The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-08-08
rorEs ON soIExoE AND 1rDUs1RY.

.ne value OF different varieties Of native stone touno
m0Nntornia for structural purposes has been under'
taken by Prof. Lawson OF the department Of geology
n'he University OF California at Berkeley. From
ouArries or outcrops where ouarries are possible, and
where the stone IL fairly uniform. II Ia proposed to
secure two blocks OF stone-ons q twelve.inch cube
dressed differently on different faces to show the
QUALITIES OF the stone. and q four.inch cube, similarly
dressed for preservation IN the college. In cases
where the rock has ornamental qualities and varies
It's, several such blocks would DO required fairy to
represent the prevailing charactertstics; and then
lures, the stone will M SppsSf; ttnIbs Bette, eq s9eT, q s,sp IN
the form OF slabs or columns. These specimens
OF the university PORN 'nent economic exhibit. and
s1sh q collector collection viii, !. !. believed. be made q
"tcne best adapted for constructive purposes.
Tho relations of cotton and cellulose present some
peculiar chemical phenomena and those have been
the subject OF various experiments by textile manu-.
facturers. On exposure TO air, celiulose absorbs
moisture or wat~r-hygroscopic moisture, or water
of condition" the amount in cotton being about 9
per cent, this having q very important bearing. II IL
found. on the spinning properties OF the nbre, as IL
makes the latter soft and elastic, while dry cotton 10
stin. br tile, and non-olsstic. The cotton celluloss 10
ether, alcohol, chloroform. bsni,ne. 40, these agent.
when cotton or other form OF ccllulose 10 heated with
strong solution, 30 to so per cent. OF ,ino chloride.
this liquid with water. the ccilulose 10 thrown down In
containing some Is to 30 per cent. Emo oxide In com.
bination.
AZ ths two great centres OF tho English watch trade
Coventry and Birmingham. the standard quality OF
workmanship Is stin considered. after 90 many de-
cades. the perfection Of artistic skin attainable in this
line. Singular enough. while the test Of excellence
In q watch IL that it oht,in q Kew certificate. IL IA
stated that of the watches that 20 to Kew 70 per cent.
are from Cnyanfry. and -ht1n At Rn- mn -,fcA hAa
yet succeeded in obtaining the 100 m"rts which sig.
nifty perfection. Coventry has como nearest. with 90.
and well maintains this reputation. That this Kew
test is no light one will be understood from the
statement that the watch is tested in every posi-.
ton and its rate resi,tcred. not only per dav,
hung upside down. hung ON each side. placed dial
a SSsn p md rr ssca d 10 an ,s snd p, Hn'' Ei. rs e ss.r.,d In at IT
H. considered. SAWS the Jewelers. Re.Tetu. that II mako
s sary q second s%"I: : week Sl0 ~Siis . a an aS"r .a az 5rS Il. t Rse
time sc~rews-meanine a m'llionth of an ch-wil
caa1 Of its asinst%cns viii se'G appreciate = iasss as also also
hands.
A quito valuable Improvement in the method Of
bleaching cotton goods 10 reported in the NdnvJac-
turers' Gunstts. Boston. BY means OF IL the goods are
made ready for dryinetn the short space OF about four
hours. In this new process. instead OF the fabrics
being put into n vessel together with lime and soda
and being boiled all together, the goods are treated in
clear solutions without boiling. and without the appli.
cation OF heat. The bath ia prepared by mixing lime
and soda In suitable proportions and crushing or
grinting them to 2 nne powder. then pouring boiling
water over them in q vat. stirring the mixture mean.
tSn c;. LEAVING in,r the mi 9 t : to settle "a, and daawins on
bleached are placed in Q vessel having a perforated
which they are taken ont. a'iowsd to drain Tor about
twenty minutes. then well w'shed and wruns. Thus
are pursued onoe or ~oftcn.r a. NAV he required; the
goods are left IN esrh Of the solutions FOR shont an
wringins being performed after each operation.
The method az giving to projectiles Of steel or steel
allows q snocisl hardness at certain places. and at
others and in the interior n special tenacity. 10 accom-.
Notwithstanding to explanations given in an article
on the subject by Louis Grombow of Berlin-by their
being heated at the places to he hardened to a bright
red. corresponding to the hardness desired: the other
parts are heated only to such n degree of red as to
preclude their hardening in the subsequent tenn
by a hra:ins OF the whole to q shade OF red not
%snn'c'ent 20. cause a hardening and a tenre-ine
thronshont-cr both treatments NAV be pr o.ded by
a s.rdTr,nE Of The Who'll; ,h,ou7h sss.,nF until The
all oEsr After. Ard; In pa,;,al GARDENING sh. AT. 10
fnrr'c-, covering the part. to b. least heated with
san, or cav: or heat"d s.s currents can he mad for
OPEN spaces in q TASK containing the p~rojectno.
A unique idea receives practical realization at the
uNF'hV plhut oI hCssTb. bTV~Hib" q SthnbuelQ.
Leeds ENGLAND. in a new and peculiar method by
which cloth gets a different shade on each side. the
necessity Of an extra lining being thus done away
with. In this process the cloth or material to he treated
Is nrst Eyed through IN any shade OF color in the usual
manner, then finished by the ordinary processes. after
which It ia taken TO \ printing machine provided
with q roller engraved all over uniformly with
diagonal lines cut deeply and running in
on direction over is surface. with diagonal
lines cut l"ss deeply and running in the
thicsrned color OF tn. required shade and CARTE. It
mn to the cloth. which Is hv means Of other rollers
ter, In order 70 rrnven' the color penetrating too
d"eply. IS ,%arefnllr adjusted in lite pressure. and thu.
the second color Is kept from going mora than half
way through the pi 4ce. Screw levers are ali, ar.
rr@ssrrs. After the second c"lor has az T ne"p .nn,,ns
the cloth is steamed and finished in the ordinary way.
An apparatus which for some time demonstrated
its usefulness In the wood pulp paper making process
renders possible the cryStaliI alton Of the aulphate en-
ployed in such q manner that Il can be handled as de-
sired by the paper maker. thus making available the
best material at a largely reduced cost. The machine
is very simple in detail, consisting Of q oonical tank
and and . centrifugal pump. the latter connected with
the bottom OF tn tank by a suction nine. an : the .op
OF thu tank by a return, pine entering the tank at on.
leaving the tank thu, r volvss In the same dir elton
the force OF the friction pump. The return pipe has q
threa.woy valvr TO shut on the now 10 the tank and
volving sieve. through which tho material to b. mixed
with the liquid IL fed to tn tank. WHEN the prmp Ia
s'a-'.- tho rt1r'd IN the tank receives a rarid srirnl
motion. in which It is n'ded rather than retarded by
'nfoV OF the returning liquid.
Examination OF ores and minerals nv spectrographie
analysis shows n remarkably wide distribution of gal.
lium. occurring. Is Il do~s. in most mAynetitea. baur-
ties. and b,endes. and nearly half the clay irorstoues
and manganese ores. Rub!dium appears TO bs even
more widely distributed. occurring in most iron ores.
In a collection OF 1919 minerals. indium was also found
In "a many as thirty, %inclutinr all the cArhonstnS OF
iron and tin ores and most blondes; thallium. while
less widespread. was OF considerable frequency: iron
and sodium wera found In every specimen. and potRa.
stun In all but two. one a hlende and the other a tin
ore; while calcium, copper. and sil~er werr found in
AL hut \ few cases. Snch q wide dissemination Of
ga'lium and indium is regarded as remarkable. rho
same. pnrhapa. boinR true OF silver Among other
metals to he noted. titanium II known TO be found
almost universally, and possibly tho same may DO
said OF gold.
Details ~ atmospheric conditions at any consider
able attitudes above the surface Of the earth are com.
monty lacking In that degree Of donniteness necas.
sary for reliable METEOROLOGICAL calculations: but the
recent experiments at Blue Hill. Milton. Mass, under
the auspices Of the Boston Scientific Society. show