davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
Preserve the Fort.

The people of Snyder county
should bestir themselves and ac-
quire little self.pride to preserve
their historical relics. Strangers
coming to the county help them
selves literally to pieces of wood
taken from Hendricks Fort near
Kreamer. Here is q land mark over
a century old. Are we going to sit
here with our arms folded and al
low our cherished remnants of an-
tiquity to be gradually but surely
carried away? Surely we are not so
dull to the keener and laudable am
bition to preserve archaic struc
lures and all semblances of an
tiquated remains.
Snyder county needs historical
society. We are assured that after
election historical organization
will be effected. Let it come Let
il preserve unsullied the records of
the early settlers and everything
that will in anyway inculcate in our
minds the great need Of collecting
and preserving historical data.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
A Gem From Speaker Reed.

Thos. b. Reed has said and writ
ten many pungent paragraphs but
none better than the following in
his introduction to "PRoTECTIoN AND
PRospERITY;'
Somehow or other, times like
these are great educators. How
very fine used to be the sneer about
lifting ones self by the boot straps
How clear used also to seem the
demonstration that taxes could
create nothing What fine, large
mouth the consumer had those days,
and how puny and unworthy seem,
ed the hands of the producer Now
the untitled mouth has discovered
who owns the hands. This book
will show you that this has been the
history of nations, n hundred times
nay, il has been the history of oui
own nation half score of times in
our short life. Like the Spanish
Grandoe in the Cemetery we were
well and wanted TO be better, took
medicine, and here we are. 1t is
worth while to undergo this death
and resurrection again We shall
never do it if we lay fast hold on the
facts of the universe. There may
be a time come when nations will be
no moro, when the brotherhood of
man may be established, when com
municatIon may be so rapid, when
we shall be so equally advanced in
civilization, that nobody will care
where be lives or is buried; when
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24

distance shall break no ties, and
when the universal language is
spoken by everybody without ac-
cent in that time we may lose. ma
tionality and became citizens OF the
world. Then free trade may reign.
But such time will not happen
within the hundred years which
centre in that week when two Eng
lish speaking nations we're ready to
clutch each other by the throat
about boundary thousands Of miles
away, and the German emperor was
ready to fight the kingdom Of his
grandmother about some people in
Africa whose ancestors left the
fatherland so long ago. that history
is not quite sure that they did leave
it. Nationality is a fact, brother
hood is a hope. Perhaps if we live
up to our fact, that may be the best
way to arrive at our hope.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
Old PeOple.

Old people who require medicine
to regulate the bowels and kidneys
will find the true remedy in Electric
Bitters. This medicine does not
stimulate and contains no whiskey
nor other intoxicapt. but acts as a
tonic and Alternative. II acts mildly
on the stomach and bowels, adding
strength and giving tone to the or
gans. thereby aiding Nature in the
performance of the functions. Elec-
trio Bitters is an excellent appetizer
and aids digestion. Old People find
it just exactly what they need.
Price fifty cents and $1.OO per bot
tie at Graybill, Garman & Co.
Store, Richfeld, Pa, and all drug
gists
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
Next Years Encaupmeni 10 he Held In
This County.

HUNTINGDON, Sept. 8, 1896.
Meeting called to order by the
Pres, NJ. :. Lytle. w. S. Settle was
appointed Sec'y. On motion, DR.. A.
NJ. Smith of Adamsburg. was elected
Pres. for the ensuing year; NJ. V.
Barndollar of Everett, Bedford Co.,
was elected first Vice Pres. Capt. ID.
Ross. Miller, of Tyrone. was elected
second Vice Pres, Ex-Sheriff Ner Is.
Middlesworth of Mcclure, was elect.
cd Sec'y; VIM. NJ. Allison, of Mifllin-
town, was elected Treasurer.
The President aud Secretary were
empowered to select the executive
Committe for the ensuing year and
also to fix the place for the next en-
campment, either at Mcclure or Ad
amsburg, Snyder Co. A vote of
thanks was rendered to the retiring
President for dinner furnished to
Post l76, G. A. r., of Lewistown and
their invited guests. A brief but in
terestlng address was made by Pres
ident Nj. ). Lytle, upon retiring; also
n short address by Secretary Mid
ellsworth, in the absence of DIR. A.
Nj. Smith, thanking the association
for the honor conferred upon SNYDER
county in the choosing Of the Pres.
and Secy from that place and ex-
tending an invitation to all to be
present next year, assuring the com
rades that they would be treated in
the usual Royal Dutch SNYDER Co.
STYLE and that no stone would be
left unturned to make the next an.
nual encampment success. Meet.
ing adjourned at l o'clock to meet al
the call of the Pres. SEc'Y.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
Thursday, Sept. 81, 1896.
Told in a Nutshell.

The election is tcld in the follow
ing. Spell down the capital letters,
and see who will be the next Presi-
dent:
Pennsylvania,
New jersey,
Conn Ecticut,
Rhode Island,
New Hampshire,
Iowa,
Maryland,
Illinois,
Indiana,
Michigan,
NerMout,
Massachusetts,
Wisconsin,
Kentucky,
Ohio,
Maine,
California,
MINNESOTA,
New York.
Several other states could be add
ed to the above but they are enough
for all practical purposes and suf-
iicient to give Mckinley a fine mar
gin in the electoral college. Who
will say he will not get all of them.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
.SEWALL WORKS FOR GOLD ONLY.
Democratic Nominee for Vice Presi-
dent u SOund Money Man.

Democratic Nominee Tor Wee PrPst-
dent n Soond Money Man.
New York, Sept. JS.-Eppinger d
Russell, of this city, one of the larg-
est creosoting firms on the seaboard
declare that they recently gave
Arthur Sewall, the Democratic can
didate for Vice President, a con-
tract to carry four shiploads of tim
ber from Maine to Long island
City, and that much to their sur
prise he demanded clause in the
contract providing for payment in
gold. The contract in blank reads
as follows:
The party of the second part agrees
to pay to said party of the first
part, or agent, for the transpor-
tation of said timber. dol
lars and. cents, United
States gold, or its equivalent.
In referring to the matter Mr.
Eppinger said: II told Mr.. Sewal
we were going to pay him in South
American silver, so / did not blame
him for wanting United States gold
or its equivalent. We always insert
such clause in dealing with South
American customers. / don't blame
him for not wanting South Ameri
can money, do you? But" he add.
ed, II don't want to get mixed up in
this. He amt goirS to be elected
and that's all l caIN about"
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24

disease batiled the best doctors.
al was nervous, hysterical; my head
nchcd with such terrible burning
sensation on the top, and felt as IL a
band was drawn tightly above my
brow; inflammation OF the stomach, no
appetite, nausea Mt the sight of food,
indigestion, constipation, bladder and
kidney troubles, palpitation of the
heart, attacks of melancholia would
occur without any provocation what
ever, numbness of the limbs, threaten
ing paralysis, and loss of memory to
such an extent that feared alteration
of the mind.
"a friend advised Lydia L. Pinkham's
Vegetable Compound, and spoke in
glowing terms of what It had done for
her.
~ began it's use and gained rapidly.
Now am a living advertisement of its
merits. / had not used 1t n year when
l was the envy of the whole town,
for my rosy, dimpled, girlish looks and
perfect health.
"I recommend II to all women. / find
= great advantage in being able to say,
~ is by woman's hands this great
boon is given to women. All honor to
the name of Lydia +. Pinkham wide
success to the Vegetable Compound.
yours in Health, Mrs. |. L. BREs-
SIZE. Hcrculancum. jefferson Co., Mo-"
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
MARRIED..

Sept. 81, by J. G. Schoch, Clerk O.
g., Andrew Keefer' of Woodside,
Dauphin county, and Mrs. Mollie
Foltz, of Penn Twp.
Sept. u, by j. q. Schoch. Clerk O.
G., Daniel Kuhn of Pennscreek, and
Minnie Sassaman of Fayette Twp,
Juniata Co.
Sept. Is, by Rev. III. III. SPAIN at
Fremont, John A. Kepler and Clara
A. Wendt, both of Penn Twp.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24

Second Annual Meeting Juniata Valley
Veterans Association.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
Republican Committeeman.

Adams. r. Fetterolf. Tobias Mitchell.
Beaver,-Nathan Freed, irwin Kinney.
Beaver W.--Wm. lIceter, g. W. Boush:
Centrc-J W. Sampscl. II. &. SlmpSel.
Chapman.-D. 4. POrtZline, r. II. NICHOLS.
Franklin.-C. II. D1nkclberger, j. w. Elscn
hover.
Jackson WIN. Martin. J. :. Yearick.
Middlcburgh curtin liOwersOX, w. +. Fees.
Middlecreek- j. Mitchell. y. l.. Row.
MonrOe.--H II. BOrdncr, |. Y. BOust
Penn.-Danicl KnOuse, G.. T.. wagner.
Perry Irwin BDycr Henry Harding.
Perry w..-Dlniel M1ncval. II. X. Forster.
Spring, pr. \. VI Smith, u. F.Spaid.
Scllnsgroyc.- ". G'mbrrling. 6. W. Covert.
I'nlnu.-GcO / Flanders. J. 81. Stahl.
Washington. WIN. g. lilbish. Jerry Charles.'
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24

The Record Of remarkable cures effected
enables us truthfully to say that Hoods Sarsa.
parilla is the only true blood purifier prominent
iy in the public eye today. Get only Hoods.
Hoods Pills are the best family cathartic
and liver medicine. Harmless. reliable. sure.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1896-09-24
srrR.

STATE.
For COngrcSsmcn-at-Large.
GALUSlIA 4. GROW,
=. 4. DAVENPORT.
COUNTY.
For Congress,
THAD. VI. MAlION,
For state senator,
EDWIN VI. HUMMEL.
For Assembly,
ClIAkLES W. HERMAN.
rOr Sheriff
i. SCOTT RITTER.
For Treasurer.
WILLIAM II. RIEGLE.
For commissioners.
WILLIAM DREESE,
ISAAC SPOTrS.
For County Auditors,
j. G. BOWERSOX.
G. +. MOYER.
For Coroner.
DR.. j. +. BOGAR.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
KILLED IN THE FIELD.
A Renter Shot Down by a
 Farmer Near Athens.
PEOPLE EXCITED OVER THE DEED.

The Slayer Says the Dead Man Insulted
 u;e wife-The Murdered Man Was
 pieking Cotton and Had Several of
 u,s children With Him at the Time
 the Tragedy Occurred.
 ATHENS, Tex, Oct. 2S.-R. H. Her. r;n 3 far-aer, living three miles south If here. shot and killed J. c. Graves, me of his renters, who was in the field with his children picking cotton Tues day.
 Herrin was arrested and put in jail. uo claims that Graves had insulted his wife. Graves was hard working man and leaves a wife and large family of children.
 Crowds are to be seen on every cor ner with shotguns and Winchesters, and it is believed lynching will follow unless precaution is taken.
 Herrin shot and killed his wife sev- eral years ago while living on the Cole man farm. After getting his case con- tinued several times and one or two mistrials and change of venue to Ma yarro county, he was tried in 1890 in Corsicana and acquitted. He has since married three times.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
KILLING AT HlLLseoRo.
4. H. Files Shoots to Death John E.
 Cooper In Quarrel.

A. H. Files Shoots to Death John E.. Cooper In Quarrel. HILLsBoRo, Tex, Got. 22.-John E. Cooper of Mertens, and A. H. Files, be- came involved in an affray here Tues day in front of Fam Brooks store, dur Iing which the former was shot through |the head and died in two hours. Mr. Files suffered severely from bruises and contusions on his left temple. Medical aid was called in and he was given medicine to alleviate his suffer ings. Whom word of Cooper's death |was received MT. Files was removed to the jail to await the investigation of the grand jury before applying for habeas
 eorpus
 Mr. Files IS about 50 years old. He
 had many callers expressing their sym
 pathy and offers of assistance. Mr Cooper was a former resident
 and ginner of this city, but was in the |gin business at Mertens. He was 8
 prominent citizen and stood well. He
 Was about 40 years old. He leaves 8
 Wife and five children.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Reported to Have sutcided.

JuaEAu, Oct 22.-A dispatch has been received here from the coroner of Fred aricksburg, Va, stating that W. T. Rambuseh, the absconding banker of this city, had committed suicide there. The dispatch asked what disposition should be made of the body. Instruc- tions were at once sent to forward the body to this place for burial Ram busch was engaged in banking and the abstract business He disappeared on Oct. 10, and forgeries amounting to about $500, 900 are charged to him. The total amount of his alleged shortage is not known.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
She Got the Divorce.

BOSTON, Oct. s2.-A special to The Journal from Augusta, Me, says liar fet Blaine Beale. daughter of Mrs. |ames G. Blaine, with her attorney, ap-
 pared quietly before Judge White |puse of the supreme court Tuesday Yrs. Beale asked for a divorce from her knsband. Buxton Beale. Her attorney nade brief talk. and the divorce was ecreed. The ibellant prays for the pstody of minor child, Walker Blaine 1eale, aged months, and valves all ghim for dover or alimony. The libel indorsed. showing that the process
 es served on Beale in Washington Oct &and no opposition to it is made by the Bellee
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
JOHN DuNHAM BADLY HURT.
Drops Eighty Feet From Bar and
 Loses His Balance.

Drops Eighty Feet From Bar and
 Loses His Balance.
 CHICAGO, Oct 22.-While the Dun- ham family was doing it's aerial bar act at Barnum's circus in the Colis> n one of its members, John, met with an ac- cident which is likely to prove fatal Dropping from bar 80 feet to a net be- low, his body turned too much and he alighted almost full on the head. The acrobat lay where he had fallen and the attendants in the ring near by picked Dunham up, laid hirn ill the sawdust and called physician.
 An examination showed that the spine of the acrobat had been severely injured Although he retained con- sciousness, he was unable to move, and his lower limbs seemed paralyzed. A carriage was called and he was taken to the Chicago hospital, where the physi- clans regard his hopes of recovery as small.
 John Durham and the Durham fam fly have been well known to the public for many years. The aerial bar act in which he was injured has been regard ed as one of great risk, but this is the first time in six years that any accident has resulted. The injured man is 28 years of age.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
CRASHED THRoueH A BRIDGE.
Trein Piunges Into Platte River. Kill
 ing Three Men

Trein Plunges Into Platte River. Kill
 ing Three Men.
 DEs MoINEs, Oct. ea.--A northbound freighttrain crashed through the Chica- go Great Western bridge over the Platte river. 70 miles south of here Three men were killed.
 II. T. I. oaes. the conductor, of Des MoiHes, and two unidentified men were the victims.
 Just soush of the bridge the freight train rested on siding while the Twin City express, northbound, passed. The passengertrain went over the bridge safely, but was still in sight when the freighttrain pulled up on it. The en- zine and part of one car went over all right, when the bridge collapsed and all the cars. including the caboose, were precipitafed into the river and down the embanl1nolt The dead men were crushed i'll the debris The unknown men were tramps stealing ride.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Another Victim.

NEW YORK. Oct. 22.-A special to 'e Herald from Constantinople says Armenians can record another vio- ?, Nouri Effendi, mortally wounded, Ia In the presence of his weeping
 her, who arrived just in time to find p In the agonies of death. The sul- on hearing of the serious condition Nouri, sent the palace surgeon to see \ was possible for an operation to |e his life. His majesty was greatly pyed when he heard of the death of hr;
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
CRUCIFIED ID 4 TREE.
Barbarous Act of the Natives
 of Philippine Islands.
HOW THEY SOUGHT REVENGE.

Spanish Soldiers Disembowel Two Ma
 of Manilla-Natives Capture Lieuten-
 ant and Accord Him and His Family
 Unnerciful Treatment In Return.
 CHICAGO, Oct. 22.-A San Francisco special dispatch to local paper says that Cuban atrocities are mild compared to those taking place in the Philippine islands, where the Spanish are trying to suppress a revolt of the natives. Some indication of affairs has been learned from oriental papers. The most shock ing incident of the bloody reprisals was the treatment of Spanish lieutenant and his family.
 The Spanish had captured a number of prisoners and as an object lesson to the natives disemboweled two and swung their bloody bodies on one of the gates of the town. The infuriated rebels, eager for vengeance, gathered a forcs ebhO AiuA1ACQ UO bl1G IOul6 Ol GHp ODdnlSn lieutenant on the outskirts of Manila.
 They captured the officer, his wife and 1s-yearold daughter, and then be- gan bloody scene of torture.
 The most savage instincts of the na- tives were aroused. Before the eyes of his wife and daughter the lieutenant's skin was slit all over his body. Then the torturers crucified him, pinning him outstretched to tree with their long knives. They then turned to the wom- an and girl, giving the fullest play to their animal instincts and wreaking a disgusting vengeance before the dying eyes of tke husband and father.
 The Spanish are doing their best to keep the news of these atrocities from leaving the island. They particularly desire to keep unknown the death of 3S prisoners in one night in the "Dlac.s hole. 7"
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
A MURDERER LYNcHED.
Now the Blacks Have Challenged the
 Whites to Riot

GREENWOOD, Miss, Oct. 2a.-A white man named J. II. Rock was shot and killed by a negro on the place of Rock, near Sunny Side, Leaore county, Tues day. Rock, as far as is now known, was reprimanding negro woman at her home when this negro interfered and shooting commenced, ending in Rock being shot down and killed.
 Tuesday night a posse took the negro md hanged him.
 Yesterday gentleman in Greenwood received tel gram from another gen tleman near Sunny Side stating he had received letter from negroes and they had challenged the whites to riot. A number of white men left for that part of the county.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Daniel Mecarthy Reprieyed.

SPRINGFIELD, Ills, Oct. 22.-Governor Altgeld has reprieved Daniel Mccarthy, sentenced to be hanged at Chicago Fri day, Oct 2S for murder, until Friday, Feb. B, 1897. Prosecuting Attorney Elliott of Chicago has placed before the governor statement i'll which he says he has found new evidence in the case that he regards as vital to the same.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
OPPOSED TO INCREASE OF DUTIES
Foreign Minister of Brazil Is Afraid of
 Retaliation.

NEW YORK, Oct. 2a.-The Herald's correspondent in Rio de Janeiro, Bra- gil, telegraphs that the Brazilian for eign minister, Senor Cerquerira, strong Iy opposes a proposition now before the chamber of deputies to increase the du- ties upon all the productions of the Riv- CT Platte republics. The minister be- ieves those republics would retaliate in some kind.
 The minister's plan is that a great South American union should be formed comprising Brazil, Chili, Argentina and Uruguay, the main features of the union to be analogous to those of the German zollverein.
 The Italian cruiser Piemonte will sail at once for Rio Grande. The foreign minister declares that Signor Brichan- teaux, Italian consul at San Paulo, must be removed The Italian government had promised to recall him upon the termination of negotiations in the Italo- Brazilian question.
 The commercial situation i'll Brazil is gradually improving.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Accidentally A KiIIed

PoKEvILLE, Tex, Oct. 22.-As Tom Paster, young man living four
 south of here, stopped over to cigar at the fireplace in w. 0. pens house pistol in the breast et of his coat fell on the hearth and
 The ball entered the right eye Pame out back of his head. killiug Instantly.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Revenue Reeeipts.

FAsHTNeToN, Oct. 22.-A compara- statement of the receipts for Sep- |per from internal revenue shows the receipts for September were $12,- So a very slight gain over Septem- 1855. For the three months ended
 50, 1896, the receipts amounted to s4,sS7, gain of $50,0OO. Septem- E figures shows large gain i'll re- Fs from spirits, nearly offset by es from tobacco and fermented
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Steamer Lost and Twelve Drowned.

MARsTTFIELD, Or. ,Oct22 The steam CT Arago, owned by the Oregon Coal and Navigation company, was carried by the current and driven on the rocks of the jetty at Coos Head yesterday. She will be total loss. In attempting to land boatload of passengers and the crew the boat was capsized. Twelve were drowned-4 passengers and of tha nra1y
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
THE RESERVOIR DAM BROKE.
Wall of Water Rushed Through Oak
 Iand Doing Little Damage.

oAKIa.=o. Gal, Oct 22-The big dis tribating reservoir of the Oakland Water company broke its walls Tues day end 2.0eo GOO gallons of water was let loose with a rush. X wall of water segen feet high tore down Oakland ave- nue, but beyond the streets in the yicin- ity. no great damage was done.
 Tie officials of the Water company contend that the wafer of the reservoir was blown Up by dynam te by malicious pcfsons.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Lerering In Mississippi.

JACKSON, Oct. 22.-Hon. Joshua Lev ering, the Prohibition candidate for president addressed fair sized audi ence in the hall of the heuse of repre- ,saletlyes here Tpesdsy H;ght.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Hunting Gold In Arkansas.

HoT SPRINGS, Ark, Oct. 22 Within the past few weeks a number of miners from abroad have arrived here and are busy prospecting for gold in the noun 5ains adjacent to this city. Rich finds are reported six miles northeast and the mining fever is becoming intense The woods are full of rrospectors.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Murdered by Robbers.

TOLEDO, Oct. 22-A farmer named Butka, who has large income from oil leases, was murdered on his farm, about IT miles south of Toledo. by two robbers Tuesday night, and his wife seriously in- jured All they got was his watch and B few dollars ill his pockets
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Made Bishop of Duluth.

NEW YORK, Oct. 22.-Rev. John D. Morrison, D. D., IL. D., archdeacon of Ogdensburg, N. Y. and rector of St. Johns church at that place, has been elected to the bishopric of Duluth.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
His Foot Slipped.

NASHVILLE, Oct. 22.-While Master of Transportation J. G. Pinkerton of Kansas City, Memphis and Birming- ham railroad was attempting to board a train at Sulligent, Ala, Tuesday, his foot slipped and he fell beneath sleep lngcar and was killed. He gave a sig nal to move ahead in person.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
Accidentally Kills His Wife.

CRESCENT. Ia. Oct 22.-T. P. Farms worth accidentally shot his wife here Tuesday. Just as they were about to go to dinner Farnsworth was in the act of loading his revolver when cart ridge exploded, the ball striking Mrs Farnsworth nearly in the center of the forehead. killing her instantly.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1896-10-22
stoneware Works Burned.

RON, O., Oct. 22.-The stoneware E of Whitman. Robinson S O., completely destroyed last night. |oss will be $2oo, GOO and the insur-
 nalf as much. The company was Fhzed for slo0,000. Two hundred are thrown out of employment. Prigln of the fire is not known.