davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
The Effects OF Heat.

In The Nuovo Cimento Signor Petit
nelli describes a new determination of
the lowest temperature at which hot
body becomes visible He heated q cast
iron cylinder 80 centimeters long and ii
broad, In wrought iron jacket over q
Bunsen burner to temperature Of 400
degrees G., as indicated by an air Their
mometer, and then observed its fiat end
in dark room from point 60 cent?
meters above it When it had cooled to
aboub 415 degrees, the red heat vanished
and gave way to IN indefinite hazy glow,
the latter completely disappearing Mt
4OI degrees, and repeated observations
giving an error Of only degrees High
emisslye substances became visible Mt
the same temperature, but rejecting sur
faces had to BIO heated go degrees higher
before they appeared to the eye, and
glass still more. These low temperature
rays were found to traverse glass and
water like ordinary light rays but suf-
fering q comparatively greater ABSORB
ton. Different eyes differ slightly in
their capacity for seeing them, the max.
inum divergence being about degrees
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
LEGAL NOTICES.

pY VIRTUE OF A CERTAIN DRRD OF
4 trust dated the Dad day Of August. 1890. and
recorded In the clerks Office OF the hustings court
for the city OF Roanoke, In deed book 49, page
1O6, executed by Annie l.. Beeton and r. L. Bee
ton, her husband, to the undersigne trustees for
the purpose OF securing to the United BANKING
and Building Company at Richmond, Va, cor
tain sums OF money therein specified, and default
having been made In the terms Of said trust, and
having been required 90 to do by the benefic iarv
hereunder. the undersigned, as trustees, will on
THE 18th DAY OF JUNE, 1896, offer for sale
at ~ O'Clock a. m on the premises, at public
auction. the following described parcel OF land
situated In the city OF Roanoke:
Beginning at point 70l feet east OF Eighth
street n W. on W. Harrison street, thence north
l33 l4l0C TO point on Nh slley, thonce with said
alley ~ feet to point thence south 125 14.iOO
feet more or lees to ". Harrison street, thence
with w. Harrison street 40 feet to the beginning,
and known as lot IL, section S, OF the Rogers,
Fairfax and Houston addition to Roanoke city, as
SHOWN by the map Of q. VIM. Baist, OF said city.
TERMS OF ShLE.-CGsh as to the costa OF
sale as we'll as the sum OF ST7912, being the
amount due under the said deed OF trust and az
TO the residue upon = credit of one and two years
from the day OF sale, with interest from date
which sad deferred payment shall be evidenced
by the notes OF the purchaser and secured by .
deed OF trust npon the premises sold.
ROBT. Il. SCOTT,
j. A. DUPUY,
o26 I'd Trustees.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
TIM HOGAN'S FIREMAN.
His Remarkable Experience Bccause Tir
Objected to His Color.

His Remarkable Experience Because Tim
Objected to His Color.
Eyes, Stree" declared the railroad
man. "thoso days that are past are the
palmy days. 1 remember we'll when
fired engines that burned nothing but
wood. worked with On engineer, Tim
hogan was his name, who was one of
the best on the line. / amt going to
give the name of the road nor nothing
like that i'll telling you this tale, cause
Hogan might get in trouble at this late
day.
In them days the engines had a
draft through the smokestack which
beat the world, and the engine Hogan
run had the strongest draft of any en-
CINE ON the road Many's the time Ho-
gan has had to stop his engine when
She was putting hard going up hill I'M
til got and put piece of sheet iron
over the stack. What for? Why, to keep
tho fire under tho boiler. The draft
would draw it all out.
We'll, about the time speak of the
road wanted to introduce niggers as fire.
men. Of course we kicked, but it didn It
do much good Hogan kicked harder
than anybody and swore no would kill
any niger tho road put in his cab, and,
not only that, he would throw his life
less body into the firebox.
"One day Hogan comes to me lust
before we was goin out on our run and
said. Jim. they We put q niger in with
me for this run, but want you to go
out with me, anyway
What's the use?' says /.
Well, you come ON and don't ask
no questions, says Hogan.
Hogan was a powerful and deter
mined sort Of man, and I didn't want
no trouble with him, so climbed into
the cab 'longside of the niger when the
train pulled out
well. sir, I'll never forget that run
Hogan was mad and sulky, and he run
that old engine with all the cars behind
her just like he was way behind time.
The niger heaved wood into the fire
box, and Hogan kept cussin him and
teliin him to keep 'er hot First thing
1 know we'd struck the bottom of the
longest and heaviest grade on the line.
Hogan's engine was drawing great
chunks of wood from the flrebox, and
the stack looked like volcano.
FINALLY, when the Niger was lean
ing over to lift a piece Of wood, Hogan
hit him on the head with a monkey
wrench, and he fell over just Like he
was dead was so scared couldn' t
move, but Hogan got OFF his seat and
chucked the niger feet first into the
firebox.
Il looked out of the window. didn't
want to see such shocking sight I
happened to look at the smokestack
and see the nigger's boots come out Of
1t, then his socks, then his pants, and
then he come feet first When he rose
from the stack. he yells, 'Goodby, Mr..
Hogan.
I'VE saw him light ON the ground and
jump up and run. have never seen
him since, nor neither has Hogan, but
you can't get niger into Hogan's cab,
and that's fact memphis Scimetar.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

HNRUSTEE'S SALE OF VALUABLE RE.I.
II estate.-By virtue OF deed OF trust dated the
l9.n ,u gay OF November. 1894, and recorded in the
clerk othce OF the county court OF Roanoke
county, In deed book II, page 455. in which A. s
Asperry and wife conveyed to the undersipned
.Ius.ee certain real estate therein described in
trust 10 secure the Roanoke Trust, Loan and SAFE
D,eP0slt company the sum of five hundred dollars
SSoup), evidenced as therein set out and defanlt
having been made In the paymen OF said debt
Sne 1eIng re9uested go 10 do by the holder thereof
io VIII " FRIDAY. TIIE 26TH DAY OF June
1870. AT IL O'CLOCK NOON, in front of the conrt'
mouse In the city OF Roanoke proceed to sell ar
puoic auction to the highest bidder an undivided
said deed, to.wit: ei'oeu III
nat certain parcel OF land lying on the south
sue OF ROANOKE river opposite West End furnace.
nv t CITY OF Roanoke, particular description OF
winch can be found in deed OF convevance from
Meoo ct. ais: to :. w. Jamison. There is ex
cepted from this sale two small parcels OF land
heretofore sold. leaving the acreage covered nv
ueea under which this sale is made about SEVEN
acres more or lees. 'sn
49, IhhMs:-Cash as TO sum sufficient to nav Off
tne past due debt with interest and the cost OF ex
ecntpg this trust. Balances, II any payable in six
ana twelve months from date OF sale TO be evi
ocnced by negotiable notes OF the purchaser and
secured by deed or trust on the property with in.
terest. : W II xfr ~,u III
We - "N.ts ~ 20, Trustee.
AuCtioncets 8 ~ I'd
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

TRUSTEES SALE-WHERRAS A CERTAIN
n deed OF trust was executed by Henry x.
Goiman and Francis A. Colman his wife. to George
vemoer, 1899, and recorded IN the clerks ONCE OF
the husttngs court for the city OF Roanoke. Va.
IN DEED book s3 page i07, 10 secure the perform
ahce OF certain conditions and payments specihed
IN certain bond executed by the said Henry r.
Ooiman OF even date with said deed for the pay
Ms snG oI ntteen hnrdred dollars sl, 500 70 the
OF New York. In accordance with their articles OF
sss s and whereas the said Geo. j. Peet
has t,es!ghed tne said trust and the Judge OF the
nv, .hust.ngs court ior tre city OF Roanoke, Va, at
as ,rns,a. 81 ~, ald appoint Jonirs MeGehee
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
Declined With Thanks.

The editor of the Hillsboro Oils. J
News thus declines in advance an i'm
pending nomination to congress: 1.-The
mission of the hireling who holds the
plow handles Of this paper is to keep
the fires burning on the affairs of liberty
and beacon lights blazing on the shores
OF time at ST. IA blaze. invariably in
advance. He does not hunger and thirst
after official life He did think once he
would like to go to the legislature, but
he has grown in grace since then and
purged his system Of that unholy desire.
Since then he has not yearned single
yearn or hankered hank after polit,
ical distinction"
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

PY VIRTUE OF A CERTAIN DECREK
a rendered by the hnstings court OF the CITY
Gerry cause therein pending, under the stvia ~,
Roxy Y. Routt against the Roanoke Devotion.
m meHt 20 G9m ,pay ct ais, will, ON THE 20TG
tion in front OF the courthouse of the civ ~ Rn
noke AT - O'CLOCK NJ, the following tract or
iand situated In the county OF Roanoke. contain
roods and twenty, light poles, and is the SAM
land that was conveyed TO the Roanoke Devotion
m m.,il company by deed from Roxy V. Routt and
William Routt her husband, dated the nth day
OF october, 1890. and duly recorded In The cierk;s
OFFICE OF the county court OF Roanoke county. t0
Wnlcn oeed, as well ss to the papers in the above
description of said land.
mere VIII, however, be excluded from the sale
oelore mentioned such portions OF the above
s m tract OF land as have heretofore been
SOLO oy the Roanoke Development COMPANY 10
purchasers from II. A schedule OF that norton NJ
the property which will not be embraced in The
sae OF the tract above described will be exhi oted
Um tne uay OF sale, and any person interested
may ascertain what parcels OF land viii, not ne
eo!u Dy applcation 10 the commissioner or nv
TONED cause. eH
Inc decree OF the court under which the sale
VIII DC made also provides that the same shall be
suoleet TO any valid easements or rights that may
streets that may have been laid OF on said tract
or land by the Roanoke Development Comnanv
IEkMs OF sALE:-one-third cash, the bal.
SAID deferred payments from the date of sale.
which said deferred payments shall be evidenced
Dy tne notes OK the purchaser and secured by the
retention OF the title TO the land cold until the
deferred payments shall have been paid OF.
LUCiAN II. COOKE. Commissioner
l, ;: =. Brooke clerk Of the hastings court for
clan ii. Cooke, commissioner, has executed bond
as provided In tho above mentioned cause OF
Roxy v Routt VS.. The Roanoke Development
COMPANY spP,a OF ais. S. s. BROOKE, Clerk.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

IN PURSUANCE OF A DECRYE RNTBRRD

IN PURSUANCE OF A DECREE ENTERED
l. by the hnstings court for the city OF Roanoke.
cause OF p. L. Terry, ct al, VS.. the Roanoke De.
ySlopment Company. ct als, 1 will, on FRIDAY,
THB 26TH DAY OF JUNE. 1896, at - O'Clock
m, oner for sale, at public auction, In front OF
the courthouse, In the city OF Roanoke, Va, TO
the highest bidder, those five certain tracts or
parcels OF land, situated In the county OF Ros-
Tract No. !, containing l62 acres, more or less.
Track no. q containing 81 acres, more or lees.
Tract No. 4, containing 1854 acres, rood. IA
poles, more or less. -
Tract No. 5; containing u acres, ! rood, %
polee, more or lees. -
Being the same tracts or parcels OF land con.
veyed BY T. L: Terry and wife to 3. w. Jsmison
by deed dated the llth day OF October, 1890 and
conveyed to ). w. Jamison and wife TO The Ros.
noke Development Company by deed of evan
date herewith, which deeds are OF record 10 the
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
Golf In Now York.

Golf has taken firm hold In New York
city, so much SO that tho park commits
sioners have established golf links in Van
Cortlandt park for the use of the public,
1t being necessary to obtain permit The
rule regarding tho golf permits for Won
Cortlandt links in Now York city will not
debar club from obtaining tho right to
use the course to hold n special cup match
or competition of similar importance
on any stated day. Many Of tho players
now are women and young men who arc
practicing to be in form for tho tourna-
ments on the country hotel links in the
summer.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
A Canadian Customs Conoss.,on.

The new Canadian customs regulations
contain one provision which will DO of
great advantage to members of tho l.. A.
W. who contemplate making summer
tours through Canadian territory. Refer.
ence Is had to the permission given to
members of the League TO enter with their
bicycles without making n deposit, pro-
vided they produce and leave with the Gus
toms officer at the place and time of en-
trance the ticket of membership for the
present year in the League and fill up and
sign In triplicate collectors permission,
on the face OF which shall be written full
description of the bicycle.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
OF FRIENDSHIP.

a winters eve, dark. cold and comfortlessi
MY feelings catch the spirit Of the night;
Nor can cheerful fires warmth and light
Dispel foreboding thoughts and restlessness.
lis mt such times dread visions cross our sight,
Snwelcome phantoms. shadowlike, appear,
Snppiant hopes prophecy with idle fear,
create and mock our melancholy plight
But, OF sudden, my good friend is here;
AS nists before the sun these demons go,
What matter winters cold and skies above
My heart Is full of happiness and cheer!
such swift transitions they alone can know
"no drink soul deep OF friendship and its love.
Walter Francis Kenrick in Boston journal.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
How to Treat O wife.

(From Pacific Health Journal1
FIRST, get wife, second, be patient
You may have great trials and perplexi-
sies In your business, but do nos, there-
fore. carry to your home cloudy or
contracted brow Your wife may have
trials. which, though Of less magnitude,
may be hard for her to bear. A kind
word, tender look, will do wonders in
chasing from her brow all clouds of
gloom. To this we would add always
keep g bottle of Cham berlain's Cough
Remedy in the house. 1t 10 the best
and is sure to be needed sooner or later.
Your wife will then know that you
really care for her ard wish to protect
her health. For sale by The Chas. Lyle
Drug Company.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

TN TIE CLERKS OFFICE OF TIE ur,sr
Il ings court for the city OF Roanoke. on the 2sd
gay OF May 1876. A; b. White, plaintiff, again az
ha.e White, defendant. Chancery. The object
OF matrlmony. And an affidavit having been
maze m ana MED that the defendant, Kate White.
dered that she do appear zero, within flfteen DAYS
after que publication hereof, and do what NAV Sc
necessary to protect her interest in this suit And
u Is rnrther ordered that O copy hereof be pub
mshed once week for four weeks In RoANoKE
Il, NEE and that copy be posted at the front door
tho next term. A copy-Testc: "' "
5 % 4w
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

Mr.. D. P. DAVIS, q prominent livery.
man and merchant, Of Goshen, Va, has
this to say on the subject of rheuma.
tism II take pleasure in recommends
Ing Cham erlain's Pain Balm for rheu.
m Atism, az l know from personel ex.
perience that 1t will do all that is
claimed forit. A year sgo this spring
my brother was laid up in bed with In.
flammatory rheum ssism and suffered
intensely. The first application Of
Chamberlain's Palm Balm eased the
pain and she use of one bottle com.
ple:ely cured him." For sale by the
ChAs. Lyle Drug Company.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
His Masterpiece Too.

MIR. Impressicnist-Th my last.
there on the easel. Now. that is pic
ture, Squibs!
Squibs-Yes, SO it is. 1 can tell that
by the frame.-Harlem Life.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

Strange bed warmers are used by
Chilean women. In cold weather, when
$n bed, they keep their feet warm by
placing them ON dog.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

The employees on the Great Midland
railway In England arc paid by the year
and receive an annual increase of wages.
The first year they are paid S07. SO, and
their pay gradually rises until In the tenth
year 1t amounts TO $3.50. 80.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

Vhen D;-by was sick. we gave her Castorias
When She was Child, she C, ed for Castoria.
When she became Miss she chung to Castoria.
Fhen she had Children. she gave them Castoria.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
LEGAL NOTICES.

clerks ONCE OF the county conrt n, po..-,-
county, Va, and to which deeds and the nsncrs
In the above styled cause reference Is Serch1
tot Inli and accurate descriptions of the aid
There will be excluded from the abov. s,,e
such portions OF the above land as have hsrn,n
T foIe been sold by the Roanoke Development
The papers In the above cause will show ,vba,
Iots forming part OF the above land have been
SOLO oy the said Roanoke Development Companv
sna any party interested will DO furnished with,
ss TO the Same by application to the
portions as will not be sold win be exhibited on
day OF sale. y"
The above sale will also be 10 sde so biect IN anv
vano assessments or rights which may have been
nCaulIed In and to any streets that may have been
laid on In said tract Of land by the Roanoke De-
velopment Company.
The above sale will also be IN AIDE expresslv ami.
!sct 10 al rights OF Waller r. Staples in and TO
sae saa tracts or parcels OF land by reason OF
certain vendors lien reserved by him in a deed
from waller Staples to p. L., Terry hearing
date the 26th June, 1890.
TERMS OF SALE-One-third cash and tho
sis In one and two years. with interest upon
said deferred payments from date of sale ssid
deferred payments TO be evidenced nv nnt..s nS
inc purchaser and secured by retention OF the
le 10 the land sold. or, at the option of the mr.
Snsset, the whole amount OF the purchase money
may be paid in cash. "''Ae'
EDWARD W. ROBERTSON,
In the clerks Office OF the hustings CONT NJ tho
Stty OF Roanoke: p. L. Terry, ct. al, plaintiff
S Ss.nst Roanoke Development Company, ct al,
Il, s ). Brooke. clerk OF the said court do c.r.
NY tnst the bond required OF the special commits
tha u S oy the decree rendered In said cause on
INC ENC; Ina DAY OF May, 1926, has been duly given.
,h set usoer my hand az clerk of the said court
5 &c I'd. o.,
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

NoTICE-To EDITH GORDON ST. JO1N
a. and Hunter St John. You are hereby mott
neo mat on the hrst day of the July term 1895 of
panSers Loan and Investment Company will
move, n,oSe SAID court to appoint T. W. Goodwin as
70 John c. Ten Eyck trustee, and dated ist dsy
OF Janusry 1925, and recorded in the clerks OH CO
T h e,y OF Roanoke in deed book 90, page All, in
the place OF the said John G. Ten Eyck
BANKERS LOAN II INVESTMENT CO
by Cccke n Glasgow, Attorneys 52Im
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
GEORGE GRAvATT, Manager.

BRAeAssA & MALONE. the enserpris-
ng proprietors Of the Crystal Spring
Cafe, will see thst you are politely
treated and served with everything In
FIRST class style.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

1 ALI birds that live on seeds are fur.
ished with strong gizzards.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
The Fair.

HAVE you been to The Fair? Now open
t No. 0 Salem avenue. with an elegant
Inc OF books, stationery, glassware,
nks. pencils, tablets, etc Give US cali
md inspect our stock.
GEORGE GRAyATT, Manaoer.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

Wild birds do not sing more than eight or
Ten weeks In the year.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26
A Cure For Muscular Rhaumatiam.

MRS. 3. L. HANSON, of FAirmont, I'LL
nois, says; my sister used Cham ber-
lsin's Pain Balm for muscular rheuma-
tisn and 1t effected complete cure.
keep 1t In the house at all times and
have always found IL beneficial for aches
and pains. 1t Is the quickest cure for
rheumatism, muscular pains and lame
ness l have ever seen" For sale by
The Chas. Lyle Drug Company.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

voos., DEPEND upon IL,
TeethinS syrup mothers, 1t will give
rest to yourself and
relief to your infants. A certain cure
for gripping and windy collie. In all
cases Of disrrhea in infants and child
rem, II given according to directions,
will give instant re-
lief. Massie's
p,ica OK Pharmacy.
The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895-1897, 1896-05-26

"Chi dioe ca Ii stole so 1ucente,
Nun sapo st'uocchie ca tn ticne 'nfronte."
1t was not boy, it was a young girl
singing, and little boy who was with
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-10-29
LADIES
KID GLOVES

We have just opened a new line OF
KID GLOVES, and have an assortment
that is not equaled in Honolulu.
The RAGE in everything at present
is BLACK and WHITE, and glove,
above everything else, should be styl-
ish. We are making a speciality this
week of
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-10-29
J. 7. WaterhOuSe

The wet weather contin-
ueS and so does the demand
for our wet weather goods.
But we have other things
besides wearable goods for
wet days, when ladies find
indoors better than the
streets.
It's good weather for
crochetting or Sewing--all
you want is the Materials
every lady has the know
how. Iceland wool is the
best you can get for fancy
work of some sorts and Ger
mantown, Saxony and Berlin
for others, each variety you
will notice is named after a
locality; probably all of it
was made in one place.
Bleached linen towels at
$1.75 per dozen is lower
than you ever paid before,
We have others we sell at
$40, but they're better.
White feather stitched
braid in six yard pieces are
reasonably cheap--the as
sogtment is large. We have
figured duck in entirely new
and pretty patterns, always
seasonable and popular. You
know how it wears.
Two other staples this
week which desire special
mention; Bleached and I'M
bleached sheetings from 81
to 1914. This is bargain
week on these and the price
is way down. The other
bargain is in BarbOur'S linen
thread, in white, unbleached
and black, from coarse to
very fine.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-10-29
INDEPENDENCE PARK.
Saturday, Oct. 81.

Complimentary Benefit rendered to
the Gonzales Sisters prior to their de-
parture for Australia.
NINA, the Little Wonder.
STELLA, Contortionist Extraordi-
nary.
NORA MARTIN, Descriptive Vocal
list.
MASTER KARL, Declaimer.
MILE KINGSLEY, the Spanish
Dancer.
LIZZIE BRANDON, the Skip-rope
Dancer.
SIG. LEONARDO, Trapezian and
Gymnast.
JAMES KULOLIA, the Hawaiian
Blondin.
WILFRED BURNS (retired circus
mani has kindly volunteered for this
occasion only, performing his feats of
strength and break-away ladder act
PROF. BERGER has generously Of
fered his valuable services, and will
discourse all the popular airs of the
day.
CHILE GONZALES will illustrate
japanese, Chinese and Arabian tum-
bling.
host of other Volunteers.
Carriages may be ordered at 1918.
The Sisters will visit you all and
offer their tickets for sale.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1896-10-29
Mr.. ABBOTT REPLIES.
To Artist Jessett's Letter on Methods
in Public Schools.
Says He is Ignorant of Conditions Here-Should
Have Studied Before
Criticizing.

MIR. EDITOR:-The question of the
new education versus the old, which Mr..
Jessett has raised, is of so great import
ance that it merits a thorough discus
sion 1t lies at the foundation of educa-
ton And we all agree that education
is the basis of a free state, upon which
the character and progress of people and