The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1894-09-23

piete the unfinished requiem and two days be-
fore the time the stranger was to call again
Mozart passed away. His widow was at loss
as 10 what to do as the music was not ready
tile mOn-y that the stranger had paid ia ad-
vance had been spent and she could got replace
1t. Sussmayer came 10 the rescue. He copied
all that Mozart had written and finished the
requiem by adding TO 1t the close of the LAC
rimOsa," the "Sanctus," the "Benedictus. and
he closed il with the "AgHus Del" save that 10
the words cum sacritus he repeated the fugue
of the "Kyrie." Mozarrs death occurred on
the 9th of December. 1871. and when the
stranger called the third time the score OF the
REQUIEM was handed him as The work OF the
master mind of music. The stranger, IL was
subsequently, ascertained, was servant
named LeutZeh who was acting for his master,
a Count Walsegg, who wanted to have the
requiem performed at the death of his friend
and introduce it as his own composition.
NIHILIsT-A. c., City. A nihiist Is de-
scribed as one who believes in nothing, one
who advocates the metaphysical doctrine of
nihilism. The word nlhiist was coined by Ivan
Sergeiewitch Tourguenief, the prominent
Russian novelist, and which according 10
George KEENAN, was by him used in his novel,
Fathers and Sons" 10 scribe certain type
of character which had then recently made its
appearance in the ranks OF the rising genera
ton, and which he cOntrasted sharply and eff.
fectivey with the prevailing types in the gen.
Grafton which was passing from the stage. AS
applied to Bazarof the skeptical, materialistic,
iconOclastic surgeons son. in The novel, the
word nlhiltSt had natural appropriateness
| which the Russian public at once recognized.
! There were differences OF opinion as TO whether
| any such class as that represented by BaZaroff
existed, but there was no difference OF opinion
! with regard 10 the appropriateness of
| the tenn as applied to that particular
character. The word nihilist was
soon caught up by the conservatives
! and by the Government, and was applied indis-
| eriminatey by them as an OpprObriOus and dis
crediIing nickname TO all persons VINO were
| not satisfied with the existing Or1er OF things,
and who sought by any active method whatever
| 10 bring about changes IN Russian social and
| political organization. The term nihiiSt it is
claimed by the liberals of Russia. is wrongfully
| applied to those who, by peaceful and legal
methods, seek to bring about reforms. The
novelist himself. IN his work in which he intro
duced The word, wrote;
AnfhiIist" said Nicholas Petroyich ssigntfes
man who recognizes nothing"
"or rather one who respects nothing" said
"A man VINO looks at everything from critical
point of view'' said ArcadL
"DoeS not that all amount to the same thing p"
said his uncle.
''Not at all. a nihilist is man who bows before
no authority, accepts no principle without exami-
nation, no matter what credit the principle has"
In metaphysics nihilism Is that doctrine
which declares that nothing can really be
known, because nothing exists and which sets
up the denial OF all real existence, and, cOnse-
quently, all knowledge of existence OF real
things In theology II sets up the doctrine of
total disbelief IN religion, morality, law and
order. j. +. Clarke. in his "Ten Great Relig-
| IONS" says: "Nihilism arrives sooner or later
God is nothing man Is nothing, life is nothing
death Is nothing, eternity is nothing"
Originally nihllism was social, not political
movement in Russia, in opposition to the GUS
tOmaTy forms OF matrlmOnv, the parental
authority and the tyranny OF customs. In this
sense the word was introduced by Tourgueneff
Later nhilism became known as more or less
organized secret effort on the part of a large
number of malcOntents TO overthrow the estab-
lshed order of things, both social and political
subsequently the party divided, anG one branch
proclaimed It's members as the ''terroriSts I"
whose purpose was TO demOrallZe the forces Of
the Government by terror. Ii was this party
that effected the death OF Alexander in 1881
AN ANARCHIST-A c., City. Properly an
anarchist is one who advocates anarchy or the
absence of government as political IDEAL, one
who is an adherent of the social theory of Prud-
hon. In a popular sense an anarchist is one
who by violence seeSs TO overthrow all consti-
tuted forms OF society and OF government, all
law and order and all rights OF property, with
no purpose OF establishing any other system of
ORDER in the place OF that destroyed, especially
such a person when actuated by mere lust OF
piunder The term is also applied to any per.
son who promotes disorder or exetes revolt
against an established rule, law or ORDER In
"a DynamiteT" Robert Louis Stevenson, the
novelist, calls an anarchist an "anarch" In
one part OF his book appears the following:
"a torpedo" cried Zero Frightening: ca torpedo
on the Thames! Superb, dear fellow! / recognize
in you the marks OF an accomplished auarch."
Anarchy is described as the absence of gov
ernment, state OF society In which there is no
supreme power, and in which the several Iunc-
tons OF The Stale are performed badly or not al
all, In fact social and political confusion. 1t
Is social theory which regards the union OF
order with the absence OF all direct government
OF man as the political ideal. The most
noted exponent of this theory was Pierre
Joseph PTudhOu, who died in 1865 and whose
views have been adopted with various mOdifi-
cation by many agitatOrs. Prudhon declared
that THE true form of the state is anarchy"
meaning by tnat mot positive disorder but
the absence OF any supreme ruler, whether
king or convention"
A SOCIALIsT-A. c., City, A socialist Is one
who advocates socialism, and socialism is any
theory or system OF social organization that has
for its purpose the adjustment entirely or iu
greater part of Individual effort or competition
on which modern society rests and substitute
for IL cooperative action; the more perfect
equal distribution of the product of labor, and
TO make land and capital. as the instrument
and means OF production, the joint possession
OF the members OF the community. John Stuart
Mil. social and political economist, said:
What Is Characteristic OF socialism is the joint
Of the Instruments and means of production,
which carries with IL the consequence that the
must be a public act, performed according to
rules laid down by the community. Socialism by
means excludes the private ownership OF
articles OF consumption.
Theodore Dwight Woolsey. another noted
writer on socialism, in his work on communism
and socialism, wrote:
While II may admit or the states right over
against another state it does away with all owner
ship the part OF members of the state OF things
thar do not perish Ia the using or OF their own
labor in creating material products.
The word socialism is used TO include great
number OF theories and reforms which have
more or less OF the characteristics explained
SHALL AND WILL-COnstant Readers Oak
land. Cal II shall do that' implies foretell-
ing OF the movement or the party utterine the
words, but 1t has not the force of yolition I'm.
piled in the use of the words II Will 90 that"
DIR. Richard Beard, professor of languages.
says on this subject: The use OF shall instead
of will In the first person is probably Que TO the
fact that the act thus announced as about to
take place ensues from the duty or obligation
arising outwardly but contemplated IDwardiy
as proper, and consequently as now about TO
take place in virtue OF tacit act of the speak
er's will. Should the Will or the resolution of
the speaker intervene or be prominent in his
mind then will would be the proper word TO ex-
press the futurity OF the act thus 81 will gOD
means 81 am determined to 60" 81 have made
up my mind TO 60" Il shall go home This
evening" announces a future event as settled
by consideration outside OF the speakers self
Il will go home this evening" announces
future event having both its cause and its ac-
complishment In the speakers own mind.
j. j. JR.-Mexico. According 10 the United
States census of 1890 the five cities having
tho largest population we've as follows: New
YOrk, 1,515. 300; Chicago, 1909. Sol: PhiIa-
delphia, 1,046, 964; Brooklyn, N " SOC 343