davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1893-02-15
" "Olertan- 4r.s" estAn impresas en-
cad a peril.

Baj> el punto de vista lie Ia ca
lidad v de- ID eficacia nont a 'as en
fermedades de la uretra y de ia We
jigs, ningdu RENE ito puede ser
preferdo /, las Perl0s de esencia de
SdBdGEo del DR. CIertan. preparadas
segua nm procedlmiento qne tiep-
la apr baci6n de Is a cademia d.
Medicine de Paris. Estas Perlas
tiener tambiea ls ventsja de ser
accesio oles a todos los bosillos.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1893-02-15
s. de Erquiags.
Vap esp MANUELA.

WH OO1 IFIFNIN EAFW
Procedente de Santiago de Ou-
ba, via Ponce, Msyagiiez y Aqua
dilla, tomara puerto del 20 al 81
del presente mes.
OonsignatsriO, Ludwig Duplace.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1893-02-15
ENFERMEDADES d EST0MAG0. sVho CnaSang.

FL gran sSpso1fCO contra tOdas
las afecoiones oe. Higa0o. La Pv
d0hilua y Ia LeptanuriDa, sustan
clas pufamente vegetables que tOl'
man los prlnclpales eiemen4os OF
la composition de las atamadat
Pildoras do Bristol, pUseen tOdah
las buenas cuaildades del mercufn
ep las eLfe1me0ades Gel l1gado,
sin producer nlnguno de sus 0esa
graduates y peIJu0lclales efeCt0s.
Bejo su podeiosa y saludable a.
cion 0esAparecen EN- Lreve to1ok
los 0esarreglos Dlllosos, dolores lie
cOslados, lcterlcla, marcos, y Oh
suma, t0dos ios dolores, eLferme.
daues y achaQues que reConoCeh
SUI Otigen en el Higado.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1893-02-15
AVISOs

Vap esp RAMON DE LARRINAGA.
HAcia el 18 del corriente saldrS
de Liverpool, con destino 1 este
puerto.
s. de Efquiags.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1893-02-15

squina & Ia del Sol, concciia col
Il noIubre de A roy0.
Consultas com de cC,tum e.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

ton of over 81, zoe, 900, 900, which was
followed by the terrible panic Of 1878. "
From the middle of the year 1896 to
the year 1873, prices steadily fell be-
cause of actual contraction, just as they
have since 1878 steadily fallen because
of relative contraction, consequent
upon the congestion in the banks, in
the shape of reserves, of more than one
half the total volume of money in cir
culation.
There seems to exist a popular i'm
preston that the terms gold prem
ium" and currency depreciation"
stand for synonymous and simultane-
GUS phenomena and may always be
used interchangably to express the
one and same thing. This, however,
I apprehend is . mistaken idea
Because of it's being boarded and
withheld from money use, for purposes
of speculation, gold may go to prem
ium. or above par. in nation, and yet
the nations paper currency may not
depreciate, or go below par. There is
no such thing as an international legal
tender money, but there is such thing
Sso Ola AUOA A0tAOA0A SVdAOhIO RIxC0 p0x.
To illustrate: Suppose gold in the
United States is quoted at Is per cent.
premium and wheat is worth in En-
gland $LOo gold. per bushel. If the
currency of the United States has de-
preciated, wheat in New York, for ex-
port, will be worth s1.25 in currency,
or $1.Oo in gold, less freight in both
cases. But if gold has gone above par,
wheat will be worth in New York 81. 90
in currency and 80 cents in gold, less
freight in both cases. Tried by this
test, our greenback currency never de-
preciated in one particle.
Is this assertion susceptible of proof?
think so. How, then shall we prove
it? Take one of the leading staple ex-
port products and compare it's gold
price in England with its greenback
price in the United States If the
greenback really deprecated, the
greenback price here will be found to
be as much higher than the price in
England as the per cent. of deprecia-
ton it is assumed the greenback sui
fered. Take wheat. for instances:
PRICE OF WHEAT
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20
DID oREENeACKs DEPREc,ATEa

II Not, why Waste Time Trying to Assisn
Cause for That Which Never Hap
pened?
Itappears to me that time and efforts
spent in attempt to explain the cause
of the supposed depreciation of the
greenback during the suspension of
specie payments, partakes very much
of the nature of "loves labor lost" If
it sheuldgturn out that time and efforts
SO spent are spent in an attempt to ex-
plain the Cause of an event that never
happened ard to account for a fact that
really never existed, then, indeed, would
the whole controversy resolve itself
into new version of much Ado About
Nothing"
1 have always taken it for granted
that the popular opinion was correct
and that the greenback really did de-
preciate in purchasing power, as
money, during the period in question.
presume that no one has, or ever will
question the assertion that, as a legal
tender in payment of debt, the green
back always performed the function of
money and would cancel debt equal
~, dollar for dollar, with gold Not
only is this true in fact, but a long line
of legal decisions sustained and en-
forced the legality of the practice. Not
only is this so but the debts that could
thus be legally cancelled, dollar for
dollar, with greenbacks, embraced in
their CATEGORY all private debts. of all
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20
COMMODITY MONEY.

"A Non. FIuCCu0C1nX standard OF value I'M
possible So Long as We Have Com
modify Money.
AS long as the country uses COM
modify money we will have a currency
of fluctuating values-it cannot in the
nature of things be otherwise. For in
stance: The population of the United
States increased 70 per cent. from 1870
to 1890; the gold production fell off "a
per cent. ESQ, 600, 900 to $32, S45, OOO) in
the same period. whereas, to keep pace
with the population, it should have
risen to ss5, 0o0,O 00 Silver production,
on the other hand, increased in the
same time So per cent. (s66, 900, 600 to
sos, 600, O0O)-not so great an increase
as that of population, but it has the
merit of trying to keep up, at least,
while gold has actually fallen back.
And yet financial demagogues, putting
on vast dignity, talk to us
profoundly of a notwithstanding
STANDARD" of value, and a stable par
ity Of values between the two metals!
The value Of these metals, as each to
itself and to the other, varies daily &C
cording to the supply and demand. The
people are studying this lawful deep"
money question, and the first supersti-
ton they are dropping is that any one
or two metals have any divine royal
rights as money material Another dis
covery they have made is that intrinsic
value commodity money is always
fluctuating. Another discovery is that
commodity money is always under the
thumb of the organized money dealers
and Wall street gamblers. They have
also to remember Cts an old discovery
that metal money is coward and a
traitor, always going into hiding when
needed to save the nations life. Who
has forgotten it? . 1t has been long,
bitter, costly lesson for the common
people-this learning what money is
not. And now we are learning what it
should bean ideal function rather
than a metal of supposed intrinsic
value; legal instrument furnished by
the state for the purpose Of ehecting
transfers or exchanges of value from
hand to hand. It is no more necessary
that true money should have material
value in itself than that yard-stick, a
quart measure, a warehouse certificate,
or farm deed should. The people are
rapidly learning, but until the major
ity catches up, the old hard money sys-
tenn, with its accompanying wholesale
plundering of producer and laborers,
will have to be endured.-Hartford
Ind.) Arena.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

% rapid for twenty years past, promises
to be alarmingly accelerated during tho
naxt eighteen months, by reason OF tho
general foreclosure now imminent on
account Of apprehended legislation OF
finance.
On every side the evidences of gener-
al depression and distress are alarm
ingly apparent But further enumera-
ton is unnecessary here. There must
be remedy and it is to you that we
appeal that you may lay aside every
feeling, save that of our common coun-
try's good, and join us in an honest
effort to right existing evils.
For twenty-five years industrial or
CARNATIONS, representing vast por-
ton of our American citizenship, have
been conducting schools of political
economy. Social conditions have been
discussed from every standpoint, and
the demands of the Farmers Alliance
and Industrial union, concurred in by
twenty-five national organizations at
St Louis in Februar'- 1892, is the re-
suit of this education. These demands
embody the policies advocated by this
Organization for the permanent relief
of the country from present troubles
and future danger.
This order and other kindred bodies
throughout the United States firmly
rely on the sufficiency Of the remedies
therein contained.
Your earnest attention is called to
each and all of said demands, which
cover generally the whole field Of
economic thought During all these
years petitions, demands, circumstances
and requests, coming from those or
carnations, have been urged by proper
committees and otherwise before the
conventions of the dominant political
parties, and the attention Of state and
national Legislative bodies has been di-
rected hundreds of times to them, but
all in vain.
In the language of the great declara-
ton: ''Our petitions have been rejected
and we have been spurned with con-
contempt from the foot of the throne"
Nor does the attitude of the present
national administration furnish any
responsible hope for relief. It's we'll
known policy will further aggravate
the situation. It stands avowedly op-
posed to our demands and largely at
variance from the constituency to
which it owes its elevation to power.
Having no further hope that our pc
titions will be met with respect from
that quarter we now appeal to the
great mass of individual citizens of
America, whose suffrage is the supreme
power of the land, to unite with us in
support of just measures of relief
Our interests are identical and by
united effort the principles advocated by
Jefferson may be restored and equality
and justice established. The intelli-
gent ballot is the true weapon of de-
tense. The calm judgment of the peo-
pie is the essential thing to restore
prosperity and confidence.
Firmly relying on the cooperation Of
every patriotic, iberty-loving suffregan
of America, we pledge ourselves anew
to the great cause in which we have
been so long enlisted.
Signed by Thomas Gaines, Comanche,
chairman; R. A. Cain, Wood county; j.
81. Cannon, Madison county.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

Years average premium on gold. 1896
Each and every year will prove out
with the same remarkable approxima-
ton to exactness.
The entire gold premium plea is a
fraud. Whatever premium may have
apparently existed, was not upon gold
as money, but as cornered commodity
in the United States and our green back
currency remained at par with
England's gold money throughout the
entire period. l think am right? If
not, why not? GEORGE G. WARD
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

"A clean cut monetary plank de-
handing inconvertible paper money
and the demonstration of both metals.
would give the peoples party distinct
issue of it's own.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

The silver men are forty-four cents
on the dollar "fiat.'' That is enough
to establish the soundness of the prin.
ciple.
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20
Average. N.llsI 81 81 90 l52 el5:

back currency Is taken from statistics of the
United States treasury department The gold
price of wheat in England is arrived at by fis-
cal years, by adding together the price for each
successive two calendar years. as given In the
Cincinnati Price Current and taking half the
Quotient as the price for the fiscal year The
gold price in the United States is found by
multiplying the greenback price by the value
IN gold OF greenback dollar, as given in the
American Almanac l cannot account for the
discrepancy between the currency price with
freight added and the price in England. 1t
looks like steal The same discrepancy ap
pears from 1880 to 1892
A glance at the foregoing table will
prove the soundness of my theory and
strength of my position. The gold
monomania cs, who are bowling for
gold standard, because they want a
worlds money" will doubtless be sur
prised to find that our despised and
hitherto disgraced greenback re-
NAMED at par with English gold money
all the time from 1862 to 1880, in spite
of the fact it was not inconvertible
but also had the exception clause on
it's back. The apparent exceptions in
1864-5-6, are caused by the very small
surplus of wheat in the United States
for those years. We must not look to
gold in the United States, cornered and
boarded as it was by banking Shy
locks and gold spectators, if we desire
to find par standard with which to
compare the purchasing power of our
greenback currency. Rather must we
go across the ocean to England, where
gold was performing its normal func-
tions as circulating medium and
money of account. Compared with
that standard, our greenbacks re-
NAMED at par all through the period Of
suspension of specie payments Com
pared with that standard, United
States gold was net only at premium
as compared with greenback currency,
but also as compared with English gold
money. This you may prove by add
ing the gold price Of wheat in New
York to the freight from New York to
Liverpool and then comparing it with
the gold price of wheat IN England.
The result will be a most remarkable
confirmation of my theory. The diff
ference between the gold price in the
United States, with freight added, and
the gold price in England, will be
found to almost exactly cover the dis
crepancy which exists between the
currency price, with freight added. and
the price in England, plus the average
premium quoted for the year 1870 upon
gold in the United States Thus:
Gold price in England. -. . eLA2
Currencv price in Unitef States. 81. 28.9
Add freight. Observation-Disclosures. 1873 1.4L2
81
Gold price in England - LAP
Gold price in United States . lO45
Add freight. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. 1913 L1es
27A
Deduct apparent discrepancy. go. 40
-
p !
L Years. average nremium on gold 3Q5
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20
The Deadly Parallel

II undertake to af- "Ourgovernmc- team
firm, without fear of not make its fat
contradiction, that aIequivalent to intrinsic
paper issued by the value nor keep inferior
government, with the money on parity with
simple promise to re- superior money by it's
ceive for all dues own independent eff.
would be as uniform inlforts, nor is it justified
its value as the metals in permitting an exag-
themselves John c. Igerated and unreason-
Calhoun (dem). able reliance on our
national strength and
ability to jeopardize
the soundness of the
f-ss-t peoples money. % Gro
yer Cleveland (plut)
Progressive Farmer
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

"A reader asks us the following
question: 1.-THE Citizen advocates
paper currency in its editorial columns.
Why, then, should it be in favor of thu
free coinage of silver? Metallism must
60" The Citizen is in favor of the free
and unlimited coinage of silver in the
same sense as a drowning man at sea
who, while he would much prefer to be
picked up by man-of-war boat. is not
too proud to reject plank. Cleveland
Citizen
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

themselves by taking advantage of the
governments necessities. It will be
found that in the case Of commodities,
the prices of which are governed by the
price of the export surplus abroad, the
greenback dollar remained at par with
the gold money of England. In the
case of commodities not exported by us,
the price was governed by the volume
of paper currency in circulation, gold
not being factor in determining prices,
it not being in use as money.
On July l, 1851, the total stock Of
money in the nation, specie and paper
was but s44s, 405, 1877. But as Mr.. lay
lor, in the article already referred to,
says: During the civil war the gov
eminent issued various kinds of treas
ury notes, certificates, ETC., which cir
culated as currency, amounting in 1865
to 1896, 67S, ITO. By the act of April
10, 1866, the secretary of the treasury
was authorized to sell bonds and with
the proceeds to retire these various
evidences of debt; but he was not to re-
tire more than 81, 000, 900 in greenbacks
month, or s4s, GOO, 900 4 year. Under
this law most of this indie BITE dness was
converted into longtime bonds, inter-
est payable in gold. Over $4,000, 900
of greenbacks had been retired thus
when in January, 1858, their further
reduction was forbidden. But the gov
eminent continued to redeem the Sew
en-thirty notes and other interest
bearing obligations with the proceeds
of bonds, and from 1865 to 1878 the
floating obligations were reduced from
81. 900. CTS. ITO to S765. 679. 685 a con+~n~-
The representative. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1893-1901, 1893-09-20

on demand.
This, with other things herein enum-
Grated, is creating condition which,
in all probability, will prevent large
amount Of the present crop from being
sold for cash at any price. Said nation
al banking system is also holding loans
and discounts to the amount of over
81, 600, 600, 600.
Profting by all these advantages it
has become arrogant and, in its greed,
has overreached itself by allowing it's
stockholders to become stockholders in
all kinds of corporations until every
artery of business is strained to the ut
most tension and until the crash has
come. Its operation has induced sys-
tenn of inflated credits so enormous as
to stagger the belief of the wisest man,
and to-day the people are loaded with
every form of Indebtedness until it
seems impossible to conceive of its ulti-
mate liquidation. BY reason of the
present stringency and that there is
apparently no source of supply for
money to move the crops of 1898, prices
are declining and al indications point
to the conclusion that they will be far
below the cost of production, thus fur
Their increasing the general distress
Nor has the operation of the system
affected prices alone. The lands and
highways and other properties of neces-
sity to the welfare of the people, have
become monopolized along with the
triumphal march of the money power.
The Capitalization of wealth and the
concentration of landed estates and
the great increase of homeless people,
Morris tribune., 1893-09-27
AS TO PENSIONS.
Commissioners Lochren Submits His
Annual Report.

Commissioner Lochren Submits His
Annual Report.
WASHINGTON, Sept. %. Pension Com
missioner Lochren has submitted his
annual report to the secretary of the in
terror. The number of pensioners on
the rolls of the bureau is 956,012, with
Nnet increase of 89,044 during the past
year. During the year "a, 715 claims for
increase of pension and 81, 900 for addi-
tional pension under the act of June 81,
1890, were allowed. In the same time
1921 claims for pension and for in
crease were rejected. Claims pending
consideration July numbered I'll, 100.
Amount of money paid for pensions
during the year was $156, TAO, 467.
Balance at the close of the
year was $2,437, 371. Appropria-
tions for the next fiscal year, Com
missioner Lochren states, will be
ample and the estimates for the fiscal
year 1895 amount to 1852, ,631, $780, Re-
ferring to the estimates for the fiscal
year 1895, Commissioner Lochren saysI
IF these were based wholly on the
experience of former years and the
capacity of the force of the bureau to
handle cases through the formal stages
Of examination to allowance, the result
would be much larger estimate. But
1895 is 30 years after the close of the
war The pension roll, in view of it's
size, compared with the number of men
enrolled in that war. will, in my opin-
ion, by that time have reached its limit
and begin to decrease"
Morris tribune., 1893-09-27
AN OPEN SWITCH
Sends Fast Express Crashing Into
ElpofCht-EIavan Killed

Sends Fast Express Crashing Into a
Freight-Eleven Killed.
KINGsBURY, Ind, Sept. %. Eleven
bodies resting upon improvised slabs
and tables under the roof of the modest
Masonic hall of this village and score
of injured as inmates of the city hospi-
tai of Peru, 20 miles distant, tell the
story of the railroad horror on the Wa
bash Friday morning.
A moment of forgetfullness or absent
mindedness on the part of brakeman,
who is given the best of reputation by
the Wabash officials, tells the story of the
seconds that preceded the catastrophe.
The passenger train was running in
two sections. The first section had
passed the station and the switchmen
evidently forgot the second section and
turned the switch for freight to go
out. A moment more and the second
section dashed into the freight standing
on the sidetrack,
Morris tribune., 1893-09-27
BANDITS TRAPPED.
TRAIN RoBRING ENTERPRISE
GETS A SERIOUS SET BACK.

Officers Heard of an Attempt TO Hold
Up the Kansas City and St.Joe Ex'
press aud They Were Prepared.
Two Robbers Killed and Four
Captured.
ST. JOSEPH, Sept. pa bold attempt
at train robbery was cleverly frustrated
here just after midnight. AS result
two would-be train robbers are dead
and four are behind the bars in Jail.
Of six men who attempted the robbery
not. one escaped. The train which the
bandits attempted TO rob was passen-
ger train No. on the Kansas City, St.
Joseph and Council Bluffs railroad.
which left Kansas City at 9:05 p. m.
and which arrived here at 1880 in
the morning. The officials of the road
had been notified that the robbery had
been planned, and they notified the po-
lice. When the train arrived here
A Dummy Train
was made up and l6 police officers,
under command Of the chief of police,
were put aboard. In order to thor
oughly deceive the robbers the train
was made an exact duplicate of train
No. 3, and consisted of an engine and
tender, an express and baggage car and
the usual coaches and Pullmans. When
the dummy reached point two miles
north of st. Joe the engineers atten-
ton was arrested by lighted lantern
moving to and fro between the
rails. He promptly obeyed the signal
and six masked men surrounded the
engine. One of the six mounted the
engine, and, presenting one revolver at
the engineers head and another at the
fireman's, held them in subsection while
the other five men hastened to rob the
express car They ordered the messen-
ger to open the door, which he did
forthwith.
Three Of the bandits entered the car,
leaving two without to keep guard.
The policemen who were guarding the
train were distributed in the various
cars, the majority of them being con-
cealed in the express car. The three
bandits who had undertaken the work
of robbing the car entered the car,
when the police ordered them to sur
render. The robbers were
Taken Completely by Surprise
but they opened fire atsonce upon the
police. The police returned the fire
and a general fusilade followed. About
25 shots were fired on both Sides
When the smoke cleared away the life
less bodies of Kohler and Indall were
found lying on the floor of the car.
Both had been shot through the head.
Frederick, the third robber engaged
In the fight in the car, was uninjured,
and was placed under arrest. None of
the officers were injured. While the
fight was going on in the car, those of
the police not engaged in it were look
ing after the two robbers who had been
left outside to keep watch. The police
quickly took them in and placed them
under arrest The bandit who had been
detained to guard the engineer and fire.
man quickly realized the situation
when he heard the battle going on in
the express car and promptly made his
escape, but was captured later and
placed in Jail here.