davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Origin OF Life Insurance.

It is a curious fact that 'the doctrine
of probabilities, or the scientific basis
upon which all insurance rests, had its
origin in game of cards. That is to
say, the foundation upon which this
great economy depends, and upon which
1t owes its claims to the confidence and
patronage of the community, originated
from investigation regarding games o!
chances. As related by the North Amer
ican Review, it happened in this way
About the year 1850 the Chevalier d,
Mere, Flemish nobleman, who wa
both respectable mathematiclan and AT
ardent gamester, attempted to solve th,
problem of dividing equitably the stake:
when a game of chance was interrupted.
The problem was too difficult for him
and he sought the aid of the famous
Able Blaise Pascal, a priest, author of
"Night Thoughts" and one of the most
accomplished mathenlticians OF auy age.
Pascal solved the problem, and in doing
so enunciated the ''doctrine of probabil
tiles" or laws governing so-callei
chances. UpoG this depend not only the
laws governing insurance OF all kinds,
OuL dISO Ile laws governing luc nOt!Ou5
Of planets in space and, IN fact, all as.
tro1omical science. This doctrine or
theory Pascal illustrated by the throwing
of dice. When single die is thrown
the chance of turning up an ace is pre-
cisely one out Of six, or one out of
the total number of sides or faces. But
if large number of throws are made it
will be found that each face will be
turned up au equal number of times.
From this Pascal laid down the proPo-
sition that results wiich have happened
in any given number of observed cases
will again happen under similar circun-
stances, provided the numbers be suffi-
cient for the proper workilE of the law
of average. Thus the duration of tho
life of a single individual is one of the
greatest III ceg.aintie5, but the duration,
or rate of mortality, OF a large number
of Individuais may be predicted with
great accuracy by comparison with the
observed results among a sufficient large
number of parsons of similar ages, occu-
pations and climatic influences.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
A Swimming Party In Honolulu

Saturday evening, writes correspond
ent of the Chicago Inter Ocean from
the Sandwich Islands, had the pleasure
of attending one of the unique enter.
tainments-s swimming party-that are
feature of Honolulu, aud are probably
known nowhere else in the world. II
was given by Mr.. and Mrs. Frank NJ.
Nilsson, formerly residents OF kenwooi,
now of San Francisco. 1t was given at
Waikiki, u seaside annex of the Royal
hawaiian Hotel. The apartment known
as the lanai looks directly upon the sea,
the waves breaHin beneath the window.
and Tainst the steps of the piazzas. Ir
the rear Of the Lanai is large apartment
for dancing, ard opening from this al
immense dining rom. The masculine
guests were, with Il few exceptions,
officers from or own men-of-war auC
fro n the ElgEsh corvette Garnet, nov
in the harbor-handsome young fellows,
who cleared their throat5 a great deal,
curtailed their RS piteoIsly, and danced
with much muscular viyor. Tney did
not possess the ease of manner peculiar
to their American fellow officers.
There was first waltz or two, then
the party separated, disappeared, and re-
appeared clad in bathing suits. Ihe
guests thea moved in procession across
the long pier, and the young girls,
clasping their hands above their heads,
Ieaped into the surf, accompanied by
their escorts. They swan aud divel in
the clear water like mernea and mer-
maids. Tie southern cross rose above
the horiz Dn; palms were outlined in the
moonlight against the clear sky; the surf
dashed its white foam against the reefs
beyond the lagoon; the air was ti!let
with the fragrance of a thousand flowers;
the singing boys sat upon the pier, ani
their wild music made fitting accon-
paniment to one Of the stralg gesl scsls'L
ever baheld.
After Il ne the swim ners replirel to
their rJons, redonned their evenin :
dress, aad the ball went on as if it had
never been interrupted. 1t was di1i; lit
to realize that the young women in their
white gowns, sashes, and French -hee.e
shoes were the same whose white arms
and bare feet had been battling with the
breakers half an hour before. TIs
dancing was followed by supper, then
the waltzing and singing were resumed /,
and the morning was well on its way be.
fore the guests made their adieus al |
took their departure.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Tie Origin of Drums

Drums are probably an Eastern idcl
introduced by the Crusaders into Europe.
they are frequently mentioned in tie
accounts Of tIe first Crusade. When
: 5iward III. OF England ani his Queen
made their triumphal entry into Calais in
l347, "tlmbours," or drums, were
Imong the instruments which were
played in their honor. Another Of these
vas called 'nacsire," or kettledrLn,
nkea, together with its name, from the
Arabs. The poet Claucer also mentions
:his instrument in his description of the
tournament in the ''Kuigit's Tale"
"Pipes, tron)es, nl'sarss, anl clirionnes,
That in ths Oatallls blowsn bloiy souues.'
Tue King generally kept a troupe OF
these bludsmen, or minstrels, in his en-
oloy, aud we read that Edward If. on
one occasion gave 4 sum of sixty shit
ings 10 Roger the Trunpeter, Janino
!le Nakerer, and others, for their per-
-ormances. Another minstrel was called
tae "cheveretter," or player on the bag
pipe.
King Henry V. had band which dis
cDursel sweet music during his expedi-
lion to Hardeur, each member being
reconoensed Tor his services with the
sum of twenty-four cents per diem.
When the citizens OF London were mus
tered in the thirty first year of the reign
Of Henry VIII, we hear that "before
every standard was appointed one
dromsladc at the least" Each company
Of 100 men at this time possessed u
couple of drImmers.
Kettledruns as used by cavalry appear
to have been comparative novelty in
1855, when Sir James Turner wrote.
There is another martial instrument" 1"
he tells us, "usel with cavalry, which
they call the kettledrun; there be twD
of them which hang before the drum
mer's saddle, on both of which he
beats"
The dignitary known as Drum Major
was not generally recognized in the Eng
lish Army till the close of the reign OF
Charles 1. Corporal punishment up to
the time of William III. was executed
by the Provost Marshal and his deputies,
but afterward the drummer was intrJ5t-
cd with the task.
Among the records of the Coldstrean
Guards is an order that 'the Drum Ma.
jor be answerabe that no cat has more
than nine tails" In 1861 a Drum Major
of the Parliamentary Army receive
thirty-ive cents per diem. the Ysl'
Round.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Heat OF the Suns Surface.

What is the actual heat of the suns
surface2 Various estimates have bee1
made, but as they vary from one thou
sand and fraction to millions of degrees
there is little prospect of an immediate
and reliable answer to the opening ques-
ton. Secchi gave it as his opinion that
the temperature could be but little, if
any, short of ten million degrees of the
centigrade thermometer. Sporer thought
that it might be $1,000 degrees. while
Pouillet brought it down to somewhere
between 1400 and 1851 degrees of the
same scale. NJ. Becquerel, Professor
Langley and Sir William Thompson all
agree on about 5000 degrees of cent?.
grade, making their deductions from
calculations based on solar Photosp phsres.
According to NJ, st. Clair Devtlle the
temperature of the suns surface does not
exceed 2SO0 degrees; this also agrees
with the experiments made by both Bun
sen and Deb.ay. Sir Robert Ball, the
Astronomer Royal of Ireland. in his
"Story of the Heavens" page 49j, says.
ave shall probably be well within the
truth if we state the effective tempSra-
ture of the sun to be about IS, 900 de
iegrees Fahrenheit.
That some of the above estimates ar
placed too high and Others too low ther,
is little doubt. Take that of Secchi TO.
an instance. What instrument or system
OF reasoning would give man an in.
sight into what 1u,O00,0 900 degrees o,
heat really meansl On the other hand
we have every reason to believe that NJ
Pouillet placed the degree of actual TEN
perature of the solar surface far too low.
Professor Young argues from an origiua
and logical standpoint. He says:
"When heat is concentrated by
burning glass the temperature at tn
focus cannot rise above that OF tne
source of heat; so, if we do not count or
the loss of heat by its transmission
through the glass, the temperature at the
focus should be the same as that of a
point placed at such distance from the
sun that the solar disc would seem jus:
as large as the lens itself We've lrD 4 its
own focus" Ii this is the true explana
ton a pyrometer and a burning gla7;
would give the suns actual surface heat
st. Louis Republic.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Hawaiian Names.

The following names of our proposed
new citizens were to be found few years
igo on the Taxpayers List at Homo
ulu:
Mr.. Scissors, The Thief, The Wander
ng Ghost, The Fool, The Man Who
Washes His Dimples, Mrs. Oyster, The
Tired Lizard, The Husband of Kaneia
a male deity, The Great Kettle, The
First Nose, The Atlantic Ocean, The
Stomach, Poor Pussy, Mrs. Turkey, The
Tenth Heaven.
The same names are bestowed indis-
:riminately upon males and females. A
nan living upon Beretania street, Homo.
.ulu, is called The Pretty WomaH
(Wahine Maikai; a male infant was
ately christened Mrs. Tompkius; one
little girl Is named Samson (Kamekona),
mother The Man; Susan (Hukena) is a
boy, so are Polly Sarah, Jane Peter AMI
Henry Ann. A pretty little maid has
oeen named by her fond parents The
Pig Sty (Hsle PLa). A relative hints at
luxury in the diet OF the coming man,
Ealing the boy The Rat Eater (Ksnea
oi Ole).
An old servant in DR.. Wright's
family, at Kohala, caused her grand
,hild to be baptised in church The
Doctor, (Kauka). This, as is the case with
Ill the other names here mentioned
8 the only designation. By way OF
I compliment to the early physicians, many
children were named after their drugs,
Is Joseph Squills, Miss Rhubarb, The
F, Emetic. Names of uucomplImeatary
purport are willingly borne by their
owners, while others convey q pleasing
| aud graceful sentiment, among the latter
The Arch of Heaven (Rs Pia LanD, The
River of Twilight (Ks VIA Liula), The
Delicate Wreath (za Lei ma ka Lin.
The Rev. DR.. Coan, of Hawaii, pos
Iessss the love of his fiock. One morn
ng child was presented for baptism
whose name was given by the parents,
Mikia. The ceremony finished, the pa
rent assured the doctor that they hal
named the baby for him. "But my name
S not Michael" said the doctor suppos-
ing Mikia to be aimed thereat. awe al.
Says hear your wife call you Mikia," an.
rwered the mother. Sac had mistaken
Mrs. Cosn's familiar "my dear" for her
husbands proper appellation.-B ostoa
Gazette.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Jumps, Human and Equine.

References to the sensational leap made
oy the celebrated steeplechaser, the
Chandler, at Warwick, in Februlry, 1917,
have attracted so much notice from'lead-
ing article writers and correspondents,
that a few further words may not b..
deemed Inappropriate on this deeply in-
teresting subject. Wnen it is remem-
bered that last year Mr.. c. S. Reber, an
American amateur, cleared % feet 6J
inches, and that Mr.. G. 3. Fry, an Ok
ford undergraduate, covered % feet )
inches at University Sports In 1892, it
hardly seems surprising that an animal
weighing six times as much as either of
these two athletic bipeds, aud gifted
with four legs instead OF two, should be
able to beat their performance by rather
more than fifteen feet. In addition it must
be remembered that the horse possesses
frame in which the leverage is so pow
erful as to give the appearance of beiIg
specially constructed for jumping.
1t will be seen that in the above re.
marks have given The Chandler crellt
for clearing thirty-nine feet in a SIN gle
bound, although firmly under the con-
viction that this statement is an exlg.
geration. Ny own impression that the
distance covered by Tne Chandler was
thirty-four feet insteat of thirty-aile Is
confirmed by "The Druid, who in many
Of his newspaper articles states explicitly
that he saw The Chandler jump thirty
four feet at Warwick ol the occasion il
question. l take it that many instances
are on record and admit of undoubtei
authorization, which go to prove that
horses have cleared thirty feet
either out hunting or in steeplechase.
This feat was performed among others
by Vanguard, Moonraker, Proceed, Gull
verthorpe, and Emblem; and doubt not
By scores of other big jumpers whose
names have long been forgotten. About
Enblem's performance, which took place
in the Birmingham Grand Annual Steeple.
chase, on February 2I, 1868, there can
be no doubt. Here is the report of the
leap given in Bells Life. at is right to
mention that no animal could have been
sent to the post filter aud in more bloom.
ing condition than Emblem, who won all
the way, and slipped the rest of the field
by clearing rather more than twelve
yards at the second fence. ."-Anglo.
American Times.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
AmphibiOus Kanaka Boys

For amphibious humanity commodd
me to the Kanaka boy, says Honolulu
letter to the Boston Herald. 1t seems
as if he took to the ocean as soon as his
swadIing clothes were removed and many
a copper-colored son of a subject OF
Hawaii can swim almost before he can
toddle about.
Steamer day is great event for these
youths. Long before the vessel from
Frisco, Australia or China is moored at
the dock little dots eff black are OBJ
served on the surface OF the blue water,
which, upon near approach, are seen to
be tufts of hair with rolling white eye
balls underneath. A passenger throws a
coin over the side, the heads disappear; !;
but the boys do not dive as those III
other lands or waters do; they sink like
lead. With knees drawn up they drop
in the ocean, their object being to get
beneath the coin and seize it in their
hands as it desc ends. or course, when
there is only one coin thrown for a mum
Der of lads the scramble is more lively,
and frequently the piece of silver Is not
captured until it reaches the bottom.
Until every passenger has left the steam
er the urchins remain BY its side. Aud
so on sailing day they follow the craft at
least half a mile from the dock, some of
the lads not returning to land until hours
after they went into the ocean.
1t is said that these youths remain
six and seven hours at time in the wa
ter. Between spells OF swimming they
float around, resting as comfortably as
if summing themselves upol the dock,
aud it is even asserted that Ksuska
boy has been seen taking nap while
thus lying in the cradle of the deep.
have seen boys diving at st. Thomas,
in the Bemudas, and in Brazil, but they
cannot equal these lads in Honolulu har-
Dor. On Washington's Birthday aqueous
the different men, of-war. One of the
events was half mile swimming race.
Long before the start half dozen Kan
aka boys were sporting around in the
water beside the boat where the sailor;
were to take their dive. Hard work did
these men -of-war'5 mel make of their
struggle, but the little youths swan all
around them, diving beneath the contes'
tants, darting ahead, then dropping
behind, only to come up again and grin
from ear to ear at the men, Who were
blowing and snorting like gram?uses.
At the finish one sailor was 50 exha Isted
that three men had to haul him aboard
the stake boat, but the Kanaka lads took
an extra turn about the Mohican and theI
padded to shore.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21

wonan's nature. l loved you before
need say how much dearer you are be-
come to me nowl My little heroine,
will you trust the priceless heart to me?
will you be my wifel
"But, Mr.. Arcnclif-"
"Well2"
81 fancied that you loved Cecile!'
He smilei, II have loved you, dear.
est, since 1 knew you first, scarcely a
year ago. But you have not answere l
ny question yeti"
The soft brown eyes, dewy with &
sense of great happiness that was in
store for her, were raised to his with in
uocent frankness.
81 love you, Mr.. ArcASs. she said
with shy dignity that va ike herself.
!'But never dreamed you sould love an
insignificant little creature like men'
He drew her towards him with a
:aressing fondness that was like new
lite to her starved hearth He loved her
that was enough!
The little school was never opened
and when Cecile read the long letter
that reached her the very next mail, she
bit her beautiful lips until the scarlet
blood started.
"Fool that have been!" she muttere /
"And to think how skilfully that un,
conscious little Josey has played heI
ards! Audley Hall, indeedl Why the
Archcliff estates are ten times as large
And the same June that brought
wreath of white roses. Josephine
Carey's sunny curls, brought also til,
dawn OF a new bliss to her glrl heart
Selden Archcliff thought his wife had
never looked so lovely as she did on he
Wedding dayl-New York News.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Mt SO Attractive.

When Lieutenant Peary was here hi:
hotel was besieged By boys and young
mel who wanted to go with the ex.
plorer to the North Pole next summer.
TO one of them he said in effect:
"Have you ever been to the Arctic
regions" "No."
"Have you been sailorl" NO"
"a mechanicp ono"
"Are you grounded in any branch Of
scientific knowledgep "No."
"You have no special qualifcations2'
"No, bat | can work"
"You are the man for me-" said the
Lieutenant, and the applicant flushed
with hope. "But, by the way" he con-
tinued, "there is a slight preliminary
before we sign papers. You will p.y
$4,000 towards the expense of the exFe-
dition." Give thousand dollars"
Certainly. You may remember th n
Mr.. Verhoef paid $1,000 for the privile ,e
OF accompanying me on my last expe H.
ton, and he, you know, was man Of
scientific attainments, aud he lost his
life in the expedition"
The applicant waited to hear no more.
Buffalo On. " Courier.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Is for tne Shark's 5 Ears.

Sharks have lately been aTording con-
ri5utions to science. The biologists
Nave been vivisecting them for the pur-
pose OF finding out about the functions of
The ear, which in fishes is made to some
.xtent on the same pattern as in man.
The TACT has been known for some time
;hat the ear is not merely an orgrn of
Bearing. It has to do with the sense of
equilibrium. Light has been thrown on
this matter by removing portions of the
auditory apparatus Of sharks, which are
.hus rendered unable to maintaiu their
,a,auce IN the wC.eT.
The part on which this faculty SEEM
o depend is the ''labyrinth," and the
iame effect is produced by cutting the
nerves communicating with it.-New
Yoxk Commercial Advertiser,
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21

"You will come and see me soon, 4
Audley Hail." said CecIle Carey, bend
ing her sweet eyes on Mr.. Archcliffe's
grave brow, as he bade her adieu at the
railroad depot. He bowed quietly aud
stepped back, just as the tain began to
move. Cecile drew long breath. .
"Strange that he has not proposed, =
he thought. "But there will be no
ack of opportunities at Audley. ,
Seldeu ArchclIff did not return di,
rectly to his office, although there was a
considerable srresr of business awaiting
him in those dingy precincts. He went,
ius cad, to the little room where Jose.
pLine Carey was crying quietly on her
yster's empty chair.
az know I am very foolish" she fall
tered, "but my little school commences
tomorrow, and have such brief time
left for tears"
It was the first time he hal seen her
since the evening he had brought tidings
of the discovered Inheritance. Since
then she had slyly avoided his presence,
ireadlng to read disapproval in his face.
Now, however, there was no evading the
ordeal-lt must comel
"Miss Carey" ne said earnestly re-
yarding her," 1 have come to speak
to you with reference to this very u1-
usual decision of yours respectin, the
Auiiev property. Few girls in your cir
clmstauces would have acted as you
have done"
Her bright cheek caught more vivid
rose.
you think Ihave acted wronglyw
"Let me tel you whs. l think. 1t was
deei whose noble nayuanimity is be-
yoni all praise. You have abandoned
comparative ease, and devoted yourself
to Ii,n of toll, because you thought it
right. an learning now for the first
time the true emblem q that dwell in a
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21

This common incident, which is rarely
alarming, may result from blow, or
occur spontaneously. 1t may sometimes
be beneficial by relieving an internal
congestion, as when it IS preceded by a
feeling of fullness in the head. Tna
bleeding often stops, after short inter
val, without treatment. Where il
persists, however, steps must be taken
to control it. The first thing to dis.
cover is whether the blood comes ONLY
from one nostril or both. The nostri
may be compressed and the arm raise,
we'll over the head on the affected side
Cold water may then be applied to ths
forehead and nape of the neck, which
acts in reflex way by tending to con-
tract the blood vessels. The popular
idea that by applying a key to these
parts the bleeding will be controlled
doubtless has its origin from the fact
that the metal in this object is cool, and
thence may act as above. II case the
hemorrhags is still uncomfortable, an
injection of ice water may be male into
the nostril, or common salt and water, 2
NtAS EJJOuLuA VI lllC IDlIuGA " u HAA>5Al
of the latter. If these agents are n0'
sufficient, ordinary vinegar may be in.
jected, with the head thrown well back
SO as to be sure that the fluid reached all
parts OF the nasal cavity. In rare il.
stances the hemorrhage will persist to q
dangerous degree, and it will be neces-
sary for physician to tightly plug the
nostrils with cotton. Even when blood
ceases to appear from the nose, the
throat must be carefully examined TO see
if the blood is not flowing in this direc,
ton, from the back of the nostril. o.
course, Que would soon be informed Of
this By the splitting Of blood from tbs
mouth. Anew York Press.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
MEDICINE TO THE RESCUE.

he was young doctor unknown t,
fame, with pronounced ideas about polite
ness, and she-well-shs could talk.
He had tried to look interested Will.
she exercised her one accomplishment
until his head achei, and now as they
srs nearing her home she looks up witt
her most coquettish glance:
"Now, doctor, you must tell me wha
to do for this dreadful sore throat"
A gieam Of hope lights his tired facr
as he responds gravely, "Keep yom
mouth Ahut."-Life.
HELPING HII OUT.
He was a bashful lover aud had
.ourted her long. Sac knew he loved
her and knew that he was afraid to pro-
pose. She resolved to help him out.
"When get married I hope to SEQ
;ou at my wedding" she said.
"Heavens" he gasped, 81 hoped to
marry you myself"
"Wel," she rejoiced, as her cheeks
flushed to the hue OF a rosy sunset, II
meant 1 hoped to see you there as the
groom"
Then, he tainted with joy.-New YOrs
Prsss. g '''
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1894-03-21
Japanese Superstition About FIowers.

The japanese are superstitious about
nary flowers, and will have none of them.
Many of our fsvOrites, as the orchid,
gentiaa, daphne and azlIia, are utterly
prohibited for felicitous occasions. There
is also with them an aristocracy of.fl1w-
ers most sharply deiuei. The seven
royal favorites are the chrysanthemum,
narcissus, maple, cherry, peony, vista
ria, and the evergreen rhodea. The iris,
also, is of princeiy digaity, but because
of its purple color must n2t be used f0!F
wedd!pgs,-Demorest's Magazine.