Evening capital. (Annapolis, Md.) 1884-1910, 1891-07-22
~PuBLIo OPINIONS. >
Third Prize Essay Paper.


readers, and by special request, we pub
lish the third prize essay paper on as
any Extension and Development of
Trade Between the United States aud
Canada Desirablef" written by our fell
low townsman Mr.. ID Claude, who was
one of the successful competitors. The
article being too long to give in one is
sue Of the CAPITAL, we shall continue its
publication until completed On the above
subject Mr.. Claude says
OF course development and extension
of trade between any two countries Is al
ways desirable in the abstract. And
extension and development of trade be-
tween two countries is necessarily adj
vantageous to and desirable for one or
the other OF then, g. q, the one whose
trade is more augmented and increased
by such development; and often such ex-
tension of trade is TO the advantage Of
both; as in the case OF the United States
and Brazil whose staple products and ar
ticles of export are so fundamentally
different In their nature that each must
gain by the freest interchange Of the ex-
cess of their respective products after
supplied. Neither country can produce
some articles necessary to the enjoyment
of civilized life, which are super album
dainty produced by the other in excess
of what is reluired for home consump.
ton; and such excess OF the produce OF
the one finds ready market In the marts
of the other without the slightest inter
ference with the sale of home produce
in the home market of either, {. g., our
grain finds most extensive market In
Brazil TO the mutual advantage OF the
American farmer and the Brazilian CON
sumner: and Brazilian sugar and coffee
end ready sale here TO the mutual adj
vantage OF the Brazilian planter and the
American consumer, and the producer
and consumers of both countries were
mutually benefited by development and
extension of the trade between them.
WhyY Because each country produces
more than Ii can use of one of these
commodities and comparatively little of
the other and the surplus they exchange
| Thus the consumer of flour In Brazil is
benefited by the lower price of flour
there coused by the development of the
trade therein, and the producer of wheat
in the United States is benefited by the
extensive market opened up to him in
Brazil for the disposal of his surplus
crop. and similar advantages accrue to
the Brazilian sugar or coffee producer.
And these mutual advantages are the
direct outcome of the development and
extension of the trade between the two
countries.
But In many cases when two countries
produce and manufacture and import
and export merchandise and produce of
the same or similar character the ad.
vantages of increased commerce are not
so evident, and an extension and devel-
opment of trade between them may or
may not be desirable. 1t may be of adj
vantage to one only and In some cases a
disadvantage and even actually injur-
ious to the interests of the other. Now
the United States and Canada are coun-
tries of this sort; their products are the
same; and their manufactures are the
same as far as Canada has manufactures
Their exports are the same except that
the United States exports many articles
that Canada does not produce; and their
imports are similar except that Canada
has TO import many articles that the
United States produces for herself and
supplies to Canada. In fact the United
States either does or can produce within
her own borders everything that Cana
da Is able to produce in quantities suifi
cient for her own home market and for
expectation, and also produces many
articles that Canada cannot produce
at all, and exports to Canada large guam
titles of each of these classes of goods.
Canada on the other hand cannot at
present at any rate produce some of the
actual necessaries OF life in sufficient
quantities for home consumption and
does not produce and is compelled an
nually to import coal and manufactures
of steel and iron, wool, leather, cotton,
silk, wood, flax, tobacco, etc +, to the val
ne of some twenty-five millions of dol,
lers, beside drugs, liquors, bread stuffs,
and miscellaneous articles to the annual
value of some fifty million dollars, while
we produce all these articles ourselves
and supply her with most of them. On
the other hand, her only important ex-
ports are timber, agricu tural and ami
NAL produce, and fish, all of which are
| produced and exported in still larger
quantities by the United States From
these facts IL is plain than an extension
md development of trade between this
country and Canada would be advanta-
! geous TO Canada and desirable to her
1 Mu0AuSA advantageous w NhV 0htbVu
States or not. For, she gets from US ar
ticles she requires but cannot produce.
while we can get from her only such ar
ticles as we already produce ourselves.
| In fact trade with the United States is
absolutely essential TO some of her prov
| inces
As Is well known the present trade
between the two countries is subject to a
| tariff Imposed by each upon the products
| of the other, by reason of which the
producers of the one country have to
pay to the Government of the other q
certain amount of cash before they can
| offer their produce and merchandise for
sale in its market These tariffs. with
1 out doubt, to some extent. restrict and
| hamper trade between the two countries
/ and their removal certainly would al
/ once considerably develop and extend
| the trade between the United States and
| Canada But the question still remains:
/ would such an extension and develop
ment of trade be advantageous TO or de
| sirable for the United States IL accom-.
plished by means of changes in or mod
ifications of our present tariff system
And as such changes or modification
seem TO be the only means of extending
and development trade between the two
countries Immediately available, / pre-
sumo that the question as to the desira
bility of effecting an extension and de
velopment of trade between the United
States and Canada by means of some
| notifications of their present tariff reg
1 Nations in the only 0uasfiOn IN he con