davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1897-03-04

since maintalned Its organization. 1t
claims to be the oldest republican associa-
tion tn the District of Columbia, and is
composed exclusively of persons temporar-
| lily residing in the District of Columbia and
voters In the several states. Its enrolled
| membership is 125. The officers are Geo
c. Mason Louisiana, president: Sidney
Robinson. Illinois. first vice president; O.
NJ. c. Maffett South Carolina, second vice
president; Thos. l.. Jones. esq., Virginia,
solicitor: Thos. j. Clayton, South Carolina
secretary: B. H. Harris, South Carolina
treasurer; r. P. Campbell. North Carolina,
chaplain; H. Hampton, Georgia, sergeant
alarms,
Evening star., 1897-03-04
A STRIKING UNIFORM.
Worn by the Chns. l.. Kurtz RepubIl-
can Club of Columbus.

One of the most
striking organiZa-
tions in the parade
was the Charles l..
X ur tx Republican
Club of Columbus.
Ohio. It was headed
by the Fourteenth
Regiment Band of
twenty : five pieces.
and had $50 men in
line, attired in uni
forms that were gen.
orally commented on.
The uniforms con-
sisted Of white coats,
blue capes, with yell
low border; white
caps and leggfns.
They carried white
Evening star., 1897-03-04

choice for the NOM
ination for President
of the United States
William Mckinley.
The club was escort
ed In the parade by
the Ringgold Band of
Philadelphia, TWEEN
ty-four pieces. The
officers of the club
are: Pres i q G nt,
Henry Johnson; first
vice president, Rich
ard Il. Irwin; second
vice president. Geo.
A. Bakeoven; secre-
tary. W. II. Bride
man: recording Sec
retary, Edw. G.
Gadsby. financial
-.-. poht
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Its members carried
umbrellas. with red
and white stripes,
with blue crown and
thirteen white stars.
Their dress was a
black suit. cream
colored high hat and
white gloves. The
club carried q silk
Amerio an flag 6lzxS
feet. made with for
ty-tive stars. white
embroidered. and is
especially unique by
having thirteen stars,
representing the orig
inal colonies. in the
shape of a tive-point-
ed star. surrounded
BY a circle of thirty
Evening star., 1897-03-04
THE sIx-FOorERs' on PARADE.
A Famous Marching Club From Al
lcHheny County, Pm

One OF the most unique and interesting
organizations in the civic portion of the
parade was the Six-Footers' Republican
Club of Allegheny county. Pa, for not
member of the club is under six feet in
height While some exceed that by from
-FOUR TO seven inches. The club is splen-
didiy drilled and handsomely uniformed.
This famous republican campaign organi-
zas.on zaa. dates from the Blaine campaign of
1884 when Burr W. Mcintosh was ctac+ed
Evening star., 1897-03-04

participating in the
parade. and they
We're neatly attired
in a uniform consist
ing of black fedora
hats with yellow
bands, black over
coats, brown leggins
and white gloves.
The organization was
commanded by J. >.
Smith. and in its
ranks was borne a
blue silk banner. in
scribcd with letters
of gold. fringed with
yellow, and the re-
publican stan d ar d
being also in letters
of gold. The club
was organized dur
Evening star., 1897-03-04
II Was n Prominent Feature OF the
Pennsylvania Delegation.

The Original Matthew Stanley Quay
Club of Philadelphia was a prominent
feature OF the Pennsylvania deiega ton in
the parade. Its members wore high black
hatr. light mackintoshes and light gloves,
ard in addition each man carried a cane
and had attached to the lapel of bis coat
the official badge OF the organization A
handsome banner with the portrait of Quay
on one side and the name of the club on
the reverse was conspicuous. The club was
under command of Alfred W. Lewis, its
John II. Ayers: first vice president, Geo.
Il. Lewis; second vice president Elwood E
Stevenson; financial secretary. John H.
Moody; recording secretary. Geo. H. West;
treasurer. VIM. n. Richardson: assistant
marshal, David Whiting. ard chaplaIn,
Thomas Cline.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

campaign which fol-
lowed did effective
work that brought
results. After this
campaign closed the
club entered into 4
fight for suprtm macy
In { h . tNerfv-
fourth assembly dis
trict. but met with
only partial success
until lSc.. when tho
county of New York
appointed the COM
mittee OF thirty to
reorganize the CITY
on the Philadelphia
election district plan.
The Hell Gate club
espoused this cause.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

On I0ot, tendering
their service to General Washington. Ane
gust 26, 1874. this company was called
upon to proceed to Baltimore, and upon its
arrival there went at once into service.
April IS. 1881. the services of the COMPANY
were offered to the governor Of the state.
and the company Immediately began to
make preparations to respond to any call
that might be. made upon It,. After merf-
torious services during the entire war the
Evening star., 1897-03-04

pounds. an average of 1S6 pounds ounces
The uniform Of the club Is partic ularIy
snowy one. and naturally attracted great
deal Of attention and comment along the
line Of march. 1t consists Of blue mill
tary swallow-t tail coat. trimmed with cav
airy yellow and trousers of white duck.
The men wear black fur shakos and carry
regulation sabers. This equipment makes
the men look Hike giants. On parade the
club sports two handsome silk banners
One was presented to them by State Sena-
tor Magee and the other by the ladies' of
Lawrenceviile, of the east-end district OF
the city.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

CIVILIAN dress, with
an old flag. tattered
and torn, but Of his
TO ric value. T h e
earliest information
concerning the rifles
IS taken from a pc
'rfod prior to- the war
for the independence
OF t his country,
when on the 18th
day OF June, FITS, a
company of rifienlen
was formed, the cap
tain being Michael
Doudel. These brave
volunteers left York
July 1, TITS, fer Bos-
ton. and marched
stEe entire distance
Evening star., 1897-03-04

and vest. W n l t e
gloves, black derby
hat and overcoat,
and they carried a
banner bearing a
fife-size portrait of
Senator Cullom. sur
rounded by ever
green. The S. N.
Cullom National Re-
publican Association
was organized Octo-
ber T.e,1SS7, AS a re-
publican club and to
support the candi-
dacy of Shelby NJ.
CullpHf, Uni t e d
States senator from
Illinois, for Presi-
dent of the United
States. It has ever
Evening star., 1897-03-04
IN oHIO's DELEGATION.

First Appearance Here Of the Stamina
Republican Leavue.
At the head of the Ohio delegation march
ed the Stamina Republican League of Gin
cinnati, 400 strong, attfred in the clubs
regulation uniform. consisting Of black
silk hats, black mackintoshes, dark tYo,i.
sers and dark red gloves. Each member
carried q cane and the organisation was
headed by the Cincinnati Marine Band Of
thirty pieces. The new banner presented
to the club just before Its departure from
Evening star., 1897-03-04
KEYSTONE REPuBLICANS.
Fine Appearance of the Amerfcus
Club of Pitsburp

The Anericus Republican Club OF Pitts
burg. Pa. is known as force in republi-
c1nism throughout Pennsylvania, New
York. Ohio and West Virginia. and its ap-
pearance in the parade naturally attracted
much attention along the line Of March.
Its roster includes the names of over $40
prominent republicans OF Pittsburg. and It
had large representation in the parade.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

dtsDanu upon
the election of their
candidates, but con-
tinued in existence.
taking an unusually
active part in the
last campaign. Since
the close of the late
national campa I gn
the body was reor-
ganized, and now
has a membership
exceeding fifty. The
officers OF the club
are: Presid ent,
r. Morris: secretary.
u. w. Ferguson;
treasurer, j. L. Hy-
son, and command
ing officer, J. s.
Smith
Evening star., 1897-03-04

w. j o h n son. the
present chief officer.
as president. T h. .
object of its organi-
zation was. and H.
10 make IL a clut
general in its scope
and work, and not
devoted TO the inter
ests of any one sec.
ton. The club in.
cludes a m ong it:
members nearly al
Of the leading party
men in the state. be,
siles the city o.
Baltimore, and has
always been active
in support of the
party nominees eyeI
H.. -. -. -
Evening star., 1897-03-04
OLD AS THE PARTY.

Survivors of the Fremont Gamma Ign
Take Part in the Parade.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

in the parade today.
ons rendered by their
Vim. Vigor and Victory
Evening star., 1897-03-04

This representative
was the Cook County
Republican Marching
Club, which occupied
a place in the third
division of the civic
portion of the parade
at the head of the
five organizations
from the state Of 1lli-
nois. There We're 800
men in line, headed
by a band of forty
pieces, and the club
made an execution
ally fine showing.
The regular marshal
of the club, Capt.
William +. knoch.
was in command.
Evening star., 1897-03-04
THE A. c. HARMER CLUB.

win G. Bailey is ." -
of the club.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Coming from the birthplace of the repub-
iican party. the National F'remonters AS
sociation of Pittsburg, Pa. was one of tho
Evening star., 1897-03-04

In the civic division OF the parade many
political clubs that did effective work In the
campaign appeared. A great many states
were represented The handsome uniforms
worn and the fine marching of many Of
the bodies showed to what perfection
campaigning by means of clubs has been
brought in many parts of the Union. Below
will be found descriptions of notable or
CARNATIONS in lire:
Evening star., 1897-03-04

stats, with gold
spears, from which
fiuttered yellow pen
dants, bearing the
name "kurtZ." The
club carried a beau
tiful silk banner,
with yellow fringe
and tassels, inscribed
In gold letters,
"Chas. l.. KurtZ Re-
publican Club, CO.
lumbus, Ohio, 1885,"
The club came to
take part in the in
auguration on a Bal
timore and Ohio spe-
eial train, on which
they will be quarter
ed while here. Ed
Evening star., 1897-03-04

mon. Board of directirs-Chairman Henry
Mcdowell: VIM ]. Jones, VIM. Lair. VIM.
p. Wood. NJ. F.. Gates; marshal. Henry
Johnson: assistant marshals. Richard r
Irwin, Henry johnson. John GUNNER, John
Todd. Samuel Sutcliffe, Henry Tuttle.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

was organized the evening of June g. 1884.
the day James @. Blaine was nominated for
the presidency. and is composed of the most
promir ent men in Cincinnati. men of means
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Its captain. It re-
organized for the
campaign of 90 by
the election Of the
I o | | o wing officers:
President, J. Harry
Corbett: vice presf-
dent, Frank Izenour;
$ e C r etary. August
Luft, and treasurer,
NJ. q. l. Twin gston.
The military officers
selected were: Major,
w. Emory Thomp-
son; captain, Com
pany a, J. Harry
Corbett; Company b.
NJ. q. Livingston;
first lieutenant, Com
pany A, +. NJ. lie
nour; Company b,
'cOnd lieutenant. Com
Turner; Company B,
gn, which eliminated
daj. Mckinley, there
, the marching batta-
Hon, OF one of
whom is not over
six feet tall. an d
many of whom can
easily see over the
head of a six-fOoter.
j. II. Smith, who
stands @ feet Z inches
in his stockings, is
the tallest man in
the 4 lub b, though
I n ere are several
who measure u feet
5. The total height
of the Ia men Is
over 1O4 feet. or an
average of q feet z
LILO inches. The ia
men weigh a little
over 1o1s tons, or. to
10 ~ a. 4
Evening star., 1897-03-04

FTtnONt fNOVVIfeflt
ALWAYS FOR MCKINLEY.
The Union Republican Club of Phila-
delpIsia In the Line.
The Union Republican Club Of Philadel-
pima made striking appearance in the
parade The members were stalwart young
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Henry Young, Joseph ZuteIl. Frank Zieg-
Ter. Benjamin Allison Joseph Heidler,
Charles Stubbins, John w Schali
The president of the association is Gen.
John w. Schall, who is also a brigadier
general in the state militia. Charles c.
Dens is vice president. and August Loucks,
secretary and treasurer
Evening star., 1897-03-04
A PaTRIoyIc LEAGUE.

Formed sf Ex-C0ufcdernte Soldiers
From Virginia.
In the parade today was the Shenandoah
Valley Patriotic League. formed of ex-con-
federate soldiers and the sons OF soldiers.
This organization was organized during the
last campaign. and was among the famous
Continued on Fifteenth Pagel
Evening star., 1897-03-04
NAMED FOR ALGER.
A Detroit Club That Has Served I'm
Two Campaigns.

The Alger Republican Club Of Detroit
was uniformed in light yellow coats with
brass buttons and blue trousers. The club
was conspicuous by its good marching.
The Alger club was organized in 1888,
Evening star., 1897-03-04
FOR SOUND MONEY.

The Mckinley and Hobart Uniformed
Club of This City.
The Mckinley and Hobart Uniform Club
QimiteD of this city was organized in
1896, with Col. John Bowles president; L.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

survivors returned to their home and were
gladly welcomed
The company preserved its organization
and occasionally, on July or February
%, would parade through the streets of
Evening star., 1897-03-04
BORE CULLoM's PORTRAIT.
Washington Club That HOnOred the
Illinois Senator.

The Shelby NJ. Cullom National Repub
iican Association of this city was prom
inent In the line of march The members
wore a uniform of dark blue trousers, coat
Evening star., 1897-03-04
4 VIRGINIA Gil ID.
Neatly Uniformed Organization
From Halls Hill.

The Citizens Auxiliary Horse Club o
Halls Hill. Va. was the next organi
zation in line. There were about ifty mer
Evening star., 1897-03-04

An Organization Named After the
Pennsylvania Representatives.
The A. C. HarEler Republican Club of
Germantown, Pa, 100 men strong, and
uniformed in dark clothes, silk hats, light
overcoats, and carrying canes, made a
handsome appearance. The club was head
ed by band similarly uniformed, the club
banner being "Qld Glory" The two guide
flags wereriof hue silk, lettered in gold.
The club. which MAS been. In existence but
a year. maae a fine appearance. and was
commanded by its president. c. Deter. his
marshals being the secretary and treas
urer of the club. F. c. Wartman and T..
Lodge reSD6ctively.
Evening star., 1897-03-04
YORK RIFLE ASSOCIATION.

An organ4 4zatIen Of Partic.1nr Inter.
est to tOrRennsylvanians.
Pennsylvahian$ particularly were. inter-
ested in ths, shelving Of the York Rifle AS
sociation of, York. Pa. which appeared in
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Amthauer. C. A. Santmyer Salmon Jones,
Elliott Marfield. VIM. l.. Gass. j. j. Dolan,
Edmond Gruber. G.. J. Karger George
Bardes. c. a. Tooker. Daniel Eyerson, An
drew f. Gregg. NJ. Burgoyne.
NJ. =. QUAY GLIB
Evening star., 1897-03-04

ing the Harrison and Morton campaign,
with membership of thirty-fye. il
did not, like SO many similar organiZa-
Evening star., 1897-03-04

=
Miss Beiser. the six
teen-year-old daugh-
ter of Mr.. Julius
Beiser, a member OF
the club. The Off
GERS of the club are:
President. Fred Ba-
der: vice presidents.
Geo. T. Sterritt. T..
l.. Lewis. G. L. Taft.
l.. Markbreit and j.
Fleischmann. record
ing secretary. Fred
Dreihs: correspond
Ing secretary, George
W.Tibhles: treasurer.
Henry Dig. jr.: cap
tain, r. S. Krug
board of directors.
r14--4 LIAL- r.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

full. Among the attractions of the organ.
ixation outside of the convenience of it's
welkappointed club rooms and frequent
Evening star., 1897-03-04

1874 to engage IN business in Atlanta. ana
from thence moved to Washington. ID. G.
where ne engaged in the real estate b,isi-
ness for fifteen years. He removed TO New
York city. where he Is nos a resident
Evening star., 1897-03-04

white plug hats and
kid gloves. jauntily
swinging canes, the
famous Young Men :
Blaine Club of Gin
cinnati. Ohio. 200
strong. commanded
by Capt. Frank :.
krug. made a hand
s o m e appearance.
7 h is organization
was one of the most
popular ones in the
procession. and their
appearance was the
signal always for an
outburst of cheers.
They marhced well
and made an excel
lent appearance in
Evening star., 1897-03-04
ORDER Of THE OLD Guard.

A Society CombiniBx Both Military
and Civic Features.
One Of the most striking organizations
In the parade was one combining both
military and civic features. bearing the
Evening star., 1897-03-04
HONOR
,, Cl1a4Ior

In recognition of the clubs services in
| a place of honor in the inaugural parade.
and they acted the part of escort to the
chief marshal and afterward were accord
ed private reception by the President at
the White House.
of the first to celebrate the birthday of
Gen. Grant. and at their first dinner cele-
brating this birthday the suggestion was
made of state and national league Of
republican clubs. which later bore fruit
in convention. September 2. 1887. in
Steinway Hall. New York. with Senator
VIM. Evarts as permanent chairman.
The first committee of relief that entered
Inflated JOhnstown after the flood was
taken from the ranks of the Americus
Club by the citizens committee Of Pitts
burg The officers of the club are: W. /.
Muslin, president: John E. Barbour jr
vice president; George S. Houghton, re-
cerding secretary: J. D. Littell corre-
| spending secretary; w. W. Co1ville finan-
| cial secretary: Theo. Sproul. treasurer
Military offlcers-S. u. Hubley major.
L. r. Davidson and Paul Didier captains ;
NJ. c. Leslie and W. ]. Hamilton, first
| ileutenants; A. n. Hunter and c. H Hem
mcnhouss. second lieutenants.
OLD AS THE PARTY,
| survivors of the Fremont CamDa Ign
Take Part in the Parade.
| Coming from the birthplace of the repub-
| lican party. the National Fremonter's AS
sociation of Pittsburg, Pa, was one of the
Evening star., 1897-03-04
NAMED FOR BLAINE.

Much NStice.
Preceded by the 1st Ohio Regiment Band
of fifty pieces and attired In fawu-colored
overcoats of the latest cut. dark trousers.
Evening star., 1897-03-04

Gnu StdfihitS III Niidt
city. A fine club
house is owned by
the organization. and
its members, when
non engaged in po-
litical warfare. repair
there to enjoy them
selves. The club took
an active part in the
last campaign. and
also attended the st.
Louis convention. The
members Travelled to
Washington i'm a spe-
cial car.rnagnificently
fitted up with every
convenience. and for
more than a month
they have been drill
ing constantly. Hence
Evening star., 1897-03-04
e. Mason. Chas- E. Baxter. Eli r. Sutton.
Jared A. Munroe.
THE HELL. GATE CLVB.
Republican Organization Prominent
On New York PoINtics.

The Hell Gate Republican Club was or
gauixed In 1891 by a small number OF
stanch republicans and IN the Harrison
Evening star., 1897-03-04
The Mig Marching Republican Or
saniAation of ChicnEO.
COOK COUNTY CLUB.

For the first time in her history Chicago
was represented st a republican Inaugural
ton By a republican organization today.
Evening star., 1897-03-04
SANG FOR MCKINLEY.
4 Famous Glee Club From Ohio in the
Line.

The Republican Glee Club of Columbus
Ohio, one of the best organizations of The
kind in the United States was the next In
Evening star., 1897-03-04

principles from the date of the organiZa-
tiof> 1t was of the first clubs in Phil
adelpha to proclaim as its first and only
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1897-09-15
MINNESOTA CROPS.

The regular weekly crop report for Mime
sofa issued yesterday says:
A very warm week with temperatures
NAL on all but one day. 1t has been dry in
Red river waller. SINCE the 9Th. permitting
threshing to go on rapidly, though high winds
have caused some delays In other parts of
of the state there have been scattered show
ers, varying in amount, on all but two days,
delaying entirely stopping threshing. Plow-
ing is general, and much is done, except
where threshing has been the principal work.
High winds have blown shocks down and
injured stacks in many places. Corn has
made rapid advance towards maturity. Some
has already been cut, and cutting will be
general on the 18th, though the late planted
needs week of good weather. In the win
ter wheat section, seeding is going on extern
sively; some fall rye has also been sown. The
gathering of sufficient seed corn for next
spring, and its thorough drying before frost,
would go towards preventing a repetition of
the poor stand of this selson which was due
largely to defective seed.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1897-09-15
ST. PAUL GRAIN.

Quotations of hay, grain, feed, etc., fur
n:shed by Griggs Bros, commission mer-
chants:
Misunderstanding market opened stronger
but sold off later, closing below opening price.
No. l northern, 921A@951Ac; No. 2 northern,
9211q951ac. The above prices are for new
wheat; old wheat commands a premium OF
from sore per bu for corresponding grades.
Corn-No. yellow, 2eQ291ac; No. 8, 27Q
oats-No white. 21@21ac; No. 8, 1870
20hc.
Barley-25@2Sc
Rye-4S@49c.
seed-Timothy. s1.2o@1.4o red clover $3.50
Q4.20; fax, s10561.06.
81. 1906; bakers, S4.1Oq4.40; rye four 5000
$40
Ground Feed and Milstuffs-No. 1 feed,
$12@12.25 coarse cornmeal, $11.50911.7 rs; bran,
bulk, $S@S.25; shorts, $9.50@1O.
Hay--Market holding steady, with good de-
mand fer best qualities; other grades dull.
Choice to fancy upland, s6Q6.5O; fair to good
wild upland, S5@5.75; inferior qualities, SAG
AIS; timothy, good to choice, $7.50GS. Straw
steady. Dat. -$3.25Gp3.50. Rye. $4,000.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1897-09-15

October Is lower; September -four Is high
er, October a2ur 8 lower. French country
London: Cargoes, wheat buyers at I'd de-
go lower, November % lower; wheat Septem-
Der 80 lower, November 20 lower; Antwerp
% lower zsSgsEsss >.
'1t>t.- NEW YORK.
NEW YORK, Sept. 4.-Flour-Receipts,
3O,SS6 bbls exports, 1851 bbls; dull and
fairly steady, without important change; rye
-four quiet corn meal dull; rye quiet; barley
quiet; barley malt nominal. Wheat-Re-
ceipts, 154,S50 blu; exports, 4S5,539 blu; spot
steady; No. red $1.O3ss options opened
strong and advanced on bullish cables, gen.
eral local covering and foreign buying,
streets visible, mad closed rather weak at
as@a4c net advance, but 112c under the high
est point; No. 2 red, CSC; September, $10l2s
@1.O25s, closed s1.O1as; October. $1@10OA,
Corn-Receipts. 375, 400 Blu; exports, 1SS,SS1
bu; spot quiet; No. 2, S5a4c; options opened
firm on covering, higher cables and bullish
crop news, but weakened with the late
break in wheat, and closed only Ao net
higher; September, 95a4 @36c closed 35a4c;
December S71a@3Sc, closed 375sc. Oats-Re-
ceipts, ~, 400 bu; exports, SO4,841 blu; spot
strong; No. 2, 25c; options inactive and
Csc; December closed &c ~sa4..<.ss
sICILY's CROP SHORT
WASHINGTON, Sept 1.-THE wheat crop
to the estimates of the local agricultural
newspapers, which are transmitted to the
state department by United States Consul
Bruhl at Catania, will range from one-half to
will be very short. In Calabria the olive
crop is slightly above the average, but in
Sicily it will be only half crop. The grape
product ranges from middling to good.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1897-09-15
CRISIS COMING IN SPAIN.
Senior Sagasta Admits the Insurrec-
ton Is Gaining.

ton Is Gaining.
MADRID, Sept. 4.-Senor Sagasta,
the Liberal leader, in an interview on
the subject of the Cuban Instruction,
says that the uprising, instead of dying
out. is spreading considerably. In ad-
dition, Senior Sagasta says the situa-
ton in the Philippine islands is seri-
Gus. He also asserts that the Carlist
propaganda in Spain cannot be viewed
with Indifference, and expresses the
belief that a reconciliation between
the political parties in Spain is impos-
sible as long as the Conservatives are
in power. In conclusion, Senior Sa-
gasta says: I'm my opinion the cortes
will not meet, but If they do meet their
existence is ephemereal." The liberal
leader refused to express himself re-
garding the relations between the
United States and Spain.
The position of the Bank of Spain
continues to greatly concern CONNER
cial circles, owing to it's immense note
circulation. Paris exchange has
reached 31.5, the highest on record. AS
the bank has lent the state 100000
pesetas, repayable without interest in
1920, it's affairs would become critical
in the event of the bank mourning loss
on loans in the absence of sufficient
guarantees against current accounts
and note circulation.