davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

the longitudinal joints required SO bolts.
The fanges took In circle OF 20 feet
and inches In diameter. The edges OF
the plates were planed in the machine
shops near the tunnel entrances Each
plate was then heated and dipped In cold
tar. This had been found better than
to dip the cold iron into hot tar. For
merly the tar would not dry quick
enough; later the tar was dried by the
time the segments were cool The seq
ments were lifted to place by circular
crane revolving on spindle in the cen
ter of the shield. This spindle had a
wise at one end and counterbalance
weight at the other.
When the bed of the river was reached,
quicksand and water made great trou-
BILE. For some time IL was thought the
tunnel might have to be abandoned.
Compressed air was found sure reme-
dy. AT the river line on each side,
brick and cement, alright bulkheads
were built across the tunnel Each
bulkhead had two air chambers, one on
each sida- z feet In diam netar- and u loot
long, with alright doors at each end.
Through each air chamber passed a
car track. Inside the tunnel, beyond
the bulkhead, work was begun under
an air pressure of 10 pounds to the
square inch. From time TO time the air
pressure was gradually increased, until
the men worked under an artificial
pressure Of 22 pounds per square inch,
total atmospheric pressure of 81 pounds
per square inch, or about ~ at
mospheres. On the Canadian side the
highest air pressure was used because Of
Quicksand. On the American side COM
pressed air was used from April z, 1890;
on the Canadian, May 20, 1890.
Because of water and quicksand the
St Clair tunnel could not have been
constructed without the aid of hydraulic
mining shields. Such shields had been
used successfully in London, Chicago,
Buffalo, Broadway tunnel, New York
City, the Hudson River tunnel, and in
other works. This shield is cylinder,
like a headless barrel Its front end
has sharpened edges to cut into the
earth. The thin rear end is called the
hood. The inside is braced with iron,
both vertical and horizontal. Around
the main walls are sets of hydraulic
jacks Each jack has a valve whereby
1t may be cut off at any time from the
pump that supplies the jack. The ma
sonry, or iron plates, OF the tunnel, be-
ing built up within the thin hood of the
shield, air is supplied to the jacks and
the shield is forced ahead, usually the
length of the pistons of the jacks, or
about two feet. The shield having ad-
vanced the men remove the soil from
the front of the shield. Everything be-
ing in readiness the shield is again
pushed forward, the tunnel walls built
up, and the excavated soil removed.
Each Of the st. Clair tunnel shields
weighed eighty tons.
The American shield was started July
IL, 1889, the Canada Sept 81, 1889, and
they met at 1880 p. m, August 30, 1890.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

CURRENT COMMENT,


England seems determined that the
Behring Sea question shall remain un-
settled as long as she can find any OBJ
stacles to throw in the way OF a calm
solution OF very simple problem. -
Baltimore American.
The latest news Is that Great Britain
has serious designs of annexing For
mosa, In the South China Sea, which Is
the most important island belonging to
China. Japan has long been casting
hungry eyes on FOrmosa. sa.-Detroit Free
Press
Out Of all the contradictions of recent
snews," and the manifestations OF jeal-
ousy between sovereign authorities, the
fact is apparent that the harmony OF the
European world has not during recent
years been in greater peril than IL is at
this hour New York Recorder,ss,
That the. Sultan is endeayorihg 10 pla-
cate France Is evideuJ from his bestowal
of decorations upon the French Foreign
Minister at Constant'nople; and that
there is a secret understanding between n
France and Russia is within the posi-.
biiities. But sympathy with Turkey
simply means that France has still a
longing eye upon Egypt, aud that Rus
sia will cease no effort which might en-
thus secure the key to Asia -Philadel-
phia Record.
II the Porte wants TO know what Eng
iand means, IL is proper to say she means
to control the Dardanelles and to pre-
vent Russia from obtaining any foothold
thereon. AS long as Turkey can qua
the straits In safety Eng and will not
interfere, but the instant the Turk fall
ters I'm that imperative duty England
will take it from the weak hands OF the
Osmanli and attend to II herself. That
is what England means, and there need
not be any mistake about it-Philadel-
phia Telegraph.
Russia means, as she has always
meant, to get possession of Constanti-
nople by force or oy dicker IL she can.
England's continuance in the list OF first
rate powers and her retention OF her
Indian possessions depend upon her sue
cess in preventing the accomplishment
OF this purpose. So long as the Turk
guards the pass faithfully, England is
content to leave him on post as sem
try, but she gives notice alike to Russia
and Turkey that If need shall arise she
will take that post herself New York
World
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

six feet below the level of the water; the
rivers greatest depth 40. AZ feet, and its
width nearly half a mile. The strata
were yellow sand about two feet; with
sand and blue clay mixed about twelve
feet, thence to the rock about twenty
one feet Of blue clay. Plans and draw
ings were made The ST. Clair Tunnel
Company was organized In 1886. At
first the company thought of starting
from immense shafts on the shore, and
then working outward Co the land ap-
proaches. In 1856 test shafts were sunk
on each side of the St Clair River;
drifts at right angles were started under
the river; water and gas stopped work.
In 1882 these shafts were begun. The
American one will be used as a ven-
tilator.
The tunnel plants were erected back
from the river; in Michigan about 1,sOo
feet, in Ontario about 1900 feet Each
pant contained boiler house, holsting
or winding engines, a ventilating en-
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

The shields shells were left in the tun-
tunnel aud the tunnel walls laid up in
them. The American had done the most
work, and the easiest progress was to.
ward Canada, the average being ten feet
each day.
The tunnel approaches have the same
general appearance of solidity rs the
tunnel itself On each side of the great
cuttings are high and deep stone retain
ing walls. Each portal is 36 feet high
ana 14o feet wide, about 10 feet thick
over the entrance of the tunnel, and
about half that width at each end Like
the retaining walls the portals are made
OF rough, heavy limestone blocks. Over
the entrance OF each portal is inscribed
~St Clair, 1890" The diameter Of the
circle is 20 feet, and flush with the
tunnel.
The average number of men employed
was roo In the tunnel eight hours
made days work. The tunnel was
estimated to cost So, 500, 600, including
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
SEVEN HUNDRED DEATHS.
Terrible Results Of an Epidemic Of Dysen
terry In Oita-

Terrible Results Of an Epidemic of Dysen-
terry I'm Oita-
A landslide near Togiro buried twenty
workmen, OF whom four perished.
At Vancouver, Ii. c., the steamship
Empress OF China arrived from Hong
kong and brings the following advices:
In the 0ita Prefecture of Japan 3,OO0
cases Of dysentery are reported, with 700
deaths. .a
During the celebration of the feast OF
lanterns at Jokotecho, Akita Prefecture,
a bridge fell, owing 20 the pressure OF
the throng, and more than 100 persons
were precipItated into the water. Over
twenty were injured and several lives
were lost
]. A. Leonard, United States Consul
General at Shanghai, telegraphed Al
miral Belknap, saying: "A Shanghai
morning paper has . telegram received
last night saying there was riot at
Ichang. The mission and all foreign
property was burned. No lives were
lost" Admiral Belknap sent immedi
ately the Alliance and Palos TO Yangtse.
A special telegram TO the japan Mall
says: "A riot occurred ~ IchanR. All
foreigners property at the port was
burned, but no lives were lost The for
eign residents ere under afmas
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

of the most remarkable engineering
feats OF the present day. The Grand
Trunk Railway extended its lines TO
Chicago in 1880. About 5000 miles of
railway will use this tunnel. Previously
steam ferries had been used Their
service has not been altogether satisfac-
tory because the rivers current is very
swift in winter there have been ice
jams; the railway had 10 deviate about
six miles; bridge was impossible, owing
70 the nature of the ground and the OPP
position of the marine interests The
St Clair River bears the most commerce
of any stream in the world.
In 1884 preliminary surveys were
made. Borings found the rock eighty
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
Hot Corn

This weeks hot weather saves n a.
gantic corn crop Minneapolis Journal
Overdue summer is knocking fall out
OF its place in the procession OF the sea-
sons Washington Star.
This hot weather is not quite COM
Portable, but II makes the corn crop
sure. e.-Philadelphia Record.
Uncle Jerry's weather deal y 10 be
commended In at least one respect-It IL
giving the corn Of the West an excellent
chance 70 get into shape 10 defy frost
Kapsas City Times
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
Palpable Hits.

1t is to be hoped since the American
hog may be exported that travelling on
steam and street cars will be attended
by less crowdin y.-Washington Star.
nog ms scnren anotn-r
point A justice of the peace has de-
& ded that splitting in street car is not
an offense calling for legai punishment
New York Advertiser.
From the delay in the work OF pu IL
ing the Worlds Fair enterprise it is
possible that some member OF the New
York committee to erect a Grant monu-
ment has got into tho dlrectory.-St
Louis Republic.
The Prince of Wales is going to in
dulge in another little baccarat party.
II the royal gambler so disregards pub
lie opinion and the signs OF the times,
his next cards may be p. p. c. ones TO
the thrones Baltimore American.
A New York paper promises to get
the streets of that town in good walking
condition when the Chi ago Worlds
Fair committee comes TO make a house
To house canvass for funds. Chicago will
not feel encouraged to try that until the
New Workers raise tincupful OF nick
els for the Grant monument among
themselves. st Paul Pioneer-Pre 5.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
The st. Clair Tunnel.

The ceremonies by which the st.
Clair River tunnel was formally dedi-
Gated were the most elaborate OF any
ever held In that section. Extensive
preparations had been made both at
Port Huron, Mich, on the American
side, and at the town OF Sarnia, at the
Canadian entrance to the great tunnel
which now connects the Dominion with
Uncle Sans domains Sir Henry Tyler,
President of the Grand Trunk Railway,
with other officials and prominent pub
lie men OF both the United states and
Canada, made an official trip through
the tunnel, stal ting from the American
side. They were treated, upon their
arrival in Canada, 10 royal reception,
after which they returned to Port Huron,
where banQueting and speech-making
again awaited them.
The ST Clair tunnel, on the Grand
Trunk Railway of Canada, extending
under the ST. Clair River between Sar-
MIA, Ont, and Port Huron, Mich, is one
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

his death and OF
bitter regret that
he should have
killed himself in
stead Of falling into
the clutches Of the
infuriated citizens,
who would nave
delighted to rend
him limb from
limb for the long
list of cruelties for
which they hold him
responsible.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

TREMENDOUS fires have been raging
west of Willmar, Minn.. and large tracts of
prairie land burnt over. A strong wind
has made IL impossible to stay the fury OF
the flames great deal of hay in stacks
has been destroyed. and three or four miles
OF railroad track has been burnt and made
impossible.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

AT Leavenworth, Kan, three hundred
coal miners went on n strike, and three
hundred more will probably join them. The
miners demand an advance OF half q cent
per pusheL They are now receiving 4 cents
per bushel This the companies decline
thus far 10 give
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
THE TYRANT is DEAD.
IN HIS DESPERATION BALMA-
CEDA SUICIDES.

Valparaiso and Santiago wild with Savage
Exultation-The National Holidays Pro-
longed I'm Celebration of the Event-Lon'
don Relieved-His Last Letter.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
TaIes Of Woe.

China seems TO be unable to keep her
promises regarding protection 10 for
eigners. A few foreign gunboats might
help her to do it Kansas City Journal
Should England take a single step to-
ward acquiring control of the Hawaiian
Islands the American eagles piercing
shrek would chase the British drum
beat right around the ootstool.-Omaha
Lee.
John Bull may picnic on Mitylene, but
the information may as we'll be extended
- him carly that any such little al
fresco affairs OH Hawaii will meet with
the disapproval OF his Uncle Sam-New
York Advertiser
But for the woe and devastation TO the
people OF either country, which even
brief campaign would cause, IL would be
a satisfaction TO see Germany and
France quit making faces at each other
and fight IL out-Albany Union.
There is a great deal of ltalic empha-
sis In the silence OF the British Go ern-
ment when Turkey demands an explana-
tion OF the SigrI incident. 1t 10 like
unto an offensive snub from an often.
slve snob.-St. Paul Pioneer Press
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

CHARGES were made at Ottawa. Ont ,
that several members Of Canada's Par
lament are guilty Of boodling By maxi
ing false declarations as TO salaries.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
THROUGH TO CANADA.
THE BIG TUNNEL Is NOW CON-
PLETE.

Elaborate Dedicatory Exercises at Both
Ends of the subterranean Passageway-A
Hole In the Ground SIX Thousand Feet
Long-How the work Was Accom-
plished.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

PREPARATIONS for the microscopical cram
ination Of park for export at Kansas Oity
ere complete, and work viii begin az once
women VII b employed exclusively.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
VAST SEA OF FLAME.
FRIGHTFUL DEVASTATION IN
THE NORTHWEST.

Millions OBJECT Of Standing Timber Burned
In nMinnesota-Duluth I'm semi-DarIxness
and the Fog Horn Necessary TO Guide
Vessels.
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01
Hnw the News WAS ReceIved.

How the News Was Received.
The suicide Of Balmaceda is the one
absorbing and exciting topic OF con-
versation I'm Valparaiso There Is a
mingled feeling of savage rejoicing at
Crawford avalanche. (Grayling, Mich.) 1879-19??, 1891-10-01

England seems determined that the
Sea question shall remain un-
settled as long as she can find any OBJ
stacles to throw in the way of calm
solution of very simple problem. =
baltimore Amarfcan
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
To the Public.

Following custom inaueurated BY Us and
continued through each successive year, we
this week begin our annual mid-winter cut
price sale Of our entire stock. We wish
further to say that this is no ordina ry adver-
tising scheme, heralded with glistening gen.
eralities and bristling with obscure quota
tion of prices Of various articles uninteligible
TO the majority of the people, but 1t is for
certain reasons not necessary to state, to be
the most sweeping and widest reaching sale
of all we have ever made. It is to be the 1T
ting climax 10 five years OF the most unpar-
aleled success in business that our city has
ever seen, and the proper introduction to
another like era of prosperity. Our stock is
so large and the cut so general that II will be
useless to make single quotation here, but
rather refer everyone to the inside of our
store and to the posters and carefully pre-
pared price lists that we have issued, one Of
which will be placed as near as possible in
the hands of every taxpayer in Henry coun-
ty. In conclusion we will only add that this
sale, at the prices made, is exclusively for
cash and for cash only, and under no circum-
stances will any goods be charged.
Respectfully, SHoEMAKER Bros.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Death ofJohn Stockman.

The sad intelligence was received at this
place Tuesday morning of the death of John
Stockman, who died at Defiance on Monday
evening of throat land lung trouble. Mr.
Stockman, for number of years had been
engaged in business here, when about two
years ago he sold out and with his family
moved to Defiance, where he was engaged in
the restaurant business, and was numbered
among the many enterprising business men
of that city. He was SO years of age and
leaves wife, four children and one brother,
W. P. stockman of this city, (another broth
er, Fred. preceding him few years ago. and
large circle of friends to mourn their loss.
His funeral takes place at Defiance to-day.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
CURTIS BIxBY.

Many people think newspaper men are per-
sistent dunners. By the way of comparison
let us suppose farmer raises 1000 bushels
of wheat year and sells out this to 1000 diff
ferent persons in all parts of the country, a
great many of them saying: II will hand
you the dollar in short time" The farmer
doesn't want to appear small and says "all
right" Soon the wheat is gone, but he has
nothing to show for it, and he then realizes
that he has fritted away his whole crop, and
shat it is due him in thousand little drib-
blets. consequently he is seriously injured in
his business because his debtors, each owing
him dollar, treat it as q small matter and
think it would not help much. Continue
this business year in and year out as the pub
Usher does, how long would he stand it 2 A
moments thought will convince any one
that publisher has cause for persistent dun
ming. -En.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Wonk OF 10y Ynaw Ew.

The headline of this advertisement is not
printed in foreign language but simply has
been transposed and is readtfrom right to left
and is done to attract your attention to the
Buckeye Route as the best line to reach
points in the South and South West. If you
are contemplating trip to Tennessee,
Alabama, Florida, Texas, Mexico, California,
in fact to any point on the Globe, it will be
to your interest to call on or write to any
agent of the Columbus, HockingValley d To-
ledo Ry. for rates, time of trains, etc. or ad-
dress W. H. FISHER, g. P. & T. A.,
If Columbus, o,
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
"A Lecture,

The next man who brings red oak wood
with several inches of 9 II 10 O decom-
posed on the outside and claiming a
residence in the bottom of the canal for
years prior to being hauled here; we say the
next fiend who promised to bring dry hickory,
cut green and no limbs, undertakes to palm
of half wagon load of solidiied water
pressed into wood shape for us to freeze by
and swear at, it would be we'll for him to sing
"We Part Forever" to his wife and kids be-
fore he leaves home and leave his order at the
undertaker's on his way to sure death
this office. There is limit beyond which
human endurance dies. That limit is so far
behind US as to be out of sight. When Sit.
ting Bull silently and mysteriously purchased
ticket one way for the Happy Hunting
Grounds he dropped his mantle of ferocity
over our shoulders with tomahawk thrown in.
We shall give the former full sway and use
the latter unfortunately. Dry wood or dry
peat if You please.
p
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Money to loan at low rate by Camp
ben & Van Campen.
POHLMANN's LOCALS.

Farmers take your hides and pelts to Chas
Pohlnann. He will payyou Toledo prices
When your hogs aredressed take them to
Pohlmann's Meat Market and receive the
highest cash price paid.
The game season has just opened and
Charles Pohlmann's willbe headquarters for
hunters while disposing of game. AS in other
produce he paysdhe highest price.
Pohlmann the meat man has long been ac-
knowledged to be the lead ng poultry buyer.
He pays the highest prices. As Thanksgiv-
ing and Christmas are near at handI his de-
mand for poultry will be enormous.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Which will You Paw.

If you pay attention to this advertisement
you will not pay the extra profit others are
making on clothing, mems furnishings and
hats. We don't bulldoze but we do sell cloth
ing cheaper than any house in Napoleon. We
save by buying for cash of manufacturers
and by us saving we save our customers at
least 20 per cent. You won't nay 20 per cent.
on the dollar uselessly. VINO would You'll
come to us and save money, wont you Re-
member the Place, Eagle Clothing House.,
Henry Meyer, proprietor. tf
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Weather for December.

The highest temperature, BIB degrees. wat
on the 2lst. The lowest-B degrees, was on
the 4th. The mean temperature, 1876 degrees,
was 2.9 degrees above the mean of 8 De-
cembers. The rain fall, IL inch, was q OF
an inch below the mean of same time. The
mean temperature for the year, All degs.,
was degrees below the mean temperature
of 6 full years, of which have full record in
Napoleon. The rainfall for the year, 45.5
inches, was 14I inches above mean Of full
years, and about s.5 inches above normal for
Napoleon. T. @. HUNTER.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Election of Officers,

At the last meeting the Napoleon EClan
No. 1l56 Royal Arcanum-the following Off
GERS we're elected:
D. Fl. Hancock. Regent.
L. L. Orwig. Vice
Chas. Evers, Past "
Isiah Leist jr, Orator.
A. E. a. Maerker, Sec'y.
j. B. Dittenhaver, Collector.
lisa Leist, Treasurer.
Fl. F. Norden, Guide.
Fec. F. Curdea, Chaplin.
F. j. Rohrs, Warden.
Henry Pohlman, Sentry.
r. B. Heller, ]. L. Halter and A. J. Van
denbroek, Trustees.
D. H. Hancock, R. to G. G.
Chas. Evers, A. R. to G. G.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
Election of Omcers,

The following officers were elected by The
M. E. Sunday school last Sunday:
Superintendent-D. F. Coe.
ASST Supt.-R. W. Hartman.
Secretary-N. B. WsldTon.
Asst Sec'y-Kate Wilson.
Treasurer-D. Wilson,
Librarian-Charles Clay.
Asst Libr'n-James Ketter.
DIR. NJ 8. Marvin.
Chorister-Mrs. Wilcox.
Blackboard Artist-Hattie Hudson.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1891-01-08
HENRY co. FAIR ASSOCIATION.
Annual Meeting ofthe Stockholders.

The annual meeting of the Henry county
fair association was held in the Probate Court
room on Monday. The attendance was good
and much interest was manifested in the well
fare of the association. ."a5
Gov. Scott vas made chairman of the
meeting and John L. Halter secretary. The
minutes of the last meeting were read and
approved.
The committee appointed at the last meet
ing upon the question of the legality of
changing the mode of electing trustees, re-
ported adversely to change, as the Law did
not allow it.
The secretary read his report OF the past
years transactions, which was accepted.
We take the following from his report: