The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1895-01-20
ITEMS OF INTEREST.

JUST At--- E'aAA A-Al-A AAA t--N -----r7@-
All Saints day. Nov 7, is sad to have
been begun By Pope BOn-face ~. about
CO. and was established by Gregory ~.
about s34
The bones Of the arm are long cylinders
because in this shape they have the great
est strength with the least expenditure OF
material
Moderate cold is a stimulant because il
drives blood from the surface or the poly
and induces exercise in order 70 restore
circulation.
The peculiar and characteristic odors
Of flowers. leaves. fruits seeds, roots.
barks and woods are due 20 the presence
Of essential oils Without the ldtleI
there would be TO liquors or perfumery,
and spices would be unknown In some
plants the oil is found only IN the flow
ers. as the rose and violet; In others ~
the fruit. as the nutmcSi ln DINERS IN
the uneXpandcd buds, as the Glove. pa
others in tine bark, as certain laureis:
ana in still others IN the outer IiuI OF
the fruit. as the orange and lemon Italy
supplies the world with orange ana lem
on oils, and the Italians are up 70 all
the tricks of mixing and adulteraIlng-
The United states consul general 10 ltaly
reports that practically all OF the orange
and lemon oils which reacn the tmlea
states are sophisticated 10 a SIedt eN-
tent. BergamOt. the most costly. is adul-
terated with oil of sweet orange Jurpen-
tine, mineral oil. pitch and essence OF
peppermint Pitch is employed for color
ing, and stearin is added 10 increase
bulk and weight. The most important
adulterant is turpenune, which Is 50
nearly related chemically TO the oil or
lemon-bOth being terpenes-that its pres
euce as an Ingredient can hardly De de-
tected by analysis.
Romer PrescheI and Iriny are vari-
ousiy named as inventors of phosphorous
matches From the ties -imOny OF a stlll-
living college friend il appears that the
real inventor IS the Hungarian, Janos
Irinyi. Ii was in 1885, when the latter
then 10 years old ana a student at the
polytechnic school. in Vienna, ATTENDED
Prof. Meissner's lectures on chemistry
lie became greatly impressed by dem
onstratiOu of the reaction produced on
rubbing together peroxide OF lead ana
sulphur 1t struck him at once that the
reaction might be greatly intensified
when substituting PHOSPHORUS for sui
phur. lrinyi was not TO be seen ar the
college for the next few days. His friend.
wishing 10 see MN, called at ms rooms
but found the door locked. on joining
his friend. lrinyi had his pockets run OF
matches. which he struck on the walls,
all of them taking fire. He prepared them
by melting PHOSPHORUS in COnceutra-
ted solution Of glue and shaking until
the mass became cold. and an the phos-
phOrOus assumed a finely divided state.
This emulsion was mixed with brown
peroxide of lead, and sticks previously
dipped in molten sulphur were impressed
in the mixture. He sold his invention II
. IS recorded. to merchant named Romer
Tor about $500.
An Illustration of the marvellous aC-
! Curacy characterizing tools or inStru-
meuts Of measurement now employed as
I compared with those of former times
is given by a writer in the American
f Machinist. namely. that, whereas for-
merly .00l inch marked on a drawing
would have been objected TO on the
/ ground that il was difficult or lmpossl-
/ BILE TO work so closely to measures as
/ that. at the present time COOS inch is
/ measured in every fine workshop, and
/ dimensions given in hundredths or even
I thousandths of an inch frequently APP
pear on drawings without objection on
the part of the Workmen The lnstru-
/ ments of measurement are now made
I with such "A degree OF refined accuracy
7 that even the warmth of The hand may
expand "a rod twelve inches long so that
} the amount of expansion can be meas
J ured. III has thus become important i'm
I fine measurements to be careful that the
/ temperature of the piece to be meas
urel or gagged should have the same
! temperature as that of the instrument
by which it's size is determined. BY
first handling a rod of the length named
and measuring 1t, particularly If the
after allowing the rod to cool hand
ling the gauge until the latter expands,
Ii is found that discrepancy OF from
+ oo0l inch TO 00l inch may be sometimes
made apparent, due entirely to the differ
( cnces of temperature.
Before the invention of paper, enor-
I nous quantities of which are manufac-
/ tured at the present time, the material
I on which people wrote then was a very
I costly affair For that reason it was for
tunate that our forefathers We're not as
the present day. The oldest writing ma
terials were the wax tablets. These were
made OF wood or ivory. coated with a
1 sur ace of wax, on which the writing
| was done with a pointed stylus, made
/ of bone. These tablets served mem
/ oranda. letter heads. bill heads, as we'll
I as for writing exercises in the schools.
/ letters and documents. When IL was no
longer necessary to preserve them, a Spe-
cial roller instrument was used for oh
/ tteratinS the writing, and then the tab
/ lets were ready for use again. The old
I Greeks and Romans used these wax tab
lots generally The Roman poet Proper
deplores i'm a tender elegy the loss of
/ his wax tablets engraved with the ten
der episues that passed between him
and his inamorata. The present century
has brought to light many of the treas
ures OF antiquity among them ancient
! Roman wax tablets winch heretofore
We're known only by heaTsay These were
discovered in the gold mines of Sieben-
burger, which at one time We're worked
in Egypt The tablets contained mostly
/ mercantile treaties and notes of accept
anee- They are very plain and simple.
4 The "diptEcha,' how aver, which the Ro-
I man COnsuls were wont to distribute
among their friends when they took the
oath Of office We're marvels of beauty.
| They were made Of ivory. elahora tely
carved and embellished on the outside.
/ Many Of these carved tablets which We're
used during the middle ages a bindings
/ of books, have been preserved down to
/ our day. The Germans adopted the wax
tablets from the Romans and they We're
I very generally used during the middle
aces, especially in the schools and co.
leges. During the fifteenth century such
tablets were employed as the exclusive
writing material of the University of
| Lubbock. Toward the close of that cen
fury the tablets were driven out by pa
per the manufacture of which then be-
came general. But there We're some To-
eauties Y here they Were used even at
the beginning of the present century,
as, for instance. in Halle, an der Saale.
It was in 1873 when. they We're abolished
/ by a royal decree. In Suabian Halle the
state passed law in 1872 abolishing the
use of wax tablets. In the salt springs
Of these two places certain expendi-
lures. such as the price of wood for the
boiling of the salt or the distribution
Of the salt dividend. could be recorded
only on these tablets. Even as late as
/ twenty years ago wax tablets were
used al the fish market of ROuen There
the revenue from the leftover hsh, which
We're sold a public auction, was record
/ ed on wax tablets Water the most for
midable enemy of paper has aided great
" in the retention of the wax tablets
in certain localities until it was a last
. driven out altogether The Photographic
! Wy tuhes Of TO-DAY ce1laInly prove