Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1897-12-16
NEV-CENTURY CLUB.

creatod in Europe caused tho beginning
OF Italian unity. There were no such
sudden and momentous changes as
those of 1908 in Germany, but more
fundamental change of views which led
to union. Napoleon conquered the re-
public Of Venice aud sold il, after its
1000 years Of freedom, TO Austria, and
made for himself tho kingdom of Italy.
After tho Congress of Vienna in 1915
much of the old status of the States
was restored. The pope was reipatated
in his secular power at Rome, Virtor
Emmanuel First at Turin, Frederick
Third in Tuscany; Parma was given to
Maria Louisa and ustria was supreme
In LOmbardy and Venstia. Piedmont
and Sardinia formed the kingdom of
Sardinia, and wore ruled once BY tho
kings of Savoy. The two Sicilles were
given buck to tine Bourhons and made,
by Meiternich's Hchemes, quite sub,
seryiont to Austria, whose rule. even
tho ltHliaEs who were used to bad
government found intolerable. The
conditions for uniiication seemed hope
less, There WAS cry for constitution.
1t Ia hard for rs to understand why u
constitution meant 80 much to them,
but they hoped it meant reform, and
so it aroused enthusiasm. A secret
society, the Carhouari stirred Italy
from her lothargy. A food of revolt
swept over tbs Southern Kingdoms, hut
Austria marched her troops wherever
it arose.
Tho patriot Maz2ini has been called
the consulting physician of tho Revolu.
tiun. In 1870 no organized the society
of : Young Italy" amt required this
oath for admission into it: In the
name of God and of Italy, of all the
mHrtyrs OF thu holy Italian cause who
have fallen beneath foroign and domea.
tic tyranny by the duties which bind
me to the land wherein tlod has placed
me, and to the brothers He has given
me; by the love bear TO thp country
! that gave my mother birth, ami will he
the home of mi children: by the hatred
bear to evil, injustice, usurnation
and arbitrary rule; by the blush TINT
rises 10 my brow when | stand before
the citizens nf other lands. AMI know
| that have no rights OF citizenship, no
country, aud no national tag; by the
| aspiration that thrills my soul towards
that liberty for ~hieh it was created,
and ia impurtaDt to exert, towards the
good IL was created to strive after and
| is important TO achieve in the silence
and isolation Of slavery; by the mempry
OF our former greatness, and the sense
OF our present degradation; Ivy the
tears Of Italian mothers for their SONS
lead on the scatTuld, 10 prison. or in
exiln; by the suiferings OF the mil
| lions, by all these did the novice
VOW to further the aims OF the society.
Many felt that in the panacy lay the
| hone of uniticaton. hut Machierelli
| bad said ii was what would Illustrate
unity, and he saw the truth. A surer
means waa foatid IN an enterprising one
among the existing rules who aroused
national spirit and drew about him all
Of the States. With tho fall OF Meter
nirh Italy prepared for revolt, as all
| oppression seemed to have bean in his
name. The King OF Sardinia declared
war against A AUSTRIA, houing to DO
joined by the other Italian nowers
but the A ustriRps roconquered Venetia
! and forced Charles Albert, King OF
Sardinia, back 10 his own territory,
hut he kept up tho contest. In the
field Italy seemed to make no progress,
but she had learned lesson. Sardinia
had committed itself and Italy could
look TO it as IA leader, She had learned
not 10 treat the promises of liking
BOmba" and the pope had revealed
himself so there wac no more talk about
tho pRpacy forming rHllying point
Charles Albert abdicated in favor OF
his sou Victor Emmanuel, who showed
his wisdom by saleGting Cayour as
/ minister. The latter strengthened the
army, built railroads, and while i'm
proving the internal affairs OF the king
dun, paid attention to European affairs.
lie sent Sardinian troops to aid France
and England in the Crimean war. Not
that the issue at stake had particular
interest for Sardinia, but in the con
gress that followed he was able to get
the ear of his allies about the i'll treat.
ment Of Italy by Austria. lie found
his best ally 10 Napoleon Third, whom
he met at Plombervs, and who promised
that if he could find pretence for
going TO war with Austria, and things
turned out we'll, ON condition of being
given part of the Sardinian Kingdom,
tSayoy and Nioo, ho would urive
Austria out OF Italy.
But Napoleon had never been to war
before and the battles of Magenta and
Solferino dampened his ardor. A peace
was hastily made; Austria surrendered
Lombardy, but kept Venetia. Cavnur
felt now that the unification of Italy
was absolutely essential, and possible
since AUSTRIA held but ono corner of il.
And the union came. part Of 1t naturally,
part hy conquest. Mudena, Parma, Tus.
cary and Lombardy tleposed their
mouarchs ami CHOSE the King of Sar
dina as ruler. Garihaldi, with the
taclt consent of Cavour, started with
LOCO red jacaets, vanauished the
Nearoiitan forces and wanted to take
| Rome. fD easy after ly fnrrR nf arma
but he was naive and artless, aud had
no notion OF the momentous political
consequences Of SUCH O step. The patri-
mony OF Petor was protested By Napo-
leon Third, who was afraid of sacrificing
mis- popularity with tho church party
at hons If he Withdrew his troops.
The struggle of headahip between
Prussia and Austria gave Italy her
: opportunity of acquiring Venice. Bis
maick said if sho would aid against
Austria, Venice should DO hGr reward.
Another enid, If you will Join ms
you shall have Venice'' Italy kent
faith with Prussia and received the
Promised doun. hut the Papal terri
tory still cut the Kingdom in two. In
1910 came tho browning act OF unifica
ton Napoleon found he had none too
many soldiers TO face Germany, SC
) withdrew tbs troops from Rome. The
Italians matched 10 with hut little
; hppositinn 1t had always been the
, governments that had to be conquered.
not the people.
Cavour died before the consumma,
tinn OF his lifelong work. hut be saw
! That victory was coming. The Triple
alliance ia great burden 10 Italy, az
L she has to maintain large army and