The star. (Reynoldsville, Pa.) 1892-1946, 1893-12-06
BOILING POINTS.
These Are Innumcrabie and Form n Gu
rious Study.

II is interesting to note that the tenn
perature Mt which liquid boils is the
same as that at which its vapor is con-
densed, precisely as the temperature at
which water freezes is the same us that
ut which ice melts.
1t may seem superAuous to observe
that there are more boiling points than
tho boiling point of water. Ii it were
not so, all bodies would be in the solid,
liquid or gaseous state together, and life
would be impossible. 1t is partly by
giving every substance its own boiling
point, or rather its own set of boiling
points-for the fixed temperature, even
for the same substance, is n fallacy-
that nature has rendered our physical
environment suitable to our needs.
What Is generally understood by the
boiling point of water is temperature
of 212 degrees on tho Fahrenheit ther-
mometric scale. but Alpine climbers
know we'll that, on a high mountain,
water boils at very much lower tenn
perature-on the summit of Mont Blanc
at 1s4 degrees. The reason is that, at
these attitudes, the pressure Of the at
mosphere is very much reduced, since
the density Of the air decreases with the
distance above the earth's surface, and
the water expands at correspondingly
lower temperature, passing more read
lily into the vaporous condition, In which
the volume Of given mass of any sub
stance is always far greater than that
Of the same mass when liquid. The
boiling point Of liquid is, therefore,
seen to depend not only on temperature,
but also on pressure, and the boiling
point of voter at 212 degrees corre-
spends to what is called "a pressure of
one atmosphere" approximately 10
pounds to the square inch, or the pres
sure capable of supporting the column
of mercury in mercurial barometer
at a height of 900 inches. This is
the average pressure of the atmosphere
at the sea level, and IL il is reduced the
boiling point is lowered, while If it is
increased the boiling point is raised.
A very curious result is arrived at
If we place vessel of water in the re-
ceiver of an airpump and reduce the
pressure to .006 Of an atmosphere, for
then the water boils at 32 degrees-that
is, at its freezing point under ordinary
pressure. Since it is now possible to
produce an almost perfect vacuum,
water may be boiled at still lower tenn
peratures.
All liquids do not boil at the same
temperature. Thus, while water under
pressure Of one atmosphere boils at
212 degrees, alcohol, which passes more
readily into the state of vapor, boils
at 172.3 degrees and ether at 90. 8 de-
grees, which is below the normal tenn
perature of the body.
Since increase of pressure retards the
vaporization Of liquid, it of course
facilitates the liquefaction of gas by
assisting the process of contraction.
Consequently many gases are capable
Of being liquefied by pressure alone,
though only when they are below what
is called their critical temperature
different for every different gas), above
which cold as well as pressure becomes
necessary. Oxygen, hydrogen and nitro
gen are the most remarkable examples
Of gases having low critical tempera-
lures, and it is only recently that their
liquefaction has been accomplished at
all. They were long thought to be
permanent gases" but it is now
known that all gases are liquefiable.
The boiling points of oxygen and nj
trogen are respectively 875.S degrees
and 358 degrees F. below the freez-
ing point of water, and therefore
these are the highest temperatures at
which they can exist as liquids. To
produce these extremely low tempera-
lures ii is necessary to employ great
pressure along with freezing mixtures.
The most remarkable liquefaction which
has yet been accomplished is that Of
air. 1t was supposed that, the oxygen
and nitrogen having different boiling
points, they would liquefy separately.
This is not the case; the mixture lique-
fies as air and presents the appearance
of water, but on being again evaporated
the nitrogen evaporates first and the OK
ygen afterward. This is a puzzle in
physics which will doubtless be ex-
planned ere long GOOD Words.