The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1895-08-01
THE s PANS OF LIFE,
DIFFERENCES OF DURATION in MEN
IA Il. s s3s8 AND ANIMALS. n

DIFFERENCES OF DURATION in MEN
!. 4. AND ANIMALS. Al
Ons Of the Shortest II that Of the May
ny and Ono Of the Longest the Ele-
phsnt's-AmonE Insects the Period {of
" Adult Lilo Varies Greatly. Al RI; N " ~
An essay Of Weismann, charming
and profound and written before the
obsessiqn Of 4 logical theory had car
ried him into arid metaphysics, dis.
cussed the duration Of life in men and
animals To many, perhaps to most.
living things. death comes unexpected
~, with an ironical indifference to the
period Of the animals life orto its bus.
mess Of the moment. The man may b
preparing to be merry; the bird may 30
a-building, the butterfly not yet dry
from the chrysalis, when they are fallen
upon BY blind misohance, by enemies
intent only on dinner or by minimizing
microbes. Confronted by such extrinsio
accidents, men cry out after their kind,
the poet attuning an Intellectual lam
entation, the moralist preaching, the
pagan urging to the day of pleasure,
but the naturalist must be dumb. His
opportunity comes with tho animals
that avoid or escape colliding fates, and
that yet after fixed period run down
like clock. The seeds of deaths appar-
emily have been lying inert in the body
and come to fatal maturity after lapse
Of time that varies little among indi-
viduals Of the same species, but that ID
widely different among different kinds
Of animals. 49,. ,.T.Ls.
Threescore and ten, is the natura::
period Of mans life. The elephant will
live 900 years, the horse but half CEN
tury. Singing bird and fowls and pleas
ants will i've fol nearly 30 years, but
parrots, eagles, fal. pms and swans are
known to survive u cir century. Some
live through nearly two centuries.
Queen ants and working ants may live
for years. Sir John Lubbock kept a
queen ant alive for IS years, during all
which period she continued to lay fer
tile eggs, but the males live only few
days. Queen bees live two or three
years; workers and drones few months,
although indeed in one sense the death
of the latter is unnatural, as the work
ers drive them away from the stores of
food, so that they perish Of starvation.
Among insects generally the period Of
adult life varies greatly. Many, like
the May flies, dance in the. sun only for
few hours; the sexes mel t, the eggs
are deposited and the creatures die be-
fore nightfall. Many butterflies and
moths are unprovided with feeding or.
gans and live only few hours, others
for many days.
Leaving out of count certain minor
factors, like the time required for grow
ing to larger size and the slower
growth of animals that must waste time
and energy in capturing living food, it
is certain that there is an intimate con-
neotion all through the animal kingdom
between the duration Of life and the
reprod uctive habits. Animals, in one
sense, are like the bright and fragrant
flowers of plants; since when their
function is accomplished, when seeds
are formed, they wither and perish.
The business of the animal seems to be,
not to live it's own life, but to reproduce
its own kind, and the term Of life at its
disposal is adjusted, accurately to the
special difficulties Of this purpose.
Weismann and Alfred Russell Wallace
suggest that death comes as soon as pos.
sible after the due number Of SUCCESSORS
has been produced, in order that each
species may always be represented by
full tale Of young and vigorous indivi-
duals. Natural selection acts like con.
tractor who has under taken to keep
window box gay with fresh blossoms;
each plant must be removed almost be-
fore its flowers fade.
But our present concern is with the
fact rather than with explanation of the
fact. Taking the needs of reproduction
as master key, we find it unlocking
the secrets Of inequalities Of life. The
May flies live only a few hours. but
their eggs are produced abundartly and
have only to be dropped into pools from
which their parents, leaving their ohrys-
ais, sprang into the sunny air. The
short lived moths and butterflies SINH
larly are untroubled by family cares.
When the eggs have to be deposited on
common and abundant food plants the
females need and possess few hours in
which to accomplish their easy task.
The males, on tive other hand, have to
fly about seeking and sometimes fight.
ing for possession Of the females, and
to them longer life is allotted. But
terfiies and moths that live for more
than a few days are those whose cater
pillars require q rarer food plant, a
more carefully chosen. nursery and feed
ing ground. The females have to fly
about seeking convenient spots for their
offspring, and the eggs, instead Of ripen
ing and being deposited simultaneous.
", are laid from day to day until the
full tale DO accomplished In many
tribes of bees the males play their part
but once, and that during the nuptial
fight Of the queen. Immediately after
wardthey die or shortly after are killed
bv the workers, The queens, secluded in