davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

let us not lose hope. All will come right bye
and bye.
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

We shall assist you all we can and we think
every business house in Milwaukee ought 10
subscribe for your paper.
WIRTU n HAMMFI
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

We see no difference in your educated peo
pie and ours and your paper will certainly
bring your people TO the front. We have no
prejudice, and TO prove il we will employ a
colored druggist any time we can find one.
SUMNER < DUNNING,
Madison. Wis.
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

You young men deserve great credit for
the step you have taken, and as long-as you
conduct yourselves as you have SO far, you
will have my support CART. PABsT.
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

hardly think you will find any prejudice
here on account Of color like you will find in
the South. You young men are in grand
work and deserve to succeed.
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20

am with you, gentlemen. Your paper is
grand / wish you all the success one can
have. / am always willing and ready to help
such grand cause.
Gov. GEO. w. PECK,
Madison Wis
Wisconsin Afro-American., 1892-08-20
Racine News.
The Social Whist Club held IL

ocial Whist Club held their regular
meeting with a few invited friends,
at the residence of ex-mayor ].
Miller ON Park avenue. 1t was
also the Goth birthday of Mr.. Mil
Ter. After enjoying that favorite
game until 10 O'Clock, their guests
were treated to splendid repast.
At IL O'Clock they departed, wish
ing Mr.. Miller many happy birth
days. Mr.. Miller runs one of the
largest manufactures of boots and
shoes of the finest grade in the
state of Wisconsin. He gives en-
ployment to $40 persons, both men
and women. There are no colored
persons working there for the rea-
son that there are no colored shoe
makers in the city wishing a job
in that line.
A convention of the democratic
party ofthe county of Racine will
be held at Burlington on the 27th
dav of Aupust. for the Dur-
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01

a man you've snatched out of the whirl-
in eddies O. sin, and taught there was q
God? Oh, Helen, love you so! My
heart is open to you-creep into it, gal,
and ill it with the sunshine that never
knows cloud. Will yer come to me
will you be my wife?'
Yes!" and she walked over to him
bravely and placed her hand in his.
Mine; she's mine at last"
~Helen." cried Mr.. Sampson, in alarm,
what are you doing?"
Accepting the protection of the man
I love. We will go forth together and
find creed that does not teach its fol-
lowers inhumanity. Come, Helen. Now,
Jack, take me away"
And these three. united at last, never
t. part this side of the grave. went out
OF the house, into the ROAD, past the
little brown church closed against them
now forever, and, crossing the town,
Knocked at the door Of another. 1t
opened to receive them, and there Jack
and Helen, with their little charge
between them, were made man and wife.
And this was Jack Bowdoin's CONVEX
sion. Not to creed; for, as a result Of
his own experience, he concluded that
he had rather pray without restraint,
untrammeled by canons, degrees or
dogmas. and his wife agreed with him.
THE END.
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
ShiDs Of All Nations.

The time when England will for
felt her title Of Mistress Of the Seas
is still very remote, judging from a
list of the worlds shipping published
by the Bureau Veritas of Trieste.
The statistics given are for the year
1891, in which it appears that the
whole number of steam vessels Of all
natiOns-nOne being included of less
than 100 tons burden-was 10, 103,
and their total tonnage, 13, sos, 02S.
Ut this aggregate more than half in
number and nearly half in tonnage
belonged to England, the figures for
that country being SAL steamships
and 1853, 9o1 tons. After this show
ing, it seems scarcely worth while to
consider the relative standing of
other nations. Only four, according
to this table, have so many as 400
steamships; these being Germany,
with 761, France with AS, the
United States with 456 and Norway
with 440, their respective tonnage,
excepting Norway, which is much be-
low the average, being in about the
SdIlc DIOpOIUlOu. w It'll VIC COulc W
sailing vessels, the preponderance Of
Great Britain is not nearly so marked.
though she still towers far above her
nearest rival, which in this case is
the United States. The figures are:
whole number of sailing vessels in the
world, of not less than so tons, 3D.
666; tonnage, 10,217,909. England's
share is 9,751 ships and 1868, 524
tons, and that of the United States
1854 ships and 1919, ia tons. Nor
way comes next, with 3,419 ships and
1893, 4S1 tons. All the rest are far
behind. At the foot of the list in
sailing vessels is Japan, and in steam
ships our pugnacious South American
cousin, Chilli, which has only "a.
China has the same number, but its
total tonnage is a few thousand more.
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
The North Pole.

DR.. Nansen, a hardy Norwegian
navigator, is going to set out next
January to find the north pole. He
means to make sure of it this time.
He says that current sets from
Siberia right across the pole to the
north coast of Greenland, and that
it is the continuation of this current
which flows down the east coast of
Greenland. Various objects have
been discovered on the Greenland
coast which it is believed could only
have been floated from Siberia or the
sea to the north of it. His eXpedi-
ton will be away between three and
four years, as the progress will be
necessarily slow, and, moreover, the
current is believed to oscillate. His
specially constructed vessel is now
nearly completed. Its net tonnage
will be about $50, and DR.. Nansen is
confident that it is indestructible by
any amount of ice-nipping. The &C
cOmmOdatiOnS on board will be ample
for the twelve men who will compose
the expedition. Provisions will be
taken for six years, and care will be
taken to select these in such a form
as will give the greatest amount of
nOurishment with the least bulk.
OF course it is expected that certain
amount of fresh meat will be Obtaina-
ble on the route. Among the mat
tiers of importance to be settled, as
we imagine, are whether there is
really any pole there, and if there is,
whether Jerusalem is to the south
east of it as some sophomore said.
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01

Of this little waif, and will not desert
her now for all the creeds in Christen-
dom,'
God bless you, Miss, God bless you!'
from Jack.
In that case" replied good Mrs.
Hopkins. you can no longer remain in
my house"
Then will 60"
But where?" asked Mr.. Sampson. in
alarm.
Helen could not reply. for she was so
utterly alone in the world. so cruelty
helpless, that for moment che began
to waver in her loyalty toward the little
being she loved so tenderly.
Jack saw his opportunity. and spoke:
will you leave it to me. Miss? VIII
you let me provide home for yer. and
with It the wild. everlastin' love OF Q
man whose soul Is wrapped up In yoe-
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
What Technical Schools Should Teach.

One of the things which should be
taught in technical schools is this:
That theory without practice is abso-
lutely a worthless commodity; that
practice without theory is worth
about fifteen dollars week, and
when both are well combined in one
man of sound judgment the combi-
nation is worth up to ten thousand
dollars a year. Let the mechanic,
however, get his practical training
first, and those who find necessity for
technical mechanical education
should then take the technical course.
A machinist at fifteen dollars week
when compared with mechanical
engineer" who, for nothing, works
under instructions in a draughting-
room, presents practically respecta-
bly, appearance, and his chances for
substantial advancement are fully as
good. Few graduates have the cOur.
age to do the dirty work necessary to
begin to get sound practical train
ing. Engineering Magazine.
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
CHAPTER ".

The days that followed were full Of
sunshine and life to Jack BOwdoin, full
Of doubt and restlessness to Helen
Charles, and this condition of mind in
creased in force with every organ les
son. He was happy to an extent far
beyond what he conceived to be his
deserts; for, while he loved her with
fierce, yearning passion, in his widest
dreams he never dared to hope that this
passion could ever be gratified, and had
learned to be serenely contented If only
permitted to come into her presence
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
A CHARACTER PARADOX
Jack Bowdoin's Conversion and How 1t
Came About
BY CLAY M. GREENE.

rescue little unfortunate from life OF
sin. might be forgiven and taught at
last to learn the truth.
And no prayer was ever closed with
more fervent Amen. than came that
summer afternoon from the unbailOwed
lips of Jack Bowdoin, gambler and out
cast
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
Small Prospects In Life.

what did Miss ShOrtsleeves say
when you asked her for her hand?"
~She asked me how l made a
living"
~And you said"
with my brains"
~And what did she Say:"
Il hadn't capital enough. Jester.
The Globe-republican. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1889-1910, 1892-08-01
Afraid of La Grippe.

The theaters of London are now
fumigated after each performance to
prevent the spread OF the grip.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05

PHILADELPHIA. July 4 The Peoples regatta. rowed
mile and half course Tho SchuylEiii River
to-day. Of the most successful he
the auspices OF the schuykill Navy. The
a follows:
Pair,osrrd shelis-won by Max Lau AMI William Ian
Atnlanta H. c. New York: Iona crew OF Phi. ade phia
SEE ouh Time minutes h4 teconds.
JUNIOR nylcs-w or by ). H. BELL New York A. CT
Charles n lott, Nssprr v. g, Phiade phia sec0nd
frederick dresser American U. c. Fhiladelplia. THIRD
Time, minutes 10 40 seconds.
Senior sing by EDWIN lledley. rssper u. C.;
~ 2-b seconds.
our.oareu 6hslls-won by Paramount Rowing A,,o.
cation Of Phladeipha, conf osed II W. Brownol bO
LOui- O,and. 3: j. Il. Paul 2: John Snowden, stroke
Manhattan H. 4. wAS second and ATLANTA H. c. THU
lime + MINUTES 81 81 seconds
Double Scuis-Wun by Edwin IIcdey and John y.
Park. Nrsper h. g.; Dempsey broth New York A. c.
second Time, minutes ~ I, = seconds
Junior EishtOared Sheiis-wOn By the Paisads u. G..
ot Yrukers com posed nt L. W. Jones. bow: a. H. War.
ing .. J: u. Mnnnt 3. H. J.. Quick, 4; T. Weldon n ".
q. iIon u; g. Reeves. q r.. Martin. Jr. stroke: H. q.
Siegman caxswn,n sew York A. Z. was second.
Time, minute Ii seconds.
Senior fonrnaret ',irs-"un by Atlanta u. G.. c",n-
thainbury =: j. &rdcn stroke; 4, =, Cashion. COX.
seconds.
S-ni"r right-osred Shells for the sharpets Cupwon
by The New York A. g.. eo;np"scd or W H. riIcEney,
nn% iiaanA b t. n" .ian"m i: w.
Carr. 4 seth a. Ham. stroke: y. u SlnNihe. cox.
sHaiil The Maitas were second Time. 7 minutes
Al 40 seconds.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05
A GOOD BEGINNING

Sent Lord Dalmeny to ]. Play or Pay 10 to ]. and
So,nad to Brighton Beach subscribers and fair quota
OF winners at Monmouth yesterday. The RACING
PRIVATE IMPORTATION AGENCY has already plenty
OF mitatCrs but stands without rival in the esIiIDa
tun Of tho public and the success OF Its selections.
Gave Judge Morrow for the Brooklyn TcBsara place.
and Mon, ana FOR The Suburban Tor debated Lat OF
lot goo winners sent recently yesterda! and
Sundays run. On a1d after Thursday next thr
Agcncys handsome and connections Offices the ground
floor Of ld East Esd IT.. Will be opened To The pub
lie Wires directly from the Offices to Nil parts OF
the coGnry thus greatly facilitating the despatch and
receipt Of messages Terms usual SO for six days
wires. with promise OF per cent. on net winnings.
Cneuts word AZ to amount won each week unhcsta'
iingly accepted. ono horse only race. kilograms
prepaid fsnt daily before 1850. References, by per-
mission. To clients in all parts OF the country Every.
one ordering wires receive copy OF the AEency's
SAFETY PLAS the result Of years OF patient study OF
systems and methods NJ speculation. which, " faith
fully followed Track or IN Pool Room. by large or
small capitalists absolutely inIuros winning This the
Agency positively guarantees. and adds that there
no doubling and no backing lrst or second fsvories
The next SIX days at Monmouth Park will DO grand
benoht for the Agencys clients. Now 10 the time TO
subscribe. 30 don't delay. fourpsgo full explanatory
prospectus OF How to Win The Turf" and hints
to SAFETY PLAN sent post FREQ address all orders
and remittance for wires and reqResiE for prospectus
10 the BUSINESS MANAGER J.. o. Box :.3o5 New
York city.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05
How Sullivan spent the Fourth.

Sullivan spent tho Fourth quite differently from tho
one Of last year Then. he was aboard ship one dag
from Honolulu, and on his way to Australia. Yes
tcriay he put in his last leisure moments for period
OF nine weeks at least. at the Brooklyn AnGba CuUs
court and whether he viii retain the distinction Of be-
ing TIE undsputed champion pugst OF the world will
depend entirely upon The way in which he works be.
tween now aud the seventh day OF sepiember next
sniyan arose about o'clock Yesterday morning and
then spent forty minutes in tho court walking aud
ming but throwing The bali principally. This was about
all the hard work hs did during the day. although he
took another little turn around in the court late In the
afternoon lis trainer. however was not so fort innate
Besides assisting Gis his work. he TOOK part III
t~n han lba matches and retired in good form
Mt that,
:" understand" said Casey to Srs reporter. that
Corbeit has made the statement that when he Whips
sullivan lie will be ready 10 give me 70 a. hhnda
want 10 say to corhett right here that when he gets
through with sullivan wal be prepared "meet linn
Professional stAndln g ns he WAL be To mine
This afternoon sullivan will leave for lis training
quarter, OIL sh,nneeock BAY lis viii be accompanied
by Trainer Casey. Jack Ashton. billy Mnrgau and
.sulliyam.!nn" The latter three wa! assist CASEY IN
Charley John.son amt ono or two of l's friends will
Al noon yesterday sullivan weighed when stripped.
Just $50 pounds or thirteen pounds less than be did
week
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05
Railroad Sotcs.

The. New York. Providence and Boston will
hereafter no known rs the eastern division OF
the New York. New Haven and Hartford.
Tho Travellers Protective Association is en-
dcayoriug to arrange for an Interchangeable
mileage b. ok over all roads entering Peoria.
Six roads have agreed to issue mileage books
for 5000 miles.
The senate Committee will report fayorably
the hill giving the Mexican Gull Pacific and
Puget sound Railroad right OF way through
public lands in Florida, Alabama. Mississippi.
and Tennessee. and through the military
reservation near Pensacola.
A summary Of the railroad construction in
tho United state, during the first six months
Of the current year in the ia,lHdy AGE shows
that l.Sa milcs OF new main track have been
laid. distributed among Ia lines in thirty five
States aud Territories. During tho same
period last year ,12S miles Of track had beoi
laid. nmt tho total for tho year was the smallest
since 1883
Notice has been given by tho Atchison.
Topeka and Santa "a road that it will meet
tho action Of tho Rock Island in reducing
freight rates to COLORADO points effective July
-. Tho new tarir will beon tho basis Of 50
per 100 pounds iirst-class. Chicago to Denver.
against the existing rate Of x2,32, All the
other Colorado lines will be authorized to take
similar action.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05
CICERO DEFEATED BIZ NEU TON.
The Outsider and Top Weight Wins the
Sheridan Stakes.

Sheridan stakes.
CHICAGO. July 4.-Fourth Of July. observed
here as a general holiday. swelled the attend
ance at Washington Park to-day to nearly a
Derby day crowd. close to 25.0OO Witnessing
the races. one heat affair on heavy track.
under threatening and at times rainy skies.
Three favorites and four wellback oil second
choices proved the lucky horses. the day being
free from surprises. save the Sheridan Stakes.
which fell to tho longest-pric horse In tho
The Sheridan Stakes. for ,three-eea Odds.
one mile and quarter WORT, to the winner
Aadivar .fi i9a o 5 and Nswion. g.
Willinmsl went to the post to nsht their Derby
tance. when Zaldivar flnisHed second. Cicero
third. Newton mn. and Empelor kestnt last:
while It was u to against. Zaldivar.
3 e l Emneror Regent and 8 to ! Newton:
beaten at the the end Of six iurlonss. Then New New
ton and Cicero drew, away together, but the
the Brother to Freeland safo. and ultimately
won under q pull by Length and half IA;
dSar nfhei third eight lengths behind
icnsths T furtRer on Time. 23H4. The wnnef
s"n tS t Pe a barby Track y kv}S S
ike to"dny's. Willie last season TS WAS
q good two ycar-old. He. 10 well engaged the
rest Of the season both West III, and East hut i
part OF tho country being a disastrous one to
so i gam" and viii f' rroby turn the tahiss on
The winner when he hits him on good track.
Miss sGot. ridden hy II: Penny, At utc Sir
sett in TIE saddle. At ! to I: Ruby Payne
H"th DEMPSEY up. tie favorte. at It to i. were
tho other winners.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05
Sports ut the Oranges.

BRrcK oHcRcn. July 1.-The South Orange Field Club
opened their new running track to-day with bicycle
and foot There a fashionable crow present
and the sports were very interesting. Ono thing
married the pleasure OF tho afternoon II. J. lived
dell had collision In tho hvemio bicycle race. break
ing his collar bone. The events and results were:
Fonr forty.yard Dnsh-won by T. D.
Crozier. Time. l:liA L. u. Allen second.
Onr.hnndr.d.y yard IiAsh-Won by J. ". owen. Time
in seconds. AID litcn second.
Chenille saiety-Wou BY E Allen Smith. Time.
BOh4. A. Dc Costa second.
J. n Nsrirs second
del! by fou!: time. 1913.
OEerile Safety bicycle Boys-W0n by C. II. ThiorBt:
time, 3:JbI3: Il. II Miles second,
dredand. twenty yard Dakh-Won by A. u.
Hitch: time. 5a seconds second W. NJ. yandrrketft
Unemiie BcJ Cie Race-NOn by ii. J. Twedieil; time
5:.4s| second, Frank Widey
Dsnrng; time. s9H seconds: o. WilIisin.on. second
actual jump 10 fee. tlinches: ". Otterbun second.
The East orange Cyclers held road this After
noon The results:
Inr Mile-Won by q. sutTs, IL seconds, time, 1850;
a. lioddsu second ". Booth third.
Two-mii- RGce-W0n by A. Heddon: time, 6:54;
Harry smith second. r. FTiRg third.
Fiye.mlleWOn by u. Subtitle. time, II AS; W. Booth
second. John CLARK third.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05

ffp'HS 10 questions asked errry day p The ouests
and chiims@ he american metropolis. S"y9rs.
tons 10 SiJhfSefrs and practical Information for
practical people. The SIN nH publish. M time Tor
use al The COhtplbns Celebration nrIt OCTOBER, a
complete. unique. and practical guide hook 10 h,s
cifn HrW ten Visitors mhat H.e sights are. ho'o
10 reach hrn, trhere 10 lodge aud board nliie
here and ne cost Thers 10 do wholesale or retdil
shopping. ho,n 10 anuse themselves. and get res.
rhen mearv oJ sightseeing. HtoW De atracfire'v
printed pleasant 10 read. and The subject matter
triH be dirided and arranged in a nav 10 insure
the best results. ThereiaHbrice vM bees Genus per
coDu The Sctn's Guide wiH also Offer nnequaieL
and exceptional opportunities 10 adr,rtsea
Thoss,n''o irish further information %, tis sub
5erf should address The Guide Book department
Of the Aepo York SUI.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05

He Has Eloped with Mrs. Hiese. the wo.
Mnn's liz abRnd Snys.

The residents Of Morrisanin and their blue
coated guardians OF tho Thirty-third precinct
police are talking industriously Of what they
term the elopenent Of Policeman William Kyle
and Mrs. REESE. the wife Of Heinrich Reese
who keeps a saloon Mt 145th street and Linton
avenue. A week ago Kyle went of on his va
cation. A few days later he sold house in
Stebbins avenue. which he owned and occu-
pied. and his wife and child removed to Elton
avenue. He gave his wife $3.50 Of the proceeds
OF the sale. and since Friday has not been seen.
On Friday Mrs. REESE disappeared from her
home. and her husband found that she had
taken a trunkful OF clothing and $l75 OF a
sum he had been saving TO moet the expense
Of renewing his license He learned Of the
Disappearance Of Officer Kyle. whose name
hid been unpl easantly associated with that Of
station that she had eloped with tho officer.
Yesterday the missing policeman's shield.
fro kcy. and record book reached the police
station by mail. Kyle's father made money
manufacturing nnphtha launches. Policeman
Kyle is said to have had an interest in the bus
mess. which has since grown and has beenre-
established at Morris Dock. Kyle is q good
looking young man. ~ years old.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-07-05

and 500 TO thrd penalties sed allowances; three
'ASA, a ss'l III Z Il sSs.s;ss. . ., nn,.
ss .;.;. rs:s f:;' III S
.si. Gts 81 % ss, Ss.. nss
THE SECOND RACE.
$50 sS,,s s: ssa ioIfs I'D AIDED q
Az y ,sssoo % ssfls peaad.: ,Sies: p:snds
s.SI Sesss iS
quarter: q q mile Closed April IL 1852. with Is
a, %.. PsIy; s.. N,oh"s, by uro.s-Meh.'
Empire s,abi.s o. 9. comsnen: i2S t,mmi;...
RcssS s Fancy i oo snd sS.,s
s.,s'ns,rxo TO ! against Experiment Is to Spar.
ia 4s,, t. GSi Tss.y 90 70 Sir
THE THIRD RACE.
e., :ssSss MS sss ssi
s0If:on '' divided into
s : rs !ss a.: .s !.s
hoo si 5. r fern on Nc
old 10 pounds, Tor four years OF Upward i6 pound.
S':
' thu q;e o s,c H. "pS 70
signed ~ tbs Handicapped: mile Closed April il
FeHhsll kesps. By, j: tournament, 8. by Sir No
il A. II. Mo,rss CHI. h. Reckon. I. 100 tL,ttle- ;.
Montana and Equity also ran.
ment 70 iasGsions 10 iG Equity. 10 TO ssai S
THE FOURTH RACE.
The Ocean Stakes. OF 500 each. with 81 800 Added,
OF which $3.50 to the second and 81 the third
ners OF $1,000 to carry I'VE pounds eStrn mile and
DrGs , p, r III tpHpE.!I:s by LOnstow
waaoss Cs%pS:ii. H. En.,s los tT.r.b:
pettno-ris,s.n IN i nn nn,,,r.., N IN, sg.,,.,
Entro.
THE FIFTH RACE.
Tho Fourth Of July Handicap: second division; one
March: Dsy b s Matthew BY sr Aodr'd
roxhSil Keenc. = UsnasisbrH s. III W. uidselyj
Giosmins ' and ws u coll also ran ''''
n..sps-s.y.n. to s% ss:n.s ktis.,, ~ to o,o.m.
THE SIXTH RACE.
swesr.tass. Tor and 1pv.rd q sa9
Georxe Forbes,s b. g. Arab. O. by Dalnacardoch-
kfTlsp,ios. ilG r,,mon, ioi ,s,mm:r
Mr.. sass. Anna D.. Tsnnysen. and RapdAn also ran.
Betting-Ten to Q on Arab against Anna B.. to
Fremont Volunteer H.. 10 to Mr. Sass. 20 to
Tennyson. 90 ITO Raridan.
THE SEVENTH RACE
scS aaaes Of Gr Which 500 10 Second and Sloo .o
onssi L 'sSIaSs by Mdo.h,an-rros.
ssrsas bsys R,si!.x.y fbGFfs,S,j
MendAeity and unic 4aI also .n rsn.
Bet,ing.rwo to against Lifts Mo az to Psrrie!
Jouet. 81 to Rightaway, to / Mendacity. 8 to