davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

four-horse merchandise vans, tandem market
wagons. numbering butchers aud brewers
carts. to the elegant eHupngcs Of grent mer-
chants and ilnanciers, the dog or
mail carts and traps Of smart young
brokers. the bicycle Of the city clerk.
and the coster mongcrs tiny donkey wagon.
III tangled aud confused procession. crowds
tho pavement from curb to curb. while all
sorts and conditions G: men, women. and chill
drcn thronE tho sidewalks, the doorways and
even All up tho interstices between the vehi-
Giles In tho streets. From tho time business
begins IN the morning until 1t Is over ut night
there is not n single moment when man
could cross tho street without running the
risk Of being knocked down. except when tho
policemen periodically stop all vehicular traf
fc to allow foot passengers to 60 over: nor il
there a single moment that one may stand still
on the sidewalk without being jostleJ along.
whether he will or not.
Right on this tumultuous corner. however.
there il a door where one may enter. pay two
pence drop down over n hundred feet into the
bowels OF the earth by elevator. shoot right
under the bottom Of the Thames by electric
railway. and bob UP serenely op another eleva-
tor almost three and half miles away. in the
comparative peacefulness and quiet Of subur-
ban stockwell. where dwell myriad clerks.
tradesmen. and working people Of the
city. This Is the City and South Lon
don Railway. only recently opened to tho
public. a system which promises to solve
the problem OF underground locomotion
and rapid transit for great cities. Mr..
Louis Sterne. New Yorker who has done
business In London for twenty years and as
sisted in the promotion OF this new subway.
took q Sun reporter through ii this week. They
descended 81 fect in the elevator. which car
ries 50 people. and were deposited in q beauti-
fully clean station with walls OF white enamel.
the atmosphere being much more pure and
refreshing than Mt the surface. Their fellow
passengers were mostly working people. err
rand boys with bundles. women going back to
their homes from shopping tours. and early
returning clerks.
"The great bulk OF our traffic" said Mr..
Sterne. us done early in the morning and
after shops and offices close at night in carry
ing working people back and forth. Then the
elevators and trains are crowded to their full
capacity at every trip"
A blast OF cold air. almost sufficient to take
ones hat of. from the black mouth Of the tun-
mel. was tho precursor OF the arrival OF the
train. which came up on a single track be.
tween two platforms. so that the incoming
passengers got out on one side and the out
going ones got in on the other. As they
took their seats in the car tho electric lights
suddenly went out. but after a seconds delay
cleaned again as suddenly. This. Mr..
6terne explained. was duo to tho fnct
that the light was supplied from the
engine. and. when the engine that had Just
brought the train in was uncoupled. 1t cut of
the communication until the othor engine 1T
tho othcr ena was coupled. The train ran very
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

1t will DO seen that the Greathead method Of
eexeaUetiSn entails no settlement a. OF land In
shield and the earth is never left unsupported.
The hole that is made Is filed by the cast-tron
lining. 1t Is clear therefore. that no subsi-
this opinion. and various claims were made
like nature. which werc attributed to the tun:
nelling onerations in tho street below. ,s4d
come. Fortunately for himself. Mr. Greathead
had taken the nrecauton before the work be-
q n sa tbs n val an
in rsfreshing. the memories Of tic property
Thc lit wells Of the eaiy and south London
Railway are twenty 1--WE feet in diameter. and
well there WORK two semieircaiar cages. each
occupying half Of the cross section OF the we'll.
81 Tss sp ia two W SSS is y rsn 81 &
passengers. AT the Stockwell terminus there
Is Il thS necessary hydsamiie pumping plant
main at first is seven and n Galf inches in d. H.
ameter and is gradually reduced to three aud
The lifts on tho railway are worked on this
pTHsPs and not Hre ec ram TIE height xih
oiatty-ase tons q 22o tons in all TIe work.
Ing load will be three and auarte,r, tons: SO
waste water is re:arned To- tho jumping sta
tioiis anu - uScu oNcT oNST ukulll. ucEo
is an accumulator seventeen inches in diume-
tcrand seventeen inches stroke at the pump
TAI ss AMI and nine nfS
feet stroke at about the middle Of the
line to reduce the velocity Of the stroke. An
is freeing the tunnels from water for the level
Is below all drains. This is effected by the
Grcuthead cjcctor. 1t consists Of q Jet OF pres
sure water emerging into receptacle which
contains the collected drain water. The pres
and sct6 up an Induced current in the sur
rounding water 1t is. very curious to see
water thus doing that which. according to tho
ancient proverb. is an impossibility. namely.
flowing up hill.
II was originally intended that the City and
cable traction. and arrangements were, made
for this system; scheme for electrical trac;:
the wire rope. While the Parliamentary fight
was. being carried on. however. electricity
made such advances that it was finally adopted.
undertook that the hauluge Of the trains
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

easily aud smoothly. though. there was somo
strnining and grooming Of the woodwork, owing
b the Inferior construction OF tho rolling stock.
There was continual roaring also whilo the
train was In motion. hardly sufficient. how.
ever. to prevent conversation.
I've are now going down IA incline OF one
foot in fourteon." said Mr.. Sterne. as tho train
started. and thus we get down under the bod
Of the river to depth OF about thirty five feet
additional to tho eghty-seven feet descent in
the elevator"
The train made three stops-;,t Borough. at
the Elephant and Castle. and at bennington
Oval-before II reached tho southern ter
minus at stockwell. where the works aro stu
sted. and all In very littlo moro than fifteen
minutes. On the return with Mr.. Sterne along
busy Arthur street and down Swan lsno. under
which thorouChfare far below the surface. the
tunnel runs to tho Thames. Mr.. Storne pointed
to some tall warehouses on tho opposite side
The tunnel" he SAIL ssiH. goes DIRECTLY und sr
know when Wa reached their Vicinity SO that
osaa hsss AeRs s e. Sse Gu
ssssr ! Ssal1s' aud 'Sf Eal; milo on sSs
The ensineer who devised this bold achemc
Of railway enterprise was Mr.. J. i. Greatheal
donors owe SO much In the improved prospect
and ever Increasing burden. OF locomotlon.
10 those ct all acquainted with enterprises
head had to create his own ,procedents. or.
rather. TO create new, pracedents for future
hill or mountain in the open country may pre-
sent many different problems ior the en-
sseE but ho ss MSsS S g mn
driving q long tunnel in u densely populated
4. city. In an old country. and especially In one
England. the physical difficulties are. by no
means the greatest ones with which an
q new departure. A long forgotten but
unrepeAled ordinance. dating. nerhaps from
hoss wasn q
nAnnnAtson. may 10 exhumed from q mass Of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

sssSss sce sT u
ssHRR s %S@STp q
Spsies paid ISr living e country q ancient s
e n reeopd The sSs in fsrianspt before TIC
q the ely sRf
to say that theact Of PARLIAMENT was obtsined
athough 4 was Opposed by every pn,f tni BODY BODY
OTHER than the engineering difficulties Of his
ss The business Ssi.s mon Of London and Of New
York stand ~ Sy Ser esss In
fondoner may elect to reside either at Enfield
on ths cast: Or Richmond on c The west: md h.
New York is bounded on three sides by
service %nrvSisd i Sy any s other city in the
s sS y y as S nDa e fsp on sea M st.
IN is units Tran That q fneapn. for ths mum,
i not much more than hSii that q the aysTags
q .hsss nd sSs vhS Is S eos
humanity IN tic G present day is icon, con;
laborer at work. one might DO pretty
sure that lie livcd In the. neighborhood.
probably was born thcre Ike his father before
o'clock on Saturdays. mud passes perhaps an
hour In reaching his home. Cheap fares and
havo baen both the cause and effect OF this
change. Tho concentration u business. for
mcrly diflnsed among many hands. IN few
evory neighborhood was self.contained. end
the greater part OF it's Inhabitants. seldom
passed its boundaries. 1t had its own butcher.
bnkcr. green grocer. furniture dealer. IRON
mnngcr. &c.. ,eGch tradesman occupying his
?rcntices and assistants. Now tho tradesmGn
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

habited by the city clerk and shop assistant
class. Its northern terminus Is on the APP
pIoaeh e London Bridge on the Cty side.
iHr than i any other part q London: In im ne
bends abruptly wit sharp curve and rapid
incline to tho south and this takes 1t below
the bed of the Thames. Excepting where
the line passes under tho river and be-
meath one block OF warehouses on the
southern bank. it 10 wholly beneath the
public highway. following tho line Of
Arthur street and Swan lane for the short
distance on the north bank; then. when It
cmerges on the Surrey side. It runs beneath
the continuous thoroughfare formed by the
Remington Park road. and Chaplain road;
These thoroughfarcs are the most ancient and
the chief approaches TO London from the
south. 1t was from the borough. 1t will be re-
numbered. that Chaucer's pilgrims started on
their riOus Journey to Canterbury. and there
still exists q 1nbnrd Inn, although tho original
building has now disappeared. Besides the
termini there arc four stations ut approx
mGtey equal distances. The railway consists
Of two tunnels. the. up and down lines being
less than forty foot below tho surface that
Is tho. minimum depth. but In many
cases this 6 greatly exceeded. for instance.
IN crossing the, river where the tunnels had to
be carried far down In order to get into firm
ground below the tidal influence. Passenger
communication with the surface Is carried on
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
CAsr iaon TuHNeL Lm,Nc
Fig 9

the iron tunnel lining. forming an inpermea-
bic. coating, and protecting the ca st iron from
moisture and oxidation. 1t. should he stated
six se e in diton to Which there Is q
form the ten as shown in figure O. The cir,
and cement. and the Longitudinal! ones with
pine strips.
snmed that Tie R.''t tunnel T' was being driven
London Railway BY far the greater length was
as tho London clay. but In places there were
faults. and one Of these caused the engineers
most completed e the contractors We're M'S IN
pleasantly surprised by an inflow OF winter at
The The stoekwell end. and it was then found TINT
sand and gravel. This was undoubt-
fay TIT m ish Te n apfn
ground river. for the flow Of water was con:
slant. and the pressure was equal to n head of
unpleasant incidents viii h spoil record Job
take the gilt on c9ntraet. and may CONVERT It.
across. would require different mode Of treat
ment from that pursued with the reliable, Lon
sSn sd an ast
across the end Of the tunnel. Although the
system Of working in compressed air as a
not be out Of place. The plan was first intro
duced for the purpose Of sinking bridge foun-
dations in the bed of river. In such an opera
may be said to correspond to the tunnel shield.
tho former working vertically and the latter
horizontally. In the case Of the tunnel in
double air-tight partition or air lock was built
across the tunnel short distance from the
end, so that a closed chamber was formed by
the lining Of the tunnel. the air lock shutting
of the after end. and the shield the for
ward end. In ease of the waters com
ing freely through the opening, the shield.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

through which tho men work. has naturallyto
be tightly fastened. Upon tho chambers beirg
Ing the shiea may be Opened AND water viii
is IN excess Of that due to tho head Of, water:
ward direction. the water viii not fow in in OPP
absolutely obtained in y practice. for working
under pressure Is always very wet bus business +;
Tho as pressaTe
square inch. or Just tho amount to. which ma
years ago WORKING IN ecmpressed air Is very
trying to the men and leads at times to COM
plants Of a curious and special nature. Some
life. Its by no means the most robust in ap-
but one thing is absolutely requisite. a tenn
pcrate mode OF life. A clean mucous mem
O; TSsrs as msthSs o, working on the Great;
the shield This is naturally u used S Where the
epenns qs sa4e 10 SHOWS ws
6s s% tie ssf Wish ths sssds
tank; F. which is subject TO pressure and Is
sd Wt tS wa THE rs MATER Ards YGst
mud or sand which falls Into the receptacle 1,
returns. carrying tho debris with It. Tho soil
is lo9sened by means of the projecting bars.
for carrying OH the surplus water. When SUM
ciert material has been removed from the
working face in front OF tho shield and has &C:
with water are brought under tho openings II.
The valves arc closed to, shut ofr6l! ex-
opened between the trucks and the tank. the
sand or mud In the latter falls into the tubs py
IT, oTn GRAVITY and the water assens e tas
become blocked. the current OF water is sent
direct from tho pipe d through the branch r
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
vElLlN CS.

The largest and most complete assortment
OF veilngs ever shown. comprising all the
latest novelties and newest combinations Of
Chenille. Velvet and Crystal. In dots and
figures.
Al-silk Gauze and Grenadine Drsperies
and Flouncings, As and 4s inches wide. at
&C.. Toe. and CSC. yard: half former prices.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

Who fsmembsrs .that q locomotive hss, 70 10
give, the extra pill for the start, and this two
@ net stson The System
naturally not available for railways that have
o% tss Es tSt Wo eatn
state the stations being placed! further , from
are. however OF no consequence to The deep
TSe upapitGc ,lown line; run each in its own o,
part of the GreRthead system. In the first place
It ssss T. r nhS Sa stqpGe ars
pistons in a long cylinder. driving out air before
causing constaSt cirrulation. This is very
nnsisenbn 1T the stations ~. where nstinGit
OF ta On tho Dsres aS
still more SO onthc Mctropolttan Underground
line. this arrangement would have done much
to overcome tho horrors Of the passage ON
those railways: but both up and down liucs be.
ing carried in one tunnel. the, mir escapes az
the side of the train. and even what Is impclleu
in one direction by an up train Is carried back
by the down train.
Another reason why the np-and-down traffic
should be carried in different tunnels is in
Vertically the engineers have powers Of con-
powers Of construction-to the ccntro OF the
globe. but they must keep beneath the. public
streets anu mol take away UnuOWnerS eartn.
although tho landowner might never know 1t
had gone. Some Of the streets beneath which
tho City and South London Railway passes are
very narrow. and there is no room for two tun-
tlculty at first. and it was thought that the
houses on one side, of the, street would
suggested the simple expedient OF tipping his
line up edgeways. as it were. and running one
tunnel above the other. 1t was al so seen that
this arrangement had a further advantage. SO
that the tunnels have been placed at different
levels. although not Immediately one above
the other. even where the roads are wide The
communication between the station platforms
and the streets above IL by hydraulic eleVa-
tors. 1t is desirable. OF course. to use the same
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

For cutting through rock. although no rock
Sa Ra hs M G ss Gs s sRS
devised O. plan which It may be as well
to describe. although Il has not been
the cult ing spparatas shown In figure ii would
be, used; It consists OF two-armed tool
which steel cutters are firmly fiIed. This cut
ting part Of tho apparatus, is attached to Q
shaft which passes through the shield and
ting. the tool is pressed up to the rock face TO
be operated upon as shown by dotted lines.
set In n horizontal position and Is then drawn
back until It y under. the hood N. It is then
the hood. Compressed air is then admitted to
the latter so that q man can go In to replace
the cutters The other arm 10 then turned up
opinion as to the practical utility Of this plan.
Y WQplq. 2i course. be esssssayy to have ex-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
LONDON RAPID TRANSIT.
ADYANTA0Es AND FAULTs OF rHA
't GREATHEAD SYSTEM

Esss.esrtsg Problems n 1ts cesstrsetier
sss Their Observation-Disclosures Or Prep.
erty Owners Along the Line saa Dtiucsl.
ties IN TaaneiiipE Through Sand sss
or.vei-Aatomatic I.inisg sna wsrhisg
n Compressed Air-Ths System Suecess.
Tni 0. London Clay, hut Might Fan ..
Other Geological Forsstions.
LONDON. sopt. 19.-The junction Of King VIII
liam and Arthur stroota with the end OF Lon.
don Bridge. close TO the SPOT
Where London's column. pointing At the skes.
Like tail bully lifts lie head and lea
IL perhaps tho busiest place on earth. From
daylight until dark traffic ia all but conCestcd
on the bridge and in tho nenr-by streets. The
procession OF horse. foot. and wheel lie contin-
uous. Every species o. vehicle. from vast
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
Art Department.

New styles in Silk Chair Rests. plain and
figured silk puffings. finished with ribbon ties.
08c. each.
Hand painted Surah Silk Chair Rests. light
to dark shadings. with gold outline. $1.95.
Down-Hlled Sofa Cushions. exquisite designs
in finest quality OF figured China Silk. $L83.
China Silk Lambreauins. 2k yards long.
fringed all round. $3.50 each: extra values.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

entirely by hydraulic elevators. as It would DO
hopeless TO expect people to descend and as
5 W bs
fGco, Tho traction Is entirely electrical. 1t
having been q stringent provision on tho part
should not DO used. Londoners have had quite
sufficient experience OF the sulDhurous at
thossS long ~ coke
The length OF the City and South London
Railway Ii. 8 ! q miles. tho route being shown
In figure J. Tho extension which Ii to be
malo. 10 Claphaln shortly Is shown by the
dotted line, The route followed IL beneath
Level ground although the tunnels Themselves
being purposely made . dip between stations.
This putting Of tho stations on hills has two
fold advantage. and V one 81 the good points
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

The construction Of tho tunnels was carried
1S T parndd Gp
hS shed ID Th
Tunnel Under the river at Mapping. TO Brunei.
therefore: belong. tho credit q lnyenting tho
aouItediy thosa &c em aoii in the Great.
n9s tba AZ Of the 9bs
scription OF tho shield. Tho vertical shaft
sspk areco h9re was maas
9nd this formed the beginning Of the tunnel.
tss va" passa stesl fee
dincR chez In ionsts In fis%Fe t the shield Is
shown ip longitudinal section and in cross,
the stee! cylinder. inside Of the latter. and
xed to II near the front ond Is strG9ng cast
Consisting oi a steel dlapRraem. which forms
an, cnd partition Of the steel cylinder. The
shield Is sppportsd on tho outside by an iron
oiths steel plate Whish forms tho shisId is
R breaath fSs ps BE- sea
ss. TSPs liz ssss sSSsr Sn
hs whsne s' tas thss
"headl ne having been formed In this way, ~
R RSfhs$ s.leps. e Ss % IT,
ere asa %a boeSf
Tie latter being ~ inches, deep and
*. inches thick. The completed ring Is
], foot z inches long, and 10 feet In IN
dameter of The tanne One Of these rings and
= part. OF another are shown in place on tho
lett Of figure 6. As the work progresses the
ring nearest tho shield naturally forms the
end OF tho Completed part Of the tunnel. and
press ak hyiranlic C. rams. The ram cylinders
are marked in figure and the rams them
selves a. 1t will be seen that as the rams arc
push apart the lining q the tunnel
and the heavy cast iron rings before re.
Is immovable. the cast iron ring has TO 60 for.
ward. and as u Is attached to the steel
cylinder. that has to go ALSO The steel
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
SPECIAL SALE
Chenille Portieres.
CUph olstery DepartnentJ

tUPhOIsteTy UepaFtmentJ
80 Chenille Portieres at. .$4.79 pair
One lot Chenille Portieres. some plain.
others with dado and frieze. heavy fringe
top and bottom. regular So quality. at $40
pair.
81 Chenille Portieres at ...... 1888 pair
One lot very fine Chenille Portieres. In
Nile. Gobelin. Terra Gotta, Tobacco. Gold.
and Garnet. with rich Grecian border and
heavy fringe. regular $ll quality. at $3.50
pair.
$14 Chenille Portieres at .... $7.es pair
One lot French Chenille Portieres. figured
all over. in choice designs and colorings.
regular $l4 quality. at $7.9s pair.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18

perience Of It's working. and to learn some
thing OF the cost and rate OF working.
It would take far too much space to give
all the features In the construction Of this
railway. Those described are perhaps the
most Interesting and most novel; with, the
at six faces. accomplished as much a. 100
feet In ono day; but but the average at each
through the bed OF the old water course at
inches q day, In this portion g gSod deal Of
say, the face Of the gravel as soon as exposed
was played upon by q Jet Of grout. which. sol
idiied tho gravel or sand and prevented tho
water from flowing through.
\ 71
Ea1 uY
,..1H$@';laa1{ta,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
Mems Furnishings.
NECKWEAR.

NECKWEAR.
and Puff Scarfs. in very neat effects. light
and dark grounds. Acc. each; worth CSC.
l. Mems Teck. Four-in-H Hand. and Puff Silk
and Satin Scarfs. OF the very best quality.
latest shapes, and newest colorings. 500.
each; worth CSC.
Mems finest quality imported De Join
vile Silk md Satin Scarfs. In light and dark
colors. and very latest effects. 0Sc. each |;
"o''n 'i'"' UNDERWEAR.
Mems White Merino and Natural Wool Shirts
and Drawers, all sizes. 75c.. 08c.. $l.25 and
$1.50 each.
Mems extra fine quality Camers.hair Shirts
and Drawers. all sizes. $l.50 each; worth
$l.08
Mems best quality full regular made Natural
Wool Shirts and Drawers. $3.50 each: worth
$298.
Norfolk l. New Brunswick full regular made
sll-wool White Shirts and Drawers. $2.25 each.
HALF HOsE.-Five Special Values.
Mems genuine fast black Cotton Hall Hose
(extra spliced feet. all sizes. 12hc. pair;
worth 25c.
Mems extra nno and heavyweight Merlno
Half Hose. fancy striped and plain mode
colors. 19c. pair: worth Soc.
Mems winter weight colored Cotton Hall
Hose. In grays. tans. and fast black. all sizes.
25c. pair: worth 800.
Mems superfne English Merino Half Hose.
tan and mode shades (extra spliced feet). all
sizes. $50 pair: worth soc.
Mems pure natural Lamb's-wool Half Hose.
medium weight. all sizes. 42c. pair: worth Csc.
UMBRELLAS.
26-inch English Gloria Umbrellas. with
cases. fancy silver mountings on handles.
at &1.68 each; worth $2.25.
9Th lvanun 10Th IN 91fh csrooS
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-10-18
Housekeeping Linens.

Opening Fall Importations of Bleached
and Cream Table Damasks. Napkins.
Towels. Doylies. Lunch and Tea Sets with
fringe and hemstitched. White Dinner
Cloths with Napkins to match.
At 1870. each-Huck Towels. al! linen
worth $50.
At zoe. each-Huck Towels. 22x4% Inches
pure linen. regular price 2oc.
At soc. yard-Bleached Table Damask. Gil
linen. worth Csc.
At CSC. yard-Bleached Satin Damask. %
inches wide. worth S5c.
At oSc. Dozen. Napkins. all linen, worth
$3.50.
At l.s5 doscn-Iargc Size Napkins reg
ular price 500
At $l.10 each-Fringed Table Cloths coz
ored border. 2h yards long. worth $Lio'
9Th Avenue. 18Th 10 10th Street.