davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

New York. Oct. s.-Josiah J. White
a broker of this city, who resides in
Brooklyn has been arrested In Brook
lyn The specific charge against Mr
White could not be learned. but COM
plants have been made against him at
the district attorneys office that as
executor of his wife's estate. held In
trust for her son. he had sworn 10 its
value as s36 600. whereas II was valued
eonn non
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
.no.,I, Thatcher Dropped.

salt Lake. Utah, oct Sat the con-
ference of the Mormon church all the
authorizes Of the church were sus-
tained. with the exception of Apostle
Moses Thatcher. whose name was
omitted from the list The action
against Thatcher was for failing 10
take counsel before accepting nomina
tion for political office Apostle
Thatcher was the, Democratic candi-
date tor the United States senate last
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

Peoria. Ills. oct. Sire in the
building formerly occupied by the Peo-
ria Watch company, but now used py
the Ide bicycle works and the Parsons
Horological institute. at O'CLOCK
wednesday morning. caused a loss OF
,75. 600 The horological school suffered
most severely. it's loss being sSo'ooo on
matchmaking materials and maeh'n- !
erv. with only $4,000 insurance Each
of the seventy five students lose from
$40 10 slOO worth or tools. The lde oi'
cvc,e works loss is about $4,000, with
<tIO 600 insurance.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
mad rook,pe Make the Cyar Sick.

London. oct S-The st. James Ga
zette publishes dispatch from Paris
saving that the performance at the op-
era Tuesday evening terminated alb
ruptly in the middle of the ballet. ow'
ing TO the illness of the czar. which, "
is said. was occasioncd by bad cooking
m The L,lranp nnlaCa
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
Fighting saloon. with Fire.

Arcola. Ills. Oct s.-The third at
tenn, 10 wipe out the saloons in Ar
cola by fire occurred early Tuesday
morning when the restaurant building
adjoining NJ J. Lynch's saloon was set
on ere. The flames were extinguished.
however. with but little damage result
inc About two weeks ago barn in
the rear of Lynch's saloon was nreo'
supposedly for the purpose or burning
up Lynch's property. This hre was tol
lowed hv an attempt to destroy w K.
stulTs west side saloon The saloon
Keepers have offered large reward
for the capture of the flrebug
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
sewa,rs Letter of Acceptance.

Bath. Me, oct S-Arthur Sewall,
Democratic candidate for vice presi-
dent of the United States. has made
public his letter of acceptance OF the
nomination THE free and unlimited
coinage of silver" says Mr. SewaH IN
his letter. lis the sole remedy with
which TO check the wrongs OF today
He says the principles OF Jefferson and
Jackson will be their guide on their
return to powcr.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
Revolution Fouentins.

New orleans. Oct. s.-Passengers by
the Royal Mail line steamer Breakwa-
ter from Port Cortez say that a revo-
luton is fomenting In Honduras and
" liable to break forth at any moment
For some time past munitions OF war
have been smuggled into the country
should affairs reach climax II ~ prob
able that Millionaire Aries, promi'
nent citizen OF Tegucigalpa. the CAPT
tai. will be proclaimed president by the
reNnlut lonists.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
STRIKERS MAKE TROUBLE.
Attack Houses Occupied by Non-union
Men.


Elylia, o., oct. S.-The striking quar-
rymen of the Grafton Stone company
in Grafton. are still out and made
considerable trouble Tuesday night In
the village. They made an attack on
a number of houses which were occu-
pied by the non-union men. VINO start
ed TO work in the quarry Monday
morning
stones were thrown at the windows,
and at one place the S-year-old girl OF
Fred Stollo was struck on the head and
received injuries which may prove to
be very serious The strikers threaten
to blow up the houses of the non-unlon
men If they do not give up work The
sheriff. and twenty-five deputies are
still at the scene Of the trouble and
guard the men while they work the
deputies will be on duty all night.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
n..,, ar c.n,ra, Trochu.

Tours, France, Oct. S.-General Tro-
chu, who defended Paris until II sur
rendered TO the German army. In jan
uary, 1871. is dead. Louis Jules Trochu
was born at Morbihan March IL. 1913
He studied at St Cyr and at the
Ecole d'Application. becoming lieuten'
ant In 1910. lieutenant colonel In 1888
general OF brigade In 1884 and general
Of division I'm 1883
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
J,,Iy's Mia Demand.

New York. oct. s-Signor De Mar
tlno. the Herald's correspondent in Rio
Janeiro. teicgraphs that satisfactory
solution of the dispute between Italy
and Brazil will he found The Italian
commissioner says that his government
viii confne itself TO demand for de-
NAL of hostile intent on the part or
Brazil IN acts tending 10 harm or
wrong Italy thereby showing the
good will Of Italy toward the South
American republic.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
Important Astronomical Discovery

Boston, oct. s.-A dispatch received
here from Lowell observatory, flag-
STAFF. A. T.. announces that the as
tronomers of the observatory have dis
covered that the planets Mercury and
Venus each turns once on It's axis dur
ing one revolution about the sun. max
ing the day just equal to the year on
those planets They find further that
Venus is not cloudcovered, as has
been reported, but has about II thick
atmosphere. while Mercury has none
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
n. Feared starvation.

New York, Oct. s.-John Munster
man. % years old. blacksmith helper
OF 316 Oakland street. Greenpoint. COM
mitted suicide by taking carboiio acid
Tie had worked until last saturday IN
n Long Island City blacksmith shop az
50 per week. Then he was laid on and
he told his wife that he feared she ana
their three children might starve.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
v.,r.s,. Relic DESTROYED.

Washington, Oct. SIT has just been
discovered that the storm which swept
over Washington a week ago destroyed
one OF the most precious relics at
Mount Vernon, the homestead Of
Washington. This was a tree planted
by Washington himself and which had
weathered the storm Of almost a CEN
tury. IL was a magnolia planted In
1899 he rear OF wasE:ng.oE's death
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
p,,s.nrrr steamer sunk.

Cleveland. o.. oct. S-A special from
Gallipols, O.. says, The elegant pas
senger steamer Columbia struck rock
near Red House on the Ohio river.
Wednesday morning and sunk almost
Immediately The passengers escaped
I'm yawls The steamer was valued al
between sli. 600 and $4,000.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
yiriim of the Mnila.

New York, oct S.-Pasquah Dinntr.
Of 2O2 Fourth avenue. had his throat
cut by his brcter-in-law, Luigi Nesin
eino. Of Fifty-ninth street and tffth
avenue. Brooklyn. In McGurks saloon
in surf avenue. Coney Island. The IN
jured man told the ambulance surgeon
on the way that Nesinetno vas 4
member of the Malta. and had taken
him down to Coney Island in order &c
KIN him pimitri will probably die
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
In Honor at Mrs. stowe.

Hartford. Conn. oct s-The Hart
ford Equal Rights club has appointed
n committee 60 raise FUNDS Tor the erec-
ticn of statue of Harriet beecher
stowe. the suthoress OF Uncle Tom
Cabin" who died IN June The Hart
ford members OF the committee are
Elizabeth II. Bacon. Mrs Tucker. Fran
els Ellen Burr. MIS-. Emily r Collins
Mrs. Alta S. Cressy. ana Mrs T.
Browne
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
,,,,,,ar, omoer Drops Dead.

Chicago, Oct S.-While engaged III
drilling a company In the Second Reg
,ment armory. at Washington oou'e .
'.a and curtis street. Lieutenant
PARKER Brown Of 1856 Van Buren street
suddenly dropped dead a physician
,yho was called pronounced heart dls-
oasa as the cause of death.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

Rockford Ills, oct. s.-Mrs, ana Mrs.
,,,r1,an, i Cole. residents of this city
,or gfty.seven years, celebrated their
.,s,v'efth wedding anniversary Tues
say night MIR. and Mrs. +. l.. Caik'ns
aTs aIso celebrated their golden weddins
Tuesday night
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
so,.y~ stage Held Up Again.

sonora, Cal, Oct s-For the third time
within six months the Sonora stage was
held up yesterday near the mining Town
Of Cloudman. and two masked robbers
forced the driver 20 deliver the mail
pouches and express box, which were
r,fied of registered letters aud valuable
|
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
rI.h wnrdrn Appointed.

Springfield. llls. oct S-John Sorn-
berger Of Peoria was appointed state
Ash warden Wednesday to succeed
William Rhan of Peoria. whose resig-
natfon was accepted.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
D,d DE- lessen. Kiii Him.eifs

London. Oct. "A special dispatch
from Paris says II is rumored that VIC
tor de Desseps. son OF the late Count
de Lesseps, who died Tuesday COM
nited suicide II was at first supposed
that the injuries that caused his death
we're the result of fall.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
c.IIegr Burned Dol the Gronnd.

I.ogansport Ind, oct. s.-St. Mich
aers college was burned to the ground
Tuesday afternoon at this place Loss,
$40. 900, insurance. $4,000. Sixty-hve
students had matriculated q
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

Greenwich. Conn, oct. Sc. {. Ben
edicts steam yacht oneida with Pres.
ident Cleveland and party arrived here
AT Midnight
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

BENTON Harbor. Mich, Oct. s-R. j.
Jarvis. postmaster Of this city. has
been removed from office because Of Of
fensive partisanship. He is the candi'
date for congress on the Democratic.
PEOPLES Union silver ticket.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
Death OF Captain anIe.pie.

Buffalo, N Y. Oct. s.--Captain GIL
iespie of the Western liner Badger
state. died here Tuesday. He leaves
widow and one child.
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08

New YORK, oct. s.--The Republicans
OF the EIe, enth district have nomlna-
ted Ferdinand + Eidmon rcr congress
The copper country evening news. [volume] (Calumet, Mich.) 18??-1907, 1896-10-08
NEAT JOB BY BANDITS
Two eookmakers Robbed of
Large Amount.
OVER $1,000 IN CASH Is SECURED.

-Four Men Hold Up the Principal Owners
Of the Derby Club In Ch csgo and Seize
the Days Proceeds at tho Ideal Park
Race Track - Men Threatened with
Death ~ They Did Not Surrender Their
Money.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
Bring Them to Darlington.

As is we'll known, the Citadel ca
diets go into camp every year, select,
ing for that purpose two towns in
the State some thirty or forty miles
apart. The custom has been for
them to go by rail from Charleston to
the first of these towns and after
camping there for few days, to
march through the country to the
second town selected, where they
camp for a week or more. The Sum-
ter correspondent of the News and
Courier suggests that Sumter and
Darlington be chosen for the camp.
ing places this year, the corps going
first to Darlington and then marching
to Sumter The suggestion is ali
admirable one for all the parties in-
terested, and we would like the best
in the world to see it carried out,
with this one modification, that the
camp be pitched in Sumter first and
then in Darlington. The presence in
Darlington of this splendid corps OF
hundred and twenty-five young
men would brighten up things con-
siderab|y for US in the month of
June. Oar people always knew how
70 do a thing like that right, and we
believe they would give the Citadel
boys the best time they ever had in
their lives The cadets have never
visited any portion Of the Pee Dee
section on the occasion OF their an
nuaI encampments. By adopting tol
this summer the plan that has been
proposed, they would be afforded an
opportunity of becoming acquainted
with two of the very best towns II
the State. The country through
which they would pass in marching
from Sumter to Darlington is one O.
the most fertile farming regions II
South Carolina, and is the center o
the new tobacco industry. Thai
crop would be at it's best in June
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
AN ORDINANCE

Entitled ''.4n Ordinance to require and regu-
late the Registration of Voters Of City Of
Sumter, s. C., for the Municipal Election
for Mayor and Aldermen Of the City Of Sum-
ter, to be held on I'd Tuesday, l4h dag, Of
April, T. d., 1896"
Belt ORDAINED by the Mayer and Alder
men of the City of Sumter in Council assem-
bled and oy the authority OF same.
Section |. That Books of Registration for
the registration Of persons qualified TO vote
at the Municipal Election to be held in the
City of Sumter on the I'd Tuesday, l4:h day
of A pril A. D., 1895, for Mayor and eight (s)
Aldermen, to serve for two years next eosu-
ing, shall be opened, at the Office of the
Clerk aud Treasurer of City of Sumter on The
18th day of March proximo.
That said Books of Registration shall be
kept open for registration of voters, during
fifteen (l5) days thereafter, from clock
q. m, until o'clock p. 10, each day, and
shall he finally closed on the 2Sth day of
March thereafter at o'clock p. M, and only
such persons as are duly registered in said
Books of Registration, shall be entitled TO
vote at said Municipal Election.
Sec. 2. That each person presenting him.
self for registration at said Office Of Clerk and
Treasurer SHALL be required to give his age,
name, residence and Satisfactory proof OF his
qualifications 70 vote, and shall be entitled
to receive Certificate Of Registration, which
Certificate Of Registration may be required of
any voter at said election as condition pre-
cedent to voting
n
CITY Council OF City of Sumter, after the
closing of the Books of Registration, to be
held on Tuesday, the thirty-6rst day Of
plants and petitions of any person or per-
sons, who may have been refused Certificate
OF Registration b. reason OF any doubt of
right 10 register, are hereby notified 10 be
and appear before said Cay Couac,!, with
e7iserce nscessary 10 establish such right TO
register, rs may ." ca!cHed, AID ii so es;ab-
l:sfed 10 the satisfaction Of said City Conn
Gil, such pe or persons shall receive suca
certificate.
Sec. i Tfs; after certificate Of Regis
tratiou has been issued 70 any person, and
been lost O. destroyed such person may apply
TO the Clerk aud Treasurer, for duplicate
certificate, aui the Clerk ana Treasurer Is
hereby authorized TO Issue such duplicate GER
tificate upon proof OF loss or destruction o! the
Original Certificate OF Registration, and upon
payment OF twenty-five cents for use cf City
of Sumter for every duplicate Certificate so
issued
Dcne and Ratified in City Conncil Assem-.
bled ard under tne CORPORATE Seal of the City
of Sumter, S. G., this 18th day of February
y. D., 1896.
! TsEAL. Mayor.
C. NJ. HURST, l.erk & Treasurer.
Feb l9-2t
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
THE CHARLESTON LINE
South Carolina ard Georgia Railroad.

PASSENGER DEPARTMENT.
Corrected to Nov. 10th, 1925
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26

10. 50 runs through iroml Charleston Vii
Central r. R., leaving Lanes. 3S p. m, Mao
ping Is a. n.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
w. B. Utsey Pardoned

We clip from the Abbeville Press and Ban
ner the following in regard to Col. W. B.
U;sey, who was at one time resident OF this
city;
'.W. B. Uts-y WHO was convicted of for
gerv by Pennsylvania court some time
back and sentenced 10 the peniteutiary, has
been pardoued by the Governor Of that State,
He writes that be has not only been pardoned
but vindicated, as it has turned out that he
was not the man who committed the crime.
This will be a source of great comfort to MI.
Utsey's friends.''
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
..4E wATCHMAN AND sOUTHRON. FEBRUARY 26. 1896.

and would prove quite novel object
lesson for most of "the boys in
gray" If we are to secure this
prize, delegation should be sent to
Charleston at once to see Col
Coward before some other town gets
ahead of us Who will undertake to
set the bali in motion 1t seems to
us that the Darlington Board of
Trade could get in some good work
along this line if they would take
hold of the matter Immediately =
Darlington News.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
Atlantic Coast Line.

COLUMBIA AND AUGUs
ia RAILROAD.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
TRAINS GOING NORTH.

*Daily. fDaiy except Sunday.
No. So runs through to Charleston, S. c
via Central R. r., arriving Manning 35,
~, Lanes IL . m Charleston 8 50 p. ~
Trains on Wilmington & Conway R. R
leave Chad5ourn 10 20 a. m, arrive ct Con-
way IL IS p NJ, returning leave Conway al
2 80 m., arrive Chadbourn 5 90 +. 70.
leave Chadbourn IS p ~, arrive at Hub al
20 p. m., RETURN ~ leave Hub 8 Is a. 70
arrive at Chadbourn 900 a. 10. Daily ex'
cept Sunday.
JOHN z. DIVINE, Gen'l supt
J. r KENLY, Gen'l Manager.
T. NJ EMERSON. Traffic Manager
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
Threw Away His Canes.

Mr. D. Wiley, ez-pos'master, Black Creek,
N. Y, was so BADLY afflicted with rheuma.
tisu that he was only able to hobole around
with canes, aud even then it caused him great
pain. After usiog Chamberain's Pain Balm
he was so much improved that he threw away
his canes. He says this liuimeut did him
more good than all other medicines and treat
meut put together. For sale at so cents per
bottle by Dr.. A j China.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26
C0-pARTNERsRIP NOTICE.

TINE UNDERSIGNED have this day form
ed Co-partnership for the practice of
law, under firm name Of Wilson & Hurst.
All business entrusted to them will receive
prompt attention. Will practice in Sumter
and adjoining counties.
H.FRANK WILSON,
C. NJ. HURST, JR..
Jan. 9.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26

All kinds of Sewing Machine Needles at
Sumter Music House.
Sewing Machines from zen dollars up at
the Sumter Music House, Masonic Temple.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1896-02-26

A western newspaper tells of man
vho. every tine be gets drunk, insists
on paving years. subscription to his
town paper. He has already paid up
to the year 1864. Some of the South
Carolina editors are trying to find out
what brand of liquor he uses and II
thew succeed will have it placed on sale
at the dispensarics throughout the
State.-Edgefeld Chronicle.
The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1896-08-13
PECKVILLE.

Miss Julia NJ. Kestell and Herbert A.
Frear, both popular young people of this
place, were welded yesterday morning
at 10 O'Clock at the home of the bride $
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. William kestell. on
Depot street. The ceremony was con-
Quoted in a simple unaffected way in the
presence of the relatives of the two fam
Tiles. Rev. 5. c. Slmpkins, of the Meth
odist Episcopal church ofiiciatel. only
the immediate relatives of the principles
were present. The brides costume was Il
travelling suit. The front parlor in which
the two were made one was prettily dec
GRATED with potted plants, and they stood
underneath an arch of evergreen ana
daisies. They We're unattended except by
one flower bearer. Miss Rena Frear, neice
of the groom. The bride carried a bunch
of carnations and roses. Following the
ceremony "a wedding breakfast was served
after which Mr.. and Mrs. Frear left on
the Delaware and Hudson train for Mag
ara Falls. Those present We're: Mr.. and
Mrs. Z. r.. Griener. MIR. and Mrs. Floyd X.
Griener Mr. and Mrs. william srear,
Mr.. and Mrs. Horace Frear. Mrs. Jennie
Fr-ar and Mr.. and Mrs. John iIoyr, Of
Mayiieli
william Swales spent Sunday last AZ
Nanticoke.
Mr.. am, Mrs William Bell. Mrs. George
A. Bell. Mrs. Joseph q. BELL. accompanied
by Mr.. and Mrs. Martin Kilhorn and Mrs.
W. T.. <ilhorn and daughter. Katie, Of
Philadelphia, spent yesterday at Lake WI
nola.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Jones. who have
been visiting Mrs Jones" parents here
for the past two weeks, returned 20 their
hone at Scranton yesterday.
The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1896-08-13
liAII.SrEAD.

Hi RUNNER spent Sunday in bingham
ton.
Mrs. John Tyler is the guest of riends
and relatives in Newport, X. l.
Frank j. Arnold Is seriously i'll at his
home on Main street.
Attorney John Ferguson of Susquehan-
ma, spent Tuesday with friends in this
place.
Mrs. T. +. bernstein ana family. accom-"
panied by her sister Mrs. NJ. +. Stellzes,
Of New York city. spent Tuesday at
Heart lake.
The Red Men Of Anawan tribe. 36l. of our
village, have arranged To picnic at Lanes
boro Tuesday, the 18th inst, with all the
other tribes of the Improved Order of
Red Men of Susuuehanna and Wayne
roW tiles. Special arrangements of are
by the Erie railroad win make it an in
expensive outing ana a large attendance is
expected.
The societies OF Grace church. of Great
Bend. are soon to have Il new paper pub
lshed under the editorshin Of Rev. I'd
ward McHcnry.
Miss Edith Fessenden is the guest of her
grandparents ut Iopbottom.
Simon SprnGarn, who spent Saturday
and Sunday with BE. Bernstein. re-
turned to New York Monday morning.
His coming to town was to arrange for "a
creasin@ the operaton of the textile mill
fore in the next two weeks.
The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1896-08-13
TO GET POWER FROM NIAGARA.
DynamOs at the Fails to Transmit
Electricity to Other Cities.

New York, Aug. l2.-There are now
In service In California three or four
lines over which power Is transmitted
in the form of electricity for distanc. $
varying from twenty to thirty-fiye
miles. The pressure under which the
electricity is sent is from 10000 to 12.O
volts The amount thus conveyed is
equivalent i'm each case to several
thousand horse power. The great
plant at Niagara has thus far supplied
power only to factories close at hand.
Active steps are now being taken, how
ever. to furnish other cities.
The contract has been let for the
construction of line to Buffalo. fif-
teen miles away. over which eventual
ly about 10000 horse power will be
transmitted. This would require all
of the output of the four 5000 horse
power dynomos. These machines are
not all in place yet at the falls For
this and other reasons only 5000 horse
power will be delivered at first. At
least 1000 of this will be taken by the
Buffalo Street Railway company. and
1t is hoped that connections will be
made for this purpose by or before