The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1894-09-09
puLkHEAD ON A SOFT rouSpAriov.

to leave only a narrow lane Tor IA,
great trafic along West street, HAYS
their place, and broad. long whar NSs 'H Wi,R
wide waters between them, have REPLACE" ~.
for any business except that which used 't t." gSas
70 this city. in the little vessels Of other d az"
ciated the manifest Improvement, b"n'rG;;
the work under water which had IT, hs
done to IN make Y possible to dock ,u'H
wharvee, and of the substantial stone bulk head
which. is TO. define the permanent wHt,rNar
OF work. which was recently completed. w NAY
that in front Of the grounds of the BclIcyns
Hospital on the East River.
These improvements are but examples ~ n
great work which is eventually to cmhrars
every foot Of the miles of weter front # Ntn.
all in accordance with a complete pian whirH.
will some day make New York's water front tbs
be appreciated by comparing New York wDtrr
front with, that Of Liverpool. L~ivcrpor, and
and siahta yo r%m 6f @6o have thiTty-H>e nil,
has ffty-fye miles of water front, without CONT.
Ing the adjacent shores; Gen. George y. NJ.
partment Of Docks, from 1870 to 1872, laid ont
the general plans upon which the present inn.
provements are being carried out, and began lila
work. Up to that time the work OF improyinS
the water front was conducted without system
by private at properly owners who had ACQUIRED
Aldermen to build wsharves, and collect Wharf, Il +.
80 eHsN "h " . WIG mere was
no order In their doinGs, and encroachmcnts
were being constantly made upon, the river.
acquire the whole water front and build around
II a continuous permanent, bulkhead Of stons
and concrete: and from this a uniform system
the Battery and built, the stone bulkhcad from
there to Pier A. including Pier l on the North
sake Of economy and the changed needs OF shin.
pins, but his main idea remains in force. One
the wharVes. Gen. Meci Il .no in ae a tina" %,
they SHOULD be Of stone and concrete.
about ~ 1000. 900. fifteen or twenty times what
a wooden wharf would have cost. At that time
the needs Of the small steamers of the day we're
40 feet wide, with slips 100 feet wide between
them. The great steamers of to-day require
site OF the old West washington Market, o wh ,Ts
the new pier Tor the american line Is 72O feet
tinue to be adequate depends upon the develop
ment of the ocean greyhounds.
those built of'timber viii be needed is Conceded
BY Chief Engineer G.. s. Greene, Jr., OF the Dock
TO the size OF ocean steamships is fixed. TO buiid
piers 9f steel. One of his reasons Is the expense
lins sg snd shes danger neeqs To- az sbs that from of the the
when on wooden w~haryes. That shed cost 5000
600; The pier under It cost 500. OOO.,
has been slow. The law authorizing It's facapuisi,
ton was passed In 1873, but the owners
~ khahto Vhu hDlutTa % DtTmlt9 nANa
fought for possession in the courts. Even
the permits granted by the Board Of AL
the owners claimed an absolute fee. Tie de.
held that the permits were revocable.
The celebrated Langdon case took fifteen
that the Dock Board could begin to get posses.
sion Of these properties. More than half the
private owners. Msaniim an' t RRssai department. Sa sh sss
been at work at all available points, Nearly
B iafHs % anS .S 90 P'ssn l.coe. GOO Su ! sssa has b.. been been
'Pent recently In Doing work in accordance with
Dulk heads Is little but the coping. Some Of this
YORK has foundations eighty feet or more below
old nf rock t. FishlHso fis Is the 'e Ss. va" a. i' W sgais F S9RHn
'econd street. a drawing OF the wall there IL
q the val The depth is about 50 feet. Be-
overed the rock had to be .dredged on.
The sloping, face OF the rock had then
ettled and hardened into a solid foundation.
repaired In the departments yards. some Of
hese blocks weigh eighty tons, The openings
hey were lowered into place. The Re@yiest
art OF the work was done by the depart
Z fe New Y tS9.to1 9u, f9Ss siaSg ,oG derrick. the City
ne granite facing. ending with the cap course
nd snrmSunted by q wooden stringpiece to
lack OF the whole concrete and granite work
q rip-rap OF coarse broken stone. A
last 's out as Cellar men eI SnS oSs'FA SsS Z, :
IRE some one TO cart away the debris.
, srtsIa shsy have I'VE found g market for it with
loh men as those who pay 10000 or more a
COWS, and get a profit out OF their i~ndingHdfs.
oyered the needs Of the Dock Department, and
In other places where a good hard bottom "a
)und before reaching the rock, and not SO much
. . ,n % wsLer Is needed IN from, Of the bqlkheSd
mother character of construction is used, such
: that shown as at lO2d street and tho East
he rock and sawed on at the top OF the hard
ottOm. A mattress of clean, rounded cobbIe-
work, and a small Milling 81 rip-rap pro-
cts the face OF the wall from hayipgtts founda-
.9 Tbs earth mns washed out by the rapid aass
the wall are those which must be founded
pom mud. There are places along the artificial
he chSrscteT Of the 6nikhsad constraction at
own forty feet or so below high-water
atural mud bottom, and been extended more
IAN 100 feet In width, On either side OF where
,s Wall is finally 70 stand, the rlp-rap work j.
lrtlon q nling Of rounded 'cobblestones :
aced This is continued until a solid stone
49, ~ hlN . ldNu. Incl beElNs
driving OF piling, and with this the purpose
using eobblestones In the centre becomes
parent; The piles are easily driven through
e FOUNDED stones, where they could not post
y oe forced through broken stone. The great
urcs OF supply Tor these cobblestones is the
HOOK sand hill, near the state camp at
Braces are placed, bracing piles are
Ven, and Finally on top the wall is laid.
EorneIly divers were employed in awning on
zee under water, but this work is done nov 10y
rcolar saws driven by steam. under scows
70 average cost OF these walls is $500 a foot.
Iteen hundred and forty feet was built In the
Ar ending April, 1893. Ten miles OF the nsE
a1rVes have Deen built since lhs5.
The work OF this department has heretofors
en- carried on by men employed directly by 10.
10 department has built and maintained a
et consisting of the lOO-ton derrick City ~
~ FORK, three l2-tOn derFicks, one lotion
rIick, fourteen pile drivers. seventeen scou-.
2 ooreT Noodcock for boring and blasting OUT
under water, the steam launch INSPECTOR.
taphths launch, and lot Of small boats, Here
Ier the work Is u be dOno by contract.
ne appropriations made By law for tho
~ IL eJ,OO0,OOO a year, Because Of the d.Hl-
ltles regarding the getting OF properly the
ihHlsslonerS have been unable 10 use much %
70. Tue total expenditures ~ the dcpartmr.t
cc 1871 have been abDut EDn nOu mn arH fT.