davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

screening and concentration depend
upon several factors, principally the
following:
/. The number Of tons of sand, or
pulp" that each concentration will
treat per day.
2. The number of concentrators
used; the per cent. of concentrates
obtained from the pulp; the assay
value of these concentrates, and the
per cent. of this value recoverable
by milling or other processes OF re-
duction.
4. The amount of free metal
obtainable by amalgamation or other
process, and the expense of the whole
process of treatment.
The project of the Carson River
Placer Mining and Dredging Com
pany originally had for its object an
effort to recover simply the quick
silver carried into the Carson river
from the many mills that worked
the ores OF the famous Comstock
lode. The following, taken from
Vol. 4, page III, U. S. Geological Sur
vey, explains clearly the origin OF
the company:
Milling.-In the early days OF
mining on the Comstock lode, con-
siderable quantities of very rich and
complex ores occurred, and these
were treated by washing and barrel
amalgamation. Later, the ores
became more facile, and the system
of pan amalgamation was developed
and applied with success. For many
years it has been found practical to
beneticiate all ores met with by this
process. with the aid Of bluestone
(cuprus sulphate) and salt.
The success Of the process IS un'
questionably due in large measure
to the chemical action of the iron
Formerly the mills guaranteed a
return of sixty-five per cent. OF the
assay value of the ores, but of late
years seventy-two per cent. is guar
anteed, and above eighty per cent
is often returned.
On the whole, however, it is i'm.
probable that more than seventy-tve
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

pay enormous profits. The Western
department of the company was then
entirely changed and reorganized,
by the appointment Of Mr.. J. G..
Pierson of Sacramento as manager,
and Captain Herman Davis, marine
engineer of note, to the position of
Superintendent at Dayton.
Early in May, 1894, construction of
the new plant was commenced from
plans designed and drawn by Man
ager Pierson and Captain Davis, and
all work was doneyunder the inlme-
d1ate supervision and inspection of
Captain Davis. Most parts Of the
machinery are original in design
and Were perfected for this particu-
lar proposition. The labor-savi7.g
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

devices are many and ingenious, and
the writer found upon recent inspec-
ton that everything had been con-
structed in a very substantial man.
ner. The plant consists of large
and powerful clam-shell dredger,
with a two-yard bucket, capable OF
easily handling from 1900 to 1000
tons per day of the river material.
The amount varies with the con-
dition of the river-bed and the pro-
portion of rock, gravel and sand to
be handled. The dredger is run by
steam and has engines amounting to
$50 H. P.
The second part of the floating
plant consists of a barge 4ox85 feet,
on which is the machinery for
screening the sand from rocks,
gravel, etc. This barge also contains
agitators, quicksilver traps, sluices
and RIFLES for separating the ANAL
gam, quicksilver and gold from the
other materials. Power is furnished
to the barge machinery by one
double nozzle six-foot Pelton wheel
Of SO H. P, working under So feet
pressure, and one four-foot double
nozzle of the same make OF 80 III. p.
under the same pressure. Water
for these wheels is conducted from
the shore through twenty-inch
canvas hose attached to conduit
several miles in length which obtains
supply from the river above.
The third part of the apparatus
consists of the shore plant, a strong
ly built and double-deck mill in
which are six-foot double nozzle
Pelton wheel, six-inch centrifugal
pump, four Woodbury. concentrators
on the lower deck and eighteen War
rem concentrrtors on the upper deck;
and above them, on third deck. y
distributor for the equal and even
distribution of the pulp to the TWEEN
ty-two machines.
The fourth part of the plant con-
sists of the mill for working the sui
phurets.
The general operation Of the plant
is as follows: The material is taken
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

per cent. Of the bullion contained in
the ore has been recovered from it,
and it is therefore fair to estimate
that the ore received has contained
at least S4oo, 100000, of which about
three-qaurters has reached the mar
ket.
Competition aggravated the evils
of scarcity, for as fixed sum per
ton was paid for milling, it was to
the interests of the custom mills to
reduce as many tons per day, how
ever imperfectly, in orderto compete
with one another at a profit. Guar
antees of any arbitrary percentage
of returns, based on the assay value
of the ore, We're rarely given, and
unless the customer became dis
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

up from the river by the dredger,
and dumped into the hopper on the
end of the barge, where the large
rocks, cobbles and gravel are sep
arated from the finer sand by means
of grizzlies. The finer material
passes into revolving grizzlies that
further separate the finer material
from the coarser, and eventually it
passes into large revolving thirty
mesh screen, eight feet in diameter
and eighteen feet long. AL sand and
pulp (which contains the sulphur
ets) fine enough to pass through this
screen fall into tank beneath, and
pass into centrifugal pump. The
proportion of this pulp to the
material hoisted from the river-bed
continually varies; sometimes
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

seventy-five per Gent. of the material
will pass through the final thirty
mesh screen, and at other times not
more than ten per cent. The average
is reported as about twenty-five per
cent.
From the centrifugal pump the
pulp is forced ashore through a pipe
to a pump on the lower deck of the
shore plant, by which it is elevated
to the distributor on the third deck
and from thence to the concentratorS
below. The barren sand, or tailingS
from the concentratorS, are carried
into the tail-race of the Pelton wheel
that drives the shore plant, and by
its current are carried away. The
sulphurets are carried up and over
the heads Of the machines, and into
their proper receptacles. The tim
bers of the shore plant are of I2xIz
pine, and the whole is so constructed
that as the work progresses up or
down the river the shore plant may
be moved in pace with the barge and
dredger. Returning again to the
barge; such material az enters the
thirty-mesh screen and is too coarse
to pass through its meshes is carried
on and discharged at the tail end OF
the screen by the peculiar design
of its helix. The material then
travels onward and into a twelve
mesh screen, where it is again .revol-
we'd and screened, or sized, and from
there into agitators, thence through
rifle sluices to the dump.
The distance through which the
material travels and the process of
continually extracting the barren
sand and gravel, affords conditions
favorable for the recovery of quick
silver, amalgam and free material.
This recovery begins the moment
the material falls into the hopper
from the dredger, and continues by
various devices, including riffl =,
traps, sumps, amalgamating plates
and settling pans, all 30 modified and
distributed at various points as to
suit them to the different conditions
under which the free metal is pre-
sented for recovery.
In conversation with the writer
Captain Davis said: "The working
of the plant thus far has shown that
each concentrator will handle from
fifteen to twenty-four tons Of the
pulp each twenty-four hours, and
the pulp or screened sand Yields
from three to forty per cent. sr1lphu-
rets. These sulphurets assay from
$40 to $Ioo per ton. All of the factors
are continually changing each min
ute of the time that the machinery
Continued on fourth Page.l
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

gusted with the scanty yield of
bullion and withdrew his patronage,
the mill owner cared little for the
constant waste Of metal in the shines
or tailings which were washed
away directly or indirectly into the
river. Thus the Carson flowed like
Pactolus over precious sand, and its
bed is lined with ores of varying
thickness.
1t is not too much to say that one
third of the ore product, during the
early years Of mining on the lode,
was lost in the production through
carelessness, ignorance and reckless
competition"
In the Spring of 1893 the company,
tired of years of expensive misman-
agement and failures and Of
promises extensively broken, sent
to Dayton the general manager, DR..
O. H. Warren, of Syracuse, N. Y, a
gentleman we'll versed in mechanics,
prudent and thoroughly competent
to master the task before him, /. e.,
to determine, beyond the question of
doubt, if the values Were in the
river in sufficient quantities to pay,
and, if SO, could they be successfully
recovered.
DR.. Warren's experiments showed
that amalgamation was practically
impossible, because OF the amount OF
quicksilver contained in the river
material. keeping the plates too moist,
and that, for other reasons, blanket
sluices were impracticable; so, one
by one, all devices commonly used
were discarded, until nothing in use
in ordinary milling and mining
methods was found practical in this
peculiar proposition except the single
one of concentration. Then followed
long and exhaustive series of ex-
periments and practical tests with
the Woodbury. and other standard
concentrators. Upon the results OF
these carefully conducted tests the
estimate Of the output of a plant OF
given capacity was computed, and
it was shown, beyond doubt, that
a rlant Of sufficient capacity would
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06
DREDGING AT DAYTON
by the Carson River Placer Mining
and Dredging COmpany-Re-
cent Developments.

After Aa:ne eight years of expert
ment, and at a cost of more than one
hundred and twenty thousand dol
lars, the "Carson River Placer Min
ing and Dredging Company" has at
last demonstrated that river dredg-
ing for gold and silver bearing sui
phurets, free notwithstanding gold,
silver and quicksilver-metal bear
ing shines from the mills, ETC., is no
longer ar experiment, but, from a
financial point of view, decided
success. The profits of labor to save
these values by means of dredging,
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06
Lyon County.
NEWSPAPER LAW.

Subscribers ,Oho do not gioe cypress notice to
the coatrGry considered tciShing to continue
theirsubscription.
2 fsnbscribers order the discOHtinuGgace of their
periodicals. the publisher may continue to send
them HAtiL all arrears are paid
Jsubscribers neglect or refuse to take their pc
rsOdtcs from the office to t0hich they directed,
they 0g held responsible till they haze settled their
bill and ord red their paper discontinued.
LJs,tbscrebers moUe to other places scithout
Informing the publisher, and the paper Is sent to the
forner direction, they are held responsible.
The courts haze decided that refusing to take
periodicals from the Office, renoU1g and Leaving
teen uncGtIed for. is primG acie Evidence of inte'-
tiontL fraud
s. Any person sCho receiUes a newspaper and
males of It, Ohether he has subscribed for 1t or
not, Is held In LGeO a subscriber.
z. The Postmaster apho neglects to giUe the legal
nOtise of the neglect of person to take from the Of
fce The newspaper addressed to him is liable to the
publisher for the subscription price.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06
Prizes on Patents.
How to get 500 and Perhaps
Make a Fortune.

We secure patents and to induce people to
Keep track Of their bright ideas we offer prize
OF one hundred dollars to be paid on the frst
OF every month to the person who submits to
Us the most meritori0us invention during the
preceding month We will also advertise the
invention free Of charge in the National Record.
er. weekly newspaper published in Washing
Vun, " Y, which has an extensive circulation
turOugnout the United States and IL devoted 10
the interests of inventors
NOT SO HARD AS 1T SEEMS
Inc idea of being able to invent something
SsILkSs most people as being very difficult; this
uelusion the Company wishes to dispel 1t is
tne simple things and small inventions that
make the greatest amount of money and the
complex ones are seldom profitable Almost
everybody, at sometime or another conc elves
an idea. which. If patented, would probably be
worm TO him fortune. Unfortunately such
n1eas are usually dismissed without fhought
e aue simple inventions like the car window
ort ulcn IN could be easily slid up and down with
ns breaking the passengers back the sauce
tne p~u sne collar button. the nut lock- the bottle
eyeryon,a .ne snow shovel. are things that almost
ana Il ;e sees some way of improving upon
th =. - tnese kind of inventions that bring
"uT nj, Sseatest returns to the author
.h Aho PIlAc we offer will be paid at the end of
each nontn. whether the application has heen
uROn uy the Patent Ofhce or not Every
~ must apply for patent on his in.
vention through US, and whether he sanu ras
tne prize or not the inventor will have : vaI~S
able patent. ""No NaAu'
- THE PRESS CLAIMS. COMPANY
JOHN WEDDERBCRN, Genl Aanaoor
6lS F ST. N. W., Washinvton n n
rs. The responsibility of this coroco,r
hyy hh.dyy oe judged from the fact that its stocE ~
inn nesu oy about seventeen hundred of the lead.
'ns newspapers OF the United States.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1895-04-06

TOB WORK OF EVERY DESCRTpTroN NV
ecuted with neatness and dispatch AT the
~. ce Es once, at prices TO suit the times. Send
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10
PRECINCT CONVENTIONS.


The Republicans neld precinct co n.
venilons last night anu nomiuAted the
following municipal Couucil ticket,
Firt Prooinct--Georze Buckle, j.
Il. Wlscomn aud John l. Lawson.
Sscond Pfecinct-E. II. Cslnster.
n. J. Chvcemau anu II. NJ. LePro.
nor.
rhirI Precinc' Arthur Parsons,
Hugh Anderson aud NJ ~. rs. lor.
Fourth Preoinct-R. 3. Watson.
George Romney Sr. and J. J. Stewart.
-,Fiuhl Pfecinct-W W. P.O' dtafa, LJu.s
Conn aud Chris Diuhi.
lu ALI the preciuots except the First
and Fourth the conventions were
messufably harmonious, but IN the two
precincts namo1 matters lid not run
% smoothly. However, the ticket 10
nominated ami Of course every Re
Publican will put HE brs. foot foremost
In lie intefests.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10
Shelley Items.

sHELLEY, ldano, ooIcber 5. ls06.--
Ab.u inni., many Of the boys Assem-
died in launching our ferry boat, when
was u completes auccess. The boat 10
l5x4D, anJ viii cariya heavy load OF
team, wagona anu i0lks over Sake
rivcr. Ihe wire ropv will be- here
eOou. Thea tnu boat viii DO put Into
working order for freight and pass n
gers.
Tue debate on Tuesday last ended in
n Victory isr protection.
out very well.
Sunday evening our manuscript
paper, the Advocate, was read by tue
editor, Il. j. Farnes, to a well iillo1
house.
Lat evening there were three caudl.
d,tes for the 4 flee Of Jus ics VI tns
peace 10 NIL the vacancy oauaii by o
removal from tnis place VI w. H..
Crandall, who lett here some time AZ .
rno names VI thu three are DAvi
stephen, Joseph Crawford anu NJ.
MolbOrn. Tho latlor gentleman 40.
cured ths Dial0rity VI votes. Mr.. Mel.
BORN u mAu Of good, sound sense anu
weli educated RuI verssd ia law, a
good nrighL.r, anu l thlnk he % the
right man 90 utv right place.
Tue weniu i- delightful.
Had u Itun for J. n. Sheiley's
we'll, wh'r . feet deep, tne puop 9
laat woca ave been put TO great
incOnve q, al tho water WIS
smut on. ioSDDNrH.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10

Eleventh WAfd.-AlsN. MoAiastet.
Thomas DAngerheld, ]. w. Donkin, B'
:. DangorfislJ, Frank Hughes, A. ".
brown, Henry Tucksti, w. T.. Je
uiugs, Peter Hansen, William ]. KEEL.
.un, 4. J. DAly, q. /. Douglas, Robert
M.Tris, G. J. Pence, Henry H.. Bassett,
q. n. Banks. T.. NJ. Atkina |. H.
Lloyd, Major David L.. Leyey, b. dul.
dAfd, DAVID Cameron, Hu.t.e w,
snow, Charles LAW gslon, Miss MAY
Freeze, J. NJ. Hunury, j. W. Hamm,
Flank Collsti, Mrs. Jaue Freeze, NJ
Kate Heeton, Miss Baile Armsgrun z.
Mtf, ID. L., LsNo Homer Dl a,
GEORGE W. PaTks, w. q. Hail, Gu r.
BaldW n, Arthur Huubui.
Allefnn O %. A. WuOiley, Hrfm n
Bimberger Mis. Mary Morris, Ar.
Geraldine rhums.On.
Twelfth Wtrd-J. II. Moyir, A. O..
NOrreil, L. V. MllHams, n. II. ltaid
George Quinn. h. h.. bHmbeFget, A. "A
u BISON, Mrs. Euuluu X. La B.nhv,
Sifs. j. R.MI4giey, ii. k. Aldou., Mfs.
g. " WIli ms, q. = Wilkes, ID.
On e. ", Nh. Nellie L. ttie, MI,
Emu o - We ., Joseph Walk ~. j..
"A Eta.,M i ia tousuuef, l.. "A. tu.
-i.u, q. ". marry, LOUIS H.. o., q u.
". haruy, u. * eyer, james kusIg
". IA. Bir FtAuk Anteil, j. h.
10 on, J, ,,,Waidr T., Anuir Is. HAIRY
homa- NJ ,rsuAli, T. L, MuI,am,,
q, Dry, DE- A. X. Smltn, Hon. y
WagvnvL
Alofuales-P J. Amy, Mrs. g. @,
Dry, Mts. q. W. Hsnuy, Mrs. A. l.
scott, ]. q. lvlu-, A. W. ButiuWa
Gsoc4e w. PARK, u ha4 Burrows.
pnlfleenln Wari--hcaAk Clsrk, b.
IL. lay o., j. J. McAonrAn, Eugtn
Young, Mrs. q. GulbiaIsvu, J. W.
Collins, Mis-. :. Long, NJ. Hamm
slaugh, Mrs. l.. Il. Taylor. w. y yor
Dr.. q. II. DO gr, q. }. h. Gulluran n
Jon ElgbseH, MIR. w. +. b.
August ho,gluud, /. l.. L.. We cr,
Dal ;el Higgins, JOhR Saxe, 81. D
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10

SWIVEL.
Fourth ward-J. M. Phillips, VIM
Burton, Ralph Van Gildsr, Arlhui
sperry, Edwin 5. Kelsey, William
Cunninglon, George Foster, VIM.
Hartman, Oscar hadley, Isaac Hard.
man, w. j. Halloran, J. w. CLARK, J.
IL. Mitchell, q. w. Midgley, Il. N.
kelsey, Charles BrA1ieT, Max Van
Glider, DE witt u. Lowe, 4. ID,
Lewis, J. IL. Barley, Sheppard Crow.
Their, Henry Green, Albert Prsece, a.
q. Brixen.
Filth ward-EdwArd ID. Crowther,
William Dyst, William Marsh, Arch,
Buchanan, Richard J. Filce, William
A. Ctowther, =. II. Reeves. MTs. w.
A, sidney, George littley, Adolph
OdeniAr, Alex waniass, Alex Dyel,
q. J. Anderson, Frank Stanley, Lyuin
h. CrowtheT, Jonn Hin, VIM. Green,
Della LOWS, Alex buchanan JT.,
George W. Parrgtt, Fnnk DunfoTd,
EDWARD II. Crowihef, Frank Whsel-
house, Richard Fletcher.
Administering Clark, IL. q.
Winter, Andrew CowAn, q. IL. Crow
ther, James FIeebairn, Andrew Free.
BARN.
Sixth wArd-N. IL. Glen, ThomAl
w. Green, Alex Watson. James ID.
Watson, David Clayton, Mrs. Thomas
W. Gteeu, George &. Parsons, Thomas
q. Winters, Hugh WATSON, Mrs. Alice
ButteTworth, Mrs. Saran NJ. Poullon,
Henry Richardson, Edward Middle
miss, James POultOn, Mfs. Newell
Clayton, Thomas A. LIwrio, MTs.
Sarah Clay ton, George Burke, Wal.
lace Fenton, William bowman, James
IL. Poull0p, Oswald Knight, a. r.
Poullon, Thomas Winters, WiIiAm
l.. Evans, Oscar knignt, OuOu
knight, Henry Pugh.
Seventh Ward-GeO, Thackfah,
Chas. ii. Hyde, /. NJ. Waddell, Henry
Wallace, .. j. Admire, J. Il. Cowisy,
Jonn shea, Il. X. Thomas, A. Euler,
%. M, Evan, Anton Peterson, Wui.
McLaohlau, j. w. BtIAuDent, h. Is.
Woodbury., w. ID. Price, ihos. "A
Woodbury. ST., Taos. Homer, w. II.
kUbteI, J. J. kogers, Alrs. Johu SHEA,
Nile. Il, k. Tuomss, Mts. q. III. Wan.
PIE, Mis-. J. J. Rogers, Miss Anue Me
Laoulau, j. W. Whitehead JE, ANU
D.vlu J amtB.
BuuuesDtn WAri James A
Williams, MIR. NJ Y. raJ Frank
IA rtgau, Aite. h. T., EOlsunI, NJ nj
s.mmei, Mf.. Al. W. w COX, II. b
toHuui, d. Martha IA ghes C.uulu,
IL. "a. Bacon, DE- ItJman,a Il, Pau,
J, +. C.uey, Mts. Eua w. nyie,
4. Mahsu, Mrs. Al. /. Wofkm %, IL.
o. sauiub IA g. Mar.n a Prigat, 10.
Kama, W. Il. FOLSOM, q. J. Gy leu.
swAn, J, NJ. battatt, j. 4. Woodbury.,
Pstnok Phelau, >. NJ. NhIlmore, JO.
W. tayiuh John Mcdonald, Pe,ui
Cues, o. q. Workman, Car Lanou,
Al. Ii. Lawrence, IA. s, Beatie, q. II
BarTatt, J. II. rnlvtt, kIgar Hun,
BTis nam West, Wallace Bowriug,
John Suell.
Fifteenth Ward--John II. Lloyd,
James Hsguey, John Allen ST., Johu
Allen Jri joseph rhorulun, ]. w
Ufo, AlurH ktcheL George Bats
o. 6ulyuI us fge III yd, a. ii
Nc a'AH, j.. >. HOiulns, Is, Il. B,Owu,
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10

Eightosath ward-Df. J. Thorn ~,
w. II. Cultner, RJbst Patrick, j. Is,
Cummork. q. T.. Arnold IT,, Il. IA.
Oabsil, Robert Patrick IT,, n. q.
Whitney, Rulon 5. Wells, J. H.PAry,
Judge l.. ID. Hogo, w. ID. Baron, "A .
T.. James, w. u. R1mney, e.. L..
Knight, J. C.Caine, =. "A. Lynch. Leo
Won raudsirche lave 80. Youug,
George ID. Py Ier, Stanley II. Clswson,
bishop y. b. Wbit1vS, A.. J. Muran,
ID. w. James, 4. q. wvbUcr, II. T..
Richards, w. q. Patrick, J. A. Gun.
bingham, Nsphi w. Clayton, George
9. Blair, Mrs. Byfoi GrlU, Mrs.
Nephi w. Clayton, Byron Gfo, Mr..
Ellen Barton, lssac A. Clayton, Mrs.
Il. 3. Richards.
Alternates-J. q. Sutherland, Mls.
Emma Kiuoaid, NTs. K.te Burton, j.
u. rhOrnton, II. V. Decker, George r..
Felt, John IA. kimball, Hyfum o sou,
Som ID lbson, JOhu FATringuu.
Twenty-hrst Ward - Thomas f..
Thomas Jr., NJ. y. Woollry, Joseph 5.
Richards, LoteukD Cardweli, Mts, L.
Is. Smith, T.. q. Hoffman, 4. ID. Chass, ,
w. IA. Dale, I. q. Dawson, Mrs. @. Is.
Ferguson, q. u. Stewart, John Burt,
Thomas Manning, Onon ALEU-, Mrs.
j. =. Richards, Joseph Burrows, w. 3.
owen, Ada Faust, Joseph y. VIII
liams, Ed Davios, Mrs. William ~.
Stewart, Mr.. William NJ. Stewart, e..
L.. Hawloy, Thomas Allen, Josel b
Hall, Mrs, n. ). CAs,leton, John Tay-
lor, Mrs. II. u. Hoffman, James Caste.
ton, Aiber1 Csrdwoli, Walter Calder,
George w. Kellogg, Eugene Lawi
II. Snowfall, w. Z. Read, rhom .
Ash, ID. FetgusOn, Mrs. Grace ral =
sum, John r. Gum.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1895-10-10
IN
OWN
HOME.

"1le the wealth of information
University o the otuge"
The highest tribute to tho great practical value of the Euc
which unrnled is h
been adopted IN leading of learning
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adopted institutions