Brookings register. (Brookings, S.D.) 1890-1894, 1893-07-14
SPRAYING.

This is a subject which Is becoming
of great Importance to the agriculture
al interests OF our land. The success
ful grower Of fruit and grain must be
able to recognize the diseases TO which
plants are liable and know how to
combat, them just as the successful
raiser Of stock must be able TO pre-
scribe proper care and treatment for
the diseases of his animals.
Bulletin 81 from this Station gives
brief descriptions of some common
fungouS and insect foes Of plants. and
the best methods Of fighting them,
together with directions for making
the more common and useful inSccti-
cideS and fungicides and manner of
applying them.
So far as methods of treatment are
concerned, plant diseases may be di-
vided into two classes: % Those
that may be reached by spraying with
common fungicideS; (2) Those whose
manner of growth is such that more
heroic treatment is necessary. AS be-
longing To the former class may be
mentioned, ''apple seab, y shlight" or
'mildew" of plum, cherry and apple,
and the various "leaf' spot" diseases.
To the latter class belong. "apple
twig blight" opium pockets" and
black knot of plum and cherry.
For diseases belonging to the first
class such fungicides as "B0rdeauX
miXture' Eau Celeste and am
moniacal copper carbonate solution
are used. Spraying should begin usual
ly about the first Of June, but the time
varies more or less with the kind Of
disease and the character OF the sea-
son. All spraying whether for fungous
diseases or for insect pests should be
thoroughly done. Poor spraying is Il
waste of time and money.
Diseases belonging to the second
class are due to fungi that develope
almost entirely within the tissues of
the host-plant and so cannot be reach
ed with the ordinary spray. Here one
must have recourse TO pruning and
burning, and various precautionary
measures combined with spraying. In
this case however the spraying must
act as a preventative rather than aS a
cure for the disease.
Insect pests may also be separated
into two classes according TO their
mode of attack: those provided with
biting mouths, living by destroying
the tissues of the plant upon which
they feed, and those with sucking
mouths, living upon the juices taken
from the plants. To the first class
belong the various leaf beetles and
butterfly and moth larvae, as: "the
cottonwood leaf BEETLE 1.-THE potato
beetles" and the larvae of the cod
lin moth, "Cecropia moth, "currant
spanworm, :" cabbage worms" etc.
The plant lice and various members
of the true bug family are examples OF
the second class.
For all insects of the first class, in
secticides that are of a poisonous
nature are mostly used, such for cX-
ample, as mixtures OF Paris green,
London purple, or other compounds of
conner or arsenic, For such insects as
plant lice insects with sucking
mouths) insecticides must be used
that kill by contact, such as the
various soap and tobacco washes, kero-
sene emulsion, etc:
or the insecticides given, the most
important are Kerosene emulsion,
Paris green and London purple. The
first is made after the following
formula: Soft soap, quart, or nara
soap, pound; , quarts not water; /
mint of kerosene. Stir until thorough
ty mixed: then dilute with water US
ing one part of the emulsion to three
or four of water. The most Satisfac-
tory way of making an emulsion Is to
use force pump for mixing; pumping
the mixture back into the receptacle
several times. Paris green used as
spray is prepared by mixing ONE
poIINp with 200 gallons of water or
when for use on stone fruits, ONE
POUND of the poison to 300 gallons OF
water. London purple is perhaps the
-, ,,,,,t ,nd host for most cases but