Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1891-11-14

rather not speak of them. They said pride
must be broken, but pride with them meant
don the cowl. How many rotten eggs we're
eaten there; how much fermenting wine was
drank
At the end Of the sixteenth century the cor
ruption Of the Bursen system and the iawiess-
ness of the students had reached such climax
that the Bursen were broken up.
The first German universities were founded
at Prague and Vienna, 1913 and 1865. Third IN
order comes Heidelberg, in 1886, the first uni
versity inside the present German empire
At these universities appeared the evils OF the
older Italian, and the Paris model Here, as
there, the Nations LdndSn,annschatten, fought
their fierce battles. until the Bursen UNDER
mined their strength, then the BWsen were
abolished and the Ldndsmdnnschatten again
blossomed forth and thrived.
Owing to friction between the Ldndsnidnn-
schaften of Prague several of the same removed
themselves, with their teachers, to Leipzig and
founded, in 1909 the Leipzig University.
These later LdndsmdnnschGften grew In time to
be q most powerful general organization, and
dominated the whole German student commun-
ity up to 1914.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM.
The instructing class of the German uni
versity gradually resolved itself into o system
attic body until in the sixteenth and seven
teenth centuries an organization was reached,
nresent dav There are orainary nrofessors
(pr0JessOres pubtici ordinarily who are full en-
powered members of the four faculties
theology, law, medicine, philosophical who
also form the Senat From their midst thev
choose. each wear. n Rekto,. Moonifkus. who,
in some universities is called Prouektor, the
provincial prince bearing the honorary title
Rektor Mdgni icentissinus. The Rektor is the
executive of the university and its representa-
tive. Each faculty is represented by a Dekan
dean who is elected every year After the
ordinary professors come the extraordinary
professors fprofcssores ertroortiinariO. who
generally receive a small salary from the Senat,
and then the PripatdOzenfe,t (tutors). having
the privilege of teaching. but no official obi
CATION. The Senct, in connection with a per-
manent legal official appointed by the state,
is the governing and disciplinary power of the
university, and its DEGREES are enforced by the
ReEtor, the Dekane, or through subcommittee.
The Rektor and the Dekane, with generally a
few selected associates, form the inner, or
smaller, Sead.: Formerly the university exer.
nsra ahoIshsS hS ne ;,,ou;ai ioroI oSa "
1879. The only decree given aside from the
Lizeatidt in theology, which is really but q Ger.
tificate enabling one to prepare for clerical
| orders, is tho DoktordL 1t IL given upon an
! original thesis and an oral examination, and il
| in four grades-highest, Stamina cum laude
Magma cam ldude. Cum tdude and Rita cum
laude.
| The influence Of the humanists and thu
| fearful suffering and destruction ensuing
from the Thirty Years. War" worked mos
demorallZlng effect upon the spirit of the times
and brought about, in the university world,
iifeless pedantry. great social uncouthness
| and, particularly among the theologians, mos
obstinate dogmatism. In the seventeenth cen
fury, three men took up the cudgels against tn
orthodox condition of society. Eduard Weigel
| in jena, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr Vol
Leibreiz (born in Leipzig 1886, the creates
philosopher and scholar of his day, and the de
visor OF the differentlal calculus, and Christia
Thomasius (born 1855, also in Leipzig ,founde
and later RektOr of the Halle University
Thomasius inaugurated his REFORM in Halle b
holding lectures in the German language
rather than in Latin, as was the universal prac
tice. and triumphing over many bitterly or
posed enemies, managed to free the universit
from prevailing conventionalism, and place
on a very liberal basis.
Tho r,;rors;,, =, co,,;nno, |sorn5oa 40,
INV eon HaAN
became a suecessiui fNai OIL name In ehau
pioning the cause Of progress. and its superio
equipment and excellent organization placed
in those days first among German universitie,
The first scientific society in connection with
university was founded in Gottiugen on LIE
breiz's plans.
From 1915 to 1s48 the sky WAS overcast an
threatening and the liberal tendencies OF III
| students were frowned upon by the state tn
whole academic class was passionateiy patrioti
but il was not a patriotism favored by the rule,
| Of the several detached German states. Man
of the students had REDEEMED the ground wit
their blood 10 free GERMANY from The erasp
Napoleon and thew had learned on many a ba
: tletield. where. owing to the jealousy and bicl
: erinp of their princes. victory had been witt
held aud their dearest sacrifices sauandere
: that the true greatness of GERMANY was to CON
through co-operatiye union. This was what Il
sicLIv notifies of the dav could not digest.
Each University was niacej under the esnio
ACE of AN official appointed bv the eoyernmen
, and though il seems incredible. those very me
l who had been most Jealous in freeing h
fatherland and who had its best Interests
heart became the special objects of persecntio
Bnt since 1s7O-7i ali This ia changed. M
life has come to the university through d
|, general prosperity and progressive liberality
0 the era. Academic. scientific. literary. mu
cal. political and athletic societies have sprul
: mn and deyeloped, and in general e more ind
}, nendent- tolerant shirt prevails.
q A feature of the modern university ia I
Seminar. the meeting of the professor a,