The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1897-06-28
Changes I'm The
Flap of Europe.
War and Its Results During Queen Victoria's
Long Reign.

tne enormous cnanReS wnlcn nave TAX
en- place during the sixty years of
Queen Victoria's reign than n glance
at the map of Europe as 1t was in
1887 and as 1t is today. When Vic
toria succeeded to the throne Turkey
was being hard pressed by the Egyp-
tians under Mohammed Ali. Domestic
affairs hindered England for a time
from assisting either side, but in 1Si1
q British fleet sailed for the Levant
and captured Acre. BY the terms of
the peace which followed, Mohammed
Ali was confined to his Egyptian pos
sessions, under the suzerainty of the
sultan, and the integrity and inde-
pendence of the Turkish empire was
placed under the guarantee of the great
powers. Thus Turkey was for the first
time placed in a state of tutelage.
The first change on the map came
about in 1916, when, as a sequel of the
revolt of the peasants in Galicia, the
Republic of Cracow, the last remain
Ing fragment of free Poland, was an
neXed to Austria. In the following
year rebellion In Hungary was caus-
ed by the attempt of the Austrian
emperor to raise money by taxing the
Hungarians without the consent of the
diet. The Hungarians, under the lead
ership of Kossuth, would have tri-
umphed but for the Intervention of
Russia, by whose aid Austria finally
succeeded in quelling the insurrection
and holding the country in subsection
until 1866. when It was Joined to Aus
tria as a separate state under a COM
mon sovereign-Francis Joseph. About
the same time OS4S), impelled prob
ably by the revolution in France, an
insurrectionary movement broke out
all over Italy, at that time composed
of a number of small principalities.
Rome and Venice proclaimed them
selves commonwealths, and Charles
Albert, king of Sardinia, attempted to
drive the Austrians out of Lombardy
and Venetia. Milan was taken and
Lombardy occupied, but operations
were not so successful in Venetia
After a series of reverses eliminating
in the disastrous battle of Novara,
Charles Albert was forced to sue for
peace from te Austrian General Rad
itZky.
CRIMEAN WAR.
After a period of eight years tran
guilty the aggressive policy of Russia,
coupled with the vacillation of the
English government, under Lord John
Russell, led to the Crimean war. The
Car of Russia had put forward a
claim 70 a protectorate over all the
Christians of the Greek church in the
sultan's dominions, numbering up
wards of fifteen millions, a claim which
neither France nor England proposed
to allow, but the Russians believing
that their opposition would not go so
far as armed intervention, emphasized
their claim by destroying the Turkish
fleet at Sinope. The Turks were to-
tally unprepared for hostilities, and
out of forty-five hundred men COM
posing the crews of their ships, only
four hundred escaped, most of them
badly wounded.
Immediately following this one-sided
engagement, Lord Palmerstor rejoined
| the British cabinet and England and
| France together called halt on Rus
| sian aggression. The war which fol-
| lowed was confined almost exclusively
| to the neck of land in the Black Sea
| known as the Crimea. The campaign
| was remarkable chiefly for the display
| of bravery by the attacking forces and
| the miserable breakdown of the British
| Commissariat. At it's conclusion in
| March, 1856, under the terms of the
| treaty of Paris, was forced to yield
that part of Bessarabia which gave her
| control of the northern mouth of the
| Danube, and she undertook not to re-
| new the fortification OF the Aland Isles.
| The Roumanian principalities. Mol
| daVia and Wallachia, were at the same
| time made into a single and practically
| an Independent principality, the Black
Sea was closed to the war vessels of
all nations and the independence and
| territorial integrity of the Ottoman
Empire was guaranteed by all the sig
natorties to the treaty.
sARDINIAN WAR.
In 1859 the advances which the King
! dom of Sardinia had been making to-
ward civil and religious liberty en-
| couraged the Austrian dominions in
| Italy to take steps in the same direc-
tion The Emperor of Austria in alarm
sent an army of 100000 men into Sar-
dina, but the Sardinians, with the aid
of the French, defeated the Austrians
in every battle and drove them out of
| Piedmont and Lombardy. After the
battles of Solferlno and Magenta the
Austrians would have been forced to
retire from Venetia, but for the inter-
vention of Russia, Prussia and Eng
land, who dictated the treaty of Viii
| lafranca and forced 1t upon the con-
| testants.
BY this treaty Sardinia acquired
| Lombardy, together with the Duchies
| of Tuscany, Parma and Medina, Will
| Austria retained Venetia. 1t was only
however, for a short time, for in the
war between Austria and Prussia
which took place in 1861, the Sardin-
| ians seized the occasion to make
| friends with Prussia, and with Their
assistance obtained the long coveted
prize. The acquisition Of Venetia prac-
| tically completed the unification OF
Italy, for every part of it except Rome
| where the Franch troops kept the
| Pope in power--now acknowledged Vic
tor Emmanuel as King. In return foi
the timely assistance afforded by the
French, Nizza and Savoy, belonging
to Sardinia, were transferred to theil
dominions.
In 1868 the Ionian Islands, which
since 1914 had been a Republican con.
federation under the protectorate Of
Great Britain, were voluntarily sur.
rendered by that country and incor.
porated with Greece.
SEVEN WEEKS WAR.
In 1866 came the short, sharp strug,
gle between Prussia and Austria knowr
as the seven weeks war. 1t arose ou
OF a quarrel over the division of the
two duchies of Schleswig- -Holstein
which Prussia and Austria together
had wrested from Denmark In 1865
and which Prussia sought TO retair
for herself The Italians were easily
persuaded by the Prussians to attacl