The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1894-12-26

He said that rapid changes were being
made In the methods of agriculture, SO
that but little was left in some places or
the old way of doing things. 1t was i'm
portant therefore that we should learn
about the best way of carrying on farm
ing, and 1t was one principal object OF the
institute to lend helping hand In this
work.
session with an address on educating
horses. He not only described the method
OF handling horses under various condi-
tions but also illustrated the same by the
use of well executed drawings which ne
had himself prepared. In his judgment
we should not have horses that must be
struggled with, and we would not have
horses of this class if we educated them
properly. The education of a horse should
commence at very early age, even be-
fore he is day old. We could then
demonstrate to him by handling him in
various ways that we are stronger than
he, and the lesson thus given at that early
age will prove valuable. The speaker
condemned in unmistakable terms the COM
mon practice of having our horses afraid
of us, so that they would flee from US
rather than gather around us when we
go into the field where they are. When
a man treats his horses kindly they
ought to be treated, he will have them
gather around him whenever he puts in
an appearance. He then showed how the
swer to questions showed the way in
which horses could be cured of certain
vicious and troublesome habits.
Supt Gregg then gave an address on
the dairy cow He spoke of the points
that were important in selecting the same.
He compared the folly of using COWS not
adapted to their work to going out hunting
prairie chickens with a bull dog. Many
things he said are we'll known now with
reference to COWS that We're not known
few years ago. Hence it was the duty of
every dairyman to become possessed of
all the knowledge available on this ques-
ton that would prove helpful to him.
Among the various points indicative of a
good dairy COW he considered depth at the
flank very important. By depth at the
fank he meant depth from the hook point
to the lower point of the udder.
w. l.. Carlyle then churned in the pres
ence Of the people. He described the care
that milk should get, the proper mode of
cream setting and preparing the cream for
churning He said that when milking the
hands should be kept dry. The udder
should be brushed off with damp cloth
just before commencing. Milk should never
be allowed to stand in the kitchen or in
any place where it will come in contact
with bad odors smell from vegetables.
a cream separator can be used with much
profit where one keeps number of cows,
but he does not think it would pay to buy
one if only few cows are kept. The milk
should be set in deep cans a. a temperature
of about 60 degrees. 1t should be SKINNED
when on the verge of souring. Keep the
cream cool at a temporal ure lower than 45
degrees. The ripening process should take
about "a hours. While being ripened the
cream should be kept at a temperature of
about 20 degrees in winter, and not above
6o degrees in summer. 1t should be stirred
frequently. When ready for churning it
would be possessed Of a peculiar flavor,
which cannot be easily described. 1t would
also pour stringy like, and would be about
the consistency of thick syrup. When stir
red up from below it has fine glossy ap-
pearance, and like mirror would reflect
the person who looked into it. 1t would
not be easy to give a temperature for
churning that would be equally applicable
in all cases. About 62 degrees would be
an average for winter, but sometimes it
will require to be as high as g. and some
times in summer as low as J6 degrees. He
then described the process of straning the
cream, and gave important reasons why
it should be done. In washing the churn
he said tepid water should be used, and APP.
piled with broom brush. Then the churn
should be scalded with hot water. Borax
might be used occasionally in the rinsing
water.
Supt. Gregg then introduced Mrs Tilson,
who gave an address on letting poultry.
In doing SO he took occasion to say that
sometimes people asked him why he went
oJt of the state to get his helpers, and
that he replied to them that he went where
he could get the very best authorities that
could be obtained and he certainly thought
that the principle was a good one. To
show the pecuniary advantage of having
chickens reared early for market, Mrs. Til
mentioned that chickens of her own
raising weighed 2ls pounds live weight at
nine weeks old When sold July 1 they
bought 121a cents per pound. or % cents per
chicken. Chickens
sold at q weeks old brought an average of
80 cents each, so that only cents more was
obtained per chicken from the second lot
as compared with the first lot, although
they had been fed u weeks longer Many
useful comparisons were drawn by Mrs Til
son during her remarks.
Clarence Wedge, of Albert Lea, was next
introduced His subject was Fruit Raising
as Adapted to Our Farms" He gave great
praise to the De Soto plum. In his expert
enca, which, by the way, covered many
years, he had learned to value it more
highly than almost any other fruit he grew.
In Iowa it had in some instances brought
higher price in the market than peaches.
Any person can grow it and it is perfectly
hardy in a Minnesota climate The trees
should be planted y feet apart and mulched
heavily every year. They should not be
trimmed, better fruit is secured when
they grow with thick and heavy tops.
On Tuesday morning Theo Louis opened
the session with an ADDRESS on clover. He
dwelt upon the great necessity felt for US
ing artificial fertilizers in the East The
fertilizer question was always one of the
most important discussed at the farmers
institutes in the state of New York In his
own practice he tried to introduce clover
as frequently as possible into the rotation,
and he believed that the farmers here
would find it much to their advantage to
make it also frequent feature of their
rotation. He strongly favored trying to put
marketable products into packages as small
as possible hence it is important that clover
should be turned into some other product
before leaving the farm. In this neighbor-
hood he saw no reason to prevent the grow
ing of different kinds of clover because of
the different kinds of soil. Glover is valu-
able for the seed which it produces He
cited one instance in which he had OBJ
tanned $36 per acre for seed with no other
outlay than was entailed in cutting, thrash
ing, cleaing and marketing the same. He
makes free use of clover hay in feeding
his pigs in winter. He described infinitely
the way in which to feed it. He found
that from four to six pounds per acre were
enough to SOW.
Prof Shaw followed with an address on
Potato Culture He dwelt upon the i'm
portance of maintaining fertility in the
soil, so that the growing Of potatoes might
be continued indefinitely in the same sec
ton of the country. He knew of no crop
which would bring fertility so cleaply to
the soil as clover. 1t was also valuable in
arresting and holding moisture in the soil
Wood ashes applied at the rate of 20 to so
bushels Opr acre If up1oachod would vravo