davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29
Party Government In France.

It Is n book OF unique usefulness which Mr.. A,
LAWRENCE LOWELL has given us in the two
volumes collectively entitled Governments and
Parties in Continental Europe tHoughton.
MiHiin g. Company. Until the recent publica-
ton OF q cyclopmdic work in Springfield, Mass,
not even the written constitution of the Cont
mental peoples enjoying Parliamentary govern
ments were accessible in newspaper offices or in
tho libraries Of men DESTROYS OF discussing
foreign affairs. 1t Is not enough to know, how
ever. the constitutions Of foreign coun-
tries; It is Indispensable to learn how party
government works under and through the estab-
lished institutions. Otherwise. how can we I'M
derstand why 1t is that the system OF govern
ment by parties, which has worked 80
we'll in England, works SO i'll upon
tho Continent2 Causes for tho difference
there must be. and MIR. Lowell has undertaken
to tell US what these are. II is impossible. In a
single notice. even to outline the contents OF
volumes tho scope OF which is 40 extensive.
and. therefore, for the moment, we conhne our
selves to indicating what the author has to say
about the working of party government in
France, which. next to the United States, is the
most powerful of republics. The
given US on this head Is the moro acceptable be-
cause, until recently. there has been among us q
lack OF knowledge regarding oven tho struc-
tural institutions of tho present French polity.
When President Carnot was assassinated. there
was even in the best New York news
papers, which as regards the politics OF the Con-
tinent of Europe are, as n rule, better informed
than the principal London journals. q regretta-
Bile display OF ignorance concerning the provi-
Rions made in view OF just such a contingency in
tho organic laws framed in 1875 by the YER
sailles Constitutional Assembly. But, as we
have said. even q thorough knowledge of the
text OF those laws would often leave us at a loss
with respect to the actual working OF French
politics. for. in the application Of those primary
statutes. French legislators arc controlled by
presidents and traditions which date back for
several generations and. in some cases, even to
the Ancien Regime. 1t is the peculiar merit of
this book that the author sets forth those tradi-
lions and those precedents, and thus enables the
reader to understand that subdivision of the
French Chamber of Deputies into factions and
groups which renders party government in the
English sense impracticable
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29

We note, finally. that the habit of addressing
Interpolation to tho Ministers has . direct
bearing on the stability Of the Cabinet and the
subdivision of parties. The existence OF tho
Ministry depends on the support of tho major
ity; II that Is compact and harmonious, the
Ministry will be strong and durable; II not, It
will be feeble and short-lived. Now, what is
meant In France by an Interpolation In form
It is similar to a simple question addressed by
members who really want information, but the
procedure In tho two cases is quite different. A
question can be addressed to a Minister only
with his consent, whereas the Interpolation is a
matter of right, which any Deputy may exer-
ctso, without regard to the wishes of tho Cabi-
net. A moro important difference consists In
tho fact that only tho author of q simple ques-
ton can reply to the Minister, no further dis
cussion being permitted, and no resultant mo-
ton being in order; whereas an Interpolation Is
followed both by q general debate and by
motions. These take tho form Of motions to pass
to tho order Of the day. and may be orders of
tho day pure and simple. which contain no OK
preston of opinion, or they NAV DO what arc
termed orders of the day with q motive,
such rs the Chamber. approving Tor dis
approving) the declarations Of the Govern
ment, passes to the order OF the day.
Several orders of this kind are often moved.
and they arc put to tho vote In success
sion. The Ministers select ono of them. and
declare that they will accept that. II It Is re-
1ected by the Chamber. or II n hostile order of
tho day Is adopted, and tho matter is thought
to BIO OF Sufhcient Importance. the Cabinet
resigns. Now. if adverse votes In the Chamber
are to be followed by the resignation Of the
Cabinet, and the formation OF n now one. 1t Is
evident that, to secure tho proper stability In a
Minister. such votes ought to be taken only on
measures OF really great Importance, or on
questions that Involve tho whole policy and
conduct OF tho Administrations. 1t is evident,
also, that they ought not to be taken hastily. or
under excitement, but only after tho Chamber
has deliberately made up It's mind that 1t dis
approves OF the Cabinet, and that the coun-
hted by a change OF Ministers. Tho re-
verse OF all this is true OF the French
system OF Interpolation, and q Cabinet which,
in the morning, sees no danger ahead. and On
Joys the confidence of the Chamber and OF the
nation, may be upset before nightfall by q vote
provoked In q moment of excitement on a mat
tor Of secondary Importance. Out OF the twenty
one Ministries that have resigned in consequence
OF a vote of the Chamber OF Deputies since the
Cabinet has been responsible, ten have fallen on
account of orders OF the day. moved after an
Interpolation or in tho course of debate. The
large part that interpretations play In French
politics 10 shown by the fact that they arouse
more popular interest than the speeches on
ErsAt measures; and. indeed. the nSseyaluAbls
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29


L.
Joseph Banks was born in Argyle street. Lon
don. on Feb. 9. 1743. He was tho son of VIII
liam Banks Of Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire. q
gentleman possessed OF o considerable fortune,
duo to his fathers successful practice of med!-
cine in that county. p AxAhe ago of 0 he was
sent TO Harrow, and, four years later, was
transferred to Eton, whore he displayed An ex-
tremo aversion to study, especially to that of
Greek and Latin. and an inordinate love of all
kinds of energetic sports. 1t was at school that
he was first attracted to the study of botany,
and, having no better Instructor, he paid some
women, "cullers of simples," he called them,
who wero employed in gathering plants, for
which he paid Thorn slxpence apiece. During
his HOLIDAYS he found on his mothers dressing
table an old torn COPY of Gerard's Her
hal i" and carried Il back with him to school.
Even While at Elton, he made considerable col
~lections OF plants and insects. Leaving school
at seventeen, he went up to Oxford, and was en-
tered as a gentleman commoner at Christ
Church. He found himself unable to got any
teaching in botany at Oxford, but, obtaining
leave. he proceeded to Cambridge, and returned
with Israel Lyons, the astronomer and botanist.
under whom a class was formed. In December.
1893, he left Oxford with an honorary degree,
and. coming of ago tho following year, found
nlInhClI IuAblGE VA ~ OILuu0 nD4Cn CuAUlCu IlI
TO devote himself entirely to the study of nat
ural science. At this time he formed a
friendship with tho notorious but Intelligent
Lord Sandwich, a neighboring landowner.
both being devoted to hunting and other
field sports. Tho two are credited with
having formed a project of draining tho
Serpentine In order to obtain some light on tho
6sbes It contained. In May, 1906. at the early
age of "a. Young Banks wa. elected n fellow of
tho ROYAL Society. and in tho summer OF that
year ACCOMPANIED Lieut.. Phipps (afteryard
Lord MulRraye) TO Newfoundland. whore he in
vest,pated tho flora of that then botanicaIlv nm
Known ialand. Hts journal of tho yoyaee IA
pressryed In manuscript in the British Museum.
shortly after the accession of George III. seyeral
alma had been sent to tho Southern Seas in the
interests of eeo0raphical science. On their ra-
trrn thu aovernmant resolv.d IN At ont an axna-
aI,,on n the Isl.nd of Tahiti or "a Il was thar
callod otahite und.r Li,ut, lanes Cook in
ordsr IN obaorva In. trann,t Of yenp. Il,
LAO Mr. Ranks obtained leave IN toin
tho sxpadi,ion from Lord Sand vjch than Al IN.
b..d ~ TN. Admiralty Ar hi. own opt,.v
which ia said To have amopnt.i % sho ooo
RANKS furn,shod ALI the atoros mead od IN maj.
compls,s co,lsotiop. In .vsrv branch NJ r.trr.i
.c,.ncs and ,ngac.d IN. w~.l.troxn sv.d,.h
bntsnis, Dr soIsnd.r a nunil a, IJnnan. 80
astb.r with fopr drapobt,men and n .,.r y,
nine servants, to him. The adven.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29

nounce the enterprise altogether" Incident
ally, Sir Joseph Hooker, to whom we are in
debted for theee facts, mentions that the great
chemist, Priestloy, whom Banks had invited to
join the expedition. was objected to on account
OF his religious principles by tho Board of Longi-
tude. Thwarted in their design to proceed TO
the South Seas. Banks and Solander set out on a
scientific expedition to Iceland in n vessel spc-
cially charted for them at a cost of Gl0o a month.
They sailed in July, I've. and, on the way.
Banks carried out his intention of yis-
itlnE staffa. to which he was tho
FIRST to draw the attention of scien-
tiio men. They spent a month In leo
land exploring Mount Hecla, the geysers
and other remarkable features of the island.
Banks made copious observations, which DR..
Troll. one Of the party, and aftcrward Arch
bishop of Upsala, included in his account of
Iceland, and Banks also. subsequently,, placed
his manuscript journal at the disposal of Sir
William Hooker, whom he had advised to visit
the island for scientific purposes, and who
made copious use of It in his Tour in Ice
land" Banks always continued to take q keen
interest in the lcelanders, and, some years after
ward. when England was at war with Dem
mark, brought about tho adoption OF measures
which actually saved them from starvation.
At about the time of his visit to Iceland. Banks
contemplated q visit to the North Pole. as APP
pears from a statement by Barrow that he an
nounced such an intention at q meeting
OF the Batavian Society In Rotterdam
In 1878. when he desired to be put
In possession Of such discoveries and observa-
lions as had been made by tho Dutch. On his
return from Iceland. Banks settled in Soho
Square. whore. as we'll as at Revesby Abbey, he
accumulated . magnificent library and largo
collections, tho whole being arranged in tho
most methodical manner.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29


supply mhchinory that u unshhken py poHt-
- " -
- -. vi -,hs
pas.' ,sm,O" 30 many rcso'us,on, =.
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auu IN NV .ek''ie.ui0 70 II o"o Vi 80
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r.. $50 -. I..'s s.-.Nno.
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chinery OF q party has sometimes shown more
..ant...n nA g. ~. 1919 ..nsn,,a nv SUI
80. -, 49, .htah Se nsn
- "' Ae
a..a.ee .en
80 "lI'~'" y an
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w. ,Au'.
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Sh""oef . "e@ Hhoieo'er' prosrhhnmee'
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29
~.

The houses, or rather dwellings. of these pee
ple wero admirably adapted tn the continual
warmth of the climate. They wero not oius.
tered in villages and towns. but placed separate,
each from the other, according to tho size of the
estate possessed by the owner. They were AL
ways in the woods. and no moro ground was
cleared for each house than was Just sun cient
to hinder the dropping from the branches from
rottinE the matched roof. Consequently. one
stepped from the house Immediately under
shade. and that the most beautiful imaginable.
Sir Joseph Banks declared that no country in
Europe could boast or such delightful walks.
for the whole of the plains where tho people
lived were covered with groves of bread fruit
and cocoanut trees. without underbrush. These
were intersected In all directions by the pathu
which led from one house to another, 80 that
the whole countryside lay under shade. The
houses themselves being built without walls.
the air. cooled In the shadow Of the trees, had
free access from whatever direction IL happened
to blow. The average dimensions of tho mid.
dle-sized houses were the following: Length "a
rect. breadth IL feet. extreme height Sh feet.
and height OF tho caves 3S feet. The build
ing consisted OF nothing but u matched roof, of
the same shape as was common in England. Hus.
ported by three rows of posts. one row on each
side and one in the middle. The floor was COW
cred some inches deep with soft hay, upon
"h'oh' moro anu there, were laid mats for the
inmates TO sit upon. These constituted almost
the only furniture. few houses having more than
ono stool, which was the property of the head OF
the family. and constantly used by him. These
dwellings served the islanders chiefly to sleep
In and for the manufacture OF cloth. They
generally ate in the open air, under
the shade OF the nearest tree. II tho weather
were not rainy. The mats on which they sat In
the daytime were also their beds at night, tho
cloth when they wore in the day s~uficing for a
coverihg' ana a oiock OF wood for n pillow. The
order in which the family Law down M nigh,
was usually this: Near the middle of the room
slept the master OF the house and his wife, and
them the rest of the married people.
next outside them. the unmarried women.
next to them again. at some small distance. tbs
unmarried mon. The servants hatLuallys lep.
In the open air. or, ii 1t rained. came Just within
sAVss tor shsltsF. There were some hsusso
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29
III.

In his general account OF tho South Sea ISL
ands. which II must he remembered Sir Joseph
Banks visited in 1907 when tho Inhabitants
were In their pristine condition. uninjured by
contact with the viler sort of Europeans, no tells
us that all the islands he had seen were very
populous along the whole length OF tho coast,
where are generally large fats covered with a
great many bread fruit and cocoanut trees. The
houses there were scarcely fifty yards apart,
separated by little plantations OF plantains, and
of the trees from which tho Inhabitants make
their cloth. The inland parts he found totally
uninhabited. except in the valleys where there
are rivers, and even these contained but a small
proportion OF denizcns in comparison with the
number who lived upon the flats. The inhab-
i,ants Of the South sea Islands are described AZ
being Of the larger size OF Europeans, ali very
well made, and some handsome. both men and
women. Tho only bad feature they had was
their noses. which were In general fat, but TO
balance this their tseth were. almost without
exception. perfectly even and white. and tho
eyes OF the women especially were full Of o..
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1896-11-29
HE.

Admitting all this to be true. we might. from
an academical viewpoint, assume that, under a
Parliamentary form of governments, party or
RAniZatioR would hardly be indispensable. and
thai. asin England, the need Of political cohesion
would be, to q great extent, supplied by o strong
Ministry that really led Parliament and the
nation. But, In France. We meet with some
other causes that tend to produce . multiplicity
Of groups, causes that spring from certain mi
nor French institutions. tho outcome Of prece-
dent and tradition, which are. to q considerable
extent, Inconsistent with the Parliamentary sys-
TEN. Three of these are discussed by Mr..
Lowell as being specially important, to wit, tho
method OF electinR Deputies. the system of
committees in the Chambers. and the practice
OF interpretations. First, as regards the mode of
choosing Deputies: In France tho Scrutin de
Ltste, OF the election of all tho Deputies from q
department on one ticket, and tho Scrutin
d'AiTondtstment, or the use of single electoral
districts. have prevailed alternately. the latter
being In force ut tho present day. Under both
systems an absolute majority OF all the votes
cast is required for election. II there are moro
than two candidates In the i1eld, and no ono of
them gets such q majority, q second vote, called
tho bdltOtdge. is taken two weeks later. and. at
this. a plurality Is enough to elect. Mr.. Lowell
points out that such q procedure encourages
each political group to nominate a separate can
didato for the first ballot. Suppose, for OK
ample. that there is Reactionary candidate and
a Moderate Republican candidate In tho field and
that tho Radicals prefer the Republican to tho
Reactionary; still, they have nothing to lose by
running u candidate of their own on the first
ballot. for, II the Reactionary can control more
votes than both his rivals combined, he will
be elected in any event; II nc cannot, he will
not BIO elected. whether tho Radicals put up a
candidate OF their own or not. In this last case.
tho first ballot will have counted for nothing,
and tho Radicals will be able to vote for tho
Moderate Republican At tho ~ballotd0e. and elect
him then. They are likely, indeed. to gain q
positive advantage by nominating a separate
candidate. for. II they succeed In polling a large
vote on the first ballot, they are in an excel
lent position to wiring concessions from the
Moderates as tho price OF their ultimate
support. Cumbrous as it Is, this system
of voting dates back TO the election Of the
States-General in 1880, and. with a couple
of short breaks. has been maintained In
France ever since. The idea that q represent
alive ought to DO the choice OF a majority of
. given community 10 evidently natural In de-
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1896-02-10
The Al..ka-wnloughby Mining Co.

Concerning matters at Furter bay and
she movements OF the Alaska-Willougaay
Mining Company. the members of which
are well known IN Seattle. the MINING ksec-
ord OF January - contains the foiiowtng.
The steamer Rustler came IN yesterday
morning from Funter bay. bringing IA
William Nelson. mine foreman on the Tel
iur1um eroup. and G. E. Taylor who has
superinteneed the construction Of the
Alaska-willoughby Mining Company's
ten-stamp mill Both gentlemen are pTac-
teal mining men of wide experience. and
we believe them in their remarks that the
property has most promising outlook; in
fact equal to any they have yet seen. The
mill Is finished. and is the most complete
plant of ten stamps that has been erected
In Alaska. Owing TO the present shortage
OF water the mill has not yet been started
running, but workmen are now engaged
along the ditch. and should the present
warm weather hold out sufficient water
power will be on hand shortly. The tunnel
tapped the Uncle Sam vein in a distance or
seventy odd feet. and at a depth OF sixty
feet showing q vein twelve feet In widfa.
The group of mines now has a showing
that would supply a forty-siamp mill The
mouth OF the tunnel is situated just above
high tide and within a few feet OF the mill.
and all the other mine workings are close
by with track connections, which reduces
the matter OF ore conveyance down 10
minimum. Ii is thought that the company
will increase the present capacity OF the
mill ia a short time.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1896-02-10
Amer,con Stock. IN london.

London, Feb. s.-Consols touched the rec
ord point of l0sss during the week. Bust
ness on the stock exchange was fairly ac-
tive. the tendency being upward all around.
Traffic returns for home railways are bet
ter and the board OF trade returns are also
favorable. The improved political outlook
gives promise of continued high prices.
The mining market was firm, Colonial Sec
rotary Chamberlain's dispatch having
caused general rise. The success OF the
loan has inspired the American market.
which shows a distinct rise. Discount
rates advanced slightly yesterday on the
prospect of shipments OF gold TO New York.
The increases for the week are: Chicago,
Milwaukee 4 St Paul. s& Louisville &
Nashville. 2: Atchison Mortgage and DEM
yer preferred IA Lake Shore. wabash pre-
ferred and Union Pacific, u: Erie seconds.
Missouri Pacific and Wabash. y. The de-
crea ses We're: Norfolk & Western, Is; New
York Central and Reading firsts, e.