Morning journal and courier., 1891-02-04
CCopyrighted.) LONG ISLAND SOUND.

(CoNTINUED.) + I have remarked that the large bay, Gardner's and Peconie's, was enclosed by several islands, separated from one another only by small channels These are inhab- ited by race of savages who arc devoted to fishing and thus obtain their subsist- encs; they are called Matouwacks. The name of Fishers Hook (Monteuk Point) has thus been given to the eastern cape of the islands. In the interior of this bay branch of the great river, Harlem river) or another river, as others consider it, dis charges which our people call Helle-Gat, or the entrance to the internal regions Qnferni os). The current of the sea setting from the east to the west, meets another current of the great river (Hudson) near an island which our countrymen called Nutten Gov ernor's) island, from the great abundance of nuts which it produces"
 That a water passage actually existed through Cape Cod as late as 1717, deep and broad enough to allow boats and yes sells of light draught and tonnage to pass, has been lately positively proved by the writer from evidence obtained while searching in London the English archives for original material with which to embel- fish his commercial history of Lond Island Sound.
 The positive proof of the existence of such a passage, was so fortunate as to find early in the year 1887 in the British Record office in the musty pages of an old chart of the North American coast Sand name or date". This historical treasure I have had carefully traced with India ink f& ni- I41o work I at the solicitation of my friend John Ward Deane, Esq, the persevering editor of the New England Historical an 8 Genealogical Register, gave it to him for publication and part of it, the Cape Cod section, appeared in that magazine the April number of 1888, and it is now before you. This tracing shows about one-eighth of the original projection from Cape Cod to Renslow Hills. The latter are located at about the position of the highlands of Never Sink in New Jersey in 56 west, and is the most southwestern point laid down in the original chart which, as judge, was constructed by 8 hydrographical survey party composed of British naval officers, between the years 1715 and 1720, just one hundred years later than the period of which my paper treats.
 On this chart along line of approach between attitudes 410 and 420 north, and eastward from the Atlantic ocean, through the well surveyed channels south of Massa- chusetts and about the islands of Nan tucket and Martha's Vineyard to the East river of the Dutch (and of our day, Long Island sound), and laid down as narrow arms of the sea, numerous notes in ink have been entered on unoccupied spaces cnnfionn11o tn fbo ohioofo 1f veying special interest about this river and the Voisinage of the harbor of the Red mountains. This information was by my self gleaned from the original ancient document, which has opened up a field for study and basis for theory how Cape Cod (which has in it's neighborhood the
 'malstrom" of the American coast ad- jacenD was constructed by the clements.
 In the writer's opinion if allowed to ex- press it, (and according to "the learned') this cape is from long continued accre- tion from the sands which composed the system of coast between Cape Cod and Sandy Hook, which were deposited during the glacial age. Subsequently the drain age from the southern New England riv- CTS gradually separated these sands and formed arms of the sea and passages through which the tides and currents of the ocean (spurs the Gulf Stream and Polar currents) ebbed and flowed and i'm parted thereto rotary motion. These great natural forces changed part of this East river of the Dutch to sound and filled in some of these outlets one of which
 would seem to have entered Peconick bay continuous friction and agitation, as
 the washed away appearance of
 the bluffs on tho North shore of Long Island abundantly illus
 trate. This by the way demon
 strates that stronger wind aad tide power
 prevails from the westward, which is aug mented by an increased water power from the rivers emptying into the sound (which should be guaged. This strengthens my belief in the theory that notwithstanding larger volume of water passes into New York bay from the sound on ebb tide or tide running west from Throg's Neck (ac- s2g eording to the last guaging of the United States coast and Geodetic survey) than comes into this tributary via the Sandy Hook passage on the flood tide; that the west passage (Hen Gate) has not the space to carry off all the accumulation and that this surplus is finally forced out the race eastward on returning ebb tide; all of which shows the power that has washed away va- rious islands of the sound laid down by Block on his map in 1914 such as, the de Veers (Stratford Shoals), Jan Williams is- land Goose island), the sunken islands off Saybrook, the Valiant rock and other is lands in and outside of the race, whose rocky shores were washed clear, to say nothing of the numerous banks aboat Mar tha's Vinyard and Nantucket, all of which are no doubt the remains of former islands. These and the "tailings" eastward from the sandy points of land the whole length and both sides of the shores of the sound positively prove also power from the heavy west gales of winter acting on the surface of the water, and the rise and fall of tides that has not as yet been accurately ascertained.
 As the tides in our harbor are an impor- tant factor in the movements and SCOUT of the port, and should be used for sanitary purposes, I will here make mention of them, the subject being pertinent to the sketch.
 ''The tides are caused by the action of the sun and moon upon the waters of the earth. The effect of their influence com bined at new and full moon is to produce the highest tides, called spring tides When the moon is near the first and third quarter the effects are opposed and the small or neap tides are produced. The nearer the moon is to the earth the strong CT the action. Consequently at the least distance of the moon Perigee), the tide will be larger on that account, and conse- quently less at its greatest distance (Apo- gee). For a like reason the tide will be slightly increased by the suns action when the earth is nearest to the sun Periheliep) about the middle of January, and similar ly decreased when furtherest from it's Aphelion, about July 1. When the moons decllnation is greatest, either north or south, the tides ususually have the great est range of rise and fall, that is, they rise higher and fall lower than at other times. and one high water of each day is hiaher than the other and one low water lower than the other. The higher high water oc- CUTS sooner and the low one later than at other times. Near the time or zero declin- atlon in the two high tides of each day be- come nearly equal, and the times of their occurrence are near the average ones While the range of rise and fall is the least that occurs, similar but smaller effects follow the sums change of declination.
 This explanation, which is an abridge- ment from the United States coast Geode- tic survey tide table, shows conclusively the causes of the tides, but the movements of this vast body of sea water in Long Isl- and sound into New Haven harbor, is ef- fected often by winds at sea causing an irregularity in the time of high water, as, the lay of the coast impedes it's movements. For ex- ample, after long north and east blow the tides in the harbors at the west end of the sound Cow bay in particular) have been known to rise twelve feet (mean rise seven feet) backed m aa it yvere hv Eae@