davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
CHICAGO, April II.

1ilASAPOt aPhh Ii
The wheat market got suddenly
l1cited during the last fifteen
minutes OF change on the cash
5,us.ness which developed here and at
New York. May sold 81 LIDO against
IA 10 last night. The following were
slven as reasons for the squirt: Sales
N 100000 here for shipment East at the
Equivalent to the May price; sales of
3ound number OF car loads from % to
N I'm addition to above to go to n Mich
,sn miller and other small lots for
fountry millers, and sales reported
trom New York "a boat loads, including
H. at out ports. swlth cash selling TO
tnillers at l-4c over May. The big feat
,,re Of the situation was the claims
Mat outside Chicago there Is praou-
Ialy no available wheat Tor export or
IN interior domestic millers. There
H. no influence In the cables. Routine
beWs was somewhat bullish. Northwest
Receipts were 19i, compared with 2B2
4 year ago. Western markets all told
had IL, 900, against 2I2,OOO last year.
Michigan mlllers at five different points
i,ought wheat in this market. Indiana
dispatches said many millers in that
4tate will depend upon Chicago wheat
from now until harvest Minneapolis
lind Toledo dispatches We're bullish In
Hone.
corn was weak during the greater
bart OF the day, but closed about l-lGc
Higher than the figures of the day pre-
Slous Speculative interest was all
Transferred TO the wheat market. There
Mas a big business doing In oats and
81. 4 Ng.T laNN Ia 80
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York, April 7.-Wheat--Re-
tlpls, 47,iOD bushels: exports. 1871, 500
slshels; sales. G,1O5,OO0 bushels futures,
-S'cOO bushels spot. Spot strong; No.
'red, store and elevator, GO Isaac 3-Sc:
tloat' CD Csc; (. o. b., "a l-Sc ailoat.
NJ. hard, 70 5-Sc delivered Options
fivanced sharply on rumors Of n large
fport business which caused active
fVerlng Of local shorts. closing b-Sm
&c over yesterday. No. red. 60 l-So;
,.pne. 62 Lee July, SO 3-ic; August Csc:
n ptember 60 3-Sc. December, 65 5-Sc
S9nee-Options steady. fairly active
Y local covering. following unexpected
fN3nee at Havre; closed steady at
RI-u points net advance. Sales, 49,
X bags. including April 1875, May
Ssaal405, June iss5GlSNd, July l4.O5G
10 September i405Gl415. October
tp4lO' December ls.95nl4. Spot cof-
r. Rio dun. No. Z 10 3-4c. nominal.
Snrdova, Is i-4d10 1-ic Sales 1000
Rackages Maracaibo, private terms;
Y packages Central American.
Il sugar-Raw firm; sales, 1900 tons
Y uscovado, 30 test, . li-l6 Refined
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York. April l7,-Iiubbard Bros.
& Co.'s. cotton letter:
The advices from Liverpool were
better than was anticipated, and our
ma.ket opened steady at 6fiS points
above last evening. on the advance a
flood OF selling orders for the account
OF bulls who had foreseen the advance
caused the market to decline TO last
evenings close, and from this point
buying OF outside interests who now
realize that cotton is not high after an
advance OF 1875 points, absorbed the Of
ferings. closing the market at 10 points
above the opening quotations. Unless
ali Indications are at fault the selling
this afternoon was by the trading oper-
ators who have been Identified with the
long side OF the market, which now
seems TO be passing Into other hands.
II is expected that Liverpool will show
further advance OF 3-GiV5-Gf in the
fnOruing
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York. April 1.-THE feature Of
the stock market to-day was the de-
cline OF IA per cent In Baltimore q
Ohio ON the passage OF the dividend
The stock recovered ! "a per cent
making the net decline L. The mar
ket opened heavy but active. Edison
selling ! Ia per cent on the collapse
of the negotiations with the Westlng-
house, all but Ia OF which was recov-
cred. At l o'clock the market was
strong with a pronounced upward ten
iority OF shares higher than Yesterdays
close. Manhattan sold up IL to
lis 10, Pullman is, Quicksilver pre-
fcrrcd IA. Leather preferred and ST
Paul l a-s, Cotton OIL prefcferred and
Tennessee IL
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

st. Louis, April 17,--Flour--F'irm at
recent advance. but dull
Wheat-Nervous and unsettled. ad-
vancing on good buying and closing
1-2c above yesterday; No, red cash.
So 7-sc bid; May, &c 3-Sc; July. s. 3-Sc.
Corn--Unsettled and heavy. closing
unchanged for May. No. . mixed, cash,
i2 3-sc May, AZ 3-4c bid; July. 40 3-lc
bid; September, A i-Sc.
Oats-Weak, closing l-4c lower. No.
cash. 20 3-ic; May. 30 Ice bid; June,
90 5-Sc; July, % Use.
Rye--Firm at $50,
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
COTTON MARKET.
Liverpool Responded to our Late Ad-
vance-Amerlcan Markets Higher.


vance-American Markets Higher.
Review OF the cotton market by f. G.
McPenk & Co,
Fort Worth, Tex, April 17.-Iiverpool
contracts opened 5-6i higher. were firm
at further advance OF l-6l ON the 2
p. m. call. and closed steady at net
advance Of 7-6I for the day. Spot cot
ton was firm and Lie higher, with
sales OF $4,000 bales.
The New York contract market
opened 5@9 points higher. the greatest
Improvement being ON may. The heay-
lest trading was In August, which was
very active throughout the session. AZ
ter opening at GU It sold down
to ell, from this It reacted 10 6,S
closing at 6S5 and steady. Total sales
for the day, 2S9 600 Sport cotton was
for the day, $4,000. Spot cotton was
quoted dun. but Lie higher, with sales
OF 100 bales,
Port receipts today estimated at TO-
900, as compared with S632 last year
and the estimate for New orleans to-
morrow. 1000 VS.. 1900
Seml-weckly interior movement
shows receipts $1,000, against u 900 in
1892, and shipments $4,000 VI. 90 900.
Sales Of spot cC.."- In New orleans
5l00 and prices firm and les higher.
Bar silver in New York quoted at
G. 7-SQGS 10.
RANGE OF pRGCES-NEW YORK
COTTON
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York. April 7.-Coffee-Santos
quiet; good average Santos, 1880; re-
ceipts. 5000 bags: stock. $4,000 bags
vance: sales 5000 bags. Rio weak No
7 Rio. 1890; exchange. 8 5-sd; receipts.
1000 bags; cleared for the United
States, 5000 bags: cleared for Europe,
none; stock, 222,O0o bags; warehouse
deliveries from New York yesterday,
CHS bags. New York stock today, 2O7-
S04 bags: United States stock, 2I9, O4G
bags; afloat for the United States, 2l2 p
600 bags; total visible for the United
states, I6i bags, against 52S59a
bags last year.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York, April 17.--Cotton-Dull.
Mlddilng, use; net receipts, ESQ. gross
6457; exports to Great Britain, 6il1;
100; spinners, none; stock. 2lS.4 ADS. Total
today: Net receipts. Ssi0 exports to
Great Britain, 64i7; continent 7l99;
stock. 73g,s37 Consolidated net receipts.
g., 259; exports TO Great Britain. 22S,620;
to France. Ss15; to continent i06o5. To-
tal since September i Net receipts, T.
SIS. G6i; exports to Great Britain, 3.OOl.-
1Ol: to France. 78g.055; to continent, o.
15A 400
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

IQ F. Il. MCfeak ~ Co.
Chicago, Ills. April lI-1here was
Very little activity in the wheat pit to-
BAY until the last half hour when the
farket turned very strong and ad-
danced cent per bushel from low
loint ON good inquiry Tor cash wheat
b. New York at a premium over May,
With eighteen loads reported as worked
Dor export. The cash demand In our
lOgal market has also been very good
At full prices, with transactions OF
lbUut $4,000 bushels for Eastern &C
touut. Clearances Tor the day nearly
BAN million bushels
Receipts at primary points appear to
y ON the decrease. Notwithstanding
fne fact mat they are only about one
ialt OF what they were year ago.
try ports were reported this morning
tt 3,oiv,Vv1 bu, and had a stimulating
tIept on prices temporarily. us these
upmCnts were rumured yesterday at
bUuut ii6O,OOU bu, later in the session.
however. the report was changed. maxi
ins shipments 6,Sji,UOU blu, which Tor
\ rev minutes had depressing effect
~ prices. Reports from the i'uuth-
West report a Dig demand Tor cash
Wheat. especially from miller5 who
pave a very light stock on hand. Ca
llcs We're nOminally unchanged, for
Liverpool ana Antwerp, lie higher for
Paris. and little lower for Berlin.
fhc close OF our market was .ery
stroug ut top prices.
4 Corn--Coarse graius have been weak
! he entire session, although there was
D small advance Oh the late strength
p wheat. Shippers state that the only
eemand Tor corn Il from local parties,
fhere being not much inquiry from the
Past pn account OF the advance In
heights.
/ Provisions - Provisions are barely
Steady There was good selling today
D. packers and commission houses, al
though prices have been fairly we'll
falntained on the strength IN grain.
LAMSON BROS < co.
RANGE or PRICES.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York. April 1.-THE Evening
Posts London oablegram saysi
The stock markets today were life
less aud fcatureless except silver
stocks, which were very strong on the
reported signing OF the treaty between
China and Japan. American regular
to dun; no business. India council to-
day allotted sixty lakhs OF rupees at
IL and 10 1-2 pence. There ia much
discussion as to how China will en-
deavor to raise money to pay her war
indemnity. The estimates at present
generally favors a loan for about TO- =
000 900 sterling.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
KANSAS CITY LIVE sTocK.

Kansas city, April l7-Cattle-Re-
celpts, $500; shipments. 100 Market
steady; Texas steers, $3.55a51O; Texas
cows, S2.1Od3.iO; beef steers. SS75qG.lO
native cows. $l.75I475. stockers and
feeders, 2.9OIi.5O; bulls, S2.25ai75.
Hogs--Recclpts, 10 900; shipments 500.
Market weak to lOc lower; bulk OF
sales, Si6j0iS5; heavies, 81 7OI4 %;
packers, Si65GL95: mixed. Si6OG4,SO;
lights, @,5OIA75. workers. AG5q475;
pigs, Aa455.
Sheep-Receipts $500; shipments,
none. Market steady.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

Florence Colo. April 1.-THE furry
In oil throughout pennsylvania and
Ohio has not affected the price Of oil
in the Florence district yet. oil men
rise OF crude oil with suspicion. Tios.
Robinson, superintendent or the United
OH company, thinks n the present price
OF oil continues In the East 1t must
affect prices here sooner or later and
. consequently help the Colorado prod
uct. Isaac cauheld, general manager
OF the Triumph OH company says;
fgrhe rise In oil IN the East Will not
affect us. II would not II the price
should 20 TO 500 per barrel
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

$500 grassers, sS14OO: COWS. S20s. 30.
Hess--Reeeipts, $500. shipments, $780,
err; heavy, 4.s0R5.OO; mixed siSo6f 1. 90.
light, A.60n4.90.
sheep-Receipts. 1000: shipments, 1900.
Market steady for good. but lower for
az others; Native mixed. $4I4.75:
clipped natives. A4O; Southwestern,
S3,25@AOO; spring lambs. Sl.5OG5.b0.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
MoNEY ANp EXcnANan.

New York, April 11.-Money ON call
easy Mt l-2d2 ~ per cent; last loan.
q closed ? Der cent, Prime mercantile
paper 4G5 l-2 per cent. Sterling eN-
change steady. with actual business in
bankers bills at Si.S9 l-4al4.sg 3-s fOf
demand and at $4.Sb i-4dl4.sS SIS Tor 60
81 g0q4 30 1-2. COMMERCIAL bills. N.S7
l-2ml.s7 81. Silver certificates, " 5-s
Glgg 10
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

Kansas city. April --Wheat-Firm;
tcted, SIC.
corn-Elrmi No, mixed. 44al4 Ice;
". white. ij 1-2c.
Rhlte. 3gc.
Rye-Firm: No. .. 55c.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
w EEKLY GAZETTE
To Any Address for One Year.

Extra attachments in velvet-lined cente,
drawer are included. These attachments are
superior to those made by any other manu-
acturer being the only ones that are on the
market that are warranted steel throughout
Other sets are made principally Of brass, nickel
plated, the plating serving to hide the true chay
acter OF the metal underneath.
The Gazettes machine is strong and simple
in construction. There are hut few working
parts in the arm, hence it is easy to keep pro-
perly cleaned and oiled, and almost impossible
for it to get out of working order. The ma
chine is finely finished and beautifully orna-
mented and can be depended upon to do
equally well the lightest and the heaviest work
The Gazette's Premium machine and the
Weekly Gazette for one year, $1,000.
The Gazettes Premium machine and the
Daily and Sunday Gazette by mail for one
year, S27.
The Gazettes Premium Machine and the
Daily and Sunday Gazette by mail six months
$235O Address.
State PRINTING COMPANY |
Fort Worth, Texas.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

IN. Louis April Receipts,
'ooi shipments. 1900 Market easier;
,9re. good cattle than usually offered
'u buyers more independent Native
so@5,s0i steers, $50 to 1850 pounds,
AeO44B5; gtockers and feeders. S2.75N
III native steers sold at S3.50u $50;
'"s, f2-2sgA25; fed Texas steers. SAYS
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

London. April l7.--Bar silver, 30 7-sd
per ounce: money. rs per cent. The
rate OF discount IN the open market
for short bills, 1916 per cent The rate
OF discount In the open market for
three months bills 1916 per cent.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

Jefferson city. Mo-, April II. = OF
7 murderers who were 10 have been
hanged In this state Saturday, the Goth
instant. Governor Stone today granted
a respite In each case until Saturday.
May II.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York, April II The total sales
Of stocks today were 1s723 shares, IN
GLIDING: American Sugar. $4,000; Gem
eral Electric, 25lOO Reading 23SO0;
st. Paul, i2,iOO; Tennessee Coal and
Iron $500
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

New York, April Achievement
bonds firm: states inactive: railroad
bonds steady and strong Bar silver.
60 l-2c. Mexican dollars. 50 lee.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
WHEAT GOT SUDDENLY EXCITED
,,rpryc THE LAST FIFTEEN MINUTES
OF CHANGE

,yp ADVANCED NEARLY A CENT.
CORN WAS WEAK. But WHEAT
pulLBD IT UP A FRAcTIoN--pRo
VISIONS CLOSED LowER-coTToN
FIRM.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
BY +. G. McPeak & Co.


Galveston. April l7.-Cotton very
firm; mlddling, 6 l-4c sales, 1889; re
ceipts, 1928; exports, none. stock, co.
l70.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

Boston. April 1.-THE American
Wool and Cotton Reporter will say to-
morrow; II It were not for the trans
actions In foreign wool tho volume OF
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18
Premium
Sewing
Machine.

Value $40, our price, 5000. which In
ciudes the Weekly Gazette 10 any ad-
dress for one year.
Exus attachments In velvet lined
center drawer are Included
These attachments are superior 10
thnse made by any other manufacturer.
being the only ones shat are on the
market that are warranted steel
throughout Other sets are made prin-
cipally OF brass, niokle plated. the plat.
ing serving 10 hide the true character
Of tho metal underneath.
The Gazette's MACHINE y strong and
aimple IN construction. There are but
few working parts in the arm. hence Il
Is easy 10 keep properly cleaned and
niied and almost impossible for Il 10
rel out OF working order.
Tha machine n finely finished and
beautifully ornRmented. and can be de-
rended on 70 do equally we'll tho light
al and the heaviest work.
THE Gazettea premium machine nno
the Weekly fCiazette for one year, l20 50,
Tho Gazefte's premium machine
and the daily and . sunday Ga
rette by mail for one year. t2T.0o.
The Gazettes premium machine and
The daily and sunday Gazette by mall
six months. $3.50.
STATE PRINTING co.
Fort worth. Tsk
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

They Are Actively at Work In Cali
fornla Forming Party.

San Francisco. Cal, April 1.-THE
sliverltes are actively at work forming
a straight silver party in this state.
They propose to make the coming here
Of A. j. Warner. president Of the ma
tional committee OF the American BIZ
Metallic party; Congressman J. c, Sib-
ley of Pennsylvania and Senator Stewart
OF Nevada. the occasion for the general
concentration OF the sympathlzcrs In
one distinct movement.
Fort Worth gazette. [volume] (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1891-1898, 1895-04-18

NEW YORK CLEARTNGs.
New York. April i1.-Clearings. $97,-
200, 1883: balances, S5ll3.GsG.
Graham guardian., 1895-06-08
CARLISLES CHANGE OF HEART

While not very surprising at all,
it is really interesting to observe
how soon a man become cuckoo
when holding an appointive office
by the favor of an administration.
Our President, when he selected
the members of his official house
hold, wisely chose men who were
in sympathy with him on the sub
ject Of silver coinage, or who could
be converted to his views. 1t is a
little strange that he should have
chosen a Secretary of the Treasury
who had been so pronounced an
advocate of silver. Carlisle had
been one of the earnest of silver re-
monetization.
His conversation to the doctrines
of the gold worshipers has been a
miraculous one.
1t was Carlisle who said on the
floor of the House of Representa-
tives, February 2l,1S78: "Accord-
ing to my view of this subject the
conspiracy which seems to have
been formed here and in Europe
to destroy by legislation and other
wise from three seyenths to one
half of the metallic money of the
world is the most gigantic crime
Of this or any other age. The con-
summation Of such a scheme would
ultimately entail more misery up
on the human race than all the
wars, pestilences and famines than
ever occurred in the history of the
world" One can hardly believe
that this is the same John G., Car
Isle, who, as a member of Cleve-
lands Cabinet, is now using his
personal and official influence to
make the"conspiracy" successful.
The deplorable condition of this
country from the 21st of February
1878, until now fully justifies the
strong language he employed at
that date. 1t would have been i'm
possible, even if endowed with the
gift of prophecy, to have foretold
with greater accuracy the results
of this. ."the most gigantic crime Of
this or any other age.",' After this
prophecy and its gradual fulfill
ment it seems incredible that he
should have been captured by this
conspiracy and is now proposing
to canvass Kentucky in the further
ance of the gigantic crime.
Graham guardian., 1895-06-08
THE SILENT SECRETARY.

In the death of Walter @. Gre
sham, Secretary of State, the
country looses one of her most IL
lustrious sons. He was a soldier,
judge, statesman, prominent in
those three great fields of human
endeavor. He rose to the rank of
major-general Of volunteers during
the rebellion. He was for four
teen years United States Circuit
Judge for Illinois and held three
Cabinet portfolios, Postmaster
General and Secretary ofthe Treas
ury under Arthur, and Secretary of
State under Mr.. Cleveland which
he held at the time of his death.
He won his greatest laurels as Fede-
raj Judge of Illinois during which
time he turned down Jay Gould
in the appointment of a receiver
for the Wabash railway, and by his
upright, fearless judicial record en-
dearcd himself to the great labor
interests of the country.
His record as Postmaster-Ge Gener-
al and Secretary of the Treasury
was most creditable. AS Secretary
Of State, his fine judicial mind con-
trolled all his acts. His makeup
as a man contained no elements of
jingoism. ga plain blunt man, D
he did not indulge in sophistry or
finesse. He was calm and dispas-
sionate at all times and bore no
sympathy for the artifice of the
demagogue. If he made mistakes,
as viewed by others, it was the
mistake which the jurist makes in
rendering an opinion in harmony
with the law as established by q
long line of judicial decisions, in
stead of bidding for the applause
of the populace,
In laying the remains of Walter
Q. Gresham in the grave the chari
table people of our broad land will
feel that the silent clods which fall
above that form will mingle with
the pulseless dust of an honest
man
Graham guardian., 1895-06-08
A MISERABLE BRUTE.

FROM the Phenix papers comes
the disgusting intelligence that w.
f. Lyons, editor of the ArisOna
PopuliSt, took offense last week at
something his wife said or done
and brutally beat and kicked her,
leaving her eyes black and blue.
Brutes, like the fellow Lyons,
should not be allowed to mingle
with the residents of a respectable
community, and we would suggest
that he be given sound trouncing
at the whipping post accompanied
by liberal coat of tar and feathers.
The GUARDIAN heartily agrees with
the Herald in saying that he should
be given very limited time in
which to leave the country. JUS
tice johnson, of Phenix, taught
him lesson, however, which we
hope he will remember the remain
der of his miserable existence
He was fined $25 and costs.
Graham guardian., 1895-06-08

down to Locke's time silver was
as the measuring metal
of nearly all nations. In his cele-
brated essay on money, Locke
says: ~ have spoken on silver
coin alone, because that makes the
money of account and measure of
trade all through the world"
Silver was the standard money
of England, till early in the last
century, and was full of legal ten
der until 1916, when the gold
standard was adopted. From 1857
to 1854 the value of gold coins, as
compared with silver, was regula-
ted in England from time to time,
by proclamation. From 1864 to
1717 silver was the only legal ten
der.money, and gold CONS fuctua-
ted according to the market value
of gold. In 1717 the relation of
the coins of the two metals was fix
ed at 21 shillings for a guinea,
which overrating of gold caused it
to become, for the time being, the
principle currency of England.
Before the revolution which led
to the independence of the Spanish
American States, Spain controlled
nearly all the gold and silver
mines of the new world, and her
coins were in general circulation.
The Spanish milled dollar became
the standard coin of both hemis-
pheres.
Graham guardian., 1895-06-08
ENGLAND STANDS BY GOLD.

The following will furnish food
for reflection for those who favor
the free coinage of silver in the
United States only by joining
hands with foreign powers. 1t
showes them how forlorn the hope
is-if any really exests in there
breasts-of England uniting with
the United States in declaring fol
free silver.
At meeting held in London
last week Of bankers, and finan
ciers, WHO favor the maintenance
of the gold standard, the banker
who presided, read letter from
Sir William Vernon-Harcourt
Chancellor of the Exchequer
which read in part:
"You may rely upon it that hel
Majesty's Government will not de
part from the course pursued by
all Governments that have preced
ed it, and will not give counter
ance to any change in the funda
mental principals of our monetary
system, nor in any discussion il
which they may be called upon tt
take part will they admit an.
doubt as to their intention firml,
to adhere to the single gold stand
ard which you justly regard as es
sential to our well being as a com
mercial nation"