davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
Sorry when jack lGarsss.

!. Confession is good for the soul"
said the girl In gray to New Orleans
Picayune reporter. which must excuse
me for relieving my mind with regard
to my brothers Just announced engage
ment. Why is 1t that the iirst emotion
Of sister at such news ia invariably
one Of sadpass II not positive chagrin
and disappointment? Every girl Of you
understand what mean, especially any
girl. who has ever had an engaged
brother. 1t doesn't make any differ
ence how charming and suitable the
girl he is engaged to may be. In my
case know that Madge will make the
dearest sister-in-law imaginable, but
just now can't get over the feeling
that she's clever little schemer who
has laid her trap and successfully
bagged her game. Perhaps 1t IL largely
because we girls are up to the tricks
Of the trade. and we can see right
through the little wiles and ways that
are like sand thrown In the eyes of our
poor, dear, helpless. unsuspecting
brothers. The feeling isn't confined to
Just sisters alone. though. All mans
family ~ precisely the same way; and
II you doa't bslssvs IT, ysa Aevs-s saly
to ponder upon the difference in their
attitude when daughter Of the house
becomes engaged. Then Y is all smiles
and rejoicing, for everybody's glad to-
get rid Of girl. but you might have
supposed we were at funeral when
Jack told us the news the other day.
You feel Is II your brother had been:
'roped in,' and 1t is long. long time
before a mans mother and sisters can
regard that girl as anything but an I'm,
pertinent little interloper."
"Yes." returned the young matron in
blue. ~ know what you mean. but it's
queer how different you look at 1t when
you happen TO be the 'impertinent little
interloper' yourself"
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
NEW ARMY RESERVATION.
A Chance Given to Exercise Military Law
mt St. Michael

~ uhthAeANs
Washington. u. C., Oct o3.-.rbe sec
rerary of war to-day issued an order
creating a military reservation in that
part of Alaska lying within a radius of
fifty miles of st. Michaels. The order
reads as follows:
by the authority of the President,
the land known as ST. Michael's Island,
with all contiguous mainland and is
lands within one hundred miles OF the
location OF the Flagstaff of that island,
is set aside from the public lands OF
the territory of Alaska and declared a
military reservation. Parties who have
prior to the receipt of this order 1Ocat-
ed and erected buildings on the land 90
reserved. will not he disturbed in their
use of lands. buildings and improve
ments. nor In the erection Of structures
needed for their business or residence.
THE military reservation above de-
clared. and the military post located
thereon. will he known az Fort St
Michael. and will he under the contrpl
and supervision of the commanding
officer of the troops there stationed.
tSigned ''R. A. ALGER,
Secretary Of War;
The purpose liz to confer upOp
Lieutenant Colonel Randall the Deces-
sary legal authority to preserve .rler
and protect property In this section Of
the country. both of which are believed
to be jeOpardized by the large number
of lawless characters gathered nen the
Yukon.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
spAlN.s REPLY.
VIM Mot Alas~ Iatssssssses WisA Any Of
Her A4hirs.

WIN Net AlaoW KAtaffsge0ce With Any OF
Her A9Airs.
Madrid, Oct. 1.-In the special note
TO United States Minister Woodford
the government declares that Spain has
done all In her power to end the war
In Cuba, and cites the many sacrifices
which have been made by the nation.
the number Of troops cent to Cuba, and
the refor1ns which are to be carried out
In the island. which are fully described.
The note ends with the statement that
Spain will not admit the right Of any
foreign power to interfere In any Of her
aflAirsr
FL Tempo publishes, with reserve, the
announcement that the reply Of the
Spanish government to the United
Stsfes, presented to General l. Stewart
Il Woodford. the American minister at
Madrid, declares that II the United
States does not stop the smiling of fili-
bustering expeditions from American
ports. Spain will re-establish the right
to search vessels anchOring in Cuban
waters.
The instructions given to Marshal
BlancO. the new governor general Of
Cuba, are under two heads-military
and political. In the first. Senor Morefa,
minister Of the colonies, AYERS that his
course Of action rests exclusively upon
the Judgment Of the governor general,
but recommends that he conduct the
war 30 that the condition OF the troops
and colonists be bettered and that prop
erty be made safer.
The second directs that in the intro
duction Of autonomy in the island an
appeal be made to all parties. all being
equal In the eyes OF the mother coufl-
try, hut warns Marshal Blanco not to
intr,fst the work of autonomy to the
revOlutiOnists. as that would be an In
suit to the loyal colonists.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
spRtAD OF rHs YELLOW FEVER
Number Of New C.ses and Deaths Report.
ed Decreasing.


ed Decreasing.
New Orleans. Oct. 24.-The usual
variation was shown in the yellow fe-
yer situation to-day. Yesterday there
were forty-nine cases and seven deaths.
At Z o'clock this evening the new
cases had reached twenty-fOur and the
deaths were three. Five of the neW
cases were reported In a bunch in Cnr-
rollton. The deaths occurred during
the morning.
Euphrasia Larargue, who died to-day
was reported on the Goth. Among the
new cases is that Of Thomas X. Rich
ardsOn.
Major Hamilton. a well-known insur-
ance man, and who hnd been nominat-
ed by Mayor Flower to be chief of pO-
lice. was reported this evening to be
In critical condition. hut later had
improved somewhat. Major Hamilton
won his spurs In the Confederate army
and liz well-known man in New Or
leans.
Up to this evening the board of
health had not received INFORMATION
that the steamer bringing 1000 Slcll-
ian immigrants had arrived In the riv-
er. The ship will be detained at quar-
antine. and after her release the immi-
grants will be landed on the coast.
Most Of them are coming to work on
the sugar plantations.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
DO NOT usE roo MUCH SAT-.
u h rsx - shs syssso - Daspass - q
Expsns II the CsaA9Daok.

u h Iax - tAs Dyssso - DesDaso - -
E1ssas II tAe CsaA1Daat.
The use Of salt as q condiment = 20
general and 70 universally believed IN
~ necessary that We rarely hear .
word against its excessive use. but
there are a multitude Of perSo00 who
eat far too much aqlt-eat 4 ON every
thing, on meat, fish. potatoes, melons,
In butter, on tomatoes, turnips and
squnsh. in bread and on q host OF
foods too numerous to mention To %
great an extent il It used that NO food
In relished which has not q salty
taste, and this hides more or less the
real tdste, which IL often very def1cate.
Now. the amount Of salt required N
the system = comparatively small.
and II the diet has been rightly COM
pounded very little II neceasary. Some
go 20 far AZ to discard its use altoaeth-
ef, but whether this 10 wise or not we
will not here consider. What are some
of the evils OF the excessive use Of
salt? They are to paralyze the nerves
of taste. or to pervert them 80 they
cannot enjoy anything which has not .
salty favor. a.,d in addition there v \
direct tax on both the skin and the kid
neys in removing it from the blood.
Whether the skin n harmed by this
tax We do not know. Possibly 1t in
not greatly injured. yet We know that
few people pOssess healthy skin. but
1t In now pretty well settled that an
excessive Use Of salt does Overtax the
kidneys In itH removal. and that the
great number Of cases Of derangeme1t
and disease of these organs b due to
Its use. 1t takes only little time 10
learn to enjoy many kinds OF food
without salt. and we advise our read
ers and others to look into this matter
and to try and diminish the use Of thts
c0ndinent as far as possible. We be
lleve they VIII be better for H--New
York Journal of Hygiene.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
UNION PACIFIC FORECLOSURE
Il Moro Than ProSability That the Sale
VIII he Postpuaed.

VIII He Postposed.
Onhiha, Neb. Oct. 23.-General John
g. Corwin. special counsel for the Unit
ed States In the Union Pacific forcclos-
ure suit, this evening admitted that
there was more than probability that
the sale' would be postponed. but he
would not make Il positive statement
to that effect and said ne did not wish
to be quoted In tf1e matter at all. He
did ray. though, that he would start
for st. Paul Sunday night. to consult
with Judge Sanborn and Special Mne-
ter Cornish on Monday. The outcome
Of that consultation. It is expected. will
be an order postponing the sale Of the
road under foreclosure, which IL now
adyertised for Monday, November 1st.
The deposit Of 10 per cent. Of the agreed
upset price was to have been made to
day. bot had not been made up till the
hourB the banks closed. Judge Cornish
was expected In Omaha on Monday
Tonight q telegram came from Wash
iukton to General Gown, the exact ma
ture Of which he declined to divuige,
but the result h his prospective trip TO
St. Paul. Rumors Of the postponement
lave been numerous OF late about head.
quarters in this city and at the federal
court, but could not be traced to mo
dodAhte source. and all arrangements
for the sale were made.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

Estimates of population of cities and
towns in the United States having one
thousand or more Inhabitants, accord
ing to the census Of 1890. have been
received at Washington in response tu
. circular sent by DR.. Wyman. of the
Marine Hospital Service. to the health
oflcials of those localities. The esti-
mates were asked for as part of de-
sired data bearing on the statistics Of
mortality and morbidity in the coun-
try. but 1t is needless to say that they
have an interest for people outside Of
the class of sanitarians and patholo-
gists. This is particularly true as re-
CARDS the larger cities. The figures
compiled, which are for the year 1896.
seem to indicate that Chicago has made
the largest Increase in population in
tho interval since the last national
census. Its population is given as
1873, ,7z6 in 1896. as compared with
1,009. $50 in 1890. New York seems to
have made the next greatest gain
among the large cities. its population
being put at 1896. 900. as against 1885,
sol in 1890. Brooklyn comes next, hav-
ing increased its population from $685.
343 to 1.100, 100. Philadelphia shows an
advance from 1.046.964 to 1.1Ss. 1893. st.
Louis shows = gain from 451.770 to
570. 1000. Boston from 44s.477 to Sic, sos
and Baltimore from 434.439 to 50S, ,37S.
These represent the cities having Q
population in excess Of SOC. 200. Note
worthy gains are shown BY some Of the
cities falling below that figure. in Ger
tain instances more notable proportion
atsly than those shown BY some Of the
lafEsr ones.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
Silver Literary Bure>u.

Chicago. ILL.,, Oct. 2i.-The Demrrat-
ic National committee. through Seiator
Jones, its chairman. has opened =, lit
erary bureau In Chicago In rooms An
Unity building. This bureau is 70, tbe
distribution Of literature and for tn
preparation Of matter In plates and
ready print form for country newspar
pers. A vigorous campaign Of ethcl.
tion will be carried on with yiev o1
elecnng Democratic Congress in Rgl.
Senator Jones will direct all matters
connected with the literary bureau He
will be represented by T. j. Devil, q
this city.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

The lynching OF two Italians in st.
Charles parish. near New Orleans, two
years ago. for the murder Of an old
man cost the general government sew
eral thousand dollars by way OF indem-
nifty to Italy; and now an old negro
confesses and proves that he was the
murderer and the Italians had nothing
to do with the crime. The doctrine
OF an eye for an eye would make it
necessary to hang the lynchers: but
perhaps the matter may be compro-
missed by bringing the innocent Italians
to life.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
pvMcHsoxs WENT ron MIN.

nawsAssss ns.lsa 0vse ~ csaas ssr
1skins fAsas Nsns IN vala.
From the Galveston News: Whsa:
Hawthorne was writing '.The Hsuss of
the Seven Gables" he sslsctsd Pynch-
con ~ the name Of one Of his charae-
ters. II suited his purp6ss. and vhstA-
ar he created It or rsmenbsrsd II. itl
seemed to him to make NO difsrsnes,
for he conceived It to be a. much his
property for the purpose intended -
Smith or Jones or Brown. He seoni
learned better. Whistler he knew Il at:.
the time or mot, New England vss fufl'
of Pyncheons, and the book had hardly
bssn placed ON sale when one Of thsmi
wrote him very bitter letter cam-,
planning gricvously Of the injustice
done his worthy ancestor. Jndge PyncA-
con. Hawthorne Immediately rat down-
and wrote Mr. Pyncheon letter ex-,
pressing regret. and assuring him most
positively that no disfespect to the late
lamented Judge had been intended. The
letter was hardly posted when mis-.
sive arrived from another Of the Pynch-
cons even more wrathful than the Arst.
This. too, was politely answered. and
Hawthorne had begun to hope that his,
troubles with the Pyncheons were a&
an end. But. In fact, they were only
beginning. for the iirst two Pyncheons
were residents Of almost the same
neishborhood. When the circulation
Of the book increased the back coun-
ties began to be heard from. and . host
Of Pyncheons, great and small. old and
young. prominent and obscure. assail-
cd the unfortunate writer for dsfam-
ing their ancestor. In all Hawthorne
IL said to have answered letters from
forty-seven Of the Pyncheons. and had
serious thoughts Of publishing the cor
respondence in book form.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

It appears that the freight rates OH
the Great Lakes are not the cheapest
IN tie world. ~ We recently asserted
them 10 Be. Our attention IL called to
the fsct that two dollars will pay tor
the transportation Of . ton Of nour
fron Tie PAciAc coast to Hong Kong.
Q distanes Of between seven and aight
b boaSAt for aboet ninety cents In
eold. AecofdinGly the Pacific freight
rats b aboat ons-stghth Of . min, or
eas-slgAtisGA oe . .csat. psr ton per
niss, rsskoasd ~ ~ Ensiish none
e9fy ssssAas&
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

An English Tory army oficer who
died lately left directions that his body
should be cremated and the ashes bur-
led In . garden by the side of his ia
vorite dog. The dog was Scotch col
lie that had been taught to bark and
growl whenever Mr.. Gladstone's name
was mentioned. After 1t died its mas
ter used to decorate the grave with
primroses on Lord Beaconsfield's birth
day.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
lasssso.arsss Recalled.

London. Oct. ga dispatch 10 tn
Daily Mail from Constantinople avg.
The porte has demanded the recal ~
two American missionaries from III
province Of Aleppo. on the pretext -
their mission for the distribution b, -
llef is likely to cause disturbances m
United States legation has ignoredtho
demand and will continue to do sourSs
III deauite charses are mads. beizg =.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
aiooo Give, Away,

Think Of 1t! One thousand dollars
in gold coin offered free by the Sterling
Remedy Company, to the friends and
endorsers of Cascarets Candy Cathar-
tic. The Sterling Is honest and re-
liable, its offer Is liberal and attrac-
tive and Cascarets are the best medi-
cine preparation ever discovered. Don't
miss your share Of the gold. for you
can easily get 1t by reading and an
sNering the hig ad In this issue.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

The finding of uniform case marked
Gordon Pasha" on board one Of the
boats recently captured at Beyber. re-
calls wildly the tragedy Of the Nile
that led to the fall of Khartoum.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
YleeA ta Ceeasal fael1

/ Rome. Oct 24.-The river Taranto.
In central Italy. which enters the Adri.
~ plaln Of AscolI Several persons
faye been drowned. At Forlin and
nenr NendeIoa, . house collapsed,
e9sying nine pefsoss In the ruins.
DlpoAs are SspeEted In various Other
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
Deep Cs.i lliass IN esrn.sy.

The shaft OF the FreIe vogei eolllery. at
HocrtIe Ehich has attained 4 depth Of 2,OOn
feet. has hitherto been the deepest In the
westphaiIan coalneld. This depth will,
at Gelsenkirchen. where. at the Rheineil,a
coiliery. new shaft IL being sunk. the In
Senfion being to carry It down to 3,3O feet.
The adjoining DahIbusch colliery 10 also
sinking i new shaft to 2dnO feet In both
cases It II intended to work the coal seamG
At the deepest portion OF the basin.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

The Bible tells US that Naomi was
$50 year.. OLD when she married. Surely
that ought to be some consolation to
the old maids.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
Silver Speech.

Wife, take 1t you were only half
successful in establishing harmony"
Husband-'Why so?"
'I see you've only one eye black
ened."-Cleveland World.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

Once more the man who saw the
whole fre and escaped alive will make
his neighbors regret 1t.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

WINGED that the demand u merely tne
aTst step to- = general one asking for
the recall Of an mlssionariee.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

TO CuRE a COLD IN OAE DAY.
Take Laxative Bromo Quinina Tabiets An
Druggists refund the money IL Il falls 10 cure. zbe
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
what We Nssl.

Telegraphing without wires is all.
very we'll, but what the average man
wants ID means of telegraphing with
out money.-Philadalphi Ledger.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

II u strange that In all this talk of
annexation nobody thinks of New Jer-
ssy.
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30
PAINFUL AFFLicrloM
A Sen wdsss = lsttss Telling Hsw ts,s
Fsthse Was Tresbisd:

WINANOE, ND" Ny fstA& ~
troabaed with boils and ca4b1aclss. Arr
s1flRing for Some tins, - AsafA q .
similar casa carsd by Hoodb garsapaRil1s.
He bsgan taking thb medicine a2d eoa-
tinaed ~ No. nntil - wss Cured. ~
mothsr b taking Hoods safapa1ilh Soe
rAssaattsn aDa = = hsaping ~" Cur
=. MAwKuK, Dox ~
The Meeker herald., 1897-10-30

lUe NRDtTuI WyOuluS GNtW0 elZtS W
the situation about Us 1t Is when 1t
says: There seems to be no end to
the profits in the sheep business. 1t
was exceedingly remsrnerative without
a tariff, but now. with the added stin-
ul,rs it Is, as one prominent sheepman
says: 1T 10 Just like drawing pen
sion to be the owner Of o hand or two
of sheep: the size Of the pension vary
Ing according to the number of sheep
Another sheepnan de Of the opinson
that prosperity has struck the sheep
man sure enough. 1t was a paying
business before. but now It is simply
immense. Lat yenr paid $50
month for herier. and this year
have a firyt-ciaAs man at SIS month,
and my sheep and wool are about dou.
biz In value The manager Of a lArse
sheep company stated this spring, be-
fore a tnrfff rad been granted, that his
company had paid . dividend Of 70
per cent. Inst year end had $40 IN
property at market prices remaining
for every dollar invested only i've
years ago The present profits can well
be lima gtned. An instance Of the prof
Its Il given A nrm bought 5000
ewes a little over q year ago. on tme
at $3.50 head. making total Of S..
zoo Tho running expenses amounted
to $2.2SO. the interest charEee, at 10
per cent. amounted TO $3.50. q total Of
$1,000 The frm has this year IN lambs
and wool alone about $500. leaving q
csear $500 to apply en payment es the
sheep. and they have TIE original band
With scme Ad0donA ed 90 ~ n
- ytN,"
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1897-03-10
brotherhood Services at Barton
Heights.

Rev. Wilson +. Chrisman, rector Of the
Church of the Epiphany, Barton Heights,
has arranged for a series Of interesting
services to be held during Lent. In these
services the rector will be aided by the
members of Epiphany Chapter of the
Brotherhood of st. Andrew, and the
meetings are designed TO be of special
help and value to brotherhood men. A
clergyman and layman will speak at
each service. Below will be seen a list
Of the speakers, their subjects, and the
dates Of the services:
March 18th, Thursday, 8 p. NJ, Rev.
J.. r. Mason and Mr.. p. A. Arthur Sub
ject: 1.-THE Christian at Home"
March nth, Wednesday, Z. NJ. Rev.
Hugh Martin and Mr.. Joseph Bryan.
Subject: THE Christian in Church"
March oath, Wednesday, =. NJ, Rev.
J. j. Gravatt and Mr.. T. c. Ruffin. Sub
ject: 1.-The Christian in Business"
March Slst, Wednesday, p. NJ, Rev.
f. 5. Stickney and Mr.. S. NJ. Woodward.
Subject. 1.-THE Christian in Society"
April 18th. Wednesday. p. NJ, Rev.
j. Y. bowman and Mr.. A. S. Groser.
Subject: "The Christian as a Citizen"
April 18th. Tuesday, p. NJ, Bishop c.
c. Penick and Judge J. c. Lamb. Sub
ject 1.-The Christian as the Highest Type
Of Man"
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1897-03-10

"'ne hogs, unable TO keen nm with
"oFe' nVe placed In wagon /. horse too
wax 10 pun empty wagon. sent 90 s,ahio
Nurse SICK on street, unhitched ana
~. ' 10 stable, l; injured horse found In
sa s'ao'e' on agents advice owner aent
Veterinary surgeon, !: admonition
49,. uINers, "; admonition given own
80. 80, - no cause for complaint. 4. A negro
NC "nco - Tor pouring hot water on a
Ios. man vas fined $40 FOR cruellv
''ns morse with a stick five foot
re anu TOUR Inches In circumference
ie 'ooh an appeal and the case was car
49, 70 the Hastings Court. which sus-
%'"0" the sentence OF the lower court
"uulhs costs. amounting. with the ane
70 S]i'@. boy was reported for twin,
w COWS tails together. at the request
ol the owner the youth was not nroee-
Nuteu, out was punished by his father
turing the month the following animals
We're humanely DESTROYED: Diseased
Wounded and worthless dogs. 81: cats.
~, horses and mules. a. Total. So
Ut Wood informed the board Of The
presenting TO the society by Mas JuIIa
Mayo OF a number OF pamphlets upon
NlNlSecuon. These comprise articles by
prominent surgeons. scientists. and
ably. ''''
AFTER discussing the advisabnity OF
making an EFFORT TO effect the organlza-
tion OF school children's Bands OF
Mercy upon the lines Of those I'm other
cllies, committee was appointed TO in
Nestigate this question
After the transaction Of routine bust
ness the meeting was adjourned.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1897-03-10
MRS. DICKERSON.
MOBILE AND OHIO II. II.
Opposition to Proposed Extension
Practically Unanimous.

NEW YORK, March "a meeting OF
the stockholders OF the Mobile and Ohio
Railroad Company was held to-day to con-
slider the proposed extension from Column
bus. Miss, to Montgomery, Ala, line
about 200 miles long. bearing the name OF
the Montgomery, Tuscaloosa, and 81.
Louis railroad. One-third OF the capital
stock Of the Mobile and Ohio railroad was
represented, and opposition to the extern
sion was practically unanimous. The OPP
position was based on the proposition to
issue 100000 4 per cent. bonds on the
new line, to be guaranteed, interest and
principal. by the Mobile and Ohio. This
would increase the fixed charges ahead OF
the Mobile and Ohio stock by 100000.
The stockholders, at their annual meet
ing in Mobile, December 18th. entered a
protest against the construction of the
extension. Under power Of attorney
executed in 1879 the directors of the
Mobile and Ohio are named by the bond
holders instead of the stockholders. The
stockholders are seeking to abrogate this
power of attorney. The directors have
been trying to organize n syndicate TO I'M
derwrite the extension bonds.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1897-03-10
CRESCENT CITY RACES.
Three Favorites Win-Spoils Thus
Pretty Evenly Divided.

NEW ORLEANS, LA, March Slime
weather and a drying track marked to-
days racing. The attendance numbered
$500. and as three fayorites won, the
spells Of the day were pretty well d.
vided.
First race-seven furlongs-Styx Ci,
Campbell. 6 to y won, Annie Teuton
second, Baalgad third Time, 1:33 1-2
Second race-mile and one-sixteenth-
Elkin Q04, Scherer. II TO % won, Seel-
bach second, Senator Penrose third.
Time, :541-2.
Third race-seven furlongs-Little Billy
g3. Y. Burns, 2 to u won, r. Q. Ban Sc
cond. Skyblue third. Time 1:32 81.
Fourth ace-miIe-Martin C9S, Clay, 5
TO u won, Stanza second, Pete Kitchen
third Time. 1:46 81.
Fifth race-six furlongs-Tommy Rut-
ter dOS J. Hill, TO 10) won Roslyn Sc
cond, Miss Sturgis third. Time, 119 IL.
Sixth race-six furlongs-The Sculptor
dO5. J. Gardner. to 81 won, Jake Zim-
norman second, Miss Rowett third.
Time .1S