The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1894-12-21
EUROPE'S SEWAGE SYSTEMS
Continued from Eighth Page.


tern worth mentioning. II is about 20
years behind the times in this respect. II
has a sewerage system Tar inferior 10
that in use in savannah; Marseilles, Tou-
Ion. Brest, and other French cities are
ia much the same condition. Paris, with
irs immense and WOrld-famed system of
sewerage, embracing over so miles Of
mines. is still behind the times, its system
having many imperfectiOns. Mr. Chancel-
l0r discusses all the modern system Of
sewerage, showing a very intimate knowl-
edge of his subject, and his paper is
bound TO prove a very valuable one TO
sanitary authorities.
amsterdam has no regular sewerage
system. Different systems of discharg-
ing and collecting sewerage, are in vogue
crement By means OF a web of closed
iron pipes, through which il is forced
by compressed air to place outside of
the city, where il is prepared for agricul-
fursl purposes. The cost is estimated at
& Sd per capita for those whose houses
are connected with this system. The
number of houses connected with this
'Beriins drainage and sewerage system
is believed to be the best in the world. The
city is divided into twelve districts. All
houses are connected with works, carrying
loo to 10000 cubic inches of sewerage
annually, to be distributed by scientific
means Of irrigation over municipal FARMS
aggregating in extent more than 10000
acres. The total investment of the mu-
nicipallty in farms and improvements Is
about S2S,56O,O 900. The farms are in high
state of cultivation and it is believed that
in a few years the revenue from them
will pay handsome interest upon the in
fun report upon the Berlin sewerage
farms was published in the Century Maya
zine Of last July, by Mr.. Albert Shaw.
Bordeaux, one Of the healthiest cities of
Europe, has but a very primitive system
Of sewerage. The city is traversed by two
narrow streams; n, which ,n are used ss
Garonne. These streams are walled
up in an irregular manner. The
city has under consideration a project to
improve and systematic the sewerage.
Bordeaux is spread out over wide area
The average number Of persons to each
house is seven, against thirty-five in
Paris thirty-two in Berlin and fifty-fve
in Vienna.
Bradford, England, has a combined sys-
tenn in use, sewage and rainfall flowing
into the same sewer. The altitude is high
and the inclination of sewers is steep. The
total cost of cons truction since the work
was commenced in 1862, ninety miles, is
81 $4,000. Forty thousand houses are con-
nected with the sewers. The number of
inhabitants of that city is 216 300. The
average death rate is 1887 as against 80
per lUOO before the construction or new
sewerage system. Sewage works are
situated two miles outside of the city,
where sewage is precipitated by lime and
filtered through a coke breeze.
Bremen has no particular system. EX-
crementitious matter is not received into
the sewers. The entire discharge of sew
age goes 10 the river. Closets empty into
cisterns beneath buildings and are emptied
bv a portable vacuum engine into a large
air tight iron tank, and the contents taken
10 the country, where it is used for fer
tiliZing purposes. The system has proved
very unsatisfactory and further construc-
ton Of cisterns is prohibited by law. Turf
closets are now used.
Brussels is partly situated on a plain,
crossed by the river Senne. a small river
now covered, but which was formerly
used a natural sewer to carry off all
the NTH of the city. The Senne was at
that time sort of magnified Bilbo canal.
It was converted into covered drain
in 1851 Two main sewers traversed the
city on each side of the river, receiving
all the sewage of the city, conveying into
one main sewer outside Of the city and
emptying into the Senne five miles from
the city limits. There is no separate sys-
TEN for storm water and house drainage.
Part Of the sewage is distributed upon
small body of land some distance from
the city. The death rate is 2l.9 per 1000,
decrease from 29.1 in 1868. The total
amount of expenditure in the construction
of sewers since 1S4S is S673,242.H and the
cost of the department is about $4,000
year.
Cardiff has no regular system of sew
erage, but it is one of the healthiest cities
in England. The town is fiat. The plan
consists of a connection of sewers having
their outlet into the Bristol channel No
separate systems for house drainage and
storm water. All the house, numbering
25,902, are connected with the sewers. The
system works satisfactorily. The death
The town of Neithy Tydiel near Cardiff
disposes of its sewage by means of a sew
age farm, which returns very handsome
profit
Constantinople has no sewerage to speak
of, but the city is well drained naturally
The solid matter is collected by cars during
the night, and is loaded on barges and
dumped into the sea of Marmora.
Copenhagen has a well arranged system
OF sewerage emptying intCAhe harbor, but
the outlet is not satisfactory as there is
comparatively little current in the chan
mel at the point of outlet The house
drainage system is separate from the sew
erage. No water closets are allowed. me
night soil is collected by the tub system
and removed from the city by railroad and
sold to farmers. The system Is very OBJ
noxious and unsatisfactory No status
tics as to the death rate were obtainable.
Dublin, ireland, has had under consldera-
tion Tor some years the Improvement OF
the sewerage system and its city councli
IS now considering plans for the disposal
OF the sewage, with view to entering
upon comprehensive works for a more
thorough sewerage and the disposition of
the sewage so as to relieve the Lltey.
river and its estuary, which are dependent
upon the tides for cleansing. Dublin is
divided by the Liney, winch serves as an
open sewer for receiving all the sewage
of the city. The river is tidal throughout
the entire citylimits and although the TIDES
rise at the river mouth from to II feet
at neap and from y to IA feet at spring
tides and carry into and out of the river
daily not far short Of Oo,OO0O00 cubic feet
or water, a volume of 80 to 40 of sea water
TO one of sewage, the river remains i'm
perfectly cleansed and is offensive both to
sight and smell. The city is an ancient
one and the sewerage system has come
by piece meal. The subsoil underlying
the city is believed to be impregnated and
noxious with sewage escaped from de-
fective drains. Malarial forms Of fever
especially enteric, are never absent from
the city. The sewerage system in use is
the ordinary one with no separate drains
for storm water. Plans are under consid-
Grafton with the object of dumping the
sewage into the sea at some distance from
the city.
Florence, Italy, has an old sewerage
system which is being gradually improved
and nodernized. The sewage is carried
by means OF pumping stations two or
three miles outside of the city and sold to
farmers as fertilizer. The death rate was
decreased from IS per 1000 in 1871 to Isl
in 1890.
Frankfort-on-Main is one of the best
watered and best drained cities of Eu-
rope. The sewers are built in two divis-
ions, one sytem draining the highest por-
ton of the city and the other the lower
portion. The first drains imm e5dia3teely
down the river. Each net work is com