davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1893-06-14
Excurs,on Train. to tho World. Fair.

The question OF excursion trains from New
YORK city and other points in what Is known
as Trunk-line territory will come up In the
meeting OF the general passenger agents Of
tie Trunk limos on next Tuesday. Tho lines
In the Central Tralfc Association. some of
which are the Western connections OF the
Trunk lines. recently decided to run excur-
sion trains on which the fare for tho round
trip viii be equivalent to the fare one way
similar action. dt is probable that these ex-
cursion trains win be composed Of day coaches
ton OF those who cannot afford to pay Tor the
luxurles OF travel The suggestion will be
mace that the railroads shall alternate in the
dates on which the excursions are run and so
arrange them that they shall not connect with
otner excursion trains over the same route.
Nnllroad men report thar there has recently
heen heavy increase in Worlds Fair travel.
ana say that the demand for Pullman cars
even low Is greater than the supply.
The sun., 1893-06-14
TIE FIRE ESCAPE WAS NO REFUGE,
For Miss Davis Carried the Fire with Her
Probably Fatally Kurned.

When Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph W. Davis, who
live on the fourth floor at lO0 West 10th
street. went to the country Yesterday thcy left
their daughter Edith. aged II. at home alone.
while hlling kerosene stove ON which to heat
tiat irons the girl spilled some OF the oil on
her dress. The oil caught nre from the stove
ana 10 moment her gown. which WAS OF light
4. Miss Davis rushed to the widrow and out on
tue hre escape screaming for help. Mrs. CAL
back into the room and. throwing her upon the
u2or uMor tried TO smothcr the lame, with u shawl.
Mhen thls mad been done. with the aid OF a
piece oi carpet, Miss Davis was so badly
burned that she Is likely to die. N.,
The sun., 1893-06-14
New York rs an Exception.

. J. i. BAKER is in favor OF dropping the name
New Whatcom" and employing that Of What
COM com ana as q starter he proposes the omit
heads. circulars, and advertisements. All TIC
n"Wsrapers In WashinEton persist in Ign oring
the new. Rs no new" city In America save
New York. ever amounted to much.
The sun., 1893-06-14
News or the Constellation Reeeirsd by
Pigeon.

ANNAPOLIS, June 13.-Capt. n. L Phythlan.
Superintendent OF tho Naval Academy. re-
ceived message to-day through hominc
pigeons. locating the naval cadet practice
day. Tho vessel was reported to bO out OF sight
OF Land and ell we'll
The sun., 1893-06-14
CHRIS EVANS CAUGHT, TOO.
BOTH THE LONG HUvTED BANDIIs
IN JAIL AT L5SE

Evans Pound is House where He Had
Taken Refuge - 1ts IL Badly Wounded
Hut VIII L,ve-The Remarkable Crime
a.d TIE. Months Pursuit. OF tho Outlaws.
vmALIA. Cal. June lathe big man hunt
IN tho Sierra foothills came TO an end this
morning when Chris Evans was lodged in Jail
along with John sontag. his partner in the
train robbery and the murders that have fol-
lowed 1t in the Tulare Mountains whero tho
men have been hunted like Wild bonsts for ten
months. Evans who had repeatedly declared
ho would never surrender. gave up without
struggle having received several bad wounds
which he thought were fatal. but which prove
not TO be dangerous.
The sun., 1893-06-14
Some
Timely
Information

Which is of interest to most peo-
plo and suggests where to buy
goods for mems wear.
Straw Hats, rs cents to SO.
Russet Shoes, $3.50 to So.
Negligee Shirts, 95 cents to $3.50.
Half Hose. % cents upward.
Summer Underwear, 80 cents
upward.
Sumner Coats, so cents to So.
Summer Trousers, $3.50 to So.
Summer Suits, $l2 to S25.
Bicycle Uniforms, Sweaters, Jer-
seys, Caps, Hose, l.. A. w. Shoes,
&c. Our Catalogue of Bicycle and
Athletic Goods free.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Take your local paper-TnE HERALD.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Commencing May lst the Colorado Midland
Railway will pit on and ran daily thereafter
additional suburban trains to accommodate
Cripple creok and Florissdut business, as
follows:
wESTBoUSD-LenyoC Colorado Springs at s:lG
a. m; arrive ut Divide o:3j ami iioti s,n; nj
l0:tts II. III.
EAsrnoCsp-Leavc Fior!ssanl st 1870 4. II.
Divide l,:iGH. IA; Woodland Faux II 80 a. m
ard arrives NJ Colorado Springs at p. IN.
Pueblo at 500 .. m, and Denver nj p. IN.
This arrangement gives n convenient and
rapid service into and out of Cripple Creek.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Eli llCrnbek, WHO has been work
ing In New Castle for the past few
months, returned TO Meeker on Thurs
Gay last
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

John Eeeder, who is in partner
ship with J. l.. Mediation in the sheep
business, came up from Vernal on sun
day last and viii remain in this vicinity
until the shcaring season is over. Mr.
Il. expresses himself as being pleased
with this country aud viii probably To-
cate here permanently soon.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
How many people there are outside of

How many people there are outside OF
the profession of journalism, who envy
its members their free passes, believing
them to be so much clear gain. Never
was there more mistaken opinion, for
II is the editor who would he glad to
pay his way to shows. theaters, church
socials, fairs, etc. If these institutions
world but pay even half price for the
advertising they ask the editor to give
for the tickets and passes extended, lie
would be many dollar ahead at the
end of the year if lie refused all tickets
and passes, and demanded pay FOR the
advertising given in exchange. And
this reminds IL how often has the paor
country editor chance to take a trip
on the railroads, although his pockets
may be flied with passes galore:
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Offered by Liggett & Myers Tobacco
Co.. of St. Louis, No. The one guess
ing nearest the number of people who
will attend the World Fair gets So, 600
the second $1,000, etc. Ten Star to
bacco tags entitle you TO a guess. Ask
your dealer for particulars or send for
circular Z 20-a3
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Miss Margaret Lyttle, who has re.
sided in this city for the past two years,
departed on Tuesday morning for her
home in Pittsburgh. Pa, where She
VIII susrI the summer
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Mrs. Frank Sheridan and her sister
Miss Adiie Wash. left on Thursdays
stage for the railroad. They will spend
most of the summer in the east. visiting
their old home in Mt. Sterling. his,
and the worlds fair before returning.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

John ". Lowell, of Lily Park, was n
HERALD caller Wednesday. lie was
on his way out to Gienwood, returning
last eyaninr
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

To celebrate. or not to celebrate :
that's the question. Whether it is better
to live on and on in the dark ages and
move in the accustomed way Of prime
val fossilization; or. get up aud hump
ourselves and have an old-fashloued
time that will make the American
eagle give an extra flop 10 t- wings and
the whole "gol-durued" universe howl
THE HERALD most assuredly approves
of the latter course, and would recon-
mend that meeting he called for the
purpose of arranging ways and means
for one Of the graBdest Fourth of July
celebrations ever seen or heard of in the
White river valley.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
Gail for County Warrant.
orrics or CorsrY THEAsURER,
RIO BL.,HcD COUNTY, CObO.,

RIO BL.,Hco County, CoJo.,
May q, 1893
Notice is hereby given that viii redeem at
my Office In Mcckcr, Rio Elanco County all
Warrants numbered as follows:
No. DATE ur lssuE. ANT or WARRANT
1870. January IL. 1880. .......S eco 90
Interest will cease on above Warrant after
June q. 1928. II. j. HAY.
us.-j2i County Treasurer
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
NErnnpL.r rlIscorAL eMuncM.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
The Methodist denomination Will
hold services rs follows:
atEEEEU,
Sunday-Class meeting at 10 o'clocl,
a. m. Preaching serl lee at T.30 p. IN.
Wednesday - Prayer meeting at $50
p. IN.
POWELL PARK.
Sundlys-Sguday school at p. nj,
Preaching service every alternate sun
day with Bu,urd and Coal Crcek at 3
p. IN. Class meeting at I p. M.
COAL CREEK.
Preaching service will he held at the
school-house every alternate sunday
with Powell Park at 3p, III.
BrFoED.
Preaching on same Sundays rs Coal
Creek At 10 u. m.
J. BLA,tEY, Pastor.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Jake Bruehl, accompanied by his
mother and little orphan niece, and
Mrs Mary Cloherty, came down from
North Fork Wednesday. Mrs. Bruehl
and granddaughter left for LcadyilIe
Yesterday morning.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Harry GoH and Pete Forncy started
for Utah Thursday morning taking with
them three well-bred stations which
they will sell or trade.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
.GEM7fIo ilACETNlEs.}}
pCEtth1?
BECAU - LADIES
BUY rnr@ LIE THEa
EaZ3 l2&-s4 s.aiEiipS.

sfany ladies lz,c I'D cur machines
twenty tl ;l.isty YEATS iH l,,si-;nilY work,
AM afe sti.i usia- tiis original machines
We furnished i4eru = gcI-Gi..oa ago.
aiIry ii OH II -la;nss have rJa mo:e
.haa twenty ye,.si without repairs. other
ihal needles. N:ih proper care they
rcvcr wear out. and sei,!Cri need repair.
We have ba..i sewing machines for
mCrc than forty years ans! have constantly
improved them We build our machines
en- i:onor, aad they are recognized every
EIer2 as t,.s riost accurately fitted and
finely finished sewing machines in tic
world. our latest, the " No. g." is the
y1sa,t Of our long experience. In conf
petition with III leading machines Of Tic
world, ii received the Grand Prize at the
Paris Exposition OF 1889, as the best,
ether machines receiving only compli-
niaHtary medals of gold. silver and bronze.
The Grand Prize was what all sought fer,
ard cur machine was awarded ii.
Send for our Illustrated catalogue. We
want dealers i'll all unoccupied territory,
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

FOR SAFE,
One high grade Norman stallion; stctl
gray; weight llj0. One iear-old black
high grade Norman stallion. Terms
reasonable, or will trade for horses OF
cattle.
Also. have a number OF good saddle
horses. well broken, aud colts that viii
make good drivers OF sGddiers.
Address, GEo. :. WTrrER.
Meeker, Colo.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Arrangements are going steadily on
for the musicale, to be given IN the St
James church, which viii undoubtedly
be the event of the season.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
Notice.

Owing to change in our business
our hooks VIII he closed June LIST. 1893,
and we viii DO cash business strictly
All parties indebted to the undersigned
will please call and settle, either with
note or cash. on or before June 10th.
1893. y Il accounts not settled BY June
18th, 1898, will b. placed in the hands
OF an attorney for collection. Call and
SEttln and SnNn cnstS
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Cattle branded Is above on left hip. Also
own cattle branded OH on lef; hip ana Pop
on icit side. All cattle dewapped tcut up.
MISUNDERSTANDING and split left and two under
hhcks right Horse brand. OH on left stiiie.
Range, Thurman creek and Government read.
Po.toiiicc address MeeLcr, Colo.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Everyone should attend the Comedy
and Speciality company's show To-
night. Al the court house hall.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

termine. After hearing the testimony
the jury were not long in deciding on a
verdict of guilty, assessing a fine OF $50
and costs. Notice of an appeal to the
county court WIS Immediately given,
and later the necessary appeal bond
le1
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

The late rains have been godsend
to stockmen, as well rs rauChers, and
promises season of general prosperity
to all
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

c. l.. Walrad and l.. L. Cook have
a Gve-year lease on the II, c. Smith
(Ilolsteinl ranch.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

In the county court on Monday last
Mrs. Anna II. Meadow was granted a
divorce from Lawrence +. Meadow, on
the grounds OF desesIion and non
support.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

The editor took Tuesdays stage for
short visit to the outside world. The
little brides have Leeu whispering lots
o things in our ears since lie left.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
InrnrLnnt NnnnI.nccincnt.

New goods arriving every week n
UuEus x Co.'s.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Afeeker and vicinity was visited BY n
heavy frost on Thursday night As
there is not much garden truck up yet
our climate is still considered Italian.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Robert Crawford, who left here last
winter for southern Colorado, was pas
senger on last evenings incoming stage.
Beats all how they will always drift
back to Meeker.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Trunks, valiscs aud telescopes at
Uugus X Co.'S.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
HOME II EVVS
Cattle tsound-tp.

The South Side roundup Will meet at
Rangely on Tuesday, June 9Th.
II. OLDLASD,
Captain.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

The stage line has been doing good
passenger business of late.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

VIII Meeker celebrate the anniversary
OF our national birthday this year?
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Ed Smith is cutting chops, steaks,
roasts and outlets at the meat market.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

IIe-I have arranged to go east this
summer. / propose now
She-Oh. darling, this is so sudden.
But sec papa.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

White river, although still raging, is
not near rs high MS last week.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

This is what l call solid comfort"
was the remark of the young husband
when he partook of his wfe's first
sponge cake.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Root beer is fine summer beverage.
HAY y Walbriage.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

News comes To Us that ". Z. Simp.
son, who has been taking in the worlds
fair, has been quite III in Chicago, hut
is rapidly recovering and Will soon be
among us once more.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

John Baldwin is ut present engaged
in painting the Miller house.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Perfumes and all kinds of toilet
articles at Hay * Wa!bulge's.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
Entered In the Postof!co at Mccler. Rio Bunco
County, Colo, IA sccond-c class mail matter.
IERNiS:
/, stFiisCHIISTIDt

Twenty -,wo inches u column per Month Is "a
Professional Cards, when paid in advance,
<i5.oo per year.
Local Notices, fifteen ccn;s per line for first
insertion and ten cents for each subsequent
insertion. Legal notices ten cents per line for
each Insertion.
All communications should be addressed TO
THE MEEKER HERALD,
NcrIer. Colorado.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Ladies' summer waists at from zoe to
- 1T lluCus < Co.'S.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Time viii change everything bat Il
counterfeit dollar.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Pure bred Plymouth Rock eggs for
sale at the Ntblock ranch below toxin.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Qgericus-And nov what do you
think of Mrs. Flashlights married life?
Do yon believe she has found any real
ENJOYMENT in it?
Cinicus-Well, fancy so ! She's bad
three children in four years.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

The finest line of gents neckwear
ever shown in Meeker at Hugus Il Co.'S.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Among the arrivals at the Meeker
hotel for the past week we notice the
following: John Elliott, Durango:
j. y. Lamping. Mrs G. ii. Hathaway
and Mrs Smith, Leadvllle; J SChn Ike,
Omaha; C.. sawyer, Piceanee; Thus.
+. Bean, Aspen, and I. W. Smith.
Craig.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Mitchell. the contractor. was in town
last Saturday and SUNDAY and reports
work progressing favorably on the ditch,
He las 10 men and 20 teams at work
and is increasing his force every day.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

DAVID SMITH, Secretary.
MEEEER, Nav 10. 1888.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Next Monday and Tuesday Chas. F.
Ellis VIII dispose of his household fur
uitUre. First come, first served.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Mc5srs. CARY Newt and G. |. Glass
brook, Of Aspen, passed through our
village Tuesday en- route for -Four Mile.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Fine candies, nuts aud fruits at the
Pos.CGice Store.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

W. have :. now limo Of oiot'""ss
Come in and look It over.
J. ". uUGus x Co.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Above brand on icft side. ESQ ",.;i STOCK
branded i x md &c. Horses hr1Indol 55S
on left hip. Ear-marlss, right crop and left
uudcrbit. Range, north side of Bear river
Pos;o:ficc address, II. Pfcifcr, Routt. Rouit
county, Colorado.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Mi and Mrs y. c. Monton left this
morning for a three weeks visit in the
east, which viii include the worlds
f,ir
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27
Tine Fincst Chickens.

lllLan. lahnI.s 81 49, -.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

Mr.. aud Mrs. r. e Castiday arrived
In Mcekrr this week and are dnmiciled
at the Moultou mansion. They both
had intended coming from Rawlins
overland, but owing to rough weather
Mrs. Casliday took the railroad and
came in via RIDE Thursday evening.
Mr. &. got IN Yesterday.
The Meeker herald. [volume] (Meeker, Colo.) 1885-current, 1893-05-27

MEEKEE, CoLo.. May 10th. 1893.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-09-21

victs sentenced from New York, and while
the new recruits were in the bathroom I'M
dersoing the change from citizens clothing
to those made OF prison stripes Antonio
took from his pocket a roll of bills, and in
order to ~snugsle the money Into the prison
gently dropped the roll into tho pocket
OF Deputy Warden ~Connaughton, and then
after having donned his prison suit deft-
by picked the pocket of the deputy, r-
gained his roll and hid it in his convlct's
Jacket, where be kept it for n number OF
months, until, becoming convinced that the
money would he of no use to him and fear
kul that II It was discovered in his posses
sion It would he contlscated. he turned II
over to tho prison clerk, with II confession
as to his manner Of smuggling 10 In. II Is
said that Antonio IL the illcgitimate son OF
an rtalian countess, and that his right
name r. Gustelli. When In funds and fly.
ing high, he is apt to turn up at some high
toned hotel and register as Count Luigi
C~ustelli of Florence. This man has served
terms at Sing Sing, Columbus and Joliet.
Christopher Tallnan. alias Long Chris"
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-09-21

Is another expert at picking pockets who
may be seen almost aly day haunting tne
railway stations and points where CROWDS
nre to be found. Many OF the robberiea
that have been perpetrated upon strangers
might be traced to him. He has been ar
rested times without number, but is clever
enough never to BIZ caught III tho act or
with the piunder upon him; therefore he
generally escapes with O fine.
One Of the worst h IL newcomer to Chica-
20 named Barney Burch, alias Hugh Wei
don. 1ie works the cable cars TINT run to
the exposition. or the Cottage Grove Az
enue limo and those running out State
street, aud has been very successful In his
stealings until recently, when Detective
Norton caught him in the act Of robbingA
lady. The officer grabbed him and was
\ about to call the patrol wagon when Burch
| dropped one hand into his coat pocket and
drew forth a handful OF red pepper, which
he dashed into tho officers face, causing
him to let go. Norton could not see, and
the desperate crook darted into IN alley
and escaped.
Richard Preston, alias "Windy Dick"
alias the 'tOmaha KID has made q num-
Der Of trips to the fair, and being q daring
thief is undoubtedly responsible for some Of
the crimes that have recently occurred.
Dick generally operates ON railway trains
and leads what, in the thieves parlnnce, ia
called a "~push"-that is, a gang of thieves
who create u sham fight and cause great
excitement III u crowd. At such times the
mob Of pickpockets gets in its work on the
interested spectators.
George Carr, alias mother Empy's Kid"
is one of the best known thieves in the
country, with a record in most large cities.
He is now out on bail for crimes committed
in Chicago. Within the past year Carr and
his pal, George Bockman, alias Little
Dutch" have been arrested for diamond
nipping or pocket picking in adozen differ
ent cities. They were in Denver and Kan
sas City together last year getting in their
work on the knights who attended the con-
claves at those points. In March last they
were run in" at New Orleans working the
Mardi Gras crowds, and later at Washing
ton during the inauguration Of Cleveland.
When the Worlds fair opened, they went
to Chicago. They are supposed to be the
criminals who stole DIR. Bnxter's diamond
stud, which WIS valued at 1880.
A trio Of crooks met J. w. McKenna of
ChiIlicothe, O., in front Of the Auditorium
hotel the other evening and after a few
drinks in the buffet piloted him over to
the Lake Front park, where Red" Dean,
the shell worker, was manipulating the lit
tie joker. After failing to induce McKen-
ma to bet on the game Dean handed him a
$50 note and told him he could keep it if he
could show 500 Of his own money. Nc
Kenna pulled out his roll and had counted
up to S85 when one Of the gang snatched
the money and disappeared.
Chicago is infested with q class Of sa-
/, looms, run by men who were formerly
thieves or convicts, which are the head