davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21
Boom in Range Cattle Business.


Chamberlain, S. d., May 90
Thus far this spring in the neighbor,
hood of 5000 head Of cattle, mostly
young animals, to replenish herds
which were diminished principally
by shipments last fall, have been
transferred he"e to the west bank of
the Missouri river by the Chamber
lain Pontoon Bridge company. The
stock industry Of the region known
as the coded Sioux lands, lying be-
tween here and the Black Hills, has
made wonderful strides during pre-
vlous years, but never has it increas~
ed SO rapidly as at present. The
good prices offered in the markets
for beef cattle have caused decided
boom in the cattle raising business,
and everyone who can do SO is pur-
chasing young cattle and sending or
taking them to the choice range
west of the Missouri river. Tens of
thousands of head Of Young cattle
are also being taken to the ranges
surrounding the Black Hills. Prai-
rie schooners, which during the past
few years have headed eastward, are
now seen daily en- route west. Many
OF the travellers were formerly resi-
dents Of South Dakota but left the
state during the last few years for
the south. where they were led to
believe they could better their con-
dition. They are now returning to
their old places, satisfied that the
future Of South Dakota is assured.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21
General Order.

Headquarters Harvey Post No. %
G.. A. r., Rapid City
May 19, 1897.
All soldiers and sailors of the civil
war are requested to meet in Ar
mory Hall at lis p. m. May 30, and
March to Library Hall where the
decoration exercises will commence
promptly at 2 o'clock. Line of
march will be west to 7th street,
north to Main street, east to 9th
street and thence to Library Hall.
Robert Russell
Commander.
Programme
Song "Beautiful Flag of Liberty.
School Chorus.
Post Chaplain
Solo ''Bury the Dead on the Field
Where They Fall.
Mrs. II. w. Somers.
Introductory Address
Post Commander.
Recitation ''The Revolution
Mrs. G. L. Lewis.
Song Brave Men Behold Your
Fallen Chief. -
Glee Club.
Recitation ''Barbarie Fritchie. -
Alta Quiggle.
recitation Flag Of Shenandoah
Marion Coad.
S0lo- 'Brave Boys Are They'
Miss Gertrude Hurlbut.
Ora tion--
e. G. Johnson.
Song "America'
Audience
BenedictiOn.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

Whether or not Mr.. Dingley is a
stockholder in woolen mill that is
buying up wool in anticipation of
Dineley prices on it, he is certainly the
leading stockhoder in a bill to force
the people who do the country's work
to pay the highest possible taxes Oh the
neceSSarieS Of life,
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

soon found out what the people thought
of him and his bill. The bulk of Amer
leans are both honest and intelligent.
The intelligent voter knows that you
can't make the foreigners pay his taxes,
and the honest voter prefers to pay his
own taxes. You can never make your
bill popular by such tonfoolery.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

Uncle Sam-say. Dinglcy, YOU might
as well come down. You're not getting
any chestnuts. and you're not getting
voters. Mckinley had some experience
up that tree--it's horse chestnut-iu
1890. He pretended that he was maxi
ing the foreigners pay the tax, but he
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21
Rapid City Black Hls South Dakota Friday, May 2l, 1897
City Council Meeting.

The city council met in regular
session on Monday evening and
transacted considerable business.
The water committee was instructed
to take up the street sprinkling mat
ter and report at the next meeting.
Mayor NJ 'Gillycuddy submitted the
following as standing committees
for the ensuing year:
Finance-Aldermen Mans fl el d,
Brennan anu Sawyer.
City Affairs-Aldermen Brennan
Boyd and Hall,
Streets and Alleys--Sawyer, Hail
and Mansfield.
Fire Observation-Disclosures Smith
and Overpeck.
Judiciary-Boyd, Mansfield and
Smith.
Public Morals-Overpeck Brennan
ana Sawyer.
Health Smith, Boyd and Wald-
ron.
Water-Overpeck, Brennan and
Waldron.
Saloon permits were issued to
John R. Brennan, Peter Sweeney
and Jerry King. After allowing a
number OF bills the council adjourned.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21
SAME OLD ChESTNU1S.

BY making the foreigners
p
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

The loss in sheep around Rawlins,
Wvo., from the hard winter will
vary from to Is per cent, depend
ing in a great measure on the locali-
ties where they were ranged.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

Wednesday 5 raincd filed a long
felt want.
The Black Hills union. [volume] (Rapid City, Pennington County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1889-1904, 1897-05-21

In the new tariff bill sDrnk is on the
free list. We have our opinion Of a man
who is compelled to use imported
"spunk. k."-phladelrhia Call
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
The Toledo weekly Blade

Every intelligent family needs in ad-
dition to their local paper, good
national weekly The greatest and
most widely known general family news
paper is the Toledo Weekly Blade. For
thirty years it has been a regular visitor
in every part Of the Union and is we'll
known in almost every one Of the 10.
900 postpthces in the country. 1t is
edited with reference to A national circu-
la;ion 1t is a Republican pauer, but
men of all politics take it, because of its
honesty and fairness in the discussion Of
all public questions. IL is the favorite
family paper, wish something for every
member Of the household. Serial stories,
poetry, wit and humor; the Household
department Cbest in the world Young
Folks, Sunday School Lessons. Tai
mage's Sermons, the Farmstead the
Question Bureau, (Which answers ques-
tons for subscribers the News of the
Week in complete form, and other
special features. Specimen copies glad
ly sent on application and if you will
send US list of addresses, we will mail
copy to each Only 81 year. If
you wish to raise a club. write for terms.
Address Tue BLADE,
Toledo, Ohio.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

With the full vote of all but two
counties the plurality Of the Comp
troller of the treasury of Mary
iand is S,272, and that Of Gen.
Allen Ralherfof1 for clerk of the Court
Of Appeals 1852 The Senate will
have Is Republicans and Democrats.
The House Of Delegates as the returns
at present stand, will have AZ Repub-
licans and A Democrats aud there is
one tie in Talbot On Joint ballot the
Republicans have Ga votes and the
Democrats So With the tie to be deter
mined.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

SEASON OF 1878.

The Personally-C Conducted Tourist
System of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company is the highest perfection yet
attained in railway travel; it affords all
the comforts and conveniences of modern
railway equipment, and at the same
time eliminates all anxiety aud annoy
anee rnseparably connected with in
dividual travel
For the season Of '97 and '9s it has
arranged FOR the following tours
California -Four tours, leaving New
York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburg Jan
uary 27 FEBRUARY 10, and March 10.
With the exception of the first party 60
ing and the last returning, all of these
parties will travel by the Golden Gate
Special between New York and Califor-
MIA, stopping at interesting points ell
route
Florida -Four tours to jacksonville
will leave New York aud Philadelphia
January 25. February s aud %, AID
March s. The first three admit of So
journ of two weeks in the Flowery
State" Tickets for the fourth tour be
good to return by regular trains until
May 81, 1898.
Tickets for the above tours will be
sold from all principal stations on the
Pennsylvania Railroad
For detailed Itineraries, giving rates
and full information, address Thos. +.
Watts. Passenger Agent Western Dis
trici, Pittshurg, Pa; E S Harrar, Di-
vision Ticket Agent, Williamsport, Pa.
or Geo. W Boyd, Assistant General
Agent, Philadelphia.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
THE :
WEEMS
Steamboat Company.
RSNSEF
Pdturent RiUe1' Route
On and after Sunday September ! 9Th.
Steamer st. Marv's

Will leave Pier 8. Light Street every
Saturday and Wednesday at 6 30a m
for Fair Haven, Plum Point
Governors Run and Patuxent River as
far as Benedict. Returning will leave
Benedict every Monday and THURSDAY
at . GOA. m, Sotterly at s. a. IN. Mil
stone Landing at 10 m. Coverings
Run at IL p. m, Plum Point at n
m aud Fair Haven at 2 30 p. IN for
Baltimore.
Freight received at Pier s, Tuesday
and Friday until 6 p m
Steamers Wastmorelari
and Essex.
Will leave Pier ,, Light Street. every
Sunday and Wednesday at 9 D. NJ. for
Patuxent River direct as far IN AS
Bristol Returning, will leave Bristol
at II m. on Monday and Friday at Ga
m, and Milestone at 8 p. m for Bait.
more, calling at no wharves on Monday
below Leiteh's, except when signalled
from wharves on the river for passen-
gers and perishable freight. On Fri
day will call at all wharves. and only
take on passengers and perishable freight
from those below Leitch's
Freight received at Pier . Wedues-
day and Saturday until 6 p m
HENRY WILLIAMS.
Office, Pier 2, Light street. y
NAV 2S-1y Aqant
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

It is the same old story and yet con.
stantly recurring that Simmons Liver
Regulator is the best family med
ieine, I'VE have used it our family for
eight years and find it the best medicine
we ever used. We think there is nc
such medicine as Simmons Liver Reg
ulator Mrs. NJ f S. Adiagtou.
Franklin, n. c Each member of our
family uses it as occasion requires. =
W. B. Smith, Mt Vernon, Ky.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
Mr. Lee Tippett after the
election.


On November !, the Pennsylvani;
Railroad Company will place on sale al
is principal ticket offices, excursion
tickets to all prominent Winter resorts
in New Jersey, Virginia, North and
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and
Cuba The tickets will be sold at the
usual low rates, with the usual liberal
return Limits.
The magnificent facilities Of the Penn
sylvania Railroad, with its many con-
neetious, make this the favorite line for
Winter travel.
An illustrated book. descriptive Of
Winter resorts, and giving routes Of
travel and rates for tickets. will be fur
nished free on application to ticket
agents.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
WHAT LIFE INSURANCE DOES.

1t lifts Mortgages
1t Educates Orphans
1t Preserves the Family
1t Cultvates Saving Habits.
It Lighters the Load Of Care
1t Gives Repose to the Rich Man
1t Gives Courage to the Poor Man.
1t Builds Barrier to the Almshouse
1t Enables Man TO Live up to his Income.
1t Supports the Credit of the Business Man.
1t Lays the Foundations of Home and In
dependence.
1t Enec urages the Marriage of Prudent Men
and Women.
1t Keeps Embarrassed Estates Out of the
Receivers Eands.
1t certifes to Mans Afectionate Regard
for HIS Family
1t faces the Widow Above the Need of
larrylng for Home.
1T Adds to Mans Years by Freeing
Him from Apprehension.
1t Saves Orphan Girls from the Neees-
ity of Working Out"
1t Heightens the Esteem in which Wife
and Children Hold a Man.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

t7 NDANHH hAN NAHA pas u A"N "
ration from the same source. The
baud Of Gorman was plainly seen and
his Doodle 70 corrupt voters was oleuti-
r1l in every district, but his party
managers lacked Gle skill and Judgment
3fssme BIS wise. followers In their
zsal q saatlra tie county they made a
f-a fsr hs eaorsa vote forgetting the
ebas vlb the result shat the better
class Of people seeing their design and
F.pnstsl n The bribery and corruption
-5.e, On rs,rliate8 their own party
aud voted Inc Republican ticket
Tbe alac,iop III the county is an obiec.
son a III those who viii learn I.
a.s.s t5st our peonle will not tolerate
unfair ,~ao,;,os AT elections from either
r.-.r 3 Il. os,.g Tia. vill ;n5nlce ii
.ncb s,tams lin come 10 grief The
,.,-.s,se5- ian IF 1888 and the
.-,,.l..I.,..,o.,;a oelso1 aro.,;ll f.o.t
r."
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

No word of praise need be written
of their old war horse of Democracy,
x 4 To do so would be telling the
people what they already knew M.
r Il. Edeien.
And this gentle reminder led the
voters to act upon what they already
knew and defeat the 'old war horse. -
They knew too much.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

% is due the election officials Of CD,
county to say tina. they performed then
duties faithfully and with the utnosf
fairness No complaint comes from any
quarter rejecting upon their conduct
In this District the conduct of the cleo
ton officials was particularly gratifying
While parekan and jealous for the We
fare Of iaeif respective parties, their az
lions ana rulings we're guarded By
rs.rii o'fsiF play deserving public praisy
Tas Jpt wcte iessrs. y 7 Owe
Jahu Maloney Arthur Sout lerllna az
p Il Medley The Clerks Nes.r
IS 2 Maurice ana Edward Pose
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
Specials

SOC Boys FedOras- Rats price.
25c Boys School Hats-Ratfs price.......l24 &c
SOC Ladies New Fall Shapes in Felt Hats
Rails prices ..............................
Csc "A Oil Cloth for ffoOr-Raffs price. ....l SC
BIC Ga Oil Cloth for foor-Raffs price..23c
soc "a Oil Cloth for floor RATS price soc
25c Table Oil Cloth RATS Drice...............lOc
soc Sam O'Schanter Caps Rats price......25c
SOC Window Shades-Rafs price,.............25e
soc Fringed Shades.
Sl.00 Children's Knee Suits..........,....49c
l.50 Chldren's Knee suits. ..............9sc
zoo Chidren's Knee Suits ................S As
35c Children's Knee pants, to l6 years
soc Bed Comforts. .............................
75c Bed Blankets.....................
81 90 Chi,dron's lderdown Coats.....
soc Mems Working hirt................
25c Mems Undershi,ts ............... .....
Csc Ladies Ribbed Yest.................
20c Boys Shirt Waist ................
l5c Towles, Large Size for.......
Sl.50 Mems Working Pants.........
l5c Winter appers..................
sl,0O Blue and Mourning Wrappers
Sl.00 Ladies Blazers Blue or.Tah "....
Ladies Capes 99e. Ladies' Coats :
Ladies Trimmed Hats. 75c. to $500
Jns- OUR FALL STOCK COMPLETE.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
HJRAHI HURBHI HURAH.


- election is over, the result known
g. r5F.tizens regardless Of what
I then POSITION in the csr'
bod vii. accept the result
(Jauyd bow to the will of the
a government of the PEG
people and for the people, a
ID q the will of the majority is
cshieh every lover of liberty
sp1i cur people who have SO
'aaeied that rule, will on this oc-
casapn all others. observe it with
be t,ion becoming free and in
pei people
tbupagn III the State was fought
'ut dime somewhat personal, but it
had b. done When any man by
'nt7g8rle use oi money and other
"eans Egrading io broad statesman
''p. 4 becoming a selfish boss, so
winds machinery Of the government
around 10 as 10 rake Of it the means
~ n'ld hh III plsce aud power, as Cor
""e has lone, it was time for a revolt,
roiest was made by the people
errnesE tWo years ago and
Eitbthj election The over
rmau and his followers, wLo
vampires 50 long fasteu
pau our Stat government
coed was made the issu.
arth-ow has been aceomplis
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

Too much cannot be said in praise of
the vigorous efforts of the Baltimore
Sun aad News to improve .ur State
government ana the local government
Of Baltimore city by the overthrow of a
corrupt gang who have dominated over
this State for SO many years. While
clinging to their party principles, they
drew the line between party success and
the conduct off, boss, seeking by all IN
fair means known to the human mind to
use his party for selfish purposes, and
made their fight for better political prac-
tees and better government for the
people, with the result that victory
has been won for the latter redounding
o the credit of both Journals which will
live in popular memory for years to
come
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
e. 81. and So. Mems Hand Sewed
shoes, Congress and Lace $I.9s
Remnants

be Best Prints-Raffs price.....................3I
SC Best Points Rats price ................a.4fc
&C Apron Gingh ans Ratfs price..............25c
Zoe Heavy Canton Flaunel-Raffs price....65c
Sc Bro Shectipg lO-4-Raifs price.........l23
lSc Red Twilled Flannel-Raffs price,. l21e
SC Dress Pads-Raffs (
l23c Dress Plaids-Raffs prce.................6Ec
SC Dress Ginghams-Ratfs price...........-..4sc
l0e Outing Flannel-Raifs price ..............65C
lie Flanneletts-Rahs c
l23c Wool Mix Dress GoOds.......,,.,.,.a..s5 SIC
sc Wool Mix Dress Goods. ...............l0IC
&c Wool Mix Dress Goods ............l25C
40c All Wool as inches wild 7e...............20C
soc Al! Wool Mixture Surge.S "a MohAirs &c
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

The proposed civil service amend
ment to tue constitution was defeated hy
a vote 46 60G to II l79.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05

Gonzaza Wade, Robert
Price, Jesse Kelly, John
Turner, Buck Thomas, Hen
~ HemsIey, Henry Young.
Wash Burch, Henry Short.
Thomas Craig, and al, col
ored Republicans whooping
up the party victory.
Maryland independent. [volume] (Port Tobacco, Md.) 1874-current, 1897-11-05
RATS
1889 llth Street S. E.
Washington, D. c.

Never in the History of the
World Were Such Values in
Shoe Leather Sold as we
Offer to the Public, Goods
5Oc., on the ST.
WE Have Just Closed Out 5000
" Pairs Of Manufactures Samples
Including Mems. Ladies' and child
ren's Shoes. Learning is believ-
iug-We Start With Following
Cream Of the Stock
81 so Ladies' Button and Lace Shoes
Rafs price. ..............................s SO
$50 uen's Lace and Congress Shoes
Rails priCe...................... l.3g
90 Boys and Youths School Shoes
kahs price........-................. 69C
90 Misses School Shoes RATS price, . 6eC
l.25 Mems Lace and Congress Shoes
Rats ............................ 75C
80 Mems Lace and Congress Shoes
bstfs price......................... 9SC
LIS Ladies' Button Shoes-Ratfs price,. 49S
SOC Childrenis Spring Heel Shoes Rats
price 39S
75c Children Spring Heel Shoes-Raas
t49t
2 On Ladies Button and Lace Shoes
rams ............................. 9St
las'> 81. and 50. Mems Hand Sewed
Shoes, Congress and Lace SI9s
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-05-18

The remark of the Cabinet Minister
in Washington, published in yester
days Star, is very significant of the
feelings of the Mckinley Administra-
ton towards these islands. The an.
neXation feeling in the United States
is strong today and is growing strong
er and stronger. 1t is not only re-
garded as a necessary measure by
United States Statesmen, but it is a
popular measure. The North Aneri-
can, published in Philadelphia, says
that "the overwhelming sentiment of
the people of this country is in favor
of the annexation of the Sandwich
islands to the United States. There
can be no doubt of this" With the
country and the Cabinet in accord,
annexation must come.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-05-18
BRITISH FUNDS.

Sir Michael-Hicks Beach in his Bud
get speech made some interesting
comparisons upon financial conditions
when Queen Victoria came to the
throne and at the present time. The
fiscal year of 1s36-37, or exactly sixty
years ago, produced revenues amount
ing to 100000, or $262, 900, 900;
the fiscal year of 1S96-97 produced an
income of e112, 100000, or $500, OOO, 600
rather more than double what it was
at the Queens accession. Another in
terest'" is that at the beginning
OF the * facsI per cent of the revenue
was deiR rom taxes on commodi-
ties; at present only 40 per cent is de-
rived from this source, and yet during
the period the foreign trade has in
creased to such an extent that it is
now six times as large as it was when
the Queen succeeded
Other figures are also of Interest.
During the year the national debt has
been reduced by e7,5s4 900. or over
S37,0OO,OOO. The receipts over all ex-
penditures amounted to an excess of
over $4,000, 600, which is a comfor+-
able sum to carry forward to the cred
it OF the coming year. The total value
OF British trade for the year was over
s3'6OoOOO,ooO. When we get figures
IKE these there are plenty of minds
quite incapable of realizing their enor-
nous extent
Queen Victoria, at the end of ner
reign may feel satisfied that she has
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-05-18
SARONI'S REPLY.

In the San Francisco Bulletin, which
paper, along with the Chronicle, Ex-
aminer and large section of the Cali
fornia Press, is giving support to the
Hawaiian cause, there is very strong
reply to a statement published in the
San Francisco Call purporting to have
been made by Claus Spreckels The
reply is from the pen of Louis Saroni,
who was chosen to draft it at a meet
ing of leading San Francisco mer-
chants and others interested in the
retention of the trade of the Pacific
Coast with the Hawaiian islands. The
majority of the gentlemen present
had signed the petition forwarded to
to Congress against the abrogation of
the Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty.
The reply in question occupies four
closely printed columns, and is large>
ly devoted to the beet sugar question.
A strong point is made that the Ha-
waiian sugar has not been used to the
detriment of the beet sugar. And it
is justly said that it will be time
enough to figure the detriments and
the injuries done to the beet sugar
interests by the Hawaiian cane when
such detriment and injury shall be at
tempted.
The claim is made that with the
beet sugar industry and the cane
sugar industry, with the continuance
of the Treaty, California will become
a greater distributing point than here
tofore. 1t is pointed out that large
number of people on the Coast have
their all invested in Hawaiian sugar
stocks and that the abrogation of the
Treaty will destroy their fortunes.
The loss that will come upon the Cali
fornia factories and its commercial in
situations is clearly shewn. and it is
as clearly shewn that with regard to
the beet industry competition of Ha-
waiian sugar is at present purely the
oretic. The reply suggests that the
Omitted States Government should
have it within its power to abrogate
the Treaty at any time, but that it
certainly should be postponed until
by absolute evidence of its useless
ness its abrogation will commend
itself to our people,"
Mr.. Saroni, while dealing almost en-
tirely with the commercial side of the
argument, yet points out the strate-
gical and political advantages which
are obtained by the United States in
consequence of the Treaty and which
will be lost by its abrogation. This
The Star has always considered the
strong argument which must appeal
TO the Statesmen of the United States:
the men who look forward with a
clear vision into the future, and who
regard their country from the patrio-
tic standpoint and not that of the
counting house only. 1t is satsfac-
tory to see the argument used in a
document which is based upon bust
ness lines entirely.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1897-05-18

financially, and that when the time
comes to close the books they win
make an excellent shelving. 1t is
something for country to have pro-
crossed socially, and TO have advanced
i'm Art and Literature, but il is money
that makes the mare go and with 1ot
the finances being in such good sh lpe
Great Britain would have been unable
to make any great advance in the di-
rection indicated unless the wealth of
the trader had been poured into he
national lap.