davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

Plant some carrots this year, if you
have never done 80 before. Some or
them you will probably be able to sell
at from so cents to 81 per bushel, az :
cording to their scarcity and your
location. What you can not sell VIII
make an excellent and profitable ad-
dition to the feed of the horses, colts
and COWS through the winter. Ii yC L
are a "winter dairyman, few
pounds fed to the COWS each day VIII
go far towards making that fine put
ter color' that is SO desirable, yet
often so hard, to attain in the winter.
Experienced cultivatOrs got 80 bush
els per acre. II you can grow half as
many they should not cost uf Guilt
walton largely by horsepower more
than 10 cents per bushel, and will be
worth very much more than that as
an addition to the feeding ration
Sow the seeds rather thickly in drills
and thin out with narrow bladec
hoe, so as to leave the roots about
tn, ee inches apart, or in clumps o.
two or three six inches apart. Tbs
latter method will not give as nlce
smooth roots for market, but VII
give as good a yield, quite as valuaol'
for feeding, and will greatly reduce
the labor OF thinning. Use the
stump-rooted or h1lf-long sorts, a
the labor of digging is not so much IA
the care with the longer varities.
4 "
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
n very unfOrtunate

Jimmie is Il. very unfortunate
boy" said Mrs. Simpson.
"He Joined an athletic club and
the first time he went there he broke
sue of the best records they had. y
Fran Munsey's WceEtY.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
Entitled fo The Rest, !

All are entitled 10 the best that their
money will buy, so every family 81 Guild
have, at once, bottle Of the best family
remedy, Syrup of Figs, 10 cleanse the
system when cCstive or bilious. For
sale in 80 cents and 81 bottles by all
laeding druggists.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

"Man was made of the dust of the
ground" remarked the minister.
THAT is the reason his name is so
often mud" replied Satts.-FrOm
Matnseu'S Weekly.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

Cumso lin chape)-Do you believe
'tLoOking Back ?'
Bumso-Yes, when there are girls
in the gaIlery.-FrObl Yale Record.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

De Mascus-Why did he call it a
collection for fugitive verses?
st. Agedore-Probably because
they escaped from the pen.-From
the st. Joseph Ne3Os.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

at is more blessed to give than TO
receive"
"What is?"
medicine. Puck.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

The most common cause for the
failure of the fruit crop may undoubt-
edIy be ascribed to the overbearing of
the trees the previous year. In our
''fruit years" the product is so enor-
NOUS that the tree is often overtaXed
to sustain it, and time is required In
which to recuperate. Such trees will
not bloom properly the following
spring, and their failue may be easily
enough Understood. This year, if our
trees fruit heavily, let US act the part
of wisdom and thin the fruit One-half.
The remaining product will be OF
more value than the whole would
have been, and we shall stand bet
ter chance as we'll for a crop next
year.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
Pneumonia

Is the only disease which seems TO
entirely battle the physicians skill.
Thousands upon thousands die annu-
ally that might be saved if they would
use the only medicine in the world
that is specific for that dread dis
ease viz: DR.. Ha!e's Household Oinc-
ment, which has saved the lives Of
hundreds of people after having been
given up by the physicians when both
lungs were badly involved. There Is
no remedy known TO mani that equa Is
DIR. Hale's Household Ointment for
the cure of Pneumonia. 1t cures the
severest cases. 1t should be in every
home in America. Pr ce p and 30
cents per box at Rains ~ Son, drug
Store. T4l oct24-1y.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
One Dollar WeeklN

Buys 6 good Gold Watch by our
Club system; Our IA Karat patetn1 ut
stiftened gold cases are warranted Tor
20 years. Waltham or Elgin move
ment, reliable and we'll known own stem St EN-
wind set, hunting or open face, Lady 3
or Gents size. Equal to any $50
Watch. We sell one Of these
Watches for $2S cash, and send to
any address by registered mail, or by
Express C. o. D., with privilege oil
examination.
Our Agent at Durham, n. C.'
writes:
"Our .jeaOelers hare confessed they
don't ka3oV hGW gQR ear .fugslfsH sicH
apOrE for the money!"
One good Agent 1Cdnted in each
place. Write for particulars.
EMPIRE WATCH.C
48 & so Maiden Lane,
now 1vr nrm NeWYork.
Itch, Mango and Scratches of every
kind, on human or animals, cured IN
Lotion. This never fails. Sold 10y
Rains and Son. feDl5 ON
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

The conversation turned on blind
people who had been cured after long
years of darkness.
"Well," volunteered James, 81 once
had an aunt who remained sightless
until the advanced age of seventy
seven"
"And then ?u asked some one.
"Why, then she died" replied
Jones simply.-F'rOnt Judge,
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

A somewhat novel, but very practi-
cal and useful, line of experiments
ton has been taken up by the Utah
Station, This Is. the exact tests of
farm machinery to determine the
value, adaptability, &c, Of various
sorts. From recent pillow trials we
gather the following: Coulters add
to the draft, while trucks under the
beam lessen it-zat the same time de-
creasing the plOwman's work.
Lengthening the hitch decreases the
draft. Walking plOws gave less draft
than sulky plows with rider.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
An Awful Sore Limb.
FLESH A MASS OF DISEASE. CONDIT
ION HOPELESS. CURED By TIL

FLESH a MASS OF DISEASE. CONDIT-
ION HOPELESS. CURED By THE
CUTIGURA REMEDIES.
For three years / was almost crippled with
an awful sore leg from my knee down to my
ankle; the skin was entirely gone, and the
flesh was one mass OF disease. Some physi-
clans pronounced il incurabe 1t had di
er, and L was in a hopeless condition. After
trying all kinds of remedies and spending
hundreds of dollars, from which got no re-
lief whatever, was persuaded to-try your
Cuticura Remedies, and the result was as
follows: After three days noticed de-
cided change for the better, and at the end
of two months / was completely cured. My
flesh was purified, and the bone (Which had
been exposed for over year, got sound. The
flesh began to grow, and to-day, and for
nearly two years, my leg is as well as ever it
was, sound in every respect, and not sign
of disease to be seen.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

A recent work, The FIRST principles
of 4 gricuiture, gives some points oil
merit in blowing" that are worth re-
beating. They are: A straight fur
row of uniform depth and width; a
clean cut as to the furrOw, on both
the side next the unplOwed land, and
upon the floor or bottom, and hence
correspondingly clean cuts on the ex-
posed edge and top of the inverted
slice; the complete burial of the grass
and stubble turned over; ridge even
and uniform, with a clean, narrow
bottom. The last furrow slice should
be about equal in width and height
with the others.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
RAILr CADTIME Z ABLEs
l.. & y. DIVISION.


No u Passenger leaves Columbia. .e:25 A, NJ
No d Mix. Acc. bet. Columbia anu lrpu city
:, leaves Columbia. .........-.--.4'3 80 =. NJ
The above trains carrie passengers.
NOETH.
No. 26 mix acc. bet. Iron City and Columbia.
leaves Iron city ......-.-.--.- 4;tD a. NJ
arrive al Columbia .-....... S:!@l I"
No. p passenger " sheffield. ......l 40 p. M
arrives at Columbia ...........5:2O "
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

Teacher-Where is Ireland?
Smart Pupil nder England
From Puck.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

1t may not be generally known that
of more than 40 -pecies of cactus
native in the United States, more
than two-thirds have edible fruits.
The cultivation and development of
these will afford an inviting field for
the future scientific horticulturlst.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

If situated near good markets, more
profit can often be found in raising
young ducks for market than in rails
ing spring chickens. The ROuen
duck is one of the best for this pur-
pose, as it strong aud rapid grower,
often attaining a weight of ~ or II
pounds at the age of 10 weeks.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
1t is well to understand that the

1t is we'll to understand that the
best method OF assuring success, in
any branch of agriculture, is TO pro
duce steadily large crops. 1t may be
that ia some seasons the large crop
may be sold at q loss on account OF
the gluted state OF the market, but
year after year the large crop will
average a reasonable profit. This is
lesson that gardeners and fruit-grow-
ers should particularly heed, and
farmers who have been successful in
growing good crops OF some specially,
instead of staple crops. With inn
perfect facilities for distribution it
not infrequently happens that such
items fail 10 give the financial return
that might have been expected, and
growers then begin to think of trying
something else. The best way is to
stick to the crop that you understand
and of which you can uniformly
produce a large yield. During any
period of years, the man who does
this will fare better than he who
jumps from one thing to another.
An old Vermont sugar-maker gives
the following estimate as to the pos
sible prOductiveness of a good maple
tree. We publish it now because
many farmers who have a few trees
have been thinking more strong y
than ever of tapping them this spring,
having been spurred up by the
bounty now offered on the product by
the Government, IA good tree on
good ground should yield from three
pounds to five pounis of sugar, worth
| from 10 to II cents per pound, or say
40 cents per tree. Whether it will
pay depends much up the number
of trees and their proximity to ca b
other. When they are widely scat
tered the sap can not be handled to
auch good advantage, nor SO cheaply.
Many of the best New England sugar
groves contain from 100 to $50 trees
per acre, giving an annual income of
$5G per acre" In view of the fact
that the supply of good maple sugar
never equals the demand, 1t might
> be worth while to enquire ii it would
not pay to plant out maple orchards
now upon cheap lands where it is
known the tree will flourish. 1t is
time that we " ere having an eye tC
the future, and few thrifty sugar
groves would net be bad Inherit
ance to leave to s5he coming gener;
tiOn.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

While wood ashes vary greatly in
quality, thei average value as Q Ter
tiIizer may be placed at about 50 per
ton. Where one is near wild wood
land, where large amounts of refuse
wood can be gathered with no other
cost than the labor, it would pay well
to gather and burn such on large
scale especially for such use. One of
the most successful small gardeners
that the writer has ever seen used no
other means but this for enriching
his light, pine land. An ash heap
was almost always EmoHlderlng
somewhere near his garden, and to
this he hauled the trash whenever
opportunity offered. If you only
have enough ashes to use upon one
thing, apply them to the strawberry
bed without fail.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
BAD ECZEMA CURED.

The Cuticura Remedies wrought a wonder
full cure on me. 1 was troubled greatly with
severe case of eczema, and after receiving
little or no benefit from the treatment OF
some of the leading specialists here, l pro-
cured IL set OF them and before they were all
used the disease had left me. l recommend
the Cuticura Remedies rs the best and surest
cure for all diseases of the skin.
II ~ - ,Lalnn
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

That the raising of winter lambs, a
comparatively new branch of our
sheep industry, is rapidly growing in
Importance, may be seen from the
estimate made by q noted authority
that 10000 lamhs We're marketed
last sea- on between the ages OF four
aud eight weeks. We are rapidly pc
coming a lamb and mutton eating
people, and flockmasters may profit
ably give more attention to catering
to this demand than they have here
tofore been doing.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
Columbia Market Report.

Corrected by Holding & Cochran
weekly, Thursday, Feb. p, 1881.
COTTON.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

Among the minor ways in which
the garden can often be made profit
able, is that of growing a supply OF
vegetable plants to sell to ones neigh
Dor. While arranging TO grow the
plants needed for ones own use it is
no. much more labor nor expense to
grow twice as many of each sort, and
the sale of the surplus will more than
paw for the whole. Celery plants in
particular are an item that the aver
age village gardner rarely succeeds
in growing for himself, and is con-
sequently compelled to buy from his
more painstaking neighbor, while
cabbage, tomato, sweet potato and
numerous other plants are in demand
at garden n aking time by almost
every one.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

In planting grapes, select, if posi-
BILE, a graveiiy soil upon gentle
slope, with a southeastefly exposure.
II the land is at all inclined to be wet,
it should be well underdrained, and
subsoiling would be of great benefit.
Plant in rows not less than eight feet
apart, and from six to ten feet in the
rows, according to the Vignr OF the
variety. Cancards should not be less
than 10 feet, while Delawares may be
as close AS six feet.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

1t is serious mistake to stand a
horse constantly on a slOping stable
floor. A horse with tender ankles or
feet will suffer from it, while one
with sprained stit1e or hook, or
bruised knee, may be permanently
injured. Have the floor level, and
cover it with sufficient absorbent
bedding to make it clean and dry.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
CUTTCURA RESOLVENT

The new Blood and Skin Purifier, and purest
and best of HumOr Remedies, cleanseS the
blood of all Impurities and poisonous ele-
ments, and thus removes the cause, while
Cuticura, the great Skin Cure, and Cuticura
Soap, an exquisite Skin Purifier and Beauti-
fer, clear the skin of every trace of disease
Hence the Cuticura Remedies cure every
disease and humor of the skin, scalp, and
blood, with loss OF hair, from pimples to
serOfula.
Sold everywhere. Price, Cuticura, SOC;
Soap, pc; ResolVent. 81. Prepared by the
Potter Drug and Chemical Corporation, hOs-
ton. Send for "Iow TO Cure Skin Disease
u pages, 80 illustrations, and 100 testimonials.
nIMPLES, black heads, chapped and oily
II skin cured by Cutienra Medlcnted Soap.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

toOas nasdstO sAtra pags.)
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
IL0W MI BACK ACHES!

HI lack Ache, Kidney Pains, and
TLAi Weakness, Soreness, LamencSS,
~ Strains, and Pain relieved IN one
fVrT minute by the Cuticura Anti-Pain
Plaster. The first and only Instantaneous
pain killer plaster, janl6 ly.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28

The idea of using grain or grass for
manure instead of feeding or selling
it may strike some as a novel PROPOSE
ton, but Sir L. b. Lawes is our
authority for giving the following
figures as the value of certain pro-
duets for this purpose: Barley, 1852
per ton; meadow hay, SO 43 per ton;
clover hay, $964 per ton wheat straw,
$26S per ton; cotton seed cake, $27.SG
per ton, One of these in particular,
clover hay, often has a market value
far below these figures, so that 1t may
be some consolation to those who can
not sell satisfactorily to know it will
pay to take the hay out and spread it
upon the land. Better than this,
however, would be to feed the hay at
home and give the land the manurial
product, and, possibly better than
either, so far as ultimate profit is
concerned, would be to turn the crop
under greer - use to Uh CHI clover
can always wisely be put.
A recent bulletin rom the Colorado
| Experiment Station (bulietin No. 49,
| is devoted 10 the subject of irrigation
and wo lid prove of value, not on y
to that State, but wherever the sub
iect OF irrigation, and considered
1t is a practical document, treating oil
the division and measurement OF
water, and CT the two methods Of
irrigation in use there-the sharing o
the flow in a canal and the actua
measuring out of definite amounts
The laws of flowing liquids are given
and plans of spill boxes fully illus
trated. Only few weeks ago VI
urged farmers, in these columns, t.
! give serious consideration to tn
question of irrigation as means
. preventing the losses now so common
: from unreasonable drouths, and W
2 are now especially glad to recon-
I mend this bulletin to their attention
2 1t can be obtained by addressing tn
= Director OF the Experiment Station
! I Ft. Collins, Colorado.
The Columbia herald. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 18??-1935, 1891-02-28
TT ID II .--FOa1e
w. c.. JONES,
Proprietor

BY
ssadlle
takenfo ru
and
he
beauty fine
2aSe4 Lucy wa" ouo NOS MI
espatured j. k.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
Thirty Miles An Hour.

PROVIDENCE, r. /, July 30-Her-
reshoff has turned out another
wonder, and it is safe to say there
is nothing under steam for speed
can touch W. r. Hearst's new
yacht, No. los.
Yesterday with half steam up
size made nine miles in - min
utes. and the builder, as we'll as
engineers and guests on board,
say she is good for thirty or more
miles an hour.
The Cushing at her best has
made - miles. No. 1913 was tried
at Bristol and in the bay, and
showed every point. She is near
ly as perfect as can be. She goes
to dr. dock here today. and then
will start for San francisco.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
80 fsLsia'------- ---r
That Last Deal.

The last swindlipg stock deal
on the Comstock was the most
ba1efaced of any concocted for
many years. People are just be-
ginning to realize why there is
such q scarcity OF monev very-
where. The johbers pict>.-d up
several million. This sort t ras-
cality is allowed to go ~ IA q
State that protects it by IL and
prohibit lotteries. Just Il tx this
over a little and see how j. Guks
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

\. livingston now practically
controls the wholesale liquor
trade of the city. He is contin-
oally adding to his stock and sells
only standard brands. He IS also
introducing some excellent Cali
fornia wines to the people OF Car
son, us well as foreign and domes-
tic cigars of the finest quality.
Drop in and inspect his stock,
q 13 II
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
Naming The Town.

Il say everybody" remarked
Oliver Roberts the other night.
Lets name the new town at Pine
Nut. Come here every body and
suggest Names"
II move we baptise it Roberts
and drink with the lucky man.,
sung out a wag.
agreed" said everybody and
so they named the town Roberts
and 48 men iBbibed.
"Oliver you talk too much
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
NOTICE.

There will be an auction sale Of
saddle and driving horses at Ben
toms stable on Saturday, August
l. 1891. The branding irons be-
longing to the company of Smith
& Wren will be sold-I s, Ii, r
S, T Y, As, A d and twelve head
Of wild horses. BY J. T. Wren.
SMITH, WREN & Co.
The above sale is indefinitely
postponed
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

Sandrock and Willard. practical
plumbers and gasfitters, have op-
ened q shop in Dick Mills old
stand South Carson ST., and pro-
pose to do au work IL their line
at prices so low that you don't
have to mortgage your property.
to pay them. Stoves and ranges
and all kinds of tinware on hand,
at very reasonable rates. Razors
and scissors sharpened. i31tf.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
BIDS WANTED.

Sealed proposals will be receiv-
ed by the undersigned up to Fri
day, August Z, 1891, at II NJ, for
painting, papering and lining
Ormsby Pavilion. Design, sample
Of paper and all other information
can be obtained by calling at store
Of Cagwin & Noteware. Work
must be completed on or before
September Is, 1891.
" c. NoTEwARE, Secretary.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

For comfort, take the Union
Pacific Railway, tbs only line run
ming THROUGH PULLMAN
SLEEPING CARS WITHOUT
CHANGE between San Francisco
and Chicago, with DINING CARS
THE ENTIRE DISTANCE; ar
irving il Chicago and al eastern
cities % HOURS IN ADVANCE
OF ALL OTHER TRANSFORM
MENTAL LINES. Tourist ex-
eursions leave every tuesday and
Saturday, with THROUGH PULL
MAN TOURIST SLEE2 ING
CARS to Chicago without change.
TICKET OFFICE NO. MONT
GOMERY ST; san Francisco, ID.
W. HITCHCOCK, GENERAL
AGENT.
Tickets can be had OF W. D.
Phillips, Agent, S. p. Co. Reno.
Try the Hamburg Oil-the lat
est remedy. City Drug Store. j27
Diseases Of woman a speciality.
ml2 DIR. Fox.
Tie Dairy Restaurant,
Has been renovated and reopened,
and will be run in Il neat and
homelike manner A share of pat
ronage is respectfully solicited.
IL Mrs. \. II, STEWART.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

Hello Mister, can you tell me
where / can get a good bath?
Yes Sir, go to Huff's barber
shop. opposite the Capitol, County
Building, and you can get q hot
or cold bath for % cents. % 1w
Buy your shoes at Olcovich
Bros. m "a
A stage load of tourists came
down from the Lake yesterday.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
Rubic0n Springs.

These famous springs will be
opened the Is by Miss Wade Clark
who will have everything in readi-
ness to entertain her guests. A
stage will run daily from McKin-
neys and the road is in good
shape. j10 tt
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

Try the great "Cephaline' for
headache. Immediate relief. City
Drug Store. JIG
DR.. Fox treats private, chronic
and nervous diseaa Of men, ner-
vous debility, impotence, structure
and all other weakness of man.
hood
70 trade for harness and bug
gle, one five year old mare about
S25 pounds broke gentle to har-
ness, also two year old. Will
trade colt for single buggie or
harness and buggie. Address box
IL City. -
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

ADVICE TO MoTHERs.-Mrs. Wins
lows Soothing Syrup should always
be used for children teething. 1t
soothes the child, softens the gums,
nllays the pain, cures wind collie
md is the best remedy for diarrhpa
Twenty five cents bottle.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01

Parties wishing Eubicon Spring 8
water in quantities to suit should
send direct to the springs. Add.
Mrs. Wade Clarl; Rubicon, Springs
Via. McKinney's, Lake Tahoe. j30
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-08-01
An old Tndain of the Colorado

An old Tndain of the Colorado
desert has just returned to Yuma
after an exploration of the stream
which runs into the Salton basin.
His story confirms the theory that
the water is from Colorado river
but he adds the interesting fact
that Carriso creek, near the Salton
lake, breaks out Of the ground
with great force and loud noise
His explanation OF this is that the
water sinks at Big Holes, eighteen
miles north Of the Mexican line,
ana comes to the surface on the
other side of the rim that divides
the two basins It is q pity that
scientific Observers could not in
vestisate tLis flow OF water, which
has certainly had no parallel for
more than fifty years.