The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1893-11-19
NOTES ON SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

according to this plan being SO arranged as to
insure. 1t Ia claimed. a mathematical certainty
against sinking. Between the outer and inner
shells oI tho vessel is n series OF longitudinal
compartments. TO no filed with water and
emptcd 10y the vessels pumps for ballast and
above this section, on either side. and risttR
to the full hoight OF the vessels Sides is a
series OF chambers filed with small air-tleht
tanks. their capacity boin. figured In OK
cess OF tho known displacement Of the ship
md cargo. thus: i cubic foot OF dir hns n per.
feet supporting capacity fora known wee hit.
The calculation is That with supply of air In
these tanks 2t some - rer cont. above that
required rs the formula ,thiug short OF ftag-
mrnt&ry drstinction could sink vcssel-any
rrohah'e collision. the penetration OF n shot. or
the cNr!Dsion OF torpedo. would iniure onya
small proportion Of the tanks. tho rest PER-
forming their work easily and safely thus rem.
dcrlnr the vessel nnusinkaSle. no only draw
bacG in the arrangement being the decreased
carving capacity
The use OF separators about a power plant 10
said by n mechanical journal to he getting
moro and moro general and for many pur-
poses. Among those. ~ enumerat 3D. Is the
placing of :hem between boiler and engine to
remove the entrained water from tho steam
and thus increase the power and efficiency OF
the rlant-to be n safeguard against ioaming
or the sudden lifting OF water from the boiler.
thus avoiding the common cause OF the break
age OF ong ines: also bctwocn tho high and
low pressure cylinders OF compound engines.
to extract the water duo to cylinder con-
donsation and work done in the first
eleven to forty-two per cent. OF tho total
amount of steam entering the cylinder: again.
between engine and condenser. to relieve tho
condenser and remove the oil. that the
tui cs remain clean and the boilers can DO fed
with hot water froe from grease from the hot
well: and hetwe"n the engine and heatin!
lines OF pipe, on snrcrhca,crs steam can
be easily surerhcn,ed when dry. but. when II
into steam before u single degree OF superheat
can be obtained.
Experiments mnlc to ascertain the action Of
metallic salts and oxides. as described teforc
the Manchester, England. Philosophical So-
cicty. exhibit some phenomenal facts. Satu-
rated solutions arc made in water and raintcd
on small pieces Of the rubber; or in tho case OF
insoiuble substances. pastes were made with
water and painted on, the whole being allowed
to DRY. the heating being done at a tempera-
turo OF go centiGrade for ten days. The fol-
lowing, comn9nnds Of copper entirely de-
vanadinm chiorides mantganese "x les. and bis
GUS effect. viz. ferrous nitrate. sodium MI rate
uranium nitrate ammonium vanadate. Those
ferrous sulphate. zinc acetate. zine chloride.
tn nerchloride: while the behavior of about
examincd Exceednsy V small H' enantit s s's Of
,,.n salts are Injurious to rubhsr, and it
tnns Inc e2h used IN
traces OF copper. the rub oer became generally
hardened and DESTROYED. AS to the use OF the
oxides should not be present. but lockwood
chrome blacks may be used with impunity
Quite an Ingenious method has been resortsd
to for assisting electric cars UP d steep grade
In Seattle. Two CONFERENCE.-The aggregatlng
six tons. run on q track in q conduit three feet
wide and fifteen inches below the street sur
face. and at the bottom those weights abut
against an air cushion made OF two eight-inch
wrought iron pipes OF eight feet length. inclos-
ing seven.inch .pistons, o., about the, same
tached to the count erwe c hts is small dummy
by esh inches aesp @ above Ss
larger. conduit: this dummy has a bar
hinged h to it and projecting eight inches
bar Of, tho car is coupled In operation. the
loaded car descending the grade draws up the
brakes, being operated as on the level. In
pulls UP the car. with the assistance Of the
electric motor to handle the !oad when tho
automatic catch holds the dummy in position
for the next ascending car. Another simple.
arrangement. is the employment OF a safety
catch with the weights in case OF breakage Of
the rope. and the coupling is automatic.
Submarine soundngs. which have recently
been made with extraordinary care and pre-
cision. rendered practicable by means OF supo.
rior instruments In hands most experienced
and expert. show the existence in the Pacific
Of trough or basin Of extraordinary depth
and extent along the east coast Of Japan and
the Kurile Islands, and under the Kuro siwo.
pr japan or Black Stream. the basin exceed
Ing any 8 milar depression yet found in any
other region Of the great ocean, In a run Of
The surveying officers for the proposed trans
Pacific telegraph cable found that the waters
upon the next cast OF the lead the wire broke
after some 4.043 fathoms had been run out
oe %hcb be Ws a h
3ne-Guarter miles. being the deepest water yet
ound is remarked as sufficient to hold two
as high MS japan a great Fusiyama.
)ne on top OF the other. and then the summit
If the highest would be nearly two-thirds Of .
nile under water.
So perfect Is the present systom OF dock
equipment for the ores OF tho Lake Superior
'egon that 1t is found possible by this means
o handle quantities which could not be moved
n any other wav. while the cost OF such han
ling has also been reduced to a minimum.
The expense OF shovellinG tho ore into buckets
n the holds OF vessels varios from 10 to Is
'ents per ton. while with the improved ap.
'aratu. OF some OF tho docks this ore is lifted
Jumped at total cost including tho labor.
wear and tcar interest. and fuel account, OF
rom three. iourths to one and one-half cents
per ton. with twenty-one men in the hold
If a vessel carrying 1000 long tons OF iron
IRE. the entire cargo has been stocked in sew
'nteen hours. other instances are mentioned
where. with twenty-eight men. 100 long tons
we're similarly handled in fifteen hours and
400 long tons, by eighteen men, in seventeen
lours. In using these improved appliances
md methods in loading from stock piles to
nilroad cars. It is not uncommon to havea
.ang Of men shove ling into buckets and load
he orc on ears Il the rate of eight or nine tUns
'er man per hour. The ore from the Lake SUI
erior region, when loaed into cars occupies
rom ten to sixteen cubic feet for one long ton.
Considerable use Is now being made OF the
ewly introduced French article to which tho
anne OF sublrine has been given. The sub
TANGO consists OF pulverized cork of different
egrees OF iineness. known ms impapabe, fne.
nedum. ana coarse, the pulvrriHation being
Hected by very simple means. such a. hori-
ontal grindstonc. Among these, tho medium