davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1893-02-15
3. The rotation of the earth.

3. The rotation of the earth.
The measurements of atmospheric pres
sure are obtained by means of the barOm-
eter, an instrument with which it is neces-
sary to assume the reader to be familiar.
Unequal pressure tends to produce mo-
ton in the atmosphere. Conceive two
vertical columns OF air extending to the
top of the atmosphere, and imagine them
connected near the earth by q horizontal
tube. If the weight of one column exceeds
that of the other, the air must flow from
the heavier to the lighter column, in the
same manner as when water stands at
tube. The wind must, therefore, blow
from places where the pressure is greatest
toward places where pressure is least; or,
what is the same thing, from places where
the barometer is highest toward places
where the ba Ometer is lowest or most
depressed. Assuming the lines of equal
chart, it is at once perceived that, in well
understood accordance with Il e laws of
mechanics, the atmosphere must bepush-
ing from the regions of higher toward
those of lower pressure. The resulting
movements of the air, modified by the
forces Of inertia and friction, and by the
rotation OF the earth and local Obstruc-
tiOns, is isconvcrted into local winds, whose
directions are indicated by arrows on the
charts, and whose velocities are given in
miles per hour. These are called local
winds, as distinguished from general
winds OF any section Of the country and
from the great currents Of air.
= he general winds appear to be prima-
riIy dependent upon the existence and
position of the areas of high and low
pressure. The great currents, spreading
az they do over whole continents and
encircling the earth, are largely infu-
enced by, if not entirely dependent upon,
the earth's aXial rotation.
Ii the earth were not in rotation, the
winds would uniformly blow in straight
lines outward from the center of every
area OF high barometer toward the sur
rounding localities of lower barometer.
Observation, however, has long since
clearly shown that in this hemisphere,
within an area Of high pressure, the winds
will be ioundno only blowing away from
the centre outward, but also to be de-
fected toward he right hand as they
move forward. 1t has also been shown
with equal clearness, that in this hemis-
phere, within any area of low pressure,
the winds will l,IOW toward the centre
inward, and will also be DETECTED toward
the right hand rs they move forward. In
other words, t! prevalent direction un-
der the given COZ ditiOns would be like the
hands of clo k. The contrary to this
prevails south OF the equator. 1t is a
maratime prov erb that ''backing wind
never stands"
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1893-02-15
So per AunuDl, in advance
DeLand. Fla. Wednesday, February Is, 1898.

loses it most rapidly at the top Hence,
since the density OF the air is diminished
by the increase of heat, the atmosphere
is in a state of unstable equilibrium, and
the lower strata tends continually to rise
and take the place of the upper.
The CONSTITUENCIES Of atmospheric airare
nitrogen, oxygen, a little Carbonic acid
gas, and variable amount of VapOr Ct
water. The amount of moisture in the
atmosphere sometimes forms four per
cent. OF its entire weight and sometimes
less than one per cent. E. and as it is the
lightest clement of the atmosphere, it is
easily seen that the greater the amount
of vapOr of water in the atmosphere, the
lighter the latter will be. The air gets it's
water through evaporation OF Waterfront
the earth's surface, evaporation being
an effect Of heat from the sun, and vary
ing directly with it. Hence. thesuns heat
not only produces unstable equilibrium
in the atmosphere by heating, expanding
and tightening it at thebOttOm but also
by putting into it at the bottom more of
the vapOr of water The air thus light
ened ascendS, comes under diminished
pressure, expands and cools.
The capacity OF the air fer holding va
por depends upon the temperature of the
air-increasing or diminishing with it
and is q certain definite fixed amount for
every temperature. Up to this amount
the air will hold all the moisture evapO-
rated into it from the earth surface
but if any more moisture is attempted to
be forced into it some of it will be con
densed and fall as rain. That is, the at
mOsphere for every temperature has q
saturatiOn point, and beyond this, If the
temperature remains the same, will hold
no more moisture. Ii at any time we find
the temperature point to which the air
would have to be cooled, before, with the
moisture it contains, it would be entirely
saturated that temperature would be
what is known as the "DeW Point" of the
air at that time. The ratio Ofthe amount
of moisture in the air at that time to the
amount it could hold ii saturated, is it's
"Relative Humidity"
Now the ascending air carries with it
the vapor Of the water it contains, and
us it rises and cOols, its temperature
gradually approaches its dew point. The
vapOr is condensed. and alter while
forms cloud. First the Cirrus" or high
altitude thin clouds-the air not having
vet much moisture must necessarily be
carried to a great height before it will be
sufficiently cooled to be saturated By
and by the "Cirrus' becomes denser and
forms the CirrO-Stratae," then, as the
air becomes more moist, condensation
takes place lower down, "Cumulus"
clouds are formed, then the ''Stratae,"
and finally the rain cloud, or ''Nimbus," J."
is developed.
Thus, decreasing pressure, or low ba-
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1893-02-15


Nosubject is SO much talked about and
so little understood as the weather.
Scarcely q day passes, perhaps, in the
lives OF any of us without some remark
or discussion about the weather. How
many OF our actions for to day--ior the
futurG-depend upon what the weather
will be? The Farmer SOWS his seed; the
northumberland te-brings his increase
or blasts his hopes with hot, parching
winds, drDuthe, excessive rains, frOss
or extreme cold.
Men of excellent education in other re-
spects, DIRE still occasionally found who
connect change Of weather with phazes
of the moon, and with all credulity con
suit their almanacs for predictions OF
rain or fair weather. Others, perhaps,
consult the barometer, and may register
it's figures, but are So little acquainted
with the exact meaning OF it's movements,
with existing weather conditions bearing
upon and causing Weat her changes, and
with the governing laws of storms, that
they are unable properly to interpret the
oscillations OF this instrument, Of such
INDISPENSABLE value to the more enlight-
ened observer.
Another group Of the unscentific
Weather-wise reveIin statistics Of rainfall,
etc, forgetting that these only show the
general climate, and do not prognosti-
cate the weather of any locality, which is
due to surrounding pressure and other
atmospheric conditions.
To obtain acknowledge of these it isnec-
essary to search the daily weather charts
of the weather bureau, and to pursue them
to advantage the student must become
acquainted with the exact meaning Of
"Isobars," 'IsOtherms," "Cyclones," :"
"Anti-CycIones, "Depressions," ezra.
dients," ''Dew Point" and "Relative
Humidity" 1t is the purpose of this
paper to explain these.
Changes of weather are SO closely re-
lated to changes of wind, and changes OF
wind to changes in the distribution of
atmospheric pressure, that whether CON
sidered as the indices or the causes of
coming changes OF weather, no phenom-
enon is more important than the winds.
TTpon the direction and force of the
wind very great stress must be laid in
every attempt at storm forecasting, and
in order to determine these it is necessary
to draw on chart what are known as
sIsobars,'' or lines OF equal barometrc
pressure.
There are three imp Ortant causes which
contribute to the production OF wind:
1. Unequal atmospheric pressure.
2. Unequal specific gravity of the air,
resulting from (a) unequal temperature;
(b) unequal humidity.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1893-02-15
For THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIsT.
Some Phenomena of the Atmosphere.

a POPULAR EXPLANATIONS WITH REFER
ENCE TO WEATHER CHANGES.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17

p. A. Laffey. aud master of the
Neche cornet band WAS in the city last
week shaking hands With the windy
boys of Langdon, Mr. L.affey is an old
band master and is 1T present Instruct
ing bands at Necke, Walhalla and
Hamilton. He willvisis the city again
in a few days when he has arranged to
tune several pianos in this city.
As we begin on volume nine this
week this ought to be 4 golden oppor-
tunity for some of our subscribers to
call on us and have settlement. 1t
is rather a humilitating thing to have
to say, yet it is a fact that there are
names on our subscription list of per-
sons in good standing who owe for the
paper since the first issue. In nearly
all such cases the delinquency is due
to carelessness. We would like to get
lot of those old accounts Strengthened
out, and this is a favorable time.
J. D. Salter and \. I. Kehmstedt
spent rev days last week enjoying
the beautiful scenery along the noun
tain side between Olga and Walhalla.
The ever changing view was enjoyed
to the full extent by both, neither of
them having taken the trip previous.
photographer Salter WAS success
sful in.taking some excellent views
at different points during the
trip and the both speak in high terms
of the hospitality extended them at
the Hotel De Log, of olga and the
Central House at Walhalla. All of this
picturesque conntyis i favorite resort
OF camping parties AMI ricnic's during
the summer months. and those who go
once never fail to come again.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
OFFICIAL PAPER OFLANGDoN
Langdon Markets.

M. Il N. Elevator company. Cor
rected Thursday of each week.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
Church Notices

METHoDlSr-Divinr services will
be conducted next Sabbath rs follows
at Radtord,S school hra'Se II a. m.
at Harvey Center schoo! NoUse ats y.
H.. and in the NJ. +. chNr"h Of this city
at $50 p. III. All az" cordially in
vited.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17

Low rates for the ro,ind trip 10 The
Worlds Fair, from all points in Mime
sofa and the Da!lot9s. Oh til" Great
Northern. See w. Stevenson. agent for
further particulars. .\so about cheap
harvest excursions, August end, Sep
TENDER 18th and October lOth.. II
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
1.-The Worlds Fair Express"

leaves Minneapolis every evening, eX-
cept Sunday, 5:45, st. Paul. $50 o'clock
and arrives Chicago, 7:45 next morning.
This train is equipped with vestibuled,
Gas-Lighted Buffet Sleepers and Free
Chair Cars, and because Of the early
arrival in Chicago is best train for
Worlds Fair.
1.-THE NORTH WESTERN LiMiTEC" leaves
Minneapolis every night in the GEAR,
7:30, St. Paul, $40 O'Clock. and arrives
Chicago. $3.50 next morning. Ii:iS is
the only trainWest ofChicago equipped
with Pullman and Wagner Private
Compartment Sleeping Cars aud Buffet
Smoking Library Coaches. and is only
train Of its kind in America on which
extra fare is not charged.
Worlds Fair Excursion Tickets now
on sale, via 1.-The North Western Line"
For a handsomely Illustrated Worlds Fair
pamphlet, descriptive of the wonderful bui!d-
ingS and grounds, enclose a 2 cent stamp. TO
T.W. TEASDALE,
Gcnl Passenger a rent, ST. PAUL.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
GOSSIP AND NOTES.

IA tramp sat on the brakc-beam
Enjoying his ride quite well.
An open switch! the train in the ditch,
And the tramp went straight to -.
--WhcatlNnl RCnuhlicnn
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17

Judge F. II. Walker and wife of
Elkwood were in the city Saturday.
The Judge had important business
with the customs department. to
transact.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
To CHICAGO
AND THE
Worlds Fair

leaves Minneapolis every morning 7:20,
st. Paul, S O'Clock and arrives Chicago
9:35 p. m. This train is equipped with
modern day coaches and luxurious
parlor cars. By this train the traveller
is enabled to see the beautiful scenery
of Wisconsin with it's hills, rivers and
lakes giving a most delightful daylight
ride through a most picturesque and
interesting region.
EErL Nhe - .l-y5> ->:. --..>>-51
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17

ThoS. II. Prior, an extensive sheep
farmer from Hannah was in the city
Tuesday and speaks in glowing terms
of the crop that if being cut up
there.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
Landlord Flumerfclt starte

The Fasterly Harvester has by its
merits obtained for itself Il position i'll
the front ranks of farm machinery.
G. w. Clark is tue local agent. 10
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1893-08-17
House For Sale.

My house and lot for sale in DsMl-
brock. 5l-l RHG. EIEMI<j;
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
Investments In Preeiou. stones,

1t is just thirty-three years since the
writer was assured by the great Indian
jeweler of that day, man full of expert.
ence and representing large capital, that
there was one final limit on the value of
diamonds and rubies. mo one," he said,
remained IN the world who would give
more til; 100000 for any single stone. 1"
'They won't do it," he said, the "they"
meaning princely purchasers generally,
mot If | could produce ruby as large as
roc's egg. They have begun to think of
interest,"
The wealth of the world has increased
since then 81 especially the wealth of in
dividuals- = e then was worth a clear
five milliol degree which we hardly
recognize; =. we should still have said
that the man who would give a100, 600 for
single stone would that is. pay $4,000 a
year for the pleasure of possessing useless
article, usually invisible both to its pos
SCISSOR and the world, could not be dis
covered. The millionaires had become too
enlightened and the princes, even when
childlike, too solicitous of reputation for
good sense.-I1ondon Spectator.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20

For some time the collection of an
thropoid apes in the Geological gardens
was reduced by the death of Sally and
George to a single representative of the
order-a gibbon. The stock has within
the last day or two been recruited by a
pair of orangs, which occupy the cage
that used to lodge the celebrated and
much lamented Sally. Unfortunately.
however, these two little beasts do not
appear to possess the same vigor of con-
stitution which Sally enjoyed One has
a distressing cough and the other looks
decidedly out of sorts. 1t is to be feared
that they will not long remain with us.
These anthropoid apes, which are al
ways among the most interesting ex-
hibits. are unfortunately the most diff
cult OF all animals to keep healthy
during captivity, There are not many
among the large number which the
Geological society have acquired during
the last few years that attained re-
spectacle age. Even Sally was only 10
or II years old, and it is probable that
all the larger anthropoids live about as
long as we do in wild state. London
Daily News.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20

OF misers who rolled in their gold |
have often heard. but it is surely new
experience for one to die from the pres
sure of his accumulated specie A poor
looking, third class passenger in the
train from Paris to Turin was a week
ago taken seriously i'll as the latter
place was neared. He was still alive
when Turin station was reached, and
was carried off at once to sofa in the
waiting room, where he soon died.
On examination it was found he was
wearing belt containing no less than
$4,000 francs in gold. and death had evi.
IDENTIFY been caused by the pressure of
this belt with its precious contents. The
dead man had also rouleaux of gold
under his armpits. though he was
dressed in rags, and so far no clue to his
identity has been discovered.
Figaro.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20

How Young Woman Lives in u Hotel.
1t is getting to be much the fashion
for unmarried women now to have
homes, rather than to live in hotels or
boarding houses. Apartments of all
kinds and at all prices are to be found.
from the two rooms and bath to the
housekeeping suite. but it develops the
home feeling to have ones own suite.
ones own furniture and arrangements.
Nearly all the new apartment hotels pre-
vide small suites for one OF two persons.
where steam heat and hot water 90 with
the rooms. The tenant pays for his own
gas and provides for himself Tor herself)
furniture, service and food. The ex
pense, OF course, varies with the local
lty. For instance, in one of these hotels
located on Copley square, the finest part
of the city. a lady has a suite of two
rooms and bath, with private hall and
two very large closets for trunks, etc.
OF which the rent is $500 year.
Having her own books, pictures. brio
a-brac, bookcases, mirror and writing
desk, she required only furniture for the
bedroom and rug, sofa and chairs for
the little salon. Window draperies and
portieres were got up out of the pretty
and inexpensive ''scrim"-at twenty
hve cents a yard-and the entire cost of
furnishing was within 500. The hotel
had dining room on the European
plan, and she had also a gas stove. ON
winch 1t was easy to make tea or coffee
IN the morning, and with cream. rolls
and fruit the dainty breakfast is very
easily arranged. Her rooms are taste.
tul and charming, and the entire cost of
living does not exceed eighteen dollars
week, while such a suite in a hotel
on the American plan would not be less
than fifty dollars a week.-Boston Cor
New Orleans Times Damncrat
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
A Dog That Steals.

A thief which has been robbing Sa-
lem (Mass.) firm Of groceries proves to
be dog. For several weeks the firm
has been missing small articles from
the store, and few days ago they no.
ticed that the dog after lettering around
outside for awhile entered. picked up an
orange and left. In a few minutes he
returned and stole an ear of corn.
The dog went directly to the home Of
family in the neighborhood and deliv-
cred the stolen articles. Not a thing
was bruised. The dog is setter 1t is
supposed it has been trained to steal. A
warrant for the arrest of the animal has
not yet been sworn out.-Boston Letter.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
A Remarkable Indiana Ghost.

The little town of Nappaner, Ind, is
all torn up over a ghost which it is said
has been appearing for the last two
months. Those who have seen it report
that it has been playing all sorts Of
pranks unseemly in ghost. Among
other things reported is that it ap-
preached a boy, took saw from his
hands and disappeared. Also that it
put three sets of harness on one horse,
and tied three horses together by their
tails; also, that it stacked all the farm
implements in pile in a barn and scat
tered lot of meat about yard The
ghost is said to have the form of a man
and vanishes and reappears with star
thing and uncomfortable frequency
Philadelphia Ledger.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
Hiding the Children,

A ticket examiner entered a compart
ment wherein respectfully dressed lady
was comfortably seated. He did not notice
long, fiat package lying on the opposite
seat, covered with travelling rug, and a
newspaper carelessly thrown over it, and
he probably would have left the compart-
ment oblivious of its existence had not a
pair of sweet, pretty eyes peeped over the
top and in a cautious tone the owner Of
them inquired;
Mamma, has the man gone YETI"
The artful mother confusedly explained
that her child was only three and entitled
to travel free, but curiosity impelled him
to further investigation, and robust young
girl of apparently ten revealed herself
London Tit-Bits.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
Fire. In English Man.Iss.

The Importance Of providing
appliances for the extinction q
mansions is gradually becoming
nized by country gentlemen. iora'a
the nearest town may be equipIh
powerful engines, the time oceal
sending for these and in Their ls'a
is usually so considerable as .
their aid almost useless, Lord
has recently been anxious for % !
of his house at Battle, near ~
and after seeking advice from =
perienced engineer he has had
voir constructed under his Lawn 2
over 10000 gallons OF water w.
powerful steam fire engine VIZ
water and throw it in enorm~'
umes over the mansion A pm
brigade is also in course o. Io'9'
composed of the gardeners ala
workmen on the estate. -Loua"
Bits.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
Natures Protection For Unr,ns Er,,,

For protection from the animal world
immature fruits have developed num-
Der of interesting devices. Almost uni
versally green" fruits so harmonic
with surrounding color as to escape de-
lection. In fact, the hazel nut is envel.
oped i'll leafy coat which renders it in
conspicuous. The nutritious albumen
OF the seed is often fortified by such i'm
penetrable shells as those of the cocoa
nut and others Perhaps there is a for
nldable armament of prickles, as in the
chestnut, or singing hairs. as is the case
with some pods.
Characteristic of immature fruits are
dlsagreeable taste and consistence.
Compare an unripe peach, sour and
stringy, with the same fruit in its lus-
cious maturity. But all these contriy
ances fail to repel certain enemies of
growing fruits. The apples inconspic-
nousness, toughness and sourness are of
little avail against the young progeny of
me genus homo.-J. w. Folsom in Pom
liar Science Monthly.
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
A Rival of Mr.. Finuesan.

A resident of Calais, who had been
seriously i'll for ten days, supposed he
was dying Sunday morning, soon after
midnight, and sent a messenger for his
doctor, who two hours later had not
appeared. The patient told his wife he
could not wait longer as he was in so
much pain, so he arose, dressed and went
for the doctor himselfl This is almost
equal to the historical exploit of Mr.
Tim Finnegan at his own wake. Ken
nebec Journal
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20

4
Uncommon interest has from the he.
ginning of the work been attracted 70
the woman's department, the most
notable feature of the great fair. twas
placed under the charge of Mrs. Potter
Palmer. She is society leader in (,b;.
cago, where it is proudly boosted that
she would grace any court. She 10 tho
possessor OF great wealth, and was
wholly unacquainted with public affa;rs
before she undertook this charge an5
yet she has taken hold of the wom.n,a
department as of something by the con.
duct OF which she may crown her life
and in doing so has shown the most
marked executive ability.
In choosing plan for its BUILDING tho
womans department has copied one ~
the most admirable designs made for Tho
exposition. The architect who draw ~
design is Miss Sophia e. HAYDEN ~
Boston. Mrs. Palmer has planned " -
treasury of objects illustrative of wor
ans work. The exhibit will embrooo :
model Kitchen, modern creche, a kin
dergarten and hospital, with trained
nurses, a notable exhibition of hooLa
written by women, periodicals ad;taS
and published by women, and, most in
teresting of all, the mechanical ;nvan
per's ~ liar
Cottonwood report. [volume] (Cottonwood, Idaho) 1893-1901, 1893-10-20
Music Mt a Female College.

Smith college claims to have the finest
biological laboratory in the country, and
her fire proof chemical laboratories and
electrical experimental halls can hardly be
surpassed anywhere. The music school,
which grants the degree Of Mus. d. to its
graduates, is one of the distinctive features
of the college. 1t occupies a superbly
equipped building, The walls of the prac-
tice rooms are scientifically padded, so that
mandolin. guitar, cello and Of the human
voice never interfere with each other and
mingle in inharmonious bedlam.-Cor
New York Times