The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1894-11-07

changed to an opposite one, by deli
cate and almost painless surgical oper-
alton, which produces such remark
able transformation that the most in
innate friend OF the subject would be
deceived in his identity. Opposite to
most scientific researches, this one is Of
decided interest to laymen-
The normal condition of the muscles
that govern the eye should, when the
least effort of all the opposing forces is
exercised, so adjust the eyes that the
lines OF vision viii be practically par
alleL BY the lines of vision is meant
the straight lines from the object
looked at through the pupils 20 the
retina at the back of the eyes. This
condition, which is perfect equilibrium
Of all the opposing eye muscles, does
not always exist as it should. Indeed
it is the exception, frequently the
muscles are antagOnizing each other.
But it must be understood that no ref
ence is made TO squirt: in this connec-
ton. all the muscles which rotate the
eve are left out of consideration, the
purpose. being to consider only the con-
. tttIOD III NlllCH SlIiBIc N4SAcli WIN liio
d, two eyes is maintained.
1t is the normal condition of equilib-
rum that is known as Orthophoria.
The nearest translation to this term is
correct tendency" Now, suppose the
visual lines, should no restraining
ward draw tighter than the others,
the visual lines, should no restraining
force he brought to bear, would drift
toward each other and visual confu-
Sion would result. In that case by
means of voluntary but unconscious
effort by the opposing muscles the
lines Of vision may be properly adjust
ed. This condition in which there is
normal tendency for the visual lines to
approach, but in which there is ability
to strain that tendency, is known as
esophoria, the tendency inward"
The opposite condition in which the
normal tension of the muscles which
rotate the eyes outward predominates,
and which, if unrestrained, cause the
visual lines to diverge, is exophoria,
the tendency outward" Another con-
dition in which a tendency of one of
the visual lines is to rise above its
fellow is called hrperphoria, the
tendency upward" There are also
compound conditions, but 1t might be
confusing to describe them. The tend
ency inward and the tendency outward
and upward are the only ones in COM
mon use by criminals wishing to dis
guise their identity.
With each of these conditions a rela-
tive tension of the eye muscles is COM
monty associated, a type of facial ex-
preston extremely marked
A glance at the illustration herewith
given of the orthophoria or natural
form will show that the muscles OF
that mans eyes are in state of equilib-
rum, and the expression of his face
: IS one of greater repose than with any
. of the other conditions of the eye mus
! cles. The eyebrows, which constitute
one Of the most striking features of
! the face, each form moderate and reg
| ular curve, marking the border Of the
| orbit. There is no sharp turn or sud-
! den increase of curve at either eX-
tremity of the eyebrow. The mouth is
nearly horizontal or curving very
SiiEnliE uDNSll lilc CCAltI. iIlC
lips in repose are firm but not COM
! pressed, and the upper one is well pro-
/ portioned. The chin is rounded, neither
square nor pointedly oval, the lines of
the forehead are not usus1ly conspic-
/ nous. The linesrunning from the nose
to the lips curve outward beyond the
angles of the mouth, less vertically
than with the tendency without. The
carved line below the lower lid is nearly
in exact conformity with the curve made
by the fold OF the upper eyelid when
it is moderately raised. AS whole
his features are perfect.
Now, examine the features in the
illustration of esophoria. The eyes