The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1895-05-02
SOME COLD WINTERS OF HISTORY.
Facts Which Indicate That the Past Win
ter Is Not the Worst on Record.

In the year 401 the Black Sea was
frozen over for twenty days and men
crossed from Asia Minor to the Crimea.
In 1914 the Black Sea was frozen to a
distance of fifty miles from shore. The
Hellespont and Dardanelles were frozen
and the Sea of MSrmora was passable
for cavalry.
In 1868 the River Thames was frozen
over for fourteen weeks. All the rivers
of the continent were frozen, and even
south of the Alps the Pc and many other
streams were blocked with ice.
In 1894 the Cattegat was covered
with ice seven feet thick. Batteries of
artillery were moved to and fro on the
strait.
In 1928 the Baltic Sea was frozen
over, and during three months travellers
passed from the continent to Sweden
on the ice. Heavy wagon trains were
substituted for the trading vessels.
In 1883 the Thames and all other riv-
ers of England and Scotland froze over;
the Seine, Rhine, and Danube were
closed to navigation early in December.
The DardanelIes and Hellespont froze,
as did many bays and inlets of the Med
iterranean. Ice formed in Algiers, and
the Strait Of Gibraltar was almost i'm
passable from drift ice.
In 1860 the Baltic again froze over so
as to permit travel on the ice. In Ger
many deer sought the towns for refuge
from wolves Packs of wolves came in
to the cities and attacked the people in
the streets.
In 1914 the cold was so severe in Hol-
L. ho lloo1-, 4
sold by weight.
In 1894 all the rivers of North Europe
were frozen before Christmas. The Cat
tegat froze together with a large part
of the Baltic. The sea at Venice froze
so that during three weeks no boats
could be used The TibeY froze at Rome
and men crossed it on the ice, a thing
never known before nor since
In 1868 the bays and inlets of North
Europe froze over early in December.
| Charles Y. of Sweden crossed the strait
| to Denmark with his whole army, in
Guiding the artillery, baggage, and pro-
vision trains
In 164S the Thames was covered with
ice over a foot thick Booths were erect
ed for a fair, which was held on the river.
| Coaches piled to and fro on the ice as on
dry land. All the French ports were
closed for three or four weeks, the har-
bors being frozen over.
In 1691 the cold was so severe in East
ern Europe that packs of starving wolves
entered Vienna and attacked men and
women in the streets. All the canals
of Venice were frozen and the principal
mouth of the Nile was blocked with
floating ice for week.
In 1740 the Thames was frozen for
eleven weeks. Forest birds almost all
persisted, and trees were split by the
frost. The harbor of Barcelona froze
over and navigation was suspended in
the Greek Archipelago on account of the
danger from floating ice.
The winter of 1S12-'13 was one of the
hardest ever known i'll Europe. The
Thames froze from the source of the sea,
the Seine, the Rhine the Danube, the
Po and the Granddaughter were ali Gov
cred with ice. The Baltic froze for
many miles from land, and the Ikage
rack and the Cattegat were both frozen
over. The Adriatic at Venice was
frozen, so was the Sea of Marmora,
while the Hellespont and the Dardan
Giles were blocked with ice, and the
archipelago was impossible. The Tibel
was lightly coated, and the Straits Of
Messina were covered with ice. Snow
fell all over North Africa, and drift ice
appeared in the Nile. This was the
winter of Napoleon's retreat from Mos
COW, where 400, 900 men persisted, most
ly of cold and hunger. The men froze
to death in battalions, and no horse:
were left either for the artillery or cav
airy. Quicks liver froze this winter
In 1919 the cod in Sweden, Norway
and Russia was so severe that grea
numbers of persons were frozen to dealt
in all those countries