addressed by the Rev.
Edward Mack. Subject, THAT Young
Man and His Friends"
At 2:30 o'clock the three companies of
the Boys Gospel Army will have q Joint
meeting.
Tho Junior Bible class had an attend
ance yesterday OF 25.
The mems Bible class on Monday
night will have a special study on tho
Lords Supper.
at $50 o'clock on Monday the Literary
society will meet to discuss the subject
OF Southern Authors
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
EDITOR HERALD.


on September 2lst Mr.. Pelham Trnt-
man dropped a bundle of hubs on his
toe. MASKING 1t very severely. and dis
ahling him for two weeks. On October
Sth he fled his claim for indemnity ana
to-day received Il check for So, being in
full for two weeks disability.
lie had an accident policy for 50 800
in The Travellers. which never discounts
or delays payment of q claim.
Moral: Insure in The Travellers to-
day.
WOODWARD & ELAN, Agents.
oc16-tf ~. 6 Main street, Suffolk. Va
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1897-10-24
Syndicate to Purchnze Kiondiko
EIninS,

Late ndviccs from London confirm ru-
fnors that hnVe heretofore reached this
side OF the Atlantic that II financially pow
eftul syndicate IS In process of formation
IN ENGLAND France and Germany to buy
l\lcndike region. or course this will lead
10 vast amount of speculative valuation,
elsewhere, which II Is Impossible 10 un-
dcrcstimntc. ana that Is the claim of Hos
icttcrs Stomach Iittcrs to the foremost
complaint. Tho billions and constiun ted
derive prompt relief from this genial al
tcrailvc which remedies nausea. yellow
ness OF the skin and cycbnlls, fur uuon
the tonErc and UNPLEASANT udor OF tho
breath that characterize bil!ousncss ]
also remedies and prevents malnrial and
rheumatic ailments kidney trouble. lack
Of stamina. dyspepsia and nervousness
Like all standard remedies that have cs-
tnhlishcd themselves In popular favor, 1t
deserves fair and persistent tr.nI.