davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
A DRAMATIC INCIDENT IN SOCIAL
LIFE.

Nt.,s~xan.A h.. luat awnaftanael
-, ~. a,.,n.,,n d.v.,onm.n,. IN
It,, M. ,h,cn sayo,a n, m. f.,,,,.
,.,a.,,,.,,,n =, an. n,a,w,,.h, 7, 1.
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pa..,, ~ p.u,,,.n .n,.o,. v,,h
a.. .i.,,,,. o,,,,., M. az
..,s,.-s $3.50, 49,, -. h,,., 80
-. :. =,
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m - 80 80. 80 ~ 49, n..,..,,,
~. W, r. $50. p.u.asd
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49,. = -. II, o
" Aks, ~"s o'k""' y, '.e -,
ye'1 sn.'s" n,,,.,s.,s
SIX years .so ne won, " i",, ,.,,
", -. P0 49,,
n''o no '"', ''u"s "V" o.
''oou' "uo 'e'o"s.u =" '.o N-a
au'o'''na'es 'os Nn'en es'n e'
are no'o'ious' iney W'n' !" "'' W
sesn', us I'M" Anu WIZ .
IN 'ne 'Aii VI io'o r0os oo'"neu us
aes'ee' anu 'e''isu ~ a,' :"
ne seve,'u y" 'o'a''oh' WV" '"e
rioou s'i'' ono mehs W Wv
say anu ie'uineu W "s' o'u ''e'
'nere sue ihhue 'no a'qua'n'rnee " :
miuwiie hAmeu i.snuAn' h'ous"
Nor inc sii oo'a'neu oaoy wy run
aiamiiy hatneu oa"poen ~, ''oPs'on'
que gave hei i'huie us "i''' roo' VI ~
faui. Inc oapy 10Y was '"e" "'e
months oiu' iho rioo. Wo"'a" 'oo,,
'he paoy anu went W iiaheA''s', "uu
presented IL 70 the ueh''S' !" ms SOU
anu uemahucu hAi''"so, ~ was ,u'y
Ayeat SINGS .nsy p'''o' o'' VI" DAo'
was hve months o'u' ine eeuP'e TO-
paired 70 new Jersey ""e'e w i""''
rage license IN tequ''eu anu "oi'
there maffieu'
Foo'' being NO" u nanny nah' TO
turneu 10 Oh rau', "oanu0po" u'n'a
work. anu on'efeu ous,neS'' nus
iatnef reeeiNeu hin'' nm" '"o nisn's'
society OF o'' fau' upeheu us po'''s "
young FOOT anu Iam'i!' Mts' roo'
became society iaNo'i'e' anu "hh'
Foot alias Campoell' became inc PEI
OF ms granuia'hef' nut airs oa"poel
In New foFk began 10 yearh ior IooS
AZ her ooy' she went 10 hshuah io'
Information out the latter wouiu mol
give any. Finally lawyer look W
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
COMPARATIVE CRiniNALIfY OF
THE SEXES.


TnERE may be reasons Other than
that wome II are generally better than
men, why there arc 10 many more
male than female convic,s In this aud
other civilized countries. But prison
statistic, speak very stroubly In favor
Of "the weaker sex" u, may be- tina,
womRn's comparative weakutss has
something to do with the iaci that, "a
a rule, sho ls not scarly m criminal ~
man. She is also usually unier stronger
social restraints, ami her W hole He j.
more guarded than tina. Of the male
from chilihool's earliest hDum.
However, The Jail records Of the
world tell story that canuot be de-
MED, and until something more dog'
mite than Ia now argued can he said 10
the contrary, we shall hold that those
figures favor the theory Of woman's
moral superiority to man.
In 1880 there were under sentence
for criminal homicide 095s males In
the PRISONS Of the United states, and
1903 females. That IL, The male Grim.
inals la this high grade Of oiTenses
were seventeen times more numerous
than the female criminals. For other
statutory offences there were 1924
male criminals, and GiUi female offend
ere. That is, over eleven males to one
female.
Bat the United States record IA no,
peculiar In this respect. |, appears that
In the chief countries Of Europe the
proportions OF criminals considered by
sexes are as follows Franco and Eng.
land, 100 men TO 20 women; Germany,
100 men TO 10 women; Austria, 100
men TO las women. In the United
States It Is 100 men 10 81 women. OF
course tho American women are vastly
more free from crime than are those OF
Europe because our women are gen.
orally the subjects OF kind treatment
and special care than In Europe.
Moreover, there IL far less poverty In
this country, aud poverty IL powerful
incentive 10 crime.
II IL true that when women break
loose from the restrictions that sur
round their sex, they often go IN greater
extremes Of evil than men. An
abandoned woman Is usually worse
than nm abandoned man. The women
ofthe French revolution were fiercer In
their demand for blood than the fierccst
sans cullottes Of the Faubourg-. The
women were cruelleF than tho men
strikers Mt Homestead. A woman
poisoner has generally more venom in
her heart than a male murderer. But
this only argues that she goes to the
other extreme Of her character, and
helps tho argument that normally she
Is lesa immoral than man.
1t ia thought that the tendencies OF
modern times Will result In chang ug
the relative statlstics az to crime In the
two sexes. That NJ women are brou yht
more aud mole upon the 20 me social,
industrial and political plane rs men,
they will become more proportionally
criminal. This, no viewer, is mere
speculation and sprin gs,in cur opinion,
from the prejudice tn at prevails 81 ainst
woman'a full liberty.
Up to the present, statistics DO not
justify any such conclusion, and we
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15

Foot abdicated all claims 70 tho child,
though che had grown TO love It a. her
own. provided no prosecution be iusti.
tuted against her. Little Willie,
scion Of the historic clan Campbell
ls now the son Of Silas Foot, aud
brother Of Ezra +. Foot, formerly his
alleged father.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.



NOTICE II HEREBY GIVEN ~ rUE
A undefflgntf, administrator of tue estate
81 aitsgn a. thal q decreased, 60 the creditors nf
and au pefsQns hnvinf claims ngaiRst the
SAID drcensed, 10 EXHIBIT them. win The nrcet,
AIRY vouchers, Wiinln ten months after the
hffi publication OF this notice, 10 Tho sid
adminisiratfiX, IN care nf wsadeii 4 Adama,
attorneys, v aud ~ EAst. fIfst South street,
sssr Lshe Oliy, Ia the County Of talt Lake.
Dated Juy sih. Ism
MIRIAM q CHASE.
% Adminl'tratrix Of the ofiate OF sisten
Chate, deceased.
MAuDELL y ADAMS, Attorneys for Admins.
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
EuTIcs TO CREDITORS.


"N'fN - S"ih'" hNHHNHf ANAfAffl
NOTICE II HEnkuY GIVEN ny THE
~ UNDERMINED, administrator 81 tie estate
- james husrcll, deceased, TO the creditors
of aud al persons having CLAIMS against the
t7id deceased, 20 exhibit then, with the ne os.
sary vouchers within four nnths afttJ the arst
publication uf thf notice, to tho SAID -ndntlnta,
traitor ~ be office. Hooms aig and Is Consitn
salt Lake. W.
THOMAS u. LEwIs
Administrator Of the estate Of James Russell,
deceased. dw
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
NOTICE Io cRrplrnRs.


Lhthto OF ietet Hoihincs, Deceased.
NOTICE n HEREBY GIVEN ny THE
~ unforngned John N. cannon, adtninls.
traitor % the tsiHte 81 Peter IIothines de.
ing elaims aEeinst the said decrased. A. -.
hibit them, with the tcccssary voucher with.
IN Ten months sitter the nrst uuhlioaiiou OF
thi. n1ilge, TO the sad John ". cannon, NJ
riiory Of ttth
Dated July 5. isls.
JOHN NJ CANNON,
hines, deceased. d,V
Deseret evening news. [volume] (Great Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1867-1920, 1892-08-15
BACK VOLUMES
-oE IuE-
DESERT WEEKLY.

The sixth volume OF tho DEsERET
WEEKLY In the presout form is
now bound. A limited number OF
copies OF these six volumes can be OBJ
tanned at the pEsERKr NEWS ofico,
Salt Lake City, in bound form at goo
per volume. 1t Ia tho best history Of
current events TO bo obtalne and by
far the cheapest, and the time IA NO,
far distant when hoy will DO eagerly
sought afier by students Of history,
anxious to be informed o, the stirring
events which have transplrod within
the past three years--tho most interest.
ing period of the history Of the Lat
tor-day Saints Every person who
can affo 4 1t should secure these
volumes while they are to he had
for future roiorenco, and especially
should they be- obtained for ovory
Sunday School, Improvement Assoc
citation and Ward library. Apply
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
Vote Early and Often for Your
Favorite.
Rules Governing the Contest for the
Complimentary Trip to the
Worlds Fair.

THE REPUBLICAN having decided, as
already announced, to send at its own
expense to the worlds fair some sales
man, saleslady, typewriter or steno-
erapher employed in Arizona, makes
public the following rules governing
the contest.
Railroad and sleeping car fare will
be provided as well as rooms and board
at the best hotels, and all expenses
of the trip, including Incidentals and
admission to the fair, will be paid by
THE ARIZONA REPUBLICAN,.
All arrangements will be under the
direction OF THE REPUBLICAN, manage
ment, and the details of the trip will be
carefully attended to. The trip will
occupy not less than month, and may
be made at any time during the fair.
The selection OF the person is left to
the readers OF THE REPUBLICAN who can
indicate their preference by ballot. No
one employed by or in any way con-
nected with THE REPUBLICAN will be al
lowed to take part in the contest.
The accompanying ballot must be cut
out and voted before its expiration.
The contest will close at 6 p. m. of Dec.
81, 1892, and the announcement of the
winner will be made on Sunday, Jan. /,
1893
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11

Outline plans of the observatory and
telescope have already been agreed upon.
The site hasn't been chosen.
"This is still an open question" said
Professor Hale. "a great telescope
cannot be moved around like a piece
Of furniture, and it must be located
where the best conditions for its use
will obtain for years to come. OF course
it will be in Chicago and not too far
from the university. We shall have to
avoid site too near buildings or that is
liable to be invaded by builders. Smoke
is one of the things we must get away
from. 1t is an enemy to the astronomer
even if only light film. The atmos-
phere of Chicago is by no means bad for
observations. 1t is as good as that of
Germany, England and parts of France"
The object glass of the big telescope
will be between forty and forty-five
inches. TX the latter size is selected the
glass will exceed the diameter Of the
Lick telescope by rine inches. The tube
of the telescope will be between sixty
and seventy feet long. 1t will be swung
on huge columns. but its movements
will be controlled by simply pressing a
button in keyboard, which sets in
operation an electric motor
The observatory will contain several
telescopes besides the large one. There
will be two of twelve inches and others
smaller, as well as every variety of in
strument known and needed in the ex-
ploration of the armament.
The glasses will cost between $4,000
and 500, 0OO The mounting viii reach
probably 100000. The dome will cost
$4,000, and to this sum must be added
the cost of the observatory equipment.
The observatory will be in operation
in year, though the great telescope
will not be- twill probably be mounted
by the same concern which set up the
Lick glass. 1t viii require three years
and perhaps longer to grind the lens
from the rough.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11

fonso MI, son of Queen isabella, as
eended the throne, the civil war having
terminated in his favor. He was only
seventeen years of age, and had been in
exile for six years. Much against the
wish Of his mother the young king mar
ried his cousin Mercedes, daughter of
the Due de Montpensier, but she only
lived few months. Reasons of state
rendered it imperative that the king
should marry again, and the choice of
his ministers fell upon the young Arch
duchess Christina, the daughter of Prin-
cess Elizabeth of Austria. The mar
rage took place on Nov. 90, 1879, and
the lnfanta Marie de las Mercedes was
born in the September following
In 1882 another princess was born, and
three years later, on Nov. %, 1885, the
King, who had long been suffering from
consumption, died, leaving his little
daughter queen of Spain and his widow
queen regent. However, it was known
that this arrangement might be only a
temporary one, as should the child which
was expected prove boy he would
naturally succeed to the throne. The
little queens reign lasted only six
months, for on May II, 1885, her brother
was born, and was at once proclaimed
king Of Spain.
Alfonso XIII was measured for his
FIRST pair Of shoes at four months old,
md ON the same day 300 poor children
n Madrid were presented with new
shoes in honor Of the event. On the
Kings first fete day, Jan. %, 1887, 10000
Of the poor In the capital received a
present, and the queen, in her sons
name, founded a hospital for the or
phans of officers.
At the age Of eighteen months Alfonso
XIII opened the session of the cortes.
On the throne of the emperors and kings
Of Spain sat the nurse, an Asturian
peasant named Raymunda, holding the
baby sovereign, dressed all in white,
upon her knees, while round him stood
the queen regent and the infantas and
lower down the grandees, the digni-
taries, tho diplomatic body and the
great state functionaries. The queen
regent read the speech from the throne,
and when the ceremony was over the
little king, who had only interrupted
the proceedings once or twice, was car
Hed home in bis mothers arms.
Alfonso XIII is not strongly built,
end at present is in bad health. He is
lively and laxative, but occasionally
has fits Of silence and melancholy. for
he is reared in loneliness, aud has no in
innate plGymates of his own. From the
time of his birth he has had separate
establishment with distinct set Of Off
Gals, civil and military. He is not a
pretty child, but has very winning ex-
preston, and is said 10 shnw remark
sble resemblance to his ancestor, Charles
A.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Legal.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT of the Third Judi
cial District OF the Territory OF Arizona, in
and for the County Of Maricopa.
In the matter OF the petition of the Woman's
Christian Temperance Union Of Phoenix,
Arizona
Upon reading the petition fled in this cause
by The Woman's Christian Temperance Union
OF Phoenix, Arizona, a corporation, praying
the order OF this court permitting the sale and
exchange OF lot Is In block 70, of the City OF
Phoenix, Maricopa county, Arizona, for lot
owned by II. l. Chandler in said city. and
money to be paid by HIM as set forth in said
petition. IL Is hereby ordered that ssid pc
tition be heard before this court on the 10th
day OF November, 1872. at 2 O'Clock p. m, at
the court house in said City of Phoenix, and
that any member Of said corporation may ap.
pear at the time and place aforesaid, and
oppose the granting OF said order by affidavit
OF otherwise, and that publication hereof be
made daily, for one week, Except Monday in
TIRE ARIZONA REPUBLICAN, a daily newspaper
published n said city otophpnix.
By the burt HENRY q. GOODlNG,
District Judge.
The foregoing is a true copy of an order OF
said court duly made and entered on the
minute thereof on the 9TH day OF November,
A. d., 1892
Attest my hand and seal of said
tsEALl court he day aud year last above
written.
C.H. KNAPP,
Clerk.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
THE GREATEST TELESCOPE.
The Gift of MIR. YerlSes to the University
of Chicago.

The Gift of MIR. Yerlxes to the University
of Chicago.
Mr.. Charles 7. Yerkes is one Of the
best known of Chicago's many famous
citizens. He went to the Illinois me-
tropolis several years ago from Philadel-
phia and bought the North Side street
railway. He substituted cable system
for horse cars, and the bitches in getting
the new plant to work properly aroused
the wrath of patrons and the luminosity
of the papers.
But Mr.. Yerkes kept on Saving
wood keeping his temper, improving
details and raking in the nickels. Next
he appeared before the public as the pur-
chaser of the West Side car lines, and his
latest act to call out adverse comment
from the critics was his arrangement for
erecting a handsome tombstone in adj
vance of death in Brooklyn's famous
Greenwood cemetery.
Just now, however, Mr.. Yerlles is q
very popular man. Some time ago the
president Of the University Of Chicago,
which has been more richly endowed at
the start than any other educational in
stitute in the world, decided that an OBJ
servatory would'be good thing to have.
A great many rich men had contributed
toward giving the university big send
off, and of course could hardly lie called
ON for additional bounty.
But President Harper CHANGED to rec
ollect that some one had told him that
Mr.. Yerkes had remarked that he was
much interested in the new educational
enterprise, and would be glad to help it
along If his aid was needed. Therefore,
when the street railway magnate got
back from European trip recently, Mr..
Harper visited him and told him what
was wanted. IL was desirable that the
scope of the astronomical department
should be as wide as that of the univer-
sity's other branches. A great telescope
was necessary to insure this result, as
well as an observatory fitted up with
every instrument for which there Is use
in studying the armament. Itcould not
be said what the cost would be.
"Then go ahead and find out" said
Mr.. Yerkes. Build the firest and
largest telescope in the world and get
every adjunct needed to make the OBJ
servatory the most complete anywhere.
I'll pay the bill"
With the Kent chemical laboratory,
the Field biological laboratory, the
Ryerson physical laboratory and the
Walker museum, the Yerkes observatory
will make the scientific equipment of
the university the finest in the conn
try. The fame of the great telescope
will round the world. twill add to the
reputation Of the university and the city,
not to speak of Mr.. Yerkes.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Annual Meeting.

Two THE STOCKHOLDERS OF THE ARI
Il IONA Trust Company: The regular annual
meeting OF the stockholders of the Arizona
Trust Com pany will be held at the Office of the
corporation, in the City o Phoenix, Arizona
Territory on the first Wedne day, to-wit, the
seventh al day OF Dece Der, 1892 at ten O'Clock
a. m, 70 the purpose OF eecting a board OF
directors for the ensuing year, and tran acting
such other business as may properly come be-
fore the mes ting.
Tn stock and transfer register Of the corpor.
alton will be closed on the sixteenth tl6j day OF
November, 1892, ar those then appearing
thereby TO be stockholders of said corporation
will b entitled to vote and participate iu said
meeting.
Dated Phoenix Arizona,
November 3rd, 1892.
BENZ. W. THOMPSON, President.
C. p. sILL0WAY, Secretary.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Rules of tho Contest.

. huies OF inc eOntests
/. Any one Is entitled to vote as Of.
ten as they can obtain copy of THE
DAILY REPUBLICAN containing the Off
cial ballot.
2. Cut the ballot out, write in the
name OF your choice and the name Of
the firm or person by whom he or she
is employed and send to l.. j. Wood,
Worlds fair commissioner, Phoenix,
Ariz., or leave in sealed envelope at
his office at the rear OF the Hartford
bank. Endorse on the end Of the enve-
lope: REPUBLICAN Voting Contest. /"
3. Vote for the same person as often
as you choose.
A. Only one person can be voted for
on one ballot. II a ballot contains the
names OF more than one person it will
not be counted.
5. Every copy Of THE DAILY RE-
PUBLICAN until Dec. 81, will contain the
ballot. See that every ballot is voted
for your favorite.
g. This contest is not confined to
Phoenix, but is open to every town or
city in Arizona.
7. The person receiving the largest
number OF votes will be given the COM
plimentary trip to the Worlds fair.
s. Ballots must be sent within Is
days after they appear in THg DAILY
REPUBLICAN,. Ballots will not be
counted after that time, except when
they are from out-of-town points, when
four days longer will be allowed.
8. Ballots must be actually cut
from The REPUBLICAN and can be OBJ
tanned in no other way.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11

VNo THE STOCKHOLDERS or THE RIG
Il Verde ''anal Company. The regular an
nual meeting of the stockholders OF the Rio
Verde Canal Company will be held at the Office
of the corporation, in the City of Phoenix, Ari
zona Territory, on the first Tuesday, to-wit. the
siAth t6thl day of December, 1892, at 10 O'Clock
m, for the purpose OF electing b ard of di
rectors for the ensuing year, and transactinl
such other bu iness as may lawfully com be
for the meeting. The stock and trtnsfe regis
ter of the corporation will be closed on the
fifteenth Q5th) day of November, 1892, and those
then apes ring there to be stockholders Of
said corporation will be entitled to vote and
participate in said meeting.
A. G. SHELDON, President
J. X. O00LITTLE, Secretsry.
Dated Phoenix. Arizona,
November LIST, 1892.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Notice of Forfeiture,

To Adam Ovens, and to all W HON II may con.
Germ: You are hereby notified that have ex.
pended the sum OF one hundred dollars (SlO0 0Ol
for each of the years 1890 and 1891 in labor and
Improvements on the marriage Stake" mine
the said mine being situated in the Supprsti.
lions mining district, in the county OF Mari
copa and territory of Arizona for assessment
work for the years 1890 and 1891, and in order
to hold said premises under the provisions OF
Sec ion 1924 of the Revised Statute of the
United States, being the amount required 10
hold the same for the years ending December
81, 1890, and December 81, 1891, and II WITHIN
you by publication you fail or refuse to con.
tribute your portion Of such expenditure as
co-owner, your interest in said claim will be-
come the property of the subscribed under
said section 1924. JOHN II. SMITH.
Dated September 20, 1892.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
To u. Handsomely Honsed.

Germany's building at the Worlds
fair at Chicago will be very largely the
result of private enterprise. the German
manufacturers having contributed lib
orally. It will also be a rather com
posite structure, uniting apparently the
architecture Of several different ages,
and its interior decoration will represent
all the schools of German art and nearly
sll the eras.
The main building will be 1873 feet in
length and 1C6 in width, but from the
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11


center and rear an extension will be
built out for 80 feet, making the central
section seem very long. This extension
Is TO be known as "the chapel" and all
the exhibits in it win be of an ecclesias-
teal nature, such as affairs, painted win
dows and other representations of the
successive stages of German art Above
Sthe chapel" will rise a bell tower about
100 feet in height In the main building
the walls will be covered by paintings of
the Nuremberg and Munich schools, and
8 fine effect will be produced by leaving
the main interior above the second floor
open to the roof, thus making high
vaulted ceiling. The plans were drawn
by au ofisal architect in Germany.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
THE MARKETS.
BY TELEGRAPH.
Mining Stocks and silver.

SAN FRANCISCO. Nov. 10.--Beeher.sl35; Best x
Belcher, 81 5O Chollar, soc: Con. Virginia 81 So;
Gould a Curry, s5c: Hale a Norcross, 81. 40;
Potos, 81 05; 0phir, sl.65 Savage, 81 25c; Sierra
Nevada, si.05: Union Con $l.00; Yellow Jacket
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Silver.

SAN FRANCISCO, nov lO.-silver bars-Per
ounce, Si2sCds4l5c.
Mexican DO. laIs-6S0g6Sl1c.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11

Cut this ballot out and vote for your
favorite. Some person will be afforded
pleasant vacation, free of expense,
and it may he your friend.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Copper and Lead.

NEW YORK, Nov. l0-Copper-Dull, LAX
$ll.70(1ll.SU
Lead-Dull Domestic, s3sO9395.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
Live Stock.

CHICAGO, Nov. 10 Cattle lower. Best ttlves
s5(15.jO; others, s2.90d4.S5 Texans, S2.25(g3
Sheep steady. Natives, s3.60G5.20,
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
GRAIN.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. l0.-Wheat inactive.
May, 81 3i15. Barley inactive. Buyer, Deem
Der, 92(G9054. Corn, s1.2O.
Arizona republican., 1892-11-11
The BOY KING OF SPAIN.
Mis Latest Portrait and Sketch of His
Habyhood.

Ma latest Portrait and a Sketch OF His
Babyhood.
1t was the sad lot of Alfonso XIII of
Spain to be king from the moment of
Ms birth, for be is a posthumous child.
But, although deprived of a fathers care
Eia Soiaance, his mother, the Queen
Regent Christina, has trained him with
snch loving care that he gives promise
Of becoming wise man and popular
ruler. He was born May II, 1886. His
fs,her, Alfonso XII, died the previous
winter.
Till recently the history of Spain has
been record of civil war and of be-
wildering succession of governing fac
6Ons. AT hast. in December. 1874, AL