The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1893-06-18
xorxs oS SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY


method resortcd TO in tho tunnel beneath the
Mcrscy at Liverpool Is claimed TO present one
OF the most striking achievements Extending
as docs this tunnel deep below tho bed Of the
Mcrscy to the solid rcd sandstone. and APP
preached at either end By elevators Of tnvcnty
and ninety feet lift. 1t was fbrcsecr that vcuti-
lation was n necessity Of the g-aHcs, character,
The tunnel is large enough to avoid tho piston
action its cross section being several times that
OF the trains. and, at and near tho middle o! the
tunnel. are openings to IA smaller side drift or
tunnel running alongside of the main tunnel to
the shore end. where Is fixed n large fan tho
result being that air constantly enters at the
stations, which arc thus swept clear OF all foul
air train starting IN pure air II tho station
follows the AR travelling In the tunnel M 10
the centre, ami any change OF air between
train and ;unnel Is thus less than Il would g
II the air in the tunnel were not moving, Fast
against the mnying air. ny which, m" tn H.r
In the train will be more or less lou G! BY 40
passengers and the ventilation aae toiratn
motion then begins to increase; The first ar
entering from, the, tunnel to the train IS I"r-
train. and. as tho train procce L.. II meets rut"r
air Mt every foot forward. and when II reaches
the station is In air OF surface quality again
A remarkable degree OF strength has lern
attained in tho construction OF DR.. Nanscns
new ship Franz built at Laurain. Norway. and
intended for Arctic exploration. The general
dimens ions OF this lne craft are as follows:
Length on keel 102 feet: on water line. ll3
feet: on deck. 12S feet: greatest width. 81 feet;
draught. light. IL feet displacement. $40
tons. The keel is In two pieces II by IL
Inches. anil the covering II inches thick.
American oak is used for the keel. aud Italian
oak for the other tlmtets., ne Intervals
Of pitch, tar. and sawiutt: the in,id. lining =
fitch pine from four TO eight inrnes thigSs ami
Inch oak plank. then four-lnch OAK. and !lna.ly
nn ice cover " OF three to six inches Of greens
from some went s. seven to thirty inches the
ouk bow is four feet thick. and various beams
the shin is also pointed fore ami ait. ami is
there further protected by iron plating. Tho
sE tsa is ina, las 81 Lem 2n,
craft that will lit IL pinched between Ice Hoes.
The production Of soap from cottonseei oil
has now become definite and important in
dustry. and the following method or formulas
said to yield o35 pounds Of clear waIy soap
from $50 pounds of fat: One hundred AMI
sixty four pounds Of refined cottonseed oil.
1G OF tallow. IS OF resin rs OF sil!cate Of
soda NJ OF palm oil 1913 OF caustc lye OF
IS T.. 81 Of starch. ) OF sal Soda 40 Of silcx,
this formula the materials are framed. thus
avoid ng framing the soar: the cotionseet
Utnre ' Of III ii5 f.. IRE iirst placed in tho
frame and then the resin. warmed and cut
n Is added pm The az we rolled
the mixing machine which has movable shafts
and blades. these iNer shafts being lowered
tic I've and sodium silicatc are nov added. tho
mixture stirred for seven to ten minutes. when
and the whole stirred for another four or iivo
minutes. The mixture should now have
glossy and smooth appearance. indicating that
the incorporation is complete. The perfume is
impaired, the mixing blades removed ana tho
lie |, q
The sinking OF iron pies IN Chilli with a
water Jet has recently been ACCOMPLISHED
in Ii most satisfactory manner. and has a.
tractel considerable attention. Some OF the
piles were nearly fifteen nchos in diameter.
with fat bottom Gange or pedestal OF about
forty-two inches diameter. and were sunk toa
depth OF twenty weight feet below the bottom
OF the river. through coarse and compact
sand. in which screw piles penetrated
driven only twelve to fourteen feet. A pump.
some Il. 1000 gallons pcrhuurthrough
having "h T pipe pr n n.y. seh ht s i"ss
than eight inchns; below it, base. with a 80
ni the jet sa EG fl snk put hc an hlee
ect by its own weight. after which Il was worked
~ means Of an endless cable leading lrom%le
irum of a hpisting engine around a horizontal
pulley bolted on to the pile. SO as to revove the
after about its vertical axis. An average OF
eighteen hours was required to sink each pile.
In the description given OF a recent Rhode
Island invention. the mechanism OF two
shuttle smash preventer is applied to tho
breast beam and lay or swinging frame Of the
DOM. BY this contrivance. when the lay comes
II to the cloth the shuttle box is changed. SO
ha. II the right m otion is not given the BETH
brown OF and the lay prevented from turn
ng over-storped just before the picker stick
trikes. thus keeping the shuttles in the boxes
md avoiding any smash In the warp The
DOM cannot he again started until one OF tho
huttles is taken out from the box on either
lde. the empty box operating 80 as to prevent
he mechanism connected with the machine
ry from sstopninc the loom. The drsideratum
8 secured By means OF a rod placed under tho
'reast beam.aad fastened to the same, to this
Oh being ais attached strong, hook. which
he lay: SO that when the latter comes up to
lie cloth in the process Of weaving. these
ockei. But tho locking Of the hooks occurs
MY when there i shuttle in each box. and
icuiar infant would cause a collision AMI
mash. When the hooks lock the ,et 10
ro o and the loom IS mus 'h'
Some Interesting tests have been made to
etermine the rate OF fall or rise OF mercurial
herm ometer under different conditions. the
esult showing conclusve!y that the velocity
I current has altogether too great an in
uence to be neglected In one OF these
ests the Thermometer was heated 20 3i5
eGrees F.. and allowed to coo! in the centre Of
room at "A degrees T.. without any artificial
REGULATION OF air: and, in this case. radiation
nd convection together reduced the Temporal
are at a rate which gave u constant OF lu.J:
, obtaining and Applying this constant.
he m"nn difference between the temperature
the th-rnnmetcr and tho room at Intervals
ten seconds is divided hy its { al during tho
anne time. In another test the air was famed
llits violently and gave "a constant OF $50
'hlLr with the same thermometer under Ike
cooling. tho constant was found TO be . ~.
n still another test the Thermometer bulb
as held in front OF n three fourths inch tuhe,
ON which issued n violent hast OF air. "a
generated 10y n strong foot tel
rvs. ana This gave n constant OF l.Sn. In
ich OF these cases tho radiation. It Is as
-rted. must have been the same. and Il would
nrear that 10y far tho greater effect was pro-
ncrd BY the velocity with which the cold air
npinged upon tho hentai Thermometer.