davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Grooming Farm Horses.

Horses on the farm do not have the
sleek look that horses in city l~iveries
have. Neither will they accomplish so
much work. The difference is partly
owing to the fact that the horse in the
city have a larger proportion of grain,
while the farm horse, even when work
ing, gets more Of his nutrition from
hay. But grooming has a good deal to
do with the superior sickness of the
city horses coat. The currycolnb is
not so much used as it should be on
farm horses. We know many places
where the brush and currycomb are
seldom used, except while the horse is
shedding his coat. But, used at any
time, it promotes the secretion of oil,
which moistens the coat and makes it
shine. A well grommed horse is uSu-
ally well fed. But If the grooming
were done thoroughly at least once a
day, the horse would keep In good con
dition with less feed than it now re-
eeives. Good grooming undoubtedly
aids digestion, as rubbing the body
promotes digestion in people, and is an
excellent substitute for exercise for
those who do little muscular work.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Dairy Notes.

Cation strainers will do more Their
ough work than wire STEAMERS
A lazy man will make a poor dairy
man.
ANY large amount Of exercise is at
the expense of the yield of the mix.
MIX and flesh alike come from 1000
eaten. digested and assimilated.
Dirt is a great enemy to good dairy
nroducts and cleanliness b secret OF
success.
Thorough ventilation Is an essential
item in the arrangement OF the ualfs
house.
A good COW is a good COW regardless
Of her breed and a poor COW Is a poor
cow no matter how well bred.
MIX readily takes it faint from any
bad smell which may exist where 1t 10
placed. -.
Feeding water into a cows milk
makes no gain in butter or cheese pro-
duction.
Feed some grain for a time at least
,ftor turning the cows into the pas
ture. !,
While food may change the color OF
the butter to some extent theIe 10
much i'm the COW.
In cold weather many OF the cream
eries churn at a temperature Oh oo ue-
grees TO 81 degrees.
A brush is much better than "a cio.n
20 clean milk vessels. 1t gets at
nIaces that the cloth will not reach.
The most perfect cream rising Is Sc
cured by straining the warm min ihoS
deem cans and setting In water VI
about AZ degrees.
Never churn in a room where In. nne
temperature is higher than that OF the
roam If it is 10 degrees or Id de-
orees lower, so much the better.
II il claimed that cows giving mi!k
reouiring more than twenty pouhus =
make a pound Of butter shonld not W
kept. -
Few reolize how much is lost by I'M
n@arfact skimming. In some cases as
p,n,ah as , per cent of the fat is lett IN
tha milk This is an enormous loss.
:, ls not a good plan to axe me
milk from the creameries pach 70
sarm in the cans. If it must DE zone
ha SIRE TO clean thoroughly. II ~ pet
tar 70 cart the milk back In barrels
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18

The present low prices of butter eX-
cite the apprehension of some who Q
that it may be due to over-production.
As bearing on this question, Hoard's
Dairyman says that in 1892 the Hoard
creameries were supplying 5000 fami-
lies in Chicago with butter every
week. The country was prosperous,
and families We're consuming all they
wanted. The demand was greater than
the capacity of the creameries to sup
ply, and during that year Slo,oo0 worth
of butter was purchased from
creameries to supply their customers.
In 1894 the Hoard creameries were
still supplying the same number, ana
nearly the same families. Hard times
had come, and these same families
consumed S3l, 900 worth less butter
than in 1892. The argument, based
upon this single, though broad expert
ence, is that, owing to the stringency
of the times. which makes money hard
10 obtain. the public is consuming a
less quantity of butter per capita or
per family than during the prosperous
times of 1892, and that the low prices
are due to this reduction or consulnp'
ton, and not to over-production.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
kfnp

The Importance OF maxine hot+o.
cheese is becoming more and nio,e i'm.
portaht every yea, as it is now appar.
eht mat we must practically consume
fuily 40 per cen of the cheese n,,do
New facts are being brought ont
among which is the action of fermentS
upon the curing and quality of tbe
cheese. AT the late cbeesemakorS, con
yention, in Wisconsin, Prof Russel b,d
something to say in opposition to the
rrehch views upon bacterial action.
re prelaced MS remarks by saying
that usually the trouble lay in the care
lcSSness OF the patrons in caring for
TIE mix, a carelessness which. in some
cases, becomes criminal. Yet the max
ers could not lay all blame on the pat
rons. They should be posted, so as to
instruct those in the care of the milk
n give a good example by neatuess
In the factory. He believed the whey
vat was responsible for more trouble
than anything else, and condemned the
dirty ones in strong terms. Bacteria
were the best allies which the makers
had, and 1t "a only the obnoxious
ones which should be fought. He eX-
hibited a chart which illustrated the
number of bacteria in cheese when
five days old, as being about four to
1--we millions III a grain, increasing rap
idly in the next eight days. TO eighty or
ninety millions, and then decreasing in
the next twenty-three days to eighteen
millions, and then gradually diminish
ing until 1871 days old, when only q
few hundred thousands are left. An
other chart showed where milk had
four million lactic-acid-producing bac-
terra, seven hundred thousand digest
ing or ~peptoniZing bacteria. and about
three hundred and fifty thousand which
! produce gas. Also. how a thirteen.
dayS-old cheese had 81, 100000 Tactic
acid bacteria. while the gas-producing
ones remained as original and the di-
costing ones were reduced. When the
cheese was thirty-six days old the lac
tic-acid bacteria were reduced to 49,
100000, and the gas and digesting ones
were still more reduced. At tifty-two
days the laCtic-acid bacteria were only
! 14,473.0O 0 and the others nearly disap-
peared. and at seventy-four days only
6,GS2. 900 lactic-acid bacteria remained.
Hence, the lactic-acid bacteria is the
true ally of the maker. The fermenta-
ton test should be used in its I'M
proved form, by all means.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18

soil, also thrive better when provided
with shade for q time. If it is desira-
bic to prolong the freshness of cut
flowers, or TO root cuttings or slips well
the light should be excluded.
Plants in the light purify the air by
absorbing carbonic acid gas and throw
ing off oxygen, but at night they cor
rupt the air by allowing the carbonic
acid to escape without it's being de-
composed. For this reason 1t is ron
sidered unhealthy to sleep in a close
room where many plants are kept
Michigan Farmer.
sanitary Precautions on the Farm.
would have my barns so construct
ed or remodeled, If need be, that the
rear of the stables, or the mi win
dows therefrom, would open into a
small yard, graded to a slightly con
cave form, to prevent teaching from
the manure. Porous soils should be
paved with crushed stone and cement;
in clay2y soils, small stones laid close
ly together and well bedded in the clay
answer the same purpose. Stable
floors should be water tight with a
concave gutter behind horses and cat
tie to connect with above yard, which
at all times should contain absorbing
material. All animal excrement, ex-
cept from the hennery, should be
placed in this yard daily as well as
garden rubbish and litter. Road dust
can be used to advantage ON floors
and in cutters.
AS it exists in many kitchens, l
would abolish the sink drain. In it's
place fasten to the wall, about two
feet from the floor, a zine lined box
with hinged lid, funnel-shaped, and at
the bottom securely connect Il well
trapped 3 in drain to empty in the ma
nure yard. The drain joints must be
well cemented and the pipe given all
possible fall. My bath tub drain goes
to the celery trenches. All house Stops
from the kitchen and the chambers are
emptied into the house drain. The
manure yard contents and surface
a. ainage of the barn yard can be haul
Cd to the fields each week as compost
ed, to Il similarly constructed yard, I'M
til needed tor growing crops.
My sanitary privy consists Of a zinc
lined drawer of sufficient width and
length to easily slip underneath the
priyy from the back. 1t is securely
mounted on a sled with wide runners
to which a horse can be hitched and
every week the contents can be easily
taken to the manure yard or compost
pile. The drawer should be half-tilled
with muck or some other absorbent
before placing it underneath the build
ing. Road dust is used over the box
daily.-E. A. Mcintosh in Farm and
Home.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Bees and HOrficuI.ure

The growing of fruit fits in more
happily with the production of honey
than does any other occupation. In
this part of the country bees require
constant attention during May and
June, but for the remainder of the
year very little work each month is
necessary. When bees need the most
attention the orchard need least. The
next question is: Are bees of any ben
eft to growing fruit? They certainly
are in that they aid in fertilization.
and while bees are worklng on the
blossoms other insects do not have an
opportunity to injure them. BY a prop
er selection of varieties the fruit grow
ing beekeeper car gather fruit and
hdryest honey until the beginning of
winter, at which time he has leisure
to pillow up his orchard and paint his
hives.-Will G. Spendlove, Anderson
county, Kan.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
lButtermiIk.

az Is well known a strong point in
VI the dressed beef business by
nearly the whole country is sup
~u with meats to the exclusion of
slaughtering. is the fact that
particle Of offal and every by
mons ~ utilized and made to return
lao naus value, even the contents of
ar,jpp, aunches being employed to make
barr 90 IL is In this use of every
pef lhe animal that the dressed
ebIeh ~en have a large advantage
kptltions uaoies them to crush out COM
b ha Nothing Is too insignificant
tumt .aken into account. Other oc-
bnita.o should, so far as possible,
ky man 'aese economies. The ream
Pie ona, ,or example, might well study
bmdncts OF disposing of their by
Gone % IN the most profitable way.
nasts ent, .nese now, perhaps, go to
the oneaunreiy, but that is not exactly
Pre- thsr The question rather is,
ksurss ueing made the most Of? or
Post o. nnat constitutes making the
kunstaroaeem viii depend upon the cir
Fcular n surroundings Of a par
Pderlh,a eeaihery. There are a con-
ESun,ry number Of creameries In the
eaour6 ior example, that are near
able tSonw clties and large towns to en-
there fos 20 find a profitable market
outtermilk as a beverage.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
The of Light and Shade
Upon Vegetation.

Sunlight is one of the most important
agents in developing plants, the green
color of their leaves, fruit, twigs, etc,
being generated by it's action. 1t is
not necessary to have the direct rays
of the sun, diffused light being sutfi-
cient, though more rapid growth takes
| place in the bright light.
There are some forms of plant life,
| however, that grow without light, such
as mold and some kinds of mush-
| rooms.
But all trees and plants usually cul-
tiyated cannot long exist in a healthy
condition without its presence.
Plants living upon air obtain most OF
their carbon from it's carbonic acid
gas, their hydrogen from its moisture
| and their nitrogen from the ammoni-
acal vapor which exists in the air. In
the presence of light the carbonic acid
gas is emitted and the plant deterior-
ates. Vegetation in the tropics is won
derfully active, and this is undoubtedly
due as much to the brighter sunshine
as to the higher temperature.
How necessary light is to the health
| of plants, and how eagerly they reach
after il, may be seen in the sunflower
which watches the daily course Of the
sun: the countless blossoms which
droop each night as the sun disappears
below the horizon. How potatoes in a
dark cellar will grow several feet in
quest Of light.
On the contrary, shade has an in
f1uence In promoting vegetation. Every
farmer knows that when the ground
has been shaded for a time with a
dense growth of clover or straw, or
covered with boards, shayings, saw
dust or any other fibrous matter, the
soil. though naturally hard and stiff.
will be found soft, mellow and rich.
This may be accounted for on the prin-
ciple that decomposition OF the yegeta-
BILE substances of the soil is more read
ily promoted by a close or stagnant
condition of the air, than by the con-
stant supply of oxygen from the at
mosphere, or in other words, such a
covering will prevent h escape of
moisture, nitrogen, hydrogen and car
bonic acid gas, which accumulate and
promote decomposition OF vegetable
matter and this enriches ,he soil. In
such a spot / have found 1t excellent
to start early vegetables.
1t is upon this principle that fruit
trees can be made more productive by
mulching with straw or old hay around
the trunks and over the roots. Shade
Is also necessary to all plants in their
infancy, or when they have been re-
Gently transplanted. Young plants
will thrive better IL they are kept
shaded after they nave been set out.
Seeds terminate best when excluded
from light, and those which are to be
sowu upon the surface Or IN shallow
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Caring for Young Pigs.

During the first few days, says a bull
ietin Of the Mississippi Experiment
station, the pigs should be confined to
the narrowing pen, or, at least, allowed
to run in a small, dry lot. They will
do better to be confined to the lot until
they are at least three weeks old. Just
as soon as the pig shows a disposition
to eat he should be encouraged In SO
doing. A small place should be cut off
from the lot, so as to allow the pigs,
but not the mother, to enter, and in
this lot should be a shallow feed
trough. III the pigs are getting plenty
of milk from the mother, as they will,
provided she is a good brood SOW and
is well fed, there is nothing better than
soaked corn. Dry, hard corr would
soon make their teeth sore. An abund-
ance of this soaked corn should be pro-
vided. and whot Is left should be re-
moved at least twice a day and fresh
corn put in. If n little sweet skim
milk can be given with care, We think
1t will add to the growth of the pigs.
This may be continued until weaving
time, when a decided change in the
feed becomes necessary. This is the
most critical period of the pigs life,
and on his management at this time
largely depends his future usefulness.
If checked in his growth he will prob
ably not recover soon enough to give
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Farm Notes.

Do not cut clover until after the dew
is off.
The young weeds stand the least adj
versity, hence, are easiest killed.
Keep the machinery well oiled and
the bolts well t%ighaened if you would
have its life well heightened.
If you cut not the grass until it is
over-ripe you will feed the stock too
much timber next year, the hay will be
so woody.
If the ground is not too wet, put a
heavy roller On the meadows and pas
lures that are being invaded by army
worms.
George T. Petit of Oneida, Kan,
writes us that his house was damaged
and his barn wrecked by the cyclone
of Sunday. May II.
Potatoes SHOULD not, as a rule. be
grown continuously on the same land,
but should be alternated with other
crops. Barnyard manure may be free
ly used, but should, as n rule, be APP
piled to previous crops in the rotation.
If commercial fertilizers are used, a
mixture containing nitrogen in form of
nitrate of soda, phosphoric acid, as SUI
perphosphate, and potash as %sulphate,
and in which potash predominates, Is
recommended.
A Texas man invented a machine 10
harvest the seed-heads of sorghum,
Kafir corn, Milo maize, etc. Attached
I % a wagon 1t cuts and loads the heads
from three rows as fast as the team
walks.
J. r. Denham, Sturgeon, Mo-, under
date Of May II, says: 1--WE have been
having one flood right after another
for about a week-biggest Of the spell
yesterday. Army worms have eaten
half Of u grass
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18

wi.nln q block of where we now ca
we write, there is an establishment.
mnele creamery butter is sold and
ouG oI u side lines is sweet. whola
nthnu on draught for drinking, and an.
U.n le Is outtermilk for the same mr..
p oss rreclsely the same charge Is
n,aue lor the buttermilk as the sweet
n, ana those who drink it readily
pay ,he price without demur. 1t would
oe a good utilization of buttermilk and
'e,y pronable one il it could be sold
10y me glass as a beverage at the price
1nat IL seems easy to obtain for II
inere are a limited number of cream
cries which are favorably situated for
supplying this demand, and it is \ do.
n nnanu mat VIII grow as the hot wealth.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Good Mixers.

almost anybody can milk after n
Sbion. but really good mixers are
as plenty as they might be. A good
Hker is patient and gentle OF touch,
only incapable of lifting a milking
boil at q COW, but wise enough and
Oughtful enough never 10 show an ir-
ability or harshr ess of manner that
ght excite or disturb a nervous ami
!. Milking should be done as rap
as possible. without worry. IT
kould he done thoroughly, to the last
bp, otherwise, Il little milk. careless
or Internationally left in the uddcr.
l begin the work of drying OH" the
". Milking should be done regular
beginning at the same hour, and
e mixer should go through his stint
cows In the same order. thus max
it easier and less disturbing for
h COW, that from habit learns when
expect her turn. To the good mixer
t~ahliness is indeed next to goodness.
be hands should be clean. the cloth
clean and the skin and udder of the
vs should be kept clean. Hard-milk-
cows are much less valuable than
er yield or test would, at first blush,
Fem to indicate. They require more
ne. Once in a while this might be
blurred, but when the milking is n
* That recurs regularly twice n day
three hundred days i'm the year. it
comes an important item. 1t il hard
milk them with the rapidity that
Dol milking requires. and hard-milk-
are much more liable. other things
ING equal, TO fall off ip milk flow and
on early. They become nervous,
y as a rule, and very frequently de-
Is0p INTO kickers. They are not. per-
als, 70 blame for this. The milking
seufps them and makes them irrita-
y ana they naturally come to resent
a'ulhg that irritates them. This ir-
Eauoh reacts, too, upon the person
W aoes the milking. and he, in turn,
naoie TO be less valuable as a mixer
(aaase less patient and gentle. Good
["sAlhs bears so important a relation
sne best results which constitute
("u'' as compared with results not
Eme 80 good, that it is a faculty which
one who has to handle cows
FaOula cultivate. There is more in the
bMsrlui, good-humored, picturesque
a"Aniald idea than mere poetry. The
[aFertul, wholesome. womanly milk
ss.u Is, as a rule, much more likely to
aaonize with the disposition of a
l%u mix COW than is the ruder and
~ patient farm hand.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
the best results, whether kept to grace
the breeding herd or to fill the pork
barrel
sheep on High-priced Lands.

Sheep on Hlgh-Prfced LanOs
Every now and then some writer's
give voice to the expression, "We can
no longer grow mutton and wool on
our farms because the price of land Is
getting too high; sheep can only be
grown on cheap lands" These wri-
ters are certainly near relatives to the
ran who says that sheep can live on
ry little food and no water. We grow
tired when we hear a man say that
land is too high-priced for sheep grow
ing. or that sheep do not require much
care or feed. 1t Is nonsense to sup
pose that land will ever get too high
in this country for the production OF
mutton and wool, although as land
gets more valuable sheep growing will
require greater care and 1S.Cer stock,
with changes in management as COM
pared with the customs on lands of
less value. There are, however, plenty
of lands in nearly all the Western
states better suited to sheep than to
any other stock, and such lands should
have sheep upon them. Mutton is
raised probably in England, France
and Belgium on lands far more yalu-
able than those in this country. LII a
80 sheep is grown of course very low
priced lands are required to make it
profitable, but If sheep are grown that
will bring from so to SIS it is an n
tirely different matter. The latter
price is near what they bring in coun-
tries where sheep husDandry has been
reduced to a system, with a profit as
its object rather than pastime. Too
many sheep men in America are in the
business for their health rather than
for profit, and they pay little S.ten-
ton to advanced sheep breeding and
management.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
tx IN THE COW BARN.
MIX should Not BE
- - the barn

49, MIX should Not De
pa' xspt in the Barn.
u a patron agrees to sell mix to
he Is under certain moral
Mans to deliver that milk in the
'.lhle condition. Knowing that
IT, the creameryman receives for
49, is necessarily dependent, to
w. aytent. upon the condition OF
u. no should use his best en-
UNI - deliver the milk sweet and
free from all taints which
the quality of the butter.
sSan this, it is TO the patrons in
financially, to see that the
imam receives good milk, for
~ be receives for his milk must
rnon the price that the cream
~ receives for his butter, and
~ tnrn. depends largely upon the
IAN If the milk. During the sum
.So Great trouble is with sour
lD,;nc TO the warm weather. In
n,ar the trouble is with tainted
IA the fact that the milk reach
E@s creamery at a temperature
makes the detection OF the faint
ost impossible, makes such milk all
moro dangerous, because when it
va with other milk that is free
I. taint. II may damage the whole.
II is a matter of some surprise
Datrons will insist upon keeping
nix in the COW barn, when II
he plain that in doing so they are
Eoe money out of their own pockets,
Nm as their neighbors'. AS soon
Lbe milk falls to the temperature of
harm II begins to absorb the foul
u or If it be closely covered TO pre-
I ss il becomes tainted from itself
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the odors pc
Esr 70 it have no opportunity to pass
In either case, the quality of the
I,or made from such milk, and all
r. milk that is mixed with it, il inn
{pd and must sell for a lower price
4 Il should. If there is no clean
II n keep the milk. where the air is
l. Il is much better to make a cave
some kind for 1t. 1t is not a diff
matter to make a frame of poles
4 cover it with clean straw deeply
|ngh to prevent milk from freezing
4 This can be done with almost
expense. and certainly the improved
bdltlon of the milk will pay many
hes over for the labor required TO
fstruct such a milk house.
Reporter and farmer. [volume] (Webster, Day County, Dakota [S.D.]) 188?-1946, 1896-06-18
Shipping Pure Bred stock.

If there could be a concerted action
of all the stock breeders associations
this fall at the fat stock show to urge
cheaper freight and express rates for
shipping pure bred stock, 1t would
avail much with the railroads and ex-
press companies to ship animals at
their actual weight and remove some
Of the restrictions, such as compelling
shippers to send a a with stock.
The railroad officials appreciate the
value of the improved breeds Of stock,
and If they would give breeders rea-
sonable rates many more pure bred
animals would be bought and shipped.
AS it is now the freight or express is
almost as much as the price of the
animal at the present low prices, -