davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
THE ELDER ON DECK.

1t was unkind i'll New York to charge
Col. Elliott F. Shepard $4,000 for the
privilege of going To Minneapolis as
delegate A fellow ought to have an
awful lot OF fun for that amount OF
money.-Detroit News.
If Col. Shepard is paying out money
to secure political preferment, ne is cor
rupting politics and doing the communi-
ty as much harm as Editor Godkin, the
6riber Of the police. What is the edi-
torial fraternity coming to?-New York
Advertiser.
When the procession starts for Min
neapolis you will see your Uncle Elliott
f. Shepard occupying the proud posi-
ton of the naughty and full-breasted
drum major And that is what will
make the procession imposing and pow
. erful when it reaches Minneapolis
New I ork Advertiser.
Col. Shepard's latest utterance has
reused New York His paper says: "a
groom in dress suit OH the box next
the coacnmaIl, a London style, now OBJ
tainS here" This is the sort of thing
which really comes home to the heart of
New Workers, which nils some with
derisi0n, others with anguish Milwau-
kec Sentinel.
If Col. Elliott F. Shepard succeeds
WhiteIaw Reid as minister to France.
he will have to print two scriptnral
texts at the head of the editorial column
OF his New York paper every day. in
stead of one. Paris has an awful risky
climate for man who spends most OF
his time trying to see how good he can
be without actually going to heaven
Detroit News.
Col. Elliott F. Shepard tells us that
he never reads Democratic newspapers.
That accounts for his dense ignorance
of current affairs, as well as for his
binder egotism in supposing that he
reflects real Republican sentiment in
his newspaper. If he would inform
himself by reading the papers of his
political opponents. he would be better
fitted to guide his OWL party. A wise
general first aseertains what his enemy
wants him to do, and then does the op-
posite. York Metropolis.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

THE BLAINE boom Is political eX-
plosive that is being handled with Il
good deal of care just at present. The
B. HARRISON touters are afraid it will
go off at almost any unexpected mo-
ment. TO them the bomb of the anarch-
list has less terrors. At the Minneapolis
convention they will be in imminent
danger. Idaho comes alphabetically
Just a little bit before Illinois and In
diana, and Idaho has instructed for
JAMES &. BLAINE. Have not the HAIR
RIsoN cohorts good reason to fear the
effect of this Endorsement of the mag
netic man% La other words, what Will
they do should the BLAINE boom go OIL
unexpectedly at this inopportune mo-
ment?
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

has fallen off, and Mr.. TOMBSTONE, OF
the Pioneer Press. reigns in his stead.
The king is dead, long live the king.
1t is reported that Col. WRIGHT. having
accomplished thus much. has left town
until the storm of popular Indignation
shall blow over. But there was no rea-
son for his flight. Mr.. TOMBSTONE Is
capable and courteous gentleman. and
his promotion will be well received by
the community. He has had wide eX-
perlenee in a good many lines of indus
try, and he has acquitted himself sails
factorily III them all. The GLOBE con-
graduates our new mayor and the pub
lie on the character of this first reior IN
appointment
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
A WEAK CONTEST.

The Republicans in Michigan will
evidently expend their efforts to little
purpose in contesting the constitution
atty of the law passed by the Demo-
cratic legislature for choosing presiden-
tial electors by congressional districts.
They may have faith in the determining
court only possible to partisans. But
the constitution of the United States
leaves the whole matter to the states,
and the earlier practice was often by
districts. The only point for even a
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
TODAY;S WEATHER.

WASHINGTON, May Q. - For Wisconsin
Showers; northeast winds For Minnesota
and the DakotaS: showers; north 10 north
east winds. For Iowa and Nebraska: Show
ers. followed Tuesday afternoon by fair III
Nebraska: winds becoming north For Mon
tara: Showers; southeast winds
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
United STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULT-
IRE. WEATHER BUREAU. WASHINGTON May
o SIS o. m. Local Time, S p N. 18th Merid-
ian Time.-Observations taken at the same
moment of time at all stations.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

legal bubble is in the division of the
state into two districts for the two mem
6ers representing the senators. A de-
feat OF the law might require the legls-
lature to meet and choose the electors.
As it is Democratic, this would hardly
improve the situation for the Repub-
licanS
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
The Roorback Worked.

Minneapolis Journal.
Nothing is said in st. Paul about pun
ishing the perpetrators of the election
outrages in that city. And it is likely
nothing will be done. The Pioneer
Press printed the names of several
hundred fraudulentIy registered voters.
but since the election nothing has been
done to bring the perpetrators or the
fraud to justice. OF course. in such
town as ST. Paul nothing will be done
The way to start reform Is to bring
these criminals of election day to
iuSfipe
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

THE st. Louis Globe-Democrat prom
ises 10000 majority for B. HARRISON
from Minnesota. Thus again is Illus
trated the fact that the farther away
one lives from this state the more gro
tesque ideas he acquires of our political
situation.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

WHILE the Omaha conference was
kicking at the president for signing the
Chinese bill before reading their hot
protest. 1t should be remembered that he
is Presbyterian. not Methodist, and
the Pacific coast fellows had their eye
on him.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

SAYS the Chicago Inter Ocean: "Re-
publicans should hold club over the
head of every trust" Nonsense. If
they did that they would soon be slug
ging BILL MCKINLEY, the godfather of
all trusts.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

AFARMER in Indiana last week kissed
a neighbours wife III the presence of her
husband, and the latter at once flied
him with lead. Iti queer how little
things annoy some people.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
John A. Kemp Jailed.

DEs MONIES, To-, May 9.-John A.
Kemp was arrested at Carroll, To-. to-
day by Detective d. &. McNang hton, of
Seattle, WASH. where Kemp is wanted
Oil charge of embeZZling between
$1,000 and 5000 from the Fireinan'S In
suranee company. Kemp disappeared
a wear ago.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

THE attention of. st. Paul Republicans
is directed to the fact that the reform
government of Chicago has, so far,
been unable to convict her boodling
aldermen, stop pool selling at Garfield
Park, shut up the faro games or close
the saloons Sunday. With the election
OF Mayor WASHBURNE all these things
were promised.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

A BosToN philosopher explains that
the reason the men in that city never
give their car seats to ladies is that the
ladies are SO quiet and diffident that
they do not make the men uncomfort-
able. st. Paul ladies-weH, the men
always give them seats.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
AN ARMY OF OILERS.
Chicago Oyerrun by WorkInen
Seeking Situations.

Seeking Situations.
PITTsBURG, Pa, May Am after
noon paper says: Todayit was learned
that the executive council of the Amer
lean Federation of Labor intends issu-
ing a circular in short time warning
workmen to remain away from Chicago,
as there are now 5000 men walking the
streets OF that city. Since the worlds
fair buildings were started working
men from all parts of the country have
tlocked to the Windy City, and the re-
suit is that an army of men are idle, and
some of them are in such financial
straits as to prevent them frum leaving
he city.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Our Female Candidates.

Philadelphia Times. n
Mrs. Woodruff and Mrs. Lockwood,
both being out for the presidency,
makes the situation interesting. OF
course, for anti-cIimbing reasons,
neither of these ladies is likely to get
OH the fence. but it would be worth
while hearing them talk over it.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

lTDeEs not follow that the governor
otTexas is big HoGG because plat
form that he was on last week fell down
and killed two men. Texas is great
state, and may have other big hogs.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Now THAT Chicago has reduced the
price of beer to 81 barrel, it would be
no more than right i'll congress to give
her that S5,gO9,o00 appropriation. One
good turn deserves another.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

TIE erstwhiie Chicago Morning News
is now the Morning News Reeord-a
distinction, by the way, that has, accord
ing to the word of the proprietors. a
deep and wide significance.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

THE irony of fate may yet make 1t
possible for Assemblyman VAN SLYKE
to rise in his place and felieitously roast
the reform" administration for gross
extravaganza and downright political
corruption. And Mr.. VAN SLYKE, by
the way, is man not AFRAID to rebuke
malfeasance in office, no matter when
or where it lifts Its grlsly head. AS a
looker-on in "Vienna." he is likely to
see some strange antics in the re
formed council.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
After Other Game.

Chicago Tribune.
Faro Dealer-Hark! That sounds like
policemen marching!
Bnnce Steerer docking cautiously out
through peephole)-T They've gone by.
They are after man that's been sell
ing snipe. !.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

NONE are more earnest for the clos
ing OF the fair OH Sunday than the Chi
cago saloonkeeperS. They want to en-
joy the society Of the visitors that day
in spurious SeanceS.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Favorite Sons in Hard Lines.

st. Louis Globe Democrat
There has never before been time
when so many states We're so many
stepmothers to their favorite sons.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
About to Be irired

New York World.
Ii is beginning to look very smoky for
the present tenant of the White house.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
THE FIRST APPOINTMENT

The march of reform has be.un-in
real earnest, and the first rascal has re-
ceiyed notice that bis services will not
be required after-the 18th of June. The
head of the mayors private secretary
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

IF THE number of Republicans who
''ean't swallow HARRISON" becomes
alarmingly great, doubtless the owner of
the Hat will be willing to sugar-coat
himself.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Why Not Give 1t Un2

New YORK Sun.
We have never been able to make out
exactly wlfat the Dante and the Homer
schools of Chicago were trying to do.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

No CONFIDENCE is violated in the
statement that Mayor-elect WRIGHT is
now busily employed in mobilizing the
new gang"
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Eastern Advertising Office Room n
Tribune Building, New York.

Complete files of the GLoBEalways kept on
hand for reference. Patrons and friends are
cordially invited 10 visit and avail themselves
OF The facilities of our Eastern Office while
in New York.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

ITMAY be asserted with positiveness
that President HARRISON is not writing
letter declining to have his name used
at Minneapolis.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
about -Four Yeaps. say.

New YORK World.
Ii MIR. HARRISON shall be beaten for
denomination &c will Ire a long tine
before another president stands for a
SecOiiu term.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Rejected communications cannot be pre-
Eeryed. Address all letters and kilograms 10
THE GLOBE, St. Paul, Mimi.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

IT strange. when the anti-HARRI-
son eyes are rowing about for man,
that they cannot see ALGER. He is
willing to see them.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

IT Is true. congress is not doing
much just at present; bat, then. neither
is the st. Paul Base Ball club.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
1t Has Come I,s.cx to Erin.

Dunlop Stage News.
T!la Ta-ra- ra-Doom-deray craze has
reached ireland iii this siiapa:
tie harp thar o',t'e In Tar,-
ra-Dooni- -eda5.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

AS A persona non grata RUDYARD
KIPLTNG is having a high Old time in
New York.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

WHAT shall be said of whisky when
even Waukesha water is incentive of
riot?
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Bound to BE Talked About.

Washington Post.
The Hon. Jerry Rusk was generally
talked about yesterday. Some used his
name in connection with the presi-
dency. while others associated his cog
no1nen with the state of the weather.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
SUNDAY ALONE.

DAILY AND 81 MAI.
/ VI in advance. sic 90 mos in adv.-S3 90
q m in advance > 90 > weeks IN adv. W
One month SOC.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

HAVE YOU noticed that the sun has
not been on duty to speak OF in this
locality since the Sd ef May?
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

WE ARE destined to GO through the
coming year minus spring chickens,
simply because there was no spring.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

SPEAKING about the weather hut
then, why rake up OLD personalities?
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
Suggestion for the Presidency.

SugoeStiOn Tor the FrtsHlehCy.
New York World.
Whoever may head the Republican
ticket, the nominee for vice president
will no doubt be '.some fellow like
Phelps" with private ''barrel' and
strong pull OH Wall street.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
FIRE!
AUCTION
FIRE.!
Smith & Farwell's Entire Stock of
CARPETS,
CARPETS S,
Drapepies, Laees, Stoves,
Rugs, Art Squares,
Damaged BY Fire and Water 4!

26,G00 yards Carpets, 5000
yards Oil Cloth, 500 Upholstered
Chairs and Rockers, rs Chamber
Suits, Large Lots of Loces, Smyrna
Rugs and Art Squares.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

TRl-WEEKLY- DAILY Monday, "Wednesday
and FridayD 800,
J " i'll advance. 81 90 t. mos. in ady-S2 w
months in advance. 81 %.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Today at 10 a. m, at the new store,
400 Jackson Street, the GRAND AUG
Ti0N Of a CHOICE stock, much OF if
only slightly damaged. will commence,
and continue from day to day until
everything is closed out DEALERS,
ATTENTION Be on hand early Mon
day morning for Bargains.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

SUNDAY ALONE.
VI in advance. 81 90 3 mos i'll adv. .ooe
q N. in advance. l 10 l m. in advance c
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
BY LEWIS BAKER.
ST. PAUL GLOBE SUBSCRIPTION RATE
nAuy AND SUNDAY

] VT in advance. IS 90 ) M in advance $50
q IN in advance. 1 90 weeks in adv. %
one month 100. zoe
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

WEEKLY ST. PAUL GLoBE-
year 81 ( six mo-, 65e Three mo-, soc
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Whitelaw Reid says that he intends TO
make trip West before resuming charge of
the Tribune He will be heartily welcomed,
and, of course. we will be justified ill looking
for marked improvements i'll the Tribune On
his return from the West. sc
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Senator Palmer receivei this morning
u telegram lr5,i. E.<.iest G.esury. eHa.r-
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

For the express benefit Of the befuddled
exchange editor OF the Chicago Tribune, we
desire to explain that the Columbus Post is
not printed in the ST. Paul GLOBE office.
Neither is it just to the Ohio paper to he
sadded with responsibility for articles WHICH
originally appeared in the GLoBE. n
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Waukesha. Wis, is under the control of
armed men, and several hundred shots have
been fred. 1t has long been feared that the
promiscuuus drinking of SO much water
would lead to trouble.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

So far as weather is concerned, Minnesota
is not getting the worst of il. Nebraska lies
under sixteen inches of snow, and farmers
along the lower Mississippi are being
drowned out.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
GOSSIP OF WASHINGTON.

Special to the Globe.
WASHINGTON, May 9.-The sun burns
slowly across the Potomac and to the
crests of the blue Virginia hills. Longer
grow the shadows. The white dome of
the capitol reflects a soft rose color.
The slender needle of the monument
shows dark against the west. Lower
sinks the sun, lower and lower yet, till
in the silence the sunset gun from Fort
Myers booms good night down the
purpling valley. Then.when the cooler
breeZes blow across the town. all Wash
ihgt0n comes ont to enjoy itself.
efhere's law against plucking Uncle
Sans flowers, but for all that, when
John and Mary 20 strolling through the
leapitol park in the dusk, he Is laggard
in love if he doesn't risk his freedom
by picking for her some of the lilac
Dlumes. or the swamp magnolias. or the
lwisteria. Even personages OF high de
gree have been known to rob the gov
eminent thus, and considering the
temptation the crime isn't really SO
great after all.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10

Prof. Davidson. the prominent seismic ex
pert, attributes the recent California earth
quake to Ia geological fault or line of weak
ness at the base OF the Berryessa range.''
Cannot Mr.. Edison suggest remedy? 'Aa
The Marquis de Mores denies that he is an
anarchist claiming to be only revolutionary
socialist. This statement revives interest in
the old saw about tweedle-dee and tweedle-
dunn
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1892-05-10
ADAKoTA DILEMMA.

P.F. LYONS, Local Forecast Official.
Middletown transcript., 1892-10-13

. In ONE of his speeches in Maine
several weeks since, the High Priest Of
Protection made the following state
ment:
The manufactures had been protect.
ed in the past. We said when we made
this bill it must be for all, or it must
be for none. And there is no argricul-
tural product raised in Maine, raised
in Vermont, raised anywhere, that is
not protected by the schedules OF the
law of 1890.
These are the words Of the author
of the " benefcent " Mckinley tariff
law, but what has, the result of the
protection given the farmer, been.
It is an undisputed fact that the farm
ers of the country have been compelled
to sell o crop Of 226, 600, 900 bushels Of
wheat at price fourteen and a half
cents per bushel lower than the prev
ious year. entailing loss Of $35. 900,
600. The cotton growers lost three
three cents per pound on their product,
entailing a loss of $6O,0O0,0OO. With
q loss OF s95, ,OOO, 900 to the farmers Of
the country on wheat and cotton
alone staring them in the face, it is alb
surd to think that any farmer will al.
low his eyes to be closed by such cam
paign utterances.
Middletown transcript., 1892-10-13
THE "HoME MARKET.
J. A. B. DILWORTH.

One of the alluring pictures painted
by the American ''protectionist," for
the minds eye to rest upon and derive
pleasure therefrom, is the painting OF
the home market. What has the home
market done for the American farmer,
when by tariff laws he has been part
tally or wholly excluded from other
markets? For the wool grower l will
let Senator John Sherman answer.
This speech of Sherman's was made i'm
the hey-day Of that statesman's career
nine years ago:
SIN 1867 the price of wool was 81
cents, in 1870 46 cents, in 1890, which
was an abnormal year, 40 cents per
pound. This was the result of the
policy of protecting the wool growers,
as in all industries to gradually reduce
prices. Under the operations of the
existing laws, the tariff of 1867, the
price of wool has gradually gone
down."
1t will here be seen that the home
market created by protection, has had
the effect of continually lessening the
remuneration to the wool farmer to a
wonderful degree. Protection must
make some products higher in price
than they would otherwise be, and this
particular wool grower has been COM
PEELED to take less for his products,
and give more for his requirements.
What can the American farmer do
with those of his products which cam
not be consumed at home, if by hostile
legislation and tariff barriers, we drive
him from the foreign markets? This
is very simple question, easy to ask,
but fancy extremely difficult for the
protectionist to answer to the satisfac-
tion OF the farmer. The farmer will
do just precisely what has been done
in the West on frequent occasions
burn his grain for fue!, and produce
less the next year, and live in a condi-
tion of existence that is but trile re-
moved from starvation.
OF wheat and corn, which are indeed
the great staples of American, l think
1t is fair assumption TO say, that
were all men rich enough to indulge
themselves in the viands That would
best please their palate. there would be
less bread consumed than is now
consumed by the people Of America.
The fact is, that the sixty-five millions
of people in The country use nearly all
Of the wheat and the corn that they
could use had every man the privilege
Of going to the mill and getting all the
flour he wanted for his family US,
without money and without price. l
say this, because the very poor are COM
PEELED to live upon bread, it being the
the cheapest of all the foods that are
offered to us in the market. But
there are vast countries in Europe
where wheat and corn do not grow,
and where the products of these grains
are esteemed to be luxuries. Italy,
Middletown transcript., 1892-10-13

through the imposition of duties upon
importations from foreign countries.
Nobody believes in :" free trade = and
1t can never be brought about. The
tremendous increase in our annual ap.
propriations and the steady swelling OF
our pension lists will cause US to de-
pend upon the taxes levied in the
custom houses as our chief source OF
revenue. The government must have
a tariff levied for revenue but not for
the REGARD of favored individuals and
n,onopolies ,cho contribute to campaign
corruption funds. This the doctrine OF
the Democratic party as promulgated
at Chicago, and as the reform of the
tariff laws is the mission of the Dem
ocratic party in this campaign it ap
peals to the voters Of the country tc
support it in their effort to free sup
posed free government from the most
refined curse and most insidious i'm.
position of modern civilization.