davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Marietta journal. [volume] (Marietta, Ga.) 1866-1909, 1894-11-01
JUDIcIoUs ADVERTISING
Creates manv q now husipaSS


Enlarges many an old business,
REEVES many dull business,
Rescues many lost business,
Saves many failing business,
Preserves many large business,
Secures success in any business,
Therefore advertise in the Marietta jour,
NAL your business.
The Marietta journal. [volume] (Marietta, Ga.) 1866-1909, 1894-11-01

Remember that the Marietta Journal Job
Office will duplicate Atlanta job printing
in style, quality and price.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
MARDELI..

X. j. Munson is on the sick list. He
says it is rheumatism.
Oscar and Emily Carlson visited Mr..
Warren w. Archer last Sunday.
Evan A. Munson is staying with his
brother Albert during chores.
Messrs. Henry Haugen aud Ole Klove
were southbound passengers on the
Mardell and Great Northern Sunday,
returning same day.
There was to have been perty ut II.
A. Sundin's but WAS postponed.
N. j. Qualey and N. J. Arneson were
odt on professional business to Look.
ing Glass Prairie Saturday.
We are now enjoying a real January
thaw. What's the difference between
the sunny south and N. D.
1t is rMmored that we are to have
mail services three times IL week some.
time in the near future, and all Oh &c.
count of w. S. Bis sells excellent man
agement of the post Office department.
Good democrats, good times, cheap
goods and lots of money.
Thos. Ha:selquist will commence a
term of school in Greenview District
No. /, next Monday.
JERRY SCHNEIDLEBECKER.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19


MIR EDITOR.
Dear Sir: / motto. Il IN the
Courier of Dec 90, tla,t MIR. Schncidle
becker in answer to Dad, said that
Hicks said that the 10Th and Goth
of this month would be the two cold
est days in the year, and that is not so,
and here | will state what Hicks says:
"Thc center of reactionary disturbances
next after this period will be on and
touching the 18th and 18th about which
dates it will turn warmer and renewed
storms of rain and snow will result in
many places" This Is what Hicks says
and man that would turn it right
around and say he said it would be the
two coolest days in the year is telling
whats He says he was told so. Poor
excuse for publishing an untruth. Hold
fast to that which is good and do not
try to throw a shade over the light.
remain, yours truly,
i w. EvERsoN.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Congressman Jerry Simpson does
hot like the Wilson bill, and he is
only one of majority of the Ameri-
Can people who are OF the same no
sion. In speech in congress the
other day he made a strong speech
In which he said that the democrats
had promised clothing under free
trade all wool and yard wide, but
they were giving the people clothing
al cotton and yard wide taxed so
heavy that it would be impossible to
carry suit of clothes around. That
ID nothing, Jerry, we were promised
ef d bushel for wheat and we are
getting less than half of that amount,
and the deficit in the Unites States
treasury growing bigger every day.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

The special legislature convened
by Colorado's bloody governor seems
to have no use for Mexican dollars
and have sat down with all Its Waite
on the fool governors proposition to
float silver dollars unauthorized by
congress. The legislature passed a
resolution to the effect that Colorado
had no power to float money good
only in that state contrary to the act
of congress and favored adjournment.
Gov. Waite will be proclaimlng hlm-
self president of the United States
next
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

L. E. Warner now has an oppor.
tunity to sing his nursery rhymes in
reality The paregoric bottle and the
midnight promenades will no longer be
used with biting sarcasm in his woman
suffrage debates, oh no, he is in it now
in real earnest because unto the house,
of Warner boy was born last
Monday. The Courier extends its con-
gratulations. The republican ranks of
Griggs county has one more recruit.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Ye editor was a surprised party last
Saturday morning, and in order to get =
scoop on the News we shall have to tell
how it happened. We were coming
from John Houghton's last Saturday
morning, riding in our one Horse shay,
and peacefully drinking in the beau
ties of nature, when Il nut dropped from
the cutter bar, the shafts dropped on one
side, the horse gave jump and came
down In the shape of a curve and before
we could could say scat was away and
trying to beat the worlds record. In
taking his departure the horse gave the
cutter jerk that caused it 10 turn II
donble hand spring as it were, and in 8
twinkling of an eye our editorial head
was blowing through a snowdrift and
the beauties of nature were transformed
into a grand pyrotechnio illumination
in which we figured as rocket. That's
how it happened. Western and Horace
Homghton and Frank Blanchard chased
and captured the runaway steed, John
Houghton fixed up our cutter, and
Wilmot Houghton brought us to town,
and we desire TO thank them for their
kind assistance. That's how We get
out of it. News please copy.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

i The Lyccum WAS attended by large
crowd Tuesday, the principal feature
of the program being the debate on the
silver question. Messrs. P. A. Melgard
and C. H. johnson handled the affirm.
ative side, and Messrs. Warner, Garlic
ton and Champlin wrestled with the
negative side. The judges. Messrs.
Stevens, Cooper and Ole, decided in
favor of the negative.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

In interviews in the St. Paul and
Minneapolis papers ty North Da-
kota politicians, we are gratuitous ly
Informed that the next republican
state ticket has already been slated.
This is news te the people of North
Dakota. Maybe these astute politi-
clans can also give list of the dele
gates that will be elected in each
county in the state to the next state
convention. Those St. Paul and
Minneapolis papers woull die il
they could not run politics in this
state.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
Fresh oysters at Whiddeu's.

The Montana tramp knows how to
take care of himself. One of the genus
hobo went to a house and asked for
something to eat. The good housewife
who was religiously inclined, offer the
tramp piece of dry bread with the re-.
mark: II give you this for Gods sake. "
Thank you, ma'am, l accept it for
Gods sake, replied the tramp, "bu: for
Christ's sake put some butter on it,"
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Miss Preston, state president If tha
w. G. I. u, addressed the people Of
Cooperstown last Sunday morning ON
The Crusade and its results. She ad-
dressed IL large audience IN the Baptist
church Sunday evening on the subject
of Purity. Miss Preston certainly has
a pleasant yet impressive way of pre-
senting her side OF the question, and Is
an imdefatigable worker for the white
ribbon cause.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Two sleigh loads Of our town people
took advantage of the fine weather last
Friday evening to ride out to Mr.. and,
Mrs. John Hoaghton's to spend
the evening and make things
lively for this hospitabls Q ,uple..
It is an established saying in
town that If you want to have good
time 90 out to John Hoagh:va's, and ie
turned ou: to be the case with this par
ty. A merrier, happier party never
assembled under one roof, and fun and
frolic reigned supreme until after -
M, w..4n the visitors departed for their
homes, with cordial invitation from
Mr.. and Mrs. Houghton to come again.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

All members of the w. C. L. U. are
requested to meet with Mrs. SyversoR
next Tuesday afternoon at 3 O'Clock.
The hour has been changed that more
time may be given to the work of the
union. The subject to be sideredS
"Iho Temple."
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

DrL. Platou, Il graduate from Chris
tiaLia, university. Norway, has located
ut Cooperstowr and will be found ut his
office in Peter JohnsoM's restaurant
building or Almklov's drug store. SO
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
PLEASANT VIEW.

As there are considerable number
of things of interest taking place in our
community at present, we thought we
would let the outside world know lit.
tie more about what is transporting in
our midst. We understand that there
has been five new scholars since the
school started after the holidays. Others
will swell the enrolment to twenty.
They all seem to come with the deter.
mination of getting everything cut Oft
that they could. Hope they will still
continue to climb up the hill Of know
ledge rs they will get something that
none of the vicissitudes of life can take
from them
Our literary society had the largest
attendance last FRIDAY it has had since
it started Why the Bradford boys
came 10 miles to attend, so you must
know that it is increasing in interest.
The question for debate was: Which
deserves the most praise, the warrior,
statesman or laborer. This being Il
three sided question it seemed to create
more fnterest than the common run of
questions. Some of the speakers on
the statesman side We're not present SO
they did not have Il fair chance. The
Judges decided in favor of the warrior
! The Skanse brothers entertained the
meeting with instrumental and vocal
music playing on guitars. The audi
ence all declared that it was excellent
aud hope to get more in the future.
The question for our next debate is
| Resolved, That the beauties OF nature
are more pleasing to the eye than the
beauties OF art.
The open alliance was held on Satur.
day last as announced and there was II
splendid turn out, which shows that the
people are interested in our meetings
and wish to become educated on the
leading reform issues of the day. The
question was we'll handled, both sid. S
bringing up much good areument. The
Judges decided in favor of the prohibi.
ton side A vote of thanks was ex-
tended to the ladies for attending the
meeting and also to the judges for act
ing in that capacity. 1t was decided
to have another open meeting on
JAM. 27. Everyone is cordially invited.
The question for debate is Resolved,
That the reform known as abolishing
the national banks and issuing the
money directly to the people and in
creasing the circulating medium to $50
per capita is greater than the reform
known as allowing the government tc
own and co atrol all means of trans
portation.
As James McCulloch is not improv
ing any he has made up his mind to &C
down to St. Paul and have the very
best physicians treat him to see if ther,
is any help for him. The whole com
munity most sincerely hope that HI
will get a speedy relief.
The grippe is one of the unwelcom'
, visitors in our midst ut present as th'
DAleen family have had it but hav'
mostly recovered. Mrs. Boutwell, ha
been quite sick with it but we under
stand that she is better.
When any more news turns up will
let YOU know about it.
RIP VAN WINKLE.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

1t was a genuine surprise party that
stormed the residence of Mr.. and Mrs.
Julius Stevens last Saturday night. 1t
was Mrs. Stevens birthday and the
young people wanted to make the oc
casioD one long to be remembered, and
they succeeded in doing so. Notwith-
standing that Mr.. and Mrs. Stevens
were taken by surprise, they soon had
things in shape to entertain the visitors
and happy, good time was the result
of the gathering The party broke up
at - o'clock, and everybody expressed
the hope that Mrs. Stevens would live
to enjoy many happy returns of thu
day.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Bernt Statsvick, who has been in the
employ of John Syverson for the past
five or six years, departed Mo onday
morning for Minneapolis to seek en-
ployment in that city. His many
friends wish him good luck.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

There seems to lie u party" epidemi0
in town. Every other night there is
something going on. Cooperstown il
not dull from social standpoint this
winter.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
EDITORIAL NOTES.
And Other Matters of Interest
to the Readers Of the
Courier.
a GOLD STANDARD.

The coinage acts of 1853 and 1857
were in behalf of the silver fractions
Of dollar coined by this govern
Nlent. Like the silver dollar they
were worth more in bullion than as
coins despite the stamp of the U. S.
upon them. Moreover, foreign sill
yer fractions of the Spanish and
Mexican dollars were brought into
The country and became in general
use among the people as their change
money supersedlng the silver frac-
lions of the dollar of our own coin
age very generally. They were used
10 buy up our own silver fractions
ior melting and exporting in bullion.
The two acts in question demone-
tizsd the foreign silver fractions and
expelled them from the country leav-
ing the fractional silver coins of the
Country to flow into the channels Of
trade.
The status of the silver money OF
the country as the result of these
Various coinage acts may he briefly
stated as follows: For period of
sixty-four years from 1898 to 1857
only s., ,76o,I4o' silver dollars had
been issued from the mint. The
reasons for this have been given in
the preceding articles of this series.
BY reducing the weight of gold, as
per the act Of 1884, silver coins were
more valuable in bullion as compar-
cd with gold. The tendency was to
demonetize them; and as matter ot
tact by 1857 the silver dollar was to
all intents and purposes an Obsolete
coin and so renamed down to 1873
The people did not circulate it Oh
reckon with it in monetary contracts.
Il was no part of bank reserves ano
was not used in business transaction:
by the government.
1t follows that the only money
standard of the country was gold;
and wherever the term "coin" was
Used, in all contracts of the people
among themselves, or of the govern
inent in collecting revenue and pay.
Ing debts, it was understood to NEAR
gold coin. One writer says: "The
plain and simple verdict of history i.
that congress did by the act Of 1883
following that Of 1884, put this coun
try upen the basis of the gold stan
dard as the money understood ir
Contracts, and that this remained 8:
fact, with no change of understanding
Or practice until the issue of lega
tender notes, in the emergency o
war. During the period from 1881
to the enactment of the silver Law
gold was, and silver was not, the cur
fsnt coin Of the United States x
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Program for Lyceun, next Tuesday
evening:
Music.
Routine business.
Mock trial. Bochkenschncider stole
a ham from Haskell & Patrick.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Miss Hovey departed for her home at
Capron, H., last Monday instead of
last week as stated in our last issue.
As she had not time to bid all her
friends good bye personally, she wishes.
to do SO through the Courier.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
Business is good ut Wh,dden's.

Past Grand j. +. Johnsoni installed
the following officers for Coope rsto WI
Lodge, No. 81, l. O. O. i. last Monday
night: N. G., I. T.. Warner; V. G., J.
A. Mt Culloch; Secretary Z. n. Truh-
shaw. Permanent Secretary, Wm.'
H ,theringtoa; Treasurer, Wilmot
III ,urlton
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Unless something unforeseen has
happened, Bomberger's murderous
soul has winged Its way over the
dark river by this time, and justice
aias been vindicated on one of the
most outrageous murderers that
ever existed.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
the SEARCH LIGHT.
ST. PAUL, Jan. Is, 1891.

Chords in a Minor Key.
There are faces just us perfect,
There are eyes us true and sweet;
There are hearts as strong and tender
AS the hearts that used to beat.
Thele are voices just us thrilling,
There are souls as white know
As theirs were when they went from
My friends of long ago.
New lives are ever telling
The tale that ne'er grows cid;
Lifes grays are always changing
For some worn into gold.
But amid the rhine and shadow,
Amid the gloom and glow;
They walk with me, they talk with me,
My friends of long ago.
When think of all changes
That the changing years have broug Int; !;
l am glad the world that folds them
Is the world that changes not.
And the same as when they left me,
They wait for me know;
My friends on earth. my friends in
heaven
Aud my friends of long ago.
| Isabel Lady Henry Somerset.
How many of You have me: this won-
derful sweet Lady Somerset. Since we
welcomed Lafayette Never foot our
shore has pressed, of one more beloved
guest" What heavenly breezes swept
her soul then we do not know, but the
result is manifested. Oh that she may
live to see the rich harvest of her work.
She takes broad views of the situatio n
and is not afraid to express herself on
the current topics of the day. One of
her favorite expressions is '.all ref orm-
crs are stoned until they succeed" ano-
ther runs rs follows: "She who IS life
giver ought to sit among the law glvers.
The existence of evil is no longer neces.
sary." She is u true lady whose every
look and manner is like Balm OF Gilead
poured upon a wound, and whose every
word brsaths the most DEVOTED love of
humanity. Long may she live
Our times needs stronger souls. The
police record for this year shows 20, 500
arrests for intoxication. What we want
is not talent but purposes, not the pow.
er to achieve but the will to do. The
production Of beer alone in the United
States Is inc, easing 81 times as fast as
the population. Where lies the respon
sibility, this is the question that is put
to the whole world. Work, wait and
hope is the watchword of temperance
while the enemy bids defiance to all,
and it seems that all efforts to resist its
power are fruitless, but there is an un.
der current rolling on and at it's head a
power. Gods plans and purposes never
fail. Christians the Master is come and
is calling for you. If Jesus was IN the
heart of every voter how soon would
we hear the death knell of intemper.
ance, but he is not there. They 60 from
their knees to the ballot box and blot
out Gods image leaving darkness and
death. Let as nope that the time will
come when women will have hand in
the ballot box, ir the meantime let US
Press bravely onward not in vain
Our generous trust in human kind;
The good which bloedshed could not
gain,
Our peaceful zeal shall find.
Yours fraternaliy,
AUNT Betty.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

The supreme court has decided
The TrAill county seat fight in favor
uf Hillsboro. This settles a hard
ind long fight.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Spring and summer samples Of for
eign and domestic woolens have arriv-
ed. Come and examine them.
GEO G. SPANGENBERG.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Now is the time to get your rag car.
pets made. Leave rags at Whiddeh's
store. DAVID GoRTHY.
Sec. 20.e46.60.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Important to trappels and all parties
having fur to sell, Whidden will buy
your fur and pay highest prices.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Lehman's Heater is recognized to be
the only successful heater in existence
for warming carriages, sleighs, beds,
etc. F. B. KING, Agent.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

&$8 DR.. Featherston, the painless
dentist, will be at Cooperstown We'd
nes,lay and Thursday, Jan. II and 18,
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

There is n move on foot to establish
a Degree of Honor Lodge in town.
This lodge is an auxiliary to the A. q.
U. w. lodge and is for the wives and
sisters of the members.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Do you like good cup of tea. Try
Pride of Japan, just received at Wild.
denis. ..
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
Whiddcn will buy oats.

There will be an open meeting of the
Farmers Alliance at the schoohouse
Hannaford, OH Saturday, Feb. 3D..
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

We understand that Emil Marquardt
has purchased the Virgo residence on
Vinegar hill. Good for Emil.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Whidden has just ylaced an order for
II fine line of fish.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
Rebecca social IN Oda Fellows hall
tonight. Everybody invited.

Whidden sells the Wanamaker &
Brown line of clothing. Ask to see
samples.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Over 80, ,000 Of Lehman's Heaters in
daily use and all give perfect satisfac.
ton. F. b. KING. Agent.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
Featherston. painless dentist, Jan. t7-1as
See Whidden's clearance ad.
Ten cents will be charged for aSmia4xs
sion to the lyceum Tuesday night.
'No tax" natural leaf smoking to
bacco at Whidden's.

c. H. Olsby came up from Valley
City last Friday to wind up his busi-
ness at this point.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

The lyceum will hold its next regular
meeting in the courthouse.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Gloves and mlttens ut cost at Whld
denis.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Whidden is in position to give yon
lowest prices OH clothing.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Whidden's Mocha and Java blend Of
ceffee gives splendid satisfaction. Try
il,
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

DR.. Carl Rasmussen. veterinary sur
geon and dentist. Cooperstown, North
Dakota. All work in my line promptly
attended to.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Ladies and gentlemen's high buckle
oyershoes at Whidden's.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
LOCAL RESUME
Around Town, Society Notes
and General County News.
Doings Of a Week.
See Whtdden's clearance nd.
We have had our January thaw.
Fairbanks Cottolene at Whidden's.

Dentist teatherston was in towL again
this week.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
THIS WEEK.

Positively no smoke, no smell, no
SCOT, no gas, and no danger from fire
from Lehman's Heaters. F. b. KING,
Agent.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Apples, oranges, lemons, candies,
nuts, etc. at Whidden's.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19
REBECCA SOCIAL.

The members of Evergreen Lodge
No. s, will give neck,ie social in Odd
Fello ws hall TONIGHT. Everybody
invited,
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Fargo's Best is the best and cheapest
Aeur. Whidden sells it.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Death records show \ very low per-
centage as only z deaths have been re-.
corded during the last six months. This
however is a very incomplete record.
and physicians in attendance. the par.
ent, householder or eldest Of kin should
be prompt in sending in the reports.
The state superintendent informs me
that legal proceedings must be brought
against those neglecting their reports
n. A. BERGsTROM,
Supt. Board of Health Griggs Co.
Griggs courier. (Cooperstown, Griggs Co., Dak. [N.D.]) 1885-1902, 1894-01-19

Whidden buys hides, sheep pelts and