davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Republican journal., 1894-11-08
Rn 0+

Ala.ytsnAE M W4sN ~SlA, st NH-
f5f HANS eaYFM
l-ysplA N9@ " I# 14r J.e6 NJ tls.#
4vla@k i efeeHeaa
I'Ht,ls4 f1arut ERssla St#Saatler lI
Wa Tile s4 af AleA tltitr H.. Mlis wst9 as-
SaeSiMated ~ 4 Nihlist Dpib WI MaAet II,
lssl TAe GzaI mother W5.5 Marie, daugA-
ter "A rh, late Grand Duke II HtsSc DariA-
~Jadt. .AleXanlttf LII was them second sun
tile first saA Nlellvl~s having jei When be
Was ~ Nrslrs II Aye, ~ THE result Of bla~
received from Alexander IN ~ HAT given
out to be E1orse PLAY. Alexander married
sister of the Princess Of Wales, Princess
Dagnar daughter ~ the King of Denmark.
She WAS engaged TO Nicholas at the tilne OF
his death and when the succession fell to
Alexander the marriage was rearranged We
tween them.
The marriage took place Nov 8, 1856, and
although authorities conflict about almost
everything else pertaining to the life Of
Alexander III, there is no doubt that the
married life Of Tire couple was almost an
aeat one, notwithstanding the unusual cir
eumstances which led to their unlon
Five children Were. born to them Nicholas
.AlexAndrowiteh born at ST, Petersburg, May
Is. lS6S George AleXanuruwitlh, born Mav
2, lSil: Aella AleNandrowna, born A pri 81.
1919 Michael Alexandrow born Dee 8,
ls.s amt Olga AirNenurowna, born june u,
1851
Although lis father died ia 1851 Alexander
did not formally assume the crown till May
2b 1852. The ceremonies We're held IN tile
cathedral church within the walls Of THE
krem ID II Moscow. Of the rule Of Alex
anler LII. orinions differ. Certain 1t is THAT
he changed the policy of his father, Who had
freed the serfs and had III many ways inll-
Gated a desire t9 prepare his country fnf 4
more liberal administration " tile govern
lnent. The cause Of popular education,
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
ARepupl,can Eallacx,

Republican FAllICy.
The Republican party has made its
greatest defence Of high protective
tariff a question Of wages. Although the
fallacy Of the argument has been over
and again thoroughly exposed, yet many
Of the party organs cling to it as. possi-
bly,. the most likely and effective club to
use over the heads OF the less intelligent
workingmen. The Republican argument
carried to logical conclusion means
that high tariff enablesa ,nanufactur-
er TO charge more for his products and
correspondingly increase the wages of
his employee, while low tariff operates
exactly to the reverse. In other words.
the lowering of prices Of products means
cut IN wages. The Democrats claim,
on the other hand, that the question of
wages is foreign to the tariff, being pure
ly a matter Of supply and demand. The
proof Of this is 50 abundant that it is not
necessary to go into details here and we
only refer to the matter at all because
the prices Of coal this season is an apt
illustration Of the strength OF the Demo-
cratic position. The coal operatives
since the recent strike are receiving
higher wages than for years, and not for
a half-score of years has coal been so low
in price. Tie assumption that the price
of manufactured products OF the yields
from the mines is baseasnpon the scale
Of wages is only 6t to set before people
Of low order Of intelligence.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Senator Cullom, having opened the
campaign in Illinois, describes fifty.one
articles In the tariff bill wherein the
tariff is higher than in the McKinley
lawy--Huronite.
Well. that ought to be satisfactory
hadn't ito the Republicans-who want
a tariff higher than Mr.. Gilroy's histori-
cal kite2 But the tariff wasn't the only
point touched upon by the Illinois sena-
tor. Did the HurOnite overlook what he
said about silver? So? Well, here it is,
and the Huronite and other defenders of
the lankton financial plank better paste
in their hats-there will be lots more
just like it when the Republican strong
holds speak. This is what he said:
The time was when it was not material
that the currency OF the country should
he satisfactory to other nations. Now it
is important that the nations should
agree. Then. let liz have our metal
money OF gold and silver agreed upon by
the natiens and of the same valve the
world over.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
(64Q.Sii
Notice TO Contractnra.

Bids will ne ,cceive o, the nfiic. of the county
Clerk pf i5rn!s county, South Dakota, until
November 3, 1924. at one O'Clock d, IT,. Tor the
sinking; construction and completion OF Tie
four following Avtesian Wells:
f!easant ir0ve nttesian we'll No.2.
Lyon twp artesian we'll No. 2.
Willow Lake artesiGn we'll No. 5.
Chamberlain township artssian we'll called
Fountain well.
Notice is horeby given that proposals. will be
considered Tor the cnnstrnrtiOn 0f said vellx, at
tho office nt said clerk, nov. 3, 1S,t
bids will be consrde -esi in the following order
tO-wlt:
For sinking and constructions depth Of 1900
AL tubing for said wells 10 be not loas than
on inchc. IN diameter through the drift, and
inner % tubing pr"portionntcly less, but rot los.
which to be good and substantial we'll tubing.
and allf,ids,
Z. l.. DRinY,
Judge af Probate, Il. .Cticio anI County Arte-
SUN Hrll commissioners, i'ra!ecannty. (5la.sI
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Wherever virtue is honored and vice
abhored there will be feeling of glad
ness over the defeat of Breckinrfdge In
the Kentucky primaries Monday. It Is
true. no doubt. that other men equally
az immoral as Col. BreckiDridge are hold.
ing high public stations. but they were
not elected to the positions they hold
self-cOnfessed lechers,
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

1--WE favor an honest dollar and are
opposed to any effort whatever. by the
removal of the tax on state bank issues
or free coinage Of silver, to lower the
currency standard" is the greeting the
s,.w york Republicans in convention
assembled sends to the South Dakota
branch of the g. o. p.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The Sioux Falls Press draws attention
to the fact that t!p advocates OF resub-
mission o. an amendment to the consti-
tuition, giving women the right to vote,
are not willing for the resubmission of
the prohibit6ry amendment. Both are
pet measnres--wonian suffrage and pro-
hibition-of the same class of fanatics.
Both questions were submitted to vote
4 the people. One was rejected, the
other adopted. Why should one be sub
mitted more than the other:
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The North American Review for Sep
tember contains, among other timely
papers. three valuable articles on the
relations Of "China and Japan IN Korea"
written by three men specially qualified
to deal with the question: The Hon.
Augustine Heard, late United States
Minister to Korea: Durham White
Stevens, Counselor Of the Japanese Lega-
tion at Washington, and Howard Mar
tin, Ex-Secretary of the United States
Legation at Pekip.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Our Republican friends who are fond
OF prating about the southern outrages
might ponder awhile over these two
associated press dispatches:
Watertown, s. D.. Sept. 6.-The yerdic,
of the corOner's jury in the case OF the
tramp lynched here was that he came tt
his death BY strangulation at the hands
of parties unknown to the jury.
Memphis, Tenn, Sept, 6.-The grand
jury this morning returned Indictment
for murder in the first degree against
W. S. Richardson, j. d. Laxton and E. r
Atkinson in connection with the lynch
ing of six regroes near MilliDgton Fri
dav night. There are six counts in each
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The OHIO Democratic convention was
held in Cleveland Wednesday. and among
other things the platform declares for
the free and unlimited coinage Of silver
at IL to l. There is nothing equiyocal
about that. aud 1t is In decided contrast
to the Yankton platform with a string
on il.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Senator Jones' Nevada constitu cnts
want him to resign now that lie has
Joined the Populist party: they say they
did not send Populist to the senate.
1t looks ss though they have the best OF
the argument. But i: isn't probable
that the senator will throw up his job.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
THE GRAPHIC.

Terms o; advertising ride k.ova a
eppl.cation.
Job Work of every Descriptions executed
the best style and at the lowest ratss.
0-Advsrt.senenta not aooonpaAisA by n.
eezuetlons will be inserted unsl ordered oas
sAd charged accordingly.
0ehort communications on any subject q
Atsrsst are acceptable II aoeompanisA by
- name Of the author.
FAN matter intsndeA for Ne ssss iasua
raast bs u the o1les - saxly q WsaaseAay
ovsning 70 Insure puhlisasaea,
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
The Human Electrical Forces!
How They Control the Organs
Of the Body.

The electrical foreo Of the human body. u
the nerve nuid may be termed, Is an esps.
clally attractive department OF science, a. IL
exerts so marked an influence on the health
produced by. the brain, and conveyed by
means Of the nerves to the vlltouS o6aansto1
the body. thus supplying III fasSAs With thl
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
DR.. Prices Cream Baking Powder
Most Perfect Made.
Notice to Contractors,

Notice is hereby given that on Saturday, the
at the rorroy Larson tchool house. in Torn
Lake township, bids will be opened By school
section %. Plans and speci6oatinns On 6is n
the office Of school olerk. The right is ssserved
I" reject amy or all bids. by or.ier Of school
board. t64S5D Geo. v. Munger. Cleyk.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

1t is perhaps just as well to note in
these times when there is Talk about the
rise In the price Of sugar, that year
ago now the price was $500 hundred
ponnds as against $4.72 a hundred on the
3OtE day OF August.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
Asslunee'a Notice.

Kinselln.
Notice OF application for discharge OF sssis.
nee.
south Daknta, ON December I, 1894, being . re-
gu!nr term OF the ci rcuis court in and fF RruIs
county. tho undersigned will apply To the court
for discharge hss gueO herewith.
Dated, kimball, South Dnkots, Sept. =. 1906.
(s4a.s,l as.;Sn..
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

asre The grand old party that they are
there to abide the behests of the caucus;
tlat they do not propose to break with
the national party although it is abso-
lutely committed to the single gold stan
ard. Such wabbIing ana contortions
have no parallel in American political
history, and none that have brought
such fearful material harm to the great
common lalortlg people of America.
w. II. CuRTlSs,
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Physicfans generally fail TO recognize
organ itself Instead Of the cause Of the trouble
The noted specialiat. Franklin Miles, n. p.
discoveries concerning Il ara due to his efforts.
Dr. Miles Restorative Nervine. tho unri-
vailed bsatn and nerve food. isprspared on the
dimcu1ties originate from disorders OF the
nervo centers. Its wonderful success in curing
these disorders 10 testified to BY Thousands IN
evory part of the land.
Restorative Nervine cures slssplsssnsas,
nervous prostratlon. dissiness. hystsriA. ssx.
IL free from opiates or dangerous drugs IS
ls sold on positivs guarantee BY all drug.
gists. or sent direct BY 'the DR.. Miles Medical
sottle. six bottles for o. express prepaid.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The Pierre Daily Capital nails the
name OH. A. Wood. Democrat. 10 the
mast head, but supports the rest OF the
Republican ticket.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The Sultan Of Turkey sent 1900 Turk
ish pounds to The forest Gre sufferers Of
Minnesota. The value Of q Turkish pound
is about t4.38.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
Corbett makes the following sweeping

Corbett makes the following sweeping
challenge to Jackson:
TN conclusion. Mr. Peter jackson.
tell YOU plainly that will fight you pri-
ystely or openly in one week, one month,
Two months or three months time, for as
much money as you can raise, purse or
no purse, In club, on barge. in a hack,
in ro0m-1nywher in America.
It is needless to say that the colored
man from Australia will not take HIM
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

vitality necessary to in-
s0ro their health. Tho
pneumoEastric nerve. -
shown hero, may 6o said
to be the most important
2f tho ontiro nerve sys-
tenn. - 1t supplies the
hoArt lungs. stom ach.
bowels. otc., with tho
nerve force necessary TO
keep them active and
healthy. Az will bo seen
BY the cut the long nervs
descending from tn 9
base Of the brain and
terminating In the bow
els Is tho pneumOYastrlc,
while tho numerous lit
tie branches supply the
heart, lungs and stom-
ach With necessary vi.
tAlity. When tho brain
becomes In any way dis
ordered BY kfitability
Or exhaustion. the nerve
force which 1t supplies
Il lessened, and the or
Gana receiving tho d.
minlshsd supply arc con-
aouNAnt1O 80 knnaN
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

The New York Republicans nominal ed
Levi P. Morton for governor. The con-
sentiOn was held Tuesday.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
Special Announcement !!
NEW GOODS,
NEW PRICES,
NEW MANAGEMENT.

Times are hard, we admit it, but
goods were never SO ene.,rn IN the MS.
tory of the world. An inspectlo." OF
our Fall and Winter stock will readi-
ly convince you Of this. The prices
were temptation for US to buy heay-
lily; they will tempt you likewise.
IS doz. Overalls in stock and lots
more coming. Pants until you can't
resist-all qualities and prices. And
as for Clothing, we'll, just come in and
let us show you what we've got.
40 new pieces of dress goods just
in, all the new shades and very cheap.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
THE KIMBALL GRAPHIC
cLATE r. TINAN. !
The Official Paper Of BruIe County

Inc official Paper OF Bruls County.
Democratic state Ticket.
For Congress-
w. A. LINGH, Of Beadle.
R. r. GONNOR, of Fall River,
For Goyes1nor-
JAMES A. WARD, Of Hughes.
For Lieutenant Governor
3. NJ. TUNLEY. of Custer.
Fer Secretary Of State
49, JOHN L. NORRIS, of Yankton.
For Auditor
DE-. BuRKH0LDER, Of Brule
For Treasurer
R. A. MATHER. Of Brown.
For Attorney General
S.W. TREESH. OF Bon Homme.
For Supt. Of Public Instruction
H. J.DAVENPORT of Alinnehaha
For Com. OF School and Public Lands
s. !; 4; -; - IASPER FERGENof Of Hutchinson
For Com. OF Labor and Statistics
: A. G. WILLIAMS Of Potter
For Railway Commissioners
JOHN SCOLLARD of Meade.
j. L. THOMPSON of 3Iinnehaha
WI. CAsSON Of Day.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

Anent the Maine election the Sioux
City journal tells the Republicans to
avoid vain.glory-in plalner words, to
keep their shirts on. for the reason that
it is by no means certain that the Re-
publican increase in Maine was due to
the New Englanders beiug stuck on
McKinleyism. and the Journal adds this
word of caution:
Press pr0tectionism, under whatever
plea or abstract argument, to an extreme
in actual legislation that touches trade
and industry. and you will find shift
ing OF ballots Of this decisive percentage
against you.
Whatever dissatisfaction there NAV
exist in Maine over the tariff revision is
confined almost exclusively to the lum-
bermen, and its dollars to doughnuts
that the income tax hurts more than the
lowering Of the tariff on lumber. It's
natural for Maine to protest when the
West no longer pays tribute.
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22
rhe sugar Planters.

The number of those engaged either
directly or indirectly in the production
OF sugar in Louisiana numbers all told
less than 700 persons; the exact number
we believe is $40. Because 6O,O0O,O0O
people no longer pay tribute to these
few persons there is talk of revolt among
the Louisiana sugar Democrats. But,
says the Sioux City Tribune, granting
that 1t will be successful and that Louis,
lana will be transferred to the Republi.
can column and Republican members Of
congress elected this fall, what a COM
mentary upon the whole protection plan
is afforded. How its selfishness and sor-
didness are laid bare! How sectional
and how inimical to the interests Of the
country at large 1t appears Louisiana
as Its principal product raises sugar. On
this sugar 1t demands from the nation
as Whole q bounty Of two cents q
pound. It demands that it shall receive
in the market not only the commercial
valns Of sugar, but also. In addition. two
cents from the public. 1t asks that the
farmer who raises wheat and corn and
hogs, taking the risk Of no profit and
without one cent of help from the govern.
ment either directly or indirectly, shall
be forced by law to contribute to it cof-
fers. There is no pretense that the In
dnstry is new one and needs tempo
rary encouragement" Sugar raising
IL Louisiana is an old and established
industry and has been carried on much
longer than corn raising in Iowa. Here
in is displayed the gist of the whole pro-
lection business. Boiled down and ana
lizea it amounts to forced robbery Of the
people at large for the benefit of few
selected benedciariers. TEey are no
more worthy. more industrious or in any
rightful way entitled to more regard
than The rest Of the population, yet they
ask that the law be 80 framed az to reach
into one mans pocket and take there.
from his hard earned monev to give to
them. Could public dishonesty 20 fur.
thcr?
The Kimball graphic. (Kimball, Brule County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1905, 1894-09-22

It (tle Republican, represents more
silver votes in the United States than
any other party, and yet Senator Jones
deserts it to JOIN party which is nume-
rically weaker OH that issue than any
other party, both In and out of congress.
Mitchell Republican,.
Mr. Scott reminds us of the fellow
who caught so many fish-bv holding
the bait in his hand and catching them
in his mind. The Republican silver
votes exist only in his immagination
or congress is not representative body
where the Democrats fayorabls to
SILVER outnumber the Republicans two
to one. Senator Jones probably knows
~ which direction lies free silver about
as we'll as the editor Of the Republican,
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1894-04-12

. ID II Proposed which VIII Give the
Republic o Gold Basis.

ID Proposed which viii Give the
Republic . Gold Basis.
NEW York, April 1.-THE officials
of the San Domingo Improvement COM
pany, who left here Feb. % by the At
ianfic Coast line for San Domingo, TAX
ing the steamer Noagara at Fernandino,
Fla, for the island, are back again and
ars highly pleased with the results of
their trip. The party consisted of Smith
M. Weed, his son and daughter, Mr.. G.
". Brown, DR.. Boyer and Professor j.
Lawrence Laughlin. the political econ
Oxnist. These gentlemen, aside from
the work of Improvement in the way o.
railroad construction, ETC., were
chiefly interested in the ques-
ton Of improvement and solu-
tion of the currency question
in San Domingo, on which subject they
went to confer with President Heureaux
and his ministers. The result has been
the preparation OF alaw to be submitted
10 the congress of San Domingo which
viii prepare for currency on a gold basis
On and after June | next. instead Of the
present currency, that OF the Mexican
silver dollar. The new currency will be
In gold dollars OF the precise weight and
fineness of the United States coin. The
silver dollar which will be coined will
be Of greater value intrinsically
than the American dollar, in that it
will contain Z 1-2 grains more silver
than the American dollar. The pro.
vision of the law which is of the ut
most value 10 this:
"AIl dollars and other silver coins,
provided they have the weight and
fneness which is indicated in this mon
etary Law, shall be e~xchangeable at
their face value for dominion gold coins
in sums not less than 3d."
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1894-04-12

the vote on two candidates In this way
resulted in the election Of DR.. Al. E.
Cough, McGillivray delegate, over John
I1arkin, Patterson delegate, by o vote OF
% TO 81. This mode OF electlng was
then reconsidered, and the plan reeorted
to In the First ward adopted, with the
exception that the lists on delegates
were selected by committees represent.
Ing the two candidates for mayor, and
read to the meeting before voting. The
McGillivray delegates, in addition to the
above, were elected by a vote OF 40 to 81,
ID follows: r. Tierney, Chas. Bingham,
Roy Seaton, A. Pattee, James Bridges.
In the choice OF a member OF the board
Of education, james Bridges was renom-
mated by reclamation. For alderman,
three nominations were made, viz.i g.
n. klotzbach, John Larkin and Chas.
Bingham. The ballot resulted, Klotz-
bach 3, Larkin Al, Bingham q. The
old ward committee, consisting OF A. Fs
Clongh, G. A. Bergstreser and VIM.
Blake, were reappointed for the ensuing
year. The best Of feeling prevailed
throughout.
F0URTH WARD.
This ~peaceable community held a
quiet aud digniied gathering in Scott &
Sheridan's Office. ID. Il. Stoddard was
chosen chairman and A. @. Schmidt
secretary. The ballot was resorted to
throughout. Geo. Waskey was renomi-
mated Tor alderman, and Peter Marqnaart
for member Of the board Of education.
The result OF the balloting Tor delegates
to the city convention brought Henry
Oulstine, 8. Colgrove and ]. c. Smith to
the the top and they were declared
the representatives, with McGilliyray
procliyities. For ward committee, the
Caucus took no definite action, being sat-
isfied to continue the present incumbent,
ID. q. Stoddard.
hE&
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1894-04-12
THE,CITY


W. ]. Healey d Mitchell, Is in the
city.
Sheriff Fox was q Sioux Falls passen-
ger TO day.
Florence Sitter went to Colman to
visit friends.
W. w. James ii on the sick list with .
bad cold on the lungs.
Father Gavil, OF Sioux Falls il the
guest Of Rev. Father Flynn.
r. 4. Van Slyke returned this morning
from Modern Woodmen work 81 Ca
nova and Villas.
ID. q APsttigrew, or Flahdreau, and
l. G.s Levy, OF Webster, prominent
members of the Masonic fraternity, we're
la the city last evening returning home
this morning.
Wanted, organizers with GOOD refer.
ence On either salary or commission, TO
represent d well known and esta5hshd
MME&a
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1894-04-12
&c tas .~arl.slaa Enas.ygrsr.,

GLEvELAND. Q., April IA mann
moth ttfee- ,ole tent has been secured
from Rarllam ~ Bailey Ia WHICH to
hold the big convention Of the Christian
Endeavor society. which will be in ses@
sion here FROM July ! to 10. IA personal
house to house canvass will be made to
secure sleeping quarters for the 10000
Young people viii 10 present. Arrange
ments will also b made to provide d
lunch IT the tent ,for 10000 people dur
ing the convention.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1894-04-12
CORRESPONDENTS.
w reps.

COLUMBIA, Mo-, April l2.-The Mis-
souri, board of agriculture reports for
the week ending Tuesday that crops
show no material advancement. Much
of the rrop WIS killed by the severe
freeze of last week, but that sown late
was not injursi. Corn has been sown
in some localities to tale the place of
oats DESTROYED.