davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
THE BERLINER DECISION.
IN Expert Says 1t Does Not Pass O
the Patents Inherent Merits

Chicago, June 1S.--The United States
circuit court Of appeal filed IT'S opinion
in the famous Berliner patent case at
Boston Friday. The opinion covers
forty printed pages. This suit was
brought by the United States govern
meat against The American Bell Tele-
phone company before Judge Carpen-
ter.
]. Il. Keelyn, president of both the
Western construction company and
the Telephone Protective association
of the United States, commenting
on the decision, said:
.'The merits uf the patent claims
We're not tried. Only two questions
were or could have been raised ny rhe
government. one Of them alleged
fraud in the issuance, by reason of it's
delay in interference with the Edison
and other patents, owned also by the
Bell company. The other alleged that
it he'd been anticipated by another
patent of Belliner's, of which it was Il
division. Judge Carpenter held thar
the patent was void and should be can
celed, sutaiDing the government upon
both questions. The case was APP
pealcd by the Fell company, and On
May Is the court of appeals reyers I'd
the decree of the circuit court and
remanGed the case to the latter court
with directions to dismiss the bill.
However the court allowed until May
% for the government. counsel TO agree
as to what form OF order should be
entered of record, and until May 81
for the Bell company counsel to pre-
sent amendments. On June 10 the
court of appeals rendered its decision,
which was not filed until June Ii.
This decision does not adiudicate the
patent, but simply holds that there
was not proof Of fraud In delaying its
issuance, and that the government,
having granted the patent, is estopped
from questioning its validity upon
other grounds. The merits Of the pat
emit claims nay now he disputed In
any circuit courl by any alleged in
fringcr as fully as If the case had
never been in court. The Bell COM
Hnhs hlhf Nh9t VIZ patent tiss a NAub
to worry competitors through expense
in litigation, but ii seems absolutely
certain that the patent viii be defeated
if.the Bell company attempts to press
a suit against any Of the strong COM
petltors, which IL not likely. Ii is
probable the Bell company will pnr-
sue its usual course OF entering suit
=
course the mere entering If suits
hampers its competitors. There are
only few companies strong enough
to fight these methods.
The new Telephone Manufacturers
association WIN meet ut Pittsburg,
June p, and probably adopt favorable
measures
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

11:30, and going on board u,
diets steam yacht Oneida. wh,.a Dsae
been in waiting there for ~ g
days, win proceed at once a 81 \ "a
Gables. Mrs. Cleveland has n,a' o,sl
the president about week ans Sss I.
are not expected 20 return 10 ws.,. ~
ton before next fall. sung
The presidents haste to got -
Yards Bay and his consequent ra, W.
to stop In New York long epon,s u Y
take part in the Harlem canal on sa Y
ceremonies. is said by cabinet "a u n
TO be due TO uneasiness as 4 =
stork which has built it's nest Il n n
Cleveland chimney. :
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
NARROW ESCAPES.
Several Young People Have an Elk.
citing Experience.

Eau Claire, Wis, June 1S.-During
a big picnic at Badger Mills, near
here. boat containing two young
men and i've girls capslzed four rods
from the shore in fifteen feet Of water
Ole Greenlund and Frank Gueber
plunged from the shore ana saved
three of the girls. The other girls
were saved by the two young men
who were in the boat, but Peter Kos
mo. one Of them, fell lnsensfhle when
he reached the shore and was relied
on barrel for some time by the ex-
cited people. In the meantime another
boat containing four men had iilled
ana sunk, hut the occupants swan
ashore. Two hundred people saw the
incident.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
WHEELS AT SCHOOL,

New York, June iS.-By the board
of education Of College Point l.. l..
All order yeas issued forbidding teach
ers W ride bicycles to school, Mem
hrs of the beard thought that the
minds 81 tbs teachers We're concentrat-
"a more apon heir wheels than upon
their work In school, Recently the
schools were closed one afternoon at
the request of several teachers. who
said Il was too hot TO teach That
sumo afternoon these teachers were
seen riding rheir bicycles through he
village. .rhe action 81 tho board mas
caused much comment among the
young women If the village.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
AN ENGAGEMENT FOUGHT.
Spanish Forces Capture an Insurgent
Camp and Captain.

Havana. June 1S.-Col. Copello, with
IL force of volunteers and civil guards
amounting to ITO men. engaged a force
Of 500 insurgents near the Jamaica
district of Guanta xnamo The Spanish
forces captured the insurgent camp
Il quantity of arms and ammunition
and thirty-two horses. The insurgents
lost four killed. among whom was the
insurgent captain, Crescendo Castillo
They also had seven wounded. The
Spaniards had one soldier killed and
three wounded.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
DIR. MINER is DEAD.

Milwaukee, June 1S.-Dr. George
Barber Miner died at the home o.
his daughter, Mrs. +. Il. Day, Sunday
afternoon, IN the 71th year Of his age.
lie was attended by Mrs Day, who $
his only child, during his fatal Illness.
lie took to his bed about month ago.
He has been suffering from Brights
disease for the past ten years, but was
able to be about until four weeks ago,
when he was stricken with paralysis
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
JUDGMENT REDuCED.
Editor Hicks Gains Point In HIS
Libel Suit.

Oshkosh, Wis June 1S,-Judge
George w Burnel denied the applica-
tion of John Hicks for new trial of
the libel suit OF Buokstaff w. Hicks.
but he also held that the damages,
$t,250, were excessive and that $500
would be the proper amount. The
court therefore ordered:
"'rhat a new trial be granted upon
condition of the defendant paying tie
costs OF this term and trial, TO TIE
taxed unless the plaintiff shah remit
the sum of $3.50 frem his verdict; and
if he shall so remit the motion for a
new trial is denied"
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
AT MEADEs REQUEST.
Commander George Ide Summary
Relieved OF Duty.

Washington, June 1S.--Commander
George Ide, Of the Alert, now at Pana-
ma, has been relieved Of his command
by cable order. The reason for this
summary action Is found In charges
preferred by Rear Admiral Meade
that the commander had treated him
with dlsrespect. The exact nature
Of the charges IS not made public.
Commander 1anford has been named
as Ide's successor Ide now goes On
waiting orders.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
TRUE BILL FOUND.

London. June 49, a true pili mr
found iii the Central criminal , ssa
(Old Bailey against Jabez :. f'al.Vr i.
ex-member 81 parliament who was ~
Gently extradited from Argefltlns III u
public on charge Of fraud In collnv ~
ton with a number Of puhiic ,,ns
panies Of which he Is the gu'a'-
spirit.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
AN IOWA CYCLONE.

nonison, H. June Is. nenison and
vicinity WAS visited by a tornado
which did damage estimated AT $4,000
to houses. farms aud Wind mills. The
farm house If John Rose was demol-
ished and his WIFI Killed aud other
members NJ thc family were severely
njnsetl
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
CQuApRoNS ARRIVE

Kiei June Is The Russian and
French eawdrous which are II take
part ~ tie eermenies attendant upon
the epeniRg III be Baltic ana North
sen canal arrived hafe together and
exchanged cheers with the German
guard shipt nhe Italian squadron
VIII arrive sometime later.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
ROCK COUNTY PIONEER DEAD.

Lima Center, Wis, June Is. James
Kyle one Of the old settlers of Rock
county died suddenly lie was ap-
narpntly as we'll as usual when lie 70
tiee1, hut hearing IN unusual noise
hs daughter Went to his room and
found him dead,
Raseol-al. Wis. June 1s.--Mrs
Moses Thorp aged 81 years, died sud
denly 1T her home.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
FOUND DEAD IS 4 crSrERN.

Lima Center Nsa June A. Nlrs.
kuia, living a few miles from Lima,
was found dead in thc eislrrn Il Is
supposed 10 Sc d ease 81 suicide.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
roy III

GAINESVILLE Wis Hume Is. Blood
oozed fnm lilJle Rodney lGchards
mouth and LES When his fafaar
picked him up atter horse had tra ".
Piled upan Ills haly noe0rs sat ha
y f3tally injured
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
TBEASI ny STATEMENT.

Washington, June Is. Tie statement
Of the condition NJ the treasury shows.
Available cash balance -S1S3. i3.l26.
gold reserve -S9o5s9,517.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
BASEBALL SCORES.

philadelphia .; Pittsburs ).
Washington Z; Chicago 10.
Baltimore L.: st. Louis ;.
New York I. Louisville 9.
Brooklyn 4; Cincinnati ?,
Boston D. Clevclandi0 First game.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
MAY CARRY OFF A BABY.
The President Said To be Troubled
over d Slorks Familiarity.

Washington. June 1s s President
Cleveland accompanied by Private
Secretary Henry G. Thurber. left
Washington yesterday morning for
Gray Gables. The president and Mr..
Thurber occupied a private car, leay-
ing Washington at T:o5 o'clock a. n.
They arrived ut Jersey City about
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
CLEVER CLIPPINGS.

Chicago Dispatch-There is every
reason to fear that the sultan Will
apologize before he can be soundly
thrashed.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
WINDS DESTRUCTION.
FEARFUL CYCLONE REPORTED
IN THE SOUTHWEST.
Sections of Kansas, Nebraska and Ok
lahoma Suffer-No Fatalities Are
Reported.

Kansas City. June 1S.-A destruc-
tive but not fatal cyclone passed over
d portion of this section. Reports Of
damage are received from Hartford,
Stella, Neb., Denison, O. Il.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
IS AT TER AN ISLAND.
GERMANY MINES UP THE VEN
EZUELA QUESTION.
ITS CAPITAL INVESTED

The Monroe Drtrine Involved in
New Phase IN south America "a
Railroad Built by German Money
Leads That Country 70 Desire q
Naval StaIiun.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

Kansas City Journal Kentucky may
so republican, but it would be just az
well for republicans to make tneN
1896 calculations on the basis q
solid democratic south, rs usual
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
INDIvDUALlsMs

The rich 81. Lalanne, who iell ~
native town Of Pau 100000 irau1s
was buried at his request N q w,
mon grave. The entire cost Of ~
funeral apart from the coffin was on
dollar and twenty cents.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
REPUBLICANS THERE
MANY ALREADY IN ATTEND
ASCE AT CLEVELAND
ELklNs FOR PRESIDENT

Brings a Strong West Virginia Dele
CATION to Boom Him cAlpin and
New York Men Are Clay
Evans Also Candidate-Hov
Iowa Stands.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

Chicago Tribune-The prospect y
that Buffalo will fiLally obtain electro
power from Niagara Fails, but lhef
dentally it may have to move TO ME-
ara Falls TO get it.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

Cincinnati Trihune-Eleven millions
of dollars is the grand and gloriuos
aggregate of the gifts TO the yarioRs
colleges during the first half Of lS9o'
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

Colonel Eli Lilly has presented y v, v,
Indianapolis flower mission the N,'s !,
@. Gresham homestead, 10 he useu I,
i home for sick children. Ihe ivp'.
and grounds are large and the ia'.s'
are thickly studded with large tr g,
many Of which were planted w n
Gresham's own hands.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20

Miss Mary NJ. Haskell, Of Miiilie ,,',
OILS, has been appointed census-las,s.
for Cass county, MINI. The po'u ..s
ton OF the county is widely seas,e1s u
and the trip will have 70 be naus u
horseback. Much OF it is an nnpf'N "
wilderness. and there are many H
dams III the county.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1895-06-20
FACULTY PASSES UPON oANDI-
DATES FOR DEGREES.
THOSE WHO WILL FINISH
The List to be Formally Submitted to
the Regcnts-The Numbers Large in
all Departments-The Names "
Those Who VIII Take Advanced
Honors
Madison. June Is.

-AtNh'Vhf 4" tilttl lt'.
The university faculty has passed
upon the candidates for graduation
and win submit their list to the board
Of regents today.
A complete list of all who will he
graduated from all departments, with
the degrees to be conferred, is here
given.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
The Grumbler.

Of all the detestible people on the
face of the earth, the man or wo-
man who persistently grumbles de-
serves first place, 1t matters not
what the occasion may be such peo.
pie never see the bright side nor
allow another to do so if they can
possibly prevent it. They rise up
in the morning and make everybo-
dy around them feel as badly as
possibly by grumbling and they keep
up their grumbling until tired ma
ture gives way and they GO to sleep.
such people are unfit to die and un-
worthy to live. They are worse in
their effect than a Kansas cyclone
for they dwarf and destroy all that
is good with which they may come
in contact. Every neighborhood
has a nuisance of this kind and the
only use we can see for such people
is to fill hole in the ground,
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
A Silver Platform.

Senator Vest has written a letter
to the New York World, in answer
to Cleveland's "goldbug" letter,
and he, like Senator Jones, of Ne
yada, says that there must be no
straddling, no half way ground on
this issue, The next campaign
must be one Of free coinage of sill
yer, He gives Cleveland fair warn
ing, that a silver man on a silver
platform must and shall be the next
Democratic standard bearer, for
national honors, and that there
shall be no evasion of the issue-no
further temporizing-and that the
silver Democrats are determined to
control the National Convention
and nominate a man for the Presi-
dency who can plant both feet on
the free coinage plank of Che plat
form,
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
TAMMANY's RECRUITS.

Since Boss Croker has re-entered
the wigwam of Tammany, many
braves are sending in their names
to become members. It is said that
among the number are Perry Bel.
mont, F. K Olcott, ex-Judge Tru-
ak, E. Ellery Anderson and W. c.
Whitney They are all strong men,
with plenty of rocks, and Tam
many will be factor yet to help
US elect a Western or Southern
man for President.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
You Are Right.

The expense of somebody's blum
der in the late small pox trouble up
to date foots up $5,802,50, And
there is more to come. This Is one
of the legitimate results OF the pol.
icy of suppression Of facts, -[Hot
Springs News,
You are correct, When a disease
of any kind that is contagious or
infectious breaks out in a commun-
jty it should not only be made
known to that particular locality,
but to the travelling public through
the press, We have no patience
with people who try to suppress
news Of a public nature, and a lying
press is not only a curse 10 the COM
munity in which it is published, but
also to the whole country it covers
by exchange or paid subscribers
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
DON'T be Imnosed Upon,

When you ask for DR., Pierces Col
den Medical Discovery, Go to a re-
liable dealer, He will sell
you what you want, The ones
who have something else
to urge upon you in it's place are
thinking of the extra profit they'll
make These things pay them bet
ter, but they don't care about you,
None of'these substitutes is 'just
as good" as the Discovery" That
is the only blood cleanser, flesh
builder and strength restorer so far
reaching and so unfailing in its
effects that it can be guaranteed.
In the most stubborn skin, scalp, or
scrofulous affections, or in every di-
sease that's caused by A torpid liver
or by impure blood, if it ever fails to
cure, you have your money back.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
KNOW LlEDGE

Brings comfort and improvement and
tends to personal enjoyment when
rightly used. The many, who live bet
ter than others and enjoy life more, with
less expenditure, by more promptly
adapting the worlds best products to
the needs Of physical being, will attest
the value to health of the pure liquid
laxative principles embraced in the
remedy, Syrup of Figs
les excellence is due to its presenting
in the form most acceptable and pleas
ant to the taste, the refreshing and truly
beneficial properties of perfect lax
ative; efiectually cleansing the system,
dispelling colds, headaches and fevers
and permanently curing constipation
1t has given satisfaction to millions and
met with the approval of the medical
profession, because it acts on the Kid
neys, Liver and Bowels without weak
ening them and it is perfectly free from
every Objectionable substance.
Syrup OF Figs is for sale by all drug
gists in so cent bottles, but it is man
ufactured by the California Fig Syrup
o. only, whose name is printed on every
package, also the name, Syrup of Figs,
and being well informed, you will not
accept any substitute if offered,
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
No straddllng for Jones.

Senator Jones, Of Nevada, has
written letter to the leaders of
the new silver party movement, in
Denver and in a lengthy, well writ
ten document strongly commends
the movement, We make a short
extract'
''By this movement the issue is
presented to the country clean-cut
and relieved of all extraneous con.
sideratjons, The platform of the
American Bimetallic party is not a
"straddle, and is not intended to
deceive, 1t is simple and unmistak-
able 1t is one upon which all the
advocates Of silver money can con-
sistently stand without feeling
hampered or embarrassed by any
other question which tends to divide
political parties"
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
Knights Of the Maccabees.

The State Commander writes us
from Lincoln, Neb., as follows; "Af
ter trying other medicines for what
seemed to be a very obstinate cough
in our two children we tried DR.,
Kings New Discovery and at the
end Of two days the cough entirely
left them. We will not be without
it hereafter, as our experience
proves that it cures where all 9th
er remedies fail. Signed T., w,
Stevens, State m.--Why not give
this great medicine a trial, as 1t is
guaranteed and trial bottles free at
Smith Drug Store, Regular size
SOC. and $l.00.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
It May Do nr Much for You.

Mr. Fred Miller, OF rvlng, Ill.,,
writes that he had a Severe Kidney
trouble for many years, with severe
pains in his back, and also that his
bladder was affected. He tried
many so-called Kidney cures but
without any good result, About a
year ago he began use of Electric
Btters and found relief at once,
Electric Bitters is especially adapt.
ed to cure all Kidney and Liver
troubles and often gives almost
instant relief One trial will prove
our statement Price SOC. for large
bottle, At Smith Drug Go, 6
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

A Des MONIES woman who has
been troubled with frequent colds,
concluded to try an old remedy In d
new way, and accordingly took a
tablespoonful (four times the usual
dosc) of Chamberlains Cough Rem.
edy Just before going to bed, The
next morning she found that her
cold had almost entirely disappear
ed During the day she took d few
doses Of the remedy Zone teaspoon-
ful at a time) and at night again
took tablespoonful before going
to bed, and on the following morn
ing awoke free from all symptoms
Of the cod. Since then she has, on
several occasions, used this remedy
In like manner, with the same good
results, and Is mech elated over her
discovery Of so quick a way Of cur.
Ing 4 cold For sale by Smith
Drug Co.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

Uncle Sam Is even after the gam
blers on their income, Desha
Breckenridge, is one Of the collec-
tors in Kentucky and he got after
the race horse men, on their win
ulngs, and they Clicked for a de-
clsion, and the commissioners decid.
ed that all gamblers whose winnings
are in excess of the $4,000 limit,
must pay, even II their losses dur.
ing the year is greater than their
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

winnings. If a man, for instance,
wins $4,000 today, and looses
$4,000 tomorrow, he must pay an
income on the ten thousand less the
81, 900 exempt by law
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
Dueklen 4. arr .ea salye.

The best salve in the world Tor
cuts, bruises, Sores ulcers, salt
rheum, fever sores, tetter, chapped
hands, chiblains, corDs, and all
skin eruptions, and positively cures
piles, or no pay required, b. Is
guaranteed TO give perfect salts.
faction, or money refunded, Price
% cents per box For sale by
Smith Drug 90.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
Nnarnn.

wArr every man and woman In The Upllsd
iintes lntFfested In the Opium and WAfty
ssS,e ssl1. y sys one o. M bc9M on n.ne az.
IloN 0eql and Ohio Will bh honl YOU FREQ.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

Fort Worth has a great revival
now in progress. Moody and San
key. have driven their stakes down
in Satan's own, and will try to
drive the devil out of the people, by
reason and song. Sam Jones went
there in 1890, and converted over a
thousand, and since that time many
weeds have grown up in the paths
of the righteous, and they have
fed therefrom. 1t is hoped that
these great Evangelist's will snatch
many brands from the burning, "
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
Headache,
Indigestion, Biliousness,
Dyspepsia,
And all stomach troubles Care
cured by
p. p. p.
Pricldy Ash, Poke Root and Potas,
SUM

Rheumatism is cured by p p p,
Pains and aches in the back, shoul-
ders, knees, ankles and wrists, are
all attacked and conquered by p =
j, This great medicine, by It's
bIood-clensng properties, builds up
and strengthens the whole body,
Nothing Is 80 eillcacious as Z p =
at this season and for touing up,
invigoratinR, and as a strengthener
and appetizer take p = ?, It
throws of the malaria and puts you
in good condition,
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

When Baby Was sick, We gave her ca1taria,
WASu she Vaa a Child, she cried for CastortA.
Nhn she became Mis-, she clung 10 castOriA.
Whoa Shc had ohAdron, she gave ths~ CoStoria
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
What 10
Il!;Ldiz,l!|!!l;1L. 3! ..; /! |

+ora is Dr. Samuel Pitchers prescription for Infants
md Children 1t contains neither Opium Morphine nor
.+ber Narcotic substance 1t is harmless substitute
fr Poregoric Drops Soothing Syrups, and Castor OIL
r. ia Pleasant Its guarantee thirty years. use by
millions of Mothers CastOria destroys Worms and allays
tovershness CastOria prevents vomiting Sour Curd,
1ures DiarrhOea and Wind Collie. Castoria relieves
..ethng troubles, constipation and fatuency.
rosorin assmlatcs tho food, regulates tho stomach
and bowels, giving healthy and natural Sleep Cass
Aoria is the Chdren's Panacea-the Mothers Friend
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

Crude oil still advances in the oil
exchange, and now comes the news
that hides and leather have ad-
vanced to double what the prices
we're six months ago.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

"Where is my boy tonight" can
be answered very easily, but where
will he be tomorrow night, the wild
waves sayeth not.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19
Castoria.

AnAods "a an excellent medicine for chill
A.. wothers have repeatedly told me of its
sDod srecl upon their children"
t''N DR.. G. c. osoooD,
Lowell, Mass.
The Daily Texarkanian., 1895-04-19

Abbotts East Indian Corn Paint
cures all corns, warts aud bunions.