davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The weekly Thibodaux sentinel and journal of the 8th Senatorial District. [volume] (Thibodaux, Lna. [i.e. La.]) 1875-1898, 1896-08-15

" oeS yCuA, PcCtIS, IOuuS CT grlS
dScier, etincelaient.
-Et ia main demanda Rouquin
as-tu effac4 -?
Impossible dit rhomme don't
les dents grincerent
II etala So large main sur laquelle
Sc lisait l'ignoble mot.
oh je me vengera:, patience !!
murmura-t-il.
-Tu te vengeras, c'est entendu,
plus tard, dit Rouquin, avec un
regard qui fit courier la tete au
colosse. Mais, auparavant, nous
avons autre chose faire.
II ALA lui-meme fermer les portes,
ct s'ssseyant !:
-Maiutenant, mes anis, causons
serieusement !
Ill
~ CsG sckS Id III TIC HATS Uuc
debute notre roman. Tin jeune
homme de vingt-dccx ans environ
descent la rue Laffitte, en- Sc prone
nant lentement, ayant une pile de
livres sous son bras. Sa mise, tres
propre, est presque elegante. Son
allure est fiere ct decidee, ses yeux
girls sont splrituels, son regard franc
ct droit Son TENT est pale ct ses
levres fines sont rouges ct ombragaes
dune coquette moustache noire,
retroussee aux pointes. Sa taille,
moyenne, est bien prise, mais frele
presque delicate.
Ce jcune homme, nous l'avons WI
une fols deja, c'est celul que Gabrielle
a appele Valentin. Vingt ans aupa-
ravant lie pere ct la mere de Valentin
etaient morris a quinze jours dinter-
| vale, de la fievre typhoIde ct l'enfant
allait etre porte a phospice quand
Bertara ct sa femme l'avaient recueil-
Ii.
II await grandi dams cette famille
Qui etaitf devenue la sienne, quill
await aimee CONNIE 81 ellie await etc
sa verltable famille. La mort de
Nine Bertara, qui succomba quelques
jours apres la naissance de Gabrielle,
ne changca rlen 4 Ia situation de
rcnfant dams la maison. Settlement
Bertara etait pauvre, ct Valentin fut
mis- de bonne heure en- apprentissage;
sept GU hut ans apres, Bertara reali-
SAINT ses economies, s'6tablissait a son
compte il ne put Qu'entrevois lin
dependence ct raisance, car, un an
apres, force de vendre, il redevint
ouvrier CONNIE avant, ct retourna
chez son ancien maitre, Lehoussu.
Mais il etait bien change. Craintli
ct taciturue, il yoyait partout DIES
ennemis. Son intelligence, autrefois
tres vive, s'etait, pour ainsi dire
Obscurcie.
| Rentre chez NJ. Lehoussu, CONNIE
son pere adoptif. Valentin, qui await
alors une quinzaine dannees, n'avalt
pas etc longtemps sans attirer fatten
! ton du maitre. NJ. LehoussuN vi
dams Get enfant une nature superIeure
une intelligence hors ligne. en- meme
temps qu'une honnetete, qu'un'
loyaute a toute epreuve. Et Vaien
tin, continuant etudier avec ardeu
les sciences, ne tarda pas a occune
une position importante.
Il Maintenant que nos lecteurs sa
, vent ce quetait Valentin, nous allon
reprendre notre recit. LIE leun
homme etait arrive aux boulevard
, exterieurs. Ii avisa tout a coup i
, charrette dune marchande ambu
lante oui criait sur un ton aigu
t -Fleurissez-vous, -mesdames, heu
rissez-vous
, II Y await la tout un encombre
/, nent de bouquets de vlolettes, d
: bottes de girofees, de lilas roses e
The weekly Thibodaux sentinel and journal of the 8th Senatorial District. [volume] (Thibodaux, Lna. [i.e. La.]) 1875-1898, 1896-08-15
No

EC 81 III le mettalS, Gabrlelle, a amer
un autre, vols quel NAL celia me
ferait.
-Et toi, ne sais.tu pas, aussi bien
que moi, tout ce quNie pense +? Est.
ce que je tai menti jamais Pourquoi
tc mets.tu dams la tete que je ne
t'aime plus ? Peux-tu otter un fait
qul lie prouve !?
Non, je ne pourrais pas, disait
Valentin embarrasse.
-Avons-nous eu des querelles
ensemble ? Des quere!les serieuses,
meme quand nous etions tout petits I?
---Jamais, Gabrielle, jamais
&c Norbert qui tennuie, ct qui
advantage, m'as-tu jamais
vue lui par'er en- secret, en- me
cacliant
-Jama;s. Gabrielle, jamais
--Est-ce que je parals settlement
troublee 4uand ii est la
Non, non.
-En un mot, as tn des rcprochcs
a me faire
-Aucun, Gabrielle, aucun
-Sacae done, une fois pour toutes,
que moi aussi j. t'aime, autant que
tn peux manner
Bien vral Repete-le-moi encore.
J'ai besoin de te renten Ire dire. J'ai
eu 81 peur, tous ces temps-ci, depuis
que Get homme Went a la maison.
Je me suis figure, ie ne sais pourquoi,
que tn metals pas insensible a ses
hommages, ct, CONNIE j'al WI gull
plat 4 ton pere, j'ai cru que tout
etait fini. Dis-mol encore que tn ne
Palmes pas, que tn mas iamais pense
quill pourrait etre ton mari. Dis-le
moi, Gabrielle
--Ecoute, ami, dit-elle tres grave,
ct son front blanc etalt plisse dune
ride, 81 tn me poses encore la meme
question, que je considere CONNIE une
injure 81 je m'apercois que tn as
conserve le molndre doute, que tu
me soupconnes, entin, eh bien, je te
le jure Va!entin, malgrs tout lie NAL
que celia me fera, je ne te reverrai
jamais plus
Il detourna les yeux en- balssant
la tete. II resta silencieux pendant
quelques instants. Ellie le regarda
avec plus d'attention. Des soubre-
sauts, des PRISONS, lui passaient dams
les epaules. Comme ellie ne voyait
pas son visage, ellie le fit tourner
brusquement. II etait tres rouge ct
dies larmes brillalent dams ses yeux.
Mon Dieu, Valentin, quest-ce
que tn as ? dit-elle attendrie.
Et, sans attendre sa reponse, ellie
lui jeta les bras autour du cou ct
emhrassa q pleines levres. Cetait
la seur, cette fois, qui l'embrassait.
-Vois-tu, dit Valentin, je ne sails
pas sill pourrait m'arriver un plus
grand malheur que celui detre
oublie par toi. Ton pere mourrait
NJ. Lehoussu, mon bienfaiteur, a Qui
je.dois d'etre tlevenu ce que je suis,
mourrait aussi, certes, len aurais
bien du chagrin, mais ce ne serait pas
comparable a ce que jeprouverais 81
tn venais metre infdele Je
t'aime depuis 81 longtemps II me
semble que je tai toujours aimee ct
que j'ai toujours etc jaloux, meme
tout petit ! J'ai 81 bien mis- ma vie en-
toi Est-ce que je pense autre
chose qua mon travail ct 4 toi :?
Je Wis entire toi ct mes livres. Et
c'est tout. VOLTA toate ma vie. Et
| ie suis 81 heureux de t'aimer, 81 fer
d'etre aim6, que je suis bien pardon
nable 81 je tremble rien qua Ia
pensee que mon bonheur pourrait
fnir !
/ --Je t'aime, dit-elle avec uno
tendresse infnie. Je ne yeux pas
que tn en- doutes. Je te jure que le
n'aimerai que tol. Et je veux que tn
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
FEEp UPoN. SALT WATER.
Countless Living Things That Exist in the
Depths of the Ocean

Depths of the Ocean.
The salts of the sea have fed through
out all time countless things which
have thronged its waters and whose re-
mains now form the rocks of the con-
tinents or lie spread in beds of unknown
thickness over 66,0oO,OoO square miles
of the 143,oo0,oJ0 square miles of
the oceans floor; they have lent the
substance to build the fringing reefs
of the land and all the coral islands
of the sea, and there are at present,
on the basis of an average salinity of
31a per cent, in the 29O, 100000 cubic
miles of water which makes up the
oceans, 90,000,0 100000, 100000 tons, or 1O,-
1T3,000 cubic miles of salt. This is
sufficient to cover the areas of all the
lands of the earth with a uniform layer
Of salt to depth of 1000 feet.
1t seems, says Popular Science
Monthly, that the sea was made salt
i'll the beginning as part of the grand
design of the Creator to provide for the
system of evolution which has been go
ing on since the creation. Many dis
tinct species of living organisms live in
the sea as a result of its salinity, and
their remains have largely contributed
10 the growth of continents. The three
great factors in accounting for the sys-
tenn of currents in the ocean, by which
it becomes the great heat distributor
of the globe, are changes of tempera-
ture, the winds and salinity. The last
mentioned becomes an important fac
tor through the immediate and essen
tial differences of specific gravity and
consequent differences of level that it
produces in different parts of. the ocean
through the action of evaporation and
rainfall.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
Concern for Nicholson.

SAN Francisco, Feb. 25.-Much con-
Germ is felt by the friends of Charles
Micheleen of this city, who was arrested
at Havana today for visiting the insur-
gent camps. Nicholson has been promi-
nently connected with newspaper work
in this city for several years, and is
well-known throughout California. Last
November, he went to Havana as the
correspondent of the New York Journal
and San Francisco Examiner.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
A Husband,s Crtme.

MADISON, Wis, Feb. 25.-Mrs. A. w.
Patterson was shot by her husband, who
then killed himself last night, at their
home in this city. Letters, ostensibly
from both parents, were left to the chill
dren, saying the husband and wife had
resolved 10 die together. This declara-
ton, however, is opposed by the fact
that when found, the wife, who was in
her night robe, had one arm thrown
across her face as if to shield it, and
there was bullet in her arm, while her
husband was fully dressed. Both at
teuded the revival services, conducted
by B. Fay Mills, during the evening,
and had gone home apparently in the
best spirits. The family came here last
July from Algona, Ia, to educate their
children at the state university.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
Army in Cuba Short Fifteen
Thousand Men.
IT IS A SERIOUS BLOW TO SPAIN
The Search for Their whereabouts Going
on Day and Night-A skirmish
with Insurgents.

ST. LOUIS, Feb. pa special to To-
cal paper from New York says:
A dispatch from Havana reports 49,
coo Spanish soldiers missing in Cuba.
The fact has been communicated to the
Madrid government, and the search for
them is going on day and night.
Official circles are in a state of alarm
for $1,000 men, with $4,000 rifles and
500, 900 cartridges is an enormous item
to the Spanish army, The disappear
ance of the men will ultimately be
traced to either death in battle, the
number of which has been concealed to
hide Spanish losses, their detail to posi-
tions in various parts of the island, of
which no record has been kept, or de-
sertions to join the insurgents. The
Spanish records show that entire garri-
sons have joined the rebels, with their
arms, in every province of the island.
An order was issued by General Wey-
Ter several days ago for report of the
number, positions and condition of the
army. The responses to this, it is said,
have increased the confusion and there
are reports from reliable sources that
there are 10000 men instead of 15, 600 to
be accounted for.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
The stubling Green House.

We wish to announce that we have a
complete stock of the following designs !:
Masons, Odd Fellows, Elks; Knights
of Pythias 8 kinds; Workmen, Wood
men; Red Men, Firemen's Triumph &
Helmet, Eastern Star; Lyres,.2 sizes !;
Wreaths, sizes; Horse Shoe, sizes !;
Broken Wheel, 2 sizes Anchor, 8 sizes !;
Flying and Sitting DovOs; Open Bible !;
Gates Ajar; Crosses and Crowns united !;
Flower baskets, sizes; large assort-
ment of Welcome and Wedding bells:
deduction made if wires are returned.
We are at all times prepared to fill these
designs with beautiful flowers at reason
able rates.
Mrs. A. L. STUBLING & Son.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
ENFORCING THE GAME Law.
One Man Fined for Catching Mountain
Trout.

One Man Fined for Catching Mountain
Trout.
H1LLsBoRo, Or. Feb. 25.-That dep
uty game warden has been. appointed in
this county has become apparent in the
past few days. Yesterday J. Schiefin
was before Justice Knight, charged with
breaking the game law, in that he had
caught and had in his possession last
Sunday mountain trout. He pleaded
guilty and was fined $25 and costs. S.
Green was also charged jointly with
scheifin, but has not yet been appre-
hended. Yesterday afternoon Deputy
Game Warden George R. Baggerly re-
ceived word that several persons were
breaking the law, on the TuaIatin river,
near town. AS result. of his trip there,
complaint was lodged this morning
against Welsey Garrison, but as yet he
has not been arraigned.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
THE ST. LOUIS NOMINEE.
Prophet Who Says Cunom VIII
Be Chosen.

A Prophet Who Says CuIlOm VIII
Be Chosen.
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25.-The man who
predicted Garfeld's nomination and
Cleveland's election says that Senator
Cullom will be the nominee of the St.
Louis convention. This man is DR.. Kei-
ser, of Washington, and he is spiritu-
alist. He claims to have foretold all the
presidential nominations for the past
% years. His predictions concerning
Garfield's nomination attracted much
attention by the way in which it was
fulfilled. While the attention of the
whole country was riveted on Grant and
Blaine and Sherman in 1880 and no one
dreamed of Garfield as candidate. DIR.
Keiser announced that he would be the
candidate. He was laughed at, but he
persisted that he had received straight
tip from the spirit world, and that Gar
field would be the next president.
The doctor predicted the first election
of Grover Cleveland and also the second.
He has won some reputation in Wash
ington as prophet, and now he says
that Senator Cullom is to be the next
republican leader. He called on the
senator in his committee-room at the
capitol, saying that he wanted to see the
man he knew was to be the next presi-
dent. DR.. Keiser is not crank, nor is
he seeking notoriety. He is believer
in spiritualism, and believes that the
revelations coming to him from the
spirit world are reliable.
He said he had never met Senator
Cullom, but would like to see him be-
cause of what had been revealed to him
concerning the senator's future.
Senator Cullom laughed when told of
the caller and his revelation, and was
surprised to meet very intelligent and
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
Boiling a Floor.

When sugar refinery wharf needs
a new floor the old one is carted into
the refinery and boiled. The planks
are saturated with sugar, molasses and
a variety of other things not usually
deemed edible. The refinery process,
however, separates the absorbed sugar
from the impurities, and the refiners
make very handsome saving by boil
ing up the old floor.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
JERRY sIMPsoN,s WISH.
Hopes Mrs. Lease VIII Stick to the
Pulpit.

DETROIT, Feb. 25.-Hon. Jerry Simp-
son is to deliver lecture tonight.
When he arrived in the city he was
aske for an interview about Mrs. Mary
Lease. He said:
''I don't know whether Mrs Lease
really means to abandon politics or not,
bat hope she does. While woman
of great ability, she is too aggressive and
independent. She won't tolerate any
body else's views, and is always causing
trouble. She's lot better off in the
pulpit than in politics, and hope she'll
stay there"
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

pleasant-appearing business man. who
chatted over political affairs for few
moments and then retired, leaving the
senator an invitation to dine with him
after he became president. The senator
said he would gladly accept the invita-.
ton should the prediction prove true.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
CLEVELAND NOT a CANDIDATE
He VIII Soon Make This Determination
Public.

INDIANAPOLIS, Feb. 25.-General w.
S. Fullerton, president of the National
Chickamauga Military Park commission,
who is here listening to the testimony
as to where the monument OF the Eighty
Indian regiment should be placed. says
the personal friends of President Cleve-
land understand full well that he will
not be a candidate for third term. The
general says President Cleveland has
communicated this fact to several per-
sonal friends in Washington, and will in
a short time announce his determination
in letter. General Fullerton said to
Secretary Sherin, of the national demo-
cratic committee, that it is settled that
Cleveland has made up his mind.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

]. W. Pierce, Republic, Ia, says: "I
have used One Minute Cough Cure in
my family and for myself, with result SO
entirely satisfactory that 1 can hardly
find words to express myself as to its
merit. 1 will never fail to recommend
it to others, on every occasion that pre-
sents ITSELF" For sale by Snipes-Kiner-
sley, Drug Co.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Quick in effect, heals and leaves no
scar. Burning, scaly skin eruptions
quickly cured by DeWitt's Witch Hazel
Salve. Applied to burns, scalds, old
sores, it is magical in effect. Always
cures plies. Sold by Snipes-Kinersly
nruor IN
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Wien Baby was sick, we gave her Castoris-
When she was Child, she cried for Castoria-
When she became Miss. she chung to Castoria.
When she had Children, she gave them Castoria.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Soothing. heating, cleansing, DeWitt's
Witch Hazel Salve is the enemy to
sores, wounds and piles, which it never
fails to cure. Stops itching and burning.
Cures chapped lips and cold-sores in two
or three hours" For sale by Snipes-
Kinersly, Drug Co.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
For Sale.

Silver-laced Wyandottes chickens !;
good layers, especially in winter. Fine
table fowl. Eggs per thirteen, $1.5O.
A few young Cockerels for sale, 81 each.
feb5-1m Mrs. A. A. BoNNEY.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
For sale or Trade.

Three secondhand wagons; one thor
oughbred Jersey bull; one seven-eight
Percheron stallion. At
FRAZER & IsBELL's Feed Yard,
j22-d&w1m The Dalles, Oregon
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Piles of peoples have piles, but De-
Wits Witch Hazel Salve win cure them.
When promptly applied it cures scalds
burns without the slightest pain.
Snipes- Kinersly Drug Co.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Don't invite disappointment by exper-
imenting. Depend upon One Minute
Cough Cure and you have immediate re-
lief. It cures Group. The only harmless
remedy that produces immediate re-
suits. For sale by Snipes-Kinersly
Drug Co.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Situation wanted by young lady to
do housework. Inquire at the Union st.
Lodging House. feb15-3t*
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Hot clam broth at 4 o'clock today att.
O.Mack's, 81 Second street.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

No more BOILs. no more PIMPLEs.
Use Kinersly's Iron Tonic. The Snipes-
Kinersly Drug Co. Telephone No. 8.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Spray pumps for rent at Maier &
Benton's. ~
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26
Gas sLa[ila !
For Infants and children.

For Infants and Children.
Castoria promotes Digestion and
overcomes Flatulency, Constipation, Sour
Stomach, Diarrhoea, and Feverishness
Thus the child is rendered healthy and its
sleep natural. Castoria contains no
Morphine or other narcotic property.
"Castoria is so well adapted to children chat
] recommend it as superior to any prescription
Known to me'' H. A. ARCHER. NJ. D.,
III South Oxford ST., Brooklyn, N. Y.
"For several years have recommended your
sCastoria,' and shall always continue to do SO,
asit has invariably produced beneficial results"
125th Street and 7th Ave-, New York City.
ssThe use of 'Castoria' is SO universal and
It's merits so we'll known that it Feems work of
supererogation to endorse it. Few are the in
uelligent families who do not keep Castoria
within easy reach"
CARLOS MARTIN, D. D.,
New York City.
THE CENrAua COMPANY. II Murray Street. N. Y.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1896-02-26

Mrs. A. L. srURL1Ne & Son.
, 1896-12-01

When the rush of orders after cleo
tion slackened, many began to think
business dwindled. From one town
in Illinois. not by many the most popu-
lous, Sc train loads of manufactured
goods went out n day after election.
But subsistence Of such deferred orders
il not decrease of business. Disap-
pofntment rs observed in the iron and
steel industry. because various combi-
nations have been and are still retard-
ing orders by prices which buyers be-.
lieve cannot be maintained. and the
same is true in boots and shoes, and in
a few branches Of textile goods, but
business is on the whole enlarged,
and the employment of many more
hands will extend purchasing power.
The settlement Of the window glass
controversy, starting many thousand
hands, and the collapse OF some i'm
portant iron combinations with the
same effect. give promise of more bust
ness Broadly speaking, the gain has
been greater than anybody expected,
and it is surprising if a small part OF
1t is in xcess OF the present consum-
ing demand.-Dun's Review.
, 1896-12-01
THE WOLF BOUNTY.

The Republican believes tina the
present wolf bounty law is an outrage
upon the people of the state at large
and that it should be repealed. Two
years ago it was argued in the legisla-
turc that wolves were a statewide
nuisance and that they should there
fore be killed by the state at large, all
the people bearing an equal portion OF
the burden. This is only true in a
measure. Why should Albany county
with a small number OF wolves, bear
the same proportion Of the tax as those
counties with Il large number OF
wolves? Why should Albany county.
with seven times as many cattle as the
county of Swcetwater. receive from
the state treasury less money than the
latter for the destruction of predatory
wild animals? For the year ending
September 80. 1896, the county of Ere.
mont had almost 80 per cent of its
state taxes refunded on account of the
killing of wolves. A good old she
wolf in Converse county is more profit
able than Il COW.
The legislature of 1895 appropriated
$4,000 for the purposes of the act for
the destruction of predatory wild AMI
mails, and the total amount has long
since been entirely exhausted. In 1895
the valuation of cattle in the state was
$3.i73 ,l42.50 and the levy was 6 mills
on the dollar. Therefore the cattle OF
the state paid in taxes $40. S3S.S5, while
the bounty on wolves amounted to
s25, 900.
Stockmen should receive protection
from the wolves and other wild ami
mails. but The burden should be prop
erly and equitably divided. At the
option of the boards of commissioners
of the several counties, moneys should
be appropriated for the killing of pre-
datOry wild animals within county
own burden. The taxpayer of Albany
county has in fact no more concern in
the killing of a wolf in Crook county
than he has in the killing of a alta
II in Arizona, and should not be
compelled to pay a large price for its
killing to the fortunate man who lives
in the county where there are plenty
OF wolves upon which he can prey and
plumber the state treasury.
For the purpose of showing the in
equality Of the present law, and how
of the deal. The Republican appends
a list of the counties and the several
amounts received from the state treas
urer for the destruction of wild ami
, 1896-12-01

eminent by init rction," made so con-
spicuous in :iIe lac presidential cam.
paign. Mr.. Curtis Shows that the is
sue of injunctiOns is an immcmorial
right. exercised by courts throughout
all civil history; and using the facts
Chicago in 81 he proves clearly that
we have either got to choose between
moi rule. or the system of law and or,
der which is everywhere recognized.
1t is a paper which should he read by
every employer of labor and every man
who is in any way concerned with IA
Dor disturbances.