Evening journal., 1897-08-06
MAN AND THE MONKEY
scicntilc Notes ON the Points of Re-
ncInbInnce and Inference.

so luulcdlly from those OF the new
world that it has been claimed they
shonld not be classed together, but
represent distinct lines of descent.
Monkeys Of the South American type
appeared in Patagonia at a time when
South America had nothing else in com
mon with the northern hemisphere.
1t is very rare 20 find a whole group
OF mammals peculiar to either the east
eIn or western hemisphere.
There was a time when North and
South America had nothing in CONS
mon--not a single species, family, or
hardly an order. South American ro-
dents all belonged to the porcupine
species.
BY studying the fossil deposits It Is
perfectly easy to sec when the 1sthmus
Of Panama was upheaved-when the
cats, badgers, coons, wolves and other
anirpals made their way into South
America.
The fact of finding in this isolated
South American continent these South
American monkeys looks as if they
might easily be distinct series that
came off independently OF the old
world.
The differences between South Amer
lean and old world monkeys seem rather
trifiing, and yet they are wonderfully
constant, as they are never trans
gressed.
The South American monkeys all have
prehensile tails, as the spider monkey.
Old world monkeys cannot use the
tail in grasping.
Old world monkeys agree with man
in having two premolar teeth, while
the South American monkey has
three.
Counting those behind the great
canine teeth. the South American mon
key has six. whereas in the old world
monkey it is invariably five, as in
man.
South American monkeys all have ex-
ceedingly fiat noses, so that the nostrils
present outwnrds; the group, in fact.
being called platyrhine (meaning fiat
rosed), whereas the old world monkeys
are the catarhine, with nostrils pre-
| senting downward like mans.
Among the many known varieties of
Brazilian. and especially Amazonian.
monkeys there is a universal aversion
to water, refusing TO cross streams
unless compelled 10. They never APP
pear in the open ground and in their
arboreal pilgrimages their skill and
certainty of leaping is amazing. They
swing from tree to treo and 90 through
"a whole forest, never touching ground
with the same ease that the ordinary
quadruped travels on terra firma.
Old world monkeys represent dis
tinctly higher type. They are arborca
in habit, except in balloons.
Balloons live among the rocks an,
walk on all fours, the proportional
length of fore and hind leg being tha'
of the quadruped, though they ar,
quadrumanous (having the opposing
great toe on the fore and hind feet).
The baboon's skull is oval, accom-
panied by great elongation OF jaw.
The nearer the facial line assumes
right angle with the horizontal tn,
higher the type is regarded, the Greei
skull In which the forehead and nos,
make one straight vertical line, being
regarded as the ideal of perfection
In "hydrocephalous" ian African
monkey of the ordinary llind) we hav
the extreme of pronachism, its fac
being much shorter in proportion thai
the baboon's, and the facial angle near
ly 45 degrees
The brain-case In the ascending seal
grows enormously, this development be
ing TO the higher part OF the brain
called the cerebral hemisphere.
Ascending 10 the anthropod apes
the facial angle is deeper, the jaw
project less, and in the character of th
teeth and whole shape Of the iawbon
there is considerable approach TO tn
human.
A comparison Of structure shows rs
, tonishingly little difference betwee
man and the anthropoid apes 1t I
difficult to draw up a definition of on
group that win entirely exclude th
other.
The cerebellum Qower brain) in a
! the other mammals--even in dogs an
horses--is always In view; but in ma
and the anthropoid apes is covered NJ
and TO see it one must press the hen
ispheres apart, or take the brain upsid
down and view It from below.
In the structure of the feet, of II
muscles, and of the character of II
. teeth the anthropoid apes and man al
I exceedingly close together; yet it
4 not in the least degree likely that ma
o is descended from any of the anthr
poid apes.
r The gorilla (about the highest ,
the anthrOpoid ape type) shows tr
mendous development of the ridges ov'
the eye, its brain-case not extendin
over the ear at all.
All the anthropoid apes retain Il
= structure of the hind feet as distin
from the hand, charncterizing the fou
o handed type; namely, the opposab
h great toe acting like a thumb.
$ The monkeys use the hind hand in
p as much as they do the fore. Such
e foot is an arboreal foot, developed
ascend a tree, and there is not the Sigh
oct fndfoatio,, IN fbo brrr,ar, foot fb,