davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The herald., 1895-01-01
TRAIN ROBBERY IN ALABAMA,
An Express Car Rifed by
Masked Men.
Several Thousand Dollars in Treas.
ure Captured.
The Bandits Entsrsd the Train rs Pas
srDgerI-A Bold Job Coony
Performed.
,y TIE HErALp,s Leased Wire.

By THE HERALD's Leased Wire
BIRMINGHAM, Ala, Dec. 31.-At Liv-
ingston, Ala, two masked robbers
boarded the south bound express No. 8
on the Alabama Great Southern, which
left here at 3:55 p. m, and robbed the
express car of its valuables. The
scene OF the robbery is 120 miles south
OF here and details are scarce.
1t seems that the robbers boarded the
train as passengers and waited until it
was again in motion, and then going out
on the platform they put on their masks
and entered the express car and
at the point Of pistols, compelled the
the messenger to give up the contents
of his safe, which ie thought to have
contained several thousand dollars.
The robbery was committed very quiet
ly. and when IT was completed ths
robbers backed out OF the car and took
to the woods.
The herald., 1895-01-01
DR. SHORES SUAREH]ERS
Unable to Treat One third d The
Number Who Applied for
Treatment Yesterday.
Notes, Letters and kilograms Re
ceived From Patients Requesting
DR.. Shores to Extend the So
Rate Another Month.
DR.. sho es Has Kindly nsened to Extend
the 100 gate for All sDiseat es Another
Month, Until Feb LIST; .er That
lime 1t Will Be Impossi-
beto Make an Ex-
tension.

Since DR.. Shores first announced his
generous offer to treat all diseases tor
$500 month until cured and furnish
all medicine free, his parlors have been
constantly thrcnged with patients, dur
ing the closing days OF this low rate, DR..
Shores repeatedly mentioned through
the columns Of the daily papers that the
late ones would be left and such was
the case.
forgotten. Patients from all over the
state came TO this city to consult this
eminent specialist. Persons who were
unable to gain admittance sent in notes
requesting DR.. Shores to place their
rames on his books for the $5 90 rate,
although DR.. Shores has had extra help
both in the laboratory and mail depart
ment, the entire corps were unable to az
tend to one-third of the patients who
appl ed.
TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE
MANY TURNED AWAY AND THE HEARTY
APPRECIATION OF HIS EFFORTS BY THE
PUBLIC, DIR. SHORES HAS DECIDED TO EX-
TEND THE $500 RATE FOR JANUARY
ONLY, AND HE SINCERELY HOPES THAT
THOSE WHO WANT TO BE TREATED NOT
TO PUT IT OFF UNTIL THE LAST FEW
DAYS, FOR AS SURELY AS YOU ARE READ
ING THIS ARTICLE, 50 SURELY WILL DR..
SHORES WITHDRAW THE LOW RATE FEB.
1sT, AND UNDER NO GIRO CUMsTANCEs WILL
IT BE EXTENDED OR RENEWED.
DIR. SCORES PARLORs ARE 4, 5, 6, RED
DICK BLOCK, COR. FIRST AND BROADWAY,
OPP. TIMES OFFICE.
SPECIALTIES-CATARR ASTHMA, BRON-
CHITITs, NERVOUS DISEASES, RHEUMA-
TIsM, LUNG TROUBLES AND ALL CHRONIC
AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH, LIVER
AND KIDNEY.
OFFICE HOURS-9 TO IL, MORNINGS; .
TO $, AFTERNOONS; 7To 8, EVENINGS.
SUNDAYS, 10 A. NJ. I'm.
The herald., 1895-01-01
IN THE REbELL|OUS REPUBLIC,
A Report That President Pick.
OtO Was Poisoned.
Starving People at Lima Indulge in
RiOting.
Regular Soldiers Threaten to Join tho
Rebel Leaders Army Unless
Given Food.
By THE HERALp's Leased Wire.

By THE HERALD's Leased Wire.
New YORK, Dec. 3l.-A special to the
World from Montevedieo says:
Piexoto is reported to be very sick.
Some say his illness was brought on by
accident, but others believe he has been
poisoned.
A World special from Lima, Peru.
says The government is unable to
suppress the rioting here, which is OF.
daily occurrence.
Ths people are starving and desper-
ate. Some shops on the outskirts of
town have been looted. Some of the
aolders threaten to 20 over to General
Peirola. the rebel leader, unless they
get something to eat coon.
The herald., 1895-01-01
NIInara, Oonxantinn.

SAN Francisco, Dec. 3l.-The California
Miners association has issued an appeal to the
miners of the state asking for funds to effect
changes in the federal laws relating to qnartz
and drift claims, and to prevent further en-
croach m ent on public mineral domain by
agricultural and railroad claimants. There
are 13 900 miners in the state, and they are
asked to contribute 81 each.
The herald., 1895-01-01
THE SALT LAKE ROAD.
ATTORNEY GIBBON EXPRESSES
HIS OPINIONS.
Deep Sen Harbor at San Pedro Il the
PrereQuisite to u Line to
Utah.

T. E. Gibbon. general attorney and a
director OF the Los Angeles Terminal
railway, being asked for an expression
OF his views on the various railroad
questions affecting the interests OF Los
Angeles, said he was glad to see The
HERALD agitating the question of addi-
tional lines Of communication for Los
The herald., 1895-01-01
and vsrk On the Salt Lake road will
follow aa n natural consanuancA

and vsTk On the Salt Lake road Will
follow as a natural consequence.
\ The settling OF the hsrbor question
would also speed the construction OF the
projected competing line into the San
Joaquin valley. But Rome was not built
in day. Great measures. like great
bodies, move slowly. Another New
Years day. though, unless all signs fail.
will see a new line Of development be.
gun in Souther California.
The HERALD regrets that Q number
OF interviews and communications on
this subject must be crowded out Of it's
columns for the present.
The herald., 1895-01-01
ZtLIOUX VIII Dis.

-he Los Angelica Drugsists Skull Was
Fractured.
SIN FRANCISCO, Dec. 81 David Zilloux, the
Los Angeles pharmacist who was found in a
sem,-unconscious condition Sunday morning
at the corner of Mason and Market streets, is
still at the receiving hospital and the doctors
have lit Q hope OF his recovery. His condition
is due to a fracture at the base of the skuli,
caused. 1t is thought. by heavy blow on the
point of the chin. Whether the man fell and
struck his chin or whether the bow was de-
livered by some unknown person, is to prob
lem the o ice are trying 10 solve.
The herald., 1895-01-01
A Diamond SmuegIsr.

SAHTA Ro,A, CAL, Dec 31-It was reported
here today that a Mrs. Laigne, Rev York dia-
moud smuggler, had been arrested here by
Mrs. Barraugh, a government agent. 1t is sald
thai Mrs. Lsigne got away with $40, 600 worth
of diamonds and that Mis- Barrsugh followed
her across the continent. The police here claim
to know nothing OF the reported arrest.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Dunn Gave It Up,

MODESTO. Dec, Dec 3l.-The election con-
test OF John Dunn against T. J. Carmichael for
supervisor OF the Third oistrics of this county,
in which the Official count declared Carmlnhael
elected by one majority, term mated sudd anly
to-day by Bunn's attorney making q mott on to
dismiss the proceedings. Judge Minor there.
upon declared Carmichael elected.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Crashed to Death.

DUN sMUIR, CAL, Dec 31.-James McIuerny a
workman Is on one of the work trains was caught
between the cars and n snowbank at Mott yes
terday moraing, and had his skull fractured.
He died today at the compauy's + ospital He
had wo k in Portland and had been Pull
man conductor. He was 20 years old.
The herald., 1895-01-01
From P,u,t.nt,arv 70 Altar.

SALEM, Ore, Dec. 31.-Capt. w. W. Saunders,
serving life senteuce, was pardoned from the
penitentiary today by Governor Penhoyer, on
condition thath leave the state not to return.
He Immediately took the train for epokane,
where 1t is sal he will get married and proceed
to Texas, where his mother restnes. Saunders
was convicted oil murder in the second degree
at Salem on June ~, 1887, for killing Cha,les
Campbell at Albany, Ore, in November, 1850.
soms OF the most influential men in Oregon
signed the petition for his pardon.
The herald., 1895-01-01

10 Armory hall on Broadway. q mask
ball was in progress when the old year
clipped away and the maskers paused n
the giddy whirl of the dance to pay re-
spects to the new year.
"A jolly crowd from the Athletic club
with the football players OF Stanford ae
their gueAts. went to the theater whore
The herald., 1895-01-01
emalIpox at washirCtou.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 31.There were two deaths
and one new smallpox case today. Joseph
Bannon aud William Green, colored mon, were
The victims of the e )idemic
The new case is that of Millie Watson, a
young coloed girl, who was found suffering
from an attack and promptly taken TO the
smallpox hospital. Extra precautions have
been taken by the health officials in order 10
check the outbreak.
The herald., 1895-01-01
HAVE THEM THEY WILL.
A Deep-Sea Harbor at San Pedro Is
Also ON the Bills.
xhs People Of the San Joaquin valley
Fears for Closer Business
....,...as's 1sslstio.s with south
ocseliforn,e.

W len THE HERALD began its agitation
for Increased railway facilities, it struck
responsive chord in the public mind.
Ghis ofice is deluged with commun ica-
Mons on the subject. Citizens are eager
- fxpress their opinions on a question
vital to the interests of Los Angeles
Southern California. More. of these
fsssions Of opinion are given than
conveniently be published. But
lE HERALD will give every man an op-
sortnnity to be heard on this burning
al 81 lion by and by. The ladies. too,
Goo bless them, have taken up the cud-
0ele for competing line of railway
rom Los Angeles north to Fresno.
yhsy, too. shall have their say.
The newspapers OF the country are
ssesaing with editorials urging the peo-
ple to cast their lot with Southern
Salifbrnia and cultivate closer
trata relations with Los Angeles.
are red hot with enthusiasm
s,sla over the prospect of being delivered
kieo, the clutches OF the Southern Pa
Y esiic company Of Kentucky. The idea
"a building competing line to San
Tr2ncisco seems to be entirely absn-
sionsd. The one thought of the whole
Sap Josquin valley now is to secure an
jnf pendent rail route to Los Angeles
| v1roalixe that their only hope of free
con lnerciel intercourse lies in thia direc.
TIE people of the great central valley
California have set their hearts on a
slueer union with the country south
III she Tehachspi, and they sha II
61, is disappointed. This statement is
Maas advisedly. The proposition is
ns nput ia such shape that Los An
~ will reach forth and take the trade
ant IL offered it. Some little effort will
"a quired to secure the prize, but the
pus and enterprise for which the
,orn metropolis is famed will sure.
~ sat no trit1lng obHtacle deter 1t from
aeh wing that which can not but be OF
lasting. benefit and glory.
,iie the idea of a competing line
ISL Los Angeles through the San
zotu ain valley or state railway on the
isee Of Senator Mathews' bill is meet
With such popular favor, The HER
4 glad to note the awakened inter-
5ss in tho proposed line to Salt Lake.
rhe Importance of this enterprise can
id 10 exaggerated. No one for mos
4aer doubts the benefits that would
xecs to Los Angeles were this
as built. Built it will be, and that
81 40 remote time. How soon
Sspsuds, ~ Attorney Gibbon says in an
rtser7isw printed below. on the COM
Aoenent of work on the deep sea
L at San Pedro. The harbor pro.
II is the keynote to the situation.
government once get down to
bss % it ought. and make an ap-
alton for the beginning at work
deep sea harbor st San Pedro,
The herald., 1895-01-01
On fhnO Old Rnn

BAN FRANCISCO, Dec 31.-The steamer Coos
Bay, which recently broke her crank shaft and
was disabled in ranta Barbara channel has
way ports on Wednesday. The Ysquina will
be taken of. The steamer Pomone will be put
on the Eureka route after Wedne sday next.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Missouri. Contribution.

MACON, Mo-. Dec. 3l,-A committee
which was appointed to solicit clothes
and provisions for the destitute people
in Lexington, Neb.. have collected
large quantity OF goods and will ship
them Immediately.
The herald., 1895-01-01

the boxes were sntwined with the
colors OF Stanford.
The Salvation Army held watch
meeting in their barracks on Spring
street, and on bended knees the red
shirted soldiers of the army OF the Lord
watched and prayed while the years
we're changing.
The herald., 1895-01-01

ulaed by the rising youth OF the city
Darading the streets at the midnight
hour.
Occasionally the monotony Of attire
in the throng that paraded the streets
was varied by the sight of gayly at
tired and masked figure. or again .
group Of these.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Going On. with tho Ysar.

SAN FRANCISCO, Dec. 3L-The final m eeting
of the present board OF railroad com mis- siouers
was held here this afternoon. Only Commas
sioner Rea and Beckman were present and
they d d nothing bu5 transact certain routine
business necessary TO close the commissions
OfiC al wear.
The herald., 1895-01-01

Messrs. Duke. Black & Co., Of the Los
Angeles Turf club. having purchased
the Royal billiard parlors, 2l2 South
Spring street. opposite the Hollenbeck
hotel. wish to announce to their friends
and patrons that they will be ready for
business Saturday, January 9th, next.
Books made on all eastern and San
Francisco rRces.
The herald., 1895-01-01
An Army Omo~r,s Luck.

WARRINGTON, Dec. 3l.-Secreiary Herbert has
remitted the unexpir portion OF the sentence
of Lieut. e. D. Bostlck, suspended for one
year by court-martial for drlnkenness while
attached to the Ranger at San diego. About
four and half months of the time remains 10
be served, and as the officer has lost Il months,
the secretary felt his punishment had been suf-
The herald., 1895-01-01

Susan 8. Anthony is one Of thoso en-
thusiasts who never know when they
are beaten. Sho says the women suiTra-
gists of Kansas will begin their next
campaign Immediately.
The herald., 1895-01-01

Watch meetings were held in the
churches and in many private residences
throughout the city. Altogether, ths
reception to the year OF 1895
in Los Angeles was made q joyous occa-
sion and an suspicious ons, for the new
year means well toward the City Of the
Angels.
The herald., 1895-01-01
She Saws Amsp.

EDITOR OF THE HERALD ALLOW me
to say Amen to your editorial of this
morning entitled The State Railroad.
Yours truly, MARY Ives ToDD.
December 81, 1894
The herald., 1895-01-01

Bright, new 1895 came up smiling,
full OF promise of good things to come,
slipping into the shoes OF 1894 with an
ease and grace characteristic of new
yesrs. The regrets of the old year were
drowned in the hopes of the new, and
the mistakes Of the one that 10 gone,
The herald., 1895-01-01
Annrnvad hx CIavaland

WAsHTNGToN, Dec. 3l.--The president has
approved the net amending section of the act
of March 2, 1899 to withdraw certain public
lands from private entry to ne feet the title of
quarter section of land in Yuma.
The herald., 1895-01-01

buried beneath the possibilities OF the
one which lies before.
The streets OF the city were animated
with gay thrcngs last night. The last
gas2 OF the dying year was heralded to
the watchers by the seaside with the
blare Of hundreds OF tin trumpets and
the equak Of indescribabIs things manip-
The herald., 1895-01-01
Pcriehrd in the EInmna.

ELLSWORTH. wis Dec. 81. The residence Of
Michael O'Uonuell of E Psso Pierce county
burn cd, and Mrs. O'Conneil aud hv, chill
dren perished MI 'Connel slept be ow, al
was awakened by fire at o'cloos, He escapt
in his night clothes.
The herald., 1895-01-01

Whitea yellow linen by boiling half
nm hour in pound Of fine soap melted
in @ gallon of milk. Then wash IN suds,
then in two cold waters with little
bluing.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Hev.rd for U;,rdsrera.

SACRAMENTO, Dec. 81 This afternoon. at the
request Of District Attorney Ryan, Governor
Mar ham offered reward of $1cO0 for lhe
arrest of the m Irderec or murderes of Grocery
man Weber and his wife on Saturday night.
The herald., 1895-01-01
A Rrakeman Killed.

TACOMA, Wash, Dec. 31.-Northern Pacific
Brakeman Henry W. Jones of this city WAS
killed In q collision this morning at Castle
Rock. Jones was Mason OF high standing.
He leaves widow and two grown daughters.
The herald., 1895-01-01

There will bo three women in the next
Colorado legislature-Mrs. Clara Cref'7-
ingham, Mrs. Frances Klock and Mrs
Carrie Clyde Holly.
The herald., 1895-01-01
WINFIELD BURNING.

Tho Business Portion of Nsw York
Town In Fiam.s.
SYRACUSE, N. Y, Dec 31.-A special to the
Post from West Winfield, Otsego county, Is
miles sovtb of this city, says that big fire is
raging there in the business portion of the
town and is spreading rapidly. The Utica fire
department has gone oa a special train with
fire engines to the sceIe.
The herald., 1895-01-01

TACOMA, WASH. Dec. 31.-The Point Def;ance
street railway, extending from sonth Ninth
street to Point Defiance, seven miles, was sold
: oday to U. F. Paxton of Portland for 1892. 600.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Stanford Bnn Play a.

DEdoro, Cal, Dec. 3l.-The Stanford fresh
man team defeated the Union high school Nc.
. of Centreville today at Covington by score
of IL to 0. 1t was good game throughout,
but Stanford was too much for the high school.
The herald., 1895-01-01

In India, declares Mr.. Telang in The
Forum, the man has the better OF it, In
America tho woman has the better.
The herald., 1895-01-01
Football In Mormondom.

SALT LAKE, Utah, Dec. 3t.-i football eams
between the Y. NJ. C, A OF Salt Lake and the
Ch'cago University viii be played at the expo
sition grounds here on Friday uext.
The herald., 1895-01-01

played good-ior-nothing 1894
I'D into then Unsuitable, relentless
bf the past last night, while the
khorns and the clstter Of bells and
puts OF merry revelers troubled
III cir and disturbed the peace
W oi tha nIty..
The herald., 1895-01-01

wall pnper house OF the coast, s2s 9. Spring
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
Will Corbett Fight jackson?

LONDON, May l0.-An unsuccess-
full effort was made last night to
interview Matchmaker Fleming, Of
the National Sporting club, in ref
erence to the statement cabled
from America that Corbett was
willing to fight Jackson at that
club. Mr.. Fleming declined to
make any statement tonight in re-
gard to the matter.
Sporting Life says that the low
ers Of boxing were agreeably sur
prised by Manager Brady's cable
dispatch to Matchmaker Fleming,
who said that undoubtedly the
National Sporting club would en-
terrain the match, but that he was
unable to state what the amount
of the purse would be, or the date
of the contest until Monday.
The Sportingman says that II
Pompadour Jim is prepared to &C.
cept a reasonable offer, there seems
small doubt that the fight will
come off,
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
BROOKLYN Handicap.

NEW YORK, May 10.-The
horses regarded as certain to start
in the Brooklyn Handicap We'd
nesday next are:
DR.. Rice, Rubicon, Ramapo, Sir
Walter, Rey, Ell Santa, Anita, Song
and Dance, Ed. Kearney, Bassett-
law and Counter Tenor.
Others that may be sent to the
post are: Hornpipe, the commander,
Sir Knight and P. J. Dryers lot.
II Hornpipe should not start Taral
will have to mount DR.. Rice,
Ramapo is expected to go to the
post in the finest form. His work
been brilliant.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
MAcEo TELLS OF HIS FIGHT.
The Spanish Troops Fired Away
Their Ammunition and Withdrew.

The Spanish Troops Fired Away
Their Ammunition and Withdrew.
NEW YORK, May l0.-A special
to the World from Songo, Cuba,
says:
"a World correspondent inter
viewed Gen. Maceo, who was found
in his camp in the forest, league
from Jarageca, and 40 miles from
Santiago. The General gave out
some details of the fight at Hondo
Creek, near Guatanamo, in which
his brother, Jose Maceo, who is not
dead after all, had a sharp encoun-
ter with 80 Spanish soldiers Of Sim
antos regiment, commanded by
Lieut.. Col. Bosch. The Spaniards
were attacked from ambush. Jose
Maceo had 700 followers. The
Spaniards admit a loss Of l6 killed
and several officers wounded. Ac-
cording to letter just received by
Gen. Maceo from his brother, the
Spaniards suffered severely. The
Cubans used their machettes with
deadly effect when the Spanish
soldiers had fired away their am
munition. Maceo placed his men
in position in thickets along the
bank Of the Hondo, which at that
point is a stream about 80 feet
wide. Col. Bosch approached early
in the morning along the bank Of
the creek and on receiving the fire
OF the insurgents, drew his men in
to position in a cane field. The
firing continued until o'clock. AS
usual the Spaniards wasted great
quantity OF ammunition and when
it was exhausted, Jose Maceo
charged across the river and cut
down many with machettes. One
of Maceo's lieutenannts, a French
half breed named Alcide de Yer
ger, rode recklessly to the creek,
calling on his men to use their
machettes. A shot from the Span
iards killed the daring man. The
Spanish regulars were aided by 200
volunteers from Guanajato. Col.
Bosch's men withdrew when they
had fired away their ammunition.
This is fatal fault Of the Span
iards. The officers appear TO make
no effort to prevent the soldiers
from banging away as fast as they
can. When armed with swift
breech loading magzine rifle like
the Mauder, it does not take long
to throw away the 100 rounds with
which each man is provided. Jose
Maceo was left in his position and
he still held it when the steamer
left this morning for Santiago.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
OUR GREAT INTERESTS
In the Hawaiian Islands Shown by
Latest Reports.

WASHINGTON, May lO.-The Ha-
waiian legation has received the
annual blue book OF Hawaii and
reports OF the various government
branches. The population OF the
islands is $1,000, of which $4,000
are natives, 6,lS6 are half caste,
$50 are Hawaiian born foreigners.
1000 are Americans, 1900 are Brit
ish, $500 are Portuguese, $4,000
are Chinese, 1890 are Japanese,
and several nationalities, repre-
sented in small numbers, make up
the remainder. While the Ameri-
can population is small, it's inter-
est is great. There are $lS,5O0,0OO
Of American capital invested in
sugar corporations, out Of total OF
$2S, 100000, and there is total in
vestment of $25,000,000 Of Ameri-
can capital in various enterprises,
making grand total Of $36, 900, 900.
Hawaiian exports last year were
almost entirely OF sugar, Of which
there were thirty billion pounds,
valued at 100000. All Of this,
except an Insignificant amount,
came to the United States.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
G. A. R. Commander is Sore.

CLINTON, Iowa, May lO.-At the
Iowa state G. A. r. encampment
here Commander Newman, in his
annual address, caused a sensation
by his denunciation OF soldiers who
have never joined the organization.
He said: ave reached or zenith
some three years since as predicted
at the time and can't hope to OBJ
tain much new material. am not
in favor of making an effort to re-
cruit from those never having been
members of the G. A. r. While
there are patriotic citizens who
would impoverish themselves if
thereby they could have been en-
titled to the honor OF membership,
and those who are entitled do not
deem it sufficiently valuable to
avail themselves Of it. | am not
disposed to place much value upon
the effort to induce them to join.
| am almost in doubt in regard to
the value of the service they rem.
dered, for it does not seem to me
they would desert now, had they
ever been truly and fraternally
loyal."
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
Will Fight it Out.

HAVANA, May l0.-A correspon-
dent Of the Associated Press here
has made inquiries in official cir
cles regarding the report current
in the United States, that Captain
General De Campos has reached
settlement with rebel leaders and
the instruction is practically over.
AS a result OF these inquiries the
statement is made that the Captain
General has not reached a settle
ment with the rebels and he will
not do so. He will depend upon
the force OF arms to put down the
rebellion and restore peace to Cuba.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1895-05-10
To Redress Political Grievances

NEW YORK, May lO.-A commit.
tee of the Tin and Sheet Iron Work
ers' Protective and Benevolent as
ISOLATION has issued a call for a
conference OF labor organizations,
to be held at lS9 Bowery this even
ing, to formulate a plan Of indie
pendent political action. The call
says that no redress OF evils under
which they labor may be expected
from the officers who are nominal
ed and elected by the old political
parties. reform or otherwise.