davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Ir Preston's Funeral.

LEXINGTON, VA, May 9.-Special.-
The funeral OF the late Rev. Thomas IL.
Preston, d. d., pastor Of the Presby-
terrain church, took place this evening al
4 O'Clock. All business houses closed for
Tie funeral. The Washington and Lee
University and Virginia Military lnsu-
tute suspended, and the people en- masse
turned out to do honor to the memory
of the deceased.
The corps of cadets, V. NJ. l., were
out in q body. and the faculties Of both
institutions Of learning were in attend
ance. The large church edihce was
filed to OVERLOOKING. and the funeral
cortege was one of the largest ever seen
here.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
MEETING OF DUNKARDS.
TIE ANNUAL GATHERING TO BE
HELD IN ROANOKE COUNTY
Arrangements Made for 10000 People--Ths
First Meeting Of the Kind Was Held
In the Same spot 100 Years Ago.

ROANOKE. VA, May Especial
annual meeting Of the old German Bap-
lists, commonly called Dunkards. Of the
United States will be held in a tabernacle
erected especially for that purpose on
the farm Of J. r. Brubaker. about four
miles northwest Of this city. commencing
Saturday. June Is. and continuing for
several days.
1t is a significant fact that the first
meeting OF the kind ever held in the
United States was held at this same spot
over 100 years ago.
The meeting last year was held at
Westphalia. Anderson county. Kansas.
The tabernacle will hold 1890 people, and
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
A MONUMENT DsfACED.
That Crested at F9st siesdman Abused by
Democrats.

PETERSBURG. VA. May Especial
Adjutant A. ". Burgess, og George II.
Thomas Post Grand Army Of the Repuo-
lie, of this city, and II. w. Weiss, post
senior vice-dcpsrtment commander OF sir-
giuia and North Carolina, drove uOWn 10
Fort Steadman. I'm Prince George county.
this afternoon TO make ARRANGEMENTS Tor
decorating the monument therfo-nlorro";;
IL was found that the monument naa
who had inscribed upon it the most oo-
scene language. $3.50.
This monument was erected by the IN ~
vivors OF the First Maine Heavy AI.ii,
lery in memory of the members oi hattie
near Fort steadman on the 18th gay ot
June. 1864. IL was unveiled last iali' ang
many Confederate soldiers took Pa''
in the ceremonies
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

ample arrangements have been made 20
feed the people who will attend. which IS
estimated al 1900. 4 large cating-h0usc
has been erected. where nearly thou
sand people can Doe fel lt once. In adil-
ton to this there win be four first-class
restaurants on the grounds
Each church In the United States is en-.
titled TO four delegates whose expenses
are betrayed by the church. The sacra
ment and the ordinance OF baptism will
be administered on sunday
The annual commencement Of the Nir-
ginia College for Young Ladies will begin
Thursday. May Sth. and continue until
the Tuesday following The address 10
the graduating class Will be delivered
by Hon. William Gordon Robertson, Of
this city.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Norfolk Memorial Day.

NORFOLK. VA, May 29.-Special.-The
graves of the Confederate dead were dec
Grated to-day This afternoon there was
an imposing street parade, and at Elm
wood Cemetery appropriate ceremonies
took place.
DR.. W. s. Lacy was the orator OF the
occasion. He was followed By Dr.
Moses d. Hoge in a short address. The
military from Suffolk. Smithheld. Hamp-
ton and Newport News took part In the
exercises
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
shockei by His Death.

LOUISVILLE. KY, May 9.-The death
Of Secretary Gresham will. In all proba-
bility. be followed at an early date by
the death of his old mother, Mrs. Sarah
O. Rumley, who lives at Louisville, IND,
across the river.
Wien Informed by messengers TINS
morning that her son was dead sne
swooned. she has had fainting spells
all day. and those at her bedside fear
that she will not recover from the shock.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

Augusta, Ca. May y
telegraph Editor, Woman's Edition, The
Times:
The women Of the South have proven
themselves heroines and minist ring an
gels in war and in peace. Every just
cause enlsts their sympathy and every
good work commands their support In all
the graces and attributes of true woman
hood, they are not exceed1 by the wo-
men of this or any other land.
PATRICK WALSH.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

o,nia 10 Texas. are represented. This
mornings session Was largely devoted
IN aIscussjnr freight rates and railroad
tratic arrangements. The convention adj
journed AZ O'Clock until mornns. This
afternoon the delegates we're me guests
Of ]. j. Maddox. and witnessed the l.'-
tie Rock-Atlania baseball game at An.
le,ic Park. Tomorrow night the annual
banquet viii occur at the AraSon Hotel
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Mhnlrsnle Grncnrs ncet

ATLANTA. GA. May 29.-Tho first ses-
sion OF the Southern Wholesale GrocerS
Convention was called 10 order by Presi-
dent r.. q. Leigh. Jr.. of Richmond. az the
Y. NJ. G. \. building this morning. al IL
o'clock. After a few preliminary speeches
the convention which is essentially "a
business body. settled down to work. All
the prominent southern cities from Nir-
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Accidenf in N Tunnel

CANNONsBURG. PA. May 29.-Two
men were killed and five badly injured
last evening by the caving in Of the roof
OF Bells tunnel. four miles below Can
nonsburg. ON the Charters Valley rail-
road.
The killed were all negroes from Vir-
gnia, who were at work on the tunnel
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

The Portsmouths Defeated by Score of
Five to Three

NORFOLK, VA, May 2.-Special.-
There was good crowd at to-day s
game. The game was well played, and
Portsmouth had only one chance to win,
and that was in the ninth inning, when
three men were at the bat. but the. de-
sired hit was not forthcoming. Schabel,
the catcher of the Lynchburgs. in run
ming to second base in the fourth inning.
fell and broke his index finger on the
left hand and had to retire
The playing of Fuller and Thurston at
third were the features.
ri.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

COLUMBIA. &. g.. May "a terrible
tragedy occurred Monday a. Forimil.
when judge NcEilancy shot and Killed.
Charles Bradshaw. VINO had been round
guilty and fined for some petty Offence.
Bradshaw cursed che judge and threat
enei TO shoot hHm McEllaney Withdrew
from the COURTROOM ana gor Ninches.
ter rife. Hradhaw opened fire on The
Judge with revolver shooting four
times. but with uo effect The Judge re-
turned the FIRE orco with tho Winchesicr.
Instantly killing Bradshaw. The town Is
Wild with excitement bat public sent.-
ment Is with tho Judge
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
nontauk Left In the Stable.

LONDON. May 29.-Alr. Richard Crok-
er's colt Montauk did not start In the
race for the caterham plate of 200 SOW
ereigns at EPSON to-day.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Many nissoira In Iune

LONDON. May 29.-The Liberal-Cnion-
list parliamentary candidates have been
ordered by their leaders not to leave the
country during the month OF June, as
an election within the month Is immi-
nent.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

ST. PETERSBURG. May "a law was
promulgated to-day permitting CONNER
cial dealings in Russia to be concluded
upon gold basis.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

Mrs. Charles p. Lee. OF Washington. ID.
c., is visiting her sister Mrs. John I.
Goddiu- COZ west Grace street.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
Batteries: Maui and Mcclure; Killen'
Hawley, Sugden, and Mack.
now TIE CLUBS STAND.

Both morning and Afternoon games VII
be played to-day.
GAMES sHEDULrD FOR TO-DAY.
Cleveland at Brooklyn.
ST. Louis at Boston.
Chicago at New York
Cincinnati at Philadelphia
Louisville at Baltimore.
Pittsburg at Washington.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

and Sherer. not TO be outdone. attempted
10 line the sphere 10 Breen. but instead
OF that. threw II into the bleacheries.
II looked az though Roanoke had won
the game in the first half Of the ninth.
Tannehill had been substituted for
knorr. and Bradley. the first man up,
hit safely. Cancel struck out. but Cava-
naugh's high fly was dropped by Groves.
Niox sent both men home by sashing
coed three-bagger and scored when Stahl
made his fourth hit OF the game The
latter was thrown on: trying 10 stretcn
his double into a triple. Then Manager
Green made a switch. He sent Stahl 10
left. and put Lloyd I'm tho box. and Niox
went behind the bat, and Gaffney sup
planted In right.
RICHMOND WINS.
The change did not work, however.
Tannehill opened the inning with a safe
hit. but on Heuscmsn's grounder to cava-
nsugh, double play was made. This SEEM
ed 10 settle the game, and the rooters
were wild. Wells. after having two
strikes was sent to first on balls. Foster
then put the ball over the fence. and the
score was tied. MCGOWAN lifted a high
one to Gaffney. which the latter mis-
Judged. and then fumbled. and the run
ncr was safe on third. Berte followed
with another fly to right Ganney again
misjudged, and the game was over.
Ccprc.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

STANDING OF THE CLUBS.
Games won and lost by each club 10
each other club:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

lOltio sssssssssfss " ~ -
Foster out. hit by batted ball.
TWO out when winning run was made
The score by innings
. 3 5 6 7 2
Roanoke .........O 0 0 0 / B. s
Richmond .....O o d
Sunni airy: Earned runs-Roanoke, 6;
Richmond, /. Bases on balls-On Stahl,
2 Lloyd, ]. Knorr, 3. Struck out-By
Stahl. 2; Tannehill. ?. Two-base hits
sherer. padden, Stahi. Wells. Berte
Three-base hit-Viox. Home runs-Gan-
zel. Foster. Double plays-Cavanaugh
Padden, Little. Passed balls-Ganzel, 2.
Hit by pitched ball-Niox. Stolen bases
Cavanaugh, Foster 2, MCGOWAN, Berte.
Umpire--Daly Time of game-Two hours
and five minutes.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30

EARNED Tuhs-Toftsmoutn, /. Home run
Tate. stolen bases-Joanes. .. Bases on
balls-On AlcKenna. 8: off Brandt. 2: off
Foster, .. Struck out-By McKenna. 7: by
Brandt, ]; Foster, ]. Passed balls-Quinn.
2. Wild Pitch-McKenna Brandt. Time of
game-Two hours. Umpire, Higgins.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1895-05-30
GAMES TO-DAY.

GAMES TO-DAY.
Al Richmond:
Two games-Lynchburg VS.. Richmond.
At Petersburg:
Roanoke VS.. Petersburg.
Al Norfolk:
Portsmouth VS.. Norfolk.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
AT CAMBRIDGE TOO.


Harvard and University of Pennsylvania
Struggling Over the Pigsktn.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass, Nov. 23.-The
greatest foot ball game of the season for
Harvard since she is not to meet Yale
this fall was played on Soldiers field,
with the University of Pennsylvania
team this afternoon in the presence of
upwards of 10000 spectators.
The weather was admirable for foot
ball. Harvard symPathsers occupied
the seats on the eastern side of the field,
while those on the west side were re-
served for Penrsylvania's followers, a
delegation of 1900 being present from
Philadelphia. When play was called
the teams lined up.
Harvard kicks off Brewer sends the
ball to Pennsylvania's Is yard line.
Pennsylvania's ball. Brooks punts to
Pennsylvania's 35 yard line. Harvard
scores a touchdown, no goal. Score;
Pennsylvania, 5; Harvard 4.
The Harvard team is az follows:
Norman w Cabot, left end, aged IS.
George 7. Rice, left tackle, aged 81.
E G. Holt, left guard, aged 21.
Frank G. Shaw, center rush, aged 20.
J. N. Shaw, right guard; aged 20.
Malcolm Donald, '99; right tackle; aged
90
Arthur N. Beale, quarter back; aged
81
Edgar N. Wrightington, left half back;
aged 21.
Charles Brewer, '96, of Boston, right
The Pennsylvania team is Capt. Carl S
Williams, aged 23
George n. Brooks, full back, aged 90
John Minds, right half back, aged 21
Charles Gilbert, end, aged u.
Eddie" Blair, age II, is first su ubsti-
tute half back.
E. A. Bull, aged 26, center.
Byron dickson, right end. age 90.
Samuel N. Lloyd is the other end, age
19 years
At 1857 p. m, the Pennsylvania team
appeared upon the field. Harvard came
at 2:03 p. N.
Pennsylvania kicked off at 2:12
Pennsylvania lost the ball on a tumble.
Hsrvard's ball on her 5-yard line. Brooks
kicks goal for Pennsylvania from field.
Pennsylvania 5; Harvard o..
Frank Shaw, Harvard's center, is in
jured again.
Brooks kicks a goal. Score: Penn
sylvania, II; Harvard, 4.
F. Shaw again injured. led from the
field Doucette replaces him at center.
Harvard scores touch down.
Brewer misses goal Score: PennsyI-
vania, II; Harvard, 8.
Second Half.-Brooke kicks goal for
Pennsylvania. Score: Pennsylvania II,
Harvard s.
Harvard is making short rushes and is
gradually working the ball down the
field. Ball now Harvard on her 40 yard
line. Dunlap leaves the game. Brown
takes his place.
Harvard plays desperately and pJung
ing through Pennsylvania's center for
steady gains, aud now has the ball five
yards from center.
Harvard continues to gain against
Pennsylvania's center on both right and
left sides.
Harvard now pushed the ball steadily
down the field fer 80 yards. Ball now on
Pennsylvania's 45 yard line.
Harvard makes touchdown
Harvard's touchdown was made by
Cabot. Brewer kicks out to field. Brown
kicks goal. Score = Pennsylvania II;
Harvard Il,
Game ended-Peunsylvani II; Har-
ward IA.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
TO CLEAR OFF.
Clouds to Disappear ToniGht-WI11
Warmer Tomorrow.

Clouds to Disappear ToniGht-WI1 be
Warmer Tomorrow.
According to the reports received at
the Santa Fe telegraph office this after
noon the weather remains cold and cloudy
throughout the entire eastern and south
ern portion of Kansas, with ligh: snow
furries on the Nickerson division. Rain
is falling along the lines of the Santa Fe
in Texas, and a light snow fell in Col
orado last night,
Light snow is reported at Las Veg as
and in the Ration mountains a half inch
of snow fell early this morning.
On the northern and eastern lines of
the Rock Island the weather is reported
cloudy. A drizzling rain and sleet fell
on the Horton division this morning
and on the western lines brisk north
winds are reported.
The predictions for Kansas today are:
Snow today, clearing this evening. For
sunday rising temperature.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
TREATED THEM RIGHT.

King KhRma and Chiefs of Bech huan aland,
Africa, Entertained by Queen Victoria.
LONDON, Nov. 23.-The secretary of
state for the colonies, Sir Joseph Cham
berlaiu, gave an interesting dinner on
Tuesday in honor of King Khama and
Sebele and Bethoen, rulers respectively
of the Bakwena and Bangwaketfi tribes.
all OF the Bechuanaland protoctorate
Khama is the most powerful native chiel
left in South Africa.
On Wednesday Mr. Chamberlain es-
corted the three chiefs to Windsor, where
they were received by the queen in great
state. The ceremonies made q great i'm
preston on the Africans, who presented
her majesty with some beautiful
leopard skin rugs Queen Victoria
in return presented the king and his two
attendant chiefs each with bible con-
tanning her majesty's signature, d photo
graph of herself and cashmere shawl
for each of the chiefs wives.
Her majesty also made a short speech
to her visitors from South Africa, in
which she graciously welcomed them
and said she highly approved of the
chiefs determination to exclude strangers
from their country and keep SO great a
curse from their people. The queen
added that she felt very strongly in the
matter.
The African visitors, on Thursday,
were given another reception in this
city, at which Lady Henry Somerset
smoke
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
LOOKS BRIGHT.
The Cuban InSurrectiOn Coming
to a Crisis.
Gomez and MaceO Advancing on
the Capital.
B BATTLE EXPECTED
Spanish Have 10000 Men at
Santa Clara.
Country People Warned to Re-
tire to Cities.

NEW YORK, Nov. ga dispatch to
the World from Havana. Cuba, says:
The Spanish government could no long
er hold back the news that General
Maceo and General Gomez had crossed
with their respective armies into Santa
Clara province, and finally published
the news officially.
Both Cuban generals have been in
Santa Clara some days, hence the NOV
ing of other insurgent troops further
westward into Matanzas province
Gen. Antonio Maceo is west of Santa
Espiritu in the Siguana mountains.
There the Spanish gathered together
10000 or 1900 troops, including noun
tain artillery, with the intention of de-
feating the famous Cuban general, but
they either did not meet him or were de-
feated. for nothing is mentioned OF what
happened there.
The Spanish are concentrating all
their forces around Santa Clara, (the cap
ital.) 1t is expected that an important
battle will soon be fought in that neigh
borhood.
Gen. Jose Maceo has crossed over into
Puerto Principe province it is officially
announced, on his way west to Santa
Clara. He is said to be at the head of
5000 men.
Gen. Roloff in his last manifesto
warned all farmers and country people
generally that on and after Nov. 13 they
must either take refuge in garrisoned
cities or join the insurgents ranks.
The programme of the Cuban rebels is
being carried out and the Spanish troops
apparently can offer but slight resistance.
Gen. Gomez has declared that he will
operate in earnest next month in the
most important part of this island. All
the rebel forces continue to push for
ward, and advance further west. 1t is
apparent that they have selected either
the province OF Havana or Matanzas for
their battle field.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23

was substitute and had chance to play in
the Harvard and Princeton games.
]. O. Rogers '96. left tackle, aged 20.
Last year played on the freshmen eleven.
Lyman Bass '97, left center, 81 years;
last year OF into the Princeton game a
short time
Substitutes:
]. J. Hazen '9s, end, age 90 years; last
year played on the freshman team.
w. Letton. '97. full back, age 20; was
a substitute last year and played in the
Harvard and Princeton game.
H. F. Benjamin, '90, half back, aged 19
years.
r Sheldon. '9s guard, age II years.
Alexander Brown, '96, tackle, age 23
years.
P. D. Mills, '97, half back. 10 years old.
The following is the personnel of the
Princeton team:
William P. Hsarn, '96, left end, age 20
years. He played on the scrub three
years as half back and end.
William w. Church, '97, left tackle,
aged 81 years. He played on the scrub
two years, serving an apprenticeship
under Holly.
Dudley Riggs. '97, left guard, aged 20
years, was stationed center on the Var
sity last year, where he played a strong
aggressive game.
Thomas Gaily. sem. '96 center, aged "a
years, played on the Lafayette team two
years and was chosen by Walter Camp
for the All-American team in virtue of
Qis effective work at center.
James NJ. Rhodes, '97 right guard, aged
10, played on his preparatory school team
two years.
A. Clinton Tyler, substitute tackle, will
occupy Caytain Lea's position at right
tackle, aged 21 years; learned the rudi-
ments of the game in his freshman year
and last season played full hack on the
scrub.
Langdon Lea. '96, right tackle and
captain. age % years, was injured in the
Harvard game and has not been able to
enter the ranks since.
Garret Cochran, '89, right end, aged 20
years, last season played full back on the
Varsity.
Henry NJ. suter, 'ss, quarter back, age
21 years.
Albert II. Rosengarten. '97. left half
back, aged 81 years, playad on his pre-
paratory school team for three years.
Houston c. Armstrong, '98, right half
back, aged 20, entered Princeton with a
thorough knowledge of the game.
John Baird, '99 full back, is the young
est man on the team, being but IS years
old. He injured his knee in the Har-
ward game and has since been playing
far below his average;
Substitutes;
VIM. Barnard, '99, half back, aged 21,
played in the Yale game last year, but
was reiegated to the scrub early in the
season.
Edward Hynson, SEM. '97, end. age "a.
Samuel H. Thompson, '97, end. age 81,
has been on scrub
J. N. Hunt, SEM, '96, guard, age 90
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
r. r. PASSES CUT OFF
From All Public Officials to Whom the
State Allows A1iIeace.

From All Public Officials to Whom the
State Allows Mileage.
A. A Hurd, general solicitor for the
Santa Fe in Kansas, says, in speaking of
the meeting of representatives of Kansas
roads at Kansas City this week:
"This meeting was for the purpose of
reaching definite conclusions IN the mat
ter of issuing passes next year, on poll
tical accounts and other purposes. One
of the features of the agreement
is that no passes are to be is
sued at all to state officers or
state boards, who are entitled to mileage.
Whenever pass is issued by one line it
must, under this agreement, be immed-
lately reported to all other lines, SO that
each may be made aware of all out
standing complimentary transportation"
1t has been the custom for officials en-
titled to mileage TO ride on passes and
collect the mileage as perquisite. The
ruling cannot apply to elective
state officers, as none of them
are entitled to mileage. Here
tofore it has been customary
to give annual passes to sheriffs of all
Kansas counties Under the new agree
ment this privilege will also be accorded
to clerks of the district court for each
county.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
WHO ARE PLAYING
A Complete List of the Players In To-
days Foot Ball Game.


The following is the personnel of the
Yale team: s. Brinkerhoff Thorne, '96,
left half back and captain; aged % years;
has played at left half back during his
entire college course.
z. NJ. Fincke, '97, quarter back; aged
81 years; captained his team in the
freshmen team last year; played on the
colleges side. While not brilliant
player he is one of the safest and surest
men on the team.
Clarence Dewitt. '96, right half back,
aged % years, played on the St Pauls
team for four years.
A. n. Jerrems, '96, full back, aged 81,
during his freshman year. played on his
class team and last year Tiled right half
back position.
Louis Hinckey. '97, right end, is a
brother of the famous Hinckey, aged %
years.
Fred 7. Murphy, '97, right tackle, aged
90 years, is the only old man on the line,
having played right tackle during his
entire course
W. B. Cross '96, right guard, age 81,
during his college course has played on
the college side. AS an oarsman he has
made his reputation having rowed in two
winning shells.
H. P. Cross, '96 center. aged % Dur
ing his college course has played on the
scrub against the giant Stillman.
Charles Chadwick '97. left guard, age
20. Has the reputation of being the
strongest man in college. Last year he
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1895-11-23
EATING HORSE FLESH.
Startling State of Affairs Discovered in
san Francisco by an Inspector

Startling State of Affairs Discovered in
San Francisco by an Inspector
san FRANoIsco, Nov. 23.-Horse flesh
is being sold in this city for food. Who
is selling it, or who is buying it, is not yet
definitely known, although the authori-
ties have suspicious which may become
something more substantial in a few
days.
Chief Market Inspector Davis has be-
gun his Investigations by raiding two
establishments where horses are killed
and prepared as if for the market He
has found the dead animals killed, quar-
tered and hung on hooks for sale or for
what disposition their owners cared to
make. He has followed his inquiry into
places reeking with filth and will swear
to complaints against two of the offenders
whose offense has been acknowledged.