davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Late yesterday afternoon the proprietor of the
Watchman and Southron was summoned before
the Grand Jury and examined IN regard to the
cost and form of the report as it appeared in
the Herald, the form and cost Of the report IN
previous years, the cost of the report had it
been published in the compact form of pre-
vious years. aud the probable cost of tbereport
had the bid of the freeman at the regular
rates heeen accepted Mr.. Miller, Of the
Fyeemon and Mr. A. W. Knight, Of the Herald
were also summoned and examined by the
Grand Jury. Thus the matter has assumed
form, concerning which the public have a
right to be informed.
AS stated in the article copied from the
freeman, the Treasurer's Report has been
published for years by all the papers in Sum-
ter withou, additional cost TO the county, the
work and pay having been equally divided. !.
When there were two papers here, the Watch
man and Southron and the Adoanee, this plan
prevailed, and since th. establishment Of the
freeman. the work aud pay have been divided
between the three, until the publication of the
present report. This has been done without
disagreement, notwithstanding the fact that
the WatcSman and Southron has at all times
had larger circulation than any OF its COM
petitors, and on this ground entitled 10
greater portion of the price fixed by law.
1, is also true tha: the Report this year has
been extended and made to fill more space
than necessary aud has, at the legal rate,
Fifty cents per ioch, cost the county more for
the publication in one paper than IL cost In
previous years when published in three.
Again it is true that the law requires the
publication of the Report two weeks before
court convenes, and this year the Report was
not issued until the Friday before court
convened on Monday. This is the status of
the case now being investigated by the Grand
Jury.
Abou, month ago, as has been the Gus
Tom of the proprietor OF this paper 10 pre-
vious years, in default OF an understanding,
business proposition was submitted, in
writing, to Treasurer D. E. keels to publish
the Report conjoin ntly w.t. her papers
for one price, thus giving the Report the
widest possible circulation without additional
cost to the county. In the same letter Il second
propositon was made-that in the event of
Treasurer Keels' decision to select one paper
for the publication OF the Report, the Watel-
,na,. and Southro,a would be entitled TO con-
sideration on account of its large circulation
by reason of which larger number OF tax
PAYERS would be enabled to examine the
Renort To this letter Treaurer Keels has
never repllea, although he received it at least
q month before his Repor. was published.
Having received 20 consideration for this
plain business proposition, at the hands Of
Treasurer keeIs, we bothered no more about
the matter. Since the Grand Jury has taken
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

In yesterdays Freeman the subjoined
article appeared, which, in consequence OF
subsequent developments, is deemed OF sufh'
cient Importance to merit republication here !:
THE FREEMAN wishes to call atten-
ton to the fact that heretofore the
three papers of the city Of Sumter
have shared equally the work and
compensation for the publication OF
the County Treasurer's Annual Re-
port. This was:done so that all the
people of the County could read the
report, and it was published in the
three papers without extra cost to the
taxpayer@the amount charged by
each paper being one-third price
l6A cents per inch.
For reasons best known to himself
the Treasurer this year gave the PRINT
ing to the Sumter Herald and the
Herald, We are Informed, agreed 10
give the County Banner; Bishopyille,
S. c., certain proportion Of the work.
The FREEMAN learned q short time
ago that it was, probably the Treas
urer,s intention to share it out Of the
publication of this report, and then,
with the Treasurer's assurance that he
would consider bid, we wrote him
offering to do the work at 0ne-thlrd
less than the rate allowed by law. We
received letter from the Treasurer
in reply to ours few days later en-
uuiring in case he accepted our bid,
what we proposed to do in regard 10
a division with the other papers. Our
prompt answer in reply was that we
would do the work at the rate men
toned in our bid and would divide
work and money with any papers ne
named. 70 this last letter we nave
never received a reply and on Friday
night last the report was published as
a supplement to the Herald, in an
entirely uselessly extended form
costing the County about $lOO more
than ever before and about s2OO more
than our bid would have called for.
The statutes require the publication
of the report two weeks before court
convenes. Under the old division
plan the work of each paper was COM
paratively light and the report was
published as the law requiring.
This year, it will be observed, the
Treasurer has failed to comply with
the law-the object of which is te
make an itemiZed statement OF pubic
expenditures known to the people
q sufficient length of time before court
conyenes that any error,l &C., may be
reported to the grand jury.
Our columns are open to the Treas
urer for the explanation which is IN
order.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
'rhe Winthrop commencement.

The Commencement exercises OF the VIE
throp Normal College will be held on Thurs
day, 14th inst. Four young ladies from this
county will be graduated. They are Misses
Isabelle Muldrow, A. E. DicE, Mamie Din
kins, and SalIie Grant. These young ladies
have pursued the fnll course Of TWO years,
aud are now thoroughly equipped teachers:
There are two scholarships to be awardo
young ladies from this county for the
ensuing two years. The first scholarship is
worth $3.50 per year and tuition the second
gives free tuition. A competitive, esamina-
ton will be held on July 18th to award the
scholarships.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Before the Mayor.

The following negroes were mp before the
Mayors Court 90 Monday morning for en-
gaging in row in the hall above z. E..
Walkers store:
Vim. Brunson, aisorderly conduct and car
rvine concealed weapon, Sic or 20 days.
Ed. Bossara, Jimmie Ross and Willie Rob-
inson, disorderly conduct asd sighting, IS
each or 10 days.
q. E. Walker was charged with disorderly
conduct and running gsnbling Aosse, but
the case was continued.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
The Treasurer's Report.

The Annual Report Of the Treasurer of
Sumter County was published in the last issue
of the Sumter Herald, June 9th. The Report
is quite lengthy, covering something more
than eight hundred inches of space. The
following recapitulaton Of the Report IS
given for the benefit Of the readers Of this
paper, who may not have had an opportunity
of examining the Report in detail, 80 that
they may not be in total ignorance of how
the comfy funds ave been expended:
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Fire Near Mayesville.

The barn and stables Of Mr. George Null
drow, one of most substantial farmers of the
Mayesville section, were burned on Saturday
morning after daylight. Mr.. Muldrow, at
tended 10 the feeding that morning and there
had been no smoking around the lot, conse-
quently there was NO known cause for the
fire. Sometime after returning TO his house
from the lot he noticed the barn in flames,
and had time 10 save only his horses and n
reaper, rake and wagon. All his corn, forage
ard oats were destroyed. He had no inSur-
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Sudden Deaths.

Stacey Flowers, colored man employed
for a pumber ef years by Mr.. VIM Graham,
and generally known by the patrons of the
stable as "Bull'' died suddenly on Saturday
morning, of heart disease, while at work in
Mr.. Graham's oat field near Turkey Greek.
He was riding on wagon load of oats and
fell off dead Prince Vim, we'll known
colored carpenter, died of heart disease on
last Thursday.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Cbina's Soda is the best, and every ooe
should test it.
Extra 6ne bee: at D. ". Campbells, oppo-
site old post Office.
What is Kingmans Honey Dew? 1t is the
lates, thing out for cool aud refreshing
drink
Gardner of Charleston furnishes Kingman
with Soda Water Nexs door to the Simond's
Bank.
Now is your opportunity for Photos at
greatly reduced prices al Wiuburn's Gallery
until the lst Of July, after which time the
regular price will be charged.
Something that has long been needed and
can uow be had, a full line of l0c Sheet
Music aud Music Book. Catalogue free upon
application, at Kennedy's Book Store.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Go to D. NJ. Campbells for ice cold meats.

Go to D. NJ. Campbels for ice cold meats.
Hoods Pills are the best family catnarue
and liver medicine. Harmless, reliable, sure
China's Soda is cold and fne, sod good
enough to quiet any ones mind.
Every person interested in Music should
ae, catalogue of loc Sheet Music and Music
Books from kennedy Book Store.
Winburn, the Photographer, will be of for
the mountains in short Time, so nave your
picture taken before he goes, while they are
made at the reduced price.
Use Excelsior Baking Powder, prepared
only Dy DR.. A. ]. China. Guaranteed TO be
chemically pure. Price 35 cents per pound,
ounces tor 5 cents, etc. e.o.w-u
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Married..

Mr.. Geo. E. Bruner, Road Master of the
C. s. l.. N. R. R., and Mss Martha Ard were
married on Wednesday afternoon. June 9Th,
at the residence of Mr. IF. a. Bultman.
Rev. John Kershaw, officiating. The bridal
couple are spending the honeymoon 10 New
York aud on Staten Island.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Surrendered to the Sheriff.

Mr. G. Ben. Kelly, Of Bishopviile, who,
sometime ego killed negro, and has evaded
arrest, came in on Monday and surrendered to
the sheriff. He said that be was not able to
give bond, and as he did not want to stay in
Jail had evaded arrest; having determined to
ue on hand when wanted for trial His trial
is going on to-day. He is represented by
A. B. Stuckey, Esq, andG. W. Brown, Esq,
of Darlington.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Hymeneal.

Cards are ont announcing the marriage Of
Mr. A. W. Knight, Of this city ard Miss
Hennie Ingram Legg. of Manning, on June
2lst. Mr.. Knight is a member of the hrm
of Knight Bros, editors and proprietors OF
the Suater Hera1d Miss Legg is also well
Known and has many friends in this city,
having attended the Sumter Institute.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Religious.

Presiding Elder W. G. Power will preach
in the Methodist Church Sunday morning
Services iu the Baptist Church now begin
at IL O. clock y. N ), instead Of 1l.30 as here
tofore
Rev. W. C. Power vii! preach 1t the City
Mission room on Mill ST., next Sunday after
noon at 4.3O. Those who have joined the
church will be taken into fult membership.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Mr. John s.. Kennedy, while adjusting
bi. ;p one Of the machines at Lukeu 4 Rief-
snyder's mill, on Monday, cut his haod
severely by the slipping of wrench. he
will be unable to work for week or more.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Citadel commencement.

01G0Cx01 00133433O31S
The editor returns thanks to Messrs. A C..
3sskin and George n. Stuckey of the South
Carolina Military Academy for an invitation
to the Anniversary Exercises of the Calil-
opean and Polytechnic Literary Societies to
be be held on the evening Of the 18th inst.
Messrs.: Baskin and Stuckey are members
Of the graduating class and will receive their
diplomas at the approaching commencement.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Real Merit is the characteristic of Hood 3
Sarsaparilla, and it is manifested every day
ia the remarkable cures this medicine accom-.
plishes. Hoods Sarsaparila is the kind.
Try IL
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

NC xO4O"1uk 10 UuO H4O6A GSuA w 0AN
races which takes place under the aus
pices of the Sumter Track and Park
Association on June 2Sth and 18th,
1894:
H1Rsr cay.
lst Race-One Mile Novice-First
Prize, Handsome Seal Ring, value
$1,000; Second Prize, dozen Gents
Handkerchiefs, value $500.
End Race-One-Quarter Mile Cham
pionship Race-Balrd of Charleston,
Fitzsimmons, of Greensboro, N. c.,
Prize, Gold Medal.
3rd Race-Half Mile Open-First
Prize, Enameled Copper Bicycle Cigar
Box, value $500: Second Prize, One
Pair Bicycle Shoes, value $3.50.
4th Race-One Mile for Sumter
Riders only-First Prize, Bicycle
Clock, value $S.25; Second Prize, One
Knox, Hat, value $500.
9TH Race-Half Mile for boys under
Is years of age-First Prize, Silk
Umbrella, value $3.50; Second Prize,
Bicycle Lantern, value $l.50..
9Th Race-One Mile Handicap
First Prize, Hunting Case Gold Watch.
value s25.00; Second Prize, Box of
Cigars, value $500.
7th Race-One Mile Minute Glass
First Prize, Pair Diamond Cuff But
tons. value $1,000; Second Prize, $1,000
Accident Policy for one year, value
$500.
SECOND DAY.
lst Race-one-Quarter Mile for
Sumter Riders only-First Prize, Silk
Bicycle Canopy, value $l2.O0; Second
Prize, 1000 Cigarettes, value $3.50.
End Race-Two Mile Championship
Race-Baird, of Charleston, F1tzsim-
mons, of Greensboro, n. c. Prize,
Diamond Ring, value 5000.
3rd Race-One Mile Handicap-Flrst
Prize, Smith & Wesson Revolver, val
ue $500: Second Prize, Victor Racing
Saddle, value $500.
4th Race-One Quarter Mile Open
First Prize, Old Silver Cigarette Case.
value $500; Second Prize, Cyclometer,
value $500.
5th Race-Two Mile Handicap
First Prize, Silver Prize Bicycle Cup.
value $4,000; Second Prize, Gold Foun-
tain Pen, value SLIGO. ,
9Th Race-Half Mile Open-First
Prize. Piano Lamp, value $500: Sec
ond Prize, Sweater, value $500.
7th Race-One Half Mile Consola-
ton Race-First Prize, one years
subscription for the Columbia Journal.
value - Second Prize, l. Pair
Biseue Figures, value $500.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Miss Alice King, sister Of Miss Ella King,
has been visiting friends here for several days.
Mss Vista Dadley, who has beea visiting
Miss Lily Delgar returned home on Monday
MAJ b. F. Wilson has gone TO. Bishopyille
on business, aud will 60 thence to Darling.
,Is ;.sssi ssisIssa aa to Darlington,
on Thursday, accompanied By Miss Mamie
Fraser.
sala Anthoay .sEhi,e has gone sta,esville
N. C., on a visit to his son Dr. Leonard
Nesars. ". J., E. 3. and Joe Auldrow aud
j =: Asaea OF Asyssviils we're In the city
Nondsy.
Mss F,osepee Hayns~or,b, of Darlington,
has been the guest Of friends in the city for
several dsys.
Miss Emily. Sanders has returned from
Rember., where she has been visiting for
several weeks.
ar- Jos. B. Hayes is spending this week
with relatives as Semmerton and the ''6nny
tribe of Saatee.
Miss Ayres, the accomplished music teach
er Of the Sumter Instttnre, left this morning
for Richmond, Va.
Aessrs. Ansiey aud jackson Harby have
returned home from Davis School, N. c., fos
the summer vacation.
Misses ;Bertie and Fannie China, who have
been attending College in Virginia returned
home on last Friday,
Miss Minnie Scott, who has been Visiting in
the eity, fetnsuef to Der home az Wisaeky on
Saturday, accompanied hysAiss Beth Duvall.
Bishop A. W Wilson, of the Methodist E.
Ghnschs Soaah, has aadeeided make bur-
ham, n. c., h,s home--so says the Whining
ton Messenger. .se,-,. .l.s.s
Misses Harriet Kershaw, of this city, and
Maggie C. LaCoste, Of sNayesviile, recent grad
aa,es~of ,hecPesboay Normal Goflege, Nash
Wiz, ,gTenns hare returned home Z g 4
Rev. and Mrs. T. P. Burgess, of Lithouia,
Ca, spent yesterday. with SMr. and Mrs D. J.
Chaadler.S They Shave beea visiting friends
in Aayesviile and are ncw in Summerton.
Rev. VIM. Hsynsworth, !, OF Deumark, while
riding ont near Seven Pines Thursday, q
Teas p0nJ ran svsy with bin causing very
painful injuries Mr.. Haynswor,h was
ofoaght 20 ~. Lides: 1t was found that nc
bones were broken and be is doing as well
ssas copld expected tsd.-Baasqs1 Daily.
Mr. 8. q. Edmuuds, Of the Rock Hill High
School, ,sisas home fog she summer' vacation,
Nj Edmnnds has had q most prosperous and
esneeeaefals sesGons aadsthe oaIook for mex,
ayeaf'swofk isseneoursging. He will spend
a portion of the summer travelling in the
interest Of the school. -
Misses Margaret Waring and Daisy Bissell'
of Charleston haze been the guests of Mrs
~G .lfaEtfu FOE sezeral daSs. sMsa and Mrs:
Martin gave progressive seucbre party on
lass FndaJ eyenfng,s conplimen tary to- tbeir
guests, which was oae of the most enjoyable
social events Of the week.
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Che 0NaitlJplal al0 Soatlrea.
NEW ADVERTISEMENTS.

Southern Land Advertising Agency.
Belitoer & Spanu- Dissolution Notice
Cemetery Observation-Disclosures Meeting
John f Beard-32 Loaves Of Bread for 81
Estate Thos. W Norris, Dec c'd-Citation
Notice.
Winthrop Normal College-Competitive
Examination.
Nomina,ion-w. ]. DuRant for School,
Commissioner.
Key / Co.-Jobbers aud Dis,illers in Pure
N G. Liquors.
rbspssdss,on Psesps spsha,e eonp.ss1- -pea
and Oat Fertilizer
Wan,s-Room Wanted-Two Mules and
two Horses for Safe IS g
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
BICYCLE MEET.

The following is the program of the
races which takes place under the aus
pices of the Sumter Track and Park
Association on June 2Sth and 29th,
1894:
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13
Personal.

Nj. E. D. Kyle is in the city to-day.
Miss Edith DeLorme is visiting friends 10
.ca. desa Il ajaszi,.ese was ia< the city
Monday.
JadgeFr1sef isshoadiSg eoar. 10 the up,
eopntsy. = -
Nc. i JlRaein, Of Summerton, spent Nom
day in iowa
AissLsilAh Miller is visiting relatives at
Mechanisville.
Mis- sadie Farpau IS the guest of Miss
Nay BosSp& 80
Nia Edaa Kseh, Of Boykins is visiting
Ars. E &. Rembert.
Railroad Commissioned, Il. R. Thomas,
vas in the city Monday.
xiss Los Perry, Of Lancaster, is the guest
of Mrs. W. J, DuRant.
Nj D. IL 8lasdiue left last week for a
short stay In Baltimore.
Maj. Abe Leyi, OF Manning has been at
teoding court for several days.
Aisa Lily PATE is visiting her brother, Rev.
]. Thomas Pate, of Greeaville.
Nisaes Lillian and Olive Hoyt have gone to
Elberton, Ga to visit relatives.
Mrs. b. F. Wilson left on Monday for
Savannah, Ca, to visit relatives.
Mrs. J. O. Sanders, of Renbert, is visiting
ber dsngh,er, Mrs. 3. &. Rembert.
Mss Rosa Lou auckenfass, of Summer.
vile, is visiting Mrs. W. A. Brown.
DE-. King, Of Florence. nd wife. nee. Miss
4guea Knku spent Saudl. ip the city.
eelH IS = Pss6aessof Spssne HlIpafd
asA pleesesk call on Eoa5a Xasr1iax
aaa Gessrsde yiada5ll .sad hnse Akel
hsssen Nssitiag fEfsad adsIats An1.ss5 illss
us9ae Saaa sM Hegoesaa 6sabesn
sssiSlnkSu9he city dafiag pastsNesk
assaA ssasas ID; iaa,asss
The watchman and southron. [volume] (Sumter, S.C.) 1881-1930, 1894-06-13

Ci.s Fsx Re.ur ssasedse from Jaus7tss.
DpnM Argetsto make yonf Ciiyfsx re-
turns for 1884,. ~ S4Sa 'ss2@S
Arizona weekly journal-miner., 1894-07-11
The Strikers Cases


 The court room was filled ycster- day afternoon and this morning with spectators interested in the ease Of the A. x P. employees charged with contempt of court The pro-ccu- ton closed its casa yesterday alter noon. the only witnesses introduced being engineers, who testified that they were stold by the defend ant not to goon their runs, but to take their engines back to the round house. When they asked the de- fendant whose names they should use in reporting the matter to Tain Dispatcher English, they were told to use those of Thomas Jackson, presi lent, and D. NJ. Lynch, chair man of committee. At the close of the testimony for the prosecution, Judge Sloane moved a dismissal of the cases on the grounds that sutfi- cjent evidence had not been intro duced by the prosecution to coustI- ute contempt. This motion was argued hy counsel on both sides until nearly noon to-day, when Judge Hawkins overruled the motion. stating that sufficient prima facie evidence had been introduced to warrant holding the defendants. The defense then placed D. NJ. Lynch on the stand, and the taking of his testimony was in progress whom an adjournment was had until ? o'clock p. m.
 The defendants, as we'll as the other employees of the road are in attendance at the trial of this case, the defendant in this particular case being Thomas Jackson. They are an intelligent lot of men, and have won the respect of those with whom they have become acquainted during thoir stay here.
 At 3:30 this afternoon the cases were concluded and Judge Hawkins announced his decision finding Lynch, Jackson and Salina guilty of contempt and ordering the discharge of Grant, the testimony as to the latter not warranting holding him for contempt. The defendants were allowed to go on their own recogni- zance, until two o'clock tomorrow, when he will affix the penalty. In rendering his decision, Judge Flaw kius intimated that inasmuch as they did not probably realize fully the legal effect of their ,aots. that the penalty will be much lighter than it would be had it been com mitted since he issued the injunction. The cases of the four employees from Williams, charged with the same offense, were continued until tomorrow.
Arizona weekly journal-miner., 1894-07-11
AnIntere.tlaE Bridge.

A novel and ingenious use that was made some time ago of rc!id river current in India aptly illustrates the fertility of resource of the average engineering contractor At certain point along the river a temporary bridge was urgently necessary for the transport of materials to be used in the building of an important neigh boring structure, but the only avail able material was a quantity of three inch planking about 10 feet long and a little over feet wide and some or linary round timber cut from a neighboring forest
 Pontoons were made of two single blanks. placed about IS feet apart, each plank being held on edge at an angle of about 30 degrees from the vertical, both inclining up stream and kept at their proper distance by framing made from the round timber already mentioned Both pontoons were moored to a chain. The pecul- iarity of the bridge, of course, was that the water pressure upon the m clined surfaces of the blanks, due toa swift current. permitted them to carry a considerable load, and the structure served its purpose admira- bly,, accommodating pretty lively traffic for an unexpectedly long pc riod.-St. Louis Post Dispatch.
Arizona weekly journal-miner., 1894-07-11
Court Proceedings.

When the United States Court opened this morning, on the request l of United States Attorney Ellia- wood. a yenire was issued for twenty one United States grand jurors, returnable at , o'clock Friday, July 6, Go investigate the alleged cases of obstructing the mails on the A. x F. railroad.
 Tls eases of Lynch, Jackson, Sali.a and Grant for alleged con tempt of court, were then called, when Judge Sloan, one of the counsel for the accused, filed a demurrer to the complaint, which was overruled He then announced that he wouki file separate answers in each ease. The complaint was then read. and the answer in the caSeof Jackson was read and argued, when Engineer Hennessey was p ac d on the stand, and testified as to being prevented from taking his train out of the Winslow yards.
 Court then adjourned until 2 O clock.
 THURSDAY, July 5.-Walter Gran dali vs. J. Miller ct al.; case placed on calendar and judgment rendered for plaintiff.
 Ida Mott vs. Stephen Mott; case moved on calendar; default entered, and referred for the taking of testi- mony.
 :. L. Riley ct al. vs. F. l.. Carlisle; case placed on calendar.
 Elkhart, WItz X Go. vs. E. Burgess; case placed on calendar.
 D. Levy k Go vs. Lon Young and Joe Young; judgment for plaintiffs.