The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-01-29
MOND-Y SUBSTITUTES.
Queer Mediums of Exchange Used
in Many Countries.
Articles of Every Description Converted
Into Currency by Races Which
Have No Civilized Form
of Government.

found hens eggs the only money
throughout the Province of Janja, in
Peru; that would be some so years ago.
The people transmitted them by thou
sands to the provincial capital and
made their purchases Herewith at the
rate of 40 or so to the dollar. We are
to understand that the country people
had little use for cash among them
selves. In Manchuria brick tea and
floss silk represent money; but the
latter is going out of fashion. The
usual brick of tea, 10 inches by inches,
~ inches thick. is equivalent in trade
with Russians to 60 kopecs $50 pence).
1t is divided to make any change nee
essary. Russian merchants have tried
to introduce Il paper currency, the
notes representing 60 kopecs and parts
thereof, but Tartars reject them. When
brick gets discredited, that is, too
much worn by long circulation, it is
consigned to the teapot.
Several old travellers assure us that
cats eyes were employed in the great
Indian kingdom of Vijianagar; else
where iron worked into the form of
large needles, cakes of salt, or again,
says Nicolo Cont, cards inscribed with
the name of the king. The Abyssinians
also use cakes of salt in remote dis
tricts. Various negro tribes have IA
currency of iron hoes. Nongua shells
were the money of the Indians in Brit
Il, Ill -fv
the value of one beaver. In Australia
rough slabs of freestone, to be fash
Toned into hatchets, represented cash.
The men who hawked these slabs from
tribe to tribe were sacred, passing I'M
harmed through all the districts, even
at war. Marco Polo reckoned bank
notes among the oldest substitutes for
money; his account of the notes issued
by Kublai Khan and his reflections on
the system are peculiarly delightful.
He tells of people in the great province
of Thibet who use coral, but we must
ask where they got it. Had he said tur-
quoise it would have been quite intel
ligible, for the Thibetans still employ
that stone at need. Elsewhere Marco
speaks of ''sprigs of gold" and "porce-
lain" In the latter case, also, an error
may be suspected. Our word is adapted
from the Portuguese, signifying hogs
back" their name for cowry shell.
Excepting regular coinage. no cir
culating medium" has a vogue to COM
pare with that of the cowry. Perhaps
it would not be ineXact to say that every
people in whose territory the shell eX-
lists once used it for cash. But this
seems very strange, opposed to common
sense and political economy. when we
hear the supply is unlimited. Over
thousands of miles of coast man can
gather sackful in an hour. But the
fact is indisputable, however it be ex-
planned. The value fluctuates enor-
mously. of course, over such an i'm
mense area. but in a very rough way,
we believe. African traders used to es-
innate 1000 cowries at shilling. An
glo-Indian traders had no need to make
a reckoning. probably. for the shell,
though very largely current among
the natives. was never reckoned into
their transactions. Mungo Park count
ed $50 cowries to the shilling in his day
and in the countries where he Travelled.
But the bar was Mungo's cur
rency. In the beginning it was liter
ally bar of iron imported from Eu
rope. but as the trade developed it be-
came merely word Of value. Twenty
leaves of tobacco made n "bar," gal
r,oI I,a
would not willingly allow any f1uctua-
tion in quantity. whether more or
less. If an energetic newcomer tried
to push business by Offering more rum
.: tobacco to the "bar." he was regard
ed with suspicion; no old hand VEN
tureJ to offer less. In all parts of For
Ieo. probably, one may still hear prices
reckoned in brass guns-that is. can
non; but man who has transactions of
that importance will instantly translate
the sums into dollars at the present
time. There was an age when ten or
twenty Founders did actually pass
from hand to hand. The Malay empires
were rich then. and made such a show
as astonished the early navigators. But
for long while past, even in the do
minions of the sultan of Bruni, brass
guns have been merely an expression of
value. the article itself being practical
ly nonresident. There are great stores,
however, quite useless now. at Bruni.
which was the mint. so to speak.
Not dissimilar is the practice of the
RED Karens in Burmah. who reckon
large Sims in kyeezees. or drums of
copper; but they always had a currency
of silver ingots. The drums are pc
culiar. however. in the respect that
their value does not lie in the weight of
metal or even in the excellence of work
manship. though they are adorned
with figures of bird, animals and fish
1t is the quality and volume of sound
they emit which decide their worth:
objects not visibly differing may be
estimated at SIS to ESQ. One might
think that connoisseurs would disagree
upon the quality of the sound. but
drum. no doubt, is more easily valued
in that respect than any other musical
instrument. Since British trade has
approached their territories. however
the Red Rarens are not yet annexed.
we believe and the enterprsino
Chinaman has permeated it. this pic
turesque usage is dying out fast The
kyeezees are as much reverencrd as
ever. but they sell for prosaic dollars.
though taste still asserts itself by put
ting very fancy price upon an article