The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-08-12

cheering practice, namely, that OF windins
steam pipes over eight inches in diameter with
three-sixteenths inch copper wire, thus nearlv
doubling the bursting pressure, in the case ot
merchant steamers using high pressure steam.
IL Is found that, as with the w~ire-wound gun.
wire of square section coiled round the pips
under tension adds enormously 10 the strength
and the results Of some tests have showed tina,
a wired pipe stands Just about the pressure IL
ought to have stood when unwired had the
copper not been injured in the brazing,
To obviate the risks OF careless brazina
and enable the thickness Of sheet copper form.
ing the pipe TO be reduced TO a minimum. al the
same time that full advantage of wire winding
ing steam pipes has been devised forming even
a closer analogy TO the wire gun than the usual
copper Of the thinnest practicable gauge 20 form
the interior to the core OF the pipe. The body
wound closely around the core. the inter,tiepess
being filled:in solid with copper by a new system
OF copper electro-depOsition.
The new canal At Sault ste. Marie, Mich, IL
noted as presenting some special features
adopted from the English methods. Il appears
that q coner dam of timber crib work. filled
with clay, was constructed the length Of the
canal to keep the water from the site where the
work was in progress. The clay in this dam
was continually wearing out through the tim
Der. and 1t was necessary to replace II, an opera
ton performed by stock ramming. The work
Ia begun by driving an inch pipe to the bottom
OF the clay filling in the Golfer dam. an iron rod
thirty feet long sliding. up and down In this
paratus, with q rammer weighing over nineteen
hundred pounds, the rammer being used to
with ,shovels. Of which the blades had been cut
and then rolled into a ring a little less than three
into a mass Of moistened clay, and from iittIe
rolls about a foot long. which are placed In the
forced down the tube by The rsn,ns ys INA oe nhsg
driver. The pipe is now pulled up about ten IReets
which the pipe is again pulled up ten feet and
SUN tm another thlrd OF = yard driven, making q
| the hliing OF the dam Mt mi. snot ~ ,vhnys
apparatus is then moved forward five feet and
the pr9cess repeated. In this way the ramming
Golfer dam during the entire vyorlIne season
and keeps the interior fairly water-tight.
nofueto Z sur n'reunllo, Oemper..ure
uye v".nS' ,he circular FORM mas iately oeeh
ieso''eu =, SheFe oe'ns an ouNer CASING pro-
Nlueu Win notes. Wh1cn acts as support TOT the
dye bath and screens the Bunsen burners from
draushts. The heating ARRANGEMENT isdescribed
as consisting OF SIX burners one Tor each pot,
this annaratus ia that ~ II. being ~ bsmisnhsr,.
~, ap pa a,.s 10 'nss u a. ! nem'spner'-
and for which several advantages are claimed;
that is, IL lessons the quantity Of fluid reouircd
6y the aye bath. II promotes the circulation ofthe
formity OF temperature: and IT also acts a. a fius
The vessel contains six holes for The dve pot,
around its periphery, one in the centre for tho
c9ne ana another Tor y theFn9mster together
its contents can he revived the latt.r beins
pronounced a distinct novelty in the construc-
uonot oyeanS apparatus, anu one whioh VIII
formity OF Temperature. As a heating fluid for
use with this kind OF arrangement, experiments
snow maj ca,cium chIorioe gives the most salts
ciycerine. and IL is much superior tn oil
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A new kind OF elevator for use in gold mines
is mentioned In the mining journals. 1t Is con-
structed so that one side exactly balances the
other. On one side Is a large cage on which q
loaded car is rum TO be hoisted TO the top OF the
mill, ana on the oeher Is a huge iron water tank
capable of holding sufficient water to raise the
u ioau' WV Ih ~ UP. u oai"s
Which on.n. . .,on ~ ana ain .ps ,srS w,,s
80 a !, ,rhi.h y a,.nt daso.nd. and ,h.,.a.
Containing car, carmSn. and ali. rises to The top
then pulls another rope, Which opens a valve At
ana thus the cage and car now being the
being aiways nnaer ,h h cootroI of ths oner ur,sS.
OF German; Inc cage rs pfoVndea witn strong
ststio5ar1 at env noint s,thsr in anjno nn ~,
coming d1yn and ,he Who'll ia HING an a q sisht.
of great holding capacity. ~
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A contributor to the Fortntohuy Reute'O argues
that II the sun had been made or solid coal from
centre TO surface, and II that coal had been
burned for the purpose OF sustaining the radis-
tion, 1t can be demonstrated that a few thousand
years of solar 'exrenditure at the present rate
would suflce to exhaust all the heat which the
combustion OF that great sphere OF fuei could
generate: It is known however. that the sun
has been radiating heat. not alone FOR thoussndA.
but Tor millions or years-the existence or fossil
plants and animals fully s~uficing to establish
This fact In this wav n ia claimed a. Ia ro..i-
-
Die 10 account TOT the extremely remarkabls
circumstance that the great luminary has rad
lated forth already one thousand times as much
heat as could he generated by the combus-
ton OF a sphere OF coal as large as the sun 10
AT present. And yet, notwithstanding this
expenditure in the past, physics declare
thai tor millions OF years TO come the sun may
continue to dispense light and heat 70 its attend-