davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-05-11
DAVID DAYTON, Agent,
Inspector of Lepers.

A general discussion took place on
| heating facilities for the japanese
! treatment, which included the dis
cussion of certain questions arising as
| to DIR. Goto's special treatment. The
| entire matter was referred to DE-.
| Goto, who was unavoidably absent
from the meeting.
The question of distributing medi-
cines to lepers not under the immedi-
ate charge of DR.. Goto was brought up,
| and it was decided that when the out
side patients had efficient heating
conveniences such treatment could be
given at the discretion of DIR. Goto.
In considering the question of inn
provements, the president pointed out
| that in case of fire the whole of the
Bishop home would certainly be
| burnt He also stated that he had
sent up enough rough lumber for
building a shed over the heating
boiler.
The board approved his action.
President Smith read an estimate
for materials needed to prepare for
DIR. Goto's treatment-thirty beds
with bedding, poi tubs and bowls,
plates, lanterns, etc.
On motion the materials were or
dered to be furnished.
Mr.. John Ena presented the board
with a sufficient number of poi tubs.
Mr.. Carter called attention to the
fact that all the doctors were absent
at once from the leper settlement, and
thought the matter should be cor
rected hereafter.
The arrangements for the selection
of lepers for treatment under DR.. Goto
were turned over, on motion, TO agent
Meyers.
The question of help for DR.. Goto
was discussed, and referred TO that
gentleman.
1t was ordered that Agent Dayton
return to Molokai next week, with
materials and furniture ordered, to-
gether with power to regulate the
question of outside treatment.
The report of Mr.. G.. w. Jones,
slaughterhouse inspector, was read,
and the secretary was ordered to adj
dress a letter to Mr.. Jones, instructiDg
him to call in DIR. Andrews in case
another beef with an abcess in the
liver was found after Strengthening.
The following report from the quar-
antine committee on the vaccine farm
was read:
Hon. w. o. SMITH, President of the
Board of Health.
SIR: Your special committee on
vaccination make the following re-
concentrations, based upon informa-
ton obtained by it:
l. That the board Of health estab-
Iish a small vaccine farm for the pur-
pose OF making fresh bovine virus.
Arrangements can be made with the
Wo1dIaWn Dairy & Stock Company
for the use Of suitable calves at a
nominal figure, namely For calves
over three months old, no charge viii
be made other than that for transpor-
tation from Manana and return for
sucking calf and mother, about -
month.
A competent veterinary surgeon
should be employed 10 examine the
stock and select only such az are In
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-05-11
MarShal'S Sale.


DY VIRTUE OF A WRIT OF
ID Execution issued out OF the District
Court, on the 26th day OF April, A. d.
1893, against Geo. Ii. McLain, defendant,
in favor Of Mrs. Thos. Lack, plaintiff, for
the sum Of $50. As, / have levied upon
and shall expose for sale at the Police
Station, in the District of Honolulu, Isl-
and Of Oahu, at IL o'clock Of SATUR-
DAY, the Sd day Of June, A. ID. 1893, to
the highest bidder, all the right, title
and interest Of the said Geo. II. McLain,
defendant. in and 10 the following pro-
pcrty, unless said Judgement, interest,
costs and my expenses be previously
paid.
List Of property for sale: ] Clock, 2
small Sewing Machines.
r.. g. HITCHCOCK,
Marshal,
Honolulu, May 4, 1893. 3347-3t
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-05-11
The Planters Monthly
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FEBRUARY - 1893.
The 18th OF January.
Homesteads for Hawaiians.
Hawaiian Fruits.
Shipping Oranges TO London.
Information Wanted.
Consumption of Sugar in the United
States in 1892.
Meteorological Summary for 1892.
Lalas or Branches, az Can" S.od.
Automatic Megass Firemen.
Sugar Boiling in Vacuo.
How Manufacture Affects Cultivation.
Sugar Production in America.
Sugar Cane Insects in New South
Wales.
A Tree for Bee-Keepers.
The Banana Industry in Central Anne
RIGA and Florida.
Artesian Bores as Affecting Climate.
Wage which the Sugar Industry in
Queensland can afford TO give the un-
skilled laborer.
Use OF Pineapples.
MARCH 1898.
Concerning the Hawaiian Islands.
The Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty
The Next Louisiana Domestic Sugar
Crop.
A Plea for Cocoa.
Olowalu Plantation.
Molasses as Fertilizer for Sugar Cane.
Tobacco and it's Culture.
Cultivation and Uses Of the Cow-Pea.
Manures and their Application.
The American Sugar Bounty.
Twenty Years Improvement in the
West Indies.
Useful Data Respecting Megass from
Single and Double Crushing.
Diseases Of the Sugar Cane.
The Farmers on Sugar.
Professor Wiley on Sugar Bounty.
Diversified Farming.
APRIL 1893.
Hawaiian Commercial Statistics.
Cultivating Tea Plants.
The American Beet Sugar Crop.
Labor on Hawaiian Plantations.
A Misstatement Corrected.
Electricity in Sugar Making.
The Tea Industry of Ceylon.
Handling Sugar Cane.
Seeding Canes.
Cultivation Of Arrow Root.
Kainit in the Stables.
Some Phenomena OF the Atmosphere.
Report of the Hawaiian Commissioner
OF Agriculture and Forestry.
Fruits OF Jamaica.
The Pine Apple.
Cultivation OF Cocoa i'm Cuba.
Look Out for Insect Pests.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
WHAT POPULISTS WANT.
FREE TRADE OR A MORE RAD
ICAL TARIFF REDUCTION.
The Bill Simpson Has Introduced go
Other News of General
Interest.

The PopulistS in Congress are think
Ing over proposition to introduce
bill providing for absolute free trade,
or for a much more radical reduction
of the tariff than is carried in the
Wilson bill. 1t may be that they
will adopt the old Walker tariff act.
Their purpose is to avoid the support
of the Wilson bill if they can do so,
upon the ground of its not being rad
iral enough, without appearing to act
with the protectionists.
Mr.. Simpson has introduced bill
to put wOolen goods on the free list.
In connection with this bill he said:
'Wool is finished product, and as it
now stands with its long, fine fibre, it
can no more be called raw material
than can the polished steel plates of
the physicians lance. This delicate
fibre costs more time, money and in
tellect to separate from the coarse,
hairy original than any so-called fin
iShed product. 1t is unfair and un-
just TO classify this prOdnct as raw
material.
The United States consumed in
the year 1892 wool TO the amount of
439, 400, ,635 pounds, of which 293, 797,-
344 pounds were imported. The aver
age duty upon the imported woods
was about 10 per cent. ad valorem.
During the same period there was i'm :.
ported $50, 1872. 906 worth of wooden
goods, which paid i duty of S34, 293,-
COG, or neariy 100 per cent. ad vaio-
rem. Now, II the tarif is tax, as
ali good Democrats claim, and we es-
innate the amount Of wo1lens of all
kinds manufactured in this country
at the conservative amount of $780,
600, 900, we find the people are taxed
100 per cent. on the average of this
amount, or 5000, 900, 900. Now, if this
immense bonus is given to the manu-
featuring barcns of the East, why
should they demand that similar ben
efits raising the duty on wool be with
held? What is fair for one should be
fair for the other fellow"
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
XMAS ENTERTAINMENTS,
THE PROGRAM RENDERED AT
THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.
Old Santa Claus PIeases the Children
Interesting Exercises by Other
Sunday Schools.

| The Christmas entertainment of
| the First Baptist Sundayschool Friday
| night was highly successful effort
and afforded a most enjoyable evening
| for the large congregation in attend
ance and especially delighted the lit
tie folks of the school.
The decorations were elaborate and
appropriate. The general design was
somewhat similar to that Of the
pastors recent anniversary. But in
addition to that design they had in
geniously arranged upon the rostrum,
the interior of d room surrounded by
pine and cedar glove sprinkled with
snow. A glittering Christmas star
crowned the apex OF the festoon deco
rations overhead. Appropriate mottos
were arranged.
The most interesting event of the
evening was the advent of Santa
Claus. But pang Of sorrow fell
upon the hearts of the little folks
when he announced that he had no
good things at all fer them. Finally
Santa summoned dainty little Fairy
Queen, who by means Of her mystic
powers, changed the hard bricks of
tie chimney into boxes filled with the
most choice candies, nuts, &c. "Dots
ChrisLmas.' recitation by Miss Ad-
die Brown, was creditably rendered
and well received. Secret to Santa
Claus" by little Katie Webster,
five-year old tot, won the applause of
the entire audience.
The entire program, as given below,
WAS success.
Song by the School-"Joy to the
World, the Lord is Come"
Prayer by Pastor-H. A. Brown.
Song by Quartette -'Shine On, o
STAR
Recitation BY six little girls of
Primary Department..
Song-''A gay little Band"-By Pri-
mary Department.
Recitation why" BY Bradley
Welfare.
Song-By DIR. c. J. Watkins Glass :
''Rina out the Bells"
Why Christ Came-Scripture verses
by seven boys.
Song beautiful Angels" = BY
Georgia Rights.
Observation-Disclosures Christmas''-By
Addie Brown.
''Secret to Santa Clausn-By Katie
Webster.
Song-By the School--"How Sweet
was the Song"
Santa Claus in much trouble, his
presents have run short.
A Little Fairy--LOuiSe WileS to the
rescue.
Distribution of gifts.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
ED. WILSON'S RABBIT FOOT.
They Say it Was Not the Genuine Arti
cle-A Fox Foot

cle-A Fox Foot.
From the Wilmington Star
A friend of Mr.. Wilson, who is
doubtless reader of the Star, sent
him "the foot of a graveyard rab-
bit" for the purpose of 'making his
election sure" But grave problem
cOnfrOnts MIR. Wilson at the outset
Is it the left hind-foot a of graveyard
rabbit that he now hugs to his bosom?
Has he any proof even that the rabbit
was really caught or killed in d grave
yard? Can he produce the necessary
"affidavits ?" Otherwise, his mascot
is a fraud, and he may as well lug
around the tail of an antiquated
possum.
Now, if Mr.. Wilson owned gold
mine he might possibly become the
possessor Of the Stars rabbit foot
the only left hind-foot in the State
properly vouched for-and with this
charm" in his pocket he would be
invincible. All his apprehensions
would Immediately disappear, and
like funeral pail over the aspirations
of his competitors. But the Stars
left hindfoot Of a graveyard rabbit
cannot be bought for any small fort
une. It's genuineness is vouched for
by jeff. Blackburn, and the many
charms" it has worked are Part Of
the history of North Carolina.
''SwOrn to and subscribed before
John Doe, NotOriously Public, this
the day and date above written"
Ed. Wilson went to Washington
with a fox-foot in his pocket but he
discarded it when the rabbit foot ar
rived. Ed. now has as much faith in
the left hind-foot of a graveyard rab-
bit as Vice-President Stevenson.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
HOLITE AS OF YORE
Another Story on Capt Hawkins-ToId
by Joe Rcecc.

by Joe Rcecc-
All our people know Capt. Hawkins.
He has been on the railroad for years,
most of the time conductor, and is
known far and wide for his great ur-
banity and anxiety for the comfort of
passengers. especially ladies, says Joe
Reece in the Greensboro Record.
The other day going out on his
train from Winston was a lady, evil
IDENTITY Il stranger in that part of the
country, for she was anxious to know
all about everything on the route
She was anxious to see the Pilot
Mountain and the genial Captain told
her he would take her out on the plat
form at the proper place and show
her all the sights, which he did.
Returning to the car she raised the
window but it soon became too cool
for her and the conductor closed it
and took seat, at her earnest invita-
the boys say, until WilkcSborO was
and escorted her to the hack.
Just as he told her goodbye big,
strapping black negro man came run
ming up and such hugging and kiss
ing was seldom seen in that part OF
the country. though it is said to be
noted for such things.
1t was his wife
Capt. Hawkins looked like he had
swallowed an overdose of castor oil as
he left in bury for his train.
He is evidently losing his eyesight,
for it is hard to fool an old stager like
him.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
A Preacher Frightens a Peddler.

From the Charlotte News
One of the best Of Methodist preach
erS in North Carolina was riding
along road through lonely piece OF
woods in southern Cabarrus county
the other day, when he overlook d
weary, foot-sore, German peddler. Out
of the goodness of his heart, the
preacher offered the peddler seat in
his cart. OF course the offer was ac-
cepted, and the two rode along quietly
together, it being almost impossible
to keep up an Interesting cOnVersa-
tion as the peddler could speak very
little English. After repeated ef-
forts, the preacher gave up the idea
Of being pleasant, and his thoughts
wandered back TO the days when he
admonished sinners to forsake the
paths Of sin and seek only such COM
forts as can be given by higher and
holier hand. In the midst OF these
solemn thoughts, the old zeal that
had fired the old man on many occa-
sions took possession of him and he
yelled at the top of his voice: Pre-
pare to meet your God"
The poor peddler did not know
what kind of man he was riding with,
and thinking this exclamation meant
something terrible, jumped out of the
cart and disappeared in the woods,
leaving his pack in the preachers
buggy. Nothing has been heard Of
him, and the preacher is at loss to
know what to do with the pack.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS.
A BALBOA Sent up by the Weather
Bureau at st. Louis

ST. LOUIS, Dec. 2l.-A balloon, six
ty-five feet in diameter, inflated with
lOS,OO0 cubic feet Of hydrogen gas, was
cut loose Monday night bearing in it's
basket scientific apparatus prepared
by United States Weather F0recaster
w. IL. Harmon, including an auto
matte registering thermometer and
an anerold barometer, for the purpose
of determining the distance Travelled,
the altitude reached and the condi-
tions of temperature, by means Of
self-registered observations, made up
on roll of paper.
A Photographic camera, operated by
clock work, took picture Of the
earth Yesterday, while other clock
work so operates send ballast as to
insure the balloons remaining in the
air some days The instruments are
protected from ininrv when the bal
loon falls; care gives the finder
proper directions.
AT 9:06 p. m. Tuesday the balloon
was seen over Springfield, Ill.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
CALVARY CHAPEL.
The Christ mas Entertainment Attend.
ed by a Large Crowd.

The Christmas entertainments Civ
en- by the Calvary Morayian Sunday
school Dec 22nd was interesting and
was witnessed by a large audience.
The church was tastily and appro-
priatcly decorated with festoons and
trees. The Herald Angels" d SER
vice compiled by Gabriel and Lorenz,
was rendered by the school. A special
feature of the service was the intro
duction of several tableaus, illumined
mated by the electric stereoptican. A
collection was taken Up to assist in de-
fraying the expenses.
The following program was carried
out:
Carol-The Song of Old.
Scripture.
Prayer.
Sons-Herald Angels.
Recitation n-The First Christmas
Day-AIIie Hege.
Carol-Tell it with Joy.
Responsive Reading and Tableau.
Carol-Glory u God in the Highest
Echoes of the Angels
Harry IIough, john Frazier, Bernie
Walker, Daniel BarLin.
Caroi-Angei Echoes.
Recitation-Why He Came-Katie
Keith, Francis Steers, Carrie Hege,
Fannie Ebert, Mary p. Clinard, Sadie
Harvey, mary SlCFe.
Soag-Siiine Out for Jesus-By the
youngest classes.
Responsive Observation-Disclosures
Thanks.
TahI"au The Three Magi.
Recitatioa Tenement Row-Ro.a
Hege.
Song Hark! What Mean These
Holy Voices.
Anthem by choir and collection.
RecitatiOn-Doing Good-By Prim-
ary Class Scholars.
Carol-The Song the Angels Sing.
Recitation and Ladies' Chorus
What the Bells Say.
Song Come and Worship.
'Tableau-The Sunday School An
gel.
Carol --Hark! the Angel Band is
Singing.
Repadicti0n
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
REAU TIFUL PHENOMENON
4 Bright Light in ths Eastern Sky In
the Form eta Huge Snake

Early riscrs on the Goth witnessed
peculiarly beautiful phenomenon in
the eastern sky. 1t was bright
light, which assumed the form Of a
huge snake. Down near the horizon
was fiery red spot which represented
the reptiles head, and the body,
which was of a whittier hue, extended
far up into the "blue canopy" and
had all the regulation crooks and
curves, with properly tapered tail.
There was not a cloud visible any
where. This curiosity was seen by
many, and it did not require the least
strain on the imagination to do SO, as
it wa. as distinctly outlined AZ a
chalk mark on d black board. And
now it is ia order for some long-haired
wise-acrs to rise and explain the why's
and wherefores of this "brazen ser
pent."
This strange phenomenon caused
considerable excitement and anxiety
among the colored people.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
TASTED SIXTYsTWO DAYS.
An Abslfntion from Food Exceeds al
Medical Records.

BURLINGTON, N. j., Dec. 21.-After
fasting for sixtytwo days and break
ing the best record by forty-eight
hours, Mrs. Ann Cook is dead, literally
starved to death.
The case has been the marvel of
physicians, and some of the best doc
tors of Philadelphia have been to see
her, but to no avail.
Mrs. Cook for weeks diSliked the
smell and taste of food, and after she
was compelled to take to her bed she
would not touch it. Neither would
her stomach retain any medicine
From a robust woman of 235 pounds
in weight she was reduced to almost
skeleton. She showed wonderful
vitality until week ago. She would
talk of her trouble incessantly with
out the least signs of exhaustion. She
began, however, to lose ground rapidly
and sunk into comatose condition
and death ensued
Mrs. Cook some days ago reQues Jed
DR.. f, +. Rink, her physician, to
make an autopsy after her death. In
accord with this wish, DR.. Rink and
DR.. Carl Vascher, of Philadelphia,
made an examination.
There was no sign of latent or
malignant disease, as was generally
supposed, altho Igh DR.. Rink insisted
there was not from the first. Mrs.
Cook suffered some years ago from Dill
larry calculus. The same trouble was
found to exist, it having caused an alb
scess on the liver, which resulted in
death.
Mrs. Cook accepted her situation in
remarkably philosophical manner.
She knew she was going to die, and
spoke of it as coming event. One
of her nieccs is to be married tomor-
row evening, and when spoken to
about possible pOstponement Of the
wedding, Mrs. Cook forbade it.
There is enough ice in town to
postpone my burial until after the
wedding" said she, $50 let it 90 on
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
THE NORTH CAROLINA.
State horticultural Society-The Sec
retary's Report.

Mr.. Gerald Mccarthy, Secretary Of
the North Carolina State Horticultu-
raj Society, has issued the following
letter:
The North Carolina State Horticul-
tural Society holds an annual three
days fruit, vegetable and flower show
during the first week in August, ex-
cept in years Of a general fault frilure.
Nine fairs have been held since the
organization OF the Society. These
fairs have been located at the follow
ing places: Greensboro, 1882 -'85-91;
Wilmington, 1888: Goldsboro, 1884;
Fayetteville, 1886; Raleigh, 1888; Win
ston, 1899; Mt. Holly, 1890. All OF
these fairs except one at Mt. Holly
were financially, and in every respect
successful. The Executive Committee
of the Society will hold a meeting in
January, and will fix the place for
next years fair. Applications from
Chambers of Commerce, or response
ble citizens from any of the larger
cities in the State who desire the fair
for their city will be considered.
The premium list OF each fair
usually includes prizes to the amount
of $500.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
CHRISTMAS ENTERTAINMENT
Program of the One Given by the North
Winston 3resbyieriaa School.

The North Winston Presbyterian
Sunday School gave an interesting
Christmas entertainment at the
church at O'Clock Friday afternoon.
The following program was carried
out:
Hymn-sI Love to tell the Story. >
The School.
Prayer.
Christmas Carol-Glory to God in the
Highest.-Part of school
Dialogue-The Wise Men-Herbert
Weisner and Wallace Styers.
Rccitation-Christma Story-Twen-
ty children.
Christmas Hymn-Hark, what mean
those angel voices-Part of school.
Address-By the pastor.
Hymn-Jewels-Par Of school.
Recitation = Christmas Stocking -
Miss Katie Robinson.
Recitation-Whatw we do at our house
when Christmas Eve is nigh--Fo
girls.
Distribution of presents from Christ
mas tree-Ry Santa Claus himself.
Hymn-Come .to the Savior-Thc
School.
BenedictiOn.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
Thomas Bradford Marriage.

The marriage of Mr.. James A.
Thomas to Miss Annie Bradford was
celebrated Thursday of last week
at the home of the brides par
ents on Old Town street. The bride
is the daughter of Chief-of-Police
J. w. Bradford, of the Winston po-
lice force, and is an exemplary young
lady. The bride and groom left on
the Norfolk & Western train at IL
O'Clock for JOnesborO, the home of the
groom's parents. A large circle Of
friends wish for them a long and hap
DY welded life.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
Card ofThanks.

The bereayed children OF the late
Col. j. ii. White, deceased, desire
through THE SENTINEL to return
their sincere thanks to friends and
neighbors for the many courtesies
extended to their dear father during
his sickness and death. May his
best friend. our dear Saviour, re-
ward them abundantly is the prayer
of his bereaved children.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
A VERY BAD WRECK.
Engineer Barlow ScaIded g nd Burned
to Death.

HoBGoOD, n. c., Dec. 23.-A terrific
wreck on the Norfolk and Carolina
railroad, one mile west of Kelford. oc-
CURED yesterday. An extra freight
train, of thirty six cars, ran into a
landslide, in Roanoke Cut. The
train jumped the rails and ran
through the cut on the crCss-ties
when the engine and eighteen cars
rolled down the embankment. The
engine turned a complete somersault
and pinned Engineer William Barlow
beneath it, When extricated, he was
horribly bruised and scalded, and
lived only three hours. The fireman
and train hands saved themselves by
jumping The track is torn up for
200 yaIdS. The cars were jammed in
to each other and ground to spliuters.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
Gov. Mitc6eIl win rreYent It.

Governor Mitchell will use his
efforts to prevent the Corbett- Mitch
ell fight in Florida. He says that it
is against the laws Of the State and
that the militia will be sent out to
aid the sheriffs if necessary in break
ing up the contest. The sporting
men are gloomy over the outlook for
the fight.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
Music at the Episcopal Church.

The following music was render
ed III tie Episcopal church on Christ
mas Day at IL o'clock:
ProcessioEal Fideles. -.
Novello
TIE Deum in B hat............D. Buck
Jubilatc s. s' .......,D. Buck
Anthem-It Came Upon the
Midnight Clear. Sullivan
Recessional-WhileS Shepherds
Watched. Best
Miss Katherine w. Evans, of the
National Conservatory of Music, New
York, assisted the choir.
The western sentinel. [volume] (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 1887-1926, 1893-12-28
The Case Dismissed.

AsHEyILLE, Dec. 22-The trial Of
DR.. J. L. Egerton, a prominent physi-
clan of Hendersonvillc, who was
charged with conspiracy to burn his
drug store for insurance, was cOnclud-
ed this morning by the case being dis
missed, the prosecutors agreeing that
the defendant should not be held on
the evidence produced.