Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1892-05-12

ted with yards or square rugged, while
tho after mast was supplied with lateen
sails. A long bowsprit projected from
her bow, but carried no Sbs or head
sails. No sails were carried aloft above
the topsails.
During favorable winds a sail was set
under the bowsprit reaching to the
water. and known as the watersail or
spritsail. This sail fell into disuse over
two centuries ago.
The Pinta and Nina were ~caravels,
but rugged exclusively with lateen sails.
The former, however. was partially
square rugged prior to sailing, and the
latter was similarly changed before the
fleet left the Canaries from Palos. Ships
in the days of Columbus were supposed
to make Roadway through the water
only when the wind blew in a favorable
direction. The idea of lacking against
a head wind was entirely unknown to
the mariners of the past, n~otwithstand-
ing the fact that ships have been pro-
PEELED by sail power alone for thousands
of years. Yet III spite of all these OBJ
stacles and disadvantages we find in the
logbook Of the Santa Maria that |. speed
of seven knots an hour was not an m
usual occurrence.
As it was customary to employ oars
against contrary winds, the crews of the
ships were necessarily larger in pro-
portion to their size than in modern
ships. No less than 100 men were EN-
ployed to sail the ships of Columbus.
The officers were known as the patron
or captain, Waterman or first mate, a
counselor or navigator, the master of
the deck. a scribe or secretary who wrote
the ships log, a steward and a surgeon.
The rigging consisted entirely of hemp.
Their anchor cables were hemp hawsers,
each following the oldrule of four times
the mainmast in length. Each ship was
supplied with a boat called Il launch,
which was always towed astern. Re-
fractory sailors were punished by being
placed in the launch for many days
upon short allowances and exposed TO
the heat Of the sun and heavy drenching
of the waves.
Although the compass was known to
the Arabs long before Columbus and
by the Chinese rs far back as the begin
OF the Christian era, yet this in
strument was in itself not sufficient to
navigate a vessel over an unknown sea.
The quadrant. an instrument known to
rs the astrolabe. was sup
piled to each ship; by its use in astro-
nomical observations the ships position
upon the high seas with respect to the
could be readily ascertained,
and also errors existing in the compasses
the ships to deviate from theiI
true courses were found and the proper
adjustments accordingly made.
Thus Columbus was able to embark
and sail away with that feeling of sell
reliance which had won him success on
All his previous expeditions. The little
of Palos, then the greatest seaport
On the Mediterranean, never sent out a
marine spectacle than when
embarked and weighed anchor
md stood boldly down the Rio Tinto to
yea, followed closely in his wake by the
Pinta and Nina. The lavish golden
which decorated these ships,
he red and yellow standards of Spain.
he gay streamers floating in the breeze
every mast and spar, these alto.
presented to the cheering crowds
on the wharves, housetops and
leighboring hills a picturesque sight.
{ was indeed the browning spectacle of
me reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.
LIEUT.. r. II. UBERRoTH. L. S. r. NJ.