Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1895-12-19

writers, and are used to designate the
fixed permanent clergy of any church
those who are so built into it and
necessary to its being that it might be
said to revolve around them as a door
round its hinge. They are thus dis
unguished from those bishops. or
priests or deacons whose connection
with a church was loose or temporary.
Parish churches, or titles, were first
instituted in the time of Pope Marcel
lus (304-309 A. d., and the priests to
whose charge they were permanently
committed were styled cardinal
priests. The deacons were at first
seven in number, in imitation of the
original Apostolic institution. They
were not at first assigned to particular
districts, but as time went on and
various charitable institutions for the
relief of the sick and poor. with
chapels attached to them, arose here
and there throughout the fourteen re-
giOnS into which Rome was divided
each deacon had a region, with it's in
situations assigned to his care. They
were then styled cardinal deacons.
from the fixed nature of their charges.
For long time there was no such
thing as a cardinal bishop, because
the pontiff himself presided in Rome
in that capacity. But there were sew
eral bishOprics in the immediate
neighborhood of Rome-namely, Por-
tUs (at the mouth of the Tiber) Ostia
ION the opposite side of the river.
Proeneste, Sabina, Tusculum, Albano
and st. Rufina-the bishops of which
appear from the very early times to
have sat in synod with the bishop of
Rome, which later developed into a
closer connection. In the eleventh cen
tury these sees were reduced to six, St.
Rufna having been united to Portus.
At the council held in Rome in 1859,
under Nicholas IL, it was decreed that
pOpes should henceforth be elected by
the six cardinal bishops, who should
be the bishops of the sees named.
The number Of cardinals 1uctuated
until 1886, when SiXtus V. ordered that
the number of cardinals should never
exceed seventy, and the sacred college
remains at that number today. The
cardinals owe their appointment SOLE
ly to the pope. The pontiff as a rule
announces the names of those he has
appointed at a secret consistory of
the cardinals. Usually at the consis-
tory following the names are made
public.
The red hat is a peculiar featuresof
the wardrobe Of a cardinal. 1t is odd
ly shaped, the brim being six feet
across. The material is cardinal
beaver. 1t is round in shape, and IN
striking contrast to the immense fiat
brim is a small, conical-shaped crown,
quite too small, apparently, to fit any
bCdy's head. But chat is another queer
feature Of the red hat 1t is not ill
tended to fit anybody's head. The
sole use to which it is put other than
symbolizing the distinction of it's re-
cipient at the time it is bestowed, is
to be hung in the cardinals church
after his death. When the hat is hung
in the church there is depended from
the crown a couple of hugh cardinal
and gilt tassels, considerably larger
than those used in draping window
curtains, though in other respects re-
sembling these.
A cardinals wardrobe is a most
complicated affair. He wears three
colors-cardinal, violet and old rose,
and he must have a complete outfit in
each Of these colors. The house dress
worn on all occasions outside Of sa-
cred functions is black cassock cut
like a bishops, the edges bound with
red, with the buttonholes and the but
tons red. With this he wears a red
sash and at all times he wears the red
skull cap, or zuchette, and around the
neck the pectoral cross of a bishop.
That is a large red cross worn on the
breast suspended from a heavy gold
chain. On dress occasions not of a
religious character, he dons a ferriaiu-
no, a cloak of red silk, which is a full
cape thar is tied by ribbon around
the neck and falls away from the
from under yoke-shaped collar. On
religious occasions the cardinal must
wear a red cassock en- traine, with a
red silk sash having gold tassels. Over
this he wears a rochet. That is a gar
ment of lace like a surpIice, having
tight sleeves with cuffs lined with
red silk. A n1ozetta, or shoulder cape,
of red, red collar and red stockings are
quired to complete this costume.
In winter the habit is of cloth, with
the edges of silk, and the mozetta Of
cloth lined with silk. In summer
light weight cloth may be substituted,
or it may be made entirely Of silk, in
which case it must be the kind known
as watered silk. When the cardinal
is present and not acting at sacred
functions, he wears a silk cloak hav-
ing train six yards in length, and a
cape that is made of ermire for winter
and Of silk fer summer The violet
and old rose habits are like the red
one il form. and the edges and Dut-
tons and button-hOles Of these are al
ways cardinal. The collar and stock
ings must always correspon>. with the
color of the habit, but the beretta and
skull cap are always red.
The different colors are prescribed
for different seasons of the ecclesias-
teal year. The red is worn through