davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
JORDAN ACADEMY, +,
JORDAN. s. c.,

The next session will begin the 1st Mon
day in September and continue tor forty
weeks Primary, intermediate. and Higher
departments. Pupils prepared for college
leading to certificate. Music department
in charge of a competent teacher. Location
healthy Morals of community irreproach-
able. Good board can be procured in pri-
vote families at low rates Rates Of tuition
from sl.5O to 50 co, according to claSsilica-
tion Music - so per month; rent Of in
strnn,cnt so cents per month. a contin-
gent fee Of 25 cents per session Will DC
charged each pupil upon entering t'y-
ment for tuition must be made strictly III
advance. For further information address
J. \. sprott, chairman board trustees Jof-
dan, S. G.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
\ WONDER WORKER.

Mr.. Frank Huffman, young man of Bur-
lington, Ohio, states that he had been under
the care Of two prominent physicians, and
used their treatment until he was not able
to get around. They pronounced his case
to be consumption and incurable. He was
persuaded to try DR.. Kings New Discovery
for consumption, coughs, and colds and at
that time was not able to wolk across the
street without resting. He found, before he
had used half Ct dollar bottle, that he was
much better; lie continued to use it and is
to-day enjoying good health. If you have
any throat, lung, or chest trouble try it. We
guarantee satisfaction. Trial bottle free at
J. G. Dinkins & Co.'S drug store.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
Trial Justice Removed.

We fnd the following in the Charleston
World of to-day, in its Columbia correspon-
dence:
The governor to-day removed John H.
Mahoney, trial justice for Clarendon
county Mr. SIahoney is charged with
drunkenness and general neglect of duty.
The governor has not yet appointed any
successor to Mr.. Mahoney."
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
CHILDREN Enjoy

The pleasant favor, gentle action, and
soothing effects of Syrup of Figs, when
in need of laxative, and if the father or
mother be costive or bilious, the most
gratifying results follow its use, so that
It is the best family remedy known, and
every family should have bottle.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
Rev. Pink plunk OH TruthfulnesS.

/ hab known men, deah breddern,
dat Debber told lie, but I heard
desc same men tangle up de truf in
to such an unrecognizable mess dat
eben Ananias himself would hab
hard tussel to make up a lie to
match II.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
EX-Congressman COtbran Talks AbOnt
South Carolina Politics.

WASHINGTON, August %. 3.-Ex-Congress.
man Cotbran, Of South Carolina, in speak
in of politics in Soutii Carolina, said:
THE alliance people are still quite active
but we have had such excellent crops that
they find little cause for complaint Il
looks though as if they would split upon in
ternational questions The alliancemen in
power in the State are Democrats.
The governor, although elected by the al
lance, is Democrat, and his aaministra
ton is thoroughly Democratic"
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
A THO-Headed Snake.

Last Saturday, at the Sprott Guards re-
union, negro came on the grounds with q
ground-rattle snake about ten inches long,
that he lad caught short time before. The
snake had two perfectly formed heads, with
two mouths, four eyes, etc. The heads sep
arated about the neck in very natural
manner. When disturbed it would thrust
out it's forked tongues, sometimes both at
one time, and again one at time. Each
head seems to have been distinct and per-
feet. It was great curiosity, and attracted
,mDch attention
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
RTrCKT,EN'S ARNTCA SAT,VE

The best saive in the world for cuts,
bruises, sores, ulcers, salt rheum, fever
sores, letter, chapped hands, chilblains,
corns, and al skin eruptions, and positive
ly cures piles or no pay required. 1t is
guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction, or
money refunded. Price 25 cents per box.
For sale by J. G.. Dinkins l. Co.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

Mr. George r. Jones had been asked to
have speech ready for the reunion of the
Sprott Guards, but for some reason he was
not called on 1t was afterwards handed
to us with tie request that NE publish it.
1t is rs follows:
FRIENDS AND SURVIVORS, OF THE SpEoTr
GUAEDs-Tac reunion Of the Spro;t Guards,
comrades has always been and vii! always
be pleasure indeed, to me, for they a;f"r,!
us the opportunity to meet c:.ch other, to
shake the hand, and to converse with each
other 1t is great pleasure to recall the
DAYS when it was said there is war in our
land, and when We donucl the grey and
went forth to meet in battle the hated North.
erD invaders. II is 4 pleasure to know Low
patnotically we went forth to engage in
that long and unequal contest in defence Of
the rights Of our country; yea, and to let
the world see we were free men and Con-
federate soldiers, for l believe the name
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
FOREST0N ACADEMY.
South Carolina.

Mrs. Cannon viii resume the exercises OF
her school. at The ForeSton academy, Sep
tcnber 7th. 1897 Ii addition to the ad-
vant.,ges Of Normal Tanning, Mrs. Cannon
has long experience as a teacher; devoted
to her profession. She makes every effort to
promote the intellectual! Development Of
those entrusted 10 her care. In tue list OF
those who have given testimonials Of her
merits ana qualifications, are the names OF
JUDGE J. Is. kcrs:l;.w. Hon. J. d. Kennedy,
late l.. $. Consul to China, and the late
Hishop Davis. orthe Diocese Of S. c.
RATES OF TUITION: Primary Grade, per
month, Sl.O0 intermediate Grade, per
month, Sl.50: Academic, including Latln
Course. $500: French, $500: Music, S3.OO.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

Few children can be induced 10 take
physic without struggle, and no wonder
most drugs are extremely nauseating. Ayers
Pills, on the contrary. being sugar-coatea,
are eagerly swallowed by the little ones. and
are, therefore, the favorite family medicine
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

A perfect complexion, free from pimples
or blemish, is very rarely seen, because few
people have perfectly pure blood. And yet,
all dis6guring eruptions are easily removed
by the use of Ayers Sarsaparllla. Try it,
and surprise your friends with the result.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26


s5Oo Fire Policy
On
your Farm Residence
will cost
Won
in most cases
only
IS,
One dollar
on
the hundred
is
very little.
Your house is not
apt to burn,
h,,+ +bon
o"' JILL
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
NOtice!

TN PURSUANCE OF THE Law OF
L this State notice is hereby given that
the Blshopville Railroad Company will ap-
ply to the Legislature of this State at its
next session for authority to extend its
railroad in a general northerly or north
westerly direction as far as the North Caro-
lima State line and also to extend said rail-
road from Atkins in south or southeast
erly direction rs far as some point on the
North Eastern OF Central Railroad Of South
Carolina.
T. L. BRIDGERS,
Pres't B. r. r. Co.
August IS, 1891.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

Jumps at the conclusion-The sleepy man
IN church.
A man never realizes that he is 4 vessel
of wrath until he goes home to his wife full.
A man never gets too aGistocratic to be
sent up by common law, or saved by COM
mon prayer.
The second bale of new cotton brought to
Manning this year was bought by NJ. halis-
Ky, and was shipped to Charleston.
The man who spends his life pulling
the devil by the tail, will not find his oc-
cupation gone when he gets through living.
Turnip seeds, ali kinds at Dinkins &
Co.'S drug store.
1t is the idle moths and festive flies that
burn their wings in the gas fame. The in
dustrious and business-like mosquito never
does.
Granulated sugar. pounds for 25 cents,
Or Is pounds for q dollar, at NJ kalisky's-
We are requested to state that Trinity Al
lance Will have very important meeting
On Saturday afternoon, September ., at
three o'clock.
Buy your turnip seeds at Dinkins u Co.'S
drug store.
If you want to see q disappointed coun-
tenance call on Mr.. G. II. Higgins and ask
him after the health Of his daughter that
srrived last Monday morning
30 lbs. good family -four for 81 at NJ. Ka-
lisky's.
The first bale of new cotton was brought
to Manning last Thursday by Mr.. J. B. Tn
dal, Of the Fork section. The cotton was
delivered to NJ. Levi for shipment to
Charleston.
Just received, fresh and genuine turnip
seeds, all varieties, at Dinkins & Co.'S.
There will be an observation party to-
morrow Thursday evening at John S.
Wilson, Esq., for the benefit Of the Pres
byterian church 10 cents admission. Re
freshments afterwards.
Fresh gilt edge butter, only 80 cents a
dound, at NJ. kal,skys.
Application was made this afternoon to
the judge of probate, to have Mrs. Vermelle
DuBose, of PackSville, examined for lunacy.
She will be examined tomorrow. Mrs. Du-
Bose is the widow of John DuBose who was
shot and killed last winter by Edmund Hol-
laday, and who paid the penalty Of his
crime on the gallows.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

Veni. Vidi, Vici This is true of Halls
Hair Remover, for it is the great conqueror
Of gray or faded hair. making it look the
same even color of youth
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

The peculiar enervating effect of summer
weather is driven off by Hoods Sarsaparilla,
which smakes the weak strong"
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26

NOTICE rs HEREBY GIVEN THAT
~ by virtue OF sundry executions to me
directed by S. J. Bowman, treasurer for
Clarendon county, J. will sell ut the court
house in said county the parcel Of real es.
tate hereinafter described, owner thereof
being unknown, at the suit of the State Of
South Carolina for taxes, on Monday, 7th
day of September 1891, within legal hours
Fifty-eiglt (5S) acres of land, in Man
ming township, in Black river swamp,
bounded on the north by lands Of
William Mahoney and estate J.. L.
L. Thames, on the east by lands
of estate W. J. Clark, south by lands of y.
n. Butler, and west by lands Of NJ. Levi.
Purchaser to pay for papers.
DAN'L j. BRADHAM,
Sheriff Clarendon County.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
A Good Investm emf.

Health and Happiness come to all who
persiStently use Ayers SarSaparilla. This
powerful Alternative effects in the system a
change that seems little short Of miraculous.
No medicine has been in such universal
demand for years. Give it trial
eff any one suffering from general debili-
ty, want of appetite, depression OF spirits,
and lassitude, will use Ayers SarSaparilla.
am confident cure will result, for I have
used it, and speak from experience. 1t u
by far the best remedy ever kaaaE"S
F. @. Loring, Brockton, Mass.
Ayers Sarsaparillay
Prepared by DR.. j. c. Aver s. Co., Lowell, Aase;
Solo by all Druggists. Price 81; six bottles, ss.
Worth SIS a bottle -
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
MILLI-INE E.R Y

I desire the public to know that I
have a large stock Of millinery goods
and having received the encourag,
ment of the purchasing public l Will
continue to conduct my business as
heretofore, that is, to receive new
hats and flowers every ten days.
kg~Special bargains always on
hand.
Mrs. S, M. CLARKSON.
Manning, S. c., June 10, 1891.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST Is, 1881.
Your Name in Print.

Mrs. J. ". Minis is visiting relatives in
Lancaster.
Miss Mary Ingram, of Sumter, is visit
ing her sister, Mrs. J. S. Wilson.
Mrs Samuel Leard, OF Chester, is visit
ing her daughter, Mrs. G. H. higgins.
Mr. Wm Graharu, skilled mechanic
in the employ Of Mr.. G.. NJ. Davis, of Davis,
was in town last Friday, in the best Of
health
Mr.. Joel E. Brunson, of Sumter, Grand
Chief Templar Of the Good Templars in
South Carolina, was in town to-day. on bus
mess pertaining to the District Lodge, to
meet here September 10th.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
MANNING HOTEL.

MANNING HOTEL.
NEW HOUSE. II LARGE AND COM-
~ Portable rooms, nicely furnished with
new furniture. Bath rooms for use OF
guests. Excellent table, supplied with best
the market can afford Conveniently locat-
ed to depot and the business part of town.
Terms reasonable.
MIS-. NJ. O. BURGESS, Prop.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1891-08-26
Al ()Rl!EEEG !:E!. 4
~ 81 w. 7EEEE7i.-c,.zzaczzlzz fc.}zSz

FIXING THE FATE OF CO.MMUTA-
TTON IN LIEU OF WORK ON
STREETS, ROADS, AND WAYS OF
TIE TOWN OF MANNING.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Philadelphia Press. Every body and
everything" said the colonel. takes toll
from toe farmers. No wonder that they
want to do something. l do not think
the planks 10 the Cincinnati platform
can be fastened together and held In
place. The farmers ought 10 know that
resolutions passed by political conven-
lions raise neither corn nor wheat. nor
elieve that the government can make
money bv law any more thsn 1t can
iuake good crops by law. The govern
ment cant support the people. The
people have got 20 support the govern
nent. The government il q perpetual
pauper. ! ask this one question--if the
government can make money, why
not make what /, needs aud stop bother
Ing the people! Still ! am glad the
farmers are discussing these questions.
They will find out what the government
can and can not"
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

James P. Applegate, the life-lonl
friend Of the late Joseph McDonald
publishes the following criticism of thu
distinguished statesman. 1t is the fair.
est and the best summary Of the life oil
one Of Indiana's greatest men:
THE history Of Joseph +. Mcdonald
furnishes another striking Illustration OF
the possibilities Of American life. Born
poor, left at an early aye without a
father aud without means ~ support.
serving an Apprenticeship as a ssddler
and harness maker, he worked his way
TO commanding position at the bar and
10 place In the United States Senate.
What an incentive TO exertion bic ca
reer furnishes to the young aud rising
generations. He was blessed with q
rugged constitution and that he owed
nothing to chance or extraneous circum-
stances. His success came O. the reward
Of toll. He vas . worker, . hard work
err He Was not IN Admirable Crichton.
His best friends never thought him .
geniua. He lacked brilliancy. but he
possessed something better, industry.
What he achieved wss BY toll. In the
swest Of bis face be earned place In the
counseIs Of his country. What Joseph
Z. Mcdonald did. the average young
man can by patient and well directed
effort accomplish"
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

An exchange truthfuIly says no local
paper can be published without home
patronage, and everybody 10 interested
Ia keeping up home paper. Ii rail-
road or factory IL wanted, the paper ia
expected to work for II. If . public
meeting j. wanted for any purpose. the
paper j. called upon tor free notice
Ii society gives supper, reception OF
entertainment. the paper IL asked "a
urge everybody 70 buy . ticket. The
paper must puff everything 70 advance the
interests ~ The business men Of the
place. In the place. in this way and that
and yet some Of them do little or noin-
ing to keep II going.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

The undersigned having been restored
10 health by simple means, after suffer.
ing for several years with . severe lung
affection. and that dread disease Con-
sum ptiOn, Is anxious to make known
to his fellow sufferers the means OF cure.
To those who desire II, he will cheer
fully send free Of charge) . copy Of the
prescription used, which they will find .
sure cure for COnsnmp ti0n, Asthma,
CataPrh, Bronchitis, and al throat
and Lung Maladies. lilo hopes all SUI
ferers will try his Remedy, as Il IL in
valuable. Those desiring the prescrip.
ton. which will cost them nothing, and
may prove blessing, will please ad-
dress, REv. EDWARD A. WILSON, Will
Iiamsburg Kings county, New York.
Nov q ls90-ly.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Man has heen defined as al inielli-
genrn served by organs. II would he
more exact to-day mat he Is = person
ally served bs intelligence and using
organs The will. the pnwer OF self
dirrrflen. Thar which individuaiizes q
human beins. which constitutes him a
~. r-on who rsn saw n" aud "m,"-ihis
y bis essential characfe Sic. aud This
makes lin, lsborer The indoleni
srli-surrrnier ~ the person 10 the i'm.
pulse or caprice ~ the moment. the lack
OF intelligent nniecs IN life. the slow
fading-awsy ~ strength al the heart at
Eis being. ani his consequent disposition
a. drift with the stream OF things rather
than u gniie their course-th this i what
dehumanizes a man. aud makes him a.
loDfer 1, i only hard TO be : lshorer
because il is hard a he man. Effort
Inward energy. power 81 will. being thus
the distinguishing attribute o. manhood.
or. rather, selfhood. the fatigue which
comes from overwork Is not 30 intoer-
able 70 bear IS the iistlessDess which
torments the wretch who i sunk la the
s-sleepv drenchv Of laziness; and in our
present state, the practical fail OF man IL
his tall from worker into An idler
hOWtNeI muCu our uc~iIc m7N uO iOf
ease, our real happiness Is in activity.
Yet the difficulty OF urging body aud
mind into effort il so great that the ideal
Of msny working people il still inactive
enjoyment IAN ideal which their yer,
nature mskes impossible OF realization.
How many men there are, farmers. me-
chanics, merchants. lawyers, who labor
vigorously, looking forward hopefully
10 the time when the results Of their Ia.
hor will enable them 10 he loafers! The
thought. indeed. il carried beyond the|
present life. Miss Marsh. ia one OF her
novels, tells u of British navy" say.
ing 20 his mate: Il wonder, Bill.
whether 1t be true what they say oil
heaven being so happy whether II can
be happier than sitting here Ia the pub
lie over jug OF ale, with the fiddle
going? l don't know pleasure as
comes up 10 thst!r AMI nv how many
persons higher Ia the mental and moral
scale than bis navy is Paradise conceived
of a. = state Ia which there Is IN ever
lasting continuance u pions laziness las
it the worst impietv, in heaven a. on
earth. was not slothful inacion From
Loaing and Lsboring I" bv the late +.
=. whipple, In North American Review
for July.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Watterson defines reciprocity a. fol-
lows: Reciprocity Is free trade; II IL
not revenue reform; Il IL not tariff re-
trade. IL i more lit IL trade not only
free. out subsidized. II IL trade TO be
developed By special privileges aud sub
sides, by promises and bonuses, not
conducted as the people desire. but as
politicians dictate. Il will prove a fruit
iul source Of corruption. II IL born Of
false conceptions OF commerce, but II un-
dermiues the tariff wall. and the breach
will grow wider until the whole struc-
ture falls 70 the ground.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

A man In Cincinnati has made a
davit that he called up an aequaintals
by telephone and had a five minuis
chat, and then leaned thar the %
had been dead two hours when be bs[
loed him up. 1t Is hoped the De-
man got satisfaction over the vln
That Is more than any live one ~
ever get. Detroit Free Press
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

10 Was nig aud n.,,
csaaas,ar ' s,.s,., =, ~. ~ l.a,.
The man inside tie horss
very large and I'd The eonsnr.S
tie car was ssnall and palc ~ @ q
r.d passenger was infringing ~. aS
% the railroad company II RUS
cigar Tie small ropdn,.,. lug
watched this andaci,y. AID -, asa
was satisfied that Tie ciaar r NAV y
process was not an illnsionhe - su'n
with considerable sternness II -1
a diininutive man i0r
You'll have 70 PIT tint ei,.,,- W.
The large red man took M -.
the observation. but pnilel hI,,s
ulnes otfmoke. W.
You'll have 70 put tia, ci-,, =. i
say" 0A
Still the large man pulled Srrs.,,
out ~
The large man turned his small ~
eyes literally and said
Save yer voice, young fcIler ~
yer voice.
The conductor looked the larpe ~.
over. lie observed that he Wa 49,.
the size Of Mr.. Sullivan, the puyIl;',
and he wondered whether his salar !.
conductor was Largo enough 10 ipdo-
him to risk his life in physical ].
counter with the burly rlfian. IT,
Is personal pride In nearly all uso
and that conductor forgot the CONF
ton he was serving. and its rules ~
determined that he, As an indiyiapI
would not be crushed
You'll have to put that cigar out .
he repeated. His adlnonition ~as uai,-
fully Interchangeable in dicrion "A
tone. and it was beginning 10 suDcr
the large red man
Say, young feller." remarked d,
latter. ring the bell and let yenf
off,"
The conductor walked forward b
the drivers platform and said ! 49,
quiet words to his coadjutor. Then l.
returned to his own platform. and io
q moment or 50. as the car went a
he was silent Finally he directed -
attention again to the smoker
You'll have to put that cigar ouks
he said.
The large red man rose To his iesk
and rs he did 50 the conductor pulled
the bell for the car to stop. The smoke
strobe out to the platform and glove
ing down on the little conductor, hdN
the lighted cigar under his nose, ~
ing:
That cigar amt goin' ter be put on
Seer
The car was now at n stand<till, -
the driver was looking back at the tv
men ON the rear platform. He saw q
little conductor let fly his fist at q
large red man. and immediately he
go Of his brake and gave each Of
horses sharp cut with the whip. Th'
leaped forward and ga1loped away ~
the nov empty caz. When the Dr.
looked around again be nv the A.
Of Tho )prEgnaqn standing ruefnlIy
The middle Of >he 81 trsfk, 4, .
behind tho
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Mistress Lima, why have you brO0gs
no fruit from the markctl
Cook-Well, you see, ma'Am- 70
don't like pears, l don't like pIums ID
young lady doesn't eat cherries -
young master doesn't care for appA
and your husband won't touch peactA
Then what sort of fruit was l 70 gss'-
Frauenzcltuno.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

He latter marriage) What ~
have no fortune! You said over sa'
over again that you were afraid 'o'os
one would marry you for your money,
She-Yes, and you said over ana
over again that you would b. lspT
with me II / hadn't q cent Wen :
haven't q cent New York Weekly
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Client-I want to sue : man ~
owe me flfty dollax1
Lawyer-Wha<'s your busDesss
Client-I an . parlor elocudonia mn
6hakzpear-an recitef.
Lawycr-No use. The jury'd giw
verdict against yoa without leAsHs
their seats PUCK
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1891-07-03

Even the kindest hearted Of Us sr1<
tunes say things that without ezplans
ton sound rather queer.
1t was one of the best Of women VI
said 10 her husband, what : pity ;
Is that none Of our neighbors > =
noww
why" was the surprised queg
Because II they we're l could -
them some 0: this nice jelly VA -
compliment answer. - Youths c.
pauiop.