Morning journal and courier., 1891-05-02

an occasinal e1pedient for replenishing their pocketbooks. The number would probably be astonishingly large, and more over is daily growing larger. HILARY.
 MIR. wAKEMAN,S JOEHNEYINGS. At Keswick, England-HOw a Cy-
 cIoramic View of the English Lake Region Can be Secured-What the Lake District Comprises-SOme Lo-
 cal NOmencIaIure-Thc Panoramic
 View From Skiddaw's Heights.
 KEswIcK, England, April 20.
 To the Editor of the JOURNAL AND COURIER:
 From the ridge of Helvellyn or the peak of Skiddaw one can secure on clear day a cycloramic view of the entire English lake region. With the one grand prospect I have enjoyed from Helvellyn's summit, and the several ascents of Skiddaw have made, feel safe in asserting that there is not accessible in the whole world another so satisfying feast for visual sense and mental delight.
 The natural clements of sublimity and beauty, diversified and blended splendid ly, are surely here in a remarkable degree. II lucE auo SNcCpcI sllli, lAC hShib aAo ccuA are thrilled and uplifted through endless recognitions. I have stood at the edge of Etna and seen far over Calabrian Italy to the east as the suns disk burst above the Ionian sea, and the whole length of Sicily to the west, when that mighty mountains shadow lay all that distance upon its dark and misty valleys. Thrilling US is that scene, it has in it, for the dolor of associa- tions, indescribable sadness for the behold CT. Here are no buried cities; no dread ful history; no Mafia and brigandage; no tyranny of fear and dread. Church spires with weather-vanes and church towers with crosses stand friendlily side by side. Shining towns lie upon noun meres, in every mood and token of peace. Gray old hamlets and verdure-softened villages speck the lovely dales with hints of happiness in homes. And every "statesman's" ichened cottage, high in upland dale, or perched along the braes of fells, tell brave old tales of independence, home e-building labor and heaven-given content. No wonder the poets sang here in this grand, broad paradise.
 Geographically speaking, the lake dis trict comprises Cumberland, Westmore- land and the northern part of Lancashire. It possesses between one and two hundred mountains The best known of these are Coniston Old Man, Scafell Pike, Crinkle Crags, Saddleback, Skiddaw and Helvel- | lyn. There are an hundred other ''crags, | ''pikes'' and 'sfells'' which almost equal these in height, and, in my judgment, ire quently equal them in scenic impressive ness. The principal and widest-knuwn lakes are Ullswater, Bassenthwaite Water, | Derwentwater, Thirlmere, Grasmere, Ky l dal Water, Windermere, Coniston Water, | Crummock Water, Lowe's Water, Vast | Water, Ellerwater and Buttermere. These | are exclusive of very many tiny lakes and countless tarns. Many of the latter lie beneath the shadows of majestic crags, more than two thousand feet above the sea level. Aside from these mountains and lakes are fully fifty noted dales; as many ghylls of great beauty; several fa- nous waterfalls; and the quaint and beau | tiful towns of Coniston, Bowness, Amble- side, Grasmere, Cockermouth, Kendall, the old border town of Penrith, at the eastern edge of the region, and beautiful Kes- | wick, the metropolis of the entire district.
 Some knowledge of local nomenclature is needed by 8 stranger among English lakes Every lake in the region has the terminal 'twater," or "mere." Thirlmere
 or Thorolf's mere; Grasmere, from the old Saxon ''grise," swine, the lake of the swine; and Derwentwater, from the Cam
 bro-C Celtic "derwent," beautiful; are suffi
 cient for illustration. The word holme is invariably applied to the islands of the English lakes, and is from the Danish
 "holmi," little island; while tarn, from
 the Morse "tiorn," a tiny lake, is used tt define the silent pool within the highest
 mountain swails and crags. These ar'
 countless in the lake region. In the no
 menclature of mountains are many curi
 ous derivations Skaw or sea, from thu
 Danish "skov," means a wood or forest
 and fell, from the Danish 'fjald," rang
 of mountains, and provincial English fo
 any rocky, barren hill or height, give
 Scaw Fell, the mountain of the forest
 The word "fell' is comprised in the nam
 of nearly every Cumbrian mountain. Tn
 derivation of "pike," as in Lsngdal Pikes, Scaw Fell Pike, etc., is not so clear
 It is applied here to peaks of great elevs tion and rugged prominence; but ther seems to be a curious link between tn term and the ancient fires kindled on thes heights for pagan worship and sacrifice F "Scars" are broken, craggy and usual i precipitous mountain brows. ''Slacks , are lofty passes or dips in mountain peaks { between loftie1 heights And riggs" a ], in Loughrigg, Latrigg and Castlerigg, ar ridgy summits, the derivation of the wor
 being, I suspect, from the Celtic Fri, , srigh," the king or head. To an Amer can the appellations of the beautifr mountain streams and waterfalls are pecr 7 liar and often confusing. A gill, or ghyl is a swift stream running through gorg 7 or glen with very rapid descent, and wheI it breaks into waterfall it is always calle :. a ssforce" Thus Stock Ghyll Force, th 2 famous waterfall of Ambleside, which ha o it's source among the romantic crags abor Kirkstone Pass, is the waterfall of th
 stream which descends the glen of Stocl
 If one enters the lake region from tt
 north the first impulse is to ascend Skit
 daw, the second highest mountain of th | region which is almost as near Keswick,
 the north, as the slightly loftier Helvelly
 is to the south. Keswick lies in the nob
 vale of Derwentwater between these tw
 monarch sentinels of the lakes. The a
 cent of Skiddaw is no severe task upc
 the powers of one accustomed to moul
 tain climbing, and can be easily reached i
 three hours' time from Keswick. Unlik
 that of Helvellyn it is unattended wit
 bodily risk, but the view is vaster an
 more varied one. In three different a
 cents have only been able to secure or
 perfect view, owing to the interference ( n fog and mist upon which no absolute ca
 culation can be made. To attempt ap adequate description of what perfet ] day will reveal from the summit of Skic daw, would require cataloguing of ever majestic and beautiful object among th
 lakes and camera-like exposition of ev' " exultant emotion of the human hear '- The vastness of the panorama may t j. faintly suggested when its circumferenc # is stated It is known to exceed thrs @ hundred miles. Cumberland and Wes g moreland with their majestic clusters lf mountains. lakea and rivers. are. as