The evening times., 1895-12-09

| cuhiSos Auh-DiOOtSo hS6icS P'ONAhh'No
himself Jean Jacques /. Why should he
not: He had, after three years OF war.
Just defeated the arnv OF Bonaparre and
driven tt from Hayti. He had defeated
armies led by, the great eInperor's brother
| in-law, Gen. Leclerc, and should the vic
tor be less than the vanquished!
| When the gallant and skillful Toussaint
L'Ouverture was kidnaped and carried to
France by Napoleon's orders in 1901, Gen.
| Dessalines was the most prominent and
| successful soldier left OH the island. He
had sho wn great courage and skill in fight
| ing the French, and around him all Hayti
| now Rallied.
He prosecuted the war with great vigor
and won battle after battle against Gen.
I>eclerc. Yellow fever broke out among
| the French troops, and in the midst OF ac-
| cunlulating calamities Gen. Leclerc died.
Gen. Rochanibeau, who succeeded to the
command OF the French forces, proposed an
armistice, which was granted. When the
| armistice was over, Dessalines' army was
greatly reinforced and In excellent fight
| ing condition. Dessalnes drove the French
into Cape Haytt, where he had them at his
mercy.
| A British fleet appeared off the coast,
and the French commander surrendered to
| the British admiral. Dessaiines agreeing on.
condition that the troops should immedi-
ately be- taken out OF the country. A few
months later. on January 1. 1904, be pro-
claimed the Independence OF Hayu. aud II
,ookits place among the nations ofthe world.
The Haytians unanimously decfeed tbal the
man who had achieved the independence of
the country should be the governor for life.
In MAY Napoleon proclaimed himself en-
peror OF the French. Six months later Des-
salines proclaimed himself emperor of Hayti.
He was ceowned with great pomp. aud The
first American empire began. The new en-
peror soon fou nd that he had a turbulent en-
pire to deal with. and every opposition to
hisabsolute willdrovc him mtoactsoftyranny. to 4
A fter a troubled reign OF two years he was
assa ssinated as a result OF a military con-
spiracy.
The history OF this emperor has been writ
ten mostly by his enemies. who charge him
with barbarity in the conduct of the war.
His intrepidity aud military skill none deny.
The military conspiracy which resulted in
his ssa assination W as pro obablyc sed more
by the severe methods which he took to en-
force discipline In bis army than any act Of
civil tyranny, Thusdied Jean Jacques !. thus
1.-the imperial hou Sc OF Dessalines aud van
ished the first American empire.
Out OF the ruins of the empire of Jean
Jacques I, Henri Christophc formed him
self a kingdom. Spain seized the eastern
part of the island and Chief Petion held the
southwest, but Christophe made himself
kingdom in Dtiie northwest He was
soldier, and so we'll did he handle his
troops that he forced Spain and Petion to
recognize his government. Having by force
of arms established a nation In the north
western part of the island, he became first
president for life and then king under the
title of Henri l.
II p1x-p ,Ad In, nrd
.0r nine years was one of the recognized
sovereigns OF the World. In 1870 a revolu
ton broke out, and the black king COM
mitted suicide in his palace to avoid fall
ing into the hands OF the insurgents.
While Henri I was rulirg in Hayti an
other king was reigning in the Western
world far away from the south. Under the
shadow of Corcoyado. in the old stone pal
ace. which to this day faces its little park
in Rio Janeiro, sat John VI. King Of Portu-
gal and Brazil. Napoleon had driven him
from Lisbon in 1907 and he had set Up his
throne and now wore his crown and swayed
his scepter in his American possessions.
When the downfall of Napoleon allowed
him to return to Lisbon be left his eldest
son 8 Brazil as regent. In 1922. twoyears
after the downfall of Henri in Hayti. the
Independence of Brazil was proclaimed. and
King Johns son became emperor under
the title of Dom Pedro I. Thus the house of
Braganza became established in tie New
World.
When King John died, in S27, Dom Pedro
became King of Portugal, but he resigned
| tnat right to his daughter, Maria Pia,
thinking undoubtedly tnat his American
empire was a better thing than his Euro
pean kingdom. So, until 1890, the house of
Braganzu reigned in America, contracting
alliances with the houses of Hapsburg,
Guelph and Bourbon. revolution forced
Dom Pedro l to abdicate In favor OF his
SOD, Dom Pedro II, the story of whose
downfall, exile and death is still fresh in
the minds of every one. Dpm Pedro II
married a daughter of the King of Naples
and the Two Sicilies. His heiress, the
Princess Imperial Isabella, married the
Count d'Eu, son of Louis Philippe, the Or
leans-Bourbon King of France. His older
daughter, Leopuldina; married Duke Ernest
of Saxe-Coburg-Gntha a cousin OF Albert,
prince consurt.
Several grades of nobility were estab-
lished in Brazil, and many orders Of knight
hood instituted. Although the Brazilians
deposed Dom Pedro l, they hold his HE'LL
ory In great respect, and the son who
succeeded to the throne revered the name
of his father. Therefore of all of the deco
rations dispensed by the second emperor,
the "Order OF Dom Pedro Primero'' was
the most highly priced and the least often
granted. Dom Pedro died an exile In Eu-
rope, and when he was buried in the tombs
of his ancestors in Portugal, around his
body was placed the Brazilian earth which
he had carried with him in his wanderings.
The old empress died broken hearted in
Lisbon. The Princess Imperial lives most
of the time in Paris, and her son has q
commission in the Austrian army.
Besides these mouarehies mentioned there
were also established in the Western world