The San Francisco call., 1896-11-22
INSTITUTE OF
AAPA FARMERS
Close of a Session That
Has Proved Successful
and Profitable.
Papers Read by Educators and
Discussed by All Who
Attended.
Agriculturists and Orch ardists Bene.
flied by Experiments Of
Scientists.

NAPA, CAL, Nov. 21.-The Farmers
Institute closed its session of two days
this afternoon. The meeting, which was
held under the direction of the agricul-
tural department of the State University,
was a pronounced success. Napa County
farmers attended in great numbers and
participated in the discussions which
formed one of the profitable features of the
programme.
The programme consisted of the follow
ing papers: ''Our Enemies and Friends
Among the Insects" with special notice
OF brown scale and pear aphis, by Pro-
fessor Woodworth; "Resistant Stock" A.
Y. Hayne; frost Preventative" Pro-
lessor George Hussman; Marketing of
Crops" E. F. Adams; Desirable Fruits
for Canning and Drying" S. NJ. Tool /;
"Shade Trees for Streets and Roads," R.
Wylie; New Field Crops Such as Flax.
Hemp, Sugar Beets, etc." NJ. M. McFat-
ridge; "Angora Goats" Professor George
Hussman; 'Oliyes," A. P. Hayne; DRY
ing of Fruits" NJ. B. Pond; 'New Fruits, u
Leonard Coates.
Professor Woodwork in his paper on
insects recommended fostering lady bugs,
stating that they would obviate the neces-
slty OF frequent spraying of trees. Efforts
have been made. he said, to import para
site that would kill black scale, but with
out success. Trials to artificially infect
black scale with disease have also proven
practical failures.
Pear aphis affects the roots of the tree
and is probably the same as tbs wooly
aphis, which infests apples. As it feeds
underground and will follow the roots to
any length and depth it cannot be reached
by any application OF. remedies. For red
spider Professor Woodworth named two
neutrality-suspicious. fumes applied as in
sulphuring grapevines and thorough
washing of the tree, leaves and branches
with water. The woolly aphis in young
trees may be killed when the tree is first
planted by first dipping the roots in coal
oil, heeling them quickly in the ground.
ii. n. Fosset, whose orchard is two
miles west of town, LED the discussion on
black scale, giving his observations on
parasites and spraying. He found that
the Rhizobia PLATE and the common and
blood-red ladybug ate the scale, and the
last named also destroyed apnis. The
''ashy "-coiored lady bug with black spots
he observed also devouring scale. The
larvse of the plate ladybug he found feed
was that spraying kills the lady bug as
we'll as the scale, and was only tempo.
rary and doubtful remedy.
Professor A. p. Aayne related the ex-
perience of French vineyardists with
American resistant stock. They found nc
practical remedy for phylloxera until the
Introduction of American stock Their
experience with several thousand varie
ties OF these demonstrated that riparis
and rupestris species. each with their hun.
dred or more varieties, are best, the former
for damp soils and the latter for dry soils
Professor Hussman's paper on "Preven
tion of Frost recommended the prunins
of vines so as to leave spurs with four oil
six buds. Frost-bitten buds should be
! rubbed immed iateiy after they were frozer
and the vine allowed to grow from the re.
naming buds.
Mr.. Wylie recommended for street trees
the elm, sycamore, linden and umbrella.
S. M. Tool, a fruit canner, said the cherry
for canning was the Royal Anne, the
Crawford was the best peach and the Bart
lett the only pear. Supervisor McFat
ridge, in speaking of drainage, said de-
ciduous fruit trees, if perfectly dormant
would stand great amount of water, and
If the temperature was low enough to
keep them well supplied with water, bu,
if the tenn perature should rise with water
still standing on or near the surface of the
ground the water strikes into the pores O
the tree and the tree dies of sour sap. He
discouraged surface drainage.
Professor Hayne dwelt exhaustively on
the olive industry, which was very profit
BILE, he said, when extensively engaged
in. He believed California the mos
favored locality in the world for oliys