San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1893-10-23
MODERN TITLES

of this century. Palatine, mar
grave, burgrave, rhinegrave, Wild
grave and altgrave were among
the titles that vanished at that
time.
Among both Greeks, Romans
and other ancient nations titles
were frequently conferred in men,
DRY of some achievement. Scipio
Africanus, for instance, was so call
ed for his conquest Of Africa, and
other illustrations are very nuEner-
Gus.
Almost every medieval mon
arch claimed the whole or a part of
the dominiOns of almost every
other, and insisted on inserting his
claim in his list of official titles. In
treaties and all other official docu-
ments the whole list was religously
copied, and as it often happened
that the two negotiating monarchs
had some of the same titles, it be-
came usual to insert a clause in the
list, non prRjudicandO, in order to
indicate that, no matter how alb
surd, inappropriate or untrue were
the titles, they were understood to
be inserted because they pleased the
monarch who claimed them, that
they did not confer valid claim
and so no harm was likely to re-
suit from their use.
The title of EleCtOr is peculiarly
German, being found, in the same
sense, nowhere outside the limits
of the German states. They were
so called because in the thirteenth
century seven princes, the King of
bohemia, the Archbishops Of
Mentz, Treves and Cologne, and
the rulers of Brandenburg and
SaXony and the Palatine, assumed
| the privilege of electing the En-
| perOr. An eighth electOr, Bavaria,
was admitted to the circle in 1913,
and a ninth, Hanover, in 1892.
Emir is not properly title, but
a descriptive word. Correctly used,
it is applied only to descendants of
the prophet, all of whom are styled
| Emir, just as the title honorable is
applied to the people of certain
rank by birth in England. Emirs
are now found among Turkish and
Arab people of every rank and
class in life. Every one who can
prove his descent from the prophet
is entitled to wear green in some
portion of his costume, the turban
being usually chosen for this sign
of rank. The claim to the title is
considered far more satisfactory
where traced back through the fe-
male ancestry.
The first ArchOn was called The
Archon. He determined all family
| causes, took care OF legacies and
acted as a Judge. "Drunks and dis
orderlieS" were referred to him,
and death was made the punish
ment Of his own intemperance dur
ing his office. The second Archon
was called the Basileus. He was
responsible for the good order of
the city and offered the public
sacrifices. The Polemarch, another
archOn, was the pension commits
sioner, looking after the families of
those who lost their lives in the
service of their country. These
| three ArchOnS were required to
| choose two old men to sit with
them in all cases and give advice
in points of law. The other Arch
ons were called ThesmOthetae, who
acted as judges in large class Of
| cases.
The most hon Orable office in the
Roman republic was that of Con-
sui. There were always two elect
ed every year, one each from the
patricians and plebians. The Con-
sui must be at least 43 years old
and must have held the offices of
quaestor, aedile and praetOr. The
Consuls were the heads of the re-
public, discharging all public func-
tiOns, such as receiving embassa-
doris, or assembling the Senate.
Their insignia were those of king
except crown. They were always
attended each by twelve lictOrs, or
| servants bearing the boxes or
bundles of rods with an AK in the
center. The lictors, however, pre-
coded only one at a time,
the lictors of the other
following him. The year was
named after them, and any laws
passed at their recommendation
also went by their names. They
commanded the armies of the re-
public, and when both were with
the same army they commanded
on alternate days. Under the En-
perors the office became an empty