The San Francisco call., 1897-06-11


slightly imbedded in its surface-but is merely
the receptacle thereof.
4 DIME-w. 7. s, City. A dime OF 1894 Il
worth just ten cents If # is in good condi ton,
unless II is one having the letter S underneath
the wreath that encircles the words -'One
Dime" Such dimes, and there are only twen-
ty-iour OF them, command premium.
NAMES OF STATEs-SuoscrIber City. Callfor-
MIA is called the Golden State; Ohio, the Buck
eye State; Pennsylvania, the Keystone State:
Massachusetts the Old Bay State; Utah some
times called the Mormon State, and Louisiana
is the Creole State. Idaho has by some writers
been called the Flower State, but it is not gem
orally known by that name.
The wHEEL-Subscriber san Jose, Cal. The
method of torturing by the wheel is said to
have first been used in Germany in the four
teenth century. The criminal was laid on q
large cart-wheel, the arms aud legs extended
and fastened to the spokes, aud in that posi-
tion as the wheel WAS turned around the
limbs were broken by successive blows with
all iron bar.
JUDIcIARY-W. T. S, City. The judiciary
system of the United States includes the
Supreme Court OF the United States, Circuit
courts, District courts and Circuit courts of
appeal OF the United States In the differe n I
States are the supreme, Superior, Circuit over
and termlner appeals Tor error and appeal
chancery, orphans Tor surrogstes), general and
district, police and Justice OF the Peace courts.
PAPIER-MAcHE-v. L y, Oakland, Cal.
Papier-mache is French tpapier paper mache,
eheWed or masiieated) 1t is paper reduced to
pulp, nodded into sny variety of form, and
afterward japsnned. Its manufacture has
been known for more than q century in Eu.
rope, but probably it was suggested first
by some of the besutiiuI productions OF
| Sinde and other parts of India, where il
was employed in the making Of boxes, trsys
and fancy articles wei as in China and
Japan. lts first application as lar as known
was IN the manufacture Of snuff boxes by q
| German named Martin in 1740. who learned
the process from Frenchman named Lefevre,
but the Germans say that he learned the art In
England. Properly speaking, papier-mache is
psper pulp nodded into shape, and Is not only
used 10 make small articles but interior
aeeoTanons in houses' such as eornices
| the manufacture OF light aud useful ar
/ ticles OF paQter mache notifications
/ have taken place in its composition, and it is
now OF three kinds First, the true kind OF
paper pulp; second, sheets OF paper pasted
| together after the manner of pasteboard, but
submitted 70 far grester press ure, and third,
| sheets OF thick miIlooard cast from the pulp,
also heavily pressed The term papier-msche
/ Is IN trade he'd to apply rather to the articles
made than TO the pulp itself, and vast
manufacture has sprung up during the
nineteenth century. The articles ade OF this
material sre coated with suCce- sive LAYERS ui
/ asphalt yarnish, which is acted upon by hes
/ IN ovens until lis volatile parts are dissiDated
/ and il becomes hard and capable of rece wing
high polish Aother-otpearl is much used
/ in their decorations, for which pur.
| pose, when several layers Of the var
nish still remain TO be applied, thin
/ faxes OF the she'll of the form Of the
| pattern are placed on the varnish, and are
] covered By the succeeding layers, giving rise
/ 10 elevations where they are hidden by the
coats OF varnish. The surface is then
ground down smooth ana polished. and
/ the grinding down brings 10 light The
/ pieces OF moIher-of-pesrl, which present
/ the appearance of inlaid patterns. The fms
surface which can be given TO the asphalt var
nish also permits OF FURNISHED gliding and
other decorative applications with excellent