davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
INTERNAL REVENUE RECEIPTS.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 20. 1Ses -.
three months Of this fiscal year the re-
ceipts from Internal revenue have been
sS7, 7s4,sS against ss7, n, 47s for the cor
responding three months of 1895. The
principal items of revenue are:-spirits.
sls,sA,65 an Increase Of 81. os2. el7; tobacco.
S7,S7o,4N, a decrease of SOS, 1877; fermented
liquors, SIC, 123, 81, a decrease of $3.50, 500:
oleomargarine $26s, 09l, a decrease Of See,
49, Ss. Filled cheese at a tax of one cent
q pound. appears for the first time among
items Of revenue, the tax collected from
September 4. when the law went into ef-
collections from internal revenue were
Sl2,VOs 100, as against s12, 0o1, 956 in Septem-
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
Vigilancia s.ory a Fake.

WASHINGTON. Oct. 20, 1Ss6.-state De.
partment officials discredit the sensational
features of a story published this morn
ing from Key West regarding the deten-
ton of the Vigilancia in Havana Harbor
last Friday, and are confident that the ac-
count of the affair received by the United
associated Presses direct from Havana
Saturday night was thoroughly reI,able
They base their belief on the fact that
Consul General Lee has made no reference
to the affair in his dispatches as thev
are sure he would have done had the IT.
eident been SO full of exciting phases.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
v WAR RECORDS.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 20, 1887

WASHINGTON, Oct. 20. 1sss.-The an
nual report Of Lieutenant Commander
Richard Rush, Superintendent of the
Naval War Records Office, shows that
during the past year the second and
third official records of the Union and
Confederate nayies in the War of the
fourth volume is In the press. The re-
ports of the Union commanders are full
and fairly complete. but the Confederate
records are not equally complete, which
is due to the great difficulty found in
collecting them. and also to the fact that
a large part of the archives OF the Con-
federate nav department was burned at
the close of the war.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
LADY ECOTT INDICTED.
Bu Gable to the United Press.

LONDON, Oct. 20, 1Ss6-The Old Bailey
Grand Jury today returned a true bill
against Lady Tina Scott, the mother Of
Countess Russell, who was arrested or
October 3 at the instance of her son-in-
law, Earl Russell, upon a charge of hav-
ing criminally libeled him. Lady Scott
was arraigned en- October 10 and again
on October IL and committed for trial
under bonds Of f2.0O0.
True bills were also found against Fred
erick Kast. a groom, and John Cockerton,
a marine engineer, who were also arrested
and held for trial in connection with the
case in the sum of $500 each.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
RAILROADS.
RAILROAD.
The Standard Hallway OF America
In Effect October IL. 1896.

Trains leave Jersey CiS as foliows:-
FOR THE WEST.
s.15 A. M. FAST LINE. with vestibule Par.
OLA a. NJ, the celebrated PENNSYLVANIA
LIMITED, the pioneer Of this class of tke
service, composed exclusively of Pullman Yes
tibule Compartment. Sleeping. Dining, Obser-
Vation and Smoking Cars, lighted by stationary
burg. Chicago. Cleveland. Indianapolis, Louis
WE 9e$ 8, II Lou1si Sia aGn En5 SnS i Toledo
PRESS. with Vestibuie Sleeping and Dining
Cars. daily to ST. Louis. Louisville and CHI
6.A P. NJ. WESTERN EXPRESS, with YES
tibule Sleeping Cars. daily to Pittsburg. CHI
cago and Cleveland. Dining Car to Phiiada.-
ps SCI T =, NJ f.''ssa5g fS E SslseES EXPRESS.
Sleeping and Dining Cars to Cincinnati ana 81
dianapolis lo.15 p, NJ. st. Louis 100 *. NJ.
Sis P. NJ. PACIFIC EXPRESS. pullman
Sleeping Car to Pittsburg. Connects for Chi
eago daily, and Cleveland and Toledo. except
BALTIMORE. WASHINGTON AND THE
For Baltimore, Washington and the South at
BIB. S.44. 9-44, 1924. lib A. M; lib. 223 tS.S2
CONGRESSIONAL LIMITED. Parlor Cars
and Pennsylvania Railroad Dining Can. -
day s.4, a44. rl1s a. NJ. (3.s2 Congressional
Limited parlor Cars and Pennsylvania Rs.is
1880 night For Baltimore only. LA P. NJ.
o PHILADELPHIA.
for Philadelphia. 6.33. I.43, Ia.
s.13, s4. e.15. 9.A G0.14 Pennsylvania Limited).
1924 and 1l1s 4. NJ. 121 Y. lis. ia, 22. SIP.
413, 4.4S, 4-4. $50. 6.14. 500. Sis. s.15 P. NJ.
and 1890 night. Sunday, 6.34. S.44, SIS. 9A
d0.14 Pennsylvania Ltmitedl. DIG, u.1S A. III,
as, "a; 49, $50. GA. 500, SIS. as p NJ.
and 12.sa night. Accommodation, Ills a. M,
4.45 ana rs P. II. week days. Sundays. SIS
and 7.15 P. Ne.
For ATLANTIC City, lib a. NJ. QnPM NJ.
week days, 6.34 A. NJ. Sundays.
For Cape May, LA P. NJ. week days.
For Long Branch. Asbury Park, Ocean
Grove. Point Pleasant and intermediate sta
tons, via Railway. s2s A NJ; 1873.
1852. 5.22 P. NJ and 1902 night On Sun
day, 1000 A. NJ, 5-3S P. NJ. tStop at Interlaken
for Asbury Park or Ocean Grove on Sunday)
The New York Transfer Company Will call
for and check baggage from and to hotels and
residences
s. NJ. PROVOST. j. r. WOOD
Genl Manager. Gen'l Passenger Agent
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
CITY NEWS r

Wesley Sanford, of No. 345 Pavonia ave-
nue., was committed by Justice Potts this
morning for breaking INTO Patrick Burns
stealing a thousand cigars.
Policeman Sturgis found a sick woman
in Warren street at W o'clock this morn
Ing. She was unable to speak English
City Hospital.
Robert jackson, of No. 2l2 Coles street,
insulted Mrs. Kate Calvin, his next door
neigahbor. last night, She dropped a
fined 81.
, Chancellor McGiH is ii! Trenton today
Rat the opening Of the Court of chancery.
No. 3t7 Railroad Avenue this morni11g.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
SAILING OF THE WINDOW.

BALTIMORE, Oct. 20, 1Sss.-The United
States Revenue Cutter Window sailed this
morning with preliminary orders TO go to
sea. As soon as clear OF the land Cap
tain Hand will open sealed orders which
will direct his future movements. 1t is
thought the Window has been ordered to
the coast of Florida to join the cutters
McLane. Winona, Morrill,, Forward and
Boutwell, to complete the Gordon around
the FLORIDA coast to prevent the departure
of flibustering parties from that section
which have been going on for the assist
ance of the Cuban reVelutionists,
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
MURDER0US MARAUDERS.
Special to the Jerscv Cytv NctcA

NEW BRUNSWICK. Oct. 20. 1885,
Kelch's foundry, at South River, has been
broken into several times recently and
tools ave been stolen which were utiliz-
ed by the burglars in committing other
burglaries in the vicinity of South River.
Last night Frank Tiptrick, a watchman
at the foundry, surprised the burglars and
shot at them. They returned the fire.
One ball penetrated Tiptrick's abdomen,
infiicting a probable mortal wound. The
burglars escaped.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
BODY FOUND In THE WATER.
Possibly 1t Is One of the Tugboas
N1a0orasa Crnru

dressed in q dark spit and check shirt,
was found floating in the water at the
foot of the Morgan street pier this morn
ing, by the crew of the tugboat Della
bearing the name of Leo Bang, No. Is
Spruce street, Newark. and a Pennsyl-
vania Railroad ticket to that city were
ound. The body was taken. to Speer's
mcrgue. 1t is thought possible that the
body is one of the victims of the tugboat
Niagara, which was run down on the
New York side of the river a few days
ago by the steamer Magenta.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
A SEAT FOR GLADSTONE
81 Cablc 70 the Uaned Prcss.

LONDON. Oct. 20, 1sss.-Mr. William
Pritchard Morgan, LIBERAL member Of the
aouse Of Commons for Merthyr Tydvil,
mas summoned a meeting of his eonetitu-
ents Tor the purpose Of discussing the
question of his resigning his seat in Par
lament in favor of Mr.. Gladstone. Mr..
TO bring Mr.. Gladstone back into noli4;os
The Liberals, comprising Mr.. Morgan's
constituency are enthusiastic in their an
proyal of Mr.. Morgan's idea. but are
oouotIui tnat the Grand Old Man will
give a favorable response to Mr. Nor
gaE's movement.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
MRS. JACKSON WANTS ALIMoNY

The APPLICATION Of Mrs. Kate Jackson of
Fourth street for alimony pending her
suit for divorce against her husband,
Charles Jackson. the colored s~aloonkeeper,
of No. & Montgomery street, VIII come
day.
Mrs. Jackson says she proposes to show
the Court what kind of a mar her hus-.
band is and what kind of a place he keeps
over his saloon. jackson won't say
anything to his wife charges beyond tina
she treated him with great cruelty. He IS
a big brawny fellow nearly six feet. She
is a quiet little woman.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
DRUNK, BUTKNBWA THING Oh TWO

Oscar Lehman, living at No. s4 Park
avenue, Hoboken, got drunk yesterday
afternoon, and after wandering around
for some time was finally locked up in
the police station. When his ease came
up in court his morning, Policeman
Nealy, who said he arrested Lehman,
claimed he found Lehman at Fourth and
Hudson streets. Lehman, who seems TO
be well acquainted with the Hoboken
police force, at once disputed the police
mans statement. He acknowledged he
was intoxicated but said he would swear
Nealy didn't arrest him. He said he was
arrested by Policeman Gallagher, and the
place was on River street. The Recorder.
wishing to learn who really made the
arrest. allowed the argument to continue
for some time. to the amusement Of the
spectators in the court room. At last the
arrest was allowed to stand as 1t was
the book, and Lehman was Aned a
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
MOTHERS FATAL DEVoTIoN.

PoTTsVILLE. Pa. Oct. 20. 1s9s.-Mrs.
Con Reardon and her nine-year-old son
were burned to death in their home, at
Mahanoy Plane. which was destroyed by
fire this morning at about two o'clock.
Mrs. Reardon and husband lax escaped
from the burning building. Hearing that
her son was still in bed, the mother rush
ed into the flames to rescue him. She
had reached the second story when she
Was overcome by the dense smoke n
she and the boy were consumed In tbx'
ruins.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
PRINCE HILKoPF's TOUR.

NEW YORK, Oct. 20, 1sss.-The Russian
Prince Hilkoff and his party, who are on
a tour of the country to study the latest
American improvements in machinery,
arrived from Niagara Falls on the New
York Central Railroad this morning. The
party has been the guests of the New
York Central zinc Sunday morning. when
IT started on a tour of inspection Of that
road. The party in addition to inspecting
the road, took in sights n visited
the Centrals shops and works at Depew.
near RuffaIn
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20

The following remarkable alphabetical
advertisement appeared in an Issue OF the
London Times away back in 1S42:-t'To
widowers and single gentlemen-Wanted
by a lady a situation to superintend the
household and preside at table. She is
agreeable, becoming. careful, desirable.
English. facetious. generous. honest, in
dustrious. judicious. keen. lively. merry,
natty, obedient, philosophic. quiet, rosy
faced, sociable. tasteful, useful. vivacious
womanish. x~antippish, youthfN jealous,
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
MORE LIVES FOB CUBA.


MADRID, Oct. 20, lSss.-The shipment
of $4,000 reinforcements to Cuba will be-
gsn early in November.
A despatch from Havana to the I'm
parcial' says that in the recent fighting
in Pinar del Rio Province. Maceo LOST q
numbe of officers, including his chief
supporters. His men, the despatch saws.
are now split up and wandering about
the country without camps and without
food.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
MISS UHL TO WE'D.
Bu Cabie 10 the Untted Prsss.

BERLIN, Oct. 20, lSss.-The
ment is made of the engagement of Miss
Lucy Uhl, daughter ofthe Hon. Edwin F.
Uhl, United States Ambassador to Ger
many, to Mr.. Guy Thomson q st,den.
IN yale University. The marriage viii
take place in Berlin in the early part Of
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
TO START AT BRYANIzBD WAGES
Special to thu Jerscp c.fu

Special to thu Jerscu C.fg Mars
MELVILLE. Oct. 20, 1sse.-It was an
nounced today that Whitall, Tatum & CO.
has reached an agreement with their flint
glass blowers on the basis of a ten per
cent. reduction from last yeas scale of
wages. Work will be resumed at the
company's works as soon as the furnaces
can be gotten ready. This means employ
ment to 100 persons.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
RAILROADS.
WEST~SHCRE
-RAILROAD=
Picturesque Line OF Travel to the
North and West.
THE NIAGARA FAILS Rof5rr


Trains leave 42d street North River, station.
New York. as follows. and fifteen minutes
Garner from foot Franklin street. n. F. Ter
minSi station at Weehawken, n. j., can Be
TsaG N va e trains nsI OF n Rd. leaving
$50 A NJ Daily, Local 10 Buffalo.
40 A. n. Daily. Local 10 Albany, for Cats
Ah MouEtai5s ana Saratoga. ParIor car 70
s1s A. NJ. Daily. for Albany. Utica. svracuse.
Eochsster. Buffalo Niagara Fails, Toledo
LBS A. NJ. Daily, except SUNDAY. to Cats
XIII Mountains. New Paltz, Lake Mo-
monk n Minnewaska, Albany. Utica.
saratoga, Caldwell, Lake George. Par
Tor car to Albany.
400 P NJ Daily. except Sunday. for AL
800 p. N. Daily, for Albany. Montreal. Utica.
Syracuse, Rochester,. Buffalo, Niagara FaIls.
Toronto. Detroit. Cleveland. Chicago and ST
$50 P. NJ Daily. except sunday. for New
burg. Albany. Saratoga and Montreal. Sleep
ing car; Albany to Montreal.
t Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo.
BIS P. NJ. Daily. for Albany, Utica. Syracuses
Rochester, Buffalo. Niagara Falls. Toronto.
Haysrstraw Locals. 100 a NJ: AS. 4.so. G-ss.
800, $1,000 and .1145 P. NJ
Newburgh Locals. ioI5 A. NJ: Ills. 5.l1 an
Daily. ..sundayz only. Kingston Loc.l LA
wasnsr Sleeping cars for Albany. uties.
Toronto, Detroit. Cleveland and Chicago on
through trains.
For tickets. timetables. parlor and sleeping
eaf oea acsRn%1SatiGP Nos. q sss. ns Sc ssse F aRR5z
street. annex Office, foot of Fulton street.
New York City; Nes us. sss 81 and as
Twenty-dfth street. ana at station.
C Lambert. l~Passengsr Agent.
No. S Vanderbilt avenue. New York
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
PARLIAMENT TO REAssEMBLE.
81 Cabls to the Unttea pr,..

LONDON. Oct. 20. 1sss.-The Exchange
Telegraph Company announces that the
British Parliament will reassemble on
January Is.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
POLICE DUTY FOR TIE RALEIGH

WASHINGTON, Oct. 20, lsse.-The
cruiser Raleigh finished coaiing at Beau~
fort. s. C.. this morning q left for
81. Augustine tQs rs1ievs the Newark Of
flibuzter patrol duty.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1896-10-20
FIRST OF THE BEAUTIrUL.

GBQyERsvILLE, N: Y. Oct. 20. 1885,
Three inches Of snow fell in Wells. Ham
ilten county, this morning. A slight fall
also occurred In this city and county this
morning.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-07-22

Of st. Louis and for the entire Mississ-
ippi valley.
TEXANS RAISE THE FLAG.
While Governor Stone was speaking
the Texas delegation, occupying a seat
on the extreme left raised an immense
national flag in their midst.
Ignatius Donnelly of Minnesota, re-
sponded to Governor Stones speech.
His appearance aroused the middle of
the road element to a burst of enthus-
iasm. Mr.. Donnelly spoke gracefully,
paying a high compliment to St. Louis
and eloquently describing the country
tributary to it but avoiding adroitly any
alIusion to the subjects uDon which the
delegates below him were divided.
The movement which this ccnven-
tion presented, he said, had been con
ceived in the distress that prevailed
among the producers of the country;
the people had felt the effects of mis-
government. If there was any move
ment on the face of the earth called
up by the veritable hand of God it
was the Peoples Party. AS he de-
clared that the spirits of Washington,
Jefferson. Jackson and Lincoln were
! floating above this convention, the del
egates cheered Justify. The party
reached down to the soul and heart of
humanity. God save the people" said
he. Upon that we stand We are de-
voted to their cause Let us never for
get in our work that we are band of
mics of mankind. We must stand to-
gether. whatever we do He went on
while the middle of the readers shout
ed, THE Peoples Parry won't die; it
needs to live. I stood at the cradle of
the Greenback party; voted with the
founders of the Peoples Party, and God
forbid that I should be here now to at
tend its funeral This is the great
work of the century. Let us do our
duty, first determining that we will
neither desert nor destroy our party"
MRS. LEASE RECEIVES CHEERS.
There We're more middle of the road
ers cheers when Mr.. Donnelly fin
ished.
Mary Elizabeth Lease of Kansas got
a demonstration as she ascended the
stage just before Chairman Taubeneck
introduced Senator Butler as tempOr-
ary chairman.
In introducing Senator Butler Mr..
Taubeneck said that Mr.. Butler had
been selected by the national committee
ed his belief that when the convention
adjourned it would be found that it had
acted with as great unanimity as had
the committee in choosing the tenn
porary chairman.
Senator Butler was received with
hearty applause, and at the suggestion
of Committeeman WaShburn, three
cheers were given for the young sena-
tor from the old North state.
I'VE are here said the senator, be
cause there is need for us to be here .
He referred to the fact that two ma
tiOnal parties had already held their
conventions. These two parties had
had charge of the government for %
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-07-22

years. The people had during this
time done their duty in the matter of
the creation Of wealth. They caused
the country, so far as they could, to
blossom as rose, but these parties
had been unfaithfuI to their trust and
had brought the country to the verge of
bankruptcy. The leaders of both had
been unfaithful to their trust. Hence,
the need of the Peoples Party. He
referred to Mr. Mckinley as the can
didate of aggregated capital and COM
bined greed. He declared both old
parties had for years kept the greatest
issue in American politics in the back
ground They would shun issues and
fight sham battles. No matter where
the victory lay, Wall street and Lom-
bard street won. Meantime he said,
the POpuliSt party, organized to bring
real relief to the people, had grown
steadily. The agitation had been kept
up; victories against greed had been
won. The south and the west had join
ed hands.
STOLE POPULISTS' THUNDER.
Senator Butler said the Democrats
had stolen the Peoples Party platform.
(Great cheering) He hopes the con-
vention viii not turn itself into a
Democratic annex. He also says he
has too much faith to believe it will
turn itself into a Republican annex.
Senator Butler described the various
campaigns through which the party
had passed in Various states; the hard
ships endured, the filings and ridicule
to which they had been subjected, but
they had triumphed.
They had at last torn the mask from
the old parties. A few weeks ago the
Republican party had been forced to
align itself with the mOneyed. kings of
Wall street and Europe. The Demo-
cratic party at Chicago was driven to
the alternative of siding with gold, or
the people. They were so frightened
that in their desperation, they finally
committed grand and petty larceny.
They stole our platform and tried to
steal into our party"
This statement set the convention
wild.
why didn't they steal our transpor-
tation plank?'' shouted a California
delegate.
'Ah,'' replied Senator Butler. 1.-THE
old Democratic habit got the better of
them there. They straddled that ques-
ton
.'Whoope," cried a thousand voices.
He went on to plead for the mainten-
ance of the organization of the Peo-
pies Party. If the Peoples Party
should abandon its organizatfon,'' said
he, the Democratic party, at its next
national convention would repudiate
the platform adopted at Chicago and
Bryan would not have any more
chance of being re-nominated than
Thomas Jefferson would if he were
alive today
The financial question, he continued.
had been as much an issue since 1873
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-07-22

the slogan: mo Compromise' There
was a call from the Texas delegation
as they recognized their allies. About
this time some one nailed a portrait of
Peter Cooper above the speakers stand
and below it were the words National
Prosperity Cannot Be restored by the
Enforced Idleness of a Large Portion
of Our People,
The portrait did not seem to be recog-
nized, at least it was not applauded.
NO CLOSED SESSIONS.
Gen. Weaver moved over to the Tex
as delegation and made a short speech
in favor of holding the sessions be
hind closed doors, but the Texans did
not take kindly to the suggestion. They
said it was inpracticable. The middle
of the road leaders, after cOnferring
together, decided not to make an or
ganized fight against the selection of
Senator Butler as temporary chairman
and the Bryan men hailed this as an
indication that they were afraid to sub
nit to a test Of strength. The Lassa-
chusetts delegation bore into the hail
a banner bearing the legend Spirit of
1871"
At 12:15 Senator Butler of North Car
DINA mounted the platform and took
his seat. About him We're Cyclone"
Davis of Texas, Secretary Turner of
Washington, D. G., and some members
of the national committee. Three min
utes later Chairman Taubeneck of the
executive committee took his seat at
the front of the platform. Senators
Allen and PETER were Cheered as Une5-
ascended the stage. At this @Sme while
every seat on the floor was taken and
there was much animation. the CALLER
les were practically empty. There
were over 1000 delegates and attend
ants in the pit, but by a liberal esti-
mate not over 500 spectators in the
galleries Gov. Stone of Missouri, who
is to deliver the address of welcome,
sat among the distinguished guests on
the platform.
At 12:37 Chairman Taubeneck stepped
to the front of the platform to call the
convention to order. At sight of him,
the Illinois delegation, which sat i'm
mediately below the platform rose up
and cheered. Mr.. Taubeneck is a large
handsome man with heavy brown
moustache and a rather pallid complex
ion.
Quiet came with the first rap of the
gavel
The Rev. W. /. Smith, of the Third
Baptist church of this city, delivered
the Invocation. The 1900 delegates
stood reverent1y as he appealed to the
throne of grace to drive out all evil and
sectionalism from the deliberations of
the convention and bring in all good.
Mr.. Taubeneck's 16 to 1 gaveI again
descended. upon the conclusion of the
prayer. There was some surprise when
the chairman introduced Governor
Stone of Missouri, but whatever appre-
tensions might have raised were speed
lily removed by the announcement that
the governor was merely expected to
make a welcoming address Mr. Stone
did not speak a great length. His well
come was most cordial and was couch
ed in choice words. He ventured upon
a few general remarks upon the pro
priety of freedom of opinion, of the
press, of speech and of the ballot which