davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
Renoyatinr Old Fruit Trees.

The California Fruit-GrOwer gives The fol-
lowing advice on the above subject:
II is not infrequeut for fruit trees, when
neglected for a number Of years. 10 'ecOme
Scrubby. mots-gronn, half dead and gem
orally uusiEhtly. These are often spared
on account OF their as-O Citations, or Tor other
sentimental reasons. such trees by proper
manipulation can generally be redeemed.
and often bear heavier and better crops
than those which are younger and have re-
ceiyed every fostering care. II the soil il
good and the trunks OF the trees are sound.
there is no reason why they should not be
revived and made useful for many wears 10
come.
The bark Of the trunks Of the trees and
such branches as 70 is intended 20 leave
should Doe thoroughly s'rapcd, removing all
loose particles and moss. They should then
be SPRAYED or washed with some alkaline
preparation 90 more thoroughly cleanse the
bark. II the bark has the appearance Of
being "hide-bOund,' few longitudinal
sits ON the outer bark made with a sharp
knife will be- Of service. The ground should
be- thoroughly stirred, even IL the roots are
90 an extent mutilated. some cultivators
r00t-rruna in such cascs-thst is, take a
spade and cut all the roots Oh at gwen
circle around tine tee.
The pruning OF the branches should be
done when the tree is in its most dormant
state. first removing all dead, diseased.
broken aud interfering branches. Cut
these on smooth 90 the edge Of the collar.
as the swelling an the base OF the branch Is
called. Now cut on the main branches
where desirable or necessary 20 the f)mng
Il an cvenly-balancCd or symmetrical
growth Of tAe new head. Tie tree should
not bnmutilatCd more than necessary. The
Youngest and most vigorous wood should be
Ien All cuts of large branches should be
- n0oihcd and covered at once with paint or
wax OF some kind,
OldOr neglected frees treated as described
generally show remarkable 'igor a
growth and produce abundant iut OF Tbs
finest quality u is very important Co.
prune the first years GROWTH Otherwise th'
head viii become Il mass OF vigorous.
wood. The stumps OF trees
THAT have been severely cut back should, in
hot localities. Doe for e time covered, at least
90 part. with old sacks or cloths TO prevent
injury from heat until sucn time a. the new
branches and foliage may serve as pro-
lection. The mulchng of the ground under
such trees with mauur the first year is "a
practice as greater woody
growth is stimulated than 10 desirable.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

showing the effects Of this. This is what is
seen when, in winter. the sheep are well
ted with hay, grain, beans, and OIL cake,
and when these supplementary foods are
too quickly taken away Ia the spring. The
wool undergoes a time OF stoppage; later,
continuing 10 grow under more favorable
circumstances, the wOolly hair less resist
ant. and, IN part OF ia extent, cover
dead spot. real scar, indicating the irreg-
ularitv Of growth 4. Opinions diner as 10
the action Of different foods IN the wool.
All. however agree in attributng n marked
effect To- fertile pastures. Ibe fleece
il more abundant, the hair is longer
and noticeable by its ssitness, wilderness,
brightness and strength. Sturm LAYS down
the rule that all foods which promote perspi-
ration produce a finer wool; that is, those
which include the most nutritiNe matter IN
the smallest compass. Two sheep Of the
same breed, covered with he same wool.
cut differently treated, one being fed for
iattfning and the other in the usual way,
show quite different variety Of wool from
the first shearing. In the first place IL VIII
be longer. cOaTser, and will have lost It's
elasticity This l. more noticeable at the
second and third shearing. The other sheep
will have preserved all the original quail
ties Of It's fleece. The difference in the diet
being continued up 10 the third generation
the offspring could not be recognized a.
coming from the same stock,
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

z, characters replace The 23 symbols now
ebpoied 10 representa- the seven notes q the
gamnt IN the seven keys.
At hlmirs. y. Y. Rev. +. X Beecher Re-
SehuN preached the tInerai sermon ~ Mrs.
,L'ntn'n' mother % Mrs. y. l.. 'lf mems.
,Neither tlemess nor his wife attended, hut
ustened 10 The service by long-iistsnce tel
tant.
Dr. Z. G.. Eceles points ont that the dem
yer az diseases is rs rule In The direct
ratio Of the careiossncss with which they
are regarded. lie saws that diseases may be-
classed ~ more or less fatal as people are
AFRAID OF them aud seek proper advice 10
ooth prevent and cure.
Tho counting OF the population az The noXt
taking u the census in Austria will De e.
ieciet bY means of an electrical couuier.
biherent classes OF people ara marked Oh
eards hY means of periorat,d holes, and
thesr cart's are then passed through an eiec-
irical counter.
California has 1878 Of the giant trees len.
ana ~ these the largest Is thrty-throe feet
IN diameter let every one OF them be- pre-
served. They are amongst the greatest
natural curiosities In this country. and can
not be spared. The cupidity and reckless
ness OF men should not be suffered TO de-
stoy them.
concerning certain pathological and eth
nol0gical discussions that are going on with
considerable warmth. Mr.. John Evans said.
IN bis address la the British Associ ton.
that It will be for the benefit OF science Tor
1peeulati0ns as 10 the origin and home OF
the Aryan family tO be rife. hut Il viii siill
more eaectually conduce 30 our eventual
knowledge Of this most interesting question
u it Oe consistently horne In mind that they
are but speculations.
According to VI. E1onard Marbcau. IN
d he Revue Frahcaise de I Estranger ct dos
Colonies. quoting from Professor Leon 10
Fort, the following is the rate OF increase Of
population in several European countries:
tor every 1000 inhabitants there are born
IN Hungary - children; in Germany. 3D.;
III England. 6; in France -. I'm LIS the
NUMBER M france was 3S1 At the present
rate OF increase the population would b.
doubled D. NaNonv IN a. wears; in England.
IN ~ year-. I'm Prussia, In - wears; In
France, IN lo> years.
IL has been determined that the rcsist-
ance 90 the air % "a bullet thrpe-Qusrts-s "
an inch in diameter. weighing oue-tweliih
10 = pound. is about ten pounds. or 10
times the weight ot a bullet at a Velocity OF
about 1900 feet per second. On the princi-
PIE OF mechanical similitude 10 has been
SHOWN thai 2tp0und cannon ball fired
with a charge OF sixteen pounds of powder
should require a velocity of 800 io0t-sec
onds. aud that the resistance Of the air
would thQn amount to 80 pounds. or nearly
twenty three times the weight Of the shot.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
RI R.ll.nfll.e Wntld.

Russia. perhaps. exceeds All other nations
SD it, i0nducss Tor bells. having aa immense
number OF them, and many very large ones.
The "king OF Bells" the largt 81 one i'm The
world. rs in Moscow. It was cast first in 1861,
ard rrcast in 1874. 10 remained IN the PIT
where 10 was cast until l,"G. when Nicholas
| caused il 10 De raised and placed upon "a
stone pedestal near the tower OF ivan in tho
kremlin, " here 10 now stands. 10 bias been
consecrated as a chapel, the door fuing an
aperture ok teet high, by seven Wide at thu
base. made by the piece. weighing steven
TONS, which broke and fell during
the ire OF 1871, when water came
i'm contact VITA the heated metal
This bell is 81 feet high, - feet e
inches in diameter - Inches thick, ana
weighs $4,000 pounds. or something over
200 tons. some authorities give the weight
A. 10000 pounds. or 22) tons. Moscow il
said 10 have had at ono time over loo
large belis. and as many as 1000 Of all
sizes. In the Ivan tower alone there are
now thirtv-fOur. enc Of which, IN the llrst
story above the chapel, weighs more thau
sixty tons. ii swings freely, is easily rung,
and if one smites IL with the palm ol
the hand it responds In wonderfully
clear and startling manner. Two others
are Of solid silver, with very soft, pure
tones. The EmperOis bell at Cologne
WAS cast from TWENTY-FIVE large cannon
captured during the Frdnc0-Prussian war
If ls7O-7l. II is nearly twelve feet high
seventeen feet in diameter, and weighs
$1,000 pounds; the tongue weighs 1900
pounds, aud it takes sixteen men 10 ring
il. The NOtle Dame Cathedral, in Paris
mas a bell cast in 1880, weighing thirteen
tons. Vienna has one cast In I'LL, weigh
iug nearly eighteen tOus, and Olmutz
another Of abou' the same weight. The
largest bell in England is Great Paul.
This monster bell was cast in 1852 by John
Taylor Il Co, Of Loughborough, JOS miles
from London. IL is eight feet eight inches
in height. nine feet six inches in diameter,
eight and three-qualter inches in thick
ness at the bow, and weighs six
teen tons, fourteen hundredweight, TIVE
quarters. nineteen pounds. Another large
bell is "Bgh Ben" Of Westminster. which
hangs IN the great clock tower Of the
House Of Parliament, AMI weighs thirteen
and 0ne-half tons. "Great TOm," Of OK
ford. cast 1851. the mighty Tom OF Dean
Aldrick's "B0nny Christchurch Bells
weighs seven tons, and during college term
it gives l0l strokes each evening. The
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

largest bell I'm America Is that Of N0tre
Dame Cathedral, Montreal. which haugs in
the south tower. IL is six feet high. eigh.
feet seven inches in diameter, am weighs
2i,7o0 pounds. The largest bell in the
United states is the alarm bell on the City
Hall, New York, which was cast by
Blake. OF Boston. IL j. six feet high.
eight feet in diameter, and weighs 23.O0O
pounds. China has n very great fond
neo for bells. and has many large ones.
Father lie Compile states that there
are seven in lPekin, each weighing l2I00
pounds. Curtis, in "Dottings Round the
Circle" speaks OF but one great bell in Pc
kin, which be says hangs in the "Bel Tenn
pie" and is the second largest bell in the
world, next 10 that Of Moscow. 10 was
cast in 400, is eighteen feet high aid thir-
ty-siX f ct in circumference. Gatty gives
its weight as iifty-three tons.
Japan has many colossal temples. with
large belfries. or towers, which are built
separately, and stand by themselves, and
many of them have immense bells, "Wh0se
notes quiyor the air into leagues of liquid
melody All OF these Japanese bells are
struck on raised spot, by a hammer Of
wood small tree trunk swung loosely on
two r0pes.-New England Magazine.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

An English scientist estimates tie fertile
or cultlyable land of our GLOBE al 2'.OtO,O0O
SQUARE miles, the bare grass land al hall a.
much. and desert at 4,lSlVoO square miles.
lAr present population ot the earih De puts
in round mimDogs az Laos WO,uOl, lncreas-
.Lzal the rate OF eight per cent. every ten
years. From these fgues bee argues That
bur planet can support 6Oo.OoNWl human
being. and that This maximum viii be at
tanned ia the year 2UlO on thereabOuts
Aswar. urtsticuce and famine grow con-
SANITY less desfructYe, nc stra De- imposed
upgn tne mlnd lu believing That the worlds
.0pu.atiOn WILL increase until % transcends
Inc capacity 0l the wOgld's present agrlcul-
l.re o. sustain it. Wnl widespread starys-
ton eususl u consequences Not necessarily,
Dy any means. Agriculture Will not stand
siiIl ln tine interval IL II quite true that
even very rich soil may lose its food pro-
ducin. quality alter being cultivated for a
couple oI centuries, as ln Egypt and otheI
Eastern lands. but 10 is also true that bar en-
oil may Doe made productive Though
irrigation and other Observation-Disclosures.
fla Do. Roo. many sNlnnti4ts c4ulppd that
Obj. food in the tuiule viii Dee made from
chemical, and that - much nutrimcut as is
now derived from hearty meal may d.
COMPRESSED into the dimensions Of pill
c.uple Of ceuiur,- hence N We accept the
theory Ol toe conservation OF energy, We
AUST also ho.d that Zoe elements requisite
Tor tue su,ieuance ol human life will abide
300 The planet, allnoug tney may assume new
tIIm-.
Toe sub jet Is % fascinating one ON which
I'D base -. culatiou and conjecture, but be-
yond cgcssS ~ VIC cannot 10 Tar. Al al
gcuis come what may, q viii Dee none OF
ur funeral In the year 2O,J.-New York
Telegraph.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

The feeding of the sheep. says a French
journal. has most marked influence on
The quality and quantity OF the wool. In tais
the rules 90 be observed are; l..
TO obtain wool Of good quality and proper
ouantity. the sheep should be well fed.
he increase Of the wool in length and re-
distance comes TO a stop il the animal be
derived Of the amount Of food necessary
for il. Well-ied sheep pay for the increased
expense by the weight Of the fleece aud the
botter quality OF the wool. There Is, how
ever. an tsse ltial difference 10 be no ed
i'm lOng-woOled sheep. Too much aud too
rich food soon makes the WOOL
of short-woolel sheep too long, an
inconvenience which has not to be feared
in long-wOoled varieties. ,. When
tue sheep receives too little food, OF
when that food given IN sufnclent
quantities is not sufficiently nutritiye,
the wool preserves its iineness and acquires
a certain length, but its resistance fails, 1t
is deprived of grease, which makes II weak,
harsh 10 the touch, and dry as flax. 3.
Regularity in distribution OF the food Is Of
the highest Importance, the wool soon
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

The same crops, says Popular Gardening.
cannot BE- grown year alter year upon the
came sol N.tuuut reducing It's productive
o.. ss. Hence 40 different plants require
ulncIeut substances % perfect their growth
tO maturity the rotation Of crops IL All i'm
p0rtaut maltOr % the gardener, as IN lu-
ll,iOus rotation C'ory element IN the SOIL J.
taken zap Sy the different crops. However
fertile the soil may DE, succession Of eX-
uaustiug crops should not lie grown upon
thc same land, especially as 10 renders them
more liable 90 the attacks Of their particular
enemies Many insects injurious 10 yege-
tliion deposit their eggs M the soil beneath
,he plant. which they have infested that
their Young may come torih 10 commit their
raEagCs urOn Tie succeeding crops, but II
THIS Is changed 20 a distant locality, they
may perish Tor want OF proper food, ana 50
also Oi the seeds or spores Of diseases III the
soil.
Perpendicular or iap-rooted plants, with
but few side roots. receive most Of their sub
stance from considerable depth, horizontal
rooted plants mud their food near the sur
face. Various plants by means OF lheir
roots act dllcrenlly-thus. hbrOus surface
roots break Up and tighten thesurf zee SOIL,
whilst rO.ts Of clover and the Ike rooted
plants have a similar effect upon deeper
portion. The most eXhausting crops are
those in general which perfect their seeds
a. they draw from the soil more largely Of
its ammonia, ph0sphates. etc, than that re-
qulred in the growth Of all other portions OF
the plant
To obtain the highest results there must
not only be a general rotation, but su0-suc-
cessious each year as main crops are re-
moved. Ii Is not always necessary 10 wait
until thciirst crop occupying the ground 10
removed before another Is put IN. gar
den we'll warmed and cultivated with
these second crops will produce surpris-
Ing amount Of vegetables. The same sur
face only needs 10 be h0ed, manured ana
kept free from weeds, as II II produced but
one crop, though somewhat more IL re,
quired, but nothing like the amount needed
TO produce the same amount Of crops sepa-
rafalv
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
Keeping and exercises over him ceaseless

Keeping and exercises over him a ceaseless
vigilance.
At five or six the boy liberated from
skirts. begins 90 take an active interest in
horses. firearms and other manly matters.
Al ten his frecklcs dey 'lop. and his hands
and feet begin % be prominent members 20
he treated with consideration and respect.
NDisc il his native element. lie bangs the
door as be comes in and goes out bee use he
likes the sound. lIc takes an ecstatic de-
light in firing gun or "a pistol 10 see the
girls pat their fingers In their ears, and
grns Ike an imp at their nervous screams
and tromors.
Al this period hc has supreme disre-
gard for clothes. lie never remembers 10
black his SHOES; he hates q collar and
.1aihcs q neckte His fingers are each
tipped hy "a crescent as black as jet. His
coat front is smcared with mOlasses and
BE knees Of his trOwscrs show how he de-
lights 90 grove. I'm the dust like a worm.
Indeed, he spends most of his time down on
all lOurs." and the father. whose means
are not great. means al the frequency With
which be must Dee shod. His treasures are
ucouycuicut 90 The housCkeeper. who
calls them sitter" and are always spiiling
aud scattering themselves about, having
Oh Gee picked mp and put away. Woe De-
aide Tine rash hand that surreputlousy de-
oo>its trowsy birds nest or crooked
stick ln fho stove. or SETS at liberty the
notified lizard. the br0ken-wingcd bird or
ho laundering beetle which he has caught.
What % howl of rage rcnds the heavens.
Tie viii never iu The future weep as bitter
is over real e0rows and genuine losses.
a lew years later he reaches the hybrid
stI-.. llo begins to manifest "a very de-
cded interest in his attire lie tries
dozen different shades OF neckties before be
can find One that harmonizes with his I'M
decided complexion, and thc iaundrcss who
does bis collars Is the object of v0lumin0u>
iri fearful excavations. lie brushes his
rlothc, until they are thread-bale. and
spends an bis lcasure polishing ms boots
uutl they shine like pair OF mirrors.
About this time Doe becomes 90 observe the
many and various types Of feminine beauty.
ui signs many secret signs, and steals
many iWtiyc glancc- across his arithmetic
20 the saucy maiden who feels that her
time Lls come, and reyenges herself ac-
cOrliuciy. Ih boy az this stage Is really
POO longer "a boy. but is developing into
man on the semblance Of one, and so van
islo- from the world of balls and bats and
Kite, and enters upon that Of the shop 0r
college claes-r0om.. There DE either con-
iuues t0 crow in intcrcstOr becomes stale
feat and an Improbable nOnentity -Phlia-
leiphil Record.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
Universal elect lefty.

Few, even among those most closel,
Identified with the development Of electrical
theory and practice, fully realize n Nv pro-
toundly the discoveries OF the past two or
three years have affected the general view
once held regarding electricity. and now
wonderfully they have hrOadencd the scion.
tidc ideas concerning the correlation Of
physical forces. II was marvellous ad.
vance when Franklin discovered the iden.
tity OF the feeble sparks that crackle from
an electrified body with the colossal power
OF the thunderb0li; but what adequate
words can boz found 10 express the FEELING
akin 10 awe that comes when Row az last
we recognize the same mysterious some.
thing perhaps an entity, possibly only a
,tate-in the clear brilliancy OF The sim.
beam. the soft CLEAN OF its reflection In the
moonlight. the innumerable glowing sparks
that gl0rlfy winters night What can
We think when we realize that every time a
candle is lighted, or a lump Of coal thrown
upon the fire, electrical energy is produced
Just az truly a. when a powerful battery il
put into action, or the whirring belt spins
the armature OF dynamo: And vet such
IL the fact.
Whenever and wherever what we call
light and heat are found, there is the same
electromagnetic radiation that The brilliant
spec latiOn OF Maxwell imagined. and the
magnificent experiments OF Hertz have
brought within the realm Of human know.
edge. Radiant energy Is electromagnetic
energy-perhaps it is nothing more. Light.
heat. actinism, cOeIist with and through
electrical action. 50 tar from having %
seek through lab0ri0us research methods OF
producing electrical energy, IL Is hard 10
imagine any mechanical action, or In fact
any material movement that 1oos NOT uapl
IL on its ceaseless journey through space
Electrical effects seem 10 be the rule instead
of the exception, and we iind to-day that
what we call electricity is 50 closely CO.
ordina.eG wish more familiar things that
one can scarcely doubt that we are on tie
eve OF some tremendous gencralig cation that
may make the last decade OF this century
memorable through all time.-Electric
World,
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
Lopdon's New Ranusy.

An exchange, in describing the new Lon
don rail way, an underground electric road.
says il offers what appears 20 be solution
in every way satisfactory, OF the problem Of
rapid transit from one part Of q crowded
city 90 the other. Most people object TO
tunnels on general principles, but the tun-
nels on this new London TOa are con-
structed on new and particular principles.
They are as brilliant as day With electric
lights. one tunnel Is devoted exclusively
% trains running sOuth. the other tunnel
exclusively TO trains running north. In
this way not only is the ch 4nCe Of collision
lessened. but a current of air Is kept con-
stantly moving in one direction, WitI
resultant perfect ventilation. The electric
motor produces no smoke nor cindefs, and
the stufly horrors OF the old Metropolitan
Underground railroad ave IA no way re-
peated. Moreover, ON the system i'm use on
the new City and south London railway. in
the event of train breaking down
the curron: il at once cut OF
from the section. and il is i'm
possible for one train 10 be run into hy
another following. The new London road
is 81 z miles in length, and passes under the
Thames. Ii is in the form OF two circular
iron tunnels. I'D feet In diameter, driven
through the London clay. and about go feet
below the surface. Including C.Oppages,
the rate Of travelling Nili be- about - miles
an hour Westinghouse breaks are fitted 90
the trains, and the gradients OF the line are
arranged 10 give an impetus on starting
and gradual check % the stopping. Fares
are 10 be uniformly two pence, and thesys-
tenn of issuing aud collecting tickets is dis
pensed with in favor OF turnetile plan. Ily-
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25

We care not much on giving advice, bat
weare gong 90 break over our rules irl
once. lhe time for the tree agent 10 BE-
around 10 at hand, and when bee com = he
VIII eudcaN0r tO secure Your patronage boy
showing yOuin his picture book representa-
tiou, of rar. and beautiful laIi lies of fruit
that v0,. meyer before beard Of Best fight
,hy a. tucm. Acxtycar whoa the t,ec man
comes around Doe viii De- showing up AN en-
tuely ueN set of rare varieties. Now, what
becomes ol al those line ruitsy lfyou
extend youg patronage io the fellow
sou Wir never hear az these fine
iruu trees once again. What le-
.lm.s li them f they are as repre-
.eufof. What holds lhem away
from % most prominent place in every
nurserYmuu', catal0-uet Why Is not the
whole world lu4uuatug DO iust sUch fruits
"a, smil. out from the picture books. one
year ihcg are al the head Of the list and
tlen forever down. what prevented their
permanent establishment Time rolls ON.
leaving us the ODD aud established varieties,
but NOT taking along Wltn 10 those varieties
Of phenomenal excellence. What. We re-
beat. becomes OF themt Ask yourself these
questions. and then when the beautiful
book i- held 0ucn t0 your gaze act the part
Of reasoning being and sensible man.
Philadelphia Record.
The times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1890-1903, 1891-01-25
PAGES ) TO S.

draulic elevators capable OF carving nf, A.,
people az time run from the tunnels r.,
the surface Of the ground, the tubes bein0
- far below the surface ~ 10 interfere uri,
Their with foundations, sewers nor wafer.
pipes. The construction Of this underground
line has occupied four years. ltscosi has
been E2lO,OOO per mile, the engineer bsing
Mr.. J. ". Greathead, patentee OF the tup,
neling system used.