davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27

Take from this table the tangcnts OF these
hour Angles. For the graduations from IL to
%. md from l2 to 3-tlr front OF the dial
multiply these tnngonts 10y a Cs In latitude. or
6.52. Latitude 400 40 Is near enough for
New York and It's neiChhOrhood: its sine is
Csc: this multiplied by 10 Is 6.52.D For the
graduntions from q TO %. and from u to ,. null
tIply the tangents by AC, or 10. Now set up
the gnomon. G \ Fig. l. so thar the angle AT c
Is equal to the latitude OF the place: level the
plane surface and adjust 1t so that X points TO
the true north; and YOUR dial is ready to mark
local apparent time with great accuracy.
This APPARENT, or sun, time must. OF course.
be corrected to get mean time. and again to get
standard time. All almnnacs give the first
correction GENERALLY in a column headed sun
Fast or sun SLOW" This correction Is to no
Iddcd to. or subtracted from. the sun dial read
ing. nccOrdingAs Tho sun j. slow or fast. The
correction for standard time In the neighbor-
hood of New YORK Is always n oout 4 minutes
subtractivo from tho sun dial reading. 1t Is
best TO make u table combining both correc-
tons. thus getting standard time Mt once. add.
ing 4 minutes To the almanac correction when
the sun Is fast and subtractipg 4 minutes from
II when the sun Is GLOW. The following Is such
a table, good for New York anu its vicinity:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27
ABoUr sun DrAbs.
Their Theory ana Co~nstruction Explained
M-atheHaticniiy and Scientifically.

M-athematienliy and Scientifically.
A question in the Queries column" Of TIE
sur'not long ago suggested TO the present writ
or that q simple article on the theory and con-
struotion Of sun dials might, in the words-of
Lincoln, DO "for those who like that sort of
thing about the sort of thing they'd like"
The sun seems too around the earth once
in tNventy-four hours. As all circles are d.
vidcd into 800 degrees, tho sun in its circuit
covers 3eo degrees NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS., or is
degrees in every hour Of time.
Suppose the earth TO be n transparent globe,
n hollow spherical shell of glass, for instance.
and suppose its axis tosbe a stout wire stretch
ing from pole to pole. Evidently this axis
will always cast n shadow somewhere on tho
surface-of the sholl, and through that out into
space, and that shadow will move just as fast
as the sun seens to move, L C.. fifteen degrees
per hour.
Now, suppose We make. or have a glass
blower make for us, a mall hollow:transparcnt
globe. with n wire axis. and mount this globe
on. q fiat surface somewhere where the sun
will shine upon IL, and adjust IL in such a post
tion, that its axis Will be parallel with the axis
OF the earth.
II is plain that the shadow OF the axis. C Y.
of this tiny globe will initiate the movement
of the shadow of the axis OF our supposed trans
parent carth.Giybe. and will travel around at
precisely the same rate. In Fig. | d. for In
stance. will be the shadow OF G Y Mt noon: c,
Its shadow at IL o'clock. b at 10 O'Clock, a at o
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27
Fis.2

the horizon included between our meridian
and the hour circle passing through the sun.
TriEOnOmetry tells us that the tar gent Of
this azimuth Is equal TO the product o! the sine
OF the latitude Of the place multiplied by the
tangent OF the particular hour-an-lc. We
know from he general theory OF rIght-angled
trlanglcs that in Fig. .. the line A llrACtan
muth NJ the time: therefore the line A. IL
&C sin latitude tan hour-angie. As the sun
moves lJ' per hour. and this .DoiIt II is ono
hour from noon. the hour-anGle is l59. and
A.1i'-A c. sin lat. tan l5'
Similarly A.lO-A G sin lat tan 30
and A." a SIN lat. tan -
But. as the tangent ot - is equal to unity.
Ana C. sin latitude.
on the side OF the plane surface. from G TO q. tho
angles are ,c~gazimnths. aud IT willie found that the
line o. "a G.. tan taOf-hour ANGLE
or q. IA e. tan Is
ana u. S-A c. tan SU'
and 6.p-h {. tan I5'. or
We see. the eforc. that the tangents Of all
the hour-Rng!cs from u loon to o o'clock y.
NJ. are to be multiplied by ACs IN latitude. and
the ~tnrGents of those from O to q O'Clock A. NJ.
multiplied by A c. lOt course the after noon
angles, from - noon TO 3 o'clock. and from u
TO 3 O'Clock. arc tho same ms the morninG'ores.
THE PRACTICE.
All this may Seem complicated. but the prac-
teal re suits .deduced therefrn.- are plain and
simple. To make a sun dial: First settle on
the length OF 4 the distance from the foot
to the edge o. the dial. md settle also the hour
angles TO which yon wish your dial to read.
Ten inches Is a convenient length for &C, and
Iuarter hours t3o a. Of arc) are convenient in
tervals Of graduation. Here is a table of tan
gents for these Qunrter-hour Intervals:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27

nst down on the table. Stand there chat
SSo on'1 in iss sssir' rS s,t m sssI Sl SSy or he Sss Sossn Sa.
l knew he was a liar, an he quakes there be-
cause It's to be orovsn. Nov: coward, the
chair before the instrun emit. He had played
2n WI L was nSFh Rsr.S and II roe eas s est Tie best. But
under his gentle touch the spirit OF al the
squaiid room. Braunt stood for. a. moment
hts side; then he sank into his armchair. Jes.
sic Eazed stcadfastlv. with large pathetic eyes,
fcrmod, ali the lines heS of ''9 diSmny and spprs-
placed BY m absorbed ccstacy. oblivious to
everv surrounding. He played harmony after
Ing into smother. until at last a minor chord
carried. the music Into the solemn. rhythm OF
Chopln's march; then the organ like g sen,
wizard Of the keys, allied with pnshed tearS,and
When at last tho organists magic fingers
sslippsd from the keys, and the exnltant light
,"cprse me for a clown" he cried: TO think
th.t !, | % nn1s, Hsvt thee ss,l lad ;nn an, thou bSgor Dl@aSoSt
He laid his huge hand on the Others Shout
der gently and kindly, although the youth,
shrank from the touch.
Forgive me: lad. / misdoubt | hurt thee,
..NO, no., nOtulnR. 20 you llke inc HluSlTf
The music! l shall never forget ~; never.
That march rings in my head ALL day. Tho
whole world seems tramping to It,"
The young man Tor the first time looked up
at him. the light of brotherhood In his eyes.
u feel II. too" he said. that there Is moth
ing around us but good music. II smooths
away the ruder sounds of earth. or uses them
as undertones n background. / some
times fancy that tho gates of heaven are left
aJar. and we-a few OF us-are allowed to liz
ten. to compensate us for any trouble we have,
The young mans thin face flushed in con-
fused shame at nnGing himself talking thus to
another man, although what he said was nere-
~ tho substance of many a former soliloquy.
With n hnsty Apologize glance at the girl.
VINO regarded him like nne in n trance. with
unwinking eyes. LanRly continued urriedly:
Tho march IS difficult and should not be at
tempted except after many lessons. l shall be
pleased. to. teach your daughter. II you will let
me. Sho has a correct car"
Braunt shook his head.
w have no money for music lessons he
II have very little myself. am poor. and
therefore need none" said the organist, as II
thar were a logical reason. The poor should
heap the Door. II they don't. who else will7
The poor have always been kind to me-" Ho
thought Of his many lnndladies. and how they
had robbed them selves to sustain him. rs they
desert them one by one. Aye. and the rich.
too" he added, remembering, the hydraulic
motor In the church. and OF the continued en-
durarce of the authorities with their organist.
Well, lad" said Braunt. with a sigh. come
In when you can, and If nowt else. you'll DO
sure OF n hearty northern welcome"
ITO be continued
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27
GOOD WoRDs FOR TIE HORSE.
One Who Ought 10 Know Says Good Horses
Are nv Much In Demand as Ever.
From the 81. Louis Republic

from me 81 Louis f6IubNc.
Col Ed Butler Is authority Tor the Statements
that there are more horses in st. Louis now
than there ever have been in the entire history
OF the city. According to his figures. there are
anywhere from 20 TO 30 per cent. more now than
there were during tho palmiest days OF the
Horse car or before the bike came into use.
81 AIN better prepared 10 know how many
horses there are IN the city than any other man
living here, The reason is that catch them
coming and going. | shoe them while they are
living and hnul them of when they are dead.
~" know that tho average citizen believes
that the advent Of the trolley car and the BIZ
cycle dispensed with the use of horses almost
entirely, but this is not the case. The bicycle
dude and. the trolley car patron never owned
horses. The only horses the trolley car knocked
out were the plugs that nobody else would care
to own, ana there were not half as many Of them
as is generally supposed.
Good horses are AS hard to get now as they
ever were, ana probably harder, for the reason
thal not so many of them are being bred. You
can't hire n rig at a livery stable any cheaper
now than you could ten years ago, and II you
drive out you Will lind more rigs on the streets
tlhl mere we're ten years ago. The trolley cnF
has Killed the market for scrub horses, aud they
nrC cheaper, but n scrub horse is no, chcap AT
any hsiro. ! have been trying To get II first
class team for three years. and am willing TO
phy any hlhd OIL price for them, but | have not
been able 10 md what want. predict that
within the next hve years the breeding OF good
roadsteTs Is going to become one OF the nal
profitable businesses In the county,"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27

Give this one coat Of white paint, and after
~ is dry, rub down the top surface with pumicu
stone. Now II Is ready for graduation: draw
WITH a hard black pencil the line a b one inch
INSIDE OF the edge a, and In the middle of the
BOARD draw the line from a b to G ten inches
long, This is Tho noon line. Stick n pin in the
BOARD AT {. Now. Calculate, by means OF the
I2Tmulas and table above. the spa les from
NJ 10 q. increasing by quarter-hour inter
yals. The line MI. a-10. sin latitude. We
nave seen that around New York this quantity
w; SIN iatitudel - y. 90 inches.
lhis. Then, Is half our dial's width. Meas
WWrs. INC spaces In exactly the same way from
81 10 D; rms space. MI b. must be also
o'9. ihchoS. SO the entire width of the dial.
u DIS 1900 inches. Draw from these points
aahu D. the lines q C and b d. parallel to a C
anu equal TO IL. Begin ut C and measure the
spaces from C to n. according to directions
gwen above. DO tho same thing from d to b.
~ makes rather heater work to mark the
spaces as In Fig. 9Th. quarter. hour marks en-
Ilrely within the parallel lines. the half. our
MARKS projecting slightly. and the horr marks
pTojeCuhR Still more toward tho centre c. The
pm winch was stuck In the board at G. IS to rest
the edge VI tho ruler against In marking tho
spaces. 80 as 10, have the lines all radinting from
=. NOW get TWO strips of dry. clear pine /
men thick and 9 inches wide. one OF them 10
inches long and the other IL. Screw these
nrmly together. so that their tops. when held
upright. VIII be square. and q Shoulder of
inches long by l inch deep will be left Mt the
bottom. There again two pieces of wood are
used instead Of one Of 2x2 In ches section. 10
prevent warplnG.) Screw this square post very
strongly to the graduated board n: 4, Fig. /
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27
Dial SiOm.


In general the standard time correction "a
determined by the difference of longitude be.
tween our local meridian -and the nearest
standard" meridian, allowing four minutes TO
a degree subtracIiye II east of the standard
meridian. additive IL west OF 1t.
Now. as engraving on metal OF stona s,r-
faces. and casting special forms of gnomons are
expensive jobs. II may be useful to give here n
fen simple directions how to make a wooden
sun dial. the construction of which is within
the capacity OF any one. which will do very
when not in actual use.
Take a piece OF clear. we'll -seaAoned:pine. 1
inoh thick. * inches wide. and L6 inoheslonG,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-12-27

Make the-sldes and ends truly square. and thu
nppor surface n true plane. Fasten across the
sntire lowor surface OF this board. with screws,
not nails. and plenty OF them. other pieces OF
Inch thick pine. preferably tonSued and grooved
Will, their grain running across the grain OF
the. hrst- This Ia to prevent -warping. True
solid twoineh thick parallclogram, Of ihe
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
ALTGELD GIVES HIS VIEWS
says Democracy has Shaken off the
Shackles,
And VIII Finally Triumph When the PeO-
pie Shall Have had an Experience
of Mckinley Rule.

CHICAGO, Nov. 4.-Gov. Altgeld
gave out to-day statement address
ed to the Democrats of Illinois, in
which he says:
although defeated, | desire to
thank you for the loyal support you
have given me, and I congratulate
you on the heroic fightyou have just
made. Consider that only six months
ago our great party lay PROSTATE; 1t
had been betrayed into the hands of
stock jobbers and monopolists by
President Cleveland; it had been
robbed of everything Democratic
except the name; it stood for no
great principle; it was loaded with
political deadheads, yet it cut loose
from the domination of trusts and
syndicates; it repudiated the men
who betrayed it, again proclaimed
Democratic principles and espoused
the cause of toiling humanity. 1t
was confronted by everything that
money could buy, that Doodle could
debauch or that fear of starvation
could coerce. 1t was confronted by
a combination of forces such as had
never been united before, and could
probably never be united again,
and worse still, the time was too
short to educate the public. While
we are defeated, our party is more
vigorous and in better condition
generally than it has been for third
of a century. We have dug the
grave of the British gold standard.
One more campaign of education
will forever bury the palsied form of
that curse which has blighted pros
perity and the happiness of man
kind. We may assume that the
coming administration will be con-
trolled by the men who have been so
prominent in securing this election.
| believe that at the next general
election the people.will reverse the
verdict of yesterday, for the return
of prosperity will not come as prom
Used. 1t was the great common peo-
pie of America, and not the rich,
who saved our institutions in 1861,
and it will devolve on the great COM
mon people of this country to save
free government in 1900"
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
BREAKS or SPEECH
Curious Phrases Collected From Va
Sources.
(Ram's HornO


A coroner's jury in Maine reported
that Deceased came to his death by
excessive drinking, producing apo
pleXy in the minds Of the jury"
An old French lawyer, writing of
an estate he had just bought added;
There is a chapel upon il in which
my wife and I wish TO be buried, ii
God spares our lives
On a tombstone in Indiana is the
following inscription. "This monu-
ment was erected to the memory of
John Jinkins, accidentally shot as
mark Of affection by his brother"
A Michigan editor received some
verses not long ago with the follow
ing notes of explanation: "These
lines We're written fifty years ago by
one who has, for long time, slept
in his grave merely for pastime."
A certain politician, lately con
demning the government for its
policy concerning the income tax, is
reported to have said: They'll
keep cutting the wool off the sheep
that lays the golden egg until they
pump it dry"
An orator at one of the university
unions bore off the palm when he de-
clared that "the British lion, wheth-
er it is roaming the deserts of India
or climbing the forests of Canada,
will not draw in its horns nor retire
into it's SHE'LL
Areporter in describing the muir
der of a man named JOrkin, said:
1.-The murderer was evidently in
quest of money, but luckily Mr.. Jor-
kin had deposited all his funds in
the bank the day before, so that he
lost nothing but his life"
A merchant who died suddenly
left in his bureau letter to one of
his correspondents which he had not
sealed. His clerk, seeing it neces-
sary to send the letter, wrote at the
bottom: "Since writing the above
L have died"
An Oklahoma editor expresses his
thanks for a basket of oranges thus:
1--WE have received basket of
oranges from our friend Gus Brad
ley, for which he will accept our
compliments, one Of which are near
ly six inches in diameter"
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
Highest Of all in Leavenng Power u Govt Report
RH!aa!!! Raki2s
ABSOLUTELY PURE

will cease to deceive;
before that year arrives those who
have called themselvee gold-stan-
dard Democrats will become BIZ
and be with us, or they
will become Republicans and thus
open enemies; before that year ar
rives trusts will have convinced
still more people that a trust is a
menace to private welfare and to
public safety; before that year ar
rives the evils of gold standard
will be even more evident than they
are now and the people then be
ready to demand an American
financial policy for the American
people, and will join with us in the
immediate restoration of the free
and unlimited coinage Of gold and
silver at the present legal ratio of Is
to l, without waiting for the aid or
consent of any other nation.
w. ]. BRYAN.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
VIII Send Silver Senators.

RALEIGH, N. c., Nov. 81. B.
Schulken, Populist member-elect of
the Legislature, is here to-day. He
says the Populists will not vote to
return Senator Pritchard to the
Senate because he favors the single
gold standard, but will vote for a
free silver man. The Republicans
lack IS votes of a majority on joint
ballot, and cannot elect Pritchard
unless they can get Populist help.
The Legislature will stand: Repub-
licans 68, Populists 80, Democrats 43.
AT least thirty of the Republican
and Populist members of the Legis-
lature were elected by less than 80
majority over their Democratic
opponents.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13

The result in Kentucky appears to
be agreed upon, and both sides state
that the official returns can but i'm
materially change the figures as
now given. The Democratic Com
mittee comedies Mckinley has car
ried the State and election bets are
being paid on that result. 1t was
a fearful contest, an immense vote
was polled, and there is difference
of only $40 votes, taking the highest
figures claimed. Party feeling was
strong. Excitement for weeks had
been Intense; the closeness of the
vote increased this excitement to the
highest pitch, and now that the re-
suit has been definitely reached,
quietude will return, and the people,
both victors and vanquished, will
resume the task of looking out for
themselves and their individual af-
fairs.-American.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
VIII Aid MIR. Bryan.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 9.--Charles
d. Lane, part owner of the Utica
gold mine, announces that he will
give William J. Bryan financial
support in his advocacy of bimetal-
lism. The Californian will see to it
that Mr.. Bryan's travelling expenses
are paid, and that the living eX-
penses of himself and family are
paid during the next four years.
Mr.. Lane is a very wealthy mine
owner, and is amply able to take
care of Mr.. Bryan and his family.
He has abiding faith in the Demo-
cratic candidate for President, and,
realizing that Mr., Bryan's income is
limited, thinks it is not fair for him
to bear the expense of a campaign in
the interest of silver.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
Joshaa Levering,s Opinion.

Joshua lowering, prohibition can
didate for President, was asked his
views as to the result of the cleo
ton. II think it settles for good"
he said, "the question as to the sort
of money standard which shall be
used in this country. 1t seems to
me that the verdict is so emphatic
that the question cannot longer be
considered open. There will be a
return of business confidence, but
whether there will be an immediate
improvement in business 1 cannot
say. There are factors other than
that of the money standard which
enter into the problem"
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
TENNESSEE CONGRESSMAN.
The Gentlemen Whom We Send to Wash
inptOn.

The Gentlemen Whom We Send to WASH
ingtOn.
The Tennessee Congressmen-elect
are:
First District-Walter P. Brown
low, Republican.
Second District-Henry R. Gibson,
Republican.
Third District-Jobn A. Moon,
Democrat.
Fourth Decentralization McMil-
lin, Democrat.
Fifth District-James d. Richard
son, Democrat.
Sixth District-John w. Gaines,
Democrat.
Seventh District-N. N. Cox, DEM
ocrat.
Eighth District-T. w, Sims, Dem
ocrat.
Ninth District-Rice A. Pierce
Democrat.
Tenth District-E. w. Carmack
Democrat.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
TENNEssEE's NEXT GOVERNOR.
Taylors Plurality over Tillman Is h
tween 5000 and 5000.

Taylor's Plurality over Tlllman Is Be
tween 5000 and 5000.
Notwithstanding Mr.. Tillman's
telegram to President Mckinley
that he had been elected Governor
of Tennessee, Hon. Robt. l.. Taylor
has been chosen by the people by
between 5000 and 5000 majority.
The returns are coming in slowly,
and an official statement cannot be
made until the first of next week.
Gov. Taylor's plurality, based on
unofficial but complete reports from
eighty-fiye counties and estimates
from the remaining eleven, is 1884.
1t is now believed that there will be
little change from these figures.
The counties upon which estimates
are made are Granger, Hancock,
Hardin, Lauderdale, Lewis, Meigs,
Polk, Rhea, Scott, Sequatchie and
Union. Gov. Taylor's total vote in
eighty-five counties is 1921,
against 1882 for Tillman.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
Mckinley to BRYAN.

CANTON, o., Nov, Cat noon to-
day Maj. Mckinley sent this tele-
gram:
"Hon. VIM. J. Bryan, Lincoln,
Neb.; L acknowledge the receipt of
your courteous message of congratu-
lation with thanks, and beg you will
receive my best wishes for your
health and happiness.
"WM. MCKINLEY"
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13

fOSV odyo'
These changes would have given
every one of the nine States to Bry-
an, and, adding their 60 votes to the
1877 he got elsewhere, would have
made his strength in the electoral
college 227-three more than he
needed to make him President. 1t
is serious reflection that the
changing of only 25,393 votes-as
a matter of fact the change of 25,026
votes would have accomplished the
results all that stood between the
election of Mckinley and the cleo
ton of Bryan. We commend this
reflection to the gentlemen who are
throwing up their hats and scream
ing themselves black in the face
with nonsense about landslides and
similar absurdities. Mr.. Mckinley
got tremendous majorities in New
England, New York, Pennsylvania,
Iowa, Michigan, and Illinois, but in
the rest of the country he has a
mighty narrow escape from defeat.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13

The pure and virtuous Breckin-
ridge of kentucky was defeated for
Congress by Evan E. Settle, but of
course it was done by fraud; at least
Breckenridge says so, and perhaps a
Republican House will agree with
him. w. G. Pollard Breckenridge,
the representative of the gold-bug
element, stands for national honor
and private virtue!
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1896-11-13
Bryan States.
Electoral
Unta


1t will be seen from the above that
the electoral vote in Delaware is
devided, Mckinley receiving and
Bryan |. This result is due to the
factional fight in the Republican
ranks. On the regular Republican
ticket, the name of one Of the cleo
tors appeared as James G. Shaw, -
while on the Union Republican
ticket was printed the name of
James G. Shaw, ST."
In counting the ballots the SHAW
and "Shaw, ST." tickets were can
vassed separately. BY this division,
John II. Rodney, the highest candi-
date for elector on the Democratic
ticket, is thereby elected, the vote
standing: Shaw, 10,182; Shaw, ST.,
l0,26S; Rodney, 1851.