The National tribune. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1877-1917, 1893-01-12

| lumbus discovered America?
! Q. Who the ruling Sovereign and what was
| the chief occupation of the people?
8. In what kind of houses did they live?
T. What kind of q town was London?
FOURTH PAPER-JAN. &c.
| l. What were The great inventions of the 18Th
century?
.. Who were The inventors, and which invention
| had the greatest effect upon the world'
FIFTH PAPER-FEB. 2.
J. Who were the great painters and sculptors of
: the 18th century?
.. What were their great works, and where pre-
| served?
g. Did Columbus ever have his portrait painted
while living? If So by whom?
4. Where is ST. Peters, and who It's decora-
tors?
SIXTH PAPER-FEB. g.
/. How did America get its name?
2. Where was the first Spanish colony planted in
| America?
| 3. Where the first Dutch colony? Where the
| first English?
| SEVENTH PAPER-FEB. JIG.
| i. Which American Colony contributed most to
| the growth and development of the country?
| 2. Which led IN literature and science? In edu
cation and human progress?
8. When was slavery introduced into America
and by whom?
PRIZES FOR PAPERS.
Prizes will be given for the first and second best
papers upon any OF the papers outlined. Put on
| your thinking-caps, C. c. aud Guards, and send
your articles once. All articles should be mailed
10 days before The date they are called for to Kate
| y. Sherwood, Canton. o.
WORLDS FAIR NEWS.
Every member of the c. c. is urged to send on
short items of news concerning the coming Worlds
Fair; special features of the exhibits OF depart
, ments. and so If you interesting NEIL
ton make a note of IT, and send it along for others
enjoy. This is age of education and research;
let make the most of it.
THE PRIZE WINNER.
The Martha Washington Cook Book has been
issued TO Miss Jennie Burns. Canton. o., for her
excellent paper on " The Second Voyage of Dis
covery of Christopher Columbus. and facts con-
nected with the closing life of the great discoverer.
SPAIN IN THE 18th CENTURY.
One of the questions asked in connection with
the second paper of the G. c. Columbian series
was: What great changes were going in Spain
at the time Columbus discovered America?
Spain was for centuries noted for the splendid
achievements Of the Spanish Mahomtans,
Moors. the descendants of Arab colony that
took possession of the country. coming over from
North Africa in Ill. They built up a splendid
kingdom, and agriculture, commerce. science and
ART DOuflsneu, winnie their literary Institutions be-
came famous that they frequeuted by
Christian students from all parts of Europe
The Jews became very prosperous and it was in
Spain that medieval Hebrew literature attained its
highest DEVELOPMENT. The language and Gus
toms of the Moors became predominant; the
Christians were refused political rights, but were
allowed the free exercise of their religion.
In the 1Ith century the Moorish, power weak
ened by internal discussions began to decay and
the Christians TO gain in power. For nearly four
centuries the country a great fencing-school
of war and romance until Ferdinand and Isabella
assembled united Kingdom less than a score OF
years before Columbus discovered America.
Christianity had gained the ascendency aud the
Crown, fearing an alliance of The Moors and Jews
began conquest ofinquisition aud determinations
The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1892 and
the Moors in 1900. though many evaded the general
fate by embracing the Christian religion and de.
claring allegiance to the Church and the Crown
The number burned by the inquisition between
1883 and 1906 was s 500 under Toruuemada and
1864 under Deza total 10. s6s.
The expulsion of the Jews and Moors and the
discovery of America by Columbus. and the subse-
quen! occupation of large portions of North, Cen
trail and South America. raised Spain TO a
front rank among the powers of the earth. But In
the end the expeditions 10 America and the ex-
pulson Of the Jews and Moors, constituting large
part Of the industrial and commercial classes
proved fatal blow to the fourisIIing industry of
SPAIN aud the whole country plunged again into
internal broiis and conflicts with foreign powers
There is doubt but that Ferdinand aud Isa-
bella expected great returns in gold and treasure
from the Columbus expeditions with which to re-
pleuish their xchequer conduct their wars against
the Jews and Moors, and establish themselves az
guardians of the Christian faith.
The extreme measures employed by SPAIN as
by the Christian Church elsewhere caused great
quickening of Protestant thought The direct
fruits were borne in the l6th century, the leading
reformers being Martin Luther. born 1883 who
was nine years old when Columbus discovered
America; Melanc,hon. born 1897 and John Calvin,
born 1909. The history of these men is the history
of the Reform alton.
Columbus SECOND VOYAGE
In the midst OF The rejoicings over the discovery
Of The New World. the Spanish Soyereigns lost no
time in taking every measure To secure their new
| acquisitions. The Pope from his supreme author
J ity over temporal things as Chrisrs vicar on
earth supposed TO have the right 10 dispose of
ali heather lands to such Christian potenta,es az
would undertake to bring them under the rule of
| the Church.
Alexander the Sixth had recently been elevated
TO the papal chair He ia represented rs being able
| and polite, while being accused Of every vic. and
| crime that could disgrace humanity. Ferdinand
was well aware Of his character and undertook To
| manage him accordingly. He sent an, bassadors TO
| him announcing The discovery a triumph of the
faith and vast acquisition Of empire 10 the Church
| He assured the Pope that 1t did not in the least
interfere with the possessions ceded TO Portugal
So he supplicaied his Holiness to issue a bull.
granting TO the Crown of CASTLE dominion of all
those lands and such others as might be discovered
ia those pnrts, artfully intmatng his deriermina-
ton TO maintain possession of them no matter
what the decision might be.
Accordingly. bull was issued dated MAY 2
1893, investing the Spanish Sovereigns with The
right of possession under the condition of planting
and propagating the Christian faith On the follow.
ing day another bull issued, containing The
| famous line of demarcation. by which the posses.
sion Of Spain and Portugal thought TO be
clearly and permanently defined.
In the meantime. without waiting for the sane.
ton of the Court Of Rome the utmost exertions
were made by the Spanish Sovereigns to fiji out
SECOND EXPEDITION.
An extraordinary degree OF excitement prevailed
| regarding this expedition. The most extravapan,
| fances were entertained with regard to the New
World. Some of the people regarded it ms a region
OF 1napproprated wealth, where the rivers rolled
over golden sstlds. aud the mountains teemed will
ems and precious metals, and The chores of lhs
ocean were sown with pearls.
| Others aad foftier visions. IL q romantic
and stirring age. aud the wars with the Moor,
being over, and hostiIiues with the French beino
suspended, the bold and restless Spirits of IN
Nation impatient of the monotomy OF peaceful life
were eager for employment.
To these the New World presented "A vast field
or enterprise and adventure; To others this ex.
he pnpa ma. q