davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

of everything anybody else knows,
That is ny it should be. 1t mems rs.
piration, ind the aspiration OF our
schoolma ANS is the sTnr to which W.
have hitchcd our wagon IN America,
1t il our main chance Of getting pulled
skyward.
A large number OF doctors believe
TINT electrocutiOn is not effective ns an
instantaneous dispenser Of death. The
fact that several men have been re-
yived after being shocked more se-
verely than mnrderers are shocked in
the electric chair tends to confirm their
opinion. This is u matter that ought
not to be left in doubt The prison
authorities Of Sing Sing appear to be
unwilling to cooperate with medical
men who had volunteered to PIT tha
matter to test in the cuse Of Buchanan.
Possibly they are correct IN thinking
that they have no legal power t. Ito
so. In that ease the Legislature should
De uAhtV, Nl lln HtNl HtSHllu' W. mss
an authorizing law 1t is not II mat
ter thut should be left in uncertainty
much longer,
The electric chair never would have
been adopted ut MI except in the be'
lief TINT if was more llUm me tHan eN"-
cution by hanging. Eu, il death by
elrctr city il not instantaneous or paln-
less, and il, rs many doctors believe,
we are not killing our murdercrS by
electricity nj all, but are simply shock
inc them first into II condition in
which they mnv or may not be SEN
,ibIc to suffering and some time later
giving them the finishing stroke with
the surgeons knife, then the electric
chair is Iiabolicai form OF torture.
I'm the interest of humanity, TO SAY
nothing Of science, this ghnstly doubt
as to whether or not we are suhjectlng
human beings to viyisection nj Sing
Sing, under the prctrnse of giving
them a humane exit from the earth,
ought to be put to the test and set
tied.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

rs the last straw
that breaks the
camel's back, -
said Lucy, burst.
ing into tears.
The pleasant
June sunbeams
c q III c peeDlng
into the cool,
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Deans Rheumatic Pills are sure cure ORAL
j Neuralgia. Entirely vegetable, always safe.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Mrs. WnslOws Soothing Syrup for children
teething, sOttels the gums, reduces intamma-
ton. alluys PAIN cures wind collie. :!jc. a bottle
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Theplan and emphatic order issued
by Col Wnring that the men IN the
employ Of The city STRENGTHENING
Department have got 10 earn their
pay or qnit is n just and timely dec
arution Of policy. The city OF New
York paws its strrer-rIrauer3 II higher
rate OF wages than is paid by any con-
tractor. / ms II right to exact from
every man on the payroll n full days
work under penalty OF discharge for
failure In any case in which, rs Col.
| Waring charges, the city is not getting
more than two.tnirds OF the WorK ont
Of its men that II private contractor
would get, the city Is donbIy cheated
it pays more and gets less.
There is no reason why the Depart
ment OF Street Cleaning should he en-.
numbered by the retention of any men
who from cage, weakness, laANe-s or
indifference are rendering less than
full DAYS service for II full day
pay. If the city OF New York is mn
der any obligation to pension HhNhouy
it does not want topcnsion him on the
Street Cleaning Department. That is
service in which nothing less than
vigorous AMI efficient work can cnttle
II man to place on the payroll.
/ may add that the same rule may
very properly apply to the other de-
partments in which day labor is en-
ployed ut the city's expense, The
Park Department and the Dock d '-
partluent have no authority to pay
any man II days wages unless h. has
earned it by Il day work, and day :
work means full, willing and efficient
! service such rs is eXnctaI and rru.
lered in corresponding private en-.
pIoyment hSicHEKHo 'NEn
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14
The Greatest fledical Discovery
OF the Age.
KEMnaE .DY'S
Medical Discovery,
DONALD KENNEDY, or R0y9URY, MASS.

Has discovered in ouc of our common
pasture w""i- q remedy lhat cures every
Eini of iIumor, from the worst ocrO!ula
down to 4 common rimple.
lie has tried it in over eleven hundred
cases. and never failed except in two cases
both thunder humoD. He ha, now in
his possession over two hundred crrtiii.
cate, If it, value, all within twenty llIe,
az Boston Send postal card for book.
4 benefit Is awaS~ experienced from the
Ar-t bottle, and Il perfect cure j. warranted
when the right quantity j. taken.
When the lungs are Affected it causes
shooting rains like needles passing
through them; the same with the Liver
or Bowels This is :au-ei by the duets
being stopped, aud always disappears in a
weeE after taking it, Read the Label.
Ii the stomach is foul Of bilious II will
cause -luram-h feelings at first
~ change Of iirt ever n"css-Grv Ia,
the best YOU can ct, aud enough ,i il,
Dose, one Tablespoonful in water al bed
time. Sold by all Druggists.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Your headaches; You lay it to every cause
but the true one-i rdisestlOn So few people
know what indigestion re My is. Hardly know
they have it, The cure is Hipans Tabults. A
sing.e one gives relief Ask your druggist.
Bohemia has furnished us with llS,0OO
peODle.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

arrangements of the sex. Why is it so
many women owe their beauty 10 Dr.
Pierce's Favorite Prescription Because
beauty of form and face radiate from the
common center-health The best bodily
condition results from good food, fresh air
and exercise coupled with the judicious
use of the " Prescription "
1t reaches the origin OF the trouble and
corTeCts il.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

The union Sunday school movement is a
Chicago idea. NE2S
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

/. afflicted with sore eyes use DR.. Isaac ThOn p.
sons Eye-water. Druggists sell at DC per bolt lie.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14
ON THE ROAD


>. to recovery the
young woman
who is taking
Doctor Pierce 5
FaVorite Pre-.
ScriptiOn. III
maidcnhood, wo-
manhood, wife
hood and moth.
: CIauud The " Pre-.
, syription - is a
supporting tonic
N an d mcrvine
y that's peculiarly
adapted 10 her
ne { ds, rcGulat-
ing and strength
enims the system
ard curing the
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

In mile Of railway there are about 2,ll2
ileeper5
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Court-You say, young man, that
your incarceration would be the means
of crushing widowed mother?
Prisoner-Yes, your Honor; with
me gone she would have nothing lett
to work for. Cleveland Plain Dealer.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

There is really nothing to be said
concerning the astounding position
taken by Street Cleaner Waring. In
one breath he oyclaims: "lherr never
was deficiency, nor am expectation
of over expenditure, while in the very
next he claims that the issuing OF 5000,
900 in bonds, with the proceeds OF
which these over expenditures are TO
be met, is vindication of his extra
ordinary extravaganza! Warnings II
dandy.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

The most mmistakable lesson of
the Buchanan case is that the L'gis-
lutrre should radically revise our sys'
TEN of criminal procedure.
The man who died in the electric
chair deliberately poisoned his wife
to death between three and tollr years
ago 1t has taken nll that time to
bring him to punishment, not because
there was any doubt about the fact Of
his crime or about its Nervousness.
The delnv has been wrought solely by
the ingenuity OF lawyers in taking adj
yAntIge Of our extraordinary system.
This system operates to defeat Justice.
Ii makes the punishment Of crime
difficult and uncertain. II rob5 pun
ishmcnt, when at last it is adminis-
tered, of its influence in lettering
others Of evil mind from the commits
sion of crime. The system should be
changed There should be some leg
islntion now for the enforcement OF
law and the protection OF the people,
where all legislation in this depart
ment has been for years in the inter
est of criminals and their lawyers. The
problem OF reform is not difficult
one if the Legislature really want, TO
solve it. A simple comparison of oul
procedure with that OF other civilized
states will show clearly VIII re all the
evil lies.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

The promoters of the Long Island
Chautauqua which is about to open
for the season promise ''nn interesting
and instructive program which
covers almost every field Of thought, W
This is a conservative statement The
"almost" is pleonasm. The program
extends from the science of nursing
babies to Greek, from photography to
psychology. 1t covers everything.
There are some who have accused the
the promoters of the ChautauQlm sys-
TEN of encouraging smnttering. They
allege that it does not promote such
sound learning MS prevails on Mnnhat-
tau Island, but is rather II device
for acquiring the Beacon Hill, hand
me-down culture OF Boston.
The charge is slanderous. The
Chautauqua is the result of an inspir-
alton. The American schoolmn am
has made up her mind to know every
thing and also to spend her vacation
at the seaside Being a woman gener-
ally under thirty and good looking,
she is altogether capable of achieving
the impossible. The Chautnuqua is
one of the ways she has of doing it.
As a result of it she will battle, tlirt Il
little in decorous and commendable
way aud learn all there is to be known
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Bicvclists have been forbidden t,
enter Hyde Park, in London.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

Under section 277 of the Penal
Code everybody connected with music
halls, roof gardens, and the like is II
lawbreaker if acrobatic performances,
ropewalking, exhibitions OF strength,
Juggling or anything of the kind is
permitted there Why do not the
police enforce this law?
If Mr.. Roosevelt will read page
2,223 of the revised Statutes lie will
learn that every time he or any other
citizen uses "big, big d" he incur-
a penalty of 81, which he must pay OF
so to Jail. If Mr. Roosevelts police
rgidly enforce this law the revenues
of New York will overflow.
These are examples merely. They
show that our statute books are full
Of dead letter laws which the police dc
not enforce or attempt to enforce.
Yet the same plea that justiiics "drN
Sunday, renders it imperative thai
every statute and every city ordinance
shnll be rigidly enforced.
Mr.. Roosevelt is just now protest
ing that he intends no discrimination
between classes, and that the rich man.
drinking-place shall be as tightly
closed MS the poor mans beer hall
Mr.. Roosevelt knows that nothing o
the kind can be- The rich man has al
ice-chest and club, and with thes'
the police cannot Interfere The poo
man cannot afford either. The en-
forcement of our intolerablc, country
mad, AMI Puritanical Sunday law
must always involve nm ahominabl,
discrimination.
Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1895-07-14

II the retired police Justices nom
estly believe themselves entitled TO
continue to work and to draw their
salaries, common sense suggests TINT
they should avail themselves of every
legal means to prove their right--au
opportunity in other words, which en-
ables their opponents to show to the
contrary, assuming That they are right.
It's Il very pretty quarrel as it stands,
and eminent lawyers are quoted on
each side Of the line.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16

su sort Of pl,stertr sud ! mar pict up
bSFe living.
He wss 90 depressed that cared DOT to
tsIE 10 BIN. sud took the fret uala aud
returned to the city Several weets pass
cd. went BOT 20 the couBtfy Ter the res
500 that to me the vhols landscape hsa
been ssddened. bad become much 81
tsched to Huleit he bad droli ssy 81
speech. q dry lsusb, and bis mischlevo0s
eve cut 90 odd eAper Bow aud iheu that
vas drawn to hlm, Bot | cared not to
zee him bow that misfortune hsd befsll
sn bin, for my friendship for him vas
T founded on = humorous sentiment uae
day met msu i'om Antioch and asked
him sbout Bill, whether OF not be had
found purchaser for bis farm. / think
be has, the man answered. understand
/ thsl fellow usu ed F.ttersse hss about
closed deal With bin, Sorry for BllIi
ays that be can get along maybe ss
+ plAsterer, but don'l see bow be csn when
tue regular plssterers are about oil ont OF
I work
I A ies dsys sitter this was Fastening
I along the street when some one grabbed
| bold Of ne. wheeled about, aud there
was Bill, pretending 10 choke me HIS
eye .ss bright, cutting its odd espe's,
8 a al q .
uew clothes. You are hustllug along
here pretty brssb, he said, releasing me,
but want TO ehos you that am not
to be ruu over even II am from t e
country.
stood there looking at hin, wondering
what could have happened. Have You
sold your farm? | asked.
His eyetvilkled. Say, be said, am
oil right nov, and my son Andrew, little
rascal. brought 1t slI about. Got into the
box the other day, looking for lodlsn ar
row beads, and what did he do but up
open Uncle Beu's letter aud brIng 1t to
me. And OF course bad to read 1t, told
that be Uucle Ben had buried 81 600
IL gold 10 sn iron box bt the left hand root
OF the white oak tree facing he outlet OF
the lake jumped up and grabbed hoe.
/ tell you. The tree had been cnt down
years ago. but the stump was there sll
tight. aud there dug ill | got the mon
a
ey, all the time thinking about mother
sud her brother, and the next day when
that shark came TO close the deal with NE
| said. No. In obliged to you. don't
believe care. to trade. thought was
broke, but the truth is gu uncle OF mine
has left me some money, And, say, the
news that fortuue has beeH left to me
has spread about, and you ought 10 see
the folks bow to me 90 the road, Oh, I'm
all night now, aud, say again, you never
saw fish bite as they do now Come
out.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16
Southern Granny Women.

The southern girl went around to spend
an evening" with the trained nurses at then
home 10 West Twenty first street. There
was dozen or more OF them at home that
night, and the southern girl had not been
there very long before they were demand
ing to he told about those "iemale doctors
down South.
How many of You are NJ. D's? Hold up
your hands, said the Southern girl.
Several hands went up,
We're any Of you ever in Asheyille,
NC2
Three or four affirmative answers we're
given.
Good Then you know where the Pied
mont section OF South Carolina is, about
eighty miles from Ashevllle. Well, these
women doctors I'm going to tell you
.bcut flourished there loCg ago, even be-
fore any wonsn 10 this State ever studied
medicine guess.
You see 1t was this way; They had TO
take up the practice OF medicine from
sheer necessity. 10 the early days OF the
century regular physicians were scarce
10 rural distrlcts,sn this was particularly
true Of upper Csrolias. The only physi
clans 10 couuty lived at the Court House,
as the couuty seat VAS called. Consequent
ly the people living in remote parts OF the
county would have to ride twenty or twep
~ fve miles Tor the doctor, When his
office was reached, be might then be on
the opposite side of the county. Tbs
scarcity Of physicians, and the long dis
tsnoe to be travelled. osused the people
to rely more on simple remedies, The
woman who was wi est in administering
these soon became the neighbOrhood doc
tor Her knowledge Of herbs aud roots
aud their various use, was OF great vslue
to the tfii cted Usually she sdded the
practice Of Idwiiery to the art OF pouItic
log and bIisterng. This, too, grew ont OF
the necessities Of the people living miles
away from tie doctor,
These granny women, as they we're call
ed, we're sturdy, self reliant set, and
u oct useful 10 their neighborhoods. Often
they would ride ten or twenty miles TO at
tend a patient, Some Of them we're kept
80 bu.y that they found q good saddle
horse q necessity, and they we're lust Sc
ready to attend the calls Of the sick, day
or night, ass genuine man doctor. ln
cases OF childbirth they would often rel
main With the patient several days, sctlng
81 nurse.
Did they use any mediciuef asked one
Of tie nurses.
Itey used store medicine very csu'
,ioo.ly, answered the souheIn girl; aud
Their collections Of drugs did no 60 be
,ond 'cslouy, 'lsudsmy, 'csmhte, 'Ioh
bop, aud tartar emeuc. You learned ie
male doctors snd trained nurses msy rec
ognirs these drugs
Ofttese 'srAnny' women two we're espec
I.lly prominent dowu 70 the civil war,
sbd they coutisued 10 practice stterwsrd
as lons as they we're sbIe to go. Ons Of
these uas Granny MeKsown aud the other
Grspuy McCuw. They we're ,s highly es
teeued ior their excellence Of character
add tkill 10 the sick room ss the regular
male graduates, snd many tamiIies prefer
n three women, with tbsir berb ts~s,
.. 7f ..t -yDg.turilc ssls, 10 b"
,.n.. ..a.trs who seemed 10 Euos
,y r, ut.. The old to-t9rs ssre alws e
Glad e. L.yethsm Ou bsnd, e'peeislly 10
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16

severe cascs II these womtu hsa eeen
toro letter they might have gone to meaI
cal college sa5 have been leaders Ia ihe
profession, OF thev might hsve done 'be
very wurk that yon al ate doing,
wonder shat The modern graduate,
male of course. would do. 'he vent on,
IN ease be was called 10 sujdculy &C. At
tend 8 pstlsnt. without bis medicine CASE
| believe be would feel like an idiot search
ing around for roe OF tspsy or ground ivy
to relieve p,in. Now, these granny wo'
men couldn't even spell botany, bat they
knew $ ID shout pIsots and sete seli Fei'
ant enough TO use their know ledge.
Cant you tell u, Of some Of the remedies
thoy used'
%, yes' A ponluce OF catnip Wa'
used fer spy sort Of swelling rising,
and tea Of the same WAS used for 'mnsrd
levers
Aud pray, what were lnnard ieyer'f some
one interrupted.
Inwafd fever was low, continued fever
that never ran very high, answered the
Southern girl. Balm tea was also used 10
cure levers and pouluces Of tansy and
comirey we're soothing and heshnR IN csset
OF spralns aud swollen joints. Obildffr
afflicted With hives we're made to drink
tea made OF ysrroW and ground lyy' Fof
pains and aches OF any kind, such az tooth
sobe, neuralgia, muscular rheumatism aDd
the ike, the eiliescious remedies we're
plultces made Of cstnip, featherlew' snd
kipg cure all. Horsersdlsh was sdminlA
tered Tor cough end lavender tea was
given to stop nausea. Rosemary tea ~af
cousldt red = sure cure for hoaIseness ana
n tea made Of thyme was given for dystn
terry. Children that were restless at night,
awakening 10 great fright, were benefited
aud toolhed by tea made Of sage and mul
lem, and elecsmpsne was thought to be
the very thing for cough.
These are few OF the remedies used by
your foreiathers. They possibly were not
very eiicscious 10 healing, but they did
no ha m. and while they soOthed ana ln'
splred hope, nature would work out her
cure In the old days nearly every South
eru garden contained beds Of all these
herbs, and the places on the little streams
where ground ivy, yellow root, and other
such remedies abound were well known
by every family.
II didn't see the maid standing there
with that plum cake and tea Id put on
my coat aud hat aud get ont on the stoop
before telling you all that the rate OF NOR
tsIty was not greater under the regime OF
the granny women than 1t Is now with
oil Of cur drug stores aud doctor Ioes|
ed at every CROSS roads.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16
pilly's Hrtsht Idea

TIE Charohmso bas given us HlFs
idea, which - snr,lr valuable tnonsh 10
hc spread sbfoad Hs mother uss sning
TO The seasbore, and Wtllf fto wss packing
her trunks be vas popping 70 ahott every
ive minutes sItb somethioR af his that
must be- pscked also
Ia like TO help you mother, he ss'd
once, preparing TO pitch ID, fishing tackle
20 90 bis mothers lace gown, cause y lou
look 40 tired
Never mlod, ElIy, ssil hit mother,
catching The tackle, shall rest atltr
wb,le Packing is hard work Tor tail
person, though, tor it makr our sloop
So
Why, said Billy, With bls hands iu his
pockets, aud hls bead on one ,Iie, Why
don you put the trunks upou something
Hullo knoS, horses. wooden horses. loa
know, mother, csrpeut.ts hotsrs. there
are rome iu the basement I'll hung
EN-.
Add directly there be was again with a
wooden horse on hls back
Mother ones coming sith Sam, ho SAIL
painting. aud We Il lttt up the trunks
Billy boy. SAID his mother, slrnshtau,
log up her ured back, | believe your plan
is good one
Sure enough, the packing went ou beau
tlfully after that, aud ut dinner Billy = mo
ther said she bud never packed so easily
snd comfortably.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16

The last islbom j. called Fhc bitter end. q
sad uhsn that is reached the hstcbft hlls,
otbsfwise BIS vbsissbip wouli dfAs the
boat undet watet
Hut The liass atc 50 long that that dafs
pot happen otteu. The vhsla ssactsllt
stops hefou Il rnus cut when be doss,
the hoe slactous, sud then comes the cut
PRIME moment Ne one knous ubcrs be
ts Eo,ug te come up. aul he Is Iasl ss apt
10 come ~ directly underneath lhc beat
as sny~here else. Tdat bsa tr,4asutly
bsppcued. sud very iee tnats OF their
cfous haveAnnlved tho happening.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16
ns Aer'"d wi'n rIata

The poet Whittier knew mau wherever
he saw him, Hnd, not~ithstautlng that he
nun bcred the most Distinguished Of his
fellow counifymeu, literary men aud Feior
mers among b friends never lost bis rel
man il, ,ns oon.,,o, wall. otl.f. which
,o ,.ooon,y.d 49, ,o I... ,,,.I and ,mno,
,.,t
Havana toud of bsngt,ug 0r5ce,y store
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16

WHY should rot "a eirl he tanpbt book,
keeping aud some Of the II ore common
business forms2 writes Eurabeth Robin
son Scoyil IN the May Ladies' Home Jour
nal. Men pity, or laugh At. the laoapaci
ty Of the yast majority Of women It IL
often only due 10 want Of proper instfucI
tons. and Why should net this be sup
piled?
Some girls uave II passion Tor lowtrs,
and plauts grow aud thrive under their
coa1ing fingers without much apparent ef
fort ou their part. Such may ind heir
vocation 10 the management of green
house. Raising flower II cda is a remuneta
tive occupation. Choice psnsy seed Is sold
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1895-05-16

ior tae recollection that attach ~ the@
come hang them 90 svsll ltle iroph! >
tAausaaJs slve them to tuslilutIous where
ctutcbrs are needed. A large dtslsr asid
lhst the snousl proiueiiou oi ern'eh"'
20 tbs country ~onld .moani 10 IN ,'hH
us1rs
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1895-04-04
ton !. over 1000 The vote las
returned) was 1900.

ton .s over 10000. The vote as
returned) was 1900.
In the counties carried by Black
the population Is 5000. The vote
las returned) was upwards Of Is .VIJ.
One Of the counties carried by Black
Is Richmond. Its highest possible
poll Is l2,ODO. But the -fetGrns
showed the phenomenal Treord o
IL 900 vote. fos that county. BlarI
was declared elected. TIN Their
was some trouble. The We tGs.
ness looked ike q fraud. a eonte .
was spoken of-Ju.t sIIgh'i5 referee
10. Mr. Black Il d not wan this con
test. He was afraid Of the nges'iga-
ton. He proposed to Mr.. Watson to
try it over again. The proposition
vas accepted. NJ. Black resigned as
..C0ngreszman" Cd the ith Of March.
Mr.. Watson has already been 70.
nominated By the PopulIsts. He ha-
written Mr.. Black 10 unite With him
in asking the Governor TO call an
early election. Mr.. Black does rot
appear 10 want il tDg early. He ha.
not yet complied with Mr.. Watson :
request: though taelt understand
ing vas that the special election
should be called within thirty day
after March 18th.