davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

must yet DO done upon her by the forces OF
Vulcan before she can become the abode
Of life. We have left her astronomical
history now. and must begin upon her
We Hrst behold hor as an azoic earth
20. 900. 900 years later. during which period
mighty changes have taken place The
crust has cooled slowly until the white hot
core IL covered with many miles OF stone
But the pent-up fires within are constantly
heaving aud gushing upward through vast
rents In tho warm rock. We're IL not for
this the level earth would DO covered with
water. impreguated to saturation with
carbonic acid gas. TO the depth of hundreds
OF feot But tho contraction OF the crust
under the cooling process has folded up
great ridges of rock, and has thereby lifted
1t above the terrible abyss of waters SO
that dry land appears But what an In
hospitable shore IL Is A great dry. hot
granite rock thousand miles long marks
the birth Of new CON inent, the first one
south Of the Arctic Circle.
America, called the .New World" Is geo.
logically the old. Ave may walk. says
Agassix, sslong Its summit and feel that
No are treading upon tho granite ridge that
6rst divided the waters into northern and
q southern ocean. and II our imaginations
carry us 80 far. We can look down to its
this earliest shore of lifeless world" A
little land ~ the poles. V-shaped strip
extending from the north polar land do ~n-
ward TO where Lake Superior now Is. and
from thence northw esterly to the Arctic
Sea. together with a few Islands widely
scattered, and all the rest a wilderness OF
black waters That Is tho azoic earth
2s. 900. 900 years ago.
The Paleoxoic Earth.
Our next view shows the earth after an
other tremendous period had elapsed, es-
timated at 5000, 900 years The first pale
ozoic period was characterized by terrific
con vulsions, during which thousands of
mountain tops were thrust upwards
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

through the waters, forming islands Thus
the earth might be said to have been In its
"island PERIOD
This period is divided for convenience of
study into the silurian. Devonian and
Carboniferous Ages To whatever conclu- =
sion biologists may arrive reg arding earlier
forms OF life, there Is no doubt whatever
that the Silurian Age developed billions
upon billions of mollusks, while the De-
vonian Age following IL found the warm
seas literally swarming with fishes These
animals existed In such imm ense quantities
during the two periods named that their
fCssilized remains build up thousands OF
feet OF rocky formations The third part
of the Paleozoic period, called the Carbon
ferrous Age, abounded in such q growth of
aborescent forms OF life that We can not
even grasp an idea OF what IL was Plants
that are now tiny spores, scarcely to be
seen by the passe~-by. were in that age
gigantic trees The massive coal beds aid
down upon our continent show plainly that
an enormous amount OF carbon must have
been precipitated from the air, as we'll as
laid down In the form Of vegetation. In
order to form the great beds Of coal, In
some places more than twenty-five thick
and covering In one State, Missouri, 100,
900 square miles
so long were each OF these 1ages.r into
which biologists divide the Palaozoic time.
that they subdivide the Silurian Age into
tho upper and lower. which are again sub
divided into three divisions each. The De-
vonian Age is subdivifed into four great
periods and the Carboniferous into three.
the ono called the Permian being the third.
As an inkling Of the wonderful form ations
during this period, We will say that the
Hamiltonian series OF the Devontan subdi-
rsion Of the Paleozoic. formation, In the
St,te of New York, comprise more than
j. 900 feet OF rocky strata-hearly one milo
In thicknessi
The estimate of time for the PalBozoic
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

treated farther northward, leaving the
place where the Atlantic continent stood.
with its millions of beings to become the
great submarine ocean plateau OF our day.
Tho Beginning OF Man.
There has been much controversy had
over the question a. to the particulars
point In geologic time whom man hrst DO.
came q development which could be dis
ting from the quadFumana. scien-
tihc authorities differ very widely upon
estimates. and every now discovery has Q
tendency to place the acceptable estimate
farther back Taking all the evidence at
hand from various sources. we are Of the
opinion that the first distinct type Of men
appeared upon the earth about $50. 900
years ago There was great and distinct
change In the animal life during the
glacial period. where the mammoth and
s ss,S ~seA LEA ss.ss
NE sss Obliged to sshs s his ~ as1 upward.
oven a. his progenitors had done before
him. step by step. some times retrograding
for time. then advancing
We give another view of our earth, In
the alluvial or present stage OF time. when
the rocks over large part OF the conti-
mont al divisions are deeply covered with
the rich debris from former lands, now pull
verified and scattered. America Is one vast
C0motory Oh Ourlou anu IOrBottcn IOrms Oh
life. man being included among them,
Other nations have arisen upon this conti-
nent fought the battle OF life. and have
fallen into oblivion. Fourteen thousand
years ago fourishing nation occupied the
soil where We now strut about as upon the
stage OF life Other nations will follow us
and still others; lands will sink, and lands
will rise. as step by step the cold of the
arctic regions will drive men south. Lake
Michigan will dwindle gradually to river.
Chicago, after attaining the grand position
OF a leading city of the world. with $780,
600 Inhabitants. will sink beneath the
quicksands, inch by inch. and will disap-
pear from the sight of man. New York
City will be under 400 feet of salt sea
water, and Boston will be a memory. The
lakes and rivers become slowly CONCEALED
as the great ice walls OF the arctic sea
press downward over our devoted and
doomed country. stop by STEP until the
whole Is covered with the crystal pail
But while this change is going on, kind
Nature provides home for her children.
She raises vast bodies Of land from the
broad bosom of the Pacific, whose thou
sands Of islands become continents Al
though our sun Is diminished In splendor
at this far-off date. the loss of heat Is
compensated for by its perpendicular rays
upon the land surface of our globe.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
ANOTHER AlRsnlP.
Il IL the Invsntion Of . San Yrsncisce
CObbler.

&c 10 the Invention OF > San Yrsncisco
C0bblsr.
Jean Baptiste Gerber, inventor by
inclination, but cobbler through ne
cessity, has constructed an airship, or
the model of one. which he Is conf
dent is destined to solve the problem
Of aerial navigation and at the same
time place him In affiuence-yes,
make him q millionaire.
To the eye of the uninitiated IL
seems a tumble Of fans, fywheels and
ropes, but each has an appointed pur-
pose. There are the side prOpellers
to lift 1t into the blue empyrean, and
the screws to drive 1t forward when
1t has attained the desired level. Its
rise Is assisted by cigar-shaped az
fair that surmounts the whole, and
which 1t is intended to I'LL with hy-
drOgen or some light gas. This bal
loon, II II might be so called, Is COL
lapsible, and would then act as par
achute to ease the ship in descending
to the earth. To this end there are
also arranged on the bottom of the
boat q number of heavy springs,
which would give residence to the
structure and cause 1t to rebound
should the contact be severe.
At either end are curiously shaped
sails, which are designed to aid the
progress Of the machine. The one
aft Is bell-shaped and the forward is
cone-shaped. With the wind abaft
they would materially aid the cleo
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
An Expert Trailer.

All who have been on the frontier
have heard Of the remarkable faculty
Of Pedro Espinosa, the famous Next
can trailer, whose powers border up
on the mythical General Dodge tells
the following story Of an experience
with this remarkable man, which
will give good idea Of what an ex-
pert trailer can do:
Il was once sent In pursuit Of a
party of numbering COmanches, who
had been pursued, scattered, and the
trail abandoned by company Of So
called Texas Rangers. On the eighth
day after the scattering, Espinosa
took the trail after single shod
horse. When we were fairly into the
rough. rocky Guadalupe Mountains.
he stopped, dismounted, and picked
up from the foot OF tree the four
shoes Of the horse ridden by the In
dian. With a grim smile, he handed
them to me, and informed me that
the Indian intended to hide his
trail.
"For six days we journeyed over
the toughest mountains, turning and
twisting In apparently the most OBJ
jectless way, not man in the whole
command being able to discover,
sometimes for hours, single mark
by which Espinosa might direct
himself Sometimes l lost patience,
and demanded that he show me what
he was following. POGO tempo I'm
short time), he would blandly an
swer, and, in longer or shorter
time, show me the clear-cut foot
prints Of the horse in the soft bank
of a mountain stream, or point with
his long, wiping stick to other most
unmistakable sign Following the
devious windings of this trail for
nearly one hundred and fifty miles,
and only once or twice dismounting
more closely to examine the ground,
he finally brought me to where the
Indians had reunited"
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
belonging to the quaternary period by

belonging to the quaternary period by
most biologists.
We show the earth at the beginning. or
near the beginning of that time. Our poor,
tortured earth has been tried b. fire. by
water and by earthquake shocks for ages
upon ages But now she must pass the
ordeal of the air. For the air now con-
spired with all the others together to bring
upon her the most extraordinary series of
experiences that could be conceived
First, We ask you TO dismiss from your
minds the idea that the glacial period was
brought about through extreme cold Gold
could never have done It alone, nor could
heat but combination of the two could
What Is needed to make enormous quaint :
ties. Of snow? Plenty OF steam or water
vapoE What 10 needed to generate this
vapor2 Plenty OF heat
30 we have, as so ably shown by Prof
s 1ssYsly X psg SSs fse sss!
vapor could be generated; (2) winds TO
carry 1t to colder place on the globe; (3)
cold air to turn the vapor to snow. AL
these conditions came when the air above
the poles became cold through the shutting
on OF the internal heat of the earth by the
thickening Of the polar crust and the less
ening of the suns effectiveness by reason
OF its diminished size aud the polar angle
of the earth to the suns rays
During this awful period, life, both vege-
table and animal, had u hard struggle for
| existence 1t was driven first to the north,
then to the south, In waves or vibrations.
corresponding to the agreat ASTRONOMERS
Year, of the earth. But the work or evo-
luton went on slowly, step by step. to more
perfected forms. as the environments
would permit While this tremendous work
was going on. Pluto had not ceased his la
bors by any means, for we find that ouI
continent Gas lifted bodily. and again
dropped down beneath Its load OF Ice, sew
eral times
After the 9Champlain epoch" came the
great period called the Terrace epoch
(Steel). during which period the land all
over the earth oscillated up and down, like
q ship at sea IL was during this time that
The gigantic terraces or star-like ridges
were for med. such as those we see At Mack
mac and elsewhere Ibis feature Is es.
pecially noticeable In the West or Rocky
Mount ain region. where the great lakes
are shown In the engraving The Atlantic
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

surface was concerned. Previous changes
were mostly beneath the waters. but q
grand fashioning Of the land must now TAX Q
place
The Cenozoic time Is divided into two
great periods, the tertiary and tho post
tertiary. he tertiary Is subdivided Into
three grand periods, called the eocene,
tiary extends upward through the glacial
epoch and the terrace epoch.
We cannot step TO examine the wonder
full animals which developed upon the
land during the Miocene and Pliocene
periods. but we will examine the geo.
graphicalchanges During the millions OF
years which supervened We find that the
great sea arm of North America was cut
of by the rising Of great walls of rock In
the north. Then the sea grew smaller and
smaller by slow degrees while It's salt was
deposited slowly In layers upon Its bottom.
until after an enormous time had elapsed
tho great sea became comparatively
small lake, still somewhat impregnated
with salt and other soluble minerals But,
though small In comparison. It occupied an
area FIVE times the size OF Lake Superior,
at the close of the Miocene period. L.
covered the spot where Golden City and
Denver now stand. and tho "Bad Lands"
and sage brush plains of the West, over an
area of 100000 square miles
The Mississippi and Ohio Rivers then
emptied into the Gulf OF Mexico near
where Cairo. Ill. now stands In addi-
tion. we notice that the islands of the
North Atlantic had risen into broad con-
tinent which Was contin alton of the
older North polar continent, and was,
with Its outlying islands at the south of II.
destined to become great highway. over
which the early races of men could fee
from the gathering cold OF the Northland.
The estimate Of time we mako as follows:
The Eocene period, 1,400, 900; the MILO
Gene period, 1000. 900; the Pliocene period.
1000, 900; the great Quaternary epoch.
1000, 900. Total Cenozoic time, Q. 100000.
The Glacial Period.
This brings US down to the great glacial
period Of the earth. which Is reckoned as
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

ing their exile in the land of Pha-
raoh, a sycamore Is shown as having
given its refreshing shade to the
Messiah aud to Mary. A traveller
says that while visiting there Mos
lem guide conducted him to the syc-
amore, saying. this is the tree of
Jesus and Mary" Vansleb, priest
of Fontainebleau, France, states that
the ancient sycamore fell Of old ago
in 1858, but that the stump remained
and from it sprang the tree that now
exists. Another writer says that the
tree stands in the center OF garden,
close to a well of water, and that it
is surrounded with the most beauti-
full roses and Egyptian jasmin.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
London Servants Wages.

The item OF wages opens up the
whole question Of servants and do
nestle home rule. One need only re-
fer to the monthly reviews and maya
zines to see that here we have indeed
a chronic subject for discussion. The
professional philanthroplst, the en-
lightened and benevolent peeress,
the lady journalist, even Sarah Jane
herself, all have word to say. Our
own experience l can give very
shortly. There has been, on the
whole, very little trouble except
with the cooks. Wages have run on
an average as follows: Nurse, ego;
cook, els to ego; house parlormaid,
Gl6.
When the life and income of a do
nestle servant is compared with that
of many a girl in business, or even
with that of many working men, / am
prepared to say that she is exceeding
ly well of and, IL thrifty, could very
soon save 91OO. Servants are often
very good to their relatives and
friends, and can be taught to save
money, but it is idle to blink the fact
that great deal Of their wages goes
upon their backs in the shape of un-
suitable flnery. Putting all this
aside, what can you get for wages
budget of f54? Well, you can, with
luck, get well served In every depart
ment except the kitchen. God sends
the food, but the devil sends the
cooks"
The difficulty Is mainly this-the
impossibility of getting a plain cook
to cook plain things well every day.
She will boast of her pastry. and
"ongtrays," but IL you ask her to cook
a chop or fry potato properly, 1t is
too often utterly beyond her, and as
a rule she Is above being taught. The
middle-class breadwinner can In Lon
don be certain at hundred restau-
rants, or at his club, OF getting a re-
past OF three courses excellently
cooked and presented to him at a
moderate cost. The same certainly
cannot be had at home. My own ex-
PLANTATION Is very simple one. The
British plain cook does not consider,
in the fint place, that her employers
are entitled to have food at all bet
ter prepared than she herself knows
how to prepare it. This knocks on
the head any idea of teaching her the
arL She simply listens to her mis-.
tress with silent contempt and ig-
nores her plain directions. That Is
one phase OF the cook difficulty. The
National Review.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
The Cheapest Route.

In his younger days Henry Labou-
chere, when attached to the British
Embassy at Rome, received instruc-
tions TO make inquiries about Flor
ence or some distant place. He wrote
for expenses, but they were not al
lowed. However, Mr.. Labouchere
started. Nothing was heard OF him
for weeks. Eventually, in reply to
many dispatches sent out to ask how
he was getting on, letter arrived:
aAs expenses are not allowed, Mr..
Labouchere is obliged to walk. He
expects to reach his destination by
the end of the year"
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
EARTH'S EVOLUTION,
THE PLANET FROM ITS BIRTH
TO ITS PRESENT STAGE
The Fire Period and tho Stage Of WstsR
-Appssrance of Dry Land-Beginning
of Llfs--How the World Looked NJ Diff
ferent Periois-

From lecture recently delivered 1t
Chicago by Mr. Olney II. Richmond. the
following interesting story OF the earth's
evolution Is taken;
Tho evolution OF the earth from the point
whore IL ceased TO be a part OF Its mother
sun. mp to time when IL Is full-nedGsd
world. In its prime. cannot but DO an inter
esting theme TO persons OF intelligence
We will take this infant, after few mil
lions OF years had elapsed The ring of
matter which parted from the sun about
90. 000. 900 years ago. had slowly gathered
itself into a disk, thick In the middle and
thin. comparatively. at the outer edges
ready to form itself. under the unerring
law of nature into q small system or but
little i'm portance TO the universe was the
forthcoming Insignificant globe and satsl-
lite. but of the gre attest Importance to the
countless millions of beings who we're dos
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

The Perilous Predicsmsnt Of Passengers
Aboard . Steamship.
Every one has heard Of the way Ia
which passengers on some European
railroads are locked In the cars, said
Henry l.. Luker, OF Denver, who has
Just returned from European trip
and passed through st. Louis on his
way home. "The way passengers are
treated on some, at least, OF the
ocean liners seems to me even more
unreasonable. In locked car, with
no conductor in range, passenger
appears to be In q bad scrape In case
OF a collision. but q passenger who Is
locked In the saloon of vessel dur
ing storm Is worse of still. While
we were crossing the ocean eastward
In January We were caught In what l
thought the most terrible storm the
ocean had ever seen, although my
views were not shared apparently by
the members of the crew. Still the
water was so high that the hatchways
were nailed down, no passengers
were allowed on deck, and there was
general consultation among us as
to what our chances would be II the
ship went down to the bottom. 1t
would be too late then to open the
hatchways and provide us with LIE
belts or boats, and 1t certainly looked
as though we should lust die cooped
up like a lot of prisoners without
any redress or assistance being posi-
BILE. mentioned the matter to the
captain the following day, and he
told me that there was no more
chance Of his boat sinking than of
the world coming to an end. That
treasured NE coed deal, by 81 ny
err told me that the one l had crossed
in before was no safer than 1t ought
TO be, and that he would hate to be
on it In genuine hurricane. The
latter estimate, although perhaps as
prejudiced as the former, was far
less satisfactory In every respect, And
rather weakened my feeling of conf
dence In nrean greyhounds." say
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17

lurian, 2, $50. 600 years; four periods OF the
Devonian. 2, $780, 900 years; three periods OF
Pal@ozoic time. 7,o00.800 years-bringing
rs down to about 10. 600, 900 years ago
The Mesozoic Stage.
Our next view exhibits the earth as It
advanced into the Mesozoic stage Of exist
ence, or middle life OF history
The framework Of the Americas has been
filed out more completely from the verte-
Gus view. The carbonifefous area has
been added The great Appalachian chain
has boon uplifted above the sea New En-
gland was peninsula The Gulf of Mex
leo washed the sides OF the Sierra Nevada
The great United States was vast basin
of salt water dotted with islands. while
the Northern Atlantic was filed with .
mass OF land which was afterward to be
hurled by gigantic currents and upheavals
upon the surface of the North American
continent Mesozoic time 10 divided into
the Trisssic period, the Jurassic period.
lasted long enough TO develop the most re-
marks able class of animals OF which mag
nation could possibly conceiva Reptiles
of all patterns and Sizes ruled the earth
Gig antic lizards, swith eyes two feet In
diamster;r turtles nearly large enough to
lay out into city lots, and numerous other
reptiles, some Of them With wings and all
OF them having Greek names long enough
TO paralyze any modern animal TO carry.
Nature had partly made earth. warm and
dauk. with the air filed with carbonic gas:
so she developed a lot of monsters to all In
the time and keep things moving
We estimate the time during this period
at Q, 100000 years although there are
grave reasons for assigning part of this
time to the preceding period. But the New
Red Sandstone period. which In assigned TO
the Devonian by some geologists, belongs
In this format When We consider the
vast chalk deposits laid down by micro
scopic animals, together with numerous
other strata. such rs the rock salt beds of
the Trfassfc period and the sandstones Of
the Jurassic. fnterstratihed with gold
bearing quartz. We must concede a very
long period 70 the Mesozoic.
Ia England there are immense beds of
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1894-05-17
Canada's Coal.

Some years ago an enormous de-
posit Of anthracite coal was dis
covered in Canada, and It was thought
that II duty was not placed upon 1t
our miners In Pennsylvania would be
driven from the field. Somebody Sc.
cured specimen of the Canadian an
thracite and sent it to savant at Yale,
who was asked to give his opinion
uron it. He made an examination of
1t, and wrote hack: my opinion, at
ter careful examination of this coal,
is that the man who sits upon it on
the day Of Judgment will be the last
to burn"