The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-10-09
ENGLISH ROAD MAKING.
The System Described by John r. Fox, Q
Devices, England.

The System Described by John r. Fox, 81
Devices, England.
have been for IL years one of the
way Wardens of this parish, and conse-
quently am thoroughly conversantwith
the maintenance of roads, though their
construction was before my time. We
have two classes of road, main and
parish. The main roads are "a feet
wide, and were constructed under the
old turnpike system from $50 years ago.
They are "a feet wide, as rule, of
solid stone, IL inches thick in center
and seven to eight at tables, with either
footpath. at each side from three to
six feet in addition.
In the parish road the total width is
+ 90 feet, of which about 10 to IA is stone
and the sides gFeensward. In all cases
the authority has power to drain the
roads into adjacent private property
and the land owner must get rid of the
surface water jas best he. can. Our
drainage runs through suitable
trenches cut in the greensward into the
bitches of the private corners parallel
with the road on each side; and one of
the duties, and not the least important,
of the surveyor is to see that these
bitches and trenches are kept in good
order, so that the road may be always
kept dry.
To build good road the surveyor
will first have to shape it and provide
for water tables and thorough drain
age, and then put over the whole road
stones broken uniformly to ration
al" size, and these should then be rolled
in with steam roller, if possible, be-
ginning at sides of the road and work.
ing toward the center, so as to keep
perfectly. uniform curve throughout.
The curve must be as slight as posi-
BILE to carry off the water effectually-
If the road is too round all the traffic
will seek the middle of the road, and in
three or, four. months the road would
be what the roadmen call "dished."
Here the waterwould stand in pools and
soon rot the road out.
NAV mention that we employ none
but hand broken stones of a rational
size. They cost about one-half more
than we give for machine broken stones,
and last twice as long, in fact, we would
give double, if necessary, rather than
use machine broken stoney because the
result is so much more satisfactory.
The latter do not bind or consolidate
half as well.
It is important that the stone, what
ever its nature, be small enough, and
as uniform in size as possible.
The best road that can be made Will
soon go to pieces unless it, is constantly
looked after by some competent man.
On the main roads we pay by the day
regular road men two shillings and SIX
pence a day, and the parish roads are
let in lengths Of from three to five
miles to slaboring men, who do all the
work under supervision of the surveyor
but are separately paid for breaking
the stone. which is laid down at the
side of the road on the sward, in sult-
able lots, during the spring and sum
mer. and broken at their convenience
before November, when itney COM
mence putting it on. -,
All our main roads Queens nigh
wavs) were made by separate groups
of tTirnpiEes, under separate acts 'oI
parliament. and the money was collect-
ed BY toll to repay the borrowed caPitai
with interest, and to maintain the
roads. but the toll system was too ex-
pensive-it cost as much to collect the
tolls as to maintain the roads, and pay
off the annual installment OF DEBT ana
interest. So now, the debts having
been all paid of, they are entirely main.
tanned by rate, the main roads out OF
the country rate, and the parish ROADS
bv direct highway rate. The rates run
to about one shilling in the pound:
That is to say, the net rateable value OF
the house I-occupy is & 80, consequent
" I nav 30 shillings q year toward main.
tanning the roads. In towns II, q
course. costs more, because they have
paved foot-paths and more franc u