davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
4 VALUABLE RAILROAD LINK.
The Sioux Falls g. Yankton Makes a
short Cut West.

"AsH1SGToS CITY. Jan. 2i.-[Special. lit is
learned that the sixty-miie stretch of railroad
besug built by Senator Pettgrew. OF South Da-
kota and other business men from Sioux Falls
70 faIkton. IS of great Importance in view of
the fact that it is to connect with the Union Pa
cifc from the south aud Great lakes via Du-
iuth east. making transcontinental line and
shortening the distance more than one hundred
miles. In speaking of this today, Senator Petit
grew said:
The Sioux Falls, iankton & Southern Rail-
roHd company was incorporated in the fail Of
ISL. Tor the purpose of constructing a road
from Sioux Falls, il Southeastern Dakota. To
lanktoB, on the Missouri river in tho same
STATE, Il distance Of si1ty-oue miles. The road
is now under construction, ii large portion OF IL
having been graded aud bridges being built
THIS road forms al important connection be
tween the axes and The Pacific ocean, as toe
Yauktou & Norfolk ia binding a line from
lankton - Norfolk, which connects with the
Union Pacific, thus making the distance from
California and all points West 100 miles
shorter 70 Duluth. Nina, and the line
must ultimately heC0mc part OF the
great transc0GtiueotBl system The road is be-
ing constructed bS the corporation which owns
n, aud IL is not the property of any exi stiuC
railroad company. Five of the great trunk
lines OF the West cf,tcr sioux Fal .s--the Illinois
Central. Chicago 4 North western, Rock Island
Milwaukee X 81 Pau. and the 0rea; Northern
ern connect directly WIN the Lakes. This line
will give sioux Falls SIX roads ana make il one
al the great railroad Ccute-s of the Nest. The
business control 81 by the new company viii b.
delivered ~ the ave corporations named, or TO
such as VIII uEeT the greatest inducements.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
SENSATION AT Kos ANGELES.
The First Wife of ''Junior Partner"
Lawson Beats Wife No. 2.

Los ANGELES Jan. 25-At O'Clock this after
noon q sensation occurred directly in front of
the postofice which involves q well-known
lady of this city Parties about the building
noticed Mrs. l. A. Rawson, the former wife
private carriage, but paid no special attention
at the time she was riding by about the sixth
time when she suddenly alghted from her
carriage and rushing up to lady who was
about TO enter the postofFiee, proceeded TO beat
her about the head with parssol. she struck
several BLOWS before the bystanders could inter
fere At last the women were separated and
Mrs. Rawson entered her carriage and was
driven away. The other lady. who proved to be
Rawsor.'s present wife, was escorted down Main
street by a gentleman. Mrs. Rawson swore out
a warrant for the arrest OF Mrs. Rawson No. l
late this afternoon. Mrs. Rawson No. was
taken to the police station and gave bonds for
her appearance at the police court tomorrow at
3 o'clock.
Rawson was at one time one o. the leading
business men of this city, but afterward was
sent TO the insane asylum at stockton. Before
Rawsou had gone through al his property he
was divorced from his wife, but married again
a few days after the decree was granted. Later
on he was divorced from his second wife. Alter
being discharged from the asylum he wrote 8
book entitled "rhe Junior Partner" which re-
ceived good many fattering press notices.
Rawson's next move was to rem4rry vile No.
. He soon lett the Coast and went 10 Mime
sofa and Chicago in 1891. He is now living in
San Francisco, and il Is said he sent his wife
TO Los Angeles to transact some business for
him. Jealousy is supposed 10 have been the
cause OF today's assault,
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
SnIP ING INTEL ENCE.


TAToOsH. San. 23-5 p. m.-Cloudy; wind
east, fifty miles hour Passed Instr Well.
ingion. al - 2. m. Passed out-Str Havtien
Republic, Al 80 p. m; bk at i2:30 = m; III Ia
vincible. at -. IN; sh, at Alb y. m: bk, at
$50 7. m.
NEAH BAY, Jan. % y. m-Cloudy; brisk
east wind
EAST CLAILAN. Jan. 2a-5 T. m-Cloudy:
ri - snutherst wind.
PYsHr, Jan. 25.--S n m.-Cloudy; southeast
wind. Tug fyee passed up at 5 p. m.
PORT CRESCENT, Jan. % p. m.-Cloudv:
biisS noriEs s. wind.
PORT ANGELES. Jan 2S--5 o. m.-Partly
cloudy; fre,h northeast wind.
PORT townsend. Jan. 2l-fSpeciai 1-Arrived
-Bktn Modcc, ten DAYS from san Francisco. at
loyt B.aAeIgy. sailed-sh Invlncibie, from
Port B.akey for san Francisco; Blk Matilda. for
Honolulu.
TACOMA. Jan. 2i-sailed-Sh Abner Cohuro
wheat. for Liverpool.
SAN FPAS 'ISco, Jan. - -Arrived-Str South
Coast. !rom liiamook: str Willamette Valley.
from laquiba bay. Cleared-s:r Signal, from
Seattle. Departed-str Point Iona, from Gray's
Narhpr. sh NOsem;te from Seattle
LIZARD. ism. 2A-Weimar, Baltimore for Bre.
mca:
bremen. an. 2S-Hsrmann. New York; Col.
oradn, Hull
yHLAnELsHtA, Jan. 25-Brttish Prince. L!v-
erpoo..
QUEE<sr5ws. Jan. 2l-British Princess. Phil
a0e plla.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
SWIFT WORK OF MOB
Negro Murderers Lynched Be-
fore His Victims Were Cold.
ALIVELYCHASE IN NEWORLEANS
Wilson Howard. the Desperate, Con-
victed OF Murder-Mrs. Rawson Beats
Mrs. Rawson No. 2 at Los Angeles.

NMw ORLEANS, Jan. 2a.-One of the most hor-
rible crimes ever committed here occurred this
evening ana resulted n a womaa's thros. being
cut from ear TO ear, one man being murdered
and another lynched The crime TOOK place il
the Fifth district OF this city, which is
far off from the thicSly settled neig Dor
hood. Mrs. Martin Mcmahon, an aged
woman who keeps a grocery, some time ago
hired negro ex-convict named Fisher. This
evening Mrs. Mcmahon sent the negro on an
Grand She expressed dispieasure a. triiiing
purchase he made for her. when the negro, with
out warning, rushed Tor the woman. He caught
her by the hair and Gu. her throat
The womap's screams attracted the attention
OF g white man, who ran TO her assistance. The
negro fed, jumped the back fence and hid in
the Clubhouse. In the meantime the noise had
brought John Barrett. 10 the scene. He
caught the negro, but the latter turned
and stabbed Barrett three times, killing him IN
st.atly. By this time the neighborhood was
aroused, aud men armed with every kind OF
weapon arrived and after several shots had
ben fred az the negro, the crowd quickly got a
rope. and with cries OF Hang HIM before he
dies" dragged him into the yard aud strung him
up on the nearest tree. Mr.. McMahon Is dan
ge-ousy wounded. Excitement ran high, but
promp. action by the police put al end to fur
taer trouble.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
n. p. Branch to Fia.bead VALLEY.

Inc Northern Pacific Company has fled a: the
general land Office in Washington City map OF
tne sefinite locstion of the branch OF the North
ern Pacific Montana to the Flarheac country.
TIE branch starts rom point on the main line
near Jocxo station, and runs thence TO the Fiat
bead river, Grow aud Mud creek valleys: thence
along the east shore o: the Flathesd lake 10 the
northern boundary o. the Flathead Indian
reservation. fifty and one-hslf miles. From the
above point itrIns along the shore o. Flathead
iese northery 10 a point near the mouth Of
Swan river norta up the "a ley OF the Fiathead
river twenty-six aud seven-.enths miles; thence
up the valley OF tie Elathesd river TO point on
the left bank OF Coat creek, one mile above It's
confluence with the Flathead river, twenty
eight and one-tanth miles.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
NEW MEAT MARKET OPENED.
Splawn's Moved to Fine quarters :
Where to Get the Beat.

A. J. splewn Il Co.'S Yakima Marses has been
removed from Main street and Raiis1ad avenue
TO 100 south Third street. where the= have fitted
up one OF the finest n arkets in the city. and one
OF the most centrally located. here can be
found the best of meats at the Lowest prices.
where rich and poor alike will End prompt
service and courteous treatment The very
name OF this firm is a guarantee OF square
dealing. Mr.. Splawn, the head Il the firm,
has long been IN the meat business n this city,
and is well-known as one OF the mest enterpris-
ing and successful business men isn the Coast
The manager of the market will h A. K. Cam
erou, who has been many years in che business
on this Coast, and is most CON pe1ant man for
the position. The company does a yholesalc "a
we'll as retail business being one ef the largest
houses IN its line IN the state It resrs and feeds
its own cattle, sheep and pigs on its own
ranches, and, knowing the demands of the trade.
is enabled 10 most effectualy ca;sr TO the de-
sires of its customers and TO always furnish
meats OF a superior quality.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26

many OF the mills were in core financial straits
and were cutting prices to enable them TO real
lie on their procuct during the winter months.
"hile there was some truth in this statement,
30 lar as very small minority il con-
cerned, yet majority of the association has
been lving strictly To the present market prices.
AT the conclusion Of the discussion q strong
resolution On the subject was adopted, and the
secretary was Instructed 70 request the press 20
publish same, with the signatures OF the mem
oers attached Following is the resolution:
Resotrs1, Thar every member OF the Single
manufacturers and Dealer Association o. Ore
gon ana Arlington hereby pledges himself TO
stana oy thc association prizes from and after
tnis Gate, and that he will make no sales a. any
o.Asr p7ices- s.gned BY 81 the IaeLabers.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
THE Z. L. CONTINUES THE WAR.
Great Reduction in Running Time to
MDrin's Eair Infe nd ed.

CHICAGO. Jan. Clay Gould's last official act
WAS 20 approve the subsequent notice % the
Union Pacific's refusal TO Interchange one-wsy
passenger business with the Atch!soa. Bur.iug-
ton and Rock Isaad roads except al Missouri
and at Fort Worth. This approval was given
only after the closes: Investigation, and marked
the FIRST warlixe movement of the Union Pacific
III rnutGa! boycott OF large proportions IN rail-
road history.
The Union Pacific is now ready 10 take still
further action in the offensive. As soon as the
Worlds fair rates are settled, this road will re-
duce the running time OF through trains from
Chicago to Portland to thtrty-sx hours less than
any other line Al the same time it will put on
corresponding train service with the Alton b.
way OF Kansas City twenty-iour hours
shorter than any other line. This
will wake up the Northern Pacific
to the necessity of faster train service, and will
involve ali the tTanscontiuental lines In the
struggle. The fight up to the present has re-
suited IN the hiring OF over twenty additional
passenger men, who distributed over the
country sounding the praises OF the different
routes. This contest for business has only oc-
casioDaliy resulted in cut rates. All trains are
running full, II being necessary TO secure berths
on some lines a week in advance. The Union
Pacific officially declares that it viii never re-
sumo business with allied lines on the old
terms, and the allied lines answer promptly
taat they are better supplied than ever before,
and will be the last TO propose any change
One point determined on by the Union Pacific
is likely TO end in much trouble when the in
eyi,able conferences for ending the mutual boy
colt lake place. This determination is to charge
higher rate 10 allied roads on round trip bust
ness which goes but way over the Union
Pacific The allied lines laugh at this threat
aud point to the fact that they have dozen dis
tnct routes 10 and from the Pacific against two
by y ay of the Union Pacific.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
CONFERENCE OF UNIrsRIANs.
Now in Session at Olympia-rrogramme
of the Exercises.

OLYMPIA. Jan. 25-fSpecial. Thu first session
OF the Pacific Northwest Conference OF UnItar-
ian and other liberal Christian chu5ches, organ
ICED at Puyallup in August, 1921. I5et here to-
day. The conference will continue until Friday
noon, and three ses sious will be mega tomorrow
Among those already here are Rev*W. G.. Eliot
pastor of the First Unitarian cl!uro.i OF Seattle;
Joseph shipper, president OF the conference,
and Mrs. Helen Pearce, these three being dele
gates from Seattle; Rev. Thomas l. eliot, Rev E.
N. " ilbur ami three other from tie TWO Port
land churches, besides delegates from the local
churches. Many others viii be hers tomorrow.
The Olympia society is furnishing, entertain
nent 10 the delegates
The conference opened tonight with a meet
ing al which services were conducted by Rev. y.
Hoagland and number of Others. Many men,
bors of the Legislature and state ofsers attended
and were greatly impressed BY the able sermon
OF Rev Thomas l. Eliot. informal introduce
,ions and social followed the ssrmon. The
programmes OF the remaining sessions are as
follows:
THUgsDAY-MoRSIS9
9:3o-Deyotionsl meeting, led bs Rev. A. W.
Martin
IJ:I5-Conference, opened by address from
Joseph Shipper. president.
appointment of committees anc preliminary
business.
or delegates.
II:S0-Missionary enterprises anG methods.
THURsDAY-AFTERSoOs
address by ". &. Eliot, j.. Methods in
Re.laIous Thought"
Address by Rev. a. W. Maran, Science
o. Right LIVING"
8:29-Address by Rev Wil!ia..l Mitchell,
Progress OF Liberal Though; IN tha Evangelical
Denominations"
a brief discu sion will follow esrh address.
THUEsDAY-EyENISG
7.2o-Platform meeting. having for its main
toHlc, "Our GospaI and Mission%-to he pre-
scented in orlei speeches oy large number II
ministers and aynen-
9:SJ-SoclaDie with refreshments and music.
FRIDAY-MOESfSG
9:3)-The morning will be IL cS3argagct Rev.
EaEl II. Wilbur. and will De de.0ted 20 the
moral and religious education OF tse young anu
Z II iny chnnls
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
ANOTHER BIG suI>GLE MILL.
New Company VIII Add 500, 900 to Bal
lars's naily f.roAueIinn.

Another shiUgie MILL and one q. the largest
on Puget SQUAD, IS being erected nj Ballard.
which VIII when completed MAKE that town the
greatest single manufacturing point in the
wofli. II 10 being built by the Fleming &
Ayerst Company. which viii a. articles OF IN.
corporation today The incorporaf0rs VIII he
7. K tieNnc. recently al Chicago. where he
was Tor many years engaged 10 the wao.esale
lumbar business; r. 4. AyGrSt, &. T. Aye-~t and
Cornela I. Fleming, and the capita aiock " IL
De t75,D10 paid up.
The daily capacity Of THE mill Will - 5l1 atn
th3uecs aud % 200 feet Of lumber. Tie mil j.
= be constructed o. tie most approved Man.
aad the machinery Will 10 OF The very latest and
best patterns. The mill will have excellent
facilities tar shipping bota hy rail and water.
This maAcs the sAtngie capacity OF the Bal.
lari mills over 100000 per day aad ~ the same
time II makes & ~ eco the be-; market lo- logs
on Puget sound. Tie daily capacity d. The
vsrIogs mills Is - follows: et4mscn Mil Com.
pany. 500 0)1; Fleming & AyeTst Company. ~. =
90. Nest Coast C0mpsny, 40,o00; seattle Cels-
Company. So0.ul9; Jsmlcsoa-D ken COMPANY.
: 1.lZo: ballard Manufacturing Company. 5ulJl;
oge-tou-Mcnonald Company. 5j.e0. ee,iacs =
couple ot others with = capacity ., about e no
eRrH
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
WITH NO MORE DELAY.
Great Northern to Begin Work
ON Terminal Yards.
THE o. I. co. STILL PROTESTS.
Five PHedrivers to Begin Work on the
Tide Flats-Another Big Single
Mill for Ballard.

The verdict Of the Jury in the Great Northern
condemnation suit Will no doubt result in a
large amount OF work being begun at oncs in the
city. The Great Northern owns about l6J acres
on the tide fss, where its freight ware
houses, round houses, supply warehouses and
other terminal buildings will BE- erected
and the freight yards OF the company located.
An immense amount OF piling is 10 he done,
and the work viii be rushed through with the
greatest dispatch when started, in order that
the company can be IN shape 10 take part in the
sprtng freight traffic.
Judge Thomas Burke, attorney for the Great
Northern, said:
Oh, we're satisfied with the verdict II was
s2,UJo or {3,O90 more than we think il ought to
have been, but In large matter ike that one
can't expect 10 have things whitfield down to a
fine point Orr next move will be 20 press for
~ar1 on the Nhitechepei condemnation. Per-
soaaiiy,I have long desired to have that lis.
triet ciesned out, and am now glad that we
can go sneai In the matter. JnsE soon rs
the judgment is signed. which IL is expected
will be done In few days, our coIaraiiy will
pay the damages awarded into court aud start
TO work on the terminal grounds. Five pile
drivers will be set TO work at once making q
foundation for our tracks, freight depot, etc,
and the work Of getting IN shape TO handle
freight viii he rushed through so we can han
ole big freight business this spring. don't
think there Will be any further delay III the
courts. ! received telegram from Mr.. Hill
last night SAYING that he was much gratfied
thet the ooslTactlol 70 sne Improvements he IN
tends making here had finally been overcome
aud that he could now get through to his freight
depots and terminal grounds.
General Manager c. J. Smith. OF the Oregon
Improvement Company, said:
1t is the second step IN legalized robbery
which was begun by Judge Licnienberg. lex
pect now that they viii condemn oar entire
line to Black River Junction, as think they
VIII want II. Tie damages adequate? Why,
We shall have TO spend three times that amount
Crossing, not 20 mention our loss OF property
rignts- AS 10 what VIC shall do next | not
prepared 10 state. as l have 10; yet consulted
Win NJ. Burae.gn, cur attorney, wao Is over Ct
O.ymutH
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26

SEpALIA, No, Jan. 2I--Two men. sup
posed TO be the two prisoners who escaped
from the jail at Springfield on Saturday.
boarded a train on the Sedalia, Warsaw
& Southern railroad al Cole Camp, Rollin
county, today. They were both armed
with revolvers and terrorzed the passen-
gers. The women took refuge in the bag
gage car while the men on the train were
powerless in the face of the ruffans and
their revoivers. The men disembarx ed
from the train before 1t reached here,
having done no damage further than
frightening the passengers thoroughly.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
The New Panama steamer Line.

In an interview in New York Gen. John New
ton, presiden. OF the Panama railroad. said IN
regard 10 new arrangements with tae North
American Navigation Company:
Our agreement with the North American Nav
1gaton Company is for the direct trade between
New YORK and :@an Francisco, and. IS The decree
IN the recent injunction sui; simply prohibited
any lntcrierelt. OF our part with the rights o.
the Pacific Mail in the section OF the Pacific
coast lying between Panama and Acapulco, IL
VIII not effect rs just now. The frat sailing Of
the new line VIII be made about FeorUsr? p
from san Francisco. Five saips will ply OF
the Pacific ana two on the Atlantic.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26

The Great Northern railroad has Jus: been
making number of changes among its Eastern
agents. The general agency at Cleveland, Of
which ". +. Herman had charge, ha. been aooi-
ished and an ofice has been opened at Buffalo
with II. ;. Noble as travelling freight agent. II.
q. McAicken has beer. transferred from the gem
erai agency at Winnipeg 70 that at Toronto. and
Is succeeded 81 the former place by John A.
Donaldson, who has been soliciting freight
agent OF the Canadian Pacific there. w J.
Byrih. travelling freight and passenger agent,
with head9ua ters al Chicago, has been ap-
pointed genera. agent al Cincinnati.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
Pacific Mail Freezes out a Connection.

SAN FRAScfsco. Jan. Glowing 20 a heavy
cut IN freight rates By the Pacific Mail the new
Spanish Amer can steamship line has an
nounced thar Il will discontinue its steamers
between san francisco and Central American
ports. The agents OF the company state that the
suspension is Tot permanent and that as soon rs
rates warrant 1T their steamers Will be put back.
The Spanish nerican company ran a steamer
once month 20 Central American ports and for
q time did 4 I.aylng business
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
The New Canadian Pacific Steamers.

VANCOUVER, b. c., Jan. 25.-,Special. ID z.
Brown. traTei!ng Worlds fair traffic agent for
the Canadian Pacific railroad, returned this
morning from Montreal, whore he made report
TO headquarters on the trip TO Oriental points,
and leaves tomorrow overland Tor san Francisco.
whence he viii sail for New Zealand on the
same mission. From New Zealand he will 60 20
Australia, and this gives foreshadoYng of the
use 70 which the two boats now under construc-
ton at Barrow -in-Furness for the Canadian Pa
clfc rail road Will be put
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
Fox Rock Whistiing Buoy Adrift.

The following notice 10 mariners under date
OF January "a has been issued by Commander
O. ". Farenhol,, inspector OF the Thirteenth
lighthouse district:
Notice is hereby given that the whistling
buoy, painted red aud lettered ''Fox Rock" in
white is re ported 70 have gone adrift from Fox
rock, Orford reef. near Cape Blaneo. Oregon.
Pilots and masters of vessels, II this buoy Is
seen 10y them. are requested 20 notify the light
house inspector at San Francisco, Cal, or a.
Portland, Or,
The buoy will he replaced as early as prac-
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26
Rnwdyisru at sumner,

TACOMA. Jan. 25.-Senator Sergeant was hung
IN effigy at sumner by two dozen persons at
midnight last night because he represents ma
ior!ty OF Ms constituency in favoring division
Of Pierce ana King counties aud the formation
OF new county IRON the southern parts of
tAose counties. An attempt has been msIe by
enemies % seattle 10 claim that this expression
CT di>pleasure resulted from Sargeants nom
support OF Judge Turner, but such statement
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26

NEW YoRx. Jan 2a--C z, Huntington sad
today that the purchase of the san Autouio &
ArAusas Pass railroad had been closed AMI tae
forms. transfer would be made IN lew days
Tire formal steps were DELAYED st t6e rcQucs, II
members al ia committee representing tho
sscurlty holders from whom the purchase was
made Thomas (. Stlimau viii tie elected
president whe9 tho Southern Paelac takes
formal posseSSl8g.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1893-01-26

1.-THE Januars meeting al the shing.e Maru-
fsrturers' ana Dealers Association of Oregon
aus u ashinEtan. head IN Tacoma on the I5,h
inst, the matter OF tie market priea NOT being
strictly adhered 10 by members was brought up
and discusses. Dsr3sg the TASK month many
% the iuusees papers 81 the Couatrg have stated
thai pgleVs hasg Los beea ussinIssas1 because