The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-11-17

die OF twigs. stood alongside OF table.
upon which were ranged a number OF
jars containing fabrics made from the
yucca plant, near which were displayed
primitive Implements. ancient pottery
ana basket-wofk, and another table was
loaded with mounted skulls and bones.
Charlemagne Tower, Jr., who Is pres-
dent OF the archaeological and paiaeonto-
logical department. opened the meeting
with few Introductory remarks. In
which he referred to the rapid growth
OF the museum during the past few
years. He spoke of Philadelphia as the
foremost city in the country for arcbaeo-
logical teaching. Such work. he assert
ed tended to strengthen the University
and give new honors to the State. The
collection about 10 be opened. said the
speaker. was received last June. and had
been painstakingly arranged by Stewart
Culin, the director of the Museum: Pro-
fessOr T. ID. Cope and Frank Hamilton
Gushing. Mr.. Tower then introduced Mr.
Cushing. who il noted for having Joined
the tribe Of Zuni Indians, with whom he
spent several years studying their habits,
customs and mysticism. As a result he
became thoroughly conversant wiD. their
language and manner Of thought. and,
as the cliffn-dwcilers were evidently the
predecessors Of the Iunis, lie has been
able TO clear up mystery surrounding
these ancient people by his knowledge of
the tribes that came after them.
Mr.. Gushing began his address by say
ing that for great many years Il had
been known that various savages in re-
mote corners Of the earth represented a
stage Of development through which all
races had passed az some period of their
existence. The great difficulty exepri-
cnced in studying the human race
through such was that the savage tribes
OF the old world had evidently been az
ftcted by contact with civilization, an
cient and modern. IT, therefore. became
the dream of anthrOpOlogists that In
some remote country there might be
found q tribe really living in the stone
age. OF that the remains Of a nation be
discovered whose manners and customs
might be studied from what they had
left behind them. The first discovery OF
this kind was that Of the swiss lake
villages. but many things were lacking.
The people We're not related directly
.t NtIn0 people and their romans
were incomplete. When the ancient cliff
dwellings, were discovered and cleaned al
most everything that had been used in
II, n was found perfectly preserved. The
relies tell a straightforward and clear
story of the arts that We're carried on
there without external development, and
are illustrative OF the steps that men
have pracuced IN the development OF all
arts. They illustrate the beginning Of
things.
"In the Southwestern Desert" said Mr..
Gushing. man had 10 work or perish.
and out of his striving came remarkable
results. Every stitch for plating bask-
cts was devised by the clin-dwcllers.
Many centuries ago there were few
tribes living In northern Utah who were
driven into the desert by their stronger
neighbors. ln the desert they were forced
TO live about the water sources, ami after
a time they tried 10 extend the water by
cutting little burrows leading from the
spring and about these they planted
grass-seed or corn" Mr. Cushing exhib-
tied the basket made for carrying water
formed or sourI covered with wicker
work, and showed how discriminating
had developed the potter's art. the ear
Hest attempts in this direction being bas-
kfts piastered with clay so as 10 hold
water Ina the Zuni language. he said.
the word for pot and basket were the
same To- this day.
The desert tribes became a provident
people and stored away food supplies.
As d result they became subject 10 in
roads from their ravage ne!ehtors and
sought refuge il the clirfs. At hrst the
houses We're buil. upon enc level. but as
tho population increased they began 20
build houses iu terraces and developed
tile chlra eterisfic architecture of che
Pueblo Indians Of to-day. Being forced
o. dwell near their houses I'M the ellis
for fear Cf enemies. the people were forced
GO give uu the use Of large skins FOR ClOtn-
ing ara began 10 sew smaller skins to-
gether. eventually developing the arts o.
spinning and weaving.
Mr.. Gushing illustrated the methods
OF spinning with the primitive nipple
me ts The thread was made from the
yucca plant. pounded with water until
it became soft, and .hen put through var
ious processes until it became almost
like fax They also discovered the art
60 knitting. and made socks, into which
they worked feathers IN order 10 make
them warmer. Air. Cushing showed a
curious implement which he said was "A
aoear-thrCWer. and the origin of the bow.
10 consisted OF sprlngy piece Of wood
fixed in a handle. and having a notch. I'm
which the feathered end of the arrow
was fitted before 10 VAS propelled by
mere force of the arm.
Professor H. ID. Cope followed Mr.
Gushing with a short address upon the
anatomical pcculiarties of the mummies
tud bones found in the clin-dwelllngs |
from which ue concluded that the people !
came from Mongolian stock DR. Pep |
ger then bad few words 90 say about |
the need Of original documents I'm study |
ing archaeology. and declared that the |
museum was an essential adjunct to uni |
..fH Dad