davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07

wide for bottom, and board C nailed Sc
curely 10 the out edge of bottom form
the grain trough, which should be not
less than inches wide. Board A is 12
inches wide and is nailed on the top
side of slanting pieces 3, which form
bottom of hay rack. These pieces
should be 1x4 inches. They are nailed
to top of frame and rest ON top edge of
board B, which sets ON the center of
bottom, hence makes two troughs and
makes solid base or bottom of hay
rack. This board may vary from 6 to s
inches in width or height. d are strips
3 or inches wide nailed to lower side
and edge of board A,and on top edge of
board B strips one-half inch thick and
3 or inches apart. This completes the
rack.
When sheep have access to the hay or
rough feed no hayseed can get in the
wool if hay and grain are fed at the
same time. The grain should be put in
first and can be poured into the top of
rack, and it will divide itself equally in
both troughs.
Foot piece is made of inch lumber,
and should be securely nailed to bottom
of frame. This makes the rack stand
firm. Piece is inches wide and keeps
the rack from spreading.
This sheep rack is easy to make. Any
one who can use a square, saw and ham,
mer can make one. 1t is all put together
with nails. know of no better rack.
have used this rack for stock sheep
for over eight years. Small lambs will
not get in the troughs to soil the grain.
e. L. Horner, in National Stockman.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Danger I'm Slow Curing,

Slightly sour cheese soon becomes
more so, through too slow curing. Any
green stock which contains an over
plus of acid should be cured as rapidly
as possible. 1t is all the maker can do
toward mitigating a bad defect of
quality. inexperienced makers fire.
quently do not know that they have
sour stock until they notice their cheese
leaking whey on the shelves. 1t is an
unhappy revelation, for such cheese are
almost sure to sell for only half price,
at best, and this financial loss is added to
by the loss to the makers trade reputa-
ton. One such lesson should be suffi-
cient, and maker who is caught many
times this way will never make bril-
liant success at his business, says an ex-
change.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07

pass the other, he should pass on the
LEFT side' as the first team has the right
OF way and cannot be expected to de-
waite from mis- course upon the right
side. One passing another must use
great care to avoid a collision, as moth
ing but necessity will warrant him in
doing this, for both, going in the same
direction, belong upon the right side,
and by any deviation from his proper
side one assumes all risk of the expert
ment. The rule must be very strictly
observed at night, or when, by reason
OF storm or fog, it might be difficult to
distinguish others approaching.
traveller on foot or on horseback
must give way to vehicle, and q light
ly-loaded team must give way to a
heavily-loaded one, but a team with a
heavy load ought, in certain cases. TO
stand still so as to allow a lighter
vehicle to pass. The driver of a horse
must use ordinary care in hitching il.
for If horse left unhitched starts and
occasions damage the responsibility
rests upon him who neglected to hitch
it. But if team is hitched with ordi-
nary care and is frightened by some I'M
usual disturbance, as by runaway
team running against it, and the team
so hitched breaks away and in turn
runs and causes damage, no liability
rests upon him who carefully hitched
his horse.
The movement of sleighs and sleds
upon the snow being comparatively
noiseless, it is customary to attach bells
to them or to the horses, and the want
Of bells would render a person liable
for damages. Bicycles are regarded as
vehicles, and are subject to the same
rules-they must give way to heavier
vehicles, and foot passengers must in
turn give way to them. Massachusetts,
laws require bells to be attached to all
bicycles. AS no one is obliged to build
fences next the highway, the use of
which is common to all people who
choose to travel upon it, so drovers of
cattle and other animals are not re-
sponsible for damage by their travelling
herds, if reasonable care be exercised
in their management.-Utica IN. W
Observer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Koch's Rinderpest Serum.

Hitherto all efforts to check rinder-
pest, except by destroying the animals,
have been futile. But now the farm
ers of South Africa are rejoicing over
the discovery by Prof. Koch, the great
German scientist, of remedy. 1t con-
sists of serum from the blood of an an
i1nal which has recovered from the
disease, mixed with a quantity of
virulent rinderpest blood. Animals,
when injected with this mixture, were
able to withstand an injection of 20
cubic centimeters Of rinderpest blood,
a ten-thousandth of which is fatal
dose. One liter suffices for so head of
cattle. A second important discovery
is that one hypodermic injection of ten
cubic centimeters of bile from cattle
who have succumbed to the disease will
render healthy cattle immune. The
local result is merely hard swelling,
which soon disappears. This method
Of immuning cattle may enable wide
belt of those inoculated to be placed be-
tween healthy and infectedareas. Prof.
Koch urges cattle owners to avail them
selves at once of his discovery.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Butter That Sells Well.

There is an immense amount of but
ter sold every year that would have
been salable If properly made. AL
though farmers have made butter for
centuries, yet at the present day there
are many Of them who cannot put
good article on the market even with
modern appliances to assist them. The
crematories produce better butter than
farmers because of having skill and ex-
perience in the business. The farmer
need have no fear of competition if he
knows how to make butter of superior
nilalitv
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Horses Holding Their Own.

An observing gentleman from the
west says he believes the market for
horses is rapidly improving. He says
people got the idea that electricity and
the bicycle were going to render the
demand for horses less than they have.
In some parts of the west horses are
now becoming scarce because they have
been disposed of at an astonishing rate.
Electricity has about run its length as
a displacer of horses and the bicycle is
covering its own field pretty thorough
ly. What the horseless wagon will do
in the future is a problem, but until
highways are materially improved, it
cannot come into general use.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
SLAVE TO HIS COWS.
But His Slavery Brings In Many Dol
lars and Cents.

nut HIS slavery brings In Many Doll
lars and Cents.
The other day farmer said to me,
says Z. L. Vincent in National Stock
man: "You are slave to your cows"
The conversation which called out this
remark had developed the fact that fed
my COWS three times day putting them
in at noon for that purpose and letting
them out again ON pleasant days todrink
at well just by the barn.
Now, l was compelled to admit that
it was some work to give my COWS this
attention. l know, also, that there are
those who think it unnecessary to feed
more than twice day. But my eX-
perience is that it is better for my stock,
at least, to give them a ration at noon.
They expect it and are not contented
without it, they certainly do we'll under
this treatment. l never had a sick cow
in the spring of the year, and my hero,
looks we'll and does well through the
season.
A man whose COWS always look as
thin and gaunt as hounds in the spring
looking at mine last year said: mo one
could tell whether your cows had come
into milk or not; they look plump after
coming fresh. Mine never do" OF
course feeding three times day is only
part of the care give my cows in the
winter time. need not say that l try
to keep them warm. This means that
do not leave them out on 3tormy or
windy days. do not intend that there
should be any cracks in the floor or did
ing of my stable to let in the wintry
winds. l try 10 feed literally. By this
1 mean give my cows what they will
eat up clean, and no more. This re-
quires study for each individual cow.
try to vary their diet so as to supply the
needs of the cows to best advantage.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
A SUCCESSFUL RACK.
Owners of sheep Would Do Well to
Investigate Its Merits.

Owners of sheep Would Do Well to
Investigate Its Merits.
Below give description of a sheep
rack of my own construction, which
may be called combination stationary
rack. Eighty feet of lumber will build
rack IL feet long. The cut gives both
end and side view of rack when COM
pleted.
The rack is built as follows: Frame
stuff for posts should be 2x2 inches. A
rack 10 feet long should have three
frames andone 16 feet long four frames.
Posts should be 81 inches long. Width
Of frame at top IS or 30 inches, AID 20
inches at top edge of piece 5. This is
where the boards rest on for bottom of
grain trough: two boards 10 inches
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07

are covered with mud and the milk en-
dangered-for the ordinary mixer is
not careful TO get all the dust and dirt
off the cows udders before beginning
to milk. Bridge the pasture streams.
This can often be done by throwing
a couple of logs across and placing
planks crosswise upon them. Where
the stream is a little too wide for this
the plan shown in the cut can be used
"a simple bit of engineering that can
be put up by anyone who can WELD an
ak. To make the sides less steep, put
larger log crosswise under the lower
ends of the planks. Notch the side
logs so that the crosswise logs will
be retained by them without slipping.
Spike the planks to the logs and the
bridge will last for great many years.
N. Y. Tribune.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
SOIL FOR RASPBERRlES.
Different Varieties Demand Entirely
Different Ground.

Inherent UrOunUs
AS to soil for raspberries different va
rieties demand different soil in order
to do their best. The red and white
kinds require deep, rich moist soil and
one that is rather compact. Generally
they do poorly on sandy soil, though in
the extreme north they may show an
exception to the rule. The black rasp-
berry will do well in either light or
heavy soil, but they will do best on soil
that is light. In the selection of plants
we will remember that no variety of the
raspberry is other than biennial. That
is to say, one year they produce wood,
the next year fruit, and that is the end
of them. We need not look, therefore,
for two or three-year-old plants. II
is best TO get one-year-old plants for
transplanting always. But while the
wood is short lived the roots are long
lived, often being several years old.
Before planting the raspberry, in any
way, thoroughly prepare the soil. In
selecting plants get those with plenty
or small fibrous roots, and set no deep
err than they originally were. If the
ground is poor manure in the hill, at
the time of planting, and afterwards on
the surface, working it with plow or
cultivator. Keep the soil as level as
possible, and free from weeds. The
raspberry receives very little pruning.
In field culture none is given, except to
cut off the old wood after fruiting. 1t
would often prove beneficial, however,
to prune more.-Western Plowman.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
:, Ro GA. ~
NdE sesA re S;:SSB
IMPROVEMENT:
ROAD CONSTRUCTION.
A Massachusetts Civil Engineer Pre-
sents His Views,

A Massachusetts Civil Engineer Pre-
sents His Views.
Massachusetts, is foremost in the
work of constructing better roads, her
example having already been followed
by six other states. The system which
the commissioners in this state have
adopted of building one-mile sections
in different parts of the state is that
they are all parts of one general plan,
simply links in the chain, and when
completed and joined will make contin-
uous good roads through the state each
way, east, west, north and south-a
work that will contribute greatly to the
prosperity of this state. believe every
branch of industry, agricultural, man.
ufacturing and commercial, will be
stimulated and made more productive
by it. Good roads are a special benefit
TO the country districts, where the de-
mand is for better roads than the towns
can afford to build and maintain.
Prices of farm products are fixed at
the great cities, centers of consump-
ton and distribution, and are largely
beyond the farmers control, and the
cost of transportation is a principal
factor in determining whether there
is any profit for him or not. The diff
ference between good and bad roads is
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
KEEP MORE SHEEP.
Many Reasons Why Every Farmer
Should Have n Flock.

Many reasons Why Every Farmer
Should Have n Flock.
There are number of reasons why
sheep should be kept on every farm,
whatever the price may be for wool or
mutton, says writer in the Rural Ca
madam. Sheep should be kept in time
of low prices because the low prices will
not always exist, but are likely at any
time to take an upward trend. When
that time comes the people will be found
clamoring for mutton, which they
learned to eat in time of low prices
When the rise comes the number Of
sheep being marketed will suddenly
fall off, as will also the number to be
had for breeders. You will then be
glad that you kept enough of the old
flock to provide for the expansion of the
new flock.
Sheep should be kept because there
are many wild grasses on nearly every
farm that will be eaten to the best adj
vantage by sheep. They have no butter
or milk to be tainted and rejected by
the market for that reason. A lot of
SohSNR AoihAAAeS III thC Wv JuSl0l ~
reduce the weeds to such an extent that
much Of the bad effect on the butter
would be avoided.
Sheep cannot be dispensed with for
the reason that they provide meat in
small parcels, each one of which may
be disposed Of before itsuffers from the
effects of decay. Every farmer can thus
provide himself a constant supply of
meat that can be equaled only by his
poultry. The two make an agreeable
addition to the larder.
Sheep should be kept in large quanti-
ties for the public good. If the present
rate of depletion be allowed to go on,
there will come time when we must
import considerable amount of our
mutton, and the money thus going out
annually will tend, by so much, to keep
the balance of the trade against us.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
HANDY FEED BOX.

the fall will more than pay for the out
lay and the trouble. The sketch shows
handy feed box. Put it on the inside
of the pasture fence, so that the grain
can be put in through the boards from
the outside. Put Stats on, as shown,
far enough apart so that the calves can
put their heads between them, but SO
near that the old stock, if in the pas
ture, cannot reach the box. The Stats
also support the box and hold it in
place.-American Agriculturist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Instinct of the Silent Oyster.

Oysters, after they have been brought
away from the sea, know by instinct
the exact hour when the tide is rising
and approaching their beds, and SO, of
their own accord, open their shells to
receive their food from the sea, as If
they were still at home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
The Great Roman Roads.

The great Roman roads, the Via APP
pia and the Via Aurelia, the roads to the
Rhine and the Danube, were made by
removing the soil to the fun width of
the road till solid foundation was
reached. This soil was replaced b.
more solid material thoroughly well
packed and every precaution was taken
in order to have the body of the road
hard and strong
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
LAWS OF THE ROAD.
Facts Not known to All Who Go UpC
the Highways.

tHe highways.
The talk of the many thousands is
often turned toward the law of the
road, for there is no one who does not
make use of roads either to ride, drive
or walk upon. For the protection of
the travelling public it is necessary that
certain rules regulating travel upon the
public highways be generally observed.
Our statutes do not require traveller
to keep upon any particular part of the
road, nor to turn out in any certain di-
rection, but it is universal custom in
this country for vehicles and animals
under the charge of man to take the
right side of the road when meeting
others, if it is reasonably practical to
lido so. A team should, in general, keep
ohe right side, whether meeting an
other or not. Yet, when two are going
IN the same direction. and one wishes TO
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Cheap Labor in India,

Labor is cheapest in India, where the
wages Of the laboring classes average
something like three halfpence day.
A fairly skilled journeyman can earn
about 10 shillings month, and good
mechanic about 16, or twice the pay of
n native soldier,
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07

A thermometer was left near a>stove
in sleeping at Dusseldorf, Ger
many, recently, and the fumes from the
mercury poisoned two children SO that
their lives were saved with difficulty.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
Rate for the Brazilian Loan.

1t is stated that the recent loan of
e1,OOO,000 made to the Brazilian gov
eminent by the new French bank estab-
ished at Rio de Janeiro was made at
the rather unusual rate of eight per
cent. per annum.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
BUILDING A TUB SILO.
Plans for One Large Enough for TIE


Plans for One Large Enough for Ten
or Twelve Cows.
In constructing a tub silo, it is usual
to cut out every other space between
the hoops for the doors. A silo 16 feet
high would need but two doors, and
these should be put in as shown in cut.
When the slaves of the silo are put in
place, the stave at one side of where the
opening for the door is to be should be
cut about one-half off so that the saw
can be inserted when the silo is erected
and the remainder of the door sawed
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
The wild OK.

The OK is found in every country of
the world in wild state. Even in the
United States there are herds, ON the
western plains, of Wild and often dan
gerous cattle.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
SIMPLE FARM BRIDGE.
Much Can Be Done with a Couple of
Logs and PlaRks.


1t is rare that one finds farm that
has not at least one brook or ravine
to be crossed either by farm carts or
by the cattle returning from pasture
Too many farmers allow the cattle to
wade the brooks and the mudholes,
with the result that the cows udders
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1897-05-07
CALVES AT PASTURE.

They Need q Little Grain to Keep
Them Growing Thrifty.
The calves at pasture ought to have
daily a little grain to keep them grow
ing thriftily. Their increased size in
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1897-03-11
Beaconsfield's Silence.

In 1875 Lord Beaconsfield paid his
first and only visit to Longleat, and
Lord Bath said afterward that he was
"the dullest (the word, writes the
canon in subsequent letter, was the
most silently guest he ever had in his
house. He hardly ever spoke" Undoubt.
eddy Lord Beaconsfeld could be most
agreeable when in the humor, but he
needed apparently stimulus OF congenial
companionship or of some end which
was worth the effort. By all accounts,
he was given to fits Of taciturnity, and
although he was known in his youth as
voluble and persistent talker 1t was
impossible to watch his sphinxlike i'm
mobility in the house of commons, sit.
ting with folded arms and seldom speak
ing, without feeling that silent medlta-
ton was more natural to him than
speech and the turmoil of debate. And
that seems TO have been his own opin-
ion. One Of those who heard Lord
Baths remark Oh the silence of his dis
tinguished guest was MI. Richard Doyle
(Dicky Doyle.) II believe. he said
"that talking was always more or less
of an effort for Disraeli, and, indeed,
he once told me as much. 'Clrcum
stances he said, have forced me Il
] talk great deal, but nature INTENDED
me to be silent man. "--Contempo
rary Review.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1897-03-11
The Thirteenth Went.

Four ladies going eastward entered
bus near the Bank of England There
were only three vacant seats. A gentle
man instantly rose to allow the fourth
lady to sit down. An elderly overdressed
man sitting close to the door began 10
complain that the bus was overcrowded
and restored the conductor with i'll ma
tured remarks.
The conductor, having collected all
fares from those inside, went to look
after the outside passengers. Seeing
this, the grumbler got out of the bus TO
obtain the services of policeman for
the purpose of removing the thirteenth
passenger Presently he returned with
an officer of the law. The constable
carefully counted the passengers and de-
clined to interfere, as the number was
not in excess of that allowed.
The man, hearing this, became very
angry, and, getting into the bus, called
out: g.,
"Im the thirteenth, constable; In
the thirteenth"
I'm that case" quietly replied th'
constable, "you must get out, as th'
Inns is licensed to carry only II inside. >
And. in spite of the mans remon
strances. he was removed, amid tn
roars of laughter from the other passeh
gers.-London Standard.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1897-03-11
Lincoln and Society.

There were large number OF the best
known of Washington's society people as
sembled in the parlors of the hotel where
Mr.. Lincoln and his wife were stopping,
nearly all moved by curiosity to see the
"rail splitter" president. Presently, from
q side door that suggested scene on the
stage emerged the face of Mr.. Lincoln,
smiling nervously; then his tall, thin,
awkward body; then n long arm, and
finally, at the end Of this arm, dumpy
little woman. He was dressed In new
suit of shiny black that had been presented
TO him as an advertisement by an enter
prising tailor. She was wrapped in white
shawl. Mr.. Lincoln looked at the fashion
able assembly and said, in his clear, dis
tinct voice, "Ladies and gentlemen, per-
nit me to present to you the long ana
short of the presidency"
AS he said "the long," he bowed; as he
said "tho short" he looked down Mt Mrs.
Lincoln and smiled A shudder ran
through the parlors. The ladies stared at
the strange couple; the gentlemen bent
their heads. That the president or the
United States! That woman the first lady
of the landl All the etiquette OF the re.
| publican court that had been established
since the days of President Washington
was violated. Stephen Fiske In March
Ladies' Home Journal.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1897-03-11
Grant. Comments on Cold Harbor.

In the March Century General Horace
Porter describes the battle of Cold Harbor
in his campaigning With Grant" Gen.
eral Porter gives the following as the com
ments of his chief on the evening OF the
battle: 81 regret this assault more than
any one have ever ordered. regarded IL
as a stern necessity and believed that IL
would bring compcrAating results; but, as
IL has proved, no advantages have been
gained sufficient to justify the heavy loss
es suffered. The early assault ut Vlcks-
burg, while it was not successful, ye1
brought compensating advantages, Tor IL
taught the men that they could not seize
the much coveted prize of that stronghold
without a siege, and 1t was the means OF
making them work cheerfully and patient
iv afterward in the trenches and OF secur-
ing the capture of the place with but htt,e
more loss of life, whereas II the assault
had not been made the men could not
have been convinced that they could not
have captured the city by making dash
upon it which might have saved them
many months Of arduous labor, sickness
and fatigue The matter was seldom re-
ferred to again in conversation, for Gener
nj Grant, with his usual habit OF minu'
bent all his energies toward consummat'
ing his plans for the future.