The morning call., 1893-12-21
BY HOMOLOGY.
Fraternal Feeling for the Forest
Simian.
SPRUNG FROM A COMMON STOCK.
The Differences Between the Chat
tering Ape and Gods Image
Only of Degree.


last lecture of his course on MANS Place
in Nature"
Il borrow that title from Huxley" he
began. II do not know of any better title
and borrow 1t for the reason that Hux-
ley's essay fifteen years ago contains all
ae know now.
Mans place Ia nature from the general
standpoint of evolution is a minor ques-
ton. Man is the finished product of evo-
luton, but not the only one. There are
three or four species of man; there are
20.000.000 species of other animals, and
man is only one of these 10000, 600. We
have been studying many of these species ::
they are more easily studied than man !:
they develop more rapidly and are more
attainable.
1--WE have discovered the existence of
the phenomenon of homology. Examine
a dogs arm specifically and it is different
from mans; examine it carefully, espe-
clally below the surface, and you will find
there is absolute CORES Dondence between
every muscle, bone. artery and nerve.
rms correspondence Is what is called
homology. Ii you Will go through all the
backboned animals from man to the low
est fish you will find this resem blance If
we see such resem blances between
two people we say they look like brothers.
We recognize the stamp OF heredity. The
reason why we believe we are descended
from common stock is the resemblances
in body and form that exist among men.
RomOlogy is the stamp of heredity close
ness ana the hOmology marks the cloSeness
of blood relationship.
There is no objection to this blood re-
lationship being shown by homology in
other animals and in plants. They sprang
fro ctn hat fs
when the rule is applied to man. Yet there
are no two groups of animals that show
more perfect hOmOlOgy than man and
monkeys in every structure and in most of
the mental processes. Every single differ
ence is difference of degree. If hOmology
means blood relationship in other cases, it
means 1t here. Tor science is built Oh the
law of continuity. There are apparent
violations of the law, but competer knowl-
edge explains them. Sclsp fists thought
there was something in this relationship
between man and monkey and that they
spTang from common stock.
$50 from homology we conclude that
man sprang from a stock closely allied to
monkeys. There is no doubt that he did
not spring from any Of the monkey stocks
that exist to-day.
Darwin came to the conclusion that
man and lapes were from simian stock !:
not from any form now living but from an
passes through period of life with strong
arms, hairy, with bile pointed ears,
!, large jaws and ridges on the skull We
know that there is tendency in man TO
smaller jaw and weaker muscles aud
specialization of hair. Another idea OF
Darwin was that man must have had a
short tail and all forms of man and beast
in embryo have tails.
''In 1853 Linnaus classified under
the head Primaies the lemurs or semi
apes. the New World monkeys, the Old
World monkeys and man. In general
structure man goes with the Old World
monkeys.
There is a difference between Old
World monkeys and those of the New.
The latter have not shared in the progress
of the former. The most striking differ
ence is not between man and the apes but
between monkeys and man as whole and
the lemurS. If we were not the elassifiers
we would never have hesitated in placing
man among the members of the group of
mon keys, and were we unprejudiced would
we have ever doubted our common de-
scent? Attempts at the separation of
man from the rest of the Primates have
been made by quoting structural differ
ences The tail-Alan has it in embryo, and
some monkeys have as little as man. The
harlow RACES of men are covered with
hair. only the higher ones have it special
lied. The great toe of monkeys stands
Oub III SOllc ldCcS VI DOu IL uOGS the
same, and the bones are the same; it is a
question of different conditions. Monkeys
have longer arms. The primitive races
of men have longer arms, as also
the remains of prehistoric men. Mans
attitude is erect; monkeys walk in various
ways. CIVILIZED man is more erect than
other races ii is question of degree. In
monkeys there are larger jaws and maxil-
larry processes. In prehistoric man you
Will find the same thing. In man the
brain is larger and is growing. The brain
OF monkeys will compare with those of the
lower races of man.
'Tbe mental distinctions are greater.
SDeech-every race of man has some form.
All the animals make noises, but the use
of conventional sounds was thought TO be
peculiar TO man. But Professor GARNER
claims that be has heard monkeys talk in
their own forests. Man has the power of
abstract thought, but we do recognize in
animals something like it, and though it
remains as difference it is matter of
degree. Man looks before and after;
the monkeys do not. Man uses tools !;
monkeys do at times when placed within
their reach. but they never manufacture
them. Man makes use of fire, is a record
keeper and recognizes the rights of others.
These are possessed by primitive man in
but small degree and in apes the begin
ming OF their use can be recogn iZed.
where does man come from? There
are great many theories. First, that he
is a wholly independent creation. This
theory would never have been used had
we not been Interested parties. and it has
no standing in science. Second, that man
is descended from the anthropod apes,
because they seem most like 10 men.
Modern investigation shows. however,
that this is untenable. ana man is not de-
scended from any OF the existing species.
Third, that man is separate Offshoot
from the lemurs, based on the resem-
blance of the teeth. This is not scientific.
Fourth, that man sprang up by saltatory
evolution, was an abnormal birth, as was
the case with the Ancou sheep. This is
unnecessary. as no growth could do more
than the slow growth of centuries. Fifth,
that mans body came from these lower
forms, but that the spine of man was a
separate introduction into the brain by
some extranatural process. sThere is
nothing to be said against this if one
chooses to believe Ii, except that such an
idea Is a violation of the law of continuity.
There is another view which keep for
my own use and that is that man is the
descendant OF nomadic ape. which by
contact with all manner of surroundings
rose out of the narrow life Of our brothers
| on the tree tops.
primitive man was creature of large
| unused DOSsihilltias This WA know frnn,