Savannah courier. (Savannah, Tenn.) 1885-1979, 1894-04-12
AGRICULTURAL HINTS.
EVOLUTION OF ROADS.
tenn In tho IInItad Rtatea

DevoioT ment of the Public Highway sys
tenn In the United States.
The notice: keep off the grass"
epsted in public squares or on unfenced
wards, are not so much forbidding
to children who would play upon them
as to older persons who, in the hurry
of life, would make crossing-pnths be-
cause of the instructive impulse of pc.
destrians to cut off corners In seeking
the shortest distance to points of desti-
nation.
Paths are the beginnings of roads
Man is social animal, and, in his In
tercourse with his neighbors for either
pleasure or trade, will make the short
est practicable cut to get Mt them.
These cuts are soon worn into paths.
Undoubtedly the first paths and
trails In America were made by the
Indians In their tribal communication,
In trips to their hunting grounds, and
later in visits to the trading posts Of
the white men. In billy and mountain.
Gus regions these trails were directed
over the high grounds or the passes
through them, and thence to the ford.
able places in streams, or else they fol-
lowed the submits of mountain ranges
or the valleys lying between them.
The conversion of the foot trail into
horse trail demanded more of air than
of earth work The forests were many
and dense. 0verhanging branches,
obstructive trees and swinging vines
had to be chopped away, or bumped
heads, skinned legs, and dismantling Of
pack trains would have been inevitable.
Occasionally fallen trees and rocks in
fords had to be removed; sometimes an
ascent too steep for horses had to be
avoided
1t was not until the necessity for the
wheeled carrier arose that what Is now
called public road came into exist
ence. The poles of the Indians wig
wan dragged behind their ponies when
they carried their household effects,
and required no wider path than the
family loads upon their ponies backs;
but the wagon, with its broad tread
and upsetting proclivites had to be pro-
vided for 1t was not until then that
the hands, backs and ingenuity OF the
white settlers were much road.taxed.
The horse trail had to be broadened,
trees, stumps and rocks, removed,
marshy lands and steep places avoided,
gullies and deep streams bridged. But
the trail indicated the general route;
the wagon road followed it.
With the wagon roads came the obi
cation upon the people to keep them
in repair, or at least passable. TO &C
complish this the ruling bodies of COM
munities made orders that each man
should do his allotment of work upon
the roads or pay his proper share.
One of the earliest of these orders
167S-is found among the records of the
court at Upland, Pa: Ordered, that
every person within the space OF two
months, as far as his land reaches,
make good and passable ways from
neighbor to neighbor, with bridges
where it needs, to the end that neigh
bors on occasion may come together;
those neglecting to forfeit twenty-five
guilders.
The manner of making these roads is
not prescribed in this order, but few
months later the court in the near
town of New Castle made the following
order:
1.-THE highways to be cleared as fol.
loweth, viz: the way to bee made cleare
of standing and lying trees, at least
ten feet broad; all stumps and shrubs
to bee cut close to we ground. The trees
mark'd yearly on both sydes-sufiicient
bridges to be made and kept ouer all
marsby, swampy, and difficult dirty
places, and whatever else may be
thought necessary about ye Highways
aforesaid"
In 1850 the Upland court records
"Whereas, the court finds lit necessary
that some fit person bee appointed
overseers of ye highways and roads.
Very similar methods of making,
maintaining and overseeing roads pre-
vail to this day.
h0 huu uhbo DNdupOt W
settlements in all directions from the
mother colonies on the Atlantic coast
roads were made and maintained tc
them by taxing all the citizens residing
in the townships, counties and states
through which they passed. When 9
public road was a much-used thor
oughfare, demanding extraordinary
solidity of road-bed and the best con
dition of repair, company was organ
lied, capital was furnished, and the
road was handed over by the people Il
the company, who lowered its grades
bridged it's streams, stoned and drained
its wheel-way, and, when finished
charged each traveller on horse OF
wheels toll for each mile Travelled
upon it. Thus the public road became
a turnpike; SO called because at thu
places where the toll was collected
there were poles armed with spikes Sc
acr oss the road, which turned upon 1
post--a prickly notice to the traveleI
that he must pay or stop.
The first turnpike in America wa
chartered in 1902, by the Philadelphia
& Lancaster Turnpike company. l
was commenced in 1894, and soon com
pleted.
There is no more important economi
subject before the American people to
day than the best method of making
and maintaining the public roads,
Charles McIlvaine, in Lippincott'
Magazine.