davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
Variety of NOlceS.

1t does rot seem possible that we
shall ever be able to comprehend the
language of animals. but it is inter-
csting to note the variety Of their
voices. In the mamma!ia. the gem
cral construction of the larynx is like
that Of a man. the power and charac-
ter of the sound depending On the
different degrees of development of
the vocal chords and the popularity of
structure Of thu vocal organs. The
timbrc. or quality. Of the voice is re-
markably distinct in the different
classes Of animals. and also varies in
those Gf the same class. Lions and
tigers. with their magnitude of chest.
make a roar that fills the ear with Il
sense of horror. the depth of voice
giving to the mind the idea of an
enormous being. The horse ncighs
in Il descent on the chromatic scale.
without even Omitting Il S3mi-tunc.
being one of the most muSically
voiced of animals. The ass bray> in
Il perfect octave. and one Of its eiac-
ulatons hes been copied by Haydn.
in his Scvcnty-siXth Quartette. with
great success. The bark of dog is
an instance Of Il voice acquired bv de-
mcStication. much as the trotting Of
a horse is an acquired movement An
ape produces an exact octave of muSi-
cal sounds, ascending and descending
the scale by half tones. so that. per-
hapS. it alone Of the brute animals
may be said to sing. The howliny.
i, f,fC !,
ca has voice that can be heard for
two miles. The giraffe and the arma-
dilio are vOicelcSS-with no vocal
chords. The chirp of the long cared
bat is said to be the most acute sound
produced by any animal. and only
five out of six pcroGS can hear it.
In reptiles. the larynx is in Il ludi-
mcntlry condition. The crocodile
and cayman make a fccb.c. roaring
sound. One kind of a frog has Il
SouEd-:,ag. evidently acting as a
resonance chamber, on each side of
its mouth. The tortoise gives Il mere
snul!ling sound. Snakes have no vo-
cal chords, but produce Il Kissing by
expulsion of air through the narrow
op nin@S in the glottiS. Most fish
are mute. Insects. such as cricketS.
! grasshoppe:s and bees. have been con-
sidercd more musicians than singers.
most Of their sounds being caused by
friction of their wings oy legs togeth-
or. or against their body. or by vibra-
! ton of their wings. \ grasshoppcr
of Brazil may bc heard half mile,
which is as if man with big voir-
could he heard over the world
| Great Divide.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
The Greenl,acis.

Commissioner Raum. of the Pension
Bureau has received /. letter from Min
lister Ryan, at the City of Mexico, in
which he states that legal tender notes
of the United States bear premium in
Mexico of 30 per cent. In other words, a
legal tender of the United States of the de-
nomination Of $40 will buy thirteen Mex
lean dollars
General Grant, on his tour around the
world, found the American grrenback at
Il premium at !; number OF places in his
travels. Despite this fact and the fur
ihcr fact that no currency or money
issued hy any other government on the
face of the globe commands Il premium
away from home, We have an element in
our own government here at home that
are drcrying it, calling it dishonest
money, and using every effort III their
power to get rid of it.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

standing the intricacics Of the scieace cf
government, and their best plan was to
carefully till the soil, and leavi the
makiug of the laws to the lawyers.
Seek first political freedom and all
other things shall be added unto you,
and as soon as the party boss becomes
convinced that the farmer will not crirSe
like !: whipped hound at the crack of the
party lash, he will himself become the
most crngent and subservient of beings,
and ready to do the bidding Of those he
dominated over SO arrogantly.
1t is time to stop claiming to belong
to this or that party. and declare that
the party belongs to us. 1t is our right
to take this position and we have the
power To maintain il. All that remains
for US to do is to declare our determine
tiol by asserting our rights and take
possession of the political rarties.-
Farmers Voice.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

into the hold of the canalboat, the
elevator boat ran a long leg down into
the canalboat. Then the powerful ma
chincry that is used to move the tug was
applied to the machinery in the elevator
and the buckets on the belt began TO
pick up the kernels Of corn in the canal
boat at terrific rate.
"On the elevator floor below the top
tne there was a brief wait, while we
were weighed again, and then we went
spinning down into the bottom of the
ships hold. Above the scales was II
cleaner. but our lot did not have to go
through that, as we We're cleaned at the
elevator, and it is used chiefly for grain
that comes on from Buffalo all the way
by boat ard is not cleaned in one of the
great railroad elevators.
The elevator on board the boat has
all the appliances of the railroad ele-
vator, but the ships hold is the bin into
which the corn is sent. When [ got
down here with another cortication partly
gone found the steamers hold divided
into bins, some for wheat ard SOM for
corn.
"Th" elevator leg was swung to and
fro. First one bin was filled, then
another, just as the freight ears hal
cvcncd it off. In tramp steamships,
where there are n bins. men have Il
harder time to trim the hold with their
shovcis. When the top is dressed as
evenly as it can he boards are laid on it
and on them heavy flour barrels are
placed SO tha: tn" grain will not shift
frcm side to side and perhaps not shift
back again when the vessel hcavcs.
Tramp steamships are in great peril
sometimes when this happens in rough
weather."
And are VIC going to be hauled out of
here the same way" asked the wheat
kernel, deeply Interested in his fate.
Yes; / guess in about the same way
when We reach the other side, answered
the corn.
You have no conception of the
amount of grain shipped from the United
States in one year, TIE kernel of corn
went on. why, heard two men Civ
ing figures as to the value of cereals cx-
ported as follows:
From New York, during November,
From New York, during November.
1870. ......................... 2.:3!1s9
From New York. eleven months to
November 20, 1871. 51,:35S riS
From New York, eleven months TO
November g. is9o 9o................ 1895, 20,
From United states. eleven months
to November 81. l>9l >9l.......... 124,coo 90
From United States. eleven mcnths
to November 10, 1899. 116,c0D, f0l
Each of the kernels wanted t. go
where he could do some good in allcyi-
ating the wants OF humanity. and in this
generous missionary spirit they 10th fell
asleep.
As "brcadstuffs' is the largest single
item in value in our exports the figures
of total exports for November. 1s3i-
Slln, 100, ,220-are interesting, as they are
the largest on record. For the year
ending Dec. /, 1891, oEr total experts
reached the enormous sum of S949, 1922, :,
1s5, and the United States scld ta other
nations Sl29, 1886 of product more
than they took from all other nations.
For the current fiscal year the exports
from the United States will exceed one
billion dollars.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
The Farmer in Politics,

The farmer as politician is new
thing, comparatively, and his appear
ance in the political arena denotes a
new era in the history of agriculture,
and is the NEST hopeful sign of the
times in tn" progress of those who labor
for their future wellbeing. 1t has been
a favorite theory with political schemers
of every degree that no movement on
the part of those who live on farms of
the United States could assume any
magnitude. because of the isolated lives
the; live and because of their suspic-
ions of each other. This has been
TAU yht by these journals which assume
to be the political teachers of the peo-
pie, and SO persistt ntiy have they en-
p!oyed these arguments that the farmers
themselves hal come to believe them
good.
Again, they had been taught by an
other :ot of alleged leaders, the office
seekers themselves, that political econ
omy was science, that it required a
special, severe course Of study to fully
understand, and it was useless for man
who lived in a lonely farm house to try
t. understand even the first principles.
In effect these people said to the farmers
that they were not capable Of under
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

President Harrison. in his message,
saws: Rarely, if ever before, in the
history of the country has there been a
time when the proceeds of one days
labor OF the product of one farmed acre
would purchase so large an amount of
those things that enter into the living of
the masses of the people.
Hence, we suppose the argument will
bc presented that the policy that has
lowered the wages of labor and the
prices of farm products is highly bcnc
fetal.
Let's see what effect this lowering of
prices has had upon the debtor class and
the payer of the taxes. In 1866 wheat
in Indiana was $3.50 per bushel. In
1891 it is - cents per bushel. Let the
salary of a county treasurer be $4,000
per year in 1866, then 200 bushels of
wheat would have paid his salary, or the
product of 30 acres at 20 bushels per
acre. In 1891 let the salary still be
81 600. with wheat at 7ocents per hushrl.
it would take GOO bushels, or the prod
uct of 200 acres at ~ bushels an acre.
The purchasing power of the county
officers salary Increased three and one
third times. and the ability Of the farmer
workin. in the wheat field to pay the
salary has decreased three and one
third times.
Apply this to the fixed salaries of all
officers, local, State and national, and
see how it affects the taxpayer. The
general trend of fixed salaries has been
constantly downward.
Let's see how il works in paying debts.
A farmer borrows $1,000 with $50 per
capita of money in circulation. Wheat
is 81 per bushel. The volume of money
is contracted to 50 per capita: its pur-
chasing power is doubled. and the value
of the thing purchased is divided by two.
Wheat falls to 81 per bushel and the
farmer concludes to pay his debt. When
the debt was constructed 500 bushels OF
81 wheat would have paid the debt. Now
it will take eco bushels of 81 wheat to
pay the same debt. The debt stood still
in dollars and doubled in hard work. If
the debtor class could pay their debts in
dollars tina: it takes no more of the labor
or the products OF labor to earn than it
would have taken when the debt was
contracted there would be no reason to
protest Cincinnati Herald
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
A New orange and lemon rcc,cr

A remarkably ingenious and simple
orange and lemon peeler is now being
introduced by which it is claimed
that 1000 oranges may he peeled
without soiling finger or glove or los
ing drop Of juice. Tho pcelcr is Il
piece of wire, nickcl-plated. and very
much in the shape OF a button-hook.
but with tiny blade let into the
inner bend of the hook. When the
point of the hook is drawn into the
fruit it slides between the pulp and
the peel without danger of entering
either, while the blade divides the
peel easily and rapidly, after which
it way be removed without trouble.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

fast as the car filled to keep us from
spilling out. The leg gave a lnrch, and
I was flung into one corner of a ear,
while friend picked up, who had been
with me, went spinning to the other end
Of the car. We shall never meet again.
When the ear was full the door was
closed, and the car was backed up and
showed ahead again, until / was told
that we were in train bound for New
York.
There were many miles Of ears in
long trains from Kansas. Nebraska, and
Missouri in Buffalo, and long tows,
schooners, and lake propellers from Du-
luth, Chicago, Milwaukee, and other
ports OF the great lakes. All of the
grain was unloaded into the big cleva-
tors and then reloaded on hundred
trains Of ears and on canalboats for
transportation TO the scaboard. Some
of the cars came to New York over the
New York, Lake Erie and Western Rail-
road; others yer the West Shore; and
more than either OF these came by the
New York Central. Next to the Central
the Erie Canal carried the largest
amount, and some Of the boats came
through to New York from the lakes.
My next stop was at great elcvat-
or. 1t Is at the end Of the great freight
yaris, and every day 200 cars of grain,
or 900 bushels, are arriving there
from the West. We were a long time in
being uncoupled from other ears and
switched first on one track and then on
another. The train was divided into
two parts Of ten cars each, and then each
half was run into the big elevator, filling
it fr m end to end. There was room fol
another train in the elevator, on a track
parallel to the other two, but it is used
FOR loading cars with grain for the Cen.
trail or New England States.
when the train was in there the doc,
Of our car flew open and men with steam
shOvels, worked from the outside and at.
tached to rope which draws them up t.
the door OF the car and then let's then
slide back, hustled us out OF the cat.
dropped to the bottom of the car ant
might nave remained there had not a DO,
with broom swept out the car and sen
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
ONE MILLION A DAY.
THAT AMOUNT IN GRAIN GOES
TO EUROPE.
From n Kansas Barn Floor to European
Steamers Hold The J..u -ncy OF ~ Gren.
Crop from tho Westcrn Eralrlc to the
Scals0arL AMI Thence to Europe.

A KcrnOl OF Corn Tell Of 1t. Travels.
4 kernel of corn was tumhlcd into Il
bin OF wheat On board storm-tosacd
Atlantic steamship at New York bound
for Antwerp. And us it lay there it rec-
cSnizcd kernel OF wheat near by as
one that had lain beside it for Il whole
weary week on tho fioCr of old Farmer
Browns granary out in Kansas. They
We're old friends, so to speak. and had
grown up together on the same broad
wacres within half mile of each other.
As chance would have it. farm hand
casually swept thcEl UP from the floor
and tossed one into q bin CT corn and
the other into q bin of wheat, and soon
after each ore was shovcled with bill
lions Of duplicates upon a wagon and
then loaded onto IL eur for the ride of
l,2O0 miles to the scahoard.
The journey had been evtn:ful, hu:
the kernel of corn had had by far the
most cvcntful time of it. 1t was not in
happy frame of mind, for it had lost
several of its cortications and was wan
and hassard, compared to the plump,
fat specimen it was when it lay in the
farmers sranary.
why" said the kernel Of corn to the
kernel of wheat, matters went we'll
enough until We reached Buffalo. did
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

THE Digger Indians o. California pre.
fer insects to any ether kind of animal
food.
DEATH notices in the Philadelphia
newspapers fill from four to five columns
daily.
JUPITER is the ideal planet in which
TO stand off your tailor. The years there
contain 1882 days.
THE new President of Chilli must bear
in mind that no Montt-c tricks will be
tolerated by Unc. Sam.
A THIEF, who ste. nc carre. fro n a
Methodist tharch I. :. Kansas town.
pleaded in cxtcnuation tina. lie was very
hard up
PRAIRIE dogs are said to be multiply
ing so fast in some Of tho Western
States that there is danger that they
will Overrun the country,
THE German Emperor is to pt bI .sh his
sermons in book form. ami it is 10 be
hoped the Kaiser will O; casionally read
and profit BY their prccepts IT peace.
The average French family embraces
thre, members and the eragc Irish
family five. In England the average
number Of members Of q family IS four.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
The "IBiy Dinner"

In astronomy the "Big Dippcr," so
called. is in the constellation of Ursa
Major or the Great Bear. The stars
forming the tail of the bear also form
the handle of the dipper. The first
star in the handle is Bclctnasch: the
second MiZar: the third Alioth. The
other four, which go to form the bowl
of the dippcr arc Mcgrcs, Phad,
Merak, and Dudhc. The two last are
called 1.-The Pointers because they
point or guide the eye to the.pole star,
which is distant 20 degrees. The top
stars are 10 degrees and the bottcln
ones s degrees apart.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
Corn Is King.

Years ago the question was raised
in the great States of Illinois, Iowa,
and other States bordering on the
Mississippi River. what profitable
outlook can he found for this immense
corn crop?" When the producers be-
gan to feed the bulk of the crop to
hogs and cattle, the question was
solved. Corn that had been selling at
10 cents Il bushel doubled in price.
The farmer had an outlet for his corn
before the railroads were built. He
now has two. When corn will not
bring a satisfactory price in the mar
kets. he feeds it to hogs and cattle,
and i'm this way is sure to come out
ahead. 1t is this certainty that
makes corn the leading crop of all the
Western and Northwestern States.
ASlong as there is good market for
hogs and cattle. there will be "a profit
able one for corn. When the price
drops down, the producer is not afraid
of getting left. Forty years ago cot
ton was king. That was the current
saying. Now corn is king, and there
is no prospect that it will be dethron-
ed for the next half century.-San
Francisco Bulletin.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
The 1891 crop of the United States j

The 1891 crop of the United States is
estimated at 600 ,0n0 ,0@O bushels, against
1893, 2262 600 bushels in 1890 and 490, $780,
600 bushels in 1889. The average yield
per acre in 1889 was 1913 bushels; in
1880, Ill; while in 1891 the average rose
to II bushels. With the single eNcep-
ton of India the United States is the
only country with a larger crop in 1891
than in 1890. The yield in France is
placed :t 200, 500 900 bushels, while in
1880 it was 33s, 800, ,124; i'm India at
255, ,434 ,667, as against 81, 900 in
1890; in Russia at 164, 4,GO0,000, as
against 2,9So, ,604: in Hungary at 1884,
000, 900, while in 1890 it was 165, ,345 900;
Italy's yield i'm 1891 is set down as 123,-
276, $3.50. against 26,61O,746 in 1890; IN
Germany the crop of 1899 measured up
to 81 ,S99. $40 bushels, while that of 1891
is estimated at 75,s19,S72; and in the
United Kingdom the falling off is the diff
ference between 7S.306.016 bushels, the
crop of 1890, and $4,000, 900, the esti-
mated yield of 1891. In these figures
are 10 be found the reasons for the re-
markable manner in which the crop of
this country has been absorbed.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

me along with the other kernels. 1t was
the gentlcst treatment l received On the
whole journey and it saved one Of my
cortications.
Il fell through an iron grating into an
iron box under the ground floor of the
elevator and dark as a pocket. The box
will hold the contents OF several ears.
The elevator is 1GO feet high, and We
We're carried up to the top floor on n
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

bucket bolts running from the ground
floor of the building to the top, and
learned upon inquiry that each one of
these belts will raise 5000 bushels of
grain In an hour. On the west side of
the elevator, toward the river, are nine
teen legs by which canal boats are load
ed, and a marine leg, which is kept in
the north wing of the building. for un-
loading canal boats when 1t is necessary
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

of the hopper it may be sent into any
one of the twenty bins at will This is
done by putting the mouth of the leg
into any one Of the many shafts all
arranged in circle like the letters of a
typewriter about a circular space Some
of the shafts were marked s. H. mean
ing that it would lead to shipping bin
No. 4. Another was marked "A. X. c.
receiving bin 6, in another part of the
building, and the grain from the hopper
could be sent by this simple process into
almost any one Of them. The wheat
kernel also came upon nineteen endless
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

There are t:ve scales with a capacity
for weighing about 7h.0oo bushels of
grain each. And from each of the legs
on the cast side 400 bushels Of grain
E'ay he poured intoa car i'll five minutes.
lts flow is regulated by a gate and it
can be swung back AMI forth so as to
fill the ear evenly. Between 100 ,No0
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

rot mind being shovclcd into the bottom
Of IL ear. with sou bushels on top of me,
but when we got to Buffalo we were un-
tremendously pitched ont Of the car
'.oor hy couple of men with steam
shovel. and we fell hcadlong into big
iron box at the tottom of an elevator.
Big buckets on an endless belt picked us
up, and before we knew it We had been
taken up about sixteen stories, l should
think, to the top floor of the elevator,
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28

weighed and busted and started on our
way down again through an iron pipe.
We lay for a few days in a huge bin.
with about 1000 bushels Of corn. and
then Il gate was opened and down we
went into cars and canalboats through a
long iron pipe, called a leg by the men
in charge of it.
"The lower. open end Of the leg was
EnOvcd about on the car back and
forth, while millions of kernels of corn
thot through it until the ear was packed
full. Boards were put up by the door as
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
Tch lLu,rni IN

this ship and it was not long before we
were on board. But we had to go
aboard another boat first-an elevator
boat. And it was the seventh time
was transshipped since l left old
Browns farm.
AT last tugboat with an elevator
built right on it reaching way up higher
than the side of ship came along and
began to wedge it's way in between us
and the cean vessel. 1t had an air Of
business and hustle and there was a
corresponding hustle on the steamship
when it arrived. Soon after was swept
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1892-01-28
The Worlds Wheat Crop.

4 firm Of New York brokers have is
sued a revised estimate of the world S
wheat crop for 1891. The Department Cf
Agriculture has praised this estimate
and termed it the most trustworthy that
has been given the public. The yields
for the last eleven years, rs stated in
this publication, follow:
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1892-12-08

From the Baltimore Sunday Herald.
WILLIAM WRIT.

Though William Writ, for three
administrations Attorney General
of the United States, was not al
ways a member of the Baltimore
bar, he was q native of the State
and practiced here for many years.
He was born near Bladensburg in
1775, and while a young man re-
moved to Richmond, where at the
direction of Thomas jefferson, who
was then President, he prosecuted
Aaron Burr on the charge of trea-
son. While living in Virginia he
served in the legislature, wrote the
"Letters of British Spy" and a
life of Patrick Henry, and IN 1917,
while but AZ years old, was made
Attorney-Ge under Monroe.
When he retired from this position
he returned to the State of his
birth, and until his death practiced
in the Baltimore courts. he was
prominent member of that galaxy
Of brainy men who made the Bal
timore bar famous in the first quar-
ter of the present century.
LUTHER MARIIS.
Luther Martin was one of the
greatest lawyers Of his day. He
was one OF the most striking and
picturesque characters the countr,
has ever produced. He seems To
hsSs Sssn 9 nam Of great iuesllecs