davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1896-10-28

e roam, but it was night, and We were work
ing with q bind If ~scutinals and officers
over us and could do n )thing for any unfor-
tunate wretch who was not quite dead"
The porter who related this story was him
self saved from death by the Greek Embassy,
into which he fed for refuge. and which for
Warded him to the Pireus. This is the kind Of
scene which has been gong OIL all over
Turkey and which has so alarmed even Euro
peans that a correspondent of the VossiS he
Zeitung, who has been very accurate, declares
that a massacre of Europeans was ordered
from Tlldiz Kiosk OH the 26th ult., and only
prevented by some Ministers at the Porte
who still retain their heads. The statement
rs Incredible. because no Minister would have
resisted the Palace; but il is, we believe, true
that mlny experienced Europeans expect a
genera massacre in Constantlnople, the Mus
sulm ms declaring that if they are threatened
they will destroy the city aud sll infdels,
flying afterwards to the Asiatic side, They
would think twice of that threat if armed
shipSl barred the passage, and if it we're
well understood that their rulers would be
held personally responsible.
The Gar and Czarina landed in Leith on
Tuesday, under q salute from the Channel
CQuoOl OIs atlu piOC6Suca ny TAI 10 Dalldlef,
whence they drove in opsu carriages to Bal
moral, where they were warmly received by
the Queen, VINO, it is said. has a personal af-
fiction not only for her grand daughter, but
for the Emperor of Russia. The life led is
i'll the main that of a sporting party in a
great Highland house, but as Lord Salisbury
goes down on Saturday it is not probable
that bushes will be altogether avoided. Ne
mint has yet been made public as TO the Cars
opinions about Turkey, but the current of
rumOur tends towards some agreement be-
tween NJ. dc Stsal and the British Foreign
Office which will be submitted to the Sove-
reigns at BAlmoral, and, if accepted, will
probably be endorsed by the French Govern
Ment. The agreement may be important,
but We greatly fear that as yet the only deci-
sion Of lbs Powers is to look on while tho
Sultan murders, as paralytics might. The
four great Continental States are agreed thai
force must not he employed to coclce Yildiz
Kiosk, and Great Britain and Italy are afraid
of them. The only hopeful feature in the
situation as yet is that the Ambassador at
Conslantinople are much more initiated than
their Courts, and that the European qua Irons,
the Russian included, are lowering near the
Sea Of Marmora. 1t 10 assumed that the Sui
tan will ut once obey q European order, but
perhaps phaloah'S heart will be hardened
even TO that.
, 1896-10-28
Spectator, October 3rd1

The Emperor of Russia leaves Balmoral
this evening, and, travelling MI night, will
arrive in Paris on Monday afternoon. He
Will remain there four day. iuring which he
will 60 through endless f,tigues and An
amount of ceremonial which would bore any
but a crowned head to suffocarion. His
Majesty is reported to have enjoyed his stay
in the Highlands in spite of the weather, and
he has had conferences with l. I'd Salisbury,
with his own Ambassador, NJ. de Staal. and
with persOnages like the Prince Of Wales.
who perhaps approach his mind more closely.
Nothing is known of his resolves. but there
is widespread belief that he sees Clearly these
dangers involved in the Turkish situation,
that his suspicious Of England have dimin-
ished, and that lie is more ready than he was
to direct the force of the European Concert
towards the restraint Of The Sultan. Much
will depend upon words t. he said in Paris,
where, however. matters are by no means 90
hopeless as in Berlin. Part Of French society
is much moved 10y the Armenian masSacrcs,
and even the officials nre not pleased to be
compelled to give up both the cause OF II ,tion-
alities and their long-standing pretension TO
protect the Christians Of the East. IF the
Car and England move Italy will certainly
follow, and Germany aud Austria will be
most reluctant to commence q great war III
defence of Add nj Hands right tolextirpate
q Christian people. Altogether, though the
clouds remain thick, the barometer is ris-
ing.
The Emperor Of Austria has been "inaugu-
rating the canal cut in order to turn the
great obstacle to the navigation of the Dan
ube the rocks called the Iron Gates. His
Majesty was received by the &ings of Roums-
MIA and Servia at Bucharest, and exertsd him
self greatly to display warm friendship
towards the former. At a banquet in Bncha.
rest, on September 2sth King Charles
acknowledged this friendship in terms of the
deepest gratitude, spoke of the Emperor's
exalted wisdom" and limited that the future
Of Austria and Roumania was now secure.
Great efforts were made to display the
, 1896-10-28


The French are finding out III Ma dagascAr
what We have 81 often found out in India, and
what we are experiencing Just now in South
Africa. lie. that i; is no: the first but the Sc
coud, conquest of a native race which Causes
the trouble. Madagascar, outside the CAPT.
tai ami the few coast towns held by the
French, is ina condition little removed from
anarchy. Accordingly, the Government have
determined to recall NJ. Laroche, the Civil
Governor. aud TO appoint in his stead IA
soldier, Colonel Gallieni, as virtual dictator
over the whole island. No doubt that is a
wise course under the circumstances. but it
does not undo the very serious initial mistake
made by the French. When they had en-.
tered Antananarivo they should have made
it their Prime care TO keep up the Hoya
Government and to work through it. In
stead, they elected to destroy the old frame
work of government and to try aud put up
a brand new French administration The
result is what we see. We fear that France
will not escape from her difficulties in the
island without sending another expedition.
Unless she keeps IL really adequate military
force in the island she will be worried by a
constant series Of little revolts. Tropical
colonies cannot be organised on The cheap
The prisoner Bell was brought up at Bow
Street on Thursday and charged with un-
lawfully conspiring TO cause an explosion.
Mir. Gill. who prosecuted for the Treasury,
produced a considerable amount of evidence,
including some very remarkable letters, and
showed the general outline of the plot. 1t
appears that the plan was to produce an ex-
plosion OH September l5th,-called in the
letters which passed between the .conspira-
tors, ''the wedding" The conspiE!ators had
not apparently any intention of using their
bombs themselves. Their object was to find
an obliging irish patriot in Glasgow who
would do the ueedful," while they kept ont
, 1896-10-28

OF the way. They therefore sent over Bell
TO Glasgow to find the necessary patriot.
Unfortunately, however, the Glasgow patriots
were extremely shy, and, much to Bells
chagrin, they did their best to avoid him. So
successful, indeed, were they il their efforts
to keep out of his way that in his more des-
ponding moments he seems actually to havs
contemplated using the bombs himself. VI
tlmatel the case against Bill was adjourned
Iynan's extraIitiOn has meantime been
off tally asked for by our Government. Tkrv
have, however, decide that our extrndition
treaty with the Netherlands does not cover
the cases of kearney and Hsines, md there
fore no attempt will he made to rxtra1its
them. 1t doses not follow that they will
therefore escape. We presume that the
Dutch police will have something to say TO
them as, when arrested at Rotterdam, they
were In the possession of Internal m hines
and dynamite cartridges.
At the general meeting Of the British
Association on Saturday DIR Elgar read a
paper on Safety in Ships. lie sho we'd
that the safety Of ships had been gradually
increasing. They seldom failed in stability,
and owing TO HE strength with which the
deck houses were now constructed. it WAS
practically impossible fo:a well-built steamer
TO be overwhelmed Ivy the sea. -thd is, by
the sea breaking over her AMI finding its
way below III such quantities rs to sink her.
Another great source of safely was water
tight compartments. There appeared to be
no reason why large passenger steamer
SHOULD not be 50 sub-diyIdcd as To be SAT,
against any single blow from outside. This
WAS practically done in many of the great
Transatlantic steamers running from Liver
pool. We presume that Il naval nlchitect
commissioned to think Of no other considera.
tons than saf@ty, could build a steamer
which, evan were She ripped up by a sunkeu
rock like the Drummond Castle, or run into
like the 'Elbe, would still remain afoat and
safe. But Of course such a steamer would
be very expensive TO construct. and probably
a great deal of valuable space would be
wasted. At the same TIM, the sense Of
absolute security attaching to her would make
people willing to pay 10 per cent. more for
a berth than in All ordinary liner. We
wonder that one Of the great frms docs not
build . steamer which they could advertise
as an ocean hfehOat.
, 1896-10-28

g roam, but it was night, and We were work
ing with q band IF s%cntinals and officers
over us and could do n)thing for any unfor-
tunate wretch who was not quite dead
The advocate., 1896-07-15
Catarrh Cannot be Cured

with LOCAL APPLICATIONS, as they
connot reach the seat Of the disease. Ca
tarrh Is blood or constitutional disease,
and In order to cure it you must take in.
ternal remedies. Halls Catarrh Cure is
taken internally, and acts directly on the
blood and mucous surfaces. Halls Ca
tsrrh Cure is not a qusck medicine. 1t
was prescribed by one Of the best physi-
clans in this country for years, and is a
regular prescription. 1t Is composed Of the
best tonics known, combined with the best
blood purifiers, acting directly on the mu-
cous surfaces. The perfect combination
Of the two ingredients Is what produces
such wonderful results in curing cataTh.
Send for testimonials, free.
F. J. CHENEY & Co., Props, Toledo, 0.
Sold by druggists, price 75c.
The advocate., 1896-07-15

two miles, had any other than State
railways.
ParGguGy.-Psrsgusy owns It's rail.
ways.
PerW.-The railways are operated by
private companies.
Portugal. About 81 per cent. Of che
mileage Is owned and operated by pFi-
Vate companies. Most of them, how.
ever, have been aided by the govern.
ment through concessions and subsi-
dies or guarantees. Where aid has
been granted 1t has always been con.
ditioned upon the roads reverting to
the government In ninety-nine years.
RUSSiG.-The government Is stated
to own and operate about 40 per cent.
Of the railway mileage. Nearly all the
railways owned by private companies
have received subsidies from the gov
erEment. The State is represented on
boards Of directors, and all expendi.
lures, declarations of dividends, etc.,
must be recommended by the directors
and approved by the government.
SpGiD.-Milesge owned and Oper-
ated by private companies.
SaDedeo.-In 1892 about One-thlrd of
the total mileage of 1884 was owned
by the State.
SIOiSS Con- te1erGtiOD.-All the lines
Of railways In this country belong to
private companies, but the government
has direct supervision over them.
TWrkey.-The railways Of Turkey all
belong to private companies.
United States. The national gov.
ernment does not own or operate any
of the railways. It is stated that sew
eral of the States have tried ownership
In q limited way. Illinois constructed
road at q cost Of 81 100000, but dis
posed of It for 100000; Indiana had q
similar experience; Georgia owns
railroad, but has found it expedient to
lease to q private company; Pennsyl-
Vsnis constructed q railroad from Phil
sdelphis to Columbia, but utsubsequently
sold it; Massachusetts, Michigan and
several other States tried the expert
ment without success. Kirkmsn.l
UrWgHGy.-There are no State rail
ways In Uruguay.
NoTE.-The above statements are
based upon the Consular Reports,
Mulhsll's Dictionary of Statistics,
Reports of the Interstate Com
merce Commission, Ststesmsn's Year
Book, 1894, Reports of Bureau Of
American Republics, and various other
| RnthoritiAa
The advocate., 1896-07-15

To Chicago, st. Louis and the East via Burllng-
ton Route.
The travelling public Is sure TO find the
best fast Vestibule Trains from the Mis-
souri, river to the East via the Burlington
Route" Elaborate compartment sleepers
(same rate as standard sleepers); free
chair cars Of luxurious pattern 10 st. Louis;
standard sleepers, free chair cars, and
dining cars 70 Chicago.
Ask ticket agent for tickets via Vesti-
buled Eli TO Chicago, and via the VestI-
buled Limited TO ST. Louis.
L, w, WAKBLET, Gen. Pass. Agt,
St. Louis Mo.
The advocate., 1896-07-15
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP
OF RAILROADS.
No. 8.


herent rights and powers Of organized
society. Individual men have "Certain
nnalienable rights" So Ii is with gov
sRnments. The rights which belong to
them are such as arise out Of the neCes-
slty for good order among people who
are compelled to live together In COM
munitles. AS civilization advances,
commerce spreads, and the rights Of
the people as individuals are to large
extent merged into a common right Of
each to the protection Of all.
Among these common rights lS that
of an outlet to the market place. The
customs of bsrbsrisns recognize this
right. The Cherokee Indians, when
they entered into treaty with the
United States exchanging lands east Of
the Mississippi river fOE others In the
"Indian country" secured an "outlet"
TO the Western hunting grounds. Thus
came the Cherokee Outlet" so much
talked about q few years ago. The
laws Of all civilized nations recognize
this doctrine. No man shall be hedged
about by his neighbors' possessions so
that he is shut out from market. The
laws provide for opening public high
ways. Any and every person may de-
mand way Of egress from his home
even though it be necessary to spprO'
pirate lands of other persons In order
to secure q sway for him. Damages
In such cases are allowed by law and
paid by the people.
This is the doctrine of "eminent do
main." The people take and approprl'
ate whatever is necessary in securing
or protecting public interests. High
ways are necessary for public use
They belong to the public; they are
opened for public purposes, and are
kept in repair by public officers at the
public expense.
A railroad is an improved highway
Thls has been so declared by the courts
many times. 1t is the law Of the land
The ground for q railway is taken fol
public use under the law Of eminent
domain. The right.of.wsy is public
easement. Every national government
acts on this theory Of public rights
The expansion Of settlement and th'
growth Of trade renders improved
roads imperstlvely necessary; hence al
national governments provide for then
IN their laws. Most Of the European
governments own, either In whole or Il
part, all the railroads operating within
their territorial jurisdiction.
Following Is a statement showing
the relations that governments sustain
with railroads In different parts Of th
world:
argentine Republic. The govern
ment owned about 620 miles Of railros
In or about the year 1893. In that yea
the total mileage was 8,O5S miles.
AWstralaSiG.-About Avesixths o
the mileage in Australasia belongs t
the various colonial governments
These roads were built principally wit
moneys derived from large loans negC
tiated by agents general, and thel
value forms one Of the principal asset
for the public debt. The Management
OF the Victorian and New South Wale
railways having resulted In varlou
abuses, they were, about the year lSS4
The advocate., 1896-07-15

tlon of charters, not exceeding ninety
years, the lines, lands and buildings Of
the companies revert to the govern
ment, but the equipment remains the
property of the private owners. Be-
fore Q railway Is opened 1t must be sp-
proved by the Minister of Commerce.
The tariffs of State roads are fixed by
the government; those of the COmpa-
nies are subject to revision by the gov
ernment every three years, and the
government has power to reduce rates,
If the net earnings exceed Is per cent.
on capital.
Bezgium. Il About three.fourths of
the railway mileage In Belgium is
owned and operated by the State. The
roads not owned by the government
will, under the terms of their charters,
ultimately revert toit. Railway affairs
are administered by government
department of railways, postoflices
and telegraph" The laws regulate
tariffs. Railways are exempted from
taxation.
Brazil. The State owns about one
fourth Of the total railway mileage, but
this one fourth does about one-hslf Of
the entire business.
CGnGdG.-About one tenth of the
total mileage Of about 5000 miles is
owned and controlled by the govern
ment. For the year 1892 the operation
of the government lines resulted in a
loss Of over 100000.
Cape Of Good Hope English South
A frica). ALI of the railroads are owned
by the government, except one of about
1872 miles in Cape Colony.
CbiIe.--About one-third Of the rail-
way mileage is owned by the State.
Colombia. - The government has
granted subsidies to the railways with
the understanding that, at the end of
certain period, they will become the
property Of the government.
Denmark. 1.-THE State owns and CON
trolls about three.fourthS Of the total
mileage, which in 1892 was 1,289 miles
Egypt.-The railway system, cover
ing about 1925 miles, belongs to the
government.
France. AT the present date by fal
the larger portion (sbout fiVe.sixths) Oi
the French railway system is operated
by private companies, each company
serving definite territory and being
comparatively free from the competi
ton Of other lines. But the railroad
, properties are ultimately to become thu
property Of the government. This sys
tenn Is q mixed one of State and private
ownership. The competition Of thu
+, private lines compelled the government
to lease some Of the State lines to tn
former. On account of the necessit,
!, for great additional taxation, tn
scheme of naturalization of the rail
way system was abandoned in 1883.
: GermGny.-In Germany nearly 80 pc
cent. Of the railway mileage is owne'
r by the government. Under the law
the government Is required to msnag
( the railways in the interest of genera
o traffic as single system. 1t may caus
!. the construction and equipment o
b roads and enforce uniform traffic an,
y police regulations. Even the few prl
r vate railways are controlled by Stat
The advocate., 1896-07-15

estimated on the average annual profits
for the three years preceding the datr
Of purchase. If, however, the average
profit for such three years has been lesl
than 10 per cent, and the Compsn!
thought the purchase price bsset
thereupOn was inadequate because o.
the future prospects of the property
the matter was to be referred to srbi
tEstion. Under this law, however, thu
government was not empowered II
take branches or extensions of old line
constructed after the date Of the &C
unless it took the whole system, if th'
company required tito do so. This law
so far as it relates to the government
acquisition of railroads, has never been
acted upon. TWenty-three years later (iE
1869 q commission appointed by the
government to report on the subject
stated: awe are of the opinion that Il
is inexpedient at present to SubVert the
policy which has hitherto been adopted
Of leaving the construction and man
agement Of railways to the free enter
prise of the people, under such Condi
tions as Parliament may think best tt
impose for the general welfare Of tht
public"
Greece,-The railways of Greece arr
nearly all owned and altogether man
aged by private companies.
GatGtemaEG.-The government own
and operates 30 of the 126 miles of rail
way In this country.
HoZl0nd.- d.-One-half Of the railway
belong to the State, but that one hall
Is worked by private company.
Tndio.-Twot thirds of the railway
belong to the government and the othel
one-third, owned by private companies
Is subsidized.
Tt0ly.-Itsly has tried both State an
private railroads, and has come to tn
conclusion that it is not GdVantageou
for the State to own and operate tn
railways. The result was reorgani
zstion of the whole railway system
Under the present system private com
panies operate the State roads unde
contract with the government. Tn
contracts run for sixty years, the gov
ernment or the companies having tn
option to terminate them at the end o
twenty or forty years, upon a tw
years notice.
JopGn.-Only q small per cent. Q
the railway mileage is owned by tn
government. When a charter
granted to a private company for
limited period under the ordinance G
1887 the government has the right
its expiration to purchase the prOpert
at q price calculated upon the aVerse
} price of the shares during the FIVE year
: previous to the date of purchase. PriC
to 1876 there appears to have bee
State, prefecture and village railroad
In Japan. State roads are maintaine
at national expense, but their regulI
ton and repair are In the hands of th
prefeCtures through which they pas
, Prefecture roads are maintained b
equal contributions from the generI
, government and particular districts
: procedures. Village roads serve petit
local districts, and are maintained
their expense.
Mepico. The Mexican railways al
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1896-09-29
THE MARKET WAS WEAK
The Advance in Sterling Exchange Created
Very UniaYoIat|s Impression.
THE IRDUSTRIALS RECEIVED ATTENTION
The Unfavornbic Developments Re-
ferred To Above Induced Some
Selling for the Short Account
Henr,he Close q Firm Tono Pre-
vailed aud ~ Slight RALLY Eusucd.

New York, Sept. 2S.-The tendency of
stock prices during the greater part of
the day was downward. Proht-taking
was mainly responsible for the reac-
ton, but an advance In the posted and
actual rates of sterling exchange, the
poor statements for August, made By
some Of the leading roads, and a re-
duction in the prices of refined Sugar
were also buying factors.
New York. Sept. 2S.-The advance in
Sterling Exchange and the higher rates
for discounts in London created an i'm
preston that the movement of gold this
way was over temporarily at least, and
in the absence of details little credencc
was placed in the London rumor of q
probable shipment OF 100000 gold to
New York this week. The unfaVora-
BILE DEVELOPMENTS referred to induced
some selling for the short account and
close observers of the markets course
were of the opinion that the bear inter-
est had been extended considerably dur
ing the session The Changers and the
lndustrials received the principal atteu-
tion of professional operators, St. Paul
declining II point to 7234 and Sugar l%
to 1lO3. The report that the Southern
CAPITALISTS had secured the Camden Re
fnerv and intended 10 connect it with
interests opposed TO the Trust found few
believers in trade circles. The remain
der Of further reduction In refined
late In the week. however, led to fresh
sales in the afternoon trading. Other
specially weak stocks We're Manhattan.
Burlington and Quincy, Chicago Gas
and Tobacco. and at one time these
showed losses of 1GlM per cent. Near
the close firmer tone prevailed and a
rally of LGt1h per cent. followed. The
recovery WAS attributed TO covering of
short contracts. Speculation left off
firm Net changes show declines of Il a
az per cent. the latter in Burlington
and Quincy. In the inactive issues llli-
nois Steel fell Is To &c, while ST. Paul
Preferred jumped To 129ia. Total sales
We're lS4.4iI shares including $1,000 st.
Paul. 31,S00 Sugar and 2l.S50 Burlington
and Quincy. The bond market was very
firm and total sales were Sl,202,G00
The Norfolk Virginian. [volume] (Norfolk, Va.) 186?-189?, 1896-09-29
Live Stock Market.

Market-Quict and dun: Butchers
Cattle: Extra fat. smooth steers, 3I.Q
4c.. common to fair cattle, 3Q3isc.; com
mon rough cattle. 2l203Ac.: heifers. ia {,
and smooth. Sc: heifers, common. 2I%c. :
COWS. fat and smooth, 2lam3Kc.: COWS.
common and rough. 2G2Ac.; bulls. "a
2bc.: mich cows. common. Sl0.00@20 90:
mich cows. good. cocoa $500: good or
dered oxen. 2l2@3c.; common roush
oxen. 2M2hc.; heretics and scalawags,
llaM2c.: good corn-fed hogs, live. 30i
3hc.: gross. common to fair hogs, live.
$@Shc.: gross. light. pigs. 3lac. Hogs in
better demand.
Good lambs. 3GD4l5c.; poor lambs. un-
sheep. fat. 2h@3Hc.; poor sheep. not
wanted at any price.