davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
WAEDENsTAN COLONY.
Mr. Venay Addresses North Carolina synod
on This Subject.

TARBORO, n. c.. Nov. Especial
Rev. Henrico Venay, OF the Waldensian
Church of Italy, addressed the synod,
but not being sufficiently familiar with
the English language to venture before
a strange audience, he spoke in his YER
nacular and was interpreted by Rev.
f. *. Sampson, whose long residence in
Europe has made him acquainted with
all the languages OF the southern part Of
that Continent. Mr. Nenay said 10 the
Synod:
THE Vandoi. like yourselves / see. are
Presbyterians to the heart, ana have been
for how longf This is a delicate mat
ter 10 discuss. Some say that they re-
ceiYed the gospel from the Apostle Paul.
tt cannot be proved that this is not cor
rect. Others hoid that their distinctive
existence was due to the prosecutions
10 which they were subjected By Pope
Sylvester. But it is certain that they
have never bowed the knee 10 either
BAul or Ashtar0th.
1t is our purpose to preach Tie gospel
10 the very walls OF the Vatican; 10
thunder st so that the Pope himself might
hear. or that De may be deaf, so as not
to know that his friends hear"
Continuing, he said; we have about
twenty families In the western part Of
North Carolina. You know what we are
here for. We wanted to stop the emf
grafton Of our people TO the wicked cities
OF Southern France. and 10 come 10
America 20 be In the midst Of healthy
Christianity. About three hundred more
are coming this fan We shall soon have
a complete Waldensian Church in Amer
lea
The annual synodical communion GER
vice was held last night DR. John A.
Preston. of Charlotte, preached a most
eloquent and edifying sermon to a crowd
ed house. Dr. Preston is a native If
R0ckbridge county Va. and hts native
State may well be proud OF such son.
This morning the Synod heard Rev.
r. A. Boyd. superintendent OF the Pres
byterlan Orphans Home. This institu-
ton was established about three years
ago, and now has property worth about
$4,000. About half Of this amount was
donated by Mr.. G. W Watts Of Durham.
The torty-eight inmates are fed. clothed
and educated. They publish a se,ni-
monthly paper. which Is printed by the
boys. The demands upon the Orphanage
are so great that as many more could bs
admitted within month II they had
rooms for them. 1t VIII doubtless room
be enlarged.
The Synod resolved 20 raise $4,000 fof
home mission work in Texas and adjacent
States.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
BAsT C0PPAGE ARRESTED.
The Man who 81 Charged with killing
Milhelt In Cn.todY.

CHARLOTTESVILLE. VA, Nov. a
special.-Bast Coppage. who shot and
killed q colored man named Lawrence
Wnholt, and dubbed his brother nearly
10 death with the butt Of the gun last
Sunday. has been captured and is now in
jail at Culpeper Courthouse.
The students IL the various departments
are preparing for the following examiRa~
tons: Medical class. Osteology, going on
nj present; law class, Minors Common
and Statute Law, December 10Th. The
first semi-annual examination in the
academic class win take place Ia Jan
uary.
The dissecting class Of the medical
department will commence Operations"
next week.
The result OF the election Of officers
IN the Alabama club is as follows: Mr..
i. II. Prenton. president; J. II. Abraham,
xfce-president: Charles Pollard, secretary
and treasurer. Bouquet committee,
Messrs. Pollard, Abraham and Cockref.
On Monday evening next the Athletic
Club will give an entertainment ana
BAH
The Louisiana Club win organize on
Monday evening next. as also viii the
Tennessee cub.
The Rev. W. II. Sheppard colored,
missionary in the Congo Valley, repre-
senting the Southern Presbyterian Church.
lectured to a large audience In the Pres
byterian church IN this city last night
During the month of october the clerk
of the court OF Albemarle county issued
,wenty.slx marriage licenses, eighteen
Of which were to white people
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
SENATOR DANIEL At HoMD4
Dis ELOQUENT Address Before a Lynobburg
Audience.

LYNCHBURG. VA. Nov S,--Special.-
The Onera House Tonight was filled
10 its Utmost capacity with d throng OF
people. 20 hear Senator John W. PANEL
on the issues o. the Campaign. Many
ladies' were among the audieDce and the
poxes OF the theatre were filed with the
fair sex.
Mr. c. L. Miller. the Democratic can
dldate for senator, Introduced Major
Daniel. He arose amidst much applause
and "a usual at once held the attention
of his hearers, who listened with great
interest throughout his address, when
tasted two hours. lie discussed, with
force and eioauence. the issues before
the people OF the Commonwealth IN the
present campaign. Plank by plank he
anaIyzed the Popuiist platform ana
showed the absurdity and utter impracu-
cabDlty Of 81, agreeing with them only
with regard to free silver. Senator Dan
iel explained his action in the recent
repeal issue by saying that whie ne con
sidered the Sherman law a bad law II
was better than no law at al. lie also
touched on the tariff but lightly.
lie was frequently interrupted by APP
ulause and the splendid audience and the
enthusiastic greeting they gave him fully
demonstrated the fact that, regardless OF
his policy in the Senate, he still hVes
close to the hearts of his people
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
Telegraphlc Rrevltles

CHARLESTON, s. G.. Nov. "A,
fire at Magnolia, sumpter county. Ma
nesday night, the stores OF ) p,..-
G. Z. TImmons and S. T. Copeland wo-.
burned. Total estimated loss H00. ia
surance. 5000,
CHARLESTON, s. c., Nov. "A s,..
ial to the News and Courier from Ma.
ion. s. G.. says Arthur Befhaau vtt,.
shot and instantly killed Press Bowen
negro. at Marion. this evening R.e.e1
was drunk and drew or threatened 10
draw his pistol, when Betheau drew bi,
revolver. ana shot him through the hess
ATLANTA, CA, Nov 3-Crawf5rd
Davis. while trying 90 save goods tom
a burning store at Eastman, Ca fo.4sv
was suffocated and burned 10 death.
KENNEDY. ALA, Nov. 3.-rhis morn.
ing Henry Weir and wife locked tsei,
house. leaving four children inside aet
started for the field 90 work. In soma
unknown manner the house caught a-.
and three OF the children were hrrre3
10 death. The eldest child succeeded I'D
escaping.
PITTSBURG. PA. nov 3.-The irsf,,.
lions are that an hope for settlement
OF the troubles between the iron ana
a
ted association ~ iron and Steel Wo-k.
ers is past It IS now considered a cer-
taintv that the sheet workers wiu 20
fuse 20 accept any changes tn the scale
signed by the manufacture on July Dist
last. the terms Of which were to hold
good one year from date.
DELAND. FLA, Nov 3-The trial Il
the Backwood murderers, which MAS 70
have begun tomorrow, has been Pasf-
poned for a week. The delay U.s. oee8-
stoned by the long session OF the CIr-
cult Court now being held ~ Orlando.
which is presided over by Judge Brown
who will serve IN the same capacity a.
the trial ia this city
ADAtRSNlLLE. GA, Nov. 5.-MIs. j. 6.
Teens. a prepossessing mother oI Aa h-
teresting family living I've mules ".a n
this place. attempted suicide this morning
bv swallowing heads of parl0r matches
She took q handful and rs cfiuaa'} Mt
She would have died had not the ate
tempt been discovered soon after sh'
made IT,. she was Jealous OF a neghbor
SANDERSVILLE. GA. Nov 3.-Jdh1
Nh SaIter accidently shot his sister
Miss Patsy. this afternoon with % wen
chester rifle The ball entered her head Dee
hind the right ear. She So dangerously
wounded but is resting easily under the
influence Of opiates
ADAfRSVfLLE, Ca Nov 3.-Ihe pro
tracted dry weather So very unusual th..
season. There has not been good rain
for two months. An the water courses ar'
very low and some have gone dry lh'
wells and springs have gone dry. an'
many people are hauling water from tare'
"a hve miles cattle and stock are hHf
faripc from using st3nant water Nhea
and oats IN the Aotbcaiooga valley arr
DIVING. A lot Of land Dis suu Uptuuta
JACKSON. MISS, Sow 3.-The court
house Of H0lmes county. * Lexington
together with an the books and records
was destroyed by fire today
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
sryAroR HUNqOY on TIE STUMP.
He spoke to 8 Large Meeting Last Night at
Newport News.


NEWPORT NEWS. VA, Nov 3.-Spe-
c,al-A large audience gathered ia the
onera-bouse here tonight for the paF-
nose of hearing the closing speeches Of
the campaign. There We're present about
one bundred ladies' and four times as
many men. The first speaker intfoduceI
as r y. Morrison, who spoke Tor about
one hour. during which time he was
listened 10 with attention, and Literally
appiauced.
A the conclusion OF the speech OF Mr..
Morrison. Hon. Eppa Hunton was pre-
eonred I'm the audience After paying q
tribute 10 Newport News ana her growing
industries, Mr.. Hunton addressed hlnlseA
To the issues Of the campaign
What" said ne. ARE we going 70 dot
Are we. after having felt the benent or
me good done by the Democratic party
TOR the past four years, going to leave
that party ana cast our votes Tor one
of which we know nothing, ana whose
leaders know nothing Of conducting the
aHalrs Of the slater
"You nave nominated as your senator
and member OF the House, Mr.. Manly q.
Barnes ana Mr. robert ~. ferKihs' s%'.'
now you should see mar they are eitcte -.
10 carry out the VIII OF the people "tut
lock after the interests OF tnls ois'ii~'
and that OK the Ola Dominion"
The senator spoke highly OF SoIol'e'
O'ferran SIR. Huntons speech was re-
ceiyed with rounds OF applause anu
laughter. and was conceded to be souhu
political argument
Hr IL. NJ. Glennan was then broueh'
forward and added a few spicy remains
20 those OF Messrs. Hunton ana @offl'''4'
s,6 Tho meeting was adjourned.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
CERTERARfANS DEAF
Their Lives End in North Carolina
Aiinshouse.

RALEIGH, ". G., Nov. 3.--Spee.al-sa-
perlntendent A. Leazar Of the state pen'-
Tertiary and farms, in an interview TO-
day stated that eight hundred bales OF
cotton have been picked on the peniten-
tiary farms of the state this year. TINS
is more by two hundred bales than was
produced during three preceding years
and all has not yet been picked. AlleF
losing 30. 900 bushels OF corn by the ifesH-
cts, the superintendent hopes TO ea'heF
10000 bushels.
1t is estimated that the yield OF wheat
will be 5000 bushels. and il is contein-
plated to increase this quantity 10 N'0O
bushels next year.
The negro thief who stole the silver
ware from the Office Of the Florence
Hotel here a few nights ago vas cap
tuTed yesterday, having tried TO sell some
OF II in bar-room here. lie was de-
tected by means Of the name OF the
owner marked on 1t. lie was LOGGED In
the police station, ana last night while
the doors were open for load Of coal to
be put in, he succeeded in making his
escape. he has not yet been captured.
The Raleigh electric street Railway
which "a few Weeks ago went Into the
hands Of q receiver, suspended operations
this evening for ninety days, Permission
having been obtained from the Board Of
Aldermen, from whom the franchise was
secured W ith0ut spch permission the
franchise would have been forfeited, put
now the compahy hopes 10 dispose Of II
! 70 Come other parties who will operate a
system mere.
Tpe superintendent Of the worRh0Use Of
] this county to-day reports two remark
/ able deaths at that Institution. Two cen
/ tenarians died within twenty-four hour
! Of each other. one was Harriet Nor
/ decai. aged one hundred and one years.
/ and Mary Page, aged one hundred and
| four Both had full possession OF their
/ faculties to the last
| Mach comment IS heard here over an
/ article which has appeared in the New
! York Forum written by Editor w II.
{ Page. on iynchings in the South. lie re-
| fers to the fyuchers as southern DULLES"
! and speaks OF them as "red-haDded,
/ staggering villains" who take upon
/ themselves an air OF sanctity by going
| forth 10 aVenge an outrage upon the viz
| tue OF southern women. Page is a North
/ Caroiinian, and was editor of the Daily
| Chronicle here several years ago. lie is
/ being severely criticised by the press OF
/ the State for his unnatural utter0nces.
/ News having been received here that a
/ temporary commission was to-day ISSUED
( at Washington to lion. +. NJ. Simmons
! as collector OF internal revenue Of this
| district the Senate having adjourned
| without confirming him, il is understood
| that Mr.. Simmons wifi probably take
| charge Of the collectors Office here In a
| few days. 1t is SAID that he has his bond
| already made up, and he can be indicted
into office as soon as If IS fled. r.. A.
{ White, the present Republican collector
has already rendered his resignation.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
nelscntes to the gaptIst Convention.

NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. VA, Nov. b
speciai.-The following delegates 10 the
state Baptist Association, which meets
IN Roanoke November 10th. have been
selected: Rev. Thomas 5. DunawaN
y. D.. Messrs. NJ. G. Willis, c. l.. Cole,
W. u. Tyler, II. ii. Gravatt and h. w.
Wnlenbincher.
mir y. II. Simms and Miss Matte l..
Jones. OF Orange county, were married
Wednesday.
Mr.. Il. b. Merchant, editor Of The Star,
who met with an accident short time
aro. Is able to go out on crutches.
MIR. John r. Knight has purchased OF
Mr.. Henry Shipiey HIS dwelling on d
street. between Eleventh and Twelfth.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04

disappeared The audience can see on
all sides. and the Illusion, BESIDES Delhb
a complete novelty, is decidedly mysu-
Tying.
The second part Of the programme con-
sisted of a spirit seance. -Four gentlemen
occupied seats upon the stage and kept
close watch for confederates. After the
mysterious performance which became
SO weii-kuown years ago, when the Da-
yenport Brothers performed Il, the gem
tlemen left the stage and all OF the
lights IN the house turned completely out.
Then was given a spiritualistlc seance,
which would have been enjoyed more, had
not the men in the dress circle and gallery
made such an unbearahle noise with their
wells whistlngs and stamping or teet.
They behaved like a lot OF h0odums in
stead Of respectable people, and reelected
no credit on themselves, or the city Ia
which they reside Il can be said apro-
pos OF this nuisance, that I'm none OF the
Northern or Western places DO people
behave I'm any such manner. AumehceS
I'm those cities go TO their respective pay
houses 10 enjoy the performance. ana
while there they have enough consldeFa-
ton for other people 10 behave them
selves. There is no yelling no whist1ns.
and no stamping Of feet. If any part Oh
the performances meets with their ap-
probation. there Is elapping OF haadS,
which Is sweet music In the ears OF any
actor or actress. but you do not ma peo-
pie in a frst-class place OF amusement
especially those who pay twenty-five
cents for their seats, acting as though
they owned the house and were recelF-
ing fifty per cent OF the compahys re-
ceipts.
Escape from Sing Sing" Il IS very
confusing bit OF the magician's art. and
the audience is at a loss TO understand
f.. when, after the convict has been
locked in an open iron cage. and the
curtains drawn, ne is discovered the next
moment coming down the aisle, and ia
his place I'm the cell IS the jail keeper.
The third part OF the performance con-
ciuded with Madame Hermann ~ her be-
wiIdering and beautiful dances. Ihey
are very much like those executed by the
Iavishiy-praised La Loie Fuller, and are
complete novelty In Richmond. Fourteen
ealciums. throwing as many hues on the
lovely woman, lend an effect that is
very beautiful. and the folds Of the skirt,
as they hutter arily about her, make
picture that is the very acme OF all lnat
Is graceful and pretty Madame Hermann
does the serpentine. the butterfly and La
Blanche dances, appearing each time Ia a
different costume.
The fourth part Of the programme per
mits Professor Hermann TO again delight
and mystify the audience with confusing
novelties, and the programme closes with
the Mysterious SWING" Madame herr
MAIN is drawn up fl "a swing she swings
backwards. and in q moment she has dis
appeared
There will be n MATINEE to-day oSpo-
ciaHy arranged for ladies end children.
a programme differing from that OF last
night win be Presented.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
rs CLAREYcE MING fNshNkP
The Eminent GeoloGist Committed to an
Asylum.

1T became known yesterday" says the
New York Suh. That Dir Clarence ki"S,
Who WAS SNee Director Of tue United
States Geological Survey, and VINO -
member Of the Metropolitan, Knicker-
booker. Uraon &4eagu4, G00t0ry, aud AoNe-
do Clubs. had been committed to an insane
asylum on TUESDAY.
"1lr Kmg's home IS IN Newport, Nut
for several weeks he had been living at
the Union League cub. ard at ne h0He
of MS parents in inns cl(y " could not
be learned yesterday TO which asylum ne
had been committed, but IN ar ProbdtHt-
" Il is Bloomibgdale,
"Nr. King, although not wealthy man,
had a comfortable income, which he added
20 by literary work. Untn ABOUT nfee
weeks ago he took great pride 10 his per
sonal appearance. keeping his snort gray
tsh~brown beard always carefuny Q1mn,eo'
and wearing scTupulously clean clothes
and linen.
Then his friends noticed one day that
he had suddenly become very slOyenly ana
careless about his appearance and his
dress His beard and hair grew unkempt'
he wore soUed linen, and his clothes look-
ed worn and old.
He avoided his old friends. and acted
strangely wherever anyone spoke 90 nm.
His uaeutal trouble affected his frame,
and he grew emaciated."
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04

700 The principal creditors are ].
onnlemau and Jacob Brothers. OF Rich
paond. Tor 500 each.
REV. II. NJ. Hope, pastor OF Market
Street NJ. h. Church. and his WORLDS
Fair party returned to the city this
morning.
Rev. A. J. Frisioe, pastor OF the Sec
ond baptist church. Will preach spec
fal sermon on Sunday night HIS SUD-
fect wifi be THE Climax OF SIN.
MIR. James r. Powell and bride return
ed 70 The city from the Worlds FAR
The Popuiists held largely a'tehue"
meeting Ina the chorus room OF the Acadc'
my OF Music tonight. which was addres
cd by Captain Il. X. Cooke, the party =
candidate for Governor, and Judge W.
{. Kerr. Of Colorado
Hon. William r. Mckinney. OF Peters,
burg and Hon Beverly B. Munford' OF
Richmond, addressed a large DemocIa nc
meeting at Ettrick, Chesterfield county
fa-rfphf
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04

the polls and work for the tfcKe' o" wv
ton day. - 80
on Mr. Botto's motion. the EppS ie'0
luton was unanimously endorsed
An adjourned meeting OF me SAonioe
Ward Democratic Club viii pc heiu "
Reds Ha0, Ma, 2l0 south Seconu htieSV
tonight at o'clock. Promlnene SP.a
ers viii address the club ana eiioits w." 80
be made 10 arrange fNf t6e etlpioEse' "a
the railroad companies residins ~ 'iie
city 70 be here on the day Of e'ect'D1i ~
vote. The members or the SSSNSNS0N w"Au
clubs OF the city and Democratic c'I le',.is
are respectfully invited to attend fn'S
club has done good and eihciehe "O'N .,
the past, and VIII make its marx lOE sVou
services Ia the future.
Political Notes.
Major r. Q. Kent Democratic eah0faate
for ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, afNSNN N N"e
city yesterday morning from SPo''Ss
vauia county. and left in the aiterhoo"
for home having filed all OF ms appoilt-
n1eBts 10 speak in the campaign Mdyol
Kent tras made a splendid canvass anu
returns home in fine health anu hpirl'S'
He VIII probably speak IN DIS own to"h'
WytheyiNe. on Monday.
Major Kent says the outlook Tor Demo-
cratic success Is most encQura@iaS every
where he has BEEN and Is cSNNne"N el d
grand victory next Tuesday re s1d -
that In the Southwest two counties wa
probably go for the new parry 1a]e-
well and Lee are the counties lelellel
70, but he tbtuks the latter Is somewhat
doubtful. ~ IN,
The old Fulton Democratic CIub wiz
hold Ns }ast TnS9tIng q the caulpa as,
at Powhatan Hall tonight non. WI
liam Lovenstein and Conway ~ '2aH0S'
some OF the candidates foT WE ho0Se'
and other speakers viii address the meet
ing. ,.-.....
Mr.. c. Fl. Boyce, the eloquent yoahs
Democratic orator Of this city VIII SPEAK
IN CayolANe county to-day.
The Populists have had two sets 81
tickets printed, which they are distribute
ing 20 theY SItg a.@d county WorHets :.
one is headed Peoples Party Ilche0
and the other Is headed simply HIecliOH
Ticket" ana bears tne HASNSS Ok Nocse'
Beverly and Gravely IT Is repor'c1
that in certain localities in the cry mey
will place a ticket under the ooor VI eFe's
voter the night before election.
The Virginia Sun yesterday was one
great diatribe on the Democratic parry
and It's candidates
Senator 0ay.lel vii address great
mass-meeting Of voters in DanVille To-
night. and on Monday he VIII SPEAK ID
Franllin comfy, where tne PeqVhsts are
making a big fight
A letter from the chairman Of the Dem
ocratic committee in Louisa states mat
he has made a canvass Of the county and
Is satisfied that Major A. J. Richardson
the nominee Of the party for the House
will be elected. Louisa has been regarded
as q doubtful county on account OF the
fact that there were four tickets in the
field.
Al Democrats headquarters tn this CIV
everything is working satisfactorily and
the reports from every direction are Of
very encouraging character.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
oGR WlYs AND non 10 MEyD MEN
Ny j. F. jackson DeiIyers an Address Be
fore the 81 AndreNx., Hrnthrrhnnh


a fair>Sized audience gathered I'm the
SCHOOL buiiding connected "t,a. ~. Vosi" :
cuut,ii. fast evening. in attendance upon
the weekly public meeting OF ~. johns
Chapter Of 81 Andrews brotherhood.
The occasion was the first Of SERIES
Of public meetings, which will be con
tinued on the first second ana thir1
Friday nights of the winter months. ana
IN which the public are cordially invited.
The opening services Of the evening We're
led by Air. James EustIce, director or
the brotherhood and were heartily JOIN
cd I'm By the members OF the congrera-
ton present.
Mr.. j. i. jackson. of east Grace
street, delivered the address Of the even
Ing on the subject "Our Ways, and
How 10 Mend Them
The speaker began by saying the SUD-
iect was a very large one, bat that ne
would confne himself largely % discuss
ing the Ways OF Young Americans ana
how they may be mended, believing that
the ways OF Young Americans might DE
crlused safely as they are not t"e
ways approved Of by older Americans
SIR. Jackson, In the course Of his REMARKS
suggested that Young Americans We're
mostly machines working so many
hours and then killing the balance or
their time IN the most pleasant manner
thinking not Of Improvement Lave
current-day questions should be discuss
ed. and studied; mental training shoo'd
go hand I'm hand.
The speaker also mentioned the iaet
| that our highways needed mendihg very
badly. and gave comprehensive oescIlp-
lions OF the good roads Of other countries
and how ours might be made good.
The lecture was very practical anu
[ was enjoyed by all present.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1893-11-04
nrRRmANN Ar rHE ACADEBT.
4 Splendid Performance Given by ms
Prince of Prestidieiia'ors.

4 large audience was present at The
Mozart Academy last evening TO witness
Hermann. who to-day occupies n fore
most. II not the FIRST. place in America
llst OF prestidigitators. lie gave az enter
tainn ent which appealed to az ci9sses .,
those present, and very delighted crow
passed out Of the playhouse shortly De
fore If O'Clock. The entertainment pc
gan with "magie. mirth and mystery
AN Of natures laws were set aside "he ,,
professor Hermann did his ever-beWH-
derin, sieight-of-hand tricks, and the mef-
riment vas fnterse when articles borrow
ed from the audience we're apparently
destroyed. and with no hope as 70 ~ 'il
RET frD. The first part concluded WIN ~
startling illusion, entitled AFTER me ban,
by Madam Hermann. The curtain arises
on parlOr scene in the centre ,to OF E Earra
is a very large mirror. MadAm ~ =
mirror. a screen is put around her. anu
IN an instant pulled sside. The lady mas