davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
CRISP ON THE SESSION.
The Speaker Favors Adjustment of the
Financial System.

Washington, Nov. 3O-speaker Crisp re-
CARDS it as desirable that something should
be done at the coming session Of congress
for the permanent adjustment Of our finan-
cial system, but in an interview published
this afternoon he expresses much doubt
as to whether anything to that end can be
accomplished.
He ventures no predictions and says that
no programme for the session has been
arranged. He thinks an effort will be
made to do something with the Nicaragua
canal.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01

Rome. Nov 3O.-The approaching ar
rival Of the American ship bearing the
vatican exhibits at the Columbian expo
sition in Chicago is announced here. 1t
is also said that the commander of the
vessel will deliver to the pope an auto
graph letter from President Cleveland.
and will be received at the vatican with
such honors as are reserved for the re-
ception of extraordinary ambassadors
from the great powers,
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
a uerdiot for so. .ooo sustained.

Roston. Mass, Nov. 30.-The full bench
of tbe supreme court to-day sent down a
decision sustaining the exceptions OF the
defendant in the famous Van Houten-
Morse breach of promise case IN which
So van Houten secured a verdict Of
slo ooo against Asa P. Morse Of Cambridge.
Morse is IS years old and the plaintiff is
considerably younger.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
YALE AND PRINCETON.
A Desperate Battle To-day for the Col
lsge Championship.

New York, Nov. SO.-Great interest at
taches to the foot ball game on Manhat-
tan field tomorrow afternoon between
the elevens Of Princeton and Yale Col
leges. Between 10000 and 10000 persons
will watch the contest.
It will be a battle of giants. 1t is for
the college championship and betting will
run high, with both elevens well backed.
The line up win probably be as follows
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
BUDGET OF THE Vatican.
A Saving of 10000 Pounds to Be Made
in the Expenditures Next Yaar.

London, Nov. S0.-A dispatch from Rome
to the Central News says the finance COM
mittee of cardinals have presented to the
pope the papal budget for the ensuing
year showing that the expenditures have
been reduced by fl2.0O0. The subsidies
paid to the vatican journals and the
amount set aside for the poor, which have
have hitherto aggregated f12,099. will here
after amount to only f2.400.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01

Ft. Smith. Ark, Nov. 30-Furbing Smith,
Jesse Skeeter and VIII Harris. all mem
bers of the Cook gang. We're this morning
sentenced in the United States court.
''Skeeter" received thirty years and Har-
ris twenty years. The house of correction
al Detroit, Mich. was designated as the
place where they must serve their long
sentences.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
servia's KING Digpleased.

lenna, Nov. 30-The King of Siam was
s 'lspieased with his reception by the
@. sslan court that he has recalled from
ietefsburg the Servian minister. whom
r, piames for failing to inform him Of the
0@ar attitude.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
VICTIM OF A RAPIsT.
Colored Girl Found Dead -Four Miles
From Charleston.

charleston, S. c., Nov. 9O-A colored
tf+ about 10 years of age was found
dead this afternoon about four miles from
'- city, and from all that is now known
'e believed she is the victim of a rap
~. The coroner viewed the body this
..7Inoon, and will find the verdict to-
morrow. There is absolutely no eleW.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01
Night Trains to Be Discontinued.

Ct Louis. Mo, Nov. SON account OF
+be recent holdups the Missouri racine
railroad will discontinue an hisht pas
s,- x-s11ev division after Dec 9, running
between Conneyville, Kan, and Van Bu-
ren. Ark.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-01

London, Nov. S0--A dispatch from st.
Petersburg denies upon official authority
the report of the death of the czarowitz,
the Grand Duke George, and also says
he is not even in critical condition.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
SCHOOL NEWS.

Items Of school News Edited by the
Superintendent.
received, Tuesday, from the Kings
htcrs, OF Mt. Clemens. a nice lot Of
ng FOR Tree distribution. IL was NIL
HE'D out by Wednesday evening,
hus quite a number we're made com
bic. While we are thankful for the
int received. yet there arc many
needing aid. Many are absent from
h for want Of shoes and clothing.
|pinion is that's aid Is more necessary
than at any previous tirns this
Dol re-opencd on Monday OF this
alter vacation OF nearly four
/ While We regret that school WAS
| 4 TO close. yet we are extremely
|ul that We could all resume
|ltics OF the school room, with
,ny having been the subject OF
hreatencd pestilencc. We hopo
will continue without further
option until the close Of this year.
regular examination will occur
thursday and Friday, March 29-30,
school house. Several OF the
~ Of this place will be applicants
rtiHcntes, mt that time. Quite n
hr will write for second or third
certificates. A good sign.
fly one hundred and twenty-five
cs have been added TO the library
ear, most Of them purchased by tho
IA fund OF last year. We now
y nearly / 900 volumes, including
books. Not many schools oil our
I've n better library.
ything moves off very nicely nj
and we hope such condition ol
may continue, as so many inter
ms are not best for all concerned.
Mary Mcdonald, OF Detroit, has
ngnecd Tor tho remainder OF the
o teach the sixth and seventh
! Of our pupils will take ths exam
D next week. A good idea. Wisl
be older ones would take 10.
mas Morrison will not he with VI
remainder OF this year, he beinI
from town.
ny creates quite an interest," In thu
IA grade.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
Chanoery Sale.

First publication March n, last April H.
In pursuance and by virtue 81 decree ~ the
Circuit court for the County offron IN Chancery
IN tho state " Michigan, made and dated on the
ard dry ~ October, lS03, IN n certain cause
therein pending wherein Nathan H. Clark IN
complainant and Frank McKernnn and Norah
McKcrnAn are defendants, Notice r. hereby
given that shall sell at public autiOn TO the
highest bidder nj the trout door of the court
house Ia tho village ~ Crystal Falls. In said
County 81 Iron aud state Of Michigan said
court house being IN. place for holding the
Circuit court Tor said county. on the 1fth dny
~ APRIL 1894 40 ten O'Clock In the forenoon, an
or 30 much thereof ~ may be necessary 20 raise
the amount due TO said complainant for princi-
pal. interest aud costs IN this cause ~ the fol
lowing DESCRIBED parcel OF land to-wit The
east hall 81 the southwest quarter m. on
S.W. Al and the west hall OF the south east
quarter Nv ~ Sc. 81 all In section fifteen
fibl township forty.thrrc 1871 north oi rnngo
thirty-thrce t88l west, Iron County, Michigan.
And In making said sale the south hall Of said
above described land will be first sold and Hthnt
be not sufficient o pay tho said principal interest
and costs then that 80 much OF the north hall
Of said land adjoining said south hnif a. may be
necessary 10 pay the balance due with intsrest
and costs win be next sold IN accordance WITH
the terms 81 said decree. Dated Crystal pans
Michigan, March LIST. 1894.
MAURICE n. H. FULLER,
Circuit Court Commissioner IN ana for froa
A. l.. FtEwEriIg0, County, Mtck
solicitor Tor Complainant.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
Mortgage sale.

First publication March % lAst Jups 1o
Default having boon made IN tho conditions OF
mortgage made by Emery Bower and Tiers
Bower his wife. 90 Peter J. Bower. dated tho
10th day ~ November A. u. 1890, and recorded
IN the Office of the Register OF Deeds for the
county Of Iron and state OF Michigan on the
18th day ~ November A. d. 1890 IN I.ihsr = OF
MORTGAGES on page 80 on which mortgage there
II claimed TO be due nt the time of this nstes
tho sum ~ six hundred and two dollars sad
attorneys Zee 81 nfty dollars M provided for 10
said mortgage and no suit or proceedings At law
having been instituted 20 recover the moneys
secured by said mortgage. or any part
thereof, now therefore, by virtns ot thu power
~ sale contained IN said mortgage, ard The
statute IN such case made and provided notire
Ia hereby given that Monday the 9Th day Of
June A. D. 1894 az 10 O'Clock In the forenoon
the sheriff 81 Iron county. Michigan will sell at
public auction 20 tho highest bidder At tho front
door ot the court houso In the village OF Crystal
Falls IN said County ~ Iron, ythnt being tho
place where the Circuit court II holden) the
premises described In said mortgage, or 40 much
thereof AZ may DO necessary 20 pay tho amount
due on said NOR gag, with interest At eeven
per cent and al legal costs together with IN at
torney's fee 81 fifty dollars coveranted for In
said mortgage should any proceedings he taken
TO ioreclose the same. The premises described
IN said mortgage Is "a follows 60 Wit. Lot
number sixty 900 OF ] D. Schwartz and Frances
schwartz first addition TO the plat Of the Wiling,
~ Crystal Fails, Iron county. Michigan Dated
this 2Ofh day OF March, A. u 1894.
ID. T. AREY PEreR Bower,
Attorney for Mortgages. Mortgage.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

We have the word OF Alfred Tcnnyson
for il thai IN the spring the young mans
fsnciss lightly turn 10 thoughts OF love.
IL ia singular that the great Laureate
ovnittsd 70 mention thu fact that IL IA in
ths spring that considerable portion of
the hunsn race turn 10 taking Hoods
esrrspsriIls. Probsbly nothing but the
difscuity 81 finding . good rhyme Tor
that hvaissbls rs0sdy deferred him.
Osrtafu "a n that The old-tims domestic
rswediss are rvusrrfly discarded IN favor
a tbs rtssdars blood purifier, Hoods
ssrsspariIla, which has attaiscd the
greatest popularity al over the country
a. the iavorite Spring Medicine. II puri-
fes the blsod and givse nerve, mental,
bodily ssd digestive strength.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

street, with firm resolution not TO pre-
eipitate financial furry by calling for
anything more expensive than that pro-
posed. After the beer Ind vanished and
n few words passed proposed another
drink. What will you have, Knox !
rnid. Gavin smete his breast nervously
and uttered dry cough. Il don't feel
just right today he said, Il believe III
takolittle whiskey with you, and he licked
ii up with a relish. Knox Is n clever Eel.
low and good company, at times, but S3
per-, largely per, does not call for the
best rcircehment behind the bur-"
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

The st. Pntrick's social given under
the auspices OF the Church OF tho Guard
ian Angel in the Vandandaiguc building
on Saturday evening was financial
success and very pleasant evening was
enjoyed by the large number OF people
participating. The bnsket auction
proved a success and friendly rivalry
brought the price Of some OF the
baskets up to tho FIVE dollar point. A
snug amount OF money was realized out
Of the affair.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

copied.
Moved 10y IIarte, seconded by Lind.
wall, that the board give the sum 81 TIVE
hundred and fifty dollars per year for
lighting the court house aud that all ths
lamps now in the house nay be used Tor
that sum and II this offer be accepted
the clerk and chairman be and they arc
are hereby instructed to close a contract
with the said Robert A Fitzpatrick The
motion was carried unanimously.
Roberts h Fitzpatrick accepted the
offer Of the board OF two hundred and
fifty dollars per year FOR lighting the
court house.
Moved by IInrte seconded by EriAson,
that the township OF Crystal Falls be
allowed tho sum 81 five hundred dollars,
and the township 81 Hastodon the sum
OF two hundred and fifty dollsrs IS re
bate on moneys pail on account Of poor
fund properly chnrgcahls 10 Iron county.
The ayes and nays, being called ON the
passage OF tho motion, were a. iollows
Ayes: Lndwall, Bennett, Harte, Erik
son and Gibson; nays: Minckler and
Gustnison.
Tho county treasursr then presented
his annual report, which, on moton OF
Harte, seconded 10y Minckler, vas nc
cepted and tho clerk requested 10 spread
the same in tho minutes. Tho report
was "a follows:
Annual report Of Iron county Treasures
for tho year ending Dec. 81, 1Se3:
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

|sidcnt Of Crystal Falls recently
|stwhiIc gay Knox Gavin n Mil
Is. His version Of the meets~e has
Ike OF mirth for people who were
|ntcd with the dapper Lotberio In
M o. Gilind days. 81 noticed a
i actor approaching" he said,
face horc n strong resemblance
| had seen before. When he ar
|. I my side l disccrned under a
Nat crcst.falIen Tile tho features OF
lawn. We'll, Knox, can this DO
Exclaimed, somewhat surprised Al
.cup. "Tis !, the original came
.n.nse IN those deep nclodiou"
fah Of yorc brought diseord into
fetou.ohoId. How nfe things
ger o'ured. while my cossciencs
pcninsus- hypocricy. 'Ont o
that eradicatts We'll. 'sts
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

CRYSTAL FALLS, Mich, Jan. 10, 1894.
County board Of supervisors met at the
Office Of the county clerk, pursuant TO
adjournment. Present: s. G.. BENEFITS,
o.. j. Lindwall, l.. n. Minckler, II. w.
Harte, Thoburn Gibson, John Erikson
and &. j. Gustafson Absent: d. b.
Henley.
The minutes OF last meeting were read
and approved.
III. w. IIartc, secretary OF the board OF
superintendent Of the poor, presented
his report which was, on motion, nc.
ceptcd, and clerk WINS instructed Ia
spread thesame on the minutes and wns
as follows:
CRYSTAL FALLS, Jan. 4, 1894 To The
Honorable County Bond OffrOn Conn.
fy-Thc poor superintendent az Iron
county would respectfully mako the fol.
lowing report for the month OF December,
1893:
Average number OF paupers IN poor house
during December. 4 ~. There are thirteen In
mates NJ pracnt % which four originally came
from Iron River. seven from Crystal Falls and
two from MuAtOdon township.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

Mr.. Hanson, whe resides near the Iuns.
ton OF the G. 4 NV. yard tracks and
the Shaier spur h prepared 81 clean and
repair gsntlemon'r clothes 81 very RIA
sonable rates. Her work IL ~ the finest
order and her prices arc fifty nor cent.
below those ~ tailors and other like
establishments. THE DIAMOND DnIrI.
can choerfully recommend Mrs. IIanson's
work
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
pcctfully submitted.
II. ". HlRrE,
Secretary board ~ Poor Supt's

III. ". HASTE,
Secretary board ~ Poor Supt's.
Mr.. +. Morgan then presented claim
Tor interest due, orclaimd 60 bc due, on n
County Order Of the amount oi four
hundred dollars drawn In favor oi Mr..
Morgan in the year 1889. The board
refused to pny the interest claimed a.
tho order bore no evidence ofhaving been
presented to the county treasurer and
payment by him refused theron.
The following proposition was sub.
mitted by Roberts 4 Fitzpatrick, for the
purpose Of securing contract to light
tho court house by electricity.
CRYSTAL FALLS, Mich, Jan. 10, 1894.
To the County Board OF Supervisors of
Iron County, GENTLEMEN We will light
the court house with electricity for the
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

In sIi large eltsn are branches Of the
Humans eoclsty fonndsd hy Berg A
horse 10 discovered badly CALLED, or iscut
or iniurss, at enes society member
csrnsrds ~ rsst and immediate appli-
CO mon Of Haller's Barb Wire Iiniinent,
which sryrrierss has shown n the best
rvpedy nada Per ssls by Wilkinson 4
Co., srurgir,~.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
stookhoIdors' Morting.

FIRST publication Feb ~, last harrh a.
Ofnce ~ the Mastodon Iron company, cnrnrr
Rush and N. Water STREETS, Chitneo, fllinolr
hctice-The annual mcetipf 81 The siockholdern
~ the MnetodOn Iron company. Tor tina election
~ directors AMI for the transaction 81 such
other huspres A. may properly come before ~
on Wednesday, April 18th, 1894. nt ten o'slock
n. m. JOaErH hrrunIlN
SECRETARY and Treasurer.
chicsso, ~, Feb. 2osh, 1884.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24
NOTICE

Having discontinued business IN Orys-
toll Falls, We hereby give notice that Mr..
NJ. u. McGcc Is Our authorized ngcnt, md
request everyone, knowing themselves
indebted TO us, TO settle tho same vita
him as earlyas possible.
BURDER A Oc.xPAEr.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

hss finally demonstrated that they can
DO cured. Hsller's Pain Paralyzer, taken
in conjunction with Haller's German
Pills, have effected most extraordinary
cures and has made life comfort To
many who never hoped for relief For
sale by Wilkinson 4 Co, druggists.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1894-03-24

The death OF this noted anil brilliant
lrisbman vas caused by the neglect ~ -
simple cold. Had he used Ilulrr's Sure
Cure Cough Syrup his life might have
bean spared many years
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26
Tortoises and Eain.

The tortoise is not an animal one
would naturally fix upon as likely to
be afraid of rain, but it is singularly
SO. Twenty-four hours or more before
rain falls the Galapagos tortoise makes
for some convenient shelter. On a
bright clear morning when not a cloud
is to be seen the-denizens of tortoise
farm on the African coast may be seen
sometimes heading for the nearest
overhanging rocks; when that happens
the proprietor knows that rain will
come down during the day, and as a
rule it comes down in torrents. The
sign never fails. This pre-sensation,
to coin word, which exists in many
birds and beasts may be explained
partly from the increasing weight of
the atmosphere when rain is forming,
partly by habits of living and partly
from the need of moisture which is
shared by all The American cat bird
gives warning of an approaching .thrn-
derstorm by sitting on the low branches
of the dogwood tree (whether this
union of the feline with the canine is
invariable the deponent sayeth not)
and uttering curious notes. Other
birds, including the familiar robin, it
is said, give similar evidence of an i'm
pending change in the weather
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26
oREeoN
HERR KROPP.
A Rare Instance of Refusing the Con-
ferred Title of Nobility.

ferred Title of Nobility
Tt is common thing in Europe for
kings and queens to reward such of
their subjects as may become famous
in war, in po1i+ie-, or in literature, by
bestowing titles upon them. Occason-
ally, however, says the Golden Days.
this honor is refused, but the instances
are so rare that when they do occur
they are always thought worthy of
mention.
After the late German emperor, Fred
erick III, had begun his brief reign,
he determined to raise some leading
representatives of industry and COM
merce to the peerage.
Herr Krupp, the inventor of the
Krupp cannon, at whose manufactory
eighteen thousand men are regularly
employed, had died a short time be-
fore, but his son had succeeded to his
business, and the young mans name
was placed by the emperor upon the
role of honor.
When he heard of this, he at once
took train to Berlin and secured an
audience of Prince Bismarck, who was
then chancellor. He insisted that the
prince should ask the emperor to strike
his name from the list, but this Bis
master made a special plea.
my father said he, ''gIoried in be-
ing the son of a workman, and never
would so much as listen to a proposal
to accept titular and hereditary dis
tinctions / cannot be untrue to his
principles, particularly when my year
of mourning has not yet expired"
Bismarck thought this plea might be
urged uDOn the emperor, without
wounding his feelings, and he prom
ised to put it before him that day.
Frederick was really dying then,
and could not speak on account of the
disease in his throat. When Bismarck
told him what Krupp had said, he
looked surprised and vexed. Then he
seemed to see the matter in a new
light, nodded assent and wrote on his
tablets:
Il dare say Krupp is right; he has my best
wishes"
That night Herr Krupp was told that
he was at liberty to remain Herr
Krupp.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26
MEXICAN VILLAGE LIFE.
The Government of the Larger Haciendas
of the SoEth.


of the south.
A great cotton hacienda in Mexico is
strongly built, with walls like those of
studded thiclxly with broken glass of
a jagged and deadly appearance; for
further protection, companies of sol
diers are kept within the establish
ment.
A hacienda of this type, whether de-
voted to the manufacture of sugar or
cotton, the raising of cattle, or mining
of silver, is a complete little state.
with every appliance for luxury and
security. 1t contains within its walls
hundreds of poems. soldiers, barracks,
chapel, houses for the laborers,
apartments for the owner and his fam
ily. and every necessary of life for
man and beast
The administrator, OF. general man
ager, is the father of the great family;
he decides all disputes arising between
the various members of It, and if he is
only ordinarily just, never finds his
authority disputed, but is locked up
to with much respect and consulted
by the poems in all family matters.
A Agentleman who was for some years
administrator of an estate in the state
of Coahuila told me that while occupy
ing this position he conceived high
opinion of the simplicity, honesty and
trustworthiness of the Mexican labor
CT. In most of the haciendas the ma.
ehinery is of a most primitive kind
modern improvements being used only
in the largest esta blishments.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26

!, YOU NEED ANY JOB
PRINTING, NO MAT
TER HOW MUCH OR
HOW LITTLE, GIVE
THE CHRONICLE JOB
DEPARTMENT YOUR
PATRONAGE AND BE
HAPPY. YOU WILL
GET THE BEST, AND
THE BEST Is GOOD
ENOUGH FOR ANY
BODY. USE LOTS OF
PRINTERS INK AND
BE PROSPEROUS.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.

LAND OFFICE, The Dalles Or,
Jan. %, 1894. !
Notice is hereby given that the following
named settler has filed notice of his intention to
make final proof in support of his claim, and
that said proof will be made before the Register
and Receiver al The Dalles, Or. March 6,
1894, viz:
II. ID. Pitcher,
s., r. Is E.
He names the following witnesses to prove
c. V. Woodruf, c. L. Morris, J. E. Wing and
C. E. Hayward, sll of Tygh Valley. Or
j27m3 JOHN w. LEWIS, Register.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26

1t cures Catarrh in the Head
perfectly and permanently
DR.. Sage's Catarrh Remedy.
The Dalles daily chronicle. [volume] (The Dalles, Or.) 1890-1948, 1894-02-26

SIX POINTS,
out of many, where DR.. Pierce's
Pellets are better than other pills !:
1. They're the smallest, and cas-
lest to take = little, sugar coated
granules that every child takes
readily.
2. They're perfectly easy in
their action. - no gripping, no dis
turbance.
8. Their effects last. There's no
reaction afterwards. They regulate
or cleanse the system according to
size of dose.
4. They're the cheapest, for
they're guaranteed to give salts
faction, or your money is returned.
You pay only for the good you get.
$. Put up in glass are always
fresh.
6. They cure Constipation, Indi-
gestion, Bilious Attacks, Sick or
Bilious Headaches, and all derange-
ments of the liver, stomach and
bowels.