davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1892-01-15

This is only beginning but 1t is sig
nlticant of larger results in the future,
when the infant tin mining industry shall
have become firmly established. New
York Press.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1892-01-15
FRIDAY, JANUARY Is.

A FULL blooded Cherokee Indian has
been put in Jail in Missouri for forging
checks. The American Indian is certain
ly becoming civilized.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1892-01-15

All cOntraCts and bIlIs TOT AIVoTVIslHB F01 "O10
monthly.
All communications intended for publication
must be accompanied by the writer's name anu
good faith, and should be addressed to the
editor Letters pertaining to business shoui"
be addressed to NEW MEXICAN Printing Co.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1892-01-15

and had rather see him secretary of war
than any other Republican in the country
Grand Junction Star.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1892-01-15

SaS- Entered as Second Glass matter at the
Santa Fe Post Office.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

reckoning was mere Standard of Spain.
guessing. He took no observatiens-he
could take none. 1t was dead reckoning
without the aid of log. Even this simple
method of ascertaining the approximate
speed was unknown. Columbus was good
guesser, otherwise he could never have dis
covered America. But he had been sailing
through unknown currents which must
inevitably have introduced large error
into his calculations.
A more promising method of identifiea-
ton is by plating the course from CUBA
backward to Guanahani. We have full par
ticulars Of this voyage. and the distance IS
so short that the possibility OF error Is
greatly reduced. This method has been
tried By Lieutenant j. b. Murdoch, and
seemed TO him to make 1t certain that the
landiall was Watlings Island. Caleb
Cushing tried the same experiment and
brought up at the Grand Turk.
Henry Harrisse, the most diligent and one
of the most intelligent students of the life
OF Columbus. identifies Guanahani with
Acklins Island. He does this by putting an
Interpretation upon the description of Co.
lumbus different from the most obvious
one. His ingenious argument seems to
have persuaded no one but himself Cap
tain Fox reached the conclusion that the
island must be Samana, and John Fiske
thinks this more likely than any other
Identification. Captain A. S. Mackenzie.
who worked up the subject for Irving, de-
| cided that the island which now bears the
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
THE GREAT ADrIIRAL.
He Was Inspired by Christianity
in His Search.

"Apd the dove came to him IN the evening;
and 10, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked
OF; so Noah knew that the waters were abated
from of the earth."
There is something singuIarly appropriate
In the name of this mighty man of the
waters, Columbus. His name in his own
land and language means dove.
The little ow-yOiced, gentle and nun-like
dove sings all day and all days in the olive
trees Oh the sea beach and the brown hills
back of Genoa-hills that looked to me ex-
actly like those of California-and no boy
ever thinks of throwing stone at the dove
there or in any way disturbing her. She is
not only the messenger of peace and bearer
of good tidings in Genoa as In all the rest
of the civilized world. but she is TO the
Gencese something much more. She Is
Columbus; Columbo.
And there is something still more 'singu-
larIy appropriate in the name Christie
Christopher. For if ever there lived a
Christian In Italy this determined man
was truly a Christian. In truth, If there
ever was a Christian prophet, it seems to
me that this stout-hearted navigator, with
his eyes lifted to the stars from the day he
left the university till they closed in death.
was truly seer.
He seemed to know and to see all that
was to happen. REJECTED by his own city.
by Portugal. by every place and person, he
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

name OF San Salvador is really entitled IN
the name. 1t is commonly known among
the majority of English-speaking peo-
pie as Cat Island G. P. MacKie
recent writer. is convinced that this Is the
right solution, mainly because it is nearly
forty-fye miles, or fifteen old Spanish
leagues, In length, and because a light
on Watlings Island might easily have
been seen by Columbus four hours
before the shores of Cat were sighted.
The difficulty here is that Cat does
not at all correspond to the description giv-
en- by Columbus. 1t is not perfectly
level" for it rises in parts to an elevation
of two hundred feet. Farther, it has no
inland lake, feature about which Column
bus could not have been mistaken. Never
theless, Cat Island has been generally ac-
cepted as the true San Salvador. and has
tradition in its favor, whatever that may be
worth.
Among the possible islands. that which
corresponds most closely to the description
Of Columbus is Watlings. 1t is nearly
level and has an interior lagoon. This iden-
tifcation was first suggested. l believe, by
Captain Beeher of the English navy.
1t was confirmed, as we have
seen. by Lieutenant Murdoch's plating 1t
is favored by r. II. Majors and Mr..
Clements r. Markham. both of whom are
entitled to be heard and to speak with
some authority. But 1t is only thirteen
miles long and there is no island to the
west of it on which Columbus could have
seen light.
Somewhat more than year ago the Chi
cagO Herald sent out an expedition to iden-
tify the landfall and to erect suitable
monument. Those in charge of the expedi-
tion decided upon Watlings Island, and
marked it in the manner proposed. 1t can
not be said that the Identification is as CON-
plete as we should all like it to be, but the
claims of this island are perhaps better
founded than those of any other.
THOMAS r. BACON.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

ence was an evil and a curse in whatever
quarter they directed their steps, The
poorer class were the principal sufferers
their mules and horses were stolen and
carried away, while their fiocks OF sheep
and goats were butchered to assuage the
hungry cravings of these thievish cormo-
rants.
Prior to lsabella's accession TO the throne
the country was oyerrun with robbers and
assassins. Brigandage on land and piracy
at sea were carried on with immunity, To
check the license of the time she. with the
aid of the Cortes and the Junta Of Deputies
from the various cities of the kingdom, In
stitnted a new code of laws, which was ad-
ministered with unsparing vigor. and estab-
lished force of mounted police TO arrest and
punish offenders. The penalties for theft
were written In ink of blood criminals when
punished capitally were shot to death by
arrows, and though the aristocracy made
determined resistance to be drawn within
the jurisdiction of the Hermandad, their
resistance was Intellectual. and the whole
kingdom soon acknowledged its supremacy
The effect was salutary, and the country was
speedily rid Of its dens Of robbers and as
sassins.
Isabella promoted letters and arts, the
distribution of honors and rewards for the
PRONUNCIATION of knowledge, fostered the
art Of printing, recently invented. ana en-
couraged the establishment of presses In
every part of her kingdom. Books were
admitted free of duty, and more were
printed then than at any other period in the
history of Spain. Such was the Spain OF
Columbus time. What is it to-day? The
brightest jewel In the monarchical diadem
is robbed of its splendOr. Her cbivalry
and daring have departed; her knights are
M longer celebrated In the tournament for
brilliancy of exploits. The fearless hero
has degenerated into the admirer of dark
eyed maidens. and he has forgotten the
glory of his ancestors.
CHARLES MORRISON,
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
AN INFANT SCIENCE.
Little Was Known of Navigation
i'm Those DayS.

The sci ence OF navigation when Columbus
made his memorable voyage was compara-
lively in Its infancy. 1t is true that 1t had
made some little progress. The mariners
compass had been invented and was in use
with crude construction, and the position of
ship on the high seas could bo fairly de-
term!ned by latitude only, the sun. and in
north latitude the polar star, being used for
this purpose. But the magnetic variation
OF the needle was not known, and its abb
erration created almost dismay among the
officers and seamen of Columbus feet when
it had reached a noticeable point. They
feared that the compass, their chief reli-
ance, was falling them. and no wonder they
were full OF apprehension
The ascertaining of longitude by lunar
observations or by the use of chronomeUers
was unknown, and they had to rely upon
their dead reckoning" for this, and such
dead reckoning 1t was-with ships that
never exceeded five or six knots per hour
speed and made large leeway with every
wind except dead aft when they travelled
only too slo wly for the impatient dis
coverers.
The ships themselves were i'll fitted to
cope with rough seas and tempestuous
weather. They were small in tonnage and
the smaller ones not fully decked over.
They were awkwardly rugged. and could not
go nearer the wind than seven points, max
Ing large leeway; round bilged and round
bottom vessels with large sheer. low amid
ships. which made them very wet in sea-
way. but with high poop and galleries that
look like balconies on Chinese house. But
they were strongly built and good sea boats.
''Safe and slow" was their policy and theiI
practice.
Without any knowledge Of anti-scorbutlcs
| the disease of scurvy was then prevalent on
| these long voyages-the dread of the sea
man In those days. Viewing these ship'
| and their deficiencies, regarding the crude
condition Of the science of navigation. W.
must admire the pluck of this great navi
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

The flag unfurled by of the Bahama Islands.
Columbus. He understood that the
native name for it was Guanahani, and be
rechristened it San Salvador.
Columbus himself has left US descrip-
ton of it. "The island of San Salvador is
a large one and perfectly level, and is full
of very green trees and many springs. 1t
has no mountain at all on 1t, and Its center
is wide lake which 1t is a delight to look
upon." Later Columbus seems TO refer to
it again as a little island Gsleta), but this is
after he had visited other Islands. which
might we'll make this one seem small. Las
Casas, who certainly ought to have known,
adds to our information two items; that
there were saltpits on the island and that
the island was fifteen leagues in length.
This is all we know about 1t from contem-
porary description.
Columbus says that he saw a light on
Thursday evening at 10 o'clock. There is
little reason to doubt the truth of this state
ment. although some persons prefer to think
that he was lying for evil ends of his own.
If he saw the light it was probably on an
other island. for the wind was blowing a
gale from the west and the ships were tear
ing before it at full speed Four hours later
land was seen. II this light was on an
other island, it has soms bearing upon the
Identification of San Salvador
The honor of this first discovery has been
claimed for seven islands of the Bahama
group. Many methods have been employed
ia order to establish these claims The
nd ,aat MT
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
THE SPANISH PEOPLE.
How They Lived and What They
Did i'm Columbus Day.

Not the least interesting subject In con-
nection with the Columbus celebration
should be the manners and customs Of the
Spanish people 400 years ago, but unfortu-
nately historical writer's do not afford much
scope for arriving at any satisfactory conclu-
sions or particulars There lie vast amount
of generalization with corresponding pau
city of defniteness.
This may be accounted for from the fact
that 1t was period in the history OF Spain
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
that its topography would be even better
known than many inaccessible tracts in the
new western continent.
ROSE OHAIIORAN
TO TERRIFY SAVAGES.
lhe Santa Maria's Guns Were
Good for Little Else.

Douotiess the Santa Maria and her con-
sorts carried as much weight of metal as
their tonnage and the available funds al
lowed.
Roderigo Sanchez OF Segovia, Inspector
general OF armaments for the little feet.
may have drawn up list of the guns, but
he could hardly translate it into the tech
nical terms of modern ordnance. We may
assume that tie batteries were heavy
enough to terrify savages. That was all
they were used for in 1892. and the savages
encountered were equally afraid Of Cas-
tilian bows and arrows.
Within the forecastles of the discoyerer's
vessels were certain long guns, bombards or
culverins. and upon their lofty platforms
were mounted light swiyels or pedreros.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

Is to try to plat the
course of Columbus from
the Canaries. taking his
own estimates OF the
distance he had called.
This method puts him
some hundreds of miles
away from any OF the
islands on the morning
of the discovery. His
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

pldCo WuCiC q GiCdt
event has occurred as
a kind of sacredness to
men and they love to
mark 1t In some fitting
wav. We should all be
glad to know with GER
tainty just where the
great admiral first trod
the soil of what was to
be America ; but it is
improbable that we ever
shall know. 1t was one
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

T,cefre-I Inch Beeech-Loading Rife.
same result. Shells can now be exploded
inside of defenses that would have kept out
solid shot before oui ordnance was trans
formed
Our rife guns are equal to those OF any
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
THE FIRST LANDING.
A Question Which Has ELECTED
rluCh Discussion.

The question where Colum bus first landed
in the New World has sentimental rather
than a practical interest. This does not
mean that 1t is of no Importance The
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

the French notion of e.x--S
firing at the spars. TheCorean Bronze Swivel
splendid fight made by Gun.
John Paul Jones showedt he ascendeDcy Of
artillery power His ship was wreck ready
TO sink and the Scraps was little better
when the fight was over.
The success of American frigates in 1912
was due TO the heavy metal and skillfuI
gunnery. The tendency to increased size
and strength of plain cast-iron smooth bore
guns was the only indication of progress in
American artillery up to 1861. Tested
against iron armor and massive earthworks
even the Dahlgren guns were found lacking
in power. But they were eminently safe
with the moderate charges allowed or with
much higher ones. The Monitor might
have sunk the Merrimac had she been
allowed to use all the powder her guns
would bear.
The attempts to use rifle-guns were only
partially successful. The Parrot system
of wrought-iron bands shruuk on csst-iron
tubes was dangerous in the larger calioers.
Still. the more intelligent artillerists were
convinced thatas armor was strengthened
rlfled guns became a necessity. After
series of comparisons and makeshifts, 1t
was decided In 1881 to begin the manu-
VI Duiit up StttI, UIeeCu-
loading rifles for the navy. Using
the experimental knowledge acquired
abroad, the results have been excellent.
The last ten years cover q greater advance
In the power of American ordnance than
the whole of our previous history can show.
No startling invention has produced this
result. Steady experiment and improve
ment in material, workmanship and de-
oil bou hoa "a bau haa
asked to turn aside or to turn back, to buy
guns of those "who supplied the ordnance
that put down the Rebellion" although
they were ironfounders and nothing more;
cast steel and aluminium have had their ad-
vocates; but steel forged tubes and cylinders
have won the day aud are now built up into
guns of magnificent power.
The practical results Of this advance may
be summarized as TO llows: Our new cruis-
ers are armed with 6-inch b. T.. r. guns,
having more than three
@o times the power and
e W-----s==-Jra range of the 9inch S. b.
guns carried by the
..., older vessels. The s.
mnzzIe. loading ride inch b. l.. r. guns of
the larger vessels have
nearly three times the total striking
energy of the S-inch M. l.. r. guns,
which were our most powerful rifed
cannon up to 1884. Our heaviest rife in
service is the 12-inch B. l.. r., which
has total energy of $4,000 foot pounds.
more than ten times as much as its super
seded rival, the Sinch NJ. l.. X.
Much of this gain Is due to slow burning
| powders requiring large chambers and long
| bores for effective consumption. The breech-
| loading system, with an effective gun-check.
! is a necessity for such powders High ex-
| plosves for charging shell also Increase the
| power of guns enormously, and the high
| grade steel proisctiles contribute to the
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21
,,srns,ts ss7 7nrHmmrTss seee,m,uvr~,7v...s,,,
Wy ia4-.yDlllttIa6llUll Ia6llUllmn!lllms
One of the Santa Maria's Guns.


Probably all were cast in bronze and pro-
vided with iron balls weighing nine or
twelve pounds for the long guns and not
more than pound for the swivels.
OF these latter we have contemporary
specimens-guns that Cortez carried to Mex
leo, now on exhibition at Washington and
at Annapolis Their date appears to be
earlier than 1474, so that they may have
voyaged with Columbus. These stone
throwers load at the breech, a block like
tailoI's goose filling trough behind the
charge. With closet fitting shot and good
powder the backward blast would be danger
Gus, but while the gas could escape around
the projectile and the surplus powder TO
throw from the muZle they might serve.
The pattern Of these guns came from China
with the earliest introduction of gunpowder
to Europe through th Arabic invasion.
The batteries of the Corean forts captured
by our feet under Rear-Admral John Rod
gers were armed with these guns. There
are two of them in the United States bear
ing date about 1913, and others Of the sew
enteenth century.
The conservatism OF the East supplies us
with many instances of this kind. In 1884
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

l saw at the fortress
just mentioned guns
Of the earliest type i'm
moyably mounted for
firing at fixed ranges
A few years before l
had seen at Chanak-
KOlassi In the Darda-
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21


nelles battery OF huge stone throwers
more than two feet in caliber. These guns
dated from 1464, and they had been fired to
stop the passage of British. fleet in 1904.
They are still ready to roll out the stone
globes at pont-blank range, but their glory
has departed since the Turks have mounted
14-inch Krupp gun.
The development of artillery has passed
through curious cycles of reeurrent inven-
ton. Breech-loadipg and repeating guns
came early; built up guns of wrought iron
preceded cast iron and even bronze; hollow
casting was superseded by boring until
Kullman's Columbiads renewed the older
fashion. Our friend Mr.. Pepys notes in
1862 "a gun to discharge seven timeS the
best of ak devices / ever saw" and another
Ito shoot off often" in 1864. Later he was
promised guns of more force at half the
charge by liberal inventor He records
the bursting IN trial of all the guns Of new
ship. the Loyal Eonisn
Shells came early but were Iouud-ia-~e--a
GUS in long guns and even in mortars until
the experience Of centuries led to the inven-
ton of fuses which did not have to be
lighted by hand before firing. But similar
crudities impeded progress in all direc-
tions and the mechanical arts were unequal
to guns of high power or great accuracy.
Steam had to wait until accurate work
could be secured, and gunpowder had 20
wait longer.
Naval artillery soon became equal to the
defensive power of wooden ships This led
to lighter. shorter and more numerous guns,
cannonades and punch
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1892-10-21

TURK ish bronze
cannon.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1892-07-21
ALL FOUND.

Victims of the frankie Folsom Disaster
Recovered-The Death List Numbers
Twelve.
PEORIA, ILL.,, July 16.-A boy skirm.
ishipg along the shore succeeded in ac-
cemplishing something the divers at
the wreck of the frankie Folsom. who
put in all the night at work, could not
do, in the finding of the body of
Mrs. Bee be, the wife of the Duluth tel.
egraph operator. Mrs. Beebe's remains
were discovered floating in the water
at the foot of Haywood street. Thurs.
day night the body Of Grant Hepler,
the Eureka dentist, was found float
ing near the wreck by a man named
Henry Kline, and was identified by the
clothing and some letters found on it.
With the finding of the bodies of Grant
Hepler and Mrs. Beebe a total OF
twelve persons are known to have per.
ished in the wreck.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1892-07-21
CIVIC SOCIETIES,

nj ASONlC. C..ANT1QuITY LODGE, No. 81, A.
AH t.& A. M.-Regular meetings on the lst
ana 30 Wednesday in each month. at 1880
O'clock P N. Andrew Birum. W.M A. H. An
dtrson Secy.
REDwooD CHAPTER No "a, r A. M.-Stated
conversations the I'd. and and 4th Friday Of
nach month. Jos. Tyson NJ. f. II. P. NJ. E..
Powell, sec.
REDWOOD FALLS COMMANDERY. No Il, KIT
Stated conclaves first Monday of each month,
at T NJ. y. l.. Dornberg, E. c. Geo, Hough
master Rec.
CHARITY CHATTER, No. 35. o. E. s. Regular
meetings ~ and 4th Wednesday evenings of
each month. at 1:3J p. IN. Mrs. O. l.. Dorm
berg, W. NJ. Mrs. J. II. Bowers, Sec
7 o. o, F.-ltEDwooD LODGE, No. Cs, meets
i. every Saturday night, at 7:30 o'clock
Brothers from distance cordially invited to
attend. W. Feriss n G. A. s. Kenney X. s.
ENTERPRISE ENCANPMENT No. 35 Regular
meetings Ist and 3 Tuesday evenings of each
IN 'nth at 7:3n o clock at l. o. .. F hall.
A, B. Truesdcll G, p. A. H. Moon, r. s.
CRYSTAL LODGE, No. %, d. of R-Regular
meetings I'd and 4th Wednesday EVENINGS of
each month. at 1:3D p. m Mrs. Helen Hale,
NG Miss Julia Lichtwarck, r. S.
A O. w.-REDwoop FALLS LODGE. No.
: \. 6S, meets every Monday evening, at their
hall. Visiting brethren made welcome. &. D.
Thompson NJ. w E. KuenzIi, Recorder.
X OF P.-REDwOOD FALLS LODGE, No a.
IAs meets every Tuesday evening in Ack-
inann's Hail Visiting brothers are cordially
inNitcd. II f. Buechner. G. &. H. A Baldwin,
X. X. s.
G. A. R.IJOHN S. MARSH Post No. S.
". Regular meetings third Thursday of
C,rCh month, at their hall. +. 2. Byram, Com
Geo, Bux'on Adjt.
WOMENs RELIEF CoRPS Meets first and
third THURSDAYS of each month Mrs G. A
Buxton Pres't; Mrs. W l.. Abbott: Sec.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1892-07-21
WEST AND SOUTH.

FLAMES in Portland, Ore, burned
nearly block of buildings, the loss be-
ing $3.50, 900.
THE death of Mrs. Emeliue w. Curtis.
of Greencastle, Ind, occurred after a
fast of fifty-three days, caused by sick
known.
A TORNADO struck the lake at Peoria,
ILL.,, and capsized the frankie Folsom,
an excursion steamer with a part,
from Pekin, and twenty or more persons
were drowned.
J. b. REDFERIN (white) was taken
from Jail by mob at Franklin, KY,
and hanged for killing P. B. Dunn.
H. VEHING's livery stable at Indian.
apolis, Ind, was destroyed by fire and
eighteen horses were burned.
In Idaho the strikers have blown ur
railroad bridges and were preparing to
fight the United States troops. A gang
of armed strikers overlook seventy un-
armed non-union men at Old Mission,
robbed them of their wages and fired
on them while they were running
away, killing thirteen.
OVER 200 houses were badly damaged
during a windstorm at Springfield, O.,
and total destruction of $500, O0(
worth of property was inflicted. Nc
person was killed outright, but several
were injured.