davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
Wintering a Colony of Bees.

Where bees are to be wintered in q
cellar, they should be taken in only
when permanent freezing weather has
set i'll. The first thing TO look after is
that the cellar have plenty of good
fresh air. Many cellar is nothing but
a breeding place for disease and the
foul air nnds it's way into the living
rooms of the family, SO keep the cellar
air pure and sweet. If the cellar is
filled with rotting vegetables, 90 not
expect the bees to winter well As to
the hives themselves, but little impor-
lance arises as to their arrangement
in the cellar provided they are fairly
warm and fresh air can get in and out
of them. Set tiers as high as conyen-
tent. A good plan of ventilation is to
construct long, hollow, square box or
insert a stovepipe through the cellar
wall. In either damper may be made
to turn or to be withdrawn, according
to the outside temperature. = G. II.
Morris, in Farm and Home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
THE FARM SPECIALIST.
His Fat Years Are Bound to BE Succeeded
by Lean Ones.

His Fat Years Are Bound to BE Succeeded
by Lean Ones.
A few days ago we were talking with
IN old friend about the prospects for
breeders OF live stock, and he congratu-
lated himself that he had stuck to his
cattle through the bad times, for now
he thinks he will be able to sell at prices
that will be remunerative.
At the same time, he said he was sorry
that others were selling their sheep at
any price that was offered, and had
stopped breeding horses at all, for his
experience has shown him that the man
who is constantly changing his live
stock from one kind to another as the
demand varies, is very apt to buy at
high prices and sell at low, while the
man who is steadfast and keeps on in
the way he has begun gets the benefit
of COOL times for his particular line OF
stock and rarely suffers in bad times
worse than those who change.
This is true of almost all farming
operations. Unless the farmer grows
all kinds of crops and keeps all kinds of
stock, he is apt to miscalculate the
course of the markets in the future and
buy and sell at the wrong time. Diversi-
fled industries will allow him to meet
the demands of any year, while the
specialist has his good years and bad
ones. Which is the best every man
must determine for himself.-Farm
News.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

or ground floor. Pieces of rope or wire
are securely fastened about the box at
a, about two feet from either end.
At the point it is desired to elevate it,
two pulleys are secured to the joists,
also two other pulleys at some con
venient point along the side Of the
driveway. Through these two, pieces
OF rope (b b) are passed, they being
for convenience provided with hook
at one end to attach them to the circles
of rope surrounding the box. 1t is
plain that if weight greater than the
box is applied to the rope, the box will
be elevated. When at the desired point,
the loose ends of the ropes are secured
about the pms, at c. BY elevating
one end of the box at time, one man
can handle it with ease. The best pian
is to drive the wagon under the pulleys
Tor unloading or replacing, as required.
BY removing the wheels and using Il
stronger rope, the whole may be raised
up out of the way. Sleds, hayracll and
similar tools may be stored away in
the same manner. This operation may
be made easier by substituting IA block
pulley where the hook is attached and
also above. With rope properly ar
ranged, one man can raise several times
his own weight, simply requiring a
greater length of rope.-Orange Judd
Farmer,
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
AMONG THE POULTRY.

Whole wheat is one of the best grains
for poultry.
Hens that are kept busy scratching
rarely contract vices.
Wheat is rich in material for growth
and stimulates egg production.
Fowls should be kept from food ten
or twelve hours before killing.
To have the hens lay with any regu
larity in winter, their quarters must be
warm.
For fattening fowls cooked food is
better than raw, for the reason that it
is more easily digested.
Buckwheat is good winter feed. 1t
is valuable as an egg producer and will
keep fowls in good condition.
On many farms geese could be raised
to good advantage. Besides yielding a
regular income in the way of feathers,
they are profitable market fowl.
Keep the old hens that you know are
good mothers, especially if the young
chickens are to be raised by them. A
hen that is good mother and good
forager is too valuable to be sold.
One of the most important items nec-
essary to insure success in the Matching
of chickens during the winter, especial
ly for early broilers, is to procure the
eggs from a flock of healthy, vigorous
fowls.
Good care, warm, clean quarters,
pure water and the right kind of food
will make the hens lay right along.
Warm cooked food is always help in
egg laying, and in this the table scraps
can be used to a good advantage.-St.
Louis Republic.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
DISEASES OF PIGS.

NE Things Right at the Start, and You
Will Not Have Any.
We are often asked: "What do Won
Tor thumps, scours, sore tails, etc..
your pigs|" Make things right on
I start and you will not have any.
Pat violate nature unless you want 20
Tor it. If the litter is kept in cool,
PIX place, away from the sunshine,
p the dam well fed with good milk
rming food, look out for thumps.
|hey are sure TO come. You probably
we them already. If the dam is fed
regularity, or is allowed to have an oc-
Sonal big ill of any rich food, you
n see sample of pig scours. Or
Ould you like bob-tailed pigs you can
move the tails without the aid of the
pie by allowing the bed or nest to get
Fmp and hot, as it will if they are kept
close place without the aid of the
70 dry, or change of the bedding.
Oun need not wait long; by the time the
y are a week or ten days old the tails
" oegin to dry up and will soon drop
We have no use for the apothecary
'p In this business. Use natures
aedles, Here they are boiled down:
ing breeders, paste this in your hat:
plenty of light food up to time of
owing; give double feed at the
sof making nest; feed water first "a
US then light feed and increase
WY; keep nest dry; give full dose of
asline and repeat daily if possible;
sicise after six days. If you want
more color on any of above points,
NJ mere for that purpose.-A. G.
4er' In Iowa Homestead.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

}|l]l|:1e1(U1D
cuEEP-SHEARING TRIAL.

"p' clearly Demonstrated.
:. 10 somewhat singular that in the
'aduction of strengthening machine
r. ready invention of the American
so,ld have Jagged behind that of the
."stralan. Yet it is to the latter that
owe the shearer shown in our illus
'stion. This machine has been re-
antly introduced into this country, and
necessfully operated at Casper, Wyo.,
"a other parts of the west. 1t is
Iriyen by small engine, and the time
,.c,,pied in shearing one sheep is from
|.srae and a half to five minutes.
, competitive trial of the machine,
18th difficult sheep, against an expe-
|.;onced band-shcarer was made in Aus
lila and is described as follows: A
|snmber of sheep selected for the trial
|rere placed in the pens. They were
|,.Iected severely and were in low condi-
Fan and wool ON the majority of
|hem was full of sand. One expert
|.bearer and an Arab, who worked the
|nachine. were the competitors. On
|,Ommencing the shearer was somewhat
Ieryous. and the machine shorn sheep
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

Fas' the first turned off, but on his
|econd sheep-a very bad one-the
Rhearer made up his lost ground, and
teat the machine. The trial was for
balf dozen sheep each, and the shearer
lot through his lot in As minutes %
econds, while the Arab was 60 min
ties while doing his half dozen. 1t is
ne the machine to say the Arab lost
pine valuable time on his third sheep,
hd did not try to make record. He
pt through his difficult task exceed
kgly well, and many an owner of large
nks wished he could get his sheep
born as closely. But there was no
knparison between the two lots of
Efep. The hand-shearer was one of the
psf skilled in the colonies, but could
help cutting the sheep in his anx-
to shear close to the skin, while the
kaine-shorn sheep presented an even
PACE, closely shorn, and with the
Eintact. In the six sheep there were
~ two very slight cuts, one ON dewlap
one at one side of the tail.
The general opinion of those present
Is that though highly skilled shear
/ had beaten the machine in the time
kt the test for closeness of shearing,
fedom of second cuts in the wool,
ID cuts in the skin, was decidedly
favor of the machine. 1t was evil
Flt that in flock of wethers, as
Fually shorn, the machine would take
|Om eight ounces to IL ounces more
"l per head-a very great considera-
% in sheep to be sent off fat before
n shearing.-N. Y. World.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
HINTS ABOUT ALFALFA.
Furnished by the Grass Expert of the
Agricultural Department.

Furnished by the Grass Expert of the
Agricultural Department.
From the department of agriculture
comes valuable bulletin by the assist
ant agrostologist, or grass expert"
Mr.. Jared q. Smith, and from it we .on-
dense the following:
Alfalfa seed weighs 60 pounds to the
bushel.
For hay crop, SOW "a to 80 pounds of
seed per acre.
For crop of seed, SOW IA to IS pounds
per acre.
Sow clean seed.
North of the latitude of Washington,
ID. c., sow alfalfa in the spring, as soon
as the ground is warm-from the mid
die of April to the middle of May Sow
in drills or broadcast.
In the south and southwest and in
California sow alfalfa in spring or au-
tumn. Sow in drills. In the south
SOW in drills 16 TO 20 inches apart, and
cultivate the first season.
Do not cover the seed too deep.
Alfalfa does not attain maturity I'M
til the third or fourth year; therefore.
do not SOW Il expecting to get the best
results in less than that time.
Alfalfa grows best on a deep, sandy
loan, underlaid by loose and per-
meable subsoil. 1t will not grow il
there is an excess of water in the soil.
The land must be well drained.
Alfalfa is a deep feeder. Plow the
land thoroughly; the deeper the better.
Alfalfa thrives best in soils contain
ing lime, potash and magnesium. 1t
does not grow well in soils containing
an excess of iron, or where lime is who'll
ly absent.
Cut for hay when the first flowers APP
pear. If cut in full bloom the hay will
be woody and less nutritious.
Cut for seed when the middle clusters
of seed pods are dark brown.
To make alfalfa hay, cut in the fore
noon and let it wilt; then rake into
windrows- 1t should be cured in wind
rows and cocks, and stacked or put in
barns with as little handling as possi-
ble. Great care is required in order to
get it in stack before the leaves become
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
IHE CITIZEN FREDERICK FRIDAY MORNING DECEMBER 1895

too dry and brittle. The leaves are the
most palatable and nutritious part of
the hay.
Cover the stacks with caps This will
prevent loss 10y molding when it rains.
In the arid regions, where irrigation
is practiced. put water on the field be-
lore sowing the seed and immediately
after cutting each crop of hay.
1t is not safe to pasture either cattle
or sheep on alfalfa, as they are liable to
bloat when it is fed green. Feed them
the hay, or practice soiling.
There is no better or cheaper way of
growing hogs than to pasture them on
alfalfa. One acre will furnish pasturage
for from ten to twenty hogs per season.
Horses can be pastured on alfalfa.
There is no better hay for work animals.
or for young, growing stock.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

in them will tempt the lambs as much
as any grain, and they will suffer the
least from such diet. A little bran
should be scattered around the feed;ng
trough to tempt them to try the grain.
After licking up this they will begin
to eat the oats and bran mixed To.
gether. Lambs should be fed grain
diet very carefully. Give them at first
just enough to tempt them to come
again. Do not overfeed them with
grain. One false step in this direction
may cost you the lives of several of
the choicest animals. When they come
readily to the feeding trough when
called the diet should be increased
trlf1e each day, but they should not be
placed upon full diet of all that
they will eat up clean inside of month
II they are fed all they can eat in two
weeks after first tempted with grain
they are apt to have some bowel trou-
BILE that will make them weak all
through winter. The time of feeding
should be at regular stated intervals
lrregularity in the time and quantity
OF the food are sources of great deal
OF trouble with the winter lambs. Oats
and bran should be fed the first week
or two, and then wheat or rye can be
mixed In, and after month corn can
be fed. The latter grain is the hard
est for the lambs to digest, and it should
not be made part of their grain diet
until their stomachs have become ae-
customed to coarse food"
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
STORING WAGON BOXES.

BEST Flan Is to Elevate Them Entirely
Out OF the Way.
The wagon box is cumbersome TN
wieldy affair,and if set off on the ground
out of doors or under shelter takes up
considerable space and is frequently
much in the way. Decidedly the best
plan is to elevate it entirely out of the
way. 1t is then under shelter, which
greatly prolongs its years of useful
ness.
One of the simplest methods of ele-
waiting the box is shown in the engrav-
ing, representing portion of the in
terror of building with either plank
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
POULTRY FOR MARKET,
Some Valuable Hints for Dealers as Well
Farmers.

Some Valuable Hints for Dealers as Well
as Farmers.
There is class interested in poultry
that buys from farmers, and after
dressing the poultry the carcasses are
shipped to market. 1t is very prof
table business, and such dealers are
useful in a community, being always
ready to accept any of the surplus
stock offered and save time and labor
for the farmers, as they dress and ship
hundreds OF carcasses at once, while
some farmers, in order to secure a few
cents more per pound, do not take into
consideration the labor they bestow in
preparing but few fowls for shipment.
greater profit can be made in buying
poultry, however, if those engaged in
such business will fatten the fowls be-
fore killing. Instead of buying to-day
and selling tomorrow, there should be
clean quarters, with small yards at
tached, having feed and water troughs.
and the birds fed on fattening foods.
SO as to increase the weight and secure
a larger price per pound. In ten days
or two weeks the birds will be ready
for market if they are given all the
food they will eat during that time.
BY allowing time for increasing weight
it becomes an advantage to buy poor
birds if they are in good condition, as
the first cost is less and greater pro-
portionate weight can be added. Only
the frame and bony structure are suf-
ticient. The food will then increase
the weight and the quality will be SUI
perior, as birds that are fattened in
short period of time are tender and
juicy. Such plan would rid the mar
ket of much of the inferior poultry that
is usually forwarded, and as the cost
of producing one pound of poultry
should not exceed five cents the adop-
ton of the method would furnish the
markets with better stock and largely
add to the profits of the business
Prairie Farmer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
EcrH 10y
FEEDING THE LAMBS.

considerable Judgment to Put
M. mem on Grain Diet.
A' Vi The hardest things to do Just
T. % 70 get the lambs on grain diet.
4uite essential that they should
nos gram by the time colo weather
ana 1t takes considerable good
sement TO put them on the grain
bss successfully" says L. p. Smith in
sberanu Nuitivator. New grain is
w. aa y injurious to them because
|pes,aS 1 not used to it. New corn un-
|fooEe W. may kill a lamb, or make half
ho 1icN and bring on inflammation
&no,a Sp"els. A young lamb knows
lers,a "o" TO eat grain than a baby
Mr. oa us now to chew meat. In
|pperlr se 'ne habit of using the food
|0uld must be taught. If the child
stinn " !. the meat without mas
|eucae y ne would suffer as a conse-
bat mn anu so with the lambs. A
h. many think that moist hra, ;s
arst ~ s.aln diet to give the lambs
Se r. NV sort mushy food is apt to
A, lnm' uoie in the stomach as
bed toa = grain. Oats and bran
Core 0.ner cause the least trou-
with. n,,s not a good grain to be-
lew oa,a mess 1t is ground into meal
oats with moist bran sp ,r ls,i
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

poultry quarters upon warm days in
winter. Such ventilation, with plenty
of sunlight to keep the place dry, and
litter in which the fowls must scratch
for food so as to get exercise, are prime
requisites to success with poultry in
winter. The house must be kept free
from vermin, and provided with fire.
quently renewed and plenty of dry
earth or ashes for dust bath.-OraISe
Judd Farmer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
avN lSMs
ARhhNiGARDEN.
!E=s'sf:ss3 - w sr
FARM SMOKEHOuSE.

IL Gives Direct Action on the Meat or Fish
Within 1t.
The Illustration, Fig. /, shows a
simple form OF smokehouse, arranged
so MS TO give direct action of smoke upon
the meat or fish within, and yet free
from the annoyance that comes from
entering smoke-tilled room to replen-
ish the fire. The house is square and
OF size dependent upon the amount of
material one may have yearly to cure by
smoke. Ten feet square will be amply
large for ordinary use. There is an
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

house has an earthen floor and tight
foundation of stone or brick. The walls
should be of matched boarding and the
roof shingled. The building is made
more attractive in appearance if the
latter is made slightly "dishing." Corn
cobs make an excellent smoldering fire.
with an abundant evolution of smoke
Chips from the woodpile, with some
eartlSand sawdust, if not too moist, also
make smolderlng fire that answers
very well.-Webb Donnell, in American
Agriculturist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

There is no need for the average farm
Ell to go in for thoroughbred fowls. The
desired results can be obtained by buy
ing every year the necessary number
OF thoroughbred males and marketing
all the coekerels. Choose one breed
and stick to it. If you try one breed
one year and another the next all the
valuable points of various breeds will
be lost,
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

entrance door on one side, and small
window near the top that can be opened
from the outside to quickly free the in
side from smoke. At the bottom of one
side is small door, from which extends
small track to the center of the room,
in which slides square piece of plank,
moved by an iron rod with a hook N
one end. On this plank is placed an old
iron kettle, with four or five inches of
earth in the bottom. On this the fire
is to be built, when the kettle can be
slid to the center of the room with the
iron rod. 1t can be drawn to the small
door at any time, to replenish the fire
without entering the smoky room, or
allowing the smoke to come out. The
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
POULTRY HOUSE DOOR.
One That Ia Combination for Both Win
ter and Simmer Use.

One That Ia a combination for Both VIM
ter and Summer Use.
Our sketch shows divided door for
a poultry house, that is a combinatio!4
for both summer and winter use. The
lower half has laths nailed to the inside
and covering the space filled by the
upper half of the door. The latter nay
be opened in summer for ventilation.
When shut and secured by the button
on the lower half, the whole becomes a
solid door. The same arrangement will
also be found useful in ventilating the
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

ing floor, spelling fodder and proving
an inconvenience to the feeder The
sketch herewith shows a rack that has
panels just matching the openings in
the front of the pen. When the feed
is eaten the rack can be folded up.
tight front to the pen. Such
Il rack can be made in sections and ex-
tended to any ngth.-Orange Judd
Farmer
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

Pigs appreciate potatoes more than do
most other animals. 1t is their nature
to root and find such things in the
ground, and next to following this
natural propensity is the privilege of
having such things offered to them. A
small amount may be proitably fed
raw, but large quantities will not do
unless boiled. Put into tub before
they are cold they should be mashed
and mixed with milk and little corn
meal. The quantity should not be
large at first. but small and gradually
increased.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
IMPROVED SHEEP RACK.

IL Can BE Made In Sections and Extended
to Any Length.
The ordinary feeding arrangement
for sheep permits the lambs to have
access both to the feed and to the feed
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
TESTIM ONIALS.

Ar, "a, BALTIMORE. Jan. 22nd, 80.
Mr.. W. AKIN,
City Hotel,
Frederick, Md.
Dear Su:-We send to-day to Mr.. ]. c. Mot
ter the companys check for S6Sl0.OO in pay
ment of Geo. W. Cramer's claims.
Yours very truly,
OF. BREsEE & SONS,
Gen. Agts.
FREDERICK, Nov. 23rd, 1895.
Mr.. w. II. AKIN.
Dear Sir: received the above check as des-
lgnated in the letter enclosing the same. II
was paid promptly.
JIG. MOTTER.
Mr.. WIN. IL. AKIN, Agent
Mutual Lie Insurance, n. Y.
Dear Su:-My father had IA policy on his
ne Tor slO,OOO in your company. AT his death
ine claim was paid in iull. Ii was great sat
lsiaction TO do business with such an institu.
tlon, always ready, able and willing to fulfil
lis contracts to the letter. The company has
my sincere and hearty thanks for the prompt
and satisfactory settlement.
Yours truly,
JOHN L.JORDAN,
Clerk of the Circuit Court for
Frederick County, Md.
LIMA, o., April 81, 92.
L. ID. WALLACE, Agent
The Mutual Life Insurance Co., of n. Y,
Dear ST:-Please accept thanks for draft of
Sl,OOO in payment of Policy No. 320,074. The
emtum Was due four days before MIR. Lock-
heads death and was unpaid, but the com
pany took no exception TO il, and paid my
claim promptly, | would recommend the
Mutual Life" to every one having a family TO
provide for,
MRS. T. A. LoCKHEAD.
FREDERICK, Md, Aug. 20, 1892
Mr.. WIN. H. 1KrN.
Dear SIT wish to state in reply to your
enquiry, that hold policy in the Mutual
Lille Insurance 90. of New York for 5000, which
was issued November lst, 1867 The policy
cost me sl4S; 20 annually. The dividends have
not drawn, but allowed them to accumulate TO
the credit of the policy, which AT present
amounts To S2,9Si l consider the Old Mutual
the safest, strongest and best company in the
United States.
Yours truly.
ANDREW j. WILCOXON.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
FREDERICK, MD, Nov. 2srd, 1895.

FREDERICK, MD, Nov. Ord, 1895.
Mr.. WIN. II. AKIN, Agent
MUTUAL Life lns Co. of N Y
Dear Sir Permit me to express my heart-s
ielt thanks for your compauy's promptness in
paying my late husbands ANDREW j. Will
coxons) policy of 5000, increased with divi-
dends TO SS,S900O
Gratefully yours,
MRS. A. j. WILCOXON.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06
FREDERICK, MD, Nov. 2ard. 1925.

FREDERICK, MD, Nov. 23rd, 1895.
W. II. AKIN, ESQ
No Dear ST:-To any one well posted in
LII Insurance, any word of COMMUNICATION
Tor SO large and powerful company as the
Mutual Life OF New York would be superfIu.
Gus, while to Others can only say wish was
able TO carry In IL ten times my present insur-
ance.
Yours truly,
FRANKLIN BUCHANAN SMITH.
Court street, Frederick, Md,
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-12-06

Feed the swine pumpkins. A good
way is to feed the pumpkins and then
feed grain.