The Hawaiian gazette., 1896-08-07

If those who take the higher class OF
studies. The classes in geography, ar
ithmetic, English, drawing and tonic
sol ia are OF course very large. But
vino would expect that the class in
shorthand would number eleven? The
class in geometry thirteen, that in al
zebra seventeen, and that in nature
study lfty-four. And all these classes
will doubtless be enlarged by additions
as the teachers find they have time for
them.
The classes in pedagogy, method
ology and history of education are also
large. The first numbers in the neigh
borhood of eighty, the second counts
forty-two, and the third thirty-elght,
in spite of the strong counter attrac-
lions of chart methods and kindergar-
ten songs.
The early hour of the lecture, which
is one of a course in geology and physl-
cal geography. and the mistake in the
hour as published in some of the even
ing papers, kept the audience from be-
ing as large as it would have been
About twenty-five, however, gathered
ia the music room" of the High School
building at $50 last evening to listen
TO the professor.
DR.. Lyons said, in substance:
Get your pupils interested in the
materials of the earth's crust, the first
| thing. Perhaps the best way to do that
is 10 get them to find specimens OF
rock. etc. Do not describe or call at
tention to the peculiarities of the spe-
|
This can be done by chipping oil the
corners with a hammer. Label them;
that is. tell first of all where they are
found. and perhaps when. A quarry is
a good place TO find specimens, because
you can there get below the surface OF
the ground When the interest is once
aroused. begin 10 say, this is good
specimen because it shows something
for instance, has a vein of different rock
running through it. Here the profess
sor held up specimen.) 1t is not hard
10 find good specimens; picked this up
this morning before breakfast.
THE rocks are not all, however, nor
the most important part, for them to
consider. The soil is the more import
ant part, though il is usually only a
few inches or feet thick. Take buck
!. etful of ordinary soil, cover it with
water. stir it up until it is muddy, and
pour off the muddy water. Then exam
inc the residue. II you examine 1t
closely, especially with small micro
scope you mill see that it is made up
of sand 1t is well 20 pour off the mud
, dy water into another vessel, say tub
and allow it 10 settle The soft, fine
residuum should also be examined care
fully. II the boys have brought bottles
, or cans of sand from the sea shore
: which should be done-these parts OF
! the soil can he compared with the diff
2 ferent kind OF sand.
Your pupils should then be encour-
: aged 10 think about where they fine
r sand, how it gets there, why sand anC
1 rock, for instance, monopoliZe the bed:
!. of streams and the silt is absent. Al
s experiment may be tried in this line
if you have water works, by turning OF
g the water from hose for twenty-fou1
:. hours or so and then examining tbs
/ work Of the water. These who are no
e so fortunately situated will have Il
V wait for rain. You viii find in eithe
s case that the water has cut out littl
|. channel. has deposited here coars
d gravel, there sand, yOnder silt. Why
Because here the water ran swiftly AM
d only the heavy gravel was dropped
/ slowly yonder and oElT The finest of tn
/ sand carried past. The pupils SHOULD
II be encouraged 10 discover this 70
e themselves.
!" Examining the soil further, you vii
is discover that in that from some place
J. the sand has sharp edges, in other
round. Why? The round has evidentl
= been moved. This has sometimes bee
IT done 10 an enormous extent. The so
J. of Michigan, for instance, was move
N south for hundreds OF miles.
e Another difference You will discove
Y, is in color. The prevailing color i
n many localities here is red. That
ar from the iron in the soil being oxidizeC
er Where there is much RECITATION, how
N ever, the soil is black.
p. THE vegitaton has taken away tn
oxygen and so the soil turns back
r. black. its natural color. Soils are ais
Y. sometimes white. This usually ind
ia Gates lime.
''The most important distinction
Id however, is that first indicated, l. c
IN that OF texture. Soil may be coars
so i. e.. sandy; sticky, that is clayey; {
O. loamy, from decomposition of plant
IN etc, the product being similar to cha
IS coal. but the process much slower
tx In most countries you would find O
close examination OF the residue lie
er by washing that It is small particles
or quartz. Here, however, il usually col
-. 81 l.. T1E-
be composition OF lava, and called olivin
re The black sand may. however, be
of compound OF iron, which may easily
re removed because il is attracted by
er magnet, and hence e called magnetic.
IN You viii find in this much to int
nd est you, and your pupils win also
er greatly interested II yon are 1t shou