davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning call., 1894-01-26
NUMBER algebra
knowledge Derived From
the ArabianS.
The Greeks Might Have Evolved 1t
From Geometry Had Their Ideas
of Lines Been Wide.

1t was a small audience but very attentive
one that followed PI ofessor Stringham Wednes-
day night in his talk on algebra" He said:
Our earliest knowledge of algebra came
from India. Two Indian authors-One in the
fourth and the other in the tenth century
wrote on the subject In Alexandria the
Greek Diophantus made an attempt TO eX
pound the principles OF algebra, but for twelve
centuries his manuscript was not found, and it
was after the West had gained a knowledge of
The science from the Arabians. To the In
dians. too. we owe our knowledge OF arithme-
tic. They invented the digts the zero sign
and the postional value of the diglts.
By autheBtical analysis they solved prob
lens involving equations of the second degree,
getting both the positive and negative roots.
We owe most OF our knowledge of early algebra
10 Leonardo OF Pisa, merchant and traveller
among the Indians.
numbers used in arithmetic, which were repre-
Sented by letters SO as 10 mean not particular
number but any number whatever. The
Indians were primarily algebraiStS, and did not
seem TO comprehend the geometry of Euclid
AS algebra was derived from the generaliza-
ton OF the arlthmetlcal numbers, IL is easy TO
understand the impetus given TO that view OF
the subject, namely the close connection of
algebra with arithmetic, and It's dissolution
from geometry. Euclid had Investigated the
properties or numbers TO some extent by means
OF geometry, but it did not lead TO the develop
ment OF algebra, because OF a canon which
absolutely stood in the way.
HDescarieSS was the first TO adopt the method
by which IN modern times algebra and geometry
have become In certain sense Identical.
In the development OF algebra from arith-
metic we generaize by using symbols for
numbers, and then proceed 10 generaliZe the
operations of arithmetic in such Way az m
Increase the applicability of these laws 10 a far
larger class OF problems than those contained
in arithmetic, aud In laying the logical founda-
lions OF algebra We return TO our definitions
and the elements which constitute the basis OF
arithmetic and use them so TO make algebra
scientific, that is, subject which exists per Sc.
The idea OF number In algebra is generaliZed
out OF the definition OF number III arithmetic |
The complete definition of number as we now |
understand II was not reached till 1870, fol |
which reference may be had to Crystals alge-
grI, Fines number system of algebra and to
the Introductory chapter OF Alexander Arnack's
"Dlfferential and Integral Calculus
The Greek geOmetrcianS had the founda-
tions OF algebra, as can be seen in the fifth
book OF Euclid. But their canon that the
product of two lines resulted in a rrctangle
prevented any development of algebra from ge-
ometry. Had Descartes been alive then aud
enunclated his discovery that the product of
lines may be line the Greeks might have dis
covered the same algebra that we have re-
ceiyed from the ArabianS.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
MILITARY NOTES.
The New Adjutant of the Third-A
Trophy to Be Shot For.


j. q. GiuSti has been appointed first lieu
tenant and adjutant OF the Second Battalion.
Third Infantry. Mr.. Giusti has proved an able
and efficient soldier and no doubt will fill his
new position with satisfaction.
Light Battery A was put through standing
gun drill Wednesday evening. Captain Slime
commanded.
There Will be battalion drill of the First
Battalion Of the Second Artillery next Monday
evening.
The accident that happened to two members
of the Light Battery during their practice
march at IngleSide Sunday week has not
proved serious. Sergeant Ellis is under arrest
pending an investigation OF the cause of the
accident.
The trophy put up by Battery &, Second Ar
uIlefy, 10 be shot for by the other batteries
barring c, will be shot for at Shell Mound on
Sunday next. The trophy consists of a beauti.
full painting.
Lieutenant Mason of Company X, First Repi
TONED at Portland. has returned. His visit was
In regard TO the MidwInter Fair encampment
Little concerning the success of his visit was
said by Lieutenant Mason, but it is the opinion
OF guardsmen that the First will come To the
city.
As the site has been selected, the building Of
the Third lnfantfy'5 new home will Commences
In short time
Ii is the hope OF Light Battery A to have a
tournament at the Mldwinter FAIR. The main
OBJ ct Is to Increase the amount in the treasury
The competitive drill for trouhy 10 raEa
place at the Second Artillery tournament Sat
uIday evening. February 3, is creating Interest
panv is champion III the manual of arms''
and "faclngS."
The morning call., 1894-01-26

who were paying him a visit of conso-
latlon. There was a crucifiX on the tab e
at one end of The roem opposite the windows
through which the condemned man and his
patient guests could look down upon Broad
way. AT the further end of the long corridor.
into which the guarded door of the cell opened,
was platform painted black, which had been
thrown over the iron baluSirades, and above
this platform was a thick beam, also painted
black, from which new rope depended. The
dangling end of the rope was formed into a
moose, and there was no need OF asking for
what the moose was Intended. Al one side of
the platform was bag of sand weighln4 80
pounds or more. There was tTapdoOr in the
middle OF the platform. held in its place by a
small rope The reason why tue bag and trap
door were there was obvious.
The sisters were praying IN the upper room
when the telephGue in the apartment below
was rung. The Sheriff responded ana this one
sided dialogue was heard by the reporter:
"Yes, this is the Sheriff"
whats that 2"
"McNulty committed by the Governor?
Thank God! Good-by."
go and tell him, boys" the Sheriff CON-
manded, and Deputy Webb, followed by the
newspaper men, ran up The stairs and, forget
ting the presence of the holy women. burst into
the room.
YOURS saved, Mac" shouted the deputy
"Nou're sentence j. cOmmuted.''
McNulty smiled. nay he laughed.
Praise GOd!' he calculated. and the black.
rObed sisters wept for Joy aud shook he hands
of the prisoner and the messengers who
brought him the good tidngs. q moment later
the corridors of the prison resounded with
cheers that shook the black emblem of shame
The morning call., 1894-01-26

full death from trapdoOr to beam. Cheer fol-
lowed cheer until great crowd gathered in the
street, and. bearing The cause OF the prisoners
rejoicing, Joined voices with those on the In
side. They cheered The Governor and all those
who had worked for the condemned man.
Among the first 10 congratulate McNuIty
were Mrs. S. Nj. Iheall ana Mrs. i. j. Haley of
the Daughters of The Good Shepherd and Car
roll Cook. his indefatigable attorney.
After recovering his compOSure McNuty
thought of his mother and wired her the follow
Ing message:
Mrs. Miles 1fcNuIty, ST. John NetU Brunswick
care Of Joseph HGtSoR-DEAR MOTHER: God has
spared you from the disgrace that once threat
ened you. Yours, JOHN MCNULTY.
After the ladies had departed McNuIty sat
until CALL artist took his picture. He de-
clined TO remove his hat because he did not Wish
his badness to be shown In the portrait. He
wore a neat suit OF blue cloth provided by the
Sheriff for the execution that will never take
place. McNulty retired at 20 O'Clock yes
terday morning and slept soundly until 1870
o'clock. bis breakfast was toast ana tea and
he ate like man who had hundred years to
live. His first visitor was Father Jaquet of ST..
The morning call., 1894-01-26

lgnatius Church, who remained with him an
hour, and returned TO him two hours later.
Carroll Cook followed. The priest told Me-
Nulty 10 hope, and while he did not say Il told
you so" when he came back ID the afternoon
he might have been excused for the exultant
utterance.
while conversng with a CALL reporter about
the case, land | never believed he would be
hanged. Why? Well, when learned that his
mother came here 10 sacrifice her last cent for
him, yet refused 10 swear falsely for his sake,
to swear that he had been subject 10 epIleptic
hts for eighteen months when he had not, | be-
lieved that for her sake his Lie would be
spared"
Carroll Cook on Thursday informed the Sher-
III mat he was going 10 sue out a writ OF habeas
corpus Tor MeNulty's release on the ground
tnat ms client bad not been sentenced since his
repileVe, but the Sheriff told him that he would
pay no a. tention TO the writ and Cook desisted.
A curious incident happened dt the County
JAN soon AFTER tile news of the cOmmui alton or
the sentence of McNuty had been received by
Sberlh McDade. reporter requested Byron
hllielea, the eommissary, 10 show him the
scanold, and that officer ooliglngly complied
with the request. The trapdoor had been at
tached by cord to a lever and fastened 10 a
NOOK. Some one had united the knot which
held the lever, so that when the cOmmissary
stepped on The door II gave way and hiIleIea
dropped on his feet fifteen feet below. The
curious reporter narrowly escaped like expe-
rlence.
Judge Murphy returned last night from Sac
ramento, where he submitted a letter TO the
Governor In which he asked hIm to commute
the death sentence which he (Murphy) has
passed on McNulty. This had great weight
with Governor Markham, a fact which was re-
allied by Sheriff McDade, who was at the boat
TO meet him and Mayor Ebert and thank them
for what they had done for the man whose life
had been saved by an act or executive clemency
which met with c0mmendation on all sides.
McNulty killed John Collins or March %.
1888, and was held TO appear before the Su-
periOr Court for trial By Judge HOrnb blower on
April Is OF the same year. He was sentenced
10 death by Judge Murphy who thought that
the deed was unjuStiiiable. McNulty'S defense
was insanity. HIS attorney at The time was j..
\. +. Wilson, TO whom he and his friends paid
1926. Subsequently. Carroll Cook was en-
ployed, and he has worked most ZealOusly for
his impoverished client ever since. Six times
the death-watcb has been set upon McNulty
and three times the gallowS has been erected
for his execution. On that gallOwS, first erected
in 1872, Alex GOldensOn and many other noted
criminals the light OF life fade into The
blacknesS OF eternity. Ii VIII never be erected
in the old prison again. because the new law
provides that hereafter all executions shall
lake place in the San Quentin or in the Folsom
prison.
The morning call., 1894-01-26

raped his approval of this wholesome conGl
ton, aud suggested that the convention take
some action expressive of its sense at the sell
aonegatiOn OF the gentlemen VINO had aDan-
a0ned their own project for ST. Patrick' gay
demonstration in the interest OF harmony ana
unanmity. A vote of thanks was then passed.
The executive committee was empowered 10
go or with its plans and TO buy fair tickets loT
40 cents each, to be sold at the BaAef-streeI
entrance TO the park for % cents.
Inc following were appointed nnance COM
mitree 10 raise the funds necessary for Inc pur-
chase OF the tickets and TO defray other eX-
penSes:
j. C. Nealou, DR.. NJ. c. O'Toole, DR.. J. F. Glib
bon James r. Kelly, j. j. O'Brlen, Jeremiah
MahOney, Michael Meagher, Colonel Thomas
II. Barry. Ii. j. Stafford, p. j. Carr; Judge NJ.
Cooney. Thomas Crowley. Samuel McFadden'
Hugh McAvOy. NJ. F. Dunleayy, z. Lyons;
James E. Kenney Daniel Sullivan, Col0nei
}: c. OCOnnOr, ID. Sheern, I. j. Welsh, NJ ~
Nolan, MARTYR ODea, I. p. Riordan, Mat
ODonnell, Frank I. Shea.
Chairman Tobin and Secretaries John Mui-
hern ana w. +. Stafford were added to the
committee.
The next meeting will be held at the call OF
Lle chair
The morning call., 1894-01-26
CHEAP WAY To GET GOODS.
Burglars Visit a Mems Furnishing
Store on Market Street,

The mems furnishing store of A Schoenfeld,
1916 Market street. was entered by burglars
early yesterday morn ng and tfty-six dozen
silk handkerchiefs, a lot OF silk mu fflers and a
quantity OF roled-gold lewelry were carried
away.
The burglars effected an entrance by saving
through the bars at the window in the rear OF
the store ana forcing open the window The
bars are three egbths of an inch thick. After
getting inside they aid not appear 10 be in
hurry they took time to undress and put on
clean underwear. They left their dirty under
wear on the floor of the store, but there is no
mark upon it that might give clew TO the
wearerS. Detectives Ross Whitaker and Sew.
mOur have the case in hand.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
DUNN THE ROMANCER.
New Developments Regarding Ills
Past Record.

Clarence w. Dunn, the private detective and
hero OF the cock-and bull story published IN
yesterdays CALL, seems TO be an all-round PAD
man. Postoffce Inspector Ewin saw his pic
lure In The CALL and visited police headquar-
ters yesterday. He said he recognized Dunn
as man who got himself into trouble about
eighteen mouths ago by passing himself OF as
a member of the United States Secret Service
Department.
AT that time Dunn was living in Oakland
ana sent letters to postmaSters up north inform.
Ing tnem tnat ne was mem ber of the secret
service. and asking them to forward To him any
letters that might reach tn ir poSuoffices for a
certain young lady. He was turned over to
Nicholas X. Harris, the secret service agent
and was kept in the Alameda County jail for
about two months, when he was given his
liberty.
Dunn was familiar with Chinatown, as he
was one of the men employed recently by the
Federal authorities TO search for struggled
opium there.
Dunn is known 10 the postal authorities as
Clarence W. Dunn, Charles Cunning and James
Brooks. IL was under the name of Charles
Duuning, when he was janitor of school in
Oakland, that he wrote to the pOStmaSters for
the young lady's letters.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
HIS DAUGHTERS PHYSIC.
He Wants His Bereaved SOn-in-Law
to Paw the Bills.

The case of Richard Rand against Edward
Clarke, on appeal from the Justices Court. was
decided by Judge Hebbard yesterday. 1t ap-
pears that the defendant Clarke, who resides al
Santa Rosa, is Rand's son-in-law. Mrs. Clarke
being DESTROYS some time ago OF paying visit
TO her father, left her husbands home and came
TO San Francisco. She remalued at Rand $
house some little time when she was taken SICK,
and eventually died there. After her death
Rand made a demand on his sOn-in-law for a
settlement OF his account for bills paid and
medical attendance on Mrs. Clarke during her
fatal Illness. Clarke refused 10 pay on the
ground that when his wife went TO live with her
father she had not merely gone on visit,
but with intent TO desert her husband.
The case was first tried IN the Justice
Court, resulting In a verdict in favor OF Clarke.
Rand appealed. and Judge Hebbard yesterday
reversed the decision OF the court below and
gave judgment in favor OF Rand for $3.50 and
costs of suit.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
COurSinV.

Inc Pacific Coursing Club held its wsaL,v
meeting last night at 123 o. Farrell street Tns
tomowing IS the result of the drawing for next
3 Ernu io,aoe STAKE; j. Beatty's Astoria vs.,
oregon Boy VS.. j. j. CoIemau's WoodStoo, Is
Jora anayu Juno VS.. J. c. Makers Minnia
o MINES William Creamer's Motto VS. s. A. Cum.
age VS. oJnnIe , Lass. b. Cavanagh's Free Coin.
"He We. d. AeIleters Bismarck. j. KeIlaher,s
The morning call., 1894-01-26
MARRIED..

LARSEN-EIDE-In this city, January IA. 1894.
by the Rev. o. Groensberg. Ludwig Larsen and
Johanna Eide.
BODAL-OLSEN-ID this city, January ~. 1894,
by the Rev. . Groensberg, Christian o. Bodal
and Mary Olsen.
LUDWlG-HILL-I this city, January %, 1884.
oy The Rev. .. Groensberg, Harry w. Ludwig
and Mary f. Hill.
LOChWOOD- Observation-Disclosures - In thls
city, January "a. 1894 by the Rev T. 6ruen'
Wllllam A. Lockwood and Amanda ScnnecAon
burger. both OF San Francisco.
COLBf-BURKE-In this city. January ~ I 80
oy the Rev. Dr. Case Fred ID. Colby anu Ai@'
Burke both of san Francisco. -
SMITH-wARD-In this city. January ~; 1oS4
py the Rev. DR.. Case, Charles .. ohi'A ~
Frances Ward. DO IN OF San Francisco
The morning call., 1894-01-26
IMPRISONMENT FOR LIFE.
Great Rejoicing at the Prison OH
Broadway.
GOVERNOR MARKHAM CHEERED
How MCNulty Received the News
Congratulated by Many-A Gall
lows for SaIe-An Accident.

Governor Markham has committed John
McNulty's sentence TO imprisonment for
life, and he will set out for San Quentin
tomorrow.
The news came from Sacramento at 10
o'clock yesterday afternoon in the form OF
the following dispatch:
SACRAMENTO Jan. %. 1894.
McDGds. SheriB, san FrdnciScO-The Gov
ernor has commuJed McNulty's sentence to i'm
prisOnment for life. l Will bring official dOcu-
ment down tomorrow morning
Nj. r. HIGGINS. Private Secretary.
An hour later the following laconic mes
sage was received by the Sheriff from
Mayor Ellert:
Sentence committed. J.. R. ELLERT.
The Sheriff was sitting In the Office OF
the chief jailer at the County Jail al 80
o'clock. anxiously awaiting tidings from
the Governor. With him were reporters
for THE CALL and another paper, and
three deputies. McNulty was sitting in
his rooms overhead, and in that room
were two black-robed Sisters of Charity
The morning call., 1894-01-26
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES,

birth, marriage and death notices sent by ma
will not be inserted. They must be handed in az
either of the publication Of1ces and be indorsed
with the name and residence of persons authoriz-
ing TO have the same published.
BORN.
moRRISoN-In this city. January %, 1894 to
the wife OF James r. Morrison SON
GARRETT-In this city, January 25 1894 to tina
wife of a. ). Garrett, a daughter
BALL-lD this city, January "a, 1894 to The wife
of c. K. Ball, son.
ROTHSCHI LD-In this city, January o. 1894 to
the vile OF Henry l. Rothschiid. daughter
DlETZ-In this city, January o. 1894, to the
wife OF Franz DietZ a son.
GALEHouSE-1n LakevlIle. Sonoma County
January %, 1894, TO the wife of +. c. Galehouse,
son.
LEGALLEr-January IL 1894, to the wife of
Eugene Legallet. daughter
The morning call., 1894-01-26
Second of the Series

The second OF the Young Mems Christian
Accoclation series of social evenings was given
last night in Association Hall, 232 Suffer
street, under the auspices OF The young peonls
OF calvary Presbyterian Church, Fred G..
Cusneon presiding Rev. john Hemphin d. u
was present and made some happy remarks
ana cholce programme was rendered To The
satisfaction OF The large number OF young men
ana tneir lady friends who were present So
ciability and refreshments brouTht the w.
enjoyable evening to a close WY
The morning call., 1894-01-26
The Anti.Chinese movement.

Last night at Market street and Grant ave-
nue. the Forty-third Assembly District Club OF
the AntiChinese Law and Order League held a
mass-meeting. DIR. C. @. ODOnnel. the leagues
cdnuluate for Mayor, made an earnest appeal
70 tne assemblage to sustain the order. Colonel
W. w. FOX, the nominee for Superior Judge
lndde an eloquent address. Denis Kearney
wound up with denuDciati0D OF The million
ares OF San Francisco who persisted in EN-
pioying Chinese in their households while
thousands of American women aud girls were
III need OF work. The league will meet at the
Mint steps tomorrow night.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
DIR. Hall on Trial.

DIR. Samuel Il. Hall is once more on trial on a
charge of having murdered Ida Shaddock.
This time the case is before Judge Daingerfielu.
Yesterday the work OF impaneliDg Jury was
begun. but The first panel was exhausted with
out single Juror being secured. Judge Dam.
gerfeld ordered $50 more Jurors 10 be sum
moned for Tuesday morning, TO which date the
trial has been continued.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
For UNEMPLOYED Women.

A charity performance will be given under
the auspices OF the Associated Charities for the
dement, OF the unemployed women of San
francisco at the Second Regiment Armory
rage and Cough streets, on February 3. An
interesting progra mme, consisting OF individual
dho competitive drills, has been arranged. The
feature OF the evening viii be a tug-of-war be-
tween Battery of the Naval Battalion ana
company Il of the Second Artillery for silver
pitcher trophy
The morning call., 1894-01-26
1hrOue h the Park.

Arrangements have been made by which a
nne oi olnnlOuses VIII start from the D-street
entrance TO Golden GATE Park Tbaa. -,
convey passengers 10 all points Of interest On
the main drives of the park on the WAY r" , Hn
ocean beach and the Cliff House way W Inc
The morning call., 1894-01-26
The RaffO0u

Inc captive balloon, al Central Park, on Mar
ket street. Will resume lis aerial voyages this
morning at 10 o'clock. TiiDs VIII also be made
at night with beautiful electric light DISPLAYS
wedding in midair is contem plated soon by
tne management. Every possible precautton
mas oeen looked after for the safety and con
Venience Of visitors.
The morning call., 1894-01-26

Spring va. Fl. HulYs Frisco Boy, George Firms
Oueerfellow VS.. j. j. COleman's Spite, .. a.
Cummings Presto VS.. j. Garyey's !rlsn Lamp 10
There will be oOursng on Saturday ue9t, TUG
drawing to take place on the grounds. haLes
free for all private matches. Eddie CanaVah'
Judge; John Caravan, slipper.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
The West Jury.

The work OF empaneling jury to try DR..
Eugene +. West, charged with the murder of
Addie r. Gimour, was proceeded with In
Judge Walace's court yesterday. Out of 100
jurors called only sixty responded TO their
names, OF whom +. K. Houston OF 121 Market
street, was chosen, bringing the number of
Jurors so far selected up TO eight. The panel
was exhausted without any further success.
and fresh venire of 100 jurors summoned for
O'Clock this afternoon.
The morning call., 1894-01-26
IN hEMOHIAA.
CuARTFQ q AMI HELENA HOW

The late Charles Greenwich Howard. one of the
oldest residents of San Francisco, had in late
yeare repeatedly declared that he would die in
1894. 1t was hardly a premOnition, but explanation
would req ire too much space. It bad TO do with
the same cause which moved him TO change his
name from that of Charles Pearce In 1860. he
and his wife both hoped that one might follow
the other closely over the border OF this
life. The sudden stroke of Providence, which
on Sunday, January "a, 1884 ended both their
lives; awful indeed, was yet less dire than some
have thought. The wife, al eplleptic seemed To
call for the husbands unreSting watchfulheSs.
He, surviving personal INJURY, wnlch cost hlm
years of suffering, in the seventies, had attained
an advanced age, had passed his usefulness, and
was burden to himself They were spared the
misery OF lingering sickness; their eyes, closed in
slumber. sealed unconsciousiy, and, as IL
WERE hand IN hand they passed paiulessly away.
The devoted couple had been more than
orphans, but for their strong mutual attachment.
although each sadly needed the support OF
stronger arm than the other could supply.
Each married thrice and always childIesS; they
were one in the flesh for goOdly period. and IN
death they were not divided. Ihat this is a
prophecy or perpetual union in the realm OF i'm
mortal spirits is the conSoing hope OF many
hearts Their frailtieS here were matters or com
mon rame. Each was in the thrall OF an unfortu-
nate habit, begun when prey 10 phy sIo@s Ph n
But they injured only themselves; TO otheTS They
managed somehow TO De heipIu' !Hey
spoke CHEEKY words every day: NOT praetlca
Christians. they yet believed IN Gou anu ~
the divinity OF Christ. Upon their knees at
times they prayed for dellYerancs. 1ney ioFeu
their neghbors; they showed mercy To tIe po ,
thew delighted In beStowing aims; they were SOW
to wrath and ever ready with the Solt answer
that turneth wrath away. A multltude hau ieIL
their helping hand. but not many mst W idS t Sas
morality in the earth. BY mischance. In Keep
ing with their bltghted life. ana as uhe1p S
their taking off, man OF God attended 70 sPS-
such words as the occasion might lhNto' 49,
thosa who gathAred there were glad TO know Ihoso
Emitted souIs were u OF imprisoned in thst u1uots
grave yearning, strong as love wen ts sT thar
God TO keen their precious dust and reIesI IooA
dsetpIsSs Spnis OSCAR I. sHUCk
San Francisco. Jan. %, 1884
The morning call., 1894-01-26

DIR. SoDnenSchein will lecture at the Mason.
street synagogue tonight on But One Single
Word" and tomorrow morning will preach
from Exodus XX:23