davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1893-04-20
Memhars ofCengress.

iirst Dsstriet--Jo,,n o. Pendleton, Wheeling.
Ohio County.
second Distrlct-william L. Wilson, Charles
town, Jefferson Co.
ThlrS Dlstrlct--John d. Anderson. Nicholas C.
H., Nicholas Couaty.
Fourth District-James Capehart, Point Pleas
ent. Mason county,
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1893-04-20

UNITED STATES COURT.
yuaze-J.J Jacksen. Parksrsbarg, Wood Co.
Gerk-I- Y. Moore, Clhrksburn, Harrison Co.
q. .. District Att'y-G. G.. Sturgiss, Morgan
town. Monongalia county.
Asst. Dist. AttorlIeys-S. G. Burdett Charles
ton, Kauawha county. and 4. y. Elliott,
Haywood. Preston county.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1893-04-20
su,re-. Court or Appeals.

J W. English President. Macon county.
Henry Braunon. Lewis Co.
Homer " Holt, Greenbrior Co.
n. n. Dent, Taylor Co.
Gel. CHARLES Hcdrick. Criers
y. y. Long. Clerk, Kanawha Co.
Afroi Caldwell. Reporter. Ohio Co.
osaveuss At Charlesten second "Wednesday ~
anusry; Wheeling. first Wednesday I'm June
sharlestowu. hrst Wednesday I'm september.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1893-04-20
unItea SHADES senator,.

United states Senators.
ehAslss J. Faulkner. Martinsburg. Berkley
oeunty.
West Virginia argus. [volume] (Kingwood, W. Va.) 1877-1946, 1893-04-20
siafe Nenafars-RinYenih nistrIef.

Coarts Convene.
.esreuit csurt-Marcb =, September !. and
DeeeSnbcr n.
eoanty Court-VTrst Monday January. April.
July AID October.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
PERSONAL.

Mrs. DR.. Pilling is en- route for the
Chicago exposition.
Sig Simon, travelling man for Sach
B os., San Francisco, is in town.
W. G. Kehoe, job printer at the Star,
leaves soon for California, owing to ILL
ness in his family.
Mrs. G. E. Wood, who has taught
school during the last ten months at
HarsEaw, is again in Tucson.
A. Steinfeld and family left last night
on their vacation trip which may in
clude Alaska and Japan.
Mrs. Sam. Fl. Drachmau and three
children left last night for San Fran
cisco. They will remain in California
till September or October.
L. H Manning is still in Washington,
If he takes the surveyor generals office
by June ! he will need to come home
pretty soon.
Nose Drachman has returned from a
business trip al Phoenix. He report
business as fair at Phoenix, C Jnsiderably
in advance of that of year ago.
j. G. Perry, secretary of ella Bend
Reservoir and Irrigation company.
leav. tonight for Phoenix, on matters
of business connected with the canal.
Mrs. James L. Lucas, of Silver City,
New Mexico,is visiting with her brother,
Hon. NJ. O.. Samaniego. Mrs. Lucas
visited here nine years ago and is well
remembered as a very estimable lady.
She will return home in about month.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
AFTER 25 YEARS.
Mr.. and Mrs Perry Celebrate their
Silver Wedding Anniver-
sary.

Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph G. Perry celebra-
ted their silver wedding last eveaing in
their most hospitabIe style, having many
OF their friends around them on this
festive occasion.
On the large lawn fronting their res-
idence was stretched and immense can
vas for the da ceIs, while the bands dis
coursed sweet music the entire evening.
The early stages of the party was con-
fined to their beautiful yard, winch was
tastefully burg with Chinese lanterns,
and comfortable chairs awaited those
OF Joining in the dances.
4 real treat was given the party by
Mr.. Deity of California who sang many
of his charming tenor sorgs at the ur-
ge solicitation of every one present.
He was loudly applauded and those
that We're fortunate enough TO hear Mr..
Deity, cOrrCboIate the high reputation
Mr.. Deity enjoys as singer.
Iuside the house everything was pre-
pared for the banquet and presented a
very pretty appearance. The guests
found the table groaning with good
things, and in every conceivable way
everything was done in manner befit-
ting the occasion.
There were large number of g liver
presents, and the guests parted wishing
Mr.. and Mrs Perry many equally happy
anniversaries.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
Territorial News.
PrOspectOr.

The new railroad commissioners me-
in Phoenix Saturday and organized by
electing r, W. Wood Of Tombstone pres
ident, and Reese NJ. Ling of Prescott
secretary. Meet ngs will be held a
Kngman, Jaly Z; Prescott, July s
Flags aft, July 9.
Miss Addie Slaughter returned from
California yesterday. She graaduteC
from Fields seminary with hOnOrs, hav-
ing been the highest in her class. She
wears beautiful gold star as an mblem
OF victory, which her numerous friends
will BE- pleased to sh are tn her, as 1t is
testim NAL to the inssll eence and
cleverness Of Arizona girls.
James Scow came over last night from
Dos Cabezas. He states that the stamp
mill will start up this week. The Cooper
mill is getting ready to start, and the
can, on tall mill az Wood canyon, SIX
miles from the town, will soon be IN a
position to help out the secretary of the
treasury IL his endeavOrs TO keep the
gold reserve intact.
Melzar Osborn and E. J. Terril are
over from Silver Camp in Dos Cabezas
mountains. They have been doing as
sessment work on mine over there and
will remain here few weeks doing the
annual work Ga some claims in this dis
trict. They have been doing some ex-
tensive prospecting In the neighbOrhOod
of the Peabody mine, and will return
there In a short tine to resume opera
tiOne
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
No Bananas for Him.

A man could be seen emerging from
Rules bakery last night, Considerable
faster than a walk.
He has been working ct the railroad
shops,and 1t seems Mr.. Rule garnisheed
some of his pay, to the amount of bill
he had against him.
This made the shop man wrathful
Last night he entered the Rule plac >,
explained that he was mad, and especial
ly so at Rule; be also intimated that
that Rule was about to be thumped
Rule is not man for such talk.
Quick as a cat he jumped toward the
man, grabbing the nearest weapon. On
the showcase lay two dried and black
bananas. These were the weapon.
Going to lick me, are .you?" yelled
Rule. mo you won't! Now git" And
he levelled the deadly bananas at the
railroad man.
The man fled.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
THE INJUNCTION TOO LATE.
Santa Cruz Pumping for Irrigation.
The irrigation system at San Xavier is

Santa Cruz Pumping for Irrigation.
The irrigation system at San Xavier is
now almost certainty.
From other points comes the report
that never before was water so low as at
present, and that wells and springs never
before seen dry, are now not even moist.
Yet at San Xavier there is water, and
plenty. A strong flow is tapped by the
we'll system there, says Mr. Crowley of
the water company. Mr.. Crowley de-
clares the present supply is practically
lnexhaustable. The new pump, draw
ing 100000 gallons every twenty-four
hours, only pulls we'll down five inches
daily. And they have FIVE such wells,
with water in abundance.
Sylvester Watts, one of the heads of
the company, is now detained east on a
lawsuit. On it's conclusion he will at
once come to Tucson. Mr.. Crouley
declares it is very probable indeed-in
fact it was promised, were sufficient
water developed--that a pump of
four or five times the capacity of the
present one would b. put in. Thus it
seems the Santa Cruz acreage is surely
to be considerably increased.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
Odd Fellowship Flourishing.

Holbrook people are the most hos.
pitable and do all possible to make il
pleasant for their guests, says Il. A
Judd, lately returned from there, where
he attended the grand lodge of the
order Of Odd Fellows.
The cause of Odd Fellowship in Ari-
IONA for the past year is flOurishing. Nc
lodges have ceased and new ones have
been Instituted. The latest lodges are
enc at Mesa and one at WinslOw, with
forty charter members each. Ere long
it is expected two more viii be institu-
ted-at Yuma and Williams.
The grand lodge officers for the COM
ing year are:
J. n. Jones, of Bisbee, G.. NJ.
n. A. Morford, of Phoenix, d. G.. NJ.
r. G. Bayless. of Flagstaff, q. w.
Il. A. Judd, of Tucson, G.. S.
Next years grand lodge will be held
at K ngman, on the second Monday in
April.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
Resolutions Of Respect
HALL OF ARIZONA LODGE No. l,
4 O. Il. w. Tucson. Nav %. ,93 (

HALL OF ARIZONA LODGE No. /,
A. o. U. W., Tucson, May a, 49, :
WHEREAP, Il has rleased the Almighty
to visit our brother Past Mater Work
mn, f. A. Odermatt with the less OF
his beloved parents; and whereas We de-
sire to manifa st our sympathy with him
in his bereavement, be it resolved:
1st. That We deeply sympathize with
our good aud faithful brother in his
great affiicticn;
2nd. That copy of these resolutions
be spread upon the minutes, and be
pub ished in the A. o. u w. Record, and
the press If the city.
J. G. HILziNGER,
G. A. SHIBELL, Committee.
w. ]. OSBORN.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
a Pointer for Travellers.

While Mr.. 7. S. Richey, of Altoona,
Mo-. was travelling in Kansas he was
taken vi plently i'll witch cholera morbus
He called at drug story 10 get some
medicine and the druggists recommended
Chamberlain Collie, Cholera and Diar-
rhoea Remedy 81 highly be concluded to
to try it. Tie result was immediate
relief, and few doses cured him com.
pleteiy. 1t is made for bowel complaints
and nothing else. 1t never fails. For
sale by
il EIEISHMAN DrIluCisfs
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
6 " e p g

AVE RS
81 SaFsapariI!a
Y-our hest remedy fer
E-rySipeIa Catar-n
rheumatism, and
S-cYofu!a.
Salt E'1cun1, Sore Eyes
A-bsces38a, !ufnors
Running Sores
S-curyy, |@lmors, Itch
Armenia, Indigestion
P-in1p!c5, G:otEci.cS
Ard C&y!3uHc!es
Rim gNcEi11, flashes
E-n7puYe &c o.
L-anguidne83, DTopsy
Liver Complaint
ALI cured BY
ne ~. 9e@|a
{ 3 y @s 8 -
Ez& = 5aa villa
- E&E - 20 - e]&S I ( Z %
rrc;,aryd ~, I'rJ. =. Aver = CO., lowell. Mass.
sid - "a ij.a-.s's. iri-c ii; TX Lo;t.o7, So
Cures others, will cure you
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
RECORDERS OFFICE.
C. A. sHIBELL, COUNTY RECORDER.

Quit claim deed, J. j. Noon to T
Gebl-r, for lot 5, block 4, Nogales, con.
sideration, $50.
Assignment Of lease, A. Vgsquez to
I. Gebier, for building in Nogales; con-
sideration SI20.
Deed, Francisco B Atkinson to z
Wolff, for lot ia Nogalee; consideration
500.
Location of Forest mine, in the Sierri-
tas, by Fannie Garcia.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
A Popular Remedy.

The promptness and certainty OF us
cures have made Chamberlain's Cough
Remedy famous. 1t is intended especially
for coughs. colds, cronp and whooping
cough, and is the most effectual remedy
known for these diseases. MIR. G. b.
Main, of Union City, Pa, says: Il have
a great sale on Chamberlain's, Cough
Remedy. J warrant every bottle and
have never heard of one failing to give
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
cThank YOu -

Is what Mrs. Paisley of Newburgh, n
Y, always says to Hoods Sarsaparilla.
1t cured her of a severe case of scrofu la
and eczema, and she has reason to be
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03

BIRMINGHAM, Ala, May 27.-Robert
Alexander and Louis and Howard Pugh,
negro boys, were hanged at Tuskegee,
Alabama this afternoon for criminal
assault on Mrs. Cox, farmers wife.
VALLEJO, Cal, May 37.-The United
States coast defense vessel Monterey
left the navy yard this morning at 10:45
for a final official trial trip at sea. She
will steam up at Santa Barbara chan
nel.
CHICAGO, May 27.-Soldiers of the
United States army will be armed with
IN few months with magazine rifles of
the Krag-Jorgensen type. This deci-
sion by the. board of ordnance and
Notifications only awaits the approval
of the secretary of war.
OTTAWA, Ont, May 27.-The deputy
minister of the marine has sent dis
patch to Victoria and Esquimslt warn
ing sailors not to fish within ten miles
of the Russian coast md within thirty
miles of Robin island, according to in
ternatiOnal agreement.
New YORK, May 26.-Ex-Secretary
Foster has assigned, and the news of
his failure has caused considerable COM
meDt here.
Foster is generally considered by all
Wall street men to have taken an active
interest in Wall street affairs, and is
supposed to have been associated with
Senator Calvin S. Brlce and General
| Samuel Thomas iu some of their deals
The amount of speculation, however
is said to have been grossly exaggerated
CHGCAGo, May 26.-This afternoon
United States District Attorney Mil
christ said it would be impossible tc
prepare bill for an injunction in time
to prevent opening tie Worlds fail
gates next Sunday.
THE INJUNCTION TOO LATE.
| CHICAGO, May 27.--The expected bill Of
injunction to prevent Sunday opening OF
| the Worlds fair was filed today by
United States a ttorney MilchrIst in the
federal circuit court. The district at
torney does not ask for temporary in
junction and as arguments on the bill
will not be heard till next week there il
nothing in the action 90 prevent the pro
posed opening of the gates tomorrow.
A DESPERATE RESORT.
| MONMOUTH, Ill, May 27.-Dr W.
Robinson, IN behalf of the national re
form association, telegraphed Presideu
Cleveland asking him TO issue procla
nation closing the gates of the World:
fair and keep it closed until the court
can act.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
Guaranteed Cure.

We authorize our advertised druggist
to sell DIR. Kings New Discovery for con-
sumption, Coughs and Colds, upon this
condition. If you are afflicted with a
Cough or Cold or any Lung, Throat or
Chest trouble, and will use this remedy
as directed, giving it fair trial and ex-
perience no benefit, you may return the
bottle and have your money refunded.
We could not make this offer did We
not know that DR.. Kings New Discovery
could be relied on. 1t never disappoints.
Trial bottles free at DR.. Martins drug
store. Large size SOC. and S1.00.
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03
The Prison Officials.

The change of officials at the peniten-
tiary is now complete. Following is a
complete list of the new officers and TIE
counties from whence they come:
Arizona weekly citizen. [volume] (Tucson, Ariz) 1880-1901, 1893-06-03

VIsALIA. Cal May 27.-The shooting
of Black was about last night, after be
and Burns left the saloon at Camp
Bedger near Vlsalia. AS Black fell he
cried:
"You dirty cusses!y you are too coward
ly to give a man a chance for his lifer'
The clothes were perforated with
buckshot in several places, besides the
wounds in the thigh and arm.
FosTERIA, Ohio, May 27.--There are
no new developments in the failure of
Ex-Governor Foster, who says be has no
further statement to make.
CHICAGO, May d. The crowds at The
Worlds fair are steadily increasing.
The largest attendance of the season
not excluding opening day, is expected
tomorrow.
New YORK, May 27.-The proposed
excursion of Eulalie to West Point has
been postponed till Monday, owing to
tho rarinnaaa'o avhaucftan affar lact
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

CORRESPONDENTS should remem-
Der the rule of all well-conducted
papers = that no correspondence
can be inserted, unless the name of
the writer accompanies it, not
necessarily for publication, but as
a guarantee of good faith. No less
than five such letters have been re-
ceived from Maui and Hawaii the
past week-some of them quite in
teresting, but we are obliged to
withhold them for this reason.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

A BEAUTIFUL memorial window
is being prepared in Munich, Ger
many, to be placed in the naval
academy chapel in Annapolis, com
memorating the death Of the
officers and seamen lost in the
hurricane at Samoa in 1889. St.
Andrews cathedral, in this city,
has a memorial window commem-
Grating the same sad event. A more
enduring way to immortalize the
names of these heroes could not be
devised, for as long as these edi-
fees remain, so long viii the story
be told to future generations. All
honor to Hawaii and Maryland for
what they have done in this mat
ter.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

a rude one, and the worst is hap
PLY past. At all events the dangers
which threatened the new govern
ment in various forms, or were said
to threaten it, have passed away in
the breath of rumor or in the vain
glorious boastings of royalists. The
financial disasters which were
prophesied to follow the new
regime have failed to appear, and
every passing week now adds to
the credit of the treasury and the
stability of the government.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23
THAT INTERVIEW.

That Mr.. Charles Nordhoff has
put up some sort of journalistic job
on Mr.. Claus Spreckels, and has
included some statements in the
alleged interview, published else
where, which Mr.. Spreckels will
hesitate to endorse, is more than
likely. In giving his permission
to publish here an interview sent
to the New York Herald, Mr..
Spreckels has probably not fully
understood the intent and purpose
Of the Herald's correspondent to
make a political cats paw out of
him. Those who know Mr.. Spreck-
els and his past political and COM
mercial connections with Hawaii
are inclined to this view.
Perhaps, if the truth were known,
Mr.. Spreckels has already ex-
pressed more or less surprise at the
final shape which his familiar talk
with Mr.. Nordhoff has taken.
The people of Hawaii have
long been accustomed to read
between the lines of Mr..
Spreckels' interviews. When the
Herald's VIGOROUSLY unreliable cor
respondent makes Mr.. Spreckels
say he sees no reason why stable,
Independent government" should
not exist here without annexation,
some of Mr.. Spreckels' wise and
pointed political prophecies regard
ing stable government in the ISL
ands heretofore are at once recalled
to mind.
Those who are acquainted with
Hawaiian political history, as Mr..
Spreckels is-and Mr. Nordhoff is
not-will remember the fact that
several years ago Mr.. Spreckles
himself failed in a herculean at
tempt to establish stable govern
ment in unstable Hawaii. The
task would be harder to accomplish
today, and those best acquainted
with Mr.. Spreckels and his great
commercial interests in Hawaii are
loath to believe that he would wish
to see such a government, or COM
binatlon of governments, estab-
lished here as Mr.. Charles Nord-
hoff and the New York Herald
propose.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

This state of affairs has. nom
plussed the political prophets of
evil, and the necessity of doing
something rather than waiting for
it to turn up, has at last brought
the royalist leaders to a point where
they must show their hands and
declare what manner of fight they
will make against annexation.
With them it has become a ques-
ton of "to be, or not to be-" a
question of political self-preserva
ton at all hazards and by any
means. Their simple protest
against annexation quite lately
has been supplemented, if it has
not been entirely substituted, by
the Inauguration of campaign of
Misrepresentation, part truths, his
torical suppressions and outright
falsehoods, that would shame the
ancient father of lies" Nor were
the royalists capable, single-hand
ed, of organizing and carrying out
effectively this low-graded political
campaipn. They must need take
their cue from foreigner, who,
with a machiavelian turn of mind
and Bourbon cast of conscience,
is vainly attempting to make the
plain historic facts of the revolu-
ton appear as no facts by substi-
tuting for them garbled statements
and, where necessary, direct false
hoods.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

The absurd defense offered Mr..
Nordhof's conduct that he has
hitherto possessed a good reputa-
ton, "as an able and honorable
journalist throughout the United
States" will not suffice: the ques-
ton to be decided is, has Mr..
Nordhoff borne false witness in
this specific case of Hawaiian
affairs. That he has, not only
the contradictions between the
statements in his letters of April
Sth and 25th, but his own admis-
sions in print here and the ire
futable facts of late Hawaiian his
tory amply and conclusively prove.
There is but one conclusion: that
is, Mr.. Nordhoff's misstatements
and falsehoods are being backed
by the royalists for the definite
purpose of supporting a campaign
of lies, which their new foreign
leader has prescribed for the ex-
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

A REPORT reaches US that gov
eminent officers on Hawaii are
making themselves conspicuous by
open opposition to the Provisional
government. If these reports be
confirmed, all such officers should
be dismissed at once, and replaced
by honest and reliable men, upon
whom the government can depend.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23
In the Supreme Court of the Ha-
waiian Islands.
SPECIAL TERN, APRIL 20, 1888.
HAWAI- Z. GEORGE VS.. HANAkAULANl
Holt.
BEFORE JUDD, C. J., BIoKERToN AND
FREAR, u.

An exception may be allowed to the refusal
or denial of q motion for a new trial,
on the ground that the verdict is con-
trary to the weight of evidence
The statute of limitations of real actions
may run in favor Of married woman.
Thehusband's possession in law, inures
TO the benefit of his wife.
An invalid or defective title, if believed TO
be good, will be operative to give effect
to possession taken and held under it.
In addition to evidence of title by inheri-
lance, defendant put on evidence show
ing open, adverse and continuous pos
session OF the land for over twenty
years. This was not rebutted by plain
tiff. Held, the jury must have disre-
garded this defense.
New trial ordered.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

But the battle of lies" must
needs be fought and the entire
rank and file of the old palace
crowd, newspapers and all, have
fallen in behind Mr.. Nordhoff,
whom they publicly announce they
viii both initiate and defend. The
weakness of their cause all royal
lists feel is its evident lack of truth /;
but they have passed the political
rubicon whence there is no retreat !:
disastrous and decisive conflict
with truth and historic fact will
end in the political determination
of the royal cause in Hawaii. Here
after there can be no heed given
to cries for quarter; with the
concerted Punishment of right
reason, truth and justice by the
royalists and their non-American
foreign leaders, political courtesy
and mercy have withdrawn from
the field.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

that as the contest between the par
ties was mainly directed to the ques-
ton of their relationship to Kapu,
the jury overlooked the defense Of
adverse possession. We consider
that this is case requiring the inter
ference of the Court, aud therefore
sustain the exceptions and order q
new trial.
A. S. Hartwell for plaintiff; A.
Rosa and G. W. Ashford for defend
ant.
Honolulu, May 11th, 1893.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23
University of California.

A copy of the register of the Uni.
versity of California for 1928 has
been received at this office. The
register contains full information
regarding the various colleges
which are comprised in the univer-
sity, including the colleges of let
tiers, agriculture, mechanics, min
ing, civil engineering, chemistry,
astronomy, law, medicine, den
tistry and pharmacy. The names
of the graduates and students in
each of these colleges are given,
and among them are several from
these islands. The Lick observa-
tory is a branch of the university.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23

queens cause, if he has not ALSO
lutely dictated it to the purblind
royalist politicians. It's small won
der their one would-be-respectable
newspaper hesitated to follow the
political plan Of so reckless and
unscrupulous a leader as Mr.. Nord-
hoff.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1893-05-23
A CAMPAIGN OF LIES.

The political situation in Hawaii
is rapidly becoming one of grave
Importance. No great political
change like the present can take
place in any country, least of all in
q weak state like this, without dis
turbing the entire political and
financial fabric of the nation. This
has been done. The shock has been