davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17

Some interesting experiments were
lately made by DIR. Mesmer, says the
London News, by way OF solving the
question whether or not rifle bullets
are liable to carry infection with them
In their course of entry into the body.
He made his trial with bullets which
had been infected with germs Of q
particular kind, and the infected bull
let's were shot into tin boxes from dis
tances varying from 225 to $50 metres
u metre being nearly 3 feet 3 3D.
inches. Inside the boxes were placed
gelatine peptone in sterilized or germ
less condition, so that whatever germ
developments were found in the pep
tone (Which Is great growing medium
for microbes) would be presumed to
have come from the bullets. The
tracks OF the bullets through the gela-
tine were duly scrutinized, with the
result that In each case germ growth
took place corresponding to the par
ticular microbes with which the bull
let's had been respectively infected.
In another series OF Investigations
the bullets were made to pass through
infected flannel before penetrating
the gelatine, the bullets being Of the
ordinary kind. Here, again, microbic
growths appeared in the gelatine,
showing that the flannel had yielded
up its microbes to the bullets as they
traversed II. II non.infected and Or
binary bullets were used, the gelauine
developed only the ordinary germ life,
such as the air contains. The bullet
is, therefore, germ carrier Of very
decided kind, and it is also clear that
II clothing is penetrated by bullet
prior to its entrance into the tissues,
the missile will be liable to carry into
the wound it makes the bacteria resi-
dent on the clothes.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
THE YUKON COUNTRY.
Pioneer Life In che Far Northern
Gold Oio0ln0s.

This camp of Forty Miles, says a
letter from Alaska to the Monta.
nian, was discovered last summer,
and is the richest yet struck in
Alaska, paying $500 a day to the
man. The nature OF the Yukon
country Is such that 1t is q tolerably
hard place to get to. The honorable
class Of Old-time miners have possess
sion, and tough characters, when
found, are at once ordered to leave,
several having come out recently.
! will give you prices of few arti-
cles in Forty Mile: Flour, IA per
100; bacon, 88 cents per pound !:
beans, % cents, and canned fruit 60
cents. A Mackinaw shirt costs $S,
and a pair Of gum boots one ounce Of
gold dust. Now comes the root Of all
evil-whiskey. This sells for so cents
a drink and rs per bottle. You can
buy everything that miner needs
for less than you can take it in for,
as the natives will charge 13 cents a
pound to carry IL over the mountains,
distapce of thirty miles, and no one
should take anything with him ex-
cept clothing.
The town of Forty Mile IL ut the
mouth of Forty Mile Creek, on the
Yukon. II has two general merchan.
disc stores. One belongs to the North.
west Trading Company, and the other
to our old-time Montana friend, Capt.
John Healy. There are two saloons.
and one cigar factory here, and loo
miners cabins, with about 35C
miners. These make up the town OF
Forty Mile.
All the northern part Of Alaska ID
more or less level country, and 1t ID
difficult to get sufficient grade fol
sluice boxes, and in many plaCei
they are compelled to use rockers OF
wheel the dirt to water. Timber Ii
very scarce, and In many places they
are compelled to haul timber forty
or fifty miles with dog trains. A dog
will draw about 800 pounds on thu
snow. Game Is scarce except rabbits
and grouse. You may kill q caribou
or moose, and again you may not sec
one for weeks or not at all. Two
steamers ply up and down the Yukon
one belonging to John Healy and the
other to the trading company n
Forty Mile. The ground never thawl
out in that country, not over five o.
six feet Mt most, and they have neve
been able to dig through It. The!
work down as far as the frost Is ou
the first year and then wait for tn,
"never setting sun" OF the next sum
mer to thaw IL deeper. The mine
can run his sluice boxes but tire
and half or four months OF the year
The rest OF the time he can whip-say
timber for boxes and such sawed stui
us he may require. Some spend tn
winter trapping furs, but they mus
be on hand by June l5 or their claim
will be jumpablc according to thu
Yukon code OF laws.
There Is one thing I almost forgo
to mention. 1t Is the moss, whicl
covers all the ground, except wha
the water runs over, such as tn
shallow bars along the creek. Thi
moss Is from six to eighteen inche
thick, and must be removed In orle
that the ground may thaw out. TIL
boys generally make u winters jol
Of stripping of this moss.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
MAIDSTONE THAT WORKS.

Indiana People 1ndOrse the Curative
Virtue Of Rock from Scotland.
Indiana people are much interested in
several cures Of hydrophobia made by uso
OF maidstone. the property Of A. NJ
Thompson Of Marion County. Il was
brought from Glasgow. Scotland. In 1914.
by an eccentric scotchwoman named
Chloe Stout, and Mr. Thompson purchased
IL Of her heirs at Lincoln. Nebraska. The
stone measures 81 inches In icnsth by N,<
inches In width. and Il shaped like q halt
pear. while the surface IL flied with
minute pores Before applying 70 q
wound II Is held 60 the Gre and IT.
temperature raised to blood heat IL ID
said that II the ear be placed on the bare
stone while IL IL ut work one can easily
hear u absorbing the poison from the
wound. IL remains nc work generally IA
hour. but often two hours. and the poison
Is aftcfwasd extracted from the stone BY
heated mill.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
A 6randmethsr at Twenty. Nine.

Some Of the newspapers in another
State have been Dragging of a thirty.
two-year-old grandmother and send
ing her picture all over the country.
As If anything in the line of enter
prise could not be excelled in Maine.
But the Bangor News comes along
with the report Of little boy born in
Brookville on January /, whose
mother Is not yet fourteen years old,
and whose grandmother is not yet
twenty.nine.-l Lewiston (Me }, Jour.
nal.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Severely Punished by the Judge.

Amt Olson went into Judge Woods court
at Sioux City, Iowa. and demanded that
the court pay him fees for testifying In q
case The Judge told him the fees could
not be paid until Il was settled. Olson
called Judge Wood u liar. whereupon the
court grabbed u cane, hit Olson over the
head and followed him out Of the room and
on the street, beating him until the cane
was reduced 20 kindling wood and Olson
was covered with blood.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17

Professor Otto Lugger, In charge OF the
Minnesota Experimental station ut St
Anthony Park. has discovered what Is
likely to prove n valuable test for tuber.
culosis in cattle. Numerous experiments
show that II the animal Is healthy no rise
ia temperature will follow the injection Of
Koch's lymph. while II afflicted with
tuberculosis. even In Its incipient stages.
there Is an instant rise In temperature
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
WISE AS WELL AS CAREFUL.

"She's one of the most thoughtful
women ] ever knew"
"Indeed?"
"Yes; every time her husband
swears of smoking she carefully puts
his smoking materials away and they
are all ready for him when he re-
sumes next day."-INew YORK. Psnss
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Farmer burns q steer to Death.

Anthony Beck, a wealthy farmer near
Lebanon, Ind, became enraged at a steer
for tearing down fence and driving 1t In.
20 y pen he poured coal oil all over II and
set IL on FIRE, burning the animal 70 death.
The Grand JCry IL IN vestis sting the AFFAIR
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Father and children Are Killed.

At Dresden, Ont. the boiler In the Wales
planning mill exploded Monday evening
killing Adam Cornell the engineer, and
his three children, who CHANGED TO be with
him at the time. The force of the explo-
sion hurled the boiler 100 feet CoPnell's
wife, In Detroit, IL so overcome with grief
that her life 10 despaired Of
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Murder Over Cards.

During u quarrel over game Of cards
ut MSrysville, Cal, William Miles. gam.
bier, was stabbed to death BY Hugh Bu.
chanRn. Tho latter claims to no O son OF
OK. Congressman Buchanan OF Georgia
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Chambers In Arizona.

Over fifty horses. including stock on one
farm valued At $4,000, have been killed
and cremated In Arizona because they
we're affected with CHAMBERS
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17

The steamer Briscoe, in tow Of the Viz.
sinia Lake, arrived ut St. Johns, N. r.,
Tuesday. In q few days more the ship
would have sunk the crew being unable
70 pump
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Furnald Held for Trial.

Walter Guy Furnald, the Eastern crook
who IL accused Of stealing $4,000 worth Of
diamonds from u pRwnbroker In Sun Fran.
cisco. has boen held for trial In $4,000
bonds Mrs Garner and her son. who wore
arrested with Furnnid In Los Angeles were
discharged. as they wcro innocent victims
Of Furnald's schcmca
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Realistic Ride.

Tho Mid winter Fair concessions At Fan
Francisco are conducted on realistic
plan A stage coach belonging TO tho 80
mining camp was upset while going around
q corner ut full speed and fourteen per-
sons wcr0 injured.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Dyer Depot Robbed.

1t Is reported that the Michigan Central
depot ut Dyer (Ind.) station was robbed OF
large amount OF money tho other night
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
Hatfield Offers 10 Help Uncle Sam.

A private dispatch from Wclch, 100 miles
south Of Charleston. W. Va, states that
Captain Hatfield. Of Hatfield. Mccoy motto.
riety. has notified tho United States Court
no will mako tho survey In Wyoming Coun-
~. This IL n dangerous undertaking.
Heretofore overy surveyor Attempting to
sQuattcrs
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17

A. Camden. N. j.. tied 70 q stake ano
enveloped In famcs. littio Charlie Benny,
n l2.year-old boy. WAS subjected by his
playmatcs 70 nil the horrors Of tho most
brutal Indian torturcs Ito IL now lying
In n critical condition on y cot In the
Homeopathic Hospital. while tho three
leaders In tho alleged fun are locked up AZ
tho City HILL
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17

MARKET QUOTATIONS.

Turin advices say Louis Kossuth ha,
suffered q relapse and Is very weak.
Chicago eagle. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1889-19??, 1894-03-17
RAN INTO THE ROCKS,
Express Train on the Vermont Centr
Road Wrecked In Rock Cut.

Express Train on the Vermont Central
Road Wrecked In Rock Cut.
Sunday nights express from Boston to
Montreal via Concord. over tho Central
Vermont Railroad. ran into two lnrse
powders In Rock Cut, about three miles
south Of Montpelier. completely wrccking
tho engine, baggage and mail cars and
killing Engineer MckonnA The fireman.
W. Il Simpson. had his shoulder dislo.
Gated. and two mail clerks were seriously
but not fatally bruised. Mono OF the pas
scngers were seriously injured
Dipththeris Causes the Closing Of Schools.
Diphthcria prevails In an epidemic form
In seven townships In the western part Of
Columbiana County. Ohio. and tho local
authorities seem unable 10 copc with tho
scoursc. Within tho past three weeks hvc
deaths have occurred In Kcnsington and
vicinity from the disease. The public
schools were ordered closed by the bonSd
until the endemic ubutes
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Reunion of the smith Eamily.

BLOOMINGTON, Ills, Dee 27.-A rcun-
ION of an important branch Of the great
Smith family was held at Normal. 1t
consisted of the descendants of the late
Deacon Brainerd Smith, who moved from
Rosamond, Ills, to Normal thirty years
ago, one OF his sons being William Haw-
ley Smith of Peoria Deacon Smith was
the descendant of Lieutenant Samuel
Smith who emigratcd to Massachusetts
in 1854. He was born in 1878. There was
but one son in each generation of the
five since Samuel Smith, so that this fam
ily's connection bearing the name of
Smith is quite small, less than fifty all
told. Twcnty-one members of the family
were ut this reunion, besides those of IL
linois. They came from the City of Mex
leo, Denver, Pittsburg, Kansas and St.
Louis
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
SnOw In Chicacn.

CHICAGO, Dec. ~27.-Snow fell
heavily for n short time last night,
and then stopped till about o'clock
this morning. when it resumed with
vigor and has been falling heavily
ever since. The temperature has fall
en- 10 about II above. The low
temperature and binding snow driv-
en- by the gale from the northwest,
makes the storm almost blizzard.
Advices to the Associated Press show
the storm to be of unusual extent
1t covers an area from the Canadian
border to point south of st. Louis,
and from west OF the Mississippi
river to the Atlantic sea border
Snow is foot deep at Pittsburg. a
foot-and-a-half at Dubois, Pa, and
two feet at Coranadargua, \. Y, and
still falling nj all points.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
shoe Workers Demands.

HAvERHILI., Mass, Dec. 27.-With
80 per cent of the shoe workers of the
city earning less than 81 per week,
the international labor union de-
mauded restoration of the prices
ruling before the panic of '92. This
was refused and a mass meeting was
decided to give the manufactures till
noon today to grant the demand. If
it is refused, all the operatives will
he called out 10 the number of 5000.
and the anarchists leading them de-
clare they will extend it to the entire
shoe industry o. the country if nee
nssnrN
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
CLIFF HOUSE BURNED.
Famous California Resort Destroyed by
Flames.

Flames.
SAN FRANCIsCO, Dec 27.-The Cliff
House, located about seven miles out of
the city, was destroyed by fire, entailing
loss of $50, 1t is not known how the
fire started. There were no means at
hand for combating the flames and the
nearest fire engine was four miles away.
By the time it reached the spot there was
little else t. do than save adjoining
buildings. The Cliff House had IA world
wide reputation, as it overlooked the sea
rocks and was part OF the possessions of
Adolph Sutro, San Francisco's mayor
elect. The buildings Of the Cliff House
were frame structures and were used as
restaurants, saloons and curio shops. In
addition there We're wide balconies from
which the seals could be viewed.
About 100 feet to the north are the new
salt water baths. and connecting the two
buildings are n row of sheds and fences
The baths are immense frame structures,
capable of holding .!0,000 people, and are
the largest in the world. They have been
in the course of construction for three
years. Thcy We're not burned On the
heights above the Cliff house are Sutro 5
private residence and magnificent grounds,
the latter of which are open constantly as
IA park to the public.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
plNeReg's cAAlsrmAs PRESENT.
A Unique CIT to the Mayor of Detroit.
Mich.

Mich.
DETRorj Dec 27.-Mayor Pingree re-
ceivcd a lque Christmas present from
one OF his Admirers. 1t is typical of his
municipal hobbies and consists of a house
about two feet square wreathed in greens
and supplied with glass front. In front
of throne is miniature Of Mayor Pin
gree crowned with gold and the crown
surmounted in turn with potatoes and
beans. In front of the mayor is Bruce
Goodfcilow, president of the fire commits
sion, with hose pointed toward the
mayor on which is inscribed: Look out
Il want $1,000" The mayor hands to-
ward him bag marked Sixty cents
damages" At one side is a street car with
fashionable women inside-a trolley car
marked, "The Detroit Railway, cars
every three minutes, cent fare" In
still more prominent position is
another street car, horse car,
with one wheel broken and one of
the attached horses thrown down, in
which are riding two negroes, looking
mournfully out of the windows This car
is labeled Citizens Street Railway COM
pany, fare ccnts.' In one corner of the
house Is bag of potatoes with two Ping
rec farmers smiling beside it. In another
corner is baker. On his bread board
are two loaves Of bread, one marked 70
cents" Ga small onc), the other marked
1.-Two loavcs for cents Ga very large
one). At the back of the glass house are
two rooms labeled, "The Tacoma hotel"
In one room is u policeman, and in the
other room are several figures labeled
school inspectors, " and the whole aggre-
CATION is labeled "Boodle''
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Beautiful Mirage.

PoHT HURON, Mich, Dee. 27.-Just aft
or sunrise a beautiful mirage, showing
the st. Clair river and both its banks for
IL distance of thirteen miles, was seen in
the sky here. Sarnia, across the river,
was very clearly pictured in the sky, with
the ferryboats plying between the two
cities. The islands in the river below the
city, the town of St Clair and the Oak
land hotel, twelve miles away, We're also
clearly seen. The phenomenon was
viewed by IA large number of people and
lasted nearly an hour
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
BOLD FEMALE BURGLAR.
Mrs. Rietta Pike Completely Loots
House Near Denver,

House Near Denver.
DENVER, Dec. 27.-Mrs. Rietta Pike is
under arrest in this city on a charge of
burglary, and she admits her guilt. She
made repeated visits to the house of Mrs.
James r. Ives, sister of Mayor Booth of
Highlands, in the absence of the family,
first entering through window and
afterwards by means of key, and looted
the place of all portable articles of value
She took the plunder to the residence of
Mrs. Bertha X. Shaw, a wealthy friend
with whom she was staying, and packed
it in trunks which she then sent to the
depot.
Mrs. Pike is the wife of d. H. Pike, Mt
one time private secretary of ex-Presi-
dent Smith of the Denver and Rio
Grandc railroad, and now living in Cali
forni1.
Wien admitting her guilt after her ar.
resAIrs. Pike gave poverty as an excuse
fdr her conduct. Mrs. Shaw disclaimed
all knowledge of her friends actions. Mrs.
Pike was arrested several years ago on n
charge of setting fire to Mrs Shaw
house, which was burned, but was dis.
charged for want of proof.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

BEOoKLYN, n. Y, Dec. 27.-EX-
pert accountants have just com
pleted the examination of the books
of County Treasurer Adams Office.
They find total shortage of Ss9,649.
OF this S65. 5.549 is in the accounts Of
the treasurer, and $2i,50o in pay
ments for iurics by Cashier Terneey
running back to 1884.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

) WASHINGTON, Dec. Git has been de-
termined Ivy the general officers of the
Worlds WomDn's Christian Temperance
Union to present the poiySlot petition to
representatives of the United States gov
crnment in Washington, Feb 10. This
petition is signed in fifty languages and
by as many nationalitios throughout the
world, and asks shat the protection of gov
crnment may no more be youchsafcd to
the sale of intoxicating liquors and opium,
or to the lcgalization of social vice.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

HELENA. Ark, Dec. 27.-At Hill
House, Miss, negroes got into free
fight over game of craps. Pistols,
guns and knives were freely used.
Louis Allen killcIlwo negroes and
mortally wounded two more, and
was himself shot dead.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

Pity the poets who get stuck 10 their efforts TO
make words rhyme Fancy man hunting for
rhyme for the word "Pcllcts" If il were only
in the eingular-"Fellet'-he might praise the
Pellet and bid you smell it. tell It, yell it, sell
it and what not. But Pellets" is hard to ma ch
At least DR.. fieIces Pleasant Pellets are match
less as q cure for bilious sttacks. indi sestion.
constipation and sick hesseche. They are pre-
ventive as well as curative. hardly larger thsn
mustard eeeds. They work wonders.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

SPRINGFIELD, H., Dec. PA bill
was filed in the federal court this
morning asking for the foreclosure
of the mortgage against the Louis
vile, Evansville II st. Louis railway
and the sale of the property.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

PITTsBUEG, Dec. -. Robert Johnston
and wife had for visitors Daniel Heron
and wife. The whole party partool too
freely of liquor, and the men quarrelcd
Heron drew Il revolver and was about to
shoot Johnston, when Mrs. Johnston
stepped between the men and received u
bullet in her breast. She will probably
die
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
shelby Leaves His Duties for Politics

WASHINGTON, Dec. 27.--Senator
Cullom leaves for Illinois today to
look after his reelection to the SEN
ate. He expects to he absent until
after the Legislative caucus, which
probably will be held soon after the
legislature convcnes Jan. 8.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
ised DeyiItry In Mexico.

GUAYMAs, Mex, Dec. 27.-Maraud
ering Yaqui Indians visited the
creed him, his wife and two chil-
dren. Troops sent in pursuit had a
skirmish in which it is reported sew
cral Iaquis were killed.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Kicked to Death by n Cow.

NEwMANs GROVE, Neb., Dec. 26.-Mrs.
Carrie Moon went out to milk a fractions
cow As she did not return as soon as
usual her children went out and found
her lying under the COW dead, the COW
having kicked and stamped her to death.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Storms Raging all Over the
Country.
BLIZZARD IN CHICAGO.
A European Crowned Head
Dead.
Miscellaneous News of the
Day by Wire.

SPRINGFIELD. Dec. 27.-At the
morning session OF the State Teach
ers' association today the committee
on normal schools presented bill,
asking the state Legislature for new
normal in the northern part of the
state.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
He ..t;ot Even, All Right.

ST. JOSEPH, Mo, Dec. 27-William
Mcntzel went into saloon and narrowed
Il revolver, saying that he wanted to ''get
man. He was given a 44-caliber pistol
and walked out on the street. A few
moments later he met young man
named Frank Tracy, and without u word
drew the pistol and shot the latter
through the bowels. Tracy died i'll five
minutes. Mcntzcl was locked up.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Two CiviIixcd Indians Married.

CARLISLE, Pa, Dec. 27.-Dcnnison
Wheelock. Indian director of the Indian
school, and Louise La Chappelle, a Chip
pewa girl. were married ut Captain
Pratts residence. Rev. DIR. Norcross of
the Presbyterian church officiated.
Whcelock is graduate of tine school.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Twelve o1the Crew Drowned.

COPENHAGEN, Dec. 27.-Thc Norwegian
steamer from Eurapotori was wrecked off
Bouri. Twelve OF the crew were drowned
after being exposed in an open boat for
twenty-four hours, the boat having cap
s;zcd
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Saw Her 1o4.h Birthday.

HARTFORD, Conn, Dec 27.-Mrs. Emily
Robbins Talcott of West Hartford, the
oldest resident in this state, reached her
1o4th birthday. She was years old when
President Washington died.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
Nearly Ready TO Paw Depositors.

TOPEKA, Kan. Dec. 27.-Bank Commits
sioncr Rrcidcnthal has been informed that
closed its doors some .time ago, will be
ready to pay depositors in full within ten
Anvs
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27
American Jewish Historical Society.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 27.-The third an
nual meeting of the American Jewish
Historical society has begun here at the
Arlington hotel with a larger attendance
than usual. Hon. Oscar Z. S5raus, the
president, delivered the address of well
come
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

, Vh'TDNI tht IbultN VtIut,
q My rivals it deridc.
z ephyTs o. Il Iwer laden sir,
q My with it can compare,
d oins good to everything,
On every side its prdises ring:
y eglect 10 use it, ladies won't,
Tney all mus, have their S,z.dort.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

MONTREAL, Dec. 27.-All through
the province of Quebec severe
snow storm ragged last night.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

VIENNA, Dec. Francis III. late
King of Naples, died in the Austrian
tvrol today.
Rock Island Argus., 1894-12-27

Pure blood is absolutely necessary
in order to enjoy perfect health.
Hoods Sarsaparilla purifies the blood
and strengthens the system.