davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-01-04

ever before that ''Of such is the kingdom OF hea-
ven." The Mandolin Club of Saltwater, who adj
ded greatly to the interest and beauty of the Oc-
casiOn with excellent music and several selections
of song was simply immense, and treat Whlcn
was highly and fully appreciated, and which Will
long be remembered with feelings OF gratitude
and thankfulnesS by, the boys behind the
bars. The sweet voices of the bevy of young la
dies who assisted our prison choir in rendering
to us beautiful selections of song. was greatly
eniOyed and met with hearty applause At the
close of the entertainment in the chapel, we
were marched to the large paint shop where we
were permitted to enjoy an hour OF unrestricted
liberty. and whence we were followed by the
Mandolin Club who again favored us with many
selections of lively and pleasing music. much to
the special JOY of many of our colOred brethren
who could not resist the temptation to shake
their feet in harmony. and who proceeded to
amuse us with comic iigs ahd regular old fash
| toned 'hoe downs When uhe whistle sounded
| the hour of noon. with good feelings and good
| appetjtes we repaired to the dining rooms where
we proceeded to do ample Justice to an excellent
dinner of chicken pot pie. light biscuit cake and
coffee with milk and sugar. The day was greatly
enjoyed; the universal sentiment which prevailed
among the boys being that Christmas Day was
knocked clean OUT AS simple token OF our
appreciation of the welcome surprise. the beau
tiful entertainment. and for our enjoyment the
inmates of this institution desire to extend to
Warden Wolfer and all prison officials. the Man
doIin Club to Mrs. Lemon, Mrs. Gish and her
class OF elocutlOnists. and to all who so kindly
participated in making New Years Day so
bright and enjoyable to us. our heartfelt
thanks.
Following is the program of our chapel enter
tainment.
Music. ..Strike the Cymbals' Mrs. Lemon
Prayer. chaplain Albert.
Music Mandolin Club.
| Recitation. THE Inventors Wife," Lizzie Quincy.
f. Recitation. .Neighbors' May Curtis.
! Cborus 1--WE are Sailing" Choir.
e Recitation "A Naughty Little GIFTS View OF
s Life in a HOTEL Helen Goldsmith.
Nusic and Song. Mandolin Club.
Recitation More Ways Than One" Ralph Reed
i Recitation. Thoughts During Service Gail Al
+ bert.
v Music and Song. Mandolin CIlb
> Recitation Gone With a Handsomer Man. y
II Ada NOrdstrOm.
n Recitation. Church Reveries of a School Girl.
. Lizzie Quincy.
% Song AUNT Dinah's Hymn Choir
- Benediction. Chaplain Albert
IF March, Mandolin cur
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-01-04

PRISON OFFICIALS.
MANAGERS.
EDWIN DUNN. President. .....: Eyota.
r & 0,RRIEN .S saltwater.
F. w. TEMPLE. .............b Blue EarGn Wy
NJ O. HALL............ ...........''' Doio'ii'
RESIDENT OFFICIALS.
HENRY WOLFER.. Warden
r r LEMON Deputy Warden.
E. A. O'BRIEN. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .Clelk N.
B. j. MERRILL. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. fnySlclah.
MISS MARY MCKINNEY .............. MatrOn
+ n ATRISRT " Protestant Chaplain.
CHARLES CORCORAN.....C Catholic Chaplain.
PRISON AGENT.
CLARK CHAMBERS. Owat0nna.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-01-04
New Years Day.

When the Mandolin Club had stopped playing.
the darkies had stopped dancing. and Such ap-
plause and uproar as never heard before had
ceased; elbowed my way Onl of the most net
erogeneO,ls crowd | ever was i'll, composed OF Wis
itors, the Warden. Deputy Warden, DR.. Merrill.
Chaplain Albert, and prisoners of nearly all nat
ions-all punched together jOstling each other
and straining their necks to see the daries dance
to the delightful music. l wendell my way to a
group of prisoners who were discussing the hard
times prevalence of crime. trains being held up
etc. The subject appearing uninteresting and
too light for Heavy Thoughts he inquired, IN
that sad, gloomy. serious manner OF his ARE
train robbers classed as railroad men,, and calm
ly. with dropping head, strolled silently away.
SEE SEE,
A Pessimistic View of It.
"Is it fact that the ancients believed the
earth was square?"
Eyes, that was the popular belief once upon
time.''
They never could have got that idea from the
dealings of its inhabitants with each other uE-
less they were very different from what they are
at present. Texas Siftings.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
THE Willy COYOTE.
He Is So shrewd That rse Knows When ths
Hunter Is Armed.

The scent of the coyote is not nearly so
sharp as his oyesight, else how could any
sago grouse or broad bill duck nest in
coyote land without being promptly found
and eaten' AS TO game, he kills all kinds
of small ground game, young deer and an
telope His speciality, however, is feeding
upon dead carcasses of large animals,
either wild or tame. This being the case,
when on a buffalo hunt in Montana in 1885
we got many coyotes for our collection by
putting around the buffalo carcasses nu-
merous bits of lean meat duly charged with
strychninc. The ranchmen and cowboys
of the west have slaughtered tens of thou
= sands OF coyotes in this way to protect
their young calves and sheep and also TO
make money from peits and bountics.
The barking habit OF the coyote is very
dogliSe and his old name Of barking wolf
Is very appropriate. When collecting
mammals in Wyoming, 1t was very COM
mon thing for US to hear the coyotes around
our camp set up u great barking in chorus
at the first sign of daybreak, just when the
ROSTERS begin to crow on the farm. 1t Is
wild and uncultivated kind of bark,
ending In falsctto howl, and resembles
the cry Of the jackal of India moro nearly
than any other sound ! ever heard.
But sir coyote Is cute. He knows ex-
actly the distance that constitutes fair
rifle range, and he knows just as well
whether the stranger Is armed rs does the
stranger himself. When hunting In the
Shoshone mountains in 1889, wanted To
kill coyote for n special purpose, but
never once succeeded in getting u fair shot,
even at 200 yards.
For 10 days we banged away industri-
ously at every one we saw, but never
touched a hair. Finally, at Corbetts q
ranch, left the expedition and started
north by stage, leaving behind me rife,
revolver, knife and even scissors. Just two
hours after had said geodby to nay shoot
ing irons and taken the buck board stage
we saw coyote ahead Of us, close to tho
trail. Seeing Us coming, he selected q soft
spot, sat down within 80 yards Of the trail
and waited for us.
We drove up, stopped as We got opposite
him, and still he did not run. That vii.
lain sat there coelly and looked us over
without moving muscle but with lcer
that plainly said, Now, don't you wish
you had your cid gunS'' When we get
through making faces at him and wish
ing for n gun, a revolver or even q com
mon stsne to FIRE at him, we drove ON.
And then he got up and went en- hunting
for Jack rabbits To this day have beer
puzzling over the question, How did thai
gray rascal find out 80 quickly that both
the driver and i were totally unarmedf'
That he did know it perfectly well have
no doubt whatever, Tor no coyote evel
waited like that fer ,san with . gun. :
! - 1tehelee
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
SOUTHTOWN.
The Prize Package SwindIer Visited
Pawtuxet and Edgewood.
sourH PRovIpENcE AND PAwTuxEr,
Pawtuxet Pharmacy, TELEPHONY 52l-k y

sourH PROVIDENCE AND PAwTuxEr,
Pawtuxet Pharmacy. TELEPHONY 72l-k
The prize package swindler has been
making his annual visit To Southtown
and has succeeded in fieecipg number OF
unsuspecting housewives at Pawtuxet
and Lakewood. He is tall, smooth faced,
good looking fellow and very clever
talker.
After having worked the lower end of
Lakewood he called on Mrs. Thomas
Hawkins, who resides on Atlantic avenue:
He was selling writing. paper and
envelopes and claimed TO give
a money prize with every package which
was not TO be opened until his partner
called the next morning. lie showed
Mrs. Hawkins a number OF packages
which contained anywhere from
So To s25 and upon receiving $500, he left
four packages with the understanding
they were not to be opened until o'clock
the next morning. After receiving his
money he coolly took the car for the city.
When Mr.. Hawkins came home that night
he tore the envelopes open and the looked
for prizes failed TO materialize.
The last OF the series of musicales given
by a number of residents OF Pawtuxet
and Lakewood was held at the home OF
Mrs. Samuel u. Cole on Atlantic avenue
last evening and proved to be the most
enjoyable one of the series. The program
consisted Of vocal and instrumental
music and was furnished by the
Hargraves orchestra comprising
Messrs. III. IT. Ernest, Charles and Miss Il.
Hargraves, Miss Susie A. Cole, Mrs. 8. Is.
Cole, Miss Anna Cole and Mrs. Carl Is.
Wickham. Following the musicale, cake,
ice cream and fruit were plentiful.
At a recent meeting the Ladies' Auxili-
ary of the Volunteer Fire Company at
Pawtuxet Mrs. A. l.. Rose, Mrs. Peleg
Rhodes and Walter Shurtliff were appoint
ed a committee to arrange a program
for rose tea to be held on
the grounds in front OF the
fire station on Sheldon street June 10.
The committee met yesterday and de-
cided 10 have fancy sale OF articles on
the lawn in the afternoon and a musical
in The firemen's hall during the evening.
Waterwitch Engine Company, which
was organized in 1884, will
hold its anniversary and 18th
annual reunion at Rhodes-on-the-
Pawtuxet Monday, June IL, when extra
attractions will be the order. Luncheon
will be served at 10 o'clock and the bake
will be opened at 4.
Mrs. Peleg Rhodes of Pawtuxet is en-
G. Il. Gardiner of Pawtucket.
Mr.. y. II. Herrick and family have
moved to their summer residence on Bluff
avenue, Edgewood, as has Mr. A. o. Aus
tin on Arnold avenue.
The sloop yacht Nadir, with her owner,
Mr.. John Angel, and party Of friends,
returned from three days cruise yester-
day.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
she.I7l. 7ao ssa. 6a1 .66n


The following notable fires occurred in
NAV: Albany, N. Y, felt goods mill,
s25o,ooO; Muncie, Ind, reaper and
mower works, s245,oOO; Norway,
Me-, various, S325,000; Brooklyn,
n. Y, hotel and church si,100,000; (;
Boston, Mass, various, $4,000; Paw
tucket, II. l., coal yard and other, $500, 900;
New York city. Jones' Woods, etc, s400, :
600; Boston, Mass, bonded warehouse,
$4,000; Philadelphia, Pa, factory build
ing s350,000.
During May there were 1855 fires OF a
greater destructiveness than $4,000 each.
They may be classified as follows:
$4,000 to 10000, "a; $4,000 to $4,000. .43
$4,000 TO 100000, 34 $50, 900 to $75, 900, %;
$4,000 to S10O,00O o; 100000 TO 800, 900, 8;
f200, 900 to Il, ,100, 900, o; total, 1876.
This lessening of the fire loss is well
come relief to the fire insurance COM
psnies which suffered severely from last
years abnormal losses.
III the year travels TO its end at the mod
crate rate shown above, the fire under
writers may many OF them come out even.
JACOB u. III. LYONS.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
WIFE WOKE UP.
That's Why Cashier Gales
House Was Not Burned.

AMEsBuRy, June s. shortly a fter mid :
night Mrs. George Is. Gale, wife Oh the
cashier Of the Amesbury National Bank,
detected man attempting TO set nre 70
her residence. She aroused her
husband. but the man es-
capped. investigation showed that the
miscreant had saturated with oil the por-
ton OF the dwelling directly beneath the
accepting apartments OF the fanny ana
had doubtless intended TO cremate the
occupants. w
Later in the morning, James w. Taylor,
who resides opposite Gale, found IN his
cellar several boxes containing comous-
tlbls material soaked In oil, all ready 10
fre.
This discovery explains the animus of the
would be houseburners. About two weeks
ago Gales house was entered by burglars
who were discovered by Taylor: Iney
made their escape and left behind them a
threat of dire vengeance. This threat they
came near carrying out this morning.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
NO WORD YET.
Navy Department Has Heard Nothing
Concerning Destruction Of Bear.

SAN FRANCISCO, June s.-No official in
formation concerning the reported disas-
ter 10 the United States revenue cutter
Bear has been received here.
One of the officers Of the revenue
cutter Rush says that private advsces
confirm the report, but he states that
IL is impossible to tell the extent
OF the damage Captain Hesiyis son
who is In the city, says that no mention II
made o. the accident In letter received
by him from his mother who II on the
Bear, with captain Iiesiy. lie is OF the
opinion that the report originated
from the fact that the Patterson went
ashore about three weeks ago about 300
miles south Of sitks, though she wss
pulled on safely.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
BEATS THE RECORD.
A Young Woman Anxious For Notori-
ETY. Weds Commonwealth.

CAIRO, ILL.,, June 6.-The camp OF the
Commonwealers yesterday was the scene
of wedding under singular and romantic
circumstances.
1T was he marriage of Thomas r r. Esut-
cliffe of San Francisco, aged 80, to Miss
Annie Hooten, of Council Bluffs, Iowa,
aged 27. Squire Joseph Steagel Sc
cured the license and drove to Camp
Kelly. Arriving there he was escorted to
a log heap 10 feet in height, shaded by
trees. The bridal party were assisted
TO mount the pile and General
1850 men surrounded them with bare
heads. After the couple had been pro-
nounced man and wife the bride, over
come by emotion, tainted.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

ONEoNrA. N. Y, June a--Two thou
sand persons witnessedthe annual meet
Of the Oneonta Wheel club yesterday.
The track was in good condition consid-
sring the wet weather that has prevailed.
The race between Johnso and Bald, in
the two mile handicap, was the most ex-
citing. johnson won in 5m. 35 35s.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

SAN FRANCISCO, June 8.-The report of
Z wreck on the Canadian Pacific line, in
volving the destruction of Raymond 81
Whitcomb excursion party, was received
by The Examiner of this city from its
Vancouver correspondent. Investigation
shows the story TO have been without
fou nd a ffou
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

WASHINGTON. Ind, June s-The mine
workers' strike is virtually ended, as far
~ this section il concerned, and the
miners will probably resume work Mon
day. ~ they have no grievance, and only
quit work In order to help the movement
along. A meeting Is to be called to-
morrow, and prominent miners say that
= resolution to 60 to work will be the re-
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Another nriti.h Columbia STORM

NoRTHPoRT, Wash, June a--A mes
senger from Nelson reports that Kaslo,
b. c., was swept almost entirely away on
Sunday by a cloudburst and wind storm.
He says that the wharf and stores were
carried into the lake, and that several
people are missing Telegraph wires are
down and trains not running.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Counterfsiting American Money.

HAMBURG. June s.-The police have ar
rested merchant and photographer for
fcrgeries OF English and American notes.
The police captured the presses which
had been used in the work. and also
seized a large number or eXceffenrry
eountsrfeited English 5 pound notes and
American IS bills.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Ne wlsh.a to convert the President,

WASHINGTON. June s.--The perennial
crank turned mp at the executive mansion
yesterday. He was young man of dis
trscted appearance. and announced that
his purpose was 70 convert President
Cleveland to ways Il righteousness. He
will be held fer examination. His name
IL Heffenstein, . converted jew, and he
has been deliv ering extern poraneous ser
mons on the street corners for some time
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
al araxIlI.n Ecltor Deported.

NEW YORK. June 6-The Herald's Rio
de Janeiro dispatch says that Senor Fuen-
tes, one Of the editors of The Journal
Commercio and colonel in the National
guard, has been deported for plotting
against the republic, and that General
Earaiva, with an army of 1000 men, has
arrived in the city Of Cruzalta, in the
state of Rio Grande do Sui He is wait
ing for supplies and winter clothing for
kis r.en.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
GOOD MUSIC.
Third Pop Concert I'm blackstone Hall
Well Attended.

The cold weather and the circus were
strong opposing forces yet Mr.. Sprague
had an appreciative audience at the Pop
tho following fine programmes: Festival
Overture, Lachner; Serenade Espsgnole,
Metra; Selection from Bohemian Girl" /"
Balfe; Gavotte Pizzicato, Latann;
March--"The Pops" Langstaff; Polona-
ise Presidential, Sousa; Waitz-"1oOl
Nights" Strauss; Paraphrase on Melodies
in +, Rubenstein; Dance Africaine, Glider; /;
March American Republic" Thieie; (;
REQUEST Number.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
A Close Race.

LONDON, June s.--The regatta of the
Royal Victoria Yacht club was held yes
tsrday or the Isle of Wight. Six 90
yaters took part In the race, and the con-
test was . splendid one. All kept well
together throughout. and the time be-
tween the first and last boats was under
three minutes. The Dragon won the
race, beating the Deridre by Ia seconds.
the Asphodel third and the Thalma
n
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Oregon. Dlsastrous Floods.

PORTLAND. Or. June 8-No accurate
estimate of the damage by floods along
the Columbia and Willamette rivers can
be made. IL is certain, however, to run
into millions of dollars. The entire north
west, including Idaho, Washington and
Oregon aud British Columbia is virtually
shot of from the east by the fioods The
Canadian Pacific roads have been washed
out for hundreds Of miles. and it will re-
nuire weeks to repair them
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
BRITISH SHIP BURNED.

MELBOURNE, Victoria, June s.-The
British ship Habitant. Captain Pot
Ter, which sailed from New
York on January 81, last, for
Melbourne, has been burned in the Harra-
Yarra River. She is completely gutted.
Her cargo had been landed before the nre
broke out.
I The Habitant was q ship of 1919 tons
register, and was built at Scott's Bay, n.
81. in 1885. She sailed from Windsor, n. 3.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

LONDON, June s. "A dispatch received
here from Vienna says that terrific hail
storm yesterday devastated the Park
Garden. Several people were killed and
many were injured during the storm.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

NEW YORK, June ain the New York
Yacht club races yesterday the Wasp
beat ths 0loriana by nearly half an hour.
The schooner Ariel barely defeated the
schooner Emerald On time allowance. In
che mixed riG race the Queen Nab won
on her time allowance.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Merchant Disappears.

WISsTRD, Conn, June $. Henry j.
Hall, a member of the firm Of Reed. Hall
& Hewlett, New York city, has suddenly
disappeared. Hall and his family were
summeriup at Highland lake till recently.
Domestic trouble separated Hall aud his
wife. Halls goods are attached.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
ssa wall Recommended For sandy Hook.

WASHINGTON, June s.-The secretary of
war has recommended TO congress the
erection of a sea wall at Sandy Hook He
says the recent storms have been so great
~ 10 partially destroy one OF the gun
platforms.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
Hungarian Cabinet. Deadlock.

LONDON, June & - Dispatches from
Buda- Pcsth state that the cabinet dead
lock continues, the emperor declining to
accept Herr Szilagyi rs member Of the
ministry. while DIR. Wekerle insists upon
his admission.
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

Madrid, June s--A series of heavy
hurricanes swept over various portions Of
Spain yesterday. Telegraph oommuni-
eatisn u INTERRUPTED tn eli dirsetlaaA
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

Ssslect sfthe hair s'fen destroys its vital
~ and natural hue. and canses II 20 fall
ont Before II is too late. apply AAlls Hair
nsnsusrs sDpys rsnsdys
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08

PARIS, June s.-In the chamber of dep
uties yesterday. NJ Eugene Etienne made
IN attack upon the African policy of
Great Britain. saying that II was every
where destined 70 thwart France, and
demanding that the French government
shsll stsrnly upheld the treaty rights ci
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08
THE NEWS
EMPLOYMENT BUREAU.
HELP WANTED-MALE.


L,oR sALE-FIRsr GLASS, oLD-rAsHIoNED
II Roeksway Carryail aaso one Russell cart
nearly new; both with shsfts and pole, can be
bought cheap. Apply 10 Mr.. J. n. Randall. Oak
land Beach, L. l. marls-o
The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]) 1891-1906, 1894-06-08


STORAGE FOR FURNITURE.
Best OF care, charges reasonable Providence
Warehouse Co., No. 20 Mason Street.
The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1894-03-23

cut some thick slices for the second days
dinner. Make a pint Of the brown gravy
hot. Lay them in and serve as soon as
heated through. A few minced mush-
rooms added will quite change the char
acter of this dish. For third dinner
heat the slices for a moment on the
broiler and spread with a bearnaise
sauce. Serve around a mound Of French
peas.
You can also make a couple of break
fast minces. Chop the meat fine fry an
onion, cut small, in a little butter; stir
in -four; dilute with water, season and
color with Tournade's kitchen bouquet;
moisten the milce with this, heat thor
oughly and serve on squares of buttered
toast, crowning each with poached
egg. Little balls Of mashed potato rolled
in crumbs and fried brown make pretty
garnish for a breakfast mince
The Scranton tribune. [volume] (Scranton, Pa.) 1891-1910, 1894-03-23

ers OF sleeves to match it, i'll order to
carry the eye up from the waist, and it
is also more artistic to finish the skirt
with band to match the basque. This
brings the whole dress into harmony.
The daintiest little knots of velvet for
the hair, with an aigret Of flowers or
buds. are made of the same velvet with
which the dress is trimmed. 1t is diff
cult for those who have not tried it to
imagine how much it adds to the appar.
ent height to have the same color per-
vading the whole dress from the toes of
the slippers to the coiffure.
An attractive wedding gown is made
of white satin. 1t is thus described in
the New York Tribune: The skirt, which
is plain in front, is looped slightly on
the hips and has long train, gathered
at the waist and lined throughout with
aurah. \ putting of white gauze, sur
mounted by a delicate wreath of orange
blossoms, surrounds the edge Of the
skirt. The corsage is lightly gathered to
a little point, front and back, and is cut
low over a guimpe of white silk gauze
which is gathered to the collar. The
bertha Of point lace is draped with small
bouquets Of orange blossoms, one of
which is attached to long looped bow
Of white satin ribbon. The girdle fol-
lows the lines of the pointed corsage and
the sleeve puifs are very full and grace.
ful.
So much latitude is allowed in the in
depreciation of the present fashions that
even an exaggerated picturesqueness
will be quite permissible in summer fab
rics, the inexpensive materials and love
ly coloring giving scope to the most orig.
inal conceptions. One way of making a
striped skirt is to have the front scanned
so that it will form sharp vandykes, this
being repeated upon the bias back
widths.
Ribbons will be more popular than
ever for trimming summer dresses. Now
there are several novelties among them.
A perfect sash ribbon is stiff enough to
stand alone and has tiny bouquets Of
flowers powdered over a white ground,
like the exquisite little sprigs on old
Dresden china. The same design in
black grosgrain il also very effective
and another pretty novelty is ribbon
with long white lace edge.