The sun., 1894-12-28
POPULATION AND CAPITAL.
PRoE HADLBI,s views ON TEE
MLLTHUsIAN DOCTRINE.

she second days sessions OF the American
Econ omic Association began yesterday morning
kith a paper on The shicsgo STRIKE" by Car
ko,I n. n right, United States Commissioner Of
Labor. in n .hich he said:
9Th. com, binstion Of strife and boycott
which occurred At Chicago in June and July
last was an epoeha event in the labor move
mon, and the ind ustrial development OF the
country. because II emphasized certain prin-
eI,les now recognized, as essential In the gov
ernment. management. and operation OF rail-
roads. It demonstrated to the satisfaction Of
the public At large the right and the power
pf the Federal Government while not in
tcrfsring in the operation or control Of
strikes themselves, TO send It's troops into
state for the purpose OF protecting
Federal interests. whether that protection
was or was not asked by the States
Government. II has shown the power OF tho
courts In the expansion OF the privilege OF in
junction. the twin power to mandamns; and IL
has shown that the civil courts assert the right
TO define what Is crime under certain circum-
stances. TO execute their own views by legal
processes to interpret their own scts, and to i'm
pose sentence. II has made the country rccoe-
bize the necessity Of considering railroads a.
representing public as well as private interests,
knd that their employees are quasl-public ser
wants.
Moreover, the Chicago strike constitutes
subordinate element in revolution which Is
quietly taking place in this country. IL 1vas
preceded by . revolutionary measure far more
significant than ITSELF and IL being supplemented
by one still more significant In 1887 Congress,
at the demand Of the shippers Of the country,
passed the Interstate Commerce act regulating
the freight rates over all Interstate railroads,
and logically over all railroads. In other words,
the Congress Of the United States, according to
tho demands of the shippers Of the country.
recognized that existing conditions were In con-
fiict with moral sentiment comprehending the
5ustncss and the equity involved in the trans
portation of commodities essential to the well
socialism and com mpulsory arbitration, because
It is emphatically a law regulating the prices Of
ond measure to which I have referred is the
Pooling bill pow pending IN the senate. This
shippers and railroads: and yet as state
sociallstic measure II equals the com puisory in
Sides for . great trust. with the Government Of
the United States as the trustee.
This explains why the Chicago strike is
epochal In its influence as q subordinate phase
OF silent revolution. IL emphasizes the claim
that there must be some legislation which shall
employers in conducting the business Of trans
portation. so far the terms and conditions OF
the lines OF the Interstate Commerce act is a
declaration thst all wages paid as well as
SnsrEss for services shall be reasonable
The other papers read at the mornins o session
h: o p Of
and tbs
noon session the first paper was by Prof. A. T.
Hadley Of Yale on Population and Capital"
II wish 70 point out how the use Of socio-
logical methods OF inquiry have enabled us to
connect the causes affecting the growth Of capt.
snd how how the the combination @ me Of the two things Ia:
enabled US TO present the essential truth Of the
The same time a more convincing and useful
form than is otherwise possible. We ind that
taken part in the accumulation Of capital.
For such accumulation. which is socially neces-
mpst ss o,n % ss nd
did not provide for production. The military
Tor socumuiAt tions in the hands of the strongest.
The modern family provides for accumulations
in the hands OF the producers as class.
"Ths prudent man or woman. who works hard,
invests wisely. and does not marry till assured
Sc self rs and T Sis children against the danger Of
pressure Of population upon subsistence. He
rate and still more conspicuOusly lessons
his contribution to the national death rate.
iative effect from generation to generation. by
which tho nation as whole grows more Pru-
IN al hs these waSs that H' tRs nsttuson Of nd
vidual capital has proved the beat means
Of accpmulating the capital OF A. commu- %
ing Of the general birth rate: . stiIl greater
foSe' But L has left Certain part. Of the popuis-
Sn Ssrss IN Of STAR is his TO be regarded
necessary incident TO progress, or as an unneees-
against tho modern Industrial systemr Nautilus
holds the former view the socialists the latter.
theory msy Ss's be summed d up as follows: i. low
death rate is necessity for national prosperity.
ang 5as rSe dss
rate means increased population. and, In long.
established cSnmunties increased den density n;d q
food per unit Of labor, more disease: and
rass are % far In excess Of the death
prosperity that the Improvement iq the
srts Of food supply, has not kept pace with this
This difference must be reduced by preventive
checks 10 lessen the birth rate. Otherwise the
ndiyidYa Is g blame, and must expect to see
-"Ths ,socislistio criticism may. upon the
two heads; 1. There is almost never in civilized
Sy 3. s.Is s Sw.Ss S
iood enough e 90 around 4 i were only dis
there Ii no likelihood OF a future pressure OF
population on subsistence, because increased
comfort is ACCOMPANIED by lower birth rate,
" The last point Is erroneous. II Is true that
- society exists at present high comfort and
low birth rate usually go together. because COM
fort Is made TO depend on prudence. Let the COM
fort be made Independent OF prudence, as In the
case or the English poor law at the beginning OF
this century, and the birth rate tends 10 increase
rather than diminish. IL may not be equally
true as some MAlthusians would have us be-
1ieys that the low birth rate is the cause OF the
comfort; but Il is much further from the truth
20 assert that the comfort 10 the cause OF the low
birth rate. Both arc the results OF common
cause.-The exercise OF prudence-which gives
comfort and low birth rate 20 those who are
capable OF practising it while those who are IN
capable Of so doing have at once higher birth
rata and lower level OF comfort"
Prot. David Kinley OF the University OF Illinois
Retail Trade" and Worthington o. Ford. Chief
OF the United States Bureau Of statistics then
'Whsreyer the Eastern trade has centered In
the pASL" said he, great opulence and political
power have been seen. Commercial discovery,
diplomacy, and mercantile selhshness have
souRht 10 monOpolizs or share in this trade. The
Eastern countries are almost purely agricultural;
more than ninety per cent. Of population depend