The Princeton union. [volume] (Princeton, Minn.) 1876-1976, 1894-09-27
TWO MOTIVE FORCES.
AnaIOgies Existing Between E1sc.
trio and Hydraulic Action.

AnnIOgies Existing Between Elec.
tric and Hydraulic Action.
Th"re is not such a thing as sound,
light, heat, magnetism or electricity.
These are all manifestations Of energy,
which we are in the habit Of calling so.
All have the same origin and are
caused by matter vibrating at different
rates Of speed. The atom, that utter
ior form of the universal structure, is
in a perpetual state of agitation, a play
to external influences like !. boat on u
stormy sea.
We can pass frOnt one mode CT VI
bration to another; we can obtain heat
and light from electricity; we can
change light into electricity; we can
convert into electricity the mechanical
energy. Could this be so if heat, light,
and electricity were existing I'm nature
as different entities? This uniformity
in the process Of nature renders it pos
sible to establish certain comparisons
between electric and hydraulic forces,
and thus facilitate the compr ehension
of electric phenoma about the real ma
ture Of which we know so very little
In electricity the laws governing the
flow Of current through a circuit, and
proportoning the expenditure of energy
to the work done by the current, are
nearly the same as in hydraulics the
electric current flowing through a cir
cult is proportional to the resistance,
that is, directly proportional to the sec
ton for a current having a given
| length.
Although electric motors differ wide
~ in their construction and mode Of
o14: o4o,,E o%o,,r s1 o%
| least one kind Of electric motor work
| ing exactly like reaction turbine. It
is made Of four metallic arms, form
ing cross mounted on delicate piv-
J OF. Electricity escaping in the air by
the points reacts against the charge
repartited on the arms, repels it, and
the fywheel rotates by reaction like
a water wheel.
When a valve in a water pipe is
open the speed Of the water flowir&
through the pipe Increases until 1t
reaches a maximum, but when the
valve is suddenly closed the pipe is
generally shaken. and in some cases
the impetus is such as to burst the
/ pipe. The energy absorbed for start
ing the flow Of water appears when
/ the flow is stopped. The water ram
is based on that principle. When a
current of electricity is sent through
circuit the current does not reach it's
maximum strength as soon as the cir
cult is closed, but when the circuit is
broken the energy absorbed in start
ing reappears in the form of q violent
discharge, called extra current
A very curious analogy between cleo
trio and hydraulic forces can also be
found in the disruptive discharge of a
condenser Imagine a tank with a
wide opening at the bottom, which is
kept close by spring pressure so that
it snaps off suddenly when. the liquid
reaches q certain height. When the
liquid reaches a critical height the bot
tom Of the tank drops out, the spring
reasserts itself. closes the bottom
and the process is repeated. That is
what happens when a condenser is
discharged disruptiyely. / do not
mean to say that electricity flows
through a conductor the same as water
flows through a pipe. The electric
current is immaterial: in fact, there is
no such thing as an electric current
e But whatever be the real nature o.
electricity it's laws are pretty wei
known, and / believe, that by compar
ing hydraulic forces with electric
forces, electric phenomena can be muc1
more easily understood. From lee
ture in Pittsburg by j.. de Points: