davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Congress has been called 10 meet
August 9Th, the principal reason fol
the extra session being ,or the solution
of the silver question. The silvcritcs
are making determined fight and eN
press confidence in their ability to d,'
feat the repeal of the sherman law
We doubt this very much. The pre-
id mt has made 400 use of the patron
age ut his commlnl to win over nu'
merous opponents, and we believe the
bill will be repealed in the hoCsc with
in n week after congress convenes. The
fight will be made in the senate, but,
from all appearances, will be Il defeat
to the silver men even there. The
present financial crisis is making con-
verts to the gold standard very rapidly,
and it looks as though silver was
doomed rs coin metal.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The attendance at the worlds fair is
steadily increasing and averages over
100000 daily. On the 4lh more than
100000 attended The great cut in
railroad rates will swell the number a.
tending from Pacific coast points.
Just what the rate to Chicago is now,
is hard to say. The Union Pacific says
to "cOme and see us before YOU pur-
chase Il ticket over any other road" !"
From which we judge that if anyone
is going cast, satisfactory rate can be
obtained.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The Dalles Chronicle of Monday con-
tains "pome" entitled pleasant
Ridge School," that would shake the
popcorn bandages off a Christmas tree.
1t was really wicked for the author to
take advantage of the pupils in vaca-
ton by any such conduct. Take our
advice, Brother Brooks, and alwal q
handle poetical contributions with the
tongs-for they will burn your fingers
every time.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
so SAY We All or Us

Potter Palmer, husband Of Mrs, Pot
ter Palmer of lachrymose fame, has be-
come tired of his name being left out
of the dispatches and Is again trying
TO agitate the Sunday closing Of the
worlds fair. The most urgent need
now, IN n law that will close the
mouths of Potter 7. Mrs, Potter L,
and all the little Pots, between sun
days, Potter says he is "sick and tired
Of petty cvasious of the law and
fails to realize that the people of Ann
erica are sick and tired of petty otlict'
ais, Potters, Pots, kettles and pans and
the whole "hienn of cooking utensils,
that are ON ehNihition in the official oI
Freak department. OF the Columbian
exposition,
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The government engineers estimate
that canal can I've built around the
Cello rapids for $i,OOO,OOO The esti-
mate was probably made in Washing
ton by parties who never saw the CO.
lumbia. We have had one canal ex-
perience that is entirely sufficient, and
a portage railroad is good enough. Let
the ditch go and give us a portage road
is the sentiment of every man ia East
ern Oregon.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
Timber Land, Act June 8, lS7S.1
United States Land Onicc.
Vancouver. Musn.. June 10 lN3.


Notice Is hereby given that in compliance
with the provision, OF the act Of Congress OF
June :, lN1S, entitled AN uct Tor the sale OF
timber lands IN the states OI California, Ore
gun, Ncvadu and Nash Ter, sophia Flrmer,
OF Portland, county 81 MultnuuIth state OF
oregon, has this day filed In this office her
sworn statement so 1853. Tor the purchase Of
the Sw = Of section 80. 10 In township
40. 3 north, range No. 10 east and VIII offer
proof To show that the land sought Is more
valuable for It's timhcrOr stone than for agri-
cultural purposes and to establish her claim
To said land before the Register AID Receiver
OF this UilICcat Vancouver Wash, on Tuesday
the nth day Of August, iSl3.
She names rs witnesses: II. T.. Burnham;
Perry \. Surface, John NJ Thompson, Hiram
ID. Thompson, All oI Portland or
Any aud all persons claiming adversely the
above described lands are requested to file
their claims In this otIcc on or before said 18th
day of August lS3.
jnl7 augl5 John ID. Gcoghegnn, Register.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The dispatches Wednesday stated
that Greece had had a bIoodless revo-
luton, that the king was deposed, and
republic founded. The Greeks pick.
ed out lucky day for the change, but
the character of the people is not such
as to warrant belief in their ability to
run "a government of the people by
the people," They are too handy with
the knife, and too narrow in their
views to manage even SO small a
country as Greece. Some king will
soon "fry the fat" out of her.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
Out Of Sight.

The travelling public are now full
alive to the fact that the Chicago, Union
Pacific and Northwestern line offers
the very best accommodation to the
public from and to Chicago, Omaha
and intermediate points, not only du-
ring the worlds fair, but all the year
around,
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

United States Land OnIcc,
Vancouver, WASH, iuuc 10 lSltt

Noticc Is hereby given that in compliance
with the provisions ct the act OF Congress OF
June 3, l>,S. emitted AN act for the sale ui
timber lands tn tine States OF California Ore
mold Il. Flcmrr, ufPurtluud County ul VI latino
NAH state otbruEou, has thl~uuy hlcd tu this
office his sworn statement, No. leo Tor the pur
chase OF the south east quarter see M. : In
township No. S,uorth range No. 10 L.. W. VI and
will offer proof To- show that the land sought Is
more valuable for It's timber or stone than for
agricultural purposes, and 10 establish his
claim To said land before the Regis and Re
Ceivcr nt tins office at Vancouver Wash,
on Tuesday the 2Jth day OF August, lSg3
lie names AS witnesses: II. T.. Burnhum,
Perry \. Surface, John NJ Thompson, Hiram
II. Thompson, all ut Portland oregon.
Any and all persons claiming adversely the
above described land, are requested To ulr
their claims in this uIhcvuu ur before said 2lth
day of August lNH.
Jul7uuglD John d. Groghegan, RcgiStc
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Breaking banks are still the subject
of the dispatches, every day adding to
the number. Three Colorado banks, To-
Gated at Pueblo, closed their doors
Wednesday. The Sumas bank and
bank at Everett, Washington, tied up
Monday, while South Dakota and Kan
sas each added one to the list, and the
end is not vet.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

We suggest to the new marshal Mr..
Grady, that the sooner he fires the
deputy now at The DalIes, and breaks
up the gang engaged in arresting peo-
pie for selling liquor to Indians, the
better. We are told by parties in The
Dalles that nearly 300 arrests for this
cause have been made in The Dalles in
the last Is months, and as the officers
get an average of $50 piece for all of
them caught, it is a good sized bonanza
for them.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
NOTICE.


Z. -. IilTIU UIIltN,
Vancouver Wash, June 10, 1893.
. Complaint having been entered at this Office
ny Has Il. Evans against Henry McNCaly, for
abandoning his Homestead Entry No. 7713,
dated March II, 1891, upon the southwest
quarter section 8, township 3, north OF range
Il east, willamette Meridian, in Kllckitat
county, Washington, with Il view to the can
collation. of said entry; the said parties arc
hereby summoned to appear before w. II.
Dunbar Commissioner L. :. Circuit Court for
District Of Washington, at his Office in Gold
1893, at 10 O'Clock \. NJ, to respond and fur
nlsh testimony concerning said alleged aban-
d0nment, with day of final hearing before this
Office ON August 5, 1893.
John ID. GeOghcgan. Register
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

An exchange says; I'M. J. Ander-
son of Dufur, and family, LETT for
Warm Springs Saturday on bathing
trip. Relatives of the family recently
visited them from San Francisco y
Whether our old friend was forced into
this trip on account of the visit, or
whether it was just his usual bathing
time, the paper does not state; but be-
ing charitable we presume it was the
latter. NJ. J. knows a good thing
when he sees it and would take bath
if it was lying around handy. Just as
quickly as he would whack at a re-
porter.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
Baldwin Items.

The 4th got here on time and the
dinner was fine, but the rest of the pro-
gramme failed to materialize. Quite a
crowd Of neighbors came from the up
per settlement, and all enjoyed the oc-
cagion.
The dance at d. r. Coorer's barn was
a success socinlly and financially; twen-
ty-three numbers sold. Music by Knox
and Murphy. Receipts, 81.
ONE THAT WAS THAR.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
Preparatory Glass.

| will organize n teachers review
class preparatory to quarterly cNami-
nation In August beginning June Goth
aud continuing five weeks. Cores.
pondenCo solicited,
&, l., GIlHERr,
Hood River, Oregon,
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Two worlds records were broken at
Kirkwood, Delaware, OH the 4th. Sa-
ladin paced mile in 2.O53, beating the
record made by Guy, 2.OG!; and the
trotter Ayers p, with Telephone as a
running mate, trotted q mile ia 2.3J,
beating the record made by Nindship,
ne
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Governor Atgeld of Illinois, has par
doned the Haymarket anarchists, and
has raised thereby storm of indigna-
tion all over the country. The country
was well satisfied with the verdict of
the jury, and agrees with it in believ-
tng the best place for an anarchist lis
inside of the penitentiary.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

A ton Of gold is worth S6O7, ,688.21,
says an exchange. Worth it in what?
A ton of wheat is worth SO bushels, and
so is ton of potatoes by the same kind
of measurement. The same exchange
says ton of silver is worth $27, ,7O4.S4
What is the measure for it?
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
7 ITTIDVT I'iIIIW, N0I JWTIV o, I9Io'I
United States Land Oflicc,
NancOuNer. MMSh.. MnN. z. L

NanCOuNer, wash, May, 2, lSJ3.
Notice Is hereby given that i'm compliance
with the provisions Of the act Of Congress of
June 3 1873, entitled AN act for the sale OF
timber lands In the states of California, Ore
gon, Nevada, and washington Territory,
sam samson of Chcnowith, county of Skama-
mia, state of wash, has this day filed in
this Office his sworn statement no I5j7, for the
purchase ofthc NV Il nc4 OF section no l0in
township MOB north, range no. . enst, W IN aud
VIII offer proof to show that the land sought Is
more valuable for its timbcrur stone than tor
agricultural purposes, and TO establish his
claim to said land before the Register and Re
ccivcr of this Office ut Vancouver, wash, on
Tuesday the 18th day Of July, 1893.
He names as witnesses: Allen HaWOrth
John NJ. Coulter, Frank Brewer, John Il. Gil
lett, all of ChenOwith, wash.
Any and all persons claiming adversely the
above described lands are requested to file
their claims in this Office on or before said 18th
day Of July, l.03
myGjyS John -. GEOGHNGAN. Register.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The Pacific States that are Ioudest in
their demand for silver all have the
specific contract law, by which all
notes of hand, ETC., are made payable
in U. S. gold coin. Cold is good
enough for them, but silver will do for
other people.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

1fyou owe this Office anything pay
it, and do SO at once. We don't intend
to hang notice of suspension on our
door if we can help it, and we think
we can. even if we have to suspend
some one else.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The salmon run is not as good as it
should be this year. They are probab-
ly deferred from active business on ac-
count of the possible reduction of the
tariff on tin.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Up to Friday, the both, 1927 crates;
Friday, 146; Saturday, 141; Sunday,
So; Monday, "a; Tuesday, 8; We'd
nesday, 81; Thursday, 48-totaI to
date, 8IG0 crates.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The Salem Statesman and the Ore
gOnidn are having a tilt to decide the
question as to which is liar So far,
hOnOrs are easy.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Independence day was appropriately
celebrated here, the crowd being, per-
haps, the largest ever congregated here
on the day. Nearly everybody from
the West Side attended, and The
Dalles added 400 to the gathering. The
wind was ut times Il trile hilarious, but
taken altogether, the day was pleas.
ant one. The programme as printed
last week was carried out with one or
two small exceptions. The ball game
was won by The Dalles, by score of
Il to 10. At & o'clock the Regulator
took half The Dalles people home, but
those remaining, after supper, repaired
to the armory and danced until 10
O'Clock, ut which time they reluctantly
left, to catch the boat. From con-
versation with our visitors, we feel as
sured that nearly all enjoyed them
selves and were pleased with their visit
Those attending the dance were treated
to a genuine surprise both at the size of
the ball and the splendid floor, and it
will be but short time before the Reg
ulator will be called upon to bring an
excursion here for dance. Hood
River is pleased to have entertained
her ncighbors and hopes the good peo-
pie of The Dalles will have pleasant
recollections Of their visit and come
again.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

The peoples party have nominated Il
state ticket in Ohio, with f.. J. Backeu
for governor; ID. Cooley, lieutenant
governor; William II. Tavlor, treas
urer; and Col. J. IL, Rhodes, attorney
general.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
JOHN sWEENY, or HOOD RIVER, OR.

Mr.. Swceny will attend at the following
places during the present sire season: At Mr.
Joe PHrSers, Monday and Tuesday of each
week. week. AZ Mosier, Friday and saturday of
etch week; Terms: For single service, pay
able in cash $500. BY the season, payabIe ut
end of same, $1,000 TO insure payable when
same IS known, Sl5.00. In case of failure, SER
wee thc following season gratis.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Five years ago the only expression
the Oregonian had for describing Pres
ident Cleveland was 1.-THE democratic
hind quarter Of beef" That paper now
endorses him as statesman and Il
scholar. All of which goes to show
that genuine conversion is not impos-
sible even with the editor of big daily.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
Description and Pcdigrcc.

White Salmon Washington, Time pnd place
subject To mJurc appointments,
Description and Pedigree.
"Mldntghtt tsn coulhmcN uumh,ctoulan, b
years old; Is hansd; weight lWO pounds, sired
by Shnw'S llHmhlrtoutun, dam, u Copper.
bottom mar. "MldulEht' lsu Aood dSposl.
toned horse, a toppy driver and puttcN trot.
ter tor u horse uthtS size,
"MmdightS' service tcv win he so for single
SerN tee, dur at umeut sorNter, or Sla Cor the
season. Persons breeding 10y single service
and marc failing tu cutyh can breed hy the
season by the additional payment ntSd, Syl.
SON to CluSv July u, lN'H
For terms aud other Information apply To,
\, H. ruHtrs,
Manager
William Frazier was over Ia Nancyrt cr
saturday, lootmg after the closing details ut
u sale hc has just made tu the government
of - cavalry horses. The animals are not
bought for amy special or unusual purpose,
but are merely destined torcpluco those con.
demped hy thtgovtrumtnG ThcyUro bought
a Vancouver tur the department ot the col
umhla, and are distributed about among the
various posts
"rhc horses marketed here for military
purposes, said Mr. Frazier care Oregon
HORSES They arr chiefly the produce OF tn-
proved stations and common range motts.
Every year secs an Improvement IN the uunl,
ity ut the stock. stations like Challenger,
Lcmout ncadshut, Mike, MoruokuS etc.,
which have been Freely bred without thoir yet
being much trained, and leaving their i'm.
press upon the common run of horses, much
as the pioneer stations brought here trom
Kentucky at an yurly day did upon the
mares driven across the plains, only In II
greater degree. In this way, one who is deal.
ing In horses constantly svrs n steady I'm.
Improvement in our homo stock. ana impor.
tatons urc growing less ncccssurs than
formerly
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

Oregon now holds the worlds record
for the two-mile trot, Blonde having
placed it at 4:iS mt Salem on the 5th.
Greater speed has been made against
time, but never in race.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

More than 4,O00,0OO pounds of wool
have been received at The Dalles this
season.
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08

1900 pounds, thrce-quaftcrs Normrn, 3 years
ola on May 9Th, 1873, is free from all blem
lsheS and diseases and is a fine draft horse
gcnIe ana Kind, good traveller, and Is
The Hood River glacier. (Hood River, Or.) 1889-1933, 1893-07-08
MIDNIGHT"

WllmNl,c the spring season ot lSN, ut CON
vouteut pltcoS throughout the valley and
White Salmon Washington, rimc and phc,
subject tn Munro niutmrutS
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21
HuStlerS in Business.
CHAKLEs SHOEMAKER,
MONEY TOLOAN

Geo. Valentines old place.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21
OHIO STATE NEWS.
NOTES OF INTEREST TO OUR READ
ERS IN OUR OWN STATE.

Concise and Condensed Telegraphie Re-
ports OF the week-An Interesting Col
lection of Items From Here and There
Throughout the State.
The Piqua co. rolling mill will resume
operations.
There isa piano at Springfield. O., sup
posed TO be haunted. 1t plays at all hours.
Live coas from CRATE set fire to the
clothes OF little Willie Artes, at GAINESVILLE.
and he was horribly burned.
George Staley ordered Charles Stafford
out of his saloon at New Carlisle, O., and
when he tried to put him out Stafford
stabbed him three times in the body,
When Ed Staley went to his brothers as
! sistance he was stabbed seven times.
AT East Liverpool, o., George Huffman
quarreled with his sweetheart, Matte Eoff.
Drawing a revolver he shot her twice in the
head. He fired five shots at his own head,
two taking effect. Throwing the revolver
a 22caliber one-away he jumped into the
river, but the cold water caused him to
change his mind. He was arrested and
says he is sorry the revolver was not larger.
Miss Eof will probably die.
Houcktown, Hancock county, O., has an
epidemic oftdiphtheria.
Charles Robbins was terribly burned by
natural gas at Piqua, o.
William Shears has purchased a con
trolling interest in the Oxford (O.J News.
Miss Lou Stem of Renshaw. o., was ar
rested for opening and reading Mary L.
Filkes' letter.
Frank Tressel. .and'' John Shnffer, two ON,
ployes of the Allen mine, nea. Debroy, O.,
were badly injured by being thrown under
! a car. FE
, George Hammer. the hveryman at Tiff
fin, o., who skipped out to avoid testifyin0
against IIHsS Delly, indicted for burglary,
hds h 1een Jailed.
The Ohio State Grange at Sandusky,
also denounced Secretary Morton for the
alleged Insult offered the Grange in his
| Chicago speech.
Anna Armstrong, an Orrville lady, while
! passing through the woods east of Chagrin
Falls, O., during windstorm, was struck
/ by falling tree and instantly killed
Pete Nolan, ex-pugilist and saIoonkeeper,
and Jim Davis, circus boss, got into a
| fight in q Cincinnati saloon, and as a re-
suit Davis was shot in the neck and Nolan
in the hand. Both Nolan 8 ears were badly
| chewed up.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21
1ExAs IRAN ROBBERS
XIII an Express Messenger and Seeur
Several Money Packages

KIN an Express Messenger and Secure
Several Money Packages.
NEW ORLEANS, Dec. 19.-Train rob
bers Monday night boarded the east
bound Southern Pacific train which left
Houston for New Orleans at 10 o'clock
and which arrived here at noon Tuesday.
The robbers shot and killed the express
messenger, John c. Richardson, and
managed to escape with several money
packages, though it is not known how
much was taken.
The robbery occurred somewhere be-
tween Houston and Dayton, Tex, but
the actual point where the horrible out
rage was committed can not be stated.
Messenger Richardson was undoubtedly
shot from behind while at his desk; for
there was large bullethole in the rear
of his skull when the body was found.
and his form was lying on the floor of
the car at the side Of the chair which he
always occupied.
1t is presumed that after the first shot
was fired into the head of the messenger,
he fell to the floor and the robbers there
upon turned over his body and fired
four more shots into his inanimate form,
in order to make sure Of their fiendish
work
They then pried open small safe with
"a hatchet and took such of its contents as
they could conveniently carry, leaving
several bags of silver in the safe.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21

3O-5t
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21
Sale Of WaterWOTkS and EleC-
trio Light Bonds.
VILLAGE OF NAPOLEON, ONO.
OFFICE OF VILLAGE OLEHK

Dec, 6, 1888.
StEALED Proposals. addressed to tho nuder-
~ signed aud marked on the outside " PROPOSALS.
for water works and electric light bonda," will be
received at this Office until Twelve 12) O'Clock.
Noon Of Tuesday, the 9th day OF January, A. D.,
1894 for the purchase OF Sixty Thousand Dollars,
1850 000.t 0) OF bonds be issued by the village Of
Napoleon, Henry County, Ohio, for the purpose
of providing eaid village with system Of Water
works and an Electric Light Plant 10 supply the
Citizens of said Village with water and lights.
The bonds will be issued In denominations of
One Thousand Dollars $(1 900 COZ each, will be-
dated June First ns,) A. D.. 1893, and will be pay
able In Twenty (20) years FROM date thereof, bat
rcdeemable after Fifteen (l5) ytars from date
thereof
The bonds will bear interest at tho rate OF Five
per centum, per annum, payable mi-annually
by coupons, both principal and interest being pay
able at the Village Treasurcr's Office in said Vii
lGge of Napoleon, Ohio.
| The person or persons purchasing said bonds
shall furnish the blank forms for such bonds with,
! coupons attached subject TO the approval
OF the Council OF said Village and without any
| charge therefor.
| Each proposal must be accompanied by New
| York draft in the sum Of Ono Thousand Dollars
| ISL ,000.00) payable to The order of the Village
Treasurer OF the Village of Napoleon, Ohio, as a
guaranty that II the bid Is accepted, q contract
vii be entered into In accordance Herewith and
| fully contaminated by said bidder.
! The purchaser will be required TO pay for and
receive said bonds at the Village Treasurers oic
in said village Of Napoleon, Ohio.
| The bonds will not be sold for less than their
par value and accrued interest and the right and
privilege ia reserved by the Council Of the said
Village Of Napoleon, Ohio, to- reject any or all
! bids. @. Il REYNOLDS,
Village Clerk.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1893-12-21
REMARKABLE PHENOMENON.
Peculiar Column of Light Seen by til,
People of FindIay, o.

Peculiar Column of Light Seen by the
People of Findlay, o.
FINDLAY, Dec. ia strange and re-
markable phenomenon occurred in this
city Monday night. Almost due west in
the sky appeared column of intense
light, reaching almost to the zenith. 1t
was t,hwayeriing and stood out in daz-
cling brilliancy against the dark sky,
Another strange feature r of the occurrence
was that the column extended from a
mass of Pickering light at the horizon,
from which occasional sparks or meteors
would seem to shoot out. The base he.
gan to disappear in about 30 minutes,
and the top of the column was the last
to fade away. 1t being in the sky due
west would seem to prevent its being an
aurora borealis, though no doubt it was
from some such cause.