davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
French Cnbinet ComnIetc.

PARIS, April 29.-M. Meline has COM
pleted his cabinet. which is constituted
as follows.
NJ. MeliAe. Prime Minister and Minister
Of Agriculture.
VI. Boucher, Minister Of Commerce.
NJ. Darlan, Minister Of Justice.
NJ. Turrel, Minister Of Public Works
NJ Hanotaux, Minister Of Foreign
Affairs.
DR.. Barthou. Minister Of the Interior.
General Bellot, Minister OF War.
Admiral Besnard, Minister OF Marine
NJ. Cookery, Minister OF Finance.
N. Rambaud Minister Of Public In
struction and Worship.
NJ. Lebon, Minister Of the Colonies.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30

Another Old eN-COniedernte
Crosses over the RIVER an"
Under the shade OF the Trees

Died, at his home. In Hanover co..
on Apru 18Th, DANIEL h. valdez
6s years and 6 days old. leaving "a lr'
wife and two sons and two lalt-.,
and a host OF friends 20 mourn the' -
Before the war there was CON
OF cavalry. these composed OF me ~.
and chivalry OF the county am 81
manded by that gallant Captain .t",
wards GeneraD william T.. W'ckiah
the FIRST bugle-call 10 arms he h4no'.
Troop was one % the lrst c9mpih's
respond. and 10 Manassas they Wtal e.'
were under the fire Of the enemys s.
and with them was the brave SUD-
OF this sketch He followed the piuA,
stuart IN all OF his great battles, ana =
braycr or truer spirit ever fOl0Wti '-
fortunes OF the Lost Cause. lie was
gentle as a woman. and as brave
Richard Occur de Leon. lie Vas N'
shot. but his clothes were pierced ~.
the enemy's bullets. and he langul7hs4 =
a northern prison for months, was
changed, and returned 10 his conii-- -3..
and surrendered at AppomattoA
death will cause a profound aebts' ~,
sorrow TO the surviving members u IA
Fourth Virginia Cavalry, AMI OF .Io
Hanover Troop In particular n,
there will be a vacant chair when
old company meet at their ANN. .-e
s4.s0sl. AN VIZ
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
THE MICHIGAN DEMOCRACY.
A Hot Fight, But Cleveland and the
GoId-Standard Win.

Gofu-Stuuuuru Win.
DETROIT, MICH, April 29.-The Mlchi-
gan State Democratic Convention to-
day, after stormy fight. endorsed the
administration and financial policy Of
Grover Cleveland. chose four gold-stand-
ard delegates at large, ana sent dele
cation Of twenty-four district delegates
TO the Chicago convention, Of whom
thirteen are counted as gold monome-
tallists, and eleven silver bimetallsts.
The convention was the stormiest ever
held by the party in this State. The
free silverites had been reinforced by q
considerable INSTRUMENTATION force,
which has developed in Michigan during
the Presidents present term. The ad-
ministratiOn forces were led by Elliot
G. Stevenson, the law-partner Of Don.
NJ Dickinson, while their opponents were
generated by Thomas Barkworth, can
didate for Congress from the Second Dis
trict two years ago.
The free sllverites agreed 70 the
choice OF Alfred J. Murphy administra-
zionist, OF Detroit, for temporary chair
man. and In this way the administration
forces secured control Of the different
committees.
There was an exciting fight over the
delegates at large. the administration.
sound-money faction winning by sub
stantial majority. Those named We're
Elliott G.. Stevenson, OF Detroit: Thomas
A. +. Weadook, Of Bay City; Robert r.
Blacker. OF Manistee. and Peter White,
OF Marquette.
The fight was carried along 20 the reso-
buttons. s. l.. Smith, for the majority OF
the Committee on Resolutions. reported a
platform. Of which the following is the
financial plank;
"On the finance question. we recognize
that this administration stands upon and
has consistently carried out the platform
Of the National Democratic Convention
OF 1892. on which IL was elected by the
people, and which declared that the
parity OF the metals ina our currency
should be maintained. The platform OF
the national convention on this question.
which has carried the country overwhelm-
ingly for our party, should be the Demo-
cratic doctrine until another platform IS
formed by another national convention"
8. J.. Smith was followed by Quincy
Smith. who presented a minority report
10 favor OF fee silver This minority re-
port was laid on the table by practically
the same as the former vote.
After adopting the majority report the
convention adjourned amid disorder
Tonight there Is some talk OF a new
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
AGAIN IN TROUBLE.
The Norfolk Pilot and Its Editor
Indicted for Libel.

NORFOLK, VA, April 29-(SpeciaL)-
A special grand jury. composed Of Messrs
Henry Khan Qoreman). George Barnes,
John r. Simpson, a. J. Newton. J. c.
Fleming, Isaac Bunch, Isaiah Brothers,
NJ J. Miller and W. II. Wilson, was
sworn in the County Court, Judge W. n.
Portlock presiding this morning to con-
slider charges against w. c. Elan, editor
Of the new Norfolk Daily Pilot, and
against that paper. which were presented
by Colonel r. c. Marshall, Common
wealth's Attorney. The grand jury
brought in two indictments against Mr..
Elan, one for libel and one for contempt
Of court; also. two against the new Pilot
Publishing Company on like charges.
CAUSE OF THE ACTION.
This action was brought about by a
statement made in an editorial article.
headed "A Reign Of Terror" which APP
peared i'm the Pilot Of the I'D. The article
IN question referred to the case Of Mars.
who was spoken Of as one OF a rufiian
gang who are a terror 10 good citizens.
Along this line the Pilot said: "The worst
feature of the matter is the aid and
comfort that are openly and outrageously
extended Onder color of law) to Mars.
his gang. and his allied DULLES, by the
authorities Of Norfolk county, including
magistrates, grand jurors. and the County
Court, all OF these actively, zealously and
unblushingy acting together TO deliver
Mars. especially, from the just grasp OF
the authorities OF Norfolk city. Not that
these authorities may themselves punish
Mars, but keep him at large as a terror
TO all law-abiding people and to all who
would put down laWless disorder"
MAINLY OK THAT.
1t was mainly on the strength Of this
paragraph that the jury found that the
Pilot and its editor had libelled the Court,
and that they had been guilty Of con-
tempt.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
Gold TO be Exported Saturday.

NEW YORK. April 29.-The impression
is growing in financial circles that con-
siderable gold will be shipped to Europe
on Saturday II is believed that Heidel-
back, Ichelheimer x Co.. and Lazard
Freres will forward 100000 each. and
the amount may reach 100000 in all
At the Sub-Treasury IL was stated that
no orders for the metal had been received
as yet, but, nevertheless, the idea pre-
walls that some gold will be exported on
the day named, unless the exchange mar
ket weakens in the mean time. To-day
sterling exchange was stronger and the
supply OF bills meagre.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30

free-silver party IN Michigan. but II Is not
likely that any effective steps VIII be
taken In time 20 have any effect on the
fan campaign.
Don N. Dickinson. who came nearer be-
Ing beaten in his fight for the adminlstra-
ton to-day than be has ever come since
1872 IN any contest. was enthusiastic over
the result. and sent congratulatory tele-
gram to the President.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
THE VIRGINIA REPUBLICANS.
General Walker Thinks They stand
Chance of Carrying the state.
NMashlngf0n Starl

washington starr
General James II. Walker. representa-
tive from Virginia, talked with a Star
reporter this morning on the political stu
alton in Virginia. "All the differences in
the Republican party Of our State" DE
said. have been healed since the meet
ing OF the State convention. and the
party has good chance TO win in No
vember. II we can have a fair election
we are certain 10 win"
How will the delegation to st. Louis
stand?'
Il think Mckinley viii have every dele
gate from the State except two. The
state convention. as you know, instructed
for Mckinley and the instructions will be
cbeyed."
The friends OF General Walker say he
will be renominated for Congress by ac-
clamation. There is some talk OF pre-
senting his name to the St. Louis con-
vention as a candidate for ce-president.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
THE COHEN en-

Il hS< al NJ
Granite Iron stcw-Pans. Toe. each
t-quart Granite Iron Covered g..
Tor &c. each, worth 1sc '..l..
6-quart Granite Iron Cover
worth &c, for l9c oach "t.tei
lia-quart Covered Grant,.
worth 2lc.. for o.. ''4cts,,,
Gray Enamcilel Dresden
Sc each. valle -3c Pea
2-quart Granite Covered pr.t..
each, value De. .".t D
Gray EnamelIed Tea or Cas-
Pots for T5c. each, value 23c.
SPECIAL.
Heavy Block TIN I2.oaar
Pans, such as others adve-r..'
being remarkably cheap D-
can always be hal here
each. IS
The famous Boss" One-lr-r,. ..-
Pots, l-quart SIZE. 7lc. e..r a
10 oak White En9me'el tI.
Easels' fun size. worth s.
Best quality 3-Fold oak s.-...
OF inches HIS, worth NM
Oak Bathroom Cah.rc.s .....
Two shelves. worth lle. f.r
FROM n TO ID O'CLOCK 4
100 Norway Pine Step-Iall.-.
50C. for 29c each @
100 S0lid-Back Elce-WorF e.-..
,,LdIIiushes, worth lQc., for l'.. ,...
5-foid Clothes. Racks. mct., ,.
worth foc., for l2c each
GLASSWARE
100 dozen handsome h.ehfv -...
Wine Glasses, worth 6sc I.
lie. each
BAR GLASSWARE
100 dozen Thin-BlOWn Wh...v ola.
worth l2c "a dozen. for fe ...l
100 dozen Thin LcaI-3'ovr 3D..
Oi1ret or RhIne-Nre C.....
very best quality worth Ias "A f..
Tor l-ic each.
Importation Cut-Giaes Trrt ...
worth iSc.. for l5c. each.
lmiiau0n-Cut Salad Bowls g...
for &C. each
bohemian Glass Fl0wer-V4..s
Doc, FOR sc. each.
100 dozen Fine Eucnr.f r
Tumhlers. worth Csc Ur
SPECIAL SALE or JARDTNrrr.s
lo0 dozen Imported English Pam. ~.
nleres. worth flc., Tor e ono.
$50 dozen English Iun..r. "a.
PATTERN worth 50. for fa. ...r
75 dozen Fine Decorated JurIr.-...
&c. each. worth l9c
100 dozen Fine E1rthen Flow
Pots for IC. each, worth &c.
100 dozen Dresden Decor.
China Plates, worth sec, for "a.
choice.
French China Cups ana Sarre-s -..
$3.50 a dozen. FOR to-day. a,e . Ell.
English China Covered Dishes H....
shapeE, worth &C., for -e o..r
Yellow China Square B4k.r. r..
worth from s 90 lJc.. for 4e. D.....
FROM 10 TO n O'CLOCK
Yellow China Custard Cups. worth A..
a dozen. for 2c. each
SPECIAL
100 dozen Ruby Gas-GI0bes. worth G..
for Z5c each
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
A DIVER SENT DOWN.
AND AN EXAMINATION MADE OF
THE WYANOkE.
Extent Of the Dnmngc-The Wreck
ers Very Beticent Regarding What
They sayy-The MISUNDERSTANDING
Furniture and Bapwnge.


NEWPORT NEWS. VA, April %
(special)-The Merritt Wrecking Com
pany sent a wrecking tug and crew over
from Norfolk this morning to make an
examination Of what remains of the Old
Dominion steamship Wyanoke. in order
that they may be prepared to offer their
bid for raising the vessel TO the surface.
The diver was unable I'm the morning TO
make a satisfactory examination on ac-
count of the heavy current, and made
another trial this afternoon. with better
results. 10 was ascertained that there is
a hole IN the Wyanoke's bottom under the
bnge ten feet deep which practically
means twenty feet straight through. The
edges are very ragged, and the portions
OF the vessel near the hole are consider
ably crushed and damaged. The diver
and the others on the tug are very retlcent
about the result Of the examination, and
the Old Dominion officials at this place
could not learn whether or not there were
any bodies found.
BODIES REPORTED FOUND.
It IS reported on the streets tonight
that the diver had made a statement TO
some people in Norfolk TO the effect that
he stumbled over and felt several bodies.
His report was circulated this afternoon.
and when the evening boat arrived from
Norfolk several passengers, it is stated,
said the same rumOr was current In that
city.
Quite number Of ladies and gentlemen
went out TO the scene Of the disaster
to-day and Clipped off souvenirs from
the prOtrud.ng masts. Several sofas and
a lot of the wreckage have been washed
ashore at different places. a lady's trunk
was caught up by some white men near
the shore this morning. It contained
several silk dresses and other costly
wearing apparel IL was SAID that roll
Of water-soaked greenbaCks was found
I'm the tray, but the men deny that this
Is true.
Second-Assistant-En Engineer Walters. OF
the wrecked ship, and the Oiler who were
injured internally by inhaling escaping
steam, were taken of the Columbia this
evening. and sent 10 the Marine Hospital.
at Norfolk. on the steamer Louise. Both
men are somewhat better to-day.
HAS NOT REPORTED.
The aged fireman, who is believed to
have been drowned, has not yet reported
lie was last seen endeavoring TO ascend
to the upper deck shortly after the crash
His bunk was near the exploding engine
and IL Is more than probable that he was
scaldcd and disabled, and subsequently
drowned. IL is said that the old steam
ship is so far gone that IL VIII be neces-
sary to blow her up, but, of course, no
thing can be done TO this end until the
Insurance officials have made their ex-
animation
No Bodies Found.
NORFOLK, VA, April 29.-(SpeciaL)-
The Merritt Wrecking Companys diver
found no bodies in the steamer Wya-
noke. The only person thus far reported
missing is a fireman, whose name has not
been learned.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
HOLMES DENIED AREsrur.
He Claims Innocence of the Crime
Charged Against Him.

HARRISBURG. PA, April 4-T,t
a long communication was received t
Governor Hastings from II. H. Hr-
the mulu-murderer dated phLl.r
County Prison, praying for rsr
The Governor promptly endorsed DIE .
titlon Application refused"
Holmes, In his communicate. rr...
TO want 10 arrange certain .ma.-
matters before his death. and t0 g.t tr
SELF i'm a spiritual condition t0 mef D.
God. lie claims % Doe not guilty o. r
many crimes charged against h.m
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
TeIegrnphic BreVities.

Lexington, Ky.-Henry M Smith, SEN
fenced to be hanged, has been respited
until June %.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
THE ILLINOIS REPUBLICANS.
They Adjourn Before Reaching the
Presidential Point.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL, April 29.-The
representatives. of the Republicans of
Illinois assembled I'm State convention this
afternoon for the purpose of placing I'm
nomination a state ticket, and selecting
delegates-at-large TO the convention at
st. Louis. Pictorial references to the
numerous Republican candidates for the
presidency We're lacking in the convention
hall Autographs Of Mckinley, which had
been placed here and there by decorators,
were taken down. under orders Of the
local committee, in accordance with a
decision to maintain neutral attitude
in this particular.
The sensation of the morning was the
development that a conference OF repre-
sentative State members Of the American
Protective Association. after q session
that lasted nearly all night, had adopted
resolutions denouncing the injection of
the influence of the order into the Re-
publican presidential campaign, and Sc
verely criticising the State and national
leaders who are regarded as responsible
therefor Copies Of these resolutions were
delivered TO the delegates as they en-
tered their respective sections.
When State Chairman Jameson called
the assemblage TO order 1000 persons
were in the hall. Without any waste OF
words he introduced as temporary chair
man Alderman NJ. ID. Madden, OF Chicago.
The report of the Committee on Per
manent Organization named Senator Or
Vile Il. Berry, OF Carroll, for chairman,
and he was escorted TO the platform.
Senator Berry spoke at length on pro-
lection and reciprocity. without effect
ing a permanent organization, the con-
vention, at 100. took recess until 2
L. Nj.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
MARINE INTELLIGENCE.


MINIATURE ALMANAC. Aprl % ns
Sun rises ....... SIG. HIGH TIDE
Sun sets ....... 6.5S Mow.ug...........
Moon rises ......ll:l2 Eyenlns..,.........a
PORT OF RICHMOND. April % ie
ARRIVED
Steamship Richmond Davis. New lHt
Old Dominion Steamship Company
SAILED
Steamship Richmond. Davis. New Yrl
Old Dominion Steamship Company
Steamer Pocahontas. Graves. Nor'1E
Virginia Ma 'igatlon company
Schooner John $. Beccham. stout A'
Haven. pig-iron, Curtis g. Parker
Schooner william J.. Franklin, games
Baltimore; railroad ties.
PORT OF WEST POINT April o. p"
By telegraph)
ARRIVED.
Steamship Baltimore. Murphy Bs
more; passengers and general cargo
SAILED.
Steamship Baltimore. Murphy bit
more: passengers and general cargo
PORT OF NEWPORT NEWS Apr. --
(By telegraph
ARRIVED.
Schooner Lameyer ROckland.
SAILED.
American steamship saturn. b.-
Britisb steamship Mguemshl
dam
Schooner S. b. Kapiar Boston
Schooner L. ~. Law. Providence
Schooner W. r. Hood. lr0f.l
Schooner General S. l.. Mr"-r SD
BedfO-d.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
street-Car Strike Thi. Morning.

PHILADELPHIA. April S.-Chairman
Byrnes. OF the central committee OF the
Amalsamated Association. stated tonight
that the foreshadowed strike on the
lines OF the Union Traction Company,
will be ordered ON at o'clock tomorrow
morning.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
Ladies' PerCale Shirt Waists,

Gamers best grade, fast colors
and made in the newest and most
desirable styles, with extra large
Bishop sleeves and patent yoke.
The prices were to be 90 to qSc.
The maker overstepped the limit
of his selling capacity; hence Co.
hens at a swoop gobbIed the lot
and will sell them to-day for SOC.
choice-all sizes. Ready at $50
o'clock.
No one ever thought that Mems
Good Grade of HALF HOSE
would be given away. They are
not. But here is the selling price
for to-day: Ready at Q o'clock.
Mems Fancy stripe. solld-BlacS, Solid
Tan, or Gray Mixed Socks for &c. "A
pair.
Fancy Mixed Haif-hOse, seamless, for
&c. pair.
Mems oxford Hose. seamless, cup heel
and toe an elegant wearcr l0c., cost
1870. to import
Mems Black or Tan Real Lisle Hose.
double s0les. cost Ale. a pair 20 inn
port. DC. here.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
MKINLEY OUTBuRsT.

As the crowd was fling out a delegate
In the body OF the hall mounted a chair
and read a dispatch. announcing that the
Republicans Of Vermont had instructed
for Mckinley. This was greeted with
loud cheers. and a blue silk banner with
a picture Of the Ohio statesman. which
had been struggled into the hall few
moments before, was waved aloft.
When the delegates reassembled at
2l5 Senator Berry was presented as per
manent chairman, and addressed the
convention.
when Chairman Berry had concluded
the Committee on Credentials reported
that there were no contests. and that
each congressional district was fully rep
resented.
Nominations for Governor were begun
at o'clock. and the name OF CAPTAIN
John r.. Tanner. OF Clay county, was
submitted by Senator II. T. Hagle. Of
Tanners home. and seconded by NJ. b.
Madden, OF Chicago.
The acoustic properties Of the structure
were execrable. and the speeches were
little more than dumb show
CONGRESSMAN Albert J. Hopkins was
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
NANNY on THAT.

1t was mainly on the strength OF this
paragraph that the jury found that the
Pilot and its editor had libelled the Court,
and that they had been guilty Of con-
tempt.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
THE COHEN CO.

100 dozen Ruby Gas-Giobes. worth .
for 25c each
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
HAS NOT REPORTED.


NORFOLK, VA, April 29-CsDecial)-
The Merritt Wrecking Company's diver
found no bodies in the steamer Wya-
noke. The only person thus far reported
missing is a fireman, whose name has not
been learned.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-04-30
Gray EnamelIed Tea or c.a
Pots for I5c. each, value 2s-
SPECIAL.

Heavy BLOCK I'm I2-ql7n h
Pans, such as Others advert>.o
being remarkably cheap .or b..
can always be hal here
each.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1896-12-10

care Of the seed in the fan before the
freezing weather OF winter set In, a
writer In an exchange says. In the
fall at corn husking time or before the
corn Is dry enough to crib q selection
OF the best ears should be made and
the husks tied together in pairs to be
hung III O very dry place away from
the depredations Of the intruders which
devour it.
The first thing of Importance ia to &C.
lect the ears of uniform type and quail
ity, that deterioration in the variety
may be prevented, not only that, but
that Improvement may be made If
possible. The next question Of no less
Importance is the necessity of being
sure that the ears are thoroughly dried
as soon as possible. The surest way is
to hang the corn where a smudge can
be placed under it for a few days,
after the manner of smoking meats,
which not only dries the corn and cob
thoroughly but covers it with q coat
Ing OF creosote, which is a great pro-
lection from the insects when planted
IN the spring and from rotting in the
ground If the weather is not favorable
to immediate growth. No farmer can
afford to neglect so important a mat
ter when the years earnings depend
so much upon it. All seeds should be
selected and preserved with great care.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1896-12-10
The Humus in the Soil,

The most important difference, physi-
cal Oh chemical. between the compost
ton of old, worn soils and new soils Of
the same character is in the amount Of
humus which is present. That the loss
of humus is an important factor in
the decline of fertility is indicated by
the fact that with methods OF farming
in which grasses form an important
part in the rotation, especially those
that leave a large residue of roots and
culms, the decline in productive power
is much slower than when crops like
wheat or potatoes, would leave littls
residue on the soil, are grown continu-
ously. Under grass and similar crops
the soil humus increases from year to
year, while the continuous culture Of
grain or potatoes gradually reduces
the original stock of humus. Grass and
grain crops in rotation result in alter
nately increasing and decreasing The
humus of the soil and keep the land in
a higher state Of productiveness, al
though more nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and potash is removed from the soil
than when grain or corn is raised con-
tinuously. In no case, however, do
those systems Of farming which re-
turn transforming materials to the
soil reduce the land to so low state
of productiveness as do those systems
in which there is continual loss of
bumus from the soil.-Denver Field
and Farm.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1896-12-10
:Darap vans in winter.

When the snow prevents the fowls
from going outside, the floor of the
house becomes filthy and the walls be-
come damp. The only remedy is to
clean frequently and keep the floor
well covered with litter. Damp walls
require ventilation, and this must be
done by leaving doors and windows
open, keeping the hens inside by the
aid Of wire. II the walls are lined
with tarred paper on the inside, they
will become damp, and OH a cold night
will show white frosting; hence, as we
stated before, the paper should be on
the outside. A stable lantern hung up
in the house, and Il ventilator open at
tke highest point will dry the walls
but the vcntilator must DC closed when
the sun goes down. A lump of stone
lime will absorb moisture, and greatly
aid in keeping the house dry. Water
ing pans (Which allow Of evaporation
Of water), civilizations Of the fowls,
and the moisture in the atmosphere,
are all sources of dampncss which can
not well be avoided when fowls are
confined.