davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
SHE STRIKES BACK.
Meaning of Increase of Duty on
Hogs, ETC., by France.
Is LOOKED UPON As RETALIATION.
Her Action Regarded a. Meaning
That Pending Negotiations for
Reciprocity VIII Come
to Naught.

Washington, Dec. 22.-The action Of
the French chamber of deputies In pass
lug a government hill increasing the
duties on hogs, hog products, lard, ETC..
is regarded as retaliatory in effect
against the United States. For some
time negotiations have been proceed
ing between France and this country
toward making reciprocity arrange
ment. They came to stop recently
when the authorities here asked as a
condition of such an agreement that
France would raise its restrictions
against American cattle and meat prod
ucts. The French ambassador, NJ.
Patenotre, communicated with his gov
eminent. but no reply was given. He
was soon after directed to return to
Paris, where he is now in conference
with the French authorities. No word
has been received us to the purposes of
France since the ambassador left, but
the action in the chamber of deputies
Monday when the raise of duties on GER
tain meat products was put through
by the premier, NJ. Meline, leads to the
conclusion that the French policy will
not be toward abolishing the restric-
tons, but toward increasing their
stringency.
The figures of the foreign bureau of
the agricultural department show that
the American shipments to France on
the one article of lard reached 81, 773, 342
pounds last year. It is not thought the
bill was expressly aimed against the
United States, as it covers some prod
ucts which are not shipped from this
country to France. In the particulars
mentioned, however, its effect is to fur
Their restrict the American meat trade
In view OF this action little hope is en-
tertained that France will grant the
condition on which reciprocity
agreement between the two countries
depends. It was announced in the
chamber Of deputies, in behalf Of the
government, that supplementary bill
would be presented to restrict the in
PRODUCTION Of adulterated hog prod ucts.
It is the understanding here that this
Will operate particularly against such
lards going from this country asscon-
tain ccttonseed oil.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Noted Lawyer Dead.

Milwaukee, Dec. 22.-An Evening
Wisconsin special from Grand Rapids,
Wis, says: George Gardner, one Of the
most prominent attorneys Of the state
and a member of the law firm of Gard.
ner & Taylor, died Monday night Of
heart failure. He was leading counsel
for the state in the Lord and Emery
murder trial at Wausau, where he COM
pleted his address to the jury on Sat
urday last, just previous to returning to
his home in this CITY.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Tenchera Cnlled down.

Iron Mountain. Mich, Dec. 22.-The
school board of this city has decided
that many of the teachers are giving
too much attention to affairs of society
and has called a halt in the form Of a
resolution that was adopted request
Ing teachers to refrain from attending
dances, parties and other social enter
tainments held upon evenings proceed
Ing days upon which school is to be in
session.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
REELECTED.
boston Voters Agafn Place josiah
Quincy on the Mayors List.

DostOn Voters Agnfn Place Josiah
Quincy on the Mayors List.
Boston, Dec. 20. Mayor Josiah
Quincy (dem.) was reelected Tuesday
by decreased plurality over ex-Mayo1
Curtis, his opponent of two years ago
although the city went republican at
the state election last month. The total
vote was but little more than that Of
two years ago, when the registration
was 91,493, against 1o2, 4so for the pres.
ent election. The total vote for mayor
with one precinct missing, is as follows:
Quincy (dem.), so,7o7; Curtis (rep. J, 49,.
041; Riley Organ dem.), 1855; Gold.
stein (socialist), 776.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
President Greatly Grteved.

Washington, Dec. 22.-The death of
Mrs. Charles r. Miller, of Canton, o.,
cousin of the president, was a sad
blow to both the president and Mrs.
Mckinley, with whom Mrs. Miller was
a great fayorite. It was the first inten-
ton OF President Mckinley to go to
Canton to attend the funeral but ow-
Ing to pressure of public duties he
was compelled to forego the trip.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
WILL NOT BE REcoNslpEREp,
President Likely to PRESS Appoint.
ment of Charles Pas.c Rrynn

President Likely to Press ApDofnt.
ment of Charles Page Bryan.
Washington, Dec. Senators who
have seen President Mckinley regard
ing the appointment of Charles Page
Bryan as minister of China find that the
president has no present intention of
reconsidering the appointment. Some
suggestions have been made that Mr..
Bryan be sent to some other mission,
and more trained diplomat be sent to
China, but they have not met with in
dorsement at the white house. The
president made it clear that he pre-
ferred Mr.. Bryan for the place and was
not contemplating any change in the
selections he had made for foreign min.
listers.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Bank Fails.

4 Washington, Dec. 90. The comp
troller of the currency has received in
formation of the failure of the First
national bank of Pembina, N. d. The
bank has a capital of $4,000, and ac-
cording to its last statement deposits
aggregating $4,000. Bank Examiner
Anheiser has been placed in charge.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
THE CUBAN WAR.
Insurgents Lose Heavily In Recon,
engagements.

insurgents Lose Heavily In Recent
ENGAGEMENTS.
Havana. Dec. PIT is announced
from the palace that during the past
ten days thes Insurgents have lost .30a
men killed and thatsin addition, the
Spanish troops have captured II prison.
ers aud 60 armed insurgents have sur
rendered. The troops, 1t is further an.
nounced have captured. 90 stands OF
firearms during this time. Among the
killed. the statement continues, are
three insurgent leaders and three offi.
GERS OF the insurgent forces. The Span.
fish troops, during the same period, &C.
cording to the official statistics, lost
three officers and 80 soldiers killed and
had 10 officers and 213 soldiers wound
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
VIII Increase Ita stocL.

New York, Dec. 22.-The Stockholders
of the Chase national bank have de-
cided to increase the capital stock from
100000 to 81, OoO,Oo in accordance witt,
the recommendation of the directors
made few weeks ago. The increase
will be made by the absorption Of part
OF the banks surplus and undivided
profits to that amount.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
May Change the Date

Indianapolis, Ind, Dec. 22.-HugR Y
Hanna, chairman of the executive COM.
mittee OF the national monetary con-
ference, called to meet in this city Jan
harry rs, says it may be necessary to
make slight changein the date owing
TO the development that Tomlinson hall
and all the theaters are engaged for that
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

ing he had taken at least enough, and
drop extra for good measure. Good
measure, poured down and hiccough-
ing over.
Mr.. Gilgal had purchased beautiful
ten-foot feather boa for his wife's
Christmas present. Not so much as q
surprise as peace-offering. For Mr..
Gilgal had the wisdom Of the serpent.
In fact he. was pretty near the stage
when he would have the serpents minus
the wisdom.
Mrs. Gilgal had been unusually severe
Of late, and had said several things
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
tree Medical
Advice

Do you understand just what Dr.. ]. C.
Ayers medicines will do for you? Are
they helping you as fast as you think they
ought? Write to our doctor. He will
answer all questions, and give you the
best medical advice, absolutely free.
Address the J. G. Aver Co, Lowell, Mass.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Died an the Straa.

New York, Dec. 22.-Mortimer T..
Humphreys. who ten years ago had q
national reputation as billiardlst, died
on the street here Tuesday Of heart
failure, aged SO years. Humphreys re-
ssntly had been sporting Wsttst.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Everybody says So.

Cascarets Candy Cathartic, the most won
derful medical discovery of the age, pleas
ant and refreshing to the taste, net gently
and positively on Kidneys, liver and bowels,
cure headache, fever, lidbitual constipation,
and bilionsness. Please buy aid try n box
OF g. G. G. to-day; 10, Is, SO cents. Sold and
guaranteed.o cure by all druggists.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

You DEAR, DEAR OLD FELLOW.
more just than kind ina tone that failed
to remind Mr.. Gilgal of the voice Of the
dove he had courted and won. 1t re-
minded him more of a man fling buzz
saw. On this account Mr.. Gilgal
deemed it wise to make his wife pres-
ent, and after purchasing the boa, and
taking several more glasses of liquid
wobble he hailed cab and drove home.
Mrs. Gilgal was. already in bed Sleep
ing the sleep of innocence, and Mr..
Gilgal craftily laid the boa on the.
foot of the bed in a beautiful waving
length. Then he got into bed and tried
to sleep. sHe could not. Either his con-
science or his shoes disturbed him, and.
he arose to take off the latter. He sat
on the floor to do so, because the chairs
were behaving awkwardly.
When he regained his feet and start!
ed toward the bed he suddenly stopped.
'M'ria," he said, in an agitatet whis-
per. mira; get up # you value y'r
lifei"
Mrs. Gilgal did not deign to open her
eyes.
Come 10 ped. you old idiot" she
said.
MIRA, my dear wife, said Mr.. Gil
gal. very impressively. "Y'r LIES in
danger. I tell you, life in danger. Ge'
up 'medfately. FIR my sake, Mira, do
ge' upl''
Come to bed and be STILL" she cried.
Mr.. Gilgal slowly backed away from
the bed. His eyes were very large and
he was perspiring freely. He tried
to be calm, and as he backed toward
the door, keeping his eye on the boa.
he said in a voice of agony: "M'ria, 3
snake on bed!l Awful snake! Bigger
snake ever seei M goin' for p'lice-
mani"
Mrs. Gilgal sat up. She saw the boa,
and in an instant she had seized it and
was out of bed. For the first time in
years she kissed Mr.. Gilgal.
'You dear. dear old fellowl" she
cried. Trying to surprise me, weren't
your"
{ Mr.. Gilgal smiled sheepishly. II
"S'prised you, didn' II" he said, II
sh'd shay SO! Why, s'prised myself"
ELLIS PARKER BUTLER.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Admitted HIS Quit.

q Newark, N. j., Dec. 22.-Julius "A.
iTIIh discount clerk in the State Bank
fAll lllllpany here, has been arrested
. - large of having embezzled ST.
200. ne admitted his guilt, but would
not tell how he had spent the money.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Guest Of President Diax,

Mexico City, Dec. 22.Mr. Bryan
called on all the cabinet ministers
Tuesday morning and in the evening
with Mrs. Bryan was entertained at
dinner by President and Mrs. Diaz at
their city residence.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Favor Antf-scaIping nm.

Cedar Rapids, Ia, Dec. 22.-At a
meeting of the Iowa Wholesale Grocers'
association here Tuesday resolutions
were adopted favoring the anti-scalp-
Ing bill now before congress.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Don't Tobacco spit and Smoke Your ~. Ar.v.

To quit tobacco easily and forever, be mag.
netic full OF life nerve and vigor, take NolTo-
BAG, thewonderw worker, that makes veal, men
strong. All druggists, soc or 81. Cure guarau.
teed. Booklet and sample free. Address
sterling Remedy Co.. Chicago or New York
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
VIII Take Enect Janu.rx (.

Fall River, Mass, Dec. 22.-At Tues
day afternoons meeting Of the manu-
facturers' committee. it was decided
that no change would be made in thu
plans for a cut-down as already out
lined. The reduction will go into effect
ON January Z.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Live STOCK.

chicago, Dec. Il.
CATTLE-Weak to l0c lower. Christmas
beeves. $6.3O@550; good medium shipping
and export Steers, s44004.S0; common and
rough, s3.60G3s0; Bulls. good to extra, 81 20
@3.S5; Feeders. s3.70043O; Stockers, ss.lU0
3.75; good to choice heifers. sa5OQ4. 20; good
to choice fat cows, s3.1O1340; fed Texas
Steers. s36oQ4.25; grass Texans. poor to
good. $2.SOQ3.60.
HOGs-Market strong. Choice to fancy,
strong weight shipping, $2.571s@2. SPA: :
plain to choice heavy packing, $S.37laQ l3. 471h:
rough lots and poor light. s3.30Q337 hs: fair
to choice heavy mixed. &3371za3.5o; COM
Fson to choice. light mixed. s3.371a@3.521k.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Oldest Harvard GRADUATE. Mead.

Boston, Dec. 22.-William Gordon
Prince, who was the oldest living grad
uate OF Harvard college, is dead at his
home In River place, Dedham. He was
born IN Aostnn aha1t Is yesrs 4sp.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Five Killed

London, Dec. 22.-The manager OF
Majors Tar distillery at Hull and four
of the employees were killed by an ex.
plosion in the works Tuesday eyeA &.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
For Pneumonia.

DIR. J. g. Bishop, Of Agnew, Micb.,
says: u have used Foiey's Honey aud
pneumonia the past month. with
good results. sold by J. j. Lowry
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Living Mt the Are Of los,

New York, Dec. 22.-Mrs. Dinah SUIT
ton, supposed to be the oldest ex-slave
in New Jersey. celebrated her 1O5th
birthday Monday.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

Gas Combine In Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh, Pa, Dec. 22.-The five gas
companies of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
have consolidated and will be operated
under one head with capital stock Of
| Sc. 600. 900.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
WeyIcr Prepares to Protest,

Madrid, Dec. 22.-Lient. Gen. Weyler
Is preparing to publish protest against
President McKinley's message to con-
gress,
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Mr.. oILeAL.s SURPRISE.
Il Was Genuine, and Made hia
Christmas Pleasant.

~ lIIaI |si
R. GILGAL occasion!
ally took q drop!
too much. I do not
say he usually took
a drop too much
because what he
took usually was
several glasses too
much. And on the
beautiful Christ
mas evening OF
which / am speak.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

- Zee OF Party of Four Drownea.
~ awanda. \. ". Dec. 22.-On the
l1 creek the ice gave way and
r. Axed party Of four young PEG.
pie inps,s Me water. Three of them were
drowned.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
& THE MARKETS. !.
Grain, Proy...on., Etc.

Chicago. Dec. n.
WHEAT--Active and unsettled Deceu.
Der. 9sA@1.01: May. 93k@941kc.
CORN-Easier. Cash, &c. December
2e1tc; May. 2sM@2sNc; July. 3ola@30ac and
oA@sOMc.
oATs-steady. No. cash. 22ac: Decem.
Der. 2l7sc; May, 22ss@225sc.
RYE-Was firm under good speculative
demand. No. 2 cash, 46G461kc; No. 8 about
451kc, and No. 4. 431ac: May delivery wa.
4s04sAc.
BARLEY-steady and generally fair sale,
Feed Barley. 26Q26hc; low grade mailing,
27Q2Sc; fair to good mailing. 2sQ34c; choice,
35@3Sc. and fancy, 3yQ4Oc.
PORK. LARD AND RIBs-Hog products
ruled easier. May pork opened at 3S.975l
to $500, sold at $500. down to $780, back to
1886. May lard started at Salty, eased of
to $4721s0p4.75. then held at A.75;i May ribs
ranged at $4.60 to s4.62h down to $4.571s
back to $3.50.
PoTAToEs-steady. Fancy Burbank.
sold at 56@6oc; good to fancy Rose, 54Q5sc;
small and common Rose. 60Q52c.
EGGS-Steady. Fresh eggs cases returned
were sold at ly020c: fresh held stock,
13G15c.
BUTTER : Dull. Creameries. l4l21c;
diaries, 12@19c.
LIVE POULTRY-Quiet. Turkeys, 6l9c:
Chickens, 4@5lsc: Ducks. 61a07c per pound;
Geese. s5.3CQ5.50 per dozen.
WHIsKY-Market steady. High proof
spirits. sl.ls
New York. Dec. q.
FLOUR-More active on spring patents
and winter stratghts. but eased on near the
close.
WHEAT-spot weak: No. 2 red, sYhc;
options closed 7sq13sc net lower: No. red
May, 937sQ35 ll-16c; closed, 94c.
CORN-Spot weak; No. 2, 34Nc; options
closed AQ4sc net lower; May. 34N@34 l5-l6c;
closed 3lasc. -
oATs-spot dull; No. @ 271ac; options
closed nc net lower; May closed 275sc.
RYE-Dull.
BARLEY-Firm.
WOOL-Steadier.
BEEF-Firm.
LARD-Easier; western steamed closed
$3.50; city, sa.40Q4.45; refined quiet.
PORK-Quiet.
BuTTER-W estern creamery. ,l5022c:
Elgins. 22c: factory. 120l7c.
CHEESE-Large white, September. SIC.
small white. September, 9Q9kc; large col.
ored. September Size: small colored, Sep
TENDER, 9Q9Ac; large late made, 7ssl7xc;
small late made. SAqs1kc: light skins. Ga
| SIC; part skins, 41sQg5,ac; fun skins, 304o
EGg1titate and Pennsylvania. 2lG124c;
West ;. 20G23c.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

More Troops for Spain.
Havana, Dec. 22.-Sixty officers and
$50 soldiers arrived from Spain Tues.
day,
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Mr. Ikink,. Preference.

.Well, Uncle Ebenezer, will you have
turkey or chicken for your Christmas
dinner?" asked Mr.. Gildersleeve Of the
aged negro.
Il prefer chicken, sah." replied Mr..
Kink, who then added, refectiyely:
"Den none OBJ my neighbors don't keep
turkeys. you know. IN. Y. World.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
No-To- Hoc ror rrI.tx x,ent..

Guaranteed tobacco habit cure, makes weak
men strong, blood pure Soc, q. All druggistt
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
A Husbands Pies,

ask not gold nor gems, my dear.
Nor robes from Persian chest;
DO not beg q diamond clear
To sparkle on my breast.
But from your heart, o, give to me.
Tho short your store Of pelf,
Some wee. small gift-whate'erit be-
That can use myself.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24

~ 1AcK 1SEHS VHr1StHuH ruuWIHBs
Once bride. unused to cooking, made an
Xmas pudding rare.
And in weight. at least, no pudding ever
did with 1t compare.
Then the bride unused to cooking bowed
her weary head and cried
But her cheerful husband whispered: "Nev-
er mind, my precious bride,
It Is Just the thing I needed; we will yet
outwit the fates!'
And he cut 1t up In segments which he used
as paper weights.
IN. z. Truth.
Twice-a-week plain dealer. (Cresco, Howard County, Iowa) 1895-1913, 1897-12-24
Albion and Bristol,

We never intend
A friend to offend
So greetings we send
Through the Jolly PEE DEE;
To friends that arc near,
And friends that are dear,
For Xmas Is lcre
Don't you see.
But to-day's May snow,
Failing silent and slow.
Recalls long ago,
o. what joy;
When We went for ride
With one by our Side,
In which We took prlde.-
Not a boy.
For our turnout was naat
And our steeds they were fleet,
And never were beat.
No not they;
SO with laughter and song
We glided along
If nothing went wrong
With the sleigh;
But II we upset
We could up again get
With none in pit.
NO HOg Ones
Now we sit here to-day
While those just as gay
Dash DER the white way
Full of fun.
And our heart is not cold
But joins theirs of pure gold
Knowing they too will grow old
Bye and bye;
May they recall to-day's snow,
Failing silent and slow,
When to-day's long ago,
Thout a sigh.
For deny 1t who can
Lies but span,"
And boys soon u man
That Is SO;
There's no time but for cheer,
So Happy New Year
To friends far and near,
For Xmas is here q
Don't you know.
MIR. and Mrs. Newiniller spent Sun
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1897-02-10
Hook and Ladder Election.

The annual election Of officers OF Hook
and Ladder Co. No. l, was beld, last even
ing, and resulted in the election OF the fol
lowing named new officers: Chas. Schiott
foreman; Geo. Hayward, first assistant
G. w. Daniel. second assistant; J.. X
Martin, treasurer; John Stewart, sec
rotary.
Richard Lsrimore, the retiring foreman
made a speech, thanking everyone concern
ed for the courtesy and kindness show
towards him, and closed by saying that II
the meetings held heretofore, Chas. Scnio'
wal the first to make a motion to adJourn
and as he had just been elected foreman
he would see to it that there would AWAY
be a motion to adjourn at the meetings
be held hereafter. It's always In order
| you know.
Las Vegas daily optic. [volume] (Las Vegas, N.M.) 1880-1908, 1897-02-10
COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES.

Col. ]. A. Lockhart has an Office on Pixies
Peak avenue, and trafics in hay, cattle,
ranches, etc.
Mise Hattie Fowler, a former Las Vegas
young lady, is still holding forth 10 Colo
RADIO Springs.
Henry Heller, Of "the Springs" advsr-
ti,es In THu OpTIc for . position ~ florist
and dollhouse man. '
Prof. N. c. Campbell has sold his grocery
establishment ut Colorado SPRING., AND
will cast about for something else to DO.
d. E. Marshall, formerly a Wells-Fargt
driver in this city, is now an express mes
seuger running into Colorado Springs, Col
Miss Lizzie Riesbeck, who il not fond O
her name in cold type, Is among 10
latest arrivals in Colorado Springs from La
Vegas.
A. G. Sloan is still c~ultivating the &C
ouaiutance OF colored people and openinI
up a coal mine, in the vicinity OF Colorad'
Springs.
w. n. NcBroom is dabbling In mimi
stocks and experimenting 9 couple OF pre
ductive farms, about sixteen miles OF
from the city.
David Thomas still takes kindly to Coli
RADIO Springs-indeed, he rather likes
live among the m%illionaires Of the beaut
ful temperance city.
The address Of George Ross. the form
\
OpT1C newsboy and tho second color
graduate at the city high school, his brot
err, Albert, being the first, Is now No. q
s South Weber street, Colorado Springs.