The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-12-12
III.

In Spain the ninth century produced on neither
side any of those great mon who leave o. deep
mark on the history of their country. 1t passed
away leaving the relative position of the two
nations ostcnsibly unchanged. The Saracens.
however, were continually weakened by civil
discussions. while the Christians were gather
ering strength TO carry on tho momsntous strug-
a the foundation Of three Independent Chris
tian states within the peninsula; the kingdoms
they owed their existence mainly to the
Which they had beon established. The sra
dual development Of power among their com.
Mu=drdbcs of the south. and gave rise to hopes
which we're not to DO fplhlIed until centuries
how great a danger the Christian population that
dwelt among them might be, and their sense OF
crease OF severity, in their treatment Of them.
Revorses made them more gloomy and more
successive Immigration OF uncivilized Africans
was marked by an increase OF the fanatical spirit
from which the original conquerors were singu-
Al the beginning Of the tenth century Alfonso
eessfui CAMPAIGNS pa I against the infideis. Later
In the same century. however. all the ground he
Boo Bows w9 %e Wa de iest a 60 the a risi a se Gb1;s Fl ep1 paMsf
BY A6durFrah sn III; Justly celebrated as the
a srsdisffss OF At th the o lime of his sy neeessi %n' tsi 9pi Sia
northern frontier. from Galicia to Barcelona,
was threatened by Christian armies, and
Utter aisOrzsnizstion; Within 2 few years
the foot Of the P,yrenees. Freed. for the time.
from external dangers. Abdurra hnan eItin.
which, for the last thirty years. had made the
authority Of the Emirs merely nominal in Q
erfSIl fleet upheld his influence in the Mediter-
psn eoItb and si, BY enabling inot,9:d him mt to e92nquer 2 part
which he was the first of his dynasty to assume.
An addition, to the burdens. of the Christians
the Moslem faith. caused the large body, Of
instead Of = Se psrpetu"l d sE n to 81 the i stnsSn tSe1;
a sisn"i revival fysfe Of Te% snsHS,sy and nt d f1%s R!SaqTISSS S
treasury, which had been long empty, was now
public works. Cordova. with a population Of
half q million. was already one Of the most
the world. and its sovereign was able to crafty
Q, caprice by building, a league away from
raj Rah. 'a 4Saarr sas aaf1' sood 'u %fonsSn Of Vas As.s'h Il:
tseerrupted IN 939 by the serious defeat IN
manoas. but he quickly recovered from this re.
verse. and before his death. in 961. had carried
and N power. y He en was n'f snece eddead'b by q bis fs seP AZ.
makom; a scholar and patron Of scholars. to
the great schools of the world. He did not in
hsrit, however. his fathers capacity for State
f~ruitless attempt to extend his dominions on the
while, nevertheless. the Christians were success
fully nLly held In check along the nort,,ern ~frontier.
ens}rs HS yos.f 1t sas ~sat D Ss sHas Of R Ill Sial. e. &c e
EsGSs AsiG dspsndsn weoi rn hissspa,n nd a Ii" fap aspa in
Ter Of g century. He defeated the combined
fho otiSs of do Leon Hs TsysTrs' and md Castillo in a great
weather prevented him from overrunning the
whole 81 kingdom sdo h of Leon Leon; In 9s1 he took the
from his QODllnlODS, and ChAHIlAad thu
Count Of Castillo; subsequently he plum.
s sS5'd bo sRs s a%ay S %it H. linn Sa%e the Of b eiRi%p %hiaS
were turned into lamps for the mosque of Cor
1909. the Christians Of the irontiersS, WHOM; hoo
had reduced to tributaries. again became formid.
sf'dS Msy St'h OF II. The i Paiaes ws Of i ais 96,sS
whom caused ttho, feeble Hishami H.. Who still
Ehfiln'REa is s shs sislo f # C pldpoked to a d IsHsI,
II which the son of Al'Mansur lost HID
1 r,y:, F cSnsiS SsSss lat later ,b the 81 stFFnSsls between
about the fall of Cordova., 1t was captured by I
EHToGr army and; straightw@y, the ommeysa
i, provinces either formally declared themsolvoi
iiTr In q 1Ss sS Of tngsi, 81 is, SisTesS MSss. the author,
. oGsnoba, Niebla. and Beta, with their dis
4 tf cSrd Of the GIG who, according to one
TO pc no doubt. died in 1893, The most i'm
portant of the new SaraCen Kingdoms were
s saEngossa,, Toledo. Badajos, Seville, and Ora
NADIA. All. the first Caliph of the Hammudite
|, hands that had set him up. and SO the struggle
Q went on between llammudite and Ommeyah
. Caliphs who served IS tools in the hands Of
y popular leaders closed IN 1881 with the abdi
. game a republic. Within the next dfty yearl
= j seemed proDable that the Christians would
4 regain possession of the whole peninsula. and
+ the Saracrns OF the south thought seriously Of
q wholesale emigration. But Tho aid received
!; Ply them from the Almoravides. Il sect OF re-
! itSlous reformers which had arisen in northwest
= Airlca, enabled them to defeat the combined
D nhTlstlaN hosts in the great battle of XnlAcs
!: HoSo)' and TO regain control Of the south 81
D / spain, In which they Wera IN kaan = fnOthnLl