The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-06-07
PREPARED Weekly. nor The CltIzenl

Reed, there are three main classes:
First, spectra with few lines, but some
extremely wide lines; second, spectra
like our own sun; third, spectra con-
tanning bands. These divisions COIN
eide with differences in color, and
stars are therefore classed from their
spectra, as white stars, yellow stars,
and red stars; or often their spectra are
said to be Of the Sirian type, of the
solar type (our sun is probably yellow
ishl, or banded. The Sirian type ill.,
cludes "A little more than half of all the
stars, CONSPICUOUS specimens being Sir
ius, Vega, Affair, Rigel, Castor, Spica,
Regulus. stars of the solar type are
little less numerous, among them be-
ing Capella, Arcturus, Pollux, Aldela-
BRAN. The stars OF banded spectra are
few, the brightest being Betelgeuse
and Alpha Herculis. An impor-
tant point in cosmogony is that
stars of the solar type are distributed
over the sky with substantial even
ness, while those of the Slrian type are
much more numerous in the Milky
Way. Are we therefore among the So
lar stars evenly distributed in space,
and in the centre of ring or disk Ct
Sirian stars? Further many solar stars
and few Sirian have appreciable prop
er motions, showing that probably the
Sirian stars are farther from us than
the solar of equal brightness. The gem
eral beliefs that Sirian star is hotter
than solar and has greater hydro
gen envelope; that, in fact, it is more
of sun than our sun. The red stars
are supposed to be comparatively cool.
1t is affirmed that the date mark is
rarely escaped by visitors spending
any time at Bagdad, and never by res
idents. This is mysterious and
only once, but lasts year, leaving
an ugly scar of the size and shape of
the fruit. 1t is known at Alleppo and
other places, but is worst in Bagdad.
The mark is not easily removed, even
nitric acid having little effect upon it,
but recent visitor from Bombay, Mr..
a. L. Fraser, reports that in his case it
yielded to hydrosulphite of soda.
Waste materials of every kind are
now being utilized to such an extent
that it would indeed be surprising ii
the worlds vast deposits ofpeat should
go unused much longer. AT an exper-
mental factory in Holland, the red
peat-that is, the fibrous upper layer Of
the bogs-is combed out until it resem-
bles wool, and is then woven into
cloth, or into mattings and rugs. The
cloth, which has fine appearance, is
said to be far more durable than shod-
dy, and to cost not more than half as
much. The waste combed out is util-
lied for pulp, which has all the proper
ties Of wood pulp at considerably less
cost; and even the dust produced is
found to have a value, being a good
dsinfectant. The black peat, which
underlies the red in the boys, is also
profitably applied. When reduced to
powder and compressed, it forms
solid blocks which are not only :. per-
feet counterfeit of ebony, capable of
being put to all the uses of that sub
stance, but which have the advantage
of hardness without brittleness. The
trials have been SO successful that
development of the new processes on
a large scale in Ireland is probable.
Recent statements concerning the
dangers of tuberculous cattle have been
confirmed by a Royal Commission re-
port. Food derived from tuberculOus
animals, according to this report, can
produce tuberculosis in healthy ami
mails; tuberculous matter in milk is eX-
ceptionally active in its operation upon
animals fed either with the milk or
with butter or cheese derived from it;
and milk is undoubtedly the chief
source of tuberculosis which man de-
rives from his food. 1t appears, how
ever, that even momentary boiling is
sufficient to remove the very danger
Gus quality of tuberculous milk, al
though tuberculous meat can only be
rendered safe by very thorough cook
ing.
An early dawn or twilight sound in
the Indian forests Is the cry of the land
lizards. Mr.. ). f. Peal, of Sigsabar,
Assam, states that these are 3! to Al
feet long, and that their cry can be
heard plainly mile away. The native !
Assamese name is "Gui," which is pre-
cisely the sound it makes.
Prof. H. Wagner, of Gottingen, finds
the better known lands between 500 |
north and so south latitude to have
an area of 5l,l47, 100 square miles, or
less than Murray's estimate. |
Allowing $4,000 for undiscovered Arc
tic lands and 100000 for Antarctic
lands, the globes land area would be
"a, S97 900 square miles.
The interval between exposure to a
disease aud its appearance varies great
" In different diseases, and even in
the same disease In different persons.
An investigation by the Clinical So
,iety, of London, has given these re-
'ults: The incubation period in diph-
iberia may extend to 6 or days, but
ioes not usually exceed 4 days, and is
more often 2days. Infection may take
,lace at any time during the disease.
n typhoid fever the incubation Pc
iod varies within wide limits, being
lsually II to IA days, but often less.
mis- disease 10 not carried from one
'erson to another, the cause being con-
water or milk. The short
st incubation period in epidemic infiu-
MA, or "grippe.n is from few hours