davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

Leaving tne reaoer 10 Hollow the course OF this
ren"rAAo'o voyage IN inc authors narrative
VIC SUN up "hat arc ciaimeo oy III. manson 10
nave oeeh tne results OF the ehpedition. Asre-
gards, ihueeo, inc scientinc observations
Droueht oacR' these arc 30 varied ana voiumin-
GUS mat some Time must YET eiapse oeiore they
can DO aeait win oy specialists ana oefore any
general estimate OF their significance can DO
FORMED. inose observations wiz DO given TO
.he "orid IN separate seientiho publications.;
IL Is only inc moro important features OF them
"hich can Do no" poih'ea out. In the nrst
place. III. hansen CONSIDERS himself TO
nave demonstrated that the sea In the
immediate neighoorhood OF the Pole. and
"lthlh "hlch IN MS OPINION the Pole itself. In
all PROBABILITY lies Is a deep basin. not a shall
low one containing many expanses OF land and
ISLANDS, as people were Formerly inclined to as
sumo Our author does not hesitate to pro-
nounce THIS ~ump sea a continuation OF
the deep channel which extends from the Allan
tic ocean northward between Spitzbergen and
greenland. inc Superficial extent OF this deep
sea ID a question when IL Is not, ut present. easy
to answer. but our author deems himself able to
aver that IL stretchcs n long way north OF FRANK
JOSEF Land and eastward to the New Siberian
ISLANDS. HIS neiief ID that II stretches still fur
ther east, as, no thinks, may be inferred
from the fact that tho moro the Jean
nette explorers drifted north, the greater
depth OF sea did they find. For various
reasons, Dr. Nansen Is led to the opinion
that. in a northerly direction also. this deep sea
Ia OF a considerable extent Let us SOC what
these reasons are. In the first place. nothing
was observed either during the drift Of tho
Fran or during the sledge expedition TO tho
north hat would point to the proximity OF any
considerable stretch or land; tho Ice seemed to
DRIFT unimpeded, particularly In a northerly
direction. Tho way In which tho drift set
straight TO the north as soon as there was a
southeriy wind was most striking. 1t was with
the greatest dihculty that the wind could head
the drift back toward tho southeast Had
there been any considerable expanse OF
land within q reasonable distance to tho
north, 1t would have blocked tho FREQ
movement OF theic In that direction. Besides,
tho largo quantity OF drift leo which drifts
southwark with great rapidity along the east
coast or Greenland, all the way down to Cape
Farewell ana beyond II. seems to point to tho
same conclusion. Dr. hansen was convinced
That such extensive ice helds must come from a
still larger breadth OF sea than that through
which no drifted. He has no doubt that had the
Fran continued her drift instead OF breaking
loose to tho north OF Spitzbergen she would
certainly have come Town along the coast
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

1880 and 1891-s2; and IL is hero that the English
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition Ia at present
established. Tho plan of the Danish expedition
under Hovgaard was to push forward to the
North Pole from Cape Cheliuskin along tho
cast coast OF an extensive tract Of land which
Hovgaard thought must lie to the east OF Franz
Josef Land. lie got stuck fast In the Ice, how
ever. in tho Kara sca and spent the winter there.
returning homo in tho following year. Only a
few endeavors have been made to roach tho
Polo through Boring Strait. Tho first was
Cooks. In 1870; the last was the Jcannctto
expedition us79-91) under De Long, n Lou
tenant in the American navy. Scarcely any
whore have polar travellers been SO hopelessly
blocked by Ice in comparatively low ATTITUDES.
Tho last-namcd expedition, however, had a most
important bearing upon that chronicled in these
volumes. De Long himself considered that there
were three routes to choose ~from-Snith Sound,
the cast coast Of Greenland, and Boring Strait;
but he put most faith in tho last, and this was
ultimately his selection. His main reason for
this choice was his belief in n Japanese current
running north through Boring Strait and on
ward along tho east coast OF Wrangol Land.
which was supposed to extend far to the north.
II was argued that the warm wator Of this cur
rent would open q way along that coast, pos
sibly up to the Pole. Tho experience of
whalers had shown them that, whenever
their vessels wero stuck fast in the ice
here. they drifted northward; hence It was con-
cluded that the current generally set in that d-
~rection. This will help eIplorers,' said De
Long. to reach high ATTITUDES. but, at the same
timo, will make it moro difficult for them to
como back" The truth OF these words he him
self was to learn b. bitter experience. The
Joannotte stuck fast in the ice on Sept. Q, 1879,
in IL So north latitude and 1857 g. east longi- ,
tude, southeast of wranRel Land, which proved
to be . small island; thence tho vessel drifted
with the Ice in q wes~t-northwesterly direction
for two years, when 1t foundcred June IL, 1881,
north OF tho New Siberian Islands. In T7' 49,
north latitude and l5A' So east longitude.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

To Washington Irving. as is fitting. Q COM
paratively largo amount Of space 10 devoted.
He is among tho few authors brought to our
notice In this volume who were natives of the
city OF Now York There arc, SO Mr.. Mitchell
ayers, elderly people still living who remember
the peaked gables of tho old house In William
street, upon the west side, where tho author of
tho sketch Book" was born, and there are
many more who can recall wildly the twinkle OF
the eye with which the old gentleman In the later
years OF his life used to tell of his boyish esca-
pades ovcr this or that loft and through this or
that window for a run to tho near theatre in
John street. Mr.. Mitchell thinks that this mis-.
chievous propensity in tho lad was not u lit
tie quickened by the severe discipline OF the
father, Deacon lrviI.g, who held all playhouscs
in detestation, and looked with a frown upon all
Sunday reading in his household beyond the Cat.
echism and Bible stories. or. what was n delight
full exception, Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress"
For some cause Washington Irving did not havo
the innings at Columbia College which his elder
brothers had enjoyed. Instead, no went into q
law Office, relieving the tedium OF legal studies
by writing newspaper squibs, under the pen
name of jonathan Oidstyle." and relieving it
still moro by a memorable first trip up the
Hudson. on a visit to somo kinsfolk in
what were then tho wilds OF northern
y" wa "As NhilSHOil cStII ut ~
teresting fact that. in 1918. when The mercantile
house, in which Washington Irving was an orna-
mental partner, failed, his elder brother had
secured for him a secretaryship in the United
States Navy Department. with a salary of 81, 800.
Irving, however, declined absolutely tho APP
pointment, and set himself to the task of working
his way upward by his pen. Subsequently, as 1t
Is well known, he accepted the secretaryship Of
the American Legation in London, and. in 1912,
was appointed, at the instance Of Daniel Web
stcr, Minister to Spain. ave may safely" says
the author of this volume, count Washington
Irving as the best beloved among American
authors; his character was so clean, his
language no full of grace. his sympathies so
true and wide and his humor so genuine
and Astounding. His books all beam with a kind.
liness that should not. and will never he, for.
Cotton" Recalling q visit which no made to
Irving at sunnysido. Mr.. Mitchell notes that
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

"
VI.
IT.. .-.u. uu.. u., ,,-,z
.h.S...S.ess -. .-s.- s,unI..ns
sona s,rnr,.,n. 49, r. tns,.n.o 4, r..d 10
ho cr.,on.rv 81 - IVAN ,ho noIar h,.in nj,
oI,ss Ii. Ia -. 81. ,mno-.,,ro -
,,h,oh .tood .or.au,.ra aho,, &. C.ntior,do
NJ Non..n,. ah.o.ra.,on. -, ~. o,h.r hond
ohoy ,ho, ,,rdor ~. ola .rrtoc. thar. We.
,vnrner ,vet.r .or,.,im.. a, , t.r,rorotnro az
bioh a, IL. C.nt,ar,do Aa,in ,hI. srbs,-foco
water wa. more hrinv than Tho votor NJ the
nol.r b,,in In. h.or .s.nmsd IN he In opr
authors on,nion tho warmer and more
strong,v saiine water my,t clearly origi.
nate from the ,v,rm.r curr.nt NJ m, Atlantic
OCEAN rbo GuIf stream, oov,pu IN a ,ortberIv
and nortbcastorIv direct,on on Nova Gambia
and along tho west coast NJ Spitzberocn and
then diving under tho colder Int )tubter and
less brinv xratsr NJ Tho po,or az, and aI,;n1 nm
tho dentbs of tho nolar ba.,n A. Dr Nansen
has stated 4, tho course n, hi. narrative mi.
moro brinv water wa, oa a ruiz vorn,est at n
deptb Of from 900 IN oHo fatboms beyond
which Il would deorease IN tenpcrature tbopub
not uniformly. as tho dcptb Increased. Near
the bottom tho temperature rose apaip. though
only slightly. These bydroRrapbic Observations
seem 70 modify tn n not noonsiderab,o extent
the tbeories bitberto entertained IA tn tho di.
rection Of the currents in tho Sortbcrn sea. Int
this. of course. ia a diacult subject tn deal with
fnasmuoh AZ there ia A great mas, of materials.
and an exhaustive treatment Of IL will reouire
both time and p~atience. Such n treatment IA.
tberefore r,Iegated IN later .c,.,tiac nph,,ca.
tions. stiu less does DR. Nansen enter in
the volumes bcsore ms unon n discuss,on of the
numerous mapnotic- astronomical and meteoro-
logical observations made. He merely submits
at the end Of the work n tablo showing Tho
mean tempera.ure fo- each month during The
drift of tho Fran and tho s,edoin1 cxnedi,,on
On the whole. opr author tbink, n NAV ho
s,id thai a,thougb bis e,ned,tion h.. Ian nav
nrobl.nsf or ,ho tr,,ro 70 .oIr. in oo,n.o,,on
vitb tho nolor are, - bos novo-thoIos. roro ,or
IN ,ift The vor ~ mrs,orr ,,hioh 10. Si,hor,o
sbrondod tho Arct,c re.ion. "a 10. ,,oood e..
teI,,ron, ,nop II = nos,,ion 60 60. ,o,a..hi,
clear idea ~ n nor,ion =, orr e,oh. that torr,or,y
Law IN d,rrn.ss nonotrah,. on,v ~ ,ho -,
,ior SHOULD ~ ~ w. dt.,.,t H. 49,
h,rd.ovo ,iox =, ,ho roai,n. $3.50 ~. po,a -.
.oon t.or, . h.,,.e. III ~. -. s,a,o-sI o..
,rros ,v;i =. ,.n,n,ar - =. ". 49,, 80
~. - ~, 80 ~,
~ hn ,,rassn.t.d "a .hi. 10
= - " ~
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

arc wearisomo In placesi q good deal OF the dull
ness OF Tho Pionccrs' Is attributed by Mr..
Mitchell TO tho feminine figures wo encounter
in that story: "Cooper's women arc never
UP to tho level OF his men; and his
widest men and unkempt ones are al
ways better than his tame ones, who, by a
fiction, are supposed to wear tho graces Of civil
~ization. As for tho women, young or old, those
graccs Of civilization go to smother them sadly.
They moan well; they have good figures; they
talk with propriety; they think only proarieties;
they are gentle; they have. he tells us, beautiful
eyes, beautiful hands. may be, musical voices
very likely; they are women wo should UNI
failingly entertain q high regard for, women
we should lift our hat TO with a rc-
spcct that would DO unctuous in quality;
virtuous and correct young women, fairly
intelligent young women; but not vivacious,
not piquant; young women with whom,
II II came to a matter of talk and OF entertain
ing or being entertained. we should be smitten
with a desire to slip into the next ROOM In
Mr.. Mitchell's opinion, there Is no American
author, scarcely any popular author, who loses
so little by translation as does Cooper. The
charm that lies in light, graceful play OF
language about trihes Is unknown to him.
After glancing at the pitiful story of Cooper's
lawsuits, Mr.. Mitchell observes that Cooper was
not sustained in his hour of trouble by a multi
p~lication Of friendships: Death had removed
many Of his old new ones were not
attracted by q man who professed contempt for
opinions. or New Englandism. no had been
always shy. affecting disdain for persons OF New
England anteccdents; perhaps moved thereto
by his miscarriage at Yale. or, more likely.
by the aggressive churchmanship he always
maintained. aud which, in those times. held itself
up against New England's Congrcgationalism
very much as a blooded bull terrier confronts
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18

ing valuable suggestions a. to the movement of
tho ice. AS to the force which set this ice In mo-
ton, this. we are assured, IL certainly, for tho
most part, supplied by the wind; and, MS in tho
sea north OF Siberia, the prevailing winds are
southoasterly or e~asterly. whereas. north Of
SpitzberRen, they arc northeasterly, they must
carry the leo In tho direction in which our au-
thor found the drift. From the numerous obser-
vations made by him he established, however, the
existence Of q slow current In the water under
the ice travelling in the Same direction. 1t will
DO some time, nevertheless. before tho results Of
these Investigations can DO calculated.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-04-18
w..

Tho further question remains 10 be considered:
What route did the foo take from tho Now 81.
berian Islands in order to reach tho east coast of
Groenlandi DIR. Hansen acknowledged IL to
DO conceivable that II might nave drifted
along the north coast of Siberia. south of Franz
josef Land. ~ through ths SsuAd between
The broad ax., 1897-02-13
CAPTURING WILD HORSES.
Australian Hunters Are Skillful In
Handling the Lasso.

Australian Hunters Are Skfllful In
Handling the Lasso.
The Australian herds Of wild horses
number from ten to twelve animals
each, made up Of mares snd one STALL
ion. No stallion will allow another
stallion in his herd, and stubborn fights
frequently occur between horses owing
to this. The beaten noles, after being
expelled, Join herds exclusively OF
stations. On any herds being sighted
by hunters, a good idea can generally
be formed by the experienced man as
to which route the animals will take In
their way to the rugged hills, for
which they invariably make when dis
turbed. A scheme is mfpped out to
cut them of If possible, and the party
scatters each to take up his allotted
position. OF course, while doing this,
every advantage Is taken Of the natur-
al inequalities of the ground, 30 as to
escape observation. When the alarm
Is given. however, all need for caution
is at an end. and each hunter puts his
steed in a full gallon. The stallion,
the head Of the herd, boldly comes out
10 meet him and endeaYors to distract
attention from the rest.
In some rare Instances he Is lassoed
and captured at once, but he generally
manages to rejoin his wives, which,
by this time, have trOoped Ito single
file, with the favOrite mares In the
lead. Should the herd be turned and
get into difficulties the stallion takes
up his position in the van, and the
great object is TO shut him of from the
rest. Should this be accomplished,
both he and the mares become con-
fused, and tine lassoers often manage
to take two or three per man. In
stances have been known where horses
have been thrown to the ground by the
hunters giving a violent jerk TO the
animals tail when it was making an
abrupt turn. When the quarry Is
brought down, either by this method
or the use Of the lasso, the rider
jumps from his steed, whips a blind
er" "a handkerchief Is used when there
Is nothing else prOcurable) over the
PROSTATE horses eyes, and straps up
one of his forelegs securely. If this is
properly done the animal may be safe
ly left until called for" for no horse
thus secured can stray far.-Chambers'
Journal.
The broad ax., 1897-02-13
INDIAN DIVORCES.
The Courts Playing Havoc with Customs
of Marriage.

of Marriage.
With most of the plain Indians mar
rage consists simply Of picking out
the maiden, leading her to a cabin or
wigwam and installing her as mistress
OF the house and eorn-held, sometimes
with the necessary preliminary OF pay
ing the father a pony or two or an
installment Of blankets and occasional
ly with some slight ceremony per-
formed by a chief or medicine man,
says the st. Louis Globe-Democrat
And when the brave grows tired OF his
partner he can get rid OF her as easily
as he won her. The people who are
now flocking to the Dakotas or Okla
homa to get divorces would be su-
premely happy IL they could throw OF
the CALLING bonds of wedlock as easily
as does the reservation Indian. The
fact having been formally announced
by the head man of the clan the d.
gathered at a dance. When all are as
sembled and the circle formed, the dis
contented warrior strikes a drum used
by the jewellers, gives away a few pres
ents (ofttimes making a present to the
squaw he intends to take next and
then in a short, bombastic speech he
stigmatizes his wife by giving her over
to tender mercies OF the other braves,
while they look upon him enviously and
consider that he has performed an act
Of bravery in his desertion. Often as
many as half dozen divorces are thus
obtained at a single dance. No tedious
waiting, no courts. no lawyers and no
trouble about alimony or the custody OF
children. And the squaws thus cast on,
as a general thing. seem to take it as
a matter Of course. and before the close
Of the dance are using the wiles known
and used by women the world over
in an effort to repair as speedily as pos
sible the break In their hearts and
matrimonial experiences. With the TAX
ing Of land in seyeralty and putting on
of citizenship, however, the Indian finds
that he has cemented the ties that were
so loose before, for the courts every
where are deciding that the tribal mar
riages are legal and binding upon the
Indian who becomes a citizen. And IL
the weight Of one legal marriage wears
somewhat heavily upon a white man,
how must 1t be with the red man, who
has contracted two. three, four or even
more alliances which the court now
declares legal and at the same time
takes away his former avenue Of re.
lief?
The broad ax., 1897-02-13
A REPUTATION FOR ONIONS
The odorous Bulb Is Exported to Eng
land by Egypt.

The OdOrOus Bulb Is Exported to Eng
land by Egypt
English imports Of onions have in
creased from Egypt and It is acknowl-
edged that this country is at present
the most active and aggressive COM
petitor in the onion trade, says writ
er In Chambers Journal. Egypt has
been regarded by some people as the
land OF the pyramids and mummies on
ly, but 1t has from time immemoria'
had a reputation for onions. Ancient
Egyptians swore by the onion and re-
garded the plant as sacred. The in
scription on the pyramid Of Cheops
tells us that the workmen had onions
given to them and from the bible We
learn that the Hebrews. when slaves
under Pharaoh. enjoyed these bulb.
and that when far away they remem-
bered "the leeks and the onions AMI
the garlic" The trade with Egypt for
onions is now so important that four
lines Of steamers are engaged In the
traffic, bringing consignments from
Alexandria to Liverpool, Hull and Lon
don. The Egyptian onion is q hand
some and useful vegetable, and by
selecting the best strains Of seed the
quality tends year by year to improve.
The Egyptians know two varieties
the "baali' and the "miskaoui"-but
supplies Of the latter kind are seldom
sent abroad, as they absorb so much
moisture from the frequently irrigated
ground in which they are grown that
they do not stand a sea voyage well,
The "baali'' onion is the more popular
Egyptian onion and is grown in yellow
soil, which is sparingly watered while
the bulbs are maturing, in order that
the onions may stand a lengthy sea
voyage with little risk Of "sprouting."
So excellent in quality are these onions
that efforts are. it is said, being made
in other countries to raise onions from
Egyptian seed.
The broad ax., 1897-02-13

ais glass. and suffered: "N-noW. gen
gentlemen sh-show your bot-bottom-"
We were about to empty when my eye
rested on Kate. and / raised M hand
warningly.
Wh-whai's matter?" persisted Gin
ger. "Sh-show bot-bottomr'
Again i raised my hand. Insunc-
lively every eye turned toward me- ano
from me to Kate.
She stood erect, her tall form tower
Ing to its fullest height, and from neI
black eyes flashed forth glance VI
scorn and contempt.
"Unmanly boorr' she cried, is thls
language 1T for a lady's presence! be-
goneP' and she haughtily pointed ID
ward the door.
As IL by magic the recreant lover
stood before her completely sobered.
Kate" he cried piteously. But the
naughty southern blood within her
was afire. That blood which oyercame
US at Bull Run and ChaneellorsVille
and nearly turned the tide OF battle AT
Gettysburg, was boiling in her veins
like a volcano. and she again pointed
to the door.
Broken hearted, crestfallen, humili-
ated. Ginger seized his hat and de-
parted. Silently We followed in his
footsteps.
Poor Ginger! We tried to comfort
him, but he was inconsolable. A few
days afterward he endeavored to ex-
plain and affect a reconciliation, But
twas Of no avail. The imperious
maiden. yho should have been born In
the middle ages-''in the days Of old
when knights were bold"-refused,
most emphatically. to harken to his
frantic appeal. and preemptorily or
dered him from her presence. Within
a fortnight lie left the Sunny South
for the rugged hills Of his native New
Hampshire.
A dozen years ago. while touring the
eastern states I met Ginger in a coun-
try town In Massachusetts,. He was
greatly changed; presumably old, and
suffering from melancholia. He made
a confldante OF me; told me he had
never forgotten his early love; she was
still his ideal. and that's why he never
married.
The broad ax., 1897-02-13
rs sIBRALrAR UsELzsss

The Range OF Modern ARTILLERY Has
Changed Old Conditions.
An article OF exceptional interest
evidently written by q Spanish mill
taEy officer-appears In the current
number of the Memorial de Artillia, ;"
showing that the extended range OF
modern artillery has completely reVo-
lutionized the conditions which have
hitherto enabled Gibraltar to protect
fits own arsenal and dockyard and 70
afford safety for vessels at anchor I'M
der the guns Of its fortress.
When Gibraltar was taken By the
English In 17O4 the greatest range Tor
artillery fire was only about S,OOO
yards, so that a feet under the batter
les Of Gibraltar was secure against at
tack from the Spanish coast
It is now pointed out that, with a
comuaratively small expenditure OF
money by the Spanish government,
batteries constructed in the bay OF Al
Geciras, upon the ridge OF mountains
known as the Queen Of SPANS Chair,
would actually command Gibraltar at
q distance of 9,0OO yards, and would
be capable OF demolishing the whole
length OF the Notifications from the
Galleries to Europa Point. These
Spanish batteries would also threaten
the entry of ships Of war to Moles.
This plan would merely involve the
mounting Of some forty heavy guns OF
from 4.7-inch to Pinch caliber, and
similar number Of howitZers-
At the present moment the strategic
al points on this part Of the Spanish
coast are entirely unfortified, and with
Spain's present embarrassments In
Cuba and the Philippines, Ii Is not
likely, as the Broad Arrow points out,
that the Madrid government Will take
immediate action in the matter. But
that these batteries may be construct
ed some day or other is far from Inn
probable, and In view Of the great i'm
portance to England Of Gibraltar as a
naval base, and the renewed expendi-
ture upon it's combined arsenal and
dockyard. the subject is beginning to
attract the serious attention Of naval
and military authOrities.-New York
Herald.