davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
THREE THOUSAND STILL OUT:

Granite Cutters Say that 5000 Now At
Work nre Supporting the strikers.
The granite cutters now shy that there are
5000 Of them still on strike in the New Eng
land States. and that as there are 1000 men,
bers OF tho union at work and paying assess
ments cheerfully to aid the strikers. the
strike can no carried on indefinitely. They
gradually working around to tho terms Of tho
men. Delegate William Bradley OF the granite
cutters said yesterday:
AT thr last conference our committee pro-
posed u March pay scale us O. compromise to
the committee OF tho granite manufacturers
instead Of May. The manufacturers proposed
February. There is only n month between us.
AS we can hold out. as long Rs we please We
~I,clteye the, manufacturers will como to our
last demand
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Ts. suu.. Guild. IN New YorG.

Rrplirs 10 questions asked ererv day BY ne
quests ana ciiilens of tho american mstropolia
Suggestions 10 sightsSers and practical inJor1na-
lion for practical people. The Sun wil publish, n
time for use al the Columbus Celebration mat o.
tob'r. a compile. unique. and pre- aical guide book
TO tbs citv. 1t iciN tell visitors tohat tho rights
are. ho,o TO reach them, uhere 10 lodge md board
.,hiie here and the cost. whers 10 do Uholessls or
retail shopping. hoo to amuss themselves. and sa
rest 'rhen ,ceary Of sightseeing. N,eiu b. sttso.
tire'y printed. pleasant 70 rsad end tho svktsa
matter ull be divided snd syTsnssd IN 9 ,osv 70
insure the best results. The retsA price toiQ DO -
cents per copy. Tho Sun's Guide Vil slso eff
uneaIsued and ercsptionsl opportunities b sdpsv.
Users Those Dho vbh further t~svsrns;sn q
this subject should sddress TIE 0vils Beck n,
Oartment of us Neo Xerk EsA
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
BEYOND THE OCEAN.
THE POPE DTsMTssKs CARDINAL RCG-
GTEHO IN DISGRACE.

All G~ermaay's Sons Must Learn the Art OF
war-Merchants of KonC Send Carve
vnss 10 the s,s-rhe Ameers Appeal.
ROME. AUG. 23.-Great excitement has been
caused by the dismissal OF Cardinal Ruggiero.
Project Of financial Affairs OF the Propaganda,
and who has been looked upon by many as
tho probable successor Of Pope Leo XIII. It Is
said that tho Pope himself ordered Ruggiero's
dismissal. being convinced, as a result Of in
ouiry. that RuERlero. and not Monsignor Foli-
chi. was the really guilty party in connec-
ton with the misinvestment to use Il mild
term. for which Monsignor Folchi was dis
missed from tho Papal service about n year
ago. The dismissal Of Folchi was brought
about It is said. by Cardinal Ruggiero. Folchi
was Vice-~C hamberlain to the Pope. and had
control OF the Papal funds. 1t was alleged
that. in tho winter Of 1S00-01. Monsignor
Folchi. supported By Prince Buoncompagni
and Baron Laz2aroni. resolved. in order
to save the Bnnco di Roma. In which the Vati-
can held 10000 out OF $1,000 shares. besides
other securities. to establish first In Paris and
London. and afterward in Rome. Berlin. and
New York. q syndicate OF Catholic banks. with
the object OF absorbing the financial societies
OF Rome that we're known to be in o disastrous
condition. and to restore them to vitality.
while at the same time raising the value OF
the deprecated securities. Above oil thcy
wanted to save the Banco di Roma. intending.
as they eventually did. entirely to reconstruct
It. The scandal arising out Of tho affair has
already been made public. Later investiCa-
lions appear to have exonorated Folchi and
implicated Rugeiero. There is great excite
ment in church circles. and It Is generally be-
lieved that o tremendous scandal is awaiting
diaclnsNra
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
NEWS or THE RAILROlDS
Mr.. eould md the Wabash.

ST. LOUIS. Aug. 23.-The dispatches from
New York announcing an effort on the part Of
the Goulds to bring about q change ut tho
Wabash annual~e election in st. Louis on Sept.
13 caused some little uneasiness Mt the Wa
bash Headquarters hero to-day. Nothing def
mite was known ofthe movement in New York.
and the general impression in railroad circles
here Is that the Wabash property was never In
better. condition financially and, physically
are in excellent shape. and tho lines east and
west of the Mississippi are doing n splendid
s sHs,hf hisher rng Its er new C =, .MS Hs stroit e MEYER
aion between Montpelier. Ohio. and Stam-
mond. Ind: will be ready for operation In No.
vember. The property is vol managed and
the relations OF tho Goulds with the leading
officers hHyo always been OF the most cordial
from New York TO st. Louis over the Wabash
line from Detroit with President Ashley.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
John MOrlcy's up-hNl Fight.

LONDON. Aug. 23.-John Morley was nomi-
mated at Newcastle to-day for recollection. and
in opposition to him was nominated Mr.. Fan
deli Ralli. Liberal nionist. who mado an I'M
successful run at Gateshead in tho Gonoral
election. whore no was beaten by Walter Henry
james. Mr. Rail- Is well equipped with funds.
and Inns q strong support. 1t Is believed that
Mr.. Morley Will have nc easy task In obtaining
reelection, although the opposition to him Is
not us confident n u few days ago.
At Derby. Farmer Atkinson was nominated
In opposition to, sir william Vernon Harcourt.
but there Is no doub; OF llarcourt's reelection.
many Of tho Conservatives refusing to take
part III the opposition to him. Most Of the
other Ministers have been reelected without
opDosition.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
NEGLECTED THEIR CHILDREN.
Police Arrest Two Fathers one -
Whom Locked HIS Sons II . Reen.

= OssS oVm&r VDo ~
Whom locked His Sons IN . Rssn.
Eugene Matoni. who lives at 1924 East Eighty.
nth street. was a prisoner in the East Eighty
eighth street station last night. accused OF
neglecting his children. Eugene. aged z years.
andSilas. aged 5 years. Neighbors complained
that he locked the children up in the room all
day. and gave them little or nothing to eat.
Agents Moore and Pringle found them locked
in the. rooms yesterday. They we're ragged
filthy.
Matoni was arrested last night. He had been
out looking for work all day. His wife died
last October. lie has beer. out Of work. except
for occasional. odd Jobs. for several months.
He said no had no one TO care for his children.
the n c lrev m ms nuu aohS TIN bse no osss ne %s so"i inc GinGde5S
to believe him. The children were turned
over to tho Gerry Society BY Justice Welde.
The, father will be arraigned to-day in the
Harlem Court.
Charles hayden, aged 81 years. was ar
rested last night at 307 East 103d street, and
Gerry Society agents took charge OF two OF his
children. Charles. nged s years. and kate. aged
their father. Their mother left home last Sat-
OF the family's troubles. -.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
The Road Fail. to Pay 1t. Taxes.

CHICAGO. Aug. 23.-Suit was brought by the
State in the United States Circuit Court to-
day against tho Louisville. New Albany and
Chicago Railway Company for debt and dam
ages a%ggrcgatinE s240.00O. The action Is
brought to compel tho railroad company to
settle its tax accounts with tho State Auditor.
was Incorporated under the laws Of tho State
OF Indiana in 3 y The road has twenty miles
in Chicago. The company also has large
numbers OF side tracks. engines. rolling
stock. passenger cars, DC. In Cook county.
tions are required to file with tho State Audi
tor a schedule OF their property. This. how.
PENDANT has not done. and has steadily refused
to render an accounting since the road was In
corporated; u damage TO IN" state for 20
about the sum named.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
EMPEROR WILLIAM AND HIS ARMY.
The Central Idea or the New nTi - that
the Whole People Must Rear Arms.

central I0eA OF the new 1HyH - th0e
the Whole People Must Bear Arms.
BERLIN. AUG. 23.-It 10 announced eemi-
officially to-day that the Emperor's speech at
the Emperor Franz Josef's banquet has been
misquoted and distorted. and that the declnra-
ton that he has been credited with making
against Caprivi's military bill was only u con-
ditionnl one. What the Emperor really said
was that tho German people could not expect
to have tho service-term reduced to two years
unless they were willing to pay for 1t. The
numerical increase Of the army. in accordance
with the two-year service plan. must DO ao.
companied by increase Of appropriations.
otherwise the efficiency Of the army would be
impaired. II the people refused to grant such
an increase the Emperor's preference was for
NJ army of the present size. rather than for
one with more men yet with inferior equip
Tile speech as thus Interpreted is merely a
warning to the cheese-paring Freisinnige and
saving money. at the expense oithc army will
not DO tolerated By the Government in the
moreover. ia said to have acknowledged ex-
rlicitly that the two-year term was the basis
Of the new bill. as has been generally under
The principle Of the, new, Army bill. round
which the combat OF political parties + gath
whole, people must bear arms. The biiIii was
conceived by the Emperor,s advisers, notably
Count CaNrtvi. IN view OF the threatening att.
tude OF the dual alliance. Both William and
his Chancellor ars agreed that Germany must
in her next war fight armies on her eastern
rifles. the loss Of life will be at least forty pcr
cent. higher than in former wars. the present
reserves Of tho German army would not snf-
foe for continuing for any length OF time this
double fight against France and Russia. Only
by putting under arms every available man in
enough reserve to recruit simultaneously q
force fighting Russia and q force fighting
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
serlou. Di.content in Portuxa,.

LISBON. Aug. 23.-Tho financial difficulties
OF the Government and the dIscredit into
which 1t has fallen with foreign powers have
encouraged the Miguclists to recognize and
prepare for an active campaign against the
Government. Their plans are similar to the
plans OF the Carlists in Spain. Dom Miguel.
although living in Austria. is in constant COM
munication with his men here. and ut his sug-
Eestion n newspaper will be started shortly as
IL MiGuclist organ.
No small rart OF tho discomfort among tho
Queen. tho former Princess Anlelie OF Orleans.
She docs not maintain either the dignity or
the state Of n royal parsonage. the mobiles sRy,
and her habits OF dress and association with
her people arc such as ~ lower the RESPECT VI
oil Glasses for tho Crown.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
oUR DISPUTE WITH CANADA.
The Tory Press wish "a Hurry Up the
Causdiaa 200 Canal.

MONTREAL. Aug. 23.-The Tory press. In view
OF President Earrlson's retaliation proclama-
ton. arc strongly advocating that the work on
tho Canadian 300 Canal be pushed onward
with oil possible despatch. According to the
Minister OF Railways and Canals. the work is
already In an advanced state. The excavation
at both ends is completed to q depth o! IL
feet. but the intention is to carry It to
% feet The lock will be 900 feet
long by co feet wide. 30 that a whole
tow may be locked through Mt a time.
Tho contractors have until the spring OF 1894
to finish the work. but the Tories intend to ask
Parliament next session to vote money enough
to enable the work to be completed by next
July. The Tories arc poasting that once the
ca,nl Is compicted the Canadian Government
TT,ii DC entirely independent Of any action the
scheme. ara the Ionssrystlvss arc highly
srnment' s" iriends.s NJ Ma HH,'o Of tho S"Yi ndopendsnt
scheme. - The Ss'Y WINS! to.nishtf strongly e,sts com IN
domns the b%oasting Of the Ministers and their
p propJseS ou 9Tsso on Che G RsotsSts n soo can s,c
iIIere is no reason why the work on the
through Z Ct an extra cost Of hnndETsds q thou,
against tho Americans any moro after this
season In any case. so that with the close Of
this season oil troubles arising out OF the canal
question between the two Governments will.
II may be hoped. be over. There will mover he
AGENTS.. return ln the shape OF revenue from
the Sault Ste. Mario Canal. and its mainte-
nance, which will be rendered more costly II It
Is rushed through. will always DO a burden
upon the people. Had VI been careful to
maintain n friendly policy with. the American
Government instead OF inviting retaliation.
there would never have been any need OF the
vast outlay on this canal"
President Van Horne of tho Canadian Pacific
Railway Company left this evening for. New
York. whence lie Will sail for Europe on Thurs
day morning by the Fuorst Bismarck, His
trip is. in. connection with the proposed fast
Atlantic steamship service.
OTTAWA. Aug. 23.-It has been decided that
the Government shall reimburse the Canadian
shippers for my loss they may sustain through
Canadian port through the st. Mary,'s Canal.
discuss the outlook and the probable effect OF
President Harrtson's proclamation on Cana.
dian lake shipping. Amember Of the Cabinet
snid tonight that no attemp ut at retaliation
will he made in the direction OF imposing dis
eliminating tolls on American vessels passing
through the Welland Canal. as has been sug-
Gested by somc of the Government press.
1t was further decided to-day to bring to the
notice OF the British. Goyernment tho absnrdi-
ty Of continuing tho Washington treaty In
force in view OF the fact TINT it has been de:
nuded Of every clause. by which any special
privileges were conceded to Canadian citizens,
and to urge the ~ahroxation OF the treaty at the
earliest possible moment
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24

He Asks Help to Prevent Russian Ageres.
sion In the Hanira.

no AoR0 "ebp 10 E6SVent 1AUobbon AS8FeDs
sion In the Tanirs.
CALCUTTA. Aug. 2a-The Amcer Of Afghan
istan has addressed q formal request to the
Government Of India asking the Government
to assist him in preventing Russian asgres-
sion in the Pamir region. part Of which Is
claimed to be Afghan territory. Col. Yanofr.
the Russian commander. continues to occupy
tho advanced position to which ne recently ad-
vanced. What is said to principally alarm the
Ameer is the fact. previously called attention
to by Prot. Vambcry. that at Penjdeh. in the
neighborhood Of the Djemshidis. a tribe Of
tributary vassals Of the Amecr OF Afghanistan.
the Russians have established a military post
whence they actively spread reports OF the
blessings accruinR to those placing them
selves under tho rule Of the Gar.
Prof. NHmberv characterized the rising OF
tho HaZnras against the hmeer as serious. md
added that. as the troops of the latter have
already received n severe check. the result OF
the insurrection is difficult to ~foretell. He as
cribcd the cause Of the rebellion to Russian
mnchinations. and even mentioned the proba-
hility Of the insurgents having been secretly
dicted that. should the situation assume q
really dangerous aspect. no cther course
would remain omen to Ahdurrahman Khan
than 70 seek assistance from the English. and
It would then remain to be seen In what light
Russia would regard EnGland'a Interference.
The British authorities are highly gratifed
with this action on the part OF Abdurrahman
as removing all doubt OF tho attitude OF the
Ameer as between England and Russia.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
The Iit,,e Dur Fell Und-r the Train.

While Charles HOGAN Of 13S Sherman ave-
nue.. jersey City. arl his two SONS. Louis md
Henry. aged. respectively. IL and 4 years.
were walking n!onG tho Erie Railroad tracks
near Sccuucus yesterday. they were hemmcd
In by two express trains coming along tho
could get tho boys of tho tracks the trains
were nr"n tl'cm; md he toId thSm 10 stand
had passed. The older boy did rs hc was told,
but Horny became frightened. and in moving
around was esther lrawn or fell Endor Onr
beyond recognition. Tho train was
stopped. and tho body. accompanied by tho
father and brother. WAS brought into tho Jer-
Sey city dppot,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24

a Million Dollars to Re spent In FortifyinE
British Coiumbia.

OTTAWA. Aug. 23.-Gen. Sir John Ross. In
command of the British troops at Halifax. will
join Gen. Herbert and Minister of Militia Bowel.
at Victoria next week to inspect the defenccs
OF the Pacific coast with a view to putting the
Notifications OF British Columbia in an eff
cient state. The British Government has
been urging the Canadian Government to
strengthen the d~efences Of British Columbia.
promising to contribute toward the expense
II Canada would pay her share. 1t has now
the civilizations and land defenres Of British
Columb ia in q state Of efficiency. The work
will be carried out under the direction OF the
army has arrived in Canada to study
up the facilities Of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way Company to transport large bodies OF
troops across the continent In case Of . sud-
dan call
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
KONG EAGER FOR TRADE
Her Merchants Send Their First Caravans
Tow. I'd tile Coast.

Her Merchants Send Their First Caravans
Tow. I'd the Coast.
PARIS. Aug. 23.-Capt. Bin:er. tho famous
explorer who several years nco ira relied from
the Niger River to tho Gulf Of Guinea, visiting
the famous city of Kong. which he was tho
first white mar to see. has now returned uncx-
pectedly to the coast. He went last spring
into the interior north OF tho Guli OF Guinea
to make treaties with various chiefs and COM
plcte tho work OF plncing TINT vast region
undor tho protection Of Franco. He has nc-
colnplished much in this direction. but was
compelled finally to return to tho coast on ne
count of the hostility of a chief on the Isl
Niver and the revolt Of nearly his entire force
OF portcrs. who abandoned him.
In s.ite q this rnynrsc, hinGcr is cnthu-
siastic over tho prospects,. HD Eays there is
no doubt. that u brilliant future is nlout to
open for Irench Guinea. Tho. merchants OF
Kong are impatient to communicate with tho
Fronch establishments upon tho coast, They
have sent caravans south 20 Attakru, the head
Of navigation on the Coinoe River. eight days
journey from Grand Enssnm. There they arc
awaiting an expedition to come to them from
the coas'; and Binger, says that very little
effort will l,o required TO establish regular
trado with this commercial metropolis.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Her TESTIMONY rs NECESSARY.
Mr.. Mncdona Wants the Woman Who Saw
Miss Browns Dress Cut.

Miss I.ala Brown. tho cloak model. whose
dress was slashel on Saturday night by some
miscrennt on q Ninth avenue elevated train.
called yesterday Mt the District Attorncv's
office and had q brief interview with Assistant
District Attorney Macdona. who Is acting for
MIR. .Nicoll. After hearing her story. Mr..
Macedonia said he had to confess that
is suspected Of having cut tho young wo-
mans dress. was very fimsy unless u woman
who. according to her own statement. Wit
tifv.
Miss Brown says that when she accused
sprang to her feet and exclaimed: Yes. you
%scoundreI. you did it. I saw you"
In the confusion OF Browns arrest Miss
Brown lost eight OF tho woman. Mr.. Macedonia
would like the woman to come to the District
Attorneys Office.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Parne,ut. Op,o.Itlou 70 GInas,one.

DUBLIN. AuG. "a. The Parnellites are al
ready showing their hostility to the new Gov
ernmont. The h"ispendent. Parnellite organ.
says that the vague assurances given by lIr.
Morley. Chief Secretary for Ireland, to the
Reputation from tho Cork County Evicte!
Tenants Association arc not sufficient.
Though EXPRESSING verbal solicitude for the
evictel tenants. he hesltatss to pronounce tho
words OF restoration VI restitution
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Fr,,eh, Rate. from 81. Louis.

ST. LOUIS. Aug. 23.-The st. Louis East
Bound Traffic Association met here to-day
and considered the lake and rail situation on
freight shipments east bound. 1t was de-
cided to establish the following rates. lake and
rail. from East st. Louis to New York, taking
effect on Sept. q:
Fifth class. 70 conts; sixth class. 25 centss
grain products. 22t, cents. go
Chicago on lake and rail shipments to tho At
lnntic senboard. 1t was snid ut the meeting
forwarding freight to New York. The grain
Is moving in great volumes.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
The Honduras Revolution Ended.

NFw ORLEANS. Aug. 23,-The steamers Etili-
water and Santo Otcr!, from Honduras. re-
port th" revolution entirely over. The Amcri.
cnn steamer Joseph Otcri. which was barred
out from all Honduras ports. and whose owner
Inns announced his intention OF claiming in
don;'ity from. the Government of Honduras.
sailed to, Livingston. Guatemala, whore her
cargo, which was i"rishablc. Was ,unloaIri
she sailed for New York to ontyr new wade.
as, she j. now shut out Of Honduras. Her Cap
tain will also visit Washington to Law before
the Secretary oi Stale the facts in contraction
with the action Of the Honduras Government.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Gladstone. Speech at /. Flower show.

LONDON, Aug. 23.-Mr. Gladstone to-day ud-
dressed SONS l5.0OD persons who hud GATH
cred to attend the festival and flower show at
Hawarden Castle. The festival md show are
hold to raise money for rebuilding tho Work.
ingmen's institute. After tho golden we'd
stone had talked with somo OF his old neigh
bors aud tho workingmen who had tramped
many miles to Sc" him. he spoke briefly to MI
tagcs OF small holdings. Mr.. Gladstone looks
somewhat better for his short rest. and in CON
versation to-day Ia said to have shown exceI-
tional animation and vigur.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24

While on her way home from gathering wild
flowers on Monday evening Annie Reisinc.
IL years old. was struck by a train on the
Long island Railroad, near I.osedale station.
Shc was accompanied by her sister Mary, IA
years old. and both had stepped on a west
bound track AZ an east 'round train went tilun-
when Mary looked Earii and saw u train rush
Ing toward them. Her cries of warning wrrs
lost IN tho ronr Of 'h,. passing train, and tho
unfortunate girl was thrown clear ~ the track
and her skull fractured. 1t is thought She
will die.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
Mr.. MeMauu. Accn.e- Mrs. Murphy.

Andrew McManus came down from Glen
Island, where is employed. on Monday with
$40 in his pocket and visited his old friend.
Mrs. Margaret Murphy. who has a boarding
house mt .223 East Forty-second street.
Andrew. told Justice Taintor yesterday In tho
\ oikville Court that, they drank several pints
sleep il of" lie went on. and was awakened
BY feeling Mrs: Mnrphy,s hand ~ my pocket.
have her arrested she gave mo back 81" Mrs.
Murphy hi u she was innocent. Justice Taintor
iield her in 5000 for tho Grand Jury.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24
tn. D.ndry Ku,,rond Tor..so.

ELIzABETu. Aug. 23.-MGGgis Brady. aged
II. who lives on Flora street here. picked up
this afternoon something which she supposed
was u piece o! tin, but was in reality n railroad
torpedo. She took it home. and procuring "A
Ratchet. hit tho iornei 10 n clip. 1t exploded in
her face. and y fragment tore ono Of her ears
oil. sho was taken to the hospital. where the
car was sewed on. The doctors think they can
save It
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24

The Government ~ Uruguay will negotiate
o loan Of o.UUu.uUn in Paris.
A despatch from Xnazihnr SAYS /. Is reported
on goot authority that Baron Paul and four
lcadin. mcin.rrs nl the German expedition
ssnt T.. rimis', the natives have been MURDER
ed at Klilmaniaru.
\ number Of employing tAilors In London
oipEed their doors tn tho JournDyinen yrat"r-
"a. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES the general LOCKOUT, To-
eri.ool and home other places work went on as
usual.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-08-24

Battle the FACE and HANDS
when heated, the HEAD when
hot and aching. the FEET when
tired and swollen, with PONDS
EXTRACT. 1t is healing, cool
ing, refreshing quickly reducing
any Inflammation, speedily induc-
ing sleep. Unequalled for insect
bites.
Manufactured emily by Ponds Extract Co. 70 ma
Az. New York. Refuse substituted