The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-07-24

established in those days between tribes all
over western Europe. People h lived in
Belgium were obliged to travel as far Ms the
district now cal ed Champagne, in F!ance,
not obtainable in their own locality.
They likewise brought back fossil
shells, out of which they made fantastic
necklaces. At the same epoch real manufac-
tories of weapons and utensils existed, the
productions of which were distributed
around the country according to the re-
quitements of each family. The cave at
Chaleux, above referred to. was one of thete
factories, and in it have been dug up more
than 10000 flint hatchets, daggers, knives.
scrapers scratchers. etc. A workshop Of
this kind in Perigord was dc voted to the
making of spearheads, while another con-
fined itself to fnbr:cating tools of reinde' r
horn. Many round stones are found, which
may have been used as hammers, bat TIE
I opinion has been advanced thai some OF
them we're employed for heating water after
they had been made hot In the fire. In
many of tho caves whistles of Il peculiar
| kind have been discovered, made from the
first JOINT of the foot OF the reindeer
In Denmark enormous stores of relics
left Behind by man of q later, though
very early, period are found in the piles of
kitchen refuse, so called. which represents
the debris of meats eaten long ago. The
accommodations of this SOFT along the coast
are, in many Gases, composed chiefly of
shclls, especially those OF the oyster. with
broken bones of mammals. birds. and fish,
and wrought tiints, etc, Remnants &c
found in them of tho stag, the boar, the
wolf, the dog, the fox, the Wildcat. the lynx.
the otter, the porpoise, the seal, the beaver
and the hedgehog. Bones OF the cod and
tho herring would seem to Indicate that the
primitive inhabitants of that country were
not afraid to venture out to sea in pursuit.
of food. Not only did these ancient Danes
domesticate the dog, but evidently they ate
the poor animal when other supplies
were scarce. MS it is shown by
tho contents of tho kitchen mounds.
Canine bones. broken by the hand of man,
and still bearing the marks of having been
cut with the knife, are among the rcnains
discovered. Tho men of this epoch also
iiShed with nets. charrcd remnauts of which
have boon revealed hv excavation.
With tho discovery of metals and their
uses came a great revolution in the conli-
ton of man. Doubles gold was the first
one with which he became acquainted. IN
its natural state this precious substance is
driftod down by tho waters of many II river.
and it's glitter would DO likely to attract at
tention. Cope, was probably the next
metal utilized. nnd tho knowledge of tin
also dates back to n very great
antiquity. Silver was unknown TO
n much later date. because 1t is
seldom found pure. and hardly ever except
in combination with lead ores. Bronze,
which, IL an alloy OF nine parts of copper
and II of tin, was tho frat metallic sub
stance used for the purpose of making tools
as n substitute FOR flint, bone and horn. IL
was produced very easily by smeiting to
gethor bronze and tin ores. thus producing
IL readily fusible material. very hard when
rendered so by slow cooling, and easily cast
with stone molds into any shape desired.
There was no instrument which could not
be made in this way out of bronze, and once
provided with il man was able to make
rapid progress In civilization.