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migration to better their condition in
life, deposited on che one side or the
other, those elements in each necessary
to emphasize this division. Such were
the conditions existing at the death of
Charlemagne in A. D. S14.
All that was now necessary to bring
about this division was revolt or civil
war. This, however, was for time
delayed by Louis the Pious, who held
together the strong central power left
him by his father. At his death, A. d.
84O,. she ripened conditions bore fruit
in civil war between the three sons,
Lothaire, Louis and Charles. For
three years the struggle for the empire
was maintained by each with varying
success, when to end the strife, truce
was had, ending finally in the treaty
of Verdun in A. D. 843. BY it Lothaire,
as Emperor, obtained Italy, the Lom-
bard territory and that bone of conten-
tion of later ages, the strip running to
the north and lying between or rather
in the valleys of the Rhone and Rhine.
Louis obtained the original Frankish
kingdom east of the Alsace- Lorraine
territory, or Germany proper; while
the territory west of the valleys-Gaul
of Caesar, France of today-fell to
Charles the Bald, and thus, the nation
of France was launched on the ocean
of events.
Thus we see the divisional conditions
existing in the germ half century
earlier, move forward to their complete
fulfillnaent 1t was the natural result
of pre- existing formative conditions.
1t would be interesting to follow
this resultant movement; trace the ris-
ing strength of the feudal system, and
the final establishment of it's strongest
exponent, under the leadership of
Hugh Capet, Duke of Paris and Or
leans as king of France, and the
founder of the claims of the existing
heirs to the now empty throne, but
space. will not permit.
To recapitulate, we have seen that
an era of change was ushered in dur
ing che earlier centuries of the Chris
tian era. Europe everywhere was preg
nant with their coming movements;
old kingdoms falling, new ones rising
Martel appears; and then Charlemagne
fills the stage of life, strengthens the
bulwarks raised by Martel and by his
active campaigns east and west, so eX
hausted the warlike elements, as to.
leave the already forming conditions
to work out their ends without curtail-
ment. Under him the schools were
firmly established; Christianity became
more widespread; justice was admin
istered to serf and villain, as we'll as to
lord and master. Cast distinctions
were more clearly defined and accepted;
tribal relations were drawn together
more firmly in the several portions of
the empire; ingual relations more
firmly united; France growing stronger
along the Roman-Celtic line; Germany
laying the foundations of her future
IiHSuo PuI1Cy (, q oCAOuS COhoioi SoN
ernment was built up in each of the
three principal divisions of the. empires.
the divisional elements becoming more.
clearly defined in each, until we see.
the only requirement for separation
into it's proper integral parts was war
or revolt. This condition we see arose
and the result gave the world under
Charles the Bald, new nation, a ma
tion whose influence on succeeding
ages has been both deep and lasting.
LEONARD.