The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1896-05-29
written for the Crr1zEN.l


training was dwelt upon in a recent adj
dress by the Right Hon. A. j. Mum
della. Switzerland and Germany,
comparatively poor nations, have for
more than half century been perfect
ing their educational systems, and
have given efficient instruction ac-
cording to advanced ideas to two
generations. The result has been as
tonishing. Switzerland, country
without natural resources, without
iron, without coal, without port or
navigable river, now exports a greater
amount of manufactures per head of
population than any other nation in
the world, not even excepting Eng
land. And it is the German chemist
and scientist who is in all lands at the
head of all industries requiring techni-
cal knowledge. When it was remark
ed to Prof. Hoffman that Germany
and Switzerland were over-producing
scientific men, he adIaitted that the
2GO Doctors of Science graduated in a
single year from one department of the
German universities were more than
could be observed at home, but signifi-
cantly added, "You must bear one
thing in mind-we have the export
trade entirely to ourselves" The
German scientist at home and
abroad, with an educational system
studying the needs of possible Gus
TONERS, has developed the foreign trade
of the country until the astounding
fact has been announced that in 1895
the tonnage of sea-going ships touch
ing at Hamburg exceeded that of Liv-
erpool.
The new chemistry of high temper
atures is likened by Prof. Dewar to the
solvent power of water In it's solid
state this has little potency as a SOL
vent, in its liquid form it has greater
powers of solution than any other Ii
quid, and its solvency is increased by
heat. So with minerals and metals.
AS solid metal is relatively inert,
but under the enormous heat of the
electric furnace, metals heretofore un-
manageable combine with minerals or
chemical elements, forming COM
pounds which heretofore have been
mainly hypothetical.
Anaesthetics caused 81 deaths last
year in the United Kingdom, So due to
chloroform. Russian surgeons are re-
vivng the use of oxygen with chloro-
form, and claim better results.
A curious subject for investigation is
proposed in Nature by Il. l.. Patter-
SOC, who contends that persons mi
grating from temperate lands to hot, or
even from hot to temperate, may
become safely and quickly acclimatiz-
ed by incubation with the blood of
healthy natives, the theory being that
such NEGOTIATIONS set up in the blood
of the foreigner the changes necessary
to render HIM immune to diseases due
to the climate. Northumberland, as
practiced in Central Africa, consists IN
drawing blood from an incision in the
right wrist and slnearing little of it
over cut in each of the other partici-
pants. Europeans generally have
eyaded blood-brotherhood, so that lit
tie concerning its physiological effects
is to be learned from past experience;
but Stanley is said to have undergone
the operation fifty times, causing
Trumbull to declare that the blood of
fair proportion of all the first families
In Equatorial Africa now courses in
Stanley's veins, and it is inferred that
his endurance and success may in
large measure be attributed to this eX-
change of blood with the natives.
Britain has in this the means of work.
ing out new cOnquestS in Africa. But
to Gen. Weyler is given the grandest
opportunity, for he may satisfy the de-
nlands OF humanity by sparing Cuban
captives as subjects of blood-brother-
hood with Spanish soldiers, and at the
same time serve his followers and the
cause of science by establishing the
true way to outwit malaria and fever
The usefulness of the Roentgen rays
to the physician as we'll as the surgeon
is becoming more and more evident.
A good Crookes tube and the fuores.
cling screen show practically all the
bones of the body, the very transpar-
ent lungs, somew hat more opaque
heart, and very opaque liver. Prof G..
IL. Norton reports readily made dag
noses of tuberculosis pneumonia, en-
larged heart and enlarged spleen, that
details of the lower jaw and teeth can
be had, but that no notion can be OBJ
tanned OF the texture of the brain. A
buckle or piece of lead is easily detected
in any part of the body except the ab-
domen. For examining the cavities of
the head-the antrum, mouth and
pharynx-Dr. F. Giazzi, of Perugia,
places a small fiuorescent screen in the
mouth with the Croolzes tube outside,
and thus gets very sharp images of for
eign bodies, the bones of the face and
roots of the teeth.
1t is recommended that every life
boat carried by ships should be provd-
ed with bottle of ctric acid, which
precipitates chloride of sodium, and, it
is now claimed, converts sea-water into
a palatable drink.
AT the close of 1895 the Scientific Lii
brary of the United States Patent Of
flee contained records of 9S1, 96l patents
issued by foreign countries, of which
647, 800 are published in full with draw
ings, 178, $50 in abstracts, and 900
by title only. In the Is years from
1871 to 1891 inclusive, the total num-
Der of United States patents rose from
50, AGO TO $751; l9. OF the latter number,
plows claim 1882; cultivators, 10, 1874;
threshing, 1920; tobacco, 1882; bleach
ing and dyeing, 1879; chemicals, 1908;
medicines, 1857; surgical appliances.
$40; dentistry, 1851; railways. 9,378;
electric generation. g II. electric rail-