davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
AGAIN the DERRY WISNER.
Lord Rosebery's Flyer Sir yisto Captures
the biggest Racing Stakes.


the Biggest Racing Stakes.
Associated Press Dispatch by Special Wires
EPsoM Downs, May 29.-Lord Rose
bery's Sir Visto won the Derby. There
were Is starters. $. LeateS rode Sir Nlsto
The. Cannons Curzon was second and Sir
]. Blundell Naples Kirk Council, ridden
by Bradford, was third. The horses we're
sent away at 3.2l p. m.
The Is starters were: Beck Hampton,
Curzon, Galopian, Kirk Council, The Owl,
Layeno, Raconteur. Sir Visto. Slowstep,
Soaro Chibiabos, The Brook, Villiers and
SavingtOn.
The betting at the start was 8 to against
Sir Visto, 80 to against Curzon and 100 to
against Kirk Cornell.
The horses were sent away at 81 p. m.
in ideal racing weather. Mr.. Brassey S
Ch:biabos led until the horses were de,
scending the hill, when Gen. Randolph's
The Brook sock slight lead. On enter
ing the straight A. ID, Cochrane's Beck
Hampton took up the running, followed
by I. Cannon's Curzon, but inside the dis
lance, Lord Rosebery's Sir Viste came
along with rattle and won the Derby OF
1895 by three-quarters of length IN =
minutes 43 2.5 seconds. Half length
separated second and third horses. Mt.
Fairies Solaro was fourth.
This is the second time that Lord Rose
berry, the English premier, has won the
| famous Epson stakes Last year he won
| the blue ribbon with his horse Ladas. 1t
| is notable as the first time on record that
| the head of the British cabinet has won
| the blue ribbon in successive years.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
@arrlaaes.

EpoWN-SPFNCE-u May 23d. 1895, by tho
Roy, j. II. NlilliGan, Thomas Brown and Mar
garot Spence, both OF this city
BURTON JOnNSoN-on Tuesday evening"
March 1ath. 1896, at 5s2 West Fourth street.
by tho Rev. Charles +. Hendricks, pastor Ct
Covenant Reformed Episcopal Church, Mr..
Clnteluo Burton ana Mrs. helon johnson,
both OF this city.
SEEIY-SwELNEY-At tho Unior NJ. E. par
sonnge on May 10th, 1888, by the Rev. John
h, e. Hanna, Robert VI. Nesly and Elizabeth
Sweeney both OF Wilmington.
School ASrER-MARrlN-At the Union NJ.
II. nntsonage en- Monday afternoon, May
p5tli, !sg1 by the Rev. John D, c. Hanna,
Frederick A. schoolmEster OF thts city and
Miss Anrie Martin Of scranton, Pa.
SIMMONS DENNEY-At Camden, n, j., on
George II. simmOns aud Hattie Denncy, both
oil this city,
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

Yesterdays local retail quotations, reported
by Charles Ramsberger ,S Son:
Oranges, l5a2Oa25: per iosen: lemons,
laal5c. per dozen; bananas, laai5t. per dozen;
pine apples. SalOc. each: white potatoes,
now. e5c.asi per basket; cabbage, De-. por
head: turnips, i c. per half peck: onions, laf,
per half peck, 5)c. per basket. eggs, Maryland
and Delaware, lie. per dozen: lettuce, ac. Per
two head: beets, new TO-, ner bunch;
cocoanuts. Be- each; NOW Jer.ey pickles,
extra large, loc. per dozen; Sew Jersey
pickles, Gholkin, l5c per quart; rnd!shes' l..
per bunch; dairy butter, &c. per pound; gut
edge creamery, a5c. per pound; Bermndt
oniCns, 80. per quart. spinach lUc' per nan
peck: asparagus. i2i. per bunch; tomatoes, 80
per quart; string beans, ,h'. per hall peck;
green pens. .0t. per half peck; clcumbefs, d.
per two.
Yesterdays local wholesale quotations no
ported by Thomas N. Stayton:
strdWberilcs, Jtluc. per utarE Eoosepertles'
9aln'. per quart: bananas. sl2ail,5I per buueh:
apples, s.. 5Oa6 per bafrol california oranges,
f3Du per box, NJ ssinH oranges, 81 dJa3 per box;
Messna lemons, s3,75n4.O1 per box. cocOanuts,
s4n5 per hlndred; white potatoes. old, 6la6Sc.
per bushe white potatoes, new. prime, {1.O1a
h.hJ per Darrel: white potatoes. new. medium,
$3if per barreI; white potatoes, new. rllS,
SaOOaH.50 per barrel; pens. new, Sl.OOai2 per
crate: beans, new string '5c.atla rer crate
beans, new, wax, sl.10al, 25 per crnte or
basket; tomatoes. new, Florida, ti.0laihO per
crate: eggs, Delaware aud Maryland, lialac.
per dozen; chickens, live, per pound, lonIlc;
per barrel. s. %; silver Medal. S.; Quaker city.
50: Taylor's Fancy, Sf.15; Pride OF tho West
s4.5U: sunbeam, $3.50.
Live stock Markets.
PHILADELPHIA. May 25.-The receipts for the
week-Besvos, 2,s.os sheep, IO,a0l: hogs, 900;
Beef Catsle--Good, ~ a6c.: medium. 81 ashc.
common, lAa5c.: cuilA, An aISc Sheep-Ex-
ira, 4sSa4ac.: rood, Ia4ilc..: medium. 3s8l c;
common, 2aeHc; lambs, 2haskg.; spring
lamb 81 51nh. HoEs--oA a7c. foriWestsrn End
6ashc. Ter State. Fat sews, saic. Tia COWS,
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
"FAKMINe rs 4 LorrERr.o

That's What a New Castle County Farmer
Thinks of the Business and Gives His
Reasons why-The Work of the Cut
Worm Down the State.
Farmers down in the lower part of the
county, and especially around Middle
town ana Odessa, are having a serious
time with their corn planting this season,
many of them having nearly their entire
acreage to plant the second time owing to
tho ravages ofthe cut worm. This worm Is
very destructive little affair, whose only
mission on earth seems to be to destroy
Young corn as soon as 1t pushes its way
through the ground and anyone who has
seen the extent OF its ravages in the
neighborhood stated, must know that its
mission has evidently been fulfilled, Very
often three or four of the worms may be
seen at work upon single hill OF corn
and it takes them but short time to kill
that which the farmer has spent much time
and trouble in planting. Just whit
becomes Of the little destroyer after in has
done its mischief is matter of some con.
lecture but the fact remains that possibly
one.lifth or more of the corn acreage i'll
the lower part of the county is being re-
planted because of its ravages.
A weli.knoWn farmer from down the
State who has endeavored III every way
and on every occasion to make his occu-
patton paw has come to the conclusion
that farming is nothing less than lottery.
He said that the farmers nowadays plant
their crops ut stated time and trust &c
providence that nothing may come and
destroy them. but either destructive storm:
or some sort of an insect with two, four OF
haf-dozen legs and an agility and appe
title that is simply wonderful comes along
and destroys iii few days and sometime!
| in few hours that which it has taken thu
farmer weeks to prepare for. The land u
| a rule is IN better state of cultivation thar
ever before, but 1t is useless to try to com
bat against the elements stated.
The prospects at present are we viii
have good yield OF wheat aud we hay
reason to believe that the prices will b
good" continued the farmer, but it il
| several weeks between now and harvest
and there's no telling what may happen il
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The annual spring meet of the New
Jersey division of the League of American
Wheelmen will be held ut Trenton next
and there will be good attend
ance of spectators from this city. The
only man entered who can be considered
a Wilmington boy is c. u. Jack, who is a
member of the Wilmington Bicycle Club.
He will contest in several of the events.
c. C. Church of Chester, who is well known
in this city and VINO has number of admir-
ing friends here, will also be seen in some
of the events
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

After long illness of consumption
Sullivan. who for the past =
years has lived in the Head Building, is
dead. His funeral took place tuesday
afternoon. The deceased was raised by
Mrs. Hannah Cowgirl of Dover and the
widow who survives him was raised by
Hon. George V. Massey. Sullivan was IL
very industrious man and commanded the
respect of everyone who knew him. lie
was janitor of the Head and Exchange,
Buildings. and was known by nearly all
the LAWYERS and business men OF the CITY.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

Harry +. Schnepf, a well-known German
citizen, is lying seriously i'll at his resi-:
dence, No. 224 King street, tho result of
painful injuries received in fall ut his
home last Wednesday evening. Mr..
Schnepf, who is very large man, was
going upstairs to bed, when he stumbled
in the hall over some articles OF furniture,
which had been left there by electric
light workmen, and he was thrown head
long against the marble top OF bureau;
cutting q severe cash in his forehead and
otherwise injuring him. DIR. Emil Hertel
was called in and administered TO the suf-
ferings of the injured man.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
4 REsrRAININa ORDER.
Tho du Pont Powder Co. of This City OPP
pnses the Issuance of bonds in the City
,,f

A report reached this city from Pitts.
suits of the du Pont de Nemours Co. of
this city against the city of Pttsburg had
been Withdrawn. Eugene du Pont, Il mem
Der of the local firm, said Tuesday after
noon that the report is untrue and that the
suits have not been Withdrawn.
The local company has filed bill in the
United States court in Pittsburg, asking
that the councils of that city be restrained
from issuing S6,U000O0 in bonds. which
was recently voted for by the people of the
Smoky City. The du Pont company owns
considerable property in that city. The
points raised by the du Points are based on
the legality Of the move
The bonds have been taken by syndi-
cate at premium of 81 per cent. ....
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The congregation of st. Stephens Eng
lish Lutheran Church has invited the Rev.
Frederick DOerr, a student of the Lutheran
Theological Seminary at Mt. Airy, Pa, to
become its pastor and has been assured Of
his acceptance of the invitation. Mr.,
Doerr will he graduated next month. lie
will enter upon the duties of st. stephen S
passionate as soon as possible after his
ordination, which takes place June 10th.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The safety gates along the lines Of the
p, W. & B. railroad in this city are being
improved by the workmon in the employ
OF The company. The gates US originally
erected were provided with but one crank TX.
beine added. SO that one gate can be raised
or lowered independently Of the other,
Heretofore the gates with but single
crank bath worked together. and one
could not be raised without the ether.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
Deaths.

CLARK-In Delaware City, ON May s5ib, 1895,
Margaret CLARK.
DOHERrl-ln this city, on May aith, 1898,
Fannie Doherty.
GRlMSHAW-In Chicago, ILL.,, on May a2d, 1895,
Isabella Grimshaw, sister Of the late nr. A.
II. Grimshaw.
LANpRHs-on May cath, 1885, John r., son Of
William j. and Kate {. Landers, aged 10
years.
LYNeH-In this city. on May eth, 1895, John
w. lynrs, aged 50 years.
N ALsNEi --on Nay $50, 1875, .JCssgs HtslSnsy,
aged Il years.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

SSow Hill. Mp., NAV 2s.-The suit Of
William II. Petit against the Peninsula
Press of Snow Hill, which began in the
circuit court yesterday, was concluded TO-
day by a verdict for the defendant. This
suit was brought by Petit for work and
materials claimed % have been furnished
by him. William Tiugle Dickerson 'wa va
counsel for the plaintiff aud George W.
Purnell for the defendant.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

What sounded and appeared like an ex.
plosion from the Delaware shore, occurred
in New Jersey near Rillingsport at about
1910 O'Clock yesterday. zPeOpe who
saw the smoke from the Delaware side OF
the river thought that something had hap
pened at the works of the Repauno Cheini-
cal Co., but the attaches OF the main Office
in this city knew nothing of an explosion,
and nothing definite could be learned from
any other source.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The Trustees of the Poor met yesterday at
the almshouse. The morning session was
taken up with the transaction Of bushes
and tour OF the institution, after which
dinner was served by Superintendent
Mccoy, In the afternoon the board in
spected the place where the proposed
artesian well is to be bored, Work on the
well will commence in a short time
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

made April LIST. Mr.. Cash had been a mem.
Der of the company between 4o and %
years. If he secures Mr.. Cash's reinstate-
rnent Mr.. Marvel will ask the court to
order new election of members for the
one receutly held by the Reliance;
Court took rncess until 80 O'clock.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The following messages Of sympathy
were sent to Mrs, Gresham Tuesday:
WILMISGToN, DEL-YOu have my heartfelt t
sympathy In the loss OF your noble husband.
The announcement of his death ine1pressibly
shocks and grieyes ne. GEORGE GRAY.
Ambassador Bayard sent this cabegram
Our tears fall with yours for the noble dead.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

The Rev. George S. Bradford, pastor of
St. Josephs Church, Braniywinc, is very
III with Bright's disease. Daring the last
few days his condition has shown slight
ssRRF performed by ssS nslG dans lis
illness
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
CRUSHED BErTEEN oARs.
Bad Accident at the Works OF the Harlan
g. Hollingsworth Co.

John r. Brookins, colored, employed by
the Harlan g. Hollingsworth Co. as a
switchman, was caught between two
trolley cars while at work yesterday
morning and seriously injured. His body
was badly crushed. and rs his injuries are
internal, it is not known just how badly
the man is hurt.
Drs BlockSom and I.ukens were sum
moned and BrookiDs was removed to his
home, No. 10 Taylor avenue, near the
causeway, south Of Market street bridge.
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

John Sparks. rs years old, bridgetender
at the canal bridge was struck by train
about $50 O'clock, THURSDAY night, while
at the bridge. He was brought 10 this city
aud removed to tile home Of u nephew.
His injuries are serious
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
PUHLIo SALES.

Saturday. June Est, p. m, building LOIS az
SEQ advertisements
Tuesday, June 4th, . p. M, sale Of valuable
real estate. near Carpenters Station, on the
b. Il q, railroad, OF Walter Pierce, Deceased
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
.FOUNDERING OF THE COLlMA
With 1872 Passengers Aboard
on the Mexican Coast.
OVER 100 ARE PROBABLY LOST
But ia Passengers and Five
Sailors Heard From.

The Big Pacific Mail Steamship Co.'s
Vessel CUlIma Foundcred on the Coast
of Mexico Terrible Loss OF Life
Feared-Shs Was Built mt Roach's
Yard, Chester, in 1878 and is an Iron
steamship of 1900 Tonss
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30
RUSSIA TAXES 4 HAND.

Declines to Allow the Japanese Forces to
Occupy COrea.
ST. PETERSBURG May est is stated
here that the Russian government has
declined to agree 20 the military occupa-
ton of Corea by the japanese forces.
It is said Russia demands that the gov
eminent at Toxic recall the garriSons sta.
toned there. E..
Delaware gazette and state journal. (Wilmington, Del.) 1883-1902, 1895-05-30

Forty hours devotions in st. Peters
Pro- Cathedral will begin next Sunday.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
TERRIBLE TRAGEDY

At the Door Of n Church--A Young oIau
Kills His Wife and Himself.
WICHITA, MAS, April IA horrible
tragedy occurred on the stop, OF the
Lincoln stree. Christian church aa tho
congregation was walking out OF church
after the services woro over. abou. noon
to-day. On the sidewalk in front OF tho
church Walter Scott tirod bullet into
the brain Of his wife aud ahe fell at his
feet corpse. While tho people stood
aShast at the terriblo deed Scott placed
the muzzle OF theLevolger in his mouth
and sent bullet crashing through tho
roof Of his moth into his brain and foil
dead almost within reach Of the remains
OF his wife. At tho sight OF the bloody
tragedy two or three women tainted and
much excitement prevailed. Both
bodies were taken TO an undertaker's.
Mr.. and Mrs. Scott were married
about two years age. She was seven
teen and ne was uine.een. They scpar
ated about year ago, she going o'her
fathers home and no going to Kansas
City. Scott returned to Whichita q
week ago. Scott wentto church to-day
and a. he walked ou. asked his wife il
she would return to him, and upon hcr
refusal, sent a bullet into her brain.
Both are woll connected.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
CREMAToRY BLOWN DOWN,

Tho High Wind Last Night Gets In Its
Work-rhc Furnace Not Injured.
This morning about | o'clock very
high wind was blowing, more severe
than has been iel. around here for
some time. In open places and on the
hill tops it approached hurricane in
force. The only damage reported was
the blowing down Of the city crema.ory
building on top OF Wheeling hill. The
structure was Of iron, not very substan-
tial, aud when the full sweep OF the
wind came it was unable to withstand
it and fell in. The assistant superin-
tendent was the only person there Mt
the time and he got out OF the wreck
uninjurcd. He stated that the crema-
tory furnace was not damaged.
Tho city council committee on health
is to 90 out to the peninsula to-day to
look.at possible sites for a new crema-
tory, and since the blowing down of
the hilltop building that project will
bo received with more favor, probably.
Tho scatfoldiug on Main street in
front OF Chapman & Sons new building
blew down. Numerous signs, bill boards
and the like wero damaged,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
MERE BoYS
Arc tho Spanish Troops---worstcd by tho
Rebels in n Fight at Santiago.

Arc tho Spanish Troops---worstcdb by tho
Rebels in n Fight at Santiago.
TAMPA, FLA, April "A large num-
ber OF passengers arrived by tho
steamer Maacotto this evening from
Havana.
A Cuban makes tho statemen. that
m unsuccessful effort was made last
Wednesday night to plunge Havana
into darkness by cutting electric light
wire at tho central lighting station in
tho next building which was stored q
quantity OF powder.
Among the arrived passengers ia q
merchant from Hayti. who disembarkod
ut Santiago De Cuba, whore ho re-
maincd two days. lie saw much Of tho
Spanish troops campod and arriv-
ing ut Santiago. Hc states that they arc
mostly wretched appe airing. many be-
ing boys, somo scarcely able to carry
gun. This merchant says that whilo he
was there it was reported that
tho rebels were about 10 attack tho
outskirts Of tho town. and thousand
newly arrived Spanish troops were lod
out to meet tho rebols. The encounter
occurred near tho city and only ol1
hundred and eighty of tho thousand
troops returned thorcfrom. Threo
hundred ahd twenty woro killed,
wounded or captured by the robels.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
CARDINAL GIBBONS
Attacked by Rev. MoCrory for His Justih
cation of tho Savannah Mob.

Attacked by Eev. n1oCrory for His Justih-
cation OF tho Savannah Mob.
PiTTBURGu, Pa, April Rev. J. 7.
McCrory. pastor OF the Third U. p.
church, tonight delivered scathing
attack on Cardinal Gibbons and his
justification OF tho mob in Savannah.
Mr. McCrory is a man OF extreme views
and is a supporter OF the blue laws.
Ho was president of the law and order
society, and directed tho war hero
against Sunday papers. Ho quoted
from tho remarks OF Cardinal Gibbons
on the work OF tho mob, aud then said:
''The cardinal protests earnestly
against tho church being held responsi.
bic for tho Spanish inquisition, yet we
submit whether it was moro outot har-
mony with tho sentiment OF the six
teenth century than tho conduct OF tho
mob with the closing yoars OF the nine.
toenth.
"do excuses and encourages violence.
When the head OF the church speaks on
nn otiense so serious as the riot at Sa-
vannah, anything shortof tho sternest,
most unequivocal condemnation OF it
will bo encouragement. Ho puts
Christianity to shame before tho world.
He claims to represent tho largest body
Of Christians in the world, and yot has
only soft words for men who would
have murdered il thoy had not beon 70.
strained by bayonets.
"Tho cardinal docs not represent
Christianity. Ho isspeakins for a sys.
tenn that cannot bear tho light, and no
would encourage tho suppression OF
truth, though that require tho silonc-
ing forovcr OF tho clearest voicos that
have ever rung out on this western
world"
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
TELEGRAPHIC BRIEFS.

Cholera in Europe and South America
ia decreasing.
Gov. Marvil, Of Delaware. who has
beon very i'll, is reported better.
A despatch from Calcutta says that l6
mon were killed by an explosion in tho
kolar gold mines in Bangalore.
Mrs. George Windish, Of Pittston, Pa.,
was murdered yesterday, and suspicion
Ia strongly directed against her hus.
band.
Henry Bonneka. OF Altoona, Pa. an
agod resident, was murdered and
robbed. No clue to tho perpetrators Of
tho decd.
Emperor William has sent telegram
OF thanka to Capt. Barcnds, OF tho
steamer Normania, which rescued tho
crow OF tho ship Arno.
a majority Of tho embassies and loga.
tions at Constantinoplo have joined
England and Russia in protesting
against the American outrages.
Charles Farnum. l7-year old Boston
boy, was accused OF stealing his moth
or's watch, and when oho callod in po.
lico officers to look up tho case no killed
himself.
John d. Briggs, Of Cleveland, was ap.
rointod receiver Of tho Findlay Rolling
Mil Company, whose affairs woro
wound up last woel; on an attachment
Tor $4,000.
Tho Orange Free State in South
kfricu Ia uoil IN ho m ;1ooI r,uort for
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1895-04-08
orchids from President and Mrs. Glove.
land, and tribute from Secretary and
AMERICAN WINES
Causing tho Fronoh Wine NIakors Con.
siderable Alarm, ."


Causing tho Fronoh Wine NIakors Con.
siderable Alarm.
WASHINGTON, D. G., April 7.-Tho
French wine makors aro becoming
alarmed a. tho American competition.
In an extract from tho Commercial
Journal, published in Paris, aitor de-
scribing tho years vintage In California
as inferior In quality and Indifferent in
yield, said: Since tho new tariff low
oring tho ontry duties on wines import
cd into the United States from abroad,
ercat ellorts haYo been mado in Cali
fornia TO organize powerful syndica.es,
whose duty is 10 DO to struggle by every
means against foreign competition, es-
peeiaIly against tho competition OF
French wines. Itia not that tho quau.
tity'ot disposablo wines or pocuniary
means arc wanting. but owing to tho
antagonism arising among tho pro.
ducess on ono side aud tho agents on
the other this enormous engine OF in.
dustrial war doea not aeom ready TO op.
crate for good whilo yet.
In looking over tho last annual report
OF the atatc vintcutural board OF Cali
fornia for tho years OF lS93.9i. tho con.
cluslon ia arrived at that the vino grow.
ing industry OF California has been for
several years in state Of stagnatiou; /;
that there has been IN oxcoss Of pro.
duction; that the price OF wine has
mover boon lowor, although tho improve.
ment with view to increase tho con-
sumption and open now markets Tor it
have been constant and real.