The Bottineau pioneer. (Bottineau, N.D.) 1885-1895, 1892-04-02
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY,
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES THArWuI
BENEFIT MANKIND.
Fast Time on the RaII--sun spota
and the AuroraB orealis -Dlg-~
ging Powers OF the Newly
Discovered Mole--
Steam Engines<

and the aurora BOrealis -DIo-I
ging lowers OF the Newly
Discovered MoIe--
Steam Engines
ast Time on as
first II
a II 3 Eager !,
at,aia lie hi
ss, u tla M
tteg aat faU ap nailas
s 81 va
asti usi VA she in
the avars SIC .tiony this
train hrougly d full stop
in 600 fed mts psf hour, in
1900 feet; al per hour, in
2O25 feet; and finally, at 100 miles
per hour, in $500 feet. These figures
at once establish the fact that under
the best possible conditions the track
must be kept clear Of all distractions
for at least $500 feet in advance of a
train running at the highest limit; but
we must estimate the clearance for
the worst conditions, such as slippery
rails, foggy weather and unfavorable
grade; the personal equation ofthe en-
eaefnan must also be considered in a
in covering 145 feet each second.
ould it betoo much to ask that
engineman receive his warning
EEFfee-quarters of a mile before he
must halt?
The difficulties of arranging for the
passage OF trains of this character are
mJa1fest; we are not speaking of spec
"a trains, but rather Of regular trains,
thinning as frequently as may be de-
sired. 1t should be remembered that
in attwo hour run the fastest trains
OF to-day would require aleeway of an
hour, and slower ones would have to
start proportionately earlier, or be
passed on the way.
The most improved forms of signal
ing and i~nterlocking, be they mechani-
cal, pneumatic, electric, automatic, or
otherwise, which are so necessary to
the sale movement of the passenger
trains, may be introduced, but can
not be, placed nearer together than
three-quarters of a mile. The vsfp
presence of these signals, while giving
the maximum safety, has in practice
made prompt movement more diff
cult. This state of affairs would point
to the necessity for an increase in the
number Of tracks, SO that passenger
trains could be grouped on the basis
of speed just rs it has been found al
ready necessary, on crowded lines, to
separate the freight traffic from the
passenger.-Theodore N. Ely in Scrib-
ner.
Sun Spots and the Aurora Borea-
Observers of the SUMS face have for
centuries noticed at times dark
spots on it. Now we know from the
accumulated observations that the
extent and number OF these spots
vary. Sometimes we can see very
few, or even none at all, and some
times We a see O great many, some
of which are Visible to the naked eye
when protected by colored or smoked
glass. Such a spotted region is now
February 18TH passing out OF sight
on the southwestern limb of the sun;
but a second group OF spots is visible
on the northern hemisphere, stretch.
ing in a long line from the eastern
edge to the centre of the sur. But
what has the sun to- do with the
aurora? Simply this: It has
been shown that when we
have the greatest number of
II spots, then we have the most fire.
quent and most gorgeous displays of
the aurora When there is q great
storm on the sun-producing spots,
then w feel at ono on our little earth
a disturbance of electrical conditions.
The display of<liee aurora on Febru-
airy 18th is regarded as an accom-
paniment of the solar disturbances
which have produced the tremendous
spotted regions mentioned.
The average timesfromswhen the
spotted area on the sun is greatest to
the next maximum is little over
eleven years. The last spot maximum
occurred in 1884, year or two be
hind the Average time, and We seem
now to be approaching . maximum in
1923. We may thereforefairly con
clude that during this year w shall be
favored with numerous and brilliant
aurora.
Digging Powers Of the Newly Dis
covered Mole.
The Motorcycles. burrows obliauelx
a. s&#s
Ia xw~4