The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-03-19

strangely Teindlneu unknown, Is pos
sessed by Greece at Areostoli, in the
island of Cephalonia. At this point
tour currents of water set in from the
sea and sink into the limestone of the
cliffs, giving an anomalous water
power that in the middle of the CEN
fury was used for driving two great
grist mills. The fall from sea-level to
the surface ofthe discharge pits is from
three to five feet. Allowing a flow of
1000 cubit feet per minute to be neces.
sary to drive the mills, Professors +.
w. and w. o. Crosby find that the
annual consumption of water must
have been 2,000,000,000 cubic feet,
which would fill chamber about five
miles long, 1000 feet wide and rs feet
deep. AS the flow seems to have been
uninterrupted and fairly uniform for a
century, perhaps for many centuries,
it cannot be assumed that the water is
simply filling a fissure. Other the
ories-such as evaporation in the DO
Ious rock or on encountering volcanic
fres-are also unsatisfactory, and Pro
lessons Crosby have reached the new
conclusion that the water returns to
the surface after being heated, the diff
ference in density between the cold
water entering the underground chan
mel and the warm water emerging be-
ing sufficient to account for a differ
ence in height that would enable the
warm column to empty into the sea
while the cold column is depressed be-
low sea-level.
A Lew silver-colored alloy of alumni
mum, having remarkable lightness.
strength and beauty, has been discov-
cred by some Birmingham metallur-
gists. Its specific gravity is 2.73, or
about third of that of steel, and tests
at the Mason Science College show it
to be much stronger than any other
light metal, while it is non corrosive
and takes an exquisite polish that
never furnishes. "Vestadium', is It's
name.
The most notorious starting-points
of "plague" epidemics are said to be
Mecca in Arabia, Hurdwar in India,
and Mini Novgorod in Russia. The
discontinuance of pilgrimages to these
centers would be great sanitary re-
form.
Earthquake science, which attracts
little attention in the United States,
has made great strides during the last
few years. Professor John Milne OBJ
ABerves that only recently an earth
quake was looked upon as a transient
phenomenon lasting few seconds, of
at most two or three minutes, while
now, by the aid of the seismograph,
it is possible to discover and record all
the tremors preliminary to and follow
ing an earthquake. Severe shocks
may be felt at any point in the earth.
From his residence in the Isle of
Wight, Rpfessoo Milne was able last
year to take records of two of the most
destructive earthquakes IN Japan, and
in one case to predict that the occur
renee of an earthquake in a certain
part of Japan would be reported, the
only inaccuracy in his prediction
proving to be an error of one minute
in time. The earthquakes now re-
corded in Japan, which is pre-emi-
nently the land of such phenomena,
now exceeds 900 a year Sesmology
is being taken up in that country with
great eagerness, making it certain that
earthquake study throughout the
world will be revolutioniZed very soon.
and the Japanese have already profited
by the work done to the extent of en-
tirely altering the character of their
buildings, and thus greatly reducing
the loss from earthquakes. A con-
mittee of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science is seeking
cooperation in an effort to extend and
systematic the observation of earth
movements.
Nansen's expedition places scurvy,
the much dreaded disease of explorers
and military expeditions, in new
light. DR. Torup, of Christiania, had
reached the conclusion that scurvy
must arise from poisoning, due to the
development in badly preserved meat
and fish of matter allied TO the So
called ptomaines. This view led to
careful selection of the food in Nan
sens euuipment. Tine results have con-
firmed DIR. Torup's theory, showing
that scurvy can be easily avoided, and
lead to the hope that more complete
investigation will be made.
Not often does such good fortune be-
fall a scientific student of thirty-five as
is likely to be enjoyed by DR.. Giuseppe
-Sanarelli, an Italian physician. His
researches haye not only brought TO
View the germ of yellow fever, "the
strangest of all the microbes KNOWN"
but experiments on more than 1000
Misunderstanding, goats, sheep, mon
keys and horses-have assured him Of
the success of his serum treatment of
the disease. The remedy, if really eff
cacious, entities the dscoverer to a
prize Of $4,000 from the Brazilian
Government.
Estimates of the suns temperature
have ranged from 1S,OO0,0000 down to
3,OOOo Fair. At the Moscow Observa-
torv. Prof. Ceraski has repeated the old
OF measuring the heat OF
direct sunlight at the focus of mirror,
the mirror in this case being very at
made and having focal
length of 80 inches. The result was
J. 50Oo C. 10000 Fahr.), showing only
that the solar temperature is greater
than this. A measurement OF the heat
reflected from an arc lamp was then
made, the temperature in the focus OF
the mirror proving to be only lOO0 to
1859 c., although the arc itself was
known to have IA temperature OF nearly
5000 while it is believed that this
method may lead to an accurate estl-
mate.