The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1894-12-09

side or a debate in our institution Of learning"
Every question TO which an answer can be OBJ
tanned will be answered as soon as practicable.
Often il happens that the Information desired is
not obtalnable in this city and the inquiry must
be made through the mail at distant points.
The name and address of the person asking
question should accompany the letter of inquiry.
as the editor OF this column may desire TO COM
municate with the writer, or may elect to send an
answer by mail. The game and address lsnot LOT
All questions should be plainly set forth so that
there can be no misunderstanding as to the intent
OF the writer
CRYPToGRAPHY-K. L. B., Fort Jones, Sis
kiyOu County, Cal. The substitution OF figures
for letters In correspondence Is cryptography
or the art of writing in secret character. Writ
ing In cipher has been practiced from an early
date by diplomats and others engaged In i'm
pOrtant affairs requiring secrecy. There is no
rule for the substitution OF figure for letter;
that is a matter of arrangement for the CORE
spondents TO agree upon. For instance, they
may agree that the figures to 8 shall repre-
sent 10 e, and then TO shall be represented
by 80, SO, 81. SO and 80. and so on. The CON-
binatiOn Is without limit. 1t is simply an IN
genious arrangement of figures, each party
having key 10 aid in he drcipherment. The
use of a single figure, or rather the same figure
for any of the most used letters OF the alphabet
is generally he key to The deeipherment of
communications written in cipher Supposing
the figure 3 is used 10 represent the letter Q;
its frequent use, and it is used more than any
other letter in writing, will lead the cryptog-
Tapher 10 the true KEY. To head off the in
Quisitlve, writer's in cipher have during late
years used three or more figures for the letters
OF the alphabet most used. One of the most
simple methods OF cryptography Is to use i'll
stead OF each letter of the alphabet certain
olner letter at 4 regular interval In advance of
II In that series. Such was the mode OF secret
writing devised by Julius Cesar, who used the
fourth letter, d, instead of the first a, and so
on. As variety upon this plan the alphabet
is used invertedly-z for a, for b, X for C, and
so on to The end. Certain arbitrary signs
are also used IN secret writing, and Gov
ernments use secret com nations for
The purpose OF transmitting messages
which shall not be understood by any
but those for whom intended. Cipher is also
used oy merchants IN. transmitting orders by
telegraph for the purpose of saving telegraph
tolls. One word may represent a whole SEN
tence, 0ut that one word is understood only by
the sender and by the recipient. merchant
wishing TO have an agent at q distant point
make a purchase for HIM would in the ordinary
course Write purchase for my account 500
tons OF wheat" III the telegraph toll was so
cents a word that would make the dispatch
cost 81 90. but he could use ''SiskyOu," to
represent "buy for my account" katy" to
represent 300 ions" and "citv" to represent
wheat" That would make d three word dis
patch costing but 81 90. Correspondents
sometimes use figures and book in transmit
ting their ideas. The parties in interest meet
and select two books of the same edition. The
one wishing to communicate with the other
scans page after page and finds the words
wanted and makes a note OF the pa ge, number
of line and number of tn word on the line.
SupposiDg the writer should commence letter
with the words MY dear friend" he would
page 2, line .. sixth word find my" on page 4,
fnd on line 6 third word, deaf" and on the
same page, eighteenth line. find the seventh
word TO De friend" The writing would start
ont as follows:
2-5X6, 4-16X3, 4-1SI7.
The first figure gives the page, the dash sepa-
q ne ErTfFn lob rrF.r
line on which The word Is, and the cross sepa-
rates the next figure which Indicates the word
wanted. This Is tedious method. but one OF
The safest used in secret correspondence, for
the reason that there Is no occasion for d
written key that may be mislaid and after
ward picked up by some who would have no
business with IT,
WOMAN SUFFRAGE-Mrs. C. F., Manchester,
n. II. There is no certainty as to the precise
time when women first demanded the franchise
but the question of woman suffrage is not
new one in the United States 1t is recorded
that In the colonial days OF Virginia the women
were allowed TO vote, and that in those days
the same privilege was extended to women In
Massachusetts, but that they did not care TO
take advantage OF the opportunities given
them. That right was included in the Massa-
chusetts charter OF 1851. During the disturb
Ing times OF the revolution the right of women
to vote became minor consideration, and by
the women, so far as suffrage was concerned,
were not in ii. The expression, taxation
without representation is tyranny" Is traced
TO Mercy Otis Warren, sister OF James Otis, the
famous Massachusetts statesman. In 1875
Abigail Smith Adams, in letter TO John
Adams, her husband, urged the recognition OF
women in the new code OF laws Ii apnab Lee
Corbn, sister of Richard ii enry Lee pro-
claimed loudly against the ia XatiOn OF women
who were not allowed to vote. In the Stale
constitution OF New jersey, framed in 1776,
women were given the franchise. Under this
right The women OF that state voted twice for
Washington, once for Adams and twice for
Jefferson. In 1897 the New Jerseyites voted
for the constitution OF the United States, which,
according 10 a decision OF the Supreme Court,
does not at this time guarantee them the right
my enjoyed under the State constitution. III
1907 legislative act OF that State in which
w,re tie words, "al inhabIlauts worth $50.
proclamation money, clear estate in the same"
was adopted, and this was construed TO mean
the adjustment OF the right OF suffrage that
The women had previously enjoyed. legal
construction placed upon this act was that il
applied only to Tree white male CT liens who
pay taxes" but as late as 1924 widows who
produced the tax receipts OF their late nus
bands were allowed the ballot. The first
Noman's Rights convention held in the United
States was that held at Seneca Falls, \. Y,
July 10, 1S48. Its claims in behalf OF women
were based Oh the Declaration OF Independence.
Inc hrst national Woman's Rights convention
was hello at worcester, Mass, on the 23d OF
October. 1850. The first petition to Congress
asking for the franchise for women was pre-
sented by the American Equal RightsAssocia-
zion in 1856. Two wears after that the New
England Woman Suffrage Association was Or
gained, the object being 10 memorable Legis-
latuTes aud Congress in behalf of women's
rights. In 1870 the agitation had assume
such proportion that The Republican conven-
tion held 10 Massachusetts admitted Mary A.
LivermOre aud Lucy Stone as duly accredited
delegates. On December 10, 1868 the Legis-
lature of the Territory OF Wyoming grained
women the right Of suffrage and when Wyo-
ming became State the right was continued
AT this time thirty States have conferred the
right OF suffrage In some degree on women,
DANCING-J. K. A, City. There is no way TO
determine which is the most popular way of
dancing, hop or glide, for there are as many in