davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1892-07-03

Mrs. Burk has returned from the east,
accompanied by the young people of the
family.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1892-07-03

UNION PACIFIC EXCURSIONS. JULY 4TH.
The Union Pacific have authorized fol-
lowing round trip rates for July 4th holt
day; tickets to be sold July Sd and 4th,
good for return until July 9Th:
To Woods Cross ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS is
Opden Hot OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES I. 30
f" Weber --------....-. ....----.. 2.5D
- Park City tgood until July Gth) ----.... 2. so
aud rate Of one fair for the round trip to
all points in Utah and to all points outside
Of the territory within ESQ miles.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1892-07-03

Rev. DR.. and Mrs. McNiece entertained
very delightfully."- the ministers of the city
and their wives on Monday last.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1892-07-03

Mrs. George Downey chaperoned
party last week for a days outing to
Lambs canon. Misses Middleton, Zane,
Shearman, Kav, Lucille and Alton Young,
Ellis, Lawrence, little Misses Katz, Shear
man and Young; Messrs. G. Lawrence,
DIR. Witcher, Glendenning, Bishop, John
son. George Downey, Shesrman, Ellis,
Greie, Fields. Hampton Zane. Young and
Ford were of the party. 1t goes without
saying that they had right-royal time.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

BY tho present arrangement for mail
transportation from one part Of our large
cities TO another. four letters can be put
into the postoiiico Of say, New York,
at the same time ono Of these Us nd.
dressed to Boston. another 10 pmlndel.
phin, che third TO Washington and tho
fourth to AN individual IN Brooklyn or
the upper part Of New York city. The
person VA Boston. Philadelphia or Wash
iugton will DO reading his letter next
morning at tho same timo the individual
In Brooklyn or Harlem gots his Il takes
letter "a long to travel from New York
90 Brooklyn a. from New York to Bos.
ton
An invention has been devised to
remedy this state Of affairs and give To
largo citics rapid mail transit Tho
object Is claimed to bo accomplished By
tho port electric system Of mail trans
por,niion Tho company having tho
matter In charge has been incorporated
in West Virginia, but will put the Ia.
vcutiou In operation inst between Now
York and Brooklyn Tho distance be-.
tween tho po@toiiccs OF these two cities
is about "a miles, aud by tho now sys-
TEN port electric trains can convey
mail from one 10 the other In from thrco
to two minutes, tho trains being run ten
minutes apart
In tins cnso the limo will cross tho
Brooklyn bridge and follow tho bridge
ear and elevated road tracks. The limo
will consist Of q single rail track. The
car TINT passes over It will have a wheel
at each end and guido wheel attached
to rail above. The chr win look much
like huge cigar 20 feet long aud ~
inches wide. When the mechanical dit.
Gculty of friction is overcome, which Is
the chief one In the way. according TO
the claim made, this iron and lightning
letter carrier will BE- able to race along
its track at the rate Of from 100 to roo
miles m hour.
After the New York and Brooklyn
road Is tried aud proved successful. then
the company will extend It's operations
Grut TO suburban delivery, to tho towns
Of from ten to fifteen miles away from
great centcrs Of population. This scheme
being shown to DO practicable, the ays.
tenn will be tried Tor long distances
Going At the tremendous rate Of speed
mentioned, It will be necessary 10 place
the port electric cars on, q reach Of or.
binary travel aud traffic. This will 10
accomplished by oicyating tho track
upon line of posts stretched along the
route. Last Of all. d5ublo truck lines
will DO Attempted on the same plan, aud
the san francesca Ran may yet read u
letter that left New Yoik the day be-
fore.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

Tho steamer China has arrived from
Hong-Koug aud Yokohama, While the
steamer was between Hong Kong aud
Yokohama on the return trip 90 san
Francisco au imposing sight was wit.
messed by tho passengers and crow.
Tho great earthquake At Yokohama
had taken place q short time previous,
and many Of the island. Ia the Yellow
sea were IN state OF volcanic disturb.
ance. About o'clock on the evening OF
Nov. tho China was passing the Aou.
tian islands, In Van Dicmaus straits.
whom suddenly the bland of sucrn
seemed all uhlazc, and flames nud lava
shot mp TO distance of 500 feet in the
a'r.
Tho steamer was twelve miles distant
and the spectacle as seen from her deck
wa grand, The night was darl, and the
crupulns from tho crater uf tine volcano
took place ~ interval ui about fifty see.
onds. They were accompanied boy dcio.
nations which in the distance sounded
Ike bombs exploding. aul after each
discharge ol molten lava and fame ihc
burning fragments descended like sparks
from q gigantic Roman candle, San
Francisco Examiner.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

when Jonathan scuullo willcd $4,000
20 the Buffalo Academy Of fine Are ie
meant 1t lie hoped It would helfBuf-
falo to put on airs like metropolis and
ruint with pride to the fine art aud high
art she had secured by the aid Of iona
than scovillc Sir Sooyillc was further
40 interested in his pct that he sont to il
last January a New Years gift Of sew.
oral valuable pieces OF statuary. OF
course after that his rumc would DO ia
the papcr, and letter cngrossed In the
highest style Of fine art by u professional
letter writer would ar the very least b.
voted to him by the director. Of ihs
msthctic establishment whAh he meant
to remember 80 mumfccutly IN his viii.
Bnt no. Moor lcitor Not word
OF acknowledgment Not 10 much
thanklulncss "a II he had thrown to a
poor dog a bone Then Mr. Scoullc
turned IN secret 20 bis lawyer aud
wherctsed that he had not been treated
with common dcconcy and thereiorcd
that he would revoke tho gift TO the
academy Which he did High art aud
aesthetics ought TO have an influence on
the manners certainly. hut they do not
appear to have had 1t in this case. Tho
mqral to the story Is that the smallest
service done TO you ia worth thanks.
and thanks In the most graceful man.
nor You can command Tho neglect of
gracious small courtcsios make many a
home miserable today Therefore uind
your manners 81 polite To millionaire
and to bootbiael.a b polite even t.
dogs
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

WASHINGTON, Jan. i2.-.rhc Presl-
dent today sent 20 Congress, with n
recommendation urging early and Ia
vorable consideration, the agreement
OF Messrs. Brigham, OF Ohio, and Mer-
riil, Of Washington, n majority Of tho
Shoshone and Arapahoe Indian conf
mission, made with the Shoshone and
Arapshoe Indians OF Wyoming, for the
cesslon OF more than half the reserva.
ton on Wind river, In Wyoming. The
lands ceded comprise l,l50,0O0 acres
OF land In the northern part Of the rrs.
ervation, and the price Is $500, 900, or
about 55 cents per acre.
A minority report, signed by j. ID.
Woodruff, Of Lander, Wyoming, chair
man OF the commission, opposes the
treaty, principally ON the ground that
the Indians would not cell the southern
tract OF the reservation near Lander.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

Several years ago resident Of Delhi
placed loy1u five dollar hills for safe
keeping Ia the fancy peeo sgrmapntinr
the parlor stove. The latter hardly ever
came into usc, and Il was his intention
10 remove the money oa the following
day. II so happened That fow days nj.
forward some guests arrived ~ the
house and fire was s,ar,pl IA tho stove.
As tho stove Redeemed into a glowing
heat a wreath OF smoke gscondcd from
the top piece, and Il was soon realized
tina. the bills were undergoing the proc.
ess OF cremation. -Four of the bills
were entirely consumed, and the other
three were chnrrel almost bryond rocog.
milton. The owner thinking them Of uo
particular value, kept them IN the leaves
OF book %. curiuIity A short zine
ago hc called u friends attention 10
them, who said they could Boz redeemed
nj Washington llo sent them ON and
last week received ihrgo new five dollar
b.ll4 IN exchange for his trouble. Gin
c!nnau Enquirer.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

An Lscting Ch,-c lncr Hntning rng.
Four mon struggled for iheir i've. Ur
n burning tug tbfoe milcs from shore
one morning recently IN the catherine
dawn The mon wcfc the crew of thD
tug John A. Miller ,ulicnly aroused @.
find the engine house mass Of niin-s
A gallant struggle to checi; the nuu
was % no avail with % full head 1.
stoam ON the bI1t was hcadoi fnr thr
shore hnt tn mml fire drove tho
whpel.iuau from tho pilot house. and
then the blazing and umnluaseablo tug
plowrd the choppy waves iu q gru1t cIr-
Gle. the flames swiftly eating thoir WY
To tho stern, wlore the four men stJu0
helpless against the fury OF two clp-
mmts. They had FOUGHT the fire uil
aim1st exhausted. thlr mnda aud fac
woro burned. and iu despair they 1lllrad
ia every direction Tor ign fhHt help
was coming
A mile away east the crow " tho tug
Welcome saw the dnmD. ut the huruius
boat. The throttle was thrown wide
op.n, and the little boat, WitA thr
whistle footing hops fDf tha impri.l.I
crow, plunged through thH heavy SEQ
toward tho burning ws Bisiug al.
most 20 the waters odgo 20 wHs running
o. mad race through the waves. Two
brother. OF tho Welcomes captain were
on The burning boat nnl iu danger Of %
collision or Of catching fire. tine Wei.
come shot after the Miller on iis course.
Il WINS thrilling race Round and
round the holN wont before the Wei.
come cuull touch tho miller Tho four
men crouehcd astrru. The fame lonpai
toward them. They wCrr scugching the
flcas of tho men. with squirt the
Welcome crushed into the Miller Thr'
pairs Of nlns shot ont over On" bow
and ia moment two OF the four
exhausted mcn were uu tle Welcome
and 10 stored clear % thc burning bout
Another spur; aud tho rosruor managed
20 haul out tho other myn--Chicago
Tribune.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

rescue people within, when tue walls
caved In, and all were buried In the
ruins. When Long aud two liremen
escaped they saw nothing Of the
rest Of the people who wero
with them. Long feels certain shat
some Of them are stlll In the ruins. As
soon ~ II became apparent that the
building in the rear could not be saved
and there was danger Of the front OF
the building, which was occupied by
fifteen firms NJ well as by rcsidcnts,
from catching fire, the tenants In the
latter began moving out. The IRE,
however, was gotten under control
before the whole front ~ the structure
was consumed. Though several hte.
men had narrow escap"a from death,
no one was injured. Howeii a h'..sett
plumbers, lose their entire stock, valued
ut $50, 900. The seed house was valued
nj SIS. 900. The entire loss Will foot up
$3.50, 900; insured.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

OTTAWA, Ont, Jau. l2,-The reports
telrgraphed from Washington Of n
friction between Great Britain and the
United States over the Bshring sea
matter cannot he confirmed here. OH
the contrary, 1t Ia learned that tue
most friendly feeling prevails between
tho two countries. a government
paper here says the report OF the JOINT
commission TO investigate the alleged
taking ofscals Is about completed. Fol
lowing the commissions report will be
the making Of an agreement 10 submit
the different questions Of international
rights 10 Behring sea 10 board OF AT.
hitrsti0n, consisting Of seven pefsons,
II IL not yet known whether Great
Britain and theUnited States will have
two more reprcsu natives, leaving the
remainder 10 bo named by u foreign
power, bat II Ia well understood that
one Of the British afbitratOu- viii be-
named by the Dominion government,
The statement that Sir George Baden
Powell will he one Of the arbitratofs Is
most improbable.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

The first ingot Of nickel steel To
used IN tho Manufacture Of nrmor PLATE
for the United States navy was cast ia
tho open hearth department a the Beth
lehcm iron works on Saturday nliomuon.
Tho weight OF the ingot IS nO,OOOpuunds.
Il 1. ~ inches thick aud ~ inches wide.
Tho mold Ia which It was cast Weighs
ffty-six tons. This armor plato will be-
used on tho Maine, now building 40 the
Brooklyn navy yard. it, casting s. tho
result OF tho recent tests at Indian
Head. Cor. New York sun.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13
BRIEF TELEGRAMs.

Montreal, Jan. i2.-rhe Academy
81. Louis DE GOnsaga, conducted by
the Providence nuns, In which there
are over three hundred children, burned
today. The nuns had the greatest
difficulty In preventing panic among
the children, but all were rescued sale
ly by the hremon. The loss will be
heavy.
Cleveland, o., Jan. IA six story
brick block on Niadnct street occupied
by the Cleveland Electric supply com.
pauy, Champion Safety Lock CONF
pany aud National Iron WORKS burned
at 2o'clock this morning. Losses AZ
grogate $50, 900; partly Insured.
Gan Francisco, Jan. l2.-The steam.
ship "Australia" arrived this morning
seven days from Honolulu. The what
lug bark "Johu T.. Wesi" was burned
to the waters edge i've miles Of D.A-
mond Head, January 9th. The creS
were saved.
Ironwood, Mich, Jan. l2.-An ex-
plosion at the PObst mine wrecked the
hoisting plant OF the engine house anI
the mine office. John Hughes wss
killed and two other men seriously in-
jured. The damage TO the milne can.
not be estimated yet.
San francisco, Jan. ia paper
states that j. Malc0nih Forbes, ha.
agreed to pay Senator STAFFORD sl6pi
900 for krion X the two.y aroli
Electloneer colt VINO male tho worlds
record OF 2:lOl on the Stockton bite
shaped track lew months ago.
London, Jan. l2.-Mr. Lincoln
United States minister, Ia suffering
from slight cold. There are no pro
nounoed symptoms OF influenza.
City OF Mexico, Jan. II. 80 Sila
Itufbide, nephew of the late Empvrui
Iturbida, has died. lie was one Of th'
most prominent civil engineers In thii
country.
London, Jan. i2.-CGrdlnal Man
ming IL III with congestion OF the lung
ana bronchitis.
Paris, Jan. l9.-Floquet was 10
elected president oi the Chamber today
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

WAsIus0TOS, Jan. l2.-rhe Behr.
ing sea question was before the Cabinet
meeting tonight. II Is understood the
case has taken favorable turn within
the past few days, and Secretary Blaine
haa been advised that Lord Salisbury
will agree to bis suggestion q. 10 the
method OF selecting the three arbi-
ttators from countries which have no
interest whatever la the question nj
issue. when these three neutral aroi-
traton arc agreed upon there need 10
no further delay In deciding upon the
personnel OF the tribunal, Il having nj.
ready been arranged that the United
Sta,es and Great Britain shall each
have the appointing OF two members.
Another point settled h that one Of
Gteat Brltain's representatives shall be
n resident Of Canada. The prospec,s
aro that one Of tn. arbitrator on the
part OF the United States win be 10.
locted from the Republican party and
tho other from the Democratic party.
Edward J. Phelps, ex-minlsier To
England, Ia mentioned "a most likely
to be one OF the arbitrator on the part
OF the United States.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

GRAND ISLAND, Neh., Jan. IL. - A
passenger train on the ORD branch Of
the Union Pacific was wrecked this
morning by u broken rail. A number
q passengers were more or less injur.
ed, and j. W. Kelly Of this city IL
thought to he fatally hurt. Only two
others werelseriously injured.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13
The Diplomatic Corps Received by tn.
President.

WASHINGTON, Jau. l2.-rha Prcsl-
dent anu Mrs. Harrison this evening
gave a reception u the diplomatic
corps, Congress, the army and navy
and NIL prominent Washington OIL
cials being invited. II was one ~ the
most brilliant receptions held at this
white House In yean.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

Wise old ladies who are convcrsant
with the ways Of babies assure rs
that many a naturally sweet charnc.
Ter is spoiled bclJrc It's owner has
been a month a dwcller on this nun.
dane sphere and that the seeds Of
selhshncss and intolerance are plant
ed in a child soul before il is half q
year old While they may cXagger.
nte tho effect Of unwisa treatment, 1t
is certain that tie training Of a child
begins with the hour uf IT'S birth and
1t D, impossible to tell when the hIst
effects OF example and influence are
stamped upon It's nature
The baby who In allowed 20 lie
down and 20 quietly 10 sleep when it
is sleepy without being rocked and
crooned 20 for hours. who is never
permitted TO be tossed and shaken %
the vorge OF hysteiia who has TO.
its food Che articles intended by MT
turc for ms use IN It's carly years and
is the healthy, happy, little angel
that ii will be under those cOudi
tons, is n joy in the household, the
traditional wellspring of DELIGHT
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13
SALT LIKE NURSERY.

UAviNu uECuME roLG PRopRikr1r
III Of the -ilt Lakc Nursery, Am now pre-.
Iafed W furnish Frutf, shade and OrHs-
fneutni trers aud shrubs. Of best qualify
and A. lowest prtfe1.
Nur.ery ono mile south Of city limits, on
d,i MARTIN ouuIsroPHERsEM
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

htahoNh " TIM hANNHth NsNAH
The History of the Bann0ck Stake
compiled Ny Andfaw Jenaon, and late
iy published In the DEsERE9 WEEKLY,
has now been issued In pamphlet form,
and eau now b. hai nj the DEsEREr
News office ut - cuuts per cory. d&s
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-01-13

Several months ago Ernest sohni,z, Of
Laporte, Ind, was severely burned with
gasoline, and his physician has decided
that the only way his injuries can be
healed IL by skin grating As 1t will
require considerable quantity OF cpi.
dermis, tho young ladies OF the Lapurto
Charity civclo have consented 20 furnish
the necessary amount Of cudclc. Oper-
ations will bo commenced Immediately,
providing the young ladies adhere to
theiragr Cor, Baltimore Amer.
can.
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1892-12-18

Olympic tomorrow night. This talented and
beautiful actress Is sure to become popular with
Tacoma theater goera
The Cordray management has closed an en-
gagement with Victory Bateman to act as lead.
ing LADY on and for season after January 2
This lady is said to be talented and beautiful.
She was leading lady at the Alcazar theater,
San Francisco, before the house closed.
Miss Laura Millard. prima donna, soprano. OF
the Calhoun Opera Company, is . captivating
little lady whose graces of person and vocal
talent made her such a favorite when prima
donna o. the "Little Tycoon" company. She
will be welcomed by many in Seattle who re-
members her appearance with that combina-
ton.
The production of "siberia," q spectacular
drama of unusual merit, will occupy the Cor
dray company during the holiday season. Mr..
Osbourne is carefully supervising the prepare
tons. which are being made on a very extensive
scale. There viii be ballet marches, evolutions
and tableaux with superb effects and beautiful
costumes. There are twenty-eight speaking
parts in the piece, and over fifty people will
gage in the performance. Monday, December &c.
has been fixed as the opening night
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1892-12-18
NThe Golden Giant. -

The Cordray company viii appear in a roman
tic drama in which Western and Eastern life is
Interestingly depicted. The drama is well writ
ten, and has situations of uuquestionable
dramatic strength and merit. Two pioneer. in
aWestern mining district, Alexander Fairfax
and miner named Flynn, strike rich claim in
which each has undivided half interest
Alexander has wife, Ethel, in the East for
whom he is anxious to amass a fortune, and
fearing that accident should befail him he Wills
his interest TO her unknown to Flynn. Shortly
afterwards no is found dead with marks of yio-
lsuee on his person. Flynn is suspected. but
nothing can be proven against him. Informa.
ZION OF the sad event is forwarded to
The wife of tho dead man, and she
comes out West 10 claim her interest
In the mine. Flynn denies his right TO any
part OF the property and lays claim TO the whole
he calls Mrs. Fairfax adventures and at
tenpls 70 stir up the minds OF the neighbors
against her. but her cause is espoused by Jack
Mason, Il friend of her late husband. Jack falls
u love with the Charming widow and finally
marries her. An interesting side story ia intro
oneed in the plot in which Bessie Fairfax,
sister oil Alexander Fairfax. and man OF shady
anseeedents, Duncan lie Moyne, figure. Bessie
nsdyised by Jack Mason, who considers him
sei guardian of the girl since the death OF her
Brother, TO discountenance lie Moyne's atten-
lions Bessie loves the man, however, and
events occur which prove his claims 20 greater
'espeotshility than had been accredited him,
saa with Jacks consent they are welded.
wynn, tie delrauding iainer. meets death at
zee hand Of Jack Mason, aud during his last
moments confessss that he murdered Alex Fair
m1 aud comedies the business oi Ethel's, now
MA Msson's, claim 10 n half interest in the
eoiden Giant The drama is enlivened by de-
.ghtui comedy. and in the hands of the Cor
e'ay company is certain OF successful run.
ihe cast is as follows:
Ae1snder Fairfax, the Golden Giant ...
n, AFTER hsAe
duncan ie dovue, the pursuer. Frank Jameson
,GsaoS sn idyl Of cold kuu........... Bert Coote
S TA wayne, speCter OF the pastMilton Lipman
sHhn, q miner ........-- Thomas Ouipu
A''';e jack Mason Fairfax, child of Alex and
T. lslAtle h4t0A
Aesa e Fairfax, known as Bet" the Giants
r. ss.sF ..-.-.---.....-...-..M Miss Alice shepard
Ne. wayne. the pursued Miss Florence Lytele
- bogss. hostess OF Golden Rule hotel.
-. ..--......-. Miss julie Kingsley
i.ts tsadefroOl. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES Mrs Coote
'ANA Mason, the Giants friend. ..-...........
The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1892-12-18
The pratorio Messiah"

ihe great orstorio Messiah by Handel, will
pe rendered ~ the Seattle orstorio Society
Ia9sscay evening. December -. az ;he Seattle
Vpefa house. The following soioisls will ap-
pear: Mrs ". ]. Grambs. Mrs. Ricord,
S'zs Marguerite Mckinney. soprano: Mrs
y Ii. King. contraIto: MT NJ Is. Grout,
saUsone; NJ. ". W. Williams. basso
az e +. Roberts. oFSanst; First Regiment
s@al az sixteen pieces; Mr.. /. A. Darling. con
s.esos. oi the numerous orstorios Hsudels
SwslSh comes nearest 10 the heart OF al
snstlsh-speaklDC people. To give s creditat!e
''seeTing OF tie Messiah" is the aim Of every
'aefei esuiata society. IL 10 rather difficult 10
sS0oan' for lis popularity. bet ever nee is
as production In London. ever "a century sgo,
aAas been Il wonderful success. This oratoEio
20 oe heard yearly about Christmas time in
s'sFy considerable English or American
eV. The music IS difficult ana Cf
atAer high order. and vet IL IS
appreciated ~ those who only tolerate tie sim
nsF forms ot music Bach's mere intricate
sAioE o., and eveu tas Creation" IL not 20 0s
lsnsy.
Although profoundly religious the music Of
-s Messiah is sull appreciated by those
'1oss ideals hitherto have bean those OF tie