davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

City of st. Louis, a side-wheel mail
packet that brings letters to the river
towns on the Mississippi
An old-time Rocky Mountain mail
coach, swung on its leather straps,
with its boots full of mail sacks, occu-
pies prominent position. It was
built in 1868, and was among the first
to carry the mail in Montana. Once a
week it made the run between Helena
and Bozeman. To-day four mail trains
perform the service daily. In 1877 the
old coach was captured by Indians,
and after hot pursuit by General O..
@. Howard was recaptured. Before
General Garfield became President he
rode on the coach through the Yellow
stone country, President Arthur sat on
the boot with its driver in 1883 and
General Sherman in 1877 made trip
on the ancient vehicle.
Near the old-timer is the modern
yellow bodied open coach used in the
Yellowstone Park for carrying tourists
and mail. It has usurped the proud
position once held by the stage coach,
which Indians used to capture. The
post rider, mounted on his spirited
broncho, armed with revolvers and
booted and spurred, tells of the letters
carried over alkai plains, broad
prairies and wild western lands. This
mounted group is the admiration OF
the small boys, who gaze on it with
wide-open eyes. The pony express
was the original letter-carrier across
the plains, and to-day 1000 mail routes
use ponies and bronchos. The Indian
question was most serious one to the
men who carried mail-bags through a
country swarming with redskins. In
the dead-letter exhibit is mail-pouch
stained with the blood of post rider
and slashed by the keen blade of the
Indian murderer.
From these exhibits, around which
people gather in wondering groups, to
the mail car, mail-delivery and mail
collecting wagons, the special-delivery
messenger astride the bicycle, and the
familiar city carrier and railway postal
clerk, is coming from the romantic to
the realistic commonplace.
Statistics are usually dry, but the
large tabulated postal statistics from
1775 to 1898 are always the center Of
an interested group. The totals reach
almost incredible figures and demon
strate the enormous business trans
acted by the Postoffice Department.
Benjamin Franklin was the first post
master general. He was appointed by
ri
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

pass the gigantic comet-hunter with
out paying an explanatory tribute to
its size. For month or more the
huge iron column or pier which bases
the telescope stood IN state of digni-
fed incompleteness, but expert work
men from the shops of Warner &
Swasey, in Cleveland, O., where the
telescope was built, put the big tube
into position few days ago. This is
the gift that Charles 7. Yerkes made
to the University of Chicago. After
the Fair it will be taken to Geneva
Lake, Wis, and there permanently
mounted TO do its share in advancing
the fascinating science of astronomy.
The telescope has q clear aperture
of 40 inches. That is, the object glass,
the great round eye of the telescope,
is that many inches in diameter. This
dimension places the Yerkes telescope
at the head of the refracting telescopes.
Next to it comes the Lick telescope on
Mount Hamilton, California, that was
built in 1887 by the same firm. Its
object glass, made by Alvin Clark, of
Boston, who is making the object glass
for the Yerkes telescope, is 36 inches
in diameter. The next largest instru-
ments are the ones at Pulkowa and
Nice, each having a 30-inch object
glass. A 28-inch telescope In the
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

Greenwich observatory comes next,
and then the 27-inch instruments in
Paris and Vienna and the 26-inch
glasses in the University of Virginia
and at Washington, d. @.
In the matter of mere size even the
Yerkes instrument is little compared
to the huge rejecting telescopes in
various .observatories. Lord Rosse, at
Birr Castle, Ireland, has a reflector
70 inches across; the Bessemer refec-
tor in London is 544 inches in diane
ter; the Herschel and Melbourne re-
fectors measure 48 inches across, and
the one at Paris Az inches. But re-
fracting telescope is SO much superior
to rejecting instrument In power
and general adaptability that the
Yerkes telescope in the Manufactures
Building is called the largest telescope
in the world.
Its tube of hard steel is 64 feet long,
and without any accessories or glasses
weighs four tons. The steel has a
varying thickness of from five-six-
teenths to one-eighth of an inch, the
thickest steel being in the center,
where the tube is hung. The tube is
somewhat cigar-shaped, for it is 50
inches in diameter in the center and
gradually tapers to 40 inches at the
object glass and SO inches at the eye
end. With al the rods, arms, finders
and other accessories the tube weighs
seven tons. The column or pier upon
which the telescope is poised is made
of cast-iron in five sections, hay-
ing an aggregate weight Of forty-two
tons. The lower section or base
proper flares out to 15 by Is feet and
weighs 18 tons. At the floor level the
pier is 81 by II feet and gradually
tapers to the head" casting, which
rests on top of the column and which
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

specimen of steel forging Is inches in
diameter and 13 feet long. IT is re
gponsible for three and half of the
seventy-fiye tons. This spindle is
called the "polar axis, and is always
set up so as to be parallel to the axis
of the earth. Upon the polar axis is
the ssdeclination sleeve, within which
is the "deelination axis, steel forg-
ing II inches in diameter, 9 feet long,
weighing / tons, upon which the tube
proper is bolted. Thus the telescope
can be pointed in any direction, either
in declination, that is north to south,
or up and down, and in right ascen-
sion, east to west.
The "declination Circle" the large
wheel near the counterpoise weight, is
eight feet in diameter and is made of
cast-iron. 1t fits on the sleeve that is
on the polar axis, and, as the tpoint-
err is carried by the spindle, the circle
stands still, and the pointer travels
around and reads the degrees which
are printed in large white marks and
figures on the rim of the circle. The
degrees can be readily seen from the
floor and give merely an approximate
reading. This is called the "coarse
circle" The fine circle for accurate
reading is placed on the declination
axis near the tube, and is read by the
observer from the eye end by means of
a small telescope.
The driving clock is in the top sec
tion of the hollow column 1t is q
weight clock and the mechanism issuch
that when the telescope is properly set
upon any particular star it is kept in
the field automatically. The clock is
self-winding, for at the proper time it
switches on small electric-motor, and
is wound up again.
Electricity Is used as power for NOV
ing the telescope, and the observer or
his assistant can turn it by touching a
button. In the clock room are three
motors; one for winding the clock, one
to give quick motion in declination,
and one to give quick motionin in right
ascension. The motor can be thrown
in or out from the balcony on the coll
umn or from the floor. On the tube
and on the declination sleeve are mo-
tors for giving slow motion in declina-
tion and right ascension, which can be
switched in and out from the eye end.
The application of power is made
through worm gear, of which the
wheel is II feet in diameter, weighing
IL tons. The wheel is of cast iron,
with q phospher bronze rim having the
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

A flashing gem, whose purity Of
water and wonderful size eclipse the
famous Kohinoor, has just reached
England from the Orange Free State.
1t is now in London, but its where
about are not known. The owners
evidently are afraid to make its pres
ence public. A model has, however,
been obtained, ofwhich the accompany
ing sketch is copy.
1t is the most perfect large stone
ever seen. Its weight is 971 carats,
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

dress are on the envelope will receive
the letter. Few of them, however, ap-
preciate the fact that the stamp places
the United States Government under
cast-iron contract to place that letter
in right hands at the earliest possible
moment, even though the hands are
telling trees In the almost inaccessible
depths of an upper Michigan pine for
est, or working in the tangles of q
Florida everglade. To do this the
Government uses human legs, wagons,
bicycles, railroads, steamboats,, dog
sleds, horses. ponies, ocean vessels,
river boats and anything else that will
carry the letter over land or water,
mountains or plains, swamps OF snow
drifts, in summer or in winter, at all
times and any time.
Lives have been sacrificed that 8 let
Ser might go forward, millions of dol
lars have been spent preparing the
way for other letters and yet people
place the two-cent stamps on their en-
velopes and drop the letters into the
red boxes on the street corners with no
appreciation Of what they are doing.
a visit to the Postoffice exhibit in the
Government Building is apt to increase
one's respect for the little postage
stamp. There are displayed all the
means used for transporting mail, as
well as thousand other interesting
things which might keep visitor busy
half day.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

teeth cut In the bronze. The worm is
of hard steel. The telescope can also
be moved by hand, for on the north
by which the assistant astronomer can
set the telescope. Time is read on the
coarse hour circle, which Is on the
polar axis. The circle is spaced into
twenty -four hours, with fve-minute
divisions, and is intended for approx
innate reading. The fine hour circle
for accurate reading is placed just IN
side the coarse hour circle, and is read
through microscopes by an assistant
on the balcony, which is reached by
spiral stairs. All the bearings for
moving parts are of Babbit metal, with
means for accurate adjustment, and
self-oiling devices. So well balanced
is every part, and so evenly poised is
the whole thing, child can move the
instrument with the greatest ease
The object glass will not be ready
before the last of the year, for the
delicate work of polishing and correct
ing the glasses requires time as well as
patience. The glass is in two pieces,
one of crown and the other of flint
glass. This is to correct chromatic
alteration or color.
When the instrument is mounted In
its observatory the column viii stand
north and south. The details for the
observatory have not been completed,
but work on preliminary plans has be-
gun. With an object glass % per
cent. greater in area than any other
refractor, that much more light will
be admitted, and astronomers predict
great results from the telescope. 1t
will be used chiefly in spectrum analy-
Sis, and the spectroscope and spectre
graph are made and on exhibition IN
the gallery just northeast of the tele-
scope. Without the glasses, the tele-
scope as it stands, towering in the
main aisle seventy-ive feet in the air,
costs about $50, 900. A remarkable
feature of it is that practically it was
designed and built since last Decem-
ber.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

its color is blue-white and almost per-
feet 1t has one black spot IN il,
which, however, the owners state, Will
cut out. Its value, of course, can not
now be stated, but, writes CORE
spondent, / think # $3.50, 900 were
offered for it now, or even double
that amount, it would not be accepted
Some declare that it viii be worth
50, 500, 900. 1t was found by q Kaffir,
who was working in the mine, shortly
after blasting. The Kaffir, IN this
case, was talking to his oyerseer,
when he saw something shine, and
he put his foot over it until his
ssboss' had gone away, when he picked
up the Immense diamond and put II IN
his pocket
Afterward, in the compound, he
handed 1t over to the manager, for
which be has been given $3.50, horse,
saddle and bride, and has gone home
In, 10 doubt, perfect happiness An
extraordinary circumstance is that
some gentlemen were under contract
to buy all stones, good, bad or in
different, at SO much per carat The
contract terminated on the 30th Of
June and this stone was almost, If not
quite, the last stone found on that
day.
The model shows that the stone is ia
the form of a sloping cone, fattened
on two sides and standing on an oval
base, so flush as almost to appear to
have been cut. It's height is about
three inches and its width is about
two, while the fat base measures
nearly two inches by one and a
quarter. The diamond has been named
the ssJagersfontein Excelsior"
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

A correspondent of the Marine Re-
view, writing from Kingston, Canada,
gives the following description of .
boat constructed for use In towing
Canadian lumber RATS, that viii also
travel on land:
A peculiar kind of tug passed
through here recently for the lakes adj
iacent to the Bonne Chene River, In
the back country. It is called an al
igator tug, because it is able to travel
upon land as well as In the water
The boat was turned out of the shops
of West s. Peachey, Simcoe, and is pat
ented by the firm In Canada and in
the United States. It has ployed .
great success In the numbering bust-
ness. The firm has completed six Of
them. They are thirty seven feet long
and ten feet beam and decked all over.
They are built scow-shaped, with steel
shod runners for working portages.
In water the boat is propelled at the
rate of six miles an hour, either for
ward or backward, by an engine Of
twenty-five horse power. On land II
is propelled by having a cable drum
on which is coiled five-eighths of q
mile of steel wire cable, which IL
fastened to pulleys on trees in front,
the boat moving as the wire is coiled
up. The roller is hung on an axle,
and can be kept level in going up or
down hill. McLachen Brothers, Of
Eganville, have secured two for inn
mediate use, the one Just decribed be-
ing the first to turn up here.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

these valuable sheep feeding on her
pastures within few years. THE
time we will select larger number
and on their arrival in this country
will detlin them much longer time
than were the Government sheep, SO
as to give them an opportunity to re-
coup their strength after the very
weakening ocean voyage. Then two
or three stops will be made before
they finally reach California. By TAX
ing this care in transportation we hope
to have better luck than did Secretary
Rusk. New York World.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

the two models of ocean mail steamers.
There is model of the old Southerner,
the first ocean steamship built to carry
United States mail. Forty years ago
it did the service which is now per-
formed by nautical greyhounds such as
the City of Paris of the international
line, whose beautiful model is placed
near the old ship.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

At the close of the fiscal year, 1892.
there were 81, ,119 postoffices in this
country. The extent of post routes
aggregated 447, ,591 miles, the miles Of
mail service performed reached the
amazing total of 1853, 087, ,695, the gross
receipts were $40, $50, Ats and the post
Offices cost $76, $50, S46. There were
2, ,543, 270, ,210 ordinary postage stamps
issued, 593, ,684, 700 stamped envelopes
and wrappers, 511, 433, 500 postal
cards. Of registered letters $780,
094 were carried and 6,781, 180 pieces
went to the dead-letter Office. The
domestic money orders issued
amounted to $12O, ,066, 801 and $15,-
120,2 ,271 were sent by international
money orders. During the year the
Postofice handled 4, 776, 575, 076 pieces
of mail matter of all kinds.
From 1851 to 1883 the postal rate
was three cents for every half-ounce.
In October, 1883, the rate was reduced
to two cents. The total receipts for
the last year of three-cent postage
were $45, 334, $50. The first year of
the two-cent rate dropped receipts to
$42, $50, 844, but the figures crawled
up SO rapidly that last year they
amounted to $70, $40, Ats. General
Hazen was a firm advocate of cheaper
postage. He believed that the slight
decrease In receipts would be made up
rapidly and he also predicted that the
sale of postal cards would suffer. The
figures bear him out. Postal cards
were first issued in 1874, and the first
full year 81, ,079, 900 were issued. In
the last year of three-cent postage
379, 576, 75O cards were sold, but the first
year of two-cent postage dropped the
total to 339, 416, 500. It took five years
for the postal cards to regain their
original figures. The magnitude of
the postal service of the United States
as compared with that of three other
leading administrations of the inter-
nal postal union is placarded in q way
to delight the enthusiastic young Ameri-
cans. The figures are taken from the
reports of the fiscal year ending June
80, 1892. They read as follows:
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

of every person who passes the stuffed
group in the Postoffice exhibit.
The dogs harnessed to the toboggan
toaded with the mail pouches were alive
and in actual service last winter haul
ing mail out of Sault Ste. Marie. The
wax figure Looping alongside is a good
likeness of the Indian who drove the
team. From his snow shoes to the
tassel of his woolen cap the Indians
costume is faithful copy of the
clothes which enabled the bronze faced
mail courier to brave ten-foot snow
and forty degree below zero ther-
mometer. This group is one of the
exhibits which show how mail is tran
sported in this country.
Few consider what they are doing
when fhey stick two-cent stamp on
an addressed envelope. They know
that the person whose name and adj
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02
A BIG SPY-GLASS.
THE YERKES STEEESCOPE is THE
LARGEST IN THE WORLD.
1t was Presented to the University
of Chicago and is on Exhibition
at the Worlds Fair-The
Instrument Described.

N the north end
of the Manufac-
lures Building,
says the Chicago
Record, the larg-
est refrac t j N g
telescope in this
world points its
tube toward the
north star.
M o S t m e n
would consider
aspy-glass a which
weighs seventy
five tons some
thing of an opti-
cal instrument,
and few neonle
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

Below is drawing Of part Of two
trees from Mrs. Skaters farm, sosth Of
Aurelia, and in the path Of the recent
cyclone. The larger represents maple
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

Pliny mentions Spanish mine
opened by Hannibal which yielded 800
pounds Of silver daily.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

Quicksilver was first discovered
within the limits of the United States
in California In 1860.
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02
CARRYING MAIL.
THE POSTOFFICE EXHIBIT AT
THE WORLDS FAIR.
How the Little Two-Cent Stamp
Transports Letters in All Kinds
of Conveyances--Mag
of the Postal Service.

PPER Mi h igan
mail is transported
on dog-sleds in the
winter. Ca n inc
letter-carriers are
not beautiful to
the eye and it is
doubtful If they
would even be al
lowed to enter a
crossroads bench
show but there is
q abusiness-li like look
about a tandem
dog team that at
tracts the attention
Passaic City record., 1893-09-02

weighs six tons. In that casting is
tho main spindle which carries the
tube. The spindle i : beautiful
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1893-08-10
COUNTERFEIT PTvEs.

CleverIy executed counterfeit IS
silver certificates have made their APP
pearancc. They are slightly darker
m tone than the genuine note, the seal
on The face is Of a deeper red, and the
portrait Of Grant looks smeared and
rough, but otherwise the engraving i
excellent, and the fine lines in the
border and around the Y are rcmarka-
bly, clear. Even experienced persons
are APT 10 be deceived, 50 good is the
imitation. The certificates are mark
ed as being Of Series 3 of the issue q
1856 - Baltipt0rt Herald.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1893-08-10
GUARANTEED CURE.

N We authorize our advertised drug
eist to Sell Dr. Kings New Discover
for Consumption, Coughs and Colds,
upon this condition. If you aafe III
flieted With a Cough, Cold or any
Lung, Throat or Chest trouble, and
viii use this remedyNas directed, CIV
ing it fair trial, and experience no
benefit, you may return the bottle an
have Your money refunded WecouLd
not make this offer did we not know
that Dr King New Discovery could
be relied oil. Ii never disappoints.
Trial bottles free at II. q Williams,
Jr \ Co Drug Store. Large size SOC
and sl00.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1893-08-10
rrpRoVENENr NOTES.
The work Of grading West Burke
street was begun yesterday.


The work Of grading West Burke
street was begun yesterday.
Mr.. Geo. W. Beny's new house
on West Burke street is nearly com
pleted.
Mr Patrick Heelan has erected q
handsome porch 70 his residence on
West King street.
The foundation for Mr Parls new
residence on West King Street Is
nearing completion
A new crossing Is being laid across
Elkins Avenue, at the corner d King
street and Maple Avenue.
The walls Of Mr.. Conrad Cline's new
residence on West Burke street are
rapidly nearing completion.
MI. j. r Reed is giving the inter
Tor 81 his store room on North Queen
street new coat 81 paint.
The brick work Of Mr.. Thos. Turn.
ner's new residence on West Burke
street is nearly completed
The Wilhelm Adams building on the
West side Of North Queen street is Re.
ceiving coat 81 paint. Mr.. John L.
Bateman is doing tile work
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1893-08-10

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