The record-union., 1891-08-18
FARM And ORCHARD.
Seven Requisites Given to Make
Farming Pay.
What the Various Crops Carry Away
With Them-Palestine, the Land
Farming Notes.

There are several important or essen
tial operations which must not be omitted.
They may be combined as whole, with
out interfering or clashing. The follow
ing are some of these requisites:
/. Control OF the land, by drainage and
convenient access to the fields. If the
owner is kept off from working the sol!
in spring for weeks or month by water
soaked ground he is losing one of the in
dispensable means for success. In such
cases good tile-draining has often doubled
the crops without any increase Of the
labor in raising them. Good, well-laid
tile drains have great advantage over
other improvements because they are
durable and permanent Unlike wooden
structures, they are not liable to destruc-
ton by weather or fire. They admit of
being finished in portions in different
years, comforting their benefits as fast as
completed. They enable the farmer to
plant his crops early in spring, and TO
harvest them before the advent Of mud
and frost in autumn. They give him
good mellow soil to work through the
season, instead of encOuntering crustS
and clOds. Beside this ready access to
his land by a soil in good condition, the
additional aid should not be overlooked
of a convenient entrance to every field
by means of a good farm road and well
laid-oQt premises. Each field is to have
a separate entrance, and not be reached
through some other field. or on another
crop.
2. The land must be made rich by fer
tiliZerS. In most cases barn manure viii
be most important and valuable. No ma
terials for its manufacture should be
wasted. AbsOrbents should be sufficient
TO hold all the liquid parts. When ap-
piled it should be well difTused through
the soil, and not thrown on and half
covered in clods and Jumps. Beside this
manure, commercial fertilizers may be
purchased and used wherever q careful
trial on the land has proved any of them
TO pay their cost and labor of applying i'll
the increased growth OF the crops. Plow-
ing in clover and other green crops
should not be omitted. 1t sometimes
proves the most efficient means for en-
riching the land and increasing its pro-
ducts. An advantage frequently results
from alternating the clover crops with
Eye and buckwheat; and when used for
this purpose the rye should be turned
iunder as soon as the heads appear and
before the grain is formed, in order to
prevent ii from becoming so hard and
woody as not to mix well with the soil
3. a constant attention to clean seed
and in procuring and improving the va
rieties will sometimes make all the differ
ence between encouraging profits and
discouraging failure. Various grades Of
success will result between the two.
f. Convenient tools and convenient
buildings will be essential in all good
farming. The labor of horses will be
better and cheaper than hard work by
hand. Costly and complex machines are
not wanted; few simple and efficient
implements may accomplish a great deal.
n special tool house and shelter for all
when not in use may keep them in
DiyNrr L., 4l,y.i
durability. PloWs, harrows, cultivators,
harvesting implements, seed-cleaners
and various hand tools will often make
the difference between clean mellow land
with growing, luXuriant crops and
Weedy, Slip-shod premises.
D. Domestic Animals-The most profit
able breeds or grades are obviously Of
much importance, the rapid increase of
fine animals of late years giving oppOr-
tunities all through the country for secur-
ing what may be desired. Poor animals
are not wanted by purchasers, but good
ones pay better in several ways.
6. Raising Fruit-The farmer who has
established a good routine OF work for
the season cannot afford to have this
series of operations broken in upon by
work of a different character which the
marketing of peTishable small fruits
would require. Ii he carried on his
thrifty farm work efficiently he would be
led 10 give imperfect attention to the ber-
Ties, and not attend properly to the work
of cultivating, picking, asserting, select
ing market, and other essentials. and it Is
this attempt TO carry on at once two un-
like kinds Of business that has given the
COpiouS supply Of poor fruit TO the
markets of the country at large. Or
charding winter apples, is not liable to
the same objection, where the delay Of
two or three days may not destroy the
chances of a whole crop, as with perish
able fruits. The farmer may make the
raising of winter apples part of his
farm routine. The required pruning of
the trees need not check his other opera
tions; the application of fertilizers to the
soil need not interfere with their applica-
ton TO the other crops, and the spraying
OF the trees would be as easily done rs the
work on the potato bugs. The careful
asserting Of only the best for barreling
and shipping might properly form part
OF the autumn work.
This exclusion of perishable fruits from
the business of marketing should never
prevent the moderate farmer from raising
family supply, requiring but a small
portion OF the care and labor of select
marketing. Strawberries, cherries, rasp-
berries and Currants, which would do
their own marketing on the farmers Ia
Die, ana Suihclent supply Of peaches,
pears and grapes, need not require any
sacrifice OF the growth of other crops.
I. Vigilance, temperance and estab-
IShed order will be absolutely necessary
to make farming pay in the best manner.
The farmer must not spend his hours in
idle talk AT the blacksmith shop, tavern
or saloon, nor make his reading OF frivol-
Gus publications.
The young farmer who has not already
succeeded in making farming pay to his
satisfaction must not expect to accomplish
his desires at dash in single year. A
steady onward progress viii reach 4 great
deal iu the end. The business will be-
come attractive to him as he succeeds, in
the same way that failure would render il
rcpulsive to him, and tend to drive him
TO other operations to which greater OBJ
jections would be found.-The Country
Gentleman.
WHAT CROPS CARRY AWAY WITH THEM.
1t is not safe TO estimate the value aud
cost Of crop from estimates of the cost
OF seed, occupancy of land, labor and
prices obtained only, as the cost also de-
pendS largely on the loss of fertility of the
soil III the plant-food appropriated by the
crop during its period of growth from the
seed 10 maturity. 4 ton of wheat-straw
takes from the soil larger proportion of
1ertIlzlng matter than does ton of pota
Toes, IN fact, twice as much, so far as its
manurlal value is considered, and the
lower cost of the potatoes iii that respect
gives the potato crop an advantage, as
two crops of potatoes can be grown with
as little loss to the soil, in value of plant
food, as one crop of wheat-straw Which
is the more profitable, however, depends
on the cost III other directions
There Is wide range of the values of
farm products when viewed from their
importance as manurcs or fertilizers. as
The plant-tood taken by them represents
its equivalent of manures. These values
are based on the amounts of nitrogen.
1NnfaSh DhnSTNhNy.je auiI