davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
DESPERATE BANK ROBBERS.
One Killed, One Injured and q
Third Escaped.

LA GRANDE, Or. Oct. 2.-The First Ma
tional Bank of Joseph. Wallowa county, was
robbed of $1,000 by three men, one of whom
is dead. another badly wounded, while the
third is being pursued by posse of citizens.
At the time Of the hold-up, there were four
customers in the bank. Cashier McCully had
occasion to go to a vault. When he came
bank he was confronted with a shotgun in the
hands of q robber. and told to throw up
his hands. The customers had already COM
piled with the request, and McCully did like
wise. One OF the robbers leaped over the
railing and opened the private door, through
which the men were made to pass, and were
then lined up against the wall. One robber
took his position at the door, and compelled
all passers by to halt and throw up their
hands. The third rober went into the vault
taking all the coin and currency. even to
nickels placing them in a sack. He then
demanded from McCully the keys to the pri-
vate boxes and ransacked them. By this time
the report that the bank was being robbed
reached the citizens. several Of whom armed
themselves and awaited the appearance of
the robbers. When they appeared, Alex DON
nelly, a young man twenty-five years of age
opened fire. The first robber was killed, the
second was shot twice. The third robber
who had the coin, succeeded In reaching his
forSe and ESCAPED.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
MORE RATES ARE CUT.
But Figures ON Flour Are to BE Re-
stored,


1t would be something very unusual
nowadays if whole day should pass
without adding a new chapter in the
Waged all over the country. Yesterday
brought the usual result It was an
nounced during the afternoon that
the Union Steamboat company and the
Lehigh Valley Transportation compa-
ny had cut the rates ten cents on the
first three classes Of freight and five
cents on the remaining three, from
Buffalo to Chicago, which gives a sew
enty cent basis, the same as was Of
Tered by the Great Lakes Steamship
company to st. Paul via Manitowoc
However, the trunk lines have failed
TO protect the Great Lakes company
and it Is understood that Manager
Gordon has been compelled to withdraw
has tariffs, at least that is what it
amounts to, as he cannot move his
freight until he receives the assistance
of the trunk lines.
The cut of the Lehigh and the Union
does not affect ST. Paul territory now
but it very likely will, for the same
tariffs will, beyond question, be made
70 Duluth by competing lines. When
this happens, the all-rail lines will
have to do something to even matters
up. and thus the war will go on.
There is one change on the face of
cAAOVAA' AO"eNSh. WHICH Is the only
comforting ray of happiness the rail-
roads have had for many a day. Yes
terday afternoon Chairman Midgley.
OF the defunct Western Freight associ-
alton. wired st. Paul lines that ne had
secured the consent of all the st. Paul
chicago lines to the restoration of
hour rates from 221a to 20 cents per
hundred pounds. The restoration is
therefore ordered to take effect
Oct %.
The rate on apples from Buffalo to
st. Paul was cut from Is to IL cents
yesterday. The 500, In making a
rate, charged the Northern Steamship
company with secretly establishing
the rate several days ago.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

STATE OF MINNESOTA. COUNTY OF
District.
William H. Winslow. plaintiff, VS.. Capital In
vestnlent Company, a corporation; Mary J.
Lamb, Edward r. Gilman, Alexander Cath
cart. Frank NJ. Schwartz, Robert P.
Schwartz. Adolph P. Schwartz and Joseph
Schwartz, copartners as Schwartz Brothers:
Anton Nepil M. Louise D. Fernstrom and
alton. defendants
Notice is hereby given that under and by
virtue Of a Judgment and decree entered in
the above entitled action on the 18th day
of August. 1886. in said Court copy Of
which Judgment and decree. duly certified
by the Clerk OF said Court, has been deliy-
cred to me with instructions TO enforce the
of Ramsey. on Monday, the 18th day of Octo-
Der. A. D. 1896, at ten O'Clock in the forenoon,
at the Cedar Street main entrance to the
County Court House and City Hail. in the City
of st. Paul. In said County, I will offer for
sale at public auction and sell to the highest
bidder for cash the premises described iii
said Judgment and decree, to wit: Lots
twelve 90. thirteen Q3l, fourteen a., If
teen d6). sixteen Q6l, seventeen Q7). eighteen
dsl, nineteen t19l, twenty t2e) and twenty
one Gil, of William r. Merriam's Rear
rangemeDt,- according to the recorded plat
thereof on file in the ONCE of the Register of
Deeds for said County, to satisfy the sum of
thirtyfour thousand and sixty-five and
$1,000 1884, 065. 5e) dollars, with interest from
the date of said judgment, and fees and ex-
penses.
Dated August 2Sth, 1899.
CHARLES E. CHAPEL,
Sheriff Of Ramsey County Mimi
John f, Fitzpatrick,
Plaintiffs Attorney, st. Paul, Minn.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
TT WILL QUIT ITS MINNEAPOLIS
DEPOT ARRANGEMENTS THIS
MONTH,
ACCORDING To AN OFFICIAL,
WHOSE AUTHORITY FOR THE RE-
MOyAI. is SAID TO BE BEYOND
QUESTION.
PROGRESS OF THE RATE WAR
More Rates Are sIashed, but Flour
Rates TO Chicago VIII Go Back
Oct. ~.

The rumor that the 500 would can
Gel it's contract with the Great North
ern Union Depot company at Mime
apolis and join issues with the North
ern Pacific, st. Paul & Duluth, and the
Milwaukee, at the terminal station of
the latter road, was verified semi-of-
fcially yesterday by high official
of the 500. 1t is understood that the
500 will cast its fortune with the
Milwaukee a week from Sunday, using
the Northern Pacific short line from
Minneapolis to ST. Paul, and entering
the st. Paul Union depot as usual
There is but little doubt that the
change will be made on the date men
toned, and If not then, upon the first
of November. when the Soo's contract
with the Great Northern expires.
The reason for the forthcoming with
draWal of the 500 is said TO be the
same which caused the withdrawal
of the Northern Pacific and the ST. Paul
& Duluth, viz. excessive rentals
charged by the Great Northern, and a
generally unsatisfactory contract.
1t can easily be seen that with four
busy railway systems using the pres
ent small terminal station Of the Mil
waukee, that the conduct Of business
will necessarily be carried on under
difficulties, and this gives strength to
the rumor which has been current for
months, that the erection Of a new
terminal station In Minneapolis will
be commenced within a short time
1t is believed that the combined rail-
roads already have an option on a tract
of land in the Mill City, upon which
the proposed new terminal station will
be erected. The G 10 b e. S authority
for the statement is gentlemen who
has talked with General Manager I'm
derwood within the past few days.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
MEETS WITH LITTLE FAVOR.
Project to Revive the Western
Freight Association.

The attempt being made by western
presidents to reestablish the Western
Freight association is not meeting with
any great amount of success. At the
last meeting of the magnates, Presi-
dent Marvin Hughitt. Of the North
western, was authorized to- communi-
cate with all the presidents who were
not present and sound them upon the
reorganization project. No one ex-
pected President Stickney, of the Great
Western, would Join the move, unless
the lines of the association were radi-
cally changed, for it was known that
Mr.. Stickney is very much dissatisfied.
But no one expected other presidents
to bolt, and when President Hughitt
received a letter from General Manager
Ramsey, of the Wabash, saying that
the latter road was tired Of the faith
1essness shown by other roads. and
would go 1t alone, there was consider
able surprise. The refusal of the
Wabash is likely to be followed by
others, and the reorganization of the
w. f. A. is still far off.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
TO MEET MARTINELLI.
New PapaI AbIegate Due in New
York Soon.

WASHINGTON, Oct, 2. = Mgr.
Sbaretti and DR.. Rocker, of the papal
legation, have gone to New York to
meet Archbishop Martinelli. who Is to
arrive on the Campania, now about
due. The archbishop may stop over
all night with Archbishop Corrigan, but
there will be no ceremony in his honor
at New York. He will report as soon
as practicable in Washington to Car
dinal Satolli, whom he succeeds as the
popes representative In the United
States. It Is believed Archbishop Mar
tinelli will not resign his position as
head of the Augustian order, but will
nominate a deputy to exercise his
powers and functions while he remains
in the United States.
There is report that the new apos-
tolie delegate carries with him the ap-
pointment of a successor to the late
Bishop Ryan. of Buffalo Two names
have been mentioned for this position
the Rev. DR.. Quigley, rector of the
Buffalo Cathedral, and the Right Rev.
John M. Farley, vicar general and
auxiliary bishop of New York.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03


STATE OF MINNESOTA, County Of Ramsey
SIS. District Court. Second judicial Dis
Defendant.
SUMMONS.
The State Of Minnesota to the above named
Defendant:
You, Carl A. Helgren. are hereby summoned
and required to answerTthe complaint in this
action, which has been filed with the Clerk of
said Court, and to serve copy Of your an
sWer to the said complaint on the subscriber
at his Office. Room $40, Manhattan Building
corner of Fifth and Robert streets in the
City of st. Paul, Minnesota, within thirty
days after the service Of this summons upon
you, exclusive of the day of such service and
If you fail to answer the said complaint WITH
in the time aforesaid, the Plaintiff in this ac-
ton viii apply to the Court for the relief de-
manded in the complaint.
Dated September Goth, 1856.
FRANK o. OSBORNE,
Plaintiffs Attoraey
$40 Manhattan Bldg. st. Paul Mimi
oct3-1o-17-24- a1noF7
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
PROPOSALS FOR HAY AND
OATS.

once OF the Board Of Fire Commissioners
st. Paul, Sept. %, 1896
Sealed proposals will be received by the
Board OF Fire Commissioners at their Office
Oct Is, 1896. at o'clock p. M. for furnish
ing the fire department with three hundred
5000 tons best quality Of upland wild hay
quality No. white oats, Of the crop of 1885
In sacks sacks to be returned). Both hay
and oats for immediate delivery at the sew
eral houses OF the department. A sample Of
oats to be FURNISHED to accompany bid
Proper BORIS will be required for faithful
performance OF contract. The Board reserves
the right to reject any and all bids.
Bids must be Endorsed Proposals for Hay
and Oats" and directed to the undersigned.
BY order Of the Board.
ALFRED s. HALL, Secretary
Sept Is, 20, 30, Oct. i. 2, 8.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
MIR. BUM is HOME
From the Trial of the Spokane Rate
Case.

General Counsel C. w. Bum, of the
Northern Pacific returned from the
Pacific coast yesterday where he has
been for a week or two. Mr.. Bum
was called West to argue the railroads
side of the celebrated Spokane rate
case. All the arguments are now in
and the transcontinental roads are
awaiting a decision with much interest
as the issue is one of no little import
ance. The wholesale merchants OF
Spokane, commenced suit against the
transcontinental lines, claiming a gross
discrimination. They sued to secure
terminal rates, as the coast cities have
lower tariffs than Spokane, which is 400
miles inland. The railroads claim that
they are compelled to give the sea
coast lower rates to meet competition
via the Horn and the Isthmus of Pana-
ma. A large amount Of testimony was
taken from San Francisco, Portland,
Seattle and other points to prove that
the railroads were compelled to give
sea board points low tariffs in order
to secure any business.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
SLEEPING CAR STATUS.
Northern Pacific's Future Is as Yet
Undecided,

The contract between the Northern
Pacific and the Pullman Palace Car
company expired Thursday. as hither-
to stated in the G | O b e. Until Presi-
dent Winter and General Manager
Kendrick return from the Pacific coast,
the Pullman company will continue to
run their cars upon the present agree
ment, and the new deal will not be
consummated until that time, although
1t is well known what the arrangement
will be. 1t is generally understood that
the Pullman contract will be
renewed, but under materially
altered conditions. The officials of the
road decline to make any statement
for the present. The Northern Pacific
has the option of renewing the con-
tract, or buying the Pullman company's
share of the cars.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
DR.. TELLER
1870 {. Eth Street, St. Paul, MINI.

Speedily cures all private, nervous. chronic
and blood and skin diseases of both sexes,
from business. NO CURE, NO PAY. Prf-
vate diseases, and all old, lingering cases
where the blood has become poisoned caus-
ing ulcers, blotches. sore throat and mouth,
of the kidneys and bladder are cured for
life. Men Of all ages who are suffering from
the results of youthful indiseretions or ex-
cesses of mature years producing nervous
ness, Indigestion, constipation loss of men,
DRY, ETC., are thoroughly and permanently
cured $50
DR.. Teller, who has had many years Of ex-
perience In this speciality, Is a graduate from
one of the leading medical colleges Of the
country. He has never failed in curing any
cases that he has undertaken. Cases and
correspondence sacredlyo confidential. Call or
write for list Of questions. Medicine sent by
mail and express everywhere free from risk
and exposure. s. SIS
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

SEALED BIDS FOR THE WORK OF RE-
selling the race track upon the State Fair
Grounds at Hamline will be received BY the
undersigned at the Office upon the Fair
Grounds, where specifications for the
work may be found until Tues
day. October 6th, 1896, at ten o'clock
e. m. certified check for ten per cent Of
the amount of the bid must accompany each
proposition as guarantee OF good faith
The right to reject any or all bids liz reserved
z. w. RANDALL, Secretary.
Hamlins, MINI.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
Burlington omcia1. Spilled.

OTTUMWA, To-, Oct. 1.-The special car Of
Supt. Levy, Of the Burlington. with number
wreck at Krum this morning. None of the
officials were badly hurt Harry Moore. a
fagman. was killed. The wreck was caused
by passenger train backing from a side
track into freight
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

The annual meeting Of the Lake Superior
Terminal & Transfer company will be held
at Hudson today. A president and board Of
directors will be elected. The company is
Minnesota St Paul & Duluth, Omaha and
the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic The
functions Of the company are identical with
those Of the Minnesota Transfer company.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
Firemen Accent a Cut.

WEST SUPERIOR, Wis, Oct. 1.-The fire.
men of this city have finally agreed to accept
the first reduction offered them, which was
q schedule with $50 per month as minimum
pay. They took it instead of the minimum
Of S45 per month that none of their number
might be discharged. The fremen will, how
ever. seek other Jobs as fast as possible.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

Will be rendered more beneficial and the
fatigues of travel counteracted, If the voyager
will take along with him Hostetter's Stomach
Bitters. and use that protective and enabling
tonic, nerve fnvigorant and appetizer regu-
larly. Impurities In air and water are neutral
ICED by it, and it Is matchless tranquilizer
and regulator of the stomach liver and bowels
1t counteracts malaria rheumatism, and a
tendency to kidney and bladder ailments.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
CONTRACT WORK = SEWER ON WOOD
STREET, SOUTH ROBERT STREET AND
COLORADO STREET

CONTRACT WORK = SEWER ON WOOD
STREET, SOUTH ROBERT STREET AND
COLORADO STREET
once Of the Commissioner OF Public Works,
City Of st. Paul. Mimi, Sept. rs, 1885,
Sealed bids will be received by the Com
missioner of Public Works in and for the
corporation Of the City of st. Paul. Mime
sofa, at his office in said city. until 2 p m.
on the Sth day Of October, A. d. 1896 for the
construction of sewer on Wood street. from
Starkey street to South Robert street: also
on South Robert street, from Wood street to
Delos street: also on Colorado street, from
South Robert street to Clinton avenue in
said city, according to plans and specifca-
tions on file in the Office of said Commits
sioner
A bond with at least two ~ sureties, in
a sum Of at least twenty (20) per cent, or
certified check on bank of st. Paul In
sum of at least ten uo) Fer cent Of the
gross amount bid must accompany each bid
Said check shall be made payable to the
Commissioner of Public Works.
The said Commissioner reserves the right
to reject any and all bids.
JOHN COPELAND.
OficiaI: Commissioner.
JOHN G. MUELLER,
Clerk Commissioner OF Public Works.
Sept. Is to Oct g.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
UAIRVOYANT.

RETURNED-MAE RoMAINE, Clairvoyant.
business and developing medium Correct
separations, law suits, etc.; reunites the
separated, causes speedy and happy mar
riages, removes evil influences, family
troubles and jealousy. Those wishing cor
rect and reliable advice should not fail to
call. Letters with stamp answered. Hours
to 8 daily and Sunday. Parlors ri East
College ay.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
Steamer Seized.

SAULT STE MARIE. Mich, Oct. 2-The
Canadian steamer Manitoba was seized here
this morning by the deputy collector of Gus
toms to satisfy unpaid fines for violations
of the regulations of the United States treas
ury department for navigation of the 500
river.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
Clerk Commissioner Of Public Works.
CONTRACT woRK-sEwER ON wALrHAM

CONTRACT WoRK-sEWER ON WALTHAM
AVENUE.
Office Of the Commissioner OF Public Works
City of st. Paul, Mimi, Sept 28 1896.
Sealed bids will be received by the Com
missioner Of Public Works In and for the
corporation Of the City Of st. Paul Minne-
sofa at his Office In said city, until D. M
on the 10th day Of October. A. D. 1896, for
the construction OF sewer on Wa1tham ave-
Laura avenue to ST. Anthony avenue thence
along st. Anthony avenue easterly to Fair
view avenue, In said city, according to plans
and specifications file In the office of said
Commissioner.
A bond with at least two ca sureties In a
sum of at least twenty (20) per cent of the
gross amount bid must accompany each bid
The said Commissioner reserves the right to
reject any and all bids.
JOHN COPELAND.
Commissioner Of Public Works.
Of1cial:
JOHN G. MUELLER,
Clerk Commissioner OF Public Works
Sept. 30 to Oct. 10.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
CONFERENCE A FAILURE.
Western Roads and the 500 Fniled
to Agree.

CHICAGO, Oct. 1.-The conference
Of the Chicago-St Paul lines, with the
500 line and the Canadian Pacific ra-
garding the East and West-bound rates
from ST. Paul. has adjourned without
accomplishing anything The differ
entail asked by the 500 line came down
TO 81 from $780, hut the others could
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

MIDWAY HORSE MARKET-The arms of
William Cunningham & Co. and FL. A.
Winslow will sell jointly Tuesday Thurs
day and Saturday, at auction; ali clas SEES
always ON hand; strictly commission con-
signments solicited.
BARRETT C ZIMMERMAN'S HORSE
auction and commission stables at Midway,
Minnesota Transfer. st. Paul, Mimi. the
largest horse dealers in the Northwest.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
FARM LANDS.

FARM-For lease, Crosby homestead 80
acres land: best pasture In state; fine i'm
provements; grand chance for right party.
Inquire Esterly, II, Germania Bank Build
ing "
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
AUCTION SALES.
A. G.. Jobnsou AucttoDa

HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE AT AUCTION
I Will sell at public auction In the store
no 2SS and 240 East Seventh ST., corner Of
Wacouta. the contents OF ten-room and
nfteen- room residence. on Saturday, Oct s,
at 10 a. M. the furniture consisting Of
parlor suits, easy chairs, fancy rockers
wardrobes, touches, sofas, iron beds. ex-
tension table. sideboards, dining room
chairs. fine bedroom suits, springs, hair
and moss mattresses single dressers, chff-
foniers. one WEIGH folding bed, scost s85;
lot Of moquette. body Brussels and ingram
carpets. dishes, glassware, cooking utensils,
ETC., one West Point heater. one art Gar
land, Favorite stoves Square and as good
as new.l Housewives looking for bargains
In good, substantial furniture cannot afford
to miss this SALE A. G. Johnson, Auctioneer
23S and 240 East Seventh st
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

CONTRACT INCORPORATING THE ALLEY
IN BLOCK g. MERRIATS REARRANGE-
MENT OF BLOCKS "a, Is, %, n, IS AND
20, MERRIAM PARK
Office Of the Commissioner Of Public Works.
City Of St. Paul, Mimi. Sept 80 1896.
Sealed bids will be received by the Com
missioner Of Public Works In and for the
sofa, at his office In said city, until D. m
on the 18th day Of October, A. D. 1895 for
the grading Of the alley In block 26 Merriam's
20, Merriam Park in said CITY, according to
plans and specifications on file in the ONCE
Of said Commissioner
bond with at least two (2) sureties in a.
sum OF at least twenty (20) per cent of the
gross amount bid must accompany each bid.
The said Commissioner reserves the right
to reject any and all bids.
JOHN COPELAND,
Commissioner.
JOHN @. MUELLER
Clerk Commissioner OF Public Works
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03

ANY ONE CAN BORROW MONEY, any
amount, on diamonds. watches, jewelry
furs, bicycles. typeWriters, at Lytle's, Ali
Robert, opposite Ryan hotel. Watches and
diamonds for sale att half their value at
LytIes, Al Robert ST.
$50 TO $500 short time loans procured on per-
sonal property. Ohio Investment Company
seventh floor, Globe building.
MONEY TO LOAN-on furniture, pianos.
etc., to remain WITH the owner; also on
watches. diamonds, seal oloaks, etc.; loans
strictly private. Room q, First National
Bank Building, corner Fourth and jackson;
Minnesota Mortgage Loan Co.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
BUSINESS CHANCES.

BUSINESS CHANCES.
TOMORROW we will make cabinet photos
for 81 per dozen at 316 Nicollet ay., Min
neapolis.
Dempsie the Nicollet Avenue Photographer
FOR SALE-The Peninsula hotel and annex
or will rent and sell furnishings this house
does good business the year around and
large summer resort business during sea-
son; large grounds, cottages and water in
house. Apply B. L. Bronson, Lindstrom
MIMI. I5g EA5u s391Sta gasbse 5z45r
MILK ROUTE-For sale, milk route, horses
cows, wagons; best tenant In city In
qulre at 626 Mississippi st.
SIS AVERAGE weekly net income with $3.50
proofs, free. F. DAILY, 1898 Broadway, New
CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE-If YOU
are interested In commodities dealt
In on the Chicago Board of Trade, we ask
you to correspond with us and send for our
book on statistics and daily advisory sheet
wheat, Oats and Pork will have a boom
before middle Of October, and Investment
ought to be made now. Trade with reIl-
able firm. II. H. Baumann & Co.. IS Board
of Trade. Chicago.
PARTNER-Wanted, partner with money. to
join me in purchasing established trucking
business in st. Paul. Address S 43, Globe
$15o-IF YOU HAVE $3.50 idle money, send
for free book on speculation. Strifier q
Co. 155 Washington st.. Chicago.
The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, 1896-10-03
INSTRUCTION.

PROF. J. REMER's DANCING ACADENTY-
Oxford hail. Tenth and St. Peter SITS. Glass
meets Monday and Friday evenings; ladies
half price Office hours, to s.