davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
Card of Thanks.

My sincere thanks are hereby aH-
tended 20 the good ladies OF E.lko srd
the people generally for their kind
care OF my dear wife in her recepi i'll
ness. aud for their loving kindness
and sympathy extended 10 me on her
death and burial.
Your kindness aud sympathy will
always remain I bright memory with
me. Yours Respectfully,
J. 3. FhICH.
Elko, Nevada. November Il, ISIS.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
Saved from Death by Unions

There has no doubt been more
lives OF children saved from death in
Group or whuoping cough by Tho uso
OF onions than Ivy any other known
remedy, u mothers used 10 make
pouiiices OF them. or syrup, which
was always eiTeCtual III breaking up
n cough or cold. DR.. Gums Oulon
syrup is made by combining u icw
simple remedies with il, which mike
II more effective as n medicine ned
destroys tho taste and odor ~ the
onion. Sold oy t.. +. Muller, Drug
gist,
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
STATE OF ONO, CITY OF TuLEDo,l .
LCCAS COUNTY. .
Yours Truly,
KNOX y. CRANE.

STATE OF ONO, CITY OF ToLEpo,l 81.
LCcAs COUNTY. %
FRANK j. CHENEY makes oath that
he is the senior partner of the firm Of
F. j. CHENEY L Co, doing business
in the City OF Toledo, County and
State aforesaid, und that said firm
will pay the SUN OF ONE HUNDRED
DOLLARS for each aud every case
Of Catarrh that cannot be cured BY
the use ot HALLS CATARRH CuEE.
FRANK j. CHENEY.
Sworn to before nie and subscribed
10 my presence. this 9th day OF Dec. =.
4. D. lSS6.
t-) A. W. GLEASON,
sEAL. Notary Public,
t~)
Halls Catarrh Cure is taken inter
nai!y, acting directly upon the blood
and mucous surfaces OF the systom,
Send for Testimonials, free
F.J CHENEY IL Co. To!edo,O
I-Sold by all druggists, 200.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
School iirpoFt.

Following IS the report Of the
South Fork school Tor tho month
ending Nov. 6, 1873;
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
EIED.

FITCH:-In Eikc, Nevada. Noveu Der
s, 1888, Mrs. J. Il. Fitch, a native
of Chazy, C.iutol county. New
York, agel IL years.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
HOODS Pulls cuse COn,up.uOn. go
Notice.

The Board OF County Commission.
ers at their last meeting ordered that
the public be, and taey are hereby
notified that all bills for scalps that
may be presented TO tho Board from
ard inter this date will ia positively
rejected.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
FAT PEOPLE

TO reduce your weight SURELY ueo
Willatd's Obesity pills md lose IL los
u month. No injury 30 the health. No
Interference With business or pleasure.
no STARVING. They build up aud
improve the general health, bcnu,ify
tho complexion and leave so WRIS.
kLES. Lacy anderson, 81 AULnrn
ST., Cambridge, MuSs., wriies: Three
bottles Of your Obcsiiy PHiS reduced
my reiGhf Joom 22j pounds and I
ncrcr JCH better in all my RJc. I
an much pleased riM he result, and
shall DO al ! can TO hCip you. Our
patrons include Physiciana, Bankera,
lawyers and leaders Of Society. Our
goods ARC not sold in drug stores; all
orders are supplied direct from our
oiice. Price per package S2W or 3
packages Tor $500 by mail pos,pnid,
Particulars tsrIledD iCie. ALL COR.
RESP0NDENCE CONFIDENTIAL.
WILLARD aEgE1Y w., Boston, X,u
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
MaHlmIIInn'a Iimac.

Apropos Of the recent train robbcrics
IN old story told on Macmillan Is re.
called: When Maximilian was emperor
of Mexico he broke up trail robbcrics
by n trick. lIc disguised three hun.
drcd soldiers as peasant women and
placed them on n train. 4 gang Of
bandits stopped the engine. when tho
three hundred disguised soldiers rose
and fired n vollcy chat killed one hun,
dred robbers. After that the trains
were not no:cstcd.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
DIR. j. G.
7AXESi 7AXESi

COUNTY T~RIIsURER's uFFirI.)
Office with County R.torIfr
al Courthouse.
HLSo, Srv. Nov. {, 1927.
please TAKE NOTICE THAT 1HE
state, County and oihCf taI,s for tho
ycaf l,9l are row due and "a, able Al my Of
fee. Al taxes unpsid he o'clock T.. ". OIL
MONDAY. DECEMBER 4, 1892. will then DC.
come delinquent Rnd 10 ref cent. I've added
thereto, ios thor with ii.2s for Auditor.
Certificate aud 400 for sd,etii.ine.
" II. MILLER.
County Treasurer and Ex.Omeio Tax Re.
ceiycr.
EET- All check. not rsyabie In Elfo will
oaly 10 received q, y per cent. discount.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
kconn. y. Ii ImlY Of lsnl

keonc, n. II. July Is, 1891.
Norman Lichty, Esq, Dcs Moin.s.
Iowa Dear SRI enclose % CTS.
10 sihn'ps for two boxes OF Krauss's
Headache Capsules, same ns last.
Work like magic. Send nj once. M
| aIu out.
Respectfully.
A A BRossiDoS.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12

TWENTY MILLIONS OF articles of mail
matter pass through United States
post Offices each day. and 500. 900 icttcrs
arc received annually Mt the dead lot.
ter Office.
The United States hnvo 1855 light.
ho"scs md bcacons, 80 light ships, 1o7
log signals worked by steam. isj nv
eiockwork, l,7Gf river lights and d,9s1
buoys OF rarious kinds.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12

Reckhart & Froeiich havo received
a car load Of fresh Missouri cider aud
are pow renhy 10 supply the trnde.
Weekly independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1887-1914, 1893-11-12
A Great Liver Medicine.

f. f. BILEET,
kika Ae-rh q isa2 Clerk.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15
WEDNESDAY. FEBRUARY 10
STATE BOARD OE ASSESSORS

The bill to repeal the State Board
of Assessors Act passed the Assembly
early in the session and was referred
in the Senate to the Committee on
Ways and Means. That Committee
has not yet reported for or against the
bill. Probably this is due to press
of other business which required
the attention of the Committee. 1t
is time, however, that the bill was
reported, especially if the Senate
intends to pass it. The repeal of the
Act may necessitate changes in the
revenue laws of the State, and it
should be passed and sent to the
Governor at once, so that the Legis-
lature may have time to make those
changes if the bill ID approved
While the Act may have good fea
lures and possibly might be amended
SO as to make it acceptable to the
people, there is almost unanimous
demand for its repeal, and nothing
less than that will satisfy the major
ity. 1t will not DO to smother it in
Committee, and if there is mem
Der of the Committee who feels it to
be duty to represent the people and
comply with the wishes of his con-
stitutents he will make an effort to
get the bill out of committee and be
fore the Senate Immediately.
For some reason there seems to be
an irrepressible conflict between
officials and the people on the Board
of Assessors bill and similar meas
ures. 1t is difficult to fud person
outside of the State House, who is
not in favor of repeating the bill
yet nearly all the State officers and
several State Senators are said to
be opposed to it. 1t is stated, too,
as fact that there are members OF
the Legislature who publicaly advo-
cate the repeal of t he bill bnt will
make no effort whatever to get the
Committee to report it to the Senate.
Is it possible that the people are
wrong in demanding the repeal OF
the bill and that the State officers
and a few members OF the Legisla>
ture are right in desiring It kept on
the Sta.utesl-Journal
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15
PREACHERS AND JOURNAL
lists.

The ministers Of Atlanta, Georgia
have started crus de against the
journalists and propose to work a
great reformation in the ways OF
modern journalism.
At special meeting recently the
ministers appointed committee to
wait upon the publishers and insist
upon their adherence to the new pol
icy. They desire that all police re-
ports shall be excluded from
the columns of the papers. The COM
mittee is headed by Rev. John eileen
a methodist clergyman, a critic on
modern newspapers. The idea of
the ministers was that church SOC
tables, candy pullings and matters of
like character should appear every
morning with ''scare" heads, while
the doings of prize fighters and such
people should be suppressed or dis
missed in one line paragraphs. Ii
the newspapers do not give in to the
proposed reform the founders of the
church are to be used to drive pub
fishers into line.
This will only give the publishers
a chance to have lot of fun with the
clerical asses and thereby increase
their circulation.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15
GIVE THE PEOPLE A CHANCE

There is sound sense in the fol-
lowing from the Gazette:
The constitutional amendments
are fairly before the leg islature and
a disposition is shown to pick out
and shut off. A correspondent sug
gests the question why not let the
people pick out! By passing all the
amendments adopted at the last ses-
sion and putting them before the
voters of the State they could give
their approval to such as they felt the
need Of, and vote down the rest. II
is only fair to let the whole State de-
eide such matters where it Is possible
and we endorse the suggestion and
believe the legislature will also. This
is Peoples session. The members
we're elected as Peoples candidates
without regard to old party ties. Let
them give tine people chance.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15
A Mighty Fire.

No one should miss the Revival
Meetings held in the Methodist
Church each night this week. A
great work Of grace is in progress. =
All kinds Of stationery at John G..
Fox's. Also books and jewelry. fl
All sorts Of stationery, books,
smokers outfits and jewelry at John
G.. Fox's.
Leave orders at this office or the
Briggs Hotel, if you want your house
shingled. We are ready to do any
thing in the repair line, and will
guarantee good work. Give us 6
trial. We will also lay carpets Oh
take them up,
i5lm Vale and Nancy.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15

The Stockton Mail has reached its
thirteenth birthday. No more logi>
cal pen than that of its Editor Ed
ward Culnon is welded west of The
Rockies. A wise man always thinks
twice before getting into controversy
On any subject with the Mail. 1t Is
a monumental credit to the profess
sion.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1893-02-15
Notice to Creditors.

Estate of John Bland, dece afed. Not
ice is hereby given by the unders signed,
Administrator of the Est.te OF Ionn
Bland, deceased, to the creditors OF, and
al lersous having claims against. the
said deceased, TO e. hibit them, with the
necessarJ vouchers, within three months
after the fist publication OF this notice,
to the said John G. e lis, IN Carson City
Ormsby County, Nevada.
Dateo Feb. s. 1893.
J. g. ELLIS,
Administrators OF the Estate of John
Bland, Deceased.
James r. Judge,
Attorney for Estate.
Der fortschritt. [volume] (New Ulm, Minn.) 1891-1915, 1893-07-20
30. ga :p.t Ell.

wv Nv
Mm .anberen morgen; gu frii6er.
@turbe f4on, Iberlieb Pater. Delertus
bos. @tift umb Cling eilenoen @4rttz:
teri xmt &G0ftsrletn Der frommen
r@4mef tern gu. :
@imi9e tStunben fpdter %hpanoerte
9err Seinri@ na9 benz See. Nls er,
am @gge6pf boriber fam, lab Ct 'betm.
!6ag, Ser bas @sbDft bonn polasrleben
tren1tte, ben @gge6aler. init Wolfrat
betfammenjteben; :ber 8uller lieb ben
Rppf 9angen Wolfrat aber bate >:ibm
ben giuarm auf bic S9ulter gelebt uno
i4ien benz 8etimmerten NIT ber3lthen
Morten, ~3u3u1prehen. :. ~.
.N1it finnenbem aG9sGn 1@ritt ,!0err
,6einri9 bahin urater benz tpeltenoen
Quubbo9 Der bic @trube' '9eteitenoen
8G1pme. ymteber strer;;- ber i'm @futz
ten bic Come fano! ''" 15redidg muir
Der fortschritt. [volume] (New Ulm, Minn.) 1891-1915, 1893-07-20

fCVNllVSs
: ;r@ir f4Dnes @laB&en! &omm, mir
apolen. rafteu!!"
"Qllls benz SUP eitsS Sfigels; pel9er
SS::dt an bic Strobe rei4te, .I9ob {i&
cine GelSplatte glei9 elmer 8qnt berppr.
@ier lieben lie. >1tA nsber.. &leine
.@&qtten unp Gi@ter 5jtterten auf Der
benn bur4 bic balbentlalpbten
@G1rne .fanb bic. lSnnt,e fnit fleien
Meg. Sin leidter Winobau9. ra1hate
b1r4 baa .@e5tpsig,. alnb. lang ianl; 1pie
in. 9auteln6em Spiel, felen bic tpelten
8ldtter; init 1tinen Mugen betra9tete
@ater. Defertus ..t6ren .lautto1 EN- 5aQ.
: 9err.. 9etnriG- fragile y. ldhelrtb:
v@tim1nt es Di9 tribe, bab bic 8ldtz
ter. fduen2",, >.... 49, ~ ->>~~
vMeir, 9err, Der. Minter fommt ia
natt, .um ben 5rublins gu 'brtngen!"
So? @s CAB aber bo4~ cine >3eit,
;ba- gu iagtei: r9er Sommer -blii6t
'n,1r; tbamtt az feline 8lubt bonn Mtnter
.berfdiittet fperDe unter @4nee .uub
@is!!'~r" ">~ ~. .."..."> ''''
4 ssyn bsbenber @rrssln9 preBte pdtsr
De1ertus bic 9dn6e auf feline tiefz
dtbmerI6e Brltlt. vMein Ml1ge TT fez
:R4tn1 por6en. sd, fiihe ia bic Sonne
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04
Beet Sugar.

The beet sugar factory at Watson
Vile began crushing on September
18th and will probably continue in
operation till January. On the 18th
the factory at Alvarado started. The
factory at Chino, in San Bernardino
county, has been running steadily
since the LIST of August, and is now
turning out 100000 pounds of sugar
day. During the month of August
1870 tons of sugar was manufac
tured. The supply of beets will
keep the factory running till Deem
Der. Some Of the beet growers are
receiving great returns from their
crops. One man near Anaheim,
named Shaeffer, has received small
fortune from little patch. From
five and one half acres he sold beets
to the value of $658.07, or an average
of S11965 an acre. He planted on
the LIST of June, began harvesting on
the LIST of August and finished on
the 29th of August. The sugar
manufactured this season is lower
grade than that made last year. 1t
averages a trifle over 80 per cent. of
sugar, which entities the makers to a
bounty of IL cents pound. If the
sugar was pure the bounty would
be cents a pound. On the August
product at Chino the bounty amount
ed to $47,95O. IF the run for Septem-
Der continues at the present rate the
production will reach $500 tons and
the bounty $4,000. No sugar is
turned out fit for immediate use. 1t
is found much cheaper and easier to
make lows grade article that
will just carry the bounty than it is
to turn out finer quality. All the
sugar made this season carries con-
siderable percentage of vegetable
matter and is bitter to the taste. AS
it goes directly to the refineries
however, this makes no difference,
From present appearances the Chino
factory will produce between 5000
and 5000 tons of crude sugar this
seasons. +. Chronicle.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04

IT may be true, as one of the
royalist newspapers says, that the
battery which is now being used
by the government for saluting
purposes was presented to King
Kalakaua by the Emperor of
Austria. We remember hearing
something Of the kind soon after
Kalakaua's return from his trip
round the world. But we also
remember that somewhat later a
bill for this same battery was pre-
sented by somebody, and the
Hawaiian taxpayers had the
pleasure of footing the same. Now,
the question which naturally sug-
gests itself is, if the Emperor of
Austria presented this battery to
King Kalakaua, who sold it to the
Hawaiian government and who
pocketed the proceeds? The less
the royalists call attention to the
peculiar financial operations and
business methods of those days the
better it will be for them. The
mine is a rich one and invites
exploration.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04

write music, but I can play any
thing by air-and | asked him if
he could write it down for me.
CHAMBER can grasp and write music
as quickly as stenographer can
take a dictation, and in an hour or
so | had the words and music of
After the BALI on paper.
We'll, gave the manuscripts to
Doctor, and after rehearsing it he
sang 1t for the first time at the
amateur minstrel show. I sat way
back in the house, very nervous
over the outcome. Doctor sang
two verses finely and got q
tremendous applause. This stag
gered him, and he forgot the
third. l left the house cha
grined and mortified. I threw the
manuscripts in a drawer with lot
OF rubbish, fully determined never
to publish or look at it again. But
the people who heard it remem-
bered the tune, and it grew on
them. heard boys whistling it
a few days later. Some Chicago
visitors carried it to that city, and
| had two or three inquiries for it.
Two weeks later Ditson of Boston
ordered ten copies. l don't know
how it got that far out. This order
induced me to publish the song,
and the result is known. Today [
had telegraphic order from this
same Boston house for 5000 copies.
| expect the circulation to touch
the million mark early in Septem-
Der. keep two printing houses at
work on my music, and my bills
for press work are $4,000 per month.
Elk.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04
Over a Million Foreigners in
France.

Some very interesting statistics
relative to the foreign population
of France have just been issued by
the Bureau du Travail, an Office
for labor questions recently estab-
lished in Paris. During the past
forty years the population has in
creased by 2,35O,OO0 only, and 80
per cent. of this increase must be
put down to immigration. In 1851
there were $4,000 foreigners resi-
dent in France; in 1891 their
number amounted to 1,130,211.
Belgium is the largest contributor.
When the census was taken
in 1891 there were 465, $50 Belgians
settled on the territory of the re-
public. The Italians come next,
with 2S6,O42, Germany gives So
600, and Austria and Hungary H.
900. The number of Russian i'm
migrants is considerably over
14,OOO. The British population in
the same year was 39,9S7, while
America supplies 10000, 1000 of
whom belong to the United States.
Spain and Portugal are down for
$4,000, and Switzerland S3,117.
The Dutch settlers in France num-
Der over 4O,OOO.-London Chron-
icIa
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04
33OT
October ?, 1895.

~'tCc/ = 1879
We think we have quite the
best assortment of moderate
price hanging lamps IL the city
and what we think about our
stock is generously concurred
in by the public By the PLANT
err" we received a full stock of
lamps in late designs, which
we are able to offer You at sur
prisingly low prices. We have
also some very fine tables in
polished brass with onyx tops
"a beautiful piece of furni-
ture for a parl0r.
Frequent Gals for flower
pots was sufficient reason for
our adding a new line to our
already large list. We receiv-
ed last week an assortment
ranging from the plain every
day affair to the handsomely
decorate vase for palms. We
have also mammoth pots, al
most large enough for algaroba
trees. AS they are made of
terra catta, they are the best
kind for any kind of plants.
The fancy majolica pots, you
will understand are simply
for decoration, not for service;
plants will not live in them.
Sugar mills will be running
in full force in a short time
and sundry and various sup
plies will be needed by the
engineers. We feel that we
have an abundance of every
thing needed and can meet any
demand upon US for Colorado
oils, betting, packing and
everything else. Our stock is
quite as complete as any in the
country. The Colorado brand
of lubricating oils is rapidly
taking the place of all other
kinds and, if there is an en-
gineer on the islands who has
not tried and who wants to,
we will be glad to send a sam
pie barrel.
The HAWAIIAN HARDWARE Co.,
3O7
FORT STREET, iioNoLULU.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04
Military Tactics.

A confederate guard in South
Carolina, during the war, was ques-
toned as to his knowledge of his
duties:
"You know your duty here, do
you, sentinel ?"
"Yes, sir"
"Well, now, suppose we should
open on you with shells and mus
kerry, what would you do p
Form line, sir"
"What One man form q
line ?"
eyes, sir; form a Decline for
camp, sir l"-Texas Siftings.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04

Blount. In this connection it may
not be inopportune to point out to
our friends and the friends of an
nexation that the epithet Cam
bellite" as applied to Minister
Willis, while intended in the best
spirit, is apt to be offensive. The
denomination of christians" or
Disciples" of which Minister
Willis is member, is quite sensi-
tive about the application of this
nickname which has been applied
to the sect by rivals.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04
NOTES AND COMMENTS.

THE tariff war now going on be-
tween Russia and Germany seems
to be exciting much discomfort in
both countries. The writers upon
each side of the question admit
there are radical differences be-
tween the two governments which
must be settled speedily or the poor
people of both countries will suffer.
Russian writer's complain that the
rye crop, upon which the taxpayers
of Russia depend, has been sadly
hampered by the determination of
the home government to wage a
tariff war against Germany. Ger
man writer's, on the other hand,
contend that the action of the
imperial government in laying an
embargo on Russian importations
has raised the price of bread
stuffs in the fatherland. The Ger
man-Russian tariff war points to
the abuse of the protective policy
when attempted by countries that
are not self sustaining by nature
and geographical position. Further
than this, it has no significance,
and is destined to cut no figure in
the fundamental questions of 'free
trade" and "tariff' now being dis
cussed as national policies be-
tween the west and England.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04

Much has been said-too much
perhaps-about Mr.. Ellis Mills,
who has been appointed to succeed
Consul Severance. There
is little doubt local politics has had
something to do with the criticisms
in question. AT the same time 1t
is safe to predict the people and
government of Hawaii will receive
him with becoming honor, as they
would any representative the
United States might see fit to send
to this government. The majority
of Americans will unite in sustain
ing Mr.. Mills as the accredited
agent of his government, no matter
what may be their personal opin-
saps of that gentleman when ne
~ secretary of Commissioner
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1893-10-04

Well, really, it is amusing to
note our friends the royalists po-
litely compliment the Russian
bear in one paragraph and coolly
accuse him of not knowing beans
in the next. The public is in
formed that the Gear of all the
Russias is not in favor of over
throwing monarchies. Well now,
since when ? Is it just possible
our royalist friends have not been
reading contemporary history? We
have memories of Russian blood
spilled by the bucket-full south of
the Cars imperial domains for
this very purpose. There still lin
gers a sharp pang caused by dis
patches which told how Russian
cavalry had ridden over palpitat-
ing foes to overturn throne and
change a map by the width OF a
paltry inch. But, all the same,
imperial Russia is the friend
of republican America, and there
fingers a vision when her fleet was
ready to be thrown into New York
harbor upon memorable occasion,
which Americans will never forget
cannot forget, so long as national
honor and patriotism prevail within
the limits of the great republic.
Siberia is offset by Turkey, the
shame of the east, and has nothing
whatever to do with the &C
ton Russia may see fit to take in
the Pacific. Our royalist friends
should learn that charges of ignor-
ance brought against Russia and
NJ. Giers should be made from Eu-
rope and not from the west coast OF
America, where ideas of civilization
have widened.