davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
THE CHANGES IN MILK.
Conta mination, in Nine Cases Out of Ten,
Comes from Without

COnta minatiOn, In Nine Cases Out or Tens
Comes from without.
Ordinary milk alters in character
after being kept for some time, says
American Dairyman. 1t usually loses
it's sweetness and perfect fuidity, and
becomes soured and curdled. The ra-
pidity of these changes depends upon
certain circumstances, the chief of
which, however, appears to be temper
allure. Milk kept at or a little below
blood heat seems to change very quick
". That a favorable temperature
alone cannot produce the changes re-
ferred to may be proved by the follow
ing experiment, says Biologist Hous-
ton, of England: eff milk be drawn di-
rect from the udder into the sterilized
vessel, extreme care being taken to
prevent even the slightest contamina-
ton, and the mouth of the vessel
plugged with clean cotton wool, the milk
may be kept for days, yea, weeks
without in the least turning sour, even
during the warmest summer weather.
If the plug be removed for minute or
so, and then replaced, the milk will
gradually lose its sweetness, thus
clearly showing that unfiltered air con
tains something that, if permitted to
reach the milk, has the remarkable
power of causing souring, and per
haps other changes, to take place in it.
Now, what is in the air that possesses
such potent influences upon the keep
ing properties of milk? Again an ex-
pertinent will best answer this ques
ton. If a covered and sterilized dish
containing a layer of nutritive gela
tine be exposed to the air, either in
doors or in the open, for, say minute,
there will fall upon the surface of the
Jelly minute particles of dust. together
with extremely mioute spores OF molds,
and still more III mute living particles
of different kinds. collectively known
as bacteria. BY covering the dish ana
keeping it at suitable temperature,
there will appear within 48 hours or
less-upon the clear surface of the jelly
a number of spec',s, each Of which req
resents a colony of bacteria that has
risen by rapid multiplication from
single germ that originally settled on
the Jelly when the dish was exposed to
the air. Immediately milk is drawn
from the cow it is subject to this kind
of contamination. Bacteria OF differ
ent kinds and the spores of molds are
constantly falling upon it. and the
freshly drawn milk provides an ex-
ceptionally favorable medium for the
growth and development of these fun
gal organisms. Milk is, unfortunate
iy. a ready vehicle for the transmission
OF germs that give rise to more or less
serious ailments in consumers of milk.
Typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and
scarlet fever may be mentioned as dan
gerous diseases that are too frequently
disseminated by milk. In most cases
the contamination comes from with
out, but there are cases where the milk
is germ-laden before it leaves the milk
gland of the animal. 1t is stated on
high authority that a large number of
mich cows suffer from tuberculosis
udder, and it is needless to say that
such a state of affairs is continuous
source f danger to the public health"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
HORTICULTURAL NOTES.

Apples should be barreled up before
putting into the pit.
An eastern fruit man says the pear
tree will thrive better after being mis-
treated than almost any other kind of
tree
Root or crown gals attack apple,
cherry, peach and other trees, and the
raspberry. 1t is spread from affected
nurseries. 1t is believed there is no
cure for it. The IL ees should be dug on
and burned
If house plants become frozen,
darken the room and sprinkle with wa
ter from the well, with few drops OF
spirits of camphor in it. Keep the
temperature at As degrees for "a hours.
This is the advice given by a flower
grower.
Black-knot occurs in every state OF
this union. The remedy is to cut out
and burn the knots as fast as formed,
and when the foliage is all gone in win
ter go over them carefully to cut out
and burn any that may have been hid
by the leaves.
Prof. Lodeman, who has been expert
menting with old and new Bordeaux
mixtures, says, in the Rural New York
er, that only fresh made is safe to use,
because it is difficult to keep old agi-
tated sufficiently to accomplish it's
work properly in the case of fungous
diseases
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

are 10000 trucks, carrying an average
load of IA tons, for IL miles on each OF
300 days in the year at an average daily
cost of 81 for each truck. The result
is about 100000 tons transported one
mile in every year at total cost of
$14,0OO,O0O, or at the rate of over %
cents per ton-mile. The excessive ma
ture of this charge is seen when it Is
remembered that the same goods are
now carried by rail at six-tenths of one
cent per mile. On asphalt road pave
ments the same horses could transport
a load three times as heavy as on the
present rough stone pavements. Ii
saving in transportation is proper
tional to the load carried, it would
amount to nearly $10,000,000 per an
mum. 1t is safe to say that at least one
half this amount could be saved by
substituting smooth pavements for
those now in use in New York; and in
any city where the pavements are on
an average poorer and rougher than
those in New York, it is clear that the
proportionate saving by the introduce
ton of the best street surfaces will be
even greater. Good roads are compare
lively cheaper to maintain and to use
than poor ones"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
WATERING THE COWS.

Al Important Task That Is Too Often
Neglected by Dairymen.
lido not mean to advocate the practice
d bringing the milk can into contact
with the pump spout, but / do wish to
ppsent for serious consideration
point TOO often ignored in caring for
HE COWS. Ordinary milk has about 81
pg cent water in its makeup, and in
spite of all that may be said as to the
blue Of proper feeding it is a self evil
Gnt fact that without a proper supply
Of water it is impossible for the COW to
give the usual amount of milk. Never
theless it is not sufficiently understood
that the COW should have water of the
right kind, and at the right times.
We have often seen cows come up
from the pasture where there was II
ulng stream that they had to pass
@heir way up and the first thing they
diaiter getting into the yard was to
nakeStraight for the pump trough. The
reason Of this was because the water in
the trough was more palatable to the
cows than the branch water. Whether
We want to or not, if we are successful
III the dairy business, we must consult
sOSmall thing as the taste of the cows,
end if they prefer pump water to
branch water must give it to them.
Ills absolutely essential to the highest
Production Of milk that the COW have
the water she wants, and this she
VII not have if the water does not suit
hR taste.
Ills also important that the cow have
access to water frequently. A camel
may drink once in a week and thrive.
Out COW is not camel by any means.
She is using water all the time in
making milk, and her reservoir is not
INSTRUCTED to hold enough water for
my length of time.
Il COW is turned out of winters
morning to drink water from which the
g has been broken first she will not
nnk all she wants unless she has been
'drcned by thirst, and then she will
'dnd drawn up with the cold chills rum
ing up and down her spine and at the
ane time taking the feed she would
,'aerWlse have turned into butter. and
a., u to warm the water she has just
-ieu herself with.-Nationa Stock
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

slze OF the potatoes to be sorted out.
Narrow strips of leather are fastened
crosswise of these wooden strips,
nailed at each intersection. To cover
the nail heads and thus prevent them
from bruising the potatoes narrow
strips of canvas are fastened to the tons
OF the strips after the feathers arc
nailed in place. AS shown in the cut,
bag may be hung at the bottom of the
sorter to hold the potatoes as they
come down. The whole thing is well
explained in the picture. Really such
a machine should be called "sizer..'
rather than a sorter, for all it does is to
separate the small potatoes from the
larger ones. The wooden strips and
the leather make series of holes
through which tubers of n certain sizs
must fall, while larger ones roll over.
This is all there is to "sizer." Why
should you wear out good flesh and
blood doing what wood and leather will
do?
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
CHEAP HEATER.

with a cap for covering the opening.
Through this the fuel is put. The can
must contain two holes which will per-
init OF proper draft. At night, fill the
water tank, and the last thing before
going to bed put the fire and the fuel in
the heater. In spring remove it from
the tank and store in some dry place.
Ii properly taken care of, so that it will
hot rust, it will last for several years.
Any kind of fuel can be used, and it is
surprising how little it takes. For re-
moving the ashes. an old dipper is just
the thing. The original, from which
drawing was made and is produced
above, cost $3.75.-Farm and Home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
SAVED BY HIS DOG.
How q Faithful Canine Came to the Res
cue of His Master.

How Faithful Canine Came to the Res
of His Master.
Herman Hutter and Charles Whit
man, of Missoula, armed with rifles and
accompanied by deerhound, one day
went up Rattlesnake river in quest of
game. They climbed the mountains to
the left of the stream and separated,
taking opposite sides of the ridge in
hopes of bagging deer. Whitman
came down the Rattlesnake side, and
soon after separating from his com
panion he slipped and fell, sliding
some 200 feet down the mountain side.
He vainly tried to stop himself by dig
cling into the snow with his hands and
clutching at brush and saplings till,
just as he was about to fall over the
cliff into Rattlesnake, some 40 feet be-
low, he clasped a strong sapling with
one hand and was left dangling in the
air over the precipice. By strong eff
fort he got his arm around the sap
ling and, twisting his wrist with the
disengaged hand, he waited his newt
able fall. The dog, seeing his master
slip, followed him to the edge of the
GILL dl1u WHlHtu pICSOuSiy OuOCellly
he dashed off over the hill and disap-
peared. When nearly exhausted Whit
man heard his companion, Hutter,
above him, coming to his assistance.
He gathered renewed courage and held
on desperately till Hutter came and res
cued him. Hutter says that the dog
came up to him and seized hold of his
clothing, whining. He turned upon
him and the dog ran off. Repeating
the strange maneuver, Hutter sus-
pected that something was wrong and
followed the dog to Whitman's rescue.
Helena (Mont) Independent.
Apricot Toast.
A good way to make apricot toast Is
to slice down a milk roll about one
half inch thick, and fry these slices in
butter till of a golden brown; mean
while turn the liquor from tin of
canned apricots into delicately clean
pan, add one ounce of powdered sugar
and wineglassful of sherry or liquor,
as you please. Place a half apricot on
each slice of fried toast, cup side upper
most, place kernel in each cup, pour
the strip, ETC., which should have boiled
up, over the apricots and toast, place a
teaspoonful of thick cream into each
apricot and serve hot.-St. Louis Re-
public.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
HE LIKES HE WORK.
isah Man Explains why He is a
! HorticuIturist.

Sah Man Explains why He is a
HOrticulturist.
40 nave not land enough to depend
m .O"y upon theaNale of farm products.
,I .n some of my land is adapted to
H.: ns better than the culture of GER
fsr Ainds Of fruit; also, the prices of
t. = PRODUCTS have been so exceeding
i h ,o@ and the yield accordingly, that
e,i 1--we turned my attention to fruit
,s. 'ure' IN this vocation | have found
,n seient Opportunities for the deveI-
,ra- HV OF mind and body, as well as
aonc, mere is less labor, physically.
hdsse+n success at fruit culture requires
S'fy and punctuaIity. There is n
S,'~'er diversity of labor than 10 found
mil, 9' any other occupation which
and s euu % prevent excessive fatigue
hdn 'uiIu up a vigorous and healthy
ssbis. Being great lover of fruit,
| eo we should all know is healthy,
anona - d great enjoyment to work
Hair me trees and plants, training
yelon growth, watching the buds de-
knit 'noo blossoms, the blossoms into
cst aa. anu greater yet is the pleasure
uso "Iherlng it for market and home
ebronl,h never enjoy better health than
nv IS the fruiting season, and |
wIois plan it SO as to have fruit the
servas year around, either fresh or pre-
pOrtnr,.. | think there are great OPP
mind ll'ies for the development of the
uttor 0ills vocation; in fact, if is an
narl,o, imlpossibility to attain any
knor@e,u degree Of success without the
such ".edge of some of the sciences,
sotor - chemistry, botany, geology and
bo1 OuI,o'logy. From chemistry we learn
sre nue. .ne simple elements of the sosl
and s 80 IN plant formation, and when
tspn"an,a t we must apply to the soil
the d ppay any deficiencies; also, tofight
,seI s,seructive insects Of fruit we must
hrts - aid Botany teaches us the
eenpe; a"u functions. together with the
Dans = and specific characters Of each
una how best we can further
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
ARTISTIC FARM ENTRANCE.

by hedge, the opening through which
is fianked at one side by tree, and
on the other by huge bowlder, both
objects which are entirely harmonious
with the landscape and with nature
generally something that cannot be
said of all the bounds to driveway en-
frances that one sees. If one has q
name for his place, it can very appro-
priately be cut upon the outer face of
The bowlder. The same arrangement
could be used very effectively for a
footpath entrance. In this case, the
oowlder may not occupy so much
ground space, but have an equal height
with the bowlder suited for carriage
entrance Agriculturist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
WORK FOR coNvIcTs.
Road Building Would Prevent Competi
ton with Free Labor.

ROAD Bu1IO1ng WOuAu FreVon0 OoAAPoCi-
ton with Free Labor.
In a good many of the states the in
mates of penitentiaries are already en-
ployed. to a greater or less extent, in
improving the highways. and every
where the verdict is that good roads
have been secured where they would
not have been built for a century to
come if the taxpayers had been obliged
to initiate the work and bear the whole
cost of it, Curiously enough, this most
excellent scheme has made most prog
ress in the communities where it is con-
nected with a prison system that is
strongly and justly reprehended. In
those states of the south where they
have what is known as the ''chain gang
system" the idea of putting the prison
ers at work on the highways suggested
itself naturally. The convicts were
kept in open-air camps with guards fur
nished by the state, and nothing was
more natural than to engage them in
road repair in the vicinity.
Where convicts are housed in great
buildings of stone and iron, and where
they have been put to labor at mechan-
ical employment, the transition is not
so simple and natural. Still it can be
made to a certain extent, and that with
out destroying or impeding the work of
prison reform. In South Carolina there
are now said to be about GOO convicts at
work on the highways, and the value of
what they have done has produced such
an effect upon the people of the rural
sections of that particularly pro-
eressive state that county commission
ers everywhere are stirring up the sub
jcct of systematic road construction.
Tennessee has a law that permits it, and
New York has authorized a similar ex-
pertinent. 1t seems to us that the New
York law might very profitably be
adopted in Minnesota at the next ses-
sion of the legislature. This contem-
plates the employmentof only portion
of the states convicts, to be selected by
the prison warden, probably with the
assistance and approval of the state
board of charities and corrections, who
should be put to work on road improve
ment under the direction of experts in
road construction engaged by the state.
1t is unquestionably true that the
work of reforming the criminal, of
which we must never lose sight by ex-
alting the commercial motive, is entire
lv consistent with utilizing convict
labor on the highways. There is very
large percentage of prison population
for when this would be the most de-
srable form of labor. BY judicious
selection of men. and by engaging them
in small gangs upon the highways, it
is probable that more wholesome in
fluence might be brought to bear upon
them even than in well-conducted
prison itself At any rate, here is an
occupation which does not compete
with honest labor. which is available
for great number of conviets to
whom mechanical pursuits are not
naturally adapted. and whose results
would be in the highest degree bene-
fetal to the state We believe that
further experiment along this line
should be made at once, and that our
own community should attempt it.--St
Paul (Minn.) Glohs
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
az.,5,;.y4R ROAD =
nssa g S;S$sAsg
IMPROVE
INTERESTING FACTS.

Maintaining Good Roads Costs Less Than
Keeping Up Poor Ones
In one of his famous speeches ON
good roads and the improvement of
city streets, Col. Albert A. Pope, presi-
dent of the Pope Manufacturing COM
pany, of Hartford, Conn.,, stated the
following interesting facts:
AS result of elaborate experiment,
made to ascertain the relative resist
anoe or friction of different pavements,
it has been established that while 200
pounds force is required to draw one
ton over an ordinary dirt road, 100
pounds will do the same work on mac
adam, 33 pounds on best granite blocks
and Is pounds on asphalt. AS a partic-
nlar instance of this, it is estimated
that in the city of New York there
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

plant -..~.vpl..> kno,,
geology will aid us in seIao4: OF
proper soil for the different I.: 'ne
l II But from entomology we losrn
me most, which is essential to bortic =,
'ure ana is Increasing in Importance
eeDcn year. To distinguish between
reno ana foe of the insect world ana
now best to successfully assist ~ 's ~
s'roy them and to know their life
habits, require extended informot az
upon TINS subject. Fruit culture is
vocation which requires constant
study as there are new varieties 49,
ous and difficulties arising each wear
B. A Wood, in Farmers Review
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
PROTECTING WATER PIPES.

gives a dead air space about the pipe
that is very effective in keeping out
frost. If the pipe be wound with strips
of felt and tarred paper before putting
in the thing, so much the better.
If the water pipe comes up under
building, US barn or stable, let tne
thing come close up to the floor. linen
box the whole about with boards, from
the surface of the ground to the fioor'
and two air spaces will be secured 10
the great security of the water pipe
" Tribune.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
SORTING THE POTATOES.

'impie Device for Separating Small Tubers
from the Larger Ones.
sorter used by Long Island farm
tr and originally depicted and de-
scrihed by Rural New Yorker can be
made by anybody. The frame is of two
ny four stuff bolted together. Narrow
Doafds III the sides, as shown in the pic
'nre' feVent the potatoes from rolling
on. ne potatoes roll down over mar
row strips, with edges upward,
fastened perhaps two inches apart.
ihe distance apart will depend ON the
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

Pneumatic tubes have many uses Du.
- ~ the latest is attracting great
deal Of attention from it's novelty ms -
- t,,e tube for stacking straw. 1t rs
ls,,,It IN sections and is controlled by
metal straps, pivots ano arn's sorr,ed
straw is drawn into the tuDe' eaa ga Nv
through it with great velocity anu :. ~
: tprntable and swinging arransslns en-
Tile : crane, is evenly distributed on 'ne
stack.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
rha Ernorta OF Cheese.

Yankee cheese-mal<ers appear 10 De
letting Canadian cheese-makers get q
monopoly of the foreign trade. Dur
iup the fiscal year ending July l, 1898:
Canodo exnorted cheese to the value OF
SLABS, 002. The value OF that expol. ao
by the United States was $o'4y0'0os ::
The value of the Canadian exports OF
cheese increased $1,oo0,ooO year since
1900 Our exports, on the contrary
show a falling off.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
AN EFFECTIVE DEVICE.

How to Protect Water Pipes Against At
tacks by Frost.
Many times there are water pipes in
use about the farm that give trouble
in winter through freezing. There are
many situations where the device
shown in the illustration will prove
efficacious in keeping a water pipe from
freezing. Where the pipe energies from
the ground it is surrounded by two OF
more lengths of eight-inch drain pipe.
the joints being tightly cementcd. This
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

Potash plays an important part in
the development of the fleshy part Of
fruits and for this reason orcharlists
would do well to investigate into the
wisdora of applying it to their trees
as a fertilizer. This is an especially
important point when applied to those
localities where the soil is naturally
deficient in potash. In some cases this
deficiency can be supplied by wood
ashes-but in general. the use Of the
potash salts, muriate. sulphate or kainit
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
cn0IND PLAN or BARN.

TN, tbe main barn is used main
+ for the storing of feed, while
4, addition is given up to the
snls The expense of such q plan
Vii be very much less than would be
srs7sd by the building of a new barn,
~ Een frightening of the old one,
rbih he plan shown herewith gives a
much more convenient arrangement
tb,n could otherwise be had.-Orange
LII rnrnnnr.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
ARTISTIC ENTRANCE.

Suggestion for Driveway Which IL
Pleasing to the Eye.
The accompanying illustration
shows an unusual, but artistic, form of
entrance driveway. The highway is
separated from the adjoining grounds
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18

DoAD NOTICE.

LII
We, the undersigned citizens and taxpayers
of Frederick County Slate of Maryland, here
by give notice that on the first Monday and
4th day of January, A. ID. 1897, we intend to
petition the County Commissioners of said
Frederick County, Maryland, or the locating
and ope ming of public road in Frederick
County, state OF Maryland, in Frederick Dis
trict No 2. and in Tuscarora District No. 81,
to lead from the pubic road, known as the
Shookstown road to inter ect the road lead
ing past the Rocky Springs School House.
Beginning for the same at point on said
Shookstown road near the dwelling house of
one Ernest Miss and running thence on or
Frede rick Krantzs heirs and Edward and Sa-
villa Sh ok, TO the lands OF Grandson Shook,
and thence through the lands of the said
Grandson Shock. the most practicable route,
to the lands of Mrs. Edward Kemp; thence on
or near the dividing line between the LANDS OF
the said Mrs. Edwafd Kemp and Grandson
Shook o the lands of Zachariah g. Thomas;
thence on or near the dividing lue between
the Lands of the said Mrs. Edward Kemp and
Zacharah q. Thomas 10 the lands o. Danlel H.
~tull; thence on or near the dividing line be-
twe n the lands OF the said Mrs. Edward
Kemp and Daniel z. Stull to the said road
leading past said Rocky Springs school
Huuse Said road to he not less than thirty
feet in width, as in such cases made and pro-
ZAcHARIAH q. THOMAS,
EDWARD Nj. STALEY
ERNEST L. MISS
DANIEL y. STULT,,
GEnHG ST FER
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-12-18
ECONOMICAL HEATED

FS Or it Can BE Made at a Cost Not
Exceeding Four Dollars.
The heater is made of oalvor;.1,
sheet lron' is 5 feet long and 10 feet in
diameter. The pipe at the left for 90
rylng Off the smoke is inches in dian
extraordinary stove pipe; its heigl
VIII be governed by the depth of the
tank. The pipe at the right is slantinp
inches in diameter, and is provided