davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-08-23
BUDGET FROM BEAUMONT
l1ysntsssous Location City Offers
to Railroads.
BENEFITS OF WACO AND SABINE.


IL Beaumont, Texas, August 2i.--Durine
|Rhe uaAt three years a number Of railroadi
have been projected to Sabine Pass via
sBcaumcnt. and some Of them have been
|built. but none promises more to this city
lkhau does the Waco and Sabine Pass. In
HE interest Of which road Colonel X. Il.
Duncan. vice president and general man
kaer. 10 now In this section. Geographical
~ speaking. Beaumont il situated nluiost
'bimiiar to Houston. The latter city Is
Fifty miles from deep water at Galveston.
while Beaumont Is thirty miles from deep
water at Sabine Pass. Houston las water
and rail- connection with Galveston: Beau
mont has water and rail connection With
Sabine Pass. On account Of Its advantage
BUS location. Houston has become trcat
railroad and manufacturing center, in fact
abe largest and most prosperous city In
rrhe State. and as conditions at Beaumont
bow are about what they we're a. ljols-
kon twelve or fifteen years ago. there is
no reason why the Queen OF he Nethes
should not grow much In the same men-
suer ~ has Houston. To effect tais 81 owth
= TSebSNt bShStiutilk tut ttiIOu
,ection OF Texas is necessary, and tie Waco
and Sabine Pass would fill the bill The
route OF this proposed road is through the
,ccunties OF McLennan, Limestone. Rob-
isrtson. Falls, Leon, Madison, Walker, San
Itacinto. Liberty, Hardin and Jciferu9n, and
with the exception OF Hardin aud Jei,tf-
son they are all cotton PRODUCERS. IN fact
statistics from the State agii sult,,.at de-
.oartment show that the new road would
raverse territory which would under
favorable conditions. produce malt riIIlion
l5ales OF cotton annually. As Houston. ty
virtue OF location and the enterprise o. Its
business men. mas been and 8 still the
marketing and COMPRISING point .os near
v two-thirds OF the cotton carried by rail-
loads centering in the bayou city, so
would beaumont because of It's many nat
iral advantages, be the mlrtoiIng ard
Umpressing point for cotton that would
20 hauled by the Waco and SlDine Pass.
The Post correspondent merely calls at.
ention to this one very important tcne-
1t that would accrue from construction OF |
Colonel Duncan's road There are mnpy |
others, but the possibility OF making rcau- |
mont cotton market should he sufficient |
% assure Colonel Duncan that any rea- |
enable propoSition In which construc- |
Ion OF the Waco and Sabine Pass to this |
.ftv is assured will receive favorable con-
liberation by the enterprsing citizens OF |
ne Southeast Texas metropolis
The Houston daily post. [volume] (Houston, Tex.) 1886-1903, 1897-08-23

The entertainment given by and for thu
Dement, OF Tonawand Tribe No. s5. I'M
proved Order OF Red Men, Friday night.
Mas . pronounced success. the attendapce
being large. Great Senior Sycamore ]. n
Resan. who Instituted the tribe. was ,,res
ent, and explained the purpose and object,
OF the order, and told OF its history and
hopes. Tho entertainment was an omen air
concert with wigwams acattered over ths
groves where refreshments were sold nv
yeons ladies dressed In. Indian costumcs
ineIe We're also fortune tcllers and fake
The whole town contributed generously Ia
sne enterprise. and the proceeds viii great
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

3RNN"& ouLHS cure - es sS1Ss 81
,0aS2us indigestion go lacne
Easy as, = 'f'"- 80 'oc
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20
WHY WILL LADIES
SUFFER FROM BE-
ING RUN DOWN
WHEN THEY CAN
so EASILY

Edenton, n. c., May 70, 1897.
Until February, 1892, l was physical
wreck, and had been so for over twenty
years. No one can ever know what
suffered from Rheuma tism and Neuralgia
in different parts Of my body, but princi-
pally in my head. l suffered so much
with pains in my back that often | would
have to lay with hot bottles of water
to my back, to give me what little relief
it would. suffered with indigestion for
years, which gave me often such chok-
ing spells that the doctor would have
to be summoned in haste. l could not eat
a mOuthful of meat or solid food of any
kind and the eructation of gas from my
stomach was distressing. My system
was completely run down. l had no
strength and was distressingly nervous.
Sometimes / would be unconscious from
these nervous spells, and would have to
have hot baths applied for relief. When
l had been in this condition for over
twenty years, Mrs. Joe Person visited our
town in February, 1892, and persuaded
me to try half dozen bottles of her Rem
edy, as she told me she had never known
it to fail to restore broken down sys-
tenn. l knew l would have to try some
thing, and thought it might as well be
her Remedy as anything, but l nad no
faith in anything curing me. | bought
half a dozen bottles, and when l was on
the second bottle, l began to feel better,
and by the time ] took the six bottles
WAS WE'LL. Indigestion was per-
fectly cured, and can now eat anythlnS
l want and it agrees with me. 1t cured
me entirely of neuralgia, and l have
never had it since 1t cured me Of hem
orrhoids-from which l suffered agony
rheumatism, backache, headache, ner-
vousness, all cured.
Whenever I see anyone suffering from
anything, I ask them why don't they
| take one half dozen bottles Of the Rem
edy-that it would curs them. woulo
not take hundreds of dollars for what II
| did for me. It restored me to health
| and I now enjoy life.
MRS. s. e. BONNER.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

NORTH BOUND CONNECTIONS
at Fayetteville and Atlantic Coast Line
or all points North and East, at Sanford
with tie Seaboard Ait Line, at Greene
boro with the Southern Railway Con
pany, at Walnut Cove with the Norfolk
& Western Railroad for Winston alen.
SOUTH BOUND CONNECTIONS
at Walnut Cove with the Norfolk .
Western Railroad for Roanoke and points
North and West, at Greensboro with the
Southern Railway Company for Raleigh,
edmond and all points North and Hast,
at Fayetteville with the Atlantic Coast
Inc for all points South, at Maxton with
he Seaboard Airline for Charlotte, At
lanta and all points South and South
est.
w. FRY, W. e. KYLE,
Gent Manager. GEM Pass. Agent
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

tDaily except Monday. EDaily except Sun
Train on the ScosIand Neck Branch Koa
leaves Weldon 4 10 p IA. Halifax % D La. :.
rives Scotland Neck % p m, Greenvflle q
d m, KinstOn 55pm. Returning leaves X C
Halifax II Is q m, Weldon II Sa m, daily =,
Trains on the Washington Branch leav.
Washington 40 IA and 90 p m, arrives
Parmele 10 am and $40 p m, returning leu VI
PaImele 35 m and 6 30 p IA, arrive wasI
ing ton II 90 y III and ~ p m, daily sxcep
Sunday.
sSnday, oSS s,,v a Sunday a aoS M r,vss
OF m. Rsturaing To-" Plymouth daily
except Sunday, 30 9 m and Sunday 90 q. na.
arrives IarDoro 10 06 q m, IL % m.
Train ON Midland N. T.. Branch leave
Goldsbor0 daily, except Sunday7 10 q h, a.
irving Smithneld 30 q m; returning leave
SmithAeld 800 IN; arrives At 4oldshor
10 % q m.
Mount at 4 so p m, arrives Nashville4 e6 D o
Spring Hope 50 p m; returning leave
Spring Hope 90 m, Nashville 8 36 q m. ~
rfves at Rocky Mount Of m. daily. excep,
Train on Clinton Branch leaves WARSAW
for Clinton daily. except Sunday, Hat 20 9
m anc4 10 p m: reforming leaves Clinton .,
TOO q m and 8 90 q m.
Train No. u makes close connection o.
via Richmond, alsS at Rocky Mount witt
Norfolk and Carolina r. r. for Norfolk Ane
all points North via Norfolk.
III. NJ. EMERSON, Genl Pass. Agent.
s.R. KnNL2, Gent Manager.
r. M. EMERSON. Traffic Manager.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

Columbus, O., May 1S.-The Democrat
ic State Central committee, decided TINS
afternoon to hold the State convention IN
Columbus. June % and 80. Judge Ulrlck
Sloan. OF Hillsboro, will be temporary
chairman and Col. w. A. Taylor temper
ary secretary.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20
AGNsf5ji5Slg{z9E@!
&4:4& srSRaS!!&!6;'
SERVICE

SERVICE
6HORTEST AND QUICKEST KOU1.
TO Atlanta. New Orleans, Norfsis
Richmond, Warrington, BaltiEsyf
Philadelphia, Boston, New York.
Schedule In effect Nov. 1st, 1899
TRAINS LEAVE RALEIGH
2:16 A. NJ. DAILY.
Atlanta Special" Pullman vestihxs
Tor Henderson, Weldon, Petsrsbprs
Richmond, Warrington, Baltiuer<
Philadelphia, New York, and eli poin /.
north. Buffet drawing-room slesrsy.
and Pullman coaches Atlanta to WASH
ington, parlor cars Washington to New
York, Pullman sleeping car, Chester, &, /
Portsmouth. Arrives ct WashinR,e,
l0:45 q. m, Baltimore ID noon, Phils
delphia $50 p. m, New York 4:ys =
m. Also for Portsmouth, Norfolk, oil,
Point and local stations Beabosr1 an
Roanoke railroad.
I1:35 A. M. DAILY.
For Henderson, Weldon. OuReIh
Portsmouth, Norfolk and intermsdiat 4,
stations connects 1T Portsmouth viii
Bay Line for Old Point and Baltimore
with Norfolk and Warrington etsAss
boat company for Washington; Wis
N. 7. 2. and N. railroad for PhilsA@
phia and points north; also 1T WsIdcs
with Atlantic Coast Line for E;s.
mond, Washington, Baltimore, PHI,
delphia and New York, and with Escs
land Neck Branch for GresnyfIis
Washington and Plymouth.
Pullman sleeping car Atlsnts 8
Portsmouth.
PIG A. NJ. DAILY.
"Atlsnts Special Pullman ysst;h,l
,or southern Pines, Hamlet, WilmfEs
ton, Monroe, Charlotte, Lincolntos
shelby, Chester, Clinton, Greenwoos
Abbeville, Athens, Atlanta, Auxusss
Columbia, Macon, Montgomery, Mobils
New Orleans, Chattanooga, Nashville
Memphis and all points south xzs
southwest; through Pullman Buss
sleepers and day coaches WaahinRtss
and Atlanta, connecting directly >
Union depot, Atlanta, with divsrrfH,
lines; also Pullman sleeping car Ports
mouth to Chester. 9. q.
1884 P. M. DAILY.
For Wilmington, Charlotte, Chsss~,
Greenwood, Athens, Atlanta ana 81
intermediate stations. Connects q
Union ststfon Atlanta, with diverrsxs
lines. Pullman sieeepinS car PsrNs
mouth to Atlanta.
TRAIN LEAVE RALEIGH:
$40 P. M. DAILY.
From Norfolk, Portsmouth, ana
points north via Bay Line and N. 7. .
and n. r. r., Petersburg, 1icAnssj
and Washington, Baltimore, PAilaAsI
phia, New York and Boston, also fYsp
Grssnvills, Plymouth, Warrington, d
C., and eastern Carolina, points Vi
Weldon.
1:35 A. M. DAILY.
Atlanta Special" Pullman vestiAss,
from Atlanta and points ssstA
Athens, Abbeville, GreenwooA s.l
Chester.
1885 A. n. DAILY.
From Charlotte, Athens, Atlsnts ~as
intermediate stations.
PIG A. M. DAILY.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

Double EN- Medicated Cigarettes and
Smoking Tobacco are fine remedies for
Catarrh, Hay Fever, Asthma and Colds;
besides q delightful smoke; cool, mild
and sweet. Ladies use the goods and
are delighted. No opium or other harm
full drug used in their manufacture.
DEM has cured others and will cure
YOU. Made of best North Carolina to-
baCCO.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

Washington, May 19.-The following
fourth class postmasters in Virginia were
appointed to-day: II. w. Goodloe, Alton;
w. H. Wilkins, Bridgetown; w. L..
Dooley, Crystal; w. B. Besley, Lewins-
vile; w. w. Davenport, Of Millenbeck;
w. w. Lower, Montvale; r. E. Cally-
ham, Phillis; S. II. Cullers, Rileyville;
Anthony Buersig, Thornburg; H. s.
Bland, Wan.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20
Gludness Comes

Ninth a better understanding of the
Wv transient nature OF the many phys
ical ills which val sh before proper eff
1orts-gentle efforts-pleasant efforts
rightly directed There is comfort in
the knowledge that so many forms OF
sickness are not due to any actual dis
ease, but simply to a constipated condi-
ton of the system. which the pleasant
family laxative, Syrupo of Figs, prompt
" removes. That is why it is the only
remedy with millions of families, and is
everywhere esteemed so highly by all
who value good health. Its beneficial
effects are due to the fact, that it is the
one remedy which promotes internal
cleanliness, without facilitating the
organs on which it acts. It's therefore
all important, in order to get its bene-
fetal effects, to note when you pur-
chase, that you have the genuine article
which is manufactured by the California
Fig Syrup Co. only, and sold by all rep
utable druggists.
If in the enjoyment of good health,
and the system is regular, then laxa-
tives or other remedies are not needed.
If afflicted with any actual disease, one
may be commended to the most slSillful
physicians, but if in need of a laxative.
then one should have the best, and with
the well-informede everywhere, Syrup of
Figs stands highest and is most largely
Nsed and gives most general satisfaction.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20
THE FIRST WOMAN GRADUATE.

New York May 19.-The first woman
to be graduated by the faculty of Union
Theological Seminary received her di-
poma tonight at the sixtyfrst annual
anniversary and commencement of that
institution.
The interest in the event was doubled
by the graduate being Emily Grace
Briggs, daughter Of Prof. G.. A. Briggs,
who was suspended by the General AS
sembly after IA trial for heresy in 1894.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20
BUCKLEN'S ARNIOA SALvE.

The Best Salve I'm the world for Cuts,
Bruises. Sores. Ulcers, Salt Rheum, Few
or SORES. letter, Chapped Hands, Chill
blains. Corns, and all Skin Eruptions,
and po4itively cures Piles, or no pay re.
ouired. 1t 10 guaranteed to give perfect
satisfaction or money refunded. Price
q cents Der box. For sale by all drug
gists.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

The facsimile signature Of IL
u or every wrapper Of CASTOR1A
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1897-05-20

xDaily. tDafIy except Sunday.
Trains Nos. 40 and As solid trains between
Primers Point and Wilmington. Train No.
40 connects at Rocky Mount with train 81
for all points South and No. 7&fOr all potnts
North.
g. NJ. SKRPRLL, J. Il. KENLY,
GENT Manager. Sup't Trans
T. NJ EMERSON. Genn Pass. Agent
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10
Take advantage of T. o. Christian
special Watch Sale for December.
7. q. CHRISTIAN, OwOss0.
New Lothrop.

Ed. Birdsell, of this place, has been
granted reissue of pension-Ge0. Law
son and family now occupy the Andrew
Kribbs house-Henry Bedford, former
resident, but now of Buffalo, N. Y, is Wis
iting friends in this vicinity
Tinker, from the state of New York, has
been making his many friends here visit.
Mr.. Tinker was resident of this township
for some years before moving TO the Empire
state, two years ago-JOhn Krupp, of
Layton's Corners, has entered the employ
of Geo. Bullock-Nick Collins met with a
severe accident few days ago. An old
root which he had braced up on some tim
bers fell and struck him on one Of his legs,
breaking both bones near the ankle. DIR.
Bruce reduced the fracture-Hurk and
Benjamin Wood have purchased farm in
Bay county and will move there soon to re-
side-Joy Douglass has completed anoth-
er new building. This time 1t is hog
house. Mr.. Douglas now has one of the
finest farms in the town, having expended a
large amount of money in new buildings
during the past few years--The Epworth
League is preparing to give temperance
ntertainment-Mr.a and Mrs. Frank Ami.
don, from Oceana county, visited relatives
and friends in this vicinity last week.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10
Owosso Business College.

Prof. A. j. Cadman. Owosso, Mich.-My
Dear Friend: think 1t essential for every
young man, whether he be rich or poor, to
first acquire practical business education
IL possible. for when he launches out upon
the vast ocean of this busy world, the bet.
ter his ship is equipped with an education OF
this kind, the better he will be pr pared to
Endure the many rough storms thereof, be-
SIDE saving himself many bitter and Sc
we're experience. A thorough and practical
business training will secure Tor him posi-
ton whereby he may accumulate something
for himself, and after so accumulated he
will be competent to retain 1t. / cannot
speak too highly In praise of such an educa-
ti0n, as 1t has l., on all the world to me, and
with its aid have attained the little sue.
cess which l hive so far gained. / am
pleased to send .uu this reference, as you
have taken deer interest in me. Wishing
you the greatest o. success, which you de-
serve Yours very truly,
I'll. j. Chatterton,
State Agt. Insurance.
Sedalia, Mo-, Nov. 80. 1897.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10

Wesley Blood Is nvalescent-Rev
Barnes, of Detroit, preached In the M. K
church last Sunday morning anti
saloon league has been organized in our vii
lage, with G. w. Swarthout president and
Eva Wyckoff secretary Tuesday eve.
ming Seymour Piatt was elected w. NJ. and
VIM. Hunt secretary of No. $50 f. & A.
M; also. Fred Case was elected N. q. and
Paul Colister secretary Of No. 400, 1. o. o.
F.-Prof. Cody is suffering from an owe T.
production of carbuncles rtainmen Is
will be held on Christmas eve at all three OF
our village churches several hunt
ing parties have returned. The Waters
party secured four deer. and the Sweet par
ty five deer and one large wildcat. / was
remembered by the boys and presented with
a nice piece of venison from Daniel Foot
and one from Henry Selgrist. Boys, go
,again-- Madoc Rebekah lodge No. 2SS en-
tertained the members of Winners lodge Of
Bath on Friday evening last. A nice pro-
gram and fine supper were features of the
event long to be remembered by all present
The excitement in regard to the Hart
man case is subsiding, and the public will
patiently await future developments.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10
Consumption Positively Cured.

Mr.. r. B. Greever, merchant, of Chill
howie, Va, certifes that he had consump-
ton, was given up to die, sought all med
ical treatment that money could procure,
tried all cough remedies he could hear Of,
but got no relief; spent many nights sitting
up In chair; was induced to try DR.. Kings
New Discovery, and was cured by use of
two bottles. For past three years has been
attending to business, and says DIR. Kings
New Discovery Is the grandest remedy ever
made, as it has done so much for him and
also for others in his community. DR..
Kings New Discovery Is guaranteed for
coughs. colds and consumption. II don't
fail. Trial bottles free at Will X. Collins q
Co., and j. S. Haggart's drug stores.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10
Burton Farmers Club.

On the I'd inst the Burton Farmers Club
met at the residence Of Supervisor f. H..
Rush, of Owosso township.
The topic for the day "How to Improve
Our Country Schools" was introduced by
l.. s. Bowles, who said: employ good
teachers, pay them good wages, and parents
visit the schools and do not.stay at home and
do the kicking"
A paper was then read by Mrs. G. r..
Woodin. First of all, she would have the
school house where the children spend so
much of their time, comfortable, convenient,
attractive and home-like. She would have
the children assist in the house cleaning,
and encouraged in bringing pictures for the
walls, soft rugs for the floor and plants for
the windows, and made to feel that they
have an ownership in the house and grounds
things nice and attractive. They would
then have some responsibility and care less
for mischief. She would have them con-
suited about the play grounds and allowed
flower garden IL they so desired, and trees
also. Boys like to climb trees and the girls
would appreciate the shade. The most i'm
portant, as well as the most difficult part,
is the selection of teachers. Teachers
should have especial training for their work,
such as the normal school affords, without
which no certificate should be granted, and
their experience should be obtained in the
city schools under the guardianship of a
principal. where they would have less re-
sponsibilty and an opportunity to learn the
bes. methods of teaching. She regards the
visiting of schools by the parents more detri-
mental than otherwise, as 1t has tendency
to distract the attention Of the pupils from
their studies and takes the time of the teach
er from his work.. 1t is better for the teach.
er to visit the parents than for the parent to
visit the schools.
Mrs. Devendorf said: "Our country
schools might be improved by going back to
the methods Of fifty or sixty years ago. The
old fashioned spelling book has not its equal
now. She gave some specimens of modern
bad spelling to show that the present meth
cd of teaching that important branch of edu-
cation is not up to the old fashioned stand
ard. Another Improvement would be to
give the boys and girls separate recesses."
e. o. Place would have music, and Mr..
Randall temperance, taught in our schools.
Our Representative thought that when
his constituents demanded of him the duties
of congressman, little more education In
civil government would not come amiss.
Mr.. Bristol, our county superintendent of
schools, was present and gave very pleas
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10

day my wife came across an advertise
ment of Zoa Phora-the swoman's
friend She tried it-so did my daugh-
ter. And it cured them both. Since
that day we have had no more sickness
mo more doctors bills. There's a
piano in the parlor now-we all ride
wheels, and there's money in the bank
beside"
Loa Phora is the sick woman's great
est treasure. itacts gently but posi-
lively on her delicate organism-regu-
Observation-Disclosures way for per
feet health. A book which tells of Zoa
Phora, free.
Write Zoa Phora Medicine Co., Kala-
mazoo, Mich.
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10
Ann Arbor's New Route.

Menominee, Dec. 8: When navigation
closes In Green Bay, the apron for loading
cars onto the Ann Arbor ferries will be
taken from Gladstone to Manistique, and
the boats run there. This will give the
Ann Arbor road connection with the east
and the Lake Superior country, as the Chi
cago lumber company owns 30.mile stretch
OF road that runs to Munising, where con-
nections with the Duluth, South Shore &
Atlantic railroad will be made. This will
open up splendid new territory for the
Ann Arbor, and the boats will run all the
uqar
The Owosso times. (Owosso, Mich.) 1897-1926, 1897-12-10

ant talk on the subject under consideration.
He said: "Aore attention should be given
to spelling. and that sufficient stress was
not placed upon making the school room
pleasant. 1t was a mistake that mental
arithmetic had been dropped In the schools;
that children should not be confined In their
arithmetical calculations to pencil and pa.
per. Parents should visit schools. II the
visits were more frequent and less formal,
IL the visitor came In at any hour and with
out ceremony, there would be no Interrupt.
ton and the nervousness of pupils aud
teacher would soon pass away. Teaching
is an art, and model training schools should
be established for educating teachers In this
art" The uniform text book law he thinks
a dead letter. and suggested the better plan
of free text books instead.
After the criticisms on spelling by Mrs.
Devendorf. the invitation from the presi-
dent for remarks was not unanimously re-
sponded to, though Mr.. Bristol confessed to
the owning OF well worn dictionary, and
Mrs. Theron GLADDEN. admitted that her
mother Outranked her in the spelling branch
of her education.
Rep. Shepard was elected delegate to the
state association of farmers clubs In place
of X. o. Place. resigned.
A resolution was passed to the effect that
the delegates to the state association be in
structed to Introduce the subject, and urge
that all the local clubs interest themselves
In securing the much needed system. of
free delivery of mail in the rural districts.
Mr.. and Mrs. Rush with their three prom
Using children, one son and two lovely
daughters, all contributed in making the