davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
REALLY GOOD MIXERS.
They Are BY No Means rs Numerous %
They Should Be.

They are BY NO means rs numerous -
They should Be.
Almost anybody can milk after a
fashion, but really good mixers are not
rs plenty as they might be. A good
mixer is patient and gentle of touch.
not only incapable of lifting milking
stool at COW, but wise enough and
thoughtful enough never to show an
irritability or harshness of manner that
might excite or disturb nervous ami
NAL. Milking should be done as rapidly
as possible without worry. 1t should
be done thoroughly to the last drop;
otherwise a little milk carelessly or
Internationally left in the udder will
begin the work of drying off" the COW.
Milking should be done regularly, be-
ginning at the same hour, and the milk
er should go through his stint of cows
in the same order, thus making it cas-
Ter and less disturbing for the cow that
from habit knows when to expect her
turn. To the good mixer, cleanliness
is indeed next to godliness. The hands
should be clean, the clothing clean, and
luc Shlu dld vi bllC COWS SuOulQ
be kept clean. Hard milking COWS are
much less valuable than their yield or
test would at first blush seem to indi-
cate. They require more time. Once
In awhile this might be endured, but
when the milking is test that recurs
regularly twice day for 300 days in the
year, it becomes an important item.
1t is hard to milk with the rapidity
that good milking requires, and it is
difficult, too. to milk as clean as the
maintenance of the milk flow requires,
and hard mixers are much more liable,
other things being equal, to fall off in
milk flow and dry off early. They be-
come nervous. too, as a rule, and very
frequently develop into kickers. They
are not perhaps to blame for this. The
milking disturbs them and makes them
irritable, and they naturally come to re-
tent anything that irritates them. Their
Irritation reacts, too, upon the person
who does the milking, and he in turn
Is liable to be less valuable as mixer
because less patient and gentle. Good
milking bears so important a relation to
the best results which constitute profit,
as compared with results not quite so
good, that it is faculty which everyone
who has to handle cows should cultivate.
There Is more in the cheerful, good
humored, picturesque milkmaid idea
than mere poetry. The cheerful, whole
some, womanly mikmaid is, as rule,
much more likely to harmonic with the
disposition of good milk COW than is
the ruder and less patient farm hand
Western Farm journal.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
WASTE OF VAST WEALTH.
Why Farmers Should Make Liberal Out
lays for Good Roads.

lays for Good Roads.
The national good roads congress
will hold it's next yearly session at Or
lando, Fla This is somewhat remote
! from the path of commerce, but never
theless the place of meeting may be
well chosen. Coed roads are neces-
sity in all states, and the aggregate of
good to the republic cannot be attained
until in all parts of the country all high
ways are fit for travel by heavily laden
wagons at all times of the year.
1t is possible that the interest of the
farming people in good roads has been
retarded of expression by continual
preachment of the advantages that BIZ
cycle riders and pleasure seekers on
horseback or in vehicles will derive
from improved highways. These,
though important, are secondary coz
siderations
The loss to the United States by bad
roads is estimated at from 5000, 100000
to $3O0,OO0.0oO a year. 1t is loss
caused by enforced idleness during
many months of the year, and by the
employment of needless horse power
during most months. In the spring and
summer the farmer can find work in
plenty on his farm. In the fall and
winter he ought to be able to haul hay,
grain. wood, and other material to mar
ket. 1t is in these seasons that, as a
rule, he can obtain the highest prices
ior his products and it is in these seasons
that he can market them without TAX
ing time that ought to be used in the
work of blowing. sowing and harvest
ing. But it is in these seasons that he
is forced to be idle, or to haul half a
load with four horses, instead of full
load with two. because of the wretched
or impossible condition of the roads.
1t Is strange that class of men so
frugal and so wisely economic in most
expenditures has hesitated to make lib.
eral OUTLAWS for road Improvement. No
farmer is foolish enough to grumble OF
an outlay of 500 or $3.50 for good now
ers and reapers, for it is known that the
difference between $3.50 on reaper and
So on a scythe or "cradf~" is soon COM
pensated by saving on Wages. But an
outlay of $500 on each farm for good
roads is looked upon by many as ex-
travagant. though If that amount were
levied as tax upon every 100 acres, and
wisely expended. there would be an in,
provement amounting to favorable
revolution in farm life within the next
few Vears.-Chicago Inter Ocean.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
A5n SH0unbt
THE NEW AND THE OLD WAY.


Leave the sods at one side. They will
decay in year or two. A large amount
of road work can be done in a short
time with comfort to man and beast,
by using one of the improved road
grades. Four men with their teams
make good force; one man and team
for the pillow, the others for the grader.
It will pay any town handsomely to
invest in the most improved machinery
for road work. When grading the road.
be careful not to get the grade too
wide. Make it just wide enough for
teams to pass. 1t will flatten out with
use and wet weather.
A great aid in keeping the road dry
Is q row of tiles laid on, either side al
the outer edges of the grade. These
should not : be laid too deep, for the
surface will become packed SO that the
water will not readily soak through.
But if the grade is the proper form the
water will run off the surface so rapid
iy that comparatively little will soak
in; and as the tile and laying them add
largely to the cost of the road they
may usually be dispensed with. All
doubtless realize the truthfulneSs of the
lower illustration and the difficulty of
getting about over such highways, the
loss of time and money, the wear and
tear of horses, harnesses and wagons
resulting from attempts to move loads
at the very season when farmers have
the most time to do such work. In the
summer when the farmers are busy
with their crops, the roads are usually
dry and any kind is good enough. The
low price for which farm lands sell is
dive IN large measure to the poor high
ssays. With better roads the value Of
the lands rapidly increases. Examples
Of this can be found in every county.
Farms located along good, hard roads
are in constant demand at prices far in
excess of those situated at a distance
from such roads. Wherever other work
will permit, farmers can well afford to
give few days work on the roads in
stead of feeling it hardship to have to
work the time required by law. Work
them thoroughly, each neighborhood
for itself. The labor and time spent
will return 100 fold in the increased
value of property and in the ease and
comfort of travelling. Farm and
Home
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
ss;s5,.ls,,R 'leA, s;5 ;
%N@ SSElS
IMPROVEMENT N:
WORKING The ROADS.
WArmers Can Wen Afford TO Devote Tn,

Farmers Can Well AFFORD TO Devote Their
Time to This Task.
Much has been said and written abou.
country roads and the proper way tc
construct them to insure good ones the
year round. But much of it applies only
where gravel or crushed stone can be
obtained with which to make road
bed unaffected by rains and standing
water. In mary sections of the coun.
try gravel can be had by hauling il
from creek and river beds, and where il
can be so obtained or purchased at a
low figure the best possible use of time
and money is in securing and spread.
ing this upon a read bed previously
graded into the proper form. II the
gravel is dumped upon a perfectly fat
surface it becomes mixed with the soil
during wet weather and soon is lost.
The first thing to be done is to grade
the road. The gravcling or macadamiz.
ing can then be done at leisure. The
upper illustration shows the best form
of the road. The dirt from the bitches
at the sides is carried to the middle
and left in a rounded form, highest in
the center. Care must be taken to make
the sides slope all the way from the
center TO the bottom of the bitches,
or the water will stand in the says and
percolate into the roadway, making it
soft and muddy. Make good outlets for
these bitches to carry the water off and
keep the road dry, and also that they
may serve for outlets for tile and for all
other farm drains.
Keep the surface of the road smooth
and free from sods. for those travelling
will not make martyrs of themselves
and bump over the rough places to
wear them down if the sides are smooth.
EJfT SH1l1nhe
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
rrxlnr Hi. own Madioine.

The average age of doctors is IIuch
higher than that of any other calling
it is no less than Sc. Their great pull
consists. no doubt. in their opportuni.
ties Of observing what treatment is
most efiicacious with their patients. A
certain physician is said by James
Payn to have let this particular eat out
of the bag to one to whom he was pay
ing marked attention, 81 am very
much interested in your case" he said
because ] have the same complaint
myself; and II this medicine really does
you good shall try It."
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15

ROOT GRATING ILLUSTRATED.
makes hole with the dibber, the boy
puts in graft; when the man imme-
diately makes another hole by the side
of and two inches away from that con-
tanning the graft, and, pressing for
ward the graft, packs the soil firmly
around it. After each row is finished
in this way, the man should turn back
on the row and press firmly by the side
of each graft with the ball of the
foot.
Another method of planting root
gratis, which is as applicable for plant
ing cuttings on a small scale, is as fol-
lows. 1t is not fast method, but very
excellent one for few gratis. The
thoroughly plowed land is smoothed off,
q line stretched and walked where the
row is to come, and then thrown to one
side. With spade throw out a furrow
along the line, leaving the edge straight
and smooth. Against this place the
gratis, and then, with hoe turned bot
tom up, push little earth against the
lower part of the root of each graft.
and afterward draw three inches of soil
into the furrow around the gratis and
then press firmly against each graft
with the ball of the foot. Fill the
trench full. and repeat the footing pro-
cess again. A more expeditions way is
to pillow out furrow instead of max
ing it with spade, and then fill the
trench with pillow. In this way the
work may be successfully done If the
soil is not dry, and the season is favor
able. But it pays well to do good work,
and where one has only few hundred or
thousand gratis to plant, the spade
method is most certain. In planting IN
dry time, the great key to success is
to have the land firm and solid around
the root and the union so that there will
be no air space. This is very impor-
tant In two or three years from the
root-grafting the trees will be large
enough to be transplanted to the orch
ard.-Farm and Fireside.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
RooT-oRAFTlNe APPLES.
How to Perform the Operation and How
to Plant the Crafts.

How to Perform the Operation and How
to Plant the Crafts.
The common apple is grown almost
entirely by what is termed root-graft-
ing, although it may be grown by bud
ding and clcft-grafting. Root-graft-
ing is done during winter as fol-
lows:
Seedlings which are dug in autumn.
and packed in moss or sawdust in cold
cellar, are taken as needed to warm
room and the scions grated upon them
just below the collar; that is. the place
where the root ard the top are joined
The kind of graft made is here illus
trated, showing the successive stages
of the work. A shows Seeding apple.
root with top removed, which is to be
cut off and grated at the cross-lne;
u shows scion; {. scion and stock CON-
pared for being united, but with the
cut held open. This cut is made by the
knife blade, and no wood is removed
from it. d, the same united; E, the
union wrapped with a strip of paper
or cloth, which has previously been
covered with grating wax. Some pre-
feI waxed strings on this covering. The
CRAFTS should be about eight inches long.
When completed they should be tied i'll
bundles and put away, packed very
firmly in sand or light soil, in a cold cell
lar. A cave is best for this purpose.
Early in the spring they should be
planted in the nursery, about six inches
apart, in rows three apart. setting all
but the upper bud of the scion below
the surface of the ground. 1t is impor-
tant to plant the scion deep, so as to en-
courage it to throw out roots, las the trees:
are then more hardy than when they
depend entirely upon the Seeding root
for support. Great care should be taken
to have the soil very firm and solid
around the base of the root and at the
union. This may be secured in several
ways. Some uurserymen attain this
end by the use of large dibber, hav-
ing guard on the side to prevent its
going too deep. With this hole is
made sufficiently wide and deep to per-
init the insertion of the graft easily SO
that not more than one or two buds
project above the ground. To do this
work most expeditiously the CRAFTS
should be of the same length and free
from side branches.
Two persons should work together-
a man who uses the dibber and boy
who carries the gratis. The man
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
SWINGING CATTLE CRIB.

much to say that a very great proper
tion of these cribs are inconvenient.
Many are dark and one must reach over
into them when feeding grain ration,
at the risk of encountering the horns
of the animal TO be fed.
A convenient swinging crib is shown
in the accompanying illustration. It is
triangular in shape and is hinged at the
point at the bottom just on the edge of
the feeding floor. When swung for
ward into the feeding floor, as shown.
1t is in most convenient position to
fill with hay. or to place in it grain ra-
ton. It is then tipped back into the
space before the animal and is entirely
out of the feeding floor. and in most
convenient position for the animal to
cat from. The bottom of this crib is a
threc-cornered piece Of timber. This
gives rigidity and prevents there being
narrow space at the bottom, into
which an animal could not get his nose
IN. " Tribune
brains Sleep in Sections.
Sir james Crichton Browne. the ex-
pert on brain diseases, holds that in
somnia is not attended with such dis
estrous consequences as 1t is commonly
supposed. It is not as dangerous as
the solicitude of the sufferer. He sug-
gests that the brains of literary men,
who are the most frequent victims. ac-
ru:re the trick of the heart. which takes
L dose OF fraction of second after
each beat. and so manages to get six
hours rest in "a Some brains, in
cases OF insomnia, sleep in sections,
different brain centers going of duty
turn
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
To Extinguish burning OIL.

Water will not extinguish burning
kerosene oil, but dry sand will. and
it is wise precaution to keep a box
of sand in some convenient place to
he used in an emergency. Such pre-
caution might prevent a serious disas-
ter. If this is not at hand. the flame
should be smothered by throwing some
heavy rug or wooden substance over it
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
smaIIness Of Microbes.

Loui. Pasteur once said that there
were forms of bacteria and microbes
that were so small that bundle of
them containing 100000 specimens
could be put through the eye OF com
va,Sn sewing ne~dI4.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
WISCONSIN, WIDE AWAKE.
everybody In the State Is Enthusiastic
About Road Reform.

Everybody In the State Is Enthusiastic
About Road Reform.
1t is pretty well settled that good
roads" will be rallving cry in Wiscon-
sin until good roads come in each OF
the counties. The prejudice that for
some time has divided the farming ele-
ment and Wisconsin's army of more
than 100000 wheelmen and wheelwom-
en-. greater number of people than
any general, north or south, led into
battle. is raDidlv disappearing, if it
alive, if not more so, than at any tin
since the revolution began. Weyh
still continues to bulldoze the home d
flee with reports of his great victori'
and progress, whilst reliable news fro
the seat of war continue to refute Il
statements. Even the Spanish new,
papers, at least the most promiueI
ones, have recalled their special repr,
:. sentatives from the field and char
nnksyeyler with all kinds of high GRIM
beeS .misdemeanors. 1t is also sa
aesle is making large fortune o.
ldNOldOlC hC AAC0
s : United States Senator None
lis interested in the Cuban caul
cntIy went to Havana and 9th
ss's They have come to realize that
tttoads are cheap roads, the cheap
lhht the farmer can have. They
Is tanly to point to here and there
tsfles of good road that have needed
eS55pettention. in some instances. for
, carter of a century.
It is safe to say. now. that the cry for
good roads is as heartily entered into
BY the farmers of Wisconsin as it is by
che wheelmen. The press Of the state
Is unit in favor of good roads and its
columns are open for their advocacy
Politicians have noted the turn of the
tide. The best men of the professions
are in the good roads procession. This
~ notably true Of the teachers and
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
HANDY CARRYING RACK.
Suitable for Conveying rom One to Nine
Sheep or Calves.

buItHDIt TOT VOuNty VIZ IEOIn VIIe 20 NIIc
Sheep or Calves
A rack for conveying sheep, calves,
pigs or poultry to any desired place is
something which every farmer needs
more or less. herewith send a draw
ing Of what term "a handy conveying
rack" suitable for carrying one to
three sheep or calves, according to size.
1t is easily and quickly made of any
kind of soft wood. Mine is of Eastwood
two feet wide, four feet long, three feet
high, corner posts of hardwood 2x2;
bottom and top frame boards six inches
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
DAIRY ESSENTIALS.
Summarized by r. A. Pierson, u. s. D.
partment of Agriculture.

partment of Agriculture.
A roomy, clean, dry, light and we'll
ventilated stable or COW house. To pro-
duce good milk. cows must be comfort
nble, and these conditions not only add
to their comfort. but are absolutely
necessary to keep them in the best of
health.
Healthy and clean cows, which ap-
pear well-fed and contented.
An abundance of pure water to which
cows are given access at least twice a
day.
Feed of good quality; the grain and
coarse fodder should be free from dirt.
decay, or musty condition.
A spirit of kindness toward the stock,
exhibited by everyone employed about
them, and gentleness of the animals
themselves.
Provision for washing and steriliz-
Ing or scalding all utensils which come
In contact with milk.
Provision for straining, aerating and
cooling the milk in clean atmosphere.
free from all stable and other odors.
This treatment should take place i'm
mediately after the milk is drawn from
each COW.
Facilities for storing the milk and
keeping it cold.
Especially great cleanliness in re-
gard to everything connected with the
dairy. The atmosphere of the stable
should be pure and free from dust
when milking is being done. Employees
should carefully wipe the udders and
wash their hands before milking, and
should be in clean clothes. White
wash is a good disinfectant, and should
be seen in many more stables, and land
plaster should be sprinkled about to alb
sorb moisture and odors.-Farm News.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
SWINGING CATTLE CRIB.

Description OF Convenient Continuance
of This Kind.
There are almost as many varieties
barns in the country, and it is not too
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Shallow Pans Are tho Best.

In the dairies of two or three cows,
where churning the whole milk is prac-
ticed, the adoption of the shallow pan
system of setting the milk and churning
the cream instead of the whole milk.
will result in more butter of better
quality being produced, while the labor
will be lessened. AS soon as possible
after milking, the milk should he
strained into tin. or glazed earthen-
ware pans for the cream to rise. The
depth of milk in the pans should not ex-
reed two or two and a half inches.
Spread out thin. the milk is cooled
rapidly, and keeps sweet longer, and
the globules of fat. having but short
distance to travel to reach the surface,
are less liable to remain in the skim
milk.-Alabama Experiment Station.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
The Russians.

The Russians are believed to have
originated from the Slovenian tribe
called the Roxilani, about the Christian
era At later date they were also
called Muscovites, from Moscow, their
leading city. The state was founded
by Ruric, s62 A. d. Russia was a
duchy until 1887, when it became the
grand duchy of vladimir, remaining
such until 1928, when it was called the
grand duchy of Moscow. The Russian
rulers began to call themselves czars in
1862. Peter the Great assumed the
title of emperor in 1859.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Santa Claus.

Daily receptions for the little ones COM
mencing Saturday next, November 18th.
Souvenirs.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Mems overcoats and Suits.

Our stock comprises nearly 1900 Mems
Suits and OvercOais of every new and desir-
able fabric and style for the season, from IS
TO $35
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Art Department.

Before purchasing Holiday Presents we In.
vite you to inspect our line of Art Goods, con-
sisting of the latest publications IN Photo
Frames.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Candy Department.

Pure quallties-ursurpassed fiavoss prices
In handsome box.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15

For the benefit the public whhr customers not eH eO
Budtg h conyeainces such Read1g Writing ara Rstg
Rooms Package Parcel Checking and Inquiry pesfa
Dep0@
and steamboats, reached direct Corner NE hdrt OF BAIT
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Boys Linden Suits.

8 Heavy weight Vicuna Cheviots in Blacks
and Browns-pretty effects. All are strictly
high grade and advance styles Values are
unusual" So so to $3.50 is what they are
worth-S3.5 so to 1875 our price. Sizes to s
years.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Merchant Tailoring.

800 styles Of Woolens for Business Suits at
$l8 and $40 TO order. Our Special Dress Suit
to order, $S5. is worthy OF your best consider
alton
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Wall PAPERS.

All actually less than manufacturers price.
You could not buy at better time than now.
Good, sound, full length papers, white. back.
TIC. Sc. and l0c. Specially embossed gold for
parlors. &c. Cartridge (high gradel In all col
Ors, &c. Borders by the yard sr piece These
living away from town, as they are lower
than usual.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Underwear.


NATURAL WOOL
and Cancels Hair at never before price
OF 45c. per garment. In two shades and
all sizes.
DOUBLE FLEECE
Lined Underwear reduced to 45c. per gar
ment for this sale. Fresh, new goods.
Sizes "a TO so.
CAMEL4'S HAIR
Natural Wool-Fine Merino-The Fin.
eat. Regular 81. 50 goods In three colors.
Guarantf ed not to fade or shrink in the
wash. Csc. per garment.
Winter Shoes.
Winter Shoe perfection at an easy price,
$3.50 Box Calf, Winter Russell, or Patent
Leather heavy S les, scotch edge, any shape
toe. 81 so added 10 our price would be thought
fair by many.
Box Calf........ .............AO0
ENAMEL. .-...N0.OU
Harvard TAM. .................t5W
Rubbers.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-15
Children's Refers.

Ages to s years. Fine Blue Chinchilla
pure dye, large, deep sailor collar. Attrac.
tive looking and SO cosy for the youngsters,
$3.50 and 50 70 Values up to S. 90 and So .00.