The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1894-12-23

forces the beiliee rents assembled their armies
as follows: FTance-Army of the kline; First
corps under McMa anon, near StraSburg; second,
General Frossard, toward the Prussian IRON
Tier near ST. Avoid; third, Marsnal bsZalne,
near Metz; fourth. General I'Admlrault, near
Theonville; fifth, General Fa1ly, Palallnate
frontier, near BiIsche; seventh, General Douay
AT Bellefort and, the reserves under generals
BouT baKi and CanrObert at Nancy and Chaion.
McMahon's forces numbered 81, 600 infantry,
$500 cavalry and 80 guns; Frossard's, 26,25O
inf ntry, $500 cavalry, ~ guns; BaZaine's. the
same as Mcmahon; L'Admlrault, the same as
Frossard the command of Fallly was equal TO
that OF Frossard Canrobert. including the cav
airy reserve, had 80. 600 Infantry, $3.50 cavalry
and 126 guns. Douay had a command similar
10 that OF Failly. The Imperial Guard which
formed part of the reserve under Bourbaki,
numbered 1850 infantry. 5000 cavalry ana
go guns.
This brought the whole strength of the army
gathered for the defense OF the frontier to
$50 Infantry. 30.750 cavalry and ga guns
all that could be gathered out OF the 100000
supposed to belong TO the army OF France. The
African (Alceriam army. about $4,000 men,
had been ordered 10 the front, but had not ar
rived at the lime these forces were assembled.
Germany-First army. General Won Stenmetz
as right wing, near Treves; second, Prince
Frederick Charles in the Rhenish Palati nate,
near BiIsche; third. Crown Prince Frederick
on The Baden frontier from Mannheim to
Rasl adj
Steinmetz's forces numbered 10000 infan-
try, 5000 cavalry 1872 guns. Tn force OF
Prince Frederick Charles was 10000 infan-
Prince had infantry 10000. cavalry 10, 900
and 576 guns.
THIS formed grand total of 362, 900 infan-
try. 10000 cavalry aud 1440 guns. The North
German confederation, together with the armies
OF the allied South German States, had force
comprised as follows: Field army, 555,6 34
POI, 207 men and 234 fedpieces; garrison
troops, 49,. 400 men and 234 pieces of artil-
lery. Grand total. $40, 291 men and 2o52 guns.
CARIE.CARs-A g City historv M the
cable-car system gives the following account Of
early cable-cars: "As understood at this time,
cable railway is a line of steel rails along
which carriages are drawn by a cable made of
the best crucible steel wire. Twenty years ago
the only roads operated by cable traction were
comparatively rude affairs, for the most part
provided with chains or hompen ropes. These
tramways originated in England early In the
last century and were mainly used for the haul
age of coal. The first English patent was issued
to William Chapman in 1903. The patent dis
tincty foreshadows the present system. An
endless rope passes around frictlon-drum
revolving on vertical axis at one end of the
line and at the other end Is a grooved wheel
around which runs the lower blight of the end
less rope. In 1912 E. K. Chapman proposed TO
stretch chain along over The tTamway and
provide each car with a friction wheel turned
by crank. The chain was to be wound around
he wheel. and when the crank was turned of
course the car would move. Then came d.
rect traction, by what was known as the tall
rope system by which the cars were att ehed
TO moving rope or chain which was wound
around drum at the top OF an Incline. The
cars were drawn up loaded and descended
empty, either by the force OF gravity
alone or aided by a tail-rOpe which was
attached 10 the main rope and was only
strong enough o overcome the inertia of the
descending train and cable. In 1884 William
james proposed 10 employ hollow rails as re.
ceptacles for a moving chain and TO attach car
Tiages thereto. In 1916 Z. w. Branding de.
vIscd rudimentary ip, by which TWO boards
were closed upon a moving rope aud the car
rage was hauled along. These three inventions
were OF English origin. In 1858 L. S. Gar.
dener, an American. proposed 10 inclose the
moving rope In tunnel provided with fixed
sheaVes and a slot along Its length. The prob
lem OF attaching the cars TO the rope is dis
missed In his claim as mmaterlal. any mode OF
being permissible. This appears to
be the germ OF the present system OF cable
street railroads"
a great many patents were issued for i'm
pfoVements but the one great difficulty was d
proper grip 10 connect the car with Tie moving
rope. IL was not until grip pulley was in
vented by andrew S. Hallade of San Fran
cisco and patented in 1870 that the problem
was solved. In 1873 in the month of June, he
commenced building a road on Clay street. |
from hearny street west, and GU the 1sJ OF
August OF that year 1t was put in operation. |
This was the first passenger railway operated |
by means OF an underground steel cable.
THE DOLLAR MARK-L. p. c., City. j. E.
Norcross of Brooklyn, n. Y, gives the follow
ing as the origin of the dollar mark 50 now in
common use 10 the United States: Before
the establishment of the United States each
province b d its own paper currency in pounds |
shlIngs and pence. The metallic currency |
was Spanish dollars. These dollars. from being |
Of the value Of eight reals were called pieces |
of eight, by which name De Foe writes of them |
as appears from the following. extract from
Robinson Crusoe': AS 10 my boat it was a |
very GOOD one, and that he saw, and told me he |
would buy II of me for the ships use, and asked
me what / would have for t.. / told him | |
could not offer to make any price for the boat,
but left IL entirely TO him, upon which he told
me he would give me note OF hand TO pay me
eighty pieces or eight for IL In BRAZIL Ac-
counts In the southern part OF North America
were Kept In dollars and reals, and dis
tinguishiDg mark in the books a Cancelled
1gure OF eight was used, or sometimes the eight
was put between two santing lines. thus 49,
period or full stop separated the dIgits repre-
senting the reals or S's from those representing
The dollars. When the United States adopted
The dollar as the money unit 1t was found
convenient to continue the old mark in the
South and adopt il in the North The present
symbol 81, therefore. is this conventionaized
form OF The old cane led figure 8 representing
he coins OF eight reals"
Two other origins have. however, been con-
ended for: The first traces them up to the
Mexican "Dillar dollar" on the reverse of
which Is the representation OF TWO pillars or
resemblance In this TO the present dollar mark
The other theory is that the mark is the union
IF the capital letters . and S, meaning United
States. There is little DOUBT. however. hat the
mark originated in the manner Mr.. Norcross
points out.
SEPARATE PRoPERTY-E. NJ R., City. This
correspondent asks the following question,
which is Of interest to all married women:
l am married woman-since marriage have
purchased a niece OF real estate with my separate
money, which property L have recorded in my
married name. Have some more money, a gift |
rom friend, and this money 1 want to Invest in |
other property, and have the deed maoo out in
ny married name. Can hold that property lude-
pendent of any claim by nv husband Can he
claim 1t as community property?
Property purchased by married woman
with her separate money Is her separate prop
-rty. Money acquired by gift Is separate
mon y. Properly purchased with the separate
funds OF the wife Is not community property
ana cannot be successfully claimed by the nus
band as his. Prior to March 10, 1859, prom
erty conveyed TO the wife by grant bargain
aud sale deed for a money consideration ex-
pressed IN the deed was prlma facie presumed
TO be community property. (Moore VS.. Jones,
63 Cal, 12.)
In arch. 1889. an act was passed by yntue
OF which property conveyed TO the wife by an
instrument In writing IS now presumed to be
her separate property Stats. 1889 page 328)
aud this presumption is conclusive IN favor of a
fa or INN ahrao