davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30

Hardware
Company.
March IA 1894.

The ftct that but less than one
hundred patents have been'issned
by the Hawaiian Government
does not speak volumes for tie
inventive ability Of the residents
Of this country. Nor are all the
pateuts to Hawaiians. many of
them. perhaps a majority, are
merely to people in the United
States who wish to protect their
interests all over the world.
We have bad patent issued
for the Jones Locked Fence,
because we saw that it was a
good thing, and the people who
build fences believed it the best
thing they had ever seen. Certain
parties had IN contemplation
the manufacture of the articles
used in the Locked Fence, and
we did not think that an imitation
article would be half as good as
the original, hence. the patent
on Hawaii.
We have been selling the
Jones Locked Fence for yeal
and its popularity is growing
every day. As an evidence o
| what the Fence is thought OF by {
gentleman who is Thoroughly
well posted in cattle and fence
we publish the following letter;
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
A STATESMAN.
Some Facts About Senator
Gray.

Among the men who attracted
attention in the Democratic
National Conventions of 1880 and
1884 was George Gray of D Ia
ware. He went to Cincinnati
and Chicago as the advocate of
his friend, Senator Bayard. He
was then Attorney general Of his
State Little was known of him
outside of Delaware and the
neighboring Sites. for he is u
man who permits his character to
speak for him, and Dies not seek
approximations to seenre an eo
dience or to enlarge the number
Of mis- acqnaiatlnces. When he
had addressed the first Democrat
tic convention in behalf of the
nomination If Mr.. Bayard, it was
agreed by all vino heard him that
the orator and the speech were
WORTHY Of the occasion and the
subject; so that. when the second
occasion came, at Chicago. Mr..
Gray's nominating speech was
looked forward to as sure to be
one of the agreeable episodes of
the convention. In these two
conventions there was presented
to the Democratic party one of
those promising opportunitier
upon which the party in its
modern mood has so persistently
turned its back. The Massachu
sets Democrats, coming out of
their bondage to the worst
elements of their party. through
the trials and tribulations of
Batlerism. were turn ng their
faces to the rising sun. Men ike
Leverett. Saltunstall, and Francis
Bird, old Democrats with young
hopes and aspirations and quick
ccnsciences, were clearing the
way for the new men who have
made the name Of Democrat of
deeper and better import in the
old Bay State. When Massachu
sets was calledin the convention
OF 1880, Mr.. Saltonstall. speaking
the Voice of the majority OF his
delegation, seconded Mr.. Gray 5
nomination Of Mr. Bayard. 1.-THE
southern men in that convention
had been as free from fears and
doubts as they might have been.
Mr., Bayard would have been
nominated, and the Democratic
party would have been saved the
fatal Hancock experiment.
Senator Gray. like Senator
Bayard. has for years been one
of the forces for good IN the
Democratic party. one of the
leaders who has attracted to the
party the independent voters who
have made its victories possible.
because they have hoped to make
the party represent the principles
of economic and administrative
reform. to which the Republican
party was either actually opposed,
or in behalf of which its advice ICY
was cold and meaningless There
WAS = time. some ~ SsaHs $50.
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
TRUSTEES NOTICE

All parties having claims
against SsxL K. K4Exxtn and
Ms. IYngA F!IEoE hANAEAIA Of
Henolulu. o.ha are rsques:ed to
present them to the undersigned
before the 3lst day Of March.
1894. All rents due the parties
above mentioned mnst be paid at
once TO me personally.
ABRAHAM FERNANDEZ.
Trustee
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
THE WE'LL KNOWN
THOROUGHBRED
RUNNING STALLION
Duke Spencer"

VIII Stand the Seas at
the Stables of 4. J. CABTwRlGHTr
Esq. Makiki.
Fee. Fifty Do'lars; payable at
TIM If service. Good care taken
Of Mares; not resp ns!ble for ac-
cidcnts. Duke Spencer, bay:
hoieht. fifteen ana tree qnarter
hands; Of themost gentle dispo-
sition. nIsr III
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
Thoroughbred
DOGS for Sale
THE ENGLISH SETTER
F" Honolulu Girl, -

Bred ut the Glenmore Kennels.
Berkeley, Gala.
Registered IN. 81 ,095) \.
X. c 5. b, New \ rk.
Sired by Lee r.. winner of Darby ut he Pa;
,,tc Co.'s. Feld Trfd "a; B,kersielliu 1890.
be ~ Roduey 9. 490i from Phyllis ii , iGjl.
Rodney, the sire II zee Il by los D.,
from Kite .. (3,7I5l from Phyllis II = 1851
Rake 1921 fr N Ply Ills ~
The ,isln Of Hon ID Gid vss Belle Clad
stone. the only dsHchter on the Pacific
Coast Of Champion GLADSTONE til3i; frpm
Eel, l3,S64; by Dan, ), 3S6l, from Cham
pion Pe,r1l, lS.429I.
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
FOR SALE.

noLTs AND FILLIEs By ssyUTGROyE-
u ? - oat o. sHeh nsres * Six , -
trial 2.lt. ssPs-ls- $50 ssHailaws-u~ dam
Of Miss Halloween -. aai santa r a.
ael '.TwinSI-s a301f. .L4dy Powers
aud other good mares. also
.-DUpperr pappsss. iczcss between Setter
AM. Poiuteri, Thoroughbred on both sides.
Rlns Pslton English Setter Bitch 'sNinlie
Noble a prize winEer IL bench and hzii.
ssesiy and sf.unea. No man has better
shouas hbrsf. Jer~er Bail. b. -Uaa'~ KING
out 4 Jersey LiIli-. !" Registered. mich
Covs kur further particulars.
APPLY 10
Al. CARTWRIGHT
Hs tb<a.
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
LABOR BUREAU.

THE AMERICAN LEAGUE
Begs leave to announce that it
has esttb ished an Employment
Bureau in connection with the
American Leigue. We will be
pleased t. furnish you with skill
led or unsk,lled labor without
any fee for the engaging such
labor.
The labor enrolled with us is
OF the following nat.onalities:
American,
Portuguese.
Hawaiian.
German,
And other European Nstionalities
Begging leave to open Ger
respondence with you on this
subject,
We remain,
Your obedient servants,
THE AMERICAN LEAGUE EMPLOY
MESr BUREAU.
Z Address all communications
to THEO. P. SEVERN,
Secretary.
mar 25-tf. P. o. Box 493.
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
Dear Sir:

1 lave just completed some
three miles of the Jones Lock
Fence" and must say that l am
very much pleased with it, il fact
it is tie fence for ranch. | had
about mile to construct over
.pahoehoe" where it was nearly
impossible to get a post down,
and found in this case, especially,
the Jones fence" was a great
saving of labor. There are places
in this Fence where the posts are
at least 70 feet apart and the
space between filed in with
stays. There is no sag to it, and
it is as springy as wire mattress
am confident that it viii turn
any ordinary stock. | have some
two and a half miles more to
construct over country where
wild cattle are very plentiful /,
and as soon as it has undergone
the test there, will write you
further. fit viii turn the stock
on this part of the land, and I
feel confident it will, You can rest
assured that it viii turn most
anything, except a Lava flow.
Hawaii holomua = Progress. [volume] (Honolulu) 1893-1895, 1894-03-30
Notice

During ny absence from this King ON.
NV brother LES Poi of the Firm OF sun
zee Iior Lung Kee as wAianae. O..l.a.
shall act for re With susi power Of Attorney.
KwAE yUEN
VI waianae, Oahu. Mar. ssh. 1884,
mar elmo
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
the Criminal Court.

. A short session OF the Ohio county
crimina! court was held Saturday morn
ing, with Judge L. S. Jordan on the
bench. The docket was called, but no
cases were set. Charles Tracy, a nine
year.old boy arrested for robbiRg q
school teacher, Miss Lizzie Swift, OF S32.
was brought before the court. He was
dismissed from custody with 9 sound
lecture by the judge. The indictment
against the boy remains on the docket,
and II he proves incorrigible he may be
sent to Pruntytown.
The case Of the state against NJ. L.
Brubaker, charged with embozzlement
from Hunter & Boiling, OF Bethesda,
Ohio, has been dismissed. An indict-
meut Of Mr.. Brubaker was returned by
the grand Jury last week, but. on inves.
tigation, Prosecuting Attorney Howard
was convinced that there was nothing
in the case. Mr.. Brubaker has many
friends here who will be glad to hear
OF his yindication.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
Steel by the Hastings Process.

Mr.. John B. Hastings. formerly Of
Wheeling, and well known throughout
the Ohio Valley, sends to the INrELII-
GENcER one.inch steel rod made from
steel produced by his new patented
process. The mixture from which this
was made was twenty-five pounds of pig
iron to seventy-five pounds OF Bessemer
scrap. 1t was cast in an ingot and then
hammered to two and one.quarter
inches and cut into lengths and rolled.
Ono end OF the sample was tempered In
clear water. It Is a fine specimen Of
steel and would attract the attention OF
experts at any time. 1t looks as II Mr..
Hastings's process will prove success.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

In the "Notes aud Comments" Of the
Boston Traveller is the following:

In the "Notes aud Comments" Of the
Boston Traveller is the following:
! ran across my old friend J. N.
Sweetser, of Parkersburg, W. Va, on
the street few days ago. Mr.. Sweet
ser was born aud raised in Massachu-
setts, and, like all loyal sons OF the old
Bay State, Of course, comes back for a
little visit once in while. He is one
OF the stalwart Republicans OF West
Virginia, aud has been fighter Tor the
cause Of the grand old party and a main
stay in his section OF the state ever since
the war. Speaking OF the result of last
Tuesday, he said that Senator Camden
well deserved to be buried in oblivion,
but he would not DO too harsh on him,
and should suggest to the senator that
he now "stay ut home and take little
sugar in his" for Mother the Standard
Oil nor the Lead trust could save him
now. That Steve Elkins will DO sent
to the senate in Camden's place, there
seems scarcely doubt, and West Viz
ginia may well feel proud OF the change,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
A Mission a. tho Cathedral.

At the Cathedral yesterday four
PauIis. fathers from New York city
opened a mission. They are Rev.
Fathers Younan, Newton. Burke and
Clarke. The members OF their order
have high repute as pulpit orators OF
eIoquence and earnestness, and are In
great request for such services. Their
meetings here will continue for two
weeks. The daily programme OF ser
vices will be as follows: Mission, 3 a.
m, mass. and instruction, followed by
another mass; s q. M, mass and instruc.
ton; 1880 p, m, instruction on one OF
the dogmas Of the Catholic religion, fol.
lowed by the rosary. mission sermon
and benediction OF the blessed sacra-
1nant
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
nespl.a, na1aar ro.mesrew.

The ladies decorating committee will
DO busy to-day arranging the different
rooms and booths for the opening OF
tho big bazaar tomorrow evening.
Supper will be served from 5 to s o'clock,
Tickets fifty cents. which includes ad-
mission to the bazaar.
Bazaar tickets without supper will be
ten cents. Any persons desiring to en-
tertain guests at supper or lunch can
make arrangements for the use OF q
private table without extra charge by
applying to Mrs. John Frew. OF supper
committee.
All articles for fancy table should be
aent not later than o'clock this even
ing to Mrs. Robert Reed, 70 Twelfth
street. Any Of the bachelors who have
overlooked the Bazaar Box" are re-
minded that it will be at the Mcclure
House office until Tuesday afternoon
SO they may still have the privilege o.
contributing.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
IMPROVED TRAIN SERVICE

To Be Inaugurated on the Fort Wayne
Road-ChanGes In u. q o. Schedule.
A change Of time tables will prob
ably 90 into effect on the Pennsylvania
system west OF Pittsburgh, commencing
next Sunday. The proposition is to
take q considerable amount Of the
through freight traffic that now goes
over the Fort Wayne road to tho Pan
Handle road, and by this increase the
efficiency OF the passenger service on
the former road. The New York limit
ed on the Fort Wayne now goes
through from New York 10 Chicago in
twenty.three hours, an average speed Of
little over forty miles per hour. 1t
is estimated that the train can on the
new schedule make the run OF l,0l3
miles in little over twenty hours, an
average speed OF fifty miles per hour,
and it is said that the schedule will be
so constructed.
A Pan Handle official said yesterday
that this will not decrease the efficiency
OF the passenger seryide on the Pau
Handle for the reason that in short
time the road will have double track
completed between Pittsburgh and
Columbus.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Yesterday was an unusually lively
day with the police for Sunday. There
will be several cases Of interest before
the local courts this morning as a result
OF their operations, One of these
seemed more CT less wrapped in mys'
terry. William Bowman, who says he is
a horse dealer and lives in Pittsburgh,
reported to the officers that he had been
assaulted in alley B, near Sixteenth
street, and robbed Of sl65. Once he
said he had lost only sos. Several boys
saw three men hold him up and one Of
them 90 through his clothes. Jerks"
Forsyth, James Holland aud Mike
Copdrey were run in, and the witnesses
identified them as the right parties.
though none OF them had a cent in his
possession. They will receive an exatu-
ination to-day. Bowman complained .
great deal OF pain in his head as a result
Of the assault on him.
Howard jackson, a colored resident
Of East Wheeling, was arrested by
Lieut. Gaus and Officer scalley on two
warrants sworn out by his wife, ono for
assault upon her and the other peace
warrant. He will also be arraigned be-
fore Squire Gillespy to-day.
John Nolan and another man had o
fight on the South Side. and officer
0Bsien locked up Nolan. The other
man got away.
Frank Carroll was found on the wharf
by Officer Watson, drunk and "spiling"
for fight. He was locked up.
Paxton Logan, colored. was arrested
BY officer Wilkie. When searched at
the city building he was found to have
revolver. Charges OF drunkenness
and carrying concealed weapon may
both be brought against him.
Albert EoF was the name given BY q
plain drunk put in by Officer Watson.
With one Of the prisoners brought In
was youth Of seventeen, who proved
to be James Taylor, Of Pittsburgh. He
ran away some time ago. and the police
here were notified to look out for him.
He will be sent home to-day. He says
he is ready and willing to go, as he has
had enough OF tramp's lie.
A man who was quarreling with bis
family las: evening was brought to the
lookup by Officer Wilkie, but on prom
ising better behavior was let 90 in con.
alteration OF 'extenuating circum-
stances" He soon went back to his
home on Fifteenth street, and the Off
Ger was again summoned by -neighbors
This time tho man was locked up.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Asa remedy for all forms Of head
acho Electric Bitters has proved to DO
the very best. 1t effects permanent
cure, and tho most dreaded habitual
sick headaches yield to Its influence
We urge all who are afflicted to procure
n bottle, and give this remedy fair
trial. In cases OF hNbitual constipa-
ton Electric Bitters cures by giving
tho Mood tonc to the bowels. and few
cases long resist tho use Of this medi.
cine. Try IL onco. Large bottles only
fifty cents at Logan Drug Co.'s Drug
Store. 2
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Yesterday morning at 1901 o'clock a
new passenger schedule went into effect
on the Baltimore & Ohio. The changes
are not at all radical. The Mounds
vile accommodation now leaves Wheel
ing ut 1880 q. H.. leaving Moundsville
at l2:45. Train No. 4 now leaves at
2:3O instead Of 3 o'clock rs formerly.
On the Pittsburgh division number
OF changes were made. Train No. l03
leaves five minutes earlier than before,
at 1910. Train No. 105 leaves five min
utea earlier, Mt II 80, No. ten minutes
later, at 1885. Nos. l04 and 100 are
ten minutes later each.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Clerk Hook on Saturday issued mar.
riage licenses to Robert Mahrae, aged
"a, Of this city, and Leota Smith, aged
%, OF St. Mary's. W. Va. also to Alonzo
L Smith. aged 25. of Benwood. and
Louisa Mozengo. aged %, Of this city.
James NJ. Ralson and F. P. Britt
qualified as executors OF the will Of
Mary +. Ralston, deceased; bond $500,
Annie NJ. Ralson surety.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Tho pleasant flavor, gentle action and
soothing effects OF Syrup OF Figs, whom
in need OF laxative, and II tho father
or mother DO cosLive or bilious, the
most gratifying results follow its use;
90 that ii is the best family remedy
known, and every family should have q
bottle on hand.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Rinehart & Tatum have sold for the
heirs Of George W. johnson, deceased,
to 7. S. Riley. part OF lot No. II in
square No. 20 OF the Bellair addition to
the city OF Wheeling, at the northwest
corner Of Thirteenth aud Byron stteeta;
consideration $1,000.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

TIE Duluth Imperial Flour sold at
II. i. Behrens has no equal. either in
quality or in price. The mill broke the
record two weeks ago. grinding 1900
barrels within twenty.four hours.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
CLAIMS He WASROBBED.
Business Unusually Active in Po-
lice Circles Sunday.
ANUMBER OF ARRESTS WERE MADE

And Two or Three of Them for Ser
ious CrImes-A Runaway Boy in
the Batch Brought In by the Police,
with Two or rhree Plain Cases OF
Assorted Character.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
spcelnl bargain. IN so rrousorInCs.

Special bargains III so Trousorings.
Made to order OF All.Wool Cloth and
guaranteed to wear, by
O. uEss & Sons,
Fashionable Tailors and Gents Furnish.
ers. 1928 and 1926 Market street.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
FUNERAL DIRECTORS.
acknowledgement
oaies. Nos. 20 and ~ Fourteenth street.
Ne,. Advertisements.

New Advertisements.
Its Acknowledgements Hub Clothiea-EiEhsh
Page.
Gaa and OIL Heating StoYbS-Eesbttt 4 Bro.
Russell Cottage an d Lots at Public sale.
Grand Open HouSO-The Life Guard
Stocks Tor sale-R. 8 irwin.
For Rent-Eiegnnt store Room.
Burnham's Fluid Beei-C. V. HBrdlng & Co.
Ready -t0-weGr ClothinR-Krsus BrO&-Fitth
PaEG
Banquet LAnps-Ewing Bros.
L0SI-DIamOnd Pin
Violet Cream-R II. List
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
We Can CIothe You Better
for Less Money

Than any one else in town. This is overeoat weather.
and the man who purchases one without seeing our as
sortment is simply doing himself an injustice All the
shapes in all the popular fabrics, tailored to fit to look
and wear WE'LL and guaranteed to give entire satisfaction
Stop in tomorrow or whenever suits your convenience
and see how easily and how economically you can be
clothed at
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Made 70 order OF AII|W0oI Cloth and
guaranteed to wear, by
G. HISS & Sons.
Fashionable Tailors and Gents Furnish.
ers, 1923 and 1926 Market street.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

1000 dozen Hose at bargain ut
THE LEADER.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19
euro For uondacho.

ALE is tho best beverage; Smiths Is
the bost ale,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

SPECIAL BARGAINS IN 90 90 TRoUs.
ERINGS.
Made TO order Of All.woot Cloth and
&. HESS 8 SONS,
Fashionable TaiIorS and Gents Furnish.
ers, 1898 and 1895 Market Street.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1894-11-19

Per pair Tor All
wool Scarlet or
Barred Country
Blankets !; value
81 90.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1894-03-25

Observation-Disclosures on Satur-
day, March 24th, in Philadelphia, Pa,
WILLIAM LONNERSTADTER. father of
Mrs. Gus Thalhimer, VI this city.
WASHINGTON.-Died. in Huntington.
w. Va, Friday, March I'd, WA--ACE
WASHINGTON.
Remains will be taken from Chesapeake
D Ohio depot TO Mr.. Joseph Laube's
vault in Hollywood THIS MORNING at
S o'clock. Funeral notice later.
SAUNDERS.-Died, in East Radford.
Va, Friday morning. March 23d. THOMAS
NJ. SAUNDERS. Of Richmond. Va.
Funeral services at 3 o'clock SUNDAY
AFTERNOON, March 18th, from Grace
Episcopal church. Friends and acquaint-
ances respectfully Invited.
ALLEN.-Died, March %. 1894, at the
residence of her daughter. Mrs. Charlotte
Chinault. neal Towards Grove, Henrico
county, Mrs. MARY ALLEN.
GREGORY.-Dled. at the residence Of
her son-in-law, j. II. Marshall, 55 south
Laurel street. March 22d, az $3.50 L. NJ,
Mrs. y. J. GREGORY.
AT rest"
HIX.-Died, at Soldiers Home, March
%, 1891. Mr.. JOSEPH *. HIN, in the
seventy-sixth year Of his age.
SLAUGHTER.-Died. az the residence
of her husband, No. sS west Main street,
March I'D. at 1880 o'clock, MARTHA T.,
beloved wife of j. A.. Slaughter, in the
forty-siXth year Of her age.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1894-03-25
L-ACES

More than three hundred pieces
of New Laces are put on sale to-
day. Not a single kind that has
not found its way here to complete
the assortment.
6-inch Bourbon Laces, net top. Sc.
A p~rettier one, a little wider, at Sc.
l2-inch Bourbon Lace, net top, at lie;
li-inch wide at 1870.
Angallse, a new Lace, a beauty, too,
3-inch wide, Zoe a yard; 5-inch wide.
2l-2c; 7-inch wide, i5c, 9-inch wide,
lSc. from hat to 6Oc.
Point Nenise, all widths. from 39c to
$3.50 a yard.
lnsertlngS or almost every description
from l5c TO Sl.5O.
Ladies' and Misses Wraps. Ideal
Easter tide stock. Nothing missing,
nothing to excuse. Whatever the
season calls for or any healty taste
demands is here ready. Every gar
ment has been chosen with a
thorough knowledge Of styles and
needs, and for this season. Our
former efforts are pale before the
great gathering of Women's Wraps
and CostumeSand Children's Coats
and Dresses.
Atwood Ladies' Cloth Trimmed Capes
from Sl.50 to Si1.