davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
THE MACCABEES.

CHICAGO, March 3O.-Seventeen hundred
delegates representing fifty tents OF tho
Knights of the Msccabees Of Illinois today
organized the great camp Of Illinois. The
following officers were elected: 4. f. Hard
ing of Peoria and j. w. Huening of Chi
cago, delegates to the supreme tent. and
Captain <. d. Williams aud Z. w. Hawes,
alternates. s. j. Caughey of Springfield
was elected first commander.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
SENATE.

WASHINGTON, March 30.-The debate
which started yesterday on the question of
the right to seats in the senate of the per-
sons appointed by the governors OF the
states of Montana, Wyoming and Wash
ington was resumed oon after the senate
met today. Mr.. Mitchell, Republican,
made legal and constitutional argument
against the report of the committee on
privileges and elections, which declares
the appointees entitled to their seats.
After Mr.. Mitchell closed his speech Mr..
Turpie of Indiana obtained the floor and
the debate went over until Monday next.
The senate then proceeded to executive
business.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
THE BRITISH ExhiBfr.

SIR Henry TE.SnAn Wood. oscr~easy OF
Her Majessy>s Connhsaos
The exhibit of Great britain ~ tho
Columbian exposition WIN be ths iarssss
Il has ever mado at sn International
fair. Besides tho exhibit In tn speciai
building, there are promised excellent
contributions u tho department and
classified exhibits. Sir Henry Txueman
Wood, secretary Of tho royal Bntash
commission. who IL now IN Chicago. an
pounces that many Of the articles fos
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
MISS OOOlITTLE,S TRIP.

Ell PAso, Tex, March 39-Miss Bessie
Mitchell Doolittle arrived this afternoon
from California over the Southern Pacific.
She was escorted into Mexican Pullman.
aud Is now now enroute to Mexico. Mis-
Doolittls started from Chicago for tJus
through America on Wednesday. March
22, at l:30 O'Clock p. m.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
THE HUM OF INDUSTRY.

The hum of industry is growing louder
in North Galveston. Tex. The Compo
Board factory and the Agricultural I'm
plement works are nearly completed. The
same is true of the Knitting and Hosiery
mills. wool securing establishment and
other enterprises. With good markets for
their products, abundance of raw material
and shipping facilities, manufacturers are
eagerly seizing upon this new field Of
profit. Messrs. Wright g. Miller are the
local agents of the North Galveston asso-
citation, and they will be glad to furnish
all particulars. The home ddress of the
association is Box 1853. Minneapolis, MINI.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
CANADIAN DeFAuLTeRS.

WINNIPEG, Man. March 80 Messrs
Bourge aud Chaffey. respectively the chief
accountant and the postal clerk of the
northwest government, have been sus-
peuded It is understood that their defal-
cations amount to thousands OF dollars.
and there are intimations that others are
involved
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
THE LOUISVILLE FORGER,Es.

LOUISVILLE, March 30-Information was
secured at a late hour last night which
seems to explain the mystery of the Sutton
forged warehouse receipts. Rendered des-
perate and ill from the strain on his mind,
William NJ. Beecher, a confidential book
keeper for A. K Sutton & Co., last night
stated that his employer was guilty OF the
crime suspected, and said further that n.
r. Sutton had confessed the same to him.
The bank receipts on which the forgeries
were committed were secured, he said,
over year ago, and We're secreted in the
Office at No. Is West Main street for some
time before being used. The actual
amount of the for ged receipts. according
to Beecher,. is from $50, 900 to SIS, 900.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
WEATHER BULLETIN
WEATHER BUREAU,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 7
WICHITA, Kan. March 80. 1898.
Forecast for Wichita and vicinity
Fair, colder Friday afternoon or Saturday
During the past twenty-four hours the
highest temperature was 81, the lowest
45, and the mean 64, with warmer, clear
weather, fresh south winds and falling ba-
rometer Thus far this month the average
temperature has been A.
For the past four years the average tenn
perature for the month of March has
oeen 400 and for the 30th day 46'.
FRED L. JOHNSON Observer.
WASHINGTON, March 80 Following is
the forecast until s D. m. Friday.
Missouri-Fair; southerly winds; warm
or in northern Illinois.
Kansas-FaiC; westerly winds; slightly
ooler in extreme western portion.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
READING EARNINGS.

PHILADELPHIA, March 30-The state
ment of the Philadelphia and Reading
Railway company for February shows
that for the two months ending Jan. Nj,
1893, the earnings were SIG, 123, an in-
crease of sl65. 13s as compared with the cor
responding months OF the last fiscal year.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
SEMI 10 IHE PEN

ST. JOSEPH, Mo, March 30.-Robert
Harvey, the gam bier who shot and killed
Robert Little in front of the iatter's
restaurant last November, was today
sentenced TO the penitontiary for three
years. Harvey and Little quarr-led over
an account of 60 cents. In the fight that
followed Harvey shot and killed Little
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
A BOILER EXPLOSION.

PUEBLO, Colo March SO-At McCarthy's
saw mill ln the southeastern part of this
county, boiler exploded last evening
with great force Charles Languame, the
engineer. was blown over loo yards and
instantly killed. j. M. Hardin was SER
iously Injured and two other men slightly
hurt. Tue mill is total wreck.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
a Titn QEANLEn

BRUNSWICK, Ga, March 30-Tbe tug
Mascot, Captain Potter, owned by j. G.
Longle of Jacksonville, went ashore la st
night on Cumberland Island beach. Cap
tain Potter aud Pilot Eader, who SWAN
ashore. are in serious condition at the
Hotel Cumberland. The fireman aud cook
were drowned
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
LEWIS SURRENDERED.

LAREDO. Tex, March 3o-Tho supreme
court of Mexico has denied the writ Of
habeas corpus sued out by Montgomery
Ii. Lewis, aud Colonel Ceron, command
ing in New Laredo, has received orders to
turn him over to the proper authorities of
this country. to be- tried on the charge OF
EN- mDeZZ IemonE
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
THE MODERN WAV

Commends itself to he well-formed, to do
pleasantly and effectually what was for
merly done in the crudest manner and dis
agreeably as well. TO cleanse the system
and break up colds, headaches and fevers
without unpleasant after effects, use the
delightful liquid laxative remedy, Syrup
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
ORlTIiARV

DENVER, March SO.-William Patrick,
aged 80. died here today. Mr.. Patrick was
one of the committee Of safety appointed
keep Missouri Ia the Uniou. He lived In
st. Louis for over rs years. where he held
various city Offices.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
saoT AND KILLED

ECAFArLA, l. T.. March - John Allen.
a guard ior = deputy msshAi. was ssot and
killed ~ S&Dbsys. Choetsw nation, yes
ser1ay evrning He and another guard
gos into dispute over some trivial matter
aud Alien stabbed The ether guard, where
upon the guard shot Allen killing MIN
instantly
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
A TYPEWRITER TRUST.

TRENT on, N. j.. March s0-Atypewriter
combine. with a capital of $50 00O0, 900 has
been formed. The articles of incorporation
were filed yesterday in the Office OF the
secretary OF state. Among the companies
included are the Remington. Yost, Ham
mond, Caligraph and American.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
TUPPER SNUBBEO.

OTTAWA. Ont, March 50.-lt is rumored
tonight that Sir Charles Tupper, Canadian
high commissioner in England, has tend
cred his resignation. because the Dominion
parliament did not ratify the Freaeh
treaty
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
A DELIGHTFUL 6USINESs-pLsASURE
TRIP

An opportunity 10 spend few days in
that delightful spot, North Galveston,
Tex, is offered by n special excursion to
April l2ih, 1898 Remarkable INDUCE
meDts are offered. For particulars apply
TO Wright & Miller, Agls.. Wichita, Kan
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
c0Ifl1lSG TEAMS

BIRMTyGHAx Ala. March 80 - T~o
esesE-p pound fright trains on The Georgia
Psc.3c mad 3 reaE-ead collision =. Waco
Ill miles sss. q here today. E1gineer
W iIiisEn Cray sgeI -. was killed, AID
Fireman Lewis Ps.chelI fatally hurt
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1893-03-31
TIE COLUMBIAN CONS.

PHILADELPHIA, March So.-Tne last OF
the 500. .0c0 Worlds Fair souvenir half
dollars was struck of az the mint IN this
city this afternoon.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
GOVERNMENT AID FOR ROADS.
Establishment of a Department of Road
at Washington Advocated.

Establishment of a Department of Roads
at Washington Advocated.
1t is safe to affirm that no subject
needs greater agitation h that OF
roads, and what is true of one state is no
less true of every other state in the
Union. The roads of Massachusetts,
like nearly all the highways in New Eng
land, exist where first were only foot
paths, leading from cabin to cabin of the
early settlers, and as the latter generally
built their homes on elevations for safe
ty, these trails in time became roads de-
waiting but little from the beaten track.
Thus we have a system of highways run
ming over the most billy parts of oul
country.
To remedy this evil and construct a
system of roads on the most improved
plans would cost millions of dollars, and
the various towns would find it mpossi-
BILE to carry out such an undertaking,
for many of them are heavily in debt,
the tax rates are high, a large number of
the farms are partially or wholly aban
doned, and in some portions of the state
there seems to be an atmosphere of dis
content settling down upon the farmers.
A country can i'll afford to neglect the
farmer or discourage any reasonable
measure for promoting and encouraging
agriculture, because the life and success
of a nation depends upon her agricultural
resources, and the prosperity of the farm-
ing community rests largely upon the
facilities for communicating with the
thickly settled sections. Where there
are no railroads the farmer must from
necessity take his produce omarket over
the public highways, and where the lat
ter are bad the cost of transportation
often exceeds that of the raw material.
In many of the towns throughout the
state frequent dis @siOns on the subject
of better roads ..,ye taken place, and
there seems to be General awakening to
the fact that the farmer is badly handi-
capped in his race with other branches
of industry. However sober and in
dustrious he may he, however much the
demand for his produce may increase, and
the market may grow, the present facil-
tiles for transportation place in his path
an obstacle which he is unable to sur.
mount. This has a most depressing
effect upon the farmer
We believe that the time has come
when the government should lend it's aid
and it seems proper, therefore, to advo
cate the establishment Of Il department
of roads at Washington. The duties Of
this commission should be to control anC
instruct similar commissions maintained
by the several states. and these state anC
national commissions should be given en-
tire charge of building and ,naintainin!
a system of macadam roads which woul'
be for the best interests Of the county
With a system of good roads, propert.
would greatly increase iii value, many o
the abandoned acres would again b
brought under cultivation. and muc
would be added to the comfort and pros
perity of the people Clarence d Wal
ner, G. E., in Good Roads.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Wide Tires Benefit the Roads.

The Ontaria department of agriculture
has issued q valuable special bulletin on
the making of roads. The line of argu-
ment used in favor Of the building of
good country roads in Canada is much
the same as that in the United States
namely, that good roads enable the farm
er to market his produce at all times in
the year and secure his supplies at less
expense for hauling, with less wear and
tear to vehicles and injury to animals,
besides which they result in bringing to.
gether more closely the members of the
agricultural community, and thereby in
crease the social intercourse of farmers
The report strongly commends the
movement in favor of wide tires for
draft vehicles. 1t saysit has been proved
by repeated experiments that wheels
with tires 81 inches wide cause double
the wear of wheels which have 4t-inch
tires. The wide tire has a tendency to
roll the roadbed and keep it smooth at
the same time, while the narrow n cuts
it up and requires more hauling force
for the same weight of load, besides
spelling the thoroughfare. Most of the
European countries have laws regulat-
ing this matter. In France the market
wagons have tires from 3 to 10 inches
in width, usually 4 to 6 inches, and the
rear axle is the longest, SO that the hind
wheels run on a line outside of the fore
wheels, the vehicle being thus a road
maker instead of a road destroyer. Fol
wagons without springs the tires should
not be less than y inches for a load Of
500 to 1000 pounds on each wheel. ant
for loads of 1000 to 5000 pounds OF eacf
wheel the tire should not be less than si1
inches wide.-Chicago Tribune.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
TIME SCHEDULE.
In effect on and after Monday, June ), 1899.


TRAINS ARRIVE AT HELENA.
]. Pacific Mail. west bound ........ 1910 D. M
z. Atlantic mail. east bound ..... 10:45 p. m
No. 5. Logan and Helena passenger,
Connecting at Logan with No. 3.
Pacific Express, west b0und) ........ 2:O5 p. m
&. Garrison and Helena passenger,
p Connecting at Garrison wife No. 4.
Atlantic Express. east bound) ........ 1873 p. III
8. Marysville passenger. ......... II 30 a. m
10 Marysville accommodation ..... $50 p. III
No. Q. Wlckes, Boulder and Elkhorn
passenger. 49,. 5:l5 p. m
No. 102. Rimini mixed, Mondays, We'd
and Fridays. ............... 800 p. III
TRAINS DEPART FROM HELENA.
No. l, Pacific Mail. west bouud ....... 10 10 p. M
No. ., Atlantic Mail. east bound 800. .10:15 D. m
No. 6, Helena and Logan passenger
connecting at Logan With No, 4,
Atlantic Express, east bound) ...... 1910 p. m
No. 5, Garrison and Helena passenger
connecting at Garrison with No. B.
Pdcific Express. west bound ........ 2:15 D. m
No. r, Marysville passenger. ........... 7:4b a. M
No. 9. Marysville accommodation. -. Ia p. III
No. 10, Wickes Boulder and ElkhOrn
passenger. 7:9O a. M
No. lO1, Rimini mixed, Mondays, Wed
nesdays and Fridays ............... S:l5 a. m
For Rates. Maps. Time Tables or Special In
formation apply to CHAs. S. FEE General
Passenger and Ticket Agent, st. Paul, Mimi, or
A. D. EDGAR,
General Agent of the Northern Pacific R.. X. at
HELENA. MONT,
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10

"Who's crying for help around here?"
asked a policeman of a boy who was
standing in front of a side street dwell
ing. from whence issued screams,
"No one," replied the boy. de fell
low dat leaves in dat house has been ap-
pointed empire for de league, and he's
getting his voice in shape, see:'-Pitts-
burg Dispatch.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Convict Labor on Country Roads,

The state convicts of Kentucky ought
to be put upon the public roads in the
mountain counties, where they would
not come in contact with free labor, and
at the same time would be made to sub
serve the public good in the most profit
able way. Hundreds of miles of roads
might be made in the mountainous Sec
tons of the state by employing these
convicts on them, and it would not nee
essarily cost the state a red cent The
counties would jump at the chance to
get their labor and would care for them
and relieve the state of a great burden
and bone of contention.-Jackson (Ky.)
Hustler.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
The Road Movement In Pennsylvania.

In Montgomery, Delaware and Ches-
ter counties a number of townships have
created township loans for the building
of stone highways. 1t has been found
easy to borrow the money at AZ and 5
per cent. 1t has been demonstrated by
actual experience that the payment of
the interest and the setting aside of a
yearly sum for a sinking fund cost at
first little more than the annual cost OF
repairing dirt roads, and with each year
the cost of repairs decreases. -Philadel-
phia Inquirer.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Husband and Wife In Accord.

"Women must consider it a dreadful
fate to be an old maid" unused Nj. Chug-
water.
"They do, Josiah" said Mrs. Chugwa-
ter. What terrible sticks they some
times marry to escape it."
And Josiah rubbed his chin and said
nothing. Tribune.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Horses Versus Good Roads.

A man from Texas says that there are
1900, 600 more horses kept by the farm
ers in the United States than would be
necessary to perform the same work II
we had good roads. He estimates the
loss to farmers to be $500, 0oO, GOO annu-
ally.-New York Evening Sun.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
A Feminine Attraction.

Little Boy-What's all those womens
here for?
Little Giri-They've been up stairs to
see the baby.
Little Boy-Babies is plenty 'nough.
Little Girl-Yes, but this is a real new
one, an 1 guess they wants to see the
style.-Good News.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
get up"

Get upr" the caller calls, Get up!"
And in the dead of night,
To win tie BARNS their bite and sup
rise Al weary wight.
My flannel dudden donn'd, thrice DER
My birds are kiss'd, and then
with a whistle shut the door
may not ope again.
Joseph Skipsey
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Too Great a Load.

She-I want to tell you a secret, Cholly,
but you mustn't breathe a word of it to
anybody. -.
He-Aw-please-will you-aw-waltf
I'm just trying to keep Lent now, and
aw-it's such a tax that could nevah
keep the secret too.-Harper's Bazaar.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
An American Comedy Probably.

Mr.. Firstnight-Is everything full al
ready? Haven't you ever one seat for me?
Cashier-Don't be troubled. If you
will wait till the second act, there will
be plenty of room.-Texas Siftings.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
Girlish Condolences,

Maud-ias your fance a mustache?
Marie-Yes. indeed!
Maud-ls it dark or light?
Marie-It's-it's-well, the fact is,
really don't know. never see him ex-
cept when the gas is turned downs. &
CTS Monthly.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10

Won Blumer-You haven't another CT
gar like the one you gave me the other
day, have you?
Williertry-Yes, here's one.
Won Blumer-Thanks, old man. I'm
trying to break my boy from smoking
Clothier and Furnisher.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
THE N

The popular line to reach LAKES Pend d.
Orielle, Occur d Alene, Kootenai, Chelan, the
Hot Springs and Mountain Resorts oil the
NORTHWEST and to ALASKA.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
THE LINE.

The peoples highway from Chicago, st. Paul,
Minneapolis, Duluth and West Superior to Win
nipeg, Helena, Butte, Missonla. Spokane, Taco
ma, Seattle, Portland and Puget Sound.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
THE DINING A LINE.

The YELLOWSTONE PARK LINE.
This marvellous WONDERLAND reached
only by this line.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
TICKETS

Are sold at all coupon offices of the Northern Pa
citic Railroad to Points North, East South and
West, in the United States and Canada.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
ARRIVE

For maps, rates, further information, etcs call
on or address
S. l.. CRANE, Agent, Neihart.
IC. STEBBINS, TRAY. Pass Agent, Helena.
b. II. LANGLEY, Gen. Ticket Agent, Helena.
The Neihart herald. [volume] (Neihart, Mont.) 1890-1901, 1893-06-10
DAILY EXPRESS TRAINS

Have PULLMAN PALACE CARS, PULLMAN
TOURIST SLEEPING CARS, FREE COLON
IST CARS.
Huntsville gazette., 1893-02-11
GOOD INDIANS, ALL.
The Pine Ridge Trouble End-The MUIR
derers of the Cowboys Die in Their
Moccasins.

The Pine Ridge Trouble End-The MUIR
derers of the Cowboys Die in Their
Moccasins.
RUsHvILLE, Neb., Feb. 5.-Word has
been received here of the murder Of
four cowboys belonging to the Hum
phrey ranch on the White river Tues
day night, north Of Pine Ridge agency.
by two strikers, one of whom was one
of the leaders of the troubles at Pine
Ridge two years ago. A party of cow
boys have started in pursuit of the
marauders and bloody conflict is ex-
pected.
RAPID CITY, S. D., Feb. 6.-Late in
formation goes to show that the muir
ders of Friday were the work Of band
of Indian cattle thieves, and not the
outcome of any ill-feeling or discomfort
among the redskins. Messages by tele-
phone from Fort Meade state that the
company of Indian scouts did not leave
White river, and that no troops will be
sent to the agency. Everything is
quiet once more.
Charles Ford, cowboy employed
upon one Of the White river cattle
IduScSy DIOuBHb luc HcWS VI UIc lIuT-
der to Buffalo Gap. Ford had gone to
the Humphrey & Stringer beef camp to
visit his friends, who were in charge of
the cattle. He found them murdered
and terribly mutilated. Ford was un-
armed and did not dare to remain in
the vicinity, but at once mounted and
rode to Buffalo Gap
The murdered men were well known
in this region. Their names were Ed
Calkins, foreman for the Humphrey
camp; Rodney, Royce, Cook and two
men named Hathaway and Ben nett.
1t is now supposed the Indians killed
Calkins and his associates in revenge
for their reporting to Agent Brown the
theft of steer from their herd earlier
in the week. Sergt. Joe Bush and his
men found the four Indians who had
killed the cowboys on White river in
the vicinity of the beef camp, and as
they would not surrender, made them
all ''good Indians"
Their names were White-Face-H Horse,
Two-Sticks and two of his sons.
Huntsville gazette., 1893-02-11
CRIMES AND CASUALTIES.

FIRE recently destroyed about 200
houses in the town of Shibushi, Japan,
and many lives were lost. Two hum
tlred houses were also burned at the
Japanese town of Mivamotcho.
On the I'd the fast east bound passen-
ger train on the Fort Wayne & Chicago
road ran into west-bound freight near
Loudonville. O., while going at a very
high rate of speed. Engineer David
Peppard of the limited was badly hurt,
and the fremen of both trains were in
jured.
THE three seamen on the Norwegian
ship Thekla, from Philadelphia, who
were rescued by the Danish bark Her
man, after enduring terrible sufferings
on the laundering vessel, have been ar
rested in Ham burg on charge OF MUIR
der. based on their own confession that
they killed and ate sailor OF the ship
in order to save themselves from death
by starvation.