The herald., 1893-08-01
IMPROVING THE OLD.
CONTRARlETY IN INVENTION AND
HOW THE RULE WORKS.

The Irreverent Inventor Scorns Not to Find
a New Way of Doing Thing-sometimes
He Fails to Find a Isetter Way, Often He
Stumbles Upon a Great Idea.
There is apt to be fine irreverence
about the inventor which leads him to
suspect that any old way of doing O
thing is for that very reason not the best
way. Often he observes some time hon
ored plan of working, audaciously makes
up his mind to do the exact opposite and
hits upon success. Guns were loaded at
the muzzle for ages, until one day man
Of originality thought Of loading them
at the other end, the preferable end on
many accounts besides that of manifest
convenience. The same path was trod-
den by the Frenchman who first put the
eye of a needle near it's point instead of
away from its point. He little knew
that he was doing a great deal to make
the sewing machine possibility.
One of the notions Of the pioneer rail-
way engineers in England was that their
rails must be fanged SO that the wheels
of locomotives and carriages should not
get off the track. But some one of skep-
tical mind inquired, "Why NOT leave the
top of the rail fiat, or nearly fiat, and put
the fange on the wheel, an easier thing
to do?" Accordingly the fange was taken
from the rail to the wheel and remains
there to this day to remind the traveller
that an eastern philosopher said long
ago, "To him that is well shod it is as
if the whole earth were covered with
leather"
1t is good many years now since
steam was first used for heating build
ings, and as air when warmed ascends
what more natural than that steam coils
should hug the floors just as the stoves
before them had done? But in some Of
the largest factories in this country the
coils are fastened not to the floor, but to
the ceiling, which proves to be better
place for them. AS everybody knows
who ever sat before an open fire, radia-
ton is a pleasanter means of warmth
than convection, than heat carried along
by currents of air. Floor space is Incl
dentally saved, and the risk of gathering
combustible rubbish about the coils is
avoided.
In the ages of simplicity, which came
down to Watts time and the invention
of the steam engine, when kettle was
to be heated the proper place for the fire
was thought to be outside. But when
big boilers came in, with pressing need
that their contents be heated in the short
est time possible, it was found gainful
to put the fire inside. Stephenson's loco
motive, the Rocket, derived no small
part of its efficiency from his knowledge
to which side of the boiler to apply
flame.
On somewhat the same principle Lord
Dundonald, one of the early ilnprovers,
of the steam engine, forced the hot air
currents under his boiler from above
downward, against their natural tend
ency to move from below upward. In
this way he made available much heat
that otherwise would have been wasted.
The steam engine, whether mounted on
wheels or not, always keeps its fuel out
side-furnace and cylinder are distinct.
Today the steam engines primacy is
challenged by motor which uses its
fuel inside, the furnace being no other
than the cylinder, precisely as in the
barrel of a gun. So much more work
does gas engine yield. than steam en-
gine, in comparison with the heat ap-
piled, that only the dearness of heat as
supplied by gas prevents the speedy su-
percedure Of steam for motive power
AS gas engines grow steadily larger,
their margin of economy becomes so de-
cided that it begins-to pay to make gas
on purpose to burn in them.
IN the reduction Of baulte, the re-
fractory ore of aluminium, it is reces-
sary to maintain an extreme tempera,
ture The melting point of the mineral
is high, and only so much of the heat as
ranges above that temperature does
work. In the mining department of the
Worlds fair is an exhibit showing how
the modern metallurgist reduces alumni
ium with new economy. Instead Of EN-
ploying the old crucible method and ap
plying the fire from without, he inclose.
the ore in nonconducting bed, and by
means Of powerful electric current ap
plies the heat from within. Electric
furnaces of this type now produce bronze
and other alloys at prices which steadily
fall as their market enlarges.
Not far from the mining exhibit al
Chicago stands Machinery hall. Whez
its visitors see one of the largest steam
engines driving machinery with slacl
belt, they are won't to express surprise
Ordinary folks today think just wha
machinists thought a few years ago
that tightness is the effective and indeed
the only feasible condition for belts
But in this case, as in good many 9th
ers, the rule of contraries has come, ani
with profit.
Architects as well as engineers ani
metallurgists have found it profitable t,
go into opposition where some ancien
practices have been concerned. In lati
tudes of much fall Of rain or snow tn,
form of roof which most obviously sug
gests itself is the common pitched roof
resembling an A more or less broadened
Vexed by bursting rain conductors, bs
impromptu object lessons as to the fore,
of avalanches, northern architects tax.
not A, but V, duly widened, for thei
roof type In winter ice and snow, caugh
as in basin, cannot fall to the street
Icicles are banished, and in conductor
carried through the heart of the building
and kept warm by the building ice il
gradually melted without a chance to ds
damage. York Sun.