davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
4 Brilliant " eddinE.

ST. JoHYsBURY, July 1l.-Helen T.,
daughter OF DR.. G.. T. Brooks, was married
tonight to j. II. Jsnckes Of Sherbroolle
T. .. The ceremony was performed by the
Rev c. NJ. Lamson, in the North Congre-
getional church. The Mahogany quar- tette
sang the bridal chorus from Wagner's Lo-
hengrin, and Alfred II. Brooks, orGanist of
the First Congregational church of Mime
apolis, presided at the organ. 1t was q
brilliant society event.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
SOLDIERS ON PATROL.
TIE WORKMEN AT HOMESTEAD ON
THEIR GOOD BEHAVIOR.

a Rumor that Martial Law Had Been
Established Caused some Excitement
Among the striker, But General
Snowdep Promptly Denied That Such
Was tho Case--The EGeNt the Same,
However.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
4 WORLDS Record Broken.

SPRINGFIELD, Mass, July II. - II. c.
Tyler of the Springfield bicycle club, es-
tablished IA world record for the quarter
mile flying start on Hampton park this
afternoon, making the distance in % pa
seconds, beating tho record of % 40 acc
onds made by +. j. Berlo.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
RIVERS OF RED HOT LAVA.
iho situation in the Vicinity of Mount
I.tua Steadily Growing Norse.


I.tun Steadily Growing Norse.
CATANlA, july II. The situation at
Mount ttna Is steadily growing worse
no main crater is gradually extending and
the mass Of red hot stones, lava and scorijr
which 1t Is yolding is increasing in volume
aud violence Of expulsion. Showers of fiery
stones, many OF them of huge size, and
molten matter, are sometimes projected into
the air to height Of 1000 feet, and dense
clouds of smoke and ashes hover continually
over the crater. At night the sight is grand
and imposing.
Three new cones, each about 800 feet
high have been formed, and from these
streams of lava are constantly lowing.
The lava is advancing in threatening
manner in the direction of Nicoosi. The
stream from the village is now only two
miles distant.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21

owe havo the Pinkerton system to invosti-
gate IN this connection, but will have to 30
to other places
The committee left for Washington this
evening and the report will be submitted to
Congress early in the week.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
Children Cry for Pitchers Castoria,

When Baby was sick, we gave her Castoria.
When she was Child. sho cried for Castoria,
When she became Miss, she chung to Castoria.
When she had Children she gave them Castoria.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
ME-. FRICK,s ULTlMATUM.
Tho earn. gle Company VIII Run Their
works their own Way.

Tho earn. gle Company VIII Run Their
works their own Way.
F1TrsBURG, Pa, July 1j.-H. c. Frick
sent the following telegram to Superintend-
ent Wrieley Of tho Beaver Falls mills this
afternoon:
l am Just in receipt of the following tele-
gram from Beaver Falls
We, the Amalsnnated association OF Beaver
Falls the rod mill, wire mill and nail mill,
have come to the conclusion that we VIII re-
fuse to work until such times as Al. {. Frick,
chairman of Carnegie steel company. limlted,
is willing to confer with the Ama!sauated as
ISOLATION in order to settle the Homestead
affair (Sigueb
AHuUR THORNTON,
Chairman OF Committee.
You will please say to MIR. Thornton,
chairman of the committee, aud ask him to
SO notify the men, shat il they, composing
the Amalgamated association at Beaver
Falls mills, aud who siguei an agreement
with Us for one year, do not 90 to work on
Monday next, or wheu you arc ready to
start we will consider their failure to do so
as cancellation Of the agreement existing
between us, and when these works do re-
sumo Is will be as non-unon, and former
employees satisfactory to us who desire to
work there will have to apply as individuals.
lou can say that under no conditions will
we confer with the men at Homestead as
members Of the Amalgamated association.
(Sgued)
The Carnegie Steel Company Limited
II. {. FRICK, Chairman.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
NOTICE.

This certlles that / have given my three
sons, Dayton j. Gorton, Burton p. Gorton and
Ernest %. GOrton, their time during the re-
mainder of their minority, and shall claim
none of their wages nor pay any debts OF their
contracting after this date.
GUY S. GoRTON.
Huntington, March %, 1892. 4D,wtf
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21

WASHINGTON, July 14.-The president
sent to to the Senate to-day the nomination
of J. +. Goodenough to be postmaster at
Montpelier, Vt,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21

MRs. " iN-Iow'- SOOTHING SYRUP has boon
used for children teething. 1t soothes tho
child, sufteus the gums, allays all pain, cures
wind ChOlic, and Is the best remedy for Diar-
rhua. Twenty-Five cents a. bottle. sold by
all druggists throughout tho world.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
CAUSED SOME FEELING.
Bayouets TOO Rude Instruments to Use
Against Iron Workers.

HOMESTEAD Pa, July 15.--It is report
cd that there are already 80 non-union
workers in Caruogio's mills but the strike
leaders deny this. Fire was started in one
of the henters to-day, and when the steam
rose a large body of strikers made a hasty
movement toward the gate OF the mill. The
provost patrol hurriedly got between them
and the entrance The bayonets were brought
to the charge and the men haltei. The
abrupt manner in which the men were
turned back caused some feeling.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
CALEDONIA COUNTY COURT.
Criminals Sentenced to Varying Terms
in states Prison


in states Prison.
ST. JoHNsBURY, July l3.-In the June
term of the County Court Judge Thompson
announced tue following sentences to-day:
David Swit2er who pleaded guilty Of
burglary, two years il the States prison,
Frank jones aud bryant Stowe, for
burglarizing Jones mill at St. Johnsbury
Centre, four and five years respectively,
in States prison; Samuel T. Martin, who
pleaded guilty Of adultery, ) mouths in
States prison,
state Tennis Tournament.
BRATTLEBoRo, July l5.-The third an
nual tournament of the Vermont State
Tennis association will DO held at Brattle-
boro, Tuesday and Wednesday, July 20 aud
27. The entrance lee will be s.. Clubs
may enter ms whole, which will give all
members OF such clubs the right to play in
| the matches. All entries must be forwarded
with entrance fee to c, H. Thompson, Brat
tleboro on or before Saturday, July 23.
Entertainment for visiting players will he
| given by the members OF the Brattleboru
| clubs.
The Barre Cutters arc Reticent
BARRE, July l5--The granite cutters
will not taik, and the general impression
is that the local union will not accept the
terms offered by the manufacturers.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
GREEN MOUNTAIN NEWS.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BARRE
GRANITE SITUATION.

Both Sides Getting Anxious to Compro-
mise-The EVIL Effects of tho strike Be
ginning to Bc Realized in Their Full
Signiiioanoe--A Boy Killed by IA Train
Mt st. Johnsbury.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
THE CLOSING SESSION
OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL
ASSOCIATION LAST EVENING.

After n More Than Usually Inspiring
Conventiop-Inte Papers and
Discussions tho Last Day-But Ono
Death During the Yoar.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21

HOMESTEAD, Pa, July 1j.-The entire
force of assistants 10 the civil engineers in
the employ OF the Carnegie company struck
this morning ont Of sympathy for the locked
out men. They had no grievances Of their
own. This will stop all outside work until
a new force can DO secured
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21

This proud distinction is generally conceded
to the United states twenty-dollar gold piece,
II marvel of beauty IN design and finish. The
woman. ii in the bloumlof health; if she is not,
Dr. fierc - Iayorito Pres Cription will restore
her. Ladies' VINO use this peerless remedy are
unanimous in It's praise, tor It cures those
countless ills which are the bane of their sex
Irregularities, dragging down pains, inham-
gone" sensation which burden their daily lives
4 tonic and nerviue, without alcohol.
In Holland, Mich, C. j. Doesbury. publish es
the News, and in its columns strongly recom-
mends llr. Thomas kceCtric on for coughs
colds, soro throat, catarrh and asthma.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
RUSSIAN FAMINE FUND.

AdditiOnaI CONTRIBUTIONS KeceiVcd at
tho Otlcc of the state Treasurer,
RUTLAND, July 13.-The following addi-
tional contributions for the relief of suffer
ers by the Russian famine have been received
end transmitted to Riggs u Co., bankers,
Washington, for disbursement through tho
Red Cross associations
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1892-07-21
THE WATERBURY, FAIR.

State papers please copy.l
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

go to the supreme court. O. Ell. Aus
tin and John Young for plaintiff; E..
A. Cook for defendant.
State VS.. Luman Judd. A term of
court in Orleans Co. without a case
from Jay would be very strange
event. The respondent was charged
with breaking and entering a certain
blacksmith shop in that quiet town
and taking therefrom certain tools,
which were found in his possession.
The respondent produced evidence to
show that his character for honesty
had never been questioned; he also
claimed that he was the victim of a
''put up job.' The jury, after being
out five minutes, returned verdict
of not guilty. w. w. Miles and b. A.
Cook for the state, and d. w. Rich
mond for the defence.
The first criminal case was that of
State VS.. VIM. Bedell. The respond
ent was charged with setting fire
and attempting to burn the school
house in district No. 8, in Greensboro.
Various articles near the scene of the
fire were identified as the property of
Bedell; his fight at the preliminary
hearing at Barton and his admissions
were used against him. Verdict, gull
tv. w. W. Miles and f. E. Alfred for
State, E. A. Cook for the respondent.
State VS.. Dan A. Hyde. The re-
spondent, who lives in Holland, was
charged with an assault upon his
daughter with intent to kill Hyde
claimed that his daughter kept COM
pany with young man that was OBJ
iectionable to him and that she was
''sassy" For this reason he attempt
ed to correct her. The State claimed
that he used a degree of force not nee
essary in the correcting process. The
jury evidently thought SO too as the
verdict was guilty. w. w. Miles and
E. A. Cook for the State, }. E. Dick
erman for the defence.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

Iv a single town it mentions, and the
off in those towns is not as much as 1t
claims and no more than IN many
other towns in the state where the
Sitter is unknown. But granted that
it is true what has the Sitter gained?
Fuller is elected, by majority sever
al thousand larger then Page rece1V-
ed and the reduction of his majority
from 1888 only gives comfort to the
democrats, who are trying to use 1t
to forward Cleveland's chances. Ii
every republican should bolt because
his particular favorite fails to be nom1-
mated, the democrats, who seldom
bolta nomination for any cause what
ever, would have a big advantage at
every election. There was no good
reason why Fuller should not have
received every republican vote in the
state. We confidently predict that he
will make one of the best Governors
the state has had in many years"
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

DARTON NATIONAL BANK. BUSINESS
Id Hours from a m, to,12, m. From "a
4, p. m. Amory Dawson, Pres't; IL. X. Dewey,
Cashier.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
THE IRISH VOTE.

re is small room for doubt that
lumber of Irish Americans who
|Eete the republican ticket this
will be larger than ever before.
tght wears at least the tendency
|e more intelligent part of the
|Eote has been made toward re-
banism. Never has that tenden-
cen stronger than it is today.
\ are good reasons for this, in
The very best. Faster, perhaps,
|hny>other people who emigrant
bis country the Irish embrace
ess opportunities. What more
| al, then, that as they become
'ughly amalgamated with our
'1tions they should desire their
.prises to be made secure against
Us competition from abroad, and
IiaIly from their ancient enemy,
md. Hence it is that the Irish
0icans who favor the policy OF
ction are rapidly increasing in
er. The eyes of the more in
ent are open, and education is
manufacturing Irish Republl-
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
THE LYNDONVILLE FAIR.

The Northern Caledonia fair people
held their annual fair on Tuesday and
Wednesday of last week, the weather
being uncomfortable on Tuesday but
good on Wednesday. The attendance
on the first day was more than might
have been expected, and on Wednes-
day large. The number of exhibits IN
some lines was remarkable, and in
every respect creditable to the locali-
ty. The show of oxen was the largest
we have seen in the county for sever
al years, except when the Hazen and
Fairbanks oxen were shown at st.
Johnsbury. Lyndon showed fifteen
yokes, string that would be hard to
beat anywhere, while Burke showed
ten pairs of large and valuable oxen.
In the "cavalcade" there were 81
vokes of cattle and steers. This num-
ber was headed in the march by seven
bulls. some of them first class.
There were several fine herds of
Jerseys from the dairy and stock
farms in the vicinity, and some of the
fine Devons for which this section has
long been noted. Mr.. Harris having
sold his stock of Herefords in Connec-
ticut last week, this fine herd was
missed.
The horse show was good, both IN
character and number, but not extra
ordinary. We noticed quite an add1-
ton to the number of horses from Or
leans county. There were something
more than forty horses in the cavaI-
cade. One of the most interesting
formance of three pairs of trained
steers, owned by Jonathan Hunter OF
East Burke. They were shown by his
sons and did things as remarkable as
the trained horse in a circus 1t is ex-
pected that they will be exhibited at
Barton fair, and no one should miss
seeing what they can do.
In the line of sheep there was re-
spectacle showing outside of the Har-
ris Shropshires. Mr.. Harris has some
of the best sheep in New England and
makes quite a showing alone.
! The interest in horse trOttlng, az
| though this side OF the show is inten-
tionally made small, was nevertheless
considerable, and there were trials OF
speed on both days. Henry Mower
trotted Lyndon Boy an exhibition half
mile each day, making 1:13 on We'd
nesday On Tuesday thirteen horses
were entered in the three minute
race and the winners were E.C.Twom-
bly, of Barton, 1st, with Mambrino
Dix, and John Mathie Of Glover I'd,
| with 0fta Ouechee
In the two-year- race, Bill Car
penter Of Barton won with the Valley
Boys colt, Frank Barber of Sheffield
winning I'd money. On Wednesday
there were two races = one by the
three year olds and one by the stal-
lions In the first, Rogene, owned by
Everett Ruggles Of Lyndon won first
money J. r. Chrystie Of Sheffield won
second. In the stallion race Otta que
chee, Rexton and Roadster contested,
Rexton winning, Roadster I'd, Que
chez Sd. There were some other
sports in which boys and men partici-
/ pated.
The fair was we'll managed. Every
thing was orderly and pleasant and
the people seemed to enjoy it. Ger
tain1y much that was useful and prof
liable was seen and enjoyed. The
managers are to be congratulated or
the success Of the fair of 1892.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
Horace III. Smiths Estate.

CTATE OF VERMONT, ORLEANS DIsTslcr
y IS. in Probate Court held at Barton
Landing, In said District, on the 2oth day OF
Sept, A. D., 1892
of Horace II. smith, late OF Craftsbury. in said
District deceased, makes application sor
license to sell the real estate OF said deceased.
described as follows. to wit; The Home FIrm
owned and occupied by said Horace H. Smith
at the date OF his decease situated ia GRATIS
hurry aforesaid representing that a sale IN re-
of will be beneficial 10 alt persons interested
- Whereupon il = ord red by said ouri tat
sa;d anplfcatiOH be-. tsT...tt a
to a session thereof, TO pe hele az ave Prn..ate
Office in Baltou Laf dtrg or TIE 1Cti 'Cfv a
Oetober A. -. 1872 fbr . ea.i.g ana a. s.,,.egi
thereon: AaG iEsis .urtl er ordered e.. no.
tice hereof be -iSen all persons iiftel ~ cd
bv pu ublication of the same three We ks sac.
cessiyely in tlIe Monitor n ewspapfr pub ~ D.
ed at Barton, previous TO said time appofntcd
for hearing. that they may appear at said time
and place. and show cause, III any tiev may
have whv said license should not be gran I'D.
b. the COurt-Attest.
40-42 FRANK >. ROGERS, Register. &.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

town of Barre is waking up,
eginning to wear its usual as
\ f activity. The long continued
(e strike has been so far settled
bring about a resumption of
ess among a large number of
and the granite dealers will en-
the old cutters as far as possible.
Fbody concerned is to be con-
lated on this favorable turn in
N. The long strike has been un-
hble to both parties, and we
that the "Granite City" will
be so stirred up again by labor
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

Londonderry Sitter man who
me personal pique, if the facts
known, not specially creditable
nself, boasts that Fuller's ma
was reduced in some quarters
that received by Dillingham;
years ago and the Manchester
III thus takes the Sitter in hand:
j figures are not correct in hard
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
GiInan's.

GiInnan'S.
You OUGHT TO VISIT GILMANS =
They are just home from mar
ket, and the new goods will
be coming in nearly every
day this week.
STYLISH GARMENTS
For Ladies', Misses and Chill
dren.
The Novelties are here.
The Best Values are here.
The largest assortment-in the
County is here.
You are invited to inspect
them.
New Dress GooDs-
New TRIMMINGS
New Art Silks and plain In
dias for fancy work.
THE BEST place. TO Buy LADIES'
Cotton Vests and Pants,
Cotton and wool Vests and
Pants,
All-wool Vests and Pants,
Camel Hair . g .
AT GILMAN'S
THE BEST PLACE TO Buy MEN's-
Cotton Shirts and Drawers,
q wool 8 6 ss
s -nwool
Camel hair 8 .
AT GILMAN'S.
THE BEST PLACE TO Buy CHILDRENs
Underwear,
AT GILMAN'S.
THE BEST ON EARTH
ssGold Seal Rubbers -
Ladies', 90 cts,
Mems, 60 and % cts,
Misses, 40 cts,
Children's, 81 cts,
AT GILMAN'S.
One pail Gold Seal Rubbers"
are worth three pairs common
rubbe,s. 1t pays to buy the
best when you buy Rubbers.
CHILDREN SCHOOL SHoEs-9S cts,
WoMEN's GLOVE GRAIN BoOTs-9S c..
AT GILMANS.
THE s.ST LouIs'-
For a Dress Boot is the Fa-
vorite Price, $500
AT GILMAN'S.
The Best in the World, for
sale at
GILMAN'S, Newport. Vt.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

Morrisville Nel0s and Citizen
4 scovered that "the gentleman
Montpelier" although a demo-
s level l-headed and will make a
leader for the minority in the
louise. Be that as it may, the
|aid "minority" will miss some
good timber it had on in the
branch two years ago.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

4 e of our friends of the Vermont
|hre taking us to task for calling
II repeal of the Australian ballot
i've wait, brethren of the quill,
bme good arguments from you
\ Il should be maintained. The
statement that it is a good thing
hot establish the fact. Please
What good it has accomplished.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

A. G. Weissert, the newly
commander-in- chief of the
Army, was born in Ohio in
,nlisted in the Eighth Wiscon-
iment when q years old, and
worthy record. He identified
with the Grand Army in 1856,
5 since been an active worker
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

n satisfaction to see that the
se troubles have been settled at
Following the agreement be-
the New England Manufac-
Association and the Cutters
the local difficulties have been
ed at Barre, Quincy and Vinal-
The strike has proven a Sc
strain upon quarrymen through
ew England, and whatever the
h gain, it will take a long time
\ they recover what they have
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
ANS COUNTY MONITOR,
PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY
%. H. BLAKE,
BARTON, VT.

ATS-wHEN PAID STRICTLY IN ADVANCE
LAR. If not paid in advance $500
.ubscribers living outside of Orleans
|dbnia Counties, S1.75 per year
Ia Inscriptions in advance. Remit by
lie Order, Registered Letter, or Draft.
III the label on your paper, and see that
ndit is right. If not correct send the
+o make it so, or notify US of error by
hrd-
x1ng for a change of address, always
here your paper is pot0 sent.
of Advertising made known on ap-
In. All cuts musthave metal body.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03

L was lively blizzard and snow
on Mt. Washington Tuesday
Ehich interfered with telegraph
nd kept the trains from get
wn the mountain.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-10-03
ORLEANS TRUST COMPANY.
Commenced business March 16, 1891,
Statement at Close of Business
Mar. 81, 1892.

RESOURCES,
Loans on Vermont Mortgages, $55, GA
Mortgages elsewhere, 24952. SO
g with Mortgages as Collateral, S,3O4.57
'' on Personal Security, 47,1S3.5O
Stocks and Bonds, I7,516.00
School Order. 1905
Certificate of Deposit, 504 38
Loans on Deposit Books, 70.6O
&c !" National Bank Stock, 3,045.00
'' '' other Collateral Security, 2,727.OO
Cash on hand. 1S,S1S.68
$179 O67.Os
LIABILITIES.
Capital Stock paid in. $50, 900. 90
Due Depositors, I26 6454.76
State of Vermont, Taxes, 170.88
Unearned Discounts, 570.SI
Bills Payable, 27.50
Undivided Profits, 1,S43.13
$179,067 .0S
This company receives deposits in sums of
one dollar and upward, upon which it agrees
to pay interest at the rate of per cent. annual
ly, which will be compounded semi-annually
if not called for.
This rate of interest is guaranteed by the
stockholders who are holden in double the
amount of their stock for the payment of all
deposits.
This is a chartered savings bank and all
sums deposited with it to an amount not ex-
ceeding 81, 500. each are exempt from taxation
O the depositor.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1892-07-04
Saving Eyes by Electric LIGHT.

The public is beginning to realize
that the use of the electric light does
more for 'e preservation of the eye
sight than ~ other artificial luminant.
One Of the most reassuring evidences of
this is the adoption Of electric light in q
large number of hospitals devoted to
the treatment of eye diseases. The
ROYAL South London Ophthalmic hos
pital, which is undergoing extensive
structural enlargement and improve
ments, is being fitted up throughout
with electric light.
It is also stated that quite an impetus
has been given to the introduction of
electric lighting into Londonderry, Kill
kenny, Galway and other towns in
Ireland by the declaration of one of the
surgical staff of the Royal Ophthalmic
hospital in Dublin that the electric
light is the best light for eyes that are
weak or affected with disease, and occa-
sions them less discomfort and injury
than that produced from gas. oil or can
dles.-New York Telegram.