Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1896-12-02
DR.. TALMAGE's LECTURE.


That the Etate University iheadIy In
"a AZ a new lecture hall was clearly
Ian,onstrated again last evening when
,non the occasion OF DR.. Talmago's
,.,,ute more than 200 people were I'M
sble to get inside the room provided in
the laboratory building. The lecture
wss the first OF q series to DO Given
suriur the winter by members OF the
1fn,yersity faculty. The course is con.
upued next Tuesday night by Professor
MARSHALL, who lectures on historical
topic. ,..
.nbi,et uIce and Snow; tho study Of
ice az A geological agent; glaciere anu
Glacial epoch." The lecture was
aiylded into two parte, the fret de.
yoted 10 a general discussion Of the
tonic with the aid Of Illustrative specl.
mans and models; and the second to
an exhibition of ever 80 excellent stere-
ontIcon views illustrative OF the vari-
ons phases OF Ice work and glacial
nheuomepa ancient and recent.
'Tne lollo wing is brief synopsis Of the
The fairy like ice crystals ON the
wIndsw paBe, and the festhery snow
fake failing to earth, may seem to
have little OF promise os geological
tools, and yet, when massed fake on
aake and crystal against crystal
tney become an agent OF almost incal-
oulable power. The freezing OF water
exhibits the tendency OF all liquids
when passing into the solid conuliion
TO assume the crystalline state. The
microscope reveals In the snowflake
and the ice fragment marvellous
symmetry OF parts. The frost flowers
exhibit an arrangement OF six parts.
Prot. Tyndaii has described q snow
storm as shower OF froz,u
flowers all Of them six leaved.
In thus solidifying water ex-
pands 9.ss per cent, say one.tenth.
fleeing water eIerts bursting pre-
sute on its containing walls. This
pressure IL, at 80 degrees Fahrenheit,
ii8 atmospheres, CORRESPONDING to lbs
tuns to the square inch. BY Its expan-
sion in freezing water breaks up the
clods Of the field and bursts ssunder
the masses OF rock which make up the
muuntainF, preparing them for rapid
uislntegrstion. The tslus, or pile OF
debrls found at the foot OF every cliff
10 our mountains, 10 largely the result
OF Ice work.
Ice as q geological agent may be
conveniently STUFFED under the follow.
ing headings: ~ River and lake ice,
comprising surface ice aud ground ice
Or anchor ice. ~ Ice on the sea, COM
ptisiBg the production OF such by the
freezing OF sea water either near the
shore, this giving rice TO the ice foot, or to
tho freezing OF the open sea, producing
the ice sheet blocks or doe ice; and
rtxt icebergs which are produced by
the sesvaId passage OF land Ice.
t8) Ice on land, comprising glaciers
with all their interesting phenomena.
The existing glaciers OF the Alps,
those OF the SIerrae, and the etill more
extensive glaciers OF Alaska, and the
ice sheet OF Greenland and OF the Ant
aiolic regions may be taken to Illus.
ttate glacial henomena as presented
by existing glsciere. The essential
coz ditions for the production OF gia-
oiers are: ~ Ample elevation, the
source Of the glsc er must be above the
line Of perpetual snow. icy Altera-
uons Of temperature. (3) Abundant
precipitation. There are many anal
ogits and come differences between
glaciers and rivers. Glaciers move
downward from their course by u
differential motion; their central
parts move more rapidly than do
the marginal portions; the upper parts
more rapidly than the deeper layer
As with rivers, their velocity 10 iu-
creased by the slope anu by many
other conditions which diminish inc
ton. The formation Of veins and fis.
surts In glacier ice may be studied on
any large glacier. Debris falling upon
Tue surface aud material swept along
the bed make up the great moraines
which mark the termination OF glaciers.
We are more particularly interested in
the contemplation OF glaciers as u geo.
logical power; they are most effective
erodlng aLu transporting agente. The
pressure OF macs Of ice but 100 feet
thick Is fully 40 lbs. to tho fquare inch,
anu ice with depth OF / $50 feet ex.
erts q pressure Of 900 lbs. to the square
inch. Great tidiculIy is experienced
by many in tho thought that ice,a char
scteristically brittle substance, eau pos
nbiy hJw, ana many theories have
bGen advanced to explain the down
ward passage Of glacial Ice. BY
model consisting Of brittle pitch In n
Coz nnel vi metal the vlscid motion Of
TINS material was demonstrated. The
viscosiiy theory advanced by Forbes,
the regulation theory put forth by
TyndRll, the molecular reedjustment
theory of Croil, anu the successive
melting theory by Thomson, may all
serve to explain many OF the phe.
nomenn of glacier movement.
Biologists very generally profess
belief that at one time period OF
glacial cold existed in tue northern
hemisphere. They base their belief
on the following facts: ny The exile
tence OF ahstsregeneons material called
drlit, which covers all rJsthern coun.
tries. In North America from 3s
degrees or 40 degrees norlhward the
iaGd Is mantied by drift. (2) The
smd>th and scored condition q
the bed rock underlying the
drift, l3) The existence OF cratic
builders which have been seemingly
stranded far from their source. (D
The existence Of old morainss. (5)
The entire correspondence between
such phenomena and similar occur
FENCES now presented In connection
with existing glaciers. Many exam.
pies OF local giaoiation are presented
" the higher parts Of the Rocky
Mountains and OF the Sierras. There
seems 10 have been two great centeIs
o. Ice distribution In North America.
The frat near Hudson Bay sent out its
ice Hoods in all directions; this great
l.FI nj