davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
BIG JACK is ARRESTED.
He Is Said to Have Committed Eour
MurdeFs

He 10 Said to Have Committed Four
West Superior, Wis, Oct. 31.-Dis.
patches received here from the sheriff
at Wausau, Wis.,, state that Henry
Lamonte. alias Big Jack, is under ar
rest at his home there. Officers have
gone for him, and he will be brought
here to answer to the charge of mur-
dering an unknown man near Ded-
ham Sept. %. I.amonte has bloody
record, according to the story of Of
ficers who have tr:liled him. He il
accused first Of numbering Deputy
Sheriff Wilson ut Denver three years
ago, while under arrest for burglary
and attempting to escape. His second
crime is supposed to be numbering a
man IN a cranberry marsh In Wood
county, Wis.,. year ago last summer.
The third crime Is the one near Ded-
ham, for which he Is under arrest,
robbery Of $50 being the motive, and
the fourth the killing of the unknown
man near Finlayson. Minn., on Oct
81 last The latter case is now being
looked up. Lalnonte registered at q
hotel in Virginia in his own name and
left in company with man named
Mcmillan. who has not since been
heard from. and Is supposed to be
dead at FinlaysOn. He had $500 when
he left the iron range.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
CoNvICTs GO QUICK.
New York State Scores Two Nor
Successful ElectrOcust0ns.

New York State Scores Two More
Successful Electrocusions.
Danncmora, n. v. Oct. 31.-To-day,
for the second time only In the his
tory of this state. two murderers paid
the penalty Of their crimes on the
same day and before the same set
of Witnesses. George II. Smith, who
murdered old Philip Richmcyer at Al
hmny, and Charles N. Davis, who out
ragged and killed -year-old Maggie
Shannon at Cohocs. were killed in the
electrical chair at Clinton prison, the
twenty-cighth and twcnty-ninth sub
jects of electrical execution. These
We're also examples of quick justice,
both being convicted during the third
week in September and no appeal he
ing taken to the higher court.
Another interesting feature Of the
killing Of the two men was the fact
that the usual sentimental features
were lacking. They came into the
clcctrocutiOn room in flannel under
suits. without coats or vests. with
plain dark trousers and slippers,
which latter were taken off rs they
sat down in the chairs Davis was
killed ut 81 and Smith at 11:39,
both quickly and painlessly, as far as
could lie told.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
A strairht Tin

Chicago. Oct Golf the big fights
do not take pace there will be IL lot
of sports from Chicago who will be
disappointed, for the morning train
will carry quite load of the hopeful
ones out Of town. The following dis
patch was sent out to-day by Bisscll
Wilson. district passenger agent Of
the Iron Mountain railroad:
Following has just been received
from II. c. Townsend: Arrangements
have been made which insure contests
taking place on Oct. 81. Deputy sller-
itf TO be sent to Marshal to meet Fitz-
simmons. arrest him Immediately on
'rossing the line. take him direct to
Hot Springs, thereby taking the p,lgil-
list out OF the hands Of the governors
officers. Give notice to all interest
ed.'"
Shortly after this was sent out by
Mr.. Wilson Charles Meyers received
the following from Joe Vendlg:
"TO Charlie Meyers. Wabash Rail-
road Company, Chicago: Fights are
assured. YOu can guarantee people
who come over your line that they will
see contests il they come to Hot
Springs
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
BURNED TO DEATH.
TERRIBLE RETRlDUTrON OF A
MURDERER IN TEXAS.
A Negro Who Had Assaulted and
TAen Butchered Woman IL
Burned to Death In the Pablic
Square at Tyler,
Texas.
r DREW LIKE A CIRCUS.
Basiness Houses and Factorles Close
and Employees Turn Out to See
the Affair.

Tyler. Tex. Oct. 81. - At a point
about four miles from here Il Mrs.
He'll was raped and murdered by q
negro named Henry l1illiari. After
outraGing the body the negro deliber-
ately cut lie: throat, and then. taking
his knife, ripped up her body. A posse
was quickly organized, and, aided by
a hound tracked the negro to within
four miles from this place, where they
found him asleep in cotton pen. The
negro's clothing was still covered
with blood
Soon after the officers had him
handcuffed mob Of some 200 men,
heavily armed. arrived on the scene
ana demanded the immediate surren-
der Of the prisoner, which was readily
given. The mob then left for the
scene Of the murder. The crowd con-
tinued to gather at the scene of the
horrible crime until nearly 1000 citi-
zens of Tyler and vicinity We're there.
a few moments before the fiend was
brought to the place meeting was
neid and committee was appointed
to investigate his identity, which was
soon done. In few moments an Of
nicer approached from over the hill.
Followed by 3OO determined and well
armed men. When near the scene tile
officers were overlowcred and dis
armed. and the negro, Henry Hilliard,
brought before the committee. He
made a full confession.
After his confession and thorough
Identity. a vote was taken as to the
mode OF punishment. 1t was agreed
to burn him In the public square. At
i o'clock the head of the procession
entered the main plaza OF Tyler,
whence no less than 1000 people had
assembled. Large crowds of Indies
and children were congregated OIL the
awnings surrounding the public plaza.
wagons, carriages, trees and buildings
were converted into grand stands and
were thronged.
A scaffOld was erected in the center
OF the square. Wagons loaded with
kindltng wool, coal oil and straw were
driven to the scene and placed in po-
sitlon. The negro was then given an
opportunity to speak, but his words
were inaudible, but when lie offered
up his last prayer his words could he
heard for several blocks. He was then
lashed to the iron rail that extended
through the platform. Mr.. Bell, the
husband of the murdered woman, ap-
piled the match and the flames shot
upward, envcloping the brute in
sheet Of flame. From the time the
match was applied until his death was
exactly fifty minutes.
The l. & G. n. south-bound train
was crowded with people from the
towns north. Hundreds of negroes
witnessed the execution and repre-
sentative negroes expressed their en-
dorsement Of the punishment. The
officers were powerlcss and the sl,er-
III wired the governor, hut his mes
sage was too late. All business houses
and factories closed, and the big cot.
ton belt shOpS were DESCRIBED
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
RUSSIA DENIES 1T.
England Receives Assurances Fro
St PetePnhuPr

England Receives Assurances From
ST. Petersburg.
London, Oct. 31.-The Russian en-
bassy announced to-day that 1t has re-
ceived an official telegram from st.
Petersburg, completely denying the
stories from Hong Kong to the Times
and Globe about the alleged secret
treaty with China by which Russia
has been granted extraordinary con-
cessions. The Russian officials here
add that the visit of Prince Wong
Chi Chuan to st. Petersburg. about
which so much has been said recently,
was solely undertaken with the OBJ
tect Of congratulatins the czar upon
his accession to the throne In regard
to the anchoring of a Russian fleet at
Port Arthur, the Russian embassy is
not aware that Russia claims any
rights beyond those Of the other pow.
ers, and 1t is stated that no Russian
warships will be permanently sta
tioned at Port Arthur.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
THE NEGATIVE.
Attorney General chilas Of MI,

Attorney General Chilas Of Mime.
s0ta ON Insurance.
st. Paul, Oct. 30.-Attorney General
Childs wrote an opinion to-day reply
1ng to the queries submitted to him by
deputy State Insurance Commissioner
Lightl)ourne relative to the granting
of licenses under section 81 of the new
hw, and as to whether or not the
Merchants Insurance Company Of
Minneapolis is authorized to place In
suIance for all its members under one
license. Attorney General Childs
holds that the Merchants Insurance
company can place insurance only for
stiplated member. and that IL 1t
wishes to place other insurance It
will have to take out license for
each. He also holds that individuals
wishing to place their insurance with
unauthorized companies will have to
take out q license casting them $40. a.
provided by section Is Of the laws.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
peraOnnl,

Ex-senator Van Wyck of Nebraska,
who was stricken with apopleXy in
Washington, is somewhat better.
Ex-Supt. of Police Byrnes of New
York sailed for Europe on the North
German Lloyd liner Havel.
The death of II. B. Cotton, presi-
dent of the Oxford university boat
club and bow of the university eight
for the last six years, is announced.
Frederick l.. Billion, aged ninety-five,
who had resided III st. Louis longer
than any other inlabitant, is dead.
He was the oldest Mason in the West.
At Portland, Ind, Rev. Seth Wilson,
eighty-twO years old, and n pioneer,
died after more tlian fifty years of
service as a minister.
Upon motion of United States Com
missioner Shields, John NJ. Ward, the
ex-ball player, was admitted to prac-
tice In the United States circuit court
nt New York by Judge I.acombe.
Henry Preserved Smith, the Lane
theological professor tried for heresy,
arrived In New York OH la Cham
pagnc from Egypt, where he has been
studying Oriental languages for sew
eral months.
A Copenhagen publishing house has
commissioned Henry Cavling. q Dan
tsh journalist, to write book OH the
United States. Mr.. Cdvling arrived in
Boston a few days ago. at which point
he will begin his labors.
Martin Marsick. the French violinist,
arrived in New York on the French
liner La Touraine. At the Waldorf
the manager and his party, consisting
Of the musician and his wife, were
told no guests playing the violin or
piano were taken. At the Windsor no
objection was made. Mr.. Marsick has
wonderful collection Of violins two
of which. Il Stradivarius and IL Mich
olaS Amati, are almost priceless.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
PITH OF THE NEWS
EVENTS OF THE PAST WEEK IN
4 CONDENSED FORM.
The Lntcst and Most Important New q
Of the World. Cullcsl From the
Telegraph RepOrts Of the Press
AssOcjntiOns.
Washington.

Warrington.
Secretary Olney has gone to Boston
for short stay.
The president has appointed Albert
ID. Chamberlain to be register of the
land office at Douglas, Wyo.
Spain snubs the United States, de.
Ginning to permit an investigation In
Cuba. The Washington administra.
ton therefore gives It up.
The government has declined to an.
swer Col. S. NJ. Whitesidcs request
for a court of inquiry as to why he
was removed from command Of Jeffer-
son barracks at st. Louis.
The secretary of war has relieved
Maj. Henry ]. Nowlan. Seventh cav
airy, from duty ut Fort Grant, !Ariz.,
and transferred him to Fort Sheridan,
iii.
Commissioner General Stump Of the
immigration bureau says there is 10
reason to fear an influx of Japanese
into the United States and denies that
the alien contract labor law has been
violated by them.
Secretary Smith has denied the ap-
plication Of the Chicago. Milwaukee
& st. Paul Railroad company for re-.
funding $15.33;5 deposited by the CON-
pany to pay for the right OF way
across the great Sioux reservation in
South Dakota.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
A DURRANT SENSATION.
Story Of an Alleged Plot to Manu-.
1actuFe Evidence.

Story Of an Alleged Plot to Manu-
factuFe Evidence,
San Francisco, Oct. 3O.-The coro.
ner to-day received a letter signed by
George Reynolds saying the writer's
body would be found In the bay. and
confessing that he had been employed
by the attorneys of Theodore Dur
rant to manufacture testimony in the
murder case of Blanche Lamont and
Minnie Williams. A letter says five
other men were also employed by the
defense to make false statements. The
object was to convict Rev. ]. George
Gibson, pastor of Emanuel church, Of
the murder of the girls. Each Of the
five was to swear to a part of the
story, which in its entirety would prob
ably convict Gibson. The letter Is ac-
companled by a typewriter state
ment which the letter says Reynolds
was instructed by the defendants at
storneys to swear to. The police are
investigating the matter. bnt will not
admit that the letter is q hoax.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
THE SAD END OF A GIRL.

Thought Her Father Wns in Dan.
ger and Was Herself Instantly
Killed.
Minneapolis, Oct. 81. - Trying to
save her father from what she
thought certain death, Annie Simon
son Of st. Paul lost her own life this
morning in the mill district. She was
going with her father to the Wash
burn c Mill, and they were about to
cross the Milwaukee & st. Louis spur
tracks when train of box cars was
switched rapidly toward them. Think
ing that her father was in danger
Miss Simons0n spraDg across the
tracks to pull him away. when she
was Knocked down by the cars and
instantly killed. Five cars passed
over the body, mangling it horribly.
The dead girl was twenty-five years
Of age, and resided with her parents
at 1O26 Burr street, st. Paul.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Nuke. n Confes.ion

Fond du Lac, Wis, Oct. 3O.-A doc
uDcnt of n remarkable character was
filed with the clerk of the court to.
day. 1t was the complaint In the suit
brought to recover title to the electric
plant In this city. The most astound.
'ng feature Of the complaint is the
acknowledgement Of w. G. Decelle
that he entered into conspiracy to
defraNd the creditors Of the Fond du
Lac Light. Power and Railway com.
pany, and that Elihu Colman, actina
as his attorney. was q party in the
swindle. The suit Ia the immediate
outcome Of Elihu Colman's attempt "a
sell the electric pllnt.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
TACOMA DONE AGAIN.
The Sheriff Is After Ex.City Treas.
urer DORge

The Sheriff Is After Ex-City Treas.
urer DOggs.
Tacoma, Wash, Oct. 81. - 1t is al
legged that cx-City Treasurer Boggs,
who held Office from 1880 to 1894, is
an eMbeZzlcr to the extent of $1O9, 900,
and that the sheriff is OH the road to
Jacksonville, Or, to arrest him. The
recent bank failures have disclosed
the fact that Boggs deposited a large
sum of city warrants in the banks,
receiving credit us cash. The war
rants so deposited are supposed to ag-
gregate $212.0GO. The German-Ameri-
can and Columbia National banks
have brought suit to have their ac-
counts with the city offset with these
warrants. claiming them to be illegal
because issued in excess of legal ill.,
debtedness.
The city's deposit in these banks ag-
gregate S162,0OO cash. and If their con.
tention is upheld it is claimed the city
would lose that amount, as it would
be morally bound to validate and pay
these warrants. These facts have led
to close investigation of Boggs' al
legei warrant transactions by the
city officials and prosecuting attorney
with the result that 1t was decided
Saturday to put him on trial.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Fire mt Dell Rapid..

Sioux Falls, S. D.. Oct. 81. The
barn of Chris Anderson. who lives in
Dell Rapids township. was destroyed
by fire. Together with the barn there
were lost eight horses. three cows.
fifty hogs, 1000 bushels Of grain and
several stacks OF hay and grain. The
total loss is $1,000, with no insurance.
Eleven threslers were sleeping up
stairs in the barn, and one Of them
barely escaped with his life. All the
men lost their coats and some Of them
their pocketl0oks.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
After the Mayor Aroin

Ashland. Wis, Oct. 81. - The civic
federation has asked the arrest Of
Mayor McClintock. He ia charged
with malfcasance in Office in failing to
close houses Of i'll fame and saloons,
and conn;ving in their running. The
complaint will also include charges
against the mayor for not stopping
gambling. 1t has been alleged that
the mayor was in certain saloon
playing cards a week ago last Sunday.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
lob atDurrant,a T.i.

San Francisco, Oct. 31.-The close Of
the arguments for the defense in the
trial Of Theodore Durrant to-day was
marked by the greatest crowd that
ever fought for admission to a murder
trial In this city. Judge, Jurors, court
officers and attorneys struggled for
nearl. an hour in a surging throng Of
men and women who crowded
through the corridors leading to the
court room. The sheriff and his depu-
ties were not able to control the mob
and O requisition was made on the
chief Of police for twenty men.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Criminal,

Chief Of Police Badcnm.l Of Chicago
keep open after midnight.
Andrew jackson in shooting Mai.
Campbell in Il saloon at Mlddlesboro,
Ky. killed his sixth man.
The residence Of Minister Kurino of
Japan in Washington was robbed by
sneak thieves. The loss was between
5000 and $1,000.
Albert Cable and James Brett Of
Bolivar. Pa. went to the home Of r.
Kingsland to settle grudge and both
were killed.
EXCasllier Colean. who wrecked the
State bank of Fort Scott, Kan, Is dan
:.erously Ill. He gave bond for $1,000
for his preliminary examination.
\ most daring but foolhardy attempt
was made by two men to blow up and
rob the bank of Hosc, Daily & Co. at
Anaconda. Mont. The robbers, \. L..
Iirpo and Will Fl. Darling. both
blackSmiths, are now in Jail.
Frank Coleman. editor Of the Argus
at Huntsville, Ala, and Robert L..
O'Neal, editor Of the Mercury ex-
changed ten pistol shots but neither
was injured. The trouble grew out Of
business rivalry.
Dan E. Young, an old citizen and q
prominent politician, was murdered
in Oak Canyon, New Mexico. 1t is
thought the white caps, some Of whom
he had exposed, are connected with
the murder.
George e. Swain. an engineer Of
Hartford, Conn.,, was get upon by Q
band Of roughs and fred In sslf.de.
fsnss. One baH pierced the hsart Of
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
ONE MORE RUMBLE.
OF Trouble Among the Employees oi
the Great Northern.

OF Trouble Among the Employees Of
the Great Northern.
Seattle. WASH, Oct. 31.-T'he indica-
tions ire that James ]. Hill will be
compelled to acccde the demands to be
made upon him by the American Rail-
way union or have visited upon the
Great Northern railroad an extensive
strike. There is now at Devils Lake
committee of eight, chosen from
various lodges of the order. including
one representative from this state,
and together they are revising the
schedules for submission to President
Hill. The main ground for contention
is that Il law paid man with Il griev-
ancc is cntitled to .ls much considera-
tlon as high paid one without a
grievance. AS further cause for COM
plaint it ia claimed that Mr.. Hill ever
since the union won the great strike,
which came to an end May I. 1894,
has been systematically violating the
agreement made at that time.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Casualty

Most of the town of Ceres, Pa. was
destroyed by fire.
Simon Bloch. n clotlier Of Marion,
Ind. took an overdose of morphine to
relieve pain, and died. lie was fifty
years old.
While making cider, Wall Stiltz, q
farmer living near Ashland, ILL.,, was
accilnctally killed by being struck on
the head by an iron rod.
The freight trains on the Wabash
railway collidcd at Martinsburg, Mo-,
killing Dan Kcl,oe, pump foreman,
and Edward Thompson Of Tulip, Mo.
y watcrspont broke at Tegucigalpa,
Honduras. drowning eighteen per
SONS and destroying a church and sew.
cral houses.
Charles McAlanus was killed, James
III. T.. Reed was fatally injured and
four others were seriously hurt by an
explosion III the dry and mixing room
of the tiberloid works ut Ncwbury-
port. Mass.
The mining village of North Stock.
ton, Pa, was practically wiped out by
fire. There was high wind blowing
at the time. Twelve dwellings We're
destroyed. They were owned by the
Stockton Coal company. The loss is
$1S.nDO.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
A Conductor burned

Mellen, Wis, Oct. 81. = Two ore
trains going East on the Wisconsin
Central road had rear-end collision
near here early this morning, telescop-
Ing the caboose. Conductor Trevor
Rodd was caught in the burning CO.
boose and burned to death. His body
was entirely consumed. He lived at
Stevens Point.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
WANTED TO DIE.
Supposed Craxy Man II Saved From
Drowning.

Supposed Grassy Man Is Saved From
Drowning.
Minneapolis, Oct. BE. A. Lund, a
we'll dressed man, apparently crazy,
tried suicide this morning by jumping
from the bridge between Nicollet ISL
and and the East side. Frank Collins
of Lake Alinnetonka saw him plunge
over the rail into the cold. black
water. and, securing a long pole. tried
to induce Lund to grasp 1t. ;iunG,
however, determined to die and struck
the pole away. Collins then plunged
In and succeeded in dragging the now
benumbed Lund to dry land. At the
central station snug sum Of money
was found on Lunds person, but he
refused to disclose his identity fur
ther than his name. and declined to
give any reason for his attempt.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
SPREADING Dinhtherla

Minneapolis, Oct ga man named
Wander Coy was arrested to-day by
Sanitary Inspector Lunt for appea ring
In the streets before he had fully re-
covered from diphtheria. He was de-
liyering milk for Gus Harrison. He
was sent to the quarantine hospital.
and will be prosecuted when well
enough to be discharged.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02

London, Oct. 3O-A dispatch to the
Exchange Telegraph company from
Constantinople says that the outbreak
at Baiburt was provoked by the Ar
menians. At the Turkish embassy
here 1t is believed that all the recent
disturbances in Armenia are the d.
rect result Of an organized conspiracy
covering various parts Of the country
and which were foretold in the dis
patches Of the Associated Press some
months ago.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Bird Island nla.e

Bird Island, MINI. Oct. 29.-At mid.
plight fire DESTROYED the Western hotel.
the Quady building, barber shop and
Murphys blacksmith shop. The
Quady building was occupied by Pat.
rick Welch with general store and
living rooms overhead.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
ElaaeA the Deputx.

AnOka. Minn., Oct. 29.-A prisoper
named Curtis. who pleaded guilty In
the district court to u charge OF at.
tempted criminal assault. was cen
teuced to three years In the peniteu.
tiary by Judge Smith. escaped from a
deputy sheriff at the jail last evening
and has not yet been captured.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
Two Nnmed bx .yud.. wynn.

st. Paul. Oct. 20.-Judge Willis, In
the district court this morning, filed
an order appointing John w. Lane
receiver of the st. Paul office of the
Snow-Church company and w. 10.
Noxon receiver Of the Minneapolis
branch Of the concern.
The Dickinson press. (Dickinson, Stark County, D.T. [i.e. N.D.]) 1883-1927, 1895-11-02
NO WOMAN SUFFRAGE,
South Carolina Votes 1t Down, 121
to X(S

South Carolina Votes 1t Down, 121
to 2D.
Columbia, s. c., Oct. 31.-,rhe con-
stitutional convention to-day voted
down the woman's suffrage amend
ment by most decisive vote of 121
to 26 George d. Tillmnn made n
great speech i'll advocacy Of the idea,
claiming that by enfranchising women
with Il property qualification, the
white people could carry the elections
by fair and honest methods, and by no
other way could they do 1t. He char
acterlzcd the sufflage plan Of Senator
Tillman as temporary fraudulent
nakeshift which would not endure.