davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Birmingham state herald., 1896-02-08

versant with the. duties of the office, which he has often filled temporarily.
 MT Milburn, the present blind chap lain, will also be retained.
 No action was taken on the question as to when these officers should be elected in the senate.
 The secretary of the senate nominated today is a young man and said to be in every way fitted for the duties of the of flee. He is a good elocutionist. He was for a time postmaster at Spokane, Wash.
 Major Grant is an old union soldier who went to North Carolina shortly after the war. He is a native of Connecticut and served in the army in the regiment commanded al one time by General flaw ley. the present senator from that state. Hon. w. H. English Dead.
 Indianapolis, Ind, Feb. 7.--At 12:35 o'clock this afternoon Hon. William H. English, capitalist politician and liter atur, dicd Tn his rooms at Englishs hotel after an illness of six weeks. He was un- conscious for an hour before his death Around his death bed were his son, Will E. English; his daughter, Mrs. Rose Walling of Chicago, MT. and Mrs. Hall; Miss Hodges, MT. English's stenographer and Dr. Franklin w. Hays, who attend- ed him.
 Mir. English had been i'll for about six weeks. He was at first attacked by la grippe This was followed by inflamma- tion or tfle alf. pdSSdBeS anu tHe hein- branes of the throat Of this he almost recovered, but two, weeks ago he was seized with infiammatory rheumatism, which, with organic disease Of the heart of several years standing. completely ex- hausted him. His condition had been very bad for the twenty-four hours pre- ceding death and it was said as early as Thursday that his demise was but very few hours distant He leaves an estate variously estimated at from 900 to $8. O00, 900.
 The funeral of MT. English will occur at o'clock Sunday afternoon. Interment
Birmingham state herald., 1896-02-08
GEORGIA REPUBLICANS.
Reed, Mckinley, Allison and Morton Have
 Their Agents There.

Atlanta, Feb. 7.--McK lnley and Reed are running a close race in Georgia. The counties are acting every day now, se- lecting delegates to the state convention, which Is to choose delegates to the St. Louis convention.
 A special from Brunswick to the Con- stitution says that Mckinley carried Glynn county today. Brunswick is one of the important port towns. It has the custom house and some good federal patronage. Reed carried two counties yesterday and one the day before. Me- Kinley, Reed, Morton and Allison all have agents down here, and there is plenty of money. Bin Pledger, negro lawyer of Atlanta, Is leading the Reed fight and Ex-Marshal Buck Is McKin- ley's lieutenant. Buck has controlled the federal patronage under the republican administrations for long time past. This Is the first opposition of any con- sequence which has developed against his leadership. Pledger will divide the delegation with him. Allison and Nor ton appear to be the second choice with the Reed men. Mckinley appears to be running a lone race, with the field against him. The chances are that he will have a majority of the delegation, but he will not get 1t all. Morton and Allison will probably each have vote or two from Georgia. The workers are in all the counties and are well supplied With funds. Four counties act tomorrow.
Birmingham state herald., 1896-02-08
A False Report.

Frankfort, Ky, Feb. Ex-Governor Bradley says the story that he has agreed to call out the militia for service at the state house on Monday is untrue.
Birmingham state herald., 1896-02-08
Two Fine Boats Burned

New Orleans, La, Feb 7.-The steam boats J. c. Jackson, one of the finest on the Mississippi river, worth $66,000. and the Arthur Lambert, costing S25,o0O, were destroyed by fire tonight at Gretna.
 The boats were insured for s50,000, and were owned by the Interstate Transporta- ton corppanv
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
THE POWER OF LIGHT
Professor Bell Is De1ising a Com
merciaI telephone System
Without Wires

At the other station, where the recelv.
ing operator is stationed, there is para
bolic reflector at the end of which is fixed
a selenium cell. The latter in turn is
connected, telephonicalIy, with the ear.
Now. when the ray of hight is reflected
from the transmitting diaphragm and the
operator speaks into the tube Joined with
the latter what he says may be clearly
and distinctly heard at the other end of
the ''line'; that is, at the other end of the
travelling ray of light. And that, prac-
tically speaking, is all there is to this Won
derful affair.
The theory upon which this instrument
is built is that the ray of light may be i'm
pressed with sound vibrations in exactly
the same way that an electrically charged
wire is impressed with the sound vibra.
tions from the telephone.
Professor Bell says that the trend of
modern physical science is toward estab-
fishing the close relationship of the differ
ent forms OF molecular motion, which,
for the purpose of distinction, are vari-
ously called light, heat, electricity and
sound. So close, indeed, is this relation.
ship that the late Professor Tyndall wished
to abolish some of the phrases, notably
that of light" as simply confusing. And
the farther science has gone the more it
has come to see that the only difference
between these varying modes OF motion,
the only difference between light and heat
and electricity and sound, is the difference
of form and rapidity.
The conversion of heat or electricity into
light is so familiar and commonplac a
process that we do not wonder at it at all.
But when Professor Bell went a step
farther and demonstrated the possibility
of converting light into sound, or at least
causing q wave of light to produce wave
of sound, which is practically tantamount
to the same thing. he entered into a new
field and welded a new link in the chain
OF relationship and interdependepce. You
will see that it was but a step farther than
this to his practical miracle of telephon.
ing by light.
But to say that this is "telephoning by
means of a sunbeam" is really a very
crude and inaccurate description of what
actually takes place. This was what Pro-
lessor Bell discovered by accident one day
in the course of his experiments. It
CHANGED that he thrust In the path of the
ray a disk of lndiarubber and he found
that communication was not interrupted
in the least. If you or had been there
we should have been both surprised and
mystifed. But the accident told Professor
Bell that he had made a yet further step
in his researches, and that he had opened
new gate to further knowledge of the
subject. He had discovered that the pro-
cess of telephoning was not conducted by
the visible rays of the unbeam at all, but
by the invisible rays of which we know
only by inference.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

exceedingly small, while that devoted to
our lack of knowledge would be an i'm
mensely large one. True, we know great
deal about many things, but the field il
which we may learn more is practically
illimitable. Every day we are confronted
by some new discovery, and so rapidly
does one announcement succeed another
that all preconceived ideas are undergoing
constant modification. What was accept
able yesterday as the correctly expressed
Interpretation of a natural law is to-day
fond to be incorrect. Textbooks now
need yearly revision. In every depart
ment of physical science most wonderful
revelations are constantly being male.
The true scientist does not hesitate to con-
fess that he knows nothing. The laws he
has formulated are only concentrations, I"
very much like market quotations-sub-
ject to change without notice.
Only a few years ago it was believed
that an electric magnet exercised the
power of attraction-and attraction only
upon iron and steel. 1t was a familiar
illustration, employed in the schoolroom by
the teacher of natural physics, to take a
handful of mingled needles and pins, and
then applying magnet to the mixed as
sortment, showing that the magnet picked
up every needle but had no effect upon
the pins. The selection was then ex-
planned by the statement that a magnet
only had power over the steel and iron.
Lately it has been found that with an al
ternating current a magnet exercises a
greater repulsive force on copper than it
does an attractive force on iron.
Sir William Thomson, recognized
throughout the world as one of the most
profound students of physics, in his speech
made at the jubilee celebration rendered
him few months ago by his confreres,
who came from all parts of the globe to
do him honor, said: 1.-The universe may
be regarded as a vast physical machine.
Our knowledge of it may be divided into
two branches-what we know of the
structure of the machine and what we
know regarding the methods of its work
ing. 1 confess l know but very little, very
little" There are but few Sir William
Thomsons.
Crookes demonstrated the ponderabil-
ity of light by the operation of his radio
meter, an instrument now seen in almost
every jewelers. window. Four small
vanes set at right angles to each other
each vane having one side siIYered and
the opposite side roughened black sur
face. When exposed to light OF any kind
the vanes of the instrument revolve, due
to the impact of the light rays; precisely
as the sails of windmill revolye under
the impact of the wind. Unless light
possessed a ponderosity capable of exert
ing dynamic force, it could not affect the
revolution of the vanes
Recently there has been constructed a
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

Professor Graham Bell is devoting his
attention this summer to the commercial
development of wonderful invention of
his, which involves nothing less than tee-
phoning by means of a ray of light, says
the Chicago Tim es-Herald.
Professor Bell made the discovery of a
method by which he might hear a shadow
fall. He found in following up the re-
searches of DR.. Werner Siemens that the
rare metal called selenium possesses the
peculiar quality of varying its electrical
conductivity under the action of light.
That is to say, it's resistance to the pass
age of a current of electricity differs
widely when it was exposed to the light
or hid in the dark.
1t was from this discovery that the in
ventor devised an instrument as simple as
its powers were astonishing. He found
that by connecting q cell made of this
metal, selenium, with the ear, by means
of an ordinary telephone, and then direct
ing upon this cell an interrupted beam of
light it produced sound. 1t was at first
supposed that this rare metal was the only
one which possessed this quality of being
soporous; that is to say of giving out
sounds under the action of light. but in a
series of beautiful experiments Professor
Bell found that all substances possess it
more or less in the same way when made
up in the form OF thin disks or diaphragms.
In word, the great inventor laid bare for
the first time a new principle of matter.
1t was out of these researches that the
won derful instrument upon which Pro-
fessor Bell is now again at work sprang.
He gave it originally the name of the
photophone. Put in the broadest way, it
aimed to substitute for the ordinary tele-
graph or telephone wile q ray of light.
Doubtless there is many a man who would
question the sanity of any one who would
claim to be able to talk for long distance
over a sunbeam. And yet this is exactly
what Professor Bell has succeeded in do
ing. The mechanism which he devised
does not differ widely from the telephone
in its general principles, save in the fact
indicated. that it substitutes a ray of light
for the usual copper wire.
There is, first of all, transmitter, which
is made up of thin diaphragm of mica
or of some other substance silvered at its
back so as to make of it a rejecting
mirror. The diaphragm is connected with
an ordinary speaking tube, into which
the operator talks just as he would talk
into the transmitter of a telephone.
Against this thin disk or diaphragm is
projected ray of light preferably sun
light. The light is caught by a mirror and
directed through concentrated lens
whose focus is the transmitting diaphragm.
The latter in turn reflects the ray through
a second lens, which again makes the
components of the ray of light parallel
so that it may travel any distance without
dispersion.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
EN- D VI EVW


or atoms. CAS- no one has as yet succeeded
in presenting to our vision either an atom
or a molecule, we may confidently say
that the difference between the two is
simply distinction without difference).
So small are these molecules that were
a drop of water to be magnified to the size
of the earth the molecules composing it
would even then be too small to be recog-
nized by our present microscopic powers.
Balfour Stewart, one of the ablest phil
osophers in the realms of physics, holds
that: I'VE know but very little about
atoms or molecules. There is abundant
evidence that such things as atoms or
molecules do exist and that they are the
basis of all things cognizant to our senses.
We have reason to believe that every
sim pie elementary atom is probably in a
state of ceaseless activity and change of
form, but although so changing it is
nevertheless always the same"
Sound is but changed form of MOLE
cule.
In the first form of the sound motor
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

sound motor almost on similar lines as
those of the radiometer.
Innumerable experiments were made
by the inventor of the sound motor before
a satisfactory form of device was obtained.
The known laws of sound tell US that it
may be reflected, refracted and condensed,
queer properties for an immaterial affair
to possess. The intensity of its manifes-
tation depends upon the density of the air
in which the sound is generated, and not
upon the density of the air in which it is
heard. a tuning-fork when in vibration
mods the surrounding air into sonorous
waves that we call sound. Now, while
this may be termed simply an exhibition
OF energy" yet who is the philosopher
who can prove it not to be ''form of
matter?
Science declares that the universe is
composed of what are termed molecules
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

vanes like those of the radiometer were
employed, but without much success.
Then the phenomenon of resonance was
studied. Certain shaped bodies appeared
to Te-enforce sound-make 1t louder,
stronger. Experiment along this line re-
Vealed the remarkable fact that between
the law of comic sections and the law OF
sound there existed a curious relation
ship, the tonic, the dominant and the sub
dominant of the sound scale correspond
ing to the cylinder the parabola and the
hyperbola. A cavity shaped as cylinder,
having spherical termination, offered
measurable resistance to the sound OF the
tonic. A cavity shaped as parabola re-
sisted the sound of the dominant, and
hyperbolic-shaped cavity resisted the sub
dominant, the different shaped cavities
being but slightly or not at all affected by
other notes.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
THE POWER OF SOUND
Invention Of a Marvellous Machine
in Which Sound Vibrations
Create Dynamic Force

Ancient history, both sacred and pro-
fame, makes mention of certain physical
nhenomena, which, were it not for the
particularly of detail embraced in the re-
citaI, might be classed as imaginary, so un-
explainable do the phenomena appear to
the great majority OF minds of the present
day.
The Bible records that the destruction
OF the walls of Jericho was accomplished
by the sound of trumpets."
In Northern India (it is so stated by an
English writer) was at one time a Temple
of Brahma, containing a stone image
clothed with outspreading, fan-like drap-
cry of stone-a part OF the statue which
revolved when the priest intoned certain
invocation.
1t is stated on good scientific authority
that a suspension bridge may be thrown
into vibration sufficient to wreck the
structure by the prolonged sounding of &
certain note upon a horn or violin.
1t is a not uncommon occurrence in q
cathedral or church for a pane of glass in
a window of the building to be shattered
when a certain note is produced upon the
organ.
If we construct a slender funnel of stiff
paper and adjust thread to form true
axis to the funnel, and then pour melted
resin into the funnel, we will have when
the resin solidifies cone of resin. Remove
the paper carefully by soaking it with
water, and then suspend the cone in a
vertical position by means of the axial
thread, fastening the thread at top and
bottom to the support. Now sound on
violin Of ncin ha
will be easily learned by experiment and
may be determined by noticing the vibra-
tions of the resinous cone). Prolong the
sound without change of pitch and sud-
denly the cone of resin will totally van
ishl 1t has been disintegrated into i'm
palpable atoms. The experiment requires
to be conducted in small room free from
all vibrations or motions of the air caused
by moving bodies.
In all these phenomena sound appears as
the cause of action.
We turn to the textbooks of our schools
for explanation of these mysteries and
therein learn that Sound is an exhibition
OF energy" Outside of the textbooks are
found various philosophical specuIations
divergent enough to suit all views, but only
speculation.
IN the investigation of hidden causes
stronger reasons are obtained from sure
experiments and demonstrated arguments
than from probable coniectures and the
opinions of philosophical spectators
If what we know and what we do not
know about the attributes and physical
powers of what goes to make up the earth
we iDhabit could be expressed in couple
of books, We should have two volumes
very dissimilar in size. The one contain
ing e record of what we know would be
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
S I'D E " 1 E'VN

The present form of the sound motor is
represented in the accompanying draw
ing. 1t consists OF a fat disk mounted
upon an axle. On the periphery of the
disk are twelve cup-like cavities shaped
either paraboIic, hyperbolic or cylindrl-
cal, according as it is esired to use GER
tain note; the axis OF the cavity being at
u tangent to the circum ference of the
disk. Inasmuch as hollow sphere re-
fleets to its center all rays of incidence
originating within it. besides re- enforcing
them, the motor is inclosed in a fat spheri-
cal casing, which while conserving the
actuating sound excludes extraneous ones.
The axis of the disk is projected outside of
the casing, where it carries pulley. The
sound employed TO move the disk is pro-
duced by tuning fork vibrated by a
small electromagnetic. A curious feature
is that the motor will only operate when
the cavities are seven or twelve in numb Der,
corresponding To the number of tones in
the major and chromAtic scales of the in
complete octave.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

trating the diffusion of the electric light
in vacuo. To-day the foremost minds
are agreed that it is the coming electric
lamp; the ideal one producing light with :
out heat.
Granted that it is possible to cause a
perforated disk to rotate under the influ-
ence of a ray of sound, so as to create
dynamic force, it is simply question of
time when the principle involved will be
applied to the production of mechanical
motion that will be capable of economic
use.
An old phrase has it that necessity is
the mother of invention. There is but
little real invention nowadays. The vast
majority of new appliances are the out
come of thought and experiment induced
BY the knowledge of existing results, along
similar lines. We are beginning to learn
that everything is suggestive, and so,
reasoning from analogy, we produce new
combinations, not basically new things.
F. M. CLOSE. Disc.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

As yet. the machine is only a scientific
toy. But it EN- mbodies a principle preg-
nant with possibilities. Most of the i'm
portant discoveries in science take their
origin from observations the full meaning
of whic is not known or appreciated at
the time of the first announcement. The
telephone of Reiss contained all that was
needful to a speaking telephone, and yet
score OF years had passed before the
adaptations made by Bell and Gray were
produced that caused its recognition as
necessity. The phaunatrope, an instru-
ment for rendering sound visible, had
lain perfect machine on the shelf of the
Smithsonian Institution for the last forty
years unappreciated until Edison reha bill
tated it and chrstened it the photograph.
The Giesler tube has been familiar piece
OF mechanism to the student of natural
physics Tor the past half century, as illus
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
81 Can Heartily Recommend It."
WEST BRANCH. Iowa.

WEST
of
diseases
could sit then would
keptm Ny
of O
burden
1893 Have
ablet o
day without
believe persistent OF VIAVI health will
add
MRS. A.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
81 Feel 1t a Duty"

Apr2
I
would rather die operation operation
V1VI
Ia m
to
gratefully MRS c.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
81 Would Not Be Living To-Day Had Not
Used ViaVi."


COMPANY-For
add of
formed in
in Land
of
CAPSULES
naturally Then
ylowish
VAVL Heartily
A.. D..
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
" Praise For Viavi. !"


been perfectly
consulted
Sioux City
10
the physicians all suffer
will VIAVI
for me.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

"Life Too Short to Tell What We Women
Suffer-
Suffer- -


VIAVI COMPANY-Abou
of
the
ami
bad
i'll failed all
iendw
cured FAV of suffering
work OF
Let
takes blood;
for little while
OF the life would respectfully
H.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13

"Feel Like a Young Woman.
LITTLE ROCK, Ark.

proapsus,
seldom
suffered
pillows
Mrs NJ disappeared.
OF
like ayoungw woman again. R.
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
Spirits Like a Girls"
MRS. S. J. H.

Mach2 . 95
YV CoMPNY-hs is to state that
the hatering on
and
constant falling
myself with
apne o wonders My
girls 1t "a valuable remedy
MRS C. s..
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
My Health Is Now Perfect"

Ark, 1891
Ill
persuaded VAV
health
dreaded
1
results wonderful
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
"Viavi and It's Magical Worth. "

TOPEKA, Kans
COMPANYI
OF VAV
heretofore unable to do housewo
almost of
soothing
all questions Land
L. JP
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
"What Have You Done, You Look So weII?"

.--- ao
THE VlAVI CoMPANYWhie
change) Had
friends ask What
using VlAVl and n months
hope may influence
B. Be-
The San Francisco call., 1896-09-13
Watching viavi Over Four Years.,


have would
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1896-05-30
EUROPEAN TRAVELLERS

Will fnd this the cheapest and most desirable
route, making close connection in New York
with all the Trans Atlantic lines. Passengers
booked through TO and from all points in
Europe at reduced rates. For tickets, sailing
plans of ali steamships, reservation of room
and correct information in detail, apply to
W. j. YOUNG,
General Agent Mallory Line and Agent for all
Transatlantic lines. 523 e. Houston st.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1896-05-30
High School Closing.

The High school commencement
day program has been arranged.
Miss Ida s. Jones will deliver the
salutatory, and Miss jamie Baskin
the valedictory. Miss Theodosis
Lane will give reading, Miss
Helen Raley a prize essay, Miss
Nettie Newcomb piano solo, Miss
Bertha Grothaus and Master Chas.
Rechel piano duet, while a COM
edy in four acts, "The Passing OF
Thomas" will be presented by
James Merchant, Misses Mae
Franklin, Jessie Hollinger, Nettie
Newcomb, Carrie Powers, Mech
ling Blake and Tony Schramm and
Sam. Applewhite.
The exercises will take place al
the Grand Opera house.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1896-05-30
Written for the LIGHT.
MEMORIAL DAY.

Beneath fair and cloudless sky,
With arms reversed, and silent guns,
We meet to shed memorial tears
For Columbia's royal sons.
The car of juggernaut rolls on,
The wheel of time doth never tire;
We come, we 60, we climb up higher,
As doth our loving hearts aspire.
A memory now Is all we have
OF what was once so dear,
A marble tablet DER their dust
Is oil that dust can rear.
The balmy breeze is signing
Among the waving trees,
While on the mounds are lying
The fragrant rowery wreaths.
The G. A. r. will soon pass out
To muster on new grounds,
Where the revillee that wakes at morn
The angels trump shall sound.
Tis all that's left for us to do,
As the old boys pass away,
To scatter flowers DER their graves
On each Memorial Day.
MAGNOLIA.