davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1891-02-21
REPTILES OF AGES GONE sr.

KETTLES Of AGES GONE By.
Monsters Which Walked the Earth and
Swan the Sea Long Ago.
TALK wrrH PROF. COPE OK THE suBJkcr-
REPTILES WHICH FED uPoN OTHER REPTILES
THAT WEIGHED TWENTY ToNs-soNE wrrH
HOLLOW BAcKBoSEs AND 1900 TEETH.
'Reptiles ~ they are found in the world ct
the present day are but degenerate survivors
OF their kind as they existed in epochs long
ago." said Prof. Cope to a writer for TIE SrAs
The first reptiles Of the world made their ap-
pearance at the close OF the paleozoic period,
when the coal was in process OF formation.
They were all land snimals Among then. there
were no flying creatures, no marine swimmers,
no gigantic types and no especially herbivorous
kinds.
AT the close Of the conforming period there
occurred great emergencs of land from the
water, and reptilian life rapidly spread and
grew. The reptiles which hsd previously ex-
listed were all Of one kind. Their remains are
found in this country wherever the deposits in
iagoons, lakes and estuaries have been calcu-
lated for their preservation. From this point
OF tme, however, began what may appro-
ET, a. DO called the epoch Of rep.
TO close by great upheaval. due to
contraction Of the sarth's crust. by which the
Alleghanies and the Ural system were uplifted.
Then began what il called the 'mesozoic
epoch during which the reptiles may be said
to have run creation. That is to say, they we're
the highest order Of beings at that time alive.
What man is now the reptile was then-that is,
lord OF all existing things. Reptiles walked
upon land, navigated the water, few through
the air, and in short, pursued every avenue Of
existence that is zoologically conceivable.
''Earlv In the mesOxOic epOch there appeared
marine reptiles which, though derived from
land species, became more and more aquatic
through the necessity Of living in water, de-
veloping on that account swimming organs,
huge proportions. Why they grew big no
one knows, but it may have been because they
had no rivals in the struggle for existence;
they had all they wanted to eat and naturally
increased in bulk. At all events, no creatures
are known to have ever existed in this world
CLIMBING REPTnEs.
''Whnt the mammals are In the scale Of creation
today the reptiles we're in the mesozoic epoch.
They swan the seas, climbed trees and were
most phenomenal jumpers. Some Of them even
few. While some were herbivorous, living
upon plants, others were carnivorous, preserv-
ing existence by dsvouring their vegetable
eating cousins. The vegetarian reptiles were
enormous beasts, often as much as seventy feet in
length. They afforded food for the carnivorous
reptiles, which were smaller than the herbivor-
Gus kind, just as lions and tigers nowadays are
smaller than oxen. Though bigger the vege-
tartan creatures usually had not armor nor
weapons to defend themselves with. Their
most powerful defense was a kick, which, de-
hvered with hind leg fifteen feet in length,
was assuredly not by any means to be despised
at. The herbivorous reptiles of that epoch
were mainly OF three descriptions:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1891-02-21

A yssfA e va.isy R.is, vhs nsss - is~
for sentinsaA - boagAf ~ esb IN whish -
vosss ~ v1 MA hin--1ss1a 49,
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
Are We All Mada

Doctors do not like to talk to news
paper men, for good reasons. Doctors
are custodians of the best stories in
existence, and when a newspaper man
can worm one of these stories from such
a source it is too good to keep. But of
course the physician must be kept in the
dark. Even then the physician does not
like to talk, because he is afraid his
name might come out. One of these
specialists was talking in his reception
room the other day and he made this
statement:
"There is nothing new in the PROPOSE
ton that we are all mad. That's story
as old as the hills and is true. We call
the insanity that is at large latent in
sanity. If it doesn't come in contact
with a shock Or some disease it may re-
main latent until death stops the ma
chinery know men in business who
are liable to go to pieces mentally if
the unexpected happens ! once knew a
man who was cashier in bank, and |
had it from those who knew of his work
that no more competent and accurate
man ever held place.
ssBut had been his physician and his
fathers before him, and knew that the
man was mad. His insanity was only
asleep. So well did know him that |
warned him to keep himself free from
such excitement as would result from a
certain disease. AS | had feared, that
disease finally made its appearance in
the country, and the man blew out his
brains as soon as he heard of it, al
though the case was 1900 miles away"
Chicago Tribune.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

Prof. a. j. Cook, in his guide to bee
keeping, has the following to say on
comb foundation:
German thought andan.K KanaEaanuilRs7hi
nuity have devised meabs-for givfME the
bee a start in the important yet eRen-
sive work Of comb building, and hence
the origin Of another great aid to the
apiarist-comb foundation. For more
than thirty years the Germans have used
pressed sheets of wax as foundation for
comb. In 1861 Mr.. Wagner secured a
patent in this country on foundation.
He was also the first to suggest the idea
Of rollers. Ii was not until 1874, how
ever, that Frederick Weiss, German,
invented machine which brought the
foundation into general use here. In
1876 Mr.. al Il Root brought the roller
machine and foundation into general
use Since that time improvements
have been made on the machines both
by Mr.. Root and others.
All of the improved machines give a
foundation Of exquisite mold, and with
such rapidity that it can be made cheap
and practicable. AS Mr. Heddon says,
''The bees, in two days, with founda-
ton, will do more than they would in
eight days without All who wish suc-
cess must u@ foundation often in the
brood chamber and always in the sec
tions, unless nice white comb is at hand.
Whoever has a hundred colonies of bees
may well own machine for himself,
though it usually pays better TO purchase
the foundation. The process OF making
the foundation is very simple. Thin
sheets of wax Of the desired thickness
are pressed between the plates or passed
between the rolls, which are made 50 as
to stamp either drone or worker founda-
ton as desired. Worker is best, think
even for sections.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

Bone dust, like barn yard manures,
does not Immediately yield up its nitro
gen and phosphoric acid to plants. The
bone phosphate of lime is insoluble in
water, and but very slightly soluble in
water containing carbonic acid. The
gelatine OF the bones would soon decom-
pose in moist, porous. warm soil, pro-
vided it was not protected by the oil
and by the hard matter Of the bones
Steaming by removing the oil removes
one Of the hindrances Of decomposition.
Reducing the bones a. fine AZ possible j.
another means Of increasing their avail
ability.
Another good method Of increasing
the availability of bone dust is to mix it
with barn yard manure and let both fer
ment together ina heap. The bone dust
causes the heap of manure to ferment
more readily, and the fermentation Of
the manure softens the bones. Both the
manure and the bones are improved and
rendered richer and more available BY
the process.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
a Clenp lee House.

An Ohio farmer has the following to
say about cheap ice houses: 1 have a very
cheap but rough looking ice house that
keeps ice as well as a more costly one. 1
first leveIed off a space 10 feet square on
gently sioping ground and laid down
scantings with loose boards on them for
the bottom Of the ice house. On one side
posts were set in the ground, rising 10
feet above the surface. The opposite
posts are Y feet high, giving the board
roof feet Of pitch. After q few Of the
first courses l put in the ice and nail on
the siding at the same time. A space of
IS inches is left between the ice and the
siding, which is filed with sawdust as
the other work goes on. The floor is
covered with sawdust, and IS inches in
depth Of the same is thrown on top Of
the ice as a finish. A small opening i
left id the gables for ventilation. "a
space B feet wide between two posts i
filed with loose boards that can be taken
out from top to bottom a. the ice is
wanted. a little sawdust is packed
around the outside to prevent the air
from circulating under the ice In the
uncertain winters we have I think it
better to gather the first ice that is
thick enough to keep, and not wait for it
to get better, which sometimes results in
not getting any.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
FARM, FIELD, GARDEN.
NEWS, NOTES AND EXPERIENCES IN
FARM LIFE.

Wood for FaeI-The Relative Value of the
Different IEinds-varying Conditions of
Wood According to Its Exposure and
Treatment.
For those who cut wood on their own
lands, but more especially those who pur-
chase it by the cord, the relative value
Of the different kinds should be well un-
derstood 1t is a common opinion that
the hard and heavy woods are far more
valuable than the light and softer kinds.
This is true when they are purchased by
the cord, but by the pound there is very
little difference, explains Country Gen
tleman Hickory, for example, which is
about AS heavy as water, has been found
BY careful experiment To give out in
burning more than twice Us much heat
as pine, which il not half as heavy AZ
hickory. Hard maple emits two thirds
the heat of hickory. But take pound for
pound, these three woods vary but slight
ly in the emission Of heat.
More difference, however, exists in the
condition Of the wood, according to its
exposure and treatment. Take the same
wood, for instance, and let it be wet or
water soaked OF partly decayed, which
would be as bad as possible for fuel pur-
poses; or sour it bY fermentation Of
the sap, which would be somewhat bet
ter; corded up in a shaded place for
drying; corded in open ground; shell
tered under a roof for u year; kiln
dried. Here are the several gradations
Of scale, showing how freshly cut
green wood may be subjected to differ
ent kinds of treatment, which taken be-
tween the best and worst would affect
many times its value. One graduation
not included in this scale is the manner
in which wood is piled when cut. by
placing the bark on the sticks upward
instead Of carelessly at random; this care
will turn the water Of rains off, keeping
the wood dry and holding the bark.
Otherwise the water would run under
the bark and cause decay.
The difference in the value of freshly
cut green wood and that which is well
seasoned should be understood by those
who burn wood in dwellings. Hickory
wood cut green and then made thor
oughly dry has been found to lose 81 per
cent. Of its weight, and some lighter
woods nearly one-half
Another important point in connec-
ton with the use of wood for fuel is its
economical consumption. a common
simple brick Fireplace" with strong
draught wastes about nine-tenths of the
heat, which is carried up the chimney.
But this amount will vary with the
shape in which the fire Is built. IF
plenty Of burning Goals face the room
much more heat viii be radiated into
the room than when they are concealed
by large sticks in front Of the fire. "A
slow draught will not sweep 50 much
heat up the chimney as a rapid one. A
fireplace partly cased with metal viii
radiate more heat into the room, and
Mr.. Bull found that an ordinary open
parlor CRATE saved about one-fifth of the
heat instead of only one-tenth. a sheet
iron stove with ample pipe and one ell
bow lost only one-half
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

All Paris IS dancing now, and the great
modistes are at their wits ends to pro
duce something SO very novel that no one
has ever seen its like before; and perhaps
the nearest approach to something en-
tirely new is in the two elegant robes,
pictures of which are shown herewith.
There is blending of all the styles and
all the epochs since the time of Eve, and
they are both as pretty as they are novel.
The gown on the left side is Of pale pink
tulle over glace sillr in the same shade,
and the skirt is made plain and full all
around. Across the front is fastened an
enormous spray of roses and foliage of
the tea variety, in which pink and cream
color are blended.
The under corsage is made of cream
colored crepe, as are the full sleeves.
The Spanish jacket is of black faille,
bordered with gold and jeweled gal
loon, and finished with a gold clasp.
Another robe made almost exactly
like this had 4 skirt Of cream faille with
no overdress, and the flowers were EN-
broidered instead of being attached
The other robe is in princesse form
with rich train. The front of the
Jupon is of ivory white brocade, trimmed
across the bottom with couple of mar
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

Miss Matte Collins Williams, Of Ten
nessee, is employed on The Commercial
Advertiser. She has her desk in the
office and draws her regular salary
Before engaging exclusively in news
paper work she carried on tobacco
farm in Georgia and was known as the
''Woman Farmer" That she did not
give her whole attention to agricultural
matters is attested by the fact that she
wrote novel for Mr.. George B. Munro,
and with the money thus earned lifted
mortgage which had been placed upon
her broad acres. She is a very clever
writer, having the versatile talent which
would make her useful in any newspaper
office
10 teach dog to ''speak" hold some
dainty before him when he is hungry.
At first he will not know what is wanted;
but say "Speakr' to him, and when he
barks, which he is pretty sure to do when
he finds the morsel still beyond his reach,
feed it to him at once. He viii soon as
sociate the word speak with the bark
and the dainty.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
TWO SUCCESSES.
Women in the South who Are Making n
Mark

Women in the South Who Are Making n
Mark.
In the first magazine in this country,
in its most ambitious issue of 1S89-the
holiday number-there appeared as its
fairest attraction a story entitled "a
Golden Wedding" by Ruth McEnery
Stuart. Mrs. Stuart is a resident of New
Orleans, and belongs to the best people
of her section. She is a young widow
with one child, a son. A picture Of her
shows an expressive, intellectual face.
She is slight and graceful in figure
Her fame is due largely to her success
as writer Of short stories, mainly in
dialect, which have appeared in The
Princeton Review, Youths Companion,
America, Harper's Magazine and other
popular and fastidious journals. She
has been particularly felicitous in pro
ducing not only the words of her negro
characters, but the very coloring Of the
thought behind the words, and her writ
ings in that vein are pronounced fault
less by the most Competent judges; add
ed to these rare qualifications is her bold
and original conception Of plot and stu
alton. There is never a threadbare Incl
dent or hackneyed scene-all fresh,
invigorating, stimulating. She has
achieved much and will do more,
being young, gifted, in love with
her art, she viii undoubtedly win
place in the first rank Of southern
writers. She viii do good work in
whatever field she lab0rs, and admits, in
a private letter relating to her stories in
the negro and Dago Diego dialects, II
have plans for something more ambi-
tious, though | find myself constantly
turning aside to deal with the pictur-
esque folk of mixed speech. and read
ers of "Mingo," Lamentations of Jere-
miah johnson" ''Crazy Abe, and this
latest triumph, "a Golden Wedding"
will rejoice that she has .-turned aside"
to sow such sweet and lasting flowers
by the way.
Orelia Key Bell is worthy place here.
1t has been only a few years since
fugitive pieces commenced to fly about
in the southern papers signed with tho
unfamiliar name quoted above. The
Atlanta Constitution and The New Or
leans Times-Democrat were the first to
recognize this new singer. For the most
part the poems were in the sonnet form,
said to be the highest and most difficult
medium for poetic expression. They
were strong, dramatic in thought, dainty
and quaint in dress, and soon the north-
ern papers and magazines saw their dis
tinguishing merit The Century has hon.
ored Miss Bell with the publication OF
eight or ten of her poems, and she now
finds ready acceptance for all that she
sends to the press. Her most extensive
work has been the writing Of no less
than lib sonnets to a beautiful, accom-
plished and philanthropic lady Of Attain
ia, the leader Of society AZ well as the
pioneer in many noble charities.
Among her other poems are Mari
posa" (the Spanish idea-'sse ssea-and-rests
of the butterfly, written in a very
arch and musical style; "BIind Tom, T"
on the wonderful, pitiful negro pianist,
and 'Jo-reeter-J Joree," descriptive of
southern bird, reproducing with singu-
lar fidelity its weird and striking call.
MEL r. CoLQUITT.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
HINTS no POULTRYMEiS.
VentiIating Poultry Houses Without
Causing DraugIsts on the Fowls.


Causing DraugE4s on the Fowls.
The first objects now with poultry
keepers, and particularly with those who
are making a especially of egg production,
are to secure warmth and afford protec-
tion from dampness to their fowls
Dampness and cold draughts Of air in
poultry houses are the most prolific
causes Of that dreaded disease, the Group.
Warmth j. absolutely essential To egg
laying hence only those birds that have
comfortable houses to ro0st in lay dur
ing the winter season in rigorous
climates. The draughts that find their
way through doors, windows and the
cracks Of poultry houses result in the loss
of many dollars every season. The
poultry house ought to be as nearly air
tight as possible, and all fssures, espe-
cially about the doors and windows,
closed on the approach Of cold weather.
The employment of tar paper ID lining
to hen houses has been favorably reported
upon by many, not only because this
makes the house warmer. but the odor
Of the tar is in some measure a check
upon vermin. Better stin than the tar
paper is tarred felting.
The question Of ventilation is an i'm
portant one and worthy Of consideration.
The ventilation gained, however, at the
expense Of warmth does more harm than
good, and direct draughts on roosting
fowls create more disease than no ven
tilation at all. Not few poultry keepers
,-,nI-a hrIaz -, ,v,,, ,,I ,-e 49, l.y.--n~ -
let the air get in and out the best way
it can. Others build their houses witE
the boards a little apart in order to pro-
vide current of air, and then wonder
why there is no profit in poultry. Bet
ter far no ventilation in winter, except
what is gained during the day by opening
the doors and windows, than this reck-
less exposure Of the fowls to draughts.
But, explains the agricultural editor
Of The New York World, authority for
the foregoing, there il happy medium
between the two extremes OF draught
and no ventilation. One plan is to form
small chamber about midway between
the caves of the apex of the roof with
boards, and then place at the end of this
means there viii be a current through
the ventilating chamber that Will carry
Off the vitiated air without causing
draughts in the house itself. Wright
advises for the ordinary poultry house
an opening at the highest point Of the
roof, surmounted by a lantern Of
boards put together in the well known
fashion of Venetian blinds.
It must be borne in mind that the air
of a poultry house does not become foul
so quickly in cold as in hot weather, and
therefore that much in the way Of ven
tilation may be done by airing the houses
during the day, and employing some
absorbent, such as dry soil, On the floor.
1t j. wise To sprinkle the floor often with
some good disinfectant Land plaster is
a ready absorbent Of odors. Another
cheap disinfectant is sulphate Of copper,
diluted in water.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
The Chatterinc kaiser.

The rapidity with which the German
emperor talks when delivering a speech
has been determined by DIR. Engel, who
is one of the chief reporters in thereichs-
tag, and who has stenographed the en-
peror's speeches very often. According
to the doctor he speaks very rapidly in
deed-about 275 syllables in each min
ute, and occasionally the rate at which
he talks is even 300 syllabIes in minute.
Vanity Fair.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22
Women and Tobacco.

The use Of tobacco among women is
on the increase in France, and even in
London it is not unusual to see a lady
produce her silveror enameled cigar case
in the drawing room Cigarettes are
giving place to cigars in Paris, and some
fears are entertained of the smoking
habit among women becoming uncon-
trollable. The well known writer Nine
de Latour defends the use Of the weed
by her sex, and insists that if it is good
for men it is not injurious to women,
while to brain workers it is a great help
and solace. She would not, however,
give women quite the same license as
men, and would restrict them to two ci-
gars and few cigarettes a day.--Paris
Letter
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

It should be a rule never to sell 8
fowl until it is made very fat A hen
weighing six pounds should be made to
weigh seven. The one pound extra is
not much, but it adds two cents q pound
to the price Of the whole carcass. a.
six pound hen which would sell at 10
cents a pound, making 60 cents, IL fatted
and weighing seven pounds would bring
10 cents a pound, or 84 cents for the
fowl. Here we see by making fowl
fat there is a clear addition of IA cents
to the total sum and 10 cents for the ex-
ira pound, equivalent to 40 per cent.
gain by fattening the fowl.-Poultry
Keeper.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

The Otaheiteans, although great lovers
of society and very gentle in their man
uers, feed separately from each other,
each particular member Of the family
taking his or her basket and turning
with back to all others in the room.
The legend Of the spectral fishing feet
Of st. Mary's Bay il of modern or
igin. In 1862 fishing fleet, homeward
bound from the Grand Banks, was driven
by stress Of weather into st. Mary's Bay.
The storm Increased in fury, and 100
boats went down on that August day in
the storm tossed waters. There are now
hundreds Of fishermen ready to swear
that ever since. when they have sought
shelter in fog and storm jill ST. Mary's
Bay, they have caught glimpses Of q
phantom fleet. heard the tapping Of the
sails and the shoutingof the sailors when
no feet was there. This may be ac-
counted for BY the fog, which nearly al
ways hangs about the bay. for any one
who has sailed in a fog knows that he
can see and hear almost anything he
pleases in it.-New York Tribune.
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

New York state ID credited with 1000
rl@n r..

New York state ID credited with 1000
cheese factories
Arkansas has seven creameries.
Wisconsin has large cranberry crop
of good quality.
A large acreage Of wheat has been
sown for next years crop
Buyers have been driven west of the
Mississippi for apples to supply the east
this season.
Farm Journal il authority for the
statement that centrifuge factory and
All lful machinery can be started
new fur n, 900, suitable for handling the
milk De 800 cows. For 500 cows 81 500
is caoarh-
Gloucester County Democrat. (Woodbury, N.J.) 1878-1932, 1891-01-22

The largest and heaviest building stone
ever quarried in England was taken from
the Plankington quarry, near Norwich, in
February, 1889. 1t was in one piece,
without crack or flaw, and weighed over
thirty-five tons. 1t measured 10 feet
long, feet high and feet wide.