The Irish standard. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn. ;) 1886-1920, 1892-08-27
EXPORTING COFFEE.
THE JOURNEY FROM THE BRAZILIAN
ORCHARD TO THE OCEAN.

age Undergoes Many Experiences Be-
steaming-How the Berry Is Secured.
Coffee is not a shrub, as is generally
supposed, but tree, which, if allowed
to go untrimrned, would attain twenty
feet or more in height, but which is gen.
orally kept down to eight or ten feet for
convenience in picking, A grove can
be started by burying the berries or
from slips. The latter are preferable
placed about six feet apart, and those
plants which have been taken from the
nursery with considerable earti, around
their roots will bear fruit i'll two years.
though their full yield is not attained
under four years. 1t is calculated that
1000 thrifty trees will yield on q fair
average 1900 pounds Of coffee per an
mum, out in soms parts OF San Paulo
'Province The yields is as high as $500
pounds. There are two and sometimes
three ha1vests to year, but after fifteen
or twenty years the old trees must be
cut down TO give place to new ones.
When fully ripe the berry is about the
size, shape and color Of large cram
berry. The tough red skin incloses two
grains or seeds. The old way of prepar-
ing it for market, still much used in
Brazil, was as follows: When the berries
have acquired a rich blood red they are
picked into bags by the negroes twenty
three pounds being considered a fair
days work for one picker. The bags
are then e'1ptied on the terreno or dry
ing place, which is generally loyel
piece Of ground beaten smooth or COW
cred with cement. After d few days in
the sun the onter skin becomes black,
hard and shriveled, and then the berries
are pounded in huge wooden mortars
until the skins are broken without in
juring the tough grains.
BY sitting, the skins aud grains are
separated and the latter are again spread
out in the sun until the pellicle envelop-
ing each grain is dry as dust. Then
they are again subjected to the mortars
and the winnowing fan, and are ready
for sale or immediate consumption.
The improved method now in vogue on
the wealthier estates consists in drying
the freshly picked grains On wooden
trays OF pavements, by which they
escape the earthly flavor acquired when
dried on the bare ground, and the outer
and inner envelopes are removed by
passing them through two mills.
The main feature of the first mill is a
horizontal copper cylinder, whose sur
face is roughened after the manner of d
rasp. 1t revolves against d board, be-
tween which and the teeth space is left
for the grains to pass, but not the husks,
The grains drop into water and are left
to soak twelve hours, in which time the
parchmentlike film that envelops each
seed is softened. They are spread out
again on trays in the sun, and when
thoroughly dry are passed through the
second MILL which resembles those used
for grinding plaster, except that tile
two vertical rolling disks are Of wood
six feet in diameter and five inches
thick, their light weight abrading the
pellicles without injuring the grains
Then the tanner is brought into requisi-
ton and the berries are put in bags for
transportation.
The freight on sack Of coffee (15e
pounds) is about one cent per mile;
therefore, coffee coming from the end
of the Dom Pedro II railway must pay
in the neighborhood Of four dollars the
sack for transportation to the shipping
point-one-t third of it's value when de-
liverea in Rio. From Rio to New York
the freight rarely exceeds sixty cents a
sack, and it is often as low as twenty
five cents. Thus fifty miles Of railroad
carriage in the country where it grows
costs more than $500 miles of ocean.
Many of the planters still send their
coffee to market by mule train, consid
ering that the cheaper way Of transpor-
tation.
The entrance into Santos of a 4ule
train from the interior is something
worth seeing. The train is always pre-
coded by white horse wearing string
of bells, and the mules obediently follow
the leader. Sometimes troops Of several
hundred arrive in morning, and az in
there are weeks when none appear.
Every mule brings two bags of coffee on
his back. Having made long, slow jour-
neys, often hundreds of miles, the ami
mails are pitiable looking objects when
their burdens are removed, for the con-
slant saving of the loads has not only
abraded the skin, but in many instances
ground off tho flesh to the bone.
The bags are dumped in huge piles in
the custom house yards, and around
them cargadores Immediately collect
like swarms of black bees. There is an
export duty to pay, and every bag must
be pierced and sample withdrawn in
order to determine the quality and the
duty thereon. The tariff, based on the
market price, is regulated anew every
Saturday.
The sampling instrument is brass
tube, shaped exactly like a pen. When
the point is pushed into sack Of coffee
the berries run down through the tube,
and after handful has been distracted
the instrument is Withdrawn and its
point turned over like crochet hook,
thus closing the opening. The operation
occupies only few seconds, and the
Ssoor,n1,1oss 10 yoy, IA