davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
THE INDICATIONS.
Rules and Ethics of the Science of Um-
breIla Filtration.

Rules and Ethics of the Science of Um-
bre1la Filtration.
That very useful article, the umbrella, ap-
pears in new light. When we see one we
need no longer dismiss the thoughts awak-
ened by merely wondering where the fellow
stole it, who carries it, but we can learn
much from a contemplation of il in various
aspects. Some one has discovered the
language OF the umbrella. and it is rich and
meaningful. For instance: Place your UNI
brella in a rack and it will indicate that it
will change owners. To open quickly in the
street means that somebody's eye is going to
be put out; to shut it, that hat or two Is to
be knocked off. An umbrella carried over a
woman, the man getting nothing but the
drpplngs OF the rain, signifies courtShip.
When the man has the umbrella and the
woman the drippings indicates marriage.
To punch your umbrella into a person and
open it means II dislike you" To swing
your umbrella over your head signifies al
am making nuisance of myself" To
trail your umbrella along the foot
path means that the man behind you is
thrsting for your blood. To carry it at
right angles under your arm signifies that
an eye is to be lost by the man vino follows
you. To put cotton umbrella by the side
of silk one signifies Exchange no rob-
beTy." To purchase an umbrella means Il
am nOI SlhaII Dul loleoI' 'Io lonu an UNI
brella means-well, never mind what it
MEANS nobody ever does that! To carry
your umbrella in case signifies il is a
shabby one. To carry an umbrella Just
high enough to tear out mems eyes and
knock off mems hats signifies 81 am a
woman" To press an umbrella on
friend saying ION do take it; | had much
rather you would than notW signifies lying.
To give a friend half of your umbrella
means that both of you will get wet To
carry it from home in the morning means it
will clear off
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
TO ATTRACT TENANTS.
New York Landlords Now Provide
Piano With Each Flat.

New York Landlords Now Provide a
Piano With Each Flat.
Pr0prietOrs of fiat houses have been offer
ing all sorts Of cOnveniences with their
apartments to attract house-hunters for the
last two years, unit! now a woman will not
look at q six-roOm fiat that Is not steam
heated, lighted by electricity, possessed of a
gas range and a patent refrigerator deco
rated in high art tntS, and adorned with
lace window curtains. Consequently, nearly
every landlord in town Is Offering these in
ducements, and there was been much gray
matter wasted in looking up other attrac-
tions.
A young Napoleon in fiat architecture.
who has just completed fine looking row
of buildings on the west side of Harlem,
has found this attraction, and his apart
ments are going off like the proveTbal hot
cakes, says the New York Times. He has
built in the wall of every parlor a good,
strong upright piano. just as the other land
lords built hatracks in the hall and china
closets in the dining-r00m. Every woman
who goes around to take O look at the
apartments jumps for the piano the mo-
ment she gets into the front room, and after
she has run her fingers up and down the
keys and has given the old excuse OF lack of
practice to the janit0r for her bad playing,
she says, 'l'll take this fiat"
And take it she does, even If her hus-
band complains that the house is five blocks
too far away from the elevated station, and
vows that the rent is $40 more than he will
ever consent to pay. 1t is rumored that the
lessees of the piano flats have hired COM
bination muslc-teacher so that they may
learn the "Maiden's Prayer" and fannie
Rooney" altogether, and then In the coming
summer evenings they will play these gems
on f0rty-eight pianos at the same time.
They will be Obliging enough to leave all
the windows wide open, and so the Park
Commissioners will DO spared the expense
of hiring brass band to provide music in
Mount Morris Park for the inhabitants of
Harlem.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
OBIT u a Y.
SIR ROBERT N. FOWLER.

Sir Robert Nicholas Fowler. member Of
Parliament, died from heart disease in Lon
don yesterday. He was a son of Thomas
Fowler, London banker, of Bruce Grove,
TOttenham and Yarland, Wiltshire, and
was born at Tottenham September u, 1923.
He was educated at Grove House School
and University College; received the degree
of b. a. in 184S and NJ. A. in 1850. lie be-
came senior partner III the firm of Dims-
dale, Fowler. Barnard & Co., bankers and
was from 1868 to 1874 Conservative member
fer Penryn and Falmouth. In 1880 he was
elected NJ 2. for the city OF London aud in
1885 was again returned for the same con-
sttuency. He was Lord Mayor of London
in 1883, and again for a part of 1885, when a
vacancy occurred through the death of Lord
Mayor NOttage. He was created baronet
in 1885, and was again returned unoppoSed
for the City of London at the general cleo
ton of 1856
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
The EASTERN TURF.
Yesterdays Races at GraVSSend, Chicago
and Louisville.

GRAvEsEND, May 22.-The winners Of to-
days races were as follows:
First race, for three-year-olds and up
ward, one mile, dead heat between Prince
Royal and Reclare. Nelly BLY, third. Time.
1:44h.
Twc-year-Olds, five furIongs. Promenade
won, Annie B second, Ninoane third.
Time, 1854.
Handicap, one and sixteenth miles,
LoDgstreet won, Senorita second, Bermuda
third. Time, / 1914.
Three-year-olds, one and a sixteenth
miles, Lepanto won, India Rubber second,
Hoodlum third. Time, Din.
lightweight handicap, six furlOngs, Bald
win won, Tanner second, BelwoOd third.
Time, 1:16h.
One mile and furlong, Carroll won,
Fronteac second, Kingsbridge third. Time,
1:56.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

not come to England. Nilsson, De Murska,
Scalchi. Vanzini, Sinico, Tamberik, Mon
gini, Santley, Naudin, Graziani, Fol- and
many others, Mr.. Mapleson has stated that
the salary list was only GO, 600, so that in
twenty-five years it has nearly doubled. To
the fees of the chief artists must be added
cost nearly $500 week, OF the chorus. car
penters, supers aud attendants, the cost of
new scenery, dresses, properties and ap-
pOintments, rent and advertisements. After
the whole expenses are added up I doubt
whether the curtain can be raised at the
Royal Italian Opera this season much under
300 night OF this amount upward OF
One-half goes to the leading singers. and |
very much fear barely one hundredth pa TT
Is paid to the cOmposer-who is still the Gin
derelIa of the Oneratic family
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
RELIGIOUS WORK.

Preachers Discussing the Live Issues Of the
Day-The ". C. T. o.
RED BLUFF, May 22.-The District Con-
venIion Of the Methodist Episcopal Church
of the Sacramento district comprising
about thirty preachers, has been in session
here this week, Rev. Dr.. Gober presiding
It discussed the live issues of the day, viz,
the labor question, ethics of the secular
press, woman in the church, temperance
and many subjects relating to Christian
work. The convention adjourned Thursday
night. The W. c. L. Z. Of Tehama County
has been in session two days and evenings
Mrs. Smith OF Antioch presided at the or
ganiZati0n Of the County Union and the con-
yebtiOn adjourned on Thursday night. Great
interest was manifested.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
RUSHING MATTERS.

Water in the Irrigation Canal and New
Race-Track Building.
STOCKTON, May - Yesterday water was
fer the first time turned into the Wood
bridge irrigation canal from the Mokelumne
River. The canal is six and half miles
long and extends to a point seven miles
north of the city, but will be excayated to
this place. The water in the canal now
stands five and half feet deep and thirty
feet wide.
fund TO make 4 kite-shaped track at the race
course grounds here. 1t is proposed to make
the new track a short distance from the
present ellipticaI track, the association
promising to keep both tracks in fine con-
d1tfon
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

The Sacramento Bee of yesterday says:
Stephen A. Bentley, the well known
rancher and hOp-raiser, died at his home
SIX miles up the river. on the Yolo side, at
o'clock yesterday afternoon, after a brief
Illness His death was a great surprise to
his friends in this city, as he was in Sacra-
mentO only few days ago, and apparently
in good health. 1t appears that he has heen
suffering from disease for some years,
however, which finally resulted in blood
poisoning, and death speedily followed.
Deceased was native of New York, and
81 years of age. He leaves wife and
eleven or own children. His funeral will
take place from the United Brethren
Church. Fourteenth and 4 streets, Sunday
afternoon al o'clock.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
EXPENSIVE OPERA.
Enormous Salaries of the Royal Italian
Troupe in England.

LHUIHlOub odIaTIts OF INC ANOyAI ItAIlan
Troupe in England.
l do not propose to.undertake the invidious
task of giving details of individual salaries,
but may without breach Of confidence state
that seven OF Mr.. Harris leading vocalists
this season are to be paid sum exceeding
in the aggregate 10000 golden sovereigns,
and that the Covent Garden salary list for
less than four calendar months amounts to
nearly 100000, says writer in London
Truth. In 1921, according TO a published
statement by Ebers, the manager, tie pay
list was e863S, so that within seventy years
salaries have increased nearly ive-fold.
In 1869. when the company included Patti,
Titiens, Lucea lwho. however, after all did
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

this county. asking that peremptory writ of
mandate issue directing Controller C0lgan
TO draw warrant in favor of petitioner for
the sum of S12, 464 90 alleged to be due as
principal and interest on bonds issued by
this State in 1852 to pay the Indian War in
debtedneSS. Petitioner alleges that the
bonds are payable out of any money in the
State Treasury not otherw Use appropriated,
and that there is now | u the Treasury
$780, 600 applicable to the pa yment of bonds
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Said to Have Fallen Overheard
From a Steamer.
HaXWelPS Friends in Southern California
IHdOrSi1S Him
Water Turned Into The New Irrigation
Canal at Stockholm New Race
Track 10 Be Built-MOTe Rain.
ETeeial 70 THE MORNING CALI

SACRAMENTO, May 22.-Alfred Parsons,
young man we'll known in this city, is be-
Iieved to have been drowned in the Sacra-
mento River on Wednesday night He
went up on an excursion steamer and was
last seen asleep on the bow Of the boat
during the return trip. He has not been
seen since. George Browner. the bar-keeper
on the steamer, says that after the steamer
tied up at the wharf and the excursionists
had gone home lie saw young man of Par
sons description fall overheard. BE in
formed the deck-hands, but they thought he
was Joking and would do nothing.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
PORTER AT PORTLAND.
he Says Statistics Will Show Wonderful d.

He Says Statistics Will Show Wonderful De-
velopment.
PORTLAND, May 22.-Robert P. Porter,
Superintendent Of Census, arrived here to-
day from San Francisco. Speaking Of the
late census, Mr.. Porter said that when the
people of Oregon see the statistics on the
Industrial development of the country they
will say God bless Mr.. PorterP The coal
and iron interests, for instance, have grown
beyond all expectation. The census will
show that last year 100000 tons Of coal
were mined west of the Mississippi River,
and that Of this amount 6,0O0.O OO are cred
tied to the Pacific States. Mr.. Porter left
tonight for Tacoma.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
At Chicago.

CHICAGO, May 22.-The results of the
races to-day were:
The mile and an eighth, Hooksey won,
Attieus second, Harry Kuhl third. Time.
2:O5A.
Half-mile, Dolly Noble won, Foreigner
second. Blaze Duke third. Time, 57h
Six and half furlOngs, Post Odds won,
Climax second, Bolster third. Time. :27.
The three-quarter mile, RenOunce won,
Clifford second, PinkertOn third. Time,
/ :28%.
One mile. Little Scissors won, Blue Ban
ner second. Affair third. Time, l AN.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
At louisville.

LOUISVILLE, May 22.-The winners to-
day were:
One mile, Sir Planet won, Bob Forsythe
second, Tarquin third Time. 1:47A.
Five-eighths of a mile, The Hero won,
Bloodhound second, Dore third. Time,
1 :06h.
The mile and an eighth, LongshOre won.
Mabelle second, Jugudaha third. Time,
2;00h.
Six furlongs, Greenwich won, Faleiro sec
Ond, Unadilla third. Time, &c.
The mile and a sixteenth, D0llikens won,
Parametta second, Alphonse third. Time,
/: 52%
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Arrested for Rnhhor,

Joseph MeGowan, mere boy, was ar
rested last night for robbery on Laguna
street The officer would not state the def
mite charges to be performed and the Young
fellow would not talk. but it is supposed
that ne participated in at least two cases of
standing people up ON the streets
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
SIAxwELL's CHANCES.
The horticultural Commissioners and the So
Z, ~,

The horticultural Commissioners and the So
oiety Endorse Him.
Los ANGELES, May 22.-The Chamber Of
Commerce met this evening, and after
adopting resolutions that the appointment
OF Walter S. Maxwell as Chief Of the Bu-
reau of Horticulture and Eiticulture Of
the Worlds Fair would be detrimental to
California, unanimously indorsed J. de
Barth-ShoTb Of San Gabriel for the position.
Three of the seven County horticultural
Commissioners met to-day and passed resO-
mtions indOrsng Maxwell, which were
given as unanimous. The horticultural So
ciety OF Southern California met tonight,
and by a vote of Is to 5 withdrew the in
doTsement Of General Chapman, heretofore
given, and iudOrsed Maxwell.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

the youngest 6 years, and the hair OF all is
of a beautiful golden red tint. Their skin
is like rich velvet, with a complexion sug-
gestive OF peaches and cream. The inter-
estng family were admired by all who saw
them, and they were voted the handsomeSt
girls that ever came over in the steerage.
They were very well dressed and were
bound for Urbana. Ohio. where their
father, who is stonecutter, will secure
Wnrlr
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Let All suoh Como In.

at the Barge Office, New York, the other
day from the steamship Majestic. They
were accompanied by their father and
mother, and all came from Fifeshire, Scot
land, and their name is Harrison. The
most remarkable resemblance between the
sisters exist. The eldest is 10 years old aud
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
ELECTION FRAUDS.
Fifty-fye Names Added to the List After the
Polls Were Closed.

COLUsA, May 22.-Ihe election cases have
been continued in the Superior Court. The
most important testimony introduced to-day
was that OF an expert in handwriting, who
testified that in his opinion the last ffty-fve
names on the pOll-list were written hur-
riedly and consecutIvely and without delay.
This indicates that they were fraudulently
added after the polls were closed. The
prosecution will close their case tomorrow,
after naming over fifty witnesses. As many
more will be called by the defense.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
MARRIED.

APPEL-CASSERLY-In this city, May 81. 1891,
by the Rev. NJ ID. Buck. Harrison Appel and Gil
linda A. CasSerIy, both OF Sierra County.
TURNER-HUNTLEY this city. May 30, 1891,
by the Rev J. Q. A. Henry. Stephen w. Turner
and Nora NJ. Huntley, both OF San francisco.
BALL-HUGHES-In this city, May 81, 1891, by
the Rev. X. E. kenna, 5. j. DIR. T. J. Ball OF BOs-
ton, Mass, and Katherine J. Hughes OF San Fran
cisco.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Accident From Spreading Rails.

ELLENsBURG, May 22.--An East-bound
passenger train on the Northern Pacific was
derailed this afternoon at Canon, seventeen
miles north from here. Four coaches left
the track and nine persons were injured,
only two of whom are seriously hurt The
accident was caused by spreading rails.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Grand Lodge Election.

PORTLAND, May 22.-The Grand Lodge,
L o. o. F., Of Oregon, to-day elected the
following officers for the ensuing year
P. P. Gates of LAFAYETTE, Grand Master
A. d. Holman Of Ashland, Deputy Grand
Master; W. T. Williamson of Salem, Grand
Warden; a. n, Gambell Of Portland, Grand
Secretary; j. 6. Wright of Portland,
Grand Treasurer
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
LATEST SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.
Arrived.

FRIDAY, May %.
Ship Occidental, Morse, DAYS from Tacoma:
225O tons coal, to South Prairie Coal Co.
Movements of Transatlantic Steamers.
NEW YORK-Arrtved May 22-Stmr Vera from
Bremen; stmr Holland. from Liverpool
QUEEN STUWN-ATrived May 2Z-Stmr Bothnia
from New York.
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES May 22-Stmr EIbe
from New York for Bremen.
HAMBURG-Arrived May 22-Stmr Columbia, I'm
New YORK: stmr Rugia. from New YORK.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
A Young Thief Arrested.

William Sparks, messenger aged IS
years, was arrested yesterday and booked
for the Industrial School. He Il said tn
have participated in theft of soma derrin-
gers and daggers, during the week. from
Third-street secondhand store.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Ephraim's VIII Contested

The will of Moritz B. Ephraim, Jewish
bookseller, who died recently leaving
$4,000 to his brothers widow, Ernestina
Ephraim, Is about TO be contested on the
ground Of improper influence and mental in
capacity. The other relatives are the con-
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
II So, What Do the Blood Spots Prove J

EVANSVILLE, May 22.-Wliam Oasley
was to-day held TO answer before the Su-
periOr Court for the murder Of George Ball
last July. The blood spots found on the
bridge to-day were examined by a chemist
and pronounced to be human blood not more
than day or two old.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Cherrias for CHICAGO

SACRAMENTO, May 22.-The California
Fruit Union sent carload of cherries last
night to Porter Bros, Chicago, and the Earl
Fruit Company also sent a carload. Some
apricotS were sent by each.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Fisk,s House At,aoh1

Attorney r. b. Mitchell has sued Asa
Fisk, his former client, to recover S2l75 tor
professional services, and the Sheriff at
tached fisk's house on Hayes street yester-
day. The case VAL be tried by Judge San
deTson.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Closed It's Session,

STOCKTON, May 22-The annual session
Of the California Pharmaceutical Society
closed lis session to-day and this afternoon
the delegates were driven about the city and
to q lunch at the grove~0utside Of the city.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

VICTORIA (B. c., May 22.-While Thomas
Finnegan, section foreman On an island
railway train, was returning home on
hand-car this afternoon the latter was
struck by special engine and Finnegan
was killed.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
PERLEY YEASFY.

Perley Veasey. charter member of Her.
cules Lodge, No. SO. A. .. U. W., died on
Thursday, after lingering illness, aged 81
years. The funeral will probably be held
on Sunday afternoon, under the auspices of
streets
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
shaen-Herders, Fight.

ALBUQUERQUE, May %, = News Of an
affray between the sheep-herders at Oio del
Frico on Wednesday has been received.
Three were killed outright and several
others were seriously injured.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
DIED.

PRIEST-In this city. May 81. 1891. Thomas F.,
beloved husband OF Mary Ann Priest and father
OF Frank, William, Thomas, Charles George and
the late Arthur James Priest, a native OF Sligo,
Ireland, aged 81 years.
Ra Friends and acquaintance are respectfully
invited to attend the funeral THIS DAY (Satur-
day. at $3.50 O'Clock A. NJ, from his late rest
dence, Is Geneva street. between Sixth and
Seventh, Brannan and Townsehd thence to St.
Roses Church, where requiem high mass Will be
celebrated for the repoSe OF his soul. commencing
ats O'Clock A. NJ. lnterment Holy Cross Gene
terry. s&
RoSS-In this city. May 20. 1891, Martha Ross
wife OF James Ross, and beloved mother OF James
Ross Dr., j. E. Ross and Mrs. @. W. wilmington
native OF Ireland, aged 81 years.
A8- Friends and acquaintance are respectfully
invited 60 attend the funeral THIS DAY (Satur-
day. at O'Clock p. NJ. from her late residence
l32 Langton street. Interment Laurel Hill Gene
terry.
FITzPATRICK-In this city, May 81. 1891. Rose
ella Fitzpatrick beloved sister OF Catherine
Church. Mrs Margaret Glover and Mrs. Ana
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Dwelling Burned,

NEVADA, May 22.-The dwellng-house Of
Thomas d. Price in the easterly edge of the
city, was burned this afternoon with all of
its contents. Loss $1,000, no insurance.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23

SHERIDAN, May 22.-The grasshoppers
are very numerous and people think they
will destroy every green thing. trees, vines
and grain. Some are cutting their grain to
save il from the hoplerS.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Accident m a LADY.

PETALUMA, May 22.-Airs N. Crilley, who
lives on Sonoma Mountain, while driving
down steep grade last Saturday, unset her
cart by running off the road aud was thrown
TO the ground, breaking her left arm at the
wrist
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Mrs. CowIes Held for TT,

Mrs. Irene 5. COwles, who recently sold
lodging-hOuse at % Fifth street to Mrs.
Josie A: Schultz by representing that the
profits OF the place were $125 month. has
been held for trial in the Superior Court ON
charge OF obtaining money by false pre-
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Advanced Wages

The drivers on the Turk-street bob tail
cars have been made happy by an increase
in their daily rate of paw and a diminption
in the hours OF labor They now get 10 cents
an hour Ia raise OF 3 cents and work eleven
and half instead of twelve hours n dav'
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
WELCOME RAIN.
San BernardinO VIII Not Require Irrigation
for Some Time.

SAN BERNARDINo, May 22.-Rain has
fallen for two days to the extent of .8S of an
inch, giving 100 inches for the month and
about IS inches for the season. The rainfall
at Bear Valley reservoir in one night was
two inches. But little damage was done to
day and some good was done to the fruit
crop, which promises to be very heavy.
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Drowned in His Own We'll.

VICTORIA %. c., May 22-Fred McNeil.
a hackman, was found drowned in well at
his OWE house to-day. He had been suffer
ing from delirium tremens
The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-05-23
Is This Another Murder I

MARYsvIILE, May 22.-It is thought that
the man who was heard drowning in the
river the night before last was fOully dealt
with and thrown from the bridge into the
water. No one as yet is missed.