davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The advocate., 1891-06-10

have fixed upon gold and silver aS the
most proper materials for this medium;
they being in themselves valuable metals
for their fineneSs, beauty and scarcity.
By theGe, particularly by silver, 1t has
been usual to value all things else. But
as silver itself is Of no certain permanent
value, being worth more or less ac-
cording to its scarcity or plenty, there
fore 1t seems requisite to fix upon some
thing else, more proper to be made a
measure of oaIues, and this I take to be
labor.
By labor may the value of silver be
measured as we'll as other things. AS,
suppose one man is employed to raise
corn, while another is digging and refn-
ing silver; at the years end, or at any
other period of time, the complete pro-
duce OF corn, and that of silver, are the
natural price of each other; and II one
be twenty bushels and the other twenty
ounces, then an ounce of that silver is
worth the labor of raising a bushel of
that corn. Now, if by the discovery of
some nearer, more easy or more plenti-
full mines, a man may get forty ounces of
silver as easily as formerly he did
twenty, and the same labor is still re-
quiled to raise twenty bushels of corn,
then two ounces of silver will be worth
no more than the labor Of raising one
bushel of corn, and that bushel Of corn
will be as cheap at two ounces as 1t was
before at one, ceteriS pGribus.
Thus the riches of q country are to
be valued by the quantity of labor Its in
hsbitants are able to purchase, and not
by the quantity Of silver or gold they
possess; which will purchase more or
less labor, and therefore is more or less
valuable, as is said before, according to
its scarcity Or plenty. And those metals
have grown much more plentiful in
Europe since the discovery of America, so
they have sunk in value exceedingly; for,
to instance in England, formerly one
penny of silver was worth days labor,
but now it Is hardly worth the sixth part
of days labor; because not less than
sixpence will purchase the labor of a
man for a day in any part Of that king
dom; which is wholly to be attributed to
the much greater plenty Of money now
in England than formerly. And yet per
haps England is in effect no richer now
than at that time; because as much labor
might be purchased or work got done Of
almost any kind, for e1OO then, as will
now require, or is now worth 5000.
In the next place, let us consider the
nature Of banks emitting bills of credits,
as they are at this time used in Ham
burgh, Amsterdam, London and Venice.
Those places being seats of vast trade,
and the payment of great sums being for
that reason frequent, bills Of credit are
found very convenient in business; be-
cause great sum Is more easily counted
In them, lighter in carriage, concealed
In less room, and therefore safer in travel
ing or laying up, and on many accounts
they are very much valued. The banks
are the general cashiers Of all gentlemen,
merchants and great traders in and about
those cities; there they deposit their
money, and may take out bills to this
value, for which they can be certain to
The advocate., 1891-06-10

now have, and even by its means. Now,
we all know the proprietary has great
quantities to sell.
And since plentiful currency will be
so great q cause of advancing this
province In trade and riches, and increas-
ing the number Of its people, which,
though ii will not sensibly lessen the In
habitants Of Great Britain, will occasion
a much greater vent and demand for
commodities here; and allowing that the
crown is more powerful for its subjects
increasing In wealth and number, / can
not think it the interest Of England to
oppose US In making as great a sum OF
paper money here as we, who are the
best judges of our own necessities, find
convenient And II I were not sensible
that the gentlemen of trade In England,
to whom we have already parted with
our silver and gold, are mislnformed of
our circumstances, and therefore en-
deavor to have our currency stinted to
what II now is, | should think the gov
ernment at home had some reasons for
discouraging and impoverishing this
province which we are not acquainted
with.
It remains now to inquire whether
large addition to our paper currency will
make 1t sink in value very much. And
here it will be requisite that we first
form just notions Of the nature and value
of money In general.
AS providence has so ordered It, that
not only different countries, but even diff
ferent parts of the same country, have
their peculiar most suitable productions;
and likewise that men have geniuses
adapted to q variety Of different arts and
manufactures; therefore commerce, or
the exchange of one commodity or man
ufacture for another, is highly conven-
lent and beneficial to mankind. AS for
instance: A. may be skillful In the art
of making cloth, and B. understand the
raising Of corn. A. wants corn and B.
wants cloth; upon which they make an
exchange with each other for as much as
each has occasion for, to the mutual ad-
vantage and satisfaction Of both.
But 1t would be very tedious II
there were no other way Of general deal
Ing but by an immediate change Of COM
modities; because man that had corn to
dispose Of and wanted cloth for 1t might,
perhaps, in his search for chapman to
deal with, meet with twenty people who
had cloth to dispose of, but wanted no
corn; and with twenty others that wanted
his corn but had no cloth to suit him
with. To remedy such inconvenlences
and facilitate exchange, men have In
vented money, properly called a medium
Of exchange, because through or by its
means labor is exchanged for labor, or
one commodity for another. And what
ever particular thing men have agreed to
make this medium Of, whether gold, sill
yer, copper or tobacco, 1t is, to those who
possess 1t Gf they want anything, that
very thing which they want, because it
will Immediately procure it for them. It
is cloth to him that wants cloth, and corn
TO those that want corn, and 80 Of all
other necessaries; It is whatsoever 1t will
procure. Thus he who had corn to dis
pose OF, and wanted to purchase cloth
The advocate., 1891-06-10

terest, by which they are paid for their
care and trouble; and the money which
otherwise would have lain dead In their
hands, is made to circulate again there
by among the people. And thus the rum
ming cash of the nation, is, as 1t were,
doubled; for all great payments being
made in bills, money is lower, trade be-
comes more plentiful. And this is an ex-
ceeding great advantage to a trading
country that Is not overstOcked with gold
and silver.
AS those who take bills out Of the
banks in Europe, put in money for se-
curity; so here, and in some of the neigh
boring provinces, we engage our land.
Which of these methods will most ef-
fectually secure the bills from actually
sinking in value, comes next to be con-
sidered.
Trade in general being nothing else
but the exchange of labor for labor, the
value of all things is, as have said be-
fore, most Justly measured by labor.
Now suppose l put my money into a
bank, and take out bill for the value;
If this bill at the time Of my receiving it,
would purchase me the labor of 100 men
for twenty days, but some time after it
will only purchase the labor Of the same
men for fifteen days, 1t is plain the bill
has sunk in value one fourth part. Now
silver and gold being of no permanent
value, and as this bill is founded on
money, and therefore to be esteemed as
such, it may be that the occasion of this
fall is the increasing plenty of gold and
silver, by which money is one-fourth
part less valuable than before, and there
fore onefourth more is given of it for
thessme quantity of labor; and, if land
Is not become more plentiful by some
proportionate decrease Of the people,
one-fourth part more Of money is given
for the same quantity of land; whereby
1t appears that it would have been more
profitable to me to have laid that money
out in land which I put into the bank,
than to place it there and take a bill for
it. And it Is certain that the value of
money has been continually sinking in
England for several ages past, because 1t
has been continually increasing In guam
tity. But If bills could be taken out of
a bank in Europe on land security, it is
probable the value of such bills would
be more certain and steady, because the
number of inhabitants continues to be
near the same In those countries from
age to age.
For, as bills issued upon money securl-
ty are money, so bills issued upon land
are In effect coined land.
Therefore Ito apply the above to our
own circumstances) if land in this
province was falling, or any way likely
to fall, it would behoove the Legislature
most carefully to contrive how to pre-
vent the bills issued upon land
from falling with it. But as our people
increase exceedingly, and will be further
increased, as have before shown, by
the help of a large addition to our cur
rency, and as land in consequence is con-
tinually rising, so, In case no bills are
emitted but what are upon land security,
the money acts in every part punctnally
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
Opening and Closing of the Halls.

Northern mails close at 7:30 end 1903 a, IL
and 12:45 and Go p. N. and 300 p. r Open
at $50 q. "a, 1890 H., and $50 p. n.
Southern mails, vie Charlottesville, Virginia,
close at $40 and 1900 a. m. and 800 ,. N.
Open at $50 and $50 p. IN. snd 7:30 p.
Manassas Division nails close at $40 2. n.
and 2:2O pm. Open st 1885 .. and 7:3C pm.
Southern mails, via Richmond Va, closes at
1000 a. M, 4.45 and 900 p. N. Open st $40
8. m. and 10 N.
Alexandria and Roand Hill, Va, malls closo at
$50 a. m. and 4:10 P. m. Open at 500 a. N and
$50 m.
Closed mails to Falls Church, vienns, Fairfax
CHI, Herndon, Leesburg, Purcollvilie and Round
Hin,Va, close st 4:10 p. m. and oFen st 800 am.
Western malta close at 1920 a. m, 1915 and
900 p. N. open at $50 and 1000 q. NJ, and
800 pm.
Washington, &C., mails close at 1870 and 1000
n. M, md 12:46, 4:4O and e:2O p. "a. Open
at 9.3' md 1000 S. M, 1900 M. snd 500 and
$50 r. m.
Office Hours-Open q. $50 a. M. Close " $50
D. m. Open at $50 p. 10. Close at Z p. d.
Sunday Hours-0pen at 900 g.. N. Cl,;o q:
$50 a. N.
CARRIERS Observation-Disclosures mede cn s.
Zip routeg-6:30 and 1000 q. H.. 1.::2C
200 and 5:45 p. m. On Strip souta-sS0 aud
1000 8. m. and $40 p. N.
Deliveries msde at 500 e. M ~ N. and E:03
o. m.
sundsy-Carriora wtndov opea st 500 and
cloae at $50 a IA.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
THE GAZETTE.
WEDNESDAY AyaNls,., APRIL 8.
Miscellaneous,

Miscellaneous,
The ex Confederates of Mobile, are max
Ing laudable effort to erect monument
to the memory OF Admiral Raphael Semmes.
Prominent resldents OF Long Branch fav-
or the construction OF system OF Dulk neaos
and iettiee along the Ocean avenue butt to
prevent .be encroRcbments OF the sea.
An italian organgrinder whose monkey
was killed just over the Swles frontier in
Germsny for biting child is now on the
Swiss side abusing the officers and sen.ineis
on the German side for destroying his mon
key.
The Newfoundland government Is re-.
fusing to permit Canadian vessels to obtain
bait 10 the waters OF that colony, but fur
nishes ample supplies, without license fees,
to fishermen from the United S stes. The
affair Is expected 70 cause further trouble
between NsWfoundsnd and the imperial
government, ae it Ia held to Violate the here
tofore sacredly observed pFiacipls That 70
colony should discriminate against the
mother country.
Few people can form deinite idea CT
what Is Involved in the expression. AN
inch of rain" l. may aid suoh to follow
this curious calculation: An sore is squei
20 6,272, $40 aqusre inches sr inca oe|P OF
water on this area will bs a. mauy cubic
inches of water, which, at 227 to the CALLER,
is %, 1000 esloos. Thla immease quantity
of water VIII weigh 100000 pounds, or 100
tons. Oue-hundre;!tb cfeu :Gch 10 OH alone
Ia equal to one ton of the water Ia fne acre.
Another sep was teken IN Nsw York
Yesterday il tie movement 10 oouscl date
into one corooya ion tina cities Of she State
about Nsw York aaltor to be kuown rs the
Greater New York Tie proposed carpor-
alton wilt enbfaca the city CT NV York.
Kings county, which includes Brooklyn
and surburrap towns; Richmond county,
which includes Ststeu Island Wesoheeter
county, Long Islaud City, ard the numer.
Gus Long Island towns near the city OF
Brooklyn.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08

WARRENToN Trains Nos. 8, 10 12 and
13 connect daily to and from Warrenton. and
No. 4 tsily except Sunday,
FRANKLIN DIyISION-Daily, exceptSunday.
Junction $40 a. ~; leave Franklin Junction
61O p. M, arrive Rocky Mt. $40 p. m.
WARRINGTON AND OHIO DIVISION.
ALL TRAINS DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY.
Leave Alexandria from depot at 900 a. m
and z:45 p. NJ; arrive at Round Hill 1880 a.
n. and 7:20 p. N.
Returning, trains leave Round Hill 900 a m j..
and $40 p. m, arriving at Alexanaris st 1923
q. II. and o:3o p. m.
Leave Washington at 6:25 p. m. and arrive st
Leesburg at $40 p. m. Leave Lcasburg at 5:25
a. M, and arrive at Washington at 1903 a. m.
Tho 500 9. n. train from Alexandria connects
81 Round Hill with stage for Blue Ridge, Berry.
vile and Winchester, and st Leosborg with stages
Ger Aldie and Middleburg.
The 800 q. "a train and rs .. m. train rom
Alexandria connect at Vienna with stages for
Fsirfax Court House.
SLEEPING CkR SERVICE.
Ga trains Nos 8 and 10 Pullman Buffet Sleep.
ers between New York and Atlanta, and At.
lanta and New Orleans.
On trains Nos. IL end - Pullman Bu fet Yes
tibuie seepers between Washington and New
Orleans; Now York, ana Washington and hot
Springs via Salisbury; and Washington and Au-
gusta.
On trains Nos. 13 and Il Pullman sleopers
between Washington and Memphis. via Lynch
burg and Bristol.
Through tickets on sale at the principal stations
to sll points. For rates or information apply TO
any agent of tho Company, or to
]. s. 2 THOMPSON, Supt., Alexa Va.
g. n. BORUM, D. P. A, Lynchburg Va.
w. FL. GREEN, Gen. Mgr, Wash 7. c.
JAS. l. TAYLOR, q. p A., Wash :, DC
SCI HAAS, Trsflic Mgr, Richmond Va.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
ESTA-BLISH 1900
The Alexandria Gazette

Publishes in condensed but comprehensive form
naws from al parts Of the world and daily lay:
before It's readers an epitoIae Of whsteyer is going
On around them
The GAZETTE enjoys unsurpassed facilities lor
procuring ALL THE NEWS, and thai, too, often
twelve hours earlier than the morning papers, ia
Geographic columns being kept open till late each
evening in order to receive the very latest dis
patches, so that whatever may occur, wheth-
in this other lands is almost sure t. find i.'
way into it's columns the same day.
Its correspondence is newsy and accurate and
its miscellaneous department ia conducted with
an eye to the enlightenment and plossure Of 10
readers, and no pains arc spared to mske 1t ST.
tractive in every feature.
Ite commercial columns are edited With csr
aud precision, SO that the merchant and the farm
or can alwaya rely upon its market reports
as an advertising medium II has Few, y az!
superiors in all this section Of country, haying 81
extensive circulation, not only throughout VIZ
gnis. but in nesrly sl the States and Terrl,orits
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
V.EMOM HOT DROPS.

Cures all Coughs, Colds, Hosraness Sore Threat,
Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Hsmorrhage snd all
throat and lung diseases.
An elegsnt and reliable preparation.
20 cents at druggists. Prepared cnly by Dr. r..
Motley Atlanta, lie.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08

Washington and Southwestern Vestibuled Linn
tied, operated daily between Washington and AT.
lanta. Leave Washington, No. 81, 1210 :. m;
Charlottesville $40 m; Lynchburg 6:35 p. NJ,
arriving Danville 7.45 p. m; arrive Atlantis 0U
o m Returning, ieava Atlanta, No. 80. 1910
a. m: Danville 11.25 p. m.; arrive Lynchburg
1875 a. m; Charlottesville $40 J. m; Washington
653 a. nj. This trsin is composed entirely of
Pullman Cur on which an extra fare is charged.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
LEMON ELBXER.
a PLEASANT LEMON DBISE.

PLEASANT LEMON DB1EK.
For b;lliouspesa ana CONSTIPATION, take Lamon
Elixir.
For indigestion and foul stomach, take lemon
Elixir.
For sick and nervous headaches take Lemon
Elixir.
For sleeplessness and nervousness take Lemon
Elixir.
For loss of appetite and debility, tsko Lemon
Elixir.
For feyers, chills and malaria, take Lemon
Elixir.
Dr. Mozelys Lemon Elixir will not fail you in
any of the above FAMED diseases, all Ct which
arise from torpid or diseased liver, stomach kid
neys or bowels
SOC and 81 90 per bottle, ct druggiets.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08

ORIME CANNED PEACHES for sale by
e sap1O &c. MILBURN.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1891-04-08
JOIN D. q. LUNG,
r sTABLER & CO.,
yAYA eFlELD & HALL,
D RU q SITS.

Gernsn s2d Domestic Toilet Soaps; Genuine
F&rira Cologne; Magnolia, Hedyosmis, Gcrsni1m
SID Florida Water; Genuine Lubins Extrscts:
5ponges, Hair Brushes and Combs best English
Tooth Brushes; full assortment OF Patont Medis
cines. Coxes G'elatino, Corn Starch Sea Moss Fs.
rine; Spices OF sn kinds, and select stock OF 81!
articles sod by druggists at prices re low as ths
zane 9usl;ty can DO obtained elsewhere. dec
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

The republican situation in Minneso-
ia grows more interesting but not more
promising. Governor Merriam, between
whom and Senator Davis there is not
the best of feeling, it is now announced
has abandoned his plan to contest Davis
seat IN the senate. The tirlnness with
which the Farmers alliance maintains
it's lines has convinced the governor that
no republican stands much show for
the next senatorship and he will wait
until 1894 and try to capture Wash
burns seat. 1t is said to be Merriam's
plan to nominate knute Nelson, a Scan
dinavian statesman, for governor this
year and in return get Nelson's support
for himself for senator two years hence.
This would be q formidable ~combina-
ton. Nelson is strong with the Scandi-
navian voters and Merriam could prob
ably hold the rest of the party by means
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12
A MONUMENT TO SHERIDAN.

1t is reported that the fund for a ma
tional monument to the late Gen. Sher-
idan is still about $4,000 short. This is
not creditable to the American people
who, by n spontaneous movement,
should have contributed the money to
erect a memorial to one of the most
brilliant soldiers the world has ever
known. The completion of the mon
ment should be made possible at once
by a popular subscription and no state
should respond more generously than
Montana, for whom the dead hero did
SO much. Our people will hold in last
ing remembrance and gratitude the man
who was ever ready to respond to every
request or demand when Indian out
breaks threatened life and property
no personal Inconvenience ever made
Sheridan hesitate at any crisis when he
could serve the citizens of this state,
and we owe much Of our advancement
in civilization and prosperity to his gen
erous responses to our needs. The peo-
pie of Montana could not do a more
graceful thing than to become contribu-
tors to the balance of the fund needed
to finish the monument to this great
American soldier. Our G. A. r. posts
will doubtless move in the matter but
we should like to see a subscription
started in popular form to which every
citizen could contribute something.
Who will start the ball?
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

ONE hundred in the shade in New
York and pretty near that figure in all
the country east of the Mississippi!
Montana sends sympathy and greeting
to the unfortunate people OF that
afflicted region and again invites them
to come and share with her people the
most glorious summer climate on earth.
Bring your wraps and light overcoats,
for the nights and mornings in this
mountain region are a little cool for
people whose blood has become debili-
tated by a season of exhausting heat. Il
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

TEXAS held an election yesterday to
vote upon five proposed amendments to
her constitution, which shows a spirit
of progress among the people of the
Lone Star state. The first provides for
the registration Of voters in towns Of
10000 population and over. the second
for the maintenance of common schools,
the third fixes the maximum rate of in
terest at 10 per cent, or six per cent.
when no rate is specified, the fourth
provides for local option, and the fifth
for civil courts Of appeals. The indica-
tions are that all the amendments have
carried.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

THR esteemed Journal says: "TuE
INDEPENDENT affects to believe hat the
Journal will attack Jay Gould as an OPP
ponent to free coinage because Wizards
attitude on the question was subjected
to comment. When Mr.. Gould takes
as active a hand in running democratic
politics in Montana as has MIR. Willard,
his views on silver will no doubt prove
just as interesting to our people," That
is to say, the Journal will attack only
democrats who oppose free coinage and
will not have Il word to say in censure
of gold bugs Gould and Harrison, be-
cause they happen to be republicans.
That is an attitude quite worthy of the
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

PETER, of Kansas, is a widowed
crank in most things but he occasionally
runs up against a hard fact. For
instance in his speech in Springfield,
ILL.,, the other day he said, at is non
sense to talk about relieving the farmer
by the imposition Of a tax on imports of
agricultural products and live stock. for
the American farmers produce far more
than enough to supply the home de-
mand. Reciprocity with the South
American states would not meet the
emergency, as they are largely engaged
in agriculture and do not need the pro
ducts of the farms of their northern
%neighbors. II reciprocity is a good thing
it should be extended to those countries
that need the agricultural products and
the live stock of the United States"
Very true, Mr.. PETER. and you might
have added that reciprocity with the
South American countries is a cunning
ly devised scheme to enable our over
loaded manufacturers, o~verptotected by
a high tariff, to work off their surplus
stocks, and contains no relief for the
American farmer at all. The only con-
sheraton the American agriculturist
gets is from Providence, who occasion
ally cuts off the competing crops of
Europe.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12

LEAF by leaf the roses fall. Chris
Magee. Quay's old-time foe. has fallen
into line with the willy chieftain in sup
port of Blaine. 1t is now believed that
the Pennsylvania delegation will be
solid Tor the man from Maine, although
Quay's purposes a never be clearly
OWNED. Quay's enemies in the party
suspect that no is not sincerely for
Blaine but ia using the magic name to
assist him in regaining his hold on
the machine. Nobody believes, how
that Quay wants to see Harrison
renominated. He opposed him in the
convention of 1888 to the last and his
opinion of him has never changed. A
taste for Harrison is not easily acquired.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1891-08-12
To Keep Track of Passengers.

The Northern Pacific management ia de-
termined that non of its conductors shall
be thrown in the way of temptation. Sew
eral months ago ticket collectors were put
on to assist the ~conouctors, and on the first
of the month these were supplemeuted nv n
system of statements to be filled bv tho CON
d%uctors. These have blank spaces showing
the number of through passengers carried,
the number of local fares, those who have
branch line trans ortation, and in fact a
full report Of every man, woman and child
on the tram. 10 check up the conductor
on these blanks the detectives are looked to.
The Northern Pncitic is the first big road to
put this system into use, though smaller
roads who have tried it say it is n SUCCESS.