davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
FIRST STEAMER IN THE PACIFIC.

Through the courtesy of Professor Al
exander we have received a short ac-
count Of the first steam vessel whose
keel ever cut the waters of the Pacific
ocean. The vessel was the Beaver -
She sailed from England on the same
day as the Columbia on which Cap
tain Peter Corney and his family were
passengers. Both vessels arrived in Ho-
nolulu on the same day, in January,
1886.
The Beaver" was built at Blackwell.
London, of oak and teak, in the year
1885, by Green Wigram. The engines
were made by Bolton and Watts. Her
tonnage was ITO. She was brigantine
rugged and came out under sail only.
Her captains name was Holmes. She
called at Honolulu and remained in port
about twenty days. AS she came in I'M
der sail, she attracted little attention.
If she had come in under steam she
would have made great sensation as
the first steamer On the Pacific. She
left Honolulu February 4, 1886, crossed
the Columbia bar March 8, and anchor
ed at Vancouver April 10. Vancouver
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02

Some one who has been delVing in
oId-time English journalism has culled
the following news item from the Daily
Mercury of July II, 1904: IAN enor-
nous whale is said to have been strand
ed off Marlborough Head in the year
1883. in state of dreadful exhaustion,
with church steeple sticking out of its
mouth. On cutting up the sacriligious
monster, which could not be performed
so quickly as to prevent his commissions
from setting all the bells a-ringing, the
whole congregation were found in the
body of the church, enclosed In the
stomach of the leViathan, in the very
act of singing Psalms, and the parson IN
the yestry taking glass Of wine before
Sermon When critics pass judgment
upon modern methods OF Journalism
they should take into account that if
newspaper men of the present day are
inclined to draw an occasional long
bow" they came by it honestly. Even
in the days when the record OF daily
events covered one-tenth of the amount
of paper used today, the ubiquitous
reporter'' was sometimes hard pressed
for a story The yarn quoted above will
certainly take the palm over any Ha-
waiian shark story that has yet been
published.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
THE PACIFIC

r. HARRINGTON. EDITOR.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
KAUAI ARTISTS PERFORM
Successful Concert Given for Wal
mea Hospital.


| WAIMEA KauaD, April 29.-Th
Ipeople of the Waimea district, and thos
from the outside, who attended at tn
NATIVE church in Waimea on Saturda.
evening last were treated to another o
| the entertainments in connection will
the Waimea Cottage Hospital which
| have been so famed for their success
| The use of the church was cheerfully
granted to the Waimea Ladies' Benevo,
| lent Society by the Rev. Mr.. Kopa, the
pastor, who did everything in his power
for the success of the entertainment.
The church, which was tastefully
though not deliberately decorated, was
entirely filed with a most appreciative
audience.
The arrangement of the program was
the work of Mrs. F. w. Glade and Miss
Bower, who were ably assisted by Miss
Won Holt, and to this trio was largely
due the success of the concert.
The opening chorus, which was we'll
sung, at once riveted the attention of
the audience and paved the way for the
enthusiastic reception accorded to the
succeeding events.
AS to the various performers, it is I'M
necessary to write of them individual
ly. They are so we'll known that it is
sufficient to say that they fully main
tanned their regulations. A word of
praise is, however, due TO Mr.. and Mrs.
Alexander and Miss Hollenbeck, not on
ly for the manner in which they per
formed their respective parts, but also
for their self-denial in coming. over
thirty miles of dusty road to work for
such a good cause, and to the first for
the very efficient manner in which he
presided over the concert.
The sum realized was $3.50, which
may be considered very good, seeing
that the building seats only 160 persons.
The following was the program:
Chorus for Ladies' Voices, Mutt
Etollee' -......... Concone
First sopranos-NIiss Boyer, Mrs.
Borchgrevink, Miss Sharp, Mrs.
Meier. Second sopranos-Mrs. F.
w. Glade, Miss Hollenbeck. First
altoS-MrS. ID. Campbell, Miss
Smith Third altos-Miss NJ
Lampman, Miss Won Holt
Vocal Solo-"Ave Maria Willard
Miss Won Holt.
Piano SOlo-Nocturne, Souvenir de
Nordeney'' ...... Dreyschock
Mrs. ]. B. Alexander.
Vocal Trio-"Lift Thine Eyes.
Mendelssohn
Miss Boyer, Mrs. Glade, Miss Won Holt.
Vocal Solo-"The Holy City,. Adams
Miss Boyer.
Vocal Duet-"The Angel. .Rubinstein
Mrs. Glade and Miss Won Holt.
Vocal Solo-"The Two Grenadiers'
ochumanD
Mrs. j. B. Alexander.
Intermission.
Piano Duet-'Andante and Bolero''
MdcIarren
Miss Boyer and Miss Won Holt.
Vocal Solo-"Easter Dawn. Woodman
Miss Hollenbeck.
Vocal Duet-"Love Divine. Smart
Miss Boyer and Mr.. J. B. Alexander.
Vocal Solo-"Calvary" Rodney
Mrs. D. Campbell.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
KINDERGARTENS.

! The May Day celebration of the kin
| dergartens shows the public how i'm
| portant this work is becoming in Homo
| lulu, and will doubtless increase the
number of those who give aid to the
| movement.
The first kindergarten ever establish
ed on the Islands was that opened on
| Nuuanu street by Miss Sarah King, in
1888. Her school was moved into Ku-
kui street and was continued by Miss
Mather for number of years. Through
lack of patronage the school was dis
continued, but in year Or so was re-
vived under Miss Birch Tanning, at the
Punahou Preparatory building. These
were pay schools.
The first free kindergarten was es-
tablished in 1892, under the auspices of
Mr.. Frank w. Damon, for Chinese chill
dren, and shortly after free kindergar-
tens were opened for Hawaiians, Portu-
guese and Japanese.
The present free kindergarten system
was organized in March, 1894, and the
schools mentioned above were taken
over. In September of that year de-
partment was opened for foreign chill
dren of any nationality outside those
named.
In June, 1895, this organization was
under the name of the Free
kindergarten and Children's Aid Asso- |
citation of the Hawaiian Islands. In |
September, 1894, Kindergarten was
applied for and sent to Honolulu by Mrs |
Cooper, so we'll known from her connec-
ton with the Golden Gate Free Kinder
garten Association of San Francisco.
Under her a number of young ladies
have been trained, and some of them
ire now acting as paid assistants.
OF the free kindergartens there are
now five, with a total attendance of
about 100 children, and outside of the
there are three indepen-
lent kindergartens with an attendance
If over 80, thus making 27O children be-
ng educated under this influence in the
;ify of Honolulu.
Outside of Honolulu, there are two
in Hilo and one in Ko-
lala.
The main work of organizing and
the kindergartens has been
lone by Mrs. Coleman, who has devoted
lerself and still devotes herself to the
work.. /
The kindergartens are kept up by vol :
lntary contributions, and are, we un- /
lerstand, out of debt. The cost of keep t
ng them up is estimated by Mrs. Cole s
nan at $4,000 annually.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02

Hotel Street,
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02

an assessment of $146, 297.64 and a col
lection of S145, 74023, and American and
European firms with an assessment of
s32 1920 and a collection of s31 ,597 so
This would make total of taxes from
Americans and Europeans of s276,303 10
collected.
The Portuguese were assessed at S29,-
342.5O, and paid So, 47591, and as their
ten per cent. penalty only amounted to
s392.36, it is very evident that the bulk
of the Portuguese are prompt in paying
their taxes.
The Chinese were assessed at S101,-
224.40, and paid in $92 ,323.16, but their
ten per cent. penalty amounted to ST.
32O.9O, being a little less than half of the
Hawaiian. The japanese have proved
good taxpayers, being assessed at $751;
272O7 and having paid $S1 ,S3S.S9.
On real estate the 1858 Hawaiian
property payers were assessed at $685.
565.96, and paid $55,243.1O, leaving s14,-
322.S6 delinquent. The Americans and
Europeans were assessed at 500, 645.9S,
paid 500, 1857, leaving s6,509.62 delin-
quent Add to this the real estate of
American and European corporations
and firms, and it will be found that from |
this source there have been collected |
S122, 9S8.53, with delinquency of only |
Sc, 1883.
On real estate, Americans and Euro |
peans have paid 81 per cent. of the taxes
collected, the Hawaiians q per cent,
and the remaining three nationalities
II per cent. between them.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
MAY 2
SATURDAY

One of the interesting items connect
ed with the Republican Presidential
canvass now going on in the United
States is the discovery that Governor
Mckinley and Senator Allison are rela-
tives. Governor McKinley's mother was
Nancy Campbell Allison, descendant
from the same line as Senator Allison.
Again is the old adage proven true that
politics makes queer bedfellows."
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02

Piano Solo-"Pasquinade" .Gottsehalk
Miss Boyer.
Vocal Solo-"Come Unto Me- Lindsay
Mrs. F. W. Glade
Vocal Trio-"Protect Us Through
the Coming Night .Curschman
Miss Boyer, Mrs. F. w. Glade, Mrs. D.
Campbell
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-05-02
No Gambling!
No Guessing !

premiums, but as a reward for your
patronage and to the person holding
the largest number of tickets on July
LIST I will make a present of two silk
dress patterns I'll yards each), or one
fine silk shirt and one dozen silk hand
kerchiefs.
Tickets will be given with every pur-
chase of 81.
No gambling or guessing of any num-
Der. Keep the tickets and present them
at my store on July LIST. Whoever has
the largest number gets the present.
Commencing from FRIDAY NEXT.
May LIST.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

centre, put failed. The Alyas tried me
ends with no better results. Earteret got
the ball; Moran took the bah Tor three
yards through Alva's centre. carteret
lost the ball on downs. Alvas tried THE
Carteret's left end. yanearing made Is
yards, but was owned by C'Mealia. The
next play resulted in a loss on q tumble.
Alya was on the Carteret s-yard line, and
Duke took the ball across the line for a
touchdown Hernandez failed to kick a
goal. The teams line up In the centre
and Luke kicked off; Duke getting the
ball was instantly downed. Alva made
no gains and lost the ball on downs. The
Carterets gave the ball TO Luke, who made
a gain Of three, yards. .o,Mealia made
eight yards. Luke took the ball around
right end, adding five yards to Carteret's
gain. The next play OsMealia got the
ball on a fake pass and made a gain of
g yards. Cox took the ball On another
pass, but could not gain. Time was
called on account of darkness, leaving the
Carterets with the ball IN Alva's 1-yard
line. AT the end Of the game the score
stood 4 to 0. The line bucking OF Luke,
Moran and O'Mealia was the feature.
Duke. Graham and Vanearing played we'll
for the Alvas. The Carteret f. G. is
anxious for another game with the Alvas
or the former's grounds.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09
Bohem,ans After English Fighter
MUST HAVE HAD A ROYAL TIME

When John Tully, the contractor, of
Beacon avenue and Fleet street. arrived
in front of his home at two o'clock yes
terday morning. he found lying on the
sidewalk near the front stoop a dark coat
and vest. a white shirt with collar and
cuffs attached, a neektie and a black
derby hat. Mr.. Tully took the articles
to the Oakland avenue police station,
where they still remain, awaiting the
owner. How the clothes came TO be
there Mr.. Tuily does not know. He says
he does not recognize them as belonging
to any of his friends and Is at a loss to
know whose they. are. Evidently some
man imagined he was home and UNI
dressed on the street
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09
MODIFYING A DIVORCE DECREE.

In the case of Mrs. Mary Lynde against
her husband Charles, Justice Herbert
Potts asked -Vice-Chancellor Stevens this
morning for a Modification of the decree
of divorce granted against the husband
lives now in Trenton and her husband in
Long Island. They formerly lived in this
city. A modification in the terms will be
mad
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09
DRILL SEASON OPENS TONIGHT.

The drill season of the Fourth Regiment
opens tonight, with Companies A and c
on the floor. Tomorrow night Companies
B and D will drill. and after the drill
an informal dance will be held by Com
pany B in the squad room. Wednesday
night Companies E and F will c the
drill shed; on Thursday night Companies
T and H viii drill; Friday night the Gun
Detachment and Company L will be on
the floor The militiamen are preparing
for a hard winters work, and intend to
get down to drill with a vim.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09
DEoKHAND SERIOUSLY INJURED

Charles Peterson. of No. 1901 Butler
street. Philadelphia. a deck hand on the
tugboat Herald, of that city. while at
work taking on coal at the P~ochohantas
coal dock, foot of Ninth street. Hoboken,
on Saturday afternoon. was hit on the
head by the coal bucket and seriously in
jured. He was removed to ST. Naryss
Hospital in a critical condition.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

FOF 0acn lamp per
month, from Decem-
Der, 1895, to November
80, 1897, inclusive. IT, SIG ISL 1-6
For each lamp for the
term of one year, ex-
Is 81 s;.s s'ss, ms I s.a a-a
month, from Decem-
Der. 1886, to November
80, 1899, inclusiYe..... 1.6S 3-4 LIE
For each lamp per
year for the term Of
rs ss'ss ss Sss'I +; s 81 !. 90, a.@
month. from Decem-
Der, 1896, to Novem-
Der 3oth, 1901, inc1u-
For each lamp per
year for the term of
five years, expiring
November 80, 1901 -. 20.00 20.43
Received and referred to the Commit
tee on Municipal Lighting.
On motion the regular order of business
was resumed.
PRESENTATION OF PETITIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS.
From Moritz Pilgram and others
Petitioning for Improvement Cby paving
with Belgian) of Griffith street beIween
the east side of Milton avenue and Hud-
son Boulevard.
From Ira L. Bursley and others
Petitioning for improvement (by grad
ing) of Pavonia avenue between Tonnele
avenue and West Side avenue.
From Thomas Murray and others
Petitioning for Improvement (by grad
ing) OF Jewett avenue between Bergen
avenue and Hudson Boulevard.
From G.. p Howell and others
Petitioning for construction of a sewer
IN Hoadley avenue from a point about lis
feet west of West Side avenue 10 NAL
Tory avenue and through Mallory avenue
70 and connecting with sewer in Glen
denny avenue.
From Henry Byrne:-
Requesting permission 10 construct a IS
inch vitrifed pipe sewer in emo street
and Railroad avenue from a point about
40 feet east of Factory street through
Railroad avenue and Fremont street to
sewer in Mercer street.
From John H. We're and others
Requesting the Board to appoint Benz.
F Skinner as inspector on Improvement
of Clinton avenue.
Received and referred to Committee
on Streets and Sewers.
From the Rockaway and Hudson COM
pany and the East Jersey Water Com
pany. making an extension of thirty DAYS
tofore submitted.
Received and referred to Committee of
From the New York Board of Fire IN
derwriters:-
csrtlfylng to Inspection of electric
Received and ordered filed.
OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS.
From the Board of Finance
Transmitting resolution passed by said
Board October Is, 1896. and approved by
thu Mayor October 70. 1906
Resolved. That the Board OF Finance
hereby concurs In the following resolu-
lions adopted by the Board OF Street and
Water Commissioners October G, 1896. to
witt
That a warrant for 500 be ana is hereby
ordered drawn in favor OF Henry F. Tor
and use. for laying and maintaining water
pipes, SC. beneath the surface OF the
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09
HandbaII.

= GBatt0Oa1ks M
Interest in the club day games at the
Jersey City handball court was increased
yesterday by the first games in the match
between Ed. Flcke and Tom Flaherty, of
he Jersey City Club, and d. Bruder and
e. Shelvey, of Harrison. for s25. The gall
lery was rowde when the sport began,
and the excitement was strong While the
match was in progress. Five games We're
decided, and the Jersey City pair won
three and lost two, a result that was I'M
looked for. 1t was expected the local
team would win all. The visitors put up
a strong contest at the start, and ratified
off the first game in good shape. and won
by a score of q to 10. The home team set
sail in the next game and they We're the
only ones in it. Harrison was beaten 70
aces. The Jersey City representatives
continued to play hard, and in the next
two games were in front all the WY, VIM
ming with considerable to spare. The pace
was hot and told on the players, and the
The scores WERE
B. Logan and John Egan....19 81 2i-61
James Egan and T. Waldron..a 20 1883
]. Hennessey and ]. Murphy. II IL 21-53
P. Flood and J. Flynn. .........18 p list
lanes T. Flahsrty. -21 JS-s 8
P. Barrett and P. Seott........1 10 21-Sl
M. Egan and 3. Hopkins. IA p 1871
T. Flaherty and e. Ficke. .19 81 81 n 1871
D. Bruder and E. Shelver. .21 s ID Is 21-S2
p. Egan and II. OsGrady......14 u 21-56'
j. Myiott and F. Dwyer.....2 p 20 1s-57
James Laylor...... -. ....14 2l-35
John Manion....s..... ....... ...-.21 49, v39
The B~ohena7ans Next
The principal event at the next box
ing tournament of the Bohemian Sport
ing Club, which is scheduled for tomor-
row night, will be a ten-round contest
between Marty McCue and Jack Delaney,
who will box ten rounds at 122 pounds.
The remaining three bouts are as fol-
lows:-F'irst bout, eight runds at catch
weights-John Hogan Of New York VS..
Emmons Fry of Jersey City; second bout.
eight FUNDS, at lis pounds. Jimmy Hoey
of New York VS.. Michael Foley of United
States flagship New York; and third bout,
six rounds at ITO pounds, Frank Brennan
of Brooklyn VS.. Peck Barry of Jersey
City.
For this tournament the members will
be assessed 81 and the guests 81. First
bout will go on at 9 o'clock.
BohemIans After English Fighters
1t is among the possibilities that Billy
Newman, the matchmaker of the Bohe-
milan Club. will sail for England ON Sat
urday. in order to engage several Eng
lish boxers to appear before the Bohe-
mian Club. Among the men the club
wishes to secure are Pedlar Palmer,
Billy Plimmer, Willie Smith and Dick
Burge. The matter is now under con-
sideration.
The Bohemian Club. through Billy New
man, has engaged Casper Leon and Dave
Sullivan to box twenty rounds, on No
vember "a. As they are included in the
small list of very clever bantams in
this country, the bout viii undoubtedly
he q uataworfhv oue
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

Irving. Positions. N. J. A. C.
Grimn...-.....:Left .crear
Maekenzie.....Ieft taekls.s"....Couch
Robertson 49,, Observation-Disclosures. Cole
Fox..:..........Right guard. .Kindgen
Armstrong..-..Right tackle.-......Phyfe
Drakeley ....... Quartz simmons
Rowe.........Left half Ward
Right half Whyte
Full Barclay
s. TouchdoWns-Barclay,. Drakeley, Me-
Leer. Goals from touchdowns-Wyhte,
M 9Is,hkR unDlreJ. Pedlow irving
Napier, Irving Club. Time-Twenty-fye
and twenty-msnute halves
Saturday afternoon in the rear of School
No. 2 q red hot game Of football was
played between st. Peters College and
the Olympic Field Club. which ended in
favor of the students after a hard scrim-
mage by a score of 10 to o,
One of the finest games of football
played this season was decided Saturday
IN a tie between. the Bayonnes Field Club
evenly matched as two peas and the play
other Side 81 the field without any ap-
tackiing, blocking and defense play was
OF a high order. The game was witnessed
by a large crowd and during its progress
the spectators We're thrilled by the ex-
The Columbia A. c.. won a game ves-
terday from the Emeralds by a score of
Ii to 8. The playing was fast and at the
close of the first half Favored the Emer-
aids by 8 points to 4. In the second half
the Columbias made two t~ouchdowns and
forced their opponents to a safety. Wright
and Barnes made the points for Emerald
and Wilcox, Drayton and Ennis for the
The Crescent Field Club PLAYED al,
around the, Eurekas yesterday and beat
them by the one sided score of "a to o.
This represented six touchdowns.
The Unions and Riverside team played
Saturday afternoon at West End and
showed considerable skill under Rugby
age, but played with as much vim as
might have been expected from players
much older. They played a fast game
and the work of the Riversides was of
a high. order. They were well drilled and
worked a number of tricks entirely new
to football. The revolving play was also
a feature and every time 1t worked for
large gains. In the first half they scored
two touchdowns. while the Unions man
aged to get over the line but once. The
Unions presented excellent interference
to Offset the plays OF the Rfversides and
In the second half scored a touchdown
from the 4o-yard line. Tit battle con-
tinued n Just before time ended River
side pushed the bali over for the winning
s in I he RIversices' favor.
The Carteret Field Club of GreenvIlle
and the A1va Athletic Club Of Bayonne
played a game Saturday afternoon at Bay
onne, which resulted in a wonderfully ex*
citing contest. Moran. Of C8rteref, kicked
the ball to A1va's 3Q-yarf line. where
Hernandez VA dswned Av4 tried the
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

OFFICE OF THE COLLECTOR or CTS
toms, Port Of New York. October q. ISIS
Notice Is hereby given that the following de-
iation Of the United States revenue laws. 10
:. 80 cigars: December 5 500 cigars. Febri-
March -. CSC cigars. MAY 3 13 ciears. May
and chain. / lAdy's gold watch and chair.
June Is. ! marqnise ring tdisrlonds ana
spoons. June Is. l gents gold watch. 2 dadies'
knives; June %, ) pipes. l jacket. 6 pocket
pins. / piere Of linen, 5 combs. l scarf; July 5.
100 cigars. July 9. 2 ladies' gold watches and
chains. 2 gold chains, 3 brooches. / charm:
July is, 5 gents gold Watches August IL
gold watch. / pair Of diamond earrings. a
hair charms, s hair rings; August II. l pair
OF diamond earrings, ! coral necklace, l coral
brooch, l pair Of coral earrings. / silver watch.
/ s~earfpin; August, IL 2 sold watches. s
brooches. 2 gold chains; September II. A stones
lunsen, ! silver watch chain; September Is.
300 cigars; August II, l pair OF diamond EAR
rings, l diamond and ruby ring, / diamond
stud. 9 watches All persons claiming the
above described merchandise or any interest
therein. are requested to appear and file claim
Of ownership With the undersigned. within
twenty days from the nrst publication Of this
notice, otherwise the goods VIII be sold at
pubic auction. after due notice being given.
2 KLBRETH. Collector.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

FTOpOsaIs lot Ilghtlng with gas
One % proposal was presented as fol-
lows
PROPOSALS FOR GAS STREET
LIGHTING.
The United Gas I'm
provement Co. for
the Jersey City Gas
Light Co., The Peo-
pies Gas Light Co..
and Consumers Gas
The contrac-
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-11-09

Among the desirable novelties in gloves
ARE the seamless designs. These come in
black and In various shades of brown,
tan and gray. in four and five button
lengths and have no side seams. They
impart to the hand a graceful roundness
and apparently diminish the size in a
most desirable manner.
A charming vessel for flowers is made
from a good-sized gourd painted an olive
green.
The cut glass dishes, with solid silver
stands. are very much lower and smaller
than those formerly used.