The record-union., 1896-07-12

suit tndt the 1rSt TWO DfOke-OIe DIT ilic
second, the other at the fifth blow of the
hammer, the drop being twelve feet. Of
the two last made, one broke at the
ninth blow, having withstood three
drops of twelve feet, two of seventeen,
two of twenty and two of twenty-three
feet; and the other at the thirteenth
blow, having withstood three drops OF
twelve feet, two of seventeen, two OF
twenty and six of twenty-three feet.
The test showed conclusively that
wrought iron when brought to white
heat is of very little value unless 1t Is
thoroughly worked under the hammers
until comparatively cool.
~" WELDING.
The method known as "V'' welding
consists of combination of butt and
Jap work. The scarfs are formed by
fitting the two pieces together at an
angle of about 45 degrees. In preparing
qe scarf the throat Of the inside angle
IS made slightly rounding and the point
Ct the outside angle is made to CORES
pond The scarfed surfaces are little
cOnveXed, as are those of the lap
weld, made so for the purpose of insur-
ing perfect weld in the center of the
bar. The 'V'' method is usually en-
ployed where it is necessary to weld
large pieces of iron. In all cases or this
class of work the throat is welded first
by being driven together with a batter
ing ram or heavy sledge hammer ap-
piled at the end of the bar after 1t mas
been brought to the proper heat and be-
fore it is taken out of the fire, If prac-
ticable After this has been satisfac-
torily completed, the piece is placed on
the anvil and the two laps welded. The
same care must be taken with the iron
back of the weld as has already been eX-
planned in the lap welding process. A
good weld can be produced by this
method if good clean heat is secured,
and the treatment described carried out
Defects in welding by this method
frequently happen, and are invariably
found in the throat. They are caused
by not bringing the iron to the proper
heat, or not properly ramming the
pieces together before the side laps
were welded If the throat has not been
welded by being forced together before
the side-laD weld is completed, the
pieces, when placed under the steam
hammer, are apt to draw apart at the
point of intersection and leave a defect
in the bar.
H. StilIman, Engineer of Tests of the
Southern Pacific, made nine tests of
the "V'' weld, all of which showed well
for the textile strength Of the weld. and
when pulled apart the broken ends
showed good fiber structure. All the
tests were made with one and one
half-inch round iron bars in the usual
way-the smith not being permitted to
take more than one heat.
BUTT WELDING.
The simplest, though by no means the
most satisfactory, method of welding is
that known as the butt process. The
parts are prepared by merely upset
ting the ends and leaving the surface
little convex. Both ends are then
brought to the same heat before weld
ing, the surface being kept perfectly
CLEAN When brought to the proper
heat the parts are forced together by
means of battering rams or heavy
sledge- hammers. 1t may be said here
that butt welding is seldom resorted
TO in the Southern Pacific shop. For
Welding small pieces it is impractical
Bile, and in all cases the 'V'' or the
lap weld is preferable.
The method for heavy ring or frame
work OF any description adopted by
Foreman Uren is known as welding by
laying in " or angle pieces" In frame
work the parts to be welded
are bolted together SO as to
hold them firmly together in proper
position while the welding in of the
angle piece is performed. This class of
work requires good judgment on the
part of the smith. The angle is formed
at about % degrees when the pieces are
bolted together while the angle piece
r,l. wedge is made on an angle of about
| 20 degrees, or , degrees less than the
openine between the ends of the two
parts of the ring or frame and to in
sure a perfect weld it must contain
| enough material 10 properly fill the
| Cucning Care is taken that the fibers
/ of the piece to be welded Is run in the
same direction as the fibers of the bars
| TO be joined together the iron used for
| the wedge being composed of old horse
shoes
| The preliminary preparations being
made. the parts to be welded are placed
| in the fire-the small angle piece, or
| wedge. usually in a separate fire-and
| vhen brought to the proper heat the
| bars are placed on the anvil and the
angle piece. or wedge. forced into the
! cavity with heavy sledges, thus thor
| eugly welding the angle surfaces of the
! two ends of the bars.
In 1880 this method was adopted for
welding on the legs Of locomotive
frames instead Of the old method of
/ jumping" them on the main bar, and
| ar. Uren gives three reasons for man
ufacturing the frames by this method.
/ First, easier handling: second, better
Welding is produced and third, when
the frame is completed the different
pieces are left in their normal condition.
1t is next to impossible to make a
| frame by the old method without leav-
.t.g a great strain on the different sec
tions. owing to contraction by cooling
after the YIELDS in the braces have been
made.
The present method of making one of
| these same frames consists of forging
| the main bar or back of the frame
with projections four inches high in
| their proper positions ready to receive
the legs of the frame. This gives plenty
| CT material for forming the necessary
angles In welding. Then the wedge bolt
holes are punched in the legs with suita-
/ bic dies placed under the steam ham
| ner. and the braces are welded onto
| the legs in V shape, as well as onto the
| projections of the main bar The several
| p.eces are next bolted together with
straps across the main bar and braces,
| thus forming complete frame, except
ing only the openings which are to re-
| ceive the small angle pieces. The reel
is then placed in position and swung in
| the crane-no balance weights being