The herald., 1895-05-19

Denmark were ended by the truce of Ber-
I'M, and in 1855 the peace of Paris con-
cluded the great Crimean war, and
marked with success the policy of Louis
Napoleon, OF Lord Palmerston and Lord
Stratford. Aside from the cessons of ter
ritory, the peace of Paris established sew
eral notable international principles.
These were the total abolition of priva-
teering. the principle, that blockade to
be binding must be effective, and the fur
tner declaration that neutral flag COW
ers an enemy's goods. except contraband
OF war. not liable to capture under an en-
emy's flag.
1t was just before the Paris conference
that Frederick William of Prussia. then
already somewhat weak mentally. wrote
the following to the English minister re-
sident: AL direct help which England
Islam AGAINST CHRISTIANS. will
have (besides Gods avenging judgment)
hear. hear) no other effect than to bring
what is now Turkish territory at a some-
what later period unGer Russian domin-
ion.',
But the Crimean period has brought a
new group of statesmen to the front. Bis
inarck was devoting himself to the inter
nal affairs at home. Gortschakoff ap-
peared for Russia both at the preliminary
conference at Vienna and the final con-
ference at Paris. Lord Clarendon repre-
sented England and Cavour gained the
distinction of having the House of Savoy
and Sardinia represented as power.
In 1858 the treaty of Tien Tsin, followed
by the peace OF Pekin in 1860, opened the
interior OF China to trade.
In 1860 the peace of Villefranche and that
of Zurich which ended the war Of Austria
against Sardinia and France, paved tn e
way for the establ blshment of the Kingdom
Of Italy. Cavour surrendered Savoy and
Nice to Louis Napoleon. but gained Mo
dena and the Papal States. Mazzina and
Garibaldi brought about the final peace
which gave Italy to Victor Emanuel. In
1864 the peace of Vienna gave Schleswig-
Holstein to Austria and Prussia, and the
peace of Prague in 1866 Inundated Aus
tria by the loss of its Danish possession,
the loss OF Venice to Italy, and the estab-
lishment of the declaration that German
unity was possible without Austria.
In these years the fame of Bismarck
rose with each Prussian success, ending
with the establishment of the Imperial
Confederation. Lord Palmerston was Eng
land $ great peacemaker during this per.
iod. Gladstone and Disraeli were rising
into full vigor, while in France the
names of Thiers. Olivier. Favre. Gam
BETA and Rocheiort were becoming ia
nous. In 1867 the London conference
averted war over the Luxembourg ques-
ton between France and Germany. but
only for few years. In 1871 the peace
of Frankfort on the Main destroyed the
military power of France. deprived that
nation of Alsace and Lorraine. and made
a reality of Germany unity. Thiers had
met Bismarck.
In 1878 the peace of San Stefano ended
the Russo Turkish war and the famous
congress of Belin. at which Disracli se-
cured Peace with Honor" settled The
terms of European quiet. Lord Salisbury
appeared upon the international chess
board on this occasion and captured Cy-
prus for Great Britain. Servia. Monte
negro and Roumania were declared in
dependent. Russia increased her Asiatic
possessions. and Greece secured part of
Epirus and, d,Thessaly.
The peace congresses OF this century
in which the United States was interested
began with the Tripoli treaty of 1904, by
the terms of which we deserted an ally
and paid an immense ransom for cap
tured Americans who might easily have
been released if the original plan of cam
paign had been carried out. In 1914 the
treaty of Ghent en- led our war of 1872.
and added luster to the names of John
Quinc Adams. Henry Clay, James A.
Bayard and Albert Gallatn.
In 1S4S the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidal-
go ended the Mexican war. and the one
name prominently connected with the
international proceedings was that OF
Commissioner Trist. now almost forgot
ten.
Our treaty with Japan in 1854 conduct