davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24

WASHINGTON, July 23.-The President sent
these nominations to the Senate to-day:
Henry A. Rucker. Collector of Internal Revenue for
the district Of Georgia
John C. LyEch, Collector Of Internal Revenue. First
district OF California.
william s. Clauton. Assayer and helter of the Assay
once. Charlotte. n c.
stephen J. Loughran. Pension Agent. at Des Moines,
Iowa.
Jay Lynch, Infian Agent. at Yak ma. Wash.
J.. B. Shephcr OF Alaska, Commissioned for Alaska.
Mack A. Montgomery, UnIt,d States Attorney.
n rthern district ~ MI .sissippi.
Navy-Lieut nt.Con Andrr Walton Goodwin to
DO Commander; Lieut.. Wainwright Kellogg. to DO
Observation-Disclosures.
Rucker IL q colored man and WAS named rs
Collector OF Internal Revenue for Georgia de-
spite the protests OF the Congressional delegation
OF that State that they should have n white man.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
a M~lLLIoNAIRE's KITCHEN.

"A wealthy man was giving his architect direc'
tions about the 800. 600 house he was planning
to uild II want you 70 spare no expense on
the Kitchen" no said. Comfort and conven-
ience thore mean comfort and convenience IN
kitchen with the finest appliances to be had
The architect, being n man who know his ousi-
ness, put in q complete gas cooking apparetus-
thing was to be done by gas;. not a pound OF coal
was 10 be burned in this Kitchen as nne AZ
arc only for miilionaires. Well. a. IL hnppene,
1t was money In the miliionaire's pocket TO COOK
with gas instead Of coal. and so IL will be In the
next mans. We can't all have 100000 houses,
but we can have q gas range in the humolest
Kitchen. The humbler II Is the greater the say
Ing, and the convenience Of cooking by gas. No
bulky, dirty coal. no wasted heat, hamo applied
Just whore You want It and Just when you want
IT, the perfection OF cookery-that's all . mil.
lionaire can have, and you can have IL, too. at
just about half what you are paying for inferior
results III you arc using coaL-1dr.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
bills introduced In tho House.

WASHINGTON, July 23.-These bills were In
troduced in the House to-day:
BY Mr.. Shafroth-To enable settlers on land added
70 the public domain by treaty with Indians to secure
their entries upon payment OF the regular homestead
rates on other public lands.
By Mr.. King OF Utah-To apportion the places In the
civil service among the several States and Terri cries
according TO population. The apporti ,nlng il to be
done by the Civil Service Commission. and heads Of
departments arr to dismiss incumbents from States
having a surplus OF appointments
BY Mr.. sa,Eer-O DECLARING that q state OF war exists
In Gu a, and according b. ligerent rights to the Cuban
Government; pls' directing tho foreclosure OF the
Government lien on the Pacific Railroads; also to
direct vote Of the people.
By Mr.. Curtis OF kansas-To remove tho Limitations
In the payment or arrears of pen ions.
BY Mr.. Lacey OF Iowa-Exteniing the Land laws to
Alaska
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24

answered 10 their nanacs ana rsre. IN their
seat, and alarFs number Of members bad come
the vote on agreeing 70 he conferences, report
Mr.. Alien moved from his chair into tho sroa,
AT Ssa. .ioOd n's snd e e 'R foo R,sSI as sh Il he might SntSs S an.
limited himself TO . logical proposition. that II
Knew eS ,su that e Il a came ti,as Syd the Ia law Sp q s SrSSi no
tion, and 90 when he saw evidences Of fraud in
the last Ohio election, he doduced the conclusion
that frauds had been committed
the oSchara q. ME;; Foraker mildly susrcstcd.
olsysisind and another Wa. c%iSsinnsti.' w
vote was in the ratio Of ono to four Of the popu-
lation. There Ia not n Republican, Democrat, or
Populist in Ohio who will sustain the Senator'S
do not care a bawbee about that, Mr.. Allen
mo, / suppose you do NOT" Mr.. Foraker ro-
Mr.. Allen continued his remarks, declaring
forced. He spoke till 9 O'Clock. and then yielded
t tS.i M; M sss1n.s t Phs% sco Als;n; which wsG, T hail 5 sFS,
used to force the passage OF the bill. asked
unanimous consent to take a recess TIL 10
conference report at 8 o'clock.
MIR Allen looking to Mr.. Faulkner Of West
Va asked whether he, too, proposed TO sur
Yes" said Mr.. Faulkner, with a smile. II
buTrenueT.
Then" said Mr.. Allen. being confronted
object"
The vice-Presidcnt asked whether there was
any objection to Mr.. Morgan's request for unnni-
nous consent, and added: THE Chair hears
none. and that will DO the order"
After that there was a c~olloquy about tho
chances for action on the resolution as to the
Union Pacific Railway foreclosure. Mr.. Morgan
proclaimed his intention OF pressing IL, and of
contendinR against final adjournment until
there was action upon II.
The question being asked Mr.. Morgan whether
he expected that q quorum of Senators would
remain after the Tariff bill was out Of the way,
h q r. ply was to the effect that there could be no
resolution adopted for final adjournment with
out n quorum.
The Senate then took a recess until 10 o'clock
Tomorrow.
IN THE HOUSE.
Evidence Of speedy adjournment was fur
nished In tn, House to-day by the introduction
by Mr.. 0deli, Chairman of the Committee on
Accounts, OF the usual joint resolution authoriZ.
ing the payment o. members and employees the
More proof camo in the form of q resolution In
troiuced by Mr.. Grosvenor. authorizing tho
Chairmcn Of committees. Immediately after they
have been announced, to appoint private clerks
during the recess. Mr.. Meekison objected to
the consideration. OF the resolution. causing a
laugh by remarking that II the House didn't
need committees while in session IL certainly
didn't while in recess. The resolution was re-
10 red to the Committee on Accounts.
On motion o. Mr.. Dingiey. who said 1t was OF
bi | might go into eff, ct at the earliest possible
moment, that the House should be in session
when tho Senate finally acted on the conference
report. q recess was taken until 8 O'Clock.
Al 8 o'clock the House took another recess
until 8. and ut 9 took a further recess until noon
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
4 PoTERrr-sTRICKEN LANDLORD.
Charles AahrunG's Tenants Laush at Demands
for Rent and Defy Him..

hnFl NhuFunHu Tennuto hAuBn NJ DomhD
for Rent and Defy Him.
The curious story Of q property owner and
landlord who has been reduced to perjury By the
refusal Of his tenants to pay rents was brought
to light yesterday in the Second District Civil
Court at Williamsburg. when Charles Nahrung
Of so Clymer street brought proceedings to dis
possess eleven tenants.
Nahrung is not only the heir to o one.third In
terest in the houses at so. so. and 90 Ciymer
street, but he is also the administrator of his
mothers estate, to which the houses belong.
and should therefore have the handling OF all
the income, but his tenants have 90 continuously
refused to pay that he has been reduced to the
barest straits and even had TO depend for his
food upon help extended to him by u sister.
Tine property In question was accumulated by
Nahrung's father, who was the introducer of
the wire nail into this country. He was killed
He left the houses TO his widow. and she died
two years ago. A year before her death Charles
Nahrung was appointed to collect the rents,
and from that time the income from the houses
began to dwindie. Nthrung was SO easy and
Eood-natured that when u tenant got behind
hand with his rent he would give him his own
time In which to pay up.
After Nahrung was made administrator two
years ago the tenants ceased to pay at all and
only laughed at him when he demanded money.
brother William died "A year uRo. and his widow
began proceedings to have the estate parti-
TONED, ami rcccn ~ sho notified ali the tenants
that under no circumstances should they pay
any rent 10 Nahrurg. Then the tenants became
defiant rs well as dereli l..
Mr.. Nahrnn . finally lost patience and engaged
lawyers to have the tenants dispossessed, and
these proceedings are pending.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
REWARD MAY BE $4,000.
CONNECTICUT AUr8ORITEEs ACT AT
ONCE IN THB NICHOLS MURDER.

The State win Prebasty orr nsi.s
Hirhe,a es, one. and the Town o. TFuabun
$1,000 rsr the Capturo 81 the pnuraerors-
Private D~tectives at Werk 90 the Case.
B~RrDoEPoRT. Conn, July 23.-The authorities
have acted promptly In the Nichols murder
case. This morning State Attorney Fessepden
asked authority OF Gov. Cooke to offer a rewapd
Of $1,000 for the capture OF the murderer
Miss Mary Nichols. sister OF George NJ. Nichols.
the murdered man. and who was also shot by
the robbers, has already siRnincd her intention
of Offering q liberal reward. probably s5. 900.
The town OF Trumbull will also mako an offer,
and altogether tho sum will probably roach
$4,000. Two special detectives arc at work on
the case. With Superintendent Of Police Biz
mingham and Detectives Argold and Cronin Of
this city and Deputy Sheriff Plumb OF Trumbull,
they went over the grounds and house on the
Nichols property to-day. Thus far no clue what.
ever has been secured. One Of the detectives 10
Wilkes. of Pinkerton's force, who worked on the
recent East Norwalk case, which resulted in the
conviction Of murder in the nrst degree OF the
two Italians. Fuda and IMPOSING.
The condition Of Miss Mary Nichols has i'm
proved greatly, and there 10 every probability Of
her recovery. People living for miles around
have driven to the Nichols homestead to-day,
and at any hour dozens Of teams could b seen
hitcbed near tho house. Tho funeral Of the
murdered man win take place tomorrow after.
noon. Loomis Sterling. q Now York lawyer and
q FIRST cousin Of the dead man. arrived to-day,
and is In charge of the house. All the valuable
papers found In the house arc in charge OF Cor
oner Doten in this city, They repIssent upon
their face q little moro than 100000 In value
and consist OF stocks and bonds
The murdered man was n second cousin OF the
aged John n. Nichols. at Nichols Farms. whose
house was robbed about two months ago. The
two men lived only three miles apart In each
case the crime took place upon n rainy night,
and entrance was effected by an outside cellar
door. In each case the burglars took only
money, leaving behind valuable ieyEelry. The
silver in George Nicholas house was not touched,
although the men could oasily have carried IL
away. In each case there was q loo uacioun
burglar. who talked of his own mother and sis
tors, and. despite MIS- cruelty. seemed 70 havos
soft place In hfs heart
In each case the burglars promised to notify
the nearest neiRhbor Of their crime. and in
neither was the promise kept In each case the
burglars appeared to be familiar with the house,
its interior, and the surroundings. They we're
in no hurry to depart, feeling secure when once
within tho walls-
These and other simflarities in the commission
Of the crimes have caused the authorities 70
believe that the same men committed both
burEiaries. In each instance there were two
masked men. and the victims described them 40
abort, rather stout, and probably Americana.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
sIoa. 900. 600 OF small Notes Ordered to n,
Printed.

WASHINGTON, July o3.-The Treasury Depart
ment anticipates, in view OF abundant crops and
foreign demand. an unusually large and carly
call for small bills. The demand by retail mer-
chants and Others forthese bills Is at present very
great To-day Assistant Secretary vanderlip
authorized the Director OF the Bureau OF Engrav-
Ing and Printing TO print and deliver TO the onico
of the Secretary United States notes, Treasury
notes. and silver certificates to the amount Of
Sl04, 100000. This supply will be mostly OF
the smaller denominations, ones, twos hyea. and
tens, and will be sufficient for tho needs OF tho
covering the usual large demand for small bills
10 be used in the movement OF crops.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24

WASHINGTON FORECAST FoR SATURDAY..
For Maine. New Hampshire and Vermont local
thunderstorms, severe on the COAST southerly vinds
shifting TO westerly.
For hassaehusetfs. Rhode LSlaAd. Connecticut. and
eastern Ne1 York. hgadersforns ta the early morn.
ing, fair "a the afternoon: not 80 Haru durtn0 az
day; westerly iriHdS.
For eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, general.
ly fair. not so warm during the day, norhwssterly
wlnds.
FOR the District OF columbIA, Maryland, Delaware.
and Virginia. fair. cot 90 warm; northwssssriy wtnda
For western Pennsylvania w. stern New York and
Ohio. partly cloudy weather; buGk westerly viadA
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
T111MAx,s SUGAR RESOLUTION.
Tho Senate Refuses, rs TO IS, to Take lt Up
Tor FINAL Action.

The Senate Refuses. rs to IS, to Take IL Up
Tor Final Action.
WASHINGTON, July 23.-An effort was made
in the Senate to-day by Mr.. Tillman of South
Carolina to have taken up for action the resolu-
ton offered by him some time ago and reported
adversely yesterday for an investigation Of
newspaper statements as 10 senators having
but the regulur order was callei for by Mr.. ALI
son, and the Vice President ruled that tho regu-
lar order was the tariff conference report. Mr..
Tillman insisted on yea and nay vote on his
motion. 1t was taken. and, the motion was de-
feated-yeas Is. nays 35. The first vote OF Sena-
tor Turloy Of Tennessee in the Senate was given
in favor OF the motion: The other Senators who
yotei aye, were: Allen, Bacon. Bate, Berry,
Roach. TiIlman. Turner, and Walthall.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
GIRL INJURED BIZ 4 B1oroL1sz.


she Wa - ths ssaewnik whes No Rsae uv
Dowu-0e Redo Away.
While 1~2-yearold Gertrude ohlmer Of TIA
East Hath street was walking along the side
walk on the south side Of Mount Morris Park
yesterday morning q bicyclist soorched up Fifth
avenue with his head bent down. On whirltnR
into l2oth street At full speed he found q wagon
blocking his way. he was travelling too fast ts
stop. and to save himself from running under
the wagon he bumped his wheel up on to the
walk. The girl saw her danger. but not In time
to avoid it The wheel struck her and knocked
her down and the bicyclist was thrown over his
handle bar. he scrambled to his feet unhurt.
and. without waiting to see what damage he
bal done. jumped on his wheel and rode away.
He is said TO be q member Of the Y. II. c. A. and
is rated AS the champion basketball play r Of the
Organization He was recognized hy the by
anders who Witnessed the accident.
Policeman Sullivan of the East 126rh street
station and Park Policeman Cunningham picked
up the girl and carried her into the cottage in
the park. She was unconscious. but revived
under treatment. Her mother arrived shortly
after the accident. but refused 70 allow her to 70
to q hospital A passing brakeman volunteered
70 take the injured girl homo In bis wagon and
his services were accepted. Tho girl IL suffering
principally from shock Her mother said aho
had no desire to have the bicyclist arrested, %
the pohce have made no effort to arrest him
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
sherman starts for A-masan.ett, L. I.

WASHINGTON. July 23.-Secrctary Sherman
left Washington this afternoon for Amagansett,
L. l.. where he will spend a month or so at the
cottage OF his daughter. Mrs. McCollum. He
was accompanied by Z. J. Babcock, his con.
n~dential clerk: Mrs. Sherman will remain in
Washington. The SecretAry's health Is improv-
Ing; Mr.. Adee. the Second Assistant Secretary,
Eill be Acting Secretary OF State during Mr..
snerlnnn's absence. He 10 a trained diplomatist
Intercourse with foreign countries. While
Acting Secretary Of State under the Cleveland
ADMINISTRATORS he demonstrated his ability to
conduct diplomatic matters in a manner on.
OlneV. '
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24

Patrolman John Kramer of the College Point
police force, and John GreSs, 10 years old. mar
rowly escaped drowning in Flushing Bay yes
terday afternoon. Kramer and young Gress.
who had been hshinR:in a small s~ailboat. started
Tor home at about 2 O'Clock, and when mid
stream between College Point and North
Beach, their craft was struck by the ferry boat
College Point Of the New. York and College
threw him up on the deck OF tho ferryboaL
Then Kramer jumped. and managed to swim
away from the ferryboat. keeping above water
decker.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
Ca.lna naH

NEWPORT. R [, July 23.-There wa Q largo
Attendance at the Casino hop this eveaine. aid
Miss Van Allen made her nrt appearance for
the season. She wore . gown Of white satin and
lace and had diamond In her hair.
Among those present were: James J. Van Alien.
Mr.. and Mra W. r. Travers. Mrs. Royal Phelps
Carroll. Mrs Hermann Oelrichs, Miss Virginia
Fair. Tom Cushing, MIRA Edward King, Miss
King, Miss Cispp; Miss Julia Grant, Potter
P'lmer, Jr. Miss Hoffman. Miss Potter. Mn. n.
81. Brooks, Mr.. and Mrs. J. h. BeekmAn. Nj.
and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, Miss Brice. and Mira
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
THE RIGHT TO TAX 4 STATE
AIaiue's Attorney-Generni says That State
Need Not Pay q Tax to the Government.

A'o A'orheS-SenerH says 'hat stAte
Need Not PAP = Tax TO the Government.
PORTLAND. Me-, July 23,-A lively question In
this State is whether the Federal Government
has the right to call on the Maine State Liquor
Commissioners to pay a tax. The Collector OF
Internal Revenue summoned the Maine State
liquor agent to pay q tax on the ground that he
is in the liquor business. Tho Governor and
Council asked Attorney-General Haynes opin-
ion on the matter. He has just decided that
there Is no warrant in the United States Consti.
tuition for the tax.
This opinion Is Of especial interest at this
time because South Carolina, which runs the
liquor business AS a State monopoly, is now in
controversy with the Federal Government over
a question similar to that which Is raised in
Maine. The difference between the Maine law
outlawinR the saloon and the South Carolina
law lrgaliZing the saloon Is the difference be-
tween the exercise OF police power for protection
only and the prosecution OF a State monopoly for
revenue only.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
Minister Hatch Going TO HonoIuIu sn . Three
Mohths' Vacation.

WASHINGTON. July 23.-Francls M. Hatch,
Hawaiian Minister to tho United States, called
at The state Department to-day and took leave
olulu for three months to consult with his GOV
ernment about the annexation situation. Mr..
Hatch's departure will leave Hawaii without a
automatic representative in this country, but
he has no quAlms about going, In view OF the
thing pertaining 70 Hawaii.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
BoED BURoLlns ArrAa noorANxr
Tssy No. EHss,e-y rupsvts- Sssa =. osss.an
UnAer ma v~ry uo,a.


Upaer ME very Hose.
Fan RocKAwAx. L. l.. July 2a.-The holiness
OF the robbers who are ~plaguinG Far Rockaway
IL startling. Tho robbery OF tho summer homes
OF James Ia Morgan and Frederick de Zaldo on
WEDNESDAY night was remarkable for its cool
ness. The BURGLARS ats fruit and cake from the
iarder; transferred silverware from one house to
another. after which they rejected the plated
and took the solid ware; stole two bicycles. and
madooh without having alarmed the inmates Of
either house. The robbery OF the Desmond cot
tage last night was equally bold. After that an
attempt was made to rob the house Of B. Was
serman. on the Jamaica Bay shore, in the Bays
water district of the village.
Joel b. Goodman. who lives in tho Desmond
cottage, is q hosiery importer whose store IL at
463 broadway, Now York. Last night he and
his family retired at about 10 o'clock. Good
man, his wife, and two children slept in the Sec
ond story front room. Goodman's vest hung
from q chair at his bedside. In the vest was q
gold watch valued at $3.50. n pockotbook con-
tanning $3.50 and some tickets for trips across
the wooden bridge over the inlet here to the
He says he felt nauseated. He reached for his
Mc Iishted a lamp: He went through his poCf:
money and the bridge tickets were gone:
Examination showed that the burglars en-
s sscy os sshlSI pried 7 op psnr H Nons on M she inmates 1M; Ms's 81
the cottage heard a sound. Goodman suspected
that he had been chloroformed. but there was
no odor OF tho drug in the room.
Eiwsrd Leach. a messenger boy, says that
while delivering a message in Bayswater about
9:2O o'clock as he passed q fence he heard tho
were planning the burglary Of the Wasserman
house for ! O'Clock. Leach hurrio1 back TO tho
village and informed Policeman Shea. The po-
two. men on the back porch working at tho
kitchen door. The men heard him and took TO
their heels. Young Leach says that while walk
ing along Central avenue to-day he saw the two
men. He Is sure he could identify them. No
arrests have been made.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
Last Chances to uua.,le Imports.

Special Deputy Collector Joseph J. Couch gavo
it as his opinion yesterday that, in case the
bill was signed before midnight after any bus
mess day. all duties paid on that day would
have 10 be rerdjusted under the new tariff.
Brokers were hustling yesterday to get their
entries through. and papers upon the cargoes OF
such vessels MS arrived were hurried to the Gus
tom House. The steamships Paris and Uinbria
having large cargoes OF wool on board on which
the duties may aggregate $1,000, 900 are due to
will be made at the Custom House up to 4 p. NJ.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
Capai.ed by tho wash from an Albany Steam.

YoNKERs, n. Y. July 23.-Thomas o'Hayes,
James Johnston, Sidney o'Brien. Thomas
Byrnes, and James McGunnigle. while rowing
in the Hudson River tonight. were capsized of
Glenwood by the wash from the Albany day
line steamboat New York. Two OF tho men
could not swim and the other three were com.
PEELED 10 tow hem q quarter of "a mile to shore.
Friends came to their assistance as the five
were sinking from exhaustion.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
An Auessa Preacher Tramp

NEW HAVEN. Coan., July 23.-The Rev. A. L
chese' q Congregations minister, who formerly
mad a pariAh at RedlandS. CAL. is registered at
Inc Associated Charities In this city. and 10 saw
ing WOOD Tor his meals and lodging with tho
3ther tramps who put up at that institution.
tte mas trampod through almost every State In
tne Union. putting up at the missions and hold
ths SsrviceG 10 me evening for the knights OF
me road. hls father and grandfather woro
Congregations minister's, and his maternal
grandfather fought at Bunker Hill
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
SHOWER OF rOADS.

Cambridge. Saass.. Has Its RieanIal Vlsit or
This Character.
CAMBRIDGE Mass. July 23.-During the
heavy showers OF yesterday Q shower Of min
utivo toads fell in Cambridge. The little crea.
lures covered the street and made walking ON
the sidewalks difficult The toads were no
larger than half or t~hreeQuarters Of an inch
long and many were smaller. The toad storm
seems TO be periodic in Ward Four. Cambridge,
occurring every two years. Two years ago me
storm was particularly heavy.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24

Sadie oolgan. 8 years old. Of at Mercer street.,
jersey City. while playing on the street in front
Of her home yesterday was run down BY Frank
Clark. II years old, OF Is Glover street. Newark.
who was scorching on his bicycle along the
asphalt pavement The child was very seriously
injured and was carried into the house uncon-
ocioua- Clark was arrested on o charge OF
atrocious assault and battery and taken 70 the
Gregory street police station Later in the DAY
the child rallied and II 10 thought abe WIN 70
cover. Clark was released on ball
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-07-24
RAP1D TRANSIT FOE rHB BRIDGE

me Plans Or the Trsuey ana usvasoA RaaAs
AL sah1asa0a.
The plans Of the Brooklyn trolley and elevated
roads for crossing the bridge have al been sob
mitted to the trustees. and are In the hands Of
ndent that they will be finally adopted, probe
bly, with some notifications. and be will call Q
special meeting Of the truS ees for their conEit
Grafton within o few weekA