davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1892-06-01
DrpppanlB.
FOR STREET Paw
PROPOSALS FOR DIGGING

Il TRENCHES AND LAYING SEWER PIPE
Sealed proposals will be received az the Office
Of the Board Of Public Works OF the city OF
Wheeling unsil 10 O'Clock noon, Monday, June
9th, 1892. for digging trenches and laying sewer
pipe. Specifications OF the different sewers to
be laid can be seen at the Office OF the Board OF
Public Works. The successful bidder will be
required 10 give bond with two securities In the
penal sum OF ,0OO conditioned for the faithful
serves the right to reject any or all bids, or TO
be given in the best interest for the city OF
wheeling. Proposals to be marked Proposals
for digning trenches and laying sewer Plpe."
BY order OF the Board Of Public Works.
m3iedI T. NJ DARRAH, Clerk.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1892-06-01

THE only people in the Republican
party who are harmonious are the kick
ora
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1892-06-01
The Babe is Born.

LONDON, May 31.-Mrs. Florence Ethel
Osborne, who gained unpleasant notoriety
through the theft Of Mrs. Hargrave's
Jewels, has given birth to a child.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1892-06-01

Yhe LARGEST Stock in The city to select from, and our
Maunifcent Assortment Leads in Quality and Price.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
GAVE HIM A PAIN
Judge Burlingame Drops Upon
~. p. Alien
8EckMIRE GETS TWO YEARS
He VIII Ksep Company with Bissonssse
at the Ionia prison-Genssal News
and Routine Of the Court.

TIE case Of Louis Beckmsre. charged
with larceny from White 4 Whites
drug store, Vas on trial in the superior
court yesterday. Bscknire's partner
in the thefts and fellow employee, Eli
ward Bissonette. was sentenced 10
louia two weeks ago Tor his part in the
theft.
The jury in Beckmire's case remained
out but two minutes and returned .
verdict OF guilty. Beckm,re was then
sentenced TO two years imprisonment
at Iona. lie took his sentences with
indifference and exhibited none Of tlle
emotion which Bissonette showed. N.
r. Alien conducted the defense and
roundly abused everybody he could
think OF. especially the detective force.
Judge Burlingame dropped upon the
attorney very hard and said that be
didn't propose TO have people prom.s'
cuously abused in his court. Mr.,
| Allen sat down without murmur
| though he exhibited marked signs OF :
tired and panied feeling. but the judge
Was equally determined and gave him
the alternative of keeping still or pay
ing fine for contempt OF court.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

G. T. Holmes of Chicago il ut the
Morton. Mr.. Holmes 10 what 10 techui-
cally known a. . hotel broker. He Sc
cures options ON hotels and then sells
the lease. II 10 rumored that ne is
looking after some Grand Rapids prop
erty.
j. I. Patterson, proprietor of the
Lansing Furnace works, was guest ~
the New Livingston yesterday. He
will move his family to this city about
June Is.
Mrs. William Duncan and Mrs. Il. II.
Butler Of Detroit are guests 1T the Nor
ton. They are IN the city buying fur
niture.
w. N. Cluts Of the Agricultural col.
lege WAS guest at sweets yesterday.
He 10 . son Of President Clute.
The Hon. X. r. Blacker OF Manistee,
secretary Of state, was guest 1t the
Morton yesterday.
George +. Bowling. Montague lum
herman, IL 1T the Morton
Ernest Bacon, one Of Niles' leading
attorneys, dined At the Morton yester.
day.
George r. wyman, proprietor OF &
planning mill At White Cloud, - at the
Morton.
The Park Place annex 70 the New
Livingston will soon be ready for occu
pancy.
A. II. Palmer. = Hillsdale furniture
manufacturer, is guest at Sweets.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Health has its weight. We

Health has its weight. We
cannot go far above or below
our healthy weight without
disturbing health. We can
not keep health and lose our
weight.
1t is fat that comes and
goes. Too much is BURDEN
some; too little is dangerous.
Health requires enough
fat for daily use and a little
more for reserve and COM
fort. That keeps US plump.
The result is bcauty-the
beauty of health.
A little book on CAREFUL
LIVING shows the importance
Of keeping your healthy
weight. We send it free.
sesrr Z ss--s ca.~aaA ~ Sud- 81 Avs-..
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
To Slay, or To Be Slain. Which,

To attack the dragon Of disease and ami.
hilate him before his deadly talons grow. or ia
allow him to attain dangerous maturity aud
destroy us-that Is the question OF paramount
importance to oil afflicted with organic all
ments- Among these. disorders Of tho kid.
neys and bladder are of the fatal order II un
restrained ut the outset. Their growth Il
rapid. their elimination death. Brigtit's dis
ease, ordinary nephritis. diabetes. Ssarrh Of
the bladder. gravel. suppression OF tie score
tion caunOt DO tempered with or disregarded
safely. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters Is superb
depuratiye tonic. giving the due Impulse,
sides strengthening and regulating them IN
common with the rest Of the system. II In
fuses. too. vigor aud regularity into the stom
malaria and rheumatism. and Is . preemt
nent1y hno tonic for the aged the enfcebied
and the convaleocent.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

The case IN police court agsinst David
stewart TOR failure 10 support has been
dismissed Tor want OF prosecution.
Mrs. stexart paid the cosss-
Rose johnson, . fairy queen" waz
brought into headquarters last night,
she had been arrested for the larceny
o. some clothing.
The case against Charlesc. Suaelcher,
charged with Keeping nls saloon open
Sundays, Was adjourned until May 81
AZ ID. m.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Beware Of Ointments for Catarrh
That Contain Mercury.

as mercury will surely destroy the
sense of smell and completely derAnge
the whole system when entering u
through the mucous surfaces. Such
articles should never be used except on
prescriptions from reputable physi-
clans, as the damage they will do 10
ten fold to the good you can possibly
derive from theaE. Halpe Casarrn
Cure, manufactured by F. ]. Cheney
d Co., Toledo. o., contains no mer-
curry, and 10 taken internally, acting
directly upon the blood and mucous
surfaces Of the system. la buying
Halls Catarrh Cure DO sure you get
the genuine. IL il taken internally,
and made in Toledo, Ohio, BY +. J,
Cheney & Co. Testimonials free.
~ Sold by druggists. price 75c pei
bottle.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
NEW LINES OF CARS
ho Street Railway Company
File Petition
ADDITIONAL PRIVILEGES
- Pubic Subscriptions by City Oh
- sr ss~sss Considered Cedar
Blocks sos Ottawa Street.

& Lost night tie committees on streets
- an ordinances Jointly took under
|1zIDG<terHslon the petition OF The Con-
sdnted Srset Railway company To
~ ADDITIONAL tracks IA Ottawa street,
n1aoeea Bridge and Lyon streets, and
: ooernte one OF lts north ena Isnes
1S)uKn Ottawa street. The company
15n4s that through an oversight lie
<In1tuxys en Ottawa street, between
ourou and Lyon streets, and also on
Gsaua street. b~tween East Bridge
n6rnot anu Iruwbrdge ftreet. we're not
n0tudcd la any routes which the COM
10y MAS rsaaIred To operate under
S Ne oxdluznee passed April "a, 1891.
Xko broperty owners on Ottawa street,
- ths company claims. arc de-
{ ofxoos OF regular service on
Hat street, and IL Will DC
q meat benefit To them. and relieve
G0tsnl street OF . traffic. which. owing
81 rev lines whicn will be put IN opera
: IN this season. will be liable To cause
opgsous blockades. The company fur
oHoR asks that it be allowed TO lay
Uocks en- Madison avenue from Halt
n1rees To the ID. L. n. n. crossing. the
NV line 10 form part OF the stock
- and Lafayette street line. They
III % be empowered TO carry out these
ko6onges- The committee took no defi-
NJ action last night, but will meet
NTH Mr.. Chapman at O'Clock this
u(1oEnoon at the city hall.
view sewers Recommended.
The committee on sewers decided to
nupogt fsvorably on the petition for .
ooUer IN McReynolds street, from
"A
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Talk OF the COMMITTEES
- q Gossip Gathered from Among the
Aldermen.

Aldermen.
An alderman said last night that
go tsms this year he should en-
Ioovor TO hare . fund started by
which the city should owns Its electric
UGhtlng plant and manage II indie
p0Aaentiy Of all companies. The 81.
1ernan claimed that 1t would make
q oig saving to the city, ~ then new
hupo could b added from time TO
60 1T m expense Of not more than
- apiece, which 10 the cost OF the
zInmD alone.
06periutendent Chapman, who sp-
Doorod before The committee on streets
|Inne night, stated that II cost the COM
uony from lie TO lac per mile to run
e., not including the taxes which the
oompany ~ obliged to pay. Six cars
81 tbe Cherry street line make seven
ooeu round trips daily each, aud Alder
mnn Mills claims that they average
even passengers apiece 70 the mile.
Ih0 superintendent claims that Mr..
Milk estimate is by Ear too liberal.
h ssys also that the Canal street cars
onsry only three passengers per mile
- each trip made during all but the
nueiest hours OF the dsy-that is,when
ppoPIe srs on their way to and from
vofk.
The vays and means committee Is in
GovoR Of buying horse for the high.
Uoy CON missioner on the west side,
ond believes that in . year the cost OF
Ne animal would be more than saved
~ The addisionat work which the com.
nissiouers would be able 70 DO. The
oonier Of weights aud measures - pok.
Ine up the ways and means committee
ar new harness for hrs team.
Work vas begun Monday on the
street. railway to Reeds Lake. out Full
ION street, though the contract between
the city and the company has not vel
len sxned.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

In the circuit court in the case OF
John and William Katois VS.. Anrone
Zieleyn, . judgment was rendered fol
the complainants for the restitution OF
premises, with costs and attorney fees
of SIS. This 10 the case against Zier.
leyn. the jeweler, for the possession Of
the store on the corner of Monroe and
Ionia streets, now occupied by HIM.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Arrangements are being made for
the reception TO the ladies Of the kim
dergarten training class By the Kinder
garten ASSOCIATION, this evening st 8
o'clock, 1T Fountain Street Baptist
church. The Rev. Mia y. Upper and
others will address she clase. and sew
erAI kindergarten songs and marches
will be gwen
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Over Sunday ct Ottawa and Maca-
taw0.
Steamer "Lizzie Walsh" will meet
our $40 p. IN. train saturday. 10 ac-
commodate people wishing to spend
Sunday 1T the Park or Beach.
Round trip will be sl.00 from Grand
Rapids.
Mrs. Ryder's hotel will be open for
business. GEo. DElIAvRN.
u. +. A.
P.s.--Bass are biting freely now.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Ia the amount OF sieoe. allegn e
tTsspsss oa the case. un Nay %
sheriff MeQGssn levied 90 certain
horses AID harnesses belonging 10 the
plaintiff aed sod them 10 satisfy a
Judgment. ani sne uow sses 10 re-
cover damages
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Another "Hobo" Caught.

The case of the People W. John
Granger. charged with resisting an
officer, was brought up in police court
yesterday morning. He pleaded no,
guilty aud his case was adjourned to
June l. Bail was fixed IN the sum oil
$500. This man is another of the gang
that has been making things lively
around the west side. Residents in
that portion of the city are happy to
know that one by one this crowd is be.
ing dispoeed of.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

street hss reported 70 the police that
she lost, yesterday somewhere on
Soufh Prospect street.. black silk hand
bag containing ABOUT twenty dollars in
cash. ssvsrss recslpts And = Building
ard Loan took.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Harki I hear the mothers sing,
Fields Worm Powders il just the thing.
Pleasant 10 take, acting mid,
BY their use they cured my child.
Ask your druggist for them.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

James IL. scosl, one-armed eolored
veteran. sss arrested on South Water
loo street, ia company with coiored
damse. OF doubtful repataiion, for be-
ing drunk and di<orderiy. They were
lnauiging ia . free tor-Ali light.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Horace Iinseys a runaway boy aged
> years was found on scribnsr street
ys<fer,:nv afternoon by pssroimsn
Sfosi ant taken 10 the headquarters IN
tlse vagosh sl.insey = = chrome truant
auf na< out on suspended sentence.
H. isas been arrested for truancy
tlnse aud hnss again.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
OPENED MyRTIE's LETTER.
Otis Litchfeld Arrested for Tampering
with the Mails.

Otis Litchfield was arrested yesterday
by Deputy Marshal Judd on q warrant
sworn out by Miss Myrtle Bell, charg-
ing HIM with opening letter addressed
to her. Mrs. Bush, mother Of Litch-
field. employed Myrtle in her restaurant
at No. 107 Canal street, and Miss Bell
charges Otis with tamperlng with her
letters. When first accused he turned
1t of as joke. but she wouldn't have
it that way. He had an examination
before Commissioner McQuewan and
the case was adjourned to June 6. He
was released under $500 bonds. Myrtle
felt so bad about the matter that she
quit the rertaurant and went to room
ing at No. % Monroe street.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Law AND LAWYERS.


People vs.. Louis Beekmire; larceny
from = store in the daytime. Waved
reading OF Information aud declined to
plead. Plea OF not guilty entered by
order of court. Verdict Of guilty rem
dered as charged in first count OF in
formation Sentenced TO state house
OF correction and reformation at Ionis
for two years. Sixty days granted 70
settle bull Of exceptions.
May Kibboom vs.. jacob K,bboom,
divorce, bill suppressed.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

4shie Jausen has commenced suit
~ inss sheriff Mcqueen for damages
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Five pounds McLaughlin's xxx
coffee. 81. KrLLEAN's GROCERY.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

The road TO wealth 10 an easy and
safe one if il leads you 70 den ositing
your cash in the Grand Rapids Savings
Bank, corner of South D:vision and
Fulton streets.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Lily White Flour
Makes finest pastry, bread or biscuit,
The best IL most satisfactory.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

This Is Good Season for Michigan Man.
ufacturers.

utActulerS.
]. w. G ables of Cadillac, president of
the lumber firm of Cable b Mitchell,
Was guest At the Morton yesterday.
1.-THE lumber tiade 10 excellent this
spring. he said yesterday. at is
much better than II was last season 90
far - Michigan lumbermen are con-
cerned. The market is firm and the
demand is good. So far, We haven't
been obliged to send any statesmen out
on the road. All the orders We can
handle como to rs unsolicited. Last
year it WAS almost necessary TO drug q
man before he could be induced to
buy any lumber. Although the
market has opened up we'll, yet
present liveliness will continue.
the west continues to be inundated,
there is no telling what may happen to
the lumber market. II the farmers are
of the building that they had planned,
and this nlts Inmbermen in = very sen.
sltive locality. So long as farmers are
prosperous they will keep making addl-
tons to their harms and sheds. When
they stop dong that the lumber market
fesIs the effect Immediately.
"Ole feature OF the lumber market
this year is the comparatively decreas-
ing demand for bill stuff. This may
be only local, but / think it affects
most Michigan iumbermen. One thing
that may held explain it 10 that people
are going south for their bill stuff.
Michigan pine can no longer I'LL the re-
quirements. There Is but little pine
left that will I'LL orders for heavy bill
stuff, and outside Wholesale dealers
and buyers have discovered the fact.
One who has grown up with Michigan's
numbering industries cannot fail to
notice their gradual decay, and that
one by one the old time lumbermen are
unnvtuU sonth and Wost -
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
No Wash- Out on This noed.

Gallon cans to matoes 25c.
KuLLEAH's GROCERY.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

Workmen are busily engaged in lay
ing the new thing 1T Sweets. 1t has
been found necessary to work nights in
order TO have the floor completed nv
Saturday night - planned. Carpeu-
tiers were engaged yesterday IN taking
out the old windows in the annex and
putting in the new plate glass front.
Sunday the ONCE will be completely
revoIutionized in appearance.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27
Circuit court-Part I.
JUpGE GROVE.

George X. johnson W. Daniel Kim
0ey, assumpsit; judgment rendered tor
plaintiff of S5S3.95 and costs.
Margaret Teuhope W. Thomas
| Walker, trespass on the case.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

JUDGE ADsIr.
Philo L. Fuller ct 81. W. Conrad g..
Swensburg ct al, chancery; pleadings
and proofs.
Grand Rapids herald. [volume] (Grand Rapids, Mich.) 1892-1959, 1892-05-27

P.s.-Bass are biting freely now.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1892-07-28
The New .Insfice.

We like Mr.. CAMERON. of Pennsylvania,
for personal qualities which render him a
favorite with Democrats in the United
States Senate. We like him because he
Shas stood so manfully by his own convic-
lions ON various occasions We like him
because he helped last winter 10 kill the
soroo bill for the time being. We like him
because he stands by his friends-by his
Democratic friends as well as his Republi-
can friends.
Nevertheless, we cannot but think that
the Senate did right. in spite of his oppo-
sition, TO confirm the nomination Of Mr.
SHIRAs TO be Justice Of the Supreme
Court of the United States. From all
shat we have learned concerning the new
Justice we are forced to the conclusion
that he Is well qualified for that high place.
1t is true he has never been Judge. But
this objection we might, we suppose, make
20 the ablest lawyer in any State in the
Union. Anyhow. Mr.. SHIsAs has no iudg-
ments of his own to reverse and no decis-
tons Of his own 10 recall for further con-
alteration.
The papers OF Pennsylvania. Republican
and Democratic. seem 10 regard Mr..
BHIRAs a. eminently qualified to be a JUS
tice of the Supreme Court OF the United
States. 1T is we'll"
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1892-07-28
cable street .Roads vs. rleotrio,

Those who wonder how il IL that the
cable street-railroad has not made way
for the electric system will find an ex.
PLANTATION Of the fact in last weeks cncu-
lar OF Messrs. HAMsLKros 4 Co.. Of Balti-
more. They say:
"Thc cable IL the most reliable and safisfsc-
tory motive power and IL the most expensive
system 10 build. but experience has shown that
the outlay IL fully justified by the results.
Electricity Is tho next, and In all large cities and
Ia many smaller ones Il 10 very successfully ope-
rated"
Whence we conclude chat the cable sys-
tenn Is the best for large cities and the
electric system is the best for cities OF the
size Of, say, Richmond. A writer IN The Car
says:
Electric street-railwhys are no longer expert
mental nor 10 their success problemstical. Their
history for the past Eve years II that OF an almost
unequaled development Almost within decade
has occurred tho nrst working OF a practical
electric railway. In a third OF that period there
have been put In operation or are under contract
more than $50 roads, equipped with nearly
5000 cars and over 10000 motors, and with
over 5000 miles Of track. There Is made daily
mileage OF not less tnau 1OO,OOO Uiics, anu
over billion Of passengers are carried annually.
Al least s75, 100000 have been invested In this
industry alone. Thirty thousand horses In
single year have been relieved from the slavery
Of strcet-ear propulsion; stables are disappear
ing. and streets becoming cleaner; luxurious
cars arc running on smooth, wel-built, and rigd
road beds Dividends have been increased, ex-
pepses reduced, investme nts enlarged, the IN
productive have become productive, the impos-
sible possible. Land values have been increased,
habitable limits extended, homes created, ana
ZINE saved. Electric street-railway construction
has become a matter of engineering, not expert
ment. Not only have tho smaller towns adopted
what 10 the only available means OF current
supply but the larger cit es are following their
example. ST. Louis aud Baltimore. Minneapolis
and St. Paul. Buffalo and Rochester. Boston and
Brooklyn have fallen into line, and iatteriy even
Philadelphia seeks an improved street service,
and In New York public interest is being
aroused"
Luxurious cars running on smooth
road beds" are of course luxury;
but how about sweltering in a closed
winter-car when the mercury is at or about
30? And are there enough of these luxu-
rious cars to accommodate the public!
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1892-07-28
An InternstinP Case.

Colonel II. CLAY Klso. of Memphis, who
was convicted of the murder of brother
lawyer named PosToS and sentenced to be
hanged on August 18th, recently petit
toned Judge JACKSON. of the United States
Circuit Court for the State of Tennessee,
for writ of hdbeas corpus. The writ was
granted and made returnable to-day. In
his petition the condemned man alleges
that certain of the jurors who tried
him had expressed opinions hostile
to him before they went on the
jury, but the main ground on which
he rests his case before the United
States Court is embraced in the averment
that while the jury was trying the case
they lett the State of Tennessee. crossing
into Arkansas, without the consent of pc
titioner, and went from point to point in
said State entirely beyond the jurisdiction
of the court in which the case was pend
ing. Thereby the jury. he claims, lost
their official character. and ceasing to be a
Jury, found verdict which they had no
authority to find, and the same was a null
lity.
The decision of Judge JACKSON will be
looked for with great interest as we'll on
account of the standing KING had attained
socially. at the bar. aud as legal writer, a.
on account of the questions he has raised
in his petition.
Richmond dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1884-1903, 1892-07-28
The York-River Mails.

We publish this morning letter from a
subscriber at Woods Cross-Roads, Glou-
cester county. stating that the DISPATCH
does not reach him until thirty hours after
publication. This is a specimen of hume
rous other complaints that have reached
us from Gloucester. Mathews, Middlesex,
King aud Queen. and all the rest OF
the section in which the people are
dependent for their papers on the
early morning train which leaves
this city on the York-River railroad.
The existence of the grievance-and it is
a serious grIevance-is caused by change
of the schedule of the train mentioned,
but we have taken steps through the
Post-0fiice Department, which it IS hoped,
and we believe. will result in the troubles
being rectifed at an early day. There is
really no good reason why subscribers in
that section should not get the DISPATCH
on the day of publication. as heretofore.