davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

ach's Warehouse nearly 10000, at an
average of s23.79 per hundred. The
averages at the other two warehouses
were SIS at the Capital and S22 at the
Farmers.
Mr.. Moseley is one of those kind of
men who have natural fondness for
the tobacco business. He is still one Of
Raleigh's popular young citizens, hut
the most of his time is taken up with
other business matters. He is still o
tobacco man, and occasional buyer of
round lots of leaf. He is frequently on
the tobacco sales, and the strides that
the Raleigh market has been making OF
late is gratifying to him, and to al
those who were actively connected with
it in its incipiency.
RALEIGHs' TOBACCONISTS.
Raleigh now has lively Tobacco
Board Of Trade, made up of number
Of the most energetic, deserving and
competent men in the business. The
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

10 Raleigh that practical experience
which ii the greatest essential in the
handling Of leaf. Mr.. Fleming Is prob
ably the largest buyer of leaf on the
Raleigh market. lie buys largely on
order. and in his leaf factory, adjoining
the Farmers Warehouse, there is nj
ways business activity.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05
LOVES CUPID.

This il the now famous brand of
smoking tobacco, the manufacture of
which was begun in Raleigh few
years ago by Mr.. Il. H. Love. The high
character Of the leaf use in the manu-
faeture made it at once popular
brand with local smoking tobacco buy
ers, and before il was six months old it
had worked its way into the trade of
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

"Pogue's Imperial" and Tooth Pick"
are also popular brands and ready sell
ers. IS. A. T." is popular plug and as
lively as the hustling railway system for
which is is named, Mr.. Pogue's factory
is located on BIount street, and thor
oughly equipped with modern and
Iabor-saying machinery.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

house in which they have been lively
handlers of the weed this season, and
they are going to make the Raleigh
market get new move on it when the
'96 crop gets ripe
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

! nection, and it may be with propriety
commented upon in passing. 1t is
that when Raleigh gives a newcomer
a welcome, it adopts him as a son with
just as full rights of sonsbip as if he
bad been born under the shadow OF the
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

Thus i'm a general way has been given
the story of an industry that brings
money to Raleigh, and has added to its
population some choice spirits. We
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

seeming lack of appreciation and en-
couragement on their part to the en-
yrossment of their time, energies and
money in other industrial pursuits
Some men are natural tobacco men
while out Of others you could never
make tobacco men. Those who have
q natural fondness and natural tact
for the business will naturally become
interested in 1t, while others the trend
whose minds lead along other avenues
Of business industry, do probably more
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05
JOSEPH H. PoGUEs TOBACCO FACTORY, Raleigh, \. c.

many have been natives of the city
but many more have been natives of
other counties, who moved to Raj
eigh because its central position gave
them larger audience and larger
clientage They found a welcome that,
though not gushing in the start, was
cordial, and ripened into esteem and
affection as after-events justified.
When Raleigh took its place beside
its sister towns as tobacco market,
it received some Of it's best citizens
from other towns, and they have been
received so kindly that they feel as if
they had always been ''to the manner
born" in the capital city The tobacco
men have stronger evidences of this
truth than probably any other class Of
Raleigh's adopted sons, but they have
felt ii as a whole as well as indiyid-
ually.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

the town and surrounding country A
few months ago Mr.. Love sold his
brands, stock, good win &C., to Mr..
Jesse G. Ball, of this city and under
Mr., Balls excellent management Loves
Cupid is every day making new COM
quests. II is not only a large seller ait
home and in nearby markets, but
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

have also introduced to our readers the
men who compose the Raleigh Board
of Trade. 1t will be observed that
a number of them are Raleigh men
by birth who, seeing the opportunity
to help forward the tobacco industry of
the capital Of the commonwealth.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

have manifested a deep personal inter-
est in the building up of large and
successful market, and that interest
and the assistance rendered is duly ac-
knowledged by the tobacco trade.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05
HIGHEsT PRICE ever End.

The opening of the Raleigh tobacco
market was one of the most notable
events in the history of the tobacco
business. The highest price ever paid
for leaf was paid at that sale. The
interesting story of the high price to-
bacco brought is thus told by the News
and Observer of that date: Amid
much excitement the bidding began.
The first bid was $50 per 100 pounds.
Like fash it jumped up, and in four
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

lively auctioneer, and it was said Of
him one time that ne could say 342
words a minute. He keeps buoyancy
on the breaks.
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

capital itself. OF the men who have
represented Raleigh as leaders in
trade and politics, religion and law,
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

embarked in the business Those
who have come from other points
and those native sons who have gone
into the business vie with each othe
ia efforts TO put Raleigh in the fore
most line
There is one pleasant feature about
Raleigh that is called up In this con-
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

minutes the lot was knocked down to
Thomas d. Jones, of Durham, at $4,000
for 100 pounds, or $40 per pound, the
highest price ever paid for tobacco in
the world. Cheers followed the ar
nouncement of this sale, and Mr.. Jones
was the hero of the day"
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05
f. L. FLEMING, JR.,
Leaf Tobacco Broker,
Raleigh, N. C.

dustrial, social and political life here
that it is difficult for single industry
to rise to the magnitude of oyershad-
owing the others.
Perhaps the Raleigh tobacco mar
ket has not received that encourage
ment from some of our folks that it
deserved. and perhaps the Importance
of the tobacco industry is not fully
appreciated by few of our moneyed
men and business citizens, but it is
charitable at least to attribute any
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05
PRESIDENT FLEMING.

Mr.. il. L. Fleming, Jr., came to Raj
eigh from Henderson soon after the
market was opened here, and made him
self a permanent resident of the capital
city. He leayened the tobacco business
in Henderson, and he brought with him
The news & observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1894-current, 1896-04-05

present officers Of the Board are Il. Il.
Fleming, Jr., President; T. =. Love,
yice-president Ed. Fl. Thomasson, Sec
rotary
Among the members Of the Board are
Joseph X. Pogue, Johnson a Moore,
Williamson a Lee, II. Il. Love, George p.
McGhee, j. q. Ball, and others, all Of
them stirring tobacconists.
, 1896-11-23

McClure's Magazine announces for
publication in the December number a
paper Of "reminiscences o. the boyhood
Of Grant. Mr.. Hamlin Garland. the
novelist. who has long had in mimi the
writing of an intimate personal life Of
Grant, has gone down to Georgetown
and Rapley, Ohio. and Maysvilln, Ken.
lucky, the towns in which Grant passed
his life until he went to Yves: Point.
and by industriously talking to every
man and woman there who had any
personal knowledge of Grant. and by
delving into the local records and
newspapers. has gotten together a rare
store Of illuminating facts and anec-
dote and u of this perfectly new
material he has written the paper
which Is to appear in the December Nc
Cures.
, 1896-11-23

Chairman Jones now frankly ad-
mits that Bryan lost the election. but
believes the cause Of bimetalism has
triumphed. That's sure-not in Bry-
ans defeat, but in McKinley's election.
AS time grows Mr.. Jones will come to
realize that Bryan and his cause have
been RELOCATED to the dark realms of
oblivion, and that the older time grows
the less are the chances OF either ever
again being brought into the glare OF
bright sunshine. Bryan has run his
course and the nus is tarnished by its
champions.-Rock Springs ~Independ-
ent.
, 1896-11-23

A tradesman IN Sunderland had a
lad in his employ. The lads mother
was u widow in bad circumstances con-
sequently the lad was poorly clad. The
tradesman kindly protfered to get the
boy a new suit of clothes, and the boy
agreed to repay him at sixpence per
week out of his wages.
The first Monday after this arrange
ment had been made the lad did not
como to Wort. as usual, and on his en-
ployer sending to inquire the reason his
mother said, "He looked SO respectable
she was trying to get him u better job"
London Answers.
, 1896-11-23

When the history of Wyoming is
written there are some events which
ought. for decency's sake. to be left
out. For instance. Johnny's entrance
to the capital, his breaches episode. the
picture OF his manly form lying pros
trate upon the floor of the capital with
Repath sitting on him. Cocktail Dodge
administering his favorite beverage TO
Old Man Kline, the abduction of Star
Valley Russell-in fact. wouldn't it be
just as well to say nothing at all aUou;
the Legislature of '93?
, 1896-11-23

First plumber-You don't think the
government stamp can make so cents
worth of silver worth a dollar? Second
plumber-I dunno Many a time I've
made a quarters worth of lead and
solder worth s5-just by a stroke of the
pen.
Excuse me-" observed the man in
s~pectacles. but | an a surgeon, and
that is moi where the liver is" Never
you mind where his liver is" retorted
the other. IF it vas in his big toe or
his left ear DcWitt's Little Early Ris-
crs would reach it and shake it for him.
On that you can bet your gig-lamps."
Chas. n. Scttele.
Old papers to put under our carpets
1t The Republican office.
Daily Republican SOC per month.
, 1896-11-23

IL IS becoming more apparent daily
that the scene of the greatest mining
activity in this section. next spring,
will be on the Encampment and Grow
creek, 70 miles to the south vest. Raw
Inns, although 1877 miles farther west
by rail and no nearer by wagon road.
fs making a strong effort to capture the
trade Of the camp. The business men
OF Laramie would do well to keep an
eye upon the Rawlins pushers.
, 1896-11-23

erom X. Jerome's last story. pre-
vious to his engagement to write two
plays, has been secured by the Ladies'
Home Journal. and is to be printed in
Its January issue. 1t is called An Item
OF Fashionable Intelligence" and deals
with life i'm the higher social circles of
London.
, 1896-11-23

Fremont count can look to her dem.
ocratic delegation in the legislature for
the good things she demands at the
hands OF the state. But a spirit of
economy is upon the people and the
appropriations of the coming legisla-
ture will be small indeed.
, 1896-11-23

The great pity of tho selfish person is
not that no robs others of pleasure or
comfort, but that he is so thoroughly
unhappy himself. The selfish person is
never satisfied, never content. When he
has greedily taken all, he still vans
more, while the unselfish person finds
real happiness i'll giving to others the
little he has. From a purely selfish
point of view the unselfsh person is the
happier.
, 1896-11-23

The series of articles on THE Prob
lem Of Elementary Education." by DIR.
j. M. Rice, which has been in process of
preparation for nearly two years will
begin in the December number of The
Forum. These articles are based on
special tests undertaken with more
than loo. 900 children, and represent an
entirely new departure in the field of
pedagogical study.
, 1896-11-23
MONDAY. NOVEMBER %. 1896.

Hon. j. A. NanOrsdcl OF Cheycnn" Is
a candidate for United States attorney
He Is entirely capable, is a courteous,
obliging gentleman. and. above all. is
strictly honest.
, 1896-11-23

Soothing, and not irritating,
strengthening, and not weakening.
small, but effective-such are the quail
tiles of DeWitt's Little Early Risers,
the famous little pills. Chas. N. Settele.
, 1896-11-23
REPUBLICAN BOOK COUPON.

This coupon, accompanied by
10 cents, will entitle the holder
to three OF the choice books tn
tho useful and Popular Books
or Great Books by Famaus
Authors" Series, advertised
elsewhere In this paper. ord
ore received by mail and books
sont postage free. Order by
number and letter.
oooks wanted ......,....,.. ............-..
-FOUR oame. --.....-..- ....
Your address ... BE-. ...... ... -.. ....
, 1896-11-23
THE CONJURER's REVENGE.

6 |
An runnd the hall people were say
ON. how Wonderful, How does
HI. Il IL"
Ru, tho Ouirk Man on he front seat
said in a biz whisper. to the people
near him. Observation-Disclosures"
Then Tho uroplr n9dicd brightly al
rnr Ouick Man. and said. oh, of
c,pr+r" and everybody whispered
rnupI the hall. "Hc-had-it-up-his-
Sleeve"
"Ny ucyt trick" said the coniurer.
.fs The famous H~ndoastanee rings.
Won will notice that the rings are ap-
scparate. a. a blow they all
min ,cIanr cIang clang)-presao,"
Tbor. was a general buzz Of s,u,,a-
f,r,inn til the Ouick Man WIS heard to
vhisnrr. Observation-Disclosures
cr-r,,-ur-his-sIeeve"
Ar,in c~yoryLody nodded and whis-
nnrcd.
Tbr BROW of the couiurer Was G.ul-
al with a gathering frown.
81 Will now" he continued, "show
van , most amusing trick nv which |
nr,hIed tn take any ,rmbc Of eggs
from , hat, VIII some gentleman kind
IL I,nd me his hato An. thank vou-
prrsro,"
"IIc extracted II eggs and for 80
.ocnrds the audience began to think
no was wondorful Then the Quick
Man whispcrcd along the front bench,
Observation-Disclosures" and all
The noop,c whispcrcd it on. "He-has-a-
Observation-Disclosures"
The err trick was ruine1.
II went ON like that all through. 1t
transnirod from the whispers of the
Ouick Man that the CON i,,ror must have
the rings hens and fish. several packs
of cards n loaf of bread n dolls cradle,
a live guinea-pig, a f~ve-shilling piece,
and = rockinr chair
The reputotion of the coniurer was
r,pidlv sinking below zero. At the
close of the evening he rallied for a
final effort.
"Iodies and gentleman" he said 81
will present TO Won. in conclusion. the
famous ,Japonese trick recently in
vented nv the natives of ITINERARY.
Will Won sir" he continuod turning
towards the Ouick Man" twill Won
kindly hand me yo,Ir gold watchp"
II WAS nassed To him.
"Hovc I your permission to nut il in
to this mortar and pound ito to
picccsp" he asked savagely
The Ouick Man Il d and smiled
The con iurer threw the watch into
the mortar and prasned a s,edpe-bam-
mer from the table There was a so,,nd
Of vi,,cn, smashing it
un-bis-s,oovo" whisnered tho Ouick
-H'"'
N'"' SILL 'oi''hueu liz eohJ"'"''
VIII you a''o" me 10 Jake your hahu-
herci'el aho punch ho'es III W. ha'h
YOU lou See ''"les anu seh'leihen'
visible To the eve"
The face of the Ouick Man beamed.
Tbis tims tho ron, mvstery Of tho tbirg
- IT,.
ANU now s"' VIII ~" Ni'4ui9 pass
, 1896-11-23

Absolutely pure, perfectly harmless,
and invariably reliable, are the quail
ties of One Minute Cough Cure. 1t new
ar fails in colds, Group and lung trou-
blee. Children like it because it is
nleasant to take and 1t helps them.
Chaa. N. Settele.
, 1896-11-23
lotto s.!


We offer for a limited time to all of our
patrons the following low prices, and salts
faction guaranteed to all:
, 1896-11-23

r ARAMIE DIVISION No. 2, U. R, X. of P.
- Meets second and fourth Thursday eve
ming in each month at the armOry in X. OF
p. halt.
A. b. POPE, Captain.
GEO. DEFoREsT. S. X. q.
, 1896-11-23

r AIDES AID NO. 3. S. of V.-Meets SO end
u and fourth Friday evenings OF each
month in |. o. q. +. hall.
Il SADIE PITTMAN. President
Miss Lulu BETTs. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

TUSTER CORPS NO 20. W. Il. Objects
first and third Monday evenings in each
month in G. A. Il. hall.
Mrs. MARIE BAILLIE. President.
Mrs. ADA ULEN, Secretary
, 1896-11-23

V1ASATClI TRIBE NO. .. !. o. of X. NJ
w Meets every Friday evening In I. O..
O.. r. hall. OE SCHOLL S.
F.. T. BELLY. G. of K.
, 1896-11-23

aha-Charley. the engagement ring
~on rave mo has e. C. engraved on it.
7 Snne you were never engaged before.
Ha-Never, darling! e. c. stands for
-nm-r-vcll, that means IS carat
phfhde6ohiA NmeG.
, 1896-11-23

DsWitt'e sarsaparilla is prepared for
Wel%NA4tAs Mood. 1t builds up and
@eses soesitutions impaired by
s'. chas. ~Hvsettele.
, 1896-11-23

DAMON LODGE NO. B, X. OF P.-Meets
- every Friday evening at X. Of P. hall.
RalCh block. Second street.
W. A. JONES, G. G.
+. J. GosDES. X. of X. and S.
, 1896-11-23

TT7ASHINGTON CAMP NO. 1, = o. S. of A.,
w meets second and fourth Wednesday
evenings in q. A. X. hall.
CHARLES YUND, Pres
} A. COKErAIR. II S.
, 1896-11-23

r ARAMIE REBEKAH LODGE NC. L. |. o.
o. F.-Meets second and fourth Thurs
day evenings in each month in ]. o. O. hall.
Mrs. ID. MCCULLAGH., &.
Mrs. Gus JOHNSON, Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

TO CURE A COLD IN ONE DAY
Take laxative Bromo Qu,nine Tablets.
All druggists refund the money If it
ta1ls 10 cure. 26c.
, 1896-11-23

GEM CITY Ii DGE NO. 10. A. q. q. W.
" Meets second and fourth Monday even
ings in |. O.. o. +. hall.
wv. HICKS, M. W.
+. d. S]PAFFORD, Recorder.
, 1896-11-23

Old pa ors in any quantity at this
ONCE. rs cents per hundred.
, 1896-11-23

T ARAMIE LODGE NO. 4, A. U. O. W.
- Meets every Monday evening In A.. U.
W. hall. corner Second and Garfield stI eets.
NJ. J. CALLAGHAN. NJ. W.
G.. W. BUssARD. Recorder.
, 1896-11-23

CUSTER POST NO 1. G.. A. R.-Meets sec
~ ond and fourth Monday evenings In each
month In 6. A. 4. hall. corner Second and
Garfield streets. +. e. HOLIDAY, P. q.
G. ". SPALDING. Adiutant.
, 1896-11-23
SECRET SOCIETIES..

TACTI LOYAL ORANGE LODGE NO
" 81. Meets first and third Sa,urda
eve uingS In each month in |. .. o. I. hall.
MM. Hicks. W. NJ.
c. f.. GoLDEN secretary.
, 1896-11-23

DLACK HILLS LODGE NC. sc. b. Of L. F.
D Meets first and third Friday evenings
in A. O.. U. W. hall.
G. L. DEUEL., Master.
CT D~ECKELMAN. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

D ". BAXTER, JR. LODGE NO. o.. B. Of
~. r. X. T.-Meets first and third Sstur-
day evenings and second and fourth Saturday
afternoons In each month in l. O. q. +. hall.
g. STROUP, Master.
OscAR MORRIS, 9scretarv.
, 1896-11-23

DOCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION NO. 10a.
~ B.. of l.. E.-Meets every Saturday even
ing in G.. A. X. hall.
WV. NorTAos. Chief Engineer.
G. W. DEFoRIsr. First Assistant.
, 1896-11-23

"YOMING ENCAMPMENT NO. 1. I. o.
w o. F.-Meets first and third Thursday
evening OF each month in l. o. o: F. hall.
ALBERT ROsIN. Up.
f. T. BELTz. Scribe.
, 1896-11-23

THORNBURGH CAMP NO. 2. .. of v
1 Meets second and fourth Friday even
tngs In each month in l. o. Q. +. hall.
VICTOR COKEHA1R, Captain.
e.. T. BELTZ. First Sergeant
, 1896-11-23

nEM OF THE ROCKIES LODGE NO. IS,
" g. 1. A. to the b. of L. E.-Meets first
and third Thursday afternoons in zach
month in G. A. K. hall.
Mrs. G. p. GARDNER, President.
MRS. J. W. COsTIN. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

TUSTER CAMP NO. |, 9. OF V.-Meets first
and third Wednesday evenings.
G. W. DEFOREST, Captain.
G. +. D~ECKELMANN, First Sergeant
, 1896-11-23

A LBANY LODGE NC. Z, I. c. o. F.-Meeta
a every Wednesday evening In l. o. o. +.
hall. GUS JOHNSON. N. @.
JOHN NETTELER. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

r ARAMIE LODGE NO. ., I. G. o. F.-Meets
II every Tuesday evening in l. @. o. +. hall.
corner Second and Garfield streets.
EDWARD FARRELL. N. q
G. c. PITTMAN. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

ENDOWMENT SECTION a.. Endowment
e Rank, X. OF =. Meets In X. of P hall
W. f. CHAPLIN, President.
? G. RAUSER. Secretary.
, 1896-11-23

uERMION TFMPLENO.I, RathboneSisters
IL Meets first and third Thursday evening
in X. OF Z. Hall. Mis-. CONVERSE, NJ. E. O.
Mrs. GEO STIRLING. NJ. Of X.
, 1896-11-23

T EBhNON CHAPTER NO. 3, r.. A. NJ.
- Meets on the second Wednesday evening
In each month in Masonic hall.
NJ. c. JAHREN, H. P.
}. +. GATES. Recorder.
, 1896-11-23

A LPHA CHAPTER NC. 1. o. f Sheets
"A on the first Tuesday evening Of each
month in Masonic hall.
Mrs. WM. RIGGS, W. NJ
Mrs. II. l.. PAsCAIL, Recorder.
, 1896-11-23

T ARAMIE LODGE NO. 3, A. f. and A. NJ
- Meets first and third Monday evening
in each month in Masonic Hall, Balch block
Second street. G. W. BRAMEL. W. Nj.
J. IL. uAyFORD. Secretary.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1896-12-07

In every drop of impure beer you
drink. BY far the greater pro-
portion of kidney trouble is due
to its use. No need of your drink
ing it. Seattle Beer is pure, It's
brewed of the finest hops and
malt, aids digestion, promotes
health and preserves it. On tap
or in bottles at the Criterion Sa-
loon.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1896-12-07

King Bros. are closing out a
line of photo albums and plush
toilet sets at cost.
Prof. Henshaw's platinotypes
are going off every day. Call
early and make your selections.
Pacific Hardware Co. y
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-04-21
SOME RING TALK.

Billy Madden, who is now in London, is
likely to bring Owen Sullivan to this
country.
Horace Leeds talks Of going into the
ring again He should certainly retire, as
it is quite evident his heart is affected.
The Olympic club of New Orleans, in
which many championships were won and
lost, is said to be in bad way financially.
John L. Sullivan and Sankey, the evan
gelist met in a railroad train the other
day and they had quite an argument over
boxing.
Tom Duggan of Australia, who is now
in London, wants to fight Mccoy and
will como to America If there is any likeH-
hood of a match.
Bat Masterson, the well known sporting
man, writes from Cripple Creek, Colo, that
lighting is very brisk there and that good
purses are offered for good mon
Dolly Lyons is again in the arena and
wants to try his proves against any 116
pound Lad. An effort is being made to
match Lyons against Maxey Haugh.
Soaldy Bill Quinn, the Philadelphia col
ored boxer, who has been doing some great
boxing IN New York, is to be under the
management Of Tom o. Rourke hereafter.
The ten round contest between Shadow
Maber and Tommy Vest has been declared
of. Both men were afraid of each other
and refused to post forfeits for appearance
in the ring.