davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
TWENTY MILLION DOLLARS.
That's What 1t Costs Every Year to Keep
Our Roads in Repair.

That's What 1t Costs Every Year to Keep
Our Roads in Repair.
The total length of the common roads
III this country, good, bad and indiffer-
ent, is estimated by Gen. Stone, of the
road bureau of the department of ag-
riculture, at something over 100000
miles. The majority of these roads
Lave been opened by common laborers,
hired by local supervisors, and no en-
gineering principles have been OBJ
served in their construction. AS n
result, it costs more to keep them in
repair than if they were as many finely
macadamIzed roads.
Keeping these poor roads in repair
and opening new thoroughfares cost
Massachusetts, in 1898, outside of cities,
81, 136, G44, or 5000 per mile, and New
Jersey SITS, 4O7.82, or $43.25 per mile.
The total expenditure for roads in that
year amounted to about $50 ,O0O, 900. AS
a greater part of the enormous sum
was spent in repairing poorly-con-
structed roads, that would need ex-
actly the same attention next year, il
is not an exaggeration to say that most
of the money was wasted.
Fine roads can be constructed all
the way from $500 to $500 per mile,
according to the nature of the country
through which they pass, the cost Of
crushed stone and other engineering
problems. The cost of keeping these
roads in repair is infinitely smaller
than that required to repair the ordi-
nary dirt roads each winter and spring,
when great gulleys and ruts are washed
into them by the rains and floods. The
secret of the success of the fine roads
in France is attributed to the prompt
and systematic repairs made at all sea-
sons of the year.-Manufactu
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
DEAREST APPLE TREE.

1T Cost Its Owner the Tidy Sum of Forty
Five Thousand Dollars.
According to the Philadelphia Times
the dearest apple tree in the world
stands on the Albert Smith farm, in
South Strabane township. 1t has cost
Ets owner over $45, 900 in cash, and no
doubt much mental suffering.
In 1887, when the Smith pool gushers
commenced to break the oil market and
ruin spectators, the company which
held the lease on the Smith farm de-
sided to locate well near the boundary
dine of the Cameron and Smith proper
ties. The timbers for the rig were on
che ground when the owner of the farm
objected to the location, claiming that
If made on the spot chosen it would
neoessitate the chopping down of q
EayoI,ite apple tree. The manager of the
drilling company had conceived the
idea, however, that the location was a
promising one, becoming tired Of
Smiths protest, decided to gain his
point and get even with the land owner
at the same time.
acting on this plan, he had the tim
hers hauled few feet, reversed the
derrick and the boiler house, placed
chem just across the line on the Came
ron farm and drilled the we'll within a
FEW feet of the original location. The
aVell came in gusher of the largest
.eaiiber, producing 5000 barrels of oil
per day. A large percentage of the pc
tEeleum must come under the Smith
farm, but the hole was on Cameron's
Rand, and the latter, of course, received
the royalty.
The well is still producing some oil,
and the property owners share of the
output has amounted to over $45, 900.
The apple tree still lives, but it is said
40 have been ruined by the close prox-
sTnity of the well. Other wells on the
Smith land brought the farmer wealth,
k1Ut his apple tree, which is now famous
-z9znong drillers, cost him dear.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
n,NpNsss 70 COWS.
without 1t Success in the Dairy Is Almos
Impossible.

Impossible.
The long domestication of the COW
and the large demand made upon her
have in some cases directed almost her
entire vitality into the production of
milk as if for her progeny. Cows Sc
lected especially for the dairy are of
this kind, and they must have cul-
tivated along with this unselfish Civ
ing of themselves for others habit OF
kindness amounting almost to love for
those for whom they live. This would
be directly expressed to their own off,
spring and would be reciprocated were
not the kindness of the cow by artificial
means directed into the channel of sup
porting the human mixer, instead of
her OWL progeny; hence, the best dairy
cows are of a kindly disposition and ex-
press their kindness in their constant
effort to supply the demand made upon
them. This naturally expects and de-
serves recipocation on the part of those
who are benefited by her unselfish life.
The dairyman who has this proper
love for his cows will think nothing too
much trouble that he can do for the
comfort of his cows. And happily in
this case, as in all others, it pays to be
kind, for cows have brains and kindly
emotions, if properly cultivated
Herein may be found the apparent
hidden cause why one mixer can get
more milk and butter from the same
COW than others can, and that the one
who gets the most milk and butter is
not always the best milker when judged
by his skill, but he is nevertheless the
best mixer for that COW, because she
likes him the best; his touch and man
ner have in them a kindness which puts
her in a humor to give him all her milk
and to give it in the best possible con-
dition.-Farm News.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

Coal ashes are beneficial to clay soil.
Testing seeds will save much time
and veXation.
The Holstein-Friesian and the Jersey
are both good COWS.
Currant and gooseberry bushes should
be pruned every year.
Be ready at the first opening in the
spring to set out trees.
All trees should be transplanted be-
fore the leaves start out.
1t is best to cover all wounds made in
pruning with paint or oil.
Bone dust and wood ashes are good
fertilizer for strawberries.
A little salt sprinkled around ounce
trees will be beneficial to them.
All imperfect and diseased branches,
vines and trees should be burned.
Equal parts of rosin and tallow make
a good covering for wounds on trees.
While salt is beneficial to trees, a lit
tie too much will kill them. It helps to
make plant food available.
Prune from the start. Trees that are
allowed to make a haphazard growth
are rarely satisfactory in any way.
For grapes, trellises are always pref
cradle to states, and then the vines
should be allowed to grow naturally.
When large branches are broken off
by windstorms, cut off the stub smooth
with a saw or knife and cover the wound
with paint.
In setting out tree the bruised or
mangled roots should be cut off smooth
with a sharp knife, and fine, moist soil
packed about them.-St. Louis Repub-
lie
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
Observation-Disclosures
HINT FROM MARYLAND.
How the Residents of the Town of OAR
Ington Secured Good Roads.

How the Residents of the Town of OAR
lington Secured Good Roads.
Among the numerous small towns in
Hartford county, Nd, is the village of
Darlington, a place of about 200 peo-
pie, located in the northeastern part of
the county. The roads in the imme-
date vicinity of Darlington were prob
ably the worst in the county. Its near
est railroad station is four miles away,
and this made it's citizens feel all the
more keenly the need of better roads.
Urged on by this constant and growing
evil, few of the leading citizens issued
a public call for meeting. This was in
the fall of 1887. About SO men re-
sponded. After some discussion the
following resolution was adopted at
the meeting:
''We, the undersigned citizens of Har-
ford county, Nd, realizing the impor-
lance of taking some more active meas
ures looking to the improvement of our
public highways in and around the
town of Darlington, call upon our fell
low citizens to join us in forming an
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
SOIL SITTER.

wheel, and make a frame so it will fit
inside of your bed proper four or five
inches high. Nail the wire screen to
the bottom, and along the sides upon
the wire nail pieces one-inch square.
This keeps and holds the wire from
tearing loose, and allows the sieve to
run freely upon the rollers. The screen
is of about three-eighthsi inch size. Nail
a cross-pieCe on top of the frame of the
sieve, aud through the center put an
iron pin. Have a hole through the pit
man to slip, on the pin, making it easy
cleaned. Underneath the sieve is an
elevator or carrier made to run on the
same principle as straw carrier, ex-
cept that the carrier is made of a solid
piece of Cloth, heavy muslin or ticking,
with a stick every IL or Is inches tackled
upon to assist the sifted soil up the in
cline. This is run by belt similar to
a sewing machine belt. It elevates the
sifted soil from under the sieve into a
bushel basket, and when this is taken
away, another basket is put in its place.
At the lower end of the sieve is left an
opening about a third of the width of
the sieve, which enables one to clean
out the coarser refuse without remov-
ing the sieve. The screen should be
adjusted by the length of the pitman,
so the end will project six or eight
inches over and beyond the carrier.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
DAIRY SUGGESTIONS.

The fact that we can get more milk,
with less feed, from COWS kept in warm
stables, is so universally admitted as to
need no argument.
The cow before coming in needs some
attention. She ought to be in a thriv-
ing condition by being fed oats or
oil meal but no corn, as that is too heat
ing.
There is one thing that nobody ever
economies in the use of, if there is
money enough to buy it, and that is
butter. The man who does not know
where he will get the money to pay n
note, will put just as much butter on
his buckwheat cakes, as if he did,
Farmers Voice.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
rrue way of Testing Cows.

1t is now established as fact that
the only true method of testing cows
for butter is not by churning the milk,
but by the use of the tester. 1t is not
satisfactory, after churning the milk,
to find quite large percentage of the
butter fat in the buttermilk. There is
more skill required in handling the milk
and cream to insure perfect success
than ordinary dairymen are willing to
bestow. The temperature, the churn-
ing, the age of the cream and even the
food are conditions to be met in testing
COWS.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
BUTTER INVITATIONS.
Seventy Million Pounds of the Stun Sold /
in One Year.

Seventy Million Pounds of the Stun Sold
in One Year.
In 1894, in the United States, there
were manufactured 100000 pounds
oleomargarine, equal to the product of
100000 cows, of which in Illinois there
were made about 6O,Oo0,OOO pounds,
equal to the product of $50, 900 cows.
During the above period the agricul-
tural producer for the raw material en-
tering into a pound of butter received
Is cents, while under the same condi-
ton for the raw material entering into
a pound of oleomargarine he received
three cents. This difference represents
a loss of 13 cents on every pound of cleo
sold and consumed as butter-over S.
100000 in the United States.
1t is conservative estimate that 80
to 95 per cent. of the oleo consumed is
consumed as and for butter at the price
of butter.
Every pound of oleo thus consumed
takes the place of and destroys the sale
of pound of butter.
1t is further true that it is the yellow
color or the shade of color artificiaily
given to oleo enables it to be sold and
consumed as butter at the price of but
ter.
In other words it is the means where
by the fraud is committed and the pub
lie deceived.
The consumer is thus defrauded and
cheated-but everybody is consumer,
therefore in this connection the terms
consumer and the public are one and the
same thing.-Elgin Dairy Report.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

to the end of it. When the steers head
IS in place, the stanchion closed by
means of the rope. ID, and fastened by
the pin at x, put the rope, E, over his
neck back Of the ears, bringing the ring
down under his chin. Then take II
light of rope, poke it through the ring
and bring the loop up over the nose.
Let man pull on the other end of the
rope, and the steers head comes down
in the notch, c, SO tight that he can
neither move nor bawl. j is a small
block fastened to the bottom part OF
the stanchion by a staple; p is "a tenn
porary bar set up while the steer is
being put IN the stanchion. When tho
horns are off, take the bar, Z, down,
and dishorned steers pass out into
another pen, and are thus kept sepa-
lated.-Rural New orlIer.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

Do you know, says writer. that
there is no animal in the world that is
as destructive to insects as sheep When
troubled with the clover nudge he
turned the sheep right on it and fed
down the clover until about tie 1st OF
June: then when the clover grew again
the fly had gone, and, of course, couldn't
deposit his eggs, and he got rid of them.
Next year he thought that little round
worm would eat up all the clover, and
turned the sheep onto the clover and
fed it all off. In taking the clover they
would take the worms into their stom-
achs and grind them up and assimilata
them into wool and carcasses.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
The New Bordeaux Mixture.

NJ. Michel Perret, of France, gives the
following mixture in lieu of the old
Bordeaux mixture: add 4 pounds 6
ounces eacn of quicklime, sulphate of
copper and molasses; of water % gal
Ions" The molasses. which constitutes
the main distinction between the old
and the new, is used to give it more adj
hesiveness to the leaves. He advises
to "add the molasses to Is gallons of
water, then slack the lime and add Az
GALLONS of water to form milk OF
lime. Pour this slowly into the sweet
ened water, stirring briskly in order
to mix intimately. Next. in a third
and wooden vessel, dissolve the blue
stone and pour this mixture, stirring
well"
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
The Dalrymen who succeed.

Do you ever find herd of cows
yielding 800 pounds of butter apiece
in the hands of one of these farmers
who sheer at the experiment stations,
farmers Institutes, dairy schools, dairy
conventions, and dairy papers and
books? Of course not As the man
'hinketh so is he 1t takes faith in
better things to do better than we are
doing. We must have faith. These
skeptical, disbelieving farmers, who
kneer at every element of progress, are
the men who make no progress They
are the hand to mouth" Hoard'H
Dairyman.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
THE FARMING WORLD.
TRIALS OF DAlRYMEN.
eTzow to Avoid Some Common Troubles in
Butter Making.

sxEx,xx to Avoid Some Common Troubles In
Butter Making.
4 common complaint that comes to
ms by mail is that 1.-THE butter wont
some" Well, the butter will come IL
the cream be churned at proper tenn
cerature. I have put the limit Of time
for churning at 35 to 40 minutes. i
heat the cream just high enough to
make the butter come after about 80
minutes of agitation. / find some peo-
ME complain that there are specks
In the butter, says Prof. Robertson. Ii
YOU allow the vessel containing the
cream to be exposed to the action OF the
atmosphere a part of it's moisture VIII
-s.Vaporate and a scum of skin Will be
formed on the top of the cream. that
will be broken up by the churning, and
YOU will have merely small portions OF
thfckened, dried cream in your butter
Prevention is better than an attempt to
.S-1xe. Let the cream vessel be covered,
or by frequent stirring prevent the for
NATION of the skin of dried cream. The
z4raining of the cream into the churn
IS also good measure for keeping
e1ecks of thickened cream or curd from
finding their way into the butter.
Occasionally butter-makers find the
butter full of streaks. That condition
nav come from the retention of por-
-GaDas of the buttermiJk in the mass OF
the butter. The addition of a quart
of water for every two gallons of cream,
after the granules of butter begin to
appear and before the churning is COM.
Elleted, will help to bring about speedy
and full separation of the buttermilk.
when the buttermilk has been removed
The granular butter should be washed
with cold water. In summer the tenn
xerature of the water should be about
IS degrees and in winter about 60 de-
sszEees. For the washing the churn
should be revolved half faster than
for the churning. Care should he
Enhen to prevent the granular butter
from settling on any sediment of curdyI
substance which may be left on the
sides or bottom of the churn after the
Esxz1ter-washing water has been with
drawn.
A streaky condition of the butter
sometimes results from an imperfect
mixture of the salt with the butter.
ReIVorking after the salt is dissolved
will correct that. Fine-grained salt
<sosy should be used. The presence of
salt should be perceptible to the taste,
gs.at not to the sense of touch.-N. \.
World
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
Grow More Small Fruit.

It has been stated, and with truth,
that farmers do not produce suffi-
cheney of small fruits for their own
use. Some of them have large crops for
market, but there are thousands OF
farms upon which the strawberry, cur
rant, raspberry, grape and gooseberry
is never seen unless purchased. Farm
ers deprive themselves of the luxuries
which they can produce at home by not
growing such fruits.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
SITTING GARDEN SOIL.
Description of an Implement Which Does
the Work Well.

Description OF an Implement Which Does
the Work Well.
We don't sift the bulk of the soil
used on the benches, in flats and in
frames; but we want an inch or two
of the surface fine and nice, and always
run what is wanted for this covering
through a somewhat coarse sieve or
sitter. An ordinary coal ash sitter,
such as one can buy at the nearest hard
ware store, will do well enough where
only small quantities of soil are to be
sifted. For larger quantities we may
arrange larger box, with wire mesh
bottom, sliding over wheelbarrow or.
still better, make sieve or sitter such
az is shown in accompanying illustra-
ton. The idea was furnished to Market
Gardening by an Ohio man, who de-
scribes the implement as follows:
Take four pieces 2x2x24 inches long
for legs, nail to these at the top six-lnch
boards of hard wood, drop the lower
end board so it will let the sieve play
over the top of it, put in rollers at the
lower side of the side pieces for the
sieve to vibrate upon, gear the machine
SO that the sieve will shake about five
times to one revolution of the drive
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
TWO OBJECT LESSONS.

Why Rain and Snow Injure a Good MANY
Highways.
The two cross sections of country
loads shown herewith are in the nature
Of object lessons that tell their own
story. The first Gig. u is that of hun
dreds OF country highways bitches at
the sides, high grass-grown edge !,
shoulder" on either side of the wheel
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
FIG. 1.-BADLY-sHAPED ROADWAY.

track, and a concave roadbed. When
rain falls on such highway how can
it do otherwise than run along the
center of the road, washing away all
loose soil in its course, until 1T finds
a chance to escape into one of the side
bitches? Where such a road is upon
rising or falling ground, the washing
IS especially severe, because of the
force of the water, which on steep hills
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

FIG. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ROADWAY

often becomes perfect torrent, pour
ing down the middle of the highway
The proper form of a roadway is shown
in Fig. 2. The shoulders" have been
moved and carried into the middle of
the road, the whole surface being nice
ly rounded from one side to the other.
lain falling upon such a road will
run off at once into the bitches, leaving
the roadbed firm and dry. = Orange
Judd Farmer.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
Total for two wears $50 90

In favored localities something may
be saved or cost of manure, labor, omit
ting winter protection, etc. But any
attempt to reduce the amount of labor,
fertilizer, mulching, ETC., will certainly
result in reduction of both quality and
quantity of fruit.-M. A. Thayer, in
Prairie Farmer.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
a CONVENIENT CRIB.

z70w to Remodel OId-FashiOned StanchiOns
to Advantage.
Our illustration shows how some old
fashioned cattle stanchions were re-
modelled with a view of greater comfort
fO the animals. The old sill was left
an place, and on it were placed the
triangular pieces of plank that are
shown in the engraving. One side has
n hardwood strip as a facing to hold
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
BERRIES FOR MARKET.
Ordinary Farm Methods Are insufficient
for Fruit Growers.

for Fruit Growers.
Berries cannot be grown and mar
keted as easily as wheat, corn and po-
tatoes. Berry growing, like market
gardening, requires the greatest con-
centration of good soil, labor aud
thought. Too much land is the bane OF
most fruit growing as well as farm
ing. Success would be more certain
il acreage were divided and fertility,
preparation and cultivation increased.
Intensified farming and concentration
Of energy are the diamond drills that
bore out success. Take counsel from
books, papers and practical growers,
but let it be tempered with your own
best judgment and experience. Actual
knowledge and practical experience
should go hand in hand. Let the be-
ginner commence moderately and go
slow. Do only what can be well done.
Nothing but the best product will pay.
Use limited variety of best plants,
producing large, firm, attractive fruit.
Have note book ready and make a COM
plete record of all facts and dates for fu-
ture reference. When one acre has been
mastered, producing 100 or 200 bushels
OF best fruit, then acreage may be in
creased. Few realize the actual cost of
bringing an acre of bush berries to a
good bearing age. Be careful. You
may safely estimate that, after secur-
ing land in high state of cultivation,
every acre of good small fruits, we'll
set, missing hills filled in and brought
to a bearing age will cost from 120 to
$50 well-earned dollars, or their eo11iy-
aient in honest work at $1.25 per day.
The following estimates of one acre
OF bIackberries are made after many
years experience on '"The Thayer Fruit
Farms" and indicate methods adopted:
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29
HOMEMADE SlEvES.

A Set of Them Is Needed by Every Farmer
and Gardener.
a set of sieves of varied degrees OF
fineness is needed on every farm. Get
a stout grocery or dry goods box of
suitable size and saw it in sections, as
shown in the sketch. Get small pieces
of wire cloth and wire netting of va
rious numbers and tack them upon one
side of these sections, covering the
edges with thin strips of wood. After
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

experiencing the advantages of having
such a set of sleeves one could not get
along without them. With a set OF
sleeves like these, graduated from fine
to very coarse, inferior beans and peas
can easily be removed from these crops
"a single item that shows one of the
many uses to which they may be put.
Orange Judd Farmer.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

Fhe chain ring, which allows the chain
81. rise and fall with the movement OF
She animal. Made in this way, the side
1feces keep the hay from coming out
1nder the cows feet. The opening at
the bottom can be narrower if desired.
anyone handy with tools can construct
s<lch a crib.-O Orange Judd Farmer.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1896-02-29

BY painting over the wounds made in
Yruning the bark covers over the,
sTOunGs little by little, and no rotting
N the inner wood takes place.