The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-11-20
BY CHARLES L. sHIPLEY.
PART FIRST.

| applied-and for what purpose?
The questions quoted above are ones
that have been propounded innuDer-
| able times, even 10y Thousands of Amer
lean citizens. as well as by the subjecis
of leading foreign powers.
Especially has this been the case
since the 18th of December, 1895,
when President Cleveland sent to the
| American Congress his special mes
sage, urging firm application of the
| doctrine to the boundary dispute be-
tween Great Britain and the Republic
of Venezuela, South America.
To give CORE ct review of explana-
ton of this interesting subject, we are
compelled to carry the public back to
the past eighty years ago.
| On the 18th of November, 1915, the
second treaty of Paris was concluded
/ between France and the allied powers,
| a treaty which was the result from the
| defeat and banishment of the great
Nap leon, that brought peace to Eu-
rope after twenty Years of war that bad
| deiuged that continent in tears and
I blood.
/ On the SAME day that this treaty was
| between Russia, Prussia, Austria and
| England, designed as a means of Sc
curity for the Allied Powers, by which
it was declared that Napoleon Bona
/ pate ami his family should be forever
] fat 41a IN Of r. naa
On the same day THIRD treaty, and
one of notorious celebrity, called the
Holy Alliance" was signed 10y the
| Enperors of Russia and Austria. and
| the Krng of Prussia, who found them
! selves, I'm conformity With the princi-
| PIES OF Holy Scripture, TO lend each
ether every aid, assistance and succOr,
Oh every OCCASION"
This treaty was in a short time ac-
coded TO 10y nearly all the continental
/ powers as palt ties 10 the COMPACT, al
though the Prince Regent of England
| (subseque ntly George IV) declined to
sign ii on the ground that the English
! Constitution prevented him becoming
a party to any convention that was
not countersigned by responsible
| Minister.
The terms of the Holy Alliance were
drawn up Ly the young Emperor OF
Russia, Alexander L., who was I'M
doubleday personal friend OF Napo-
| leon, and whose great benevolence of
| character prompted him 10 devise a
| plan Of common international law
| that should substitute the peaceful
reign of the gospel III place of the de-
struciive rule of the sword.
But although the author of the Holy
| Alliance intended that it should be
beneficent in its Application, it was
yet TO be interpreted by absolute mon
archs, and the result vas that it was
received eve ywhere in Europe by the
| iibe RAJ party with dread and suspicion,
they conteuding that under the mask
of piety and religion, it was in reality a
measure used as pretext for enlOrc-
ing the doctIiDe of a passive obedience,
and one aiming at resistance To all ell
| forts Ior the establishment o. conStltu-
tional freedom. We shall soon see
how this prophecy became history.
The Kingdom of Naples, embracing
Sicily ami Southern Italy, nearly
Identical with The Magma Grecia of
antiquity, had been erected into an in
dependent monarchy III 1884, under the
Infante Don Carlos of Spain, VINO took
the name of Charles III. 1t coniin-
ued under a succession of tyrannlcal
rulers of the Bourbon dynasty until
1898, when the Italian portion of the
kingdom was then overcome by the
! French, who held it from 1903 until
1915, when it was returned to its for
mtr sovereign, Ferdinand VII, of
Spain. who, during the French rule
and occupation of his country, had
maintained his court in the SicIlian
part of his Kingdom.
Under the rule of the monarch, the
Kingdom was greatly negle cted, yet
the people were oppressively taxed aud
denied any form Of representative gov
eminent This mode of rule soon pro-
duced its results, and on the 2ud of
July, 1920, the people broke out in
| open Instruction, and renoustrance
was sent to the court demanding rep
resentative constitution. One based
on the Spanish Constitution Of 1872
was Immediately granted, aud the
NeopolItau parliament was opened on
the first of October following.
In the same LII nth, however, the
three monarchs who had formed the
Holy Alliance, attended by Ministers
from nearly all the other European
powers, met at Tfoppau, in Austria 81
lesia, on the 10th, and held a diplo-
matte Congress, which lasted until the
10Th OF November, when they removed
| to Ley bach Austria.
1t was resolved at this Congress. by
the soveregns of Russia, Austria aud
Prussia, to crush the Neopolitan Con-
slitution 10y force of arms. France APP
proved of this measure, but the English
Cabinet remained neutral. The old
| King Ferdinand. who had been invited
to visit the sovereigns at Leybach, was
quickly and easily convinced that his
promises had been extorted and was
not binding, and the Austrian troops
immediately prepared to execute the
decision OF the Congress, while the aid
of the Russian army was promised, il
necessary. The result was that an
Austrian army $4,000 strong entered
the Neopolltan territory, heralded 10y "a
proclamation from Ferdinand calling
upon his subjects 10 receive the invad-
ers as friends. The resistance was fee
BILE; skirmishes took place, but the
country was quickly overcome; foreign
troops garrisoned the fortresses. the
Kings promises of amnesty were for
gotten, and court-martials and sum-
mary execution closed the brief drama
of the Neopolitan Revolution.
Having treated upon the insufrec-
ton in the kingdom of Naples, we
must turn to Spain and note the move
ment for popular government in the