davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
the diamonds. When the drirods with bit Al.

the diamonds When the drlrods. with bit AZ.
tached are rotated and fed forward, the Bit
passes into the rock. cutting an annu)ar channel
That portion OF the rock encircled by this chan
mel is of course undisturbed and the core barrel
passing down over this. keeps II intact until the
rods are withdrawn, when the solid cylinder Of
rock thus formed is brought up with the rods
the core-Iifter breaking IL at the bottom Of the
hole and securely wedgng 1t in the core-barrel
A complete and perfect section OF the bore-hole
IL thus furnished showing the depths. dirnen-
sons dlps etc. Of all veins or beds passed
through with an absolute accuracy attanablo
by no other method.
With the diamond drill holes may be bored to
any depth and Of any size desired. Depths Of
nearly 5000 feet have been reached by these
machines and holes as large as two feet in diam.
eter have been bored. The usual diameter Of
hole for prospecting is two inches, but six. nine
and twelve inch holes are often bored for arte-
sian wells for which purpose the diamond drill
Is well adapted the holes are sure 70 be
straight round and true. so that casing Of full
size can he inserted
A recent example Of work by the diamond drill
is tho testing Of the foundations for tho towers
of the new East River Bridge. Cores Of the rock
were brought up from depths varying from 90 to
no feet the work being done In depths Of water
of twenty to sixty feet. BY this means the ex.
,stence Of solid rock foundation for the towers
was proved and its contour so mapped out that
detailed plans for the caissons could be drawn
with the certainty that they would be absolutely
correct and fitted to the existing conditions.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
DIAMOND DRILLS.

Diamond drills differ from other classes Of
rock drills I'm that they take out the solid core
Of the material penetrated. thus furnishing a
perfect section Of all the material passed
through. They are therefore, OF especial value
for prospecting. and are used for this purpose
all over the world. The cutting is done by means
OF the rapid rotation of n hollow bit" In the
face and on the edges Of which are set the dIa-
monds (bort or carbon). in such n manner that
the diamonds form the cutting edges Of tic tool
Above this bit comes the core e-hfter. and above
this the core-barrel. spiral grooved guide
This In turn is coupled to ths hollow driilrods.
and the whole Is rotated by the engine OF the
drill at rapid speed. and fed forward as the cut :
ting proceeds by automatic appliances the
machine, which regulate the feed according to
the material that Is being bored a stream Of
water Is forced down through the hollow rods
and bit. and passes up on the outside OF the
rods. carrying with It the material ground W by
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
W4TER-TERE ROILERS.

Except perhaps the steam engine, no mechani-
cal device has been so materially and steadily
improved as the steam boiler. The improve
ment of boilers has been along the lines OF
safety. economy. adaptation for carrying hgn
pressures rapid generation Of steam, constancy
OF pressure under varying demands. All OF
these are claimed for the water-tube boiler, ana
besides. that it's parts are interchangeable. and
can be readily replaced at short notice; that II
can be put into any building through small
opening. and thus avoid digging up the street
or tearing down walls. and that. being, as
rule built in sections. its capacity can be IN
creased at will by putting in additional sections.
The manufacture cf this type of boiler was
begun in 1867. and the type has steadily grown
in favor One of the largest factories ls wltnin
the limits of Greater New-York and, altogether
about ten manufacturers are represented mere
The aggregate invested capital of these IL ABOUT
81 U0OCO0, and the annual sales in this marker
amount 70 about 81. 100000 About one-thrd OF
the sales are for export to Central ana south
America South Africa. Japan and CHINA. lTaue
has been dull for some time, but at the present
time the outlook Is encouraging. Prices nave
declined considerably in the last three years
but the cost Of manufacture has also faeh OIL
90 tina. profits have not been seriously reduced.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
PORCELAIN.

II Is the general belief among people that all
really fine porcelain Is of European manufacture.
and Inv reason of lack Of proper material or
skilled labor only the coarser kinds Of table
ware can be made in this country. 1t will there
fore be a matter of surprise 10 many 10 learn
that there exist no finer porcelain clays In the
world than those OF North carolina, that
Connecticut feldspar Is not 10 be surpassed By
any anywhere. ana that all over the United
States fine pottery cays abound. and II Is a mat
ter of course that there is ~ lack Of skilled
labor In any department ~ industry in tho
United States. 1t follows naturally. therefore.
that fine porcelain may b. manufactured here.
and it is a fact that one Of the largest and most
completely equipped plants in the world for man.
ufacturing the true vitreous porcelain has for
many years been in operation within the limits
Of Greater New-Yvrk. and its wares are sold
from Maine 10 California in successful compe-
titjon with the finest grades Of imported goods
The industry was prosperous and progressive
one until very great reduction in the tariff upon
imported goods permitted the foreign man.
ufacturers to food the American market
with goods. often Of inferior quality made at
less than one-half the cost for wages paid in
this country. 1nasmuch as the item Of labor con-
stiutes 80 per cent # the entire cost 0f por-
celaIn the handicap thus imposed upon Ameri.
can manufacturers has proved insurmountable.
and unless soon corrected VIII doubtless cause
the removal of this large and important indus
try to some European city, but it Is vastly TO the
credit of owners that in spite of the disastrous
competition Of foreign cheap labor. and the in
ADEQUATE protection of the existing tariff laws,
they have by careful management and MAIN
tenance OF an unvaryingly superior quality In
their product. been able to do a fair volume Of
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
ICE .niCHINERY.

In 20 a comparatively recent period People or
trop!cal countries were unacnuainted with the
luxury Of ice It is related Of The venture Of
q Yankee trader who early in the present CEN
tury carried a cargo of ice from New-Engand
to a Southern port in the hope OF fnding
ready market that the ice melted before his dis
appo,nted gaze upon the pier. The natives
could not be induced 10 take II az a gift No
such prejudice exists now. however. where the
thermometer keeps its nose In the nireties the
year round. Long before the invention OF Ice
making machinery the natives Of warm coun-
tries had learned TO hunger for ice. and for nearly
thirty years the manufacture OF ice has been
an established and profitable industry in the
Southern States OF this country More recent
ly II has taken a substantial foothold even In
the North where ice Ia cut and stored by
thousands OF tons every winter. In fact, so
great has been It's recent extension that an au-
thority on the subject ventured the prediction
a short time ago that within a few years there
would not be a ton of natural Ice cut Tor the
market Two very good reasons warrant the
prediction. In the first place. icelnakin9 Is
extremely profitable. In the second place. artl-
icial ice Is made now almost entirely from uls-
TILED water, and IL. therefore. absolutely free
from impurities. Within year an INDOOR Ice
skating rink has been built on Manhattan
Island and another in Brooklyn has reached
completion. Others have been projected III
many large cities The projection of these
rinks has lent additional activity To the manu-
facture OF ice machinery. and In consequence
il is one Of the few Industries that have not
felt the pressure OF hard times. The volume or
business. on the contrary. Is steadily increasing
while prices have held steady. The present
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
SANITARY SUPPLIES.

Everybody understands what is meant by
house fitted with all the modern conveniences
bat only those who have lived far from great
cities or in the semi-tropical or tropical parts
Of America can realize the full significance OF
the term. To persons reared under conditions
which make necessary the bringing of water for
household purposes from the we'll or the spring
and the employment of the sop-pal a hous,
supplied with running water. with closets ana
bathrooms. with gas and with heat. comes as
near to being a fabulous abode a child's
dream Of a fairy palace. And yet the average
resident Of Greater New-York could not he pre-
vailed on 10 occupy a less perfectly equipped
dwelling. Out of the demand for household con-
veniences has grown up the great demand that
exists to-day for sanitary supplies. The trade
IS large enough to support thirty houses In the
metropolis. employing working capital Of about
$6. 100000. and making sales aggregating fully
O.0O0000 year. The export trade alone
amounts to about S20000GO annually. The
trade is somewhat more than half century
old and took its beginning in the making of
faucets for kitchen sinks after the Introduction
into houses ~ running water After that came
the making of water backs for ranges. to
supply the different parts Of the house with
hot as we'll rs cold water and the making of
closet and bathroom appliances. AT tho present
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
NTTS AND BOLTS.

Ore Of the most striking facts in political
economy IS The division Of labor involved IN
an advancing Industrial system. In the primi-
rive days when the village blacksmith, besides
shoeng horses made nearly all the iron work
required by the farmer and merchant, the
wheels of industry necessarily moved slowly
Now. owing to the division of labor, almost
everything needed for the ordinary pursuit OF
business is ready for a mans hand, and 1t Is
therefore often possible to accomplish more III
an hour than could be done in week or even
a month one hundred years ago. The truth OF
this generalization is exemplified by single
industry which has grown TO great proportions
on 4 comparatively small item of genera! utility
This Industry is the manufacture or nuts aii''
bolts to which large factories are devoted, III
which are emoloyed thousands Of workmeh.
Three of these factories are located in Greater
New-York and. besides these three, OUTSIDE
manufacturers are represented here by agents:
The six concerns have about Sl,oooroo invested
and their combined annual sales have amounted
to about S20OO000 About one-fourth or the
sales are for export to various parts or tfe
world for American nuts and bolts, ike many
other articles of American manufacture. are IN
demand everywhere.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
T'ES.

Some Of the most useful discoveries nave peefi
made accidentally The iireproof safe eXempiities
the truth Of this statement. When the sreat
fire of 1880 occurred in this city. all Of the SAFES
were destroyed and merchants lost their records
as we'll as their wares. Not long after about
1851 maker of plaster casts put some water
on fire in pot that had thick coating or
plaster of Paris on the inside. Much TO his as
tonishment the water would not boil. He did
not know that plaster Of Paris holds water in
suspension and is a n-conductor Of heat, be-
cause Of the vapor ii gives off when exposed to
fire The castmaker's discovery fell fiat upon
himself but it became known TO a man named
Wilder. who at once saw the application of the
principle to safe-making and patented it. Thence
forward for many years plaster of Paris was
used as n filling between iron or steel castings
for fireproof safes. and though better materials
for "illings" have since been found. the essen
tial principle in safe building remains the same
to-day after more than half a century : advance
ment. As a matter of fact the Improvements
In safe building since Wllder's day have been
more in the line Of burglar -proOfing and fire
prooing. The manufacture Of safes is an i'm
portant industry. Several years ago n combina-
ton of safe manufacturers was formed. but
after n trial the parties TO II arrived the con-
olusOn that il would be better for them to di-
vide the territory than the profits. and so the
combination was dissolved. with agreement
that each should thereafter confine his exertionS
to his particular territory. As result Of
that agreement only six manufacturers now do
Two of these have their factories located here
The six concerns have a working capital Of
$4,000. GOO. and their annual sales here amount
in an average year To S2O00.00o. Last year
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
FLINT sTOXE AND CORNWALL STONE.

There are only two firms In New-York CUy
dealing in nint stone and Cornwall stone. Ihe'
are a necessary adjunct to the pottery uau@
over 2.1OO tons OF flint stone are amman"
imported Most Of IL comes from France
and Is used for making pottery ware ard glaze'
and also FOR making sAndpaper. II Is ground 70
a line powder before being used But 1t wou'c
be perfectly useless without the adnixture OK
Cornwall stone otter called China stone on &C.
count Of its fineness. about 1.6oO tons OF whien
are imported every year from the county o.
Cornwall. In England The Cornwaii stone -
used az a flux in burning the flint stone. In order
to make the latter flow and become piiap,e.
Most Of the stone Is imported In rouBh olosnss
and Is ground here. Both kinds are sofa at ~
= ton when powdered Thus the commerc'ss
value Of the trade u about $50.OOO year
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
STEAM HEATING AND TENTTLiTTNG.

A measure of modern progress may be taken
bv the number of devices that minister to the
comforts and conveniences Of life. In primitive
or undevelope6 communities these neces-
sarily few and simple. whereas. keeping pace
with social and industrial advancement, they
multiply and increase in completely. Up TO
century ago the dwellings and places of busi-
ness in New-York and its vicinity were heated
by open fire-places, and ventilation was an un-
known science. Stoves succeeded open fire.
places and these in turn were superseded by
complicated apparatus for heating buildings OF
any size by steam hot air or hot water. \
modern sky-scraper has about its foundations
deep down below the earths surface. twelve to
fifteen boilers and almost as much furnace sur
face at a great ocean steamship. Ventilation
is. properly speaking. the application Of the laws
of pneumatics in the construction Of buildings
and pipes and vents about the only appa-
ratus involved. In the case Of very large build
ings however revolving exhaust fans are fire.
quently employed TO keep the air In motion.
Leaving out Of consideration the boilers used In
very large buildings. as they are treated OF
under another head and limiting this section
10 boilers and furnaces made expressly Tor
heating dwellings, and mOderate-sZed buildings,
there are about twenty y-siX concerns engaged IN
their manufacture in Greater New-York. These
concerns employ a capital Of about - Sl6ooOVo.
and do business of about S3obD.oOO q. annually.
The export trade amounts to about SlGDOOO
year and would be considerably larger were not
American staam-heating appliances manufact-
ured in Europe 10 a considerable extent. Tne
foregoing estimate. of course. includes the man.
ufacture of radiators and other appliances used
I'm steam heating. About 500 persons are em-
ployed by the industry. Boilers for heatins
purposes were made in this city as early as
1S05 and one of these was placed in the Fulton.
the first steamboat that navigated the Hudson
The volume of business owing 10 actlVlty IN
building has been fully equal to that OF any
preceding year but prices are lower Manu-
facturers are looking for very profitable busl-
ness in the coming year.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30

The control II wafer WIS of the first
of the great industrial problems to present
themselves To man. The ingenuity Of IN.
ages has not hern more seriously taxed
by any other luc ,rion. Fcforc water could
be made To serve the purposes OF man Other
than transportation various devices had to De
invented for conveying II through artificial chan
ncls from sources of supply. distributing 1t ao-
cording to requirements. and regulating its flow
at the different points Of distribution. These
devices were necessarily slow Of Development
yet the ancients. especially the Egyptians and
Romans In the Old World. and the Peruvians in
the New World. We're adopts in canal and aquc
duct building. and The appurtenant system of
locks and gates. The valve is comparatively
modern device. though II is merely n refinement
of the principle embodied In the aqueduct gates
used by the Romans fully 1000 years ago The
invention Of the steam engine brought the valve
into being. and the application OF pipes to the
conveyance OF water extended Its use back to
the element whence the idea first derived
Valves are now male Of all sizes. from quar-
ter Of inch to five feet In diameter for use on
the smallest steampipe or the largest water main
a recent Improvement Is automatic indicator
to show At glance whether the valve is open
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30

About 12OOO.OOO pounds Of glue II Is conn
puted are used every year in the United states.
There are four kinds Of glue in use here-oone
glue. hide glue. gelatine and French glue. Inc
latter is used In making straw hats. and Is I'M
ported 1t varies in price from - cents to II ~
a pound. according to quality Nearly all the
rest is supplied from Greater New-fork cry
where there are six large wholesale houses IN
the business. and at an average price OF nihe
and a half cents per pound represents an as'
gregate commercial value Of S1.l4oOOo year.
The prices vary from eight TO sixteen cents PER
pound They are said to he high and to nave
an upward tendency just now.
The largest glue mandatory IN TINS country
10 said 70 he the one established many years
ago by the late Peter Cooper. on Newtown CreeA
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
OLD CASTLE GARDEN. 1si6-1s53

pense of every household for In addition 10 the
facility 1t affords for being cleaned, 1t IS niuch
more duraple than the od-fashioned ironware'
The enamel protects the metal from corrosioh
and civilization. The idea was conceived ana
patented by Flornc Grosjean native or Sw'e-
zerland who had made his home in TINS city.
Mr. Grosjean is still living and engaged IN pus'-
ness The patents expired several years ago
and other persons have taken up the manutact-
ure Besides culinary utensils. steel sinks, mix
cans. bathtuhs. etc. arc now made OF TINS ware.
More than S.,MOOOO is invested in the manu-
facturc. and more than 300 men are employed:
The largest factory in the country is locateo
within the limits Of Greater Ncw-I ork. ana the
annual sales here probably equal the total
ca pital invested. J'he exports constitute about
one-tenth or say S}ononO The ware is shipped
ALL over the world The volume of sales Is prob
ably larger now than ~ any previous time in ,hc
history Of the trade. but prices have fallen con-
siderably since 1899.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30

divided into two widely different types. nameis'
Iow-speed engines for general manufacturing
purposes and high-speed engines. for generating
electricity required In the operation OF trolley
cars electric lighting etc. Several prime condi-
tions control the manufacture of these last.
chief among which may he mentioned noiseless-
ness and steadiness of operation under varying
demands for power Though they are In many
cases carried on together boiler making Is rather
more extensive than engine e-building, for there
are many large concerns that cohiine theni-
selves strictly to the former. There are also
concerns that make nothing more than engines
but owing to the requirements FOR heating pnr-
poses especially those occasioned ny the IN,
mense buildings of the metropolis. the demand
for boilers Is considerably In excess of the de-
mand for engines. Another factor also con-
tributes to that excess of demand. namely, the
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
RPASS AND IRON FITTINGS.

rbere arc many close analogies between "i'
and trade one Of these fits the case IN po''''
Tho little things OF life. the minor troupie' an"
eniovments are not me least important Son
sidered singly they are insignificant but III '"e
aggregate they amount to good DEAL "' :"
trade there are lttle things which separa'es
Rave little value, but contributing IN various
WAYS to comfort, convenience or u'i's, az
consequently in unfailing ara "idesPreau ue
rand. so that the manufacture OF them mas oe-
come a distinct and important industry nan
oo,,urv aao the trade in brass and iron fit
,,,,,, Cor steam water and gas pipes dld not
,x;et The uae of steam. though nearly lVV
,oars old was comparatively speaking, stiil III
ts infancy. The Croton Aaueduct was JUST
about completed, and no other city thah .>e"
York in this country had system OF water
supply Even the use Of gas was comparative
" restricted with the development ana eH'sh
sion of the use OF steam both az souree oi
power and a means Of supplying neat, WIN .Le
General substitution OF gas for oil lamps III pun
lie and private lighting ana with tne 1. ~
shment Of systems Of public water supP.y IL =.
cities and towns throughout the country. theI.
grew up demand for brass cocks anc valves .,
every description and hundred other oods anu
ends that nobody mad ever used peiore. I.a anu
therefore no had found occasion 10 mar, ,.
Tho manufacture and sale of these Things apouI
forty wears afo developed into a separate traue,
which has steadily grown In Importance anu anu
increased IN volume. At the present tl''le mole
than twenty houses are engaged IN IL IN Hiea...
New-York and their aggregate capital Ioots up
fulIv SO coo 900 The annual sales may pc
stated In the same figures. of when apout W W
per cent Is for export. The exported 2ooos t1
rbio0,, IN Snanish America, Australia ana
Northern Europe In quality. style ana every
other respect their goods have been proueht
to such state of pcitectloh thae o,,',a
manufacturers. instead or leariHs' coui' eoi'p'
n ion with the world.
New-York tribune., 1897-01-30
STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS.

The invention Of the steam engine has been
generally credited TO James Watt Scottish
engineer. who lived between 1876 and 1919 and
he certainly reinvented IT, but he was antedated
at least 200 years by Greek mathematician
named Hero. who had full working model Of
this powerful device for harnessing one OF the
chief forces Of nature to mans control. In the
Museum of Alexandria when it was destroyed
by the bigot Cyril. in the sixth century. great
many different kinds Of engines are made to-
day. aside from those employed to propel steam
boats and railroad. trains. which are not con-
sidered In this co nection. but they may be