The daily morning journal and courier., 1894-11-06
LIFE AMONG TIE PUEBLos.
An Interesting People Whose Civilization
 Began Long Ago. . fErnva tha Hht,aun natlv ur~th,.ual |

Began Long Ago.
 lFrom the Chicago Daily Tribune.l
 Of fascinating interest Is Q study of the ethnological evolution of the Pue- blo Indians. who occupy the pictur- esque region between the upper Rio Grande and the Rio Colorado. When Vasquez de Coronado and Cabeza de Vaca marched into New Mexico in 154o they found these people already in semi-culture. living In villages of solid edifices, three stories high and fort like in construction. That they were able to hold their own during almost four centuries Is the more surprising. since they had constantly as neighbors nomadic tribes of warriors and robbers, against whose attacks they were obliged to defend themselves with their primitive weapons.
 For two years they were able to with stand the Spanish invaders in their "casas grandes." It had been reported to the Spanish commanders that seve- ral hundred miles to the north lay a great empire named Cibola, which had seven large cities. In these there were long streets on which only gold and silversmith resided. Impos- ing palaces lowered in the suburbs with doors and columns of pure tur- quoise. The windows were made of precious sto0es, brilliantly polished. At thu sumptuous feasts of the prince of the land enchanting slaves served the most delicate dainties on golden dishes. There were mountains of opal rising above valleys revelling in jew els, with crystal streams whose bot tom consisted of pure silver sand.
 The disappointment of the Spaniards was great. A number of large Indian villages were found whose inhabitants subsisted upon the fruits of a primitive agriculture. The ,frugahty and thrift of the Pueblos excited the interest of the voluptuous Spaniards. The pecu- liar architecture of the villages and houses also drew their admiration. Taken as a whole, the circle of houses resembled the cells of a wasps' nest, of which the upper stories were reached on a. crude ladder. Entrance could be gained only through small opening in the roof. not even the sides facing the streets containing doors. A few heavily grated windows served as Eportholes for their arrows These pe- culiar constructions of baked clay are still fashionable in such old towns as Zuni, Taos and others.
 Situated, as the Moqui villages and Acoma were, on top of an inaccessible rock, the Spaniards despaired of con- quering them. The supposed Cibola not banning out according to expecta- tion, they did not seek re-enforcement and left the Pueblos in peace. Only to- ward the end of the sixteenth century the Pueblos had to submit to Spanish rule, under which they remained until 184s, when the territory embracing New Mexico and Arizona was ceded to the United States.
 In some respects the Spanish supre- macy proved beneficial to the Indians. They virtually maintained their inde- pendence. Many innovations in their life and customs can be traced from this period. The only domestic crea- lures in their villages were large tur- keys, whose feathers served as head ornaments for the warriors; but horses, COWS, sheep, goats, dogs and, last but not least, the indispensable burros were added to their domestic stock.
 The most important change in their commmistic mode of living dates from the annexation of New Mexico to the United States and the introduction of railroads. Their unfriendly neighbors, the Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas and Navajos, were restricted to their own reservations.
 | Feeling safe under the powerful pro- tection of the government, these peace able people have begun to relinquish their mode of communistic existence in the strange dwellings. Until recent ly there was promiscuous living to- gether of large families in the numer- ous apartments of 8 single house to which access could only be obtained through the small aperture in the roof. More modern cottages are being built for single families, farming is carried on on large scale, and in some parts grape and fruit culture is attempted with good results. All the villages are characterized by, a certain industrial monopoly. In one of them, for instance, the pottery of all the Pueblos Is manufactured; in others, like the Moqui villages. all the people are employed in the making of finely woven goats hair blankets, in which. occupation many are great experts. Although large number are engaged. in the sale of blankets and Indian goods in the southwestern part of the Union,. in the gold diggings of California, in. Mormon settlements, in the small rail- road stations of Arizona, the average Pueblo Indian prefers a settled life. He Is domestic in his habits, and loves his family, his cattle, his farm and his neighbors as dearly as does his pale faced brother And has he not good cause to rejoice and be contented with. his lot? Has he not a faithful and charming wife? There are some pret-