The Seattle post-intelligencer. [volume] (Seattle, Wash. Terr. [Wash.]) 1888-1914, 1891-02-08

$3.50 to Sis per acre. Single acres have
been known TO actually cost over $500. As
right-of-way is usually taken at 100 feet in
width, making about twelve acres to the
mile. this makes in itself heavy expense.
and the engineer in charge Of construction
mas TO be exceedingly careful in his partial
estimates OF said work DONE as many con-
tractors will avoid doing it thoroughly if
Such is the difficulty attending the dis
positlon OF the immense logs and stumps
on the rlght-of-way that of late more Lax
ity has been shown than formerly by en-
glneers in their specifications concerning
clearing. In heavy fills stumps, If covered by
four feet or more of earth, are often allowed
to remain, and logs, if suitably disposed
across the line of road. are also permitted
to some extent to enter into entertainments.
In the demand for speedy and cheap con-
struction now prevailing, these practices
Will probably continue, and this timber de-
Gays so slowly that but little harm is ap-
pretended in consequence.
The maximum grade of the roads lately
built in this section of country it is under
stood does not exceed per cent, except
IN the mountain regions. Curvature is
occasionally quite sharp, running up to 10
or IL degrees. Transition curves are being
used to some extent.
A great amount of bridging is required
Of ordinary character, the structures being
VI tlnuDcl as Il RUE. Inc rivers crossed
generally have wide bottom adjacent on
one or both sides subject to overflow, thus
making long approaches necessary of pill
ing or trestling to the trusses directly over
the running water. Truss bridges are usu-
ally of the Howe pattern, resting on pile
abutments and piers, the latter surrounded
by cribbing, which, after track has been
laid, is usually filled in with stone from
the nearest available point. Stone being
scarce, this is generally hauled quite dis
tance. Draw spans are usually of timber
or combination timber and iron.
For short spans of bridging. what may
be called stringer bridging. up TO 20 or Is
feet IN height above the natural surface,
four pile bents. with spans of about Is feet,
are the general rule; for greater heights
timber trestles on pile foundations are
common, and where piles cannot be driven
or easily obtained, timber trestles ON mud
siils are used. Up 10 l25 feet in height
trestles are usually made with posts of
12xl2 timber. Above that height packed
posts are sometimes used. Mortfce and
tenon work is seldom found here, connec
tions of caps to posts being generally by
drift bolts. Stringers are usually drift
bolted TO caps also.
Culverts are usually OF round timber,
hewn sometimes on two sides, laid up so
as TO form solid walls and drift bolted to-
gether, the opening spanned at top and
bottom with timber covering and paving.
All this kind of work is such as is usu-
ally found on Western railroads, being of
the cheapest character found by expert
ment to answer the purpose.
Considerable use is made here of crib
bling, for which cedar is preferably selected,
owing to its great durability. Where the
natural slope of hillside is less than that
of the ill made for roadbed over it and the
hill is of considerable height, it is often
cheaper to cut off the slope of the embank-
bxy ofost, inc yaII of fhar,
TO let the earth slope take its natural
course. Cribbing is also used in cuts for
retaining walls to prevent the sliding of
hillsides in treacherous material. Much
trouble is given in the country by the cav
ing and sliding of banks OVERLAPPING clayey
material to which springs or surface water
have access, and disturbance of the ma
turaI ground as found should in such cases
be avoided or provided for.
take it before breakfast" DR.. Henley's Eng
lish Dandelion Tonic.
means Orapnu Kidney Taa