davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Lived Happily With Three Wives.

LIMA, o., Aug. 27.-Rcsiding near
Napoleon, o., is Michael Cramer and
three wives. They all live on a $50, 900
farm and three houses are used by the
three families with one head. Cramer
brought his second wife to the farm in
1879 and placed her in a cosy house he
had erected for her. Wife No. 1 offered
no objection. He was arrested at the
time, however, for bigamy, but escaped
on a te~chnicality. In 1881 Cramer
brought his third wife to the farm. For
some cause no action was taken until
Monday, when the county prosecuting
attorney completed an investigation and
prepared evidence to lay before the
grand iury.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
A Disastrous Wreck Occurs on 6
North Carolina Railroad Near
Statesville.
While Going Twenty-Five Miles an
Hour q Train Runs OFF
q Bridge.
Twenty-Three Persons Taken From
the Wreck Dead and Twenty
five Wounded.

S%TATEsv1LLE, N. c., Aug. 2s.-The
most disastrous railroad accident in the
history of North Carolina occurred on
The Western North Carolina railroad
two miles west of this place at 2 o'clock
a. M, twenty-three persons having been
taken from the wreck dead or have died
since and twenty-five wounded. The
dead are as follows:
Engineer William West, Salisbury.
Fireman Warren Fry. Salisbury.
Baggagemaster Hugh K. Linster,
6tatesville.
William Houston, merchant, Green's
boro.
Perry Barnett, Asheville.
Samuel German, Asheville.
Charles Barnett, Asheville.
Jud Thiefer, travelling salesman.
W. j. Nisher, C%ampbella, S. c.
w. E. Winslow, Asheville.
- Davis, Statesville, one-legged- man.
. j. B. Austin, Aickery.
Lady, unknown, ticket in pocket read
ing Mrs. George Mccormick and mother,
Elmwood to Alexanders.
Mrs. White, Memphis. Tenn.
Unknown lady, supposed to be Mrs. F.
81. White, of Memphis.
An unknown colored man.
Mrs. Pool, Williamson, drowned.
T. Brodie, New York, travelling for q
glove house.
Rev. James M. Skier, Gainesville,
Tenn.
Dock Wells, colored porter.
Mrs. Phelia Moore, Helena, Ark.
The train fell from the north side Of
the track; the engine lies up the EN-
bankment on the west side. The first
class coach lies on top of the second
class coach. 1t is supposed that as the
engine was making from twenty-five to
thirty miles an hour, on a down grade,
as it struck the bridge, the track spread.
Engineer West was found pinioned un-
der his cab, and within an arms reach
of him were the bodies of two female
passengers. How their bodies got from
the first class coach to the engine will
never be known. Miss Pool held her
mothers head out over the water until
her strength was exhausted, when her
mothers head dropped and she was
drowned. A car load Of convicts ar
rived from Newton early in the morn
ing, and the wreck is being cleared. The
bridge is not damaged in the least, and
trains will soon be running over it.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Robbed in a, Steamer.

CHICAGO, Aug. 2s.-H. B. Weston Of
Fargo, N. D. claims that while on a
sleeping car on the Chicago, Milwaukee
and st. Paul railway, which he boarded
at Dubuque, Iowa, for the purpose Of
proceeding to Cinninnati, $500 of his
money disappeared while he was asleep
in his berth. AS only one other berth in
the a besides that used by Mr. Weston
and his wife, who was with him, had
been occupied, and that by a gentleman
beyond reproach, suspicion fastened it.
self upon John Cooper the porter. He
wal arrested and held in $4,000 bail,
which he was unable to furnish.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Rainmakers in Texas.

MIDLAND, Tex, Aug. 2s.-General
Dyrenforth, Professor Carl Myers and
others of the rain experimental party,
have left for Washington. John T. Ellis
and G. L. easier, the %balloonist, will re-
main in chal. .of the operations. They
will shortly proceedto Ell Paso and there
continue the experiments on a grand
scale. General Dryenforth will be h Ell
Paso in time to superintend the expert
ments there later. He will probably 90
to Southwestern Kansas to make rain
there. - ss5
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
LITERALLY CUT TO PIECES.


ANOrth Dakota Woman Meets n Horrible
Death in Front of q Reaper. @
GRAFTON, N. D., Aug. 29.-The train
going north to Cavalier frightened a
yoke of oxen near Canton and they ran
away. They were attached to a binder
and were led by a woman, the man who
operated the machine being perched on
the seat. The woman was literally cut
to pieces. Her legs were cut off, also
her arms and head. The man escaped
uninjured. ~
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Lottery Officers Held for Trial.

NEW ORLEANS, Aug. 29.-Paul Conrad,
president, and q number Of officers and
employees Of the Louisiana State Lottery
company have been held in $500 for trial
on the charge of violating the anti.
lottery postal law passed by the last con.
gress by depositing in the New Orleans
posteffce, and in the Austin postof1ce q
circular containing the revisedreport of
the state supreme court on the lottery
Freyenue case. %gS
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Suicided with Rat Poison,

MAYv1LLE, N. D., Aug. 29.-A few
days ago Nels K. Fare, a well-to-do
farmer four miles from here, quarreled
with his wife over a trivial matter.
Jumping onto a horse he rode into town.
and bought a package of rat poison.
That was the last seen of him until two
days afterward, when his bloated and
distorted body was found in the woods
near town.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Clifford Not a Candidate,

WATERToN, S. s., Aug. 60 Judge
Clifford says that under no circum-
stances will he be a candidate for con-
gress this year. The judge further y
81 have been a candidate befor the peo-
pie Of South Dakota every year since
1884, except 1887. I am tired Of so
much campaigning. / am enjoying my
self very much attending to a little law
business and making garden, and IN
tend To- continIesto do 70.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Acquitted by n1inisters.

LARIMoRE, N. D., Aug. 2s.-Rev. s..
N. Griffith, charged with an attempt to
commit rape on q 9-year-old daughter Of
Newell Morgan, had an ecclesiastical
hearing before q committee Of seven
ministers Of the Methodist Episcopal
church. He WAS acquitted.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Reports Confirmed,

LONDON, Aug. 27.-The CHILEAN lega-
ton in London has received a dispatch
from Chill dated Aug. Is confirming the
report that a battle has been fought be-
tween the Balmacedan and COMPRESSION
al forces. The dispatch gives no details
beyond the statement that the insur-
gents lost heavily. From the tenor of
the dispatch the Gillian minister is con-
fdent Of the ultimate victory of Balma-
ceda,
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Killed by Unknown Parties,

DENVER, Aug. 31.-Charles Pettingall,
aged % years. of Cleveland, O., died Sat-
urday at Fort Collins from injuries re-
ceived at the hands of some unknown.
persons. Two colored men and two.
.colored women have been arrested,
charged with the crime.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Three Were Drowned.
Third Party Campaign Opened.

COLUMBUS, o., Aug. 28.-The Peo-
PIES party campaign was opened here
by John Seitz, the candidate for COVER
nor, and S. H. Sneider, of Kansas, who,
claims the glory Of securing Senator
ingalls, defeat. Their arguments were
directed against the Mckinley tariff
and for free coinage of silver. Neither
John Sherman nor the ~sub-treasury plan
was mentioned.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
FOUGHT A DUEL,

Two Prominent Arkansas Politicians
Take a Shot at Each Other.
LITTLE Rock, Ark, Aug. 27.-Walter
Lomax and Albert Morgan, prominent
business men and politicians of North
Arkansas, fought a desperate duel with
revolvers. Lomax was instantly killed
and Morgan wounded. The tragedy re-
suited from a quarrel said to have grown
out of remarks made derogatory to
Morgan's business relations.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Man and Wife Drowned,

NEwBURYPoRT, Mass, Aug. 31.-The
body of Mrs. Marsh, who, with her hus-
band, a special officer of Haverhill, went
ont to sea in an open boat from Sails
bury Beach last Saturday, has been
found in the water off Plum Island.
The body o. Nj. Marsh has not yet been
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
bishop Dwenger,s condition critical,

Bishop Dwenger's Condition Critical.
Fort WAYNE, Ind, Aug. 31.-DrssD DIM
men, Bishop Dwenger's physician, pro-,
nounces his condition to be exceedingly
critical. The least exertion produces
great heart failure and exhaustion. aHa
eats sparinySy and sleeps but little.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Starch Factory Burned.

!. MONTICELLO, Mimi, Aug. 31.--A $751;.
900 fire occurred here by which the Mon
ticello Starch factory and the residence
of E. B. McC0rd were destroyed. Sew
eral other houses would also have been
burned but for the efforts of the fire de-
nartmant. ' *. l
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Robbed an Iowa Postomce.

Sioux CRY, Ia, Aug. S1.-The post
Office at Leeds was robbed during the
the night. The safe was blown open BY
expert burglars and $3.50 in stamps and
currency taken. No clue to the robbery
has been found.
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
Half a Million Loss.

Troy, N. Y, Aug. 29.-The whole
eastern part of Rensselaer, county was
deluged by a cloudburst during the
evening which made roaring torrents Of
small mountain streams and caused
them to leave destruction in their path.
Class lake, at Sand Lake, overlooked and
sent a torrent through the valley of the
Wynantskill. Three dams were washed
out at Sand Lake, a damage of 800, 900
wa done to the mills and several houses
were washed away. At Smart's paper
mill, in this city, one end of the mill
was torn out, a bridge wa carried away
and damage of about $4,000 was done.
Bridges all along the stream were torn
from their fastenings and it is believed
the damage will surely reach half a mil.
lion dollars.
Three Were Drowned.
ALBANY, N. Y, Aug. 29.-There was
a big storm at Berlin, N. Y, during the
night. Crops were destroyed and houses
carried away. Miss Addie Taylor, aged
81, and Charles Smith, a boy, were
drowned. At Hoag's Corners, a mill
and tenement house, and two iron
bridges We're washed away.
The storm at $3.50 o'clock alarmed the
residents Of Poestenkill, and William
McChesney, W. A. Castle, Robert Nor
rison and Garrett Ives and his wife at
tempted to cross the Poestenkill bridge
just as the structure was swept from its
~fastenings. McChesney was drowned;
Bismarck weekly tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1943, 1891-09-04
BIG DAMAGE ASKED.

ERRAZURIz."
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
QUAINT ITEMS.

Hannibal, No, warns its street cars
with electricity and lights its churches
with coal oil.
The japanese administer the oath by
cutting the witness finger and taking
blood to seal the swear.
A New York auctioneer advertises, "For
Sale-A large quantity of oil paintings by
some of the most ancient masters OF the
day"
A tornado near Trenton, Ga, carried off
a house, leaving a sick man and his bed
unframed but shelterless. The neighbors
turned out and built temporary shanty
over the couch at once.
A blind man who plays an accordion is
perambulating the streets OF Windsor,
England. His affiiction attracted the at
tention Of the queen, who gave him a
gratuity He now bears upon his breast a
placard with the inscription. blind from
Inflammation assisted by her majesty the
queen.
George Lippart, a native of Bavaria, now
in America, Is a curious freak OF nature.
He has three separate legs, each Of which
is entirely independent OF the others. In
his youth he was able to use ali of his legs
ia walking or r-uuing, but having sus-
tanned injuries in railway accident be il
now obliged 70 wear one OF them strapped
up - his body.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
a POINTER TO THE ALLIANCE.

AS the EAGLE has endeavored oftimes
to show that the bogus and fictitious in
trade, the compounded lard and tallow
buffers, the wind transactions in grains
and and meats on boards of trades were
all swindles and robberies of the farmer,
and as congress utterly failed to afford
the farmer any protection against these
swindleS, the EAGLE would now like to
suggest to the Alliance the feasibility
OF demanding from the New York, St.
Louis and Chicago boards of trade, that
all bogus or fictitious sales of every
character be kept separate from all sales
OF actual farm products. This would
stir them up right where they live. If
they should refuse to do it, it would look
bad for said boards. If the sales of
wind" stuff were published daily and
kept separate from those that had actual
stuff behind them, it would show to the
country at large. whether it was the
bonatide productions or the markets.
Congress must be made to understand
that the people of the country know why
1t is that farm products are kept below
the cost of production, even when there
is a deficit in the supply.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
AN ENCOURAGING LETTER.

MEDICINE LODGE, Kan, April 7, 81.
To the Editor of the Eagle.
I wish to tell you of our good luck.
We have received the government sugar
experimental station here at Medicine
Lodge, and we feel like having a ghost
dance over it. The government, OF
Uncle Sam, rented sixty-five acres of
land of me at a cash rental of S. 80 an
acre; it is near the sugar factory, and
the richest of the Medicine valley soil.
There is no better soil in Kansas. All is
lovely here. The wheat is shaking the
earth and if the weather would get over
the gulf and by giving us a warm April
shower and a few warm days, grass
Jump up and the cattle would rejoice.
ALI the farmers seem to have hope and
all the ploughed land in our county will
be farmed, and old Kansas in the fall of
81 will be going down grade loaded full
of rything-wheat, corn, sugar, poll
tics, beef and all-and such a cleaning
up of debts no country ever had such a
record and the capitalists who love
their shirts because they had to take
some their mortgaged farms, will be
glad they did, as they can sell them in
'92 at big profit. As cattle are boom
ing up, land will also. Land and cattle
go together; if one goes up the other
must also, and there is bright prospect
ahead. Such clearing up has never been
known. Granaries and corn cribs are
empty, and you will find the pastures
have very few cattle in them.
You will also find, as it is doing right
now, that beef and pork will go way up,
from .now on, because the packers
have bought very near all our beef and
pork, mot bought. but given to them
almost" and now as they are about
ready to sell it, up goes the price SO they
can get big price for this meat they
got of Us for nothing. Last winter be-
cause our crops failed and it had to go
as soon as fat, and some before, as the
old corn gave out: but if we secure this
wheat crop. and pay all debts all viii be
more independent, and those that left
Kansas will come back or wish them
selves back. Stay with us boys, she
viii bring us out on top in 81"
Yours with hope. ELI BENEDICT.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
ELECTRIC SPARKS.

The convention of the National Electric
Igh1 association at Providence was at
tended By $50 delegates and fifty ladies'
a 2.ooo, 900 candle power electric light in
Lighthouse off the coast ofJutland Is said
10 be the most powerful electric light IN
the world.
It is proposed 70 form mutual benefit
society of the men employed on electric
railroads throughout the country, with
headquarters in Boston.
Incaudescent lamp globes blacken more
readily with alternating currents than
with the direct currents, while the life of
the Glament is shortened.
A Philadelphia syndicate il reported 70
have secured control Of the International
Telegraph District and Construction CON-
pany, one Of the corporations that furnishes
the electric lights for the city Of Baltimore.
A story comes fron1 vhs. is sai. 20 be
conservative English source 70 the effect
that an i1caadescent lamp was burned for
1851 boars and was then removed from
the holder with the filaDent unbroksn.
The ease with which electricity can no-v
be applied 20 he moving Of hesyT weights
has led 20 its employment for ina: purposs
IN many operations where steam or hT-
drauiIc or ether power was formerly used
4 eaarteF has been applied for By av.
prominent capitalists Of Nashville ~nder
the title CT tie Cumberland Navigation
company. The obJec- q the co.apany Is
TO run hosts By electric power CT the Cum
b>riand river.
A third line CT Telegraph BE- xssr Berlin
and Rome, 30 miles loaz, "a 70 Be cor.
ssrGetea thEos2h Bavaria and the TyrnI
Instead Il Switzerland, TX. tie p-e~~u.
lines. TIE wires viii D. q hroazs and
ti1r>e nsil4iarsssTs IL diameter.
Elec-r1cai FIRMS tar. "a. 20 De usts-t
fo- many a rTsary day while the pubic
we-e making up their u1in1s whether 70
sflor, the light or ros. add rou {. = tie
turn % the - bic % Dc pzsssns. for tz- DE-
is-szad AZ Fres.ri II rrestSr tkac The skilled
supply
Electricity has fGznd 80 n tie s.znse n
new sGsss so- gEzacczai1 Z taorses. - powsE
furnished BY az szscsrsc rno.or l. taken b.
9exs1ie tube 20 = brush that TesvaiTss raes-
idly VITA tA4s nxs1sss = Eszc ca gr4syrss =
horse lister N fire ral11s<s tA.a IA a zzzels
hsSAxx s<Ez<s ~ h.~~s
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
THE GILLIAN REVOLUTION

The latest reports from Chill seem to
indicate that in the only conflicts lately
reported the congressional party has de-
feated Balmaceda's troops with great
slaughter, and driven them from the
provinces of Tacna, Arapaca and Auto
fogasta; further, that in the harbor of
Valparaiso, the attempt of the govern
ment tug to blow up one of the ironclads
resulted in the sinking Of the tug, al
though the fire of the forts compelled the
withdrawal of the two ironclads from
the harbor, after they had sunk the tug.
This has been followed by the report
OF an attempt to assassinate Balmaceda.
To offset these reports, which seem to
indicate that the tide is setting strongly
against Balmaceda, we now hear that in
the recent elections in all the places save
those from which the government has
been driven, they resulted in return of
two-thirds of the entire number elected
in favor of the government.
Even if this be true, which is quite
questionable, it would only be what
might be expected; for those who are
still within reach of Balmaceda are not
apt to go through the farce of again send
ing representatives to congress to be
again disregarded by him.
That is the very reason of the war, and
the so-called victory of the government.
therefore, at the recent elections, is moth
ing but hollow mockery.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
FASHIONS DEGREES.

"Iewel'' passementerie for girdles on tes
gowns.
Gauntlet channels gloves of buff sh adj
for driving.
Many hats having a peaked or scalloped
front brim.
Long capes with and without the high
shoulder effect.
Red capes lined and trimmed with black
for seaside wear.
House gowns of fine wooden goods in
Cleopatra yellow.
Jackets and top coats of tan and blue
shades for misses.
Serge robes" having border of ostrich
feather trimming.
Crepe finished surah for full vests worn
with jacket bodices.
Red jackets trimmed with gold braiding
for very young ladies'
Dressy jackets opening over brocade or
embroidered silk vest.
Blazers in light cloth to wear with odd
skirts and silk blouses.
Grayish green cloth capes lined with
green and gold brocade.
Black India silks, lawns and challes
polka dotted with white.
Heavy glace kid gloves in tan and gray
shades for everyday wear.
Tan colored corduroy for outing suits
destined for the mountains.
White tulle wrought with clover leaves
in gilt and turquois beads.-Dry Goods
Economist
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10

General Miles has received leave of alb
senee for several months, with permission
to go abroad.
The cruiser Atlanta is thoroughly equip
ped for service now. The citizens of her
namesake recently sent her 81 600 punch
bowl.
At the opening of the new works at
Ochta, near St. Petersburg, for the manu-
facture of smokeless powder, the priest
blessed the machinery before it began to
work.
Ibrahim Pasha, the oldest general in
active service, died few weeks ago in
Monastir Although he celebrated the
Tooth anniversary of his birth last year he
was still strong and agile enough to re-
tain the command of the Nineteenth Army
corps.
Sergeant Ledegar Schuyler of the ord
nance department in the army. has just
been retired, after serving continuously for
fifty-three years. He is over eighty years
old, but would have served longer had not
an accident in the old fort at Clark's Point,
Mass, disabled him.
Some time ago the English war depart
ment adopted the economical policy of
taking off lace and superduous buttons
from uniforms, but they are beginning TO
decorate again. on account of the greater
difficulty of raising recruits for service IN
which there is so little TO attract the eye.
A portable boat has been devised BIZ
Colonel Apostoloff. OF the Russian army,
which may be constructed instantly by
making a framework with the lances of
the Cossacks and covering with tarred
cloth. Two boats are capable Of carrying
thirty-six men with their baggage and
arms
The new rife with which the German
army and navy have been armed IS ter
ror The gun has bore Of 81 inch and
throws projectile weighing about half an
ounce The cartridge used weighs nearly
an ounce The speed Of the bullet on
leaving the muzzle i about 2,ioo feet per
second and the limit OF its effective range
Is two miles.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10

AT the Kansas City convention. which
was called by the Kansas legislature in
the interest of Missouri town, it is pro-
posed to grapple with and settle finally,
as pointer to congress, all of the great
national problems which are confront.
ing the people, including transportation,
free coinage. the tariff and the best
brand of champagne. The chances are
that the convention viii determine
nothing. Where craftsmanship would
be required there viii be crankism;
where wisdom should be expected will
be liquor fumes and political vaporings
The convention which the Kansas City
move is intended 10 down, and which
did so much to secure deep water. with
great promise of future weight and use
fulness, has been. doubtless, practically
destroyed by this later quasi-oificial
dodge and boom job.
The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1906, 1891-04-10
LlCES RICH AND RARE

A single lace dress belonging to Mrs
William Astor cost 50, 90 in Paris some
years ago.
Mrs Alfred Morrison Is said to have 4
finer lot Of laces than aR7 other private IN
aividual in England.
Vice President Mor.on's wife and Mrs..
W. c. Whitney have isces worth from Afty
20 seTenry-fve thousand dollars
The production of the Princess Sophia :
bridal vsiI occupied uninterrupted go
SiIes5aa lace workers four months.
The queen cares nothing about old lace
She pstronizes tn. Hoa.E0a lace makers
when any bridal wells 81 Dress are IN rs-
quest
Mr. John Jacoo As1ar, Mr. Gerard ard
Mrs A. 7 Stewart were tze Lz1st thar
oagh coaEc.Ss=urs q zeal iAce IA he Gits4
States.
Mrs Robert Goele- hss cedar chest
filed WIKI lace hAndse-cAiess. sl made ay
French manufacturers tbs e~tssstsl order
OF ner husband
One u the rnesss marvellous Ices o-nesl
by the Emprsss E.1zcnI~ wzs a FosnH Dr.
BruxelIe sAax} No ies- tran sssafy ee-
y-rts wHeg- employed fer ess@ rear - szzk-
sE- 4. and i cost 81 aso - sold