The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-04-12
NOTES ON SCIENCE Avn Iyprsrrn

~ +" " fNA'iE''N UNIV NANN llilT 10 IN
close of the carbonifcrous age. all the coal de-
posits had been bituininuus In character, hue
that tho violent movement Of the earth'a
crust Mt the time OF the Appalachian revolo.
tiOn the enormous pressure and intense heAA
were sufficient to cXpcl n large portion of the
volatile matter from the bituminous coA
beds. and otherwise change their charactse
into what IL now Classod as anthracite. Thus,
IL Is argued. II is common to find In the slato
strata, Immediately everything each coal seaua.
the Impressions Of twigs, nuts. seeds, leaves,
the most delicate fern tracery. aad the trunks
OF, great trees mashed flat against the layers,
while In tho softer beds of camel coal whole
trees have been found. roots, trunk 3. | branches,
leaves. seeds, and oil transformed into like ms
one OF the results of tho violent disturbances "a
the earth's crust was ~ leave vast rents across
ing. faces which are either parallel or enclose .
from the molten mass below WINS forced nm into
these openings and sometimes they were filed
with DRIFT and rock from the surface. In either
GrSS tmS m frSm t tSc rnsa hard on ai ana c s3Go ,6. f sss
nation being contcmporaneous with coal.
A novel kind of submarine boat. the Coo.
bert, Is described in the Scientific Amertcdn~
n craft said 10 resemble n whale in shape, being
spindle formed and measuring twenty.six feNb
in length and about five feet ak inches diame-
ter in the middle, with a capacity Of ten tons.
1t Is cast in three sections of gun metal, which
are boltcd together, the middle section being
Surmounted by n dome, also of gun metal,about
one loot nigh oy which access is obtained to the
middle and one-third of this only toward the
igate at any depth in the English Channel.
The boat is propelled by a screw. which also
1ointed to enable its being moved right or left.
Inc morse power IL nut one or two. this being
makinp' to give seyen or nigbt Eno.s. tba ny" nv.
tive power is supplied by an electrical battery,
ward, nv n nair If fnliko arm nremants 70 ~.
fore; When zen the boat a., is in harbor the dome
sets ahead yeter ia Iat into r,partmn, Sn
the lower tbo part 81 E th III boat; which " GRADUALLY
regulated. and. when sunk to anv raonira5
depth. at that depth the Goubert remains, the
" poii - 4" d ahe
The manufacture of charcoal of an importan.
commercial value. from common leather waste
or scrap. is mentioned in the Leather Reporter'
d" ''A' .Hnfcou' pr"huceo from ieather
has been found to be of such peculiar value in
brought forward for utilizing IN. waste 10, tba-
which accumulates in shoe shops. &c, by con-
yerting 1t into charcoal, The plant for manu-
tialIv Of = natal retopt snSnethjne I1sa t5osa 81 enr
the production Of illuminating gas, and the cost
OF such an equipment Is calculated not to much
onerate" The ~hnS one T rTan uuhhrniinuea can easily
leather scron In thus hern,n inn i ~ n rS u sHS9
To- be not more than 30 per cent N".o "a
In regard to wastes OF heat in generating
steam, the opinion is expressed by Engineer
Ken, On . lecture before III. Fr,nr,In Jnstt-
he"' III o'ioio IN am ihelr
bility of greatly reducing the waste in the
o,.om ana,n. ca ,b.t ,ts consrrrnt,on I'LL ~.
less than twelve and a half rounds per hour,
that in all steam engines there must be thrown
.mor .i,har hot s,oo,, &c 4, hioh -,roosv,.
condensing engines, in the latter case there be-
Ing no known way of recovering the heat from
a aHe II the engine III n r." wastesl
he SAYS. are those enormous ones which are in
dicated by the difterence between a consump.'
Tnrsc mower and The twentv.avo tbirtv.fpa
or even one hundred pounds which are used in
the various types or enRines. and the sun more
diGerenco in the figures showing The hest nran.
tice and the worst In steam boilers. Mr. Kent
thinks i, may he left for the neyt centnrv 10
discover tro some co way y, Of Ebt ain meShnnica,
The steam engine but nj present there seems to
70
strsncs no Il uov seem rsm.rhs. w-t.r~
metalloids. chemically pure iron is of no value
10 the manufacturer. It being the impurities in
MN nv. ""N,o ~ U'o y "Iuaoie II I'M
Francisco Scientific Press explains. are metal
loids. and OF particular interest to the foundry.
man are such metalloids as carbon, silicon,
fnnnGrv nI,, ron rr"T Fnr ganerai pnrno sm . hgo9%S
contain from 1925 to 3.5 per cent. of carbon.
from 3 to 80 ner cent. OF silicon, and from d
vborna MAJ Mn as hinh as ! nor cont h,t n us
phur not to exceed .O5 per cent. The blast fur.
mace that supplies the pig iron 70 tho foundry.
Fnnn - ,upnoiitru be ca mGs on H. nna unu INC
nomhH ~ mo ~ n rnrIrts on Ms Hparatlohs sS-
ro,, a W W "nrI p'sun;nmon ~ ~ WIN
isu;tad ~ ~, h nntnra' ~ tba nI 81 a. Gdaansse
ssu're y ~ ~ ,bo nnnaauTHo Oh lit nela4 II b oesirsa
u '"'' '"' "'''"s
Notice aDDears In London Invention of a M.
ouliar nroduct. under the mama NJ soan s.ook.
prepared IN Lrihdlsl' "hich ID largely utuized
pared by subjecting the residue of olive ker.
nels 10 chemical processes under the action Of
sulphuric acid, after all mean. of extraction
by pressure have been exhausted, OF this
sunstance IL Is stated that during the year