davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
Suicide of Miss Cola N. EIiSoff.


io:t. h.ins one-naii mile west of Sails
bury. took he- o=n lie.
DIR. G. NJ. Dewey. of Keytesville.
coroner, was notified and went over to-
Salisbury on the local freight Monday
afternoon for the purpose Of holding
an inquest. bat owing to the lateness
Of the hour when he reached Sails
bury the inquest was not. commenced
until Tuesday morning at S:3o
O'Clock.
Constable ]. w. Redd subponaed the
following witnesses and summons a
coroner's jury, to-wit: II
THE WITNESSES.
DIR. J. II. P. Baker. DIR. J. F. wcIch-
DIR. F. y. Philpot. Or. j. b. Redmon-
]. L. Elliott, VIM. Cravens. /.
Nellie Meyer, Mrs. Hettie Elliott
The JURY.
DIR. r. w. Blakey, w. w. Riley.
]. K. Mason, c. Fl. Woodson.
Arthur Reid. Peter Stakeholder.
The following is the substance of
the testimony taken before the coron-
er's jury:
Dr. Philpott, of Salisbury, testified:
Was called to see Miss Elliott about 7
O'Clock a. m. on March Ist, and
found her unconscious, pupils con-
tracted, breathing sietterous and he
could not arouse her. The doctor
found her lying on a couch neatly and
elegantly draped. Her case was dag
nosed morphine poison. The atten-
ding physician remained with the pa
tent until 9 O'Clock Monday morning
when her spirit took its flight. She
continued unconscious from the time
DIR. Philpott saw her until death en-
sued. except partial reaction about
az O'Clock Il. IN. on Sunday. An au-
topsy was made by DIR. Philpott after
death. assisted by Drs. Baker and
Welch. of Salisbury. The uterus was
especially examined, it having been
the request of deceased on account of
n SANDER concerning her character.
The autopsy of the uterus showed vir-
gin womb and appendages. The
contents of the stomach were not ex-
amined. Dr. Philpott had no know
ledge as to when the young lady got
the morphine.
The testimony OF Drs. Baker and
Welch, who were also called 10 see
Miss Elliot; on the same day as Dr.
Philpott. confirmed ID. Philpptt's evil
dence as to the diagnosis OF the case
and the auiop.y held on the body.
Neither i'r. y H.'e' nor i'r. " "s.ci kna"
.vnen or w'e-c S"e got 'ne deadly
cruz.
J. l.. I'li".' . a-a'hr- 20 the dead
yo:'..s '-'y. ,a...5eL. that he foual
bis s.. '-r SUNDAY morning 'u1:t %
o'..yC. "a aa unconscious C'gI.aCn
aat she 5e.Hain-li0 '..' y.7i35"H Tn
4. .--.0. iIe ."'.. She .-uei 20 DE
200 ..- g.rr' .-.'1 n1 S-.I-Htr '1ll
dies sd. a;s ri ...- ..-.ae. on ~1t-r-
d., aui sa- rs..a--d as -sra. N
uri and body @.s waI- no threats
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
The Poor Printers Friends

TIE following parties have either
Tenevc cd their subscription or become
new sui s-ribcrs to the COURIER in the
past ten DAYS, to all OF whom we eX-
press our sincere thanks. May
heaven bless en-.
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
S. M. White,
KEYTESyILLE, NO.

Suppose you Try some Of my
elrly June peas Tor dinner io-morroS
The price - Il L..
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
SaUSTERLydS.
fBy 10. Dni.I

win check tl.x:'s sublime and smooth
crtc-v'nul.
lie hoodwinked the voters. and betrayed
one and all.
Ana with skins TO put on. and masnincicnt
gall.
He let them a0vn hard. did one Judas s.
Hall.
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06

Olives in bulk at S. NJ. Whites
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
May be someone will profit

printed. May be someone will profit
by it."
Thus the sad story is told Of why
Miss Coda Elliott ended her nwn l;ae
Sne fell martyr to the vile tongue Of
SANDER.
The Mr.. Gallemore referred to in
her letter to Mrs. nellie Meyer is ].
q. Gallemore, of the Salisbury Pres =
Spectator. He stoutly denies his guilt
OF the awful charges Miss Elliott makes
against him, and offers $Ioo reward
for proof that he either in the columns
of his paper, or personally, ever utter
ed one word derogatory to Miss Coda
Elliott's good name.
Several weeks ago, however, Mr..
Gallemore mentioned in his paper
"a news item" concerning two illegiti-
mate births, which he said had been
reported in that vicinity, but gave no
names.
Such news items" are distasteful to
the public generally, and dangerous to
those who promulgate them unless
their is positive evidence of their truth.
We believe "Br'er" Gallemore has
been taught valuable lesson and one
he will never forget.
The next and last witness examined
before the corone::'s jury was Mrs.
Hettie Elliott, who testified:
Am the mother of the deceased.
She had headache Saturday. Found
her asleep on the lounge when l got
up Sunday morning to get breakfast.
Did not know she was unconscious.
Thought l would let her sleep awhile,
but after awhile went to her and tried
to arouse her, but could not. Had
not noticed anything peculiar about
her breathing. Coda kept morphine
about the house-took it for neural
gia. Never heard her threaten to
take her own life, but heard her say:
There are some reports about me,
and. mother, ! can'tEve theoug;i itr
~
This completed the evidence before
the coroner's jury, which soon return
the following verdict:
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06
THE VERDICT.

1--WE, the jury, find that deceased,
Coda Elliott, came to her death by the
use of some of the forms of opium pois-
on, administered by her own hand, with
suicidal intent, on account of certain
circulated false reports derogatory to
her character.
X. w. BLAEfY, ST.,
Foreman. :"
Chariton courier. (Keytesville, Chariton County, Mo.) 1878-current, 1896-03-06

- that sometimes she thoeght of
ol1ng her own life At this point the
iollowing lett to Mrs. Meyer, The
vness, was intro lhced, she stating
TT she recognized mi knew !, ~ -
m she handwriting of Miss Coda FL
H@
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
A Provoked Assault,

On March 10th Delinquent Tax Collector
Cleaver of st. Georges hundred was sitting
at Mt. Pleasant to receive taxes according
to legal announcement. Mr.. John Clay
ton, the Republican County Committeeman
representing that district, was sick and his
brother, Mr.. Joshua Clayton of Thomas, was
acting for him. The necessity for having an
elertRepublican around when taxes are being
paid is shown from the fact that the collector
gave to colored taxable receipt with his
name misspelled. This error was corrected.
Next the collector gave to Alex. Mahoney
another colored man, receipt for the tax
ON two dogs but no poll tax. A man can
not vote OIL dog tax, and Mr. Clayton, as
was his privilege and his dLty as a repre-
sentative of the Republican Party called
the attention of Collector Cleaver to the
omission of the poll tax This incen sed
the collector who questioned Mr.. Clayton's
right to be present in his Office, ordered
him out of the Office and threatened him
with club. Mr.. Clayton put his hands on
the collector, and herein was the assault"
which was subsequently proven but persons
present interfered and the exchange of
Compliments" en6ed the matter there.
Mr. Cleaver went before Squire Sutton Of
st. Georges and charged Mr.. Clayton with
assault, abuse. resisting public officer, &c.
The trial, having been once postponed
came off on Tuesday with a number of wit
nesses and spectators present, and it is said
Mr.. Clayton so ably defended his own case
that Mr.. Cleaver referred to him as my
learned opponent" Nothing but the as
sault the mere laying on ofhands, was pro-
ven, but this stuck Mr.. Clayton for a fine
of five dollars and costs. total of S22 36.
Squire Sutton's rulings were very fair and
he sustained Mr.. Clayton in his points and
objections throughout the trial.
This is but another illustration of the
annoyance to which the Tins" can put the
'outs." Alex. Mahoney's name is on the
certified copy of the assessment for which
the Republicans have paid. Mr.. Clayton
did right in demanding that he be given a
tax receipt, and it is an outrage on the tax
payers of the county that the county should
be cheated out of the tax that a Republi-
can may be cheated out Of his vote. That
is the wrong which Republicans especially
have suffered for nearly quarter of a
century.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04

On Monday two horses were sent from
the stables of Jester & Mcdaniel. Whining
ton, to Middletown for Howard Barwick,
of Sudlersville, Md. On Tuesday Mr.. Bar
wick sent J. Frank Brown after the horses,
and paying the expense of their keep over
night at the Middletown Holtel, he set out
for home. 1t seems that he offered to sell
or trade the horses to everyone whom he
met on the road, and at Massey's succeeded
in selling them for $500 to Joseph Wallace
Then Brown hired conveyance back to
Middletown for $500 and registered at the
National Hotel. paying dollar there.
About $50 Mr.. Clarence Scott received a
telegram from Mr.. Barwick asking him to
assist in capturing BrowE and in half
hour thereafter Brown was in the town
lookup, Messrs. Barwick and Wallace and
other friends came to Middletown during
the night, and Brown having surrendered
the balance of the money $21.80 to them,
they set out for Sudlersville with him on
Wednesday morning. Brown claimed to
have jeen drunk as an excuse for his con-
duct.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
TOWNSEND TOPICS d.

Mr.. Daniel Wells has been quite sick.
The new creamery is now in operation.
Rev: s. M. Morgan, of Mt. Salem. visited
friends here on Monday.
Mrs. Mollie Jacobs, of Millington. spent
Sunday with her parents.
Rev. Daniel Camp and wife have re eturned
to their home at Tuckahoe. N. J.
Rev. Albert Chandler was called to Wy
oming to perform marriage ceremony
on Thursday.
Rev. F. F. Carpenter and wife, of Hills
boro, were the guests of his sister, Mrs. D
P. Hutchison, this week
Mrs. John Townsend, Mrs. W. A. Scott
and Mrs D.B Maloney spent Thursday with
Mrs James Collins, near Middletown.
Miss Anita Wilson, of West Chester Nor
NAL school. who has been spending a few
days with her sister, here, has returned.
Mrs. D. B. Jones and her daughter, Anna,
returned to their home at Bridgeville OH
Saturday after brief visit among relatives
here.
The Ladies Aid" of Union church met
at the home of Mrs. w. N. Watts near town
last week. They were royalty entertained.
and a pleasing literary program was rem
dered by some of the members.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
V. NJ. a. A

The executive committee of the Y. NJ. G..
A. have rented the room in the Cochran
Block OH the Plaza above Mrs. Barnett's
store and are arranging to have it fitted up
at once. AT the meeting on Tuesday even
ing, six gentlemen pledged themselves to
be one each of ten persons to guarantee the
rent for five years. 1t was thought the
other four could be easily secured. A hun
dred and seventy-fve dollars had been
pledged towards furnishing the rooms be-
sides the membership fees of two dollars
year from sixty-fve members. The as
sociation starts off with excellent promise
of success.
The president at the meeting Tuesday
evening annonced the following standing
committees: On Religion SeEyices-M, N.
Willis, A. G. Cox, Jos. Suydam, John s:
Ash, and w. G.. Lockwood; on Social
Meetings Downham, s. A. Pitt
DR.. w. E. Barnard, F. r. Pool, and DR.. J,
c. Sites. The Association adjourned to
Frid ay evening, April 11th at 8 o'clock, in
the new quarters.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
PERSONALITIES
Little Lines About Men and Women
and What They Are Doing.

Little Lines About Men and Women
and What They Are Doing.
Mrs. Matilda Budd is sick with the
grip.
Mrs. v. L. Culbertson was in Elkton on
Thursday.
Rev. Adam Stengle. of Smyrna, was in
town, on Tuesday.
Miss Blanche Armstrong is visiting
friends in Trenton, N. J.
Mrs. Merritt N. Willis spent several
days this week in Philadelphia.
Mrs Sarah Harris, of Red Lion, is visit
ing her daughter, Mrs. VIM. Green.
Mrs Martha Barnard was the guest OF
his son, DR.. w. E. Barnard, this week.
John Morrison, an old resident of this
town, has been very ill during the past
week.
Mr.. VIM. Brockson was very i'll for a
few days early in the week but is out
again.
DIR. G. G. Chamberlain. Middletown's
veteran M. D., is confined to his room from
illness.
Miss Ada Cochran has gone to Pitts
burg. Pa, to visit some of her school day
friends.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edwin Prettyman and
Miss Henrietta have been in Philadelphia
this week.
Mrs. Ben. Collins, of Greenspring was
the guest of Mrs. Mark H. Davis, in town,
this week.
Miss Myrtle Houston will go to Balti-
more to-day for visit to her sister. Mrs. J..
NJ. Naudain.
Mrs: W. z Evans, Miss Mabelle Taylor,
Mrs. Cyrus Tatman, and Miss Sarah Brady
have been on the sick list this week.
Mrs MI. L. Parvis, of Ingleside, Nd,
who has been spending the past month with
Mr.. D. L. Dunning. returned home to-day.
-Messrs Horatio and Merritt Willis, of
Philadelphia, are expected home to-day to
spend Easter with their parents near town
Mr.. and Mrs.Geo. W. Lockwood are at
tending the Commencement exercises at
the Williamson's Schools. at Media, Pa, to
day, where their Oldest son, Harry, Is one
of the graduates.
Mr.. Chas. Jolls was in town on We'd
desday evening, having come up, with Mr.. .
T. H. Keith, the new operator at the depot :,
to introduce him to his friends. Mr.. Keith
comes from Wyoming and he and Mr.. ].
H. Burnham exchange places.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
NEUROLOGY.

William McKeowan. Justice of the Peace,
OF Newark, died on Monday, aged 70 years.
He was native of Ireland and one time
was the village school-master in Newark
James L. Smith we'll known resident and
old citizen of Dover, was seized with heart
disease on Monday while at the Post Office,
talk ing to the Post Master, and died before
help could be summoned: He was 7S years
old and had been prominent in the politics
of the county, as chairman of the Kent
County Democratic Executive Committee
JAMES MORROW.
James Morrow, one of the most success
full and best known business men of Will
mington, died Saturday night of paralysis.
He was n years old and came to this coun-
try from Ireland when boy. He engaged
in the grocery business in which he amas-
sed considerable fortune. He was men,
Der of West Presbyterian Church and identi
fled with various business interests of the
city. His wife and four sons survive him,
they all being men well known in the bust
circles of Wilmington.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS.

We shall begin this week sending out,
for the second time. subscription bills, and
as soon as it is convenient we trust our
subscribers will remit the amounts due.
A dollar year is small matter but hun
dred annual subscriptions means hundred
dollars. Several hundred means several
hundred dollars. We should like to have
subscription list with no arrearages over
a year. Such subscribers are the most ap-
probation readers, and advertisers like
them best.
The label on your paper should show the
date to which it is paid. If there is any
mistake we wish to correct it, and having
adopted system of checking subscriptions
we believe we can guarantee against errors
in the future. Let the TRANSCRIPT hear
from you.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
ROLL OF HONOR.

The following named pupils Of Mid
dletown School have reached the general
average Of 95 per cent. or above for the
month ending September 2Sth. 1895.
DEPARTMENT No. IA. Louise Reynolds,
Edna Howell, Lee Corrie, Mabelle Derri ck
son, Ethel E. Pitt, Mary Maxwell, Waite r
Green, Dora Culbertson, Blanche Arm.
strong, Lambert v. Davidson.
DEPARTMENT No. 2.-Irma Pitt. Robert
Hall, Florence Gill, Helen Smith, Edith
Wilson, Lizzie Hopkins, George Kelley,
Charles Talbot, Jesse Culbertson.
DEPARTMENT No. 3.-Ethel CHM. Eva
Whitlock. Bertha Geary, Mary Holton.
Bessie E. Craddock. Julian Cleaver, Stewar
Cleaver, Rossiter McCrone, Grover c. TAX
bot, John Mcclure, Ethel Rowe, Stella
suydam, Helen Brady. Helen Cochran
Ella Burchard, Mary Nowland, Blanche
Messick, Louise Mcdowell. Oscar Whitlock, /,
Edgar Rowe, Julian Foard. Randolph
Geary Jeannette schreitz, Edith Alice:
DEPARTMENT No. 4.-Fforie Owens. Lii
lian Cleaver, May Kumpel, Lizzie Holten,
Davis Gary, Homer Painter, Maurice
Bratton. -tsss ,ss>...s
DEPARTMENT No. 5.-Eliza Green, Clara
Lancaster, Lottie McCrone, Norman Kum-
pei, Victor Jones, Edith Mabrey. Jakie
Burstan, Lottie JoIls, George Richards,
Ringgold Richards, Clarence Gears.
DEPARTMENT No. 6.-Emily Alice. Irene
Cleaver, Louise Echenhofer. Anna Talbot,
Sarah Booth, Willie Carroll Burtees Goff
Merritt Pazson.
WOODLAND SCHOOL.
The following named pupils of Wood.
and school have attained an average Of
90 per cent or above for the month ending
March 81 1895. Bessie Bishop, Macsie Eliza
on, W. Frank Dolson.
BROWN COTTAGE SCHOOL.
The following pupils have attained an
average of 80 per cent. for the month Of
March. Louise Cochran. Elwood Padley
Clarence Donovan.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
DELAWARE CITY.

Arthur Ubil spent Sunday at home.
Mrs. F. D. Dunlap is still quite sick.
Rev. 7. B. Hunter is visiting his mother
Miss Laura Dunlap has returned from
Philadelphia.
Mr. and Mrs. 8. Craig spent Monday in
Philadelphia.
Mrs Clayton Won Culin was in Philadel-
phia this week.
Miss Salle Gassner is at home for the
Easter holidays.
Ray Ayers, of Philadelphia, visited in
town this week.
Mrs. W. A. Storrie. of Salem. is visiting
at her fathers.
s. Mccall, sr.. of Wilmington, was in
own OH Tuesday.
Mrs. James Bright. of wilm ington. was
in town on Monday.
Mrs. Richard McMullin visited her
parents this week.
Andrew J. Brown is visiting his daughter
IN Washington, D. G.
A Pie Social was held in the NJ. E. Cha
pei on Tuesday evening.
DR.. w. M. Ogle spent Tuesday and Wed
nesday in Philadelphia.
Mrs. Samuel Hickey spent few days in
Philadelphia this week.
Mr.. C. Manning, of Trenton. spent Sun
day with friends near town.
Mrs. Cecil Rice accompanied her father
and mother to Wilmington.
Miss Gertrude Sadler spent few days
with Miss Agnes Vail this week.
Wentworth Floyd, of New York, is the
guest of Rev. George S. .'Gasner.
The Whist Club met at the home of the
Misses Cheairs on Wednesday evening.
The Methodists have given Rev. H. s.
Thompson a cordial welcome as their pastor.
Mrs. L. H. Moore, of Philadelphia spent
few days staying over Sunday with her
mother.
Mrs. Samuel Vail and daughter Agnes
and niece Nellie spent Wednesday in Phila-
delphia
D.>ho To1
sassafras, spent Sunday with Mr.. and Mrs.
John Warren.
Thieves made raid on the Anderson
float Wednesday morning carrying off
mea. and flour.
Misses Virginia and Mabel Glasby, of
Swarthmore College, are guests of Miss
Helen Cheairs.
Mrs. George F. Foard and Miss Bina
attended the funeral of Miss Emma J. Vail
in Newark on Monday.
Mr.. Sadler accompanied by his wife
started on Tuesday on his float down the
bay to be absent for several months.
A party of young people visited the
Quarantine Station on Tuesday. They
were the Misses Cheairs, their guests. the
Misses Glasby, Henry G. Higgins, Rev. L.
A. Oates, w. Cheairs. They were chape-
roned by Mrs. ]. T. Cheairs.
Rev. J. Edwin Amos and wife left for
Wilmington on Wednesday. While start
ing ont again to make new friends they
regretted leaving Delaware City. Mrs.
Amos especially appreciated the extreme
kindness shown her by the ladies.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
CHURCH CHIMES.

Mr.. Frank c. Jolls will lead the Epworth
League meeting tomorrow evening at 6.45.
The Spring meeting of the New Castle
Presbytery will be held on Tuesday, April
81. in the Lower Brandywine Church, near
Greenville.
Preaching at Armstrong; Chapel to
morrow afternoon at o'clock by the
pastor. Rev. F. H. Moore. Session of Sab
bath school at o'clock.
The Y. P. S. c. E. of Forest Presbyterian
Church meets every Sunday eve in the lee
ture room at GAS. Topic for Sunday eve.
April 5th, "The gift of life and how to use
it". Meeting to be led by Miss Helen Maui
dain.
There will be special music appropriate
to Easter at all the Easter services in the
M. E. Church tomorrow. The subject of
the morning sermon by the pastor, Rev. I.
L. Wood, will be "The Suffering Saviour"
and the subject in the evening will be "The
Risen Redeemer." Cordial invitation to all
the services.
Special Easter music will be rendered by
the choir of the Forest Presbyterian Church
on Sunday morning and evening. At the
morning service, the Rev. F. II. Moore will
preach on "The Victory over DEATH" and
the evening subject will be "The Resurrec-
ton that is already past" All are cor
daily invited to be present at these SER
vices.
The Easter music in st. Anne's P. E.
Church to be rendered by selected choir
of ten or more voices, will be very at
tractive feature of the service tomorrow.
Besides the regular hymns. the following
anthems will be rendered., Christ our Pass
over, written by Sir Joseph Barny; Ted
Deum," by Chas. Stephens; "Jubilate." by
WI Danks; "Cantate," by Sir Joseph
Barny. "Benedic" by Emerson.
Services will be held in the st. Anne's
Church on Easter Day as follows: 7.30 A.
NJ, Holy Comm union. 1890 A. NJ. morn
ing services, sermon and Holy Communion
400 P. NJ, services and sersom. There will
be no services in the evening. Special
music will be rendered by the choir, and
the auditorium tastefully arranged with
flowers and evergreens for the occasion.
Middletown transcript., 1896-04-04
Do You Know
That system doubles capacity.

That the girls can afford the prettiest
bonnets if Vaughan's Diamond Poultry
Powders are fed to the hens-the more pow
ders, the more eggs-the more eggs, the
more money-the more money, the more
bonnets.
That men no sooner become accustomed
to women's fads in fashion than they are
afflicted with change thereof.
That Booths is headquarters for Easter
Novelties? If you want that beautiful lb
egg take five cent guess.
"Sing ho the Easter bonnet,
With lot of things upon it,
new and bright"
Mrs. A. NJ McKee's is the place to find it.
She is having her "opening" this week and
is showing the prettiest, airiest aud show
lest hats and bonnets! Her window is
beautiful in spring array, and her display
covers all the new styles of the season
Call and see her before purchasing your
spring millinery.
That some very astonishing Easter hats
are already casting their shadow before.
That Vaughan's Horse and Cattle Con-
dition Powders are very highly recon.
mended by those who have tried them.
That they have good thing and propose
to push it at 15cts. package or two pack.
ages for quarter.
That false teeth for horses are now man.
ufactured by Partisan firm.
~
Mrs. Fanny Lockwood will continue the
Millinery business of her sister, the late
Miss s. A. Howell, and is having heI
"Spring Opening" to-day. She has care.
fully selected stock of beautiful new goods
and is prepared to serve all patrons, old
and new. Her pattern hats and bonnets
are very modsh, and her taste is well dis
| played in her show window whsr num-
Der of ''spring beauties" are blooming.
Mrs. Barnett has a new stock of lace and
other new trimmings for spring and sum-
| mer dresses. Also full new lot of dress
goods samples. Her millinery department
| is attractive with new and artistic creations
that mod and smile" our hearts to beguile.
and since every woman wants something
new for Easter, Mrs. Barnett is prepared
to supply all demands in women's wear.
The up-to-date hat looks like minia-
ture flower gargen.
Misses Echenhofer take the lead in th
stylish hats and bonnets at most REASONABLE
prices. In the avenue parade of the maid
ems all arrayed in new bonnets bright 81
gay. you will give your admiration to chap
eaux of their creation.