davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
CREAM FOR CHURNlNG.
Eaeh Dairyman Must Find Out the II.
Temperature for Himself.

Eaen Dairyman Must Find Out the Hes,
temperature for Himself
The warmer the cream is mn tn IN
degrees the more quickly will it churn
and the softer will be the butter. Tho
lower the temperature at which butter
Will come in from 40 to 60 Minutes tho
hrmer will the butter be. The ripb+
temperature for churning each churner
must ind out for himself. From Sc to
60 degrees in summer will be a fair
range Tor most cream. The tempera-
ture OF the churn and room has quite n
marked influence on the time reouired
to churn. The warmer the room. other
things being equal, the more quickly
Will the cream churn. The same as to
the temperature of the churn. To
churn at SO degrees, the churn must he
at about that temperature when the
cream Is put in. In nearly every case
the temperature rises after churninp
Tor Some time, due to friction. The
larger the churn or the smaller the
amount OF cream to be churned, the
more quickly will the churning be fin
lshed. box or barrel churn without
dashers of any kind ought not to be
filled much over one-third full. AS to
the ripeness of the cream, by raising
the temperature few degrees sweet
cream may be churned in about the
same time as ripe or sour cream. The
loss OF butter will be considerable. as
sweet cream to be effectually churned
requires temperature of from so to IS
degrees and one to one and a half
hours to churn. Cream from shippers
milk usually takes longer time to
churn than that from fresh cows. It
will pay to take little more time at
the churning and have 1t completely
churned and the butter firm and gran
ular when lifted from the churn.
Quick churning and soft butter nearly
always go together.-Farm and Home
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
IMPROVED STALL FOR CALVES.

IMPROVED STALL FOR CALVES.
for a month. The past season after
first month we began giving 10
/ nds of skimmilk in the morning
! about the same amount of sweet
K at night. At this age also begin
Iced little fine hay.
II about two months of age they are
into winter quarters, where they
fed skimmilk entirely with good
! ply of hay and grain. Begin with
4 10 pounds at a feeding, and grad
liz increase the amount until it
! hes Is pounds. Feed regularly and
h the milk to 90 degrees before Civ
4 It to them. Always treat them
IDLY. The exact amount and kind
grain feed will be governed by cir
Instance largely and by the capac-
4 of theindividual animal. Our calves
given ground oats with sprink-
4 Of old process oilmeal; probably
two receive the same amount. In
ding grain be careful to not over
u at first. Begin with light ration
b gradually increase it. Some farm
in my vicinity give calves constant
Jess to grain feed after they have be-
be accustomed to 1t.
Ne stable our calves in a warm barn,
Ph one having a separate stall, two
which are shown in the accompany
illustration. Each stall is 216 feet
th, 2 feet wide and 4 feet long from
niger to drop. In front of the calf
manger for hay 2 feet high, / 4 feet
|g and just as wide as the stall In
corner, q, is little box in which
place grain feed. At the back end
bach stall partition is 9x2 inch tim
running from the ground to the
ping, for support. At the front
Dry or 5 feet is 2x4 answering the
pc purpose. A strap on which is
iced an iron ring is fastened around
Ph calls neck. A rope with a snap
|cne end is tied to the manger and
It the calf is secured. In spring
len the grass is well started the
yes are turned out to pasture and
again taken up until they are year
gs.-F. IL. Everson, in Orange Judd
rmer
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
Packing Butter for Home U,e.

Our way ofpaclsing butter for our own
use, says writer in the Dairy World,
is to have perfectly clean jar, if pos
sible new one Then we use salt and
granulated sugar, half and half, to put
between the layers, which we make
about three inches thick, to make nice
pieces when cutting for use. In max
ing butter we use barrel churn and
make granulated butter. Wash it in
the churn until the water runs off
clear; salt it to taste (which with us is
not very salN drain it and take it up
into the butter bowl and let it stand
over night. Then work it just enough
to make the granules stick together,
and then pack. Do not fill the jar
quite full. Put white cloth on top
of that. Cover well and keep in a cool
clean place. If every stage Of proceed
ure from the cow to the jar has been
clean ana sweet, the butter ought te
keep reasonable time.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26

one can procure plants from q near
neighbor, dug up from a young bed
that has not yet fruited, no better
chance need be looked for. But we
want to get these plants when they
have just begun to make new growth
i'll the spring, and we are bound to set
them as soon as they are dug. If it is
unavoidable to keep them for a few
days, on account of unsuitable weather
or unprepared soil, the plants should
all be heeled in, erery plant By itself, not
left in punches together. If kept in
lunches, the roots will surely mold
and die.
The right way also includes planting
at proper depth, and with roots well
spread. One of the latest Cornell bull
letins explained this with an illustra-
trations there reproduced in smaller
size).
At the left we see sample Of care
less planting. The roots are "just
stuck" in the ground in bunch to-
gether, and in cramped quarters. The
plant shown in the center is evidently
set too high and will suffer, while the
plant at the right is set as it ought to
be set, the crown just even with the
soil surface, and the roots we'll spread
American Gardening.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
COVERING THE SEEDS.

Few of the Important Essentials to
Proper Gernainati0n.
For all seeds certain degree Of heat
and moisture ise eaeptisAto the proper
examinations I'm order to- have them
grow, contact with the sois Is also
necessary. y largely f0f iris reason
that RSFe pF lssA ccyst 9i j + always
plant and the condftions1uflder which
the seed is sown are factors that must
be considered in determining how much
covering it will be best to give. Even
with the same seeds difference in the
conditions under which the planting
is done will make a difference in the
depth of covering that should be given.
In many cases the same kind of seed
sown early should have much lighter
covering than should be given later on
after the soil becomes warmer and
drier. With nearly all seeds sown
broadcast, especially those sown in the
spring like grass, clover, oats, fax,
barley, millet and Hungarian grass,
only light covering, such as can be
u,
all that is necessary; and the better
the condition of the soil after the har-
rowing Is done, the better will be the
results. With all crops 1t is an item to
have good, even stand, and hence It
Is important that tie seed be distrib-
uted as evenly as possible over the sur
face and that the work be done under
as favorable conditions as possible.
OF cultivated crops, sorghum and
beans need only light covering, but
when the conditions will admit both
corn and potatoes Wilde better if they
can be covered reasonably deep. But
If covered too deep early in the spring,
especially when tn, soil is rather wet
and cold, unless tho weather continues
favorable, the seel will rot before it
will terminate. Sd that with the ear
lest planting it is soften best to cover
shallow, while leser it will be much
the best to coverieep.
The principal Advantage in covering
deep Is that thy roots, growing deeper
In the soil, will mot be SO easily affected
by drought, ind then, In many cases.
the deeper bvering is necessary In
order to seSire the proper moisture
necessary tfa good termination.
Another pint in making good start
to grow ito have the seed come in
close contct with the soil. A better
germinaBn, as well as more vigor-
GUS groYb, can be secured by taking
care to I've the soil in good filth be
fore plating. st. Louis Republic.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
STRAWBERRY PLANTING.
method Which Il Reasonably Sure {
Bring Good Results.

Method Which Is Reasonably Sure TO
Bring Good Results.
In planting Strawberries there is a
right way, and there are a number OF
wrong ways. What we are after in
ordinary culture is to induce a reason
able number of plants to make an early
start, in other words, to have them in
good growing condition before our
usual midsummer drought, so they
will give us nice matted row. We
lind that the earlier we plant after the
land is In readiness to receive the
plants, the more surely do we reach the
coveted result. Usually we can get
better plants in the early part of the
season than will be obtainable later.
Atmospheric and soil conditions also
are more favorable then. The plants
start promptly, and soon fill the rows
with strong runners.
The right way of planting always
presupposes the use of good strong
plants. Some of our nurserymen are
not careful enough in the sorting Of
the plants they ship, and only too otter
have we received strawberry plants
that were utterly unfit for planting. II
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26

The honey locust has much greater
western range than the black locust,
and it possesses many qualities that
should make it a general favorite. 1t
has been extensively planted, but has
been used to limited extent only. In
deed, so far as know, its only use, ex-
cept for fuel, has been as post timber
The wood is hard and takes on a beau
tiful polish, while in color and grain it
is much more attractive than several
fashionable cabinet woods
Repeated efforts to grow the honey
locust at the agricultural college of
South Dakota failed. The. young seed
lings grew well the first year. but were
killed, root and top, the first winter.
In northwestern Iowa, twenty-five
miles northeast of Sioux City, there is
fine specimen of thornless honey To-
Gust, and in the grounds of the Iowa
agricultural college is the handsomest
thornless honey locust / have ever
seen, Its trunk is about 2 feet In
diameter; the crown is round and well
developed, with spread Of branches
1t is tree of great beauty
Prof Silas Mason, of the Kansas agri-
cultural college, planted quantity of
seed Of the thornless variety of the
honey locust four years ago and has
half-acre plat of trees from to 0 feet
high. Not more than half the trees are
free of thorns, and there is every gra-
dation, from smooth to very thorny
specimens. These thornless honey
locusts cannot be too highly recon-
mended for lawn planting. They give
light. though sufficient shade, and
their finely divided foliage and long
brown fruit pods make them very at
tractive.
On the dry uplands of western Kan
sas the honey locust is ono of the most
hourishing trees. as is proven by the
fine growth of plat of the species at
Ogallah, where it surpassed the black
locust In size. At Hutchinson, in the
moist soil of the Arkansas valley, it
also makes fine growth. thus proving
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
FOR DAIRY FARMERS.
ways OF increasing tho Profit o
Butter Making.

ways oil increasing tho Profit of
Butter Making.
P way is to buy the best of thor
nored cows, and build warm, COM
.aole stables for them. Then learn
IT, Is the exact ration of food best
|'eu 10 produce milk rich in butter
4 ana furnish it. Next learn how to
Ho outer of the highest quality,
uy TO lind market for it at
ny prices
Y 0'irer method nearly reverses the
100, Learn how to make good but
~'iu there will be little trouble in
I HE good market for it, which
improve and increase in de-
|, rs the product obtains a reputa-
among buyers. This is a good
h. " study into the matter Of the ra-
I,; Dest adapted to butter production.
al 1's Time there will be, or should
! w. a. increased profit that will war
' VA, providing of better buildings,
b,y Ihen they are ready, and the
d,i euge OF the best methods of
Z ing the animals and their prod
b,n 1s ueen acquired, then one may
|eS. attempt to keep the better
1 ntod nrst method may be the one
i Is a,, 70 the ambitious capitalist,
cbi i aole and willing to pay for the
|ba n OF experience, but the latter
|be oS sure, If the slower method
6llv ~ whose capital consists prin-
" exnarianaa and aaod .irdg.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
Wider Tires for Wagons.

The ordinance requiring wider tires
In the city should be passed and en-
forced. The widths of the tire speci-
fed for the different weights Of wagon
and load are not excessive. Owners of
wagons may think the expense In
volved in the change hardship, but
what have they to say to the hardship
inflicted on citizens who have paid for
costly pavements only to see them in
danger of being ruined by heavy wagons
with narrow wheels? There are two
sides to the question, and so far the men
with the knife edges to their wagon
wheel have had things their own way.
1t is time for an evening up.-Cleve.
land Plain Dealer.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
METHODS OF VINES.

How Climbers May BE Best Trained in
the Garden.
Climbing vines have many different
methods of attaching themselves to
their support. Some encircle branch
OF the post by twining their main bod
les around the support. A hop vine is
q familiar Illustration of this. More
delicate ones cannot twist around their
stakes, but have to have string or SIM
liar material to cling to. The ordinary
morning glory is an illustration of this
class; but there are some which simply
climb by twisting the leaf stalk around
the support. This is especially true of
different kinds of clematises, yet it is
not unusual in some gardens to see
stacks as thick as walking canes put
for the clematis to run up on; but, as
it is unable to do this, they have to be
tied to this pole by Irvine, while the
leaves go on twisting themselves In
order to find something to cling to,
and as a consequence the vital powers
OF the plant are exhausted. In many
cases the clematis, especially the va
riety known as Jackmanni, will die COM
pleuely and suddenly from the attack
of minute fungus; but 1t is more
likely that this occurs oftener in cases
as described-for want Of proper means
Of support. Thread or Irvine for the
leaves to twist around, or even little
brushwood, such as we would give to
crop Of peas, is much more likely to
produce healthy and vigorous Glenn
atises than when they are deprived of
nalf means OF using their leaf stalks as
Ft,8niTfis ks ee,s harss Monthly. g 'ss'ss Il
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
Keep a Farm Account.

There is large field for the farmer
to work over in order to find out what
bis receipts and expenses are. The
farmer knows the price he received for
his butter, but may not know what the
cost was 1t is not difficult to arrive at
an estimate Of the cost of any article if
accounts are kept Progressive farm
ers keep an account with each animal,
weighing the food and charging there
for Even the fields are entered in the
book and accounts kept with them. 1t
is an extra work, but it is the only
way to know what the farm is doing.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
y y !lnzNmH -, i
SfCTh0Ittk WeW 0F JPflsc A INA
OVERFLOW

a trough, it will supply all the stock
on the farm with water. The top of
the tub must be nearly as high as the
top of the spring. The water runs into
the tub from the spring as fast as it is
taken out. The tub may be set in
dry spot as far from the spring as is
desired, but 1t must be on a level with
the spring. The most satisfactory
plan is to set the tub partly in the
ground and bank it up well around the
tub and over the pipe conducting water
from the spring. The spring should be
covered to preserve warmth in winter
and for GOODNESS during summer.-T.
Parks, In Farm and Home.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26

its wide adaptability. Thrifty trees
were seen in the suburbs of Denver,
grown under irrigation. Honey locust
grows well throughout central ana
southern Nebraska. In an eight-year-
old plat at Lincoln specimens twenty
feet high were seen.
A number of years ago the honey
locust was extensively tried as a hedge
plant, but it does not lend itself well
to this use. 1t IS too rampant grower,
and no amount of Topping, weaving.
bending and pruning can keep it with
IN reasonable bounds = Garden and
Forest.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
How to Buy a Spraying Pump.

If you have an orchard, you can keep
the apples from being wormy by spray
ing with paris green. A pump for this
purpose costs about fifteen dollars,
and you think that you can't afford it.
Well, how about your neighbor? If he
has an orchard, it may be that he
thinks about as you do. So how about
getting pump between you? Then
you can both have the use of it, and
when you come to dissolve partnership,
let the one have the pump who is will
ing to pay the most.-Southern Guilt.
yator.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
EASING DAIRY CALVES.
plan Pursued by Successful Dairymen
In WISCONSIN.

plan Pursued by successful Dairymen
in wisconsin.
,oirv farming in this part of Wiscon-
Jefferson county, is practiced to
x,lusion of almost all other kinds,
:, hogs. of course, being kept for
nnrnose of consuming the skim
To be successful the farmers
L. have GOOD cows, and to have good
Z tbey must begin with good calves.
f. select the calves produced by the
II profitable COWS, taking into con-
sration not only the quantity of
4, but the quality, also, as de-
mined by the Babcock test. Our
n consisting of forty-six thorough
n cows, is headed by full-blood
A When a calf is born that we wish
Lraise we allow 1t to run with the
fher one day only unless the cows
lar IS in bad condition. In that case
believe it is best for the calf to
Il, After the first day teach it to
nk irving the milk from the mother.
4 about $ pounds night and morn
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26

The Illinois experiment station has
determined by actual count the num-
Der of seeds Per pound in Is varieties
of grasses. The following figures give
the result: Seeds In one pound Of
redtop, 4,l36,oOO; in blue grass, 1885,
600; timothy, i,42l,0oo; orchard grass,
457, 900; tall meadow oats grass, 1856, 900;
white clover, $4,000, crimson trefoil,
$4,000; mammoth red clover, 864, 900;
common red clover, 8S9, 900; alsilse, 677,-
GOO, alfalfa, 243,000. = st. Louis Re-
public.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26

ment and who has not money to snend
or ere lit that he cares to risk. There
are many instructions given in the ao.
rleuitural papers for breeding a herd
OF thoroughbred cows, but we see none
1or breeding the thoroughbred dairy
man. Perhaps, like poets, they are
born not made;' but until they are
made or educated to their work mr. h
OF the benefit Of the thoroughbred ami
mails must go to waste.-Rural World
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
THE RED RASPBERRY.

Device for Keeping the Vines from
Sprawling All Over the Lot.
My way is to firmly drive 4-foot
stakes one rod apart and nail to each.
80 inches above the ground, a short
piece of plank feet in length and saw
notch close to each end of the upper
edge. In these notches firmly stretc.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
SUPPORT FOR SHAFTS.

A Useful and Easily Made Device for the
Farm Stable.
The accompanying sketches show
how the thills of sleigh or wagon
may be elevated out of the way in a
moments time when the horse Is re-
moved from them. Two strips of wood
are hinged together by bolt. the end
of one being nailed to a beam above.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
WATERING TROUGH.

Mako One If You Want Your Stock to
Have Clean Water.
A watering trough simple in con-
struction, that will not freeze or clog
with mud and can be made by boy, is
shown below. BY enlarging an ordi-
nary spring and using half-barrel for
oVfREloW
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
A FRUIT BARROW.

One In Which Berries and Grapes Can Be
Wheeled Without Spilling.
The ordinary wheelbarrow is insult
ed for wheeling baskets and boxes of
fruit, such as plums, grapes, straw
berries, ETC., because of the slope of
the bed. The accompanying illustra-
ton shows fruit barrow that is free
from this objection, and one that will
be found equally convenient in wheel
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
MISCELLANEOUS, ETc.
EIDELTTY AND DEPOSIT COMPANY @
l. MARYLAND


EIDELrrY AND DEPOSIT COMPANY or
l. MARYLAND
CAPITAL $4,000
Becomes security on FIDELITY and JUDI.
best.
Because Lit relieves business men and per
sons possessing property from the
necessity OF saying No."
Alt enables heirs and next OF kin TO
become trustees executors and
administrators.
Sit relieves persons required to give
bonds from mourning obligations
by asking friends To become Sc
curity for them, and which they
you'd feel bound to reciprocate
when the opportunity came.
I.-It presents undue influence over
employees.
bit Insures "a supervision over the
bonded.
cit guarantees prompt payment OF
losses.
lit affords persons OF no property or
friends of financial standing TO
obtain positions of trust and emo
lument.
S.-When once adopted it is never
abandoned.
0.-lt has for its directors some OF the
best known and most substantial
men ofthe State and for its officers
the following gentlemen:
Lloyd l.. jackson, Pres; W. Crawford Black,
Edwin Warfield, Nice-Presidents; Herman
Il. Bosler, Secretary and Treasurer; William A.
Hammond, General Counsel n. Winnslow
Williams, Assistant Counsel.
II you have a bond ofany description to give
call AT my Office and get rates before going TO
friends WI might for reasons best known TO
themselves se compelled to say 'No."
w. IRVING PARSONS,
Real Estate & Loan Agent
Mutual Insurance Building,
FIR derrick. Md
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
A FRUIT BARROW,

ing other articles that must be KEEP
quite horizontal to avoid splitting. 1t
can easily be made If one buys one of
the light iron wheels that are now sold
at hardware stores for just such uses
as this. -American Gardening.
The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-04-26
MODERN COW STABLE.
That Is Comfortable for the Animal
and fsr the Owner.

mat is COMFORTABLE Tor the Animals
and fsr the Owner.
he model COW stable is comfortable
all concerned-for the cows and for
owner. 1t may be thus described:
roomy, light and airy; clean and
from dust and the too common fes-
ned cobwebs that hang from every
m and window frame. 1t has sunny
pdows in which on the coolest days
sunshine makes things look warm
thin, If the cold is SO severe that it is
really warm. But 1t is built in such
manner that the winds cannot pene-
4te' and the comfortable, clean, roomy
us are well Uttered, and the COWS
ana stretch their limbs and chew
pr I cUda'yith. evident satisfaction
/ comfosf, There Is plenty of room
n move .blqt end De the anepessary
Fsido - he stalls, II not inside, and
ZEN oti& litter Is used, with clean.
Fh Sc .dscs'ft enibies one to- 70
put without soilinga shoe or noticine
dlsagreeable odor. The gutter
|ners all the manure, and this is kept
\ hlled with absorbents, but never
Fn horse manure, which gives out
sIrong an odor to be permitted in
cow stable. Above are the feed
! ana the store fodder, with the cut
ana spouts to get the feed down
II above into the mixing boxes.
ire Is cellar under the floor to re-
II tne manure drawn from the gut
with a broad hoe made for the
pose, and swept clearly down twice
py' Inc passages are amply wide,
one can go about with the greatest
''enlence and ease. -Fa rmer's Voice.