davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15

minute shifts. That is a good, eXhausting day s
work
At present. the caisson Of the Bridge being
only twenty-five feet down. the discomfort Is
little and the air is pumped in at a low pressure,
only about thirteen pounds. as against thirty
five Uhe necessary pressure when they get to
bedrock here.
The compressed air and the water engines are
on the dock directly alongside the caisson. The
air. once compressed. has to be cooled and for
this purpose it IS run through 300 foot pipe
that lies in a tank on the dock. From there II
is carried directly into the caisson.
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15
IN a CAISSON'S DEPTHS.
WITH THE SAND HOGS" AT THE EAST
RIVER BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS.
HOW THE MUD At THE RIVER BED Is EXCA
WAITED ENTERING TIE AIR LOCK AND
EREATHING COMPRESSED AIR.

BREATHING COMPRESSED AIR.
The most Interesting place in NeW-YOrh to-
day is the interior Of ! treat wooden box under
the East Etcr Down in It's depths. gruhbng
IN the mud ana slime and among the rocks and
debris Of The rivers bed Cor the box has no bot
tonD are dozen twenty wcrkmen: there will
be many more later. The work they are en-
GaSed Oh is Of the two cities greatest
cineerinG Gntorpriscs-thc new East River
Bridge that is to stretch from Broadway. Brook
iyn. to a point at the junction of Norfolk and
Delaney sts.. NewYOrk and these workmen
far under water are laying the foundations for
tc towers on the New York side.
Twenty-Five feet or 50 beneath the surface OF
the river n)w. they will sink much further down
"A the work proceeds. The caisson. which is the
scientific name Of this big box. and upon which
solid column OF masonry is now being built
one Of the rests or feet for the huge towers Of
e.oel on which the cables will swing must force
IS way down through the mud until il touches
solid rock. At this point solid rock is just fifty
scven fast below high water The other Gals
sons-tw0 are to be sunk each side of the
river to support the steel tOWers-Wil have TO
so down still further, ono on the Brooklyn side
nearly one hundred feet. for there is rock
nearer the surface.
rms caiSSon work IS just fairly on its feet, as
II were. ana the huge new bridge, therefore. is
well under Nay. All the prclimiuares have been
arranged and this first caisson with its weight
OF stone above. viii begin to cut its way
down through the river bed. Already it has
gone down some four +, It. and is now stationary
f)r the moment. When tho weight above is suf
ncient. ana the huge bulk begins to sink its
progress down will be al the rate supposing that
aN oil Of al,. L
Tribune representative went into the
depths of the great wooden box the other morn
ting. His guido was T. c. Freeman. Of the
Bridge Engineering Corps. the man in charge
OF the building of the foundations on the
NeWYork side. Both The Tribune man and the
engineer Wore high rubber boots. reaching near
ly to their hips light workngmcn's hats and
clothing that mud and water could not harm.
Climbing over the great blocks Of stone on the
top Of the casson, blocks which. swung into
place by cranes. were being cemented together
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15

nOw become accustomed to tho compressed air
that all in the caisson's depths must breathe
THE pressure.' called out the engineer. Easy
Joe,' And to the writer. who as yet knew not
the trick Of descending into the Internal re-
gions in this way. Hold your nose tightly and
blow. In a moment you will feel your ears crack.
Then you are all right. and we can go down
1t took several trials, however, and the com
pressed air had more than once to be changed
to the outer atmosphere before the writer caught
the art. These precautions are necessary because
the change OF atmospheric conditions, com
pressed air being very different from the outer
air, might crack en- ear drum untoWardly, WIN
deafness as q result. once, however (as en6ln-
GERS and workmen pat iD. the ears crack
there is perfect safety. for this signifies that the
breathing apparatus with which the ear Is con-
necteD has fully accustomed itself TO its rev
surroundings
"An right said the writer. gasping a little
Hardly had this been said than by some mys-
terious force the door flew up, and the full
length of the pipe. with occasional electric lights
down its sides. was disclosed. Down the iron
ladder the explorers crept, landing almost knee
deep in the river mud
1t was curious sight, this interior. wooden
roof. at its highest some seven and hall lee'
tended up and doNn. longitudinally ana SUI
ways. The chamber itself, G0Xi6 feet. was dl-
vdcd into three compartments. Piping ran along
the ceiling and tmbers in every direction
Standing on the bottom one found the bracHg
timbers almost breast high. yet so huge were
they that il was only with difficulty and much
back bending that they could be crawled un-
der 1t was all floor of mud. except where
rock a patch Of hard earth or the banked-up
dirt along the sides, made small oasis. In
certain places the slime came we'll up 10 the
knees
Some twenty incandescent bulbs threw dim
light over this ch1mber. Squatting down in the
slime here and there at three or four different
points were the ''sandhogs." "SandhoGs" are
caissOn workmen. men who make tOilinG in
compressed air their special trade. Where they
come from or how they happened to get in this
tractors and the engineers know is that it is
possible To- get a good gang together at any time
"Sandhogs" are the highest paid labOrers in the
world. working in the casson being unhealthy
and eXhausting especially at a depth below
fifty feet ere is a sliding scale of wages and
a sliding scale Of hours Of labor. The further
down a casson sinks the more money sand
hog" gets a day and the fewer hours he works
Below one hundred feet. for example. he re-
ccivcs So - for eighty minutes work in forty
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15
LYNCHED THE SPIRROW.
From The Grand Rapids Herald.

From The Grand KapldS Herald
successful lynching took place on the farm
of Jerome Butler. south of Mariette. Mich. the
other day. In the barn a swallows nest was
seen clinging To the side of a beam. from which
was suspended English sparrow hung by
the neck with a hair from horses tail. While
Franklin Butler and Orla Albcrtson were sit
ting in the barn they noticed a sparrow go into
the swallows nest from which he began pitch
ing the young birds. Three swallows. attracted
by their outcry. Immediately pounced upon the
intruder. After confining him to the nest for Il
few minutes, they threw him out. He dropped
about a foot there jerk. and Mr.. Spar
row was hanged as nicely though an expert
hangman had been in charge. The hair was
wound around his neck several times. and after
q few Intellectual struggles. he kicked his last
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15

IS gradually let of and the air Of tho outer
world allowed to stream in. The lungs and ears
take to their usual atmosphere readily. In the
case Of men unused to such experiences. the ears
may pain slightly for day or so after, but this
does not always follow.
New-York tribune., 1897-08-15
IN AN OLD CANE.

From The Gcntlemans Magazine.
A dear friend Of mine now many years dead,
an antiquary and man OF eminence IN letters,
was shown over the cathedral Of Lichneld by
the then dean. AS O souvenir Of his visit, he
was presented by the dean with curious and
handsome cane, which some years previously
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
HERE AND THERE.

Some farmers think that money
alone should be counted to determine
whether thing pays or not This il
. great mistake. Fruit pays even il
We do not sell = dollars worth. It
keeps down doctor bills in the family.
Many successful swine growers
rake up the corn cobs, burn them, and
when in the form Of bright live Goals
throw water on portion of the pile.
thus making charcoal and ashes for the
hogs to eat A little salt may b
added.
Every town should get its supply Of
berries. celery and similar delicacies
from its adjacent farmers Railroads
and commissiop men are getting too
much, and farmers too little. out Of this
business. The same il true Of eggs
and poultry.
As the country becomes thfckly
settled, grain farming gives way to
trucking. It il well, therefore, to keep
thoroughly posted, % - to take ad-
vantage Of the circumstances surround
ing ono. There is money in CROWN;
vegetables for the mechanics Of manu-.
featuring towns, especially II bFviv.
vest keeps " With Aaadwogk.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
APPRECIATES HIS WIFE.
why q Kentucky Editor Calls Her U
"BetteP Seven.E1ghths."

why q Kentucky Editor Calls Her D II
"BetteF Seven-EightAs."
Many of my friends have asked me
and few strangers had the curiosity
to write and inquire: "Why is it that
you always speak Of your wife as your
better seven-eighths: In this brief ar.
ticle l will endeavor to explain. and ]
use the personal pronoun. that the read.
ers will the better understand me. In
Christian fortitude she in as fortress
capable of withstanding any fusillade;
I put rifle pit with many unguarded
gaps in comparison. Her faith y that
Of healthy tree in full foliage and
fruit; mine like tree blasted, with m
occasional sprout that lends hope Of
fruition, but so frcil that the first cold
wave Of dependency deadens and with.
ers it. As a neighbor she embodies those
qualities expressed in the words Of the
Master: do unto others as you would
that they should do to you;" ! am con.
tent to do by him as we'll as he had done
by me, and too frequently fall short Of
that standard. As nurse she is sister
of charity reared in the Garden of Geth'
semane or in a nunnery of Nazareth.
shedding sweet sunshine through the
sickroom; I both impatient and irasci.
BILE. Endowed with almost superhu.
man energy. she il living type of the
busy bee; /. not so enriched. am too fire.
quently drone of disappointment. Ths
day is never SO dark but the bright
light beyond beckons her on as ben
con of hope; dependency darkens my
vision and obscures from view anything
favorable the future might show. Thus
in al the noblcr attributes of life she
towers above me as the forest pine
about the stunted fig bush. During c
continuous companionship Of over q
years have been sensible to these su
perior qualities. and l have been al
ways honest enough to say so. She
combines characteristics quintuple in
quality, and in her affections assumes
the place of mother, wife. sister, friend.
Al in all. she is the apple Of my eye. my
best beloved. in whom l am well pleased.
Such Is my wife rs see her. and have
known her in all these years. She con.
dones my faults, finds excuses for my
errors. sympathizes with me in sor-
row, and strengthens me in adversely.
Hence. l say. "our better seven
eighths;" such she will ever be to me!
Hazel Green (ky.) Herald.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17

Before the Michigan state board Of
agriculture a member said: BY the way
some sheep are kept it would look as
though the notion that something
could come of nothing by the gracious
aid of sheep is still believed in, and
can not make my ideas any palmer than
by quoting the remarks of practical
sheep breeder, who said: We frequent
~ see absurd statements that the
Sleeps foot turns all to gold, and there
is no steadier or surer way to fertilize
= barren field than to put flock of
sheep to pasture upon the briars and
weeds in it; that, in effect, sheep will
live upon the poorest kind of food and
make the richest manure, and are thus
the best stock farmer can keep on his
farm. But those who have been there
know better.
There is no other domestic animal
that needs better care or food for
profitable thrift than sheep; out of
their finely grinding manure mill
comes nothing that is not first put
into the hopper; yet with proper
care and skill, well selected flock of
the right kind of sheep, in the right
place, can be made to pay 100 per cent.
on their cost every year. 1t is true, q
flock of sheep will clear field Of
weeds, briars and rubbish, and will en-
rich it, but It will not live upon these.
To relish this rough heritage, the sheep
must be fed literally with some sup
Elementary food. such as bran, cut
clover. grass, or green corn fodder. or
some grain food. Then with this al
lOp the sleeps food may take on the
golden tinge, and will edge with gold
the farmers pocket by making his poor
lands ricn, giving him, at the same
time, lamb or two and fleece every
year. The fact is. sheep are manure
spreaders rather than manure makers.
We feed them with the material, they
take their pay out Of it and give US
back the remainder. transformed into
a substance of equal value because it
is more available) with that which they
receive. and they get fat meanwhile in
doing it-Rural World.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
SIMPLY DELICIOUS.
How Expert Pastry Cooks Make q
Fresh Strawberry Pie.

How Expert Pastry Cooks Make .
Fresh Strawberry Pie.
One of the most delicious of all pastry
Is pie of fresh Strawberries. Line =
deep tin pieplate with the incest pastry
you can prepare. Fill the pastry with
uncooked rice and bake it in the oven.
When the paste is done remove the rice;
it can be soaked and used for boiling.
or it may be kept on hand to bake in
pastry. 1t simply serves to prevent the
form Of pastry from rising and getting
out of shape as it would il it were not
filled. Apple jelly is sometimes used
to fill the pie. and when the crust is
baked its contents are scraped out, leav-
ing perhaps quarter of an inch of jelly
in the bottom. The apple jelly is some
times given the exact flavor of straw
berries by mixing strawberry juice in
equal proportions with apple juice
when the jelly is made. When the crust
is filed with jelly it makes q rather
more elaborate pie. but takes moe
time.
In either case. AZ soon as the crust is
Oon~N uASOSC y utGS ouSot OSCS ~ 0uO
fill it with perfectly ripe. luscious straw
berries well sweetened. Heap sweet
ened and whipped cream thickly over
ii. 1t may also be covered with mer-
ingue made of the whites of three eggs
beaten to sti6 froth. four tablespoon
fuls of sugar and the juice of half q
small lemon. Cover the berries careful
ly with the meringue. which Is nom
conductor of heat. and isolate the pie
plate holding the pie from the oven bot
tom by setting it on thick pine board,
and bake the meringue in this way in a
moderately hot oven for 20 minutes. II
the work of isolation has been properly
done the berries will not be heated, but
the meringue will have risen and will
be well done and only delicate brown.
Remove the pie to cold plate and let 1t
become ice cold before serving it.-N.
" Tribune
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
q pELlonrFuL CORNER.

Convenient neck Case CoDba1o0
with . CeafeRtahle CeueA.
A couch is an indispensable article IN
a room that is frequented as the "living-
room" Of the family. In cultivated
homes this room is apt to be the IL
brary. Here modern taste calls for
low book cases. with broad top for the
accommodation Of clock lamps. jar
dinieres and bric-a-brac. A corner case
of this sort can very easily be combined
with couch after the manner suggest-
ed in the accompanying illustration.
Here one may take his ease. with all his
favorite volumes convenient to his
hand. while at night the lamp above
his head will make reading and rest
irg especially delightful.
The bookcase proper is broken up by
drawers and curtained spaces, to take
away the "set" look that long rows of
book shelves can hardly help having.
beneath the couch are three cnpacious
drawers for the convenient holding OF
old magazines, pamphlets or files Of pc
riodicals one may wish to preserve.
Such drawers are exceedingly con-
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17

them the ground rented or the credit
which gives them . living while ut
work. If ut the end of the year their
part comes to more than they would
have made in wages, that is all right,
as they have fairly earned it. The re-
suit of firm control ard exact fair play
is that the most perfect order prevails
the year round. My experience with
the negro race is that it is not .
drunken one. While they 60 to town
and get on occasional spree, they
never come home in that condition.
In so years have never had trouble
on this score with any of them. A
man can work large plantation just
rs easily as he could before the war, as
self-interest is rs strong q cord as serv-
itude, and. I think, sometimes . good
deal stronger.
Il do not, however, advise farming
on this large scale. 1t is profitable in
the hands Of man who has head for
extensive organization and the man.
agement of men. We want the aid of
those men to help in developing our
unoccupied lands. The true field of
farming is the small holding, say 100
acres, raising vegetables, cereals and
meat and fodder for stock, SO that the
cotton crop will be surplus During
the last ten or fifteen years there has
been q great breaking up of the large
plantations into small farms, resulting
in marked improvement. rs it calls the
individual efforts of more people into
play. In either case Of farming on a
large scale or on small one the profit
in the long run is greater than that in
corresponding lines of business. !
might 60 further and say that measured
by twenty years the farm is still where
it was with no loss whatever, and the
farmer or his family is still in the old
house, whilst the business man start
ing with equal date is bankrupt and
his family scattered to the four winds
Of heaven.'-St Louis Globe-Demo-
GRAFT
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
Cow Pea

The Georgia experiment station has
published q bulletin, which gives some
valuable information in regard to diff
ferent varieties Of the COW pea. Forty
six varieties were tested at the station,
with the following results:
l. The earliest cow pea, and hence
the variety best adapted to high lati-
tudes. is the New Era. This natures
in little more than 60 days from the
time Of planting. Other very early
varieties are Congo. White, Grant,
chocolate and Vacuum.
2. The heavist yield of vines is Red
Ripper, followed closely by Forage or
Shinney. Black and Unknown.
B. The heaviest producers Of pc IS arc
Unknown, Calico. Clay and White
Brown Hull.
4. The yield of peas, as rule, though
not invariably, parallels the yield Of
vines.
S. For hay, the erect varieties are
preferable to those of q recumbent
habit, since the mower cuts them all
The best of the erect varieties are the
Unknown, Clay and Whippoorwill.
6. Where . dense mass of vines is
wanted to remain on the ground all
winter, Calico, Gourd, Black and Con
stitution are preferable.
z. The best table IRE the Sugar Crow
der. Mush, Large Lady, Small Lady
and Rice.S
8. The best stock pea for field graz
ing of either cattle or hogs is the
Black. 1t will remain in ground ali
winter without injury. Everlasting.
Red, and Red Ripper are also good.
9. For an '.all-purpose" pea the I'm.
known leads the list Clay, however.
closely contests first place. Unknown
and Wonderful are identical
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
FARMING IN THE SOUTH.
Successful Georgian Explains His Plan
Whist the south Needs.

Successful Georgian Explains His Plan-
what the South Needs.
Neill Ray, of Sumter county, Ca.
o,7ns an 1,S00acre plantation. His
cotton crop last year brought him
about &e0. 900. Putting it another way,
rs bales of cotton to the mule" Is his
record. Mr.. Ray employees : large
force of negro laborers, and does his
farming on perfect system, just as
northern contractors handle their men
on big jobs. A staff correspondent Of
the Atlanta Constitution visited this
farm, and says that in the morning the
hands were divided OF one into = party
of about thirty, others into tens and
fives, while . number went OF singly.
1t looked IS if it might have been .
savage scene in Africa, where black
muleteers were trying tosteal an early
morning attack upon some slumbering
enemy.
There. they all know where to go. !"
said Mr.. Ray, who had tolled them of.
At Has another bell will ring, calling
them to dinner; every mule:to be in its
place here at II o'clock. when the bell
rings again. The same call or assem-
bly, and dispersal is sounded ut /
o'clock. and the setting Of the sun gives
them liberty to come in for the night
work my hands both by wages, on
time and on shareA Those who went
of singly were the renters. The first
requisite ON y large farm is discipline.
The proprietor must be present him
self, taking charge, IS the interference
of anyone else breeds jealousy. There
ere people who want to hire, and others
who want to rent and Generalization
would result if any difference was
made between them, NO matter how
slight To remove the opportunity for
this retain personal control over the
tenants just Is do II the hired men.
The only difference is in thu manner
Of payment They must report at the
lot - regularly Is the hire1 men,
bring their mules in Just the same, and
Il they are Oh dag, or : part Of : day.
/ have the same right to forfeit
their contract rs have to discharge
. hired, hand, or I can dock them for
the time. As furnish the ground and
the credit upon which they work the
year. / hold that I have the right to
their honest and best efforts to make .
crop Their absence from work, or
neglect of it. Affects my share - we'll
~ their own. and they have no more
right to fall short in work thaa I
sesd haze IN falling 70 del!yss y
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1897-07-17
WOMAN AND HOME.
PRETTY VEIL CASE.

4 Present which IL Net Only Attras.
tive, Bat Useful Also.
Many women find an added charm in
. gift that has been the personal handi-
work Of friend. The article seems to
acquire a sentimental value fur beyond
its actual monetary one in such case.
Yet with plenty Of spare time on their
hands, aud an the necessary executive
ability, many givers of presents are
oblige to content themselves with the
purchase of their gifts ready-made be-
cause they cannot plan out anything
that shall be at once useful and orna-
mental. and SO able to justify its anna
teur construction. To such puzzled
leyotee of the work table, the veil case,
shown in the accompanying sketch. is
offered for consideration. There can
be no question about its pretty APP
pearance, and any woman who has had
her good veilings spoiled with knocking
about in her drawers, to catch inevita-
bly, upon every glove. button or hook.
will decide that such q separate recep-
tacle for them would be of the utmost
service.
For q present that is to be as hand
some as possible, the veil case should
bc developed in white satin. with pow
derings of blue forget-me-nots. lin
ing OF pale blue silk, and a cord and
ribbons in a similar shade. To make
the shape, the ubiquitous mill-board
must be again called into requisition.
and two palette shapes cut from it;
the size may be decided at the work
er's pleasure, but generally useful meas
urements would be from IA to 8
inches in length. and about six inches
across. This gives the veil comforta-
bic space, if it is folded carefully.
Cut two pieces of the white satin.
and two of the blue silk. the same shape
as the palette, only rather larger. to al
low for turnings. Then proceed to
stretch a piece of satin and piece of
silk on either side of a cardboard por-
ton. taking care that there are NO
wrinkles; turn the edges Of the ma
terials inward, and stitch firmly to-
gether round the edge of the palette.
The remaining piece of satin must be
dsintily embroidered with single flow
ers and the word wells" in forget