davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18
THIRD EDITION.



Iorenz Schwendeman. a prominent
and respected German citizen, died at
MS residence, near Wooddale, on Sat-
urday, 10th Inst, aged 70 years Mr.
SchwendemRn has had q remarkably
chequered but honorable history both
In the old country from which he came
and In the new country to which he re-
moved about the year 1858. Arriving
here he settled In Cecil County, Mary.
land, where for three years he was tina
superintendent OF the large farm own.
I'd and operated by Henry Sleighter.
About 1850 deceased removed to
the vicinity Of Wooddale, New Castle
County, where he was engaged for
about years In Woodzs rolling mills
under superintendent Joseph Bough-
man. by his frugallty and industry
~ that time he saved enough money
70 purchase o small farm OF z acres,
upon which he resided the remaining
~ years OF his life, at times when not
engaged on his little farm still work
Ing In the rolling mills.
Mr.. Schwendeman was born in b.
den, Germany, and served 81 years in
the cavalry service OF that country un.
der General Sigel. after wards noted as
leading and Intrepid General In the
Union Army to put down the rebellion.
30 great was the desire OF Schwende.
man to enlist in the Union army 'and
Hight nit Sigel," once more, though
past the age for active soldiers duty,
that IL was with the greatest difficulty
his family persuaded him to remain
at home and follow the more peaceful
pursuits OF life.
Since he came to this country, he
became allied to Red Clay Creek Pres
. byterian Church, in which faith he died
and will be buried in the cemetery OF
that church next Wednesday, July goth
at 2, 30 p. m.
The deceased leaves wife and one
son, Charles Schwendeman, q well
known merchant Of Stanton, Del.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18
We have been highly com.

We have been highly com.
plimented by many custom
ors on the large and com
prehensive line of ladies'
shirt waists, which we have
shown this summer. They
combine style, quality and
workmanship in a marked
degree and we have had q
large and rapid sale on them.
As the season approaches
the end we have a few mum.
bers to close out at special
prices, as follows:
Percale waists with box
pleats, in stripes and plaids
and a variety of colorings al
so cents each.
Percale pleated waists same
as the above only with
sailor collar-75 cents.
Cheviot pleated waists
with colored Hamburg trim
ming-90 cents.
Dotted lawn pleated waists
with Hamburg trimming =
81. ....
Russian blouses in plain
white lawn, trimmed with
embroidery and 81.
81.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18
FOURTH EDITION



Quite an excitement wac CAUSED
about 10 O'Clock last Saturday night,
on Walnut street, near Third, by d
man named William McCloskey, en-
deavoring to murder a young girl
named Mable Claringbould with
whom he was walking, and falling In
that, making an attempt to take his
own life. 1t seems TINT Mr.. McCios-
key, who Ia about 4S years OF are, kept
company with Mics Claringboulds some
time ago, and on Saturday he wrote
her a note requesting her TO meet him
In the evening at Fourth and French
streets.
She responded, and they went to an
Ice cream saloon near Fourth and Wal
nut streets. After eating some cream
they passed down Walnut street, and
when Just below Third. the girl said
u am going to leave you now" when
McCloskey implored her to remain In
his company. Mer
\ As che refused to acckDis to his re-
lquest he drew q rey0iyHr from his
,pdeket, andsiired direct LOT the young
twoitiAnis head Tho ahtiiitt took effect
IN the right side of her412,ck shout two
Inches below the ear, fiiificting pain
ful, but not necessarily dangerous
wound. The young girl ran scream
Ing down Third street to Poplar, thence
to Front. and along that street to the
Pennsylvania House, where she was
employed as n chambermaid.
After tho giA made her escape Nc
Closky put the pistol to his head and
fired four times, One of the bullets
took effect in the right ear and the
Others went into his head near the
right temple. After he had shot him
self he went down Walnut street to
Front aud sat down on the steps OF
Higgins saloon. Detective William +.
Jones was told about the man and he
took him to the hospital at the T. W.
a. b. station. Upon finding that he
was seriously injured, the officer sum
moned the patrol wagon and had him
removed to the Homeopathic Hospital
where an unsuccessful attempt was
made to extract the bullets. .=..=.
lie was still living this morning, but
is in critical condition.
l Niles Clarlngbould. who Is better
known rs Mable Davis. was removed
to her mothers residence, No. 17O8
West Front street, where she was at
tended by DIR. Corkran, who extracted
the bullet.
! McCloskey Is carriage body maker
by trade. and since July has been
employed at Whites carriage works.
He beaded at the Pennsylvania House
some time nRo, where ne formed tho
acquaintance ofMis5 Claringbould and
wanted her to keep company with
him. This she declined to do, and
McCloskey went to board Mt the Mer.
rift House. but still continued to an.
noy the young lady with his atten'
lions.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18
NN.B. SHARP ( CO.
Fourth and Market SITS.
son street,
rz.w.-.r~1~--

The reduced upholstery
things were taken briskly--
the Down and Cat.tail pill.
lows and the hit and miss
Chenille table covers are all
gone-the finer Chenille
bordered covers reduced to
81 and 1926 are nearly gone
also the felt table scarfs at
30 cents each. There's a
small lot of tapestry bureau
and bottle mats the regular
prices of which are 10, Is,
80, 70 and $1-they are re.
duced one half.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

At the Twilight service. az to ~
pollock. Rev. 1. e. Terry Of st. Paup6
M. e. Church gavo one OF his series on
Current Events" On Sunday even.
ing the theme was tho 1.-The Reign OF
Lawlessness, which he treated undet
three head.
/. The fact of lawlessness.
II. Cause Of II.
Ill Remedy.
Under the first head he spoke OF
general disorder In society, such as
profanity, dissertation OF the Sabbath,
financial inHdelity, commercial swind.
ling, political corruption, anarchisth.
lynch law. the lrrepressible conflict be.
tween capital and labor.
Under the second head the causei
O Because the easy conscience OF the
community Is not disturbed by these
things. (2) Tho men who give direo-
ton to public affairs are even In sym.
pathy with these law breakers OF they
are afraid Of them.
The curse Of all republics Is the un-
scrupulous politicians and we seem To
have the lions share Of them.
(8). The labor troubles are trace
able to several thugs, such as tho fact
that both sides forgot each eide has
rights the other is bound to respect,
and that the end justites the means,
az. To much demand for recoRnl
ton. (3). The Introduction OF for
eign labor with foreign ideas.
Under the third head-the remedy.
he advised ~ a rigid enforcement OF
the laws against evil doers. We have
law enough to make Wilmington q
paradise, with sufficient police force
and public moral sentiment to sus
poteS Ga 81 sne whos is eqa eaasi
that will sweep from their positions
unworthy officials no matter how Il
comes whether through the old par
ties or by new one. He referred to
the necessity OF system for the se6
tllng Of all differences on the basis Of
the golden rule.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

The Christian Endeavor meeting Of
West Presbyterisn Church was we'll
attended Last evening and rightly Con.
Quoted by Miss Carrie Wilson, Elder
Ieaao Baird participated Id the exer-
TSmmy Maslln held forth on Tenn.
peFafoe at on afternoon meeting in
Asbury NJ. ., Church. In the evening
he preached to the Heavenly Recruits
Jnteresttpg Sunday afternoon meet
tpRb ere held at Front and Jefferson,
street.
Asbury's Christian Endeavor was led
by the pastor on Sunday evening. II
Wpg d powerful meeting, many expeEs
iencee being narrated.
Next Sunday evening will be dsvot
cd To reports from the delegates OF tho
regent Inter National Convention.
Several thousand persons attended
St Peters Camp near Rivervlew on
Sunday. Among the speakers were
Reys. NJ. +. Sluby, Thomas II. Lea
A. Woodward and W. W. Gales.
Bishop Curtis will preach In Sacred
Heart Church. Chestertown, next Sun
J: R. King held song service in tho
Y. M. @. A. reading room Sunday Of
ternoon, and in Central Church In the
evening.
Tho spirit and scope OF the Christian
Church were we'll set forth by Rev.
William T. Swartz and young men OF
Central Presbyterian Church.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Father Uncles the first colored priest
ordained In the United States, celebra-
ted mass and preached In st. Josephs
Catholic Church on French street above
Tenth, yesterday morning, and in the
evening celebrated ve5pers. His ser
mon was on the loayes and fishes, and
he compared the feeding OF tho multi
tude with the Holy Communion.
Father Uncles Is native OF Baltl.
more. He IL 81 years old and was
brought up in the Catholic faith. AZ
ter graduating from tho public schools
OF Baltimore at the age OF IL years he
taught school there for three years.
He entered st. Hyacln no College, Pro-
vince OF Quebec. Canada, and took a
course. He then finally de-
termined to enter the priesthood and
completed his studies in the seminary
at Baltimore. He was ordained to the
liaconute by Bishop Curtis of this city
in June OF last year, and to the priest.
hood by Cardinal Gibbons at the Baltl.
IL ORC Cathedral on December 30.
lie IL the second colorGd nun who
Inns been ordained to the priesthood
OF tho Roman Catholic Church in this
country. lie will continue as u teach
er at ST. Joseph's College, Baltimore,
Tor another year and then he will do
missionary work among his own race,
He has good address and Is very
pleasant In his manner.
The sermon last evening was delly-
ered by Father DeRuyter and was
one OF the most powerful efforts OF
tins eloquent orator.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Frank Darlington. of Kenneth Square,
Pa, is employed as oIganlst at 4
church in Philadelphia, and having
missed the train on Sunday morning,
he engaged Win. West to bring hiRa- "a,
our city, In ordar to take car that
would enable him to occupy his place
as usual.
In driving down Delaware avenue.
however, the horse.took fright at an
electric car. and turning around rhpid-
ly, threw the gentleman out. West
struck the curb, cutting one OF hts
hips badly. bruslng his forehead, and
spralning his ankle, while Darlington
escaped without injury. West was
taken to the Office OF DR.. Swithin
Chandler. No. COZ Delaware avenue,
where his wounds were dressed, and
ne was afterwards conveyed to the
Delaware Hospital for treat ment. -
The horse was caught on Madison
street, with scratched hind leg, and
the carriage had an axle broken aud
damaged top, 1t was fixed up tempor-
arily, and Mr.. Darlington drove back
to Kennett, leaving the worshlppers
In Philadelphia to get some one else
to supply his place at the organ.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

A singular fire occurred on Saturday
afternoon on the Hamburg farm. New
Castle Hundred owned by John d. Rod
iiey, ESD, which ended by burning q
grain thresher and separator. and a
large quantity Of straw The thresher
was owned by q gentleman named
Armstrong. but was In charge Of q
man named Moody. The fire broke
out under the feet of the tender, and
gained such rapid Roadway that il
could not be controlled.
Being In an open field there was
nothing consumed but the machine
and the straw. Tho cause OF the fire
is a mystery but may have resulted
from hot box or "a spark from the
cylinder The thresher was valued al
about 9450, and was Armstrong; loss
/ The loss OF the straw, which Is moi
heavy, is the only loss sustained by
MIR. Rodney.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Architect Frank r. Carswell has pre-.
pared plans for IL two-story brick
houses On Sixth street, corner Of Mon
roe, on tho site OF the old factory Of
the G. " j. Pyle Company, burned
some years ago. Mr.. Cnrswell has
also prepared plans and specifications
for d now residence and Office for Or.
John Palmer Jr., to BIO erected at the
southwest corner Of Delaware avenue
and Lincoln street. The ground plan
is 26x5S feet in dimensions. The build
Ing will be two stories with attic. The
contract will DO awarded In few
OnVR
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Two young men from Philadelphia
who were going by carriage TO North
East, Md, stopped near State Road
Station, New Castle Hundred, ON Sun.
day, in order 70 feed their bepse, and
removed the halter from Ills head.
At this iunture Warrior Bullen. who
was out ruling with his wife and child
drove up, causing tho horse of the
stranger to turn around so quickly as
to run into and ups t Mr.. lis. carriage,
break ono of the shafts. bent the
wheels and axle, and cut his horse
slightly In several places.
The young men gave Mr.. Bullen
their address and promised to pay ali
damages, but no was not satisfied with
that, and brought them and their
team to this city, Thoy were after,
wards permitted to take the team nnd
pursue their journey to North East
Md. Ss'
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Mrs. Pauline Murray and her sister,
Miss Mary Gallagher. both of Phila-
delphia. were drowned about 0.80
o'clock last night at Gloucester, by
falling out of a boat In which they
stood to hail ferry boat which pas
sed by. bound for South street Slip.
When the woman fell into the river
the husband OF Mrs. Murray and a
spaniel dog jumped in To save them
but without success. Murray aud tho
dog SWAIN ashore, the first very much
exhausted. The dog came ashore
with piece OF a woman'5 undershlrt
IN his mouth, showing that he had
tried TO save her. man named Mar.
tin brought the boat ashore. Tho
party, except tho dog, We're intoxleat-
ed.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

The New England Magazine for July
Presents .zarIed display OF reading
Heart OF Chicago. by Franklin H. Head,
IL an ably written and handsomely u.
lustrated artieie on the Worlds Fair
City. hlacE Bass Fishing In New
England. by Charles Frederick Dan.
forth, is especially interesting to
sportsmen. The Republic of Mexico,
written by q native Mexican. Don Cay
etano Romero, First Secretary OF the
Mexican Legation. Is very readable
article. The principal places through.
out Mexico arc illustrated. Together
with short stories, poeme. ETC., makes
this a handsome and dplcy number
For sale by all newsnealers.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

NNTANTED-A Gilf.'r general house.
w work in small family OF 3. 10iI W.
Eighth street. 1885,.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

NFw CAsu.z, July 1a.-aev. T. Z.
Martindale preRchag two excellent
ssrliions yestsrdayat the NJ. +. Church,
The morning text was the PROMISES
OF God, nand 10 the evening DR.. Marti n
dole delivered a short DISCOURSE on The
life and death OF Cyrus W. Field, speak
ing OF his early career and the Difficult.
ties of the laying OF the Atlantic cable.
In closing, his remarks Mere applied
to the young people OF the congrega-
ton.
The Northern Lights we're seen by
many persons here on Saturday night
from nine to eleven O'Clock. The
heavens were ablaze. while in some
places 1t had the appear ance OF COM
ct. Some person thought 1t was re-
city, and Others thought 1t meant war
or that the world was coming to an
end.
The Delaware Iron Works did not
start up this morning as was expected.
1t Ia not known now when they will
start. Many persons are becoming
tired Of their enforced idleness and
are leaving town.
The Democratic voters of this city
will hold meeting in the Town Hall
this evening for the purpose of MAX
lnif permanent organization for cam
paign work. Ernest Phillips wi III act
as temporary chair man.
1t 10 estimated that about thirty
persons will take the steamer Excelsior
for the fishing banks tomorrow even
Ing. The boat will probably stop
every week without any stipulation.
Among those who visited this city
yesterday werei Thomas Britt OF
Washington; Charles Wolfkiel and
family of Camdon; Frank Glbney and
Miss Elmira Sherwood OF Wilmington;
Charles Miller OF West Chester.
Mise May Jordan hus returned from
visit to Philadelphia.
Prof. ID. b. Jones and family left last
week to spend their annual vacation at
Townsend.
Miss Florrie Dunn OF Philadelphia IL
visiting Miss May Hanson.
Miss Nuessleln OF Wilmington Is the
guest OF Miss May Jordan.
Miss Agnes Boulder lie spending O
few days down the State.
Mrs. John Vining is lying danger
ously Ill at her home on Delaware
street. Slight hopes are entertained
for her recovery.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

The regular shoot OF the Whining
ton kiile Club was held on Saturday
afternoon, when tho following SCORES
were made on Standard American
Target OF hand shooting:
Revolver match at 50 yards-E. ].
Darlington, ss: L. jackson. SIS; D.
Evans, s.; q. W. Lavender, 65.
Rifle match-2Oo yards j. I. Nc.
Cnfferty, 81; L. J, Newman. 20; G.
Helnel, ST.. 49, HN. Spocrl, 70; II. d.
Seeds. rs; P. Williams. 65.
Tho WnwRsst Gun Club had a prac
hee shoot ut tholr grounds over Eley.
enth street bridge on Saturday utter
noon, when the following scores were
Fnnda,
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

NTANTED-rwonty laborers at Tenth
wv and Jackson streets. William Camp
bell. 1885,
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

DR.. J. b. NNelch is greatly elated over
thu successful removal OF cancer
three and Il quarter inches in diameter
nad two inches Iii thickness, from the
breast OF Mrs, Lydia Smith, of st.
Georges, after treatment of about
two weeks. This makes tile number
OF cancers he has removed by the ap.
plication OF plastors 100, aid thus far
there has been no return In any case
whatever, showing thattho roots were
extracted and tho cure perfect Three
or four other parties haYe arranged to
commence treatment. and the Doctor
Is sangunc that the fullest satisfac.
Non will DO rendered on his part, and
lhe patients will ind speedy relief
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

The following official list of camn.
meetings to be held In this vicinity IA
published by Wilmington Conferencs
Herald: Oakland, Md, July ed BecE.
with, Md, July 2sth; Sudlersvllle, MD.
July 2sthi Hurlook's. Nd, July goth,
SS!hafptowns Nd, July 29tni. Concord,
goth; Frankfoid, Delaware, Jnlyy
goth; Harrington. Del July 2OtR;Deal,s
lsland, Md, July 2pth; 1ilghmans ia,
land, Md, July a9th; Sand IIill, Del.
July Both; Smiths Island, Md, Jui3
3lst; Brandywlne Summit, Pa. ,Augu Il
LIST; Wye, Nd August I'd; Laurel, Md
August 4th; Moore's, Dol, August 4fh
loves Woods, Del, August 6th;West'i
Woods, Dol, August 9th, Woollawn'
Md, August 9th; Zoar, Del, Auenst
18th Nelson's, Del. August l3th;ljethel
Del, August goth, Tangler, Va, Au.
gust goth.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

On Saturday evening from shortly
after Q until II O'Clock, the residen Is
Of this city had a beautiful display OF
the Northern Lights, or Aurora
Borealis. 1t was one OF the finest dis
plays over seen, apd during tho above
time flashes OF oil coloreJ lights could
DO seen. 1t was ylewel by thousands
of people, who vera impressed by its
grandeur. The entire northwestern
sky was illuminated, and tho flashes,
with the varying colors, were grand
beyond description.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

The following item from the Now
York Herald, Is calculated to make
very pious people reflect on the stand
they have taken in regard TO closing
tho Worlds Fair:
To the propr,etors of Chicago's eight
thousand or ten thousand saloons,
whose doors arc always Wide open
on the Lords day the prospect OF
seVenty-ilyo thousand or ono hundred
thousand people going to tho Exposi
ton on Sunday, instead Of remaining
In town and spending their money il
srog shops, is alarming and distress
Ing. 1t aims cruel blow at their ten
delest pOint-their cash boxes.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18

Mr.. z. II. Cooeh, OF Boston. Is visit
Ing relatives In and AROUND Newark.
Miss Laura Maokey OF this city is
visiting friends In Newark.
Miss Llzyie Butterworth OF Philadel-
phia has returned home from q visit
To Newark.
Mr.. Robert Ferguson OF this city
visited relatives at Bay View, Md. yes
terday.
Mrs. wp, T. Giles, of Elkton, Cecil
S2gntX Nd p0 Visited !, h s5o dssHIshter
street, this city, yestefday.
Mr.. Samuel Estes. a clerk In Ham,
burgers clothing store, with two chill
dreii, visited his father, Mr. Charles
Estes, Of Chestertown, Kent County,
Nd. yesterday.
Mrs. Thomas Hooten of Sllverbrook
has gone to pass a week with Der
daughter, Mrs. Thomas Cloud, near
/ Fairyille, Pa.
Mr.. and Mrs. Evan Pyle OF Kaolin
and Miss Lydia Pierce of this city went
to Atlantic City to-day.
Mrs. Emma Beeeher-S heppey and
daughter OF New York, are visiting
Mr.. and Mrs. A. P. Beecher.
Mr.. and Mrs. Garner and sister are
visiting their aunt. in Oxford. Pa.
Mr.and Mrs. L hos. Nice orkle are visit.
Ing Bedford Springs. Pa. and taking In
tho invigoTatlng mountain air and
health,giylng water
The condition OF Mrs. Wm. NJ. Can.
by. who was taken sick few days
ago, has changed but little for the bet.
ter.
Peter J. Ford is visiting Rome, and
looking at the wonders In that ancient
| city.
Mr.. T, Leslie Carpenter and N. II.
Benson. Esq, and other Wilmington.
ians, passed Sunday with their families
at Cape Henlopen.
Charles I. Stengle, formerly of this
city, has become editor and manager
OF the Onancock CVa.) Review.
Cards are out for the wedding oil
Walter c. Alexander to Miss Minnie NJ.
Moore at No. sos Monroe street on
July ~.
Mr.. and Mrs. L. s. Williamson OF
at Atlantic City.
Councilman Ross hns taken a cot
tage at Atlantic City for himself, fam.
|
Officer Rice left this morning fol
Harrisburg and other places In Cen
trial Pennsylvania, where he will spend
his vacation.
The Rev. Miles J. McManus Is still
confined to his house from the effects
of n fall some two wcoks ago.
Mr.. and Mrs. James G. Knowles and
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Grant of this oit,
attended the reception given on Thurs
day evening last by Mr.. and Mrs
Gustavus w. Knowles OF Chestor, In
honor OF the marriage of Captain Sllas
G. Comfort of tho Pennsylvania Mill
tary Academy to Miss Helen Mlrki
De Lannoy.
John II. Monckton, formerly will
O. x J. Pyle, has secured a position
in Great Falls, Mont, and left fol
that place to-day by b. Il o. railroad
Mrs Colonel Wainwright, her sister,
Mrs. Captain j. h. Quentin. u. 8. A,
nurse and child, Miss Maud @. Vain.
wright and Drayton Wainwright arc
at the Hotel Henlopen for q month";
stay
ATr, and Mrs. James N. Edwards
have Issued cards for the marriage Of
their cousin, Miss Minnie NJ. Moore,
| to Walter @. Alexander, which will be
solemnlzsd July 27th at No, 800 Mon
roe street.
DR.. and Mrs. i. A. X ittinger arr
reeuperating at Asbury Park.
The Wilmington daily Republican. (Wilmington, Del.) 1890-1902, 1892-07-18
Tho I ffects of Sewer GINS.

Last Friday number OF men were
Eighth and Poplar streets with the
sewer, and when the latter was tapped,
the poisonous gas flowed out In such
volumes that the men engaged in the
work, With those standing around,
We're Obliged TO heat hasty retreat.
On Saturday morning, at least twen.
ty-ilye people In the vicinity were sick
with something similar to cholera
mOrbus. which was no doubt due to
the foul gas from the sewer. Some OF
the victims wore very bad. and were
obliged to call in a physician. II it is
possible there should be some means
adopted OF distnfccting these Sewers
SO that sickness could be avoided.