Arizona weekly citizen., 1895-05-11
FOSTERS FORECASTS.
Captain Glassford's Theory of
 Temperatures.
Dry and Damp Atmospheres Affected
 by Low Barometers.

| bulletin gave forecasts of the storm waves to cross the continent from 4th i to 8th and 10th to 14th. The next will reach the Pacific coast about I4th, cross the west of Rockies country by close of 10th, great central valleys 16th to 18th and eastern states 18th.
 This disturbance will bring some of ] the heaviest rains of the month out these rains will not generally occur where most needed. The tendency will be decidedly toward too much rain in the southeastern states and deficiency | toward the northwest.
 Warm wave will cross the west of | Rockies country about l4th, great cen tral valleys 18th and eastern states 18th. Cool wave will cross west of Rockies country about 17th, great central valleys 18th and eastern states 21st. SENSIBLE TEMPERATURES. l There are two very distinct kinds of temperatures and two kinds of thermo- meters for recording them. One of | these temperatures Is that of dry, the other wet atmpOsphere. Zero weather in q dry atmosphere along the 10th | degree of north latitude would be a | Paradise compared with the same temperature ID damp atmosphere is as | agreeable to man and beast as so in an atmosphere saturated with evsporated ! water.
 Capt. Glassford, formerly connected with the national weather bureau, now chief signal officer of the army, depart mebt ot the Colorado and stationed at | Denver, recently published an article in i which he says:
 | "Tbere are in all temperature records | two elements, the sensible temperature | or that which expresses the heat or cold ! felt by the human being; and the appsr- | ent temperature, c mere record of how | the mechanical thermometer is affected. | lis the apparent that receives public atioD, greatly to the undue advantage of | the east and the detriment of the vest" | Y X x
 ''The measure of these differences be- | tween the sensible and apparent tenn peratures Is shown, not by the ordinary thermometer but by thermometer | placed in somewhat the same environ ment az the human body in summer. This is accom- Dlished by clothing the | thermometer bulb with cotton and per mi,tiug 1t 10 take up moisture by capill- ] iarity of the cotton tibres from a cup of wat or other humid source." 'The resulting evaporation about the wetted bulb is similar to that of the clothed human body froui which the persplration is evaporated, thus causing coolness. The coolness is in direct ratio to the dryness of the air; that is, the dryer the atmosphere the greater the ! evaporation and consequent coolness." X X X
 ''The converse of this is true m win ter;that ls, the dryer the air the less the discomfort felt from extreme cold. Per haps all have experienced the dangerC us chilling effect of very cold weather ac- companied by damp atmosphere"
 By map Capt. Glassford illustrates the average temperatures for July show ing the sensible temperature to be. for the northern parts of the United States, 6I.4 and the mechanical temperature S3.1 degrees.
 As to the effects on animal life, prob abiy also to some extent on vegetable life, this gives to the east half of the United States a much colder sensible temper in summer than is experienced ln the west half. All this results from
 
 the atmosphere.
 To some extent this will explain the popularity of my weather bulletins and why they have circulation of over two million copies weekly.
 A very large portion of the people perhaps ninety out of hundred makes their estimates through their senses and not by the readings of ther- nd Dfh ments which are not fitted to the senses of animal life.
 Those who experience weather chang es and also watch the records made by the weather bureau know that the two ssem to have very little relation and therefore it is we'll apparent why the common people can appreciate the ful> tllment of those long range weather forecasts 90 much better than do the weather bureau officials.
 Those who have had experience with a we'll filled cellar in winter know that 1t is not the cOlde5t weather, as marked or the thermOmeter now in use, that freezes the potatoes, apples, etc.. but it IS that cold spell which brings with 1t a very oemp atmosphere.
 Piummers may have noticed this also for 70 degrees below, zero gIves them little work in repairing pi pes when the atmosphere IS dry while 10 degrees be- low, with damp atmosphere, will set all the plummers to work.
 Low barOmeteTs cross the continent from west to east every three or four days but not all of them produce that which is worthy of being called storm waves. Many of these lows are entirely dry, produce no rain, the atmosphere circulating in them contains little mOis- ture and therefore they do not affect animal life.
 My effort IS to forecast only those lows that produce a damp atmosphere and the national weather maps make no dis linction between the dry and wet lows, consequently the weather maps show more lows and highs than are contained in my forecasts.
 Many of these lows produce no sen sible weather changes and as an ex- tremely large number of people depend on their s-nses and not on instruments they do not know, neither do they care, that a WeRther change has occurred.
 The lower animals are much more sensible to sensible weather changes than gre members of the human race. More particularly Is this true of wild animals, and even tame hogs in new cou ntry and their senses tell them of these sensible weather changes some times days in advance.
 These ideas, as to the wild animals are ridicuIsd only by those who have had no experience in new countries.
 About May 18th all the eight planets will be above tEe horizon at sunset and will remain so during the last half of the month. Without the aId of the tel escope, Mercury, Venue, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will be visible. All except Saturn and Uranus are north of the esrth's equator.
 The newspapers should stop saying cyclone when they mean tornado. The