davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
Bnnishcd TO Siberia for Selling Plans OF
the Cronstudt Defences.

ST. PETERSBURG. July 23.-1t was reported In
April last that n naval Captain named Schmidt
had been condemned and executed in secret
for selling tho plans of tho defences Of Cron-
stndt. 1t is now officially announced that
Capt. Schmidt has Jus. been sentenced to ban.
ishment to siberia. This leniency. It Is ex-
mcnt had ohtnine proof that Can't. Schmidt
had fallen into tho hands of n few .usnrers
who induced him TO- sell I, he plans to jew.
This jew, II Ia nil 'ged acted in very tre.ch-
erous manor with the uufortuna @ Captain.
As Ito retained tho brbe given ly tho foreign
mower which virtually obtained possession OF
the plans and then betrayed Schmidt for re.
ward. TO tho Russian Government
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24

The long expected rowing contest hctw.en r"cs In
srector T.. ~ Mclaughlin hui fo!rs JUsucr IAnlr, q.
lIph- n ,iirh ,-u DE- n
tIu nay !i,gn "a Cis &" n,ufu" afternoon N,n, NOT
~ Ia l." h,.a'r 'mrh' nj the friends ~
tho rival "airH"n. rnih mrr hivn aeon u active
ira Tin for rNrrgI wc"h-, t"d "A. ON" f"r ~ iC ~""u
tht laG si m &C st ri.l.'fn l!ht lruu
sart II ST "nti'l' "t"' Lnhi"r Iisi sr'slur
sb for The huth, lie brohe hr"u ~ ainlus. uni
has rrfu ell Ia cNInsr mss CONFIDENT ftltnds to
loss in the sspe ~ heavy wave by mrrg n" stu-ir
and well gIoniue Io.cr gpr'lor lu- ter has
been irving fer q zee yNIr> 10 hri 6 il.aNrr
Iighe 10 tho scratch lie 10 wii NOW gs1 VI Tho
AIN
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
ase Worlds Fair Comaissioners Intro.
duced to Lord Salisbury.

LONDON. July 23.-Minister Lincoln. at tho
doreign once to-day introduced the foreign
commissioners OF the Columbian Fair tGen.
nuUerworth. Mr.. +. W. Peck. Major Moses +.
mandy. and A. F. Bullock to Lord Salisbury.
The British Premier EXPRESSED pleasure at
meeting the Comm ssloners, and inquired into
s rss pI ospects for the completion Of and prepa
rom reports circulated he had been led 10
as,ouot that syeryis ing would DO ready NJ the
u .ms appointed for the opening. In concln-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24

George s. Atwat.r. the new Chairman OF tho L. A.
Racing Hoard WAS in town on Monday On hts way to
W.shim ton from the Detroit meet
Tic Quaker City wheeiinen OF Phadolrhia will hold
. race meet ut the ha! grounds on Arr. ~
raul Grosch Of tho O-ange Wheemen Is in active
training for his en- team race saturday next
The Wi,s,hecacn Whes men have -ir"'ot the 70 low.
in. officers Tor the ensuing Aehr Presii.nt Ne Com
agi-v; Vice President y, Paris Secretary ant
1rrnsurer = T. li"ser: captain + H. wash, Leuien
art ". Wander aud = iinwarl
1he wetssh"ckeu Nheclmcn will nave into
guSrt.rs on Aug !,
me ia roma Assembly meeting nj the l. A. ". at
ua..frr u,, e.t. vii. be an exciting gathering
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
Where Yesterday. Fire. Were.

A. M-ais. "a EIiyAhe h street, frank Sansprn
damage siglt Iu"~ - ~ 'OiN street I'aIc bernstein
and oIi,rs DANCE 10 bu.!in. Etuu, - furniture
S.iu
T. M-iii 20 last liaus,pn s't-c'. Alexander
Morgon.sin damag &g'l u" - Fat hrnaiwV
James pu,snttal. ImaI" sIisa'. pu n97 Alnth
nue. Aurir niyger damage -. % so Wcst Twenty
tnirI street r. II. fiuken san Ind ing wood an
William IOwsl. cslynel shop danhgs $40: ~.
az spring street N,ry Jaeger daHa.- -; 90, 40 aud
II cannon street George iI.ss daIuaGe sight
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
A New Player for the brooklyn Club.

BosToN. July 23.-Tresident Byrne TO- night
signed John ]. O'Bricn, the second bnseman OF
the Portland Club to play in Brooklyn filling
Co!ins's place. Capt Ward heard very favorn-
Immediate employment. He will play in
brooklyn on Saturday.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
Il publican !. asue In ourcns County,

lromn"r' Queens county Republicans met
in 'ho rnrlp'E Mi!lrrs l!o;o! In Long Island
t,iy 80 t,r !ny afternoon 10 organize II branch
81 to li"Iub lean I.cASun Of New York state
srerch's wHe mad" by col, McAlpin, Presi.
d NJ oi mo state League: James H. O'Eeirne,
Iisnry Gleason. j. u. Hedge. and ex Gov. n q
McC9rinirk. committee organization Was
upl,yiuteu.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
The Irish League Convention.

DUBLIN. July 23.-The League Convention
opened hero to-day with n large attendance.
Mr. parnel who was the presiding officer. was
warmly cheerod. Referring TO Mr.. Da!four's
promise. as outlined. of loca! government
bill for ireland. Mr. Fnrnel said that he would
Join with Mr. Timothy itoasy in making 1t us
comprehensive as possible.
Tho Convention adopted programme.
which included manhood suffrage. lanh law
rc,orn. and the reinstatement ri evictcd
tenants. In the course az tho debate Mr.. Far
neil charged tho Heaivites. with anxiety to
take olllce, and urged tho Irish members OF
Parliament to take the most strict pledges not
to accent office until Ireland had the most
complete powers over her own des.inics.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24

ST. PETERSBURG. July %. - The French
squadron was welcomed TO Cronstadt to- day
ty eleven vessels OF the Russian evolution
squadron and f1fty other vessels crowded with
french Visitors on honri tho war shin Asia su'
whe tho officials OF the Frerch Embassy.
delegation from tho Slhv Society. headed by
Of welcome also greeted tho trench .ycs.ois.
Russia NJ itary bnnds played the "Mnrseil-
lnIse,' and the French sailo,s responded With
cheers.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
Opposed to an American Publication IL
Rome.

EoME. JAly 2a-1t is said on high authority
that tho Holy See will not give its consent to
the projected American review which it was
announced was soon to appear at Rome under
tho title OF the Roman Messenger. Tho journal
was TO m axe a special feature of articles solely
devoted 10 the religious Questions in the
United States. The promoters Of tho enter-
prise are undannted. how ever and continue
their labors with every belief in their ultimate
SECroSs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
French Subjects Ordered from, Bnlmaccdn's
CrulserH.

LONDON, July est is stated here that the
Gillian cruiser Prcsidento Pinto, as she was
about to leave France, received an intimation
that she must Immediately lani all tho men
on board OF her who were French subjects.
The commander OF the Bnlmacedan war ves-
sel IS satt TO be trying t. engage Italians to
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
SEVENTH GAME OF THE MATCH.


Winners OF the hnn1icap: Glass !. Major
Hnnhum. New YORK; class 9. d. F. Searle.
Rome: rlass 3. W. J. Shotwell. Skansateles.
hi. tournRm" mt will close Tomorrow, when
they will play Off ior first. second. and third
prizes respectively
Cup contest score: BlaGkman won z; LOST 8:
IL: Kemeny won A. lost Ia; Rogers won i.
lost
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24
Emperor william Goes Whale Hunting.

CRE1sTIASIA. July 23.-The Emperor of Ger
many has been out wiiale hunting. but he did
not meet with success. Upon his arrival to.
day NJ Hammer.est. Inc northernmost town Of
Norway. the Emperor proceeded to the island
O. SkcrO
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-07-24

Sheets wore llftcH Tor The run N and Epinnn-
kers Boiled out TO port. The Kathleen carried
The run back To tho Hay Beach Point buoy
was without sIecinl incident. The Tigress
forged ahead an. increased her lead steadily.
The Kathleen tell back eomo toward the Fury
bin. The, order IF ,urain& tho buoy was; II
gross 2 hours As Eiautss j seconds: Polly.
) hyurs 30 minus 80 seconds: Kathleen. !
hours "a minutes 30 seconds The Euryhias
time was not taken. but she wns going very
iocn was ovcrinken The ln,teI's lbtoI sail
seemed to phil her off so t:she hnd to make
an extra tack 10 cross tho line. Tho Fury bia
shot in before her and tho little 3u-looter had
to no contont with last place. Tho following
is the result OF the race
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26

LANDS FACTORIES, &c-The Company acquired
of the choicest lands for Building Sites Factories On this property
the famous Faulkner Iron Ore Beds with the richest Iron the
Cumberland Valley.
the attention of capitalists from all the world
been such rush for her advantages her wealth
almost undertake. State with the finest
TINS country well as the finest TIMBER and they coming this State
take advantage and the benefits Natures lavish hand
railroad facilities shou the goods and still be
the COAL timber ETC. We feel assured that West
the county seat Berkeley Counone of West Vnas garden
spots
Company large shops city,
many hands most Of whom skilled workmen with
roll of from $4,000 100000 month"; with
cities and railroads of the United
The Cumberland Valley Harrisburg Pa through
Mansurg and connects with the Pennsylvania
The Western Maryland Railroad has already its West
na and are only SIX eight miles om this and doubtless will
complete to Martinsburg
The West Virginia greatest railroad
country running through the greatest belt of coal timber lands probably
the world DESTROYS extend their railroad
TO do WILL and almost bound through will
seen at once that Mnsbug must the business centre the great
Mineral State.
The City Mansbug in State its
streets and built either side with
houses and residence The supplied
which from pure and never failing spring, sufficient supply $4,000
The streets and houses lighted by gas electricity
MINERAL AND TBERIn addition the 1000
residences
and timber lands The showing this beautiful
property to visitors The climate of Martnsbug for hah
FACTOREThe Company ample grounds for Furnaces
and OF all kinds and call special attention this
nla and do all IN its induce
and climate unsurpassed The Shares
each--par value $500 full paid and MON assesable
len cent must paid subscription and month
thereafter deemed xpent
as they shall elect until paid in full
Subscribers stock will have paid full
they hold shares Of fully the
rght g DOUBLE the amount IN the payment of lot
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26
DIRECTORS.

HON STEPHEN B. EKNs Vice President West Va Central R.
Elkns, w. Va.
Hon ROBERT PORTER Editor and Proprietor New York
Hon CHARLEsJ FAULKNER u S. Senator, Martnsburg w
Hon. THOMAS M KING Vice President B. Baltimore Nd
Hon. E. BOYD FAULKNER, Of Faulkner Inges Martnsburg
w. Va.
Hon. GEO. NJ. Bowers Martinsburg, w. Va.
i. T. BENDER, Contractor, Martinsburg, w Va.
THEODORE K MILLER of Daniel Miller Baltimore Nd
j. B. WILSON, Cashier Peoples National Bank Martnsburg
w. Va.
DR.. G.. p MORRISON Martinsburg, w. Va.
H. G BERRY, Dry Goods Merchant Martinsbgrg, W Va
f. THOMPSON, of the Clothing firm of Thompson & Tab
ler Martinsburg, w. Va.
NJ. " RICHARDS General immigration Agent B. & 0. Bai
more Nd.
D. w SHAFFER the rmof G. M Shafer Son. Martinsburg
DR.. s. N. MYERS, Martinsburg. w. Va.
CHARLES H. MILLER Sheriff of Berkeley County Martnsburg
JAMES w. McKowN, Martinsburg, w Va.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26
compHNY's COUNSEL.

Faulkner & WALKER FAULKSER & INeInss
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26

Very Hard.
Horace Greeley once said: "Of al
horned cattle deliver me from the col
lege graduate who wants to break int
journalism The commencement sea
son had hardly opened, but the ad-
vance 0uard Of thel graduate cror
walked into the city editors room the
other day exhibited his college diploma,
said that he had written several pieces
for the county paper" and asked for
chance to show what he could do.
Like all writers Of his class, he did not
want salary so much as he wanted an
opportunity 10 jump right into the
middle Of journalism. The annual
vacation season had ieftthe city force
short handed, and The editor decidedto
try the new man.
.'Go down ID tile Illinois Central
Depot right away liz said, "and sec
whit there Il ii 4 case Of mayhem
there ! know nothing about this ex-
cept TINT some one telegraphed me II
few minutes ago that there was case
of mayhem at the depot. Go down
there and see what you can find. Ask
the railroad and depot employees about
the case, and if you strike q lead follow
it up and investigate it thoroughly
Two hours later the wonld-be jour
Nnalist reported at the Office with very
long face.
well, what was there in the case ~
asked the editor.
II do not know, sir replied the new
reporter.
Don't know! Why don't you knowl
Didn't give you instructions to look
into it?r
''Yes, sir, bnt couldn't find it,
'Did you canvass the subject thor
oughlyl What did you dor
II went down to the Illinois Central
Depot and told the freight agent that
! was looking for ease Of ayhem.
He asked me the name Of the consignee
! told him ! didn't know it. He asked
me where the case was from and wanted
to know if it was shipped alone.
couldn't tell that, Of course, so we went
over the whole stock of shipping bills,
but we didn't find the slightest trace
of it.
+ II don't believe there is any such
case at the Illinois Central Depot, but
didn't look for it anywhere else. |
found that it would be useless for me
to stay there longer however, because
the agent assured me that unless / had
a order from. an assignee he would not
permit me to look into it, even if he
succeeded in finding it. What shall |
do next9n
After moments reflection, the ed
itor slowly replied: We'll, as there is
no vacancy just now in our janitorial
department, perhaps you had better
step into our composing room and ask
the foreman TO let you clip the bangs
off the hair spaces in the cases. If you
escape, come back and I'll let you an
swer the telephone until it is time for
you to draw your salary tonight. Chi
cago Nail.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26

CHARLESTON, s. c., Sept. 20.-The
most death-deaIing sentence IN the le-
gal annals Of this State, except in cases
Of insurreetion, was passed at Laurens
to-day, 10 negro men being sentenced
TO be hanged on October % next for the
murder Of another negro. The charge
was conspiracy and murder. Ike Kin
ard, coIored, was convicted Of the muir
der Of Lemuel 9. Oxner, a white man,
and was sentenced to be hanged on
October rs.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26
DISTRESS IN RUSSIA.
Parents Are Devouring Their onspring-
For Food.

Parents Are Devouring Their ofsprings
For Food.
LoNDoN, September 26. The follow
ing sensational statement from ST.
Petersburg
.'The distress among the peasant
population is increasing, and the POI
tato crops are proving failure in
many districts now. A new calamity
has visited Russia in the form of a little
insect called sovka, which is far more
destructive to the corn than the Hes
sian fly.
I'm the Government of Astrakhan
the whole population Of the villages is
dying ofwant The doctors who are
sent to treat them prescribe corn in
stead of medicine.
''Stories-are afloat Of parents eating
their children in the~ Government of
Nijni-Novgorod, but ii is impossible to
say whether these reports are quite
true.
The authorities in many places are
levying a, tax on laborers wherever
they obtain work"
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26
GLADsToNE's TEMPERANCE VIEW

Especial to THE womDl
LONDON, September 26.-Mr. Glad
stone has written letter to the Tenn
perapce League, saying in substance
that the defeat Of the measure intro
duced by the government and practic-
ally endowing publicans was in its first
effect negative, but that it really ere
ated movement which has already
grown powerful, and which viii grow
in vigor."
"The present system, Mr.. Glad
stone adds, & is discredit and ca
lamity to the country, and You can de-
pend upon the, Liberal leaders using
their most earnest endeavors to alter
it,
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26
OFFICERS.

President Hon GEO NJ Bowers, Martinsburg, W. Va.
First Vice President, c. H. MILLER, MaPtnsburg w. Va
Second VicePresiden H. G.. BERRY, Martinsburg W. Va.
Treasurer JOHN WILSON Cashier Peoples Bank Martnsbug
Secretary, STUART w. WALKER, Martinsburg, w. Va.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26

Watch and wait for Duncan Clark
Female minstrels.
The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1891-1896, 1891-09-26

Subscribe for The WORLD at Toe
per week, delivered at your door.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20
Thanksgiving Proclamation.

The President issued his Thanks
giving proclamation last Saturday.
The text of the document is as fol-
lows:
1T is a very glad incident Of the
marvellous prosperity which has
crowned the year now drawing to a
close that its helpful and reassur-
ing touch has been felt by all our
people. 1t has been as wide as our
country and so special that every
home has felt its comforting inhu-
ence. 1t is too great to be the
work of mans power and too par
ticular to be the device of his mind.
To God, the Benefcent and the
All Wise, who makes the labors of
men to be fruitful, redeems their
losses by His grace, and the meas
ure Of whose giving is as much be-
yond the thoughts of man as it is
beyond his deserts, the praise and
gratitude of the people Of this f,.-
vored nation are justly due.
CHOW, therefore, |, Benjamin
Harrison, President of the United
States of America, do hereby APP
point Thursday, the Goth day of
November, present, to be day of
joyful thanksgiving to God for the
bountics of His Providence, for the
peace in which we are permitted to
enjoy them and for the preserva-
ton of those institutions of civil
and religious liberty which He gave
our fathers the wisdom to devise
and establish and us the courage to
preserve. Among the appropriate
observances of the day are rest
from toll, worship in the public
congregation, the renewal of family
ties about our American firesides
and thoughtful helpfulness toward
those who suffer lack of the body
or of the spirit.
"1n testimony whereof | have
hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the United States to be
affixed.
"Done at the City of Washington
this 18th day of November, in the
year of our Lord 1891, and of the
Independence of the United States
the 116th."
SEAL. BENZ. HARRISON.
BY the President;
JAMES G.. BLAINE,
Secretary of State.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20

occasion to visit the Court house,
that some things must positively be
prohibited that has been allowed by
the present board of commissioners.
On the very threshold the gentle
men elected as commissioners will
meet with the usual embarrassments
the change of administration brings
about. There will be more appli-
cations, by far, for the offices to be
given out than they can satisfy had
they dozen times the number.
With every proper consideration
for the claims of those who may be
before them for appointment they
should, in their selection of attor-
ney. clerk, janitor and the like, get
the best men in the proper places.
When this is accomplished they will
be fully prepared to conduct the
affairs of the county in such man
ner as to reflect credit upon them
selves and the people by whom they
were elected.
Fortunately for the public the
board is composed of gentlemen
wins will strive to do their duty and
will succeed in manner that will
be creditable to themselves and
their party.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20

ing dead, upon the oaths of A. G.
Sturgiss, foreman, James A. Hay
den, Daniel +. OlTutt, Bowie John
son, Alonzo d. Naylor, Peter A.
Chisholm, John W. Hart, George
O. Miller, Henry J. Mayors, Henry
Felty, George p. White and Samuel
Lawton, good and lawful men of
the county aforesaid, who, being
sworn to inquire on the part of the
State of Maryland when, where,
how, and after what manner. the
said Ernest Liller came to his death,
do say upon their oaths, that the
said Ernest Liller came to his death
on the 18th day of November in the
year 1891, about 10 Il. M, at the
b. q 0. Il. r. depot. in Oakland,
in the said county, by being struck
by Freight Engine $50, of the B. &
O. r K. Co., and run over and
killed by the train said engine was
drawing, while said engine was 60
ing westward with its train the
jury also find that the train was
running at the time at Il greater
rate of speed than six miles an hour;
and that the engineer was not at
his post at the time said Ernest Lii
Ter was struck and killed.
In witness whereof, as well the
said Andrew B. Gender, as the Jul
rors aforesaid, have to this inquest
put their hands and seals, on the
day and year and at the place first
above mentioned.
ANDREW B. GoNDER, j. p.
A. G. STURGIsS, Foreman.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20
Real Estate Transfers.

Geo. W. Merrill. Adrrr., to
Louisa Rlnehart, lots Nos, 81, SO,
80 and 40 in Totten's addition to
Oakland; s155.
James W. Knox and wife to
John Knox, u acres and l4G
perches of land; $500.
Daniel Augustine to Adella Fra
zee, SO acres and 142 perches of
Frey farm; ST., 800.
Perry Broadwater and wife to
Richard f. Garlitz, part of lot No.
s of walnut Hill" 80 acres; $500.
Israel j. Garlitz to Francis NJ.
Garlitz, part of lot No. 8 of oval
nut HILL" 81 acres and ~!
perches; 5000.
Israel j. Garlitz to Francis NJ.
Garitz, part of lot No. s of oval
nut Hills" So acres and 65
perches; II 200.
Grace Muller to James f. More
land. rs acres of military lot No.
492; 500.
Thomas b. WILEY and wife to
Perry BrOadwater, Is acres of mil
itarY lot No. 1859; 500.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20

An impression prevails in many
quarters that Maryland is an insig-
nifcant State. Territorially it is
usually set down with Rhode Island
and Delaware; politically it is Dem
ocratic, and commercially it sup
ports immense canning factories and
a waning oyster trade. This is
about the judgment passed by news
paper writer's and others when they
come to talk about Maryland. Even
the citizens of the State do not seem
to realize that they live in big COM
mOnwealth. and not little one.
But Maryland is not small State.
True it does not compare with Texas,
New York or Pennsylvania in point
OF size, but it is larger than any one
Of the New England States except
Maine. five times as large as Della
ware, considerably larger than New
Jersey and compares very we'll with
several Of the southern and West
ern States.
In point of wealth and popula-
ton, the State is BY no means last
or least.
When one sits down to carefully
consider the area. and varied re-
sources of Maryland, they do not
appear to be few or insignificant.
Particularly this is true in point of
varied climatic influences, diversity
OF natural resources and agricultu-
sal possibilities of Maryland are far
in tie lead of other larger and more
boastful commonwealth. 1t has
grown fashionable in many quar-
ters to sheer at Maryland, but it is
time for the people of our State to
place its industries, its wealth and
the achievements of its toilers be-
yond the reach of criticism.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1891-11-20
West Virginia Odd Fellows.

The grand encampment of |. o.
0. +. of West Virginia. in session
at Kingwood, elected the following
officers for the ensuing year: Grand
patriarch, c. r. Smith, of Wheel
ing: grand high priest, G. A. Hible,
of Parkersburg; grand senior war
den, Frank Reighter. of Grafton:
grand scribe. II. A. Uthman, of
Wheeling; grand treasurer, Henry
Seamon, of Wheeling; grand jun
ior warden, K. S. Hollis, of Rowles-
burg: grand representative, A. G..
Holly, of Independence.