davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
CLUBBED THE DEPUTIES.
Wives of Miners Again Make 1t Interest
ing For Officers of the Law.

Wives of Miners Again Make 1t Interest
ing For Officers of the Law.
~PITTsBURG, Sept. li.-Emma Haas,
the miners "Joan Of Arc" and three
ether women, Were arrested for march
irg at Plum creek by sheritf's deputies.
The sttf.npc to make the arrests precip-
itated al incipient riot, in which the
deputies Jared badly. No one was seri-
ously hurt, but SCARCELY "a deputy es-
capped a clubbing, and Superintendent
Sam De Armit was cut Oh the hand.
Two wonen arrested carried babies.
The riot was the result Of a carefully
planned attempt to prevent the men at
work at Plum creek from entering the
mines. There were % women and
about 80 strikers concerned in it. The
plan was to have the women march in
front with their babies. with the design
OF working on the sentiments OF the
men who would be going to work, and
to act as a shield to the rest Of the
party. The wome were to crowd
around each man and as he attempted
to 90 into the mine take his dinner
bucket from him and throw it into the
ditch.
About daylight the party started out,
headed by Emma Haas. Those not
having a baby, carried a pick handle or
q club of some sort On the Murrays.
road they encountered a posse of dep.
uties, and were ordered back TO the
camp. No attention was paid to the
order and the party tried to force their
way through the Inns of the deDnties-
A scufle followed and Emma Haas and
three other women who were in the
lead were arrested. A scene of wild
excitement then ensuad. The mement
a deputy laid hands on u woman, he
surrounded by others, waving clubs
In the air and using item on the head
of q deputy when the opportunity Of
fered. Deputy Walker was severely
dubbed and S. G. DeArmitt was cut in
the hand He says he. was attacked by
a woman with a knife. The deputies
finally got their prisoners into the COM
pany stable, and later brought than to.
this city where they were lodged in the
county Jail. The names Of the women
arrested were: Emma Haas, Mrs. John
Kosar, Mrs. Frank Haas,an Mrs. Esner.
Mrs. Kosar and Mrs. Esner had their.
babies with them. After the removal
Of the prisoners from Plum Creek. the
excitement subsidized, and the women
and strikers returned to camp. The
reason more of the women were not ar.
rested was that four or five deputies
were required to hold one of them, and
the force was not large enough to. take
charge Of the crowd.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

Gov. Lee has directed Attorney Gen
eral Grigsby to begin suit against Estate
Auditor Ma; hew for 5l17 alleged by the
state bank examiner to be illegally held
from the state treasury and also against
ex-audl,or j. f. Nipple for $500 rot
turned over to the state treasury during
his term of office. The attorney general
will not begin a.tion at cnce, but will
first satisfy himself that the state *
aminer's report Is correct.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

United States Senator Wm. &. Chand.
Ter, republican, of New Hampshire, is
sues another bugle blast for blmetallism
or free silver through the associated
press under cate Of the 18th, as follows:
Il appeal with all republicans to meet
With joyous welcome the first step Eng
land may take towards bimetallism. The
movement earnestly and zealously be
gun by President Mckinley. in obedience
to the st. Louis platform, WAS quickly
joined by the French ministry, and the
JOINT proposals are being carefully and
seriously considered 10y the British cab
met. with a reasonable prospect sthAt
England will reopen her Indian mints,
will use SILVER as part of her bank re-
serve, and otherwise cordially aid ia re.
monetlzation. Every such indication
should arouse friendly feelings in the
United States, four-tfths of whose peo.
pie, as we'll as nine.tenths Of India, de-.
sire the blmetallic system, which so
much depends on English help. This is
no time for discriminating duties or de-
nunclatory demonstrations against any
European country, nor should bankers
alone assume to voice American senti-
nent. l entreat b~imetallists every
where to make themselves heard against
the selfish outcries of the eugor0ed
money lenders Of New York and Chicago
and their subserv ent newspapers.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

Aberdeen dispatch, II: Judge L. w.
Grofoot aud Stenographer f. E. Granger
are about TO apply for IL patent to an
electrical selecting instrument, which
they have jointly invented, which
provides a means whereby central offices
can select any one Of a series of switches
or electrical devices, all on a single wire,
and operate it without operating or act
ing upon the others.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Something to now.

It may be worth something to know
that the very best medicine for restoring
the tired out nervous system to Q healthy
vigor is Electric Bitters. This medicine
is purely vegetable, acts by giving tone
to the nerve centre in the stomach,
gently stimulates the liver and kidneys,
and aids these organs in throwing oil
improves the appetite, aids digestion.
and is pronounced by those who have
tried it as the very best blood purifier
and nerve tonic. Try it. Sold for soc
or 81 per bottle at G. H. Woods Drug
Store.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Poles Becoming Reconciled.

Poles Becoming Reconciled.
ST. PETERSBURG, Sept. lit is the
general opinion, reflected in the press of
St. Petersburg and Warsaw, that the
visit of the Emperor Nicholas to the
city has sensibly diminished i'll feeling
aud paved the way for a reconciliation
with the old Poles
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Lee and Sherman Consult

WASHINGTON, Sept. 14.-Consul Gen.
eral Lee had an extended conference at
the state department with Secretary
Sherman and Judge Day, assistant sec.
rotary of state, leaving later for Vir-
GINA. He will retnrn TO Washington
at the call OF the president.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
~ uoOfOrd Presented Credentials

SAN SEBASTIAN, Sept. l3.-The retir.
ing United States minister to Spain,
Hannis 0. Taylor, was received in au-
dience by the queen regent and pre-
senten his letters of recall. Soon after
the new United States minister to
Spain, General Stewart l.. Woodford.
was received by her majesty and pre-.
sented his credentials.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Humboldt Arrives at Seattle.

SEATTLE, Wash, Sept. 1.-THE
ste amer Humboldt has arrived from St.
Michaels. She brings ii passengers
and about :l5.O Oo in gold. The Hum
boldt also brings news that the side
wheel steamer Eliza Anderson from
Seattle, which was reported lost, is safe
in Dutch harbor.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Ia e DAILY +
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER II. $780,.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION
TO ADNERTISERS.

HI DAILY LEADER makes q special feature of
1 lAish'L Information concerning the advantaa IS
I'd resou rces of the city Of Madison and Of the
State at large emitting 1t to the patronage ofad-
7..tlseTs OF every class.
]. E. SrAHL. Prop. I or
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
Kaiser Visits Frapcis Joseph

ToTIs, Hungary, Sept. l4.-Emperor
William with a numerous suite, includ-
ing General Count Obrutscheff, chief Of
the RI ssian general military staff, has
arrived here, and was received at the
military station by Emperor Francis
Joseph.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

No man or 0ma can enjoy life or
accomplish much in this. world while
suffering from a torpid liver. DeWitt's
little Early R,sers, the pills that cleanse,
that organ, Quickly.
FRANK Sr".I.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

TO heal the broken and diseased
tissues to soothe the irY:tated surfaces
to instantly relieve ard to permanently
cure is tho mission of DeWitts Witch
Hazel Sasye.
E,anS s hvYa
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
alvMWG0RWIALUY@1ss.
AkRESSaT'$2HI5EDN

NOV EFFECTS AT OWo~ 7He.:
XITHEIZER
Cares general or opecial debility, wskef.,.
rsrcsis, &C. Corrects functional disorders.
caused BY errors CT excuses, quickly res.or;n,
Lost Manhood n old or young, giving viror ani
strength where former weakness prevailed. Coz.
vsrient package. simple, ~efectual. and Legitimate.
.CyaE Is Quick AND Tnosoucx
Dos't Ie a<eSired ~ ;.sizst;css: mss; c,
CAION'S vitalixers. Sent sealed il your drug.
gist Co.'s net have it. Price 81 per pkgc. s for SIS.
with written guasantee Of connpiete cure.
lnforrnation. references, etc., free and con6denrial.
BEND - statement of case and Is cts. for 4 weck's
bal treatment. One only sent to each person.
eAEon Mgo. Co.. oooJoN. aeAoo.
f'Or ~ Z oy karuk smith.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

Moments are useless il trified away;
and they are dangerously wasted if con-
sumed by delay in cases where One
minute Cough Cure would bring i'm.
mediare relief.
FRANK SMITH
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
SMITH

Cascarets stimulate lives. kidneys and
bowels. Never sicken, weaken Or gripe
loo.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
letter, Salt .Rheum and Eczema.

letter. Salt.Rheum and Eczema.
The intense itching and smarting, Incl.
dent to these diseases, is instantly allaved
by applying Charnberlain's Eye and
Skin Ointment MANY -erv bad cases
have been permanently cnreG by il. It
is equally efficient fer itching plies and
a. favorite remedy for sore nipples
chapped hands, chi2blains, frost birec
aud chronic sore eyes. % cts. Per box
DR.. Cady's Condition Powders, are
Just what 4 horse needs when y, !,a1
condition. Tonic, blood purifier a:l
vermifuge. They are not food nu'
medicine and the best in. use to PITT
horse in prime condition. Price q
cents per package.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14
in the test issue. 1t will then be time
enough to resort to more drastic action.
1he Gro lhpst RemeCy


Mr.. r. b. Greeve, merchant, Of Chill
howie, Va.,certities that be had consump.
ton, was gwen up to die, sought all med
ical treatment that money could procure,
tried all cough remedies he could hear
of, but got NC relief; spent many nights
setting up in a chair; was induced to try
DR.. Kings New Discovery, and was cur
ed by use Of two bottles. For past three
years has been attending to business,
and says DR.. Kings New Discovery is
the grandest remedy ever made, as it has
done so much for him and also for others
in his community. DR.. Kings New
Discovery is guaranteed for Coughs, Cold
snd Consumption. 1t don't fail. TRIAL
bottles free at G. H. Woods Drug Store.
Small precautions often prevent great
mlschiefs. De Wits Little Early Risers
are very small pills 10 size, but are most
effective in preventing the most serious
forms of liver and stomach troubles.
They cure constipation and headache
and regulate The bowels.
FRANK SN,. A..
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1897-09-14

Address WONDER WORKER CO.,
1883 Bedford Ave-. Brooklyn, n.
Send money by express money order, P. o. mon
ey order. reeistered letter or in U. =. 2.cent
stamps. Mention this paper when you write
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-12-23

Total 90. lsB. 900
The amount outstanding which has not
been purchased by the New England Gas &
Coke Company is $13,211,sOO. The maxi
mum amount of earnings which can go to
the New England Gas & Coke Company
from the Boston gas companies, presuming
that the contract between the Boston and
Brookline companies remained in force, is
1881, 500. And the balance 1871 $50,
must always be paid, as now, on the out
standing securities not owned by the New
England Gas & Coke Company.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-12-23

A total of. Sis. ass.
The selling market price of all these secu.
rites was $15, 100000. The maximum
amount all the abovs companies were al
lowed by law to earn and pay out in the
form of fixed charges and dividends vas
ST. ,OO3, 900. TIL amount of the above Sc
curities which have been purchased by the
New England Gas & Coke Company is,
according to their official statement. herein
printed
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
Found the Right Kind


Severe Pains In the Stomach :. In.
digestion and Constipation &c
Health and Strength Restored
How It was Accomplished.
"Ihave been troubled very much with
indigestion and constipation for the last
ten years. Five years ago was confined
to my bed and suffered severe pains in my
stomach. These spells would occur four
or five times day and were almost unen-
durable. I was weak and nervous and
could not eat anything but the simplest
food. read about 30 many wonderful
cures by Hoods sarsaparilla that deter
mined to try it. The first bottle Of
Hoods sarsaparilla and Hoods Pills were
enough to convince me that had at last
found the right kind of medicines. Icon
tinued taking them until was well. Last
spring after my baby was born did not
regain my strength. Iresorted to Hoods
Sarsaparilla and Hoods Pills and they
restored me to health" MRS. LoUIsA
ERICSSON, Fosston, Minnesota.
Hoods sarsaparilla is sold by all Drug
gists. 81; six for IS. Be sure to get
Hoods and only Hoods.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

Postmaster Marion Jenkins drove
his span of steppers to Audubon and
back Tuesday forenoon.
George johnson, Frank Miller,
Earl Grochanour and Walter Sissler,
OF Crooked Greek locality, have gone
up to Lake Okoboji to fish and hunt,
for two weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Chase buried
their infant babe last Saturday. AT a
grave in the Oakfeld cemetery Pro-
fessor Brinkerhoff spoke words of
comfort to the sorrowing parents.
AT the Ladies' Aid Society meeting
last Tuesday no new officers were
elected, the election being deferred
until next month. The mex time they
meet with Mrs. Charlie Cotton, the
second Tuesday in October.
The up train, Wednesday morning,
struck two shoats belonging to Sec
ton Foreman Hardiman, knocking
them higher than Gilderoy's kite.
When they returned to mother earth
they had ceased to draw air.
George Hills and wife, of Jefferson,
Iowa, have been visiting their rela-
tives, VIM. Bintner, and family for a
few days past. They drove to Cum
berland one day and visited with
their friend, Peter Pittinger, for a
day OF two.
Tom Kelley and Tom McGorvern
returned Wednesday from Dickinson
county, Iowa, with two car loads OF
calves. Last week these gentlemen
purchased one hundred and twenty
head of cattle in northern Iowa and
sold them to their neighbors.
Owen Ide bought twenty head Of
hogs of j. P. Peterson, Tuesday, tina,
averaged 40 pounds each, sixteen Of
H. g. Nelson, ten Of Nels 2. Hoegh
four Of Chris Kundsen, four of James
Nelson and nine of George and Ellis
Cannon. Wednesday Owen shipped
a prime lord to Chicago.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

CO wager, judge ofelection of Viola
township.
Jno G Bonwell, Judge of election of
Viola township.
E H Maurer, clerk of election of
Viola township.
] H Grady, clerk of election of Viola
township.
On motion the following was adopt
ed and made matter of record:
Now on this 10th day of September,
1897, the matter of the assessment of
mulcttax against the west one-third-
the town of Extra, Iowa, came on for
the petition of Anton Spoo, for re-
bate for portion Thereof and the said
applicant, having failed to appear and
show cause why any portion of the
tax returned by the assessor of the in
corporated town of Extra, Iowa, in
which said property is situated, should
be abated, it is therefore ordered that
said petition be and the same is here
by dismissed.
And the assessor of the said incorpo-
rated town of Extra, Iowa, having as
sessed mulct tax against said proper
ty of six hundred dollars for the
reason that Intoxicating liquors had
been sold therein for period of twelve,
months preceding the time of said as
sessment. It's therefore, hereby or
dered that mulct tax to the amount
of six hundred dollars be and the same
is hereby levied against said property
to wit: the west one third az of lot
seven ~ in block two ~ in the town
of Extra, Iowa, and the Auditor of
this county is hereby ordered to certify
said levy to the Treasurer of this
county for collection as provided by
law.
On motion the following accounts
were allowed:
Nels P Hoegh, member of board,
mileage, committee work. AZ ~
w D Stanley, member of board,
mileage and committee work 3S 90
S + Garmire, member of board,
mileage and committee work Al 80
Minutes read and approved as read.
On motion Board adjourned sine
die.
NELS P. HOEGH,
Chairman.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
We Buy Poultry!

For which we will continue to pay the
highest market price, either in cash or
trade, and you know if you want trade
for your poultry you can do no better
than to bring it to us. Remember that
we buy our goods with the express
calculation of selling them at very
close prices, and you can save money
by trading with us at any rate wheth-
er you have Poultry, Butter and EgS-
or the Cash you will serve vo.-
interest il YOU come to lie
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
NELS P. HOEGH,
Chairman
THos. LOHNER,
County Auditor.

For Constipation take Karl's Glover
Root Tea, the great Blood Purifier.
Cures Headache, Nervousness. Eruptions on
the Face, and makes the head clear as bell
Sold by @, W. Houston.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
We are the People,.

Who have just opened
the new furniture store
at Elkhorn and we are
now ready for business.
Come in and inspect our
brand new stock off,.
Sofas, Rockers, Bed
Room Sets. Bureaus,
Tables, Ward Robes
and Cupboards. Also
Collins and Caskets--3,
Years of experience in
embaI ~ ~
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

Karl's Glover Rost Tea, for Consti-
patton it's the best and if after using
it you don't say so. return the package and
get your money. Sold by Houston.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

In the matter ofthe
application of G.
Eugene Mertz, a
Registered Pharln-
acist, for a permit
to buy, keep and
sell in toXi eating
liquors.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

Perkins Brothers, supplies for
plies for county .' N 80 20
county 1853 rs
plies for county 25 IS
= county Mlshe' repairing Drlose lof 4
0 9 Dodge, refund l %
plies for county...-l.,,- 9 % 90
bridge SO
On motion Board adjourned until
8 o'clock a. M, on Thursday, Septem-
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
Respectfully submitted,
THOS LOHNER,
County Auditor.

On motion claims were allowed as
follows:
John McFarlane, merchandise
for poor farm 90 OO
Shelby County, merchandise for
Mrs. Hogensen 2 13
M E Hospital, case for Orln
Thompson --- 3 90
NJ Scharff, stock killed by dogs IS 90
Il Q Walters, repairing county
bridge $50
HfH Hight, committee work. 6 90
r H Petty, special deputy sher-
if, claimed 81 90, rejected.
w G Wager, trustee Viola town.
ship 8 90
r Z Harris, witness State vs.
Chas + Talbot, merchandise for
poor 2 10
H D Woodward, postage for the
county Z SO
w S Heater, repairing county
bridge Observation-Disclosures SO
w NJ Clark, trustee of Greeley
township 2 90
Harry Percy, making road book IA 90
John Van Scoy, merchandise for
poor 8 q
Peter II Ohm, boarding Lizzie
Wright "a SO
poor farm 80 20
DR. G Eyer, house rent for poor 10 90
Chris Justesen, coal for the poor
w P Farguson, livery for the
F NJ Barrett, clerk Viola town -
ship .-----,-------------------1 II 90
Miller, trustee work Sharon
township -----e--...-..---- 2 90
On motion Board adjourned until s
o'clock a m.
THOS LOHNER,
rDrr,f1, A,,1s&0r
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
Board Of Supervisor Proceed.
inQS.
September Session, 1897.

Auditors Office, Audubon, Audubon
County, Iowa.
September 6, 1897.
Board of Supervisors of Audubon
county, Iowa, met pursuant to law.
Members present, Nels P. Hoegh,
chairman; w. D. Stanley and S. F.
Garmire.
On motion Auditors Minutes DUR
ing vacation were read and approved as
read. towit:
Issued county warrants as follows:
Ed Beason, unclaimed fees ...$ 8 IS
+ e Brainard,- unclaimed FEES 4 10
Geo Gillespie, unclaimed fees 3 IS
Jack O'Brien, unclaimed fees so
l. j Ellis, unclaimed fees.- 9 %
w u Swaney, Unclaimed fees 80
Ed Beason, unclaimed fees 35
John Hensley, unclaimed fees 90
Seth Hartzell, unclaimed fees 8 20
G A Marlin, highway commits
sioner and serving notice 10
Ed Beason, uncloimed fees 4 20
Ed Beason, unclaimed fees-- 2 As
F ID Allen, publishing highway
Ed Beason, unclaimed fees 4 90
| VIM Wilde, unclaimed fees-- 8 so
Ed Beason, unclaimed fees 2 As
A Miskimmons, unclaimed fees 55
G HI Sampson, unclaimed fees %
Chas V May, unclaimed fees 40
Thos Musson & Son, corn for
poor farm 80 20
Respectfully submitted,
THOS LOHNER,
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
October Term,
1897.
notice.:
To WHOM IT MAY CoNCERN:

10 WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
Notice is hereby given that the APP
plication of the Undersigned, C. Eu-
gene Mertz, a Registered Pharmacist,
No. 1912, doing business under the
firm name of G. Eugene Mertz, of
Gray, in the county of Audubon, state
of Iowa., praying for permit to buy,
keep and sell intoxicating liquors at
building situated on lot IA of block 8,
Gray, Audubon county, Iowa, will be
on file in the Office of the Clerk of Dis
trict Court of said county, on or before
the LIST day Of October, 1897, and that
said cause will come on for hearing in
said Court to be begun and held at Au-
dubon, Iowa, on the 18th day of Octo-
Der, 1897.
c. EUGENE MERIT,
Applicant.
Dated at Gray, Iowa, this LIST day of
September, 1897.
NASH, PHELPS & MosIER,
Attorneys.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
THOS LOHNER,
County Auditor.

I Eight o'clock A. NJ, Wednesday,
September s, 1897.
Board met pursuant to adjournment.
The following bills were allowed:
Hammond Brothers and Ste
phens, supplies forcounty---- ID 90
John ID Waychaff, refund 90
Peter Jensen, refund 50
Perkins Brothers, supplies for
county, S. 10, rejected
Carroll county, fare for Mrs.
NJ Is Hospital, care Of Olive
Thompson 3 90
J shingfedecker, trustee work. 200
CIV Guernsey, printing Board
Proceedings, Treasurer and
Auditors report and bridge
notice "a 43
David Williams 60 20
Allen children 10 so
w r Wright, trustee work 1890 4 90
G w Preston, merchandise for
court house ---- 60
G w Preston, merchandise for
HiltZ 26 "a
Henry Nedrow, clerk Lincoln
! township Is 90
g w Preston, merchandise for
poor farm l6s So
ance on Mrs Cheever 81 so
F ID Allen. printing for county. 81 so
Printing COMPANY. sup
plies for col
Z TyI-
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23
Notice of Application for Permit.

In the District Court of the State OF
I0Wa. in and for AudMb0n COUNTY.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

Auditors Office, Audubon, Audubon
Counfy Iowa
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1897-09-23

& On motion fees were allowed as per
transcript from clerk of district court
in the following state cases:
State of Iowa VS. Rudolph Broder-