davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
DR.. Kirk1and,s Reininder

A good story is told in the privately
printed "reminiscences" of the late DR.. S.
K. Lothrop, concerning old DR.. Kirkland,
whilom president of Harvard
One evening the president and a certain
Professor Popkin were sitting together.
and the conversation turned upon smok-
ing. The two worthless were agreed that
it was bad habit, and they agreed to give
it up, as both were addicted to the use OF
the weed. Some time afterward at a meet
ing of the faculty, which took place in the
presidents study, the cigars were passed
around, and DR.. Kirkland took one with
the rest When the box came to Professor
Popkin he declined the cigars, observing
with pointed emphasis:
81 keep my resolution"
"An excellent plan. DR.. Popkin," coolly
responded DR.. Kirkland, lighting his cigar
''only l have sometimes observed that one
may lose by self concet all that one gains
bv self denial"
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
ResnIts of The BonIogne Conference.

LONDON, Jan. S.-According to a dispatch
TO the Exchange Telegraph company,
Maurice Healy in an interview said the
conference was not productive Of
any definite results.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
The Minnesota I,episIature.

ST.. PAUL, Jan. S.-The house met again
this morning and cast thirteen ballots for
speaker without result A recess was
taken, both sides holding caucuses
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
W. NJ. Evan & Som Montreal. Fail.

MONTREAL, Jan. S.-The wholesale cloth
ing nrm OF w. M. EVAN g. Son has failed.
Direct Liabilities, $4,000; indirect, SIS, 900;
assets, Sos, 900
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

between President Balmaceda and the
congress. The people. through congress,
want some laws made which will be con-
cesslors to the lower classes The presi-
Dent refused to call congress together and
does not desire che laws made"
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

LINCOLN, Neb., Jan. S-Governor
Ttayer has ordered out company of
National guards, and at II o'clock they
have stacked arms in the corridors of the
capitol. Crowds are arriving on every
train to attend the inaug uration of Cover
FOR elect Boyd, and considerable impa-
tience is shown over the delay in counting
the votes. The militia is called out only as
a precautionary measure. There is little
danger of an outbreak.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
Knled ON the Burlington.

CHICAGO, Jan. S.-Two stockman were
killed in this city this morning by a COL
lision between two stock trains on the
burlington road
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
Rusk,s Private SECRETARY

WASHINGTON, Jan. s.-Colonel Henry
Casson was today appointed private secre-
tary to Rusk
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

1oAKUM, Tex, Jan. S.-Yesterday after
noon cyclone passed west of Yoakum.
Three houses were demolished and trees
uprooted, but no one injured.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
Another South American Revolution.

LONDON, Jan. s.-Cables from Buenos
Ayres announce that a revolution has
broken out in Chill.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
Eseaped From the ohio penitentiarr.

COLUMBUS, O., Jan. S.-Three prisoners
escaped from the Ohio penitentiary this
morning, ty scaling the wall with ladder.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
What New York Yacbtsmen Think

[SpeclaItoTHE NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Dispatch,
New YORK, Jan. S.-If challenge is sent
to the New York Yacht club, yachtsmen
here expect it to come through one of the
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

A communication was received from
Beaver county relating to taxes on tran
STORY herds. 1t was read and action de-
ferred until January II, 1891.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

Scotch yacht clubs. Colonel North, the
nitrate king, is believed to be a possible
challenger. If he does challenge, il is ex~
pected he will do so through Scottish club.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

Bank of England Rate of Discount.
LONDON, Jan. S.-The Bank of England
to-day reduced its rate of discount from 5
to per cent.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

Don't forget Ransohoff's special under
wear sale for ten days only at greatly re-
duced prices A S. Main street.
NELSON A. 'RANSOHOFF. =
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09

LONDON, Jan. S.-The CHILEAN legation
discredits the report of revolution in
Chilli.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
LIQUOR LICENSES.

The following resolution was passed:
Resolved, That it is the sense of the
county court that bonds for the renewal of
liquor licenses must be filed with the
county clerk prior to the expiration of the
old license, and that all parties be prose
cuted who shall sell liquor without license,
or after their license has expired.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1891-01-09
BOND APPROVED.
TAXES on TRANSFORM HERDS.

The bond of Tucker & Wallace for a
liquor license was approved and license
ordered issued.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

moro than half an inch in length. His
complexion was fiery rcd. natural col
or whose effect was heightened by alco-
holic drink.
Can you gucss?" asked tho doctor,
still busying himself with tho bottles.
NO; course its NINE" said Fato.
"Of course it Isl" replied the doctor,
handing it to him.
Fato's hand tremblcd when he read it,
anu he turned pale.
IF gittin' or letter sarvcs or Teller
that crway, | don't want nome" said
Iirag Blunt. lis bad news in it, Fate,
or did you swallcr cr spider in that las
dram? Sumpin' knocked you up.
shore. fur you're all in or trimmed an
your face is cz white cz cotton"
Say, boys" replied Fate, who quick
is recovered his color and composurc
i'rag's or good dog, they say. IF
that fcllCr benin you had two legs, he'd
be wit. or barrel nv WHISKY ut least"
Come, boys spoke several ut once
20. ] hain't mcanin' ter insult Fate, "
said Brlg. "Giitin' letters is so un-
common crmungst us that it may jos
natchcrly upset or tcllcr ter have one
pokcd at him"
"Movc crsidc, boys" said Fate. eur
blamed ri I hain't col. think Doc
muster pat or extra gallon nv water in
that barrel this mornin, for whut /
drunk seems ter freeze onstcad Nv warm
mo"
II toll you whut, gentleman" spoke
Brag, who had moved from the fire. and
was leaning against the counter, his cl-
bows on the top, "kyc got or proper
sishun ter make. Ez this is tho fust
letter NV the season and tho last
night Nv the year, I'll treat 10 or gallon
if Fate will give that letter to Doc an
lot him read iHto Tho crowd"
Tho doctor looked over his shoulder
he was still among the bojties-at Fato.
Tho fellow grew slightly palc again.
thrust the letter in his pocket. buttoned
mp his coat. pulled his hat down, walked
out, got on his horse and rode away.
you insultcd him, Erag." said ono.
"IIc didn't fcrgit ter put his bottle in
his pocket aforc he left" remarked
another. who had witnessed that per
Torrance.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

emily labeled. But people drank his
liquor in perfect confidence, and took
his nostrumS for tho many ills their
designations produced. He was thin
and hump-shouldcred, wore a long,
black beard on n long face, and looked
at the world from pair of black. deep
set eyes. Tho moaning of the pines
might havo made him melancholy, or his
lonesome lifc may have caused him to
be habitually sad-for no lived alone,
and his nights wcro passed on a cot in
back room OF his store. whose door
looked out ut tho Wilderness that
brought to his car tho roar of tho storm.
the boot of tho owl and the bark of tho
wolf; but, whatever the cause, he mover
smiled.
Beside tho Office OF storc-l5ccpcr, DR..
Pantop also held that of postmaster.
Men who ncvor wrote and never received
letter. came every day and asked:
"Waal, Doc. is thar nuthin' fur me yit?"
And being met with perennial negative.
would fling = quarter on the counter
with u perennial remark: Gimme or
pint Nv your bcs' bourbon, then, and
call it squar"
1t was New Years ovo, and tho
heavens were weeping a dclugo OF cold
rain for the old ono now in it's dying
throcs. 1t was too wet to work. but not
too wet to ride 90 the post-oilicc for tho
letter that mover camc. a dry-goods
box sat on the counter, its open end to
the wall; behind this was DR.. Pantop,
sorting the mail.
"Gcntlcmcn." he said, in voice that
seemed to come from under the floor.
what is it, noc?" asked Bvag Blunt.
knock-knccd. wcak-cyed young man.
who stood on tho inside OF the circle,
that the heat might assist tho whisky
in the warming process.
ITS worry strange spoke the doctor.
coming ont from his retreat an d arrans-
ing medicine bottles on shelf
whats very stranger" demanded
Fate Kimp. who was carrying TO his lips
glassful of whisky.
"Its worry strange" tho doctor went
on, not seeming to recognize that any
ono but himself had spoken. Nearly
all Of you ask for letters and mover get
one. Now, I've got q letter here for u
man who never asks for one"
All looked at Fate He had drank his
liquor. lie was man OF middle age,
Old enough to have a beard but his was
ono of those faces on which hair would
vegetatc but sparsely, and never grew
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

Kimp. was certain OF him. although |
never saw him before he came here.
Ten thousand dollars FOR a murderer and
trainrobbcr! That dccoy letter made
him show his hand. How easily some
smart follows are foolcdr'
The cold increased. and it soon com
mcnccd 20 snow. The doctor. armed,
and riding 4 good horse, went into the
wood in the direction in which Fate had
gone whittier that letter had babe him
go and await the coming of his friends
Day came. Tho sun rose in Il clear sky;
it was very windy and very cold. Stop
ping n :hc bottom of hill, he hitchcd
his horse by the road side and walked
slowly up. On top Of the hill, short
distance from the highway, WAS Kimp's
honsc-a cabin, in which be lived alone
He was standing in the road. holding his
horses bride. They said in that let
ter they'd como by eight o'clock, an its
blanc nigh that now, he spoke, to him
self, locking down the road, his bacl, to
tho doctor. That's Jake Bute's hand
write. I'll swear, or wouldn't be stand
in horc,' he said. aloud.
You're mistaken thcrc, Fata, and
you're lookin' the wrong way" answered
tho doctor. now ten steps behind, with
his Winchester TO his shoulder.
Fate wheeled around.
mako a motion and III kill YOU" 50 id
tho doctor. 81 wrote that letter, Rowan
Thiggins. You don't like the name?
don't, cithcr-it's had one And
have no fancy for that of Pantop any
morc-Arnold Brunson suits me better
You don't like that name, either? Well,
don't wonder, because five years ago
to-day you murdered the brother OF him
who bears it and now owns it to you"
1t was death-thcrc or on the gallows.
Tho criminal preferred it there. Ho
made motion for his pistol. Tho
doctor fired. The horse SHE'D to ono
side and stood still. Thiggins looked
intently at his antagonist for a moment;
then, staggering to his horse, he threw
his hands on the saddle, and, sliding to
the ground. rolled over, face upward
When the doctor had gained the OPP
posite hill he looked back. The horse
stood as when lie left. The body was
in plain view, long dark spot on the
glittcring snow; the slain mans dog
stood by the corpse, licking the dead
face. CHARLES $. BLACKBURN.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01
REMARKABLE: GROWTH
OF Salem, "Thc Queen City OF tie South
west"

Tho Salem improvement Company,
the most successful organization OF It's
kind in Virginia. had It's first sale Of lots
December IL. 1882. Since that time the
growth OF Salem has nccn marvellous.
About 400 houses haze been built: 81, :
o00,0O spent in buildings and improve
mcnts; the population nearly doubled,
and the busincss OF tho posto tlicc and
telegraph Office Increased 500 per cent
The iron furnace abou, to 20 into blast
the factories in operation and actually
secured will employ several Thousand.
hands and insure tho DOUBLING OF the
present population o. 1000 in another
year.
Negotiations arc nearly closed for adj
ditional plants 10 employ several thou
sand hands, and the land com panics
with an aggregate capital stock OF S4,-
0oU, 900, have voted liberal sums for new
Industries. A cotton factory and a
WOODEN mill (ncarly completed that will
manufacture its goods into clothing.
Will employ large number of females.
Tho early extension Of the Baltimore
and Ohio and the Roanoke and Southern
to Salem Will make j; al important rail
way center, and hasten its growth into
Il largo iron, steel and general manurac-
turing and commercial city. Salem and
Roanoke, now rapidly growing together.
are destined to be the great industrial
center Of Virginia.
Salem is the most attractive town in
Virginia and i, may well be proud OF
, its SUI passingly beautiful location, it's
! hcalthful climate, its refined society, it,
| fine churches. its excellent schools, and
OF Roanoke College, one of the leading
institutions in Virginia. Attractive as
u place of residence, ii now offers I'M
| usual advantages for manufac turing and
| general business. No other town in
! Virginia has ever cquallcd Salcms
| record of progress for the last twelve
months. The stage of experiment is
| passed, and Salem is now firmly cstab-
! lishcd on Il solid industrial basis.
This property adjoins the old town and
is surrounded by the lands of other
strong companies. Being inside prop
| crty, it will continue TO increase in
value. The Norfolk and Western and
the Dummy Line To Roanoke run
through it and have their passenger
stations on it. The streets have been
graded and the town system OF water
works extended through it. On College
avenue, which has been well graded and
macadamizcd at Il cost of 5000, only
brick or stone buildings may be erected
On it, the Hotel Salem, costing SOB
O00, exclusive of the land or furniture
is under roof, the Improvement Com
pany's bank and Office building-5O by
so feet, three storics--is nearly read
for occupancy, and Il number of large
business houses are in course OF cree
ton. This avenue is sure to become
one OF the finest business thoroughfarcs
in Eirriuil
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

DOCS got plenty more" replied Brag.
"But don't want it drained outen that
barrel, it's got pizen in "-winking at
the crowd.
ut won't hurt you II it has," tho doc
tor said; "stryohnine would fall dead on
your stomach"
Try it, Brag," said Bose Caruthers.
Gift kills you we'll STAN tho funorl
expenses"
"All right" he agreed. 81 b'liove it
wuz tho letter an not the Ticker whut
made Fate ack SO queer. Fetch out the
juice!'
a bottle was filed and soon emitted.
1t was filled and cmptied again and
again, and when the night was half gone
each left for home noisily drunk, with q
quart in his pocket for tho morrow's
egg-nogg, in which the New Years
health would DO drank
Luck don't always fall my way"
unused the doctor, as no folded letter
he had been reading. and opening q
closet took therefrom pair OF pistols
and Winchester riflo, but in Now
Year presents think I'm goin' to be
fortunate. Rowan Thiggins, alias Fate
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

mounted qniol,ty Sprang forward
"Th' gang'll be ready. s'posc?' half
shriekcd Che other, rs no followed after.
Then ooming closer, no continued,
while tho two ponies lopod lazily over
the prairio. SIN COURSE. tn thing hez
got ter bo put stop TO-"
AN Ieb's hein' sick, too. makes it
worse. Thar no is at Mangcl's cabin on
his back while all tn fcllors arc busy
seein' Tor their cattle an things lie
s'posos his claim is all right spcshuly
ut this time o year, right in dead win
tor an blizzard lilloly ter come up
any minute. But all to once no looks
over cross tn prairie an what duz no
SEQ but smoke comm from tn chimbly
OF his cabin. Some pesky claim jumper
thinks hos got bonanzy; but don't
yer forgit thct they'll bn some mighty
intercstin' fun in tn nighborhood of
tibet cabin tor-morry."
IL was nn intensely cold, still and
painfully clear winters morning when,
according to programme, tho knot OF
settlors gathered at Mangcrs for their
proposed expedition.
'Git on, fcllers," called the leader.
and oil swung into their saddles. AS
they did SO L pale figure rode from tho
stable.
"Wby. Fob. you're not going!" OK
claimed Nangel. You amt we'll
enough"
eyes. 7 am" replied that individual.
Its my funeral, an I'm goin' to how y
part in IT,"
"D'yo know what day it is, boys?"
suddenly asked Mangcl.
Saturday" responded some one.
"No, not that; but of tn year. It's
Now Years"
"Ah! then this eros New Years
call" said Zeb, and no laughed in o
feeble kind of way.
Tho others joined him, and all thought
OF happier New Year days passed in tho
old hoincs, far from the prairics.
Job seemed most pcnsivo Of all, and
did not look up until tho leader sudden
ly remarked: ''They's 4 storm comm
yondor."
gray mist had risen in the north and
was rapidly approaching Tho mon
knew that it meant tho terrible blizzard
in which neithor man nor beast is sure
Of existence.
But :hcy were approaching the house,
and hurried ON.
9Th teller is late gittin' up" noted
ono. as The little calvacadc drew nearer.
"Wby. hos gone" said Zcb. Elm
afraid they amt nobody ter homo ter
receive our call"
The billiards. first fierce breath struck
them rs be spoke, and before they could
dismoant the fine, fcathery flakes OF
snow wcro covering their coarse coats
with white.
"lf they've gono out in this storm"
Zeb began.
Its tn end of 'om," completed y com
panion. "Bntlet's hurry, boys. Hustle
in an wo'll warm littlo an skip for
home"
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01
A Christmas Echo.

Judge Ito prisoners-You wcre seen
by tho officer, Dir, lodging about the
back streets and evidently trying to
avoid meeting any one. You were there
fore arrested by said officer on the
charge OF being suspicious character
But. be that as it may, as You appear to
he Il respectable person, will discharge
you from tho custody of the court if you
can give satisfactory reason for your
suspicious actions when arrested
Prisoner (brokcnly) -l-I was wear
ing, your honor, for the first time a
nccktio, Christmas presentations
my-wifc, and | was afraid to m-mcet
any
Judge promptly and dccisively, but
visibly aiicctcd) Tho prisoner has the
sincere sympathy OF tho court and is
honorably discharged. -Lifc.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

Figby-Why so glum. old boy?
Digby-Wo had Christmas-trce at
our house last night. and by mistake
when | was giving ont the presents
gave a nice diamond pin. that my wifn
intended for me, TO my cousin who is u
namcSake Of mine.
Higby-Why don't You explain i. to
him?
Digby--I can't: no sailed for Europe
this afternoon before had n chance.
and my wife has been naggirs me ever
since.-Judgo.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

"What would you like to have for
Christmas" asked De Brute OF his VITO
IL haven't made up my mind yet
"a scalskin sacquc?'
ooh. ycsr'
Cor pair of diamond carrinss?"
That wonld be lovelyr'
"Or silk dress?"
al need new dress very much"
Cor q nice pair of new shoes?"
"Fhc old ones are getting rather
shabby"
Wen let it he pair OF shoes then.
wanted you to he pleased, though. -
Merchant Traveller.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01
ZEB'S NEW YEARS CALL.

ANT to learn
lin Il lesson, did
you say"
"Yuas, an in
Il way tl,at'll
kccpth' measl.y
fcllcrs out o
the kcntr y.''
Il h @ lat ter
speaker t Ii G IL
era O k cd II i S
long s II 4 k G.
w II ip as II o
spoke, and tho
brOuci,O uDOn
which no was
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01
1T WAS FATE.
a New Years Episode In Arkan.
saw.

L s OF Id whisky
and patent med
icines alta cross
roads s. t o re.
From this vo-
cation c y M q
tho tt 10 of
I'd 0 c t o r." by
which ho was
we'll X II o w n.
Thoro WAS n Sus-
picion that no
W a t 70 d his
whisky and sold
tho same kind
Of DhYSiC from
bottles differ
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01

Mary. and you took us for claim
juinpcrsr
''Waal, amt YOU got tn claim? Say
Mangcl,' turning to his comradc, "tcll
Oh boys to come over tcr-morry. Thcy's
ter he a wcddin' here amt thcrc, Nary"
But Mary had fled indoors.
Tho wedding was held, however, and
the claim jumpers stayed on Zob's claim
at least one of them did.
And the proprietor mover objected.
Indeed he is frequently heard 10 boast
or the pleasure Resulting from his strange
Now Years call
CHARLES MoREAU HAnGrn
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-01
Buchanan:
- y = = - ~ = = snn
NO PLACE in the South offers
superior advantages to those
seeking Manufacturing Sites

than buchanan 1t has
Cheap
ano othe material
oth Woodworking
rolling mills
find this the best tion ii those
The tiles fors hi
1t on two
anu western 70 " H. RI and building
hasc
magnificent
lot Roanoke
plck ana foundry
level tract OF four hundred
roads, James enough
feet
Not
locating
TRIAL LAND COMPANY
establishments
indus
''::' 6: :;::: ,....., Virginia
Of
j
, 1891-02-01


WASHINGTON, Jan. 3l.-J. Mcdonald,
cashier of the Hanover National bank, ap.
peared before the silver pool investigating
committee this morning and testified that
he had paid Owenby $3.50 for information
regarding the progress of silver legisla.
ton last session, but Owenby did not fur.
nish any earlier information than was
published in tie newspapers.
John w. Heidelberg of Chicago, q
real estate dealer referred to in the testi,
money of Hill and George, said he had
talked with numbers of congressman on
the general subject of silver, but never
with any view OF inducing them to pur-
chase. He never suggested to Hill or
George in any wav that they sell silver
certificates to members OF congress or
anybody else. He did not know OF the
existence of a silver pool. In his con-
versation with Hill and George.
they protessed to be able to give
hints as to the course of legislation, but
he did not follow the matter up, as he
was not impressed favorablY with the men
and did not believe them reliable. He
went back and forth between here and
New York, and Hill and George followed
him up to get an engagement. They said
1t would require a great deal OF labor and
the expenditure OF some money for coupes,
cigars, saloon charges, etc. Witness did
not think much OF information that came
through saloons, and stood them off.
Witness remarked that the expenses he
had borne to further legislation we're legiti-
mate. Hotei bills. printing, etc.
Congressman Payson said that he had
never been approached by Heidelberg, but
simply talked to him about silver gener-
ally, the same as to newspaper men and
others. Purely out of curiosity Heden
berg had explained the method of
speculation to him and had shown him a
silver certificate. Heidelberg had written
to him for advice as to the probable
curse of legislation, but Payson de-
clined to advise. Heidelberg never in
timated that he wanted him (Payson) to
invest in silver certificates.
Congressman Perkins of Kansas, made
a specific denial of the published intima-
ton that he had any information concern
ing the alleged pool. or that he had in
t1uenced the speaker in regard to the APP
polntment of Peel.
Owenby will be here Monday.
1t can be stated with p~ositiveness that
the managers of the elections bill have
finally decided to abandon the measure in
the interest of important public business
remaining to be acted upon. This decis-
lon has been communicated to the Demo
cratic mana0ers