davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
PETTY LEADERS At War
Hoboken Republicans Amused
With the Leonard-Gold.
ram Squabbles.

Member of Hoboken's City Repub-
lican Committee met last night and in
the grand old party way had a row ana
nearly precipitated a fight. They were
assembled in Odd Fellows Hall and
elected Mr.. Aaron S. Baldwin Chairman.
and Committeeman Spohr Secretary.
AT the opening Of the meeting, Counsel
lor Clement De R. Leonard. leader of the
Leonard faction. came to the door of
the room and asked If he could come i'll
and make a little speech"
ARCADES AMBO.
The Leonard and Goldram factions are
at loggerheads with each other. and the
former is trying to patch UP an agree
ment with the latter. Mr.. eonar was
allowed to come in. but left the r3om
after he made his speech with the feeling
that he had been insulted. -
se perahis TIMES ms sp5 by M he S Goldram, With
whom he had some trouble the other
evening.
in the First Ward last Thursday night
was conducted ~irregularly, and that his
faction was suspicious. and desired a
demonstration Re ~}s in dlt all the primaries
no You charge fraud?' asked Chair
HE DID AND HE DIDN'T.
81 d. not believe the enrolment was
fairly. conducted" replied the Counsellor,
s"but we do not ask for a new enroll
ment. All we ask for is a representation
while the ballots are being cast n
counted"
Leonard referred to the row at Cold
rams store. when he was not permitted
to enroll. when Mr.. Goldram interrupted
why the other night Mr.. Leonard
got out upon the Sidewalk and yelled
outrageously, which caused several Of my
%neighbors the next day to ask me What
was the trouble at my place last night!
CANDID, INDEED.
They knew Mr.. Leonard to be a law
yer and thought he was taking the part
of some poor fellow I had
Mr.. Leonard during Mr.. Goldram's
speech left the room highly INDIGNANT.
cided that he had no grounds to charge
representation All the primaries.
A little tilt between Committeeman
Kennedy and Mailman was next in or
der, but was Immediately suppressed by
Mr.. Baldwin.
1t was decided to hold he primaries
on the 21st instant. and after trans
acting some unimportant business the
meeting adjourned.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
UP TO DATE.

CHICAGO. March u. 1s95.-A special
from Oswesso. Mich. says:-Ida Allen.
the daughter of Pennington Allen. the
Richest farmer m Shiawassee county, has
caused a sensation by clipping with her
fathers hired a She is eighteen
years old and the favorite school teacher
of Byron. The hired man Is illiterate,
gross-looking and never a any name
in the neighborhood but Freddie. and
no one ever supposed the accomplished
Ida would take a fancy to him. She did
and when the hired man turned up
missing inquiries were made. Later de-
velopments ave proved that she ran
Investigation that the young man came
from Port huron. where ne was known as
Fred Fortress. The father yesterday re-
ceived a note from his daughter saying
that she had been married.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
CHIOAG0'S GAS TRUST.
Attorney General moioncy to Reopen

CHICAGO. March Il. 1S95.-Accord.ng
to a local paper Attorney General Mo
loney means to make a great deal more
trouble for the Gas Trust. He declares
that within a few days he VIII take meas
ures which may result in re-opening to
a certain extent the Chicago gas litiga-
ton. with particular reference to the
status of the Philadelphia Insurance.
Trust and Safe Deposit Company in H.
limos. and the $25. 00o,O c0 of certificates
which. it has issued against the authori-
ties of the various gas companies. Mr..
Moloney's action will be in the line OF
an interyenor in the Northern Paciffic
case, wherein the power Of the Farmers
Loan & Trust Company of New York to
act as trustees for bonds in this State,
was attacked.
was held in Milwaukee, but the case. Mr..
Noloney says. belongs. to the United
States District Court in this city and
a !.Tn pef faw If VII Hl.n ne slif feo nfrg; trust ns sa com
panies to deposit 5000, 600 with the Auditor
before they are eligible to do business.
Gus foreign trust companies doing bust
ness in Illinois appear to consider u OF
no consequence. In the Northern Pa,
foreclosure will b. based on the ground
that the Farmers Loan & Trust Com
pany of New York had never me the
requirements VI Jul law ~
the trust instrument made to It was not
valid. It is precisely this point that /
want decided by the Federal Court in
the case of the Philadelphia Insurance.
Trust and Safe Depos.t conspang 4 Is
business in illinois I have CON
tended. which has never made the
deposit of $780, 900 with the Auditor. Long
ago / the corporation into
court here to answer to a suit aimed to
declare the certificates it has issued
against the stocks and bonds of the gas
Companies invalid. It has not filed an
answer to my complaint. intend.
through the Northern Pacific case II
possible. People in a position to speak
for the gas companies admitted that the
nIea against the Farmers' loan Trust
Company in the Northern Pacific case
has been examined by the company's
lawyers with respect to itS. bearing on
rhe position Of the P~htIadelrhia Trust
Company as trustees for the gas CONF
panies. They say that it s not caIs-
Ing them anxiety and that tt an easily
~ demohshed
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
VALLEY RAILROAD
Leave Penna. R. Es. Depot.

7;12 A. NJ. daily for MAUCH CHUNK ana
SIS a. i. daily for GENEVA. RocHas-
Ten, BUFFALO, L SUS.
PENSION BRIDGE and the West and priD-
cipaI local points; dining car to Suspension
Bridge. Pullman yestibule sleeper TO Chicago:
1884 A. NJ. daily. for MAUCH CHUNK aud
intermediate points; connections for Reading
lis P. u. daily, except sunday; for Ell
MIRA and ali intermediate %stations; con-
nections for ~POTTSYILLE and
Chair car to Wi1kesbarre.
4:2e p, NJ. daily, except Sunday, for L. g. B.
JIjNCTION and the principal intermediate
stations. Pullman buffet parlor car TO Wilkes
barre. connections foa Pottsyille.
Asa p. NJ. daily, except Sunday. for SOuTE
PLAINFIELD and Intermediate stations.
5:sa p. NJ. daily for EASroN and inter-
SIS ?. N. daily for BUFFALO, NIAGARA
FILLS and all points. west; Pullman sleeper
vestibuled train. New York to Chicago; sleeper
to Buffalo and Teronto; connections for
Reading and Harrisburg.
GAP P. NJ. daily, except Sunday, for EASTON
and intermediate stations.
s:1s T. N. daily for ITHACA, GENEVA.
and all points West: Pullman sleepers to
Chicago and Buffalo: chair car to Wilkesbarre-
Tickets and Pullman accommodations at
rennsylvaniA r. R.. Depot.
The New York Transfer Co. will call for and
check baggage from hotel or residence through
% destinations.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
WEST-SHOR


THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE
Picturesque Lime of Travel 60 n
North and West.
Trains leave AID st. North River station
esriier 1 froa f ao is4GSii a 81, n 9tt e terminal
station at Weehawkep' D. j.; can pc pa reaensa
$50 4. NJ. Daily. Local to Buffalo.
7:3o A. NJ. Daily local to Albany and Sara.
s.ii SEA 4. NJ. Daily for Albany, Utica. SYRIA
cuse. Rochester, Buffalo. Niagara Falls, De-
Mss 4. NJ. Daily. except Sunday. to Catskill
Mountains, New Paitz. Lakes Mohonk and
lake George, Parlor cars to Albany
400 P. NJ. Daily, except Sunday. for Al
sis ?. NJ. Daily for Albany, Montreal. Utica.
Syracuse, Rochester. Buffalo. Niagara Falls,
Toronto, Detroit Cleveland. Chicago and
$40 90 r L01 N. Daily. except Sunday, for New
burg, Albany, Saratoga and Montreal. Par
7;45 p NJ. Daily. except Sunday. for Utica.
Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo, Co..,
S' cnse, Rochester, BnTalo. Niagara Fails. To-
rontc. Detroit. Cleveland. Chicago and St.
AZ Hay s:cet asiO.S @0G and ills liz Pm. ESQ s'V'
Newburgh Locals. 1o:is A NJ. ,l;i5. 5:1S
stoSu Local lis F. M.
Wagner Sleeping cars for Albany, Utica.
Toronto, Detroit. Cleveland and Chicago on
through For tickets It's time tables. parlor and sleep,
i4s ceea Ar Nos. SIS, $50, 726 Fulton
street c apnez N etn0s lis foG SIS q IS Fglt aad Ss IS Br @Sy
way, l43 Bowsry,9 No. 81 East Fourteenth
Hudson and Third streets and at station.
hO C. f. LAMBERT.
General Passenger Agent,
. No. 8 Vanderbilt avenue,
New York.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
ssYseld not to misfortune.,,

I was afflicted with catarrh last aut-
umn. During the month of October I
could neither taste nor smell and could
it.-Marcus George Shautz, Railway, NJ.
I sufft red from catarrh of the worst
kind ever since a boy, and I never hoped
for cure, but Ely's Cream Balm seems 10
do even that. Many acquaintance have
used it with excellent results.-Oscar
Ostrum,f As Warren avenue, Chicago, Ill.
Cream Balm is agreeable.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
OI,EsK N0RToN'S GOOD MEMORY

Thomas Mastropietro was identified IN
Justice Potts Court this morning by
Court Clerk Norton as a man who was
wanted to answer a charge of grand
larceny. Mastrop.etro was there to fur
nish bail for a friend. When arrested
he was very indignant. Charles r. Bige-
low, q tool manufacturer of Bay street,
accuses him of the theft of tools valued
at $50. The prisoner is held.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
SPOILED HIS LITTLE GAME.

Charles A. Wood, a canvasser of No.
col Communipaw avenue. made an effort
to commit suicide last night by hanging
himself N a cell at Police Headquarters.
He was discovered by Alec Watson. the
prison keeper and cut down.. The man
was drunk. He looked very sheepish
when arraigned before Justice Potts this
morning. He was discharged with a
ranrinnand -
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
PRANoo-GERMAN HosTILlTJEs.
By Cable to the United Press,

LONDON. March u. 1S95.-The "stan-
dard'' publishes a despatch from Paris
on the authority of the Exchange TeIe-
graph Company saying hat a desperate
fight has taken place on the River Gier.
in Southeastern France. between Ger
man and French glass-makers, in which
a number of the latter We're wounded
The despatch says the Germans were
the aggresSorS. ~.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
Rtse IN tic Temperature.

A wealthy old lady, one bitter cold
morning, said to her servant: James, 1t
has been a very cold night. and ! am
afraid poor Widow Green is suffering.
Take her a w~hcelbarrow load of wood.
But James. before you go. make up
this fire and puf more wood ON. Then
obeyeds and was. about ia start on his
errand, when his mistress interposeds
.stStop. James. Q need no 40 now; the
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
HELD ON AN OLD CHARGE.

Dennis Burkhardt of No. 205 Fourteenth
street was arrested this morning for a
crime committed one year ago. He is
supposed to be one of the three men
who waylaid, beat and robbed John
Maroney of No. 181 Pavonia venue He
is held.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
TIMETABLE
PENNSYLVANIA R. R. Ferries,

Between Pay Street, Jersey City, and lhir-
tenth Street, New York.
WEEK DAYS.
Leave Bay street hourly from l o'clock. A. M:
to A. NJ. and every thirty minutes from =
A. NJ. to r. II.
Leave Thirteenth street, New York, hourly
from 100 A.. NJ, to $50 A. NJ. and every
SUNDAYS.
From Bay street, Jersey City, hourly from 7
A. M. to 8 p. M, and from Thirteenth street.
New York. hourly from 1880 a. NJ. to $50
- RoBT. BLOOMSBURY. supt
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
KEANE's SALE POSTPONED.

The sale of the stock of John J. Keane,
the Newark avenue dry goods merchant.
which was to have been held today by
eleven O'clock tomorrow morning.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
II. Hanley,
ON HOME TRADE.

Why spend your money for ferriage and carfare when you
can buy cheaper in your own city? Just to assure you Of our
sincerity in keeping Prices at rock bottom, we have made a few
more memorandum, which you will find below These Low
Prices may lead you to believe that the goods we are offering may
be what is known to the trade as seconds but they are not. We
guarantee them positively First Quality.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12
BANK MENTS.

PEPORT OF THE CONDITION OF II FIRST
I National Bank of Jersey City, in the State OF
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12

REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF H HUDSON
State OF New Jersey. at the close Of business, March
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12

DEPORT OF Fl CONDITION OF THE THIRD
n National Bank, at Jersey City, in the State Of
New Jersey, at the close of business March 8, 1875.
- prcArrprES .F
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12

-OOUNGy OF HUUSOH -,
l. g. w. Conklin, Cashier of the above-named bank,
do solemnly swear that the above statement is true
to the best of my knowledge and 6eilef:
G. W. CONKIIN,
Cashier.
Subscribed and sworn to before
me this 9th day of March,
THOS. F. BEDLE.
Notary Public of NJ.
C~orrect-Attest: GEO. Z. SMITH,
J. D. EDLE,
Directors.
The Jersey City news. (Jersey City [N.J.]) 1889-1906, 1895-03-12

III w. Hardenbergh, Cashier of the above named
bank, do solemnly swear that the above statement
is true to the best of my knowledge and belief.
j. w
Cashier.
Subscribed and sworn to before
me this Sth day of March,
WILLARD c. FIsE.
Notary Public.
OR, c.
C-orrect-Attest: "a. ZABRlSKIE.
{~CORNELIUS ZABRISKIE,
Directors.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

shutting down upon the OF the waters Of the
Fox River upon which the principal sulphite mills
Of the Northwest are ituated
The Fox River being the chief tributary to Lake
Winnebago. which must he kept at a navigabe
depth as United States waters. is under the control
OF the Secretary Of War In consequence OF the
lowering OF the waters Of the lake bcclu-" OF
drouth. Secretary Lamont has recently ordered he
closing OF the wood-pup mills, which are supplied
with water for running their machinery from the
Fox River
The closing Of these mills leaves the aulphite
wood-pup manufacture almost wholly in tn hands
OF the manufacturers of this State Maine New
Hampshire and Vermont. and thus cuts Of tenn
porarily at least part of the supply Of wood pulp
which many manufacturers say has been tutt.ns
the market.
All this naturally leads to consideration Of the
rapid growth of the wood-pulp industry IN this
country. its relations importatons OF the arti-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

some seventy-five feet high and Of half that dame
ter. 1t will usually hold twenty tons of chips.
After the boiling. by which the rosn and other
substances IN the wood eaten away. the chips
left as pure cellulose fibre. This is next car
red to a washing and breaking engine which be-
cause it was the invention of a Dutchman. is gem
orally known a Hoander.
In what is known the soda process. caustic
soda is used for removing the ntercellular matter
in the cellulose. Here poplar pine and occasionally
birch used as well spruce These other
woods do not give tough fibre the spruce.
a THIRD PROCESS
There is also a process Of treatment by benzine
In closed vessels. I'm Voe ars dsintegrating proc
the wooden blocks reduced TO fine mater
ial by being pressed against a grindstone. Another
ds.ntegra.ing process consists Of "A grinding appa
ratus attached to turbine. the fine pulp produced
being afterward made into thick sheets. The half
siun-as the fibre Is now caed-is run into the pot
cher and the IS lifted out as far as possible
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

Park just at o'clock, wheH 1t was CROWDED Win
carriages and bicycles. was one long 10 ne re-
nemhered But Il would not do at all Tor an III
experienced rider to venture there at such al. an
hour; he would be sure to come to griei III the
hurly-burly
This wheelman. being unfamiliar with the ROADS
and not taking the trouble TO inquire about them'
made a bad mistake in returning from New
Rochelle by way of the Boston Road. Any New
York cyclist would have told him to take the
Pelham Bridge Road. past Travers Island ana
along the Sound. This would have brought MN 10
West Chester whence he would have FOUND good
riding nearly all the way to washington blluse
or MacOmbs Dam Bridge. \ stranger however
would naturally have followed the Boston Road.
but his criticism of NewYork City on account or
its bad condition should be tempered by the
knowledge that an excellent route might nave
been picked odt. However. ii is undenlably true
thai the Boston Road this side OF New-Rochelle
should be improved. Several miles of travelling
are saved by following ii instead OF gong along
the Sound.
1t is painfully evident that some wheelmen do
not keep their eyes open when out on the road,
but when one makes note Of his experiences ana
prints them il would seem to behoove him TO eX-
ercise some accuracy in his observations. "A
New-York Wheeman' recently wrote a snort
article on the COney Island cycle Path for The
l.. A. w. Bulletin" in which he gravely remarks:
The path is about five feet wide all the way.
OF course. that misleads few II any In TINS nelSh-
borhood but what an impression Of the famous
path it must convey 10 those in distant places
who know of it only by repute. Possibly 1t may
be a mistake Of the Intelligent cOmpoSltOr or
the equally intelligent proofreader, but If the
'New-YOrk Wheelman' had written fifteen rect
he would not nave told the precise truth, though
the qualifying about" would have saved him.
The width of the path is fourteen feet. This mis-
take is not as amusing as one which appeared
a little time ago in "Harpers Young People,
which described the wheeling routes on Staten
Island including the fine road to TottenVile.
and wound I'D BY saving: AT TOttenYllle one can
turn to the right and take the Amboy Valley,
or words to that effect That must have
made the od-time Staten Islander rub his eyes
and pirch himself to Of he were awake. unless
he immedia tely perceived that for "Amboy Val
ley" one should read "Amboy Ferry meaning
the ferry from Tottenville to Perth Amboy.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01
AN AMERICAN WOMAN SCULPTORS WORK

monument is soon 10 be unveiled in the Under.
hof near Munich. 10 the memory Of the unfortunate
King Louis II. OF Bavaria. which is OF peculiar in
terest Americans The model the work OF
an American woman sculptor, Miss de Ney. who
enjoyed the special favor % the art-loving ruler.
King Louis. In fact established a studio for Miss
de Ney In Munich. and far overcame his dislike
Miss de .Ney. after doing much excellent work In
the Bayaran capital disappeared several years
ago. Only recently, IL Is said. her Munich friends
learned that she has been living in Mexico
From the model made by Miss he Ney the Berlin
sculptor Herr Ochs, chiseilei the present monu-
ment out OF Carrara marble. The statue. which is
said TO be extremely lfelike, represents the King
who has been called the handsomest OF mis-
tirs-in the uniform OF ST. Hubertus knight
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

by the washer. while bleaching liquor IS measured
in. In some mills the bleaching is effected on the
breaking-engine I'm others on the beating-engine
The beating engine next comes into play. In this
the h1.f-sium is cleansed from the bleaching ma
teral and here also the loading, sizing and color
Ing materials worked into the pulp when de-
sired. This machine separates the hbres.
The materials generally used for sizing are alum
and rosln soaps. Cotonseed oil soap CASTLE soap
is often used after the pulp has been mixed with
solution of sulphate Of zinc To kill the yellow
tint of which all pulp however treated, viii leave
small quantities. blue and pink coloring matters
added. From the beating-machne the fibre
passes TO Fourdrners. endless wirecoth upon
which q continuous sheet Of paper may be made
The process is elaborate and intricate.
When it Is desired to produce a design name
known a water mark. upon the paper. this Is ac-
compiishel by means OF roll called "dandyroll,"
which consists Of d skeleton roll covered with Wire
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

mainly TO the nature OF the chief raw mater'ai
used. wood fibre. 1t early noticed that the INK
was not deeply absorbed, but remained almost
wholly on the surface.
For the best writing papers and high-class DOORS
the sulphite pulp Is bleached, generally WIN !"
bleaching powder The use Of electricity in bleach
ing has not proved satisfactory so far. II Is said
From the best wood pulp-that obtained from
spruce timber and by the exercise OF care IN the
various processes writing paper as good as that
occurred from ordinary rags can be made. or course
when It comes TO the very finest or linen papers,
linen rags-as the term mplies-are SUI the eN-
elusive basis.
The prices of this fine quality OF linen goods re-
main much the same as before the extensive use OF
wood pulD
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01

II is from spruce timber that wood pulp Is almos,
wholly made; particularly IN the sulphite process
poplar or aspen being also utilized In the soda prac
ess In Germany pine Is also used although
spruce Is generally conceded TO De- hy far best
and by the most advanced manufacturers is he'd
the only nj wood from which TO make the pulp
The timber Is first cut into logs. and these are
transported to the mills where they barkel
and then sawed into sections which In turn are cut
up into slips by machine Ratchet. In the process
known as the sulphite. which is the common one,
the chips are poured from the top into huge cylin-
ders called digestors In which there is a sulphte
liquor. The chips boiled for from fifteen u
thirty-six hours. according to the grade Of wood
pulp to be secured
The dgcstor Is d huge metal cylinder generally
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01
SUNDAY EDITION.
SEPT. 1, 1895.

making although the expense OF setting the tn i
H. nraa,er The comparave cheapness Is due 70 I'm.
proved machinery. and this msgg ae
spite the greater expense Of getting the uh'ef "
the mills" II, ,d,s,rv led 10
tho establishment OF THE Paper MILL paper .ss.
voted 10 the trade which has been puonsnea ~ "''
city by l.. d. Post for the past eighteen Sea''
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01
PAPER AND PAPER-MAKlNG.
MANUFACTURERS FEAR NO EARLY EN-
HAUsTING OF THE SUPPLY OF SPRUCE.

THIS MAY BECOME A PROBLEM IN A CENTURY.
THE sAY-ONLY THE FINEST GRADES or
PULP ARE NOW IMPORTED INTRICATE
MACHINERY FOR THE CONVEX
SION OF WOOD INTO PAPER.
The development Of the wood pulp industry in
this country. especially in the manufacture OF pa
per has reached stage where its future is the sub
Ject of earnest discussion. Just at present the
wood-pup question takes a special interest
from the opinion Of many manufacturers that the
industry is suffering from overproduction and add
ditionally from the action of the Government IN
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1895-09-01
PUTTING on THE FINISH.

For a higher gloss glazing. further calendering
is necessary. In calenderng the paper is passed in
one form OF machine, between rolls alternately Of
finely polished iron and compressed paper, or cot
ton the iron rolls being hollow TO admit OF heating
10y means Of steam when necessary. valuable i'm
provemcnt in calendering is dampening apparat-
w with two brass copper rolls. through which a
constant stream OF water Is passed. wnLe line OF
steam tets from finely perforated pipes plays over
the surface Of the rolls.
SuIor-ca rendering Is done by placing sheets OF
paper between highly polished plates Of copper or
zinc and these are made into packs and passed be-
tween two powerful rolls under pressure OF 20
TO 30 tons
The high finish OF American papers is attributed