New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1893-06-04

suiod no danger or the practical life Of these
cruel political organisms. Machavelll was inc
inevitable and adequate expression Inc gam
of individual. Of one group, was the
loss Of another This is the only CONCLUSION 10
be drawn from his dctum that There u
fixed quantity Of happiness and unlappincss IN
the world at all times. but distributed I'LL
fcrcnty az different times" The prejudice was
n natural one. Doubtless IL exists to-day. Du'
the outcome Of it in the quarrcls OF the Italian
States is one of tho melancholy lessons OF history
In contrast with divided Italy. England unuer
Henry VIII WAS already great and united
nation. In contrast with the cynical. ana iroh
his point Of view essentially practical. instruc-
tons of Machiavelli to princelings, Sir Thomas
Moro could turn warm and enthusiastic iancy
unon pro;ccts for the social bettcrmcnt OF
pcoplc who were politically safe. when nc
wrote his Utopia" remarks DR.. Bonar. :" he was
distressed about the state Of England az fia'"
when he wrote his Republic, was distrcsse'
aboat the state of Athens but in Morcs case inc
social questions bulk far moro largely thah inc
political, and the philosophy, such as II Is oocs
not extend, as in rlato's case. 70 'he u'FP-
est problems of metaphysics lhoueh N''e,
like Plato has no love for merchants. us"ly al"
foreign trade. he has hatred oil Ior'i.nci''
il might be doubted whether II WIS Iia'o "'-
fuenre that widenCd Moie's Christianity OF
Norcs Christianity that wdened his Platonism.
lie allows much greater room for individual en-
tcrprisc and emulation. as we'll as much greater
tolerance for differences for speculative belief,
than Plato would have done. and his sympathy
is wider As Machiavclli had separated
rolitics, 80 Moro separated social reform from the
Church. though not 10 the same extent Bnt
Morc's UTOPIA" like other fanciiul CREATORS
I.p1f
of later times remains Utopia ana do"p''
less always will remain so. The real outcome
of the absolute moIarchrs OF Europe was 'he
Mercantile Theory, which the author depicts a.
the practice of the contingencies enlarged 10 'h
demands of the nations. Against the confessed
rivalry and sclfishnpss of this view aros" vi"
broader. half-idcal system of Grotius. ore OF IN"
few structures of the kind ever made by man
that proved capable OF being converted into re-
ality. "IIolland." az DR.. Bonar points out, was
nothinr without it's foreign trade and international
connections: ard the political philosophy OF
Gro,ius was appropriately devoted, not TO States
within themselves, but to States in their relation
,.;,b oacb otbcr BY holding commercial!
harrains TO he as innocent as all other con-
tracts Grotius was enabled TO clear his NINA
Of the current cant about usury and the WICK
edness of traders and he did his part N miNinE
a dispassionatn inquiry into economical s""!c''r
nossiblen Hobbies. the English counterpart VI
Grotius, although he made war the na'"rai s'"'
Of man, and bolstcrcd up an absolntisn 'h'' wa
becoming impossible. nevertheless nc inc se''
NJ LAYING needed emphasis on the important par
nayed by the individual in the moulding OIL ''''
world of men,
Rut tho errors of government showcu N'"'
Uobbcs's Interpretation Of monarchy was "rons
11non came Harrington in his "oceana' WIN
an ideal of popular government. Lock" ana HI
;ndisncnsahle supplement- Hume followed II"
dncinc vague notions of liberty 70 pr"c''c"i
form. While the influence OF Locke was efe''
unon the vast dreams which preceded the FRENCH
Revolution. that Of Hume WAS most Impo''a"'
in moulding Adam Smith. liume's phllosophH
has in fact. two voices" SAYS DR.. Bonar. III
his ANALYSIS of c-~otion We hear the voice VI
the septic in We plcadings Tor permanently
true general principles We hear the voice oil '"'
scientific Investigator, who cannon aVo" aSS"''
! ing that there is a pcrrancnt run ",r''''
~ Sothirc was more needed in Europe
! s,r.,, than a monitor ~ whom The cold caution
+ Of the scoptic restrained the 'nthusiashs VI Sp'
/ ulative science 1t was Hume VINO "oK" NAM
from his "docmatc slumbers." and II was MANI
who gave the impulse, Fichte, MS iolo"''' WI"
o,,.o Tho direction. and IIcgcl. the follower OF
both. who furnished the arguments LOT ''''''"
| C eoc;aI;sm In England the reaction
against the science of Adam Smi'h pio'"'''' '''
obor,ive anarchis,n of Goodwin, and that, o. ha'
been said. provoked the reply OF Mai"n,, ""i'"
l. ro.uv the foundation Of the modern philosophy
=, a,.o,,,;o, .s concrctnly expressed in Darwinsm
For this last is acknowledged 10 be thu doctrine
- N,aI.bps annlied with manifold force to thu
whole animal and vegetable Kingdoms, Tor IL
| h, M artificial
food and no prudential restraint from marriage
In ono important sense Nautilus was Adam smith
| .l+or GRO II the one had reasoned on th'
wealth Of nations. the other unqnestionaby la''
hare tbc causes OF the poverty Of nations. Inc
! stortlno realism Of their contrastd WORKS an
,ho norrowrcss Of utiitarianism, which. now
cvcr satisfactory and useful il may hc TO lc rs
,o,;op has never been agreeable 10 til" popnla
fancy. have strengthened tho tendency TO ii"aI
If social and political reform. TIE idcaii'''
have rot ~ vet agreed very we'll among them
solvcs and the author allnd"a VIII
q smile to the fact that their hafre'
OF the capitalists is not expressed WIN NOR
sayacery than their hatred 81 one anoth"r'
difference of opinion as 10 ways ana means
resented and held treason and betrayal III spi'
Of agreement as TO tho end III view. IN" WIFI
cism of ITcn2cn on Kari Marx that ms innc
tion in life was 10 bury his friends VIII "o"o'
less be remembered when AL Tie cconoml0 lif"ri
turo Of the present day j. dead IA the th'oios'
ell literature of I'll" Mi12l" Ares Marx not OIL
buried Prudhon I'D danced on his grave an
vet his pamphlet on the French Anarchist u ci''
IN. Dr Ronar a. a remarkably mild pro1nrtlo
for one Of thee opposing schools of tfopian'
Tie strength Of the prcs"nt-lay ari'atipn h'''
he points out not in its theories but IN It's 'Pp',
to tie principle that there Is a right OF III
human brings to the opportunities OF dcvciop'h
What is in them, and il its powerful drn'nsu1
ton that such a right il not now rcalize1.
DR. Donar does not think that the evoIV
tonary philosophy has Il solution for the pi"olc'
or can be appealed 70 in behalf of either anarch
or socialism. 40 philosophical theory h" ada
"can show which Of these two forms will be take
eventually by cooperative industry. There
nothing in tie theory of development to sho
whether tho future hides in it socialism es'i