The San Francisco call., 1895-11-04

of South America only as part of the
Terra Firma of Columbus. Later it was
known and marked as Guiana.
According to Hum boldt the name was
taken from the principal one of the three
tribes of Indians inhabiting this region,
the Guayanas, Caribs' and Guayacas, the
former of whom early in the sixteenth
century gave their name to the whole Of
that vast region. To this region contain
ing some 100000 square miles Or nearly as
much territory as Germany, France and
Spain together, the Spanish and Portu-
guese were the original, and until quite
recent times the only, claimants &c jure.
The Spanlards claimed all the territory
drained by the Orinoco by right of dis
covery, and the Portuguese all that drained
| by the Amazon and its tributaries Oh the
same ground. These two claims COM
prlsed about seven-eis hths of the whole of
the Guayanas and were known as Portu-
guese or Brazilian Guayana and Spanish
or Venezuelan Guayana.
Between the Orinoco and the Amazon is
another minor water shed of some 200, 900
square miles in extent bounded on the
south and southwest by the Pacaraima
and Pacarauna mountains. This region is
drained by anumber of rivers running in
northerly direction to the Atlantic, of
which the Essequibo on the west, the Dem
erara, the Coryntin, the Surinam, the Mar
OH and the AYapok are the largest
In 1880 the Dutch, following their spirit of
colonization so strong at that time, planted
| several trading posts on this coast to the
east of the Essequibo River and one west
at the mouth of the Pomaroon River.
Spain resisted this latter attempt to colo
nize in her territory, and later on in 1913
! the Dutch retired to the Essequibo and es-
! tabllshed themselves at Kyk-over-all, an
island near the junction of the CuZuni and
Massaruni Rivers, just above their juno
tlon with the Essequibo.
| The several colonies of Berbice, Demer-
ara, Coryntin and Surinam-each on
rivers OF the same name-followed after,
and In time the region so occupied
began to be known as Dutch Guiana.
That Spaln as the original discoverer
and first occupant, always considered
this possession but as an occupation
in fact and maintained her boundaries be-
| yond the Essequibo documents of uncon-
trovertlble authority will readily prove.
In 1761 the Governor of Cumana sent to
! Spain map of that province, which was
! properly approved, and In which it was
| salp that the province of Guiana was
| bounded on the east by all the coast, in
which are found situated the Dutch colo
nies of Essequibo Berbice, Demerara
| Coryntin and Surinam." From this it is
clear that Spain considered these colonies
as established on territory belonging to
her, for in tracing the southern boundary
on the same map the language used is, "by
the south the domain of the very faithful
King of Brazil"
With such boundaries the province of
Gulana was erected by royal decree June
4, 1862, under command of joaquin de
Mendoza. Other DEGREES and documents
on hle IN the archives of Spain and Vene-
zuela IN the years following are to the
| same effect, and the whole proof shows
That the Dutch were not in Guiana by
right but only by sufferance. The treaty
OF Munster between Spain and Holland,
IN l64S, and that of Aranguez in
lf9!, recognize and confirm the Esse-
| GUIDO as the western limit of Dutch
dulana, and up to the middle part of the
present century was SO marked by all
chartographers-E as well as others.
BY the Spanish Portuguese treaty of
lfoo these same boundaries were specified
and confirmed. All the correspondence
between the Spanish colonial Govern
ment ano the Dutch authorities east OF the
ESSequlbo recognized this boundary.
Inc british diplomatic agent at Caracas
formally acknowledged Venezuelan iuris-
dlctlon or domain on the coast east of the
Orlnoco. A British law court at Demerara
acknowledged the jurisdiction OF Vene-
zueia on the Morocco, and as late as 1874
the british authorities of Yuiana made a
similar acknowledgment
mat the Essequibo was the western
unit OF Dutch Gniana was nevsr called
INTO question until after 1914.
Wnsn, oy the treaty of. London, holland