davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
MCKINLEY IS the MAN |
He Crrried the Illinois State Con.
ventiOn Over q FavOrite
Son.
CULLUM IS EASILY DEFEATED
Republican Napoleon Will Go to
st. Louis With q Majority Of
Delegates Pledged.

SPRINaF1ELD- (Specisl.] - William
NICK inley. Jr., of Ohio is the choice Of
the republicans of Illinois for presi-
dent of the United States and he was
SO declared at the republican state
convention which has been in session
here the past three days.
The contest was between the repub-
licans of the state who believed that
Senator Cullom should have been
honored as the standard bearer in the
presidential race by the people Of this
state on the one hand, and the repub-
licans who favored Mckinley on the
other. Arrayed on the side of Cullom
was that organization known as the
Cook county machine and large
number of leading politicians and
statesmen of Illinois, and with him
were the veteran politicians who have
in years gone by had many hard fought
political contests. They had to aid
them one of the most perfect political
organizations that has ever been form
ed in this state; but all their plans
went wrong, and while Senator
Cullom and his hackers met with de-
feat they met it gracefully, and at con-
clusion of the convention there was
not the slightest ill-feeling on their
part toward the victors. They an
nounced their determination to lend
their sincerest and heartiest CO. opera
tion for election of Mckinley.
Never within the recollection of any
of the politicians who took part in the
convention has there been q republi-
can state convention which excited
such sincere and earnest interest
among the people of the state and the
nation.
In all the speeches made in behalf
of Mckinley there was not q word
said that in the slightest way ref ectod
on the ability of Cullom as q states
man and leader. Every one of the
speakers referred to Cullom in the
highest terms, and praised him for the
faithful services he has rendered the
st ate. But they held that the Ohio
man was the logical choice; that the
people wanted him, and that to refuse
to name him would be to refuse to obey
the wishes of the people they repre-
sented.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
FUSION IN ALABAMA.
The Mckinley Republicans Are Finally
5sduced by Popu'ists.


The Mckinley Republicans Are FINAL,
5sduced by Popu'ists.
MONTGOMERY, Ala. Especial. THE
Mckinley convention remained In
session ell night. The populists had
coquetted with the McKinleyits and
received "the marble heart" but the
populists were persistent, and at 1890
in the morning they came tapping at
the door again for CO operation and
fusion. This brought up discussion
OF the subject, which leased until day.
light, at which time the wearied Nc.
kinley delegates agreed to cooperate
with the Alabama populists in state
II the populists would nominate j. w.
Smith of Birmingham for attorney
general and F. L. Grimeit Of Macon
for secretary of state. This was agreed
to after being in session thirteen
hours, and the convention adjourned
sine die. The failure OF Mckinley fac
ton to put out q sound money stase
tickee is disappointment to many
sound money republicans.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
THE BLOODY sPAxIARDs.
Execution Of Prisoner Made the Occasion
. Great Catherine.

Execution Of Prisoner Made the Occasion
Great Gathering.
CINCINNATI. - Especial The Com
mercial Gazetts's Havana special Of
April q: Ten men were shot at Moro
castle last Saturday morning. This
morning ten more shots were heard.
OF al that occurs behind those walls
the greatest part must DO matter Of
conjecture.
Only few Spaniards know. It ID
said that . subterranean passage leads
under the waters Of the bay from
Moro Castle to strong fertilization
just across from Havana and Il made
use Of in disposition Of prisoners. All
political prisoners condemned to die
are publicly executed. These exc
buttons arc made great occasions and
before sunrise the bay 10 fairly swarm
ing with little crafts carrying visitors
to the bloody scene. Women take
their children and all business for
the time Is suspended.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
DESTRUCTION BY STORM.

Several Small Twisters In thel NOrt west
with Slight Damage.
Montrose, S. D.-A cyclone passed
about two miles west of here last Mon
day evening and demolished the
houses and barns of Frank Malloy,
Conrad Kirchner, P. Flannery, and
Micheal Mannion, leaving nothing but
mass of.splinters. Also killing sew
eral head of live stock. The family of
Michael Mannion, including himself,
wife and Ave children, were picked up
unconscious. Physicians from here
went out and dressed their wounds
and pronounce none OF them fatally
injured.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
\ RUINED TOWN.
Second Fire at Cripple Greek
Practically Wipes Out
the Town.

CRIPPLE CREEK, Colo. -{Spscial] +
Thousands .of homeless lpeopls shiv-
cred about campflres or wandered
among the ruins Of the once prosperous
city throughout the night. The cold was
severe and toward morning snow b.
gan to fall. During the night, for .
distance Of . mile to the right and left.
the burning embers presented sight
almost incompatible. Standing on
the hill beyond the burned district and
to the west. the picture was one Of .
huge bowl, with the steam arising
above. Everywhere along the
thoroughfares can be seen the work Of
dynamite-a great mass Of kindling
wood.
A company Of the Colorado national
guard is on duty in the unburned dis
trict. Numerous arrests have been
made in the outside district, resort to
which has been made by the vagrant
element which lately has infested
Cripple Greek.
All night fires were starting up &C.
casionally on the placer. Where possible
the residents pulled the houses down
and If that failed, blew them up. They
had no water in that portion Of the
city.
A rumor is in circulation that man
was seen in the act of setting fire to
dwelling on Capitol Hill and was shot
by resident, Just as the firebug was
shot and killed by Floyd Thompson
Wednesday afternoon. Mayor Doyle
OF Victor has employed two fire war.
dens for every business block in that
city, as it has been rumored that fire.
bugs are after that town ~ well as
Cripple Creek A man was caught
late in the afternoon, in the very act Of
firing the rear Of the Newell Hardware
Company's store He is in jail.
The total loss by the last fire 10 est.
mated ct 81, 500. COO The insurance viii
probably foot up $45O,OOO. The
heaviest losers are a. follows:
Louis Weinburg, clothing store.
90. 900; Palace hotel, $4,000; Portland
hotel, 1000; furniture, $1,000; w. T.
Booth. furniture. $4,000; Wright
Hardware company. 1000; Ell Paso
Lumber company, $4,000; Heller's
drug store, $20. OOO
Many other individual losses rum a.
high as $4,000. All the local news
papers, banks and express Offices, and
nearly all stores. restaurants and lodg.
ing houses are wiped out.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

HARRISBURG, Pa.-Gov. Hastings has
refused to grant respite Ia the case
OF II. II. Holmes, who Ii to bs hanged
In Philadelphia on May Z.
SAANaHAI-A collision occurred ct
Woo Sung between the steamers New
Chwang and On Wo. The latter sank
and over 200 persons, mostly Chinese,
were drowned.
MADnID The bishop Of Madrid and
the bish0ps elsewhere In Spain are
calling meetings to organize battaliona
10 light In Cuba
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

that this offer will not bs acceptable
and the probability is that tho confer
once will be broken Of and that
nothing will come OF It. All the dele.
gates are pledged to the utmost
secrecy and have agreed that all OF
the proceedings, with the exception OF
the conclusions reached, shall Away
always remain secret and be dismissed
from their minds.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
Compelled to Work.

Ell PAso. Tex. -[Special.] The gov
ernor of chihuahua sent regiment
of troops to Nina Viejo to compe-
poems to open up the mine and rescue
the miners. He also had the city
police gather up all the unemployed
men in the streets and march them
out to the mine to work. OF the
sixty-one men entombed fifteen were
taken out dead. The disaster was
caused by encroachment on the pill
lars supporting the roof for ore.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

New ORLEANS, lathe eovornmoft'
has ordered two companies of militia
to NAtOhitoches. Trouble d throAt-
ened there on account of refusal Of
demoOfAtic elsCtion ofaciala "a pro-
claim tho result Of the election accord
tng II ballots cost b. populists, but
Iwh. fhS democrats claim wers fraud
tTsBCHa Tho DispaAch says Tint
q gi9nntie sCheme y on k60t toe tkA
comb Ion u M tn stroot ~ ga1
ocnl III eghsny cousity I'm
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
NERvY SORT OF SCHEME.
Stranger Works Duluth Merchants 10
Big Money.

Stranger Works Duluth 0oFohants Tor
Big Money.
DULUTH, May CHARLES Lisbon,
who says he is from st. Louis, spent .
few hours introducing new scheme
here, and he is now in jail He con.
fronted anumber Of prominent mer.
chants with orders for ads In Chicago
business directory, published by the
Index Publishing company. These
orders purported to be signed by the
merchants. and he presented bills for
amounts from $5 to $25. Several paid
the amounts. not doubling but they
had ordered the ads, but Charles Erick-
son did not believe him and he had
him arrested. The orders are all for
geries and very cleverly DONE
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
vaalsh Into Air.

WINNIPEG, Man. - Especial - The
Grssnway government has offered 1.-THE
federal delegates to make the Mani.
tobS schools purely secular and IL
give al denominations : chance, after
school hours, Of imparting religion,
intruction to children Of I'll parents
who desire It. II II also understood
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
Another Away south.

LITTLE Rock, Ark-[Special.l -
Cyclone did heavy damage in Faulkner
county, many farm houses, barn and
other buildings being totally demol-
ished and stock killed. Details are
meagre and 1t is feared human lives
have been lost.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
Distributing Worlds Fair Awards.

O1stEIOuun8 WOrlUs FAtr .AWaIds.
WASHINGTON. Especial. The long
expected distribution of Columbia
exposition diplomas and medals be-
gan with turning over to the German
ambassador the 5000 diplomas and
medals awarded to German exhibitors.
Those awarded to American exhibit
ors will be ready for delivery within
ten days or two weeks. Those to Eng
lish, French and other foreign exhi-
bitors will be ready for delivery with
in month.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
HAN and wind.

MADISON, 8. D.-(Special.l-A severe
hail storm passed over this section
Monday evening. Some half dozen
buildings were blown down and the
damage to glass Is considerable.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

Fargo, N. D.-A cyclone passed
through Barnes county, crossing the
Northern Pacific track at Hobart. Its
path was twelve miles long, but forum
ately only few rods wide. So far rs
known no lives were lost. Gray's
school honse and the home of Nels
Munson. prosperous farmer were
wrecked.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
spein.s Cereal Crop Destroyed.

MADRID. May 1.-The cabinet has
decided to enter upon tho organisation
Of the relief work ON account Of
drought which has almost destroyed
SPANS cereal crops. Unless there i
rain before the middle Of May the loss
from the drought will amount to "a. 000.-
OOO pounds.s
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
BsrAs. After Has jewels

LONDON. May LII Townsend Bur.
den Of New York. with his wife and
daughter. and Mr.. Lindsey. their o.
toFney, has arrived ct Longs hotel,
having come from the United States b
claim the jewslry which had been
stolen from their house in New York
in December last.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
clevslsaA Clesk nakers TougAt.

Cleveloa1 Cleskmakers Fought.
CLEVELAND. May 1.-The nrst
blood Of the cloakmakers' strike wa
shed shortly after noon. Four hundred
strikers attacked several non.union
men and handled them roughly. Four
patrol wagons with . large detail Of
officers were summoned. Three men
were badly injured. ..-.-@
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

GRAND Forks, n. o.. Revenue of.
ficers have seized the brewery OF Jacob
Dobmeier to secure payment Of $1,000
due for revenue taxes. Last fall Dob.
meier WAS found to b. using laRgsS
barrel than the revenue stamp used
accounted for. He didn't dispufe IN
fact but pleaded ignorance and ~
permitted to run under promiss q
payment.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

PHILADELPHIA, May 1.-The strike
Of the employees Of the Union Traction
company. which was ordered BY the
central committee Of tho Amalgamatsd
association to take place at O'Clock ..
m, has fallen fat. Cars are running
regularly on nearly every branch 81 the
company, and mostly manned BY the
old men.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

INDIANAPOLIS, May THE action
Of the Indiana bituminous coal opera
tors in reducing the wage schedule
from 60 to IS cents bore fruit during
the day In . strike in the mines at
various points in the coal belt.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

CHmAao-The marriage Of Miss
E,orence Pullman, daughter Of MT
and Mrs. George NJ. Pullman, to Frank
Orran Lowden, only son Of Mr.. and
Mira q. @. Lowden, Of Hubbard, lows
was solemnized recently.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

Seriktng Trammsrs Rsturn % work.
HoU0HToN. Mich, May 1.-The 10
striking trammers at the Quincy mine
have returned TO work, the company
giving raise OF 70 cents day and m
extra man to each car.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
Moline 1sde . st.sene.t.

PARIS. May AT tho opening Of
the chamber of deputies, n. Meline.
the new premier. read . statement in
which the government recognises the
preponderance Of the chamber Of depu-
ties, but afiirms that It il impossible to
govern without the senate.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07

EAr CLAIRE. Wis.-James Wilson
~ss arrested here for issuing spurious
ch ~ on the Commercial Bank Of
Eau Claire.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1896-05-07
~. HOUsR.

In the house ! partial report on the
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
NINETEEN CANDIDATES
Present Them selves to Receive Scot
fish Kites DEGREES.

The following candidates presented
themselves at the Scottish Rites reun-
ion today to receive the thirty-frst and
Ihirty-seCOnd degrees:
James Wilson. D. NJ. Haynes, Nathan
SchlosS, Archie NJ Baird. Nathan 3. Per-
~. John z jenkins, Luther NJ. Phebus,
Edward p Baker. John w. Neale, David
r. Richards. Samuel Cunnin CHAM. George
i. Hornings Albert Sarbach, Albert i. S.
Green and John J. Green, o. J. Wood
Jonn I. Shirley, Joseph w. Mattern,
Frank W. Crane.
Tonight the annual banquet win be held
act as POSTMASTER and responses viii be
given as follows:
To the government of our country
J. n. McCOmb; ITO our supreme council,
Evan Davis; To our grand commander
p J. Ereling; To the Grand Lodge of
Kansas" VIM. NJ. Shaver; ITO the breth-
rem whose labOrs have ceased among US.
but whose love abides with us forever
(Fhis toast is drank in silence.) ITO all
AIasOns and Masonic orders" s. z. BUS
ser. To our departed commander, Broth
err Albert Pike NJ NJ Miller: ITO our
visiting brethren E. w. Poindexter; ITO
our guests the ladies'" Frank p. Smith;
THE Eastern Star" Mary L. Sargent;
THE army and the gospel" Thomas w.
Barry; Our infants" Archie NJ. Baird. D.
L. J. Phebuss Music hath charms VIM.
NJ. Shaver.
The banquet will be enjoyed by the
Scottish Rites MasOns, their ladies and
invited guests Covers will be laid for 200
Vocal and instrumental music will be
given during the evening. The banquet
begins al 9 o clOck.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
How to Educate

The late election settled nothing. ex-
cept that mere education is needed. The
one thing now to be done is to persist
entity urge the reading of the best books
that cover the money question. Hon.
Louis B1odgett Of Phila delphia, an edi-
tor and author of note, and for II years
appraiser general of the United States,
wrote to Albert Griffin.
II am very glad to seesThe Key Note,
your book on the great question now
agitating the country. find in
every chapter the best and most con
densed statements I have yet seen, not
only Of the conditions that exist, but
also of the duty every citizen has
now, and of the necessity that impells
every man to act. your citations of
striking statements by others, and your
illustrations of practical results are d
mirable. They are singularly complete
and valuable. and the book affords the
best aid possible to any one. no matter
what his present views may be, who
may have to pass upon monetary ques-
tons"
Every lover of humanity, and every
man who cares for his own interests.
should read this really remarlza BILE book
and help to circulate it. Copies VIII be
sent free to all papers that viii review
it candidly.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
TODAY'S MARKET REPORT.
Furnished by the Associated Press to
the State Journal.

Chicago, Nov. 13
WHEAT-Opened active and higher this
morning. although not up to curb prices
Bull news was plentiful. Liverpool was
over Id higher. the highest since 1892
There were further drought reports from
India and renewed country buying was
made evident Opening prices for Decem-
Der were Sl1sd811zc compared with yester-
days close of S03zc. After selling at S05sc,
profit taking caused a reaction to SIC, but
the price again advanced TO 81Ac. At the
end of the first hours trading December
sold at Sic.
CORN-Vas quiet and rather weak I'M
der liberal offerings. May opened 1sc
higher at 29ssQ297ac and slowly sold off to
2S34 I2SIsc.
OATS-Opened firm but soon followed
corn in its downward course May open
ed &c higher at pc and declined to 227sc-
PROVISIONS-Wer easy nOtWithstand~
ing steady hog market January pork
opened PIC higher at ssh and declined to
S7971z. January lard opened unchanged
a S4.35 and declined to s4.321z. January
ribs opened 21zc lower at $3.9l1z
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
Market Gossin.

Furnished by Topeka Grain & stock
Hogs: Chicago % 900. Kansas City H.
600. Omaha 400 head.
Liverpool morning cable. Market huc-
tuating prices 11ad higher
Chicago: Inspections wheat 1910; corn
1929; oats 1921
Chicago: Estimated hogs tomorrow 20
600 head.
Chicago: The Herald says. It fumbled
the ball for awhile this morning in the
wheat pit, said James Patton IN deScr1b-
ing his days experience, but got it again
and held it." Patton meant to explain
that he had caught the bear fever early
and had sold out his wheat but that he
had experienced a sudden cure and taken
his line back in a great hurry.
Chicago: Liverpool wheat is equal OF
81 031a per bushel-
New York: Failure of the bear rumors
to ma terialize and absence of selling pres
sure resulted in decision by the street that
reaction had been definitely postponed.
are likely to advance for the rest Of the
week. Ohio coal roads made an agree
ment yesterday to restore coal rates on
November "a. Coal prices will be advanc-
ed as we'll Bull talk on Wheeling stock
as a result of it. Granger business good.
New York: Stocks viii sell higher. keep
long Chicago Gas. q western Union
and Sugar. The banks statement viii be
a most excellent one. Pay no heed to war
sCares.
Chicago: Puts, December wheat sold at
76c and calls at Sc. good all next week.
Nay corn puts &c; calls 3o14ci good ali
next week.
Chicago: New York ticker says later
Information from india show the posi-
tion serious, famine being un1ortuna tely
realized Rain even now could not inn
prove Punjaub, where only million acres
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13

TOR F-Bedsteads. bedroom suite. fold
II ing Ioun ge. cook stove and kitchen fuTni
ture. 1924 Tyler St
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13

Of wheat are sown out Of Is million acres
for India Half dozen California carg0es
already bought are mere nothing to what
have to be bought when real famine win
be felt. Corn viii doubt find its way
to India in large amounts. Requirements
for Europe are million quarters. Not
only is wheat threatened but rye crop
will be short.
Liverpool second cable I'd higher than
opening cable.
New York: Cargo of corn taken here
today to 60 to Bombay.
wheat and -four, 1886 600 bushels.
Chicago. Estimated cars tomorrow,
wheat Sc; corn go. oats 200.
Chicago: Puts, December wheat f8f1
7Slzc: calls 820 s2izc; puts. May corn 28i Sc,
calls. 2S5c. puts. January pork $3.50. calls,
$50; curb. December wheat s0zc.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
HACKETT CALLED BACK.
win Not Appear in the prisoner of
Zenda-1

Mr.. Anderson Reid who represents
Daniel Frohman's Prisoner of Zenda"
company, is in town today. The "Pris-
oner'' company will play at the Grand
Opera House on next Friday night the
10th.
There VIII be some disappointment
perhaps among Topeka people who re-
member him, that James K. Hackett
win not appear with the company in
Topeka Mr Hackett was called to
New York city by Mr.. Frohman two
weeks ago from San Francisco to take
a part in a new production. Mr.. Hack
ett has been succeeded as Rudolf by
Howard Gould. who has ben playing
Gilbert the opposite part, all season.
Mr.. Reid telegraphed his disappoint-
ment to Mr.. Frohman who replied i'm
rneCiiately that the company was still
the strongest he had out and strong
enough
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
Chicago Livestock Market.

Chicago, Nov. i,
HOGS Estimated receipts hogs today
%, 900: left over s 900. Market active, pri-
ces steady TO shade higher. Lights $500
$50; mixed So 25Q3.65; heavy $3-o5Q360;
CATTLE@ Receipts 5000. Good grades
steady; others easy. Beeves S3.6 rs;
cows and heifers S175d4.1 10. Texas steers
s.. S0a4.00 westerns IS. 25G4.15; stockers and
feeders 81 S0Q 3. 80.
SHEEP Receipts II OO0 Steady
HOGS-Ofhcfal receipts yesterday 81 1853;
shipments 6.275
TLE-Official receipts yesterday
Il. III: shipments 3 1853.
SHEEP-Ofhcial receipts yesterday -
Az shipments 454.
Estimated receipts hogs tomorrow 90, 000
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1896-11-13
EDITOR M'CULLAGH o. K.
He is Not at Deaths Door as Has
Been Announced.

St Louis, Nov. 13.-The report sent
abroad from this city that Joseph B.
AIcCullagh editor of the St Louis
Globe-D Democrat is at deaths door is
without foundation. Four weeks ago
Mr.. McCullagh caught a slight cold and
asthma resulted which has confined
him to his room ever since, but his con
dition has at no time been considered
serious.
He is able to be up every day and at
tends to the editorial management of
the paper as carefully and as thorough
~ as when at his once. In fact his
confinement is more Of a precautionary
measure than matter of necessity.