davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12
The los" Dividend.

Boston, Nov. 1.-THE Chicago, Bur-
| lington q Quincy directors today lie
clared the regular quarterly dividend of
II per cent, payable December 10.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12

Neither Thinks OF Paying Bills.
RAMS Horn
With man more money means NOR G
to eat; with woman, more to wear.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12
BANK CLEARIAGS.
Northwestern Cities Show a De-
crease From 1891.

New YORK, Nov. 1.-THE following
table. compiled by Bradstreets. gives
the clearing house returns for the week
ended Nov. 10, 1892, and the percentage
of increase or decrease, as COMPARED
with the corresponding week last year;
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12
Open High. Low Clos
ing. est. est. ing.

Cash quotations were as follows: Flour
a little ste0oier, dealers asking small adj
vance. Wheat-No. 2 spring, 7ls8@11l2c; No
spring f. O. b., 6l@73c; No. 2 red, 1850
7lIac Corn-No. 9, 4 lac. Oats-No. 2, 3lA
uDollsc; No. white, 34L2c; No. white, 33l2
@3Ic. Rye-No. 2, 5Ol2c. Barley-No ., 63
q &c: No. J. f. O. b., 40@65c: No 4, f. o. b..
@53c. Flaxseed-No. !, S1.10 Timothy
Seed-Prme, S1.S4. Mess Pork-Per Dbl
Sl2112 12ls. LGrd-Per 100 lbs, 50 2509.30
Short Ribs-Sides Qoose), S7.500755. Dry
sailed shoulders (boxed). 81 1907 .25. Short
clear sides (boxedJ. SS0S.O5. Whisky--Dis-
tillers' finished goods. per gal, Sl.15. Sugars
Cut loaf, 5l2@5a4c; graduated, SIC; stand
ard''A." 5lsc. Corn-No 3. ALAG. Receipts
Flour. 1000 Dbls: wheat, 30l, go bu corn,
2i2OO0 blu; oats, 237 900 bu; rye. $1,000 bu;
barley, $4,000 bu. Shipments-Flour, 1900
bbls; wheat, l65, 900 Du: corn 104, coo bu; oats,
I47, 900 bu; rye. 5000 bu: barley, IS, 900 blu.
On the produce exchange today the butter
market was firm: creamery, 2C03C12c; dairy,
l7136c. Eggs firm; 2:@?3c.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12
Government and State Bonds.
Government bonds quiet State bonds dull.


SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 1.-THE official clos
ing quotations for mining stocks today were
as follows:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-11-12
Petroleum.

NEW YORK. Nov 1.-THE Petroleum market
opened featureless and was dull throughout
the daY. Pennsylvania Oil-December option
sales, 5000 bbls ut 5ls4I15l15C. Lima OIL sales
none; lie bid. Total sales, 5000 bbls
PIrTsBURG. Pa. Nov 1l-Natlonal TT ansit
Certificates opened at 5l7sc, closed at 52ci
highest, SIC; lowest, 517sc.
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

she. begging On her knees Ia be spared.
her duty
1t was easily done. ts only took
the Judge fifteen minutes 70 decide that
Florence was entitled 20 n divorce. II
ever woman was | was out of town
and did not return for a month. When
| did she was gone-as the wife Of
John Enrol
Il suppose she thinks I kept my part
Of the contract How could /. with
committed haunting his every hour? I
found work. but drank in secret. hop
is< ;As. ! coa!A drown the demons that
prosecuted me-for a little while, for [
looked for news OF Errors death every
day.
Finally. I could stand il no longer.
I had waited nearly six months I
wrote - Ftoreucr-wrote the most
pitifuL loving. sorruxful letter man
ever wrote u oma I asked her 10
desert. or even XII. ErroI. and come
back to me. II she cared To save M
life At the end I told her how I was
prusPering AMI how I was making n
man of n1ysclf-alI a lie. And I de-
ludsd myself INTO believing that this
woman Of women would dzShonor her
self a second time for n Seoundrel ike
nc
1t was hard. waiting for my an
swer. but il came At last a month AZ.
Since then have becn-as you found
me.
He handed me ss he spoke a woru.
ragged letter, saying Read the Last
two pages They viii tell you
The pages read.
The physicians szv BE- sd i've
That there wzs . hiuader IN sappuslnx han Gun
sEnPuve Ant even e thiS srr~ rot -
could never return - yog-for I have learned
"a know and ~ love better than al the worbl
TIE faithful true man who = nov rv husband
Before Inn, wa were TIE ouiy man I esrr znrE
well
4 IN g.ad 20 know that yos arr prosperous
and becuminr the nan yoa can be. May Cod
bless your Efforts Believe ne zlxzys your
frter1 FLORENCE EzaoL
turned To CorliSs He was living on
the bed with his eyes closed. and did
not open them when I handed him the
letter. he took it eagerly and thrust il
into his bosom. eiasping his hands
tightly ~ the spot
~Fl leave you alone awhile. old
Il Sleep viii do you good said.
Thanks VIII Good-by,- he an
suTered. still with his eyes closed
When returned. n few hours later.
he had not changed his position There
was the smile of a nrw-found peace on
the pale, worn face. bus the hands stall
elasped the letter over the puIseIess
heart
And thus we buried him
Z L kErcHUM
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

In his chair. almost now . corpse. q
terrible thought came into my mind
He was worth half a million at least, a.
I well knew; he had only a short time
10 live, IL | could only
"A man who has fallen 50 low as To
live on the proceeds Of his wife's hard
work viii stop at nothing. That night
I told Florence Of the ungOdly plot |
had prepared knew -"
But here Corliss broke down and
cried like a child-no. rather like .
man whose grief Is a. great Is vas his
sin Then he went on with an effort:
Il can't tell even you OF that terrible
scene. IL you have eve cen a true,
loving woman asked 10 dishonor her
self. 10 lend herself. for loves sake. 10
hideous crime. you can imagine a part.
perhaps. of FloreEce's agony that
night asked her. yes. for the sake
II our dead child. for the sake OF the
love she bore me. to divorce herself
from me and marry this ali but dead
man for his money. In return I prom
ised to become again the man I oEcs
had bcen-the husband she had known
a. frst-everything she asked AMI
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

faced cousumptive chap sat on the
porch | wen in and started to abuse
Florence, but she had right on her side.
and I relapsed into the suIks.
After that remained more at home,
but lid nothing I could get no work
IN town-no one would trust me.
Il drank and gamblsd with the
money Florence worked 50 hard TO
earn-for she had n number of hoard
erS uow-althouyh she rave il % ne
voluntarily. what she could spare
One day I got to thinking how use-
less ! was-how Gifereat il might have
e with Us I sat IN the yard and
happened 70 look towards the house as
Florence came TO the door. Enrol. the
eonsumptive. sat on the porch. as
usual Florence spoke q him. and as
he turned his eyes TO her face, I saw
something which made ne start. Poor
Enrol was in love with Florence,
Then I remembered a number of
other circumstances had not paid anv
attention TO before, and I was con
vineed Of the truth of my surmise. The
poor devil had been told that he could
not live over two months longer in De
Leon bat II he would 90 10 Colorado
Springs he might live six or eight-ard
ret he had announced his intention of
staying At DeLeor.
As ] looked Al poor ETT0llyiag back
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

While crossing the Public garden a
few days a-o Boston gentleman came
upon 4 very little boy VINO was Justify
crying I'm lost. I'm lost
What Is your nansy asked the gen.
tlem1n-
Harry B. Brown hlubbersd the
bov.
This common nane scarcely afforded
a eIew To the ehild-s identity; 50 this
wouId-be reseuer pursued his inquiries
further
~ hat Is the name Of The street you
live in2-
i don't know. was the answer.
Then. thinking that if he could as
certain the fathers business he might
be able TO locate him. the gentleman
asked
What does your father do
Previous experience in getting lost"
evidently flashed across the ehiId-s
mind. for with a sudden access of sobs
he replied.
"He whips me-
A policeman took the little truant IN
eharge--Youth's Companion
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15
ST. LOUIS EN- FETE-
The Exposition Opened-Addi'
tional Attractions Announced
Gilmore. Band and frs Special Coaeeres
Extraordinary Success Of the stress
UiunInntions and Electro
Pyrotechnta Display.

ST. LorIs. Sept THE exposition
opened this evening in the presence OF
an enormous crowd, and its Ninth an
nuaI season was inaugurated IN q moss
opportune and successful manner IL
will continue open until October s2d.
and four times daily Gilmore's magnlf-
icent band Of one hundred pieces will
give its concerts The band is even
stronger than expected. and b pro
grzmme includes an immense number
OF new and irresistible Attractive tunes
Special nights are reserved for Irish.
Scotch. German and American music,
while two days will be devoted to
quadro-centennial exercises On DC
tober Ist the Travellers Protective as
ISOLATION will take charge of the build
ing and one of the largest parades OF
travelling men ever seen will take place.
The Examinations continue to prove .
glorious success and a never-failing
source of entertainment to the crovds
which throug the streets every evening.
An illustration is given Of the mammoth
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15
TWO BUDS.

o bud Epcn ire apple tree.
Waiting the ~sprinxtira@ : ----t release.
shan gentle sinds and CENTER showers
Come HEhuY thruazh the vernal hour.
And let thee bloom In peaeri
And when thy swafdling sazes have burst.
and thy fair cheek shah greet the sun.
shall beauty come. with eulors rare.
And paint soft virgin bushes there.
Ere spring 5 brief day b run
Then. Ezxing 70 tAy fruit At Last.
WIZ tnou BE sweet and fair % face
A. r"ses. mid a smiling Lad.
Or marble. meath the fastening hard.
Win more than eeantT > grace
Or snau thy cheek. IL tarrozet. mock
The prophecy e sanzer days
And when the fseund harvest song
shall make Te D~un All along
Ths astor-studf-d Ways
shalt tnou. uas~.miy. get r-proacn
The stint % nature . care for thee
or. dying fail 70 kindred molL
Which winter merry shall enfolL
o bud aPon the apple tr-e3
o eahe upcn thy mothers knee.
Who gaze<t ~tta thy ~aadrou- eyes
Tel me. What Is he world 20 thee
y TAT lA4y WONDERS lost trrl ~ee
To I'll thee with surprissf
Are the bright waves nat lance with Slss
Uuder the sualghts golden ray
A Path 81 diamonds 20 the west
10 human foot has sver passed
tnvtung thee away
Shalt thou have had thy Little fay
While al the worid vas fair - tnce.
Ant El.or11o's raiaho1S ret
ASairst Thy happy Eyes we're ses
Across n Jasper seAf
oErEs eyes, o att.s f-etf
How much. how uttle shsII - know
az golden nOrniaFsL turned % gray
Thr-Gga What dark rzz-s shall - stray
AlAs. l fear nc so
o. as he pregnant years befau-
MAJ al tastr cycles gently move.
s-t peaceful -zi~s thy noruinTs bring.
And al tay bells Of evening rirx
III AEx-lls II love
IN mercy sfnt. in love eurz ,iet-
o fstefuI future Wit tsou -
Alls ny hart mfSRfves ne -.
Here at th- gates o. veal and wu~f
Alas thy fate I may not know
. bud upon the apple tree
O babe apon thy mothers knee
Samuel HSyt n YeGth's Corplrlon
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

you're not satisfied. they'll refund the
money! Why not do the same when
yoa buy medicine?
Dr. Pieree's Golden Medical Discovery
h sold On that plan It's the only BLOOD
purirer 80 certain and effective that II
can be guaranteed 10 benefit or cure. In
every case. or you have your money
back.
ITS not like the ordinary spring nedL
or SarsapariilaS All the year round.
Il cleanses. builds IN. and fnyiporates n.
system II you're bilious rundown ar
d~yspeptic, or have any blood-eaint noth-
ing can equal il as a remedy.
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15
william Bl.iks< on walking.

After al, walking. when properly
engaged in. IS of great benefit 70 al
those who lead sedentary lives. and
should be practieed every day in tbs
year in order TO keep the system IN
good order and full working condition
IL young men and women would stop
for 4 momeut. east their eyes around
them and behold how many people
there are who are simply weakening
their constitution By degrees from the
lack OF knowing how. when and where
70 walk. it would not be n great while
before every man, womsn and child
would resolve 20 make an effort TO walk
Alright and gain in q great measure
that buoyancy. freshness and vix0r
which one 20 al who erdeavor 10
take Up their burden anew and walk in
the right way--Yourz Meas Era
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

Syrup"

Justice OF the Peace, George VII
kinson, OF Lowville, Murray Co.,
Mimi, makes a deposition concern
ing a severe cold. Listen to it. In
the Spring of 1855, through ex-
posture I contracted a very severe
cold that settled on my lungs. This
was accompanied by excessive night
sweats. One bottle of Boschee's
German Syrup broke up the cold,
night sweats, and all and left me
in a good. healthy condition. lean
give German Syrup my mostearnest
conmendation." O
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

globe at the corner of Broadway and
Olive street No picture can convey an
adequate idea of the extraordinary ma
ture of this attraction The globe re-
wolves on its axis. and Is studied with
upward of 5000 electric lights and
globes. these marking out the outlines
Of the continents and oceans with geo
graphical accuracy and n dazzling
splenaar which must be seen to be ap-
preciated-
All the railroads running to St Louis.
and their name Is legion. are making
exceptionally low rates to the city, and
the opportunity to visit a great metro
politan center and to enjoy a magnif-
cent carnival Is one that it would be
foolish 10 ignore
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

M N. ulauts used In manufacturing tne
nleasant remedy. Syrup Of Figs, has
permanentiy beneficial effect On the human
system. while the cheap vegetable extracts
and mineral solutions. usually soio 1s 1so 1-
r;na4 are peruanentiy injurious Being
weIl-iuformed, you viii use the true remedy
only. Manufactured By the California Zig
syrup Co.
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

Young-old men. thin, nervcus peevtsh,
CRANKY creatures are daily met with They
sooaid take HOstetfers Stomach Bitterx
and strengthen their puny frames, fre~hea
up their taded appeiite>. ~trznquiilire their
tremRlou= nerves We i've tho fast that's
the fact. and impair vitality early The
best tonic Is the Bittsrs. which may be re
led UPON "a cure dyspepsia liver and
kidney disorders and rheumatism
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

Tranp0Please- lady. kin / have q
st on your lawn2 I feel Il a-eomin'.-
Lady-"CO around back and have it n
my daughters new teams eourts -
needs rolling indianapolis Nsw&
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

-Nard--Do you suppose that all the
10 see real. sEreenough meng" May
No indeed. most Of the time it's only
spirits chicago Inter Ocean
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

z A Room, Toledo. Ohio. says: Halls
CaEa-rh Cure cured my wife OF cararrh
fifteen years ago and sue has had no retnru
Aft lis a sur cure" sold oy DrvsE1sts,
II
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

PKoFrn Are Killed by Coughs that Haies
Hone an Hor~nound and Tar would cura
Pixies Toothache Drops Cure In one minute
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

USzeCALKD AZ an advertising meaium-
the woman Who says. II gnti Ia gass
run ovsr - tell you--Tcxas Sifring<
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

MAMA (severeIy1-~Johnny, what made
you steal that eakefr J~odnny-My appe-
tits.u
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

DO
when you buy
shoes or cloth
Ing Don't
you 70 to the
place Of o
can md i'll
where theytn
you that You
may wear the
articles out,
and then II
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

FAM QUESTTOS-"Are you going % Chi
cago next summer
Oxford eagle. (Oxford, Lafayette Co., Miss.) 1876-current, 1892-09-15

o bud rpcn thr apple tree.
Waiting the sFriagtira> .vr-t release.
shall gentle winds and CENTER showers
Come HshrY thruazn the rernal hours
And let thee bloum IN peaerq
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
Castoria.

"Castoria is an excellent medicine for chill
dren. Mothers have repeatedly told NE OF its
good effect upon their children"
DR. G.. c. Oseoop,
Lowell, Mass.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30

The Centaur Company, Il Murray Street, New York City.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
What is

Castoria is DR.. Samuel Pitchers prescription for Infants
and Children. 1t contains neither Opium. Morphine nor
other Narcotic substance. 1t is q harmless substitute
for ParcGoric, Drops, Soothing Syrups, and Castor Oil.
It is Pleasant. Its guarantee is thirty years use by
Millions of Mothers. Castoria destroys Worms and allays
feverishness. CastOria prevents vomiting Sour Curd,
cures Diarrhoea and Wind Collie. Castoria relieves
teething troubles, cures constipation and fatulcncy.
Castoria assimilates the food, regulates the stomach
and bowels, giving healthy and natural sleep. Cas-.
toria is the Children's Panacca-the Mothers Friend.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
CAPITAL o $15O,OOO.OO.

Durham. " :. HALLIBURTON, Sec,
Durham. J. :. LIPSCOMB, Gen. Man'r,
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
Chartered under the Laws Of the State of North

Office up stairs, Mangum building.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
Is. Life
Worth Living7

That depends upon the
Liver. If the Liver is
inactive the whole sys-
tenn is out of order-the
breath is bad, digestion
poor, head dull or aching,
energy and hopefulness
gone, the spirit is de-
pressed, a heavy weight
exists after eating, with
general dependency and
the blues. The Liver IS
the housekeeper Of the
health; and Il harmless,
simple remedy that acts
like Nature, does not
constipatc afterwards Or
require constant taking,
does not interfere with
business or pleasure dur
ing its use, makes Sim
mons Liver Regulator a
medical perfection.
l have tested lis yrtucs personally, and
know that for dyspepsia. BiliOusnes5 and
Head .cll. il is thr best medi-
cine the W~OIi3c,ts -t7- Have tr1el forty
other IeTD.iU- ta IpT. SiW mons ave
t. ! II. VI l2,.h -,Eo mo-.
than tenn e~Hl" .... t,. a.. .-,'glI4air'
not only gcl-,.-2 .~ ,....-.
O. "a .s.Nt.- Macon Ca
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30

B. l.. DUKE, President,
LEO D. HEARTT, Treasurer.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
Castoria

"Castoria is so well adapted TO children that
Irecommend it as superior { oany prescription
known TO me-"
II. A. ARcHER, II. D.,
III So. Oxford ST., Brooklyn, n. Y.
"Our physicians in the childrens depart
ment have spoken highly OF their expert
ence in their outside practice with CaStoria,
and although we only have among orr
medical supplies what is known as regular
products, yet we are free to confess that the
merits OF Castoria has won US TO look with
favor upon it,"
UNITED HOSPITAL AND D~IsPESsARY,
Boston, Mass.
AuKN G. SMITH, Pres,
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
University Of North Carolina !

instruction is offered in four general courses
of study. six brief courses, a large nunhsr OF
special courses. and in law, medicine and en-
gineering. The faculty includes twenty teach
ers. SCHOLARSHIPS and loan funds are available
for needy young men of talent and character
The next session begins September l. FOR
catalogue with full information. address
PRESIDENT WINSTON,
Chapel Hin n. {,
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30

"Castoria is the best remedy for children OF
which 1 am acquainted. hope the day is not
far distan when mothers will consider the real
interest of their children, and use Castoria in
stead Of the various quack nostrums which are
destroying their loved ones, by forcing opium,
morphine, soothing syrup and other hurttul
agents down their Threats, thereby sending
them to premature graves"
On. J. F. KINCaELoE,
Conway, Ark.
The Durham daily globe. (Durham, N.C.) 1889-1894, 1892-11-30
Some Foolish People.

Allow a cough to run until it gets beyond
the reach Of medicine. They often say,
ooh, it will wear away" but in most cases
it wears them away. Could they be in
duced to try the successful medicine
called Kemp's Balsam, which is sold on a
positive guarantee to cure, they would i'm
mediately see the excellent effect after
taking the first dose. Price soc and s 90.
Trial size free. AT all druggists
Reason? Beecham's Pills act like
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-12-22
THAT TRANSFER ORDINANCE.
1t Still Causes Trouble in South
east MinueaDoIis and Elsewhere.

1t Still Causes Trouble in South
east Minneapolis and Elsewhere.
The residents of Southeast Minneapolis
took another turn at The transfer ordinance
last night in mass meeting They don't like
the amendment to the ordinance presented
last Friday night and to be voted on
tomorrow night any better than they
did the original ordinance They
don't like to give their interurban trans
fers for the promised local line cars to
RIM every fifteen minutes. They think they
would be like residents at way station on a
trunk railway line. They will, they think. if
the amendment be adopted. be compelled to
stand in the cold waiting for a car on the
local line while the limited express trains on
the Interurban go skimming past by twOs
and threes. The street railway is schen-
ing 70 get their extra nickels. they say. They
resolved TO take action along the line mapped
out at the joint meeting Tuesday night, of
the commissioners representing Southeast
MINNEAPOLIS, the Eighth ward and the trades
| and labor assembly.
The plan of can paign is this: The adop-
ton of the amendment tomorrow night will
| be prevented, II possible. That failing, pres
| sure will be brought TO bear OH Mayer Win
| ston in the interest of veto. The original
! ordinance is deemed more vulnrable than the
amendment. The amendment is character
| lied as an attempt Oil the part of the alder
men TO cover up their tracks revealed in the
| original ordinance.
| The plan of campaign mapped out by the
| joint committee Tuesday evening, aud prac-
! ideally indorsed by the Southeast Minneapo-
lis people last evening, contempIates carry
ing this transfer ordinance into the courts.
! Petitions against the ordinance will be Cir
| culated, and every slgner will be asked TO
contribute 10 cents toward Il fund TO light
J the matter to the end. Those committeeman
who have been looking the matter up assert
that business men stand ready to contribute
round sums to the cause.