The herald., 1895-11-28

trail bureau, each having its special de-
partment of the work, and oil striving to
see that no branch is left uncovered. Di-
vision OF labor is a principle well-estap-
lisned and is found quite as important in
this as in every other enterprise.
1t must make IA vast difference to the
courage with which persons undertake
any branch of charitable WORK IL they
feel that they are part OF greater WORK.
oil of which is Delng done thoroughly.
Where one has to work Independently 1t
seems so hopeless; the pest that can be
done is such "a drop in the bucket that
one cannot work with much courage.
With organized work each could at least
feel that all the cases were known ana
cared for by some one.
hesystem of registration We cannot
hefe touch upon, nor the conferences
which facilitate cooperation.
Investigation or the system OF visitors
! is, after all, the part which gives mean
ing to all the rest. The plan is to have
each city divided into districts, with a
| com imttee OF visitors, men or women,
| for each district, whose duty it shall be
| to investigate everv case reported within
that district and TO have general over
| sight of the. people and families who in
| any way come under the jurisdiction. In
| fact stheiI business Is to see that in their
| district every case needing attention is
| discovered, and the duty of the visitor is
| not chiefly to see that material wants are
SuDDllcu, lOT Ollcu LuIS Is uOt IOuHu ~
| De wise after investigation, but the visi-
| tors are to become, il possible, the friends
of the families, to give advice and coun-
sci, fnd employment and III every way
possible put them in position of self
respecting self-support. In many. many
| cases it is discovered that what is need
| ed, is not aims but a friend, and always q
| friend Is needed with the aims. These
visitors often keep track OF a family year
after year until each comes to know the
other thoroughly. 1t is in this part of
the system that the machinery becomes
| vitalized. In the body OF animals. the
large veins and arteries serve only to car.
| ry the blood back and forth. The real
work of the blood IS done in the capil-
laries tina, invisible network which
connects.the arteries AID veins. In these
the body is built up and purified. So the
have outlined will be done by the indi-
vidual men and women whose personal
experience and sympathy 1t brings into
activs contact with those who need it.
Mr.. Charles d. Kellogg, prominent in
this work, says: There is little cxag-
| geration in saying that all the admins
trative work of our societies and all their
labor to systematic and coordinate the
| multitldinous charities OF the country
| are undertaken to clear the field for such
| influences ana offices as characterize the
| friendly visitors. These executive labors
| There cometh after me One that is
| m Fighter than /, this latchet of whose
shoes | am not worthy to unloose. The
| boundless divine compassion and the I'M
failing divine expedients arc lodged in
| the breasts of the friendly visitors"
| 1t will thus be seen that the good
| Samaritan has still an opportunity to do
his work, even when charity has become
| systematic and organic, like everything
| that Is effectual in our modern day.
| The highest result, however, will be at
tanned when the principles of Christiani-
| ~ have been embodied in the industrial
| and social conditions of the people to
such an extent that charity will merge
! into human fellowship between those who
are equally free from want; for poverty
must eventually be eliminated, ana the
truest charity is that which hastens the
sary.
CHRISTIANIZED METHODS IN PEN.
OLOGY.
The ideal is always found to be the
practical if followed with persistence and
wisdom. No better demonstration of this
fact exists than the history of scientific
methods in sociology. In every depart
ment the practical workers who have
| striven for scientific principles in their
| work have Appropriated more and more
| the fundamental principles of Christiani-
! ty as a working basis. So far from being
visionary and fit only for millennial con-
| ditions. the law OF love which Jesus in
| culcated, the sociologist finds to be the
best poss BILE principle of expediency as
| we'll.
The history of penology is a constant
| illustration of this truth. Prison workers
have never deliberately said: Go to!! let
us apply the religion of Jesus to our in
stitutions, since we claim ours as Chris.
tian civilization. That does not seem to
! be a working argument, however consist
| emit it mieh appear On the contrary,
every movement which has EN- bodied the
| Christian spirit mas been brought about
| by the sheer force of common sense, and
| has originated with practical business
men actua,ed solely by desire to adopt
only those methods which would secure
! the best results.
! We will note here but two directions in
which this is apparent.
| First-The change in the theory of the
| treatment of criminals. The Old idea
| which is still prevalent was that of pun
/ ishment, or in truth, if unattractive
| phrase, the principle of revenge; this was
the idea in arbaric times, and it is to be
feared is the one chiefly hell by the pop
| uiar mind at the present We still talk
! OF the punishment which the crimi nal
|
but all scientific students of the subject
| have long since given up such pre-
SYMPTOMS and entirely indefcnsible prin-
| ciple in relation TO crime.
| 1t would BIZ quite impossible for us to
| Judge and me'e out punishment on this
EYE for an eye" and tooth for TOOTH
basis. There is no system of weights and
measures that fits the case, ana legalized
society has nothing to do with moral
deserts. Some of the gravest and most
subtle moral enormities the law could
never reach. The principle OF revenge.
or punishment, as q basis for dealing
| with offenders is entirely out of date
among students Of the subject and should
| be cut out of the mirds OF people in a
! civilized community.
| The second theory in the treatment of
criminals is that which is called the de-
terrent principle BY this method the
authorities seek TO deal with the often
ders in such manner as to keep him
| from further offenses against society and
| to prevent others following in his foot
steps. Punish ment must be severe
enough to make him afraid 60 again com
NIT the offense ana sufficient to make
| him an example and a warning for others
! of his class. 1t is not punishment for
what Mas been, but protection in visw
of wnat may be in the future. This
principle has still many defenders. and
every one must admit that it has some
'ttrott tNs, l,,.t 49, <4