davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1895-06-19
Cooking in th8
COlOr6d Schools

In January, 1887, sewing was first intro
duced into the public schools of the District
in which our colored youth are educated.
1t was confined to thessouthwest and south
east sections of the city. 1t was started by
the Miner Trustee Board, as an experiment.
At the end of the school year in June, 1887,
an exhibition of the six months lessons was
given. The results were successful, and i'll
September the course was universally
adopted into the schools throughout the
District.
In the beginning there were only two
teachers, and as in everything else, the
schools have grown so rapidly that there
are now seven teachers employed to in
struct in this special branch. The work is
confined exclusively to the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth grades, and covers every
branch of plain needle work.
The Washington times., 1895-06-19

The work of the first year consists of
dull lessons in the management of needle
and thread, position for work, use OF thimble
and its position, and practice lessons on the
seven plain stitches in sewing.
Half bleached cloth, or what is termed
in the sewing classes, practice cloth,' is
used for these lessons, and bright colors of
the sewing thread are used, to bring out
the shape of the stitch. Pupils are taught
to draw threats, and also to sew 10y
threads There is no garment making in
the first year work The making of little
sewing bag completes the course for the
year Attractive sewing squares are given
the little girls of the third grade to sew
These little squares have pretty designs
stamped on them. and these are outlined with
the plain sewing stitches. 1t makes very
pleasing work, and at the same time educates
the child as to form, color and design.
The fourth grade, or second year course,
consists OF practice lessons in patching,
bias joining, telling, gathering, and button
hole making. Pupils who are swift with
the needle complete the course early, and
are allowed to bring from home simple gar
ments to make, and which will be in
keeping with grade work Talks on the
growth and manufacture of cotton, the orr
The Washington times., 1895-06-19

of culture TO the generations OF the future
Originality of thought and design IS always
respected. Hence much inventive genius
is displayed in the making OF illustrative
apparatus
The Washington times., 1895-06-19

There are two dreSsmaking shops, one
located at the John f. Cook school on o
street, and one at the Stevens school on
Twenty first street northwest. The largest
girls of the sixth grade attend these schools.
This branch OF needle work was introduced
September, 1890. One year is given for
the course, one-half hour per week for
lesson; eighteen girls comprise class The
following lessons are gwen. The art of
measuring accurately the form, study of the
form, cutting skirt by measure, machine
stitching, binding, facing and adjusting skirt
TO band, also the cutting and fitting of
waist with French bias dart, and leg o. NUT
ton sleeve.
Following is a detailed account of work
done this year One hundred and three
schools have received a regular course in
sewing, 2,439 pupils have been instructed,
2,663 lessons have been given, 13,S4S
samples of practice lessons have been made,
and ,31S garments cut and made.
OF the dressmaking department 362 pupils
have been instructed, $50 lessons given, 926
skirts cut and 335 made, 753 waists drafted
and cut, aud 1876 waists made.
The Rood Magic Scale is the system of
cutting that is taught The dressmaking
shops are presided over by two experienced
teachers.
rx1Io ,,-;,,, I1diac ar, o-,un,-aJ tho
The Washington times., 1895-06-19

gin and use of linen; also talks on thimbles,
needles and pins are given Specimen
charts are made in this grade, and are
useful in the sewing classes.
The fifth grade, or third year work
comprises lessons given ON the button hole
gusset setting, darning, hem stitching,
tailorpatcb. Garments made in this
grade are cut by the pupil, directions be-
ing given by the teacher. Specimen charts
are also made in this grade, and are used
to explain the origin and use OF materials
used in the work,
The sixth grade or fourth year work
comprises lessons in tucking, rolled and
whipped ruffles, French gathers, stocking
darning, and the button hole specimen
charts are also used in this grade and the
theory OF the work extensively taught All
kinds OF plain undegarments are made
by the pupils, under the immediate direc-
ton of the teacher
This branch of needle work has been
of great benefit to the pupils, as thousands
Of little hands have been trained TO skill
fully execute garments. One hour week
is given to this work, and from thirty
to forty pupils constitute a class. Yet
i'll this limited time great deal is accom-
plished.
The Washington times., 1895-06-19

There is always work, and tools TO work
withal, for those who viii james Russell
LOUeG
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20

so hungry that the fool is eaten a,r.
riedly, not properly masticated. and
OF course, cannot all be dirested. and
more or less is lost.
nature Is regular in her work. and
II the waste in feeding is avoided the
animal must be supplied regularly.
Liberal feeding is another essential
a certain quantity of food is necessary
TO sustain animal life and repair the
daily waste of the system. 1t is onlv
from the food consumed over and
ABOVE this that a profit can be derived.
hence, other things being equal, the
most profitable animal Is the one kent
ct the maximum gain consistent with
good health and thrift. Generally the
appetite of the animal is the best
guide. Feed al that is eaten up clean.
but no more. When more is given It ia
wasted.
There must be good variety Of food
to keep the animal with a good appe-
tite and supply all the needs of sys-
tenn to secure the best gains at the
lowest cost. Feed variety of foods,
taking care to make up a complete
ration. The more fully this Is done
the better will be the gain in proper
ton to the food consumed. One other
essential is to have the food Of good
quality. Good health Is essential to
thrift, and this can only be maintained
when sound, nutritious food and pure
water are supplied. Poor or unwhole-
some food or impure water, while II
may not induce actual disease, pro
duces at least an unhealthy condition
OF the system that prevents the best
growth and thrift, and to that extent
lessons the proft.-St Louis Repub.
lie
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
Better Road Laws Needed.

The road tar system of personal
service or Communication is unsound as
. principle, unjust In Its operations,
wasteful in its practices and unsatis-
factory in Its results. Some system
should be devised, based upon prop
erty, and property owners should
not be exempt on account Of age. As
the case now stands, some families es-
cape any road tax, year after year, all
of the members being either too young
or too old, but they are abundantly
able to do their share and use the
roads quite as much or more than any
one. In the meantime their poorer
neighbors, tenants it may be, or young
men without land, must leave the
crops in critical condition, at the
within aud convenience of the road
master Often the worst piece of road
is untouched and bit suiting the road
master OF hi, fccn Is Is worked after
fashion. Far,-. AMI Home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
RYE FOR PASTURE.
Its Possibilities NJ Grass Substitute Are
Worth Considering.

Its Possibilities NJ Grass Substitute Ara
Worth Considering.
If any of our readers anticipate a
shortage of late fall and early spring
pasture it would be well for them to
consider the possibilities of rye as
substitute for tame grasses. When
breaking up our farms fifteen years
ago, preparatory to seeding them to
tame grasses we made large use of rye,
sowing it in August and September,
pasturing it late in the fall and early
in the spring, and sometimes turning
off in time to get half or two-thirds of
a crop of grain. We do not favor the
growth of rye as crop in itself, be-
heving that either wheat or barley
will yield more moneys worth, but
when sown as pasture and as q nurse
crop, SO called, for the tame grasses,
as well as grain crop, we believe it
Will pay any man who is short of grass
to SOW rye for pasture.
In sowing rye for this purpose we
would pillow the ground as soon as pos
si5le after harvest and harrow down
this land as fast as it was plowed.
This will settle it, prepare better
seed bed, and conserve moisture. We
would SOW as soon as the conditions
are favorable for growth, usually about
the LIST of September, and if we intend
ed the land for pasture would sow
peck OF timothy seed at the same time.
II the season be favorable this will
afford good deal of pasture in the fall
for any kind of stock as well as for
horses and sheep in winter.
Our lambs last winter had a picnic
on the Turkish wheat that grew up in
the stubble and it answered the same
purpose as rye. 1t will afford a good
deal OF pasture in the spring and can
be cut for grain or not as circum-
stances warrant. Eight or ten pounds
of clover seed should be sown in the
spring either on the frozen.ground, or,
It the season be dry. as soon as the
frost is out, and covered with a smooth
ing harrow. Not the least advantage
OF this method is that it renders a stand
practically sure.-Indiana Farmer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
MUTTON AND WOOL.
Profit Only Found in q Combination Of
These Qualities.

These Qualities.
While there are many breeds of
sheep which are distinctly mutton or
wool breeds, there are others in which
the dividing line is not so sharply
drawn. 1t Is true that the very best
mutton sheep do not grow the best
fleece, and the best wool sheep do not
give the best mutton. But it is quite
possible to get an animal that, with a
fleece sufficiently good to pay for its
keep, will also produce mutton of
quality to satisfy the palates Of the
most fastidious.
These objects are to be obtained by
cross-breeding and proper handling
the two methods which, reduced to
science, have made English mutton the
only profitable branch Of farming in
England. Cross-bred sheep may be
readily obtained by the crossing of
any of the improved breeds which
have done well in your section upon
the common sheep. This Is really the
easiest part Of the process. The diff
cult part is the proper handling. Our
sheep have cared for themselves so
long that it is hard for us to realize
that change is necessary. The i'm
proved breeds have been made such
chiefly by liberal feeding Of succulent
food and shelter from stormA. This
care has been continued for so long q
period that it has entered into and al
tered their systems, replacing hardi-
ness Of constitution with juiciness of
flesh. Neglect will cause them to ran
down and lose this most desirable
characteristic. It will also affect the
quality of the fleece, so that the care
less shepherd will feel the pinch on all
sideS-N. Y. World.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
FACTS FOR FARMERS.

WooD ashes is the best fertilizer for
grapes.
The fall is usually the best time to
buy sheep.
CARRIAGES cannot have too rich soil
or be cultivated too often.
THE superiority Of pure breeds of
poultry is largely due to the better
care that they receive.
WHEN the orchard begins bearing 1t
should receive an annual dressing Of
phosphoric acid and potash.
A LITTLE nitrate of soda sprinkledi In
the rows and hills of the lima beans
will hasten the growth of the vines
SHEARINe off little wool around the
teat will often prevent the loss Of the
lamb from indigestion consequent on
swallowing lock of wool.
DoN'T let the weeds grow up and 20
to seed where early crops have been
removed and in the patbs II you do
1t will be adding to your work next
year.-N. Y. World
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20

|bde Is to scatter the vines over the
eadow and cover them with an inch
sand. This gives a quick growth,
requires many vines and also a
I'D deal of sand.
FOme people SOW what they call cut
lgs They run the vines through
cutter, cutting them into lengths
put one inch long. These they SOW
Esdcast and harrow in.
Intil the vines are matted keep the
we'll drain ed, as the plants do not
re on wet land. When properly
ned a good meadow will become
ed in three years, though some
ltations take longer than that on
Ount of the land being too wet. For
or three years after putting out
vines the land should be kept free
% weeds, and the cranberry plants
en undisputed possession. During
first year hoe may be used, but
p that the grass must be pulled by
to avoid loosening the runners
are rooted In the soil. This
uld be done in August, before the
DDS 90 to seed.
hough drainage is required to OBJ
growth of vines, after the mat
Completed there are certain times
IN considerable moisture is neces-
TO insure a good crop. Sometimes
lghts blast great many of the
SONS, which is prevented II enough
sure can be supplied to the crop
insure full development. Again,
re the soil can be made moist, the
formed berries will grow up to
ne But where irrigation is re-
80 TO, care must be taken to lower
water in the bitches by the middle
ugust, that the vines may be en-
10 make good fall growth If
Oe not done the crop of the COM
year may be seriously damaged.
fuit buds are formed In the fall,
q visible at the ends Of the new
on the upright branches AL
-uons require flooding every win
farmers Review.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
CRANBERRY CULTURE.

nenends Upon the Setting Out of
pu the Rather Delicate Vines.
a., :, nlanting or setting out various
l,;nds of vines and plants, there
o'n 10 be no particular time when 1t
= absolutely necessary to have the
&c set out. The cranberry vine is
v hardy. and will live, even with
'sl ca deal of hard usage. When marsh
sOs been prepared in one summer the
u liners frequently wait till the next
ling before putting out the cranber-
y lines. From April till June is sup
y ,.sd to be the best time. Fall plant
H. is practiced by some, but it is
~ aLnSrbtful If there be much gain in this
Wv waiting for the next spring.
V Wben only a part of the ground is to
ss planted, that part should be planted
hat is the highest, leaving the wetter
rortions for the work of spring.
There are various modes for trans
.,.ntinr the vines. One Of these is
ssllsd sod planting. The sods contain
,ur cranberry vines are taken from
.-anberry meadows and placed in the
law marsh. This was one of the earliest
nIaus, and doubtless originated from a
sssire not to disturb the roots of the
rIauts Very few planters now practice
Ibis method.
Hill planting is also practiced. One
great advantage of hill planting over
/ sOl planting is that only clean vines are
set out, where with the sod roots from
ether plants were necessarily prop
scated. The ground may be marked
out by drills, two feet apart each way,
and the vines put in where the drills
iptersect. One objection to this mode
Is that large punches of vines have
tendency to dry up and become woody,
thus seriously injuring the plantation
q This difficulty induced some cultivators
to adopt the expedient of planting in
iunnel-shaped holes, made by rotating
sharp stick or dibble, the vines are
placed in these holes, and scattered
around, so that when the center Is
filed with sand, they will be spread
out, pointing in all directions This
method is illustrated by the accom-
panying cut. Dead punches are thus
avoided Even this plan is less salts
factory than others, on account of the
Increased labor and consequent ex-
pense.
Another method is called drill plant
Ing. A furrow is turned by the plow,
and the vines are scattered thinly
slOng, only one in a place, being leaned
rp against the perpendicular and part
y covered by the hoe. Still another
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
r.,.E ~ OF ct of plowlng.

The object of blowing is not merely
20 turn over the soil to bury the surface
trash AL soften and pulverize 1t for
seed. 1t has deeper purpose than
this shallow one. 1t is certainly to at
the land for the seed and to afford
good covering for it. But it is not to
bury the surface, with the accumu-
lated matter of the previous crop,
where IL cannot be of use until It Is
turned back again. The so-called
"cut-and-cover" kind of blowing should
be made penal offense, for 1t Is detri-
mental to all concerned In the good
culture Of the land. On the contrary,
II is the sloping furrow slice, laid on
edge at about As degrees with the
surface, and the manure with 1t lying
In layers from the top to the bottom OF
the furrow, that is really plowins.-
Rural World.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
CHEAP GATE SPRING.
One Of the Few Devices OF It's Kind III
Has Given Satisfaction.

One Of the Few Devices OF It's Kind That
Has Given Satisfaction.
A few years ago, saw description
of spring for gate; made one and
applied it to my gate, and it has given
such good satisfaction that I send
drawing Of 1t for publication. Take
an old horse-rake tooth or new one
may be procured from a dealer In
farm machinery, heat the ends in the
stove II not near q blacksmith shop;
bend about three inches of one end
back to go into the post on which the
gate hangs, and bend the other end
into the form Of hook. Fasten
rope or small chain to the gate about
six inches from the back side-or
further away If stronger spring is
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
FEEDING FOR PROFIT.
VI the Essentials to Success In th
RnIal..

"the Essentials to Success In the
Raising Of Stock.
Craer to make feeding Of the stock
larm most profitable, every ad-
~ must be taken, not only In the
g' but in the management. The
animal that is being fed will
considerable difference in the
Oufed in proportion to the guam
1000 consumed. A well-bred,
animal will make a much bet
~ IN proportion to the food con-
.lan an unthrifty scrub.
vigorous, thrifty, well-bred an
= one OF the first essent ials In
Co S's stock feeding. The cost of
Sr ~ ana care is the same, and the
NC IN the price realized is that
A0re profit with the better an
ND Nc. 70 make the most out of the
Epl. we animal the feeding must
r,s a' Animals will not and can
irr.whe when their food is given to
Ae os oni It happens to
tsOnnv,enience of the feeder. Ir-
Pans a ~ disturbs and deranges
beto,oo u digestion. II the food is
oysr,s the regular time the stom-
betors0 a q, Or the organs put to
dispos,'.n ey have fully recovered
ork ., OF the previous meal.
erfec,,'u. digestion and assimilation
d. II !. aone, and there is loss
be usos sle .ieeding is delayed be-
ume. the animal gets
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20

Illustration gives suggestion of how
the work may well be done. In warm
climates earthenware gratings at
tached to vitrified or glazed tile may
be used instead Of iron netting. We
sometimes find it cheaper to tile
drain basin made wet by seepage
from an irrigating canal than to try
to prevent the seepage. Such spots Of
course need no irrigation and when
90 drained are very productive. Il. s.
Roberts, in American Agriculturist.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
TILE DRAIN OUTLET.

Some Reasons Why 1t Should Be Made Of
Stone or Brick.
The outlet Of tile drain should not
be OF tile. A more stable ending to
a drain Is needed to resist the action of
frost, washing, etc. 1t is best to have
the outlet constructed of stone or
brick, or both, and to have the open
ing covered with fine wire netting to
keep out small animals. The stones
or brick should be laid In cement. The
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
Inducements for Meat Products.

It looks as though the future offered
excellent inducements for meat prod
ucts, not only in the form OF beef, but
also as pork, mutton and poultry. 1t
is an excellent opening for profit, and,
as stock raising provides home mar
ket for much that is grown on the
farm, there is something gained In
that respect, while more manure and
inrreased fertility of the soil will re-
n; torn VI keeping of stock
'rag y l'it.es
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
THE REMoDELED BARN.

building new or remodeling an old
barn will not be sorry II they choose
one with basement. II to economical,
warm, and if well ventilated will be
most comfortable for stock. Do not
give the fodder directly from the floor
above, but have spacious alleys, wide
enough to hold feed for one or two
days. Have boxes in the basement for
grain, also couple of good cats for
catching rats and mice.
The dimensions of q barn are not
essential in a plan. Build according
to your needs Divide the stall room
SO it will give you the best service.
Allow five feet in single stalls for
horses, and three feet for cattle. The
illustrations show my original barn,
and also the remodeled and enlarged
structure. l raised the old barn on an
eight-foot stone wall on three sides of
the rectangle, then boarded. battened
and prepared the other side as shown in
the plan. 1t is very satisfactory now,
and have no doubt that many barns
in the central west can be greatly i'm.
proved at comparatively small ex-
pense. Fig. is the old barn, Fig. is
the same after it had been placed upon
the stone wall and remodeled, Fig. 8
is the ground plan showing the
arrangement of the stalls.
For tying cattle, find chain most
satisfactory. In my stalls I place a
2x4-inch scantling, with rounded
edges to permit the free working up
and down of the chain. One end Of
this scantling is fastened to the top Of
the partition and the other to top Of
manger in a slanting manner. The
chain placed about this scantling and
the neck of the animal allows plenty
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
DAIRY SUGGESTIONS.

LINsEED meal made into Jelly and
added to the milk, Is excellent for
calves.
THE dairy COW needs feed that Is rich
in albuminoids. Clover hay IL rich in
these elements
WE are asked II sugar beets ere ss
good for mich cows as ensilage Is
Yes, perhaps better; but they are more
expensive.
Do NOT feed much cornmeal to calves,
II any. Bran, ground oats, linseed
meal, etc., are the kind of feed that
calves should have.
If a COW closes her cud," the animal
is sick. 1t means that she has no ap
petite. Perhaps a tonic will restore
the proper condition.
WHAT shall do for hollow hornp
asks a subscriber. Improve the gen.
eral condition of the COW. There is no
such disease as hollow horn.
CoTToNsEED meal, we would say to an
inquirer, has no perceptible bad effect
On the COW, but 1t Is claimed that 1t has
upon the butter. especially II too free
ly fed.
SOMETIMES heifer does not do as
well the second year as she does the
first. There is nothing to discourage
in this condition. The third year she
will likely come out all right.
ONE of our subscribers has been feed
ing sweet milk to pigs, and thinks that
Il yrodyoae diorrhoaa IiEo1y II will
sometimes do it If large quantities are
fed. If mixed with middlings 1t will
prove harmless. Farmers Voice.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
REMODELING A BARN.

one with Basement Is Most Comfort.
able for Stock.
There is some controversy concern.
Ing the comparative value of bank or
basement barn. and one built on level
ground. Having used both candidly
believe that farmers who contemplate
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-09-20
FRONT Ue PLAN

Of room while eating and lying down,
but keeps the animal in place. My
COW stalls have 6-inch drop, the
length Of stalls varying to correspond
to the length of the cattle. They are
double, with partition In the man.
ger, 30 that each animal has his own
food. This is an important point
where animals Of different ages are
stabbed together. In all well-regu-
lated stables good box stall, access
ible from both COW and horse barn, 10
desirable. This feature will be found
in the accompanying plan.-D. B. FL
lott, In Orange Judd Farmer.