davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Broke tho VIII of a Bishop.

BALTIMORE, May IS. After standing
fourteen years tine will of Bishop Ames,
of the Methodist church, has been broker
by the verdict of jury in the common
pleas court. The contest was made by
Mrs Emma L. y. Weik, a granddaughter
of the bishop, who convinced the jury that
undue influence and fraud We're exercised
when the will was prepared. The estate
is valued at between $4,000 and 100000
which will now be divided according Il
law
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18

CHICAGO, May 1s-Immense damage to
buildings and crops is being done at Cleve-
land and in the Cuyahoga valley, as the
result of heavy rains that have flooded all
the low lands. The same report comes
from Willouebby, o.; Erie, Pa,
where 800, 900 damages are reported; Cam
bridge, Pa, and other points in that sec
ton. The Mississippi below Memphis is
all over the country, flooding thousands of
acres of farm lands.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Officers for the Horseshoers.

ST. LOUIS, May 1S.-At the international
Uorseshoers' convention the election of of.
ficers for the ensuing year resulted: Presi-
dent, Alex. Deress, Philadelphia; vice
president, J. j. Bassett, New York; James
POLAND, Minneapolis, secretary; Rhoda
kennenhan, Denver, treasurer.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
He was sorry $1,000 Worth.

ST. LOUIS, Mo, May 1S.-Ex-Sheriff Emil
Dosenbach has paid $1,000 into the county
court at Clayton for the widow of Major
Smith, whom he killed July 49, 1892. The
payment seems to have been voluntary on
his part, and an act of charity in justice to
the widow of the man whose life he took.
Dosenbach was recently tried at st. Charles
for the killing, found guilty, and sentenced
to six months in Jail with fine of $500
added
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Indian CanuibaIism in Labrador.

QUEBEC, May 1S.-Details have reached
here confirming vague rumors of Indian
cannibalism in the interior of the country
IN the south of Labrador, current for some
days past. The parish priest of Seven ISL
ands. on the coast, is authority for the re-
port that some of his Indian converts made
admissions to him concerning one of their
companions who, last winter, killed and
ate his own daughter to prevent dying OF
hunger
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
BADLY Burned Saving aIifa.

WEST SUPERIOR, Wis, May 1s.-Fire
started in n restaurant on lower Tower
avenue and the remainder of the block
which consists of wooden structures was
saved with difficulty. Mrs J. 5. konkel,
living in the upper story of one of the
blocks, was i'll and in saving her w. 5.
Allen was badly burned about the face
and hands A fireman fell from one OF
the roofs and was badly injured.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
All Hands Lost with the Wreck.

CoNNEAUT, o., May 1S.-The dredge Con-
tinental foundered in the lake opposite
this place and four men and a woman were
drowned in sight of the people on shore
Their names are: Arthur Wilson. cap
tain, of Philadelphia; George O'Rourke,
Detroit; Joseph Fife, of Couneaut; Mag
gle White, cook, of Cleveland; Waterman.
name unknown
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Ein.nces of the C., b. and O,

CHICAGO, May 1s.-Stockholderso of the
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad
held their annual meeting in the general
offices of the company in this city. The
report of the operations of the year showed
an increase in the gross earnings of $685.
266. is and an increase in the net earnings
of s7s5, 4O1. IS. Dividends paid amounted to
81 80 900 80
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
The Free Gold situation.

WASHINGTON, May 1s.-The "free goldf
on the treasury books was 81, 100000 The
export from New York was 81 SOC, 900, and
81, 900, 900 has been engaged for export to
day The treasury department is not adj
vised whether all this gold will be taken
from the sub-treasury, and until it is the
exact amount of gold remaining cannot be
stated,
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
First Tin from Harvey Peak Mines.

NEW YORK, May 1S.-The first CONNER
cial shipment of tin from the Harvey Peak
Tin company's mines in the Black Hills of
South Dakota, consisting of one car load.
has been received by the Crooks Smelling
company. of this city. \ portion OF this
shipment is 10 be exhibited at the fair at
Chicago. Mr.. Childs, the superintendent
of the mines. is in tine city preparing the
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Three More Victims of the Storm.

AsHTABULA, o., May 1s.-Three of the
seven men of the crew of the schooner Pei
lean were lost off the pier at this place.
Names of the drowned: Peter Nelson, first
mate, and John Erickson and John E.
knight, sailors, all of Cleveland The
schooner fOu uderei In the storm.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Cumberland Presby.erian in Session.

LITTLE Rock. May 1S.-The general as
sembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian
church, held a informal meeting, about 200
members being present Rev. G. n. Bell, of
st. Louis, presided and addresses We're
made by J. b. Hare missionary to Japan
and F. p Lawyer, the Mexican mission
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Watch 49,. CampanIa.

LONDON, May 1S.-The propellers of the
new Cunard steamship Campania have
been read tusted and the blades have been
fixed at such pitch as suggested by the
officers in accordance wit h their observa
tions on the homeward voyage. The
changes are expected to increase her speed.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
The Dempsey-Smith Fight.

NEW YORK, May 1S-Mr. John p. Eek
hardt, the official referee of the Coney Isl
and Athletic club, has received a dispatch
from Coney island, signed by Judge New
ton advising him that arrangements had
been completed for meeting between
Jack Dempsey and Bill Smith to take
place ON July "a
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Le,saitomicida, Maniac Live.

COLUMBIA. :. c. MAY &c overnor
Tillman has committed the sentenced of
Lavell. the Charleston wife murderer, to
impri sonment for life; the commission APP
pointed to pass upon his sanity having dis
agreed, the governor gave the prisoner the
ben eft of the doubt.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
The Fastest Swimmer

The fastest swimmer among fishes is
the dolphin. Its speed varies from 80 ro
20 miles an hour, and it can swim around
end around a vessel sailing at a high
rate of speed.-Our Animal Friends.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Application Tor a Receiver.

MINNEAPOLIS, May 1S-It is understood
that an application will be made in the
district court for a receiver for the North
western Guaranty Loan company. The
proceeding is an amicable one, and has the
approval of the institutions directors.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18

One wonders sometimes had there been
women stenographers in the old days if
the reports would not have shown that
Adam asked to taste the apple himself.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Praise be to him. whose wondrous skill

Praise be TO him. whose wonorous skill
Has conquered every human =
And now alone. victor, stands
The Golden compound of his hand
SO spake man, with tribute crowned.
OF DR.. Pierce, the world renowned"
Whose Medical Discovery
Had vanquished ain and set him free.
One can but speak in praise of a remedy so
cffectual ard unfaing DR.. Pierce's Golden
Medical Di.coverv Acting promptly and
thoroughly, il produces permanent cures. Con-
sumption. in its early stages, scrofula liver ana
kidney disorders and all bi God diseases, with
in the field of it's unbounded success.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Illinois Central statement,

MEN YORK, May 1S.-The March state
ment of the Illinois Central shows gross
earnings Sl4, 30, $50, an increase of 49,
OO6; expenses 10, 5s5 122, an increase of s2s1,
379 and net s., 075, 15S, decrease of S23S, 573.
Rock Island daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1886-1893, 1893-05-18
Street Car Conductor Killed.

BRISTOL. Tenn, May 1s-while a street
car was crossing the South Atlantic and
Ohio railway here yard engine crushed
into it and instantly killed Conductor AL
fred PARROT, slightly injuring several pas
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

IT would be hard to imagine a more
ill-tined occasion for a strike than the
one chosen by the employees Of the LIE
high railroad. With thousands Of men,
equally skilled as themselves and per.
fectly capable Of taking their places on
an hours notice, out OF employ msnt, out
Of money, and in instances being sup
ported by charity, it was not d hard
matter for the railroad company to se-
cure men to take the positions vacated
by tho strikers. True, the employees
may have had serious grievances, but IL
is certainly tho part OF wisdom to bear
the ills we have rather than fly to 9th
ers that are known to be worse. With
wives and children crying for bread it 10
too much to expect that men will not
apply for positions out Of regard for the
obligations Of unions or brotherhoods.
Under such circumstances a man who is
for employment will engage
himself to fill any honorable position rs
O as opportunity is offered. g.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

The banquet given in New York last
night in honor of Robert Lincoln anG
Frederick Grant was due more to the
desire to pay homage to the names Of
the illustrious fathers of those two
gentlemen than as a recognition of any
remarkable capacity or achievement
credited to themselves. Both of them,
however, have served their country in
honorable positions, and have acquitted
themselves as honest men, though not
giving evidence of any unusual ability
The positions were secured for them
very largely by the same sentiment
which prompted the banquet last nigh,
that is, respect for the great names OF
their illustrious ancestors.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

SOME half dozen European cabinets
are in a state of panic just now, includ-
ing those Of Italy, Austria. France,
Spain, Portugal and Servia. Some of
them have resigned and others want to.
Still others are harrassed with internal
dissensions. G%ladstone's political
household is not any too firmly estab-
lished and may be overthrown any day
Caprivi seems at present about the
most secure premier on the other side
On this side, Mr.. Cleveland's cabinet
has the entire confidence of the people.
of congress, and Of the president, and
bids fair to remain a unit through his
term, at the expiration of which they
will turn their portfolios over to worthy
democratic SUCCESSORS.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
TIL HELENA SCHOOLS,

Report From the superintendent for this
Month Ending Noy. a..
Sups. r. G. Young. Of the Helena public
schools, furnishes the following report fol
the month ending Nov. "a:
Whole number of boys enrolled for the
year. $50; number Of girls enrolled for tbs
year. s73; to tai enrolment for year, 1855.
Total enrolment for col responding month
of last year. 1.62S. Average daily attend
ance for the month. 1,462; average daily
absence. rs; per cont Of attendance. 81. "a.
Cases of ta'diness for the month. 1877; per
cent of puntunlity, 1911.
This schools OF Mrs. Avery and Miss
Kelly had no cases OF hardness for the
month and the schools Of Misses Fullerton.
Haley, Matthias. Enz. Woodman and b lie
league only one each.
The school having the highest per cont Of
attendance (9S.1 2) is Miss Grams in the
Hawthorne building; the school standing
second (9S) is Miss WoodmAn's in she Gem
trail building.
Tbs school ranking highest for the. month
IN both 1856 is Miss Woodman's. With
Miss G ANS standing a very close second
the schools of Miss White (97.92), Miss De.
Camp 97.75). Miss Woodruff (97.1 3), Miss
Allison (97. 04). Miss Harley (96. 36), and
Miss NJ. Blackstone (96. 23).
The lowest per cent of attendance made
in any school was 81. 10; the lowest per cent
of punctuality IS. 06.
he teachers OF the schools are doing
everything in their powe to stimulate
pupils to form habits of pu%nctuality.
Parents should bear this in mind and in
every way possible supplement their efforts.
Good schools can be had only when parents
work together in harmony with the teach
eIs. thus making children feel tina their
progress will be as carefully noted at homo
by the parent as BY the teacher at school.
II you have = county or state warrant, or q
claim against / ewis and Clarke county and de-
sire to sell. Miller l. Lott will purchase it
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
PERSONAL.

James A. Talbot, of Butte. is at The Hell
ems.
DR.. Leighton. of Boulder. is a visitor in
Helene.
Agent Wyman. Of the Crow agency, Is a
visitor in Helena.
L. A. Ballet leaves to-day for Nevada,
Ia, called thither by n telegram announc.
ing the severe illness OF his father and
mother.
Miss Glare Botkin. who has been at
school in Germany for two years past. re-
turned home last evening. much to the
delight of her family and friends.
g. 4. Taylor. representing the Calhoun
opera com pany. is in Helena arranging for
tho appearance of that attraction at
Ning's. 1t is proposed to play three nights
In Helena, Dec. 16. II and IS. The com
pany numbers forty artists and 10 the only
opera company on the road west Of the
Mississippi.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

fair profit on their capital, and give
their neighbors the opportunity OF own
ing the government bonds, which pay
an annual profit of probably one-sixth
Of what they will make by keeping their
money invested In manufacturing enter
prisep.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

TINE has proved that the late panic
was not in any respect due to the law
directing the purchase of a certain
amount Of silver every month. The
only sufficient explanation for that era
Of depression is the Mckinley tariff law,
the last of which, lot us hope, we shall
s0On see.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
HELENA, MONT. NOV. 20, 1893.

g1sr- Montanians aboard will always fnd THE
DAILY INDEPENDENT on file at their favorits
hotels: Fifth Avenue and Metropolitan. New
York; West. Minneapolis: baldwin aud Palace,
San rancisco: McDermott, Butte; Leland Hotel,
Springfield Ill
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

BEFORE the new tariff bill has boon
even introduced in the house we shall
be surprised if there are not sent out
through the news agencies and through
special dispatches to republican news
papers announcements that certain nr0-
teoted manufacturers are preparing to
go out OF business because they will not
be allowed to levy tribute on all the
people to the extent permitted under
the Mckinley law. Manufacturers
whose Investments return an annual
profit Of from 30 to 40 per cent on can
ital invested will announce in the most
lugubrious tones that they cannot con-
tinue business under a tariff law that
may perhaps reduce their profits from
80 or 40 per cent per annum to 90 or 81
per cent. Rather than submit to such
an outrage they will close their estab-
ments, throw their employees on the
charity of a cold world, and invest their
accumulated wealth in government
bonds earning three or four per cent
per annum. 1t is almost needless to add
that they will do nothing of the sort.
They will stay in business and make a
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
To Chicago.

Via Salt Lake, Garfield Beach and Dem
yer, Sioux CITY, Omaha o: Kansas City.
The Worl1's pictorial line. Elegant Pull.
man equipment, diners. chair cara and
tourist sleepers. hednced rates and fast
time.
Call on or address % North Main street.
Helena, Mont. II. o. WILSON,
Freight and Passenger Agent, Helena,
Mont.
4. l.. LoMAx, G. +. and Il. A., Omaha
keb.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

ME-. PowDERLy has done vast service
in the cause Of organized labor in years
past. These services have been appre-
ciated not only by workingmen who
have given allegiance to the particular
organization of which Mr.. Powderly
was the able head, but by employers as
we'll. But he seems to have become au-
tocratic and despotic in his methods and
to have assumed that he WAS of more
Importance to the order than the order
to the cause it was organized to pro-
mote; in fact, he seems to have re-
garded himself as an indispensable per
sonage, and his downfall is not q matter
of surprise. The very purpose of the
Knights Of Labor is to prevent lust
such conduct as Mr.. Powderly is said to
have been guilty Of, and the workmen
OF America are too independent and too
powerful to be ~domineered by one of
their W number, or by anybody else.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Saws, skates, knives. scissors. ETC., sharpene1
Keys fitted and trunks repaired 1t Umbrella
hospital,
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Miller d Lott want to buy state and county
warrants and will also purchase claims against
Lewis and Clarke county.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

OF course Mckinley, Reed, ct al,
come promptly criticising the new tariff
bill and prophesying all manner of evil,
and evil only, as the result Of its adop-
ton. This may be predicted in all con-
fidence: The third year after the Will
son bill becomes law will not witness
such universal depression in all lines of
industry as We are experiencing in this,
the third year of the Mckinley law,
The fiscal year 1867 will find money in
the federal treasury and government re-
ceipts greater than expenditures; fac
torres IN operation, mining prosperous,
merchants doing the usual amount OF
business, banks with money to lend and
borrowers with abundant securities To
offer, railroads earning dividends, farm
ers getting good prices for all the grain
and live stock they can raise for the
market, wool worth twice what it is TO-
day under the Mckinley law. and all
the workingmen in the land will have
employment oil the time.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Dress patterns at prices that cannot be dupli
Gated is the opinion of all who have seen the
bargains at he 60 Hive.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
Arrivals At the Grand Central.

aides underwear at The / % Hive 1T greatly
reduced prices this week.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
DIR. kockman

Towels are cheaper than dish rags at The Fe
Hive this week.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
Q Present Cnun.y Bills

Fast black seamless hose for ladies at The Be
Hive this week iJc.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Buy q pattern of the new Columbian dress
goods at The bee Hive. only 81 this week.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

All kinds of toys and holiday goods for youn,
and old at The Bee Hiye.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Claims against the county must be pre-
sented to county auditor by Dec. /.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Linen damask towels with knotteI fringe,
worth BIC. only 2Oc at he Bee Tive.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

What do you think Of those Henrietta's I.
The Bee Hive only sl.7j per pattern?
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

those storm serge dress patterns at The Bee
i've this week at 1913 are called bargains at
other stores At s..
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Mems underwear at hardp,n prices this week
at I he bee Hive.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Has returned to Helena and is located a
the old stand. Telephone 33l.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Cincfora and COCOA combined with one of the
best selected spanish wines form. under the uni
versally famed name of bug-.un. me. the
most perfect Of tonics. At all principal drug
piEtE,
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
THE INDEPENDENT

Remittsnces at tho risk of subscriberS unless
made BY registered letter, check, or postal orex-
press order, PAYABLE to The independent Pub.
fishing Company.
eYy~ Persons desiring THE INDEPENDENT sorvel
at their homes or place of business can order by
postal card or through telephone No. 100. Please
report cases Of irregular delivery promptly. :
Advertisements, to insure prompt insertion,
ehould be handed in before s y. M.
Rejected communications not returnablo un-
lees postage is enclosed.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
Arrivals At The Helena

Twelve jurymen and A D Simpson and A..
balllf, CITY eistant, New York
M L "yman, Crow s A Gunst, Portland
Agency Frank !. Pickett. thila.
J A Talbot. Eutto delphia
HJ Mailman, Chicago { II l. ish. Chicago
{ oodbury, It Joe No = II Mulligan, New
Miss Mary Cross, New York
YORK J Levy. Ashland, Wis
7 Duryea, Hew York II u James and wife
Er Leighton. Boulder stauI ~
W v Currier. Great ID Harper Gray. Rostor
FAILS Thos + / ay, ct Falls,
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
BY MAIL.
Tally Including Sunday per year. ......" SO 90
Daily Including Sunday six months,..... %
Daily Including Sunday three MONTHS. so
Daily Iexcluding Sunday per year. 800
Daily lexciudins Sunday per month see. 70
Sunday only lin advanced per year. ........ $50
Weekly lin advance only Fer year. 200
Daily BY carrier, per week, seven issuesl.. q
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
:. OFFICIAL HEADQUARTERS. :.

We will sonb b ia the midst the campaign. Already ! large umber of votes have
peer cast ID our favor, md on cwy hand we are hearing the verdict that ~ have tn largest
and best seecedu stock Of goods in town. md We hery very may people say that our prices
are away below competition. All this is very pleasing TO u.s. and We appreciate your kindness
We havem made q small beginning in displaying orat ocka .andw WI have great surprise In store
fol mr friends ia the way Of the largest assortment In wi s ass#
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29

Legal blanks at this Office.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
NOTICE.
THE

A Camphen is the Only authorized travel
ing aEent Of this paper
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1893-11-29
STAPLE GOODS.

We would moth avey ou forget TIL" we have a very excellent line Of Staple Goods md in
this deparnNntw we beiveH that We save YOU money If you. have mott enb uyng from. us and
are not familiar with our store we will esteem it a great favor if you will call on usaad get
price, before purchasing elsewhere w do not expect ym to cave Did friends md CONE to us
uness W mo offer you inducements, md we feel con6deh that we can cnvne yuh that you
can save money by omng to u.s. If not convenient to come, call us p by Tetphone,N No. 4
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1893-09-10

DALNIER'S Theatre. Eggs. SIS: Mat. Sat.
/ f. If92---ki, F> l,o.-~-hlCfS l4o-.
ono t,,S 400 Rice, surprise Party Resembling
:, - LOO In Rane, and Pnueger's with
~ ~ t"S iio9 Into Date Burlcsque. Melody and
I,ifIrS Itoy. Rices Columbian ,;uIids Bubbling
EICt's 1892. March. Daily Hints from over with
EIcf,S 1892. Paris, BY K. III. Macy & Co. whimsical
1icI,S iioo lIwoys Foolery.
~ Laro, .rt ,,alery-lO0th souvenir night Oct. TO-