The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1894-03-19

Ulu muCD-al having elementary SCHOOLS.
In 1888 the first grant was made by Parlia-
ment I'm aid OF elementary schools. and that
was only 100000. In 1850 there were only
1000 schools. accommodating half a million
children. In 1861 the government grant was
81. 100000, and 100000 children were reached
by il. The Forster act remains the founda.
was passed in 1870. Il establishes school
boards and provides that where the volun.
tary schools are not sufficient to meet the
needs OF the district this board shall
levy local rates to support the necessary
schools. In places where the schools of the
Church OF England, Methodists, Catholics.
Congregationalists, are adequate, no schools
are established and government has no con-
troll over them All Of these schools are
aided by the parliamentary fund. but only
when such schools cannot be supported by
that fund and the subscriptions are they
under control OF officials representing the
government. The voluntary school and the
board, that is, the public school, are OF the
same grades. Under the act Of 1891, every
parent is obliged to send his child to school
unless excused. In the Church OF England
and Catholic schools religious instruction
is given. but no child in either OF these
schools is compelled TO receive sectarian
instruction. Women vote for school boards
and are eligible for membership. Books
managers, and a parent cannot be COM
PEELED to furnish books. Most Of the teach
ers employed for the public schools are
graduates of the primary schools. After
passing the seventh standard. the boys and
girls who are intended for teachers are APP
prenticed to the school board for four
years. uuTlHS NHiOh HtiAOd NACs aAC ENFA
teachers. The salary of an assistant mas
ter is $500 i'm the board schools. but less in
voluntary schools, the average OF me
1856, and of the Methodist. $3.50. The boards
paw assistant mistresses 1886, but the
Catholic and Methodists pay only $40, and
the Church of England 1926. Great Britain
has done and is doing a great deal TO main
tain science and art schools, In which the
IRndnstpIes are or S taeg6t. a In 1872 ! ssiis 900 was
paid out of the imperial exchequer Tor
national education.
These are a few things which Mr.. Porrltt
brings out in his exhaustive chapter de-
voted to the administration OF justice;
There are special and common jurors. Inc
common Juror sits in criminal cases and
ordinary civil suits, and he X selected from
men who are assessed at 500 n year ana
upward to $3.50, and receives no pay, whle
the special juror receives a pound a Gay;
and is selected from men who are assessed
for more than $3.50. The penalty Tor capltaI
crimes is death. and short work is made
of a man foend guilty of murder. the
Judge wears a wig and ermlne-trlnIneu
robe during the trial, but when a Verulet
of guilty is rendered he puts the wig asue
and puts on a black zap. only two sun
days elapse between sentence ana the uate
of execution. so that the Srl nnl ,nnonrt
when he will be executed. There is noGourt
of appeal from such sentences; the Home
Secretary alone can intervene 1nIs Is III
Improvement over our system. snr dapf
there has been no imprisonment Tor oeDt
i'm England. Two classes OF lawyers are
employed in cases; the solicitor, VINO taxes
the case COnSulIS Tie Ntlcnl oho
brief, and the barrister, VINO taxes ue
brief and from il tries the cause.
There is no more interesting chapter ~,
AVIATION. All contributions to the i'm
perial or national revenue are known dS
taxes or duties. During the hscal year 10
the only articles on which customs dutles
urere collected were cocoa, coffee, chlccoIy'
tea. dried fruits. tobacco, wine, peer sPn-
its, strong waters ana playlhe nnoto5 fron,
lv s1OO. 100000 of revenue are cohecte1 Llonu
these articles, two-ninths of the total reVe-
nue.. hundred
or more sources. such as taxes on lahd
and ON property, income taxes, taxes COZ
lected from the occupiers OF h9useSi o
eta nns on checks, on recelpted hllis ahy
on Numerous other commercial aud legal
patent medicine etc, itoht
censes to pawnbrokers, aueuoheeISS' ~ - Hneep
d dnGs caaTnr9 ifiVVeried man servants. The in;
come tax at the rate Of slxpence Il PounMHaa
a year. or $50. The income tax. on tl,VO
is now S125 q year. In case lne il.coleS
but f4OO a year flN Is deductTu anu p tro
son having an income of tSOO Would pay Tn
ESQ. which would be $2l60 Moula not
crv when forced to pay, in addition 10 an
other taxes, an income tax OF s1+.vV. PuI
thermore, if the taxpayer coupe SSed on IL
as he was rated in Ii for local purposes, at
the rate of threepence in the pouho OF 10
than forty pounds, and sixpenee a pound
If rated at Gao and less than eco; and nine
nerce i'm the hound for those rated at t6O
and upwards. A rental of tao means "a
Maid as rates. making $3.50 tax on a mousse
rented at 500. Tax the American S6.0 on
a house upon which ne paiu df Sgo ton meet
ing. The man who has an income Oh Ilsvv.'
or 5000, and keeps a carriage With a Spat
of-arms and a man servant wearing ouSt
tons" a dog and a gun, must pay at Ieast
sl65 as taxes into the imperial eXchequsI.
More than that, every time ne IN
put on a two-cent stamp. Besides these
there is a tax on beer and spirits whlch az
~gregates Sl27, 10000 a year.
IRE canvasses which candidates for the
House of Commons make are slmiia ~
those made by candidates IN lnulaha- tneH
must see everybody and be present at an
sorts of meetings. When the election comes
thew must pay all the expenses, anu ~
permitted to pay a certain amount - "a
the payment of poor rates a. a houSeholcT
and REGISTRATION; political organizations are
voters. and to see that they are not as
qualified by failure TO pay rates, OF reHloN-
ais. Our party committees are SGsatrTdcts a
EngIand. But while the member OF Jarha-
ment must expend a gOodly sum OF money
ne he r membership hi of the House of Commons
Is fixed at $40. In 1892 the House OF Lorus
numbered 545 members but the nuin Mba
leave no male heirs. All legislation orig
mates in the the Loros san
amend bills and reject The stat1t0ty ~ -
of a Parliament is seven years, put us
rare. indeed, that a P~arliapent is not CAS-
solved before the expiration OF its term.
through the defeat of the Ministry on Some
question. so nearly are parties usually o-
vided. Under the extensions or Suffrage
from time to time the character OF Fhrma-
ment is also changing, more men Deins
from business and professional lie.
In 1892 fifty or sixty newspaper men "eLe
elected. The extension of suffrage 10 the
masses has not put many labor members
In the House. no-atno
labor outlines the history OF the progress
Of the laboring classes from a condition
little better than serfdom to "a position
where labor can change the political com
nlexion of the House IL its vote should De
given to one party. The first laws relative
to labor were passed When the factory ~
fem was developing, in 1872. They PROVIDED
for the decent treatment OF apprentices
from the workhouseS. The next nm
tied the hours. Laws for factory inspection
followed in 1893. In 1912 the employment or
women and boys under ten years OF age
in coal mines was prohibited. Untll 1873 no
act of Parliament had been passed inter
fertnp with adult male labor, but the indi-
rect effect Of limiting the hours OF women
and children has also limited the hours OF
men. There has been much legislation rela-
tive to the health of workmen In factories
and workshops, but such legislation Is not
different from that of most the manufac-
turing States in this country.
Land and Its Owners is the title or an
interesting chapter of the book. Hall the
area of the United Kingdom Is owned by
Z 400 persons and the other half by olo,6VO.
The six hundred peers own one-nfth OF the
whole kingdom. The land system, the rigid
la WIS for the entailment of landed estates
generation after generation, prevent thou
sands who might wish to do so from ac-