davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning call., 1892-12-28
PLACING THE BONDS.
Negotiations Going Forward With a
Syndicate of CAPITALISTS.

NEW YORK; Dec. 27 - Vice President
Houston of the Pacific Mail says the fight
of the Panama Railroad with the Pacific
Mail in opposition to American interests
will, as much as anything else, be the
means of building the Nicaragua canal. He
says he is now in full sympathy with the
work Of building this canal. 1t is an
nounced officially the president of the
Nicaragua Canal Construction Company
IS carrying On negotiations with q syndi-
cate of bankers. looking to placing a large
amount of the bonds of the company.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
HEADLONG DOWNSTAIRS.
The Frightful Fall of a Woman at
NaIIeiO

VALLEJO. Dee. 27.-While going down a
flight of stairs in her residence day or so
ago, Mrs. NJ. 6. Perry received a frightful
fall. The heel of enc Of her shoes caught
in the stair carpet and she was thrown head
long to the hallway floor. Her right arm
was badly broken. The bones protruded
through the flesh and three fingers of her
left hand were also broken. She was also
injured about the head and back Medical
assistance was summoned, and. although
suffering intense pain, the injured lady re-
fused anesthetcs of all kinds and showed
great nerve while her injuries were dressed.
She was resting easily at last accounts.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Bonds for Public improvements

MODESTO, Dec. 2S.-The Board of Trus-
tees opened the bids for the municipal bonds
to-day. Five bids were fled. The board
accepted that of Hays & Sons. bond-buyers
of Cleveland. New York and Boston, who
offered SlO1 on SS5.000 of bonds. The
bonds are for city water works aud sewer
age system.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
CHAMPION HEARD FROM.
The Kissing CIoverdaIe Wine Man ir
London

SANTA Rosa. Dec. 27.-The whereabouts
Of John Champion, the Cloverdale wine
man, who mysterously disappeared from
home November 26. has been ascertained.
Frank Nervo, who mad been in his employ
many years at his Cloverdale farm and
whom Champion owes nearly S3O00 re-
ceiyed a telegram from him to-day from
London, saying he had just reached there
and would settle up his accounts at once
When Champion left here he owed debts
amounting TO nearly SIS, coo. Many be-
leved he had committed suicide. while
Others thought he was crazy or had been
murdered
The morning call., 1892-12-28
SAN ANTONIO.
The Name of the Proposed New
Southern Country.

POMONA, Dec. 27.-The executive CON-
mittee appointed on December 10 to move
for new county, to comprise the western
part of San Bernardino ard the eastern
part of Los Angeles, has been in session
here nearly all day. Fifteen committeeman
from all precincts but one were present
The committee is unit for county with
the name of San Antonio Slight changes
in the east and west boundaries from those
of the bill of two years ago are favored.
Pomona is favored for the county seat for
four years. when the county seat will be
permanently located by the vote of the
people.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
To. PROTECT WITNESSES.
Senator CuIlom at Work on Amend
mentS to the Interstate Law.

: WASHINGTON, Dec. Ex-senator Cullom
is hard at work on the bills amendatory to
the interstate commerce laws that have
been introduced in the Senate atthis session.
These bills will be. reported to the Sem
ate at the earliest practical day." said
Cullen. The measures proposed are Of
great Importance. The general law is to be
amended SO as to protect witnesses in order
that they may be compelled to testify"
The morning call., 1892-12-28
RIockade on the IIu;ou Pacific

SPOKANE. Wash, Dec. 27.-A washout on
the Union Pacific near Rapiara, has block
aded the road between this city and Pendle-
ton. On the other roads trains are running.
although several hours late. The weather
is warm and tie snov is fast disappearing.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
An English Court Scandal.

There has been considerable scandal re-
Gently at the English court in connection
with the apartments which the Queen places
at the disposal Of impoverished members of
the aTistocracy at several Of the palaces
which are not inhabited by herself. such as.
for instance, Kensngton palace and Hamp-
ton Court palace. The Queen has discov-
cred to her horror that those recipients of
The morning call., 1892-12-28

down decision giving title to 100 acres of
land, valued at 81, 100000. to w. II. Fife. A.
c. Smith and others and ousting 100 squat
ter families, who have been living on the
land from two to six years. The land is
situated only mile and half from the
business center of Tacoma,
The morning call., 1892-12-28
VOTE OF THE STATE.
Official Returns by Secretary
Waite.
One Republican Elector and Eight
Democratic-Three Republican Con-
gressmen and Four Democratic.
Special TO The MORNING CALL.

SACRAMENTO, Dec. 27.-The statement Of
the vote of the recent general election
was officially declared to-day by Secretary
Of State Waite. The vote shows some Pc
culiarities.
Here for instance, are the votes cast for
the Republican and Democratic candidates
for Presidential electors:
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Alameda,

The annual election Of the officers of the
Alameda Bicycle and Athletic Club will
take place next Tuesday evening at the
clubrooms, Cycle Park
The evangelical churches of this CITY
will unite in the observance of a week OF
prayer. commencing next Monday evening,
at the West End Methodist Episcopal
Church
The morning call., 1892-12-28
BROKE HIS NECK.
Fatal Fall of a aLine-Repairer Near Port
Townsend,

;.PoRT. TOWNSEND. Dec. 27- Charles
Eames-. Of ST. Paul. Minnesota, line
repairer of the. Government telegraph line
betwees Port Angeles and Cape Flattery,
whiler repairing wire last Wednesday be-
came stiff from the cold and fell forty feet,
breaking his neck. His body was found
Saturday, frozen stiff; and W as shipped east
to his family
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Streetcar Plant Burned.

MILWAUKEE. Wis. Dec. 27.-The street.
car barns ana electric plant of the Willard
line were totally destroyed by fire this morn
ing. shortly before o'clock. The loss is
100000 Many horses and cars were
hur nad
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Death Came Suddenly,

Mrs. Rebecca C. Hucks of 1144 Market
street dropped dead at 9:20 O'Clock last
night in her husbands bookstore, 4oS O'Far-
reii street. 1t is believed that she was al.
will hold an inquest over the remain )
to-day.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
tn. .ra c

Are represented with perfectly developed forms
beauty and health combined No dec ayed- -toorhed
man or woman can be healthy, because digestion
must be imperfect Csc SoZoDoNT, get heaIthg
teeth. GOOD digestion and a sound body. Revive
tho three traces.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Motican's Commander at Victoria

= VICTORIA b. c., Dec. 27.-Commander
Johnson of the United States steamer Mo-
hican, with Lieutenant Harnson, arrived
here to give evidence in the case of the
Oscar and Hattie, seized at Alu where she
went for water before entering Bering
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Indiana Courthouse Burned.

MUNCIE. Ind. Dec. 27.-At A. NJ. a FIRE
broke out in the Delaware County court
house and the building, valued at $500, 600,
was ruined. The origin of the FIRE was in a
courtroom.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Loves Test.

Rich merchant Ito his daughter)-I saw.
Emma. think that young man who calls On
you so much really means business.
Emma-Nbat makes you think so?
MISUNDERSTANDING, except he called n,
the commercial agency last week to find ont
how much 1 was really worth.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Remembered His College.

HANOVER, n. a., Dec. 27.-Dartmouth Col
lege has just received bequest of 100000
from the late Ralph Butterfield. Md, Of
Kansas City, Mo.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
ILL AND DESPONDENT.
Suicide of Young Farmer. of So
nOma.

SANTA Rosa. Dec. 27,-Albert Sharp, a
young farmer living near the petrlhed for
est ON Mark West Greek. committed suicide
yesterday by shooting himself with revoI-
ver. He had been seriously Ill for some
time. and. despairing of ever recovering,
put bullet through his brain during a fit
Of despondeney. He was &c years old.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
No Evidence to Hold.

LODI. Dec. 27.-Petro Navo, who stabbed
Louis Garbaldi here last week. had an ex-
animation here to-day and was turned leose
for lack.of evidence
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Toledo in Darkness.

TOLEDO, Dec. 27.-There is no change in
the electric linemen's strike aud no lights
are burning tonight
The morning call., 1892-12-28

HARD CoUsH distresses the patient. and racks
both Lungs and Throat. DR.. ID, Jayne's Expector.
ant Is the remedy wanted TO cure your Cough. ana
relieve both the Pulmonary aud Bronchial orgaus.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
Big Tacoma Land Suit Decided.

TACOMA. Wash, Dec. % In the Supe-
rior Court to-day Judge Campbell handed
The morning call., 1892-12-28

-oC-4Oo pieces 42-inCh English Mellor
OON Chevots in the newest CoIorngs, all
wool, worth 75c yard.
The morning call., 1892-12-28

-oc-IOo pieces 4O=inCh French Arfnures
OON choice Weaves and all new shades
former price ST. yard
The morning call., 1892-12-28

o-IC-2Oo pieces 36=inch Scotch ChevOtss
= /2N all wool, mixed, striped and checked
effects, worth 6oC yard.
The morning call., 1892-12-28

interior receive prompt and
careful attention
Goods delivered San Rafael
Mill Valley Oakland Alameda and Berkeley.
The morning call., 1892-12-28

sAnPLEs SENT FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.
The morning call., 1892-12-28
WONDERFUL
BARGAINS!
THE BEST VALUES
EVER OFFERED IN
SAN FRANCISCO
NOTE THE PRICES:

@oc-Ioo pieces 36-inch Tweed Suitings
wv exceptional value, worth sic a yard.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20

the intrinsic or theoretical value Mt present
market rates Of thousands Of millions of
dollars. lie exposed to the gaze OF the
tourist. days journey from DaEEe't.
CAL. lies Copper City. q deserted camp
built over a great vein OF copper. On the side
OF Pilot Butte. not far away. lies another cop
rer mine with dump OF beautiful ore in plain
view from the trail to Death Valley In the
Amargosa mines. southeast OF Death Valley.
1.-The veins are narrow. but rich in gold" ac-
cordng to the report OF the California state
Mining Bureau. Scores OF mines OF gold and
silver and one OF antimony have been located
in tho Death Wiley region. Up at Columbus.
New. one flnds another mining region. where
thousands OF tons OF ore. carrying millions OF
dollars worth Of precious metals lie under the
eye of the traveller while the marsh there
the ancient bed of dried UP lake-is white with
bo;ax soda. and salt At Teels marsh. n few
miles uwnv. the story is repeated. An aban-
doned village called Teels on ono sde was
once alive with workers who refined the boraN
from the marsh. Directly opposite this Is the
abandoned village of Marietta. once wild
silver mining camp of which THE Sun has told
n bloody story. Borax and salt and soda
still Wilton the marsh: while the vast
store OF precious metals In the green noun
tain back of Marietta has scarce been
touched Dumps OF silver ore cover the
mountain. under tho shadow OF which the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20
THE TRAIL OF THE MESA.

Inst. Tho mud over which these bridges Of
sand are hu'it hae been PENETRATED !. = nehtn
ANYTHING but mud aud it Is a very SOIL hluu
ut hat.
which they dessrihc all kinds Of work incident
to mining which does not shoot down nnu
han! out tho ore they ar" after. Ihey eau IL
the place of shipment Of or" or to u m,'t is
dead work. and usually hard enough to 'n'lhe
tns Gsr GrH 1aa amer h r'I"n ' "c
required 10y law on his Holy Moses mine ut
Iresde, COL he went 10 wo,1 to nu'd ar T'n ~
s MtGw ten Sfe niles To to W"r aES wneI SAD
where the railroad then terminated. Sim,-
moth aud Bachelor Mountains. These roads
are lyrical IN a Way M m nuEan ut s ,ne
toni was n mass OF hr0Ecn rock, that lay Tor
tn. most part ilrMly in place. ana yet no ono
could tell from IN" appearance, "nc t,o, WIS
loOsenjng OF n single piece wOuil not or Woulu
start II thousand others thGnGerihG down 70
the gulf below, The angle OF thS IN n 1nnia ~,
MI Wh w mah i ardws"r TH tie
away. \ irw rods to the right and then
few rods ngc.i aud down t" TN ltm rn ,.,G
to and fro. with u space ut "hch turn lltlie
wider than the path-deertr into the niolntain
side to enable !. horse /" turn around wlth"ut
tumh!n:: from the trail. and in pla 'cs to E vo
room ior Two horses t" PASS, 1t was 81 ;teep
and so narrow and tho loo ing was IN places
=" uncertain. thar q trnIriloos : hatT iai..y
-
time. and vet II was n better tran than others
t. he ',uml gbout tho ctinr and II was y iran
over which hundreds Of tons % valuable orc
was carried on the backs nj :TrnS and mules.
One trpi on Mammoth Mluih'n Hyeilo2ks u
r,IIrudirular pr"rIIira :nI' fee l.''i ana mo
tran til,s t"wai,tthc rrrcirtr' st m,rii maj An
unshod mule cou 4 not catty n loI'! oSe' 1t
he would surely slid" of.
The trail FROM the Amethyst mine was also
prrcipt"us. but until last June s"ieral ear
load, OF ore were carried down II every week
on ,!,c backs oil turros. f"mi the Amethyst
cr,aJ. on the uniun.s hut from Tho Holy
MnScs the orc cain. 10 th"orcek on the mi:
m H.. and Was then transferred t. vehicles OF
snu. l. nd. DurinE the winter sleghs were
usrd I lr lcn::t.. ut the sleigh road whs about
a nil" anI u hai'. II followed ihn wlndings Of
thu orr.k. trail lnh' w'de, enough
nnuutain's foot lrior" III. snow came. and
when The snow irll thrt.Gms went OVERT empty
an broke through the dliits. The turns were
sharp and num-ruGe. ana The g:ade IN places
like that Of toto;sna slide DobsIecs ASe
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20

improved the price fell to 81. and there It re-
manned; Any less VA! liable mines than those
OF Creede could not have stood the drain Of
freight charges. for the Denver and Rio GrnRae
wasa poorly built and poury.cluipped narrow,
gauge line that had need to charge high
freight rates to the mills ut Denver In order to
One of the most interesting camps for the
tourist to visit is cripple Creek. Colorado un-
der the shadow OF Pixies Peak. The route
Railroad. by tho way Of Colorado Springs to
Hayden Divide. little mountain station. less
than days Journey distant; The journey by
Springs. Is among the most picturesque in the
world. From Hayden Divide the traveller
continues his Journey 10 an old fashioned six
horse coach. The road is for miles notch or
crease cut in the mountain side. 1t is as
smooth and hard as q dirt road can be N ade
and to go flying over it behind six gslloning
those es peciaiy interested In roads. tho road
is a picture in itself for. it shows that 4 good
rond is he cheapest roud. And yet 1t is only n
Girt ROAD. malH with plough and sscrarsr It
The first road to Cripple Creek was an old
cowboy trai! from Florissant. but when the
an increasing throng there. Canon, City and
Florence, and Colorado Springs and Hayden
Divide all made scramble torn rnrt Of the
ing trail eighteen miles long to tho camp. and
the rest as much or more. Tho other places,
except Colorado Springs. beat the Hayden
wagons started. The beauties Of each route
weTo literally advertised. Not until last
May WAS the Hayden Divide route orened.
route was Dave Wood OF Canon City. son OF
the late Sam Wood OF Moodsdale. Stevens
county. Kansas. fame. Dave is one OF the
but he could not make money on a poor, road
to Canon City in competition with good road
to Hayden Divide. and within n month he has
transferred his entire passenger and freight
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20
BRIDGING THE MUD WITH LAND.

outfit to the one good! road that leads t. tho
other roads have lost their money, r2r az thpse
Divide PEOPLE will lust about get their monoy
nask nt not mnc Ian "r T1fnn M sM
reach tho camp and the wagon roads will lll
be done for. 1t Is interesting to note that the
lowest rate Of toll on this routo--thatfor u man
The charge for hauling ore from .Crirple
Crock. seventeen miles. to Hayden Divide Is
from 80 TO s.. rer ton. according to the loca-
lion Of the mine. Tho rate was much higher
last winter: but at present prices the team.
but for tho condition Of the ronds in and about
the camp. Tho most common spectacle in
Crirrlo Crock Is a load Of gold ore stuck IN the
those caused y, springs Of water: have never Z:
item. leave them for the county or town au-
iholiies. and the authorities don't have to-,
In all rrnstca mntters til" M%rmons are o the
matters thcy srcm to be superior Their rrl-
G.u,in& works are wonderful! hut in the matter
nt thr worst roads in tho mountain region is
tint from Market Like. Idaho To- the Mormoa
Inrk I The a,.S n"sIs ]
miles the road loads over beds o. laW! rock \
sinsls ton IL counted y GOOD loaf ''T '6S
cents per hundred pounds. Tho lava rock is
easily hlnsted and easily broken win ,,a I'M
pe G' ON the roate Wo"d tnrnf
over which II t.am could haul four toni more
"nSily than they can now drag sing" lpil;
Tho region IL Of the hest for grain IN ms ana
il is Lcing rapidly brought untrr ~" l."HEH'
The Mo"mons have put over sltDuVo in',l itl,
eating ditches hut they let the road lie as
some ancient volcano nader
One OF tho most rennrkahic sections of the
United States remarkable in ,nrieiy 10, %,
ways. hut perhaps in mono more :" nan ln 10
ronhs-is the mountain region o. h",,' IN IN
The west part of West Virginia Is li"c H. i'"m
ever Here Ia Il section containing S'ho'h . ~
sands Of square miles of fam. IN WIFI. . 'H mf
mountain brook and streams, Jhr' arr F ,,ui'
which at best can hs used Only ~ 'a,h unnh
mails md which Tor macy weeks o. ttr,'rh
IN winter and spri.= are n MaHT, in hat
country who never SAW even hHc nI"n,I,u ~.
lot alone earring ur u farm waG"n, In ne
land o. icn"rnir'c AMI l"alIN lrHds' NJ iens'
civiIi2cd IN tho ltri'rh 'Hirs. II y li",,Ihle
many ur ,Ilr nr'l"yr Il j. crr'aih lhhl WE w"
nighte condition - t"s" n'"H "n.,s Of 1s
d"uht H. tbs natter w"nla =" whoIlN frm wsNeh
I'M f,r RI % condition Of the r'ld@ lttod ny syn
III M iu.ir.s- men a. the min owners ot the
NHc,,v Wn,Irairs aud others VINO are almost
equally interested in wagon 'fAA-porlnti"h'
SNNN''' ions Il. SPEARS.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20
NE Held UP 1HE Sage COICX,
And a Man WHO Did so II Elr Il Avenue
the Other hay Wa. All RI.h:.


There seemed to be In the mind OF n mnn
who crsssed Fifth avenue the other day at
Fortieth street no doubt rs to whether the
man driving or the man nfoot has the right Of
way: for. when public coach driven RAPIDLY
almost ran ovor him. he did not grab the hand
somely dressed women who was with him and
rush preriri.atey back to the sidewalk
whence he had coma. hut no made
one jump for the head of tho off horse
caught it, and brought the whole outfit M all
standing. The driver wrapped his whirash
around the body Of the man at the horses
heads. but tho man didn't seem to mind il ut
all. he Just held on unit tho woman had rros sad
safely over. ana thrn lac passed around in II ont
Of the horses and down along-i lie the near
horse and hated by the near front wheel. Tho
driver WAS standing Low, and from the man
ner in which he hai thrown hack his Ian robe
one might have thought that he intended To
lnmp on the man and push him down through
the street pavement.
The man hy the wheel was calm. aud he said
nothing. but he ap' eai ell to he vCry much in
earnest, aud his general appearance indicated
~ indeed, his, previous performance Ind no,
nireiliy proved III that he was quite well alta
,otakeearc Of himself. The driyerd idn'l Jump:
lie east down upon the man u look Of intense
scorn. wranping about himself meanwhile his
lap robe. Then he SAT- down again. gathered
w the reias and drove on.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20

reins. and at the word the horses tngGcd and
pulled at their load Slowly 1t ground its way
across the ore scattered on the snow under
the, bins. and was followed by halt
a dozen others until tho clear snow was
reached. Once moro tho ader tight
ened his rein. and after Glancing over
his shoulder TO see where the next team was,
touched ito horses with his whlr With quick
ening pace they rounded tho first turn. A
moment lator thcy began TO trot, and then.
pitching down tho steep incli mo that led to tho
second turn; they broke into n wild gallon.
while, the driver whooped AMI yelled and
netod them with bits OF ore. With .yells aud
whoops HE other teams followed. A misstep
meant disaster and possibly death. but the
toams never slowed their pace til q short up
grade near tho station was reached There ONO
moro they assumed the funera pace. The
stcaminE horses dragged the slcds ovor graf
Ing pieces of scattered ore to the car doors.
where tho weary work Of shovelling 1t from
tho slels began. Tho DAYS work OF ono Of
those teamsters was typical of life In n mining
camp lhcro were brief periods OF tho widest
excitement but they were preceded and fol-
lowed by tho hare est and most depressing toll.
When tho Creole mines first began shipping
ore the owners paid as high as, $40 ton for
transporting he stuff between thrco and four
miles down tile u ountnin. As tho truils wore
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20

= Hood OF wateg. would. he relsasea there e
run down Into the dry lake and obllterate. all
the trails with tho sediment the water carried.
:. But II the cloudbursts. heip, the route across
mountain peaks. The, mine, camp ronds
among the. mountains invariably follow the
ch1ons and water courses. The water from q
cloudburst comes down in the shape Of flood.
with front wall that is anywhere from one
foot to forty feet high. The grayelly he'd OF
the canon is ripped and torn. Boulders y
dozen feet In diameter are rolled aud hurled
about. while huge masses OF rock and earth
are srlit from the cation walls at every turn.
Ia the morning the big team brings down a
trail is impossible for n desert blackboard
The mine owner must turn out I'LL hands and
make his road nnev.
The owners OF tho big quartz mill at Daggettt
solved tho problem OF rCadmakinR by build
Ing tramway IRON their mine to the mill II
was a somewhat expensive rond to build. but
once In place the expense OF transporting the
ore fell from dollars per ton TO 20 cents. The
saving paid for the road tho first year.
There Is one point in the road to the bornte
mine. the crest of the trail. where the grade IL
remarkable even Tor n mine camp rond. The
train carrying the material as THE SUN has
tod. Is. with its twenty .mulcs and two huge
wagons. nearly 15U feet long. AS tho train gets
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1892-11-20

THE MOUNTAIN S1DE DOWN WHICH
WORKED
dead camp .. Candslaria. Nevada. lies. Silver
Peak. in the Red MOUNTAINS OF Nevada. Is well
nigh solid mass Of silver ore Creole and
Cripple Greek. in Colorado. booming as they
are with their shipments OF silver and gold
orc, can show hundreds OF tons OF other ores
lying valueess on the dumps Tor every car
load that is shipped. In short. throughout the
whole mining region OF the grene West the
valuable products 81 the earth that are util-
lied arc but n small percentage OF those
known to exist there.
One finds novel sensation when he s,a2es
for tha first time on II mass Ot ore that contains
a million dollars in precious metals knowing
the while that one element, only is lacking N
the system by which that MT al should ba prof
itably sent to market-the element oi adequate
transportation facilities. Next In interest to
the study OF the Inhabitants OF mining camp
is the study OF its mines. and next 70 that is
study OF minecamp roads Asa mi after 81 Tact.
no ono can visit I ho mining region without
making some study Of roads there.
or all that may be seen during II journey
through the mining region. few u any would
10 found more interesting than these on tho
MoIave Desert. For instance. there is the road
leaiing from DaGgett. on the AT iautic and Pa
ciilc abroad. 10 the mines in tine Calico
Mountains. Dacgrtt lies on II desert mesa-an
upland al broFen and powdered volcanic rock;
No better natural roa!bod could 10 found
than such " broad eXparsc OF fine rock.
The hrond.tired wagons used by the desert
teamsters roll over the trails. leaving n