The citizen. (Frederick City, Md.) 1895-1923, 1895-03-15
tPrenared weekly. for the Citizen.

deX.
prepared Weekly, for the Citizen1
Experiments in telegraphy To dis
tance without wires, on the principle
of distributing currents IN the con-
Quoting earth, were not long ago car
ried out on large scale, near Pots
dam, ana an account of them has been
given to the Berlin Physical Society
by DR.. Kubens. On the banks of
the Wanusee, two electrodes were SUI
in the water at a distance from each
other of about 500 yards, ANA current
from % accummulalors sent through
them. From each of two boats con-
nected by cable an electrode was inn
mersed IN the water and telephone
inserted into the connection. When
the current from the accummuhtols
on the bank was broken, an effect was
produced on the telephone at Il dis
tance of about three miles. Small Is
lands between the shore and the boat
did not interfe with the signaling.
\ practical method of making a mi
scrocopic analysis of steel has beeu de-
vised 10y Nj. Osmond, "A well known
French metallurgist. BY his process
these five constltueuts-two 81 them
not hitherto know be traced.
'ferrite,n the nearly pure iron itself;
"eemeutide,' or carburet of IRON con-
tanning three atoms of iron To one of
carbon ''sorbite,n in which the carbon
appears 10 be in state due to the hAr-
denlug; "marteusite,' the principal
constituent of hardened steel, consist
ing OF small crystals of iron containing
the carbon due To hardening in snlu-
ton; "troostlte,' which comes next to
martenslte in hardened steels. These
five constituents join together in mui-
uple combinations IN building up the
complex structure of steels, and the eff
fects OF varying treatment are shown
by them with sufficient precision fol
manufacturing purposes.
The ancient Egyptians appear TO
nave been expert l.. manipulating mir
forS III sucl way as T,il. Ct sunlight
into their buildings. The idea has
now been adopted in the sewers of
Paris, succession of mirrors having
been SO arranged that the light of elrc-
trlc ares can be directed to any point
where work Is necessary.
The influence of one disease mlcrobe
upon another when both are introduce
Ell into the system has been the sub
Jeet of some Investigation toy NJ Calf
Ter, French bacterolugist He con-
cludes that microbes a,tenuated 10 such
a degree thas they can no longer alone
produce mortal disease may be reviv-
ed and again rendered virulent when
TWO species are introduced into an OF
ganism. The two microbes NAV null
tplN together side by side, hut CON-
monty one of them tends to disappear
as It's companion develops dlstast-pr,-
ducIng power. With other conditions.
one and sometimes the other of two
associated microbes increases in viru-
ience. The return of certain epidemics
may be explained by these facts, as
well as the aggravated effects of vacci-
nations made with benign virus. 1t
may be folseen, also, that incubation
TO couter immunity against one mala-
dy may give increased receptivity for
other microbes.
Sir John Lubbock aud Others have
proven that ants produce sounds,
which may b. Ineligible 10 their fel-
lows and can be made audible even To
our ears. y simple coutrivauee now
enables any person TO hear ana study
these sounds Two paues OF gas,
NV or six inches square, are pro
N,ded, and a border of soft putty
Is placed near the edge Of one: a buncn
OF ants about the size of a chestnut i,
next dropped through tunnel upon
one piece of glass ana quickly covered
by tue other piece, the Two being then
pressed together 10 about the thickness
of an ants body. On applying this box
10 the ear, confused buz2lug. with
some very clear stridulatiouS. may he
heard. The StridulatiOus are produced.
II Is believed, 10y rubblug the rough
scaly surface II the chitiuuus covering.
aud they are aroused whenever Tie
ants are excited.
a wagon raiiway-that is. fiat iron
rails in the highway for the Use If ordi- !
nary wagons-is to be tried between
two towns OF Hanover. The object is
TO reduce the labor of the draucht
horse, while lessening the cost of re-
pairs.
The power Of artificial permanent
magnets has teen found by Pict,t 10 F.
Increase steadily as the temperature i .
reduced. The range of temperature in /
his tests WAS from sos above zero {. To (
l059 below.
From study of 81 asteroids. Mr.. r
Nj. koszel has deter uiued the mass of /
this rag of planetary fragmente 10 lie F.
about foltieth of the mass of our
moon
Eu opeans may live in tropical Afri- /
"a, auu can superinteud native labor 4
but NJ. +. q. Raveustein considers that 4
40 To- atty suitable for colonization by .
bias yet been discovered (
The mean annual temperature Of Eu-
'ope may he found on the mountains.
'et the climate is very different from
hat OF temperate regions. La the lat
er the annual range is considerable