The Dakota chief. (Gann Valley, Buffalo County, S.D.) 18??-1913, 1896-10-01

VI ~ VI
lege man in managing Il public school,
IN fact, most of these things seem more
proper for q high school than Il college,
since men sometimes put away childish,
things.
OF course h normal school graduate
tends to make parallel mistakes along
the opposite side of the foregoing; but
/ am not considering those now. t.
lie in the direction of Over-consciOus-
ness of method in instruction, over-reg-
ulation in management.-Arnold Temp.
kins, in Indiana School Journal.
How to Make Relief Maps.
Too great Importance cannot be at
tached to the value Of relief work In
teaching the study of geography, writes
Ella j. Douglas, In American Teacher.
1t impresses upon the mind the conspic.
uous features Of the continent and aids
In imagination to picture Its surface.
1t is by all means the best method for
securing the attention of pupils and to
lead them to acquire a useful knowl-
edge of correct geographical form from
nature.
1t will be best to first model a map OF
u own country. Obtain the services
of a mechanic who can make a suitable
frame upon which to work the relief.
1t must be made of pine boards well
seasoned, to prevent warping. They
must be doweled and glued. Rim 1t
about an inch In height.
Maps are made of modelling wax,
plaster Of paris, putty. and other SIM
liar substances. The following materi-
al is a very good one and easily work
ed: For a map about two feet by three
feet in size, melt two heaping handfuls
Of glue, into which place half a pint
each of varnish and oil. Into this put
more water and stir whiting into it as
you would -four in mixing bread. Use
as soon as prepared. In order for it to
adhere to the board it is necessary that
a coat of paint in which there is plenty
Of oil be applied. Use blue to represent
the ocean, except on the rim, which
may be painted some darker color.
With a palette knife spread the ma
terial over the whole map which you
have previously outlined in pencil.
ullu az lhC WCotClh hiSAhuhu dAu IL
basin between the Rocky and the Sierra
Nevada mountains. Let the eastern
slope be gradually downward toward
the great central plain and at the north
and upward toward Mexico. Spread
more Of the material for the Appalachi-
| an system and the height of land north
Of the Ohio River and neal the source
of the Mississippi. Next build up the
mountains, making the Rocky noun
tains higher as you proceed south
ward. Locate some of the principal
peaks and cut depressions in the map
to indicate the canyons of the Colorado
and Arkansas Rivers.
After the work is well laid in put it
away to dry. You will be greatly sur
prised upon looking at it again to dis
cover many cracks and crevices in your
work. Do not be discouraged, as it Is
Only the water drying out of the tex
ture. These must not ue worked over
until thoroughly dry, as there is danger
of the unde- coat being raised from the
board. Repeat this process until per-
fectly dry, when it will be as hard and
firm as a rock.
Now give 1t two coats of white paint
you had for painting the board, and 1t
is ready for the final cOloring, which
must be of artists paint.
Your palette should consist of lief fol-
lowing colors: Flake white. Naples,
strontian, and chrome yellows, Chi
nese vermilion, Prussian and cobalt
blues.
For the flood plains-less than 500
feet-which are along the Atlantic
coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Ohio val
leys, the eastern and southern shores Of
Lake Ontario, the valleys of the Column
bia, Sacramento, and San Joaquin and
a narrow strip along the Pacific coast,
use PruSsian blue, chrome yellow, n
a small quantity of white.
Next paint the low p~lains-5OO feet
to 1000 feet-which are found on either
side of the Appalachian mountains, n
the remaining portion Of he Great Cen
trail Plain not included in the o
plains. also along the Red River Of the
North and the Colorado. Add white to
the previous mixture of green for
painting these. Make it considerably
lighter for a contrast. For the remain
der of the map, the height above 1000
feet, mix white and Naples yellow.
Paint the snOw-capped peaks white,
and the volcanoes vermilion. Trace
the rivers in blue. These will require
two coats. The lakes are made with
Prussian and cobalt blue, yellow, and
white. After all is dry, give it two
coats of white varnish and you will
have a map which will be Of great serv-
ice to your pupils.-Educationai Jour
nal.