davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Bellows Falls Locals.

Mrs. w. E. Rowell is quite sick with
tonsilitis.
A son was born yesterday to Mr.. and
Mrs. John H. Williams.
H. j. Huntoon played with the circus
band yesterday.
M. H. Rays new barn on Morgan field
is being built by Joseph Griswold.
S. W. Stuart is building Frank Lam
don's new house on Atkinson street.
Mrs. Mary Brosnahan has begun the
construction of her new house on Pine
street.
The rear of the Van Dyke log drive is
expected to reach this point in about ten
days.
Lovers of strawberries should remem
Der the festival in the Methodist vestry
this evening.
The vocal pupils of Miss Eaton gave a
charming recital at the home of Mrs. F. G..
Flint last evening.
The children OF the Methodist, Congre-
gational and Baptist churches are drilling
for Children's day.
Tidd & Goodell are now running fish
carts to all the towns in this section and re-
port thriving business.
Norwood & Field have just added 80
new drawers to the storing capacity OF
their store, and put in 800 new shelf
drawers.
Mrs. Willoughby Wilder is to sing at the
anniversary concert at Vermont Academy
in two weeks, assisting the Amphion Male
quartet from Boston.
The band have engaged Mr.. Bayley Of
Keene, member of Beedle's orchestra to
come to Bellows Falls one night each week
and give instruction.
George j. the eight months old son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. George Wilson OF North
Walpole was buried in Oak Hill cemetery
Sunday, May 81.
Invitations have been sent out for re-
ception celebrating the golden wedding Of
Judge and Mrs. L. S. Walker at their
home in Grafton, June Esd.
| Contestants in the road race tomorrow
night will start from the top of the Old
Terrace instead OF the junction of Henry
i cfrpIn ctn
Saturday.
So tar there have been only six or eight
entries for the road race tomorrow even.
ing. 1t should be borne in mind that il
there are not 20 entries the race will be
declared off.
EBecause William j. Bryan, late silve,
candidate for president, speaks in Rutland
tomorrow afternoon the mixed train seized.
uled to leave Rutland for Bellows Falls al
2.45 o'clock will be held until 5 o'clock.
A good number from here are arranging
to take advantage of the Central Vermont
excursion to Burlington and Plattsburg
next Saturday. The round trip rate o.
81 80 is great inducement.
j. E Brosnahan, local theatrical mana
ger, has booked some very fine attractions
for L ext season. His list includes: The
Twelve Temptations, Devils Auction
Sunshine OF Paradise Alley, Prisoner o.
Zenda, Shore Acres
Clifford j. Manning, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. james d. Manning living on Soutl
street, died last Saturday morning and wa.
taken to Brattleboro for burial Monday.
Mrs. Samantha Devaul, aged GA years
died at the home of her daughter, Mrs. c.
L. Aldrich on Canal street last night. The
deceased has been in poor health for Ions
time, but it was not thought the end wa,
near until about three days ago. The flu
neral will be held at P. NJ. Friday il
Keene, her old home. Mrs. Devaul had
lived with her daughter here in Below:
Falls for about FIVE years.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Bnrn.

In Grafton, June 4, to Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur
Kingsbury, son.
In Bellows Falls, June s, to Mr.. and Mrs
John H. Williams, a son.
In ockingham, May ID, to Mr.. and Mrs.
G. E. Lawrence, a daughter.
In North Springfield, June 4, to Mr.. and
Mrs. Adm Huey, a son.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Only a Spot.


Before Bismarck reconstructed the
map of Europe and made united Ger
many, dozen little municipalities used
to annoy travellers by OBTAINING them
at their frontiers until they had salts
fed the Customs demands.
An American once had his carriage
stopped at the frontier of a petty
princes country. The Herr Ober-
Contrelour at the Custom House came
forward and, much to his indignation,
was received in monchalant way.
The Yankee was ungentlemdnly
enough not to get out of the carriage,
or even to take off his hat. The Herr
ODER sharply demanded the keys of
the tourists trunk, which his subor-
DONATE began handling roughly.
Here, hands Off" shouted the Amer
lean. 81 didn't come from the United
States of America to De controlled by
you. Put those trunks back. I'll Lot
go through You at ALL I'll turn ba TX.
l am in hurry, and don't mind losing
few hours. You're no country; you're
only a spot. I'll go round YOU
And history records that he did.
aHz.xrsaxtit 'N'Na vi
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
THE TIMES.
New Advertisements This Week.

Summer Cottage-Vermont Academy.
Silverdale Hotel-Lake Spoiford.
Tomato Tests-Chas. w. Butterfeld.
Sugar-C. ii. Shepardson.
Shirts. j. Fenton & Co.
Ties-Wales Cash Store.
Something New. G. Day 4 Co.
June Weddings-Geo. f. WEIGH.
Half Price Sale-Moreton A. Durkee.
Berries-The F. b. F. Grocery Co.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
3ajl urrten.

In Bellows Falls, June 5, by Rev. j. E.
Fullerton, Charles S. Wilkins and Ethel j.
Marsh, both of Brattleboro.
In Chester, June I, by Rev. Mr.. Ashton,
Albert Ware and Miss Fannie Guild, both of
Chester.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Summer Course

OF French and Romance Languages.
Tenth session; four weeks; begins July
l4gh Address: Mdison franchise of Yer
mont Academy, Saxtons River, VT.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09

one but a fool will approach one without
himself taking every possible precaution
for his safety.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Dtpn.

In West Townshend, May 20, Blanche Far
well, aged Is years.
In East Andover, N. H., May 25, Mrs.
Wesley Swallow, aged 80 years, months.
In Washington, d. c., June s, Frederick
Mack, aged 81 years Interment at Wind
ham.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09

A.-Well, and how did you sleep last
night Did you follow my advice and begin
counting?
B.-Yes l counted up to $4,000.
A.-And then YOU fell asleep?
B.-No; then it was time to get ur.-Tid-
Bits.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Cotton Underwear.

Ladies' Night Robes, great value, {
Chiidren's Drawers, each
Children's Dresses, +"
Children's Long Slips, "
Children's Waists, " Il
Greatest bargains in Cotton Under
wear ever seen in Bellows Falls,
on our counters this week, will
pay you to buy years supply.
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Stationery.

Special Box Paper put up to our
order, 80 sheets paper and 30 en-
velopes per box, l6c
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
Gloves and Mitts.

Ladies' Chamois Gloves just the
thing for bicycle rid-rs, pair, $l.0O
Silk Taffeta Gloves, pair .25
Silk Mitts, pair 70
Bellows Falls times. [volume] (Bellows Falls, Vt.) 1856-1965, 1897-06-09
C0rSetS.
Millinery Department.

Double Vio,ets, bunch 25c
5 in. fancy stripe all Silk Ribbon. yd. SOC
Black Taffeta Ribbcns all widths.
New line Fancy Ribbons just in,
prices lower than the lowest.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
AROUND THE HOTELS.

August Booren, of Saltwater, county treas
urer of Washington county, was at the Mer-
chants yesterday.
William Orr and H. R. Elliott, of Duluth,
are registered at the Merchants.
A Merchants guest yesterday was George
A. Du Toit, of Chaska, one of the board
of capitol commissioners.
Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Carroll, of Butte,
Mont, are guests of the Metropolitan.
the Metropolitan.
Chas. E. Cram, of Boston, is at the Metro
politan.
Mrs. A ]. Little, of White Earth, is a
Metropolitan guest.
N. G. Larimore, of Larimore, N. D., is
stopping at the Merchants.
E. A. Knowlton and G. Woodworth, of
Rochester, were among the arrivals at the
Merchants yesterday.
Edward Grace. of Winona, is registered at
the Merchants.
are guests at the Ryan.
Mr. and Mrs. Shaw and Miss Shaw, OF
Austin, are at the Ryan.
A Clarendon guest yesterday was F. c..
Dubois, of Duluth.
Thomas Mckenzie, of Havre, Mont, is at
the Clarendon.
R. T. Sparks, of Staples, registered at the
Clarendon yesterday.
George A. Montgomery, proprietor of the
Kirkwood, at Des Moines, is at the Wind
sor on his way to North Dakota on a hunt
ing trip.
David T. Calhoun, of st. Cloud, is at the
Windsor.
A Windsor arrival yesterday was c. M.
Morey, of Winona.
Henry w. Brown and F. L. Hansing, of
Mankato, are registered at the Windsor.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
Now History Acquisitions.

The Minnesota Historical society has re-
ceiyed the following books: EARLY Settlers
of Trenton and Ewing New :, Jersey;n Gene e.
Thomas Garfield and of Matthew Canfeld'
(GeneologyJ; Descendants. of Nordecia Cooke;
Gloucester County, Va The Craighead
Family "Geneology CT the Emmerton
worth "The Carr Genealogy;' 'Loveland
Geneaiogv:' Descendants of John Pitman;' -
"Plineas Pratt and sqme of Of His Descend n; en- d;
".Iohn Swain and His Posterity;" "The Wo,-
worths Of America; History of Trenton,
New Jersey:'' History Of Cape May County
N. j."
By Gift-"Josiah Hornblower, and the First
Steam Engine in America from w. Nelson; !;
Sixteenth Annual Report of Bureau of ETH
mology;'' Tourists Guide to the Isle Of
Jersey, 1SsS,' from Mrs. John st. G. Fixott
st. Paul: ''Louisbourg in. H45, from Univer-
sity of Toronto; "A Handbook on the Annex
alton of Hawaii, ;" from Lorrin A. Thurston. :"
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23

other female prisoners to the guards
room, where she assisted in doing the
chamber work. While there she found
a box Of matches and secreted them
uLon her person and returned to her
cell, where she placed them in a few
drops of water, for the purpose of re-
moving the heads and getting the pois-
on. She drank the dose and a few
minutes later told one of the other
female prisoners of what she had done.
The prison physician was summoned
and remained with her for some time.
During Saturday night she was in
precarious condition. but seemed to
grow better until yesterday, when q
change took place and she lost con-
sciousness. She grew weaker rapidly
yesterday and died at a little after
o'clock. Warden Wolfer interviewed
her day or two ago and sought to
find out the reason for her rash act,
and she replied that she did it because
she was discouraged. She said she was
sorry she had done as she Gid, and was
anxious to recover The prison physi-
can was unable to tell just how much
PHOSPHORUS she had swallowed, but
all had not been removed from the
matches, some of them remaining in
tact
She was born in Winona Feb. g. 1869,
and her right name was Julia Beam.
She was married at the age of eighteen
to Chas. Sinderbender, with whom she
lived two years. She secured a divorce
from him in Ramsey county, where she
had resided off and on during the past
ten years A year prior to her arrest
she lived with family named Sulli-
van on Eighth street, between Henne-
pin and Nicollet in Minneapolis, and
while there was induced by a young
man to begin her career as a shoplifter
She was originally sent to the reforma-
tory, but was transferred to the prison
coming to the prison she was placed
in solitary confinement for slapping
another female inmates face, but since
that time she had behaved herself Two
brothers of the woman, Ole and Ed
ward Beam, are supposed to reside at
Sioux Falls, S. D. She was received
at the prison Dec. s. 1896.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
WOODCHUcK Of 1895
OMAHA ROAD REFERS THUS DIS
RESPECTFULLY TO THE SIA
YEARS LIMITATION.
KASOTA JUNCTION CRASH
is THE BASIS OF THE SUIT WHICH
PROVOKES THE INSIN-
UATION.
GREAT NORTHERN ALSO KICKS.
ApDeaIs From the Verdict Secured
by Gottlieb OFT, of Crookston,
Two Years Ago.

A pair of somewhat interesting dam
age suits against railroad companies
are on the supreme court calendar for
argument Monday. Gottlieb OFT, VINO
was hurt in a sollision at Northwood,
N. D.. in March, 1893, got Verd1ct
against the Great Northern for $1,5O9,
in spite of the fact that he was travel
ing on a stock contract, which relieved
the company from liabilities for his. IN
juries. These having been thrown out
of consideration in the courts, however,
the company appeals from the verdict
en- the following grounds: First, that
the Minnesota statute of limitations
controls, although the injury occurred
in North Dakota; and that the accident
being caused unintentiOnally and with
out malice, through the failure to prop
erly control the speed of a moving car,
brings the action within the conception
of a number of interpretations of sec
ton 5138 of the Minnesota statutes
which, under such reading, would limit
the time of action to two years. The
plaintiff holds that While he was in the
car, caring for the stock, the carrier of
the stock was in duty bound, under the
contract and under the law, to exercise
proper care to prevent injury either
to the stock or the attendants.
James B. Ackerman, who was badly
crushed by the sudden starting of
train on which he was loading stone at
Kasota Junction, also sued the Omaha
road getting a verdict for $3.50. This
accident also happened in 1893, and
Ackermans claim is under the so-call-
ed fellow servants act'' Of 1895, which
is denominated in the appellants brief
as a ''woodchuck." 1t is also claimed
in this case that the action was not
instituted in time under the statute OF
limitations
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
About That Iron Hall.

c. Bombach, secretary of the local Iron
Hall, says a misapprehension has been Gre
ated as to that order by the reports of the
yesterday:
There has been no disputes, disagreements
or dissatisfaction among any of the members
All claims have been paid whenever due, and
the order has disbursed since it's organization
five years ago, amount of s7S9, ,00O in pay
ment of sick, disability and final claims. No
suit was ever made against the order and the
management Of the order has been conducted
in such a manner as to win the admiration
of all officers of fraternal societies. The
greatest feature Is the reserve fund, which
is made UP from 20 per cent of all the moneys
collected in assessments, and which is under
the care Of the individual branches, and not
in the hands of the supreme officers. as
most other orders have it. This fund now
amounts to $4,000 and increases at the rate
of about $50, coo year. Over $21, 900 has been
paid to members in st. Paul as shown from
the records in my Office
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
DUMAS IS FORGIVEN
BY His Wife and ReGains His Chill
dren,s Guardianship.


On the application of Attorney John
A. Hearne. Judge Willis reopened the
matter of the appeal of Joseph Dumas
from the order of the probate court
appointing NJ. J. Bell guardian OF the
two Masterson minors-Mary and Del
la. aged six and five years respective
ly. 1t was charged that Dumas was
not a fit person to have the custody OF
the little girls, Notwithstanding the
fact that they were originally entrusted
to the care of Dumas by their father,
who has since died. Moreover, Dumas
had legally adopted Mary.
On the second hearing yesterday
Mrs. Dumas testified that her husband,
Joseph, was now man of good moral
character. Once she had divorced him
for drinking, but a month later they
remarked.
Judge Willis reversed the order OF
the probate court, appointing Aid. Bell
the guardian of the children, and so
left all the parties in the original po-
sitions, that is to say, the children still
remain with Mr.. and Mrs Dumas, and
Mary is the adopted daughter of Du-
mas The latter's counsel asked the
court to appoint Dumas the guardian
of Della, the younger sister, but Judge
Willis informed counsel that the prop
er tribunal for the hearing of such an
application was the probate court.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
FLEW TO OTHER ILLS.
Johanson Was Weary of This
Worlds Troubles.

John Johanson, fifty-eight years of
age, living at 1919 Gaultier street, com
mitted suicide Thursday night, and IN
order to make a success of the deed,
took the contents of box of Rough
on Rats" Johanson has been drinking
heavily of late, and Thursday evening
returned home about 8 o'clock under
the influence of liquor An hour later
he was taken violently ill and DR..
Bicrnstad was called in. From the
fact that an empty poison box was
found in the stove and none of the con-
tents could be located, it is supposed
J6aa1son took the entire two ounces
of the poison. Death resulted at 4
o'clock yesterday morning. The family,
consisting of Mrs Johanson and six
children, are left in straitened circum-
stances. Johanson had attempted self
destruction twice before, once trying
to cut his throat and another time to
hang himself. The remains were taken
to Mccarthy & Donnelly's and Coroner
Nelson, after an investigation, decided
an inquest was not necessary.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
LOOKS LIKE s. III. III. CLARK
For President of the U. p, Thinks
Director Bressler.


John T. Bressler, one of the govern
ment directors of the Union Pacific
system, came to town last night in
private car of the road accompanied by
a party Of friends with whom he has
made the trip from Omaha to the West,
visiting Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, San
Francisco and other coast points.
The car was attached to the incoming
Northern Pacific train and left for
Sioux City on the Omaha at 8:15 p m.
With Mr.. Bressler are his wife and
child, Mr.. and Mrs. H. F. Wilson and
DR.. w. C. Wightman, of Wayne, Neb.,
Mr.. Bressler's home, and Mr.. and Mrs.
Daniel T. Gilman, of Sioux City. Seen
in his car at the depot last night, Mr..
Bressler explained that his knowledge
of Union Pacific affairs in connection
with the sale and subsequent reorga
ni2ation, was limited to what he had
read in the newspaper dispatches. He
did say, however, that he thought S.
H. II. Clark would be elected president
of the reorganized company as a mark
of the appreciation of the stockholders
for his long, faithful service. Whether
the reorganization committee or other
parties would probably purchase the
read at the coming sale, he said he was
unable even to guess.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
1T IS NOT USURY.
Judge Kelly Rules as to the ''In-
staIIment Plan"

Judge AS1Iy ~ tiAS
staIIment Plan"
In the replevin suit of the New Eng
land Furniture and Carpet company
against Charles E. Pike, before Judge
Kelly and a jury, the latter returned
a verdict yesterday afternoon for the
plaintiff The case is of interest, be-
cause of the defense interposed The
defendant, who had purchased certain
goods from the furniture company on
the installment plan, set up usury in
his answer. He contended that the
addition of per cent to the cash val
ue of the goods constituted usury, in
that such amount exceeded 10 per cent
per annum interest on the amount he
owed the plaintiff after making his
first payment.
Judge Kelly charged the jury that
any merchant had a perfect right to
place a certain value on his merchan
disc when sold for cash. and an in
creased price on goods sold to parties
who asked for credit. Such transac-
ton was in no sense usurious. But, if
the defendant and the plaintiff both
understood that the per cent added
to the contract represented per cent
interest, then the contract was void for
usury.
The jury found that the contract was
not usurious, and accordingly returned
a verdict for the plaintiff.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
DIED..

PLEISS-Mrs. Addie E. Pleiss, nee Miss
Ames, of Winona, at her residence, 312
Pleasant av., Friday, at II a. m. Funeral
Monday, at 10 a. m, from Assumption
church. Winona papers please copy.
CLARK-In st. Paul. Mimi. Oct. % 1897,
at No. s. Iglehart street Virginia N, old
est daughter Of Charles n. and Grace B.
Clark, aged sixteen years. Funeral serv-
ices today at o'clock p. m. Interment at
Sterling, Ill.
BLOOD-Mrs. Ellen Blood died at her friends,
near Montevideo, Mimi, yesterday.
GRUBER-At 8 p. m., Oct. q, at residence,
145 Carroll street, Lucy Gruber daughter
of Nicholas and the late Magdalena Gruber,
aged fifteen years and two days. Funeral
from above residence Saturday morning
Oct. 23d, at 9:30 O'Clock. Services at AS
sumption church at 10 O'Clock
LUDINGTON-Ou October 90 at Stoneham,
Mass, Adaline j., wife of Thomas E Lud-
inetnn of this city.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
HUDSON TOO HAsTY.
Young Women Repent of Runaway
Marriages.

Judge Willis granted two more di-
vorces yesterday. The wives were the
plaintiffs in both cases, and the hus-
bands failed to appear. Bertha John
son was liberated from the bonds that
united her to Frank J. Johnson, be-
cause of the latter's cruelty and de-
sertion, and Ida Janda is no longer
the wife of Wencel Janda, who aban-
doned her. Both We're Hudson mar
riages.
The divorce suit of Emma L. East
man against Samuel Eastman, which
has been on trial before Judge Lewis
for two days, was finished yesterday
afternoon. The court took the case
under adVisement.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
Almost Inside Out,

The stomach that is not turned thus by
shaking up on the "briny wave must be
well fortified one. The gastric apparatus can
be rendered proof against sea sickness with
sea and land-Hostetter's Stomach Bitters. It
defends the system against malaria and rSeu-
matism, and subdues liver complaint, consti-
patton and dyspepsia.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
BALM FOR CARRIE.
Breach of Promise Verdict for Fift
Thousand Dollars.

DANvILLE, ILL.,, Oct 22.-Mrs. Carrie Cor
bett, aged AZ, a widow, was tonight awarded
s54, 1888 damages for breach of promise. John
Gernand, aged 81, a retired capitalist, was the
defendant. The case has been hotly contested
with Mayor Kimberough counsel for the
plaintiff. and Cuban Commissioner Calhoun
for the defendant.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
CITY OWES 1T.
Judge Otis Decides for Contractor
F0rreStal.

In the suit of James Forrestal against
the city to recover deferred payments
and interest thereon under his con-
tracts for sprinkling districts Fourth,
Fifth, Sixth and Eight in 1895. Judge
Otis directed the jury to return YER
dict for the plaintiff. The court in
structed the jury that the contract
price in each case was not due when
the work was completed, which was on
Nov is, 1895, but that the jury must
allow the city reasonable time there
after, within which to collect the as
sessment for the sprinkling. That time
decided upon, interest was to be COM
puted from the date limiting such pc
riod.
The jury returned, and after figuring
interest on the partial payments made
by the city and the balance unpaid,
returned with verdict against the
city for $3,361.S2.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
WONDERFUL FAMILY.
Death Has Not Entered 1t in Four
CaneratfOns

LYONS. To-. Oct 22.-Mr and Mrs. Angus
tus K. Gabriel tonight celebrated their golden
wedding. Eight children, fourteen grand
children and three great grandchildren were
present. In four generations death has not
entered the family circles. They are natives
of Germany, were shipwrecked en- route to
America. became acquainted and were married
on reaching this country. The husband is rs
and the wife rs years cd.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
warren wants some salary.

Joseph Warren, an ex-policeman has COM
menced suit against the city to recover $50,
which he claims is due him as salary War
ren was discharged by Mayor Doran and it
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
TOOK HER OWN LIFE.
An Inmate of the Prison Manages
to Poison Herself.

Anna Smith, a Hennepin county
prisoner, serving a reformatory SEN
tence for grand larceny, died at the
prison yesterday afternoon from. phos-
phorous poisoning. On Saturday last
she complained of feeling i'll, and was
permitted to accompany some of the
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
VEGETA ABLES.
Fancy Crisp Celery, per bunch
IS cents

Green Beans, Wax Beans, Fancy Head
Lettuce. Fancy Leaf Lettuce, Toma-
toes. Cucumbers, Caulif1ower, Lima
Beans, Egg Plant, Endive, Celery Root,
Kale, Mushrooms.
The Saint Paul globe., 1897-10-23
was nearly month before the council con-
| Cured in the action Of the mayor.

Judge Bunn's Days Work.
Yesterday Judge Bum granted second pa
pers to LUG applicants.