The Democratic advocate. [volume] (Westminster, Md.) 1865-1972, 1896-05-16
ABOUT NOTED TUNNELS.
The Mont de Cents, St. GOthard En'
Others,

Others.
From the London Standard
One of the most famous tunnels ouisias
the United Kingdom is that of the MOE
de Cents or Col de Frejus, which mas
| length of seven and one-half miles (actu,
ally 39,S4O feeD through Mont Gems ana
which connects the provinces Of satus
and Piedmont. This wonderful unasi'
| taking was proposed by N. Medal an
plans for its construction were draWn "
! in 1S4S; but it was not until far INTO lls
fifties that the plans were approval aA-
the undertaking decided on, the late MES ~
Victor Emmanuel of Italy initlauhE sAe
work of excavation by setting the ooiias
machinery in motion. on August Oh -S'
AT first the ordinary method OF piefrils
by manual labor was ADOPTED, steam y,
ing employed in 1860, and cotnpTessf5u -; :.
afterwards to the finish, the BORING - -
completed In December, lSi1 tn -.
gineers engaged on This gigantlc vpssss
lion were NM. Grafton. Granes -
SonnVeiller, and the total cost OF me W. W.
was e, SOC, 900. The first experiIlssnns.Sa
trip was made on September Is, ana a, ~.
pied forty minutes, and the tul ts-ssTs
formally Inaugurated by the pAss.15.
through of a train OF twenty-five ea!Is
ages IN twenty minutes, on sep lsHa,- m
1S1, the regular service comIneAyalIHss nsI
October IL, 1871 In the Arloerg iu In
the work was commenced IN lSSV aHS S ss
pleted in q little over thre F.s lilies
the distance being six and one-Illtn, i..t -
and the cost E10S per yard. AlV .tsaneb
nous tunnel Is that which passes tAi ~
the Mont st. Gothard, which IS tA i.5 ts-S
est in the world, being 4SS4g Ieet IL is,,s Il
1t trayerses the center OF Swilzgli 1 ~ he
height of 5000 TO l2,0lV lee d-a aD IA va
sea. 1t was commenced In 4siZ, an- tss7
opened in 1852, ten years having tI us nd
occupied in its construction. II has com m
a very important effect upon t ne and
merce between Italy, SwitzeTlan.ts mi
Germany This tunnel was boIeG - ".
by means of mechanical drills. the plos
ress made being thirteen feet PEI S~s q,
One of the most famous insta1ISTSSI,s
subaqUeous tunnelling in me rrsinnel
Kingdom was that OF The severn : : ons-
third miles. was commenced IN u 5 1G.si
completed in 1856, Messrs. Ht tNins- ~
Son, Hayter and Richardson penn &
engineers. The bed Of the esss s,
formed Principally OF marls, saahISJb5ir-in-
and conglomerates,- everything nlsN and.
clined coal measures, states ana "a ~
stones, which are also exposed y y. Utmost
of the river. The tunnel Is maui @.'f Tor
wholly in the las and coal nleas4u where
nations, except at its eastern siJ, water
it passes through gravel. Au ~ iSis the
was met with throughout, anu. ~ r111onths
workings were fioooed for sonls welsh
through a large land spring on NJ Igi,,srtss
eide, and which water had % pe were
At another time the WorklIns; Shroueh
flooded by water, which burst t1ais six
hole in the river-bed, and this no ..s With
teen by ten feet, had TO be liii NS hsneaih
clay, and the works completeua ,sSotsd IN
IL. The greatest amount eAooS An
any one week was 5000 CUBIC q; a. one mile
other tunnel, though IL be onis Wsrsey,
III length, is that known as w 1, which,
the whole of the excavation IN ~. s: eot
amounting to $40. 900 cubic yafuss,s heavy
out by hand labor, as to nave vs. ~ rock.
blasting would have shaken airy out
The work took six years 70 BriiDleess
being opened in 1886, and Messrsa; he total
and Fox were the engineers. aae = sS0,00
cost, including approaches, We ~ ne now
A word may be here given ~ I'd char
neglected and abandoned proJsisnd with
mel Tunnel, to connect Ess a. rise 81
France-a proposal which had ~ hui ID
the beginning of this century, though
which nothing was done TIL loS4' IN fors
borings have since been carrleI tbe ses
distance of 1000 yards pen t,sa usual rate
from the Folkestone siue, Id isnssl yards
8, day. Beneath the Hudson y - suba-
New York a partially consIl,, led an 81,
queous tunnel now lies oro"11 - drive
tempt having been MADE VI and sit
double tunnel through the M ISS0 whsn
forming the river-bed; but n We, ", com
about a hundred yards had os % tweru
pleted, the water burst IN .shnIeh he
men were drowned, and, ". "a me coz
works were afterwards resunleeoo,. coz
siderations of a financial cha I55sad Il beea
PEELED their abandonment; a,.s been
finished, the tunnel would hssh andoned
mile in length. Another ov Chess-
tunnel is that commenced in ne sliIng be-
brough, when he began t nnl Canata
meath the Detroit river betwe =, he aban-
and Michigan, but which na q, ~ rruptions
doned owing to continued u e. heading
of water after some 500 yaros y. tunnels
had been driven Other taI11ot funnes
are the new Croton Aqueous, inches o
which is thirteen feet seven , zion dan
width and height, from t1 WarE which =
to the reservoir in New 1orn A miles u
thirty-three and one-ouerlei .be.rate q
length. and was carried out az ,,,r,oorith. al
one and one-quarter miles per s nsa feet %
through rock; the Hoosac, - "a feet u
length; the Nochistonga, -, iore; ne
length: the Sutro. p, l20 zee. ns NeTthst
1853 feet in Length. rH IS FEET
i5,l53 feet In extent: the B.aiz5g 49,. Which,
long; and the Thames and Me- W. seei The
runs for length Of ll.Sso ,,a,Tai,els hes
carrying out of the above ssrusering RI,
been among the grandest en,ss. lsihssf those q
umphs Of the world. OF wn a, more thsn
the nineteenth century NAYS
passing reason to be prouo.