The herald., 1896-12-22
sells view the accepted practice
Europe"
THE GREEK REVOLUTION.

ton, the report rec1teS tndt OH the OtH
of July. 1927, France, Russia and Eng
land We're united In formal treaty
signed in London, which committed them
to a formal intervention il case the sui
tan should still reject their proffered
mediation, within the space of one
month The Turkish government on
August 80 reiterated it's decided, un-
conditional, final and Interchangeable re-
fusal to receive any proposition on be-
half of the Greeks.
Orders were Immediately given to the
squadrons of the powers. which brought
on the battle of Navamino, October 20,
1927.
BELGIAN RESOLUTIONS.
THE report next takes up the Belgian
revolution of 1860 When the French
revolution of July, 1880. occurred, it
spread instantly to the Netherlands.
Toward the end of August, 1890. disturb
ances began and Immediately became
SO serious as to threaten grave compli-
cations abroad as we'll as at home.
without concerning with or supporting
King William, the powers imposed an
immediate armistice on both parties.
Naturally the Belgian rebels then de
clared themselves independent. With
such encouragement. their safety was
guaranteed almost beyond the possibili-
ty of risk. The claim of independence
was recognized one month later by the
powers. in their seventh conference, De-
cember 90 The Netherlands minister
imm ediately recorded, December 90. a
formal protest and reservation of King
Williams right to decide or such ulte-
rior measures as should be taken in the
double interests of his own dignity and
the well being of his faithful subjects
The reports tell of the protest of Hol-
land, followed by a Holland military
expedition. which was met by 10000
French troops. The report continues:
Thus in less than a year after rebellion
had broken out. and without waiting for
evidence of the right of the military
force of the insurrection, every sort of
intervention took place. diplomatic and
military, joint and separate"
POLISH REBELS.
The report says that the Polish re-
bellion of 1881 seemed to have no value
as precedent except as far as it offered
an example of the power of Russia, as
the Belgian insllrrection had showed the
power of England and France when in
union.
THE HUNGARIAN REVOLT.
The next European people who claim
ed recognition as an inde pendent men,
ber of the family of nations seems to
have been the Hungarians. On the
14th of April. 1S49, the Hungarian diet
formally declared Hungary an inde-
pendent state, and the Hapsburg dynas-
ty forever deposed from the throne. The
next day the diet elected Louis Kossuth
The young emperor, Francis Joseph,
instantly applied for aid to the czar Of
Russia, who instantly interviewed. The
czar issued manifesto April 81 stat
ing the facts and grounds on which his
intervention was believed to be legiti-
mate. This paper found the right of in
tervention not on the weakness of the
belligerents but on his strength. Rus
sia asserted as principle that she must
Intervene, because if she did not inter-
vene Hungary would establish her in
dependence. This precedent tended to
establish the right of every government
to intervene in the affairs of foreign
states whenever their situation "tends
to endanger its own safety or the polit-
ical equilibrium of its frontier"
OTHER PRECEDENTS
Besides the four precedents of Greece,
Belgium. Poland and Hungary, where
rev nationalities were in question, a
much larger number of interventions
occurred in Europe in the process of
disruption or consolidation which has
on one hand disintegrated the ancient
empires of the sultan. of Spain. of the
church, ard on the other concentrated
the new systems of Germany, Russia
ard Italy.
Interventions have occurred most
conspicuously in Spain by France in
1923; in Portugal by England in 1927;
again in Spain and Portugal in 1886 by
England and France under what was
called the quadruple treaty; in Pied
mont and Naples by the holy alliance in
1921, and in SO many instances since
1S4S that the mere enumeration would be
long and difficult, but none of the dis
turbed countries claimed permanent in
dependence under form of revolution,
unless it were perhaps the states of the
| church, or Rome, which on Feb. 8. 1S49,
declared the pope to be deposed and set
up a provisional government under a
| revolutionary triumphal.
| The French executive. Louis Napo-
| leon gave another direction to the pol
| icy of France He Immediately sent a
| French army to Civita Vecchia, which
| landed there April 26th. and, after a
bloody struggle, drove the republican
! government out of Rome. The French
| entered Rome July Sd. Pope Plus I&
returned there in April, 1880 and, during
| the next twenty years, Rome remained
under the occupation of a French army
The only reason given by France III
| this instance for intervention was that
| the occupation of Rome was necessary in
| order to maintain the political influence
| of France. This was the ground taker
by President Louis Napoleon in explain
| ing his course to the chambers in 1850.
Since the year 1927 intervention in the
affairs of the Ottoman empire has beer
so constant as to create body of juris
| prudence and a. long series of treaties
in which the experience of all politica
| systems of southeastern Europe seen
now to be more or less entirely based.
Not only Greece. Montenegro. Rouma-
MIA, Bulgaria, Roumeia. Servia ant
Egypt have been the creations of such in
terventions, or the subjects of it's re.
| straints, but also Samoa, Crete and.ever
| the Lebanon owed their legal status tt
| the same source.
An authority so great must assum'
some foundation in law, seeing that thf
entire world acquesced not only in the
practical exercise of force. but also ir
( the principle on which it rested, whatev.
| er that was.
The treaty of Berlin. 1873. was a broad
assertion of the right of the European
powers to regulate the affairs of the OF
toman empire, but the treaty contain.
, no statement of the principle of the ju
risprudence on which the right rests
| The preamble merely declares that the
powers being desirous to regulate will
view to European order the question.
raised in the east by the events of late
years and by the war terminated by the
preliminary treaty of San Stefano hav.
been unanimously of the opinion that thu
meeting of a congress would not offer tn,
best means of Facilitating an under.
standing
! THE SIX PRECEDENTS.
These six precedents include, as far as