davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
McToax EoR rhE EAlR.
rhe Houaa votes In favnr Of the $4,000.
900 Appropriation = fiIibusters Are n
WORK.


The House vsses In Favor OF the $4,000
900 Appropriation :. fiiibnstsrs Are ut
work.
w ARLINGTON. july @ss---s5eAis s.rf.ss mas
voted ta.OgO. 900 government aid TO the
world fair. but band OF MINISTERS
threaten 70 prevent the far authorities
from receiving any OF the none s'Y.
The question came mp IN the house
Iof iiasruetioIis p tile eoltefrees
: " feeiiisseay IN tine nfst place,
proposieion & oiIered oy BANK ne aa. OF
Alabama, mad 70 De voted on MS
was that The appropriation should be
% instead 81 sss,pVO.eVV. LIS was voted
aosyn ny al 70 q.
ne mousse insisted on It's disagree
ment II the senate amendments increas-
ing tne appropriation Tor the govern
hienb sAhaDtt from s9lO,oV0 70 es'OOs+
vVO' that increasing the apprer
priation Tor the word tolnin-
plan eoit'tli itssion from Ss9,oVV 70
to@o,ooV increasing the item Tor the
board OF lady managers from ss',,ooV 10
tl3s, VoVi the senate aInenataent REJECT
ing the proposition OIL the mousse silsst no
flnkefts'n detec1lVes shonia DE en-
ployed at the y. a. H. 'eneampfnent was
also disagreed to. to...=..
men came the vital test tae honse
reeeding and agreeing 70 lhe senate
ame enaInent Tor so,oVO'VVV' ne mouse
decided 70 20 TINS ny an actual vote OF
III yeas 70 l0' nays. Ihere was eonse-
qnentiy clear majority OF zen I'D favor
of the appropriation almost reversing
the hostile majority Oh last Wsek' De
lore tne vote was announced one OF
TWO WltnufaWais were inhas py neh'
pers win pairs, ana MF. norman slha'l
cnangea from the negative 70 tne
anrtnatlVe, IN oraer that nc might move
the Recommendation -.
uhaer ofalnary eoholtiohs the mo-
ton made py mr' bingham IRA 10
taoie mr. norman oraer "o reeoi,si i''er
Wouia nave oeeh Voteu on ahel II Car
rlen wouia nave endea the whols mat
ter' lhae Woulu nave carried oy
larger vote thah the one reeeaiiG from
the mousse uishgreeheht 70 tile senate
ninehaneht no one aonols' nut oelore
u conla DC voted ON hr' Onth"ai'e to'l'
Mr. bailey tieN'l ana "thel mem ,'ers
came 10 the iroht win alter-
mating ailatory motions 10 take
recess 70 an1ourn 10 certain Gay
ana 70 aaJouih' nc purpose o4 tnese
motions was 70 prevent the mouse from
composing Lhe subafy eFl! OH win
It's Worla Iaif Appropriation. AFTER
an houF Oh dlls klna Oh altatofy taetics
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
The Coming state Fnir.

The state fair this year will be essen.
TALLY farmers fair, and no stone will
be left unturned by the officers TO make
it as thoroughly successful as brains
and money can make it. The membe1
of the executive board are canvass,ng
among exhibitors, and state that a
number of new and attractive displays
will be seen this year on the grounds
The farmers institute, under the diree.
ton of Superintendent O C. Gregg
will be one of the features, and daily
sessions will be held at which object
lessons will be given to the students by
expert judges of live stock. Prof Carl
Meyers, of New York, and his wonder
full air bicycle, will be engaged to give
exhibitions during the fair
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

DlsrArcHEs fron Chilli state that the
influenza or grip epidemic Ia increasing
thore and that II has fatally attacked
some persons of prominence. II may
seem little strange al first glance that
the grip Is raging la July, but when II
is remembered that .'uiy weather Ia
Chill il about the Same as January
weather with us II ceases 10 be strange.
Chilli Is likely 70 have the epidemic for
the next three months. but about the
time we are experiencing Il again she
win be- rid Of IL
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Mntches Made In 81. panl.

st. Paul is to have a Swedish match
factory The Business Mems union Is
to furnish the building. and the re.
quisite amount of stock. 10000, has
been secured. The building will cost
$50. 00O and win employ about i9O at
the outset. The company which will
operate the factory has the exclusive
right to manufacture these matches
and this will be the only manufaetory in
the United States that makes them, the
matches now being imported from Swe.
dan
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
HALF A MILLION IN. ASHES.

The six-story Building of the American
Biscuit Company At New YORK turned
NEW York, July sI.-The six-story
brick building occupied by the New
York Biscuit Company, on Tenth ave-
nue.. between Fifteenth and Six
teenth streets, was burned Tuesday.
According To the police returns
the loss is $500. 00o. The works
here contained the largest plant
of the concern. which mas plants at
Chicago. Grand Rapids. Mich; New
Haven aud Hartford, Conn, and Cam
bridgeport. Mass. The building was
completed only three months aro.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
MEHT Ann snurn.

Tafmopsaurr the country iatsnse heat
prevailed on the 2ath, causing flity
deaths from sunNfrolse IN N. I.ouia.
thirteen In Chicago, six Ia Cincinnati.
nine ID New York. and q nnsnhwr At
various other places.
An entire family u nine persons At
Long Run. W. Va, WAS swept from the
fsee Of the earth by snadsa aeod fol.
lowing eloIaGurst The family con-
sisted Of William patY aud wife. their
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Nav Not Have nrnn~hes.

DEs MONIES, la. July 27.-Attorney
General Stone has furnished State
Auditor Lyons with decision that VIII
affect great many banks in the state.
TIE questions raised were whether q
STATE hank could operate a
branch bank In another citv
or branch Offices or departments ir
the same city. The attorney general
answers both questions in the mega
tive. He holds that for each branch
Office separate capital must De pro
viied. The question has come mp at
various times. and the rulings of the
auditor have been in line with the do
eisioa now rendered
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

PRESIDENT HARRisoN has proclaimed
Friday, October ~. "a the A0oth ami.
versary Of the discovery of America.
and a. general holiday In the United
States This Is pursuant to joint reso-
luton Of the senate aud house Of repre-.
sentatives approved Juno 20. This
change from os,tober IL. which Ii often
stated ~ the date OF discovery hy Co
lamhus, Il Ia harmony with the allow.
ance made other dates 10 aceommo-
date them 10 the new style IL reckon.
ing b the Gfegnrian calendar. THAT i.
October 81 this year the sun will hn NJ
the sane distance fruan the equinox
aa Il VIVA October II in tie year ltaa
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Alten tlnborer. Tor thc f,alr.

WASHINGTON, July 9s, In the senate
a resolution permitting foreign exhibit
ors to bring into the United States
skilled laborers from abroad, IN con-
neetion with the worlds fair, who 9TH
crwise would be prohibited from enter
ing the Uaitesl States uaice the contract
labor law aud the Chinese exclusion
act, was passed.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

A ckskus bnll~sin presents some In.
tereatlng statistics of crime. chiefly
homieiiea. In 1880. The north Atlantic
states ead =. gas prisoners; the south
Atlantic, si,40a - whom i. SIS were
negroes; the nosth central. 1885,. the
south eenlrAl la.OEs. "a whom lO.ssi
wrfe negroes; aud the western, q. ~,
Of whom sa3 wwrn Chinese and ta0 In
diana. In respect 10 population iha
farNt five ataaeA rank a. follows In The
criminal revords News York. il.Aas
eriminsls Pennsylvania. d. aSa: Ohio.
2,pVas Illinois, a.asas Missouri /. g.ssa,
There we're s.aac aarders committed in
5sssa. As1s psrbona hanged and 20 lynehesl
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
4 Ml.enn.l, kllIarn l.nrn..l.

MADISON. Wis. July ss-Firc
Wednesday morning almost totally
wiped ont the little town of Dane sta.
ton, . miles southwest. on the North
western road. A grain elevator, two
stores, a blacksmith shop three dwell
ings and two barns were destroyed.
Loss. $50. QUO.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

MsrE PArri has signed contract for
series of forty concerts In the United
States. beginning in November, 1893.
A stipulation, whether demanded by
Mime. Patti or the manager os her
American tour must be a subject of
conjecture, Is that the tour shall be am
nounced as mime, PATHS positive fare.
well 70 North Amerinn 9
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

An Augusta ttia.l newspaper speaks
of IAN independent western girl ms
slender. graceful, with eyes lit with
azure iire, and a Ahapely head poised ON
the neck aspiring as the Alexandrinn
shaft that lifted rharoa tolight the sen;
commanding as the tower Of ivory that
looketh toward Damasous, Another
editor ropad Ia, No cards,
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

A WAY has been discovered In New
ark. N, a., 10 find the leak In the gas
pipes. They take match or lighted
candle and SO in search for il. Not Co
be outdonc Il meets them half way aud
then the rest Of tho community knows
where il Ia. This may be original la
Newark. But they are much mistaken
II they think their patent will hold any
,..hnt.n nlnn
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

BAD cooking kills more people than
all actual diseases combined. says the
Chicago Inter Ocean, and the fatalities
along this line are steadily increasing
as the years aumber themselves with
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
A BREWERY coLLAPsEs.


ST PAvL. july ss.-Ats o'clock a. m.
Wednesday the two-story frame cooier
of the Bfugrerman brewery ON the west
side collapsed with an awful crash and
three men who werr sleeping in the
building were buried beneath the ruins.
One Fritz stanlSey was killed. his body
being rvcoxered in horribly mauglcd
condition. Tie other two men. Frank
BrsaggeFman ard Al I.aehs. were
plnioned down hs thr heavy thinkers.
aud il took several hours 10 release
them Rnth were badly injured.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

Mn GLADSTONE made his frat speech
In the House Of commons tifty-nine
years ago. The address was delivered
May IA, tesa On the goth Of the fol.
lowing August benjamin Harrison was
born. James q. Blaine was little over
three years old aud Grover Cleveland
did not get his first glimpse OF the world
till four years later. Verify, Mr. clad.
stone has come down to us from an
other generation
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

THE census Office has issued bnlle-
tin on the subject OF the colorcd popu-
Iation Of the United States In $50 The
bulletin shows that the total eolored
population Ii 1908. 300 OF this number
T.A70. .O4o are persons OF African descent,
iO7, 40 are Chinese, 2.089 are Japanese
and 81, sos arc civilized Indians.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
.LosT on THE lAkE.

calil.loa asstweea = steaasr ans4 Tug
Near Chtra 80 Tho Latter Gran sank so
0alsaly THAT TIVE sasa Were pxowazd.
esncAaos July ss-Tiae tug Chicago
Of the nnnham iine. and the steamer
City u Concord. eullidea "Wednesday
noFning ntles snush Of tho hrsak-
water and about : miles from shore at
Hyde Park. Tie tug vert 10 the bot
tom Instantly. on the Eve men an
beard thaVe escaped The dead are;
Oscar Page. steward; Nilliaso kopfer.
deck hand They went aowa with the
boat, and their hssSiies are naw IN the
wreck.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

The Grand Lodge Sons of Herman in
session at Red Wing elected ofiieets as
follows:
Grand president, William Bundy, st. Paul,
vice president, August Nnerenburg. Mnnespo
lis; secretary. A. Nauman, St Paul; treasurer
L. F. Lemke, 81 Paul; trustee, @. H. Sehneid
err inner guard, f. Lehman outer guard, J
Barrant. warden, w. FOlseu.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

CAN anything that eannat be seen,
handled. weighed or measured be
staien7 Does the taking and carrying
away of thing that Is intangible CON.
stitnsa larceny These questions have
been raised in court in ~ LoaiA, but
moi satisfactorily answered A man
Was arrested for larceny, his alleged
crime consisting IN attaching a wire 10
one used 10 convey current OF elee-
triclty, his object being TO secure
elcelFAe illumination without expense.
The grand jury failed to lndies him be.
cause they regarded electricity a. =
force. Every new invention il likely 10
call for changes IN the criminal code
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

WAsnsaroS. July Is The president
win leave Washington 20 spend Tire
month os August at Loon Lake with
Mrs, Harrison, just IS soon as congress
adioarns. On September /. he expects
TO 60 10 Cape May Point. where he
viii establish the summer capital,
the Same as last rear.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Dropped Dead.

Nehemiah Hulett, for forty-fve years
q settler of st. Louis county and county
treasurer for three terms, dropped dead
at Aldrich station. He was running tc
catch train and the exertion caused
heart failure. He was 20 years old and
worth $3.50, 900, principally in realty
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

RECENT Investigations have shown
beyond doubt who is the oldest COLI
Iege graduate in the country He Is
Col. Amos A. Parker, OF FitEwiliiam,
". H., who obtained his diploma from
the University OF Vermont in 1918. IL
he lives until octobers Col Parker win
compile his i0ist year.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

A YOUNG men from Chicago has jour
neyed all the way to Saratoga. n. ".
ON his bicycle this summer and made
from three dollars to five dollars dny
by selling patent can-opener a. he
Travelled. As com bination Of business
and pleasure this holds the record up TO
date
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Nm NI.It thlrnr.,-

WASHINGTON. July rs Tie president
viii attend the opening of the Worlds
Columbian exposition at Chicago. bat
has desaYed the formal acceptance an.
til il is determined whether the fair s
20 open October II or 81.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

AT the close OF school in oiden-
burg, Ky, Miss Lena Maiden, aged 12,
was awarded the frat prize for vocal.
piano and harp music, scientitic stud-
les. plain and ornamental uecdle-work
and household industry. For all-round
accomplishments Lena appears to be u
maiden that Is hard 10 beat.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

Arnoros Of the alleged discovery Of
Noah's ark on the top of Mount Ararat.
1t Is related that Col. Kalazlso. Rus
sian engineer who made the ascent in
1850, found no ark there.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

DUKE MAX. Of bavaria. has travelled
around the world incognito without once
having his identity discovered, observes
an exchange. And pray, who Is Duke
Max, Of Bavaria?
The Negro world., 1892-07-30
Nrxneln rown I,estroye,,.

SAY FRANCISCO, July Is Dispatches
from Hawthorne. New, report the de-
strnetion by ere of the business plr.
tion Of the town OF Bodie. The ls.ss Is
estimated at sla0. coo. Many people ara
homeless and much misery prevails.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

PRoF. BucnNER, of Darmstadt, who
ought TO know all about 1t, says that
The average term of life is longer
among women than among men.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

THr most expensive legislature In the
world Is that Of France. which costs an-
nuaiiy $4,000. .0oo The Italian parliar
ment costs $3.50. 600 year.
The Negro world., 1892-07-30

TEnKrnoxns in service In the United
States number nearly 51a. 500, and the
total length of line is over $50. 900 miles
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06

The returns of the Alabama cleo
ton, held last Monday, show a re-
volution in the political opinion Of
that State. The Peoples party
polled about seventy per cent. OF the
Democratic vote i'll several countries
and elect over half of the members
of the Legislature. The only place
in the State where the straight Dem
ocrats have a majority is IN the
''Black Belt, which comprises about
six counties. Thomas E. Jones, the
present Governor, who was candl-
date for reelection on the regular
Democratic ticket. has only few
thousand majority, though in 1890
it exceeded $1,000.
The Alabama election indicates
that there is a revolution In political
opinion in the South as well as in the
North. 1t is almost moral GER
tainty that Weaver will get the
electoral vote of that State as well as
of Georgia, the Carolinas, FLORIDA,
Tennessee and Texas next Novem-
her
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
THE RING UNBR0KEN.

Anyone who thinks the Ormsby
ring is broken is mistaken. The re-
port of the Grand Jury makes them
more strongly intrenched than ever.
Most of their illegal acts are either
endorsed by the Grand Jury or white
washed. But they cannot be white
washed in the eyes of the public.
The law says that County Commis-
sioner who is interested in county
contracts shall be deprived of his
office and also fined and imprisoned.
Now the APPEAL does not wish to
see anyone imprisoned for dabbling
in county contracts or even fined but
his removal from office would be a
wholesome lesson and teach officers
to obey the law. If Bray did not
know that his acts were Illegal, he
would have noticed that they were
omitted and would have corrected the
error. He did not do SO. According
to the Tribune these omissions have
been going on for Is months six Of
which occurred when the ArrEAl had
the advertising. This makes it worse
and worse.
The public are, also led to believe
that whei Mr.. Hank Martin showed
contracts on McCluskey, his reputed
foreman and Muldoon his reputed
wood partner that he was in no way
interested. 1t is no doubt case Of
disinterested benevolence.
No action was taken by the Grand
jury il the matter Of letting con-
tracts to the county physician without
letting others bid. Tie Grand jury
excused itself on the ground that 1t
had no jurisdiction in the matter, 1t
examined witnesses however but con-
cluded to make no report. 1t seems
as if the parties interested were en-
titled to an exoneration or something
definite if testimony had been taken.
One man with the backbone to
have written minority report would
have made tenstrike.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
The Sacramento News says:

Like every sensible paper in the
Uuited States the San Francisco
Star favors a genuine postal tele-
graph. That is a reform not far
away. When it comes, the next
thing will be government ownership
and control of railroads, The PEG
are beginning to think, and they in
sist on having their rights
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
BALDWlN'S
TaIIac House,
LAKE TAHOE.

First class in every respect.
Over 5000 feet above the sea.
Splendid scenery; elegant groves,
drives, walks, trouting, hunting.
etc. Leading resort Of the Lake; a
spot where one can dream away
the Summer hours and live III
fairy land. Route-Rajl to Truckee,
stage to Lake, Steamer to Tallac.,
je2
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
Piano Tuning.

Oscar Hilderbrandt will Tune and
Repair Pianos at Reasonable Rates.
Leave orders at this office. Jyo
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06

Holden, the astronomical monter-
bank of the Lick Observatory, is get.
ting LOT of cheap advertising out of
the Mars sensation. He is one of
the greatest telesco pic takers and
siderial snobs in his line.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06

1t was rumored about town last
evening that Louis Stevenson had
been indicted by the late Grand Jury
for attempted bribery. The Grand
Jury evidently propose to make a
scape goat of Stevenson and give
County officers q rest.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
NC KIN NEY'S
LAKE TAHOE,
The Leading Family Resort.
MURPHY FROS., Props.

Rest and recreation at moderate
cost. The best fishing and most
sheltered spot on the Lake. Good
hunting iron spring a mile dist
ant. Free boats, fishing tackle and
hot baths; fine table; cottage &C.
commodation for IS guests, head
quarters for Rubicon Springs; the
steamers touch 3 times a day;
fine piano, dance hall and band of
music. Round trip from S. F. via
Truckee, Sc. Open from June l
to Nov l.
Terms-$2 day or $12 week.
je29
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
TEE ORMStII EUuSE
CARSON CITY, New.

ID. KAISER ropr!etor.
rg,hIo Old tSIADnIoHED AND WELL
i known Hon sc is nov open o. lie accom-
moda ION Of the travelling pubic The rooms
have been thoroughly renola'e" return
shed.
The large dinin room has La, arranged
Tia, parties or families cal be tl4nlshed With
III private, four cosy rooms having been fur
titioned of for that purpos, The Bar VIII te
cigars.
Thankfulfor pastfs vors hopefor rol thn
ance Of the same
ly4 y. + A Err
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06
The BRIGGS HOUSE.
The Two Popular Hotels, the st.
Charles and Muller House,
Are now being run under one man.
agement.
And known as the Briggs House.

The accommodations and table
will be Of the best, and the Bar
stocked with the best Wines Liqn-
ors and Cigars in the market.
GILBERT BRIGGS, Prop.
mayo
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1892-08-06

A. Livingston now practically
controls the wholesale liquor
trade of the city. He is contin-
ually adding to his stock and sells
only standard brands. He is also
Introducing some excellent Cali
fornia wines to the people Of Car
son, as well as foreign and domes-
tic cigars Of the finest quality.
Drop in and inspect his stock.
q Is tt
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1892-06-02
Coming Events.

National Republican Convention
Minneapolis June 7th.
| State Editorial Association. Fargo
June 14tll and 18th.
G. a. r. Encampment, Fargo, June
14th to 10th.
National Democratic Convention
Chicago, June 2lst.
Teachers Institute, Grand Forks.
June 2lst.
French Canadian State Convention
Langdon, June 23rd and 24th.
Firemen's Tournament Grand Forks
June 2lst to 24th.
Grand Lodge, A. F. e. A. NJ, Grand
Forks, June 2Sth.
Grand Chapter, R. A. IL, Grand
Forks, June Goth.
Grand Commandry. X. r., Grand
Forks, June 30th.
Grand Celebration Milton, July 4th.
State Republican Convention. Farpo
August End.
State Democratic Convention July II
Independent State Convention. Val
ley City, June 10Th.
National Independent Convention
Omaha, July End
LAKoTA, N. d., May 27.-Livery
men here who have been employed by
the men engaged in inspecting the pro-
posed route for the extension of the
Cooperstown branch of the Northern
Pacific say that the survey will not run
direct to this place by way Of Lake
Ril1af, but will tend northwest by Lake
Jessie, Willow lake and Ottofy post
office. 1t will open up good wheat
country, which is already well settled.
CooPERsTowN, N. D., May ga
good deal of public interest has been
aroused by the movements of a couple
OF gentlemen who it is said are here
for the purpose of looking over the pro.
posed route for the proposed extension
of the Sanborn and Cooperstown branch
towards the northwest. The proposed
route will run by Lake Rikaf, through
the rich lands of Griggs and Nelson
counties. and cross the Great Northern
near Lakota, and then continue north
to the Manitoba line, about half way
between the present line to St. Johns
and Langdon. Farmers in this county
are willing to give the right of way and
assist in grading.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1892-06-02
In speaking on the subject of an a,

In speaking on the subject of an ad-
ditional appropriation for the Worlds
Fair, at the impromptu public meeting
held in this city ashort time ago in
reference to a special session of the
legislature, Mr.. Southard, of Fargo,
stated that they had attempted to raise
an additional sum of $4,000 for the
Worlds Fair exhibit by private sub
scription but had become convinced
that it was utterly impossible. He
further stated that the railroad COM
panies had been solicited to help the
fund but they refused to contribute a
dollar. Railroad companies are all
business, as most everybody knows.
They do not invest their capital nor
operate their lines for the health or
pleasure of the public Or stockholders.
Nearly everybody knows also that an
increased immigration into this state
would be as advantageous to the rail-
road interests in proportion to the cap
ital invested as to any other. The
more people who come into this country
the more transportation traffic for the
railroads, both in moving them in and
hauling their produce out, and you
cannot teach RAILROAD companies any
thing on this subject they do not already
know better than anybody else. In
view of these facts the irresistible con-
clusion to be drawn from their refusal
to contribute to the Worlds Fair fund
is that they have no confidence in it as
an immigration scheme and business
enterprise. If the railroad companies
cannot see any advantage in putting
more in a blowout at the Worlds Fair
than the s25, 900 already appropriated
by the legislature would it not be vel,