davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

their newly iii covered manufacture tho
hi cs" made an 'ffort to keep it Il
secret ard derive a Lcnrfit from til" cX-
y IT OF silk. without a lowing others to
share in the knowledge of the manner
in viii i. it WAS made. The frontiers
were luard ii. 1t was made a Grim
ptnis al, @ Y tcath to carry either silk
worms. tncir eggs or c0cconS oIt OF the
emp re. Tn silk was only cXportc |,
and for twenty centuries the h ncS" IL
love Il nj no 1uIY o. the silk manufa"-
ture ira About go A. II. Il coupe of
monkiSh miss onalits. in the course of
the r wa der ng', crossed the Chimes.
fro ter They were Iii dly received,
and FOR some years abode in IA city in tn
South o Oh ma There t ey learned
the seer t of tn, silk manufacture. and
on their return det" mined to convey
Their krow'cIgc and the means Of
epreadin. the industry To Europe Each
prcpar"i Il hollow cane a. walking
staff, anl flied the hollow with silk
worm eggs 1h So thy smnggIcd a .ros
the frontier. and after many weeks of
weary travel finally reached Constanti-
noplc, and were admitted . tn pr sencc
of EmI cfor Justinian. 10 him they re-
lated the marvellous story aud presented
their treas" re Under tie instructions
Of the monks. who had witnessed the
methods pract &C | by III Chinese. the
eggs were placed un ,cr favorable CON
dit ols the worms reared and the first
'Cocoons c or seen in Europe were spun
into thread.
FIom this humble start, says tho
Globe ID IHocr,t', the silk industry of E,l-
rope began. 1t was destined to reach
mighty proportions and in tim t. lie SO
aidcl by machinery and me hanical
devices Of various descriptions as
scarcely to be recognizable by the orig
inatorS. In certain cSscnt a s the 81 *
industry is of course. practically to-
day what 1t was III the time of Ustinian
or for that matter in the time of the
Empress Si-l.ing- hi, but the use of
machinery for unwinding the cocoOns
and io:' spinning the thread has practi-
caily placed the business under new
conditions. Meantime, however, the
Chinese have kept on in the same way
without the slightest Improvement on
the methods of 4, 900 years ago, and in Il
Chinese village of the present day mcn
and women may be seen rceiing off
threads from the Cocoo::S Just as their
ancestors did in i'll tim of Christ. 1t
Is an industry which can bc followed
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
NUMBER 81
WHITENING FROSTS
DESTROY MUCH OFTHE NORTH
VESTS CROP.
Tho Therm nmetcr Gors Way Below Free=-
ing Point NJ uch of Manitnba's Standing
Grain Is Still Green. and Will Bc a Total
LOSS.
Sevcn Dcgr es Below Frcr zinS.

Sevcn Dcgr Below Freezing.
The reports which come from the
North Dakota wheat fields are of dis
couraging charaete,.
At toopcrstown. Grggs County. there
was a heavy freeze. ice forming quar-
ter of an inch thick. Late grain Is
cooked, and wheat in shock and in
process of cutting is damaged. The
thermometer reached the freezing point
at midnight. AMI at 10 in the morning
stood at - degrees. Farmers generally
had laced 81 aw on tie north side OF
the fields, and most everybody sat up all
night and tended their SmEdCcs, but IL
was OF no use, for what Ii tie breeze
there was came from the south and car
rlcd the smoke in til wrong direction.
About - per cent Of The grain is in
shock The thermometers ran down TO
-.s a se\ cral points in Ramsey County.
and ice was found on the heads of wheat
in many fields Smudge fir were not
started until lat in the II ght. ana it is
fear d they did little good
About - icr cent, of the grain is cut
in thai 7, ginl.
Villages a ong the northern border re-
port that the temporal: r. WAS in places
not mitch above -. II was - ut Penn
=, az '' w "',1 ''
the last two points name l.
.'ii''n" ,, az ''nI A.
pcrature was from - to -.
The what there is still! IN the milk.
and a large percentage Of it viii b. Il
total loss. pli,cr Ba'fympl". North IA
kota's great wheat grower. said. on
I to os,irna,,., ,,,o g. -, had da..rarad I
ahor, ,,nn e,,.,,,,,. - ,t - ,.haa,
a,d co.s r,n j., ,ho paa ipf,.ar VaTIo,,
s,n,,, I-.,,ra ~ ,bo I,;.,sh ,,',s,oesiant
rhn l,s, fr..,,..,, .a,,lL r,e na,,,.,.,, ro
lueo ,Lo f<,.,,,s a,'.i hn f,.,ad o,,,
si,,I, 'f "a. cr would ha 10
,rn,-,d ~, ia x,t f H. So. eras.
,H,-t,if of H.. u,hr., ,n,o,,, Nd hoo,
,,tnncI,.J hy tbn h,r,n.teT tIo s,ys
,ha, ali tho wheat II cut at Thai limo
,as had win. j. c,li,d , al m. Il, frost
This whoa, will hn n,ua,,v as ,rood for
miIing nurnosns ,s Va hard hut tho
farmers vii receive =, oradn lever In
aynlairinr ,hn ac,i,n of tho fros, a, tho
rncut wbcat j.. S.id u . ,mo,, of d,n-
a~c would aI,ogcthnr ac,c d nn rho '.'n-
3i,ion nf Tho wba,t lcrrv a, fba time of
tbn fros, TIC WHOM Stordin, wbi.h
nad , ,nrno4 - honn,, t,,, la iI''',- n', ;"oa ]
u,ul,t : N. he -aI U So, ;,,rna R,- fbi-
severe f.nst I, xnn'd n-Iy resnlt /,
ro,,ugatng the surface of the grain
whicL would .os,r,, ,,s bri,b.,oSs ,,d
ca,,Sn il "a l,so , rr, "a TIC whoa- :,
tho milk would ho nm entire Ioss whom
nvcr thorn vas f,oS. bnInu a. oerroes
Tho straw won.d tnrn 10 Yellow and
MIGHT Il ,roivo ovon ,hn ,pn.+ cyrcr;ercnd
| arm.r but the prain wand never mass
,ut of tic mill S,o,n
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
How t, Z; al The Tongue.

Tic perfectly healthy tongle is
clean. moist. lies loo ely in the mouth,
is lollnd at the edge. and has no ptom-
inent rapill" g. The tongue may he
flrred from h, al causes. or from SYM
pathv with the stomach iutestines, or
liver. The dry tongue occurs most
f"e luentlv in fcvcr. and indicates a
nervous prostrat:on OF depression. A
white tongue IS d!agnostic simply of
the feycrish condition, with perhaps a
sour stomach. When it is moist and
yeliowish brown it shows disorIcred
digestion, Dry and b own indicates Il
low state Of the system. POSSIBLY
typhoid. When the tongue is dry and
red and smooth, look olt fos' iutlam-
nation, gastIic or intestinal When
the papillr on the end of the tongue
are raised and very red we call it a
st"aw berry tongue and that means
scarlet fever. Sharp ointcd, led
tongue will hint of brain irritation or
inflammation, and yellow coating in
dlcates liver arrangement. When so
much can be gained from an examina-
ton of the tongue. how important it is
that the younge,t child should he
Taught to put i. ont 50 that it can be
visible TO the uttcrmost point in Tie
throat. DR.. Jat}ia II. Smith.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
One Hundred Gents.

\ silver dollar is worth 100 cents. 4
gold dollar is worth the same amount.
One is equal to the other No discount.
Both are legal tender. What more do
You want? We might refer you to
bullion or bar silver, worth So cents
per pound more or less. but that is not
money. 1t is simply so much silver,
commercial weight, and. in SO far, may
be compared rs to cheapness. with any
other commodity. And SO. one kind
of money may be compared to another
You take gold and silver money and
what do You make? Nothing ut all.
For both are of just the same value.
Then how can one be cheaper than the
other? 1t can't be, and any represent
alton 20 this effect is a deception, n
rretense. The law governs. and this
is plain and distinct. 1t SAYS so many
grains of silver shall be one dollar. 1t
says the same with respect to gold.
The authority is the same for both. If
it is possible to dcprecinte the one it
is the other.
And yet, these facts are ignored. The
cry of cheap money still goes on. O,
this devilish iteration. Come OF,
Come off, We have had enough oe It
UaShtnJton ID. c. National Tic,r.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
IIaf Il Mi lion I'm migrants in 1890.

According to Bradstreet's, during
1890 the total number of immigrants
arriving in the United States from for
elgn countries was 49l .O2G, n gain over
the preceding year of 5000, or l. per
cent. The bulk OF the increase was
found in arrivals from three countries
in Central and Southern Europe
tia Hungary. Poand, Italy-and, in
fact, these three countries NAV hc
credited alone with supplying more
than the entire increase noted. as their
total gain over 1889 was $4,000, or
4.oGo more than the total net gain.
The arrivals of British immigrants
showed Il heavy falling off. German
arrivals gained slightly. and Russian
immigrants We're also more numerous
th i'll 1889. The total number of
British immigrants was 12O, 567. de-
crease from 1889 of II per cent. The
statistics Of arrivals at leading ports
show that New York received ;j9S, 3a6,
or nearly 81 rer cent. of the total:
Boston received 30, 971, or f.3 per cent. ::
Baltimore. %, 125, or Is Ter cent and
Philadelphia, 3,434, or IL per cent.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
anywhere, and In the humbest Chinese

anywhere, and in the humbicst Chinese
dwellings, in the boat houses along the
rivers, in the alleys which IN every di-
rcction branch out from the main streets
of any Chimes city. the six rec or and
his primitive apparatus may be seen
Amy one. however, who, from the fact
that the work is done by ignorant peo-
pie, comes to the conclusion that for
tune is easily mate by raising silk
worms, laborS under a serious mistake.
There are few industries ii which chance
plays so large a tart or which require
such earnest and constant attention Of
the manipulation. The eggs are unccr-
tain in Matching. the worms Ia s.rc al.
most continual attention, both as to
their food tempcrat"rH and light. \
sudden dra"ght may dra:roy tn" owners
hope of 4 crop, fvrn the cocoons must
be looked after. for if they are killed too
5 on the total amount of silk VIII not
havr he II deposited by the inmat',
VIII le If LEFT too long the worlTS burst
through Their 90 rring and spoil the
product. The inSr L are subject to all
SrrtS of diseases. innumcrab!c parasites
feed upon them and itnra;r their Ii Il Iii,
and even after the coronns are prepared
Tor the winter improper treatment may
subject the Gr, wcr to a lcavy loss.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

Il RAINNAKEES are common NOWADAYS

RAINNAKEEs are common nowadays
nut Ohio comes to tie front as usual
with new ID. Some cntcrprSiny =
editors got togct Ter at Columbus and or
eaniYca Il campaign thun, or foundry -
Tulc}" { ,nnt }g''iu,.
FROM the amount Of damage reported
through excessive rainfal> it is graiiFy
ing to be informed that the exp, rimentS
fer artiticiHi.y causing dOwnpour are
not satisfactory. It is wei t. ha c suf-
tic 'cnt moisture. but these foods are to
b. drra4cd.-To''lo b..
TiAT man with the rain producer
down in rc>as. when hr tries to make a
little local shower. creates a storm which
covers l.o0o lHrc mi G. He has evil
IDENTITY discovered no Improvement on
the old plan of sending rain upon the
inst and unjust. --BoStDa Giotc
THE raihmakcrs are wanted In cast
crn parts. In Con lccticut. in Wcstch" y
ter County and elsewhere where the
reservoirs and streams are low This is
q reasonable r. uest If rain can lie
made the folk who make it should BE-
willing to test til, ir systems upon places
where success VIII mean an Immediate
goo l.--RrinC Scntinc.
GENERAL DYEFNFoRTH continues To
explode dynamite and gum owder in the
upper air of Texas. and h-s explosions
continue to be followed by rain. S'ill
the Texans refuse to take much stock in
Dyrcnforth, but rather put their faith
in an all-wise and ovcrruling Prov ,dencc,
which scndcth IA n in due season upon
the Just and upon the unjust, without
the assistance Of explosives. .-Boston
Htruld.
GENERAL. y .-EE>FoRru having evolv-
ed a thousand miles of rain with
the all of rackarock and oNy-
hydrr gen might now turn his at
tention to Rainmaker Me bourne
and enlist him for further experiments.
Mr., Melbourne has been doing mete no
logical "stunts" in a little backward
cuhbyholc with 4 material that might be
termed "rackamouth." and claims all
III rain that has lately fal en- around
Cincinnati If Dyrcnforth kite or
dynamite bomb could put Mr. Me-
bourne nearer the sources of rain supply
we might look for g. Noachian dciuge. -
brooklyn Citizen.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

There is not a pinhead's difference be-
tween the aims and ends of the repub-
ican and democratic parties in Massa
chusetts to-day. Both consist of
small clique of rich men and their law
yers and agents, and big set of poor
fools, whom they hambooz!e into vot
ing for meaningless nothing which
they call "the party. ."-Thc NeW M
ton.
And the same is true here and every
where. What is there of any party
bnt the politicians, officeholders and
office seekers, and the poor dupes who
shout and vote for that meaningless
mvtf., the party y?-Larrcnce, (kap.j,
,JeHerSOliiNN.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
Nearly $40. OOO, 900 of povernme,

Nearly S3O,00O,O00 of government
money is always deposited with certain
bankers without interest charged. The
bankers loan this money, and may be
said in the language of the street, to
have "a soft snap Meantime the
proposition to use less than $4,000, 900
to build warehouses in which to store
the basis of all wealth, is met with ter
rife opposition. Paul (MinH.)
Great Vest.
Gov. Pennoyer, democratic governor
of Oregon, has renounced his allegi-
ance to the democratic party and en-
rolled himself in the peoples party.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

nlAed. There can be no doubt as to
the claim it now holds III on olr maps,
and intelligent PEOPLE hail its discovery
as the correction of an error which has
been too long disregarded For the
purposes of obtaining sketches Of the
country around the head waters. and
further investigatir the northern
tIibutaries of the river, a nrml er Of
gentlemen interested in geography and
science will accompany tapt. ella ier
this sumner to the Upper Mis-: IS ipI l.
This tiip IS announced to lie chiefly
ore of pleasure. altho gh some serious
attention will be paid TO hotograp phv,
geology, and botany b. experts OF the
party. The country i certainly fill
of cha,m for devotecs Of these sciences,
and those who ha' been following the
subject OF the newly l"rated source
hitherto will douhtleSs await with in
terest further Development which this
second journey will probably bring
forth. thi~uyo HcrUid.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
WONDERFUL RUN OF MINNEAP-
OILS MILLS.
The Output of Week Aggregated 1885,
3SO Garrels of Flou-.


Considering that over 1000 barrels
daily capacity was idle. the Minnca polls
mills made Il remarks bic run for a week.
The output has probably not been eqnaied
more than half dozen times The az
glegate pr, duction was ls5, $50 barrels
averaging 81. s41 barrels daily, against
I12.o15 barrels the Meak b fore. l6l, "63
barrels for the corr sronding time in
1890, and ST, 200 barrels in 1Ssa. Nine
teen mills were in op ration, and they
were grinding at the rate of ST.
900 barr Is pr twcnty-four hours
The millerS are gradually in-
rrea>ing the quantity nf steam in
use to make up for the deficiency IN
water power. Two or three mills which
have no steam are being restricted in
the use of water. and matters will grow
worse with them as the river gets lower
The mills. as a ru'c, are being operated
as strong a> Eos>ib c, and were it not for
improvements in progress two moret
would be in the operative list.
The prospects of higher freight rates.
is still stimulus for heavy work. Thet
advance of 10 cents per barrel to the
scaboard which. was announced TORI
August - has only party been enforced,
come of the lines max ng a rate IF - =
cents per i0b pounds TO New York and
81 !, to Boston.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
Signs of the Times

AS one of the trifiing events which
mark the era of approaching revolu-
tion-one among a dozen in the papers
of single day, We take the following
from the telegraph columns:
INDIANAPOLIS, Aug. "A detach-
ment of police has been called to
Haughville to protect the trustees
from violence at the hands of enraged
citizens. Notices have been posted ON
their doors declaring that they will
be dealt with if they do not resign.
After reciting various charges against
the trustees the notice says: we can
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

ings, un'css of exactly the same size,
must be kept apart, or the smaller
worms will Staryc. After eight weeks
of eating. the worm REQUIRES four or five
days to spin his cocoon. and in two or
three weeks will emerge Il perfect moth.
Both as worm and moth. however, he is
slugglh IN the extreme, the worms sci
dom moving from the trays in which
they are laced. and the moths rarely
attempting flight They lay their eggs
upon 'hc cloth placed to receive them,
and de in a few hours. taking no nour-
ishmrnt after reaching the moth or per
fec: state.
Dulv those insects dosipuo5 -o pr,r,
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

West indies, Mexico, Central America,
tie northern part of South America and
large districts in Afrca are cNcrllenty
we'll suited to tho growth and develop
mcnt of the worm, as we'll as the mu!-
berry Oh which it feeds. and IN not
few localities arrangements are now
beng made, both in tbs aud other
countries, by planting mulberry groves,
t. prepare for silk culture.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

are frequently crushed, with a mallct:
but the general impression is that by
thi process the silk is injured. Both in
China and India the insects are killed
with boiling water. wh;c ch is believed to
do its work eff 'ctually. without in the
lea t harming the precious covering
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
ibOlt tho Xix Worm.

The crdit Of orig mating the silk IN
duStry l:GUc to Il woman. Al ont !. 500
years ag. the Einprcss Sill ing-Chi was
Passing Il artificial pond in the pa ace
grounds. when She perceived, lying in
the watC, certain tocoonS Of a bright
yellow C,or. from which pretty threads
Eoatcd way on the surface OF the
water. he ia L. enc of her mai stoop
and gatfr up the 1hr-a 5 when. 10 her
aStoni>hicn:, they uawolnl from the
co oonS. Ihr Process continued. tie
bright yl!Ow strands were wound round
stick utIl the Gee Onl- were "Xha llStcd,
and thu WAS begun what next tn tea
growing proved To bc tie most import
ant ndstry of III" Il Eesc Empire.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

gate their kind a-e allowed TO come to
perfection. for as so n as the spinning
C"a cs, which l. determined by the alb,
scn:c of sound from within the cocoon,
Il small instrument having been devised
for the pur, oSc of asccrtaining if the
worm is still at worN, the cocoons are
stifed CT placed in hot water in order to
XII the insects and prevent fu,.,he; de-
vclcpment
In Mount ebanon, where The six
manufactures are cx. nsive, the co, oons
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

The inddont led 10 the pro ccut:on of
experiment the threads We're spun ana
woven, and gorgeous ia. ricS. I'll rs
till thcr the wor d ha II yer seen. soon
adorned the i'ri:cr : and her maids of
hons r. For her discovery She was held
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
In u Nutshell.

Ine christian iHjOH gives IFS q
specimen Of how good writer can
condensc voluminous amount of mat
give us the pith of the pope's encyci:"al
in the following:
That there is labor problem.
That the factory acts are right LII
principle.
That labor organizations should be
encouraged.
That workingmen are suffering
under gross injustice.
That wealth Is 4 trust and must be
administered as a trust
That labor arbitration should take
the place of labor battles.
That hours of labor should he such
as to give time for soul and culture.
That it is the duty of the church to
concern itself with these facts.
That wages should be such as to give
opportunity for acquisition of property
That if these results cannot he Sc
cured by free contract. the law should
interfere.
That woman labor and child labor
should be regulated and reduced by
Legislation.
That the church. the state, free labor
organizations and capitalists should all
cooperate in labor reform
These are all Christian Union posi-
tions. We did not expect ten years
ago to live to see them advocated from
the vatican of the pope.
The world moves.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
THE SILK INDUSTRY.
SINGULAR ORIGIN OF AN I'M
POR-ANT MANUFACTURES

Care of q" Worns-Cn the Co.
coonS-hOr:r Gus Prices Paid in Early
Times tor tho iatr.c Larya and
Moth-A ENh .bition of the Finished
Product
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

NUMEROUS desertions from the army
are alarming the Italian government.
The causes are arrears in pay and poor
food.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
The New York World declares that

The New York World declares that
the population of the agricultural dis
tricts is less than it was ten years ago,
the gains having been made in the
towns and cities But the mortgage
Indebtedness is increasing at the rate of
IS, 5oO,0 900 per year, and the loss in
farm values since 1880 is estimated at
$205, 600. 900, or an average of 81 per
acre for the single state of Ohio. There
are states where the proportion shows
a still worse condition of affairs.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
The &. .. =. Typical American.

The plutocrat is 4 daisy-lct lis in
terview him.
Thirty years ago he worked for q
farmer at sS a month and his board, or
lie was digging bitches at six bits a
day. or was peddling mouse traps or
running peanut stand.
One morning he got a corner on but
ton holes, and from that day TO this he
has been getting corners on everything
that is made grows or flows.
Meanwhlie he poses as patriot, q
benefactor, All industrial captain.
He makes himself agreeable to CON
gressmen and politicians. and they
spare no pains to proclaim his virtues.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

While the armies of the north were
engaged i'll death struggle with the
armies of the south he became greatly
interested i'll maintaining the credit Of
the endangered nation.
Lincoln was fighting the battles of
tbs people with demand notes. and was
getting along nicely. when he ass red
congress there must be a gold clause
put in all subsequent ISSUES Of notes,
and this IS how they ran afterwards: :
This note Is legal tender for all
debts, public and private, except duties
on imports and interest on the public
debt and is receivable in payment of
ali loans made to the United States"
DO you notice the word "except?'
Looks harmless
1t has cost the American people
sweat, tears. blood, wealth beyond the
dreams of maddest revenge.
This WAS the budding plutoerat's s
first achievement.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03

After this all things become posi-
bic.
Why?
Because congressman, contractors
and despoilers of all kinds shared in
the plumber either corruptly or by in
direction.
The except clause on the green
back was the open sesame that led to
exhanstlcss fields protligacy.
All the contraction, gold bond max
ing. credit strengthening and resump-
tion inquiries followed as matter of
course.
The gigantic land grants to railroads
and the bestowal of the government
credit on them came as matter of
course.
Tariffs were q natural sequence.
Ont of them by fatal necessity
came monster corporations, combina-
tions, svndicates and trusts.
The plutocrats increased in numbers
and power at an appalling ratio.
Not as the outcome of superior
knowledge, skill, enterprise, business
sagacitv or any other quality that goes
to make the successful man on farm.
or in factory. but simply because they
were in the swim.
The republican party sloried in the
growth of rlntocracy. and rointed to
rlutocrats rs typical Americans.
PiHSb2nu (hul3.) kut!Sol}.
The farmers' union. (Memphis, Mo.) 1891-1895, 1891-09-03
About Kentucky.

Peoples party candidates control the
legislature.
Party lines generally forsaken by the
voters.
Gains to the new organization being
the result.
\ victory in elections to the legisla-
tura over the old parties in the old
state.
Farmers taking a hand in 1egiSla-
ton. -Ci,,cinndti(O enquirer. Dem.