davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
by brilliant minds and wonderful inven-

by brilliant minds and wonderful inven-
tions.
The American shield started July II,
1889; the Canadian Sept 81, 1885, they
met at nearly midnight of Aug. 80, 1890.
The Canadian had gone 2, $50. 10 feet,
and the American 3.313. IS feet. Work
had been pushed night and day, in shifts
of eight hours, for electricity lighted
the shields and tunnel, and early compile
tiOn of the tunnel was great object.
The average progress of each shield was
ten feet day; but one day twenty-seven
feet and ten inches was accomplished,
and the record of tunnel construction
was eXcelled.
Chief Engineer HObsOn advised having
these tunnel walls of cast iron. Each
section was composed Of a key and 13
segments, each segment being feet 10
inches long, Is inches wide, and inches
thick. Each had inside fianges inches
deep and an inch and three-quarters
thick. In each segment were 4 holes in
each end and II holes in each side fiange.
These 80 holes were occupied by steel
bolts, each seven-eighths of an inch in
diameter. Each section of the com
pleted tunnel was a circle whose radius
was 8 feet and II inches. Each section
required for the longitudinal joints Sc
bolts, and for the circular joints 157
bolts, total of 213 bolts for each foot
and half of the tunnel. 1t required
82S, $50 bolts to faSten together the 81, 600
tons OF the east-iron lining of this tun-
mel. Each segment was heated and
dipped into vat of coal tar. BY the time
it was cool the tar was dried in. This
method was the happy thought of a
workman. Another workman invented
tool which increased three times the
rapidity of loading the clay upon the
cars.
Tunneling was nearly stopped at the
line of the river by water and quicksand.
Compressed air was tried. On each side
of the river, beneath the shore lines,
alright bulkheads of brick and cement
were built across the line of the tunnel.
Above each car-track and on each side
of the bulkheads were erected two air
locks, each seventeen feet long and seven
feet in diameter. with alright doors at
each end. The outside door would be
opened and men or mules admitted to
the air-lOck. Horses could not stand the
pressure. The door being closed and the
air-valve opened, the air pressure would
be increased until le atmOsp lereS of
the lock eQualed the atmOspheres inside
the inner portion of the tunnel, when
the inner door could be opened, and the
men or animals admitted to the works.
1t took several minutes to properly in
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
Tn, Woodcock's Whistle.

I have been much interested in all
your woodcock bird whistle papers,
and as my experience has extended
over more than half century of wood
cock shooting land many seasons
shooting have bagged from 100 to $50
BIRDS, and the bird always interested
me, [ have spent many pleasant hours
in studying it's habits in spring, as
well as fall and summer shooting. [
want you to put down my vote to the
wing theory.
[ know the bird has a little mouth
| talk, or note, which / have often heard
when birds were mating and strutting
on the ground in the spring, and the
same note I have heard often from the
old bird when I have been catching
the young chicks; but the sound or
note is not the same as the whistle of the
continuous-fying full-plumaged bird,
and I have SO often had the slightly
wounded bird in my hand, and held by
the bill or feet, make, as [ am sure,
the same whistling with his wings,
that [ cannot be mistaken; and the
bird when not In plumage, held the
same way, does not make the whistle.
I know that we do not all hear, see nor
think alike; but any person who will
take full-plumaged woodcock that is
lively. hold it by the bill or foot, and
let it have full use of its wings, cannot
but be convinced the whistle is made
with the wings.
Audubon should be pretty good au-
thority, and he records the noise as
made by the wings; and among all my
bird acquaintance I do not remember
one bird that has a continuous mouth
note when flying, but very many have
a wing whistle when flying, such as
the gold-eyed duck. whistling swan
and others, and can be heard long
distance. The drumming ruffed grouse,
noise of the wings of the flushed quail
and many others talk with their wings
as well as their mouths. Forest and
Stream.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

md will be of immense Importance in
the transfers between Chicago, Milwau-
kee, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Bay City
and Detroit to Buffalo, Toronto, Sus-
pension Bridge, Wharton, North Bay
Kingston, Montreal, Quebec, the White
Mountains and Portland and interme-
date points.
In the summer OF 1887 large and
costly plants were erected for the tunnel
machinery, in Ontario some 1000 feet
from the river, in Michigan about 1900
feet back In each plant were included
three boilers, pair of hosting engines,
ventilatng engine with blower
capable of 10000 cubic feet a minute, a
hydraulic pump, a drilling machine, a
bOlt-Screwing machine, a planning ma
chine with extra bed and table, water
pump, two electric light dynamos and
engines, carpenter shop, blacksmith
shop, and a machine shop. The perma-
nent plants are a small pumping house
in Michigan, and in Ontario a brick en-
CINE and boiler house, containing at
present four boilers, four electric light
engines and dynamOS, two Ventilating
"blows," and the two great pumps for
draining the cut.
The great cuttings for tunnel ap-
prOaches were begun on New Years Day
of 1889, says the Chicago Inter ocean,
The Canadian was begun somewhat mar
row. At a depth of fifty-eight feet a
landslide deposited about sixteen feet of
soil in this cutting. Work was started
again about ten rods farther back. At
the portal the Canadian great cutting is
sixty feet deep 1t is 26O feet wide at it's
broadcast portion. From the portal it
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

pay $25 annually for each booth,
which is to be tasteful design and
built of glass and iron in substan
tial manner. The booths, in addition
to the conveniences, will be so ar
ranged as to sell flowers and period
Gals, and be let to newsdealers, who
will be charged not more than Sc a
year rent. In consideration of this
low rental the lessee is to keep the
booth clean and in perfect order, well
lighted and free from Objectionable
characters. Such booths have proven
a success in Paris, Vienna, Berlin and
other European cities, and the pro-
jectors see no reason why they should
not be introduced in New York, par
ticularly when a good revenue for the
privilege is given to the city. The
authority of the board to grant the
privilege was questioned by some of
the members, and President Arnold
referred the petition to the Law Com
mittee.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

shield moved enough to allow section,
or a foot and half, of the tunnel to be
made The air could have been forced
to press 3, 900 tons on the shield, but the
greatest pressure used was $50 tons By
regulating the pressure of any valve the
direction of the shield could be varied at
will An observation of the shields di-
rection was taken every morning, and
by diagram any variations, even to the
smallest fractions of an inch, were de-
tected and regulated. The variation
scarcely ever eXcelled a fourth Of an
inch. When the shields met they fitted
exactly, which in itself was marvel,
for they had been burrowing farther and
farther into unknown soil, yet controlled
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

brick and concrete were placed in the
lower half of the tunnel to prevent it
being ousted by the brine from the meat
cars. Above the cement are three drain
age conduits, two thirty inches long, and
one in the middle, eighteen inches square.
Over these and their dividing timbers are
wooden ties, nine feet long and eight by
eight inches square. On these ties rest
extra heavy steel Trails, 100 pounds to
the yard, of standard American gauge
track, four feet eight and one-half inches
wide. On each side of the Trails are
wooden guard rails. ten by twelve inches
Both sides of the track are planbed. All
the timberS are of pine, and have been
soaked in dead oil Of tar. Safety lad
ders and platforms have been placed for
wOrkmen and watchmen. The inside
diameter is 10 feet 10 inches; 21 feet the
outside diameter. In the top of the tun-
mel are two ventilating tubes, each 20
inches in diameter. 1t is constantly light
ed by electricity.
The tunnel will nearly drain itself.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

portals these walls are feet high and
feet wide; near the beginning of the
cutting they are feet high and feet
wide
1t was estimated that the tunnel would
cost So, 100000, plants, materials, and
labor included. Not much will be left
Of that sum. 1t is likely that a second
tunnel will be built beside this one If
so, this ones plant and experience will
be quite servceable. If it is built il will
be made of cast-irOn- as that has been
found to be better than masonry.
The tunnel and its approaches have a
total length of II, 725 feet, divided as fol-
lows: Canadian cutting, 3,192 feet;
American cutting, 1888 feet: from Cana
dian portal to waters edge, 1894 feet;
from American portal to waters edge,
1,716 feet; tunnel under water, 1920
feet; total length of tunnel, 5000 feet.
Grades in the cuttings are one foot in
fifty feet, in the tunnel, one foot in 200
feet The greatest depth of water
above the tunnel is 40. At feet: and the
least depth of clay above the tunnel is
S43. The number of feet from the level
of the water to the top of the tunnel is
81. SO feet; and the number of feet from
the level of the water to the rock. sc feet.
Considerable difficulty was met in
selecting locomotives for the tunnel SER
vice, as most kinds emitted too much
smoke and gas Coke engines have been
chosen. Each locomotive can haul two
dozen loaded cars. One engine will be
at each side of the ST. Clair River, and
another will be kept in steam ready for
any break down.
The tunnel soil has been dumped in
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

sands on the Canadian side caused the
highest air-pressures to be exerted upon
that side. The compression of the air
kept the quicksand and water from over
flowing into the tunnel. Leaks were in
visible. The viewless walls kept back
the flood. Compressed air was used on
the Canadian side from May %, 1890, and
on the American side from April Z, 1890.
The completion of the hole was the
beginning of the end. A vast amount OF
work had yet to be done. The tunnel
was cleaned and the tramways' beds of
clay, about two feet thick, were removed.
The caSt-fron walls were painted with
some antitrust compound, hundreds OF
thousands of bolts were frightened, and
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

The surface water in the cuttings will be
taken care of the portals 1t is esti-
mated that not over fifteen gallons a
minute of water escape into the tunnel
proper. This is small quantity for
over mile of linear surface. 1t will
drain into pump-shaft on the Canadian
side, 112 feet deep, down to the rock,
and fifteen feet in diameter
The portals are big limestone blocks,
arranged 148 feet long, SO feet high, and
from 10 to feet wide, with sloping
comb. The tunnel entrance is flush with
the lining, and is twenty feet in diameter.
The portals only lettering is two lines
"St Clair. 1890" From the portals,
on each side of the railway track, lime
stone retaining walls extend to the en-
frances of the great cuttings. At the
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
Great Financial Crashes.

THE Calcutta failure of 1881 involved
$75, 900, 900.
THE English failures of 1s47 involved
500, 100000.
THE failures in Holland in 1873 ex-
ceeded $4,000, 600.
THE wildcat" prices in the United
States in 1887 caused all the banks to
close.
DURING the great panic of 1857 in the
United States 1900 houses failed for
$500, 100000.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

crease or decrease the air-pressure Oh a
man.
Certain rules had to be obeyed The
workmen had to have vigorous bodies,
and be examined by the company's ply
stefan before receiving admission to the
compressed air. Two deaths resulted
from the bad results of the air-pressure.
The air caused terrible feelings espe-
cially to strangers. In the beginning of
the under-river section the three gangs,
each of twenty-five men, worked under
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

H E CIR a n d
Trunk Railway
t u n N e ! under
t Ii c River st.
Clair, near Lake
Huron, is a won
derful engineer
ing a C h i e We
ment. 1t is an
important lin k
in the CONNER
cial union of the
UnlCcQ y e a Z G )
and Canada. 1t
will greatly IA
cilitate the trat-
fc over the sew
eral thousand
miles of railways
in the q ra n d
Trunk system,
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
PARTISAN AIRS.

Permission Asked to Erect kiosE1s in the
Streets of New York.
At the meeting of the New York
Board of Aldermen petition wax
presented in behalf of company who
ask the privilege of erecting CON-
venient booths-or, as they are calleG
in Europe, "kiosks" public thor.
oughfares. The petitioners propose to
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

Africa by the steamer Mandigo last
month It was lion cub. which the
Sultan of Sokoto requested the Royal
Niger Company to present to her
Majesty. The cub was allowed much
liberty on board and was greatly
petted by both passengers and crew.
Mr.. Bartlett went down to Liverpool
to bring it to the Geological Gardens,
where It is now safely lodged.
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19

an extra atmospheric pressure of ten
pounds to the square inch. This was in
creased slowly and at intervals, to TWEEN
ty-two pounds per square inch, or about
two and one-half times the usual atmos-
pheric pressure (The proposed limit in
the Chicago Fourteenth street tunnel is
forty pounds Icr square inch.) Quick
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
PET FOR THE QUEEN.

Victoria in Receipt of Lions Whelp
from Central Africa.
The Queen Of England recently re-
ceived a royal gift. It arrived in
Liverpool from the regions of Central
The Telegraph-courier. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1888-1946, 1891-03-19
BORING A BIG TUNNEL.
RAPID PROGRESS OF THE ST.
CLAIR WORK.

w OrIxing Under an Air Pressure of Over
Twenty Pounds to the Square Inch--A
Great Engineering Achievement Which
Will Probably Be Duplicated Soon.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1891-03-12

See advertisement OF valuable per
sonal property for sale by Nj. E. Miller,
Esq.
John Earle and j. W. Smith, of Staun-
! ton, were in Broadway last week, and
Prof. DeBell, of Broadway paid visit
to friends in Staunton.
Paul Dinkle, who has been taking a
course in telegraphy at the Staunton
Military Academy, left Sunday to take
charge of an Office at Goshen.
Edward Hughes, OF Charlestown, w
Va, a furniture dealer of that place,
was in Staunton Monday aud Tuesday,
stopping with his brother, b. F. Hughes.
See advertisement of the Snapp farm,
one of the best in the county, by James
Bumgardner and Vim. Patrick, commits
sioner A bargain can be had in this
property.
The Moss Family Musical Comedy
Company will appear in the Staunton
opera house to night, Thursday, March
1s. They give 4 very enjoyable and res
fined entertainment.
James Al. Mclaughlin, appointed
pos tsnaster at Lynchburg, failed Of con
-firmation by the Senate as that of James
Hill. eolored, appointed postmaster at
Vieksbarg. Miss. 1t is stated that the
President will re-appoint them, when they
will serve until the Senate meets again
in December next.
The ladies of he City Mission will
place on sale next Saturday, March "A,
at the Council Chamber from to 6
clock, a large assortment of ready
made clothing, consisting Of ladies and
children's underwear And aprons. The
PRICES viii ba1very moderate.
]. r. sutler, OF Little Rock, Ark, who
addressed the citizens meeting at the
council chamber Tuesday night, is a
native of Charlottesville, and a nephew
of G. w .@sutler Of Stanton, who is with
". II. Fl. Lynn in his implement store
lie has been absent from Virginia about
twenty years.
Bargain and sale deeds lave Just been
Yecorded III tue city clerks Office for the
following transfers OF real estate: r. Z.
Timberlake and wife to e. NJ. H. Cash,
lot Oh West Beverly street, second lot
from Stafford street, 81 600; b. f EalSle
and wife to ]. 9. Whitlock, house and
lot on Richardson street, ST 200
The goods h th9 grocery store Of a.
i. l.stlKarsaa,, in the s3randeburg build
ing opposite Charles Tanners in-silop.
are being sold ut cost by VIM I5ransle-
burg Tor Richard S Ker, to whom Mr.
Wifkefson made an Assignment last
week fer tbs saane-.f or bis creditors. BY
eetsi,ats the assets are placed at about
$4,000 and the liabilities at about q. 300
We had the pleasure IS s aall ol, sat.
9rtlaY sa:ss{ ssoms RAv j aE Duck wall,
son OF fudge hackwall. of the Martins
burg, " Va, circuit, now in charge
OF eral Presbyterian congregations in
Southwest Virginia, including Pocahon
tas, Graham. SC. His father once residaa
in Hayiaonbnrs, whore ne,y. hse. Duck
wall reqs.ei,Tesi ass iional start.
Hotel Brunswick, on the property OF
the Waynesboro Company, haa bees,
i completed and is nov yaadY sof. Qeoes
pansy - Meetsn4 OF the Company
On Esisday hast the hotel was leased to T.
Il. Antrim, George G. Maslin, and A. r.
Rosenberger fer II period OF five years.
1t will be furnished il FIRST GLASS style,
end opened to the public as soon as pos
sible.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1891-03-12
Heinrich-Bagby

On Monday last, at 12 o'clock noon,
the elegant parlors Of Mai B. T. Baghy,
West Frederick street, were thrown open
for few friends Of the family to wit
ness an interesting and impressive mar
riage ceremony performed by Rev. w
O. Hullihen, of the Episcopal Church.
The contracting parties were Mr.. A
Heinrich, a successful business man of
Richmond, and Miss Lucy Bagby, a
lovely and accomplish ed young lady, Of
the same city, cousin OF the host on the
occasion. Some twenty or thirty neigh
hors and relatives had been invited to
be present at the ceremony. The sol
enn and appropriate forms Of the Epis-
copal Church were observed. after which
the bride and groom were greeted with
congratulations by those present, and
then ushered into the dining room,
where bounteous and tempting table
was tastefally set for the entire number
present. The happy pair We're driven
to the Baltimore and Ohio depot to take
the O'Clock eastern bound train for a
protracted tour to the Eastern cities,
whence they will return to Richmond.
their future home.
The bride is well known in Staunton,
where she has frequently visited at the
hospitabIe home of her relative, and is
very popular with all whose acquaint
ance she has made. The best wishes of
a host of friends will follow her in the
responsible relation she has taken upon
herself for her health, happiness and
prosperity, as well as that Of the groom.
The ceremony and the attendant Incl
dents were much enjoyed, and the occa-
sion hroughout was an event that will
long be remembered by those present,
as we'll for the interesting ceremony IS
the elegant and tasteful arrangements
made by and Mr.. and Mrs Baghy to
testify their love and affection for their
relative
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1891-03-12
Another Industry for staunton.
A Wood Working Factory From trenton,
Ohio, Employing IS Men.

At meeting Of the executive com
mittee of the Staunton Development
Company, held Tuesday evening, q con-
tract was closed with Bixby & Campbell
for the removal OF their furniture fac
tory from Ironton, Ohio, to Stanton
Both members OF the firm were present
at the meeting. The name OF the con-
Germ after removal to this city will be
the Staunton Mantel Company, and it
will be engaged chiefly in the manufac-
ture OF wooden mantels of many styles.
Its capital is $la0,G00, and its force of
employees will be about seventy-fye
men.
4 site for the buildings to be erected
by the Staunton Mantel Company has
been selected on the Parsons tract, east
of Wiz & Hollis mill. Construction
work will be commenced Immediately.
All the plant and manufacturing bust
ness of Bxby & Campbell will be moved
from Irontol to Stanton as soon as the
necessary buildings can be erected here
Manufact uring is to he continued at
IrOntOn until the buildings at Staunton
have been completed.
Bixby & Campbell have carried on
their business quite successfully at IRON
ton. and are in first class financial condi-
ton. As their factory has been secured
on terms very favorable to the Develop
ment Company, its acquisition is some
thing of Il triumph for that company and
for Staunton.
This industry just secured is simply
one from among the large number for
which the Development Company is ne
gotiating. Several very important ones
are now under consideration. Staunton
is widely known and recognized rs a city
with superior advantages for manufac-
turing, and propositions for the estab-
lishment OF factories here are received by
the company almost daily. The era Of
industrial prosperity, long talked of and
looked forward to in this city, is now
being brought about by the Develop
ment Company.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1891-03-12
Mason and Dixon,s Line.

Inquiry having been made of us for
exact information as to the origin N d
meaning of the term Mason and Dixon s
line, we addressed n note to Hon Z d
ward Mcpherson, clerk OF the House f
Representatives who lisa kind Of political
and historical encycloredi;a, for d
more satisfactory answer than we ere
prepared to give IN reply we received
the following;
WASHINGTON, March ., 1891
~ DEAR SIR:-In reply 10 the yiRGlNiAN's in
tiisii.g abeut the origin ard object of tie term
",ason ana I>ixon's line,' beg to say that the
survey az t:le boundary lines between Mar, land.
Delawal and Pelnsy wanna was run between
1868 as5Fil67 BY Charles Mason and jeremiah
Dixon, two mathematieians or surveyors,
who were engaged by the proprietors Of Fem
sylyania and Lord Baltimore to come to this
country and assist ia running the lines between
those provinces as agreed on in the origina
articles.
This great historical line thus became known
as MASON aud Dixons iine,' and as it ran be
tween free and slave states, ii vas ultimately
employed as a figure OF speech to indicate the
division line between ITO Sc two classes of states
1t is stated by I.orng that this nse OF the phrase
was first made by John Randolph in Congres
sional debate on the Missouri question.
i. The line closed q controversy which had for
manv years made bad blood between the PROV
inces referred to, and The running of it was a
great event both in its Public and private aspect
Very truly,
Ef9,V Ar - MCPHERSON