The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1895-06-05
SPONGE GARDENING.
PROFITABLE SEA FARMS ALONG THE
FLORIDA COAST.

Interesting Facts Not Generally Know
Concerning an Article Of Utility-Assist
ance Rendered the Industry by the Gov.
ernment's Fish Commission.
Ever since the sponge fisheries Of the
Bahamas and the gulf coast Of Florida
showed signs Of becoming exhausted eff.
forts have been made to cultivate sponges
on farms or artificial beds, and more re.
Gently science has tried to initiate the
genuine article by converting the soft
fiber Of the cocoanut leaves and shells
into sponges of commercial value.
Sponge farming is now a successful in.
dustry, and hundreds of acres in the guilt
OF Mexico along the Florida coast are
planted with ''sponge cuttings" and
seeds. The work is not dissimilar in
many respects to oyster culture. The
young sponges are planted in water
along the coast varying from one to five
fathoms in depth.
A few years ago the fish commits
sioners had their attention called to the
sponge fisheries off the Florida coast,
and after finding that the beds were be-
ing rapidly depleted Of the best stock,
an examination of the fisheries was made
to ascertain some way of preserving
them. The specimens Of sponge taken to
Washington in the autumn Of the year
were found to be reproductive if the
proper conditions were supplied. The
sponges in the autumn were found to de-
velop masses Of protoplasm or spores,
which in the spring Of the year were lib
Grated. These spores contained the small
reproductive PARTICLES from which the
sponges developed. Some of the sponges
experimental with did not reproduce
their kind at all, and it was found that
in order to cultivate the sponges it was
necessary to plant sponges that pro-
duced certain cells that contained the
ova or egg and others that represented
s~permatoZoa.
A small sponge farm was established
at Washington, and then others along
the Florida coast as experiments. These
proved successful, 70 that private indi-
viduals went into the business. There
are many acres of sponge farms near
Key West, and others at Anclote, Fla. =,
and near Tampa. These farms were first
supplied with their seeds from the fish
commissioners, but now they are OBJ
tanned direct from the sponge fisheries.
In the autumn Of the year the various
kinds Of sponges are purchased by the
sponge culturist, who generally takes an
assortment that is sure to supply him
with both the male and female cells.
The beds, or farms, are usually locat-
ed at some well protected place along
the coast and fenced in with natural for
nations and artificial dams. The sponge
seeds are kept in small pounds"
through the winter, where the masses Of
protoplasm develop and grow. Early in
the spring these spores are liberated in
the larger body Of water, where they
o O swim around The eggs continue to
grow rapidly, and in q short time attach
themselves to the rocks or coral forma-
ton at the bottom Of the water.
1t is very difficult to get the right
location for an ideal sponge bed. An
arm of the sea where the salt water
flows in freely hat has a natural hard
bottom is the best. Rocks, stones and
other substances can be dropped at the
bottom for the sponges to fasten them
selves to. The lagoon is then damned
up, SO that when the seed is put in fresh
it cannot float out to sea again. Some
simply throw their sponges in such a
lagoon in the fall Of the year and let the
%protoplasm develop there. Under proper
cultivation the sponges thus raised are
superior to those found in the sea. Only
the best varieties are propagated. The
"sheepswool" is the choicest, with a tex
ture fine, soft and strong. These sponges
sell for from 81. so to 50 a pound. The
yellow sponge is next in quality, and
its price is much less than the "sheeps-
wool" The grass" sponge raised is
very limited, for its value is too small
to pay one for the trouble.
After the sponge farm is once started
there is little more to do with it except
at harvesting time. The sponges grow
slowly and usually three years elapse be-
fore any are pulled mp. Then only the
choicest, full grown ones are gathered.
The others are left to produce new seeds
and to reach C larger size. The picking
Of sponges in d farm Of this nature is
much simpler han to raise them from
the deep waters Of the gulf. Armed with
a long loaded pole a boatman can easily
haul up the sponges that he needs, and
in the course Of a day he could gather
three times the quantity pulled up by
the regular sponge fishermen off the
coast. The water is comparatively shall.
low over the artificial beds, and not dis.
turbed by tides, floating debris or winds.
1t is also very clear and pellucid, SO tina,
n can see the bottom for a long dis.
lance down Occasionally one finds 6
sponge farm where deep sea sponges art
cultivated, and it is necessary, then, t.
have a diver to gather them. Here AGAR
the work is made easier. The diver rum
no risk from sharks, tides or other in
~conveniences that daily beset those of
the coast.
The value Of the sponge farm increase
every year despite the annual harves
that 10 talon fhorofror, Tho ,ox,