Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1894-01-09

common In the famine districts OF Russia
and India. 1t Is not known here except as
an infrequent visitor. The large round
spots that resembled shot holes were the
blood corpuscles. The germs wound out
from them like spiral springs.
Next came a drawing Of the cells of the
tissues of a patient who had died with the
leprosy. This was the only drawing in the
exhibition, the others being all photographs.
Number eight Of the series resembled a
photograph Of the moon. but 1t was really
a presentation of a group of the bacilli Of
tubercular consumption. a small figure.
straight and of uneven thickness. Next
there was the image Of the germ OF typhoid
fever. which was fully demonstrates IN
1857. II Is found in the diseased glands
and the discharges of the patient, as well
as in the spleen. sometimes. The germs OF
abscess and erysipelas followed, showing
variations of the horrible shapes Of the
bacilli. The photograph of the germ Of
diphtheria was shown and its value was
pointed out by the statement that many
times the true cases of this dreadful dis
ease are identified by means Of micro-pho-
Biography, recognition of the germ being
easy to the practiced eye. This germ is
not found in the blood. and is only danger
Gus as being very active in the sputum OF
the patient. There is nothing coming from
the body of a patient that Is contagious.
The Spirlllum of Cholera.
A great question mark flashed next on
the screen, the image Of the spirillum Of
cholera 1t was first described by Koch,
who discovered 1t in Egypt, first making
the error Of classifying 1t as bacillus. All
danger of a spread of the disease Is pre-
vented by complete disinfectiOn Of the
discharges Of patients.
A number Of small tacks or tadpoles
then flashed forth to give an accurate idea
Of how the germs and spores of the bacillus
of tetamus or lock-jaw appear. They are
H..t frrft f0lv
very frequent. Chambers was next demon
strated to be germ disease, and then
came the most interesting OF the pictures
for it represented the discovery OF Dr.
Sternberg himself, the germ OF pneumonia.
He found 1t in 1880. but did not then sus-
pect that it was the sole cause of the dis
ease. In 1885 he verified this fact and 1t Is
now recognized as the true pneumonia
bacillus throughout the scientific world. ,,
Blackleg, a cattle disease. not very COM
mon here. and hog cholera were passed
over quickly to give room for the latest
conner in the meteorological field. the bacil-
lus of Influenza or the grip. This Is the
smallest of the family, and was found In
Berlin in 1892. 1t was shown as tiny
micrococcus. densely grouped. 1t abounds
in the mucous expectoration. ,...,
How Germs Can He Killed. ,,o,. >,
Then the lights were turned up again.
and DIR. Sternberg began to tell how these
germs can be killed during the prevalence
VI oASCoSC, mus PACNShNAue eAS SPA Se~N -
the infection. He classified the germs for
this purpose into those that are found in
the blood and those that are local. OF the
former class he mentioned only two, the
lock-jaw and the anthrax. OF the latter
there are several examples only too COM
mon, influenza, diphtheria, pneumonia, con-
sumption, which are found in the
sputum. but which are without spores. and
are thus easily destroyed. In typhoid fever
a chnlaro
charges, and can thus be easily reached.
In the cases of the eruptive diseases the
germs are not fully identified, and so the
only sure method of destruction Is to burn
the clothing of the patient and the exfolia-
tons Of the body.
All bacteria are destroyed by heat Sixty
degrees Centigrade or 40 Fahrenheit suf-
fees II continued for ten minutes. VI
course longer exposure may be regarded as
safer. but this duration has been found TO
be ample. The cholera germ can be thus
entirely destroyed, and is one OF the most
easily controlled. The heat must not De
dry, but must be moist. either in the form
of steam or hot water. Boiling water Is the
BEST and very sure. At 212 degrees Fahren-
heit all spores will perish.
There Is safety in drinking milk. water or
soup that has been recently boiled, but II
allowed to stand after boiling in the vicini-
ty of the danger. there Is a probability that
the germs will alight upon the surface and
then breed with amazing rapidity. The
germs of cholera and fevers multiply Won
derfully in soups or In milk.
Flies Spread Disease.
Flies, the lecturer thought. often spread
disease. They alight on every surface. and
their feet are apt to become soiled with the
germs. and then they are pretty sure to find
their way to the kitchens. where they scat
ter the bacteria and bacilli GU every hand.
Domestic animals. especially cats, are apt
to cause disease to be carried from house to
house.
Sunlight is deadly to germs. Exposure to
the rays Of the sun for three or four hours
Is sufficient to destroy the germs of cholera.
Drying also for two or three hours Is suffi-
cient. But desiccation will not kill the
germs Of consumption, diphtheria or ty
phoid fever. which will live In a dried state
for months.
Lime wash, or common white wash. Is
very valuable as disinfectant. The milk
of lime added to the excrement Of cholera
patient serves to destroy the bacili COM
pletely. Carbolic acid in a per cent solu-
ton Is excellent as a disinfectant for ex-
cretions The products of coal tar are new
and valuable agents for the same purpose.
Little boxes of chlorate Of lime. hermetical-
ly sealed, and quickly used after opening.
are very valuable in every household as dis
infectants. Six ounces of this in a gallon
of water makes an admirable agent. For
all expectorated substances burning is the
best method.