davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The record-union., 1894-01-20
IN WEST AFRICA.
Captive Slaves Slaughtered by Sofas at
Karrayemma.

LONDON, Jan. 19.-The Foreign Office
onel a. B. Ellis, British officer in COM
mand of the troops in Sierra Leone, on
the west coast of Africa. Colonel Ellis
reports that Inspector Taylor of the
frontier police is pursuing the Sofas who
have been ravaging the friendly country.
During the pursuit the column arrived at
Kerrayemma on December 3lst, and
found the place to be a perfect charnel-
house. Scores of slaughtered captives,
including women and children, were
strewn about the neigboring streets. Sick
and wounded people were seen on all
sides, and the stencil from the bodies was
horrible in the extreme.
Inspector Taylor started in pursuit of
the Sofas who did the bloody work, and
came close upon them January I'd at Bag
wena. The frontier police found the
place strongly protected by blockades and
other defenses. The police, however,
carried the place by storm in quarter of
an hour, killing twenty Sofas and wound
ing seventy-five others. In addition the
frontier police captured all the guns and
ammunition of the Sofas and rescued 400
slaves, majority of whom were women
and children. The frontier police only
lost two men during the engagement,
Chief Fori, attacked the police station at
Tonkia Sibul. and were repulsed with a
loss of fifty killed and large number of
wounded.
a Judge Threatened With Death.
PRAGUE, Jan. 19.-At the resumption
of the Omladina trial to-day the Presid-
ing Judge read an anonymous letter
threatening himself and counsel for
prosecution with death if the prisoner
was convicted. The Judge announced
that he had decided this threatening COM
munication should be used in evidence
against the prisoner.
Army Officers Charged With Murder.
VIENNA, Jan. 19.-The trial is proceed
ing at Belgrade, Servia. of several army
officers belonging to the best families, on
the charge of numbering Lieutenant
The record-union., 1894-01-20
S1nuogIed Goods Seized,

SAN Francisco, Jan. ia large
quantity of miscellaneous articles, con-
sisting of curios, cigars, cases of gin, soap,
The record-union., 1894-01-20
THE BOND issue.
Strong Sentiment Against it by
Silver Members of the House.
KNIGHTS OF LABOR TO CONTEST ITS
LEGALITY

The Proposition to Place Steel Rails
on the Free List Defeated In the
House-A Sheriff Killed and an Es-
cane Wounded in a Battle Between
Posse and Convicts at Goethe,
Alabama.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

According to teachers monthly re.
port last fall, eight teachers wore sub.
scribers to the Popular Educator; two,
to Primary Educator; fifteen to North.
Western journal of Education; six. to
the Intelligence; one, to Iowa Nor.
NAL Monthly. There are some who
do not read regularly any educational
paper. We are sorry they do not take
sufficient interest in their wsrk to
know that . live teacher can not pos
sibly do without the help Of = good
journal Of education. 1t is likely
that those who do not read e~duostion.
81 papers intend to engage 10 some
other kind Of work mex year.
Last fall, in tho country districts,
fourteen directors, nine moderators,
and seven t~ressurers visited thsir
schools. The country schools were
visited by 1928 other persons OF more
than 200 school officers in the country
districts Of this county only thirty vie.
tied their schools. Only twenty of
the seventy.four country district
schools received q visit from Q resi-
dent school %ofioer. II school Of6cers
would DO able 70 properly do their
work, they should visit their schools
ct least once each month.
A live teacher does not like to be
"bored" By tho criticisms Of school
officers and patrons Who think school
forty yssrs ago. School officers and
patrons should visit schools % % 70
know that there hes BEEN On sdvsnss,
ia educational methods stuss they
went to school.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
ODDS AM DNDs.

A cigar Ia said 10 contain acefic,
ionic. bytyrie. valerie and paoponic scide;
prussic acid. ~creoeoie. carloiic acid.
ammonia, su'phurette hydrogen. proiaine
viridine. picoline. and rubidine. to sny
nothing Of cahbaeine and burdockine
acid. The man who kicks about paving
five cents for all that, does not know a
bargain when he sees IL.
An exchange eays that an editor once
applied At the door Of hades for admis.
sion. "well." repliod his sable majesty.
I'VE let ore Of your profession il here
several years ago and he kept up q con.
tinual row with his former delinquent
subscribers; and a. We have more Of
that class Of persons than any other, we
passed q law prohibiting the admission
Of editors"
A few nights ago on the B. & N. train
was a newly married couple. They nc.
cupied a berth In the sleeper and their
cooling was dove.like and attracted the
attention Of some and distracted others.
Finally the lady said, n am going to get
a drink Of water; when I come back
stick your foot out Of the berth 90 I
won't make q mistake" When che turn.
cd to come back every foot In the a
was exposed.
Tho discovery has been made that
on n side Of the now quarter.dollar
there are, thirteen separate representa-.
tions Of the number IL. II was probably
the intention Of tho designer Of tho new
quarter to have - occur l3 times but
there are few people who have noticed
the fact. There are 10 states, 10 letters
In the scroll held in the eagles hoax, IL
tail feathers. 13 parallel lines In the
shield. Is horizontal bars, l3 arrow heads
in one foot, and l3 letters in tho words
quarter dollar.-E1.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

In the District Court of Webster County, Ne.
Ps sas s.. ,: s,s,sy q = Nav s:ssp' e. Ha. .s: !a,' al az
ceased. plaintiff,
John zsckery. Sarah A. zacksrv. ". 4. JACK
son; executor Of the last will and testament
Henry G. Cutter. Cora May Cutter. The NJ,
brsska and Kansas Farm Loan 10. and
George winton. defendants.
To John zacksry. Sarah 4; Esckery. v. \;
Of Henry McCOrmal, decreased, and 7. N. Story,
defendants ~ sSs Above entitled cause; You
last will Spd testament Of Mary f.. Ellsworth,
d :ss gl sn,l b Ssy wI; s!sd Ills pe',.!Sn u
S sas s S:sir'cs s ySS'i implo %ea's Viii iS" sas other nepr a..
fondsnts named IN the title OF said cause. the
object and prayer Of which Is TO f0reclOse a cor
s zsss %1Tt snS s sssiS's a Y zss sss ds's e. T. Ms. s0 4.
Z. KnsWorih, deceased. upon the following des.
s WeSss.I real and Pt sss;c 81 i S.Ssssi. !. ' ts.s s0Hns{ FS 3,
three t.s) In township numbered two [? north.
Y r g ssc uq% sss pay sS1 HS 81 ss ssrt a. the p9 S,n /:
and payable In I've years from the date thereof;
rage the sum Of .sIiiS. 2or which sum with Inter.
Isl from this daic, and costs OF foreclosure,
required 70 nay the same or that said premises
be sOid TO satisfy the amount found due. and
that any right. title, lien or interest owned or
I'M M 10 said premises, BE- adjudged 10 be- junior
and tnfert0r to lien OF the plaintiffs ~testatitK
thereon.
required 70 answer said petitipn OF the plsintIff
on. or before tho 18th day OF February. 1904. |
And tilSt u y0A fall 70 answer the ss,Re on or
tSinrd Ia ssid petition will be taken " trus aud
Judgment and decree rendered ~ therein
prayed Tor. |
Dated January 10. isst, |
A. Executor OF the last Will |
Mud Testament OF Mary L. |
Ensw0rti, Deceased.
py James H'S &! ;*ss,a.,.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
OUR EDUCATIONAL COLUMN
~ D n HUNTER, 90. suPr.

On ThursdA, ev' p'pg II last week,
Jan. ~ N. an ~edpoa,i"nsl mertng
Was held at the sehool.housc il DIT.
M. &c About eighty p. rsons we're
pr, scnt The attendance OF th,s meet.
ing shows that the pcnple iu that par,
Of the country have an interest in cd.
ucatiooal work. Mr.. W. II. Gan, is
teaching second year in the district.
HIS work 10 the school has been u
such nature Is to u quite an id.
vanoemeut Of his pupils. It pays to
keep good teacher in the same school
for several years. Considerable in.
terest was manifested in the .ques.
tions presented for discussion
Some Of the questions are as follows:
Can pupils learn a. we'll when they
are grown up A. they can when ths.
ere vouug7 Dies IL beni6t . pupil or
or . school to have speaking every
two or four weeks? What shall a
teacher do to keek order In . SCHOOL,
Should there be any whispering in
the sehool.room2
How shall . teacher teach . subject
to q foreign pupil who cannot speak
Euglish2
What subjects should b taught 10
the public schools?
Shall pupils study in the EVENING"
How . children become interested
enough 10 start to school after having
been absent for some time?
How many out-houses should there
be for . country SCHOOL,
Isl i more needful for . girl to be
educated than for . boy7
What can the friends Of education
do to supplement the work done In the
sehooLroom.
The First Grade class meet to-uor.
row st tho high school building in
Red Cloud. Some members Of the
! class ire up with the work arranged
for the year. The plan Of doing the
work 10 algebra and physics 10 . good
one. 1t 10 TO be regretted that some
who joined the class last spring have
"fallen BY the wsysids"
A good attendance ia desired d
the educational meeting to be held o
the Francis school.house next Thurs
day evening Feb. 1st.
The state :apportionmeut has moi
yet been heard from.
Monthly reports have been received
from teachers this month to Jan. 24tl
a. follows:
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
Bucklen's Arnica SaIyc.

The best salye in the world for euts.
bruises, sores, Ulcers, Salt rhsum, fever
sores, tsttsr, chopped hsnda chiiiblsins,
corns, and all skin er,iptions, aud posi-
tivsly cures piles, or nc pay required. II
IL guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction
or money refunded. Price % Csuts per
boz. For Sele Wy Cottibv. I
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Mrs. N. Meyette, the 0snssee county
treasurer Of she w. G. r. u. and Q very
inauential worker In the cause Of wsmsn
says: VI have used Parkss' lee and hnd u
10 sho best remedy ! have ever tried Tor
constipation. II requires smaller doses
and 10 moro thorough. I shall use moth.
ing else in future"
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
:.g&$s@@.:
legal Notice: Foreclosure Of
Agtstors Lien.

rotice - hereby given that BY virtue Of an
agistere lion. On a6davts for which I hled In
Nebraska On the sth day Of december 1895, icir
the care. feeding and Keeping Of one bay mare
with black name and tail. seven years old.
mi Nell" the property. Of !. d. Sucker. for
Oi August 1893 to the 9th day OF December 1888
ut the price agreed 70 BY said Sucker Of S2.6 90
per week, and for the further care and feeding
price: ] will on the list day Of February 1894.
puelicly 0her sale. mare for sale at Red Cloud,
Nebraska ut ten O'Clock In the forenoon II said
lug said mare from Decembsr 9th 1893 to the
datc OF sale AZ rate Of "a. 80 per week ald costs
VI sale.
II A. n. GRAY.
CASE & McNfrr. Plaintiff ittorncys
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

A cup Of PARKS Ter at night moves the
bowels In the morning without pain OF
discomfort.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
A cooperative glass mill 10 to be estab.
lishod at Parker Pa,

Edward Shepherd, Harrisburg, Ill.,, had
. running sore on his leg Of eight years
standing. Used three bottles Of Electric
BIZ. ers and seven boxes Of Bucklen's Arni.
o. Sslve, and his leg is sound and we'll.
John Speaker, Catawaba, O., had Ave
large Fever sores on his leg, doctors said
10 Vas inoSrable. One bottle Electric
Bitters and n box Buoklen's Arnica
Salve cured him entirely. Sold BY G. l..
Getting Druggist.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
BASE BALL AND OTHER
THINGS.
l.ouShi Iouahl Coush!

II you want 70, but n you dtstrs TO stop
got a bottle Of Begg's Cherry Cough syrup
I, will stop your cough In Ave minutes
Sold and warranted by Deyo 4 0rios.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
Notice to NOn.Rcsident Defend.

N0tlcc 70 NOn.kSesident Defend.
ants.
In the District Court Of Webster county. Ne,
braska.
vdwara b. Hodge,
Abram Scott,
The Nebraska and Kan
sas Farm Loan 20.
and Leonard Bevens.
Defendants
To Leonard Beysns. defendant in the above
entitled, ths s cause r.. T e are hereby notified that
Hodge. plaintiff herein. nled mis- petition In the
district court Of Webster county. Nebraska,
against you. implicated with the other defend
AID prayer of which Is. to foreclose q certain
MORTGAGE executed by the defendants, Abram
Scott AMI Anna scott to James II. Iallmsn, aud
crtbed real property, situated In the county OF
Webster and state Of Nebraska, to-wit: The
southwest quarter Of section numbered twenty
range numbersdd Twelve al west II the sth r. 1:
sorry note. dated August list, isss. and due and
there Is now due upon said note and MORTGAGE
the sum OF e7o2. tor which sum, with Interest
from this date and costs Of foreclosure, plaintiff
70 pay The same. IL that said promises be sold
to satisfy the amount found due; that any
right, title, lien or interest owned or claimed
ny you or any OF your co.defendants In or to
said premises be adjudged " be junior and In.
feriOr TO plaintiffs lien thereon.
You are hereby further notified that you arc
required TO answer said petition OF the ,laintiff
on or before the 2sth day Of February, 1894. and
that u you fall to answer. the ssmc on or before
said dav, the facts and allegations contained In
said petition will DO taken ~ true and Judgment
and decree rendered Is therein prayed for.
Dated January 18th, 1891.
EDWARD b. HODGE.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

"Orsnge Blossom" 10 a painless sure for
all diseases peculiar to women. Sold by
q. L. Getting.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Cleveland iron workers have been cut
10 per cent,
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

There 10 NO remedy equal to DR.. Saw
ysrs Psstilles for diseases peculiar 70 WON
on. Ladies' Who will try Dr.. Sawyer's Pas.
tillss will also ind them superior to oil
others.' Dsyok Grice.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Ladies': You viii ind DR.. Sawyer's
Pastilies the most ~eRectual remedy for f.
male weakness, pain on top Of the head and
lower part OF the bach, all one tired feeling.
Deyo 4 Grice.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

The Pittsburg. Shenango l. Lake Erie
railroad has cut wages Oper cent.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

European laborers are emigrating from
America.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
England has female bank clerks.

Ladies: II you have headache, pain in
the bsok, nervousness or any Of those dis.
sssss peculiar 70 yonr sex, do not fail to
Try DR.. Savyer's Pastilles. Deyo L 0rioe
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
Stores close In Jersey ct 6 .. IN.

Talk does not always convince. Try
bottle Of DR.. Sawysr's Family Cure and
you will Do convinced that u will pure oil
stomach, Liver, kidney and Bowel din
o~ultiss. Deyo L 0riee.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Detroit preachers have organised
union.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Do not delay. When diseases peculiar
: women are allowed to run they become
diihoult to cure. DR.. Sawyer's Pastilles
will positively cure long standing and dif.
hcult cases. Deyo 4 Grioe.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Ladies: The druggist named below will
give o. q free sample package Of DR.. Saw.
ysr's Pastilles. They are the s6ectual 70.
NEEDLES Tor the cure of oil diseases peculiar
10 vomsn. Dsyo 4 0rioc.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Experience and money cannot improve
DR.. 6swyer's Family Cure, because Il il a
perfect cure for Dyspepsia, Liver CON-
Plsiut Kidney difficulty and constipation.
,Osyo 4 0rice
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

New Haven union will publish o news
paper.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
NoupareiD flair Curicr

Will keep the Hair IN curl the dsmpss'
weather. Every bottle positively gusr
sntsed BY Dsyo a 0rice.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

W. I. Church, Of Staunton Post, q. A. r..
says: Il have tried nearly every cough
remedy but found nothing 70 oopare with
PARKS Cough syrup. ! have Suffered
ever since my discharge from the army
and Psrks' Cough syrup 10 the only rem.
sdy that has ever helped me-"
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Tho depression in Canada is tho great,
est In the last thirty years.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Dr.. Ssvyer's FAMILY Cure Ia the result
OF long experiences. skill and honesty.
Try IT and you will be convinced that II is
a positive cure for VII Stomach, Liver, Kid.
nsy and Bowel difficulty Dsyo & Grioe
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

The Gslesburg Paving Brick company
has resumed operations.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

A central labor council has been or.
ganized in Portland. Oregon.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Small boy (asids)--"Gee whiz,, but those
Little Giant Pills take the cake. Sold
and warranted by Deyo 4 Grioe.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

One thousand miners are killed aunu.
ally in Great Britain.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Connellsville has 5000 coke ovens
running on full time.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

The employees Of the Miller piano
factory at Wakefield. Msss., refused to
accept a cut Of 20 per cent and the works
have closed down.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Meriden Conn., Cutlery company cut
wages 10 per cent.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Street railway men at Grand Rapids.
Mich, have been cut 10 per cent.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Ladies: Do not safer with pain on top
OF the head and In the back or with any OF
those distressing diseases. when DR.. Saw.
yer's Psstilles will absolutely and positive
ly cure you. Dsyo & Grice.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Big Twinehsm doss not go to Milwsu-
zee alter all. ST. Louis refuses 70 give
~&
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26
Castoria.

drsa- Nothsrs have repeatedly told me- Of 10
geod s6sct upon their ohiidrsa."
Dh. q. @. Osooop,
lowell, naa.
"CasosiA = the best remedy for children Of
which I IN acquainted. I hope the day Ii not
far distant when mothers will CONSIDER tho real
intsrsss Of their children. and uss Castoria in.
seesd Of the various quack nostrums which arc
destroying their loved ones, By forcing opium.
morphine, soothing syrup and other hurtful
Agents down their throats, thereby sending
them 70 premature graves"
Ds. J.. r. KncHnos.
Conway. Ark.
The O>ntaur Couusuy. ~ 4
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Dr. Sawyer's Family Cure cures dyspepsia
DR. Sawyer's Family Cure cures biliousnss
DrSawysr's Family Cure cures kidney dit,
fculty
Dr. Sawysr's Family Care cures Constips.
ton
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Beaver Falls workers demand lower
rents.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Castoria 10 DR.. Samuel Pitchers prescription for Infants
and Children. It contains neither Opium, Morphine nor
other Narcotic substance. II 10 Q harmless substitute
for Paregoric. Drops, Soothing syrups, and Castor OIL.
It 10 Pleasant. Its guarantee is thirty years. use by
Millions Of Mothers. Castoria destroys Worms and allays
feverishness. Castoria prevents vomiting Sour Curd.
cures Diarrhoa and Wind Collie. Castoria relieves
teething troubles. cures constipation and Hatulency.
Castoria assimilates tho food, regulates tho stomach
and bowels. giving healthy and natural sleep, Gas.
toria is tho Children's Pa~nacea-the Mothers Friend.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

The 0sntaar Company, n Murray Street., New
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

By JAMES MCNsNY. His A tornsy.
The Red Cloud chief., 1894-01-26

Castoria.
"CastofiA = % we'll adapted to children thaa
irecommend Il - superior 70 ANY prsscripeoa
known 10 me-"
II. A. AacBIR, y. D.,
III 80. Oxford s., Brooklyn, N. z.
"ouf physicians In the children's depart
ment have spoken highly Of their sxper.
enco In their outside practice with Castoria,
and although we only have among our
medical supplies What Is Known a. regular
products, yet We are FREQ 70 confess that the
merits Of CAstoris has won Us 10 look with
favor upon t."
UNITED HosPrAL n D~rsprxsAaY,
Boston, Aa0L
ALLEN O. SrrH, ffes.,
nrray Street, New York City.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-05-27
FATHER And son MEET AT SEA.
SIX YEARS OF SEPARATION ENDED BY A FAMILY
REUNION IN MIDOCEAN

SIX YEARS OF SEPARATION ENDED BY FAMILY
REUNION IN MIDOCEAN.
There are two Captain Barstows who hall from
Maine One is Captain John G. Barstow. who COM
mands the ship Elwell. and the other Is Captain
George Rarstow his son. who commands the ship
Norris The Norris is now lying at South Brook
lvn after completing voyage from Colombo. Cey-
Ion 70 this port For six years father and son had
not met until upon the voyage which the Norris re-
Gently completed The Elwell and the Norris In
the course OF these six years, have passed each
other many times but they never came near
enough for the father to see his or the son to
SEQ his father When the Norris on her way from
Colombo to this port the lookout discovered ves-
sci 10 the northwest. The ship looked familiar and
Captain George Barstow sgnalled her by running
nm the American ensign. The other vessel did the
other This was in latitude 20.07 degrees south and
longitude 32.lS west. -, ~,
AS the ships came nearer together the elder Cap
tain BarstoN and the younger captain barstow
with their glasses read the signalled number or the
respective ships and knew that after six years
Captain George Barstow had his wife on board ana
his SON He Immediately lowered away BOAT and
while the two ships. hove to and motionless upon
the Southern seas, lay with their yards aback, ne
and his family went on board the ElweH ana
family reunion took place. ,-..
The home Of both captains is In Damarscotta,
Me While the Norris has been lying at south
Brooklyn Captain George Barstow has received q
letter from his father saying that the Elwell ar
rived in San Francisco, to when port sne was
The Norris was al days on her voyage from Cey-
lou 10 hIs
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1894-05-27
DEATH or ". ID. PECKHAM.
HIS SKULL WAS FRACTURED BY FORMER EN-
PIOYE-HIs CASE DIAGNOSED AT BELLE
VIE AS ALCOHOLISM

HIS SKULL. WAS FRACTURED by FohMhh hh-
PIoYE-HIs CASE DIAGNOSED AT BELLE
VI'E AS ALCOHOLISM.
Malcolm Donald Peckham. president OF the Co
umbia Washer and Rheumatic Electric Ring com
nenles with offices at No. 1893 East Tenth-st, died
Yesterday morning In st. Elizabeth's Hospital In
West Eighty -nrst-st. He had been lying there In
an unconscious condition since May 10. when he was
assaulted in his office by George w. Marcelius.
former enploye who arrested and held In the
Essex Market Court 10 await the result OF the In
iuries The prisoner is forty-two years Old Mr
Peckham was ten years older His brother Edgar
ia president of the Peckham Motor Truck and
Fast Tenth-st After the assault the injured man
vas removed TO Bellevue Hospital The diagnosis
made by the doctors there was fracture OF nasai
homes conclusion, and alcoholism Mr.. Peckham
accordingly was placed In the alcoholic ward Tor
treatment. -, . - A.o,,a, ~.
expressed great Indignation because his brother nad
bsen placed In a CELL and called Dr. Joseph winters
Of 10 36 West Thirty -second-st. his family physi-
clan who declared that there was no evidence OF
alcoholism The patient was transferred the same
night 10 ST Eizabeth's Hospital He never regained
consc!ousness. Dr. Winters said yesterday that me
cause OF dea tn was probably fracture OF the Skull
Dr William r.. Gun, deputy 10 Coroner shea calieu
at ST Ellzabeths Hospital at p. m. ana made
preliminary examination OF the body lie said tnat
the Indications all were that Peckham died OF
frno re1