The record-union., 1897-01-09

gerously large, having regard to the
depth of the open vault beneath At
such schools, where ventilation other
than by means Of 1aItticed apertWes
under the roofs have been provided, the
ventflators are so situated as TO un-
necessarily expose the occupants, while
their defective construction allows free
lngress to the rain.
Reviewing the schools as a whole the
committee finds that the only one pre-
senting anything like modern sanitary
facilities is the Twenty-first and L
street school. The accommodations here,
however, are inadequate, the water sup
ply poor and the ventilation deficient.
The closets at Twenty seventh and
streets, for those of their primitive type,
are in good condition. The ventilation
is, however, wrongly placed and calcu-
lated to be injurious to the children from
exposure.
The committee unqualif1edly condemns
the closets at Fourth and Q streets, the
girls closet being in very poor con-
dition. The closets at Tenth and Q and
those at Twenty sixth and w. OF the
remainder, those at Seventh and G are
in very poor condition and those at Six
teenth and streets almost as bad. The
committee believes that it is useless, at
this time, to do more than offer Suctl
recommendations as will indicate the
best method of dealing with this very
difficult problem. 1t therefore submits
the following:
l. The best location for closet accom-
modation is in connection with the main
building, as an annex, with the service
for each floor on the same level as that
floor.
2. Where this is impracticable and
where connections with the sewers can
be had, all closets in yards should be ar
ranged for the disposal of sewage by
water carriage.
3. Whether individual bowls or lat
rines be employed, efficient arrange
ments for flushing should be provided
and such flushing should be automatic
f. Where connections with sewers are
not obtainable earth closets should pe
substituted for privies with open vaults
the soil being regularly removed
5. AT all schools where there are KIN
dergarten classes special accommoda-
ton should be provided for these classes
In the construction Of closets wher-
ever situated the following rules shulo
be observed:
l. Each seat should be inclosed IN
separate compartment provided with
separate entrance and door.
2. Efficient lighting Is an essential III
closet accommodation and is great ale
in maintaining cleanly condition.
3. Ventilation should be furnished II
abundance but should be Of such cnar'
acter as not to be injurious to the occu'
pant.
4. Urinals should always be in dis
tinct compartment from the closets
and under cover.
5. All urinals should be provided WITH
a constant and effective flush.
6. All fixtures and parts of closets and
urinals. should be so constructed as te
admit Of efficient cleansing with a npera
| supply of water.
7. Either by screens or by the posi-
ton of the buildings, the entrances ue
closets should be so arranged as to op'
struct any view of the interior.
8 In the construction of cesspools
more moderate size with frequen'
cleansing is preferable to the very large
| ones now in use at the various schoo
| buildings.
YARDS AND EASEMENTS
Rasements-All Easements should bt
cleaned of rubbish and litter of any
kind and should be kept free from same
so as to permit of thorough vennlauloii
Accommodations of this character main
tain dampness and produce foul ooors
| Yards-1 Bins should be provided II
different school yards in which sucf
| rubbish as is now deposited in th'
Easements can be placed. These p1ns
should be frequently cleaned.
2 All rainwater conductors should b'
carried into the street cutters or, II I'M
practicable, into special ceSSpoois. None
shouId be permitted to discharge ON the
surfaces of the school yards nor OF
| cement walks near the entrances o.
the buildings.
8. The surfaces of all school yard:
Should be properly graded so as to pre-
vent lodgment of storm water.
4. All board walks should be replaced
| as soon as practicable with dark col
ored cement walks.
;. All school yards where grass has
not been planted should be covered
with a substantial layer Of decomposet
| granite or screened river gravel, th'
former being preferable.
VENTILATION.
| The proper ventilation of the schoo
buildings has been greatly neglected. A
healthy atmosphere, frequently
| changed. and a constant supply O
! fresh air are absolutely necessary t.
| good work in the schools. Ventilation
nay be considered under two heads:
/. Natural, by means of doors, win
/ dows and openings in the walls.
>. Artificial, by the aid of heat or By
mechanical means as by blowers anC
suction fans.
! The committee comedies that, during
| perhaps. eight months of the year, II
| Sacramento, ample ventilation can b'
! safely provided by the doors and win
| dows Of the various schools. Ventila
! ton is. however, equally needed during
| the remaining four, or winter months
! and cannot be so provided with safety
| 10 the scholars. In fact, during tht
| Winter the need of ventilation is ever
/ greater. as the eXhalations from damn
| garments with the added products o.
combustion from the stoves in genera
| use. increase the foulness Of the atmos
phere.
1t is impossible to consider the ques
ton of ventilation without at the same
time dealing with the subject Of heat
irg. This necessarily follows from th'
proposition already laid down, that ar
tificial ventilation must be by heat o.
nv mechanical means. AS heat will al
80 @ Ss<s