davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
STEALING r. r. TIES.
The r. r. Co. and Fred Muske
Lose Some Ties at
-; SWanViIIe.

There hns been considerable com
plMint at points just west M her.
that railroad lieA That huu been IT.
sp%cteh and ''spUttrd" l'y tue rail.
rUah company were afterwards
Stolen. The marked ends were cut Oft
the ties sold nx,,im. and the company )
tl,us defruudr.I. 1t IL reported TIL" :
the company has at last got track ot
some "f the l'rrtieS VIII" have been
4 doing this kind of work .near wnn.
Vile.
Lust week some "f the company
employees 1T Swnnville f"uiltl Il nltin-
her Ot the spotted ends that had
| been saWe, from the tieS. aud inveA.
! tigu,iun convinced them that the
ties that had brpn thus ~''lu twice
were in u pile that Il man named
Del Rns1eter had sold to Fred Nuske.
y Among 4 tn. se tit-enis were also
found some benring only the private
mark III AIuske. ~ 1t was evident
that th,,se who had stnl, u inspected
ties from the railroad aud sold them
t. Muskr, had also stolen some uf
Muske's ties .hnt had not yet heel,
inspected. and then sol them t.
Muskt, the real uwner. About sixty
of The tie end. were found, aud there
were ninety y.six ties in tle pile that
Muske had recently bought from
Kassetcr. After consulting with the
railroad representatives Mn~ke
swOre .,ut u warrant against Itus-
setter, hut the latter had left the
country before the war;. ut could he
served. He IL il young man, VIII" re-
Gently came from Wisconsin. and we
understand has some relatives near
Swunville. 1t Is pr"habIc that one
or two other parties ure implicated
in the deal t. 'irfrnuu the tie buvers
at SwanviIlr. hut no nnmes are Yet
made public.
The ruiIrOu,l company and the tic
buyers along the Little Fails 4 Dn-
kutu have lost many ties each season,
but in the past 'n,,net'f the guilty
parties have been caught. @'<
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
Stands ut the Head.

Aug. j. Bogel. the leading druggist
of Shreveport, La., says: "Dr. King's
New Discovery is the only thing that
cures my cough, and it is the best
seller L have" J. F. Campbell, mer-
chant of Stafford. Ariz., writes: cdr.
Kings New Discovery is all that is
claimed for it; it never fails, and is a
sure cure for Consumption, Coughs
and Colds. IcaDnot say enough for
it's merits" DR.. Kings New Dis
covery for Consumption, Coughs and
Colds is DOT an-experilnent. It has
been tried for a quarter of q century.
and today stands at the head. 1t
never disappOints. Free trial bottles
at l.. D. Browns drug store.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
SWanyillc News.

The shower on Tuesday evening
has frightened up everything, and it
looks as If spring had come to stay
NJ. Mueller, we understand, has
closed Il deal for the ,Staples' store
at Randall.
Mrs. NJ. Jasorka died very sud.
denly at her home two miles east OF
this village on Monday evening"
She leaves husband and nine chill.
dren, the youngest an infant but a
few hours old at the time of her
death. The family has the sympa-
thy of the entire community.
Mr.. and Mrs. j. d. Stith made q
trip to the Twin Cities this week.
E. A. Flood was at home over
Sunday.
Misses Ada Rose, of Bur-
trum. and Ethel AlesMre, OF Lake
Beauty, visited here last week.
The tie loading is going on quite
rapidly, and If the fine weather lasts,
the work will he about completed
on this line this week.
J. w. Cofield and family visited
over Sunday with 9. W. Cofield and
family.
Geo. McIvor made a trip to Little
Falls this week.
M. Meuller made a trip to Little
Falls on Monday.
Miss Bella Stith is the happlest girl
in town, her papa purchased a fine
piano for her.
Mrs. NJ. Pepin, Mrs. N. Blair, Mrs.
Joseph Chevalier and Miss Maggie
Blair drove to Long Prairie on We'd
nesday.
Mr.. Reed, the travelling salesman.
was in town this week.
The funeral of Mrs. Martin
JasOrka will be held on Tuesday at
the German Lutheran church in this
village.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
TO CURE 4 GOLD ~ ONE DAY
Take Laxative Bromo:Quninc Tablets. All drug
gists refund the money II It fails to cure. 2oc.
liundull Items.

S.P. Casey spent Sunday and Mon
day in Little Falls.
Martin Mueller was in town all
last week taking stock in Staples
Bros. store. Contemplating pur-
chusing.
Frank LIc,is il out and around
again, but Mrs. LucuS Is still confined
to her room.
A. Hiscock il building n new msa
market III Staples end nf the town.
AIeck Kennedy drove up from
Royulton Saturday, returning Mon
day. That IL right, Aleck, come up
and split wood.
Wallace Smith il putting the
lumber on the ground to build IL
residence.
Mrs. Van Coil and children left for
Terry, Montana, lust week for their
summer home Cn the ranch.
Il. W. Collins was in town collect
ing some notes, but found no fight
ing Inen here.
Mrs. T.. J. McCullom has returned
from ali extended visit with her
parents at Clear Lake, Minn.
Sam Mills, the shingle mill man.
returned from Minneapolis Sunday
evening after a short visit with his
son, Ellis, who resides In that city.
Disciples OF Herr Most were using
dynamite on the stumps in railroad
avenue and the loyal citizens expect
to begin grading the same. next
week.
J. W. Mather, chairman of the
town board Of Cushing. has
purchased team of mules. Jim IL
quite an M. D.
Victor Schallern was seen ON our
streets one day this week.
DR.. and Mrs. N. w. Chance drove
up from the Falls last week; he to
visit the sick. and she to view the
town. We feel that we do not live
in the wilderness now as we can get
q physician ON short notice.
Who can fail to take advantage Of
this offer. Send 10 cents to us for Il
generous trial size or ask your
druggist. Ask for Ely's Cream
Balm, the most positive catarrh
cure. Full size so cents.
ELY BROS, Sc Warren St.. N. Y. City.
Isuffered fromcatarrh of the worst
kind ever since a boy, and l never
hoped for cure, but Ely's Cream
Balm seems to do even that. Many
acQuaintances have used it with
excellent results.-Oscar Ostrum, As
Warren Ave-. Chicago, III.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
Lincoln Items
Office IN Butler Block.

The ''Chapel Car" "Glad Tidings,
arrived here Friday morning from
PhilbrOok.
Chas. Cantleberry went to Little
Falls Saturday Oh business.
Lolyl Selby is visiting his parents
Mr.. E. A. Spohn went to Little
Falls Tuesday ON business and re
turned on Wednesday.
Mrs. l.. Ii. Rust and daughter re-
turned from Staples Saturday morn
ing on the way-freight:
Miss Jeanette Mansfield spent Sat
urday in Randall visiting friends
She returned on the way-freight, &C.
companied by Miss Ida Huff.
Miss Carrie Rale spent Saturday in
Cushing, the guest of Miss Wilson
She returned on the midnight train
accompanied by Mr.. and Mss Will.
son.
Mrs. LathrOp and Mrs. John Moe
were at Little Falls last Monday on
business.
Contractor Evans, from Mlnneapo-
lis, was here Sunday looking over
the grade between here and Cushing.
He says the steam shOvels will prob
ably be put on next week. y,
Mrs. Bergum and family are visit
ing friends in Little Falls this week.
Chas. Lund made trip to the
county seat Tuesday on business.
He returned on his wheel.
There was surprise party given
in honor of Mr.. and Mrs. Lathrop on
Friday evening. There were thirty
eight persons present and a very
pleasant time is reported by all. The
evening was passed in playing numer-
Gus games, among which were some
very interesting rantomines. Re-
fresh,nents were served consisting of
oysters. ice-cream, cake and lemon
ade. All persons agree that Mr.. and
Mrs. Lathrop are excellent entertain
ers.
Last Tuesday at noon, a forest fire
was discovered west of here, and the
high wind sent it along at a terrific
rate of speed. For time it seemed
as IL the whole town would be
burned, but by the timely efforts of
the masculine residents here. the fire
was gotten under control by setting
back-fires. A heavy rain put out the
fire, preventing all further trouble
and anxiety.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
new Superintendent.
Successor to J. l.. Thatcher
Elected at a Special Meet
ing Wednesday. ,~,,
4. N. ROWE, OF SIOUX FALLS, 5. D.
He Is Highly Recommended
as an Educator, and has
Many Years Experience. 4.

The board Of education held q
special meeting Wednesday for the
purpose Of considering the npp)icn.
tiOns OF candidates to succeed ). l..
Thatcher. who recently resigned ~
superin enheht uf the Little Fails
city schools. - I
There were about Sev"ntv-five ap-
pI,cu tiu,,x from which the bONrti
could select. and \. NJ. Rowe. for
mcrly superintendent of the Sioux
Fails, 5. d., schools. and at present
living there, was chosen for the posi-
tion. ut n SALARY oi 81 POO per nnnnn'.
Mr.. Rowe is ~ years OF age, unci
has Tad many years experience III
e,lncu tionui work. He Is graduate
of Oberlin college. and for eighteen
w. ui, was superintendent OF tue.
SteuhenviIlr. Ohio. schools. This pO.,
sitiun he resigned to come west in
the hope that the western climnte
would be beneficial to his wife's
health. she being ufi, cted with throat
troubles. Y
lie was superintendent uf the
HurOr., s. D schools, and resigned
to take the Sioux rails sch,"ls at a.
hg her salary. This position h. re.
signed to ncccpt II position ut the
head Of til" third Normal school Ui
South Dakota.
He did not secure the position in
the Normal school for the reason
that the legislature that year failed
to make the necessary appropriation
for it's maintenance, owing t" the
big treasury deficiency caused by
State Treasurer 'Taylor's emb' zzlc.@
ment. iG ss, as ,ssssl las,.s: i Y
n Mr.. Rowe ID highly recNmmended'
by the Leading educators OF Ohioa
South Dakota, and the members OF
the board consider they have made
u fortunate selection in securing him
az superintend of the Little Falls
schools.
MT. lltllChcT, (IE JcluIIIe SuICI III
tendenf, has not made public his
plans for the future. further than to
state that he intends to continue in
educational work. Mr.. Thatcher,
during his three years service ut the
head OF the Little Falls schools, has
made a record that he has every rea
son to feel prOnd of. During the first
two years he raised the Little Falls
high school Il grade each year, and
placed it on the list of first grade
schools, and one Of the very best In
the state. The grade departments
made fully as rapid progress, and
everyone of our citizens who have
children to educate, or are Otherw ise
interested in educa atiOnal matters,
sincerely regretted Mr.. Thatcher's
resignation. That his future pros
poets il1 the educational field are
bright, everyone admits, and his
success will he source of satisfac-
tion to the people of Little Falls.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
RAILROAD LANDS.
About $4,000 Acres Placed
on the Tax Rolls in Morri-
son Co.

|! County Auditor Nichols placed the
lrnilrnnd lands nf Morrison county
-+'n the assr<ROrs tax books. aA
'!irected by law, and tile nss"~s''rs
received their books last Saturday.
They will 'nppraise the lands this
year. ana they will then he inri udrd
in the assess>d property ~ the
county. The total amount IN the
county is bout i25.OOO ncrcs. o'
which nearly one-half IL In Plerz.
Ripley, Belle Prairie, MOrri'l--tOwrs
which extend to tie pine country IN
the EASTERN part ot the county. BY
towns the land il distributed ~ fol-
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30

-Adolph Scrieber, a farmer of Gra-
ham, Benton county, was working
on the roof of his house Monday and
fell off. He was killed. Deceased
belonged to the A. O. L. w. AMI Sons
of Herman, and carried $4,000 insur-
ance.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
l24,!)SS.O5.

J. The above does not inclnde tie
railroad lands in the newly organ
| izrd town uf Mount Morris, il the
eastern Iinrt M the cOnnty.]
u The officials kept no record uf the
I4xact pmount of land owned by each
h nl,lla. ll,Y, 4 vt the largest ow ner M,ft
llle S.:1a Paul & Northern PacilIc,
which has nearly Onp-half the lan'i
plac, d Gn the tuA list az railroad land.
1t is situated mostly in the north
western and northeastern part OF the
county. and much Of it Eisenhower pine
land. the next largest owner was
the st. Paul & Duluth railrOnd.
which has about 81, 900 acres. all east
Of the Mississippi river.
The Northern Pacific has about
II. 900 acres of land. The st. Paul,
Minneapolis & Manitoba has nearly
lO, 900 ncres-mostly in the southern
tier of towns. Considerable of tins
is in Morrill, and the eastern part OF
Buckman town, and a little in Elm
Dale. The Western Railroad com
pany ana the st. Paul 4 ChicngO
Railroad company also own some
land ~ the county, but it had here
tofure been on the tax rolls.
There is more cntarrh in this sec
tion of the country than all other
diseases put together. and until the
last few years was supposed to be
incurable. For a great many years
doctors pronounced ita local disease.
aud present. ed local remedies, and
by constantly failing to cure with
local treatment, pronounced it in
durable. Science has proven calar. h
to be a constitutional disease, and
therefore requires constitutional
treatment. Halls Cntarrh Cure,
manufactured by F. j. Cheney & Co.,
Toledo, Ohio, is the only cOnstitu-
ttOnal cure on the market. 1t is
taken internally in doses Of from 10
drops to a teaspoonful. 1t acts d.
eectly On the blood and mucous sur
faces of the system. They offer one
hundred dollars for any case 1t fails
to cure. Send for circulars and testi-
mOnials. Address.
FIJI. CHENEY 4 CO., Toledo. O..
~SOld by Druggists, 75c.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30

sChicOrn, pa, 'Hera!h::'' Richard
Vensel reports One Miuutc Cough
cure The Greutrsl ~ucr,'SS ui medical
science. He trld us that it cured his
whole fnmIiIy uf terrible coughs ana
colds, after ali Other so called cures
han failed entirely. Mr.. V'nsel said
It assisted his children tlru.El IL
very bad eic4" ni lln nseIA. On, Min
ute EunEh Cure nI:.k' Il N,crl Grafton
ver; easy and rupid.
l.. y. BKOWN.
Little Falls weekly transcript. (Little Falls, Morrison Co., Minn.) 1894-19??, 1897-04-30
THE JUDGE WILL CALL,
Judge Searle and Clerk SiRnOr
Will Make Citizens at
County Points.

Under law passed ut the regent
session Of the legislature, the juhx"
vi the dist'ic let court is authorized to
visit points IN the county outside the
county seat. and hold special terms
of court for the purI"'s" of granting
second pnpers TO those Wishing to
become citizens. In ORDER 10 Az
com MOdnte the rrsiirnis of those
towns containing n,un> such would
tie citizens. Judge S,urle and Clerk
OF Court Si.nnr viii. late in the sum
m"r or early in the fall. make tour
Of the county. visiting all the viii
lagos AMI l,trgrr SCI i'lr'rrntS. and ai-
for all an "pln'r,unit! to Hrt their
second pnpnrS w,ihunt n lengthy
journey to the county krnt. Due
nutire HilI given ni tlr trip. and 1T
should result IL nIn1rrinly iurrcnS-
ing III" lrgn' voters IT lr' county.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
WILL TRY TO RUN a STATE.


Plan of Debe for . Cooperative Industrial
COmmonwealth.
New York. April 10. = Eugene ".
Debs has outlined the plans Of the
American Railway Union for a Coop
erative industrial commonwealth. 1t is
his idea to unite the workers Of the
country. that they may labor In har-
mony in every branch Of industry and
share the profits of their toll among
themselves. All branches Of labor are
to be represented, without regard to
nationality, creed or sex. The primary
work will be largely educational, and
every problem relative to social.
economic, political and industrial life
will be studied.
1t is probable that the scheme will
be launched at the forthcoming con-
vention Of the American Railway Un-
ion at Chicago. and operations begun
in some western state. "The state will
be colonized by our people," writes
Debs. "The leaders win converge there,
q full ticket will be nominated. and we
will undoubtedly have votes enough to
secure complete possession and control
Of the government"
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
Making Marbles.

Marbles are manufactured from the
material which gives them their name.
At the marble quarries the refuse stone
is broken by hand into small cubes. A
bushel or more of these is poured into o
great revolving cylinder, which is sup
piled with water from a faucet. The
cylinder is revolved at high rate Of
speed, and the cubes, by attrition, are
ground down to the tiny spheres which
give such delight to the hearts of the
boys. From one to two hours are usu-
ally required to finish a lot Of marbles,
and they arc afterward sorted according
to eizc and painted by hand. The crock
cry marbles, or potteries, arc nodded Of
the same material as ordinary earthen-
ware, and are then glazed and baken.
The glass marbles containing images
and flowers arc nodded.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
Cuban News from Hoy wey.

Havana, via Key West, Fla, April
19.-The force Of General Carlixto Gar
cia continues to hold the port Of Banes.
The gunboats have not succeeded in
effecting a landing of troops. and they
have been unable to lombard the
stronghold Of the insurgents on the
heights. 1t has not BEEN possible for
them to effect an entrance of the port
of Banes on account of the close mar
row entrance of zigzag shape. General
Linares with reinforcements is ex-
pected to reach the vicinity Of Banes
soon. for the purpose Of commencing an
attack by land.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19

Huo DOk1AN or AOnAAAs
batteries at Prevesa, on the north shore
of the entrance of the Gulf of Arta,
where according to the treaty Of Berlin
the Turks had no right to erect forti-
fications, fired on and sank a Greek
steamer, the Macedonia, yesterday morn
ing while she was attempting to leave
the Gulf Of Ambracia. The crew of the
steamer were saved by boats from the
shore, but the captain of the Macedonia
was severely wounded. Upon receipt
Of this news the Greek government sent
orders to the Greek fleet in the Gulf of
Ambracia to lombard Prevesa
Consequently the bombardment Of
Prevesa commenced yesterday morning.
Particular About the Time.
1t appears that the bombardment Of
Prevesa only began at 1880 a. M,
whereas Turkish forces there opened a
hot fire upon Actum at $50 q. m. Ac-
tum was formerly a telegraph station,
but the building was converted into q
fort and was garrisoned by 500 men.
The Turkish fire completely destroyed
it. At 10 o'clock a. m. the Shafidaki
fort fired a few shots on a Greek gum
boat. which replied, effectually silenc-
ing the Turkish battery. At IL o'clock
the Greeks began to attack the Turkish
forts outside the entrance of the gulf,
partly to divert the enemy's attention
and partly in order to prevent the
massacre of the Greeks at Prevesa. The
Greek ironclad Spetzai has arrived to
assist in bombarding Prevesa, and the
gunboats continue to lombard from in
side the gulf.
First Shot of the Greeks.
The firing opened at long range. The
first shot was sent by the Greek warship
Basileus Georgios, the cruiser Nauar-
chos Miaulis taking up the fire. The
Hamidieh and Pantokatoros batteries
returned the fire, but their practice is
not good. At 1928 p. m. a shell from the
Nauarchos Miaulis fell fairly in the
Hamidieh battery. A dispatch Just re-
ceived says that the Skafididi batteries
have been completely destroyed. The
Greek battery at Kefalipanaghia Coop
Grated effectively with the flotilla in the
bombardment
= Tho Fighting on the Frontier.
In the fighting on the frontier the
Turks have occupied Ana and Milouna
but they have not succeeded in takins
Kata. The engagement at Milouna pass
was Of the fiercest character, and the
losses were heavy on both sides. The
Turks destroyed two pieces of Greel
artillery. The Greeks captured an en-.
tire battery from the Turks. Three
Greek officers Of high rank were killed
A large body Of Greek troops is nov
marching against Menesse, and brisl
firing is going on along the whole lin,
as far west as Arta.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
For Over Fffty Yeass

For OVER kfhty xeoso
Mrs. Windows Soothing Syrup has
been used for children teething. 1t
soothes the child, softens the gums.
allays all pain, cures wind collie. and
ia the best remedy for diarrhoea.
Twenty-Five cents q bottle.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
BATTLE RACES ALL NIGHT LONG.

Beiligcrents Take Long Chances on q Big
Waste Of Ammunition.
Larissa, April 19.-[Headquarters Of
the Greek Army In Thessaly.l - The
Greeks have captured the Turkish posi-
tions from Nezeros to Koutra and the
Turks are in full retreat toward the
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
Found Dead in His Office.

Milwaukee, April 19.-Jacob Katz, for
thirty years a dry goods merchant of
Milwaukee. recently in the real estate
business, was found dead in his office
Friday. and post-mortem showed that
death was due to asphyxiation by gas
It is believed he committed suicide
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
Illinois Coal Miners Strike,

Springfield. Ills, April 19.-The 200
miners employees in the Chicago
virdow Coal company's shaft at Auburn
struck Saturday because the price of
powder was advanced from 81. 80 to 81 25
by the company. An effort to settle
the strike later in the day proved fruit
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
Teachers to Meet at Sioux CITY.

Sioux City, Ia. April 19.-Over 1000
teachers are expected in Sioux City
April 90 and 30 and May in attendance
on the annual meeting of the North
western Iowa Teachers association.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
THK ARGUS, MONDAY, APRIL 10. 1897.

interior, where their forces are mass
ing. The batteries at Menexa ceased
firing at II p. m yesterday.
Foot Of Milouna Pass, April 1s.-A
fierce battle ragged In the pass all night
long. The Greeks who entered and
descended toward the valley encoun-
tered four battalions Of Turks. who drove
them back, ard at the point Of the
bayouet rescued the force garrisoning
the Turkish block-house, which the
Greeks had encircled before entering the
pass.
Neshad Pasha, commanding the Fifth
division, occupied Mount Marina with
great force, while Hairi Pasha, COM
manding the Sixth division. prepared
to enter the Tchaishan pass, and
Haidar Pasha, with the Fourth division.
occupied the Milouna pass. Before
dawn, Edhem Pasha rode out to di-
rect the disposition Of the several di-
visions, and q general engagement en-
sued. The battle still continues along
the entire pass, over 10000 men being
engaged. The combat turned on the
possession Of the block-house, which
was most obstinately defended. Several
vigorous attacks were made by the
/ Turks without success, but finally by q
| magnificent dash they took the block
house at the point Of the bayonet.
The Greeks are still defending their
| positions on the summit Of the hill. At
| the present moment four battalions of
Mendukh Pasha's division are advanc-
ing to the frontier positions already
! taken. The Turks are fighting like
demons. the Turkish artillery doing
| splendid execution under the command
| of Ria Pasha.
| Elassona, April 19.-The Greeks from
| all their positions in the Karya district
began the advance toward thc frontier
| at o'clock on Friday evening. The
| fighting lasted all that night and ex-
tended on Saturday to within ten miles
of the frontier. 1t is estimated that
$1,000 Greeks were engaged. The battle
| continued with great vigor throughout
Friday night and Saturday. when al.
together $4,000 were engaged. Yester.
day morning the firing was con.
centrated toward the southeast Of
Milouna. About noon yesterday the
Greeks began to give way, after the
hottest fighting Of the engagement. Tht
Turks advanced only little beyond tht
frontier into Greek territory. Consid
ering the rapidity of the firing and thu
great expenditure Of ammunition tht
number of killed is comparatively small
probably under 200.
Rock Island Argus., 1897-04-19
President Can See Case BAH Free.

Washington, April 19.-President Nick
Young. Of the National Base Ball
League, called on President Mckinley
at the White House and extended to
him for himself and any Of his friends
whom he might invite the use of a pri-
vate box which has been especially built
for the purpose on the Washington club
grounds.