The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1896-12-23

Sucn as tnOSe OF tuscany ana the states
OF the Church of 1858 were the imme-
date results of Intervention, and that
of Naples in 1860 was from first to last
perhaps the most striking example
| of Intervention in modern times, al
though Naples hardly thought it neces-
sary to pass through any intermediate
stage of recognition as an independent
| authority.
"The six precedents. therefore, consti-
tute the entire European law on the
subject of intervention In regard to
European people claiming Independence
| by right of revolution. There is no
! other authoritative source OF the law;
| for the judicial courts of Europe were
bound to follow the political decisions;
and the opinions of private persons,
| whether jurists or politicians. being
without sanction could not be accepted
| as law.
From this body of precedent it is
clear that Europe has invariably as
serted and practictd the right to in
terfere. both collectively and separate
| ly. amicably and forciblA in every in
stance except that of Poland. where
| European people has resorted to insur-
rection to obtain Independence.
"The right itself has been based on
various grounds. Impediments to
| commerce; burdensome measures of
| protection and repression; requests of
| one or both parties to interpose:' EFF
| fusion of blood and evils of all kinds
humanity and the repose of Eu-
rope Greek treaty of 1S2O. A warm
| desire to arrest with the shortest pos
sible delay the disorcer and effusion
of blood (protocol of Nov. 4, 1880, in
! the case of Belgium): His own safety
| or the pc >tical equilibrium .n the from
tiers of MIS- empire (Russian circular
of April q. 1919, in the case of Hun
gary); to safeguard the interests and
honors' and to maintain the political
| influence of the intervening power
| CFrench declarations of 1Si9-50 in re-
| gard to the states of the church,. Fin
| ally i'm the latest and most consider
| able, because absolutely unanimous.
| act of all Europe, simply the desire to
| regulate (preamble 10 the treaty of
Berlin in 1878, covering the recognition
| of Servia, Roumania, Montenegro and
| Bulgaria).
The report then turns to the experi-
ence of Asia. In regard to Asia, it
says that probably all authorities
agree that the entire fabric of the Eu-
| ropean supremacy, whether in Asiatic
Turkey. Persia. Afghanistan, India,
Siam or China, rests on the right of in
| terVention.
| PRECEDENTS IN AMERICA.
The American precedents are ham
died eXhaustively. The report says
that America, both North and South.
has always aimed to moderate Euro
pean Intervention and to restrict it's
exercise. 1t cites George Canning in Il
speech on the foreign enlistment act In
1923 in which he said:
I'VE have spent much time in teach
| ing other powers the nature Of strict
neutrality, and generally speaking we
found the most reluctant scholars. If
| wished for Il guide in a system of
neutrality, l should take that laid
| down by America in the days of the
presidency of Washington and the Sec
retaryship of Jefferson"
After tracing the uprisings in Mexico.
Venezuela, Chile and Argentine Re
public, against Spanish rule, the report
says:
THE question of intervention began
in 1917. The Spanish government ap-
pealed to the united powers for Spain.
The Car openly took sides with Spain,
| and when in September, 1Sl7 the Span
| ish government asked permission to
build several ships of war in the Rus
| sian dOckyards, the Car suggested
that Spain should buy ships of the line
and three frigates belonging to the
| Russion navy. This was done and the
| ships were sent to the seat of war. AT
the same time, in October, 1917, the
Russian government instructed the am
| bassador in London to press on the
British government the great import
ance of European intervention.
AGAINST EUROPEAN MEDIATION.
president Monroe decided, as early
as April 1918, to discourage European
mediation. In August he made a form
| a Tn a
| French governments for a concerted
AID contemporary recognition of
| Buenos Ayres, whose defacto inde-
pendence made that country the natur-
al object of a first step toward the es-
tablishment of general policy.
| In December he notified both gov
erments that he had patiently waited.
| without interfering in the policy of the
allies, but as they had not agreed upon
anything and as the fact of the inde-
pendence OF Buenos Ayres appeared
established he thought their recogni-
tion was necessary. In Janary, 1919,
he announced to them that he was
actually considering the measure.
| Thus all parties had agreed as early
as 1917 and 1918 upon the propriety of
intervention between Spain and her
colonies. Both the United States and
Europe asserted that the time had
come; they disagreed only as to the
mode. When Lord Castlereagh, at the
congress in Aix-la Chapelle in Octo-
Der, 1918, proposed to the four other
powers to intervene in the war between
| Spain and her American colonies by
addressing offers of mediation to the
| two belligerents.' Russia energetically
opposed and rejected the scheme, not
| because 1t was intervention. and to that
extent recognized rights in the in
| Surgents.
when President Monroe interposed
MS nat that no interference could be
counteranced by him except on the bas-
Is of Independence, he declared i'm ad-
vance the only mode of intervention
| which he meant to permit. If he wait
| ed before carrying it out, it was only
because, In the actual balance of Euro
pean power. he felt that isolated action
might iniure the cause he had deter
mined to help. He waited in vain.
MONROE ADVISED RECOGNITION.
Neither England nor any other pow
er moved again. After delay of four
years from the time when he began his
policy the Greek revolt i'm Europe and
| the military successes of Bolivar and
| lturbide In America gave the desired
opportunity, and Monroe sent the con-
grcss his celebrated message OF March
8. 1Soo, recommending the recognition of
all the revOltcG colonies of Spain
Mexico, Colombia, Chill and Buenos
| Ayres.
| 'These countries asked no more. They
| based their claim on their independence
defacto and Monroe admitted it's force.
1.-The provinces he said. which have
declared their independence and are in
| the enjoyment of it. ought to be recog-
| nized' He added the measure is pro-
| 4
1t is i'm strict accord with the law of
| nations
| I'm realty it created the law so far as
| It's action went. and its legality was
| recognized. by no European power
| Nevertheless MOnroe's act. which e,x-