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Blackfoot news. (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1891-1902, 1894-09-08

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The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
The Peat Fields of England.

Englishmen of science are turning
their attention to peat, otherwise turf,
the deposits of which fuel in Great
Britain and Ireland are too numerous
and too extensive to admit of their be-
ing disregarded as potential sources OF
wealth. The Government has recently
instituted an enquiry in various peat
producing countries ofEurope as to the
the utilization of peat and moss litter.
Unfortunately, being surface de-
posit, peat found no recognized place
in the maps of the 'ssolid geology of
the country prepared by our Geologi-
cal Survey; but the omission will, it
is believed, be made good to some ex-
tent, in the drift maps now in course
of construction. That they are very
extensive may be inferred from a par-
tial account of our peat bogs which
DR.. Fream has prepared and included
in paper on this subject published in
the Royal Agricultural Society's Jour-
nal. Peat is very largely dug in the
moorlands of Somerset, near Ellington
and Shapwick, between Glastonbury
and Highbridge. Some of these beds
have been worked for fuel from the
time of the Romans, and probably
earlier. In Devonshire. the Torbay
submerged forest comprises peat beds
that have yielded Roman remains, and
that rest on clay or estuarine mud.
On Dartmoor there is peat in places
thirty feet thick. New York Witness
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

trade with 5000 loaves. The same
concern now bakes but twenty-eight
loaves. 1t was loaf baked in large
sheets and had to be torn from IT'S
partners la postage stamp. Capitol
bread is enjoying q good deal of popu-
larity just now. 1t comes in sheets of
sixteen and retails for four cents. Box
bread, which comes in square loaves is
fairly well received. Pullman bread,
which is baked in rectangular loaves
and by the yard, is having run with
the Connecticut avenue population.
Homemade bread, so-called, IS on the
decline and the biscuit loaf is advanc-
ing in favor. Rye bread is very popu-
lar brand with the bakers themselves,
but very little is made. 1t is eaten
principally by the Germans. 1t has
no hold on the Washington heart.
More rye bread is baked in Baltimore
in one day than in Washington in one
year. In northern Europe simple
crushed rye is made into bread and
and the loaves sometimes weigh twen-
ty pounds. Of these family will live
an indefinite period. 1t is said to be
nutritious. Bakers say that the gra--
ham is the king of breads. In it is found
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

and perhaps throwing occasional
pieces of dough out upon the floor.
These sweepings are sold to farmers as
food for swine. In this way six bar
rels of -four may be thoroughly ground
in twelve minutes. This, in the days
of crude methods, was one of the
slowest and most laborious processes
in baking. Stalwart men bent over,
punched and tugged at the dough, and
pe1spired there, too.
The mechanical device is in the line
of speed and cleanliness. After the
necessary treatment in the hopper the
material is lifted into wooden troughs.
In professional parlance this bread
elect Is called "sponge'' and the pro-
cess :trising." The apartment set
aside for the rising is apt to be
filled with al odor anything but per-
fumeful to the uninitiated scent. It
is allowed to remain in this condition
for two and one-half hours. Next it
is fred down through chutes to the
floor below and falls on polished hard
wood tables. The kneading process is
then gone through. This is best done
by hand and in this department of the
work the ways of our torefathers pre-
vail.
Next it is weighed out in patches of
thirteen and three-quarter pounds
and tossed into machine which cuts
it into twelve parts, all exactly equal.
Each chunk represents q loaf, and as
each of these should by law weigh one
pound, the overweight is to allow for
shrinkage. The machine which does
this work is German invention, but
it is stated that the patent was bought
by a Chicagoan, and the first instrument
of the kind was put into practical
operation in this city. 1t apportions
the dough after the manner of bullet
mold. IT is unvarying in its accuracy,
and renders it impossible for the jour
neymen to alter the weight of the loaf
either from negligence OF violence.
With the present machine the Jour-
neymsn has no authority in the pre-
misses. He simply pulls the lever and
the engine does the rest. The shaping
process is next in order. Thence it is
passed along to the oveners. First it
is treated with steam to tighten it and
glaze the crust. After its Turkish
bath it is placed in the finishing oven
by means of pole handled wooden
shovels, allowed to remain thirty min
utes, and then removed by the same
means. Each paddle will bear six
loaves.
There are in Washington twenty
four modern high-classed ovens.
Those hot-ai- chambers have an aver
age area o. 100 square feet, and &C
commodate, as q rule 200 leaves at
each sitting. They are absolutely free
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
SpOOls and Shoe Pegs.

''Oxford County, Maine, turns out
nearly all Of the spools on which the
thread of this country is wound"
said wholesale notion thread dealer.
"The spools are made from white
birch timber, and they are produced
by the million in Oxford County.
There are many other points in West
ern Maine, also, where the industry is
important. There are many sawmills
in that part of the State which are
kept busy the. year round saving
white birch logs into strips four feet
long and from one to two inches wide
and of the same thickness. These
strips are sent to the spool factories,
where they are quickly worked into
spools by most ingenious labor saving
machinery. The strips of white birch
are fed into one machine, and they
are not touched, in fact are hardly
seen again, until the spools, all fin.
ished for market except polishing,
drop out by the bushel from where
the strips started in. The spools get
their gloss by being rapidly revolved
in barrels by machinery, the polish
resulting from the contact OF the
spools in the barrel.
"In the backwoods villages of Ok
ford County one sees scarcely any
other industry but spool making, and
everyone is in some way interested in
the business. The factories have been
eating into the Maine birch forests for
years, but there seems to he enough
left yet to feed them well for years to
come. Hundreds of thousands of feet
of logs are cut and sawed into spool
timber annually.
"Shoe peg factories are also an i'm
portant branch of business once pc
culiar to Maine, although it has of
late been followed to some extent in
other Eastern States, and is spreading
to the hardwood forests of Northern
Pennsylvania. Maple is used largely
in the manufacture of shoe pegs, al
though white birch is used at some
factories. Shoe pegs are sold by the
bushel, and are worth all the way from
three shillings to 81 bushel, accord
ing to quality. More than $3.50, 600
was received by Maine shoe peg facto-
ries last year for goods.
"a curious and profitable business
has grown up in the Maine woods
about the sawmills, in the utilizing of
the immense quantities of sawdust by
compression. Thousands of tons of
sawdust are pressed into compact
blocks and bales, and in this form is
finding a ready market for kindling
and fuel in the Eastern cities. De
troit Free Press.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

Bakers of ye olden times worked
sixteen and eighteen hours per day
and received about SIS per month and
board. Bakers to-day work ten hours
per diem and earn from $l2 to SIS per
week. And yet it costs less to pro-
duce loaf of bread now than then.
The reason lies in machinery and cen
tralization of force.
Washingtonians eat 100000 losves
OF bread daily. A 196-pound barrel
of standard -four will make on an
average eco loaves. Calculate this
for yourself and see how many acres
of wheat land, bread in the original
package, it takes to make the wheels
of local life go round.
Two of the banner bakeries of the
city each have sworn to circulation
of 15, 900 loaves per day, and on Sat-
urdsy they issue $4,000. One of the
bonanza bakers some time ago brought
through in fifty-eight hours from La
Crosse, Wis, a special train Of forty
cars in two sections, each car contain
ing $4,000 pounds of tissus-making
food. The principal local bakers carry
a stock Of about 5000 barrels of -four,
and 1or cne year the books of one
baker record the consumption O. 49,
900 barrels of -four.
All the first-class bakeries use only
northern-grown wheat, because it is
harder, grinds finer and yields better
bread. Southern grain, they say, won't
do. Nearby lard is said to be the best,
and is the most generally used. One
baker used last year 80, pounds of
the lubricant. The days of malt and
potato yeast are only memories, and
compressed yeast is the feature Of to-
day. Fourteen thousand five hun
dred pounds is the amount used last
year in single bakery.
The superiority of bakers bread lies
in the fact that the proper percentage
of ofingredients-salt, sugar, milk, yeast,
-four, lard and water-has been deter
mined by years of experiments and
experience. The ratio of ingredients
having been settled on is not allowed
to vary.
To the dear little wife who gets her
arms and manicured fingers all gummed
up with dough this mixture process is
largely matter of guess work. To.
day she hits it and blushing honors
fall thick upon her. Tomorrow she
misses it and the rolls have to be swal-
lowed gently to save a fracture Of the
ribs. Then the baker, -four is selected
by an expert, and unlike the parlor
angel he is not to be roped in by horid
advertising, tinsel labels, specious
guarantees nor poetic names.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

steel comb whirl round and it's teeth
plow mp and rake down the bed OF
wheaton dust.
From the mixer it passes through
steel sieves. These are cylindrical N
form and perform their task by revo-
luton. This was once tedious hand
process.
From the sitting cylinders the
powder passes into receivers and then
rolls through shute into the dough
hoppers located on the floor below.
In the hopper is metal revolving
machine, much like q ships screw. As
the -four showers down from the upper
floor salt is sprinkled in and pure cold
water, pumped by steam power from a
sealed and concreted well directly be-
meath the bakery, pours in. The mass
is churned and torn, the blades tear
ing through it at high rate of speed
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
WORDS OF WISDOM.

Eat to please thyself, but dress to
please others. Franklin.
Delicacy is to the mind what fra.
GRANGE is to the fruit. -Poincelot.
Prejudice is never easy unless it caD
pass itself off for reason. .-Hazlitt.
Slander is the revenge of a coward,
and discrimination his defense. j ohm
son.
A man must stand erect, not be
kept erect by others. Marcus Azure.
Illus.
War is game, which, were their
subjects wise, kings would not play at.
-Cowper.
Don't put too fine point to you1
wit for fear it should get blunted.-
Cervsntes.
To be o mans own fool is bad
enough; but the vain man is every
body's. Penn.
Our greatest glory is not in never
falling, but in rising every time We
fall.-Confucius.
Strength is incomprensible by weak.
ness, and, therefore, the more terri
BILE. le.-Hawthorne.
The tones of human voices are
mightier than strings of brass to move
the soul.-Klopstock.
Every duty which is hidden to wait
returns with seven fresh duties at its
back.-C. Kingsley.
To mourn mischief that is past and
gone is the next way to draw new mis-
chief n.-Shakspeare.
High stations tumult, not bliss Gre
ate. None think the great unhappy
but the great.-Young.
Memory sometimes acts like an old
flint gun; it hangs fire, yet ends by
going off.-Charles Reade.
It is not from nature, but from edu-
cation and habits that our wants are
chiefly rived.-Fielding.i
Self-conceit magnifesa fault beyond
proportion and swells every omission
into an outrage. Collier.
Before you can be said to know
man you must have eaten forty pounds
of salt in his company. Eastern
Proyerb.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
Bargaining in Algiers.

'That makes me think of the time
I bargained for mule in Algiers,
said F. L. Mantell, of Cleveland. 81
found fellow who had one. I went
to him with an interpreter. The dia-
logue that ensued was about as fol-
lows:
'The interpreter, with a Yell
will give you SO for that mule.
"The Arab-Ten dollars! Muir
derer theft brigand!
''The interpreter-1 will make it
$11. Do you hear, you miserable
scoundrel, will make it $11. Eleven
dollars I offer you for your old mule,
which will die in about a'week. You
are robber and thief to take that
much, but am generous man and l
serve great and generous man and in
my great generosity I offer you that,
you scum of Africa.
'sThen they both yelled and shook
their fists at each other and thought
that they were going for each other
hammer and tongs. The row they
made was terrible, but no one seemed
to notice it. Finally a bargain was
struck and then they fell upon each
others necks and embraced. That
was the way got my mule. DE
troit Free Press.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
The Poor Cannot Eat Meat.

A high tax on butcher shops has
Just been imposed in the State OF
Sinaloa, Mexico. 1t is so exorbitant
that the butchers have been COM
PEELED to advance the price OF their
meats corrsspondingly, and now it is
said that the prices are so high that
the poor are utterly unable to afford
the expensive luxury, and the use OF
meat is practically restricted to the
rich. Meat is selling in Sinalon ut
from fifty TO seventy-fve cents
pound. For thinly populated coun'
try, which raises o good deal more
beef and mutton than it consumes,
this is most extraordinary state OF
affairs. New Orleans Picayune.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

of dust and obnoxious gases and are
brilliantly lighted, so that every loaf
Is under the surveillance of an opera
tor. Before science and bakery got
tangled up and interlaced the opera
tor, when he deemed it advisable to
look at his bread, would turn on the
rays of an oil lamp or ignite bunch
of kindling wood so that the flames
would light the interior of the oven.
That is why in times that are history
now bakers bread would sometimes
taste of pine and resin. In one local bake
shop seven ovens are kept in almost
constant running order, at a cost of
one thousand tons of superior coal an
nually.
There are about three hundred
bakers in Washington, and a proper
tionate number of apprentices. To be
graduated as baker three years
course is required. Eighty per cent.
of the bread builders of Washington
are Germans, either by birth, breed
ing or inheritance. A small percent
age are American, native and to the
manor born. The land of the lily
and merry England are also repre-
sented by small contingents. As a
rule bakers are fat and jolly, but in
nine cases out of ten are only moder-
ate caters. Bakers are cleanly. Mod
ern bakeries are provided with all
means to facilitate next-to-godl1ness.
There is a dressing room where he
must dof his street attire and don his
sandals, cap and gown. He is robed
in fire linen. He must wash before
going On duty and must always wash
after having been excused from work.
Bakers know how good song counts
as muscle on q dough batch, and sing
as they labor.
There are fashions in bread just as
in bellies and bonnets. Vienna has the
call at present and experts say that it
will continue to be the ruling bread
because of its excellence. 1t contains
large percentage of milk. The book
keeper in one of the mightiest baker
les in town told a reporter for the
Star that during the year his food
factor had soaked up 25,25O gallons of
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
The Kind of Man Women Like:

Probably the best thing that was
ever written on the interesting ques.
ton of what women like in men is
summed up in the idea that women
like man who can be strong as lion
when trouble comes and yet if one is
nervous and tired can button up q
shoe with an amount of consideration
that is mental and physical bracer.
up. They like man who likes them,
who doesn't scorn their opinions, who
believes in their good taste, who has
confidence in them and wit enough to
realize that when one of the fairer sex
is slightly stubborn persuasion is more
powerful than all the arguments in the
rld.-Detroit Free Press.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

When a consignment OF -four reaches
the bread mill it is weighed in the bal
ance and inspected. If not found
wanting it is hoisted to the top story
in the steam elevator. Here as wanted
it is dumped into the mixer. This
machine bears the same relation to
bread that the hopper boy did when
you and we're young.
It is circular bin about eight feet
in diameter and the mixing is accom-
plished by harrow-like weapon that
swings around the circle. When occa-
sion suggests divers brands of flour are
blended, as tea and tobacco men would
say, to produce desired result. AS a
rule, though, only straight flour is
used. It's pleasing to watch the great
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
KNOWLEDGE

Brings comfort and improvement and
tends to personal enjoyment when
rightly used. The many, who live bet
ter than others and enjoy life more, with
less expenditure, by more promptly
adapting the worlds best products to.
the needs of physical being, will attest
the value to health of the pure liquid
laxative principles embraced in the
remedy, Syrup of Figs.
Its excellence is due to its presenting
in the form most acceptable and pleas
ant to the taste, the refreshing and truly
beneficial properties of perfect Lax
ative; efectually cleansing the system,
dispelling colds, headaches and fevers!i
and permanently curing constipation.
1t has given satisfaction to millions and:
met with the approval of the medical
profession, because it acts on the Kid"
neys, Liver and Bowels without weak
ening them and it is perfectly free from
every Objectionable substance.
Syrup of Figs is for sale by all drug.
gists in soc and 81 bottles, but it is man.
ufactured by the California Fig Syrup
Co. only, whose name is printed on every
package, also the name, Syrup OF Figs,
and being well informed, you Will not
accept any substitute if offered.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

There is probably no city OF tovs
in Wisconsin where so many mar
riages take place as at Kenosha. It ID
the Gretna Green for Illinois, and
also many towns in Michigan. Hud-
son is also noted as centre for mat
rimonially-inclined couples from Min
nesota, and Hazel Green has 8 like
reputation for Iowa and Northwestern
Illinois young people who do not wish
to be put to the trouble or publicity OF
taking out marriage license. Ken
oshs, however, is far ahead of its rivals
in that respect. The town is about
midway between Milwaukee and Chi
csgo, and consequently has the Worlds
Fair city to draw from for the greater
proportion of the business in the mat
rimonial line. Milwaukee Wisconsin
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

"to eat" Latter day theologicans
agree that the passage Of Genesis
which reads SIN the sweat of thy face
shalt thou eat thy bread" refers not
solely to rolls and mullins, but en-
braces the entire dietary system from
little neck clans to cafe noir and
cheese.
The subject of bread is not popular
ly understood. It is an entertaining
process to watch the South American
aborigines steal the poison from the
cassaver pulp and roast the latter into
bread; to see the maiden of the
tropics as she hammers psrched maize
between two rocks and frys it into
fritters, and to spy on the Astrakhan-
haired housewife of darkest Africa as
she bakes the roots of manihat and
ianipha into daily bread.
Bread winning is most important
thing, and bread making is not the
least. Homemade bread is a back
number. Machine-msde bread takes
the cake. The twentieth century
bakery is thing of beauty and the
up-to-date baker is a joy forever.
Baking on scientific principles and a
mammoth scale is a high art. The
Washington baker will tell you that
his business is progressive one. 1t
is an evolution. A man must lay out
his capital, take time by the forelock
and mark time to the music Of prog
ress if he means to keep up with the
processi IN.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

States in charge Of the courtssies to
the Duke of Veragua while he was
guest of the Nation, I wanted to bring
back to you some token from that
beautiful country, and the Mayor OF
Cork kindly gave me, not tiger, but
gentle cat, with heart whose
warmth is only exceeded by those OF
her countrymen.
Accompanying the cat was song
written by Mrs. Franklin Weld, OF
Boston, the chorus of which is:
The home land,
The heart land.
Though their homes are there
Their hearts we share.
Hurrah for the old countrie!
New York. ahoy!
Here's to Mayor Gilroy,
To Roche and the Irish cat.
The cat came in q box. She was
pronounced by those who saw her in
Mayor Gilroy's Office a fine looking
animal. She is dark gray with darker
stripes. The Mayor has sent her to
his house, where she will be O terror
to venturesome mice.-New York
Herald.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14

Among the landed properties
brought to the hammer within the past
few days was Elmswood, in Hertford-
shire. In small house, now demol-
ished, OF this estate, lived for many
years James Lucas, ''the Hertford-
shire Hermit, whom Charles Dickens
made the subject of one of his Christ
mas stories, "Tom Tiddler's Ground. "
He was well educated man who
inherited the estate of his father,
prosperous West India merchant.
His eccentricities are summarized in
the Dictionary of National Biog-
raphy," which says he refused to ad-
ministers his parents wills, deferred
for three months when the sepulture
was enforced) the interment of his
mother and barricaded his house of
Elmswood, in the kitchen of which he
took up his abode. He excluded
furniture, ablured washing, slept on
bed of cinders and clothed himself in
a loose blanket. His skin grew
grained with dirt, and his dark hair
long and matted.
His dietary, besides bread and pen
ny buns, consisted of cheese, red her
rings and gin, and he protected his
food from rats by hanging it in q bas-
ket from the roof. Lucas enjoyed the
society of tramps, always putting to
them q series of questions, and re-
warding satisfactory answers with cop
pers and glass of gin. He thus at
tracted all the vagabonds in the king
dom, and had to protect himself by re-
tanning two armed watchmen, who
lived in a hut opposite the formidable
iron grille at which he received visi-
tors. These included Lord Lytton,
Sir Arthur Helps, John Forster and
Charles Dickens. This eccentric per-
son died of apople1y in 1874, and was
buried in Hackney churchyard. Lon
don News.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1894-03-14
The Cows DISPOSITION.

A section foreman at Fond du Lac,
Wis, has gained notoriety. Section
foremen have instructions to dispose
of all stock killed along the line by
cars. Recently COW was killed, and
the superintendent wired the foreman:
"Cow killed at -. What disposi-
tion?" The foreman scratched his
head and wrote the answer: "Cow
killed had kind disposition. Min
nespolis Journal.