davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23

The expert whist player. who writes under the
pom name Of I" Portland has brought together
. great deal Of curious and interesting iuforms-
ton relating to the history Of the game and
the present methods OF playing II In a volume
entitled The Whist Tdjte (Scribner). The book
embodies papers by such well-known authori-
ties on whist as " Cavsndish." G. Mossop, Mo-
gull. A. c. Ewald. Charles Hervey. and other
distinguished players. There is also a chap
Ter on solo whist by Mr.. Abraham :.
wilks, IN authoritative cxpoundcr Of this pop
ulsr diversion. Also included in these pages is
the Club Code OF Short Whist. originally
framed 10y the lato John Lorraine Baldwin In
1894, and still in force without variation at the
Portland Club. The compiler pro!-sscs to havo
discharge merely the function OF shear binder,
but he Is justified in claiming that no other book
on the subject In tho language brings together
such . large and varied collection Of bright, prac-
tical, and suggestive material. Not only are the
laws and practice OF modern whist and the ell
quette OF the whist table here dealt with In q COM
prehensive manner. but there IL also an obun-
dance Of whist stories which convey instruction
In An amusing form.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23
III.

It 10 through the fundamental nature OF the
British North America act that Sir John Mac
donald has left . deep, II not indelible, imprint
upon the history OF Canada. To him Is unques-
tionably due the fact that tho essential
principle Of the Constitution of the Dominion
OF Canada is the precise opposite OF that of the
Constitution OF the United States. Under our
Federal organic law all powers not expressly OF
by fair inference delegated to the central Au-
thority are reserved TO the States; under the
Constitution OF the Dominion all powers not
expressly conferred upon the constituent prov
inces are reserved TO the central authority. 1t
is, of course. quite needless 10 dwell on the
breath and depth OF this distinction. For the
adoption OF the fundamental principle OF the
Dominion Constitution II Is John A. Macdonald
who Is chiefly to be praised or blamed. according
TO the point OF view. What he would have liked
best TO see was a complete consolidation OF all
the British North American provinces in a sin
gle nation. Speaking In the Canadian PRrlia-
ment in 1865. he said that he had never hest
lated TO ayow his preference for a legislative
over . Federal union IL have always commended
that, II We could agree to have one Government
and one Parliament legislAting for the whole OF
these people, it would be the best. the cheapest
and the most vigorous system OF government
We could adopt" Such a unihcation proved
80
back on . federal union. but one OF a type, as
We have seen. essentially different from that Of
the United States. AS 70 the type, he had
said, In 1864, In the Quebec Conference, At
which the fundamental conditions OF the union
were arranged: in framing the constitution
care should DO taken 10 avoid the mistakes and
weaknesses Of the United States system, the
primary error OF which was the reservation TO
the different States OF all powers not delegated
10 the general Government. We must reverse
this process BY establishing . strong central
gOverPmsnt 70 which shall belong all powers
not specially conferred on the provinces. A
strong central government Is Indispensable
10 the success OF the experiment VI are
trying The truth Is that Macdonald
was intent uDon founding not a fedora
ton. but = Kingdom. and he came very
near the attainment Of his end. hut for the
opposition OF the English Prime Minister,
Macdonald would have made the English SOW
sEsisn Qussh VI Canada - DsEASh had made
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23

.,.A -... -,,h .,,h n,.,
- "a .L.a,...1- -..I.s.. -. yrh., =,
-. 4. 49,. - A. - -,,h ~. w.r -,
49,. a.a.,. ~. 81 .i.w.s.,' Z, a. No, ale.
80 a.. r.. 4. -. ,,r,b 4, mi. ob..rv..
IT, Th. LooL. -. 20. oooi riaysr. nv N,
r.. H. 80. % ,,,rrova /, 4. hovsvsr M
81. 20 a.. 80. r., ,ho.o a.. m r,.ny
h.d r,.v.r. .nd a, Few oood ones. This
49,. =, ,h.m..iv.. cannot mai. oooi
$780,. a.. Con oriv ro,n, ont how
49,. -. .....rv .un,o, 80 hr,Ins M
-. - h.ouu. ,ood ni.yoro .ni IN. ch,ef
,nIno ~. ho,L wri,or. .dvise. but cannot on
sa.os 4. u..ott.. len cod nlavsra FOR Tia
oSn r.., A. uos.on s.vs ,ha, h. sbould not
dro.n n, rl.r,no M, boot Nth a had pl.vcr
"ty" n. yri..s "our pnrtner canpo, rd.pt
htm.o,t ~ our nI.v ,bero 4. M possible rc..on
viz We .bouid not odant ourse,vcs IN hIs. and
rnyonh,.dIS 80, !. nnr novors ~ui nernI,
-. .nov,d 10 90" Tb. ores,iop. bo,vovsr how
vs ,nonid .dan, orr.e,ves IN the NAV NJ a had
no-,ner q. ohvIou.Iv . ou..,ion moro e.siIv
49, ,h.r an.vorod 7, rms, n. . matter ~ o,-
..rv.,ion 90, , nrsc,,..a hoot nlavsr vIIl not.
On. rreoulari,ies NJ nlsv Nth greater effect than
. had n,av.r Tho .e,oe reanlt happens when
- I.sI,,sn.,. a.. ~. m,stcion ,ho o,hor
90, it.,.n o. e. vortoru.rco ~ .vmpl,ony
n, ,bs nu.,c "a we'll executed both NAV
n. cb.rn,.d. M, 4, rri.,.t.. n. made The
forn.r vii, d.tec, them of,ener than the latter.
Th. aood n,ay.r n, vhI., having d.tec,ed a
n.cr,i.r,,v % ni.y aeon po,,oea whether bis
par,n.r n,,rs ,n ,hs ..m. Wv .o.,n. n be doe.
,h.n ,h.r. q. ,vs,sm In hi. madness and 40
Lone a. ,h.r. 1. . sys,om. bowever had. the good
ni.v.r Lii 81. adyon,aoa oft To Give ru,e.
To- ,,ovi,, ,-,,b Oh. Lundr rad var,.tie. of this Ind
riovor 4. y, course impos.;bl. Nevertheless
IT, Nto..on 10 conyinced that rbenever a good
nIavor az. dovn Win bad pIaver. he doe, follow
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23

Tbs origin or whist ~ discussed by Csven-
dish " In two preliminary essays. The game Is
pronounced unquestionably Of English inven-
tion, though as to the time and place Of its
birth there Is no precise evidence forthcoming.
The commonly received opinion that whist "
means silence has the support OF the best
modern etymologists. As long ago rs 1914 Cot
ton In the "Compleat Gamester " states that
the game OF whist Is so called from the
silence that is 10 De observed In the play. Sey-
mour, In his edition of the "Compleat Game
ster" Q734) says Whist, vulgarly called whisk.
tn original denomination OF this game iswhist,
or the silent game or cards. And. again,
"Tslking 10 not allowed ut whist. The very
word implies Hold your tongue" DR.. John
son does not say positively that this Is the source
OF the name, but ne adopts tho view To tho ex-
tont OF explaining whist TO be "a game
OF cards requiring close attention ana
silence" Mares, in his GLOSSARY re-
marks that he knows the extreme fhllacious-
ness OF the science ri eiymology when based on
mere similarity OF sound;' nevertheless, under
tho head OF Whist, an interjection
Ing silence he ADDS, that the name OF the
game OF whist is derived from this Is known,
presume. to all who play or do not play" The
validity OF this derivation Is regarded with
doubt by "Cavendish." Referring othee early use
OF the phrase " he says;
Looking at the conjunction OF these terms. ana
ut their primary meaning IN whisk, a small KIND
OF bosom; a swan or swhbber, a KIND OF mop.
there can scarcely be n doubt that the former
was the original OF whist, the name under which
the game subsequently obtained an introduce
tion into fashionable society, the swabbcrs hav-
Ing been deposed anu the honors restored.
Neither whist nor whisk is mentioned by Shake
speare or by any other writer OF the Elizaoethan
era, from which the inference may be drawn
that the game was then Scarcely IN
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23

end Of the game. She looks upon them ss things
that are too precious for use; she regards them
with = superstitious reverence. Shopld her
partner lead them. what trumps 2" she ex-
claims in a tone Of psined surprise athis waste
full audscity; she will play her card erudeingly
and take the trick perhaps, but she cannot
bring herself to return his lead.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23
III.

In ono OF The Westminster Papers" the Gu-
thor. SIR. Charles AOssOP. examines the often
heard complaint that 1t IL all very well study
ing Clay. 'CEVsndIsh.' and other authorities. bot
what use IL it7 When I lave done l never hnd
aay 0ns plays IN The manner advised. and my
hi-.E = LhfwR SWAY. Tbs bSOks ara only for
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-12-23

AZ . Rramms school in Kingston, and he
was but fifteen when he entered . lawyers
ONCE as q clerk. In a word. Sir John Macdon-
aid owed nothing to birth or fortune, and next
to nothing 10 education. II IL the simple truth
10 say that he attained the eminent position
which he afterward occupied solely by his own
abilities. We are told that he always regretted
his lack Of early instruction. The present
blographer has heard him say, F" II | had had a
university education I should probably have en-
tered on the path of literature and acquired dis
tinctlon therein" His progress at the bar,
though steady, was by no means rapid. He en-
tered on the true field for his powers in October,
1874. when he was chosen by the electors
Of Kingston a member Of the sec
ond Parliament Of the united provinces
Of Upper and Lower Canada. II is
noteworthy that, on the threshold OF his
career. he laid down the principle which was to
guide him through life. In his address to the
electors he said: II need scarcely state my
firm belief that the prosperity OF Canada de-
ponds upon its permanent connection with the
mother country, and | shall resist to the utmost
any attempt from whatever quarter II may
GOMEZ which may tend TO weaken that union
Nearly half q century afterward, at the close OF
his long and eventful life. when. for the last
time, he stood before the electors OF Kingston,
he could still find nothing nearer his heart to tell
them than that with his utmost efforts, with his
latest breath, he will oppose the yelled treason
which attempts by sordid means and mercc-
nary profers to lure the Canadian people from
their allegiance" We ourselves regard rs abb
surd the talk about the allegiance OF Canada
being due to a country which views her with
indifference. and we hold II not treason but pa
triotic service to indicate the path to which en-
llghtened self-intercst and the laws OF nature
point; but not on that account would we tax
Macdonald with insincority. Whatever may
have been his vacillation and regeneration
upon other points, we incline to think that his
devotion to England was sincere. lie was born
in Scotland, and he could not bear the thought
of political separation from his birthplace. Had
he been born a Canadian his point OF view must
have been different.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
The Site of the Sepulcher, or Recent Ex-
plorations at Jerusalem.

Many modern scholars of Palestinean
archaeology have abandoned as unten-
able, the traditional site of the holy
sepulcher as the place Of the crucifxion
and burial of our Lord, and have fixed
upon the hill above Jeremiah's grottO,
300 yards above the Damascus gate, as
the site of the crucifixion. Adjoining
this hill, which is covered with Moham
medan graves, is large garden control
ling the face of the hill, which is rock,
for 150 yards. Excavations at different
times in this garden, have shown that
at six or more feet below the surface,
there exist interesting ruins, and in the
rock itself, there is remarkable tomb,
which has recently attracted much at
tention. An effort has been made to
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15

purchase this garden with all its appur-
tenanceS, and place it in the hands of a
committee so that it would not be in
control of any particular religious sect.
In case the purchase is made, excava-
tiOns will be made and everything that
is found will be preserved and exhibited
for the henett of those who take inter
est in such matters.
A hole was discovered in the south
west portion of the city, and man
went down into it to see what might be
found. He discovered a number of
large tOmbS and beautiful stone cOtfins
have often tried to locate what Jose
phus describes as monuments" when
he is laying the line of the wall which
Titus, during the siege of Jerusalem, A.
d., 667O, threw around that city. He
gives but few general indications and
he probably had in mind HerOd Agrip-
pa ii, and not Herod the Great when
alluding to these monuments, for the
latter was not buried in Jerusalem.
The rolling stone at the door of this
sepulcher is six feet in diameter and
twelve inches thick; the Ornamentation
on the stone cotlins. the character of the
masonry and some other bits of evl-
dence indicate that this is the very
tuOIlulllcilU W w ulCH JCScplluS IcICIIou
Many of the discoveries that have been
made about Jerusalem within twenty
years past, have been made by accident.
The ground sinks down, a hole appears,
and that leads to an examination which
results in a valuable addition to our
knowledge of that ancient city. This
was the way the magnificent ground
plan and beautiful mosaics, covering
| four or five hundred feet of St. Stephens
| church, near the Damascus gate were
! found This church was bnilt by Eudo-
cia wife Of TheOdoSiuS the Younger
A. ID. AGO; and the spacious tomb cham
/ bers which she had cut out of solid
.uck near the church, and in which she
was afterward buried. likewise became
known by accident. ANTEL.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
Prohibition.

The only possible way to prohibit the
sale or consumption of liquor is to
enact law prohibiting its manufac
ture. Several of the states have tried,
but with varying success, to drive this
traffic beyond their borders Take Iowa
for instance: it is estimated, upon reli-
able authority, that more liquor has
been consumed since prohibition went
into effect in that state: than during
any period prior for the same ratio Of
time. The saloons were abolished but
in their places sprang up blind pigs,
''holes- int wall and 'boOtleggers.
Probably there was not quite as much
keg- beer dispensed, but that falling Off
was amply counter balanced by the in
crease in the consumption of bottled
beer So called drug stores multiplied
rapidly. and were iicenced to sell limit
ed quantities of liquor "for medical
purposes only All that was required
of a purchaser was to sign his name
generally fictitious one) to printed
formula which bound (?) him to use
the liquor purchased as the law directed
These purchasers were provided with
quantities of liquor to which was added
few drops Of some drug or few
grains of an equally harmless powder.
This was done to give the liquor its
'medicinal" properties. The prOprie-
tor of one Of these sOcalled drug stores
nine times out OF ten was entirely lgno-
rant of how to put up legitimate
prescription, but he could fill half
pint bottle with "Old Tom with dex-
terity and grace that was seldom
equalled by the professional cock tail
artist in the palmy days Of licence.
The bOOtlegger was on every corner
with bottle and glass; give him wink,
dodge into d hallway or an alley, drop
dime and you got ''ske.' Men, who
| occasionally took drink, got in the
habit of carrying bottle, for the spot
ters" were so thick it was sometimes
impossible to obtain desired "smile,' -
hence the necessity of carrying the
"smiles" bottled and handy. believe the
prohibition laws have converted many
semi occasional imbibers into regular
| tipplers The larger cities lost the
privilege to sell and yet the consump-
tion of liquor was not even diminished.
The people of Iowa, by electing demo
cratic governor for two successive
terms, showed very cOnclusively that
| they did not sanction prohibition. 1t
shut down one of the largest distilleries
in the United States and that deprived
the state of an enormous revenue be-
sides doing away with market which
paid the farmer from one to three cents
more per bushel for his corn than the
elevators or grain buyers did. In my
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
Vol. VII. No. 2S.
FRIENDSHIP WRITTEN WORDS.

Such little thing. a letter,
Yet so much it may cOntain:
Written thoughts and mute expressions
Filled with pleasure. traught with pam.
When our hearts are sad at parting,
Comes CLEAN of comfort bright.
In the mutual promise given.
We will not forget to write.
Plans and iOngs of the absent
Bits of news we like to hear.
All remind us cen though distant,
Kind remembrance keeps us near.
Yet sometimes a single letter
Turns the sunshine into shade;
'ChilS our efforts, clouds our prospects.
BlightS our hopes and makes them fade
Messengers of JOY or sorrow.
Life or death. success, despair:
Bearer of affections wishes,
Greeting kind or loving prayer.
Prayer or greeting We're we present.
Would be felt but halt unSaid;
We can write because our letters.
Not our faces, will be read
Who has not some treasured letter.
Fragments choice of others lives;
Relics, some. of friends departed.
Friends whose memory still survives"
Touched by neither time nor distance.
viii their words tlnSpOken last:
Foiceless whispers Of the present.
Silent echoes of the past.
st. Mary (NIo.} Rays Of Light.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
Friendship.

The editor stopped at my door few
evenings ago and handed me a neatly
printed slip containing nearly a hundred
''subjects,' from which we might choose
one or more to write upon, and witha
sarcastic I'm weary of the boys telling
me that they can't think of a subject,
he ambled along The third subject on
the list was Friendship" at which |
paused and asked myself the question:
Does true and disinterested friendship
exist? AT all events, | prefer the
friendship of an individual who comes
out tlat-footed and admits that it is alb
solutely impossible for him to follow
the scriptural instruction, forgive
those who trespass against you," and
"turn the other cheek. count the
friendship of an individual who never
forgives an injury. unless he forgets it,
and of one who is a good hater, q friend
ship that may be relied upon. a per-
son who tells you an injury is forgotten
and forgiven is generally the first
friend (?) to give us the goby when we
are most in need of his services. Such
friendship, like beauty, is only skin
deep. SEE SEE.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
German Emigration.

The impulse to leave old homes and
to seek more favorable conditions of
existence is an important progressive
factor in the history of mankind. AL
though the change of homes is constant
~ recurring, the reasons for SO doing
differ; for it may be brought about
by fOrceful means or peaceful ones.
Two causes of emigration, religious
and political persecution, have become
extinct in all countries with the eXcep
ton of Russia. so the main cause of
modern emigration is the disprOpOrtion
between the population and the means
of subsistence. People leave their
crowded native land in order to find
more profitable employment. France
has scarcely any emigration because
it's population is practically at a stand
still; Russia has none because its popu
IatiOn has unlimited elbow room. But
with Great Britain and Germany such
is not the case and it is these two cOun-
tries that furnish the greatest number
of emigrantS who land upon our shores.
| t is true that a country is not necessa
rily over-populated if it has more in
habitants than its soil can support, but
such a condition of things is by no
means conducive of prosperity. Ger
many, for instance, was at one time an
agricultural country and selfsupplying:
it now imports $l0O,O0O,OO0 worth of
breadstuffs annually, and is compelled
| to rely on the export Of It's manufac
| tured goods to assure prosperity. FOR
eign industry in order to compete with
| that of America, is obliged TO produce
at cheaper prices, which involves the
paving of lower wages. New Inventions
constantly ecOnOmiZe human labor, and
| this. with the constant increase Of pop
ulatiOn has the effect OF making the
supply of labor much in excess of the
demand. The loss to Germany by emf
grafton is by no means small, as the
major portion of emigrants from that
country are in the prime of life and, as
rule, do not belong to the pauper
class. Most of them are prOprletOrS or
merchants Oh small scale, or skilled
artisans who have sufficient means to
start them in life The number of emf
grants that have come to this country
from Germany during the past seventy
years is over 100000. Reckon these at
800 per head and it amounts to $780,
100000, besides the cost of education
which is also a loss to the ''faterland;'
furthermore, emigration is not like colo
niZatiOn, for any settlement is soon alb
sorbed by other nationalities and the
loss of subjects is total. German emf
grafton has greatly contributed to the
wonderful development of the United
States. They form the most active
and useful element of American citizen
ship: they exercise considerable intlu
ence Oh the political and intellectual
advancement of their chosen country
they are sober, honest and economical
and as agriculturists, they cannot be
surpassed. BRIGHAM.
The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1894-02-15
VIRTUE OR TRUTH.
Each Age Gives to the Former it's Own
Meaning.

Most people. in using language. fail
to realize the deep undermeanlng that
words of every day use possess Take,
as an example, the word virtue. To
you it may indicate nothing beyond a
certain immediate quality or conditions:
but to me it conveys meaning so broad
and SO comprehensive, that you per
haps NAV reject the conclusion deduced
Plato. in his "Republic,' taught that
virtue would bring us happiness: it be-
comes absolutely necessary then that
we should know what virtue is Wheth-
er an immediate or an abstract princi-
pie. cO-equaI and co eXlStant with eter-
nifty. Happiness being the inducemenJ,
what, then, is virtue? Ii virtue is an
abstract principle Of eternal existence.
demonstrabIe by finite human knoWl-
edge, then any knowledge of virtue
gained by the people III the past Or pres
ent, must. in measure, be identical:
that is, in the idea and not in the form
the idea assumes. If it be otherwise,
then virtue is a meaningless term-a
moral shibboleth. changing and shifting
as the people, their customs and their
ideas change. Virtue" said Plato, fol
lowing Socratic thought, sis wisdom or
useful insight again, he tells us, ''to be
Just is to be vlrtuOus." The Egyptian
sage, Phra Hotep, said: Virtue is know
ing what is:' and to this ConfucIus
adds. obedience. With the Romans,
virtue meant strength OF excellence:
and to-day, changed and divided it
means in its simplest form, chastity:
and in its broader, more complex form
moral efficacy, eternal good or eternal
truth Here, then, we have virtue ex-
pressed through several media, as truth
purity wisdom, morality, strength obe
dience, etc These several phases may
be reduced to three fundamental, yet
distinct principles, each in manner
typical of the age and the people pro
ducing them In the golden age OF
Athens virtue meant higher menta
acquisition; in Rome it meant strength
OF valor; to-day its most significant
meaning is moral strength. We have
then, these three principles in the order
given; the mental, the physical and the
spiritual Are they not in measure
typical OF the age and the people? We
see, then, that each age gives to virtue