davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening capital journal. (Salem, Or.) 1888-1893, 1892-03-02

Above trains stop only al following sta
tions north of Roseburg, East Portland
Oregon City, WoJdburn, salem, Albany
Tangent, Shedds, Halsey, Harrisburg
junction City, Irving and Eugene.
RosEBURG MALL DAILY,
The record-union., 1892-09-02
RUBBISH FIRES.
They Are Not Permissible After the
Noon Hour.

They Are Not Permissible After the
Noon Hour.
Yesterday afternoon VIM. Eberhardt
was arrested by Chief Rodgers on a
charge of burning rubbish after II o'clock
NJ. He claims that the rubbish was
thrown into the yard alongside his store
in the Masonic building, and that he
was not aware of there being any ordi-
nance prohibiting the burning of rub
bish at any hour of the day or night.
He says that bonfires burn all over
town without regard to hours, and naiv-
ely inquired why the city does not have
its ordinances published. Eberhardt
also alleges that Chief Rodgers used un-
necessary violence in arresting him,
and that he did not know who the Chief
was, as he wore no uniform nor star.
The newspapers have repeatedly
warned people against burning rubbish
after II o'clock in the day, but there is
not much heed paid to the ordinance.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
THE CHITTRNDEN TRACT.

Fine Land to be Sold at Auction To-
morrow.
The Chittenden tract of 726 acres of
splendid land, nine miles north of Sacra-
mento and adjoining the Rancho del
Paso, will be sold at auction in subdi-
visions of 40, so and 100 acres, tomorrow,
the Sd inst.
The tract is but three miles from Ante
lope Station on the railroad. 1t is dotted
with oak trees, showing that the soil
is rich and is well watered. The terms
of the sale are: One-quarter cash, the
balance to remain five years at per
cent.
Free lunch will be served on the
ground for all who attend the sale, which
will commence at II o'clock noon.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
SOCIAL AND PERSONAL

H. f. Dillman has gone to San Fran
cisco.
Mrs. F. Cody has returned from Duns-
muir.
Miss Laura Weinrich is visiting in San
Francisco.
Miss Lulu Kirn has returned from her
visit to San Francisco.
Mrs. j. ID. Yost and Miss Yost are at
present located in Paris.
Lawyer $. X. Thornton was up from
San Francisco yesterday.
Hon. j. M. Fulweiler returned to his
home in Auburn yesterday.
Mrs. J. E. Terry and Mrs. H. G. Chip
man are visiting at Pacific Grove.
Miss Edna Lewis mas returned from
her visit to Santa Cruz and Monterey.
A. f. Smith, prominent citizen OF
Anderson, Shasta County, is in the city.
Miss Lue H. Turner has returned from
a four-weeks' visit at San Francisco and
Oakland.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Maley have re-
turned from an extended visit in San
Francisco.
Mrs. P. Bryding has returned to the
city after an absence of two months and
is now residing at 9l0 Eleventh street.
Mrs. Frank P. Pike and daughter, Mil
dred, have gone to Santa Cruz, SEQUEL
and Camp Capitola, to visit relatives and
friends.
Miss Ida V. Miller is visiting her sis
ter, Mrs. Fred We'll, who is temporarily
stopping in San Francisco. Miss Miller
will visit several other places before re-
turning.
A large number of Pioneers, headed
by their new President, j. ". Stephen
son, and other friends of III. NJ. LaRue.
were at the depot last night to see that
gentleman off for Chicago, where he goes
to assume his duties as Chief of the
Bureau Of Viticulture for the Worlds
Fair.
Edwin Price and Miss Nora Buckley
were joined in marriage yesterday at the
residence of the brides parents in this
city. The officiating clergyman was Rev.
Father Grace. The happy couple de-
parted on the afternoon train for San
Francisco, bearing with them the good
wishes of a large circle of friends
The record-union., 1892-09-02
i. Evening Session

In the evening Supervisor Ellert was
called upon for various information in
regard to the action of the San Francisco
Supervisors as to reductions made by
them as a Board of Equalization. He
said that in some cases they had acceded
to applications for reductions of the as
sessments on property destroyed by fire
and covered by insurance.
This the State Board showed they had
no right to do. Mr.. Morehouse informed
them that in striking Off property from
the assessment roll the action was illegal
and unjust to other counties.
From this point on MesSrs. Morehouse
Beamer and Hebron made things ex-
ceedingly warm for the San Francisco
officials, and general uneasiness was
manifest. Case after case where reduc-
tions had been made by the local board
came up, and in most of them no expla-
nation was volunteered. There was a
long list of reductions in lots in the West
ern Addition and other tracts.
The assessment rolls had been mark ed
in many places with a rubber STAMP.
This stamp printed 1892; alterations bv
Board of Supervisors on account of cler-
ical error" and MIR. Morehouse wanted
an explanation. He said he did not know
the board had this power. No other
board in the State had done it.
Mr.. Briggs, the Deputy Assessor, ex-
planned that the stamp was procured to
facilitate the work, but the explanation
was evidently not satisfactory to the
questioners.
Mr.. Ellert said he thought the San
Francisco board had the right to make
reductions, and when reputable citizens
made sworn statements he thought the
board bound to recognize them.
Mr.. Beamer said he noticed these
clerical errors" amounted to about 80
corrections = thirty cases in the
Western Addition alone-and made re-
duction OF about 40 per cent. in values
there.
Mr.. Briggs assented to this. but claimed
it was properly done on a showing they
could not avoid. n these corrections
matters seemed to be considerably mixed.
| and no clear explanation was given.
A peculiar case came up in regard to
Will & Finck's assessment that no one
could fix up in any satisfactory way. 1t
appeared that this firm was assessed for
900 on March lst. In April their stock
was damaged by fire, and when they ap-
piled for insurance they swore their
| stock was worth S227, ,657 IL, and that at
the time they carried an insurance OF
Sl65, 900. of which they collected SIS,
When the local board found all this out
they increased Will q Finck's assessment
to S50, 600.
| Mr.. Morehouse asked, blandly, if Mr..
Ellert thought this would stand a reduc-
| ton of so per cent.
| Everybody smiled, and Mr.. Ellert
wanted to change the subject, still claim
| ing that the local board had some rights
and could do certain things.
| Mr.. Morehouse thought there We're
some queer features about things down
there.
| Reductions had been made on Horner's
! Addition property to the tune of 1925 600.
and after citing few little things like
this the board wanted to know if the San
Franciscans had evidence to show against
the claim of the Board of Equalization
that San Francisco property was not
properly assessed.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
RESCUED FROM MISERY.
Mrs. Adams Children Sent to I'll
Orphan Asylum.

Mrs. Adams Children Sent to the
Orphan Asylum.
Frequent reference has been made to
the deplorable condition ofthe children of
Mrs. Adams, the unfortunate woman who
had so long resided in the alley between
L. NJ, Fifth and Sixth streets, and whose
passion for liquor has kept herself and
little ones in misery.
Recently the woman was compelled to
remove from the neighborhood, and took
up her quarters in the alley between Sew
enth and Eighth, G and II streets, which
has a reputation for toughness that is
about on par of that enjoyed by Boiler
Alley"
On Wednesday Mrs. Adams was found
in her normal condition and arrested.
An Indian woman, who lives in the same
house, took charge of her four children,
including an infant, until yesterday after
noon, when Chief of Police Rodgers took
all but the infant to the Protestant Orphan
Asylum. The infant was taken charge
of by Mrs. DR.. Clayton, who had found
for it home.
The mother will probably be sent to
the County Jail for several months,
which will give her an opportunity to
Straighten up.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
Berlin Cough Cure.

For coughs and colds and all lung and
throat affections this article has superior
merit. 1t is perfectly harmless, gives i'm
mediate relief and cures the worst cases
in from two to three days. Indorsed by
our best physicians. Try bottle and
you will always keep it. Price, 80 cents
bottle.
c. G. Liniment, the best remedy for
aches and pains.
Compound Sulphur Powder, the most
perfect laxative and cathartic known.
Gives instant relief in cases of constipa-
ton, indigestion, piles, billiousness, liver
troubles, rheumatism, gravel, ETC., ETC.
A great blood purifier and pleasant to the
taste. The W. II. Bone Company, San
Francisco, sole proprietors. Kirk, Geary
d Co., SACRAMENTO. sole agents.
The record-union., 1892-09-02

DIR. E. G. VESTS NERVE AND BRAIN
TREATMENT, specific for Hysteria. DiZzt-
ness, Fits, Neuralgia, Headache, Nervous
Prostration caused by alcohol or tobacco.
Wakefulness, Mental Depression, Softening OF
Premature old Age, Barrenness, Loss OF Power
In either sex, Impotency, Leucorrhoea and all
Female Weaknesses, Involuntary Losses,
brains Selfabuse, Over-indulgence. A months
treatment, 81; tor SO, by mail. We guar
antee six boxes to cure. Each order for six
boxes with So viii send written guarantee to
refund IL not cured. Guarantees issued onIy
py CLARK q WEIHE, DRUGGISTS Sole
Agents. Gao Post Street. San Francisco. Cal
The record-union., 1892-09-02
Afternoon Session.

In the afternoon the board had Tartar
to deal with-none other than Thomas
cisco Real Estate Circular since 1865.
Mr.. Magee knew all about San Francisco
property, where it was most desirable or
valuable, how and where the sunbeams
struck any particular corner lot, and all
about ii.
He was given a front seat, and the
other representatives sat back in conf
dent expectation and silent assurance,
and let Mr.. Magee proceed to knock the
statistical senses out of the State board.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
asnynl 8ukt.te s1ptunrr.
Office Of Chemist
of
Iowa State Board of T Health.
DRAKE UNIVERSITY,
Des Moines, Iowa, March 4, 1902 !

have analyzed all the principal brands of
baking powders sold in this State The results
show that the Royal has the highest leavening
power OF any powder examined, and is composed
of pure and wholesome ingredients, of a character
perfectly proper for use. Baking tests with it
gave biscuit very light, white sweet and whole
some. No other powder gave results SO salts
factory.
FLOYD DAVIS, E. NJ, NJ. Sc, PHI D.
Rgf: Of Chemistry DRAKE Jn0eysity, logoa Co1<ee Of
Physicians and .Sn,geou Dean Of IoOa College lhar-
aay, Chemist qf loua STATE Boay5 Qt Health,
The record-union., 1892-09-02
W. l. KAVANAUGH, Undertaken

No. 513 St., bet. Fifth and Sixth,
A LWAYS ON HAND A LARGE ASSORT-
"A ment of Metallic and Wooden Casketa
Burial Cases, Cofhns and Shrouds furnished
Coffin orders will receive prompt attention on
short notice and at the lowest rates Ern-
balming q speciality. Office open day and
night. Telephone No. 3O5.
The record-union., 1892-09-02

NNANTED A LADY OF BUSINESS
w tact TO associate herself with business
nousei permanent position. Call between 3
ana z. NJ, room 7, PUSTOFFICk BIJfI1- ,
GI-
The record-union., 1892-09-02
Inat-Gn1trtn.

T OST-WEDNESDAY NIGHT. AUGUST
II 31st red morocco pocket-book Return
TO 6l0 ], and be rewarded. s2-5t*
T OST-S5 REWARD-A CANARY BIRD.
j Return to CITY HOTEL, X street, and re-
ceive reward. au31-3t8 4
The record-union., 1892-09-02

\MANTED-ALL YOUNG LADIES AND
~ gentlemen interested in the study of
snoTInand, please communicate with MISS
-Sld.LlE Z. BURNS, ''BurnsVilIe" Sacra-
nenJO L. o., Cal. au3l-6t$
The record-union., 1892-09-02

WANTED BY 4 FIRST-CLASS lap
w anese cook OF many years experience a
SITUATION as cook in private family. Address
u. h, this office s13t.
The record-union., 1892-09-02

M MTANTED-COTTAGES TO RENT. OWN
w ers, please list your property with US
ana secure good tenants. JAMES h. MILLS
3O1 street.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
attnrtsepa-nt-5nrt.

NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
A. L. HART,
A TTORNEY-AT-LAW.- OFFICE SOUTH
n west corner Fifth and streets, Rooms
12, 13 and IA, Sutter building.
CHAUNCEY H. DUNN. s. soLoN HoLL.
H0LL s. DUNN,
r AwYERS.-OFFICES, e2O FIFTH ST.,
IL Sacramento. Telephone No. Ia.
WIN. M. SIMS. PHILIP s. DRIVER,
DRIVER & SIMS,
r AWYERS - 42o j STREET, SACRA.
- mento. NotAries Public.
WILLIAM a. GETT, JR.,
A TTORNEY-AT-LAW, SUFFER- BUILD
n ing, southwest corner of Fifth and J.
Telephone No $50.
ISAAC JOSEPH.
A TToRNEY-AT-LAW, sal K STREET,
Ia Sacramento. Notary Public
]. W. HUGHES,
A kTTORNEY-AT-LAW, 42o STREET,
n Sacramento; rooms 1, g, and 6. Notary
Public.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
DC Grt or Rent.

ITO LET-FQUR NICE ROOMS FRONTING
i ON Capitol Park; rent including water,
Sl4 per month Apply 1O16 n street. s2-tf
ITO LET-NICELY-FURNISH ROOMS
i at the CLARENDON HOUSE, 62I :
street. s2-2w
1~OO n STREET = FLAT OF FIVE
i 1iUU large rooms all modern improve
ments; newly painted and papered; rent,
S16: use OF barn If desired. s1-3t*
ITO LET-A GOOD HOUSE OF 9 ROOMS;
i rent, $50. Apply at 1913 G street. a3O-5t*
ITO RENT-THREE NICE FRONT AND
i side rooms furnished for housekeeping
1928, corner Second and p streets au3O-6t*
Y10O STREET-TO LET-FIRST FLAT
/ IlO of five rooms with all modern improve
ments. Apply 10 o street. au29-6t*
ITO LET "A MODERN COTTAGE. IN
/ quire at 1924 street. au27-lW*
EOR RENT-FOR a TERM OF YEARS,
u 5000 acres of pasture; will rent all to one
party or divide it to suit; all fenced and i'm
proved. Inquire OF w. S. COTHRIN, Goth
rims Station, FL Dorado County.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
zlttnErfulser#.
|. FRANK CLARK.

UNDERTAKING PARLORS,
IOI7-1O19 Fourth St., Sacramento.
TSMBALMING A SPECIALITY. GEORGE
IL n CLARK, Funeral Director and County
Coroner. Telephone No. 134.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
muttten.

A STEADY, YOUNG, MARRIED MAN.
"A not afraid OF work, desires situation in
8 ocery or other business or take care OF fruit
IaAcn. Address w. D., 545 Mission street.
'CSIlI HIdAClScO
The record-union., 1892-09-02

WANTED BY A FIRST-CLASS COL
lily or Il hotel. Call at 1921 Fourth street sI2t#
The record-union., 1892-09-02

WANTED = PERSONS LOOKING FOR
w help of any kind, or sober and industri-
Gus men seeking employment can be satisfied
by calling or addressing the Intelligence"
1O17 Second street, Sacramento. CHARLES
II. M1LLER, proprietor. ap4-6m
WANTED = MEN FOR FARMS. VINE
w yards; dairies and all kinds of labor
women and girls tor cooking and general
houseWorz; plenty of work for desirable heIp.
Apply at EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, Fourth
street, x and L.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
HARRY N. BOWMAN.

O1O ELEVENTH STREET, NJ. L. WISES
JlO old stand. Practical Carriage Painter
Work and prices guaranteed to suit custom.
ers. Give me call.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
5nr 4uIr.

NOR SALE CHEAP-SALOON AND FIX
L lures. Apply to $50 L street, southwest
corner. au3O-2W*
The record-union., 1892-09-02
- Mail Orders Carefully Executed Samples and Prices Free Application O.
Bmst$ss&s GaeGa.
4 NATHAN

O0k K STREET, ADJOINING WESTERN
HUO Hotel, Sacramento, dealer in Cigars
Tobacco and Notions. Every purchaser az
the celebrated Lillian Russell Cigar will ha
presented with handsome souyenir ~
The record-union., 1892-09-02
9ettttatrB.
{. z. TERRETs

C. II. STEPHENSON,
DENTIST, CORNER SEW sswzsxA,A,
IL enth and streets, Sacra-e F4s *
mento. IfTaTEYTs5
The record-union., 1892-09-02

Il. =. ROOT. ALEX. NELSON, j. pRIsCoL.
ROOT, NELSON & CO.,
HNION FOUNDRY-IRON AND BRASS
~ Founders and Machinists, Front street
between n and o. Castings and Machinery
OF every description made to order.
The record-union., 1892-09-02
A. LOTHHAMMER.
JOHN ]. BUCKLEY.

OF RECORDS, GIL STREET
y Sacramento.
The record-union., 1892-09-02

GTAND AND OFFICE AT CENTRAL
y House, $50 K street. Telephone No. 329.
Rates of hire, 25 cents per mile; 81 per hour.
Orders promptly attended to at all hours Of
the day or night. S. w. BUTLER, Proprie-
tor,
The record-union., 1892-09-02

ITO LET-NICEL LY-FURNISHED ROOMS
i at the CLARENDON HOUSE, 62I J
street. s2-2w
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1892-05-21
CLASPED HANDS.
Senator Voorhees, Opens the Men,
phis Bridge With an Address.
twenty Thousand People Witness the
Cercmonies-A Parade of Three Hum
dred Wheelmen and Pageant of
Illuminated Floats ut Night.

MEMPHIS. Tenn, May Il. 13.-Tennessee
is no longer separated from Arkansas
by 300 yards of turbid, swft-rolling
| MOOD. The two states have clasped
hands over the muddy chasm in the
persons of their governors, who met in
the center of the great bridge for the
purpose in the presence of 10000 peo.
pie. The two executives were each
mounted on gaily decorated locomo.
motive, and left their own territory for
the neutral point in the middle of the
great structure precisely at noon
The famous observation of the gov.
ernor of North Carolina to the governor
of South Carolina was not repeated ON
this occasion, as Gov. Eagle, of Arkan.
sas, is a teetoltaler
The multitude welcomed the two gov.
ernors back to the Tennessee shore with
vociferous cheers, the swarm of river
craft footed their whistles, and the
Concord, dressed in her Sunday clothes,
fired national salute, which was re.
piled to by artillery on shore. Many
distinguished guests were present,
Senator Voorhees,, the orator of the
day, was introduced by G. c. Matthews,
editor of the Appeal-Avalanchs. The
"Tall Sycamore" was received with tire.
mendous cheering, and was frequently
interrupted with applause during the
delivery of his address, in which he
dwelt upon the wisdom of jefferson in
acquiring the Louisiana territory, the
growth of the south, its hopes and kin.
dred topics,
Thursday night there was parade OF
wheelmCn, with 800 riders in line, md a
pageant of illuminated floats, repre-.
senting different epochs in the history
of the city.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1892-05-21
ASSASSINATION.
Man, Wife and Child shot From Ambush
Two of Four Men In the Assailing Party
Killed,

Man, wife and Child shot From Ambush
Two of Four Men In the Assailing Party
Killed.
Big STONE GAP, Va, May 17.-Ncws
reached here late Monday afternoon,
from Pound Gap. a small place about
twenty-five milA northwest of here,
near the Kentucky line, of the terrible
murder OF five persons, committed from
ambush. Three men, one woman, and
one child were the victim of this awful
crime. viz: Ira Mullins, wife and child,
Wilson Mullins and John Chapel Moore.
Ira Mullins and family were riding
along, when, without any warning
whatever, they were fired upon by a
party from behind large rock. Two
other men were with Mullins when
fred upon. but they escaped, and have
not been seen since about an hour after
the sad affair. None OF the dead lived
to tell their tale.
This is very mysterious nffair, as no
one RNows the cause of the shooting.
Mrs. Mullins had about $1,000. which
was taken from her, but it is thought
this was done only to conceal the real
motive of the crime. Ira Mullins was
considered dangerous man, and had
several enemies who, it is thought by
some, killed him, because they were
afraid of him, and had to kill the rest of
thu family 20 aansss1 tha n~;.--s. nH
GERS are on the trail of the murdcrers.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1892-05-21
JUDGE LYNCH
Deals Out Justice 10 Two Negroes In West
Nirginia-Red Sr nth Caught and strung
Un-HIs Inrinnr ehuI In neuih

-s"in o"' ~ WV NtsFDtS III NNNI
Nirginia-Red rlith Caught and strung
Up-IIis Partner shot to Death.
NAUGATUcK, w. Va, May l4.--Caught
tried, condemned and executed by
Judge Lynch, is the fitting finale of the
tragedy committed OH Laurel Creek,
near Mr.. Serpell's railroad camp, by
Red Smith Saturday night last, when
he killed Lester Fields to get posses,
sion of his revolver. Deputy Sheriff
Meade started on Smiths trail soon
after the murder was committed, and
caught him fifteen miles below Dun.
low, on the N. e. W. II. r., together
with Henry James. The sheriff ar.
rived at the camp with his prisoners
Friday morning about 8 o'clock, where
he was quickly surrounded by mob OF
angry blacks, who took the prisoner
Red Smith away from him and escorted
him to the spot where he murdered the
boy Fields, they placed him on an ole
gray mule, quickly adjusted the rope to
limb near by and around his neck, tied
n red cotton handkerchief over his face.
TheJ asked him what he had to say, and
his lasC words were: Six the rope to
suit yourself" The mule was whipped
up, and Smith was jerlsed into eternity.
There were 200 or 800 men, all blacks,
except few white spectators, who did
the lynching, There was no noise. Ev.
erything was done quickly and quietly.
'rbnD pnctipr I'm tba }o11o,y;,,,r ,,n+;,o
the mob dispersed "No one allowed to
take this body down before 3 o'clock p.
IN. BY THE PARTY.
When the sheriff brought the prison.
ers into camp, a Negro asked them what
made them kill Fields, and Smith said:
'1f have killed anybody don't know
anything about it. James spoke up
and said:
Now, Red, what do you say that for,
when you know you shot Lester in the
neck; then shot him in the head and
threw the body over the road"
Smith made no confession, and was
as indifferent as though it was some one
else who was going to be hung. James
tells the following story:
When Lester, Red and himself started
from the lower camp for the upper one,
James did not know there was any
trouble between Lester and Red.
After they had got out of sight and
hearing of camp, Lester was walking
ahead and Smith just behind him.
Smith had double-barrcled shotgun.
He put the gun against Lester's neck
and fred. Lester ran a few yards and
fell. Smith then ran up to him quick.
ly, and, putting the gun against his
head, fired the other barrel. Picking
the body up he threw ii over the road
bank.
James then started to run, and Smith
pulled the pistol out of Fields holster,
and pointing at James, commanded him
to stop, and compelled him to go with
him, guarding him all the time they
were together. James was afraid to tell,
fearing Smith would kill him. James
was turned loose.
The next day James boasted that the
Negroes could not lynch him. lie
scarcely uttered the words before fifty
bullets riddled his body. None of the
lynchers have been arrested.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1892-05-21
MRS. DRAYTON CUT OFF
william Astor Bequeaths His Disgraced
Daughter Not u Penny,

william Astor Bequcaths His Disgraced
Daughter Not n Penny.
New YORK, May 13.-Mrs. J. Coleman
Drayton, who figured in the Borrowe.
Drayton scandal, has been diSinherited
by her father, William Astor, who was
buried here Thursday. Not a cent of his
vast fortune is bequeathed to her The
will is expected to be offered for pro-
bate in a day or two. The value of the
estate is estimated at $50, 900, 900 to $50.
900, 900. Mrs. Caroline Webster Astor,
the widow OF Wm. Astor, receives, in
addition to the annuity settled on her t
marriage, the Fifth avenue and New.
port houses and their furniture for life,
with an annuity OF $50, 900. From his in.
dividual estate Wm. Astor gives nearly
81, 800, 600 in trust funds to be divided
among his three grandchildren, bearing
the family name of Van Allen. His
daughters, Mrs. Roosevelt and Mrs.
Wilson, each receive trust estates for
life of $S50,0OO, with the use of houses
in Fifth avenue. A trust fund of $780,
600 is divided among the four children
of Mrs. j. Coleman Drayton. About
100000 is given to charitable institu.
tions or to private individuals.