The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1895-06-23
POLITICAL PARTIES.

that has for Its object THE proper mode
Of governing a state, so as 10 secure Its
prosperity, peace, and safety, and to
attain as perfectly as possible the ends
Of civil society. Among the subjects
which political science embraces are the
principles on which government Is
founded, the development and increase
Of resources of the states, the protection
of the rights and liberties of citizens, the
preservation of their morals, and the de-
fense of the independence of THE states
aglinst foreign control or conquest. The
ancient Greek writer's treated politics
with reference to am ideal state, which
each propounded according to his own
speculative views, pointing out the varia-
ton of every existing government from
his standard.
The politics of a country, in common
speech, implies the course of its govern
ment, more especially dn its relation with
foreign powers.
French history tells us that, 1.-THE
states general, that is Ito say, "a convoca-
ton made up of deputies from all classes
in France, convened by royal order In
1889, opened it's sessions May in Paris
1t was called the constituent assembly,
but by it's own act, June II, 1889, named
itself the national assembly. "A universal
desire for 1.-THE repeating OF all feudal
privileges seized ala classes, and even
those who were about to lose them, re-
solved to offer voluntarily as a sacrifice,
what they foreslw would soon be de-
manded On motion of Marquis de No
aills, Aug. 4, 1889, all feudeA privileges ex-
cept royalty were abolished, including
those of the religious order" This was
undoubtedly the first political assembly
with pronounced republican ideas. Polit-
icai parties belong to a republican form
Of government because they are more In
dependent than any other form, and are
organized by people to announce their
views as to the proper manner of con-
Quoting the government.
The development of political parties dn
the United Stltes first originated In 1876,
and primarily by reason of desire OF
the sympa Hhizers of France dn America
whom President Washington had great
difficulty in restraining from enlisting the
people of the United States in foreign
war. Alexander Hamilton and John
Adams were leaders of the Federalist par
ty, which supported the administration
of Washington, Jefferson, Madison and
Randolph became leaders of the repub-
lican party which opposed the United
Suites banks, the English treaty, and
the assuming of the state debts. Since
that time political parties have domin>
ated the policy of the pIs sfdent and cons
gress of the United States The first par
ties THAT appeared in the field with issues
were the Federalists and Republicans.
The Federalists were in favor Of inter
nal improvements, "a protective tariff, and
a strong national government. Internal
Improvements consist of the Improvement
Of rivers and harbors, the building OF
dry docks for THE repair Of our navy and
merchant Ships, the construction OF GUS
tom houses, postofflces and other public
buildings. A protective tariff mot only
provides revenue for the expense of the
government to make Internal improves
ments, but also dlscriminates It's duties,
so that they are Elsvied principally upon
imported articles that come in direct
competition with home industries and so
adjust the rate Sthalt such competing
foreign productions can not be placed
upon our markets ait rates less than the
reasonable home market price. A strong
national government was one in which
the president was given power by con-
gress to protect the various interests OF
the people by discriminating against for
eigners THAT levy prohibftive tnrin upon
American products.
The Republicans fearing the doctrine
of the Feder1lists, lest the republic should
become a monarchy and the president
king, opposed their ideas and advocated
states rights. The Republicans at this
time were accused by thsir opponents
of being friends of France, and the Fed
eralists were accwsed by those opposing
them of being friends of Great Britain
and its aristocraic institutions
The old Republican or anti-FederaHst
party abandoned that nama and assumed
the name of the Democratic party In
1925 at which time THE present Demo-
cratic party was born. The FedaralisE
party in 1925 was superseded by the Whig
party, who were in favor OF a protective
tariff and internal improvements, The
Whigs and Democrats were the two prin-
cipal political parties until 1856, when the
Wing party was succeeded by THE present
Republican party, The Republican party
was formed in 1854, principally by those
opposed to the further extension of slav-
cry in the United States. but did not pre-
sent a candidate for the presidency un-
TIL 1856. The several presidents were as
follows: Washington, our first president
WIS elected by the people and had no
opponent, John Adams, a Federalist, was
the first president elected by that party In
1877. After Adams came Thomas Jefrer.
son, Republican, who was elected presi- |
dent for two terms in 1901 and served |
until 1909. He was succeeded by James
Mhdlson, a Republican also, who served
for two terms until 1917. He was sue. |
cesded by james Monroe, "a Republican |
who served two terms until |
1926. The next president, ]. Q. Adams, |
owing to four different candidates, none |
~ of
electoral votes necessary, was elected by |
the house of representatives and served
until 1929. He was succeeded by Andrew
jackson, the first Democratic president, |
who inaugairaltsd the American policy in |
politics, 'tto the victor belongs the epoils,"
or rotation in office. He served two terms
lmtH 1887, and was succeeded by Martin
Win Buren, also a Democrat. who was !
succeeded by William Henry Harrison
In 1874, the first whig candidate, who died
a month after his Inauguration, and was
succeeded by John Tyler vice president,
by his successive vstoes he caused great
anger and excitement among the Wings,
who had elected him. james X. Polk.
Democrat, was elected president In 1876,
and during his term of office the war
with Mexico. which give us California,
Arizona and New Mexico, also the settle
nent of the Oregon boundary question,
which gave us the state of Washington.
and part OF Idaho, were consumated,
principally through 1.-THE craftsmanship
n Daniel Webster. his secretary OF STATE.
The Whig party was next victorious and
n 1919 elected General Zachary Taylor,
who died about one year after his in
and was succeeded by Nil
ard Fillmore. vice-president, who was
succeeded by Franklin Pierce in 1853. the
Democratic nominee. During his admin