davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
pIEnMoNT AIR-LrNr


SCHEDULE IN EFFECT NOV. B De
TRAINS LEAVE RICHMOND. va
200 a. NJ. No. n. Southern EyDrss
daily 10 Atlanta. Augusta. and Uo....
South. Siecpers Richmond 20 Dan.
vile. Greensboro. Salisbury. Char.
lotte. Colum1lsi ana Augusta. Sleep.
er open az $3.50 =. II.
Connects at Danylle with ne
Washington and Southwestern res.
Thule limited lNO. 30. carving .laa,.
ers 10 Asheyilie. Hot SPRINGS Chatu.
nOOga. BIRMINGHAM, Memphis Sew
Orleans. and Tampa; also frst-eas
day coach between washington AND
Memphis. Connections are malefrr
an points IN Texas and CaIfors
Sleeper open for occupancy e. SD
=. VI.
1900 noon, No. 2. solid train daily 90,
ley with Farmvllle and powhr-
railroad. At Keysvile lo- CARTS.
Vile, oxford. Henderson. ana n.-.
ham, end at Greensboro f0r Nrr.
ham. Raleigh. and Nust0n-saar.
at panvllle with no. # Unto.
states Fast Nal, solid train. li.r
for New Orleans and points Souf-
which carries sleepera Washington
TO Galveston. New York Orb Atlanta
and New York 10 JacksonV'le. a.s.
Pullman tourist sleeper every satlr-
day Washington 10 san Francisco
without change.
600 =. NJ No. II. local daily except S--.
day. l0r Keysyille and intermediate
TRAINS ARRIVE AT RICHMOND
$40 p. NJ From Atlanta and Augusta
$40 A. NJ. from keyFvl'lc
LOCAL FREIGHT TRAINS
Nos. 81 and -, between Manchester aai
yS SiiG'.'p RIVER LINE VIA WEST
POINT-THE FANORlTE ROUTE
NORTH
LEAVE RICHMOND.
$40 p. NJ. No 10 local express dar
except Sunday. for West Point and
intermediate stations. Conn YIN
stage az Lester Manor for Walker
ton: also. az West Pon. Wn
steamer for Baltimore. Stops 20 al.
AIS P. NJ. No. IS. Baltimore um'tet
daily. except sunday for West
Point. there making close corneclor
with steamer for Baltimore
500 A. NJ, No. &c local liNel l-a'
daily. except Sunday. from fFs+
Street Station. for West Point all
intermediate stations.
TRAINS ARRIVE AT RICHMOND.
9.07 A. NJ. daily.
1910 A. NJ. except Sunday and Monday
500 =. NJ. daily. except SUNDAY
From West Point and intermediate
stations.
Steamers leave West Point at p. 81.
and baltimore at Z. II. daily eNc.it
Sunday. -
e+reet open from 4. VI. t0 p. 3D.,
and from $3.50 =. NJ 20 2 A. VI.
N CIrI,P. ". a. TURK
% Ira nc Manager. Gen. Pass Agent
W. II. GREEN, General Supern-en1,at
7 g HORTON. Travelling Passenger
Agent $40 east Main street, Iichm0al.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
TAXES.
TREAsuRER's OFFICE,

TREASURERS OFFICE,
srATE yAxEs For 1885 ARE NOW
pI'E and should be paid on or before
November goth, after which date per
cent. viii be added to all unpaid bliis. All Al
norsous having trustees viii please name
Them when applying to pay their Diis.
Notaries public and lduciaries VIII please
settle for the taxes charged against them.
CHARLES n. PHILLIPS,
Treasurer Richmond CITY.
no25S1012.f51 1921, 70. %. 27&29.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
To Give a Midwinter Concert.

The Wednesday Club. at It's regular
meeting this week. announces that II has
decided 10 give a midwinter concert be-
tween January Lat and January 18th. at
tho Masonic Tempe. The talent en-
ployed Is " be sntirely local. and, us
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
PHILADELPHIA, RICH RA
xoND AND NORFOLK --zsxzsssss
STEAMSHIP COMPANY.

Appointed sailing days: Every TUES
DAY, FRIDAY. anG SUNDAY at day
Freight received daily until p. NJ.
Fare Qncludng meals and BERTH, So on
fridays and Sundays steamer.
For further information apply 10
J. W. MCARRICK.
General Southern Agent; Office Rockets.
w. r. CLYDE q CO.,
Gu &c General Agents. Philadelphia.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
YORK-RIYER LINE VIA WEST PoNE
THE FAvoRITE ROUTE NORTH


LEAVE RICHMOND.
2.1O y NJ LOCAL EXPRESS. daily. 80
cepl Sunday Tor West f1.hl
and intermediate stations
Connects with stage 90 lfsI-l
Manor for Wa.kert0u also, az
West Point with steamer, Ilf
Baltimore. Stops az al Sac
tions.
Az, p NJ BALTIMORE LIMITED,
daily. except Sunday. for " ess
Point. there making close eo.'
nectiOn with steamer Tor 4at-
timOre.
5.oo A NJ. LOCAL MIXED-Leaycs daily
except Sunday, az loot NJ
Twenty eighth street, I.i
West Point and intermecat
TRAINS ARRIVE AT r.. MOND
,s sg a. a II Except Sunday and MondH
from West Point and ili.f'
mediate stations.
500 T. NJ, Daily, except SUNDAY. .
Steamers leave West Point at 500 D.
and Baltimore at 500 L. u. daily, tt.'.'
Tickst Office an station, foot OF WIG A
street. open from A. ". 90 =. IT.. -i-
from 600 T. NJ. 10 4. NJ
city ticket Office, 500 east Main .sIe."
Al CITIP. ". 4. TIT IRIS,
% T re- Manager General Pass AsL.
w. n. GREEN, General Superin,-ll-'"
Washington. II. Z.
G. HORTON. Travelling Passels
Agent, go east Main street HcN..,
Va
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
IN HOLIDAY GOODS

orders for printing sent TO the Dispatch
Company will be given prompt attention.
and the style OF work and prices Will. be
sure to please you.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
DICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG
III AND POTOMAC RAILROAD.
IN EFFECT NOV. &c. 1896

DICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG
h AND POTOMAC RAILROAD.
SCHEDULE IN EFFECT NOV. &c. 1896
LEAVE BYRD-sTREET STATION.
700 A. NJ. Daily. Tor Washington and
points North. Stops an Eiba.
Ashland, Taylorsville boswell
RUther Glen, Penola, Milford.
Woodslane, Guinea, Summit.
Fredericksburg, Brooke. and
Whitewater Philharmonic
1900 III. Daily, except Sunday, for
Washington and points North
Stops at Elba. Glen Allen.
Ashland, boswell, Milford
fredericksburg, Brooke, and
Whitewater Parlor-Car Also,
connects with Congressional
Limited at Washington.
40 T. NJ. DAILY Tor sFashington and
points North. Stops at Elba.
Ashland, boswell Milford
Fredericksburg Brooke. and
Underwater. and other stations
Sundays. Sleeper. Richmond
TO New York
ARRIVE BYRD-STREET STATION.
$40 A. NJ. Daily Stops at Whitewater
Brooke Fredericksburg. NIL
ford, boswell. Ashland and
Eibd, and other stations Sum
days. Sleeper New York to
Richmond.
2:45 p. NJ. Daily, except Sunday stops
NJ WlueW~Ner Brooke, Frede-
ricksburg, Summit. Guinea
Woodslane. Milford. Penola
Ruther Glen. boswell. Taylors-
VILE Ashland. Glen Allen. and
Elba. Parlor-Car from Wash
ington.
7I0 p. NJ. Daily. Stops only at Frede-
ricksburg,. boswell. and Ash
land. Pullman-Cars from New
York and Washington.
1928 a. M. Daily Stops at Whitewater.
Brooke. Fredericksburg. Sum
NIT, Guinea, Woodslane. Mil
ford Penola. Ruther Glen.
boswell. Ashland. Glen Allen.
and Elba. Seeping-Car Con-
meets with Congressional
Limited between New York
ald Washington.
FREDERICKSBURG ACCOMMODATION
DAILY except Sunday)
400 p. NJ. Leaves Byrd-Street Station.
$50 a. NJ Arrives Byrd-Street Station.
ASHLAND TRAINS.
DAILY, except Sunday)
6:42 A. NJ. Leaves Elba.
Go +. NJ. Leaves Elba-
$50 A. NJ. Arrives Elba.
Goo Il, NJ. Arrives Elba.
G. A. TAYLOR. Traffic Manager.
e. ]. ID. MYERS. President. no 10
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19

II takes nerve to face an enraged bull and
naunt in his face the color that lie hates IL
is a foolish and reckless thing for any man
TO do. but thousands upon thousands of men
and women are daily facing a peril before
which the bull fighters danger fades into
insignificance. The bull fighter Is armed,
trained and fully prepared for his battle
The thousands who stand face TO face with
that dread and insidious foe, consumption,
are but lily equipped for the struggle. The
man or woman who would successfully With
stand the inroads Of the deadly germs OF
consumption needs t. have arteries bound.
ing with the rich, red, life giving biood
of health. DR.. pierce's Golden Medical
Discovery is without an equal as a blood
maker and flesh builder. 1t cleanses and
strengthens the lungs and cures IS per cent
of ali cases of consumption.
Miss Lucy Kloefier, Vi Armada, Mich, writes:
"When was about eight years OF age had IN
hammation OF the lungs. and from that time up
was sick nearly all the time and had a doctor
nearly all the time Iwould take cold so easilyt
would 90 right 10 my lungs. At the age OF nine
teen was verv bad there was pain III my lungs
tickling in my throat and my throat was studded
with ulcers there was hOarseness and partial sup
preston Of voice aud difficulty OF breathing; l
doctorcd with one OF our best physicians and he
said he could not help ne aud just prescribed cod
liver oil and told my mother could not live longer
than three months. kept getting weaker every
day when at last a friend asked me why did not
Try DIT Pierce's Golden Medical Discovery
thought there was no use. no more help Tor me as
CONSUMPTION was in our family. My father and
also nv sister died with it but after taking
the FIRST bottle seemed to feel better. My appette
was better and kept right on taking II, WIN
bottle Of the Pellets once in a while, until felt
real well Before taking il, / weighed one hun
dred and ten pounds, after taking 4, one hundred
and thirty. have not had cough tins winter
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
DEPARTURE OF STEAMERS.
VIRGINIA NAVIGATION sgss.
BAY-LINE JAMEs-RIvER ROUTE.

REDUCED RATES.
PEST PASSENGER AND FREIGHT
ROUTE BETWEEN RICHMOND
AND THE NORTH. VIA THE
ELEGANT AND + Asst
STEAMER VIRGINIA,
COMMENCING SATURDAY. JULY IS,
1896
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
RAILROAD LINES
"a M 7R - zzz r,.,
NsM7!M NoIt9'k@Wssten
sz~~srszas.s Schedule in Eject
NOVEMBER s leae


STATION. NIT
300 A. NJ. Daily Richmond and ~,
NESrfBULE LIAIITrn' TOR
cOnd- class tickets nof .'' p.
on this train. -ti'el
9.05 A. II. Daily, THE CHICAGO ne.
Pktss'" tor IHnchbarf ~
noke, Columbus. arf 'Stis-
cago. Pullman sieeper pr
noke 70 Columbus. az, "t'
ItaGtord, Bristol. Kr.-.,...f
chattanooga, an. intermei..,.
7.3O p. ". Daily. for Norfolk s,~..
and intermediate station. 'e'k,
1850 i. NJ Daily for Lynchtu-g
Roanoke Connects - anl
Win washington ana Cf,...s
nooga Limited. Pullman s.
ers Roanoke 20 Mcnrts 70,
New Orleans. 4 Nl4
PULLMAN SLEEPER hetwocr Dr,..
MOND and LYNCHBCRG roafc ~ u.
cupancy at 9 L. NJ. also. PIllro.r ~ o'
Petersburg 10 Roanoke '.'lef
Trains arrive Richmond from I'M.
burg ard the West daily $50 a ,l'i.'-
$50 =. NJ. From Norfolk and th. r4., ll
A. NJ, and Nestlbuled Limited 70
ONCE S2s Main street. -.
r. W. COURTNEY
District Passenger Aee.t
". b BENTTT.
General lafseroar Aeon,
General Cficcs: HOanOss " ror
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
TO DISCONTINUE BUSINESS,
n. LEHMAN
No. S27 east Broad street,
s UvCESSOR TO A. COHEN 4 co.
ONLY A FEW WEEKS MORE
70 GET THE
IN THE ART LINE.

BIGGEST BARGAINS EVER OFFERED
IN THE ART LINE.
There are sJu some Very Fine pictures
left which viii be sold REGARDLESS or COST.
You will find In the collection yet SOM
very fine EngIavinss. EtchihBS' Na'e'
CoiOrs and OIL Paintings.
In Frames We can please al, from NV
smallest 70 the lsreest from medium 70
best qualities, at prices that VIII aseonlS"'
To look az them means 10 buy them.
Plush Francs.--ln order TO close out the
entire lot this week. we have marked 'he
whole lot at zJc. each. None cost less
than zoe. some Of them as much as 81
We still make Frames 10 order Al nau
the usual price. Bring IN your pictures
and have them framed.
In Mirrors there are some Large MAN
tel Mirrors. Cabinet Mirrors, half mantel
size. at figures that Will insure their
quick sale.
IN HOLIDAY GOODS
We have novelties In Albums. Dressing
cases. Jewel Boxes. Work Boxes. Mani
cure Sets: Gloves. Necktie, Collars. ana
cuff Boxes: Perfumed Sets &c. &c. we
would call the attention o. country mer-
chants as we viii Job these goods AZ
prices that will enable you TO sell them
at wholesale price and still douDie your
money. ... ,.,.,
SEVERAL HUNDRED PICTURE EAS-
ELS AT LESS THAN HALE PRICE.
81 Wall Pockets a. &c. worth SOC.
Mirror Plates. Mouldngs. and many
other goods AT half their usual price.
(no 15-Su.Tu&Th)
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
TUESDAY. THURSDAY, AND sATUR-
NrONDAY. WEDNESDAY. AND FRI
.NC-'' DAY

Nv Few York b. q .. r. RI. .1l:sO A. NJ
~ New York CP. Il. RI ........ll 100 A. NJ.
~ Philadelphia %. & 0. r. RI. 1885 p. NJ
" philadelphia (P. r. R)...... 112 p. NJ.
" baltimore (Bay Line) ...... 400 p. NJ.
Richmond .....s.sr.-...s.+. ~ 10 a. M
1'ba triD by this steamer affords a most
antnvable sail on the James river and
Cbessueake Bay. passing Dutch Gap, Ber-
mii,ia Hundred. city Point, Newport
Neyys Hampton. and Old Point, and
through Hampton Roads. The service of
tered Is unsurpassed In every particular
lave and uXuriantly furnished saloons
and state-rooms, heated by steam, AID
lighted by electricity.
Sricl<ets sold TO all points North. East,
and West. and baggage checked to destl-
nation. State-rooms reserved upon appli-
No S6 east Main street. or on board
steamer. For further information apply
70 II. NJ. BOYKIN
ty 30 General Agent
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19

=. ST. IoHs, yiss. Tresiasst .aa esassa sAsasr'
vE nssKT, Osssssl sassrisis.seai
wvr atcyye IA. ANDERSON,
H. W. H. rs.... es.sr.l Rss.s -.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1896-11-19
s. lIIlrnan'S Son.

1920 AND 1922 EAST MAIN STREET.
Uptown Store, J06 east Marshall.
phone al5. Phone 81.
(no 31-Sa, Tu&Th)
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03
DIAz ON THE DOCTRINE.

The able address of President Diaz to
the Congress of Mexico is an open and
hearty acceptance of the Monroe doctrine
and an earnest recommendation that it be
made the policy of all the American re-
publics. How this is.to be done President
Diaz does not presume to say, but mani
testify the proper procedure would be an
alliance of all the American republics
for defense against European aggression.
Such an alliance might be ex tended in its
operation to cover other interests that are
common to the republics.
An important consideration in any alli-
ance among these countries is a total ap-
sence of fear that the United States would
seek to secure undue advantage in the
way either of enlarging its territory at the
expense OF it's neighbors or of advancing
its commercial interests on selfish lines.
Although nothing ever occurred until the
raising of the Venezuelan question to
bring about sympathy among the Western
republics, the lesson of that difficulty is
that some kind of political and CONNER
cial alliance would be wise. The Pan
American congress was productive OF no
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03
STATE INVESTMENTS.

AttorneyGeneral Fitzgerald seems to
have made a clear explanation of the
charge that he has opposed the invest
ment of State school funds in the bonds
issued by various counties of the State.
His position as stated by himself is that
he has opposed such investments only in
the cases of bonds which he deemed to
have been irregularly issued, and that he
strongly believes the State should in
vest in home bonds in preference to those
issued by the Government, so that the
interest may be kept at home.
The contention of the Sacramento Bee,
which made the charge against him. is
that he has passed adverse judgment on
bonds which had already been accepted as
good by responsible banks. Clearly that
fact could have no more weight with the
AttorneyGeneral than to make his in
spection of the bonds all the more thor
ough and his Judgment all the more relia-
bic. At the same time it is assumed that
the banks have invested only after their
attorneys have passed on the securities.
In such case it would be merely differ
ence of opinion between attorneys, and
that is not an extraordinary thing.
The real point in the whole question is
why the Attorney General, charged as he
is with SO grave responsibilities, should
ever have had occasion to question the
manner in which county bonds have been
issued? When we reflect that the bonds
were issued under the sanction of the Dis
| trict Attorneys of the counties, and ap-
proved by the attorneys employed by the
purchasing banks, the weight of authority
is against the Attorney General, and his
| responsibility is no greater than that of
either of the other sets of attorneys Still
his position is more conspicuous and his
advice of more far-reaching influence
When he advises against the bonds of any
county the situation is very serious and
| requires study.
Were it not for the fact that several
counties have acquired an unpleasant no.
toriety for misusing the public funds the
subject might be easily dismissed as one
Of q difference of opinion between lawyers.
But that fact alone creates presumption
in the Attorney Generals favor. Califor-
mia has already suffered seriously from
that cause. One of the reasons why. it
would be difficult to bond San Francisco
for Improvements that would be wise in
vestment is fear that some irregularity
would appear in the handling of the funds
as we'll as the issuance of the bonds. The
State cannot expect to prosper until that
draw back has been removed by resort to
hatter po1itics
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03

substantial results, but that was merely
because the time was not ripe and the re-
publlcs had not yet recognized the inn
portance of concerted action.
President Diaz unqualifedIy accepts
the Monroe doctrine as one that does not
concern the United States alone and says
the United States should not be expected
to support it unaided. The doctrine is
even more vital to the weaker republics
than to the United States. for this Nation,
unlike the others, is physically able to
hold its own against any European power.
1t would be exceedingly ungracious on the
part OF the southern republics to leave the
United Stat es to support alone principle
that is more vital to them than us. AS
Mexico is the greatest OF the republics
next to the United States it may be ex-
pected that the example set by President
Diaz will be cheerfully followed by the
smaller states. The next important thing
to be done is such action by the Mexican
Congress as will invest the acceptance of
the principle with the whole dignity and
power of Mexico.
The questions of tariff and finance that
are SO serious for the people of the United
States will becomes equally grave with the
southern republics when they shall have
developed their natural resources to the
point attained by us. That is merely a
question OF time, but it would be well for
these republics to profit now by the mis-
takes which have been committed in the
United States and thus avoid the evils
upon which we have fallen. Upon return
OF the Republican party to full power it
should be leading idea to amalgamate
the interests of all the American republics
by means of comprehensive agreement
that shall look to the pro lection of the in
dustries OF all the American republics as
we'll as resista nee of any attempt on the
part OF Europe to secure political hold
on this continent.
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03

the hill mentioned has a most startling
effect on the observer Not only does the
structure appear out of plumb vertically, put
all of the floors appear to slant down on tne
southern side. The copper dome on the TOP
looks as if ready to roll Off and the bronze
angel has the effect of getting ready to take
a plunge into space, just as If it had already
become tired of offending the artistic senses OF
the people.
The principal cause OF the illusion is the
polished copper dome, that SO catches the
glare of the sun as to be broken up INTO
number of planes of light and shade. Ihe
strong light on one side of the globe causes a
portion Of it to disappear from view. On the
top OF Devisadero-street hill clump OF poplsrs
grow in just the right place to produce tne
effect of being the continuation OF the line Oh
the dome. They meet the edge OF the dome
at their tops and from there slant downwaId
to the north and blend in with the other pulIo-
ings near by.
On the south side of the dome a building,
that is light in color, so cuts into the shaoow
of the dome as to produce the effect OF bendlng
the side line inward. The unbalanced COM
position of the lines in the buildings over
which the dome can be seen are such as to
strengthen the illusion.
Only the upper portion of the dome shows
above the Devisadero-street hill. which in IT.
self produces q somewhat grotesque effect.
The buildings of the City Hall proper seem to
have melted into the ground. From the hill
on the opposite side Of .McAlllster street the IL
lusion is not visible
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03

Monica appropriation as concession to
the Huntington forces, and through fear
that San Pedro would be neglected. Messrs.
Bowers, Barham and Mcguire seem to have
opposed the Santa Monica appropriation
because it was manifestly wrong and was
opposed by the united sentiment of Cali
fornia. Hence it does not appear either
that Mr.. McIIachlan was working in the
interest of the Southern Pacific or that the
others were willing to sacrifice the inter
ests of the State in order to balk the selfish
grab Of the railroad The simple truth
very likely is that the Southern Pacific
was willing that both appropriations
should be stricken out in order that San
Pedro should not be improved and the
possibility of a monopoly at Santa Monica
destroyed. It behooves the entire Califor-
MIA delegation to arrive at clear under
standing and work harmoniously to undo
the harm that is threatened.
The San Francisco call., 1896-04-03
THE PRIMARY ELECTION.

The Republican County Central Com
mittee met last evening and resolved
itself into committees Tor the Fourth and
part of the Fifth Congressional dis
tricts respectively. The commlttee repre-
senting the Fourth District then pro-
ceeded to call primary election to be
held on April 10, at which the Republi-
cans OF San Francisco may express their
preferences for delegates to the coming
State Convention. The committee repre-
senting the Fifth District will undoubt-
ediy follow the example. This action
is in accordance with the letter and spirit
of the resolutions Of the Republican Ma
tional and State Central committees, and
is also in harmony with the popular idea
as to the proper method of opening po-
litical campaign.
The primary election is safeguard to
liberty of political action. 1t is the peo-
pies place TO make their influence felt in
the very framework of political party or
ganization. It's honest conduct insures a
large degree of independence in the con-
ventions which succeed it, and discourages
the aim of the unworthy to rise to power
in defiance of the popular will. The men,
bers of the County Committee have there
fore acted wisely in resolving that an
honest and open primary election shall be
held in San Francisco this year.
A study of the call which has been
adopted and is issued justifies the hope
that the coming primary election will be
open, honest and fair. Especial precau-
tions appear to have been taken to insure
these conditions and to guarantee to every
voter thereat the right to have his one
ballot peaceably cast and honestly counted
for the delegates Of his choice. The char
acter of the leaders who are at the helm of
the Republican party of California is an
added assurance that this guarantee will
be fully and exactly kept at the coming
primaries. The City of San Francisco
may well felicitate herself with the fact
that an era of honest politics has fairly
dawned for her people and that the winter
of her discomfort is past.