The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-06-19

utterly unknown In the United States. hr.
Cam pbell docs not discuss the question
whether the influence Of the state Church OF
England has been we'll or III directed: he 70.
stricts himself IN marking how deep-seated
and far.roaching lie that ind ioncs. and to con-
tending that the An gllcan establishment is the
most important Of En- lsh institutions. except.
perhaps. the aristocracy to which II
IL intimately allied. Now It will 10 re-
membercd that several Of the Amori-
can colonies. following the example
OF England. establishs churches supported
by the State but the Revolution soon nut an
end to these establishments. New York.
settled by the Hollanders, took the lead In
l777. Virginia followed In 1885. and at later
datos all the other old States In which a
church had been established did the same
texcort New Hampshire. concluding with
Massachusetts, 10 1888. Tho new States.
which had Joined the Union since the adop-
ton OF the Federal Constitution. have. without
exception. followed the example OF Now York.
and have by Constitutional provisions made
complete separation between Church and
State. Here. then. IN the important domain OF
religion We find tho greatest possible distinc-
ton between the two countries. But when we
pass to political matters tho differences are
no less unmistakablo and prcgn aut
Leg nnng at the bottom Mr.. Campbell points
out that our whole political system In founded
on n basis entirely different from that OF the
mother country. Tho theory OF all our In
s;tuti ns is summed up in the words Of the
Declaration OF Independence. "All men are
created equal" Rufus Cnoate called this n
"Glittcring generality" and so 1t seemed to he
whilo slavery cxistei. but now It may with
justice be said that what air and water arc to
man. human equality IL to tho He OF tho re-
public. This doctrine. AZ Sir Henry Main, has
noticed. comes from tho Roman Jurisprudence:
1t is not English: 1t is and ever has
been unknown to English law. where the mem
hors Of tho peerasc have always enjoyed Pc
cuiiar privileges. extending even to the courts
OF justice. From tho Queen to the rettiost
baronet the feeling Of inequality exists. and
It is not confined to tho class which claims SUI
periority. The lower orders. as they are
called In Eng and. themselves share thu senti-
ment and look up t. q peer a. u good Catholic
looks IN to patron saint To an American
this caste feeling is ut first sight Incompetent
sible and 1t is one Of the last things which he
learns to understand. although without 1t tho
history und institutions Of the English people
are unintellisihle.
Ascending from Foundation to superstruc-
ture. Mr.. Campbell marks n contrast no less
ra'lical Tho Cni;ed states AMI all tho sera-
ratio States have written Consti buttons. The
Importance Of these forma! written instru-
nents al! Americans appreciate whereas Eng
lishmen ARE only beginning to discern their
value These Constitutions represent the will
OF the people. are superior to all Congresses
or Legi+lature'. and can only ha altered by the
people through such motto. ms to tim q un.l ma.
iority as guarantee dei,bcrR;on and wide
spread settled ioaling Of IL necessity for CHANGE.
OF al! this England knows nothing Its So
called Constit ton Is n thing % tradition,
sentiment. theory abstraction anything except
organic. supreme. settla law. What is con-
stitutilnal today may to -mnrrJw become un-
constitutional! by tn. more Hat OF tho British
Parliament. The courts construe tho laws
after Parliament has male th"m. hu' can
neither protect one dcrariln mt "f the Govern
mont against another nor the individual
a2H n"t the tyrannv Il tn" majority. Hero is
n fundamental! iiiercaco o. structure. Turn
in; to pGrti"uars. Mr.. Gam ,b"!l rrmiads us
thai ths cnitrl states have rea, Executive.
vino j. Communicating Ghicf Of tho NY. who
appoints Ju't. and suba:'l nata executive
o y 'er, vita the arnrora! % tho Senate. WAC
Ii - Il su stanr.ai veto pow-.. and wlo holds
Office Tor a fixed torn. england. on tho other
hand has .wo executives: ono an hereditary
who holds tevreS. las corner
sts,nes. and is SUPPOSED t. leal spciety- be-
Ing tho supreme arbitrr in questions OF
on,cihl etiquette: the othtr is a com
mittes Of tn, House 81 Commons. called
q Cabinet. which exercises all real executive
power. which has M check on it" authority.
but which also has NJ settled term Of offlre.
being subject 70 be swept away at any moment
b. IL ,st Of popl " passion.
Then. ngain. al h6ugh each country has two
legislative chnnbsrs. ths Legislative resem-
b!nnce goes no further. The Cpp,r House In
England In which mombcrs keep their seats
Tor life. simply represents the aristocracy.
which means land. ana III. Church. which
means religious caste in politics. In the
United States the Senate represents the sepa-
rate StatoS. each having an equal voice. and
one-third Of its members are changed every
tw, years. In Eng! and the Upper House hns
no substantive power except that OF obstruc-
ton, lltfully and fsobly exercised under tho
terror OF annshilatlon. In the United States
the Senate Is n body clothed with real author
ity. not ONLY helping to make the laws. but
serving u specific check on the Executive.
Its confirmation is neces arr to the appoint
ment OF Judges and all executive officers ex-
cent those OF the lowest class. while no treaty
is valid without its appreciation. So. too. it
must unite VITA tho House OF Representatives
before the President can make war or peace
None OF these powers belongs to tile House o!
Lor IS: they arc all exercised by the Cabinet
q committee responsible only to tho pas-
sions and preiudlces Of tho House OF Com
mons Nor Is 1t u mere detail that the mem
beers Of our House OF Repre- sen tatives have
from the outset Deen paid. whereas the men,
bers OF the House OF Commons receive no sal
airy. so that, unless members are supported by
voluntary contributions. only the rich arc really
elSl Dle to legislative Office. 1t Is also a note