davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

And no foolishness. Beggs' Cherry
Cough Syrup will cure where all others fail
Sold and warranted by A. III. Roberts.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06
Heavens! How your Bangs Look!

INDIGESTION and anarchy in leaders lead tt
weakness and anarchy in results.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

The only encouragement for literature is to
give the poet position in the state.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

When man is determined to hold a place
(under government he has already sold him
self to it.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

Independence, like honor, is rocky island
without o beach,
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

Men of letters are useful men, who should
ever be distinguished, as they do honor to their
country.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06
A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA.

is now running Tourist Car, leaving
Albert Lea every Monday Afternoon
on the Minneapolis 81 st. Louis Rv,and
via Albert Lea, Liyermore, TT. Dodge
Angus, Des Moines, Omaha, Lincoln
Phillipsburgh and Pueblo, runs over
the Scenic and Ogden Routes to San
Francisco and Los Angeles.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

Headache and Indigestion.
Can be cured. If you don't believe
it try Beggs' Little Giant Pills. Sold and war.
ranted by A. ii. Roberts.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06
RENrENTBER

This is a Phillips Rock Island Tourist
Car, andis accompanied by Tourist
Conductor through to the coast, and
runs on the fastest trains, and second
class ticket takes you in this car. .
The rate for birth reservation is low
being only 81 through to the Pacific
points and pToportionately less for
points en- ronte, and there is no better
wac to take in the great Mid Winter
Fair. To those who cannot go on
Tuesdays the Great Rock Island Route
runs another Tourist car leaving Mimi
eapolis every Thursday morning, via
Albert Lea, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids
and Columbus Junction to Kansas
City, and on to Pueblo over the Scenic
Route and Southern Pacific runs to
San Francisco and Los Angeles.
For full particulars, address,
JOHN SEBASTIAN,
G. T. A., G. r. 1. 81 p. RY.,
Chicago.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

The great popularity of Ayers Pills
is due to their freedom from all inju-
rions ingredients.
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

Particular Attention Paid Dorn Diseases Women Urinary and Sexual
Organs Diseases tho H8ra Ssm Lung Throat Diseases Surgical Operations
Of Every Nli Piles and all Rectal Diseases, Cancers IanM
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06
ST medical. AND SURGICAL INSTITUTE IN The WEST
EoE THE TREAg$CF7.T OF ALI


apooialists 9ana. Astants
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06


L
Audubon Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Iowa) 1894-1925, 1894-09-06

C-SGSa Ia .-.----,. ....,
Consultation ara -
the hotel. The dOytCE' O..
b wonderful gift for al. c..
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
WILLIAM Drummer.
Manufacturer of all kinds Of embroidery.
IA and li6 South Fifth-aye.,
N.r


Bpheads we're also found showing that Mr. Brun-
nor had branch stores at Nos. l66 ard l6s Spring
:, AZ Ona-hundred- nd seventh-st and Rail-
road-aye and at No. 81 Grand-st There was also
a hre insurance policy. dated January H. 1891 TOT
5000 in the American Fire Insurance Company,
on machines at Nos. l66 and l6s Spring-st Three
order books were found, filed with orders from
various firms in the city These orders had been
checked of Indicating that they had been filled.
A gold ring was upon the little finger OF his left
hand On 1t the inscription. IL. X. Decem-
Der g. 1871" Two leather pocketbooks, In one or
which were 81 bill two Decent pieces and a nickel;
a bunch OF keys and a brass matchbox We're also
found Papers were discovered showing that Mr..
Drummer lived at No. S3i Tinton-ave. with his wife.
and tina, he had no children He was married. &C.
cording to card found In one or the pocke's On
December g. 1871.
Nothing was found which would In the slightest
way indicate that Mr.. Drummer contemplated suicide.
Mr. Drummer fifty years old. Of light COM
plexion, gray hair beard and mustache. His cloth
ing was of fine material and his general appearance
gave evidence of his being a prosperous business
AT the point on the bridge from which Mr.. Brun.
ner Jumped. or throwr. the distance 10 tne
ground is $50 feet I'm the snow at TINS point on me
bridge there were many footprints and evidences
that there had been struggle. A reporter picker
up empty soda water bottle when had recently
Tinton-ave is fully two miles from the bridge
and il would have been impossible for Mr Drummer
to reach his home by crossing the bridSe : s,..,on
late last night TO the Harlem Morgue
Mrs. Drummer was seen at her home iate i ss
husband being at Washington Bridge at that time
OF night He left home at about 10 o'clock jester
DAY morning. saying he would return for dinner:
THAT is the last she Of him She was not
alarmed at his not returning and thought timing
of his absence until she was lola Oh MS dea'h "
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
RICHARD CROKER GOING AWAY
TO SPEND TWO MONTHS IN THE SOUTH
AND WEST.

HE WILL START TO-DAY-wHAT HE SAYS ABOUT
Ex-Chamberlain Richard Croker. has lately
been frequently ntmated in The Tribune. Is about
to take himself away from this inclement latitude
for a while. Mr.. Cookers health requires change
Of scene. He will be absent from the city for two
months. probably. He will start to-day for Nash
vile and the Belle Meade Stock Farm. in which he
Is a Joint owner with General William II. Jackson.
From Tennessee Mr.. Croker will go to New-Orleans.
where he will remain until the Mardi Gras festivities
Then he will go to FL Paso and to Cali
forna, and he may visit the Yellowstone Park Mr..
Croker will not return to the city much before
April /.
In speaking OF the investigation TO be made re-
garding the Police Department. Mr.. Croker said yes
terlay:
Offences against the law and morality on the
part OF an individual member Of family re-
lgious denomination or a political organiza ton.
should not. in my opinion, be- charged against the
family. denomination or organization TO which the
ing by persons In the Police Department Know
nothing whatever. There time when some
quor-dealers limited that such things were going
on, but they unwilling or unable to produce
the proof III there has been blackinall ana Tam
many Hall was responsible for IT. tnnk tnat
should have known something about H. gooo
share Of the lquordealers of the city are members
of the organization. and they are not the KIND OF
to suffer in silence -,
thorough and that the committees probing VIII
result in the eXonerdton ot the department ana
the individual members Of 1t. IL II shows any per-
to be guilty of the offences charged ana tnose
persons are members OF Tammany Hail. snail
be the first to suggest the necessity OF their resg-
nation from the organizaton ana am sure ina, ane
not how high In the organization the guilty person
may be- he Is certain to go
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
SCHLOSS CREDITORS MEET
sTEAILNGS BY JOSEPH II. LOUIS WILL
AMOUNT TO 100000.

PLAN OF SETTLEMENT AGREED UPON
NO SUSPICION OF COLLISION BY THE
FIRM WITH THE BooKKEEPER.
The creditors Of ~ ]. Schoss G. Co. held
meeting at the Metropolitan Hotel yesterday
afternoon. and agreed upon plan OF settlement
of the firms affairs. The partners OF the nrn
were exonerated from the suspicion OF collusion
with their manager and confidential man,
Joseph II. Louis. in making false statements OF
the condition of the house.
The firm made an assignment early in Deem
Der. Louis tried to commit suicide on the same
day The firm was supposed to have s'ooooo
clear Of debt. but It was found that false entries
had been made In the books, and the state
ments Of assets from year to year exaggerated
Louis was arrest d on a charge Of faisihcation
lie had been IN the close confidence or the
members Of the firm for many years, and
the evidence Of his rascality tended to throw
suspicion on the Messrs Schloss.
SHIFTS were begun TO set aside the assignment
and IN recover moneys from the firm The
creditors held meeting and appointed COM
,nittee tn make an investigation. This COM
mlttee secured the services OF n public ac-
countant who went t. work on the books HIS
report 10 the committee was included in the re-
mort 10 the creditors. He found evidence or
false entries extending over eleven years He
established the fact tina: Louis had stolen w.
600 within the last six years, and found evidence
tending to show that his entire stealings would
amount to over 5000 900. The examination OF the
books has Dot yet been finished, but enongh was
learned to make a report TO the creditors.
The liabilities of y. J. Schloss & Co. were esti-
mated at sl.l26,2O4 q. The nominal assets were
about 900. the actual assets about S4Z'.-
GOO There were preferred creditors to the ex-
tent Of about $500 900 A proposition was agreed
10 by those present that the preferred creditors
should receive BIZ per cent Of their claims and
the general creditors 27i2 per cent. Under this
arrangement there would remain to the firm
enough capital To carry on their business on
reduced scale. All the creditors will have to
agree to the scheme before 1t goes into
operation.
Louis Is under arrest. charged with falsiffca-
ton Of the books and with grand larceny. 1t
is expected that his will be presented to
the Grand jury In few days.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
M,KANE GAVE THE ORDERS,
ro1oNEL BACON TELLS THE STORY OF
THE ASSAULT AT GRAVESEND.

STRONG TESTIMONY FROM THE REV. ROBERT j..
xrNr-oTHER WITNESSES EXAMINED--NEAR-
ING THE END OF THE PROSECUTION
The proceedings in the trial Of John y. Nc
Kane in Brooklyn. yesterday. were not marked
nv any special features of public interest be-
vond those detailed in the reports that have
been made public since the day of election.
There were some calls early in the morning for
witnesses who did not respond, but finally Frank
p Mitchell. one Of the watchers delegated by
Mr. Gaynor to look after affairs at Gravesend
Town Hall on Election Day. took the witness
stand His testimony substantiated very largely
that given by Mr.. Grout, he having been one Of
tho marty who went to Gravesend In the group
tina. started from Mr. Gaynor's house on Tues
dav morning November Z The fact that the
witness told his story in such quiet way was a
source Of amusement to the spectators whenever
ne arrived at point which gave cause for merri-
ment One Of the visitors was Dr. Marshall.
and the witness. In describing the events at
Crayesend that morning. said that police
man pulled" Dr. Marshalls whiskers. and
"nulIed them hard" He made the statement in
such a sober way that the conjunction of the
narrative with the fact to the imaginative
teuperament seemed ludcrous, and there was
loud laughter
Judge Bartlett enjoys good laugh as much as
ANYBODY. and he can incite laughter readily
as anybody: but the courtroom. in his Judgment
"a no place for jollity; and when Mr. Mitchell
made his serious statement and the laughter re-
suited. Judge Bartletts hammer came down
upon his desk with much force although it was
apparent to those nearer to him that a broad
grin lurked on his classical features. The Judge
whatever might have been the emotions within
him. soemnly reminded all beyond the limits Of
the bar that this was serious trial las 1t no
doubt IS on the part of the defendano. and that
those who ina gined they anything funny in
the proceedings had better retire
OFFICERS USED STRONG LANGUAGE
Mr.. Mitchell told of the experiences of the men
who had gone to Gravesend in the interest OF
AR Gaynor. The language Of the officers with
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
THREE SCHOOLGIRLS KILLED BY 4 TRAIN
SAD ENDING OF A SLEIGH RIDE-TwENTY- EIGHT
LIVES IN PERIL.

SAD ENDING OF A SLEIGH RIDE-TWENTY-EIGHr
LIVES IN PERIL.
Fall River Mass, Jan. 3l.-A tragedy occurred
at 445 o'clock this afternoon. on the Brownell-
st grade crossing OF the NewYork. New-Haven
and Hartford Railroad a sleighing party.
made I'D OF twenty-eight members of the Soph.
omore class Of the Il. NJ. c. Durfee High School.
was returning from ride. and was within half
q mile OF home When the horses reached the
track Conductor Russels Boston train came In
sight around bend, rushing along at .
speed OF twenty-five miles An hour. and was
within a quarter OF a mile of the Fall River
station.
Timothy Connolly the crossing tender. saw the
train simultaneously with the driver The latter
jerked the reins and succeeded In getting within
two feet Of being out of danger. The sleigh
was an old-fa shioned affair. the seats running
lengthwise. the rear end having lumber-cart
tailboard. Everett B. Durfee. teacher i'm the
school. and in charge OF the party, was sitting
on a camp-stoO at the end. and on either side
OF him We're Brooks Borden, sixteen years old.
son of Colonel Spencer Borden. and Ray Thorn
ton seventeen years old son OF Charles u.
Thornton. while Orson Swift. the seventeen-year.
old son Of NJ. NJ. b. Swift. was sitting In the
lap OF Henry Hawkins.
When the party the rushing train the
members became terror-stricken. Bordeh anu
Thornton jumped over the tailboard only TO De
struck BY the locomotive. Swift was preparing
TO Jump when he. too. was struck. Borden was
hurled forty feet. and killed instantly Ray
Thornton was dragged along In the wheels Tor
100 yards his head and right hand being severed
from his body. Swift was hurled twenty feet ana
was breathing but unconscious when picked up.
He was taken home In an ambulance out o1eo
shortly after he arrived there.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
A er,TRACK FOR DIRECTORS.
THE COURT DECIDES ~ FAVOR OF THE NORTH
ERN PACIFIC RECEIVERS ~ THE IVES SUIT

TUE corpT DECIDES IN FAVOR OF THE NORTH
FIRM PACIFIC RECEIVERS ~ THE IVES SUIT.
Milwaukee. Jan 3l.-Judge Jenkins. OK the United
States Circuit Court. to-day decided adversely to
the application OF the Board OF Directors OF the
Northern Pacific for an order to compel the re-
cevers 10 deliver the stock books and other records
Of the COMPANY and make an allowance FOR
counsel fees and other expenses for prosecuting the
suit for the removal Of the receivers. The Court
iusiiles the action Of the receivers IN every re-
spect and denies the entire petltion Ihe )uuse say
that be Is fully convinced maj tir frceINrr7 nav
failed I'm any respect IN u"i "i,S 10 III, t,
or 10 The public. The Court states mat the SUIT
IS mainly foreclosure Of the mortg1se, anu nm ,
road experience shows that rrCiganZiupn WI
probably be the result Of the suit; H. therefore, BE-
comes The duty OF the Court 10 preserve All The
property and the books OF the company Tor IN, m
Court ought not in the absence Of pressing neccs-
slty. place the seal stock DOCKS anu op,,n , ,n
rccords Of the meetings Of the Board of Directors
and the committees and IN" bona T'SlSrdtIo" "'h'
are necessary to the proper nahdsrm,ht Oh W.
trust by the receivers but the STOCK tIus,er
books and stock ledgers ana sea nf sh"M
not he allowed 10 pass beyond the control 81 the
Court. particularly in view 81 the ognnts TO- con-
dri The transfer OF stock and the facilities there
ioT rea,ie ~ the paymcn. by the receivers OF
compensation for the services OF q s,cpcd bS ,or th
urcr auditor and clerks as may ~ "''''' '"' wv
"rbr nrouostion is novel and startling; ne nam
t.nanc. Of The corporate existence IL FOR the 'ne
an 49,, ~ stclboIIrrs and the Court should not
Iircn, - diversion of the income OF the roai prop
ri 'o,,,iic,tic ,o the payment Of the interest
and principal Of the mortgages to the ~ ,h Zee
- ~. nrp,nizaiIon which exists wholly III me III,
rrests az lis stockholdcrs. The court coui as W.
be- asked to nay salaries Of the .aJ EVEN n,
p,,rI nf Directors AZ Of the officers naii'i.
IL The right existed IN the Court 10 pay .ht @
rlcs the Court perccives no necessity ro' ~
az ~ Mr. Fniefts services alone are necessary
ana ne sill remains In the employment oi W" re-
cevcrs and as assistant treasurer ~ 1T, uiJ unr
~ nJ Tho receivers have indicated thelr WILING,
mes that nc should continue In scn rapny ~
n.,,,,a Inc necessary time to me IerIormaner vi
an antics connected with the transfers anu ''s''-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
PLATT AND PERRY APPOINTED
>,urn nv u-DGE TOWNSEND AS NEW-foRi
AID NEw.ENGrANp RECEIVERS FOR
CONNECTICUT

New-Haven Jan. Sl-Judge Townsend OF me
,.,., c.a,.s court rendered his decision this ar
,ernoon with regard to the permanent receiVrfShip
Of the Ncw-York and New-Ensi'nd ',Ai'roap We. i1'
~ -, -. work and colt. OF Boston. ana APP
POINTED Messr Plat and Perry rrce iSrns ol sre
ioau Ih' a. ~. orders given by the judges NEIL
ioneG the OF %ncH eTccp on 9 an
tl1 80, Tho court after hearing. nor pay Inc
rental Of the Of the yHr'I nr @ho was ap
lcmIpLh; connecticut. was discharged from Inc
recnyershp AMI his compensation fXed G q, S ona n
XXI siaie which is the amount liked In the o'hef
States.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
RAILROAD INTERESTS.
UNION PACIFICs REORGANIZATION.
no PROSPECT OF AN EARLY PLAN-sENAToh
BRICE Of THE CONDITIONS AND
TIE SACRIFICES NECESSARY.


The Union Paclr. reorganization subcommittee
met Yesterday 20 discuss the situation. but t""H no
action with regard - making public any of me
schemes under discussion. The question 81 the
Government lien "a considered as ~ the hrst I'm
portance and until basis OF settlement can be
prepared which has promise OF being hc''p'ip'.
10 Congress- - Will Do difficult To- iorihu,A,' I.s
plan for tho adjustment ~ the cOnn4cfnH interests
i'm the property II also agr-"d - tn" fn"ii''r~
~ the committee. that until N" Interstate ON
ruerce law is Amended -" company j. NOT Hh"y
to Doe able to save its fixed charges uhi'r '''
present basis. -, 1870,
senator Calvin 6 Rrlce. chairman - the general
Committee on Reorganization AM hlsn hirh"'r
OF The sub committee said yesi"riiN tnat no pll
was Ike, 10 BE- made ny ~ present lh"te "'fe
too many POINTS Of differences for them 10 u" al
nlsfal nj once. Senator Brice said: 'pne question
l. whether a readiusin"nt shall be made on me
basis OF the present earning capacity or ~" HS--
fem To do would involve great sacrlicr ~
securities which the holders are reluctant 20 con
code | can say that IN any event Their" must be-
heavy assessment on the stock. There must
ukeyis- D.. A general reduction In interest on the
bonds In the case OF some Of IN" divisional BOMBS
u-here they are excessive for the property repre-
snnted they must be cut down In amount"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
Wedding
Silver.

Dinner Ware. Round and oval
vegetable dishes: also double dishes,
with lock handles: in various sizes
and shapes. Fish, meat and entree
dishes, with and without covers.
Pie, pudding and baking dishes with
porcelain Innings. Casseroles in in
dividual sizes. Celery dishes and
vases. Egg boilers. Asparagus
dishes. Cheese plates. Rarebit
dishes. Turcens. Gravy and sauce
boats are few suggestions Of prac
teal articles not apt to be duplicated
among wedding presents.
art ROOMS-Third FIOor.)
Gorham Mfg Co.,
SilyersmIs,
mountaineering Entrance 10Th ST.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01

G. Louis. Jan si-Before Judge Caldwell OF the
1871 c,,,es Court. at noon to-day Henry J..
pnrers Of Denver representing the Central Trust
company Of New-York and other oondho.a1rs o..
rS,or,do Midland Railroad Company. asked That
w -. hs Amounted for the Colorado Midland;
for an the sae for OF o tine
rado Mlii''rae Of relief etc The bill required an
bo S in the readns and recied me various SGnso
noui ~ md obligations incurred BY the toorauo
usa.iitDnnd R@ilroad Company.
Ths read a" order calling l f2r s b
ventoIy , % on the property was then made.
OF Siii placed the total bonded indebtedness At
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01
REAPING THE REWARD OF HIS FOLLY.
FAILURE or AN ARDENT TARIFF REFORM"

GI.ONEMAkER OF FILTON COUNT
Gloversvllle. ~ Y. Jan. 81 CspeciaD.-popiel b.
.Iudson Of Klngsboro. in this county. the Oldest
and largest glove manufacturer In the United
States assigned to-day to Whyland West. j. b. and
4 W Judson for the benefit Of his creditors. The
liabilities are $4,000 Mr. Ju1son. during the cam
paign Of 1892 was n Tariff Reform Democrat.
and advocated with all the vigor he could command
"a change" At the big Cleveland demonstration IN
Glovcrsvllle in October Of that year. coming soon
after Republican meeting at which ex-Congress-
man Roswell c. Horr made the prediction that. In
case Cleveland were elected the wages OF the glove
workers would be cut and many would be thrown
ont Of employment Mr. Judson had the holiness
to declare. in paternal sort of way in answer
TO Mr.. Horr's declaration that he did not believe
any OF the riovemakers would be thrown out or
employment or have tnr.- wages ,eIuce, ana h a.
assured all who had any misgivings about TINS
that in case. during Clevelands ADMINISTRATION, any
were thrown out of work, he would give them
employment ut his factory.
This declaration got Mr.. Judson Into a world or
trouble. All the glove factories of this locality have
been closed for months. Mr. Judson's with the
others. and the latter has received over SOD APP
plicatiOns for work from the misguided employees
Judson has scarcely ventured on the streets FOR
n% here 'e so S nans T0 J%ason He'll give
work" until ii has become a phrase In the com
Mr. Judson has been obliged to assign after his
years OF prominence and business prosperity Is
sible as most people here believe. by vagares such
he held as to the proper policy OF our Govern
ment. IutOn county gave aoou'
majority II went Republican by about 1000 last
fall. His factory employed about loo HANDS wheh
running.
The announcement OF the failure OF Daniel b.
Judson, Of Goversville. y. Y. was received IN the
swamp yesterday with n great deal OF surprise.
The news was brought by private dspatches 10
number of houses TO whom Mr.. Judsoh Is hea'N.
indebted. Down to Tuesday night Mr. Judsoh cou'u
have ordered material worth sOOoo IN 'he swamp,
and he would have promptly re Sensb, that he s
in debt there to the extent OF Ensdick and +,
F Robertson Mr. Judson has SHOWN SHOWN M ms rl gUUa
faith the working people - 20 for $50 600
10 creditors in Fulton COUNTY He became I'M so dis,
gusted with the workings OF une a. b,s own
plead before MAYS a aaS Means en s SS@
mtee continue the M cifs refused 70 do so
The hudson grocery where most Of the operatives
,rnSasad their suppes. II also closed.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-02-01

the consideration Of the Hawaiian resolutions re-
ported by Mr.. McCreary Dem Ky), the cnair-
man of the Committee on Foreign Anairs Inc
resolutions condemn the action Of Minister
Stevens at the time the constitutional govern
ment was overthrow in Hawaii; they approve
the principle of non-nterference with me 40
nestle affairs of other nations; regard the an
nexation of the islands or the assumption or
protectorate over them as inexpedient, and close
with a declaration that foreign intervention IN
the nolitical affairs Of the islands will not be
regarded with Indifference by the United states.