The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-10-31
NOTES ON soIEEoE AND INDUSTRY.

writer in n Rur-,nn Journai-nams or location not
eiven-ts quoted - setting forth varions prncticabie
methods for rendering wood and card OF awster
tight character. The nrst OF these consists In SIMPLY
coating the wood with . mixture OF potassium o-
chrotnats ana ~ceiatlns and exposing 10 the light
second, the Enumeration of the article in . warm So
lution OF ~pnrsfnae, 20 which some solution OF Eutta-
percha In brnsole has been sddedi thiro' tho paint
lug OF the wood with = mixture OF asphait ana gutta'
pcrohA benEols solutions and exposing TO light
fourth. coating with a composition OF 100 parts resin
dissolved in eighteen parts OF boiling nut ol' and
NTH. painting with q com pound Of oasein, quick
lime ana aibumon. In either case tho MIN applied
should no rubbed down with pumiec, then oii'painted'
pumicsd. and varniAhed.
Some valuable results in regard to the oonductivity
OF ccinent-having relation to the escape OF current
from cables and the consequent destruction OF gas
pipcs-aro announced by the Imperial TECHNICAL In
stttutH In Charlottsnburg. BLOCKS OF 40 oentnetrcs
length and 100 square contimstres cr~oss'secaona' nrea
preaented rsHistancss varying from 400 ohms Tor
simple cement TO 5000 whom the proportion OF sand
mixed with the cement was high. But, on the other
hand. IL is shown that, a. the resistance OF pure
ocment fails to one,half after some days inmor"ion
in water. the resistance OF cement with three times
its weight Of sand fails to onc-tenth In two hours, and
bottom is even w~orsc-such kind Of material, there
fore. especially when there IL . superjacent layer OF
asphalt which prevents ita drying. 10 TO be regarded
a. dangerous to the neighborng gas pipes when en-
ployed As q basis for electric cables. The cement and
Siiioa beton retains moisture with extreme avidity, so
that there Ia an enormous difference between the re-
sistanoes OF the same material stove-dried or merely
airdrisd. the stovedriod also rapidly reEaining
moisture.
Tho fact that European manufacturers have been
able to furnish American markets with . much cleaner
and better grade OF sulphite pulp than 10 usually
produced in this country is largely attributable to the
careful removal. in the former case, of knots and
foreign matter by hand labor. This expensive and
cxtctlpg procesa II now to be superseded and equal
results attained. according to tho Boston Journal
by means of a msch'uo recently invented for the
purpose. Tho wood Is prepared in the usual manner
by passing the blocks through the clipper. the chips
being then taken up by q blower and discharged
against Il ntsel plate, which disintegrstes them. and
then they arc passed through tho machine, which
cleans out the knots, this 10 q tank or vat nlled with
water. After entering the water tho chips are sub.
merged by machinery and taken to . carrteri the
clean wood chips. suitable for pulp. float and are
taken out. while the knots and resinous matter sink
and are carried on from tho bottom OF the tank.
The systems of cokins and prquetting refuse ooa,
BY washing ana JiEg,ng. according TO n writer in ma
ohtnerP, originated In Europe. and have there been
practiced to such an extent that almost throughout
the whole of the Continent coke can be guaranteed 20
contain only q certain per cent. of ash. and II IL to
this difference in the art OF " ASKING fine Goals that IL
attributed the comparatively slow progress made in
the manufacture of briquettes in America. France, Ger
many. end Belgium lead in this important industry,
and thnre It is fully realized that the proper mechan.
lea, preparation Of the coal goes far toward making
the bEiquetting OF an otherwise waste of coal success
ful and profitable. That the thorough washing or
freeing from all slate and other impurities is ono OF
the chief factors in determining the value of the
product is obvious. since the value OF the fuel depends
mainly on It's freedom from ash. or tho amount of
available combustible matter It contains, this being
also a matter Of special Importance whore the fuel II
TO be transported. and an extra cost Is added for
handling and transportation
The processes OF dyeing and printing with alkaline
solutions OF aliEarine. &C.. have been largely intro
duced in textile manufacturing. The nbro is nrst I'm.
pregnated with q solution OF the alizarne OBS SINH.
lar tyestufr. in an ~alkali-tho dyeatun solution
then with the respective mordants, and afterward
tho color lake is developed by means OF steam; the
ordinary padding machine. with hot nue. is con.
veniently employed in carrying out the process. Tho
dyestun solutions for use in the dyeing and printing
operations are prepared by dissolving aliEarine. or Q
similar dyestuG. in an alkali-preferablyi in ammonia.
which does not attack the nbre in dyeing. but VIOLA.
tili1es-when the dissolved dyestur is again rendered
insoluble. and deposited upon and within tho fabric.
In this way the advantage 10 secured that, on passing
the nbre through subsequent baths. not only their
Contamination IS prevented. but no loss OF dyestuI Ia
suffered.
On account Of the many dangers attending ordinary
methoio OF blasting IN coal mines safer process o.
loosening the coal has long been q desideratum. Such
a device-a new hydraulic apparatus-has lately been
exhibited before the Manchester England Geological
Society by James Youge. the inventor. and ita me -its
explained. The apparatus consists OF Q hydraulic
cartridge. eighteen inches in length. three inches In
diameter. and weighing thirty poundsj also Q small
but powerful hand pump, ntted with . pressure gauge
OF about twenty pound weight. In using Il the coal
is holed underneath 10 the usual depth. and Q hole
drilled near the roof TO about the same depth rs the
holing, in the same way as for blasting. after which
the cartridge Ia placed In the hole and pushed to the
back; no "stemming' Is required. Tho pump Ia
coupled to the cartridge, the suction pipe 10 placed In
a small bottle OF water. and work commences. Very
soon the gauge begins to show the rising pressure-hAlf
a ton, a ton, a ton and q half. two tons. to the square
inch. During this time a cracking sound Is heard. in.
dicating the shearing on of the coal at the back. The
gradual way in which tho work is done. without
shock or jar OF any kind, prevents even the least
damage to coal or roof. in striking contrast to the
action OF explosives. The time occupied Is rated at
twelve minutes-this including the placing Of the
cartridge in the hole, connecting to the pump. getting
down the coal. withdrawing the cartridge from the
hole. and getting to the next place.
Some interesting facts are pointed out by o. Won
Geldern In the Scientific American in regard to tho
remarkable work projected in San Francisco Bay,
namely. the removal OF Arch Rock. Tho plan in.
vo.ved in this undertaking is that OF drilling holes to
the required depth and charging with dynamite
drills to be operated either from boats or stationary
platforms resting upon the face OF tho rock. and al.
Unstable for all depths and contour. easily operated
also at all stages of the tide or conditions OF tho
weather. 1t is stated that the comparative ~softness
OF the rock will permit OF rapid progress being made
in the execution OF the work-notm more than two sea-
sons being required for preparation, and one such
blast as is contemplated win. It is calculated. utterly
obliterate the rock as IL now stands. The expectation
Is that as many as 10000 cubic yards of rock will
haya IN hA ramnyah in nFhaP Z attain the xa,rt..A
depth of thirty feet at low tide. The plan which was
adopted in blowing up the rocks at He'll Gate. n. Y,
was considered in respect to its adaptahility in this
case. the conclusion being that the work could no
quite Ne efficiently performed. and much moro
cLeaply. by drilling from the exterior.
Tho estimate is made by Prof. william Hallock.
who has now in charge. for scientific purposes, thu
deep well near Pittsburg, Pa. which. when eom.
pleted. will be the deepest known. reaching two niles