The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1897-10-31

with his renown, and sulducd them from tho
rising o. the sun 10 the Is,'tns o, the iaamsi at
lower sea OF the Tigfis and EuoNrnt. TO tho
upper sec, and ,ap sr 70 ice , sii'' do nf H. ,s ,r9m 1 ,nG
caused ali countries TO dwell Ia pcnuo.' We see,
then that, at g q Ps, oSpl S.i ted Srss, @ SpEG sTi1nIyy.
stretching from the Persian Gull 70 toe Mclitor-
ransan Sci; with EreSh n hS9 ,nc, Bo6ylSnia
empire could be established is ~prcsumptiyo ovi-
dcnco OF a fair degree OF ciyilizntion t1 that ,rx-
through ali Western Asia: In another chapter,
DIR. Peters gives reasons for believing that Nip
older. by at least 1000 years. than tho In
scriptions from which we have Just quoted.
~.
We pass over tho inscriptions regarding the
kings who interviewed between LugU} ZagglBt
and Sargon, who was tho son of Il King of
Aganc, or Akkad, in Northern Babylonia y
date fixed for Sargon is $500 Is. c., and this
monarch is OF unique Impotence in Is tbyinnian
history not only on account of his administers
tive, scientific. and literary activity, but boz
cause of the great extent of his empire. which,.
besides the regi ms claimed by L~ugal.HaeRisL
namely, Babylonia. Mcsopotamia. and Syria,
included also Elan Media and Pcrsial palaa-
tine, northern Arabia, with tho peninsula OF
Sinai, and likewise Cyprus. Sargon may fairly
DO called the Charlcmagne OF BABY lonisn his
tory, since, III political organization. literature
and science, no p tyed much tho same part In
western Asia which the great Charles was to
play 600 years later in western Europe.
Alton Surgeons SON, there IS a zap OF almost q
thousand years, about which we SNOW, as yet,
ppr1Gti.ally n1,hing; APq.t 900 or 900
nloIy over all the towns of Southern Baby onia,
aud the kings OF that city styling themselves
Cur. The first king OF this dynasty OF whom wo
have any knowledge was the greatest Of BIhy;
Babylon. To him belonged. the earliest ziggu-
rats yet explored. those at Nippur ami Mughair;
Nv yipunrufa M nIrEa aFn mann tho nlI
mounds .orncd of terraces arranged In tiers,
one above another, It is thought Possible that
Which the pods might ,Gian'sdi' %sli Hn Prof Pro s sa!'s has
parently close relationship OF Ur TO Ara.
bia, and Dr., Peters ,points out that
Assyria, in which. so far as we now know, Zig
gnrats have been used. is southern Arabia.
build q ~ziggurat at Nippur, he completely ale
tered the form and arrangement of the temple
which ii retained Tor The next two thousand
years, until after the Time q Ashnrbanipal: a
was the considerable use made by him Of baked
brick, the wood for baking which must have
is practical, none in Babylonia. From objects
found by the explorers. we also know that,
merce with India, and, apparently, too,
with ports of Asia. still further east, az
least, as the islands OF the Mediterranean s q.
1t was at this period, moreover, that Lagash Boz
CHWS CONSPICUOUS as an ART centre unQerltb over
priest and ruler, Guden. a vassai OF Ur-Gur.
Apparently. there was a close intercourse with
diorito statues dedicated by Gudea, that the art
Of Lagash was strongly influenced by tho tradi-
L ions 81 shG this m..g peri h@er ar, rs Tea na dp " Tar t hirib en-
development than it ever attained in BabyiUnia
L 1ss1ss W w eia'e felt it tsr l . sfl OF so pnG art'i Bsb %.
lonia through half IA millennium, or until the
p Plane 81 N ip9 Fi ieI the sGasieSf imp aimEnS sn o'f Br.
Peters found there fragments ri statues and bas
reliefs of the Lagash school of art.
III.
A date for the Elamite conquest OF Babylonia
is furnished by the Assyrian King Ashurbani-
pal in his account of his eighth campaign
against Ummaneldas. King of Elan. He tells
us that, l,6j5 years before, n king of Elan had
laid hands on the temples of Akkad and carried
away the image of the goddess Mana. This
image Ashurbanipal recovered and brought
back TO Erech. The particular. action here attrib-
uted to IN Elamite king must then have taken
place in the year 2294 b. c. How long before
this the Elainite oppression began, or how long
after this 1t lasted. we 90 not yet know. 1t was ap.
parently during the period of Elamite supremacy
that, according TO Hebrew tradition. Abraham
emigratei into Canaan. and the fourteenth chap
ter of Genesis gives US n glimpse of the condition
OF Babylonia at that time from an outside view.
point. In that chapter we are told OF an expo
dition which Amraphcl. King OF Shinar; Arioch,
King of Ellasar; Cheiorlaomcr, King of Elan,
and Tidal. King of GoiIm, conducted against the
West Land, and, particularly, the cities OF the
Jordan Valley. Colin seemst to be Guuum, often
mentioned in the Babylonian inscriptions.
Chcdorlaomcr is Kudur-L ,gomur; Arioch. King
of Ellasar. is Eriaku, King Of LGrsa; and Amra-
phel. King of Shinar, appears to be HammurabL
King Of Babylon.
DR.. Peters dwells at length upon the epoch Of
the Elamite asccnduncy, and the subsequent
war for independence, because Of the effect of
famous tempt. After a long and desperate con.
test the Eiamites were driven out by IL ,mmu:
anew empire, with Babylon as its capital. To
sire Ethen his EoXernment he sought 10 make
iR isiGqS ee n1T oe ~ his %E EGinstGSSl out Sad " to- tr ths FER
the ailcginnSe and the offerings OF thu people
sfSin n : Bel Sc OF y BaBbg Pi%ri OF The he i esHGF Of fei the 10 w Sns
was, therefore, disastrous to Nippur. Its tenn
gifts ii we We're swan Wanto mi - d esnry "n" and r1Gn ali i0I ths
power of tho new empire WINS used to destroy
S shs Pres Wss Of eaI E.6ur n as o the tG N anS Of Bel AT At
prestige of its rival. Esagiln. the temple OF Bel
MardGk, At Babylon, Hilprecht has suggested
the %EIamites, but DIR. Peters thinks it sh uld DO
ts.rlo on Two % later shs S oeSssions' When 1eT ' E.kp 5e1 SSa
been rebuilt, the, laid il waste and carried of
i is l1sasHr Of tho 1t n, ne Ss'i kinr th%5 % OF hs shH ssfsSi
(225O Il. c.. which had Babylon as Its capi-
iIia si;o snS Sc 1S%p OF the be + bG Ky Ion exis9 reli fo Se F Fos 500 90
years we hnd no trace Of tho reconstruction
of the ancient zigsurai. About 1850 Il. c., how
ever, wl,cn the CoSIirtns or Castles from tho
mountains to the east OF Babylonia invaded
tho country and conquered 1t, they restored to
NiIrur its Nncicnt religious primacy. and ono of
their kings rebuilt the zigEurat. During the
Cossiran period The strength and wealth OF Bel
and of IN city OF Nippur were vastly increased.
The Tcl.el-Amarna tablets found IN Egypt bo.
long to tins epoch. These show us that the
Babylonian tongue, was at that time the Lam
guagc of commercial and political intercourse
throughout the civilized, world. The CossIran.
kings exchanged gifts and formed a matrimonial
alliance with Egypt, and they had commercial
relations, as we know from the objects found
among their treasures. with Greece on the west
and China on the cast. Tho revival of the relt.
gious supremacy of Nippur lasted until tho mid.
die or end OF the twelfth century r. G.. Then
the Cossmans were, in their turn. overthrown
by N"buchndnczzar l., the founder Of tho
native Pashe dynasty, and the seat of
religious Ms well as of political su.