The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1896-12-02
DR.. TALMAGE'SLEGTURE
1t Was the First in the Univer-
sity Course.
SPOKE ON THE SUBJECT OF ICE
AND SNOW.
Attendance So Large That Scores
We're Turned AWAY From Labora-
tory Han Last Evening, UnnbIe to
Gain Admission.

The mere mention of a lecture by DR..
I Talmage, president of the s.ate uni
versity, is always sufficient announcement
TO draw a large audience. and the n,.rl-
Der turned away from the lecture hall at
! the laboratory building last night was
another proof Of his popularity. The pro-
( gramme announced that the lecture was
TO begin at S O'Clock, but by 7:9o every one
of the 800 chairs was occupied. Promptly
/ at O'Clock the lecturer took the plat
1 form and was greeted with a storm OF ap-
plause.
DR.. Talmage had for his subject ice
and Snow; the Study of Ice as a Geologi-
cal Agent; Glaciers and Glacial Epoch"
The lecture was divided into two parts;
lne Irst devoscd 10 general discussion
/ or the topic with the aid of illustrative
/ specimens and models; and the second to
! an exhibition of over 30 excellent stereop-
tlcon views Illustrative of the various
phase of ice work and glacial phenomena,
ancient ana recent. The following is
! brief synopsis of the address:
The faary-like crystals on the win
/ dow zane and the feathery snow flake
railing to earth may seem to have little
! OF promise as geological tools. and vet
when massed flake on flake and crystal
! against crystal they become an agent of
almost incalcu.able power. The freezing
OF water exhibits the tendency of all
! liquids when Passing into the solid con-
/ dluon 10 assume the crystalline state.
! The microscope reveals in the snow flake
ana the ice fragment a marvellous SYM
/ metry of parts. The frost flowers eX-
| hibit an arrangement of six parts Prof.
! Iyndall has described snow storm as
/ shower of frozen flowers. ali of them
| six-leaved. In thus solidifying. water
| expands nearly one-tenth. Freezing
( water exerts a bursting pressure on its
containing walls, This pressure is, at 30
! corresponding to lSS tons to the square
! inch: BY its expansion in freezing, water
! breaks up the clods Of the field and bursts
asunder the masses of rock which make
up the mountains. preparing them for
! rapid disintegration. The talus. or pile
/ of debris found at the foot of every cliff
in our mountains, is largely the result of
! ice work.
Ice as a geological agent may be con-
veniertly studied under the following
headings: 1st. River and lake ice COM
anchor ice. End. Ice on the sea, compris-
/ ing the production of such by the freezing
OF sea water near the shore, this
/ giving rise TO the ice foot; or to the
/ freezing of the open sea, producing the
/ ice sheet blocks or foe ice, and next Zee
bergs, which are produced by the sea-
ward passage of land ice Bird. Ice on
! land, comprising glaciers with all their
/ interesting phenomena. The existing
glaciers of the Alps, those of the Sierras,
and the still more extensive glaciers of
/ Alaska, and the ice sheet of Greenland
/ and Of the Antarctic regions may be
/ taken to illustrate glacial phenomena
I as presented DN 6NlSIlN8 StacltTS- Inc
/ essential conditions for the production of
glaciers are: 1st Ample elevation; the
/ source of the glacier must be above the
/ line of perpetual snow. End Alterations
! tation. There are many analogies and
some difference between glaciers and
/ rivers. Glaciers move downward from
! their course by diiferentlal motion, their
central parts move more rapidly than do
/ the marginal portions; the upper parts
more rapidly than the deeper layers As
-.
'the slope and by many other conditions
/ which diminish friction. The formation
I of veins and assures in glacier ice my be
studied on any large glacier. Debris fall
/ ing upon the surface and material swept
along the bed make up the great moraines
1 which mark the termination OF glaciers
We are more particularly interested IN the
contemplation of glaciers as geological
/ power: they are most effective eroding
and transporting agents. The pressure OF
a mass of ice but 100 feet thick is fuliy
| 40 pounds TO the square inch, and ice with
/ a depth of 1,250 feet eXerts pressure OF
/ 500 pounds to the square inch Great
/ difficulty is experienced by many in the
/ thought that ice, a characterlstlcally Dflt-
/ tie substance. can possibly flow and
many theories have been advanced to
/ explain the downward passage of glacial
I ice BY a model consisting of brittle
pitch in a channel of metal the v-scid
| motion of this material was demon
strated. The viscosity theory advanced
/ by Forbes. the, regulation theory put
forth by TvndalI, the molecular read
iUstnenf theory of Croll, and the sue
cessive melting theory by Thomson, may
all serve to explain many OF the Dhe-
nomena of glacier movement
Biologists very generally profess be-
! lief that at one time period of glacial
1 cold existed in the northern hemisphere
/ They base their belief on the following
/ facts: First-The existence OF hetero-
geneous material called drift, winch
/ covers all northern countries. In North
! America from 80 degrees or 40 degrees
/ northWard the land is mantled by drift.
{ Second-The smooth and scored condl-
/ ton of the bed rock underlying the
drift. Third-The existence 'oL e l,3asi,,
/ boulders which have been seemingly
/ stranded far from their source. tourtn
The existence of old moraines. Fifth
The entire correspondence between
! such phenomena and similar occurrences
now presented in connection with exist
/ ing glaciers. Many examples OF local
/ glaciation are presented in the higher
I parts of the Rocky mountains ana OF
/ the Sierras There seems TO have been
/ two great centres of ice distribution in
! North America. The first near Hudson
! bay sent out its ice floods in all direc-
tons: this great ice body has been called
the I,aurentide Glacier. The second or
western centre occurs in the Cordllleran
or British Columbia, and this ice oody
1 has been called the Cordileran Glacier.
/ 7 neal glaciers of considerable size eX-
listed in the Uintah and Wasatch noun
tains and on the higher plateaus OF Utah.
I " ell preserved ice deposits are FOUND at
/ the mouth of Little Cottonwood canyon
/ and in the Uintahs; moraines of all
I descriptions abound on the Fish Lake
+ Among the possible causes of the
! glacial epoch the following have re-
/ ceived special consideration: First-lt. is
] attributed 10 an elevation of the res ions
1 now found to be glaciated. We have
/ conclusive proof of extensive oscillations
1 of the earth's crust during glacial times
/ and great climatic changes would doubt
/ less result Second-Changes in the d.
/ rection of ocean currents are urged as
! true cause; by such changes the distri-
1 button of tropical warmth might have
| been seriously interfered with Third
! CrolPs theory assigns astronomical causes
! in exclamation; the result of a procession
1 Of the eouinoxes and of secular changes
/ in the shape of the earths orbit
! would produce very great variations of
/ Temperature. 1t is probable that both
/ astronomical and geographical condi-
I tions have conspired to produce this
epoch of long continued winter.
/ DR. Talmage's lecture was the initial
number of series of public lectures TO
he given by members of the university
I faculty. The next one is to be delivered
next Tuesday night by Professor G.. NJ.
Marshall or an historical topic
You can't be well if your blood is
impure. but you may have pure blood
ord GOOD health by taking Hoods