Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1891-04-17
ADVANCE in MEDICINE.
REMARKABLE PROGRESS MADE TO
PREVENT DISEASES.

The Improvement In Medical Science Has
Boon In Three Distinct Dircctions-Ne-
cessity Of Cleanliness Is the Greatest
Factor In Modern Treatment.
Emancipation from the thraldom of
authority in which it was fast bound for
centuries" said DIR. Osler, medicine has
progressed with extraordinary rapidly,
and even within the present generation
has undergone a complete revolution.
The advance has been in three directions.
First, in the prevention of disease. A
study Of the conditions under which epi-
denies develop has led to the important
work Of sanitary science. For fifty
years the watchword of the profession
in this matter has been cleanliness; and
clean streets, good drains and pure wa
Ter have in many towns reduced the
mortality from certain diseases 80 per
cent.
SIN this department certainly medi-
cine has achieved its greatest victories.
1t is thought full OF encouragement
to know that such diseases as typhoid
fever and diphtheria may ultimately be
stamped out and be as rare among rs as
leprosy and smallpox. In this work the
profession requires and can often obtain
the intelligent cooperation of city au-
thorities and the public. People SCARCE
ly understand how much has already
been done, nor do they yet appreciate
the possibilities of preventive medicine.
PUBIIC KNOWLEDGE.
"The second great advance which
medicine has made relates to the knowl-
edge which has been gained of the agents
producing diseases. Dating from the
studies on fermentation by Pasteur, and
the early work Of Lister, we have gradu-
ally learned to recognize the importance
Of the structures known as bacteria,
which has revolutionized the practice Of
surgery and gynecology. Today surgery
is a new art, and hundreds now recover
after operations from which hundreds
previously died. The information which
we now have ON these subjects has been
slowly and painfully acquired, here a
little and there little; but the outcome
of it all is that as clean streets and good
drains and pure water mean municipal
health, so absolute cleanliness and alb
sence of contamination mean in great
part freedom from infection.
$50 universally present are the infect
i've agents, particularly Of suppuration,
that it is only by the most scrupulous
care that the infection Of wounds can be
prevented, and it is now generally ac-
knowledged that the highest type of this
antisepticism is obtained, not by the
use of various solutions which destroy
the germs, but by such measures of clean
illness as effectually prevent the possibil-
ity of their presence.
"The researches showing the relation
Of special microscopic organisms to spec
ial diseases are likely to lead to the most
important results. The cultivation Of
the germs of disease outside of the body
has enabled us to study the products Of
their growth and in several instances
from them to obtain materials which,
when injected into an animal, act as q
sort Of vaccine against the disease itself.
The hope Of obtaining in some of the
most important diseases vaccines which
will bear the same relation to them as
ordinary vaccine to smallpox is very
reasonable and likely ere long to be real
lied. In another direction, too, the
studies of Koch have shown that in the
growth Of these bacili materials are OBJ
tanned which may act most powerfully
upon the body and attack the elements
Of the disease itself. His discovery Of
the action Of the product of the growth
Of the tubercle bacili upon tuberculous
tissue ranks as one of the most remark
able of late years.
CHANCES OF LIVING ARE BETTER
But hear the householder say: AL
that is very well, but Tommy gets the
measles and Mary has the mumps and
Susie gets the whooping cough just as
my grandmother tells me her children
had fifty years ago. Ny doctors bills
are possibly little larger than were
fathers, and know his drug bill could
not have been as heavy as mine for the
last quarter This may be perfectly
true, for the millennium has not yet come,
but it is perfectly true that today Mrs
Householder's risks have been reduced to
minimum in the necessary domestic
emergencies, and her children's chances
of reaching maturity have been enor-
mously enhanced.
1.-THE third great advance has been the
diffusion in the profession and among
the public Of more rational ideas upon
the treatment of disease. Dieting and
nursing have supplanted in great part
bleeding and physicking. We know now
that majority Of febrile affections run
definite course uninfuenced by drugs.
We recognize daily the great fact that
disease is only modification of the nor
NAL processes of health, and that there
is natural tendency to recover. We
cannot claim in the medicinal treatment
Of disease to have made great positive
advances, still we have learned not to
do what we did is for the poor patients
a great gain. The past half century
has placed only half dozen absolutely
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