davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

cate the people on the influence of finance
on national prosperity; the injury of COM
merce by the monopolistic ownership and
control Of railroads, telegraph lines and
telephones, and all corporations that re-
quire the granting Of franchises; the en-
slavement of the people through corporate
and alien ownership of land; and, in order
that the people may regain and maintain
their rights and better express their de-
slres 1t becomes necessary to elect United
States senators by popular vote, and be-
Eev:nS that the initiative and referendum,
in conjunction with an equitable system of
proportional representation, is the best sys-
tenn wherewith to accomplish this purpose,
we pledge ourselves to use our best en-
deavors, personal, financial and organic, to
educate the people in all great principles
of the Peoples party, to the end, that
all men may be equal before the law.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
"LEHIGH COAL"
Che First Anthracite Looked Upon as
Queer stun.

In 1925 Rev Charles Brooks was pastor
of church in Hingham Mass, says the
Youths Compa Mon. He had read ac-
counts of fuel called Lehigh coal
and having a mind to try it, ordered a
ton from Boston. together with a stove III
which to burn it, The coal shipped
nv racket, and was examined with the
liveliest curiosity by the passengers. Not
one of them, we may suppose, had ever
before seen a piece. All account of his
adventures was written by Mr.. Brooks
long afterward, and is quoted in recent
history of the town
After handling the coal and guessing as
to it's properties the passengers deter
mined to burn some of 1t IN the open caoin
fireplace. They took three or four pieces
and put them the live Goals OF the
wood fire and expected them to blaze.
Fifteen minutes passed. and the coal
black as ever and almost as cold
The bellows were brought; another piece
pressed into service; two strong young
men did the blowing but the coal remained
black.
One and another Of the 20 passengers
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

proposed some new way of igniting the
queer stuff, and yet there was not the
slightest sign Of success, and when the
packet reached the wharf the three or
four pieces of coal were as far from taxi
ing fire as ever.
The matter became town talk, and the
ministers new fuel was voted a laughable
failure. IF those pieces of irresistible Lee
high had been saved, writes Mr.. Brooks,
Il should certainly put them into the Cam
bridge Museum"
On the next Monday morning the tinmara
came with some pieces of funnel the new
stove set up, and the fire was made.
Shavings, charcoal, the Lehigh, and then q
match, and the thing done.
In one hour" says the parson, II had
reponshed a week without its going cut.
The news spread, and ! had visitors
enough and such laudabc exclama tons
and raw wonder as my experiment elected
were truly refreshing to me.
Zone anxious friend said, Those red-hot
stones may give out some heat, but l am
afraid they will set fire to your house.
Another sad, We shall not sleep contented-
ly while we know you have such fire go
ing all night.'
But Mr.. Brooks survived what he calls
his fiery trials, and the "red-hot stones
soon buried themselves into popularity.
Judges Ives, of Crookston causes a SEM
saton by holding out inducements to gam
blers and keepers of houses of i'll repute to
testify against derelict officers of the law.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
STATE LEAGUE.
Preamble and Constitution Adopted
Jan. .. 1895.
PREAMBLE.

Being imbued with the faith of our fore
1athers that "all men are created free and
equal, and are endowed with certain in
alienable rights; that among these are
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"
and recognizing do the present
condition wherein centralized capital. made
possible by corporate monopoly, is DESTROY
ing individual rights and freedom we bind
ourselves together in grand fraternity
known as the Peoples Party State League
of Minnesota, with the solemn pledge that
We shall never cease demanding those ''in-
alienable rights and that we are I'M
changeably opposed to all governmental and
industrial systems that infringe on the
same; and that in order to carry out the
foregoing, the work of this organization
tor the coming TWO years shall be to edu-
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
EDITED BY
Officers of the Peoples Party Stats
Ie0Rne.

Officers Of the Peoples Party state
League.
President, MAI. j. Nj. BOWLER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Bird Island
Vice-President, SWAN NELSON.
.........'. .......................... W1lmar
Secretary, l.. NJ. AVER.
424 Century Building, Minneapolis
treasurer. e. w. BONHAM. St Paul
EXECUTIVE BOARD.
First Distrct-Thos. j. Meighen, Forest
Vile.
w A. Hotchkiss, Preston.
r. c. Campbell, Clyde.
Fl. G. Nelson. HAYWARD
l.. II. Bulls, West Concord
Second District-W. S. DAILY, Mapleton.
l.. S. Oswald. Napoleon.
l.. c. Long Magnolia.
Emil j. Meileke, Window.
John Noble, Window.
Third District. II. Harrison, Cannon
Falls
Frank Warner. Buffalo Lake.
j. j. Carirgan
&. \. Perkins, Stewart.
James Murphy, Faribaut.
Fourth District-Peter Max, St. Paul.
r. II. McGhec, Wyoming.
Geo. Stewart. St Paul
5. w. Powell, Saltwater.
e e. CowelI, Saltwater.
Fifth District-W. b. Hammond, Mime
eroiis.
johannes Hansen. Minneapolis
Or. L. f. Clark Minneapolis.
chas. w. Tenay. Minneapolis.
Leroy Berrier Minneapolis.
Sixth Dstrict--kittel Halvorsen, Belgrade.
David Cochran. Waverly.
j. F.. Nasirom, Pine City.
NJ Wesenberg, Duluth.
j. NJ. Baker. An0ka.
Seventh District--C. E. Burke Alexandria.
+. $. Lambert, Fergus Falls
+. T. l.ommen. Crookston.
A. Wall, De Graft.
II. l.. Sherley. breckenridge.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
First DiStrict-T j. Meighen.
Second District-L. G. Long.
Third District-C. n. Perkins
Fourth Districts. W. Powell.
Fifth District-Dr +. +. Clark.
Sixth Distrct-David Cochran.
seventh District-C. T. Burke.
state organizer-I1. G. Long, Magnolia.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
The Modern He'll.

The ancient hell of torments dire
Was pictured forth with flames and fire,
Where SHINING souls were swiftly sent
To get their melted punishment.
The modern hell--but my weak pen
Dares hardly strive to show to men
What dreadful torments daily go
To make the round of modern woe.
From early dawn till it is night
No rest has he, the luckless wight
Who tolls to gain the daily bread
With which his children must be fed.
Perhaps in dark, unhealthful mines
Or on the railroads heightened lines
He risks his life from day to day
To keep the demon Want at bay.
Perhaps in fact'ries where the light
OF day scarce changes from the night
He tolls amidst a hOrrd din
A meager sustenance to win.
In crowded garrets, hot and hign,
Where multitudes in squalor lie
He makes his home. There sickness comes
And through the place at will it roams.
1t lays it's CHASTITY hand on youth,
For tender years it has no ruth
And soon harvest great is reaped,
And tiny mounds are quickly heaped
Above the heads where till this rest
None other had their lives eer blest.
The meager pittance that they earn
Just serves to make the fire burn
That's known as life within their frames,
But only smolders, never flames.
And living is the same death
Except they have the one thng-breath--
That is denied the peaceful dead
Who lie in earth beneath their tread
From tortured millions comes the cry
I'VE are but slaves who live and die
At will of those who have the pow'r
To legislate and change each hour
The laws to suit themselves and reap
Therefrom a harvest, which they keep
Meath lock and key, while starving men
Cry out for bread, and back again
The cry is hurled in bitter scorn
The poor man never should be born''
God in heaven. hear the cries
That daily to Thy throne arise.
Send forth Thy bolts of garnered wrath
Blast through this country one clean path,
That levels all to one fair plane,
Where man to man shall brother be
And all be one equality.
w. Reed Dunroy.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30


Canrobert, the French field marshal is
dying. 49,
The Italian Malta resumes it's murderous
work in New Orleans 1uf
Japan declines an Offer of $4,000 Tartars
to aid in the war with China.
Extreme restitution exists in the town of
Rusk, near Grantsburg, Wis.
Congressional friends of the income tax
think it will yield s50OOO,0OO revenue an
nually taH
Nebraska congressman will send their
quota of seeds to theeimpoverished farmers
of that state. #o3
II Mexico goes to war with Guatemala
the probable result will be the conquest of
the latter country and it's Incorporation
into ''the United States of Mexico
January -.
The gold reserve is $416327 lower than
ever before.
A bill repeating the gross railroad earn
ings tax law passes the North Dakota
house
The new French ministry gains a great
victory in it's first bout with the chamber
of deputies
The commissioner of internal revenue is
sues a notice calling upon the people to
make returns for the benefit of income tax
collectors.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
A Correction,

In the annual repot of secretary of
the State Alliance, published in the
REPRESENTATIVE, Jan. Is, 1895, it ap-
pears that 'the books of the secretary
show that there are five more alliances
in good standing today than there was
a year ago." This should read 50, in
stead Of five more alliances.
A III. HENDRICKSON. se'cy.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

mon Servants or members of the family
should not be permitted to carry letters to
tho table either lust before meal or dur
ing its progress. 1t is nice bit of good
manners for children to learn to avoid
these things.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
January %.

The treasury sells gold bars at premi-
UNI for export.
The senate passes the Nicaragua canal
bill, 81 to q.
A heavy snowfall. obstructing railroad
travel, prevails in the West outside of
Minnesota.
The naval appropriation bill reveals an
increase in the estimates
This weeks gold exports are the largest
of any week since April, 1893.
Bills copied from Iowas radical railroad
legislation are introduced in the North Da-
kota legislature
The sundry civil appropriation bill passes
the house with amendment to retire and
cancel gold certificates.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
January ~.

The house passes the Indian appropria ton
bill
China sends another peace commissioner
to Japan.
Milers from IA states form an organi-
cation in Chicago.
The number of killed by the Butte explo-
sion is known to be S.
prohibition gets another backset in South
Dakota, the senate passing the resubmis-
sion bill.
1t is believed that Mexico and Guatemala
VIII tight and all Central America may be
involved.
The house judiciary committee decides
against Judge Kicks impeachment, but
adopts vote of cenSure.
Chairman Wilson reports his bill to re-
peal the discriminating duty on sugar
There is no cessation to the riots in
Brooklyn. The troops fire into mob
fatally wounding boy and injuring
man.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

The Cormorant Alliance, of Becker
county, has taken a new lease of life
and RENTED dues for - mem be rs
Another heard from after many days.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
j January 1:}.

War, it is expected, will be declared be-
tween Mexico and Guatemala today or to-
morrow
A train robbery occurs in Arkansas
The administration thinks the worst of
the trouble from depleted revenues is over.
An amended currency and banking plan
is discussed by Secretary Carlisle and mem
bers of the house committee.
The long expected general Western rail-
road association to control passenger bust
ness is formed, 26 roads being in it,
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

The Ashley Alliance, in Stearns
county, has decided to try the coop
erative buying systemic buy in bulk
and where they can buy cheapest. and
sell where they can get the best prices,
that is direct to consumers.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
NEWS OF THE WEEK.
Jan aH %,

dnWdHV
The vatican condemns Bishop McQuaid's
attack upon Archbishop Ireland and sus-
tains the ST. Paul prelate9
Many farmers in Northern Wisconsin are
The resubmission bill passes the South
Dakota senate. = 90
The New York assembly passes the power
of removal bill. 10 IN
Wheat on Chicago change makes new
low price record o.
A rezubmission Dnliz introduced in the
Maine legislature. IL H.
Manufacturers of the country declare in
favor of reciprocity. III X
The petition for a mandamus in the in
come tax case is OVerruled
Sailors from foreign warships are landed
at Chez Foo to protect consulates.
The steamer Chicora went down in Lake
Michigan, and 26 lives were lost.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

The National Farmers' Alliance and
Industrial Union.
MARION BUTLER, President. ..........
................ Recommendations, N. c.
]. L. GILBERT. Vice-President.
..'..,........ .CdiiAorHia
d p. DUNCAN. Secretary-Treasurer....
........................... COLUMBIA. >. =.
EXECUTIVE BOARD.
n. Il. LOUCkS. ..................H huron, .. -.
MANN PAGE ...................Br Brandon. Va
H. c. DEMMING. Harrisburg. Pa.
JUDICIARY.
e. A. COLE, Chairman. .Fowlerville. Mich.
r. A. SOUTHW ........ Denver, Col
c. H. ELLINGTON.........T Thompson, Ga
STATE ORGANIZER F. A. G ]. U.
L. c. LONC..................Ma Magnolia, MINI.
Mr.. Long Is also state organizer of the
National Alliance Aid.
Officers of the State Alliance.
j. l. VERMILYA, President. EyOta
A. H HENDRICKSON, Secretary ..........
Observation-Disclosures. Sank Center, Mimi
r. NJ. PROBSTriELD, Treasurer. ..........
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. MOOrhead, Mimi
l.. c. LONG, State Lecturer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Magnolia, Mimi.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
1st Dist-THOS. J. MEIGHEN. .Forestville
End Dist-PETER McGRATH. ...............
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. Good Thunder
Bird Dist-MICHAEL HOLDEN. 49,. Norfolk
4th Dist-S. w. POW ELL........S tillwa ter
5th Dist-JONAS II. HOWE. Wayzata
9Th Dist-A. NJ. STILES. ........Sauk Center
eth Dist-DR. c. JOHNSON. New London
nE,pIr,Pv G,CATE E(WrJrD
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
DRIED FRUITS.

BY the Less than
Box. Box.
Raisins, finest London Lay
ers. 20 lbs. in box .....112c
RaiSins, choice, 3-croWn
MuscatelS, 50-lb. boxes. 4c 4lac
Raisins, very finest Loose
MuScatels 50-lb. boxes. &C 5lac
Prunes, California fruit,
50-lb. boxes .......... sc 51bc
Prunes, large California
fruit 5O-lb. boxes. ...... Sc sc
Apples, very best evapo-
rated,1n 70 and 5o-lb boxes slac Zoe
NectarineS very finest,25
lbs in Observation-Disclosures. &c Sc
Pears, very finest, 70 lbs.
in box Observation-Disclosures. 1l4c size
Raspberries, very finest, Is
lbs i'm box ............. &c 24c
Apricots, very finest, Is lbs.
in box Observation-Disclosures. Sc 1Oc
Grapes, very finest. 50 lbs.
in a sack .................. 3i2c &c
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30

Judges Ives, of Crookston, causes SEM
sation by holding out inducements to gam
blers and keepers of houses of i'll repute to
testify against derelict officers OF the law. ,
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
The Alliance Column

j. /. VERMILYA....... DOVER
l.. c. LONG. MAGNOLIA
A. H. HENDRICKSON. SAUK CENTRE
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1895-01-30
30l-3O3 Washington Ave. South, MINNEAPOLIS. MINI.
We Quote the Following Prices for February subject Market Changes
SUGARS.

The market price fer Sugars changes SO
frequently we cannot guarantee prices for
any length OF time. We fill all orders at
market price the day the order arrives.
Granulated, per 100 lbs. ..................$4.l
Granulated, "a lbs. for. Observation-Disclosures. LOO
Extra White G, whitest goods made,
per 100 lbs ....................... 429
Extra =, per 100 lbs. ...................... 400
Lark Z, per 100 lbs. ....................... 3.35
Brown Sugar 80 lbs for NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 90
cut Loaf, per 100 Observation-Disclosures. $40
We sell any quantity of Sugar at above
prices.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1895-11-20
ALL HIS LINES RoRGOr ITEM.
Result OFT Recent Hines Of Richard
Mansfield.

Richard Mansfield, who was
taken i'll with typhoid fever at a
time when he was to begin acting
at his Garrick Theater, New York,
last autumn, was taken to Lake
wood as soon as his removal was
possible, month ago. Reports
of his slow but steady recovery
have come at intervals from that
retreat, and later on the news was
given out that he was nearly well.
He is ready to appear on the stage
again, SO far as his health is con
cerned, but his friends have made
startling discovery. 1t is that
he has forgotten the lines of all
the plays in his repertory. In
every other respect Mr.. Mans
field feels remarkably alert, men
tally, but it is presumably the
result of his illness that the lead.
ing roles in Beau Rrummel,"
"Dr. Jekyll and Mr.. hyde" "A
Partisan Romance" and other
pieces in which he has been seen
hundreds of times are now wholly
strange to him. Mr.. Mackay said
that Mr.. Mansfield would set to
work to study his forgotten roles
anew. He was to begin tour in
week or two, but if he is unable
to commit the parts to memory
the project will, of course, have TO
be abandoned.
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1895-11-20

In order to impress upon your
mind the fact that the Seattle
Brewing and Mailing Co.'S beers
are Mild. Light and Lively, we
below give the average per cont of
alcohol in various liquors in COM
parson
Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1895-11-20
RABEAs CORPUS DECISION.
Rendered by the supreme Court of
California In yagrancy Case.

California In yagrancy Case.
The Supreme Court of Califor-
MIA, in the case of a Miss Fife
who was refused a trial by jury
by the Superior Court after it had
affirmed her conviction in the
Los Angeles Police Court for va
.grancy, has decided on defen-
dant's petition for writ of habeas
corpus in the following words:
Upon a thorough examination
OF the question we are forced to
the conclusion that in either civil
or criminal cases the denial Of Il
trial by jury is merely error, to
be corrected on appeal, and does
not go to the jurisdiction of the
court so that it may be inquired
into on habeas corpus, except in
those cases where a jury cannot
be waived, and therefore, is a nee
essary, constituent part of the
court"
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28
A JUST DECISION.

a 81 Paul judge has rendered de-
cision that a man is legally responsi bic
for the damages done by his wife's un-
rullY tongue. Under this decision "a
we'll known st. Paul citizen has been
held liable for $40, 600 for gossip traced
back TO his wife.
This looks pretty severe at the first
view, but we presume il is based on
eXac. justice II a man can profit by
his wife's tongue, why should he not
be held accountable for damages caused
by il?
II Mr.. Mary Lease looks for his entire
household expenses 10 the tongue of
Mrs Mary, why should he not pay any
incidental damages caused by the
wear and tear OF business, SO 20
speak?
Isn't Mrs Langtry supporting d
needy husband by her tongue? Is il
fair 10 make husbands the beneficial
ries Of such tools of trade without
asking them 10 shoulder the response
bilties which 90 with these profits?
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

THE Knipe bin takes the control and
management Of the school lands out
Of the hands OF the present efficient
board OF commissioners and places IL
in the hands Of one man Nothing
short q the power of the combine
could ever have done this II appears
10 be part of deliberate plan 10 hu-
initiate the chief executive Of the ter.
ritory and administer a combine" re-
buke TO his honesty, impartiality and
straight forward conduct Of the office
and 20 the excellent management OF
the leasing Of these lands by the
board Of school land commissioners
The committee on school lands unaui
mously recommended board of
three men, but the combine" did not
want but one man and he with q
paltry bond
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

THE new bin on divorce covers tho
following causes OF action: Abandon
ment for one year; adultery; impc-
tcncy; when a wife at the time OF mar
riagc vas pregnant by another than
the husband; extreme cruelty; fraudu-
lent contract; habitual drunkenness
gross neglect Of duty; conviction OF "a
felony and imprisonment in the peni-
tentiary subsequent TO marriage; i'm
carccration in an insane asylum; per
sistent refusal 10 have reasonable mar
rilgeable intercourse when health oi
physical condition do not make sucl
refusal reasonabIy necessarY.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28
ENcnuHAGE sroRrs.

IAN acU % encourage athletic sports
and 10 provide for boxing exhibitions,
wrestling and scientific sparring con
tests, under certain restrictions, is the
title of q bill introduced in the house
yesterday by Representative Little.
The bill provides that it shall be law
fll for any person or persons within
the territory Of Oklahoma TO engage in
friendly contests with gloves. in wrest-
hing matches and I'm scientific sparring
matches, with gloves, when conducted
i'm accordance with the terms and con-
dit.ons hereinafter set forth
We see no harm in this measure and
believe IL should become law. The
territory is young and cannot afford
t. be "groutchy, a- the street vernac.
ular goes, in dealing with matters and
things of this nature which tend TO
bring money to this territory aud place
IL i'm circulation The bin very prop
erly restricts brutal exhibitions, and II
passed in its present condition, cannot
offend the most cNacJng person, even
he has Puritan blood in hls body The
lawmakers should be road-guaged and
liberal in dealing with measures OF
this kind. 1t means much 90 the ter.
ritory. Let the bill pass
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

REPRESENTATIVE NICKERs' bill provi-
ding for the liquidatingof outstanding
indebtedness Of counties by inaugura-
ting a tax purchase fund is a good,
practical measure, and is 10 be COM
mended for its simplicity and peril
nency. The legislature should see that
this bill becomes law
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

The German commercial congress-
10y unanimous vote. adopted "a reso-
luton regrcttiu- tIc adopt IA bv he
reichstag of Count Won Mirbach's mo-
tion for an international monetary
conference.
The house elect ons committee bv a
vote Of to g. decided the contest for
the seat of the Fourth district Of Vir-
ginia IN favor of Epcs. the Democrat
who holds the seat, rejecting the
claims of GoOde, who ran ON "a fusion
ticket
Secretary Gresham has decided he
viii make no further effort 20 induce
congress 10 pass the bill appropriate
ing Si25.OlD To pay DANA yes sustained
hoy British sealer, seized by our naval
ships and revenue cutters iu Bchrinr
Sea before the mal,ing of tn, modus
viyeudi
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

THE Capital rings in that wormy
chestnut again about the school land
Office being close corporation and the
books private properly This isdue TO
Governor Renfrow's refusal 10 permit
a Republican ring to delay the work Of
the office by copying lists Of names Of
lessees for campaign purposes
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

SOME time there will be an uprising
Of the people who were .mis;reated by
their legal parents when they were too
young 10 raise an objection Mr. and
Mrs. Hurst Of Cleveland county, have
christened their child OF IL, abbrevia-
tions Of oklahoma and Indian terrific
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1895-02-28

McKrNLEY has the bulge just now
with Kansas Republicans II there is
one thing which Kansas needs above
all Others, it is protection for the east
crn manufacturers