davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31
DIED.

EDE-In Carson City, New, March %,
Mrs. Hannah EIDE, q native of Cookfield,
Eng, aged 70, years 4 months and 10
days. Mother of Mrs Maria Taylor.
Funeral will take place from the fam.
lily residence Tuesdey March 31st., 1891.
Friends and acquaint anceS are res pect-
fully invited 10 attend
O'HARE-In Carson City w., March
29, 1891, Daniel Francis OHare, a native
of this city, aged Ii years, months
and IL days,
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31

Golden has secured a f1rst-class
matchmaker and jeweler, who
worked for Geo. Q. Sc-ieves & Co.
for years in San Francisco. Take
your watches and jewelry there
and have them repaired right.
mo
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31

For the next 30 days a reduc-
ton OF 10 to 20 per cent. on every
price Of goods at Golden's to re-
dlce the immense stock Of goods
on hand. Call and secure bar
gains. mo
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31
THE DEATH VALLEY LEDGE.
What ProspectOr Thinks Of the
New Find.

The news is out Of an alleged
| great gold discovery in Nevada
down in the Death Valley region.
If the story proves true there is
bound to be an immense rush to
that section within the next few
months. The discovery was made
by Mr.. Montgomery, who has ap.
peared in San Francisco with some
OF the richest gold quartz that has
been on the Pacific Coast. A
gentleman connected with the
Sentinel has seen Mr.. Montgom-
cry and talked with him on the
subject Of his new find. He locates
the spot at the head Of Pahrump
valley, in the southwestern corner
of Nye county, and not long dis
lance from Resting Springs.
Montgomery says he remained on
the ground five days after making
the discovery. During these five
days he dug trench through or
across the decomposed cropping
twenty feet long and about three
feet deep. It was from this ex-
cavation that he took his speci-
mems. He located all the ground
he wanted and is now willing that
the world shall know of his find.
Several parties have already gone
to the new district. George o.
Briter, formely Of Stafford, this
county, and Warren Sheridan. for
merly of Virginia City...were among
the first to start. George O'Briter
is the man who discovered Tusca-
rora and Is a veteran prospector.
The nearest railroad point to the
new camp is Daggett, on the line
OF the Atkinson and Santa Fe, in
San BeInardino county, California.
The distance from Daggett is about
100 miles in a northerly direction.
The distance from Eureka via Bel
mont or Pahranagat valley would
be approximately 800 miles in a
southwesterly direction. Mont
gomery thiaks be has found the
Breyfogle or Gun Sight
lode. Old timers will remember
that there have been traditions for
forty years of an immensely rich
gold ledge somewhere near Death
Valley. Many attempts have been
made to discover it. Breyfogle
himself headed several parties
from Austin, and spent his life in
trying to return to it, claiming
that he had once run across it |
while lost. He was somehow so
turned around that he could never
90 back to it. The great trouble |
has been the lack of water, pros
pectors not daring to venture a
great distance from the well beaten
rack or remain long in the country.
The ore found by Montgomery is
certainly very rich. He looks like
In honest man and doubtless tells
/ truthful storey about his discov-
ery. He brought to San Francis
% a good sized sack of the ore.
t shows coarse, nugget geld all
through 1t. There is just this
doubt thrown upon the value Of the
lew find. The gold seems too
coarse to be generally diffused
through the whole body or mass
If the rock. It might be what we
describe, for the want OF a better
aame, a specimen mine. There
lave been such mines found on
his Coast that would not pay for
But if the samples
shown by Montgomery are an in
ication Of the value ofthe whole
edge, and it goes down, there can
oe no question thata great discov-
Try has been made, and one that
s certain to cause an immense
'ush of people to that section Of
Nevada.
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31
STOCKS.

Yesterdays AFTERNOON BOARD.
Alpha 10
Alta-l4
Andes-1 so
Belcher-3 05
Best and Belcher-35c
Belle Isle-75c
Bodie-1 25
Bullion-2 05
Caledonia 05
Chailenge--2f
Chollar-2 65
Commonwealth-55c
Con Cal and We -124
Conf1dence-6s
Crown Point-2 90
Del Monte-20c
Eureka-3b
Exchequer-9Cc
G & C-31
Hale and Norross-2 80
HolmeS-2
Imperial-25c
Julia 25c
JUSTICE IS
Kentuck-50c
Lady Washington-20c
MeXican-4
Mono-60c
Mt. Diablo-1 COB
Navajo-25c
New York Con. 25c
North Bell Isle-1
Occidental 30
Ophir-5a
Overman-5
PeeIleSs-20c
Potosi-4
Savage 10
Scorpion-35c
Seq Belche-1 so
Sierra NeVada-3l
Union-4
Utah. 90
West Comstock-20c
Yellow Jackets 10
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31

Buy your Shoes at Olcovich
Bros. MIA
WANTED-A girl to sew at tailor
ing. Apply at Chris. Williams,
Ormsby block. m 26 1w
Morning appeal. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1877-1906, 1891-03-31
The Dairy Restaurant

Under the new management
will be conducted in q neat style,
and the bill Of fare will be unsur-
passed.
fl2 If. G. V. WILEY. Prop.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
CONDENSED TELEGRAMs.

The Lake Erie & Western strike situ-
alton remains unchanged.
Richard Gordon, OF Cleveland, Ohio,
was bitten by dog week ago and is
now dying OF hydrophobia.
The plans for a bridge across the
Monongahcla ut Pittsburgh have been
approved by the Secretary OF War.
The Chautauqua Assembly closed yes
terday. The season was the most sue
cessftil in the history OF Chautauqua.
James Roberts, the suspected Colum.
bus Grove, Ohio, bank robber, was Jail
ed at Ottawa yesterday. There is dan
ger OF lynching.
Jack Bristol, OF Tiffin, o., and saloon
ist named Crawford, were lodged in Jail
yesterday charged with the murder OF
young Stokesbnry Gt Ada, last Friday
night.
The Secretary Of the Interior yester-
day directed that the third payment
OF Sl7 900 be made to each State agricul-
tural college which has complied with
the terms OF the act Of August 80, 1890.
While Mr.. and Mrs. John Dexter
were attending Stokesbury's funeral
yesterday at Tifin, Ohio, their fifteen
year-old son took down shot gun.
The weapon was discharged, killing the
boys twelve-year-old sister.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
AnSIY's IDENTITY.
He Proves to Be George Abbott the
Noted bandit.

He Proves to BE George Abbott the
Noted bandit.
HANOVER, n. IL, Aug. 24,-The iden.
tity Of Almy as George Abbott was
satisfactorily and finally established
this morning. The position in which
the murderer's broken leg has forced
him to lie has prevented an examine
ton Of his back for the scars of the
buckshat wounds received in his battle
with tho officers on the Thetford noun
tain in 1880. While his cot was being
freshened up he was turned over SO far
on his side as to reveal his back where
on were plainly revealed unmistakable
traces OF gunshot wounds.
Miss Jeanette Thomas, relative OF
Prof. Pattee, whose connection with the
Almy case has often been referred. to,
tells q story OF o midnight visit received
from the murderer July 10, two days be-
fore the murder OF Christie Warden.
This night Miss Thomas slept in the
room usually occupied by Christie War
den, when she stayed ut the house oil
Prof. Pattee. She was aroused in her
sleep by noise in the room. She sat
up and asked who was there. Her
throat was instantly grabbed by hand
and voice whispered, "Keep still, I'll
not injure you.h The intruder then
asked her il this was not Christie War
denis room and where Christie was.
Miss Thomas told him Christie had left
the house in the afternoon. He de:
manded to know Miss Thomas's iden-
tity, and then said to her, ~ am the
lover Of Christie Warden. Her parents
and sisters oppose my suit, and can
not see her at her home"
He then pointed n pistolat her breast
and made her take solemn oath never
to betray him. He then said he had
been in the room before and asked If the
door was fastened. Miss Thomas knew
by this that he was lying, as the door
has no fastening on 1t. The intruder
then departed.
Miss Thomas's story confirms theory
that had long obtained credence among
those interested in the case, but which
has been withheld from the public.
Almy was madly jealous OF Prof. Pattee
and OF this jealousy most cruel and un-
lust suspicion was borne involving tho
Professor and Miss Warden. This ur-
tdoubtedly accounts for the midnight
visit to Pattee's house, where the muir
derer hoped to find substantiation
for his suspicion and where lie went
armed with his two revolyers, prepared
to kill both suspected persons.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

LONDON, Aug. 23.-Queen Victoria,
shortly after reviewing the French feet
at spithead on Friday last, caused the
following message to be telegraphed to
President Carnot: "Iwish to express to
you the great pleasure I have had in
receiving Admiral Gervais and his Off
GERS at 0sborne and how much | admire
tho French squadron, which / have just
reviewed" 10 this message President
Carnot replied: 81 beg your majesty to
accept my sincere thanks for the gra-
cious reception you were good enough
to accord TO Admiral Gervais and his
officers, and also for the sentiments ex.
pressed in regard to the French fleet"
A number OF the French officers to.
day were conducted over the dock yard
at Portsmouth and were shown all the
departments which are open to the in
spection OF foreign officers. Later in
the day these officers were entertained
at luncheon by the Admiral, in COM
mand OF tho Earl of Clanwilliam.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

ST. PETERSBURG, Aug. 24.-Ex-Con.
gressman Butterworth, Major Moses P.
Handy and Mr.. F. U. Peck, members OF
the Foreign Committee of the Chicago
Columbian Fair Commission, have had
most satisfactory interviews with tho
Minister Of Foreign Affairs, NJ. De
Giers, and with the Minister Of FL
nance, NJ. Vishnegradsky, upon the
subject of Russia's participation in the
Worlds Fair of 1898 Both gentlemen
promised the American commissioners
that they would cooperate in the hear
tiest manner in the coming exhibition,
and they could be perfectly satisfied
that Russia upon this occasion will sur
pass all her previous efforts in interna-
tional exhibitions.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
wIldIy Exngrerated Ilumors.

SAN FRANcrsco, CAL, Aug. 24.-The
steamship City Of Rio Janeiro arrived
to-day, twenty-five days from Hong
Kong and seventeen days from Yoko-
hama. The Japanese Herald, comment
ing on the report by the United States
consul at Foo Chow, China, Of the an
ticipated trouble there, says that I'D
vices up to August 2 do not tend to- con-
firm the rumor. Rumors were preva-
lent Mt Shanghai July eth OF serious
rising in Honan. 1t transpired that
tho rumors were due to raid OF some
mountain bandits, who burnt some
roadside inns on the frontier, and alter
some plundering retreated to the hills.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
uNCLE SANS wEA1TH.
lHO has Managedto Increase His Pile Cor
sidcrnbly In tho Past Decade.

lHS has Managedto to Increase His Pile Con-
sidcrubIy in tho Past Decade.
WASHINGTON, Aug. 24.-The Census
bureau to-day issued bulletin on the
assessed valuation of real and personal
property OF the several States and ter
rtories. The valuations are shown for
the years OF 1890 and 1880. The bulle-
tin shows that the assessed value of all
property has increased from Sl6,002,-
al3,543 in 1850 to $24 4,240, $50, ,s04 in 1890,
an increase during the decade Of 81, ,346,-
5j,2Ol.
Should it be found upon the compile
ton Of the inquiry in relation to the
true value OF all property in the United
States that the same relation existed in
1870 between assessed valuation and
true valuation as existed in 1880, the ab-
solnte wealth OF the United States, ac-
Corling to the eleventh census may be
estimated at S69,sl0,0O0,0OO, or nearly
$1,000 per capita.
Among the States showing an increase
Of assessed valuation are Ohio, S243. Ill.,
40; Pennsylvania, $009, 9,3S2,0l6; West
Virginia $50, ,3O4, ,OS2.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
ApLuCKY NfARsHAn.
Ho Had Received His Death Wound, but
Held on to His Prisoner.

uelu on TO his fFlhoneFs
CHICAGO, Aug. PA dispatch from
Caldwell, Kansas, regarding the killing
OF Deputy United States Marshal Ed
Short and Charles Bryant noted train
robber, says Short captured Bryant on
the Cherokee strip. Yesterday he took
his prisoner aboard the Rock Island
tram at Hennessey, Oklahoma, to take
him to Wichita. He placed the hand
cufEed prisoner in the baggage car, going
outside to guard against any attempt ut
rescue. He left a revolver with the
baggage agent for protection and the
baggage mans carelessness is responsi-
Bile for the subsequent tragedy. He laid
the revolver down on the safe in the car
and Bryant soon secured it. AS the
train was slowing up for Waukimisa he
opened the door OF the car. Short was
standing on the platform Of the smoker
with Winchester rifle in his
hand. Bryant quickly raised the
revolver and fired, the ball going
through Shorts body. Short returned
the fire with his rifle. Both men re-
ceived their death and only wounds in
the first two shots, but both kept on fir
ing. Bryant emptied the six chambers
OF his 44-calibre revolver, and Short
fired eight shots from his winchester.
The ends OF both cars were riddled with
bullets. John Dobson, o prominent
druggist from Fort Reno, was sitting in
the front end OF the smoker when one
OF the bullets crashed through the win
dow, striking him in the arm, passing
completely through it, butluckily miss
ing the bones and arteries.
Bryant was the first man to drop and
he fell head first down the steps. Short
caught him by tho leg and held him
with his head almost touching the
ground. He called the conductor, and
when he got to him he said: "pve got
him, Jim, and he has got me-"
The prisoner was dead when picked
cd up from the platform and carried into
the cur. Short died in ten minutes.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
A SAD OCCURRENCE.
W. S. Pipes, of waynosburg, Pa, Shoots n
Prominent NIRn by Mistake.

W. S. Pipes, OF waynesburg, Pa, Shoots n
Prominent NIRn by Mistake.
WAYxEsBURG, Pa, Aug. PA man
was shot here Saturday night, the cir
cumstances of the shooting being us
follows: Shortly after IL o'clock, Mr.W.
S. Pipes, prominent business man Of
the town, heard a noise in his stable in
the rear Of his house. Taking revol-
yer he stepped near the door, when a
man sprang out OF the stable and struck
him n blow on the head. The man ran
and Mr.. Pipes fired into the air, at the
same time calling to him to halt. He
ran on, and Mr.. Pipes, noticing him
make move as though he was drawing
q revolver, fired second shot, which
took effect near the mans heart, killing
him instantly. Mr.. Pipes Immediately
gave himself up. The dead man was
found to be Peter Huffman, young
farmer OF Franklin township.
In the evening young Huffman had
ridden to town and lett his horse at o
livery stable. He spent the evening at
various stores. A little after IL o'clock
he called for his horse. After the shoot
ing his horse was found hitehed in an
alley about thirty feet from Mr.. Pipes
stable. Young Huffman was twenty
two years ofage, and always bore n good
reputation. Owing to this, many be-
lieye that it was another man in the
stable who dealt the blow and that Mr..
Pipes did not shoot the thief. Owing
to the standing of the families the af-
fair is a very sad one. The coroner's
INQUEST to-day found verdict that the
man came to his death from o gun shot
wound ut the hands of Mr.. Pipes.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
PRIZE FIGHTER HAIL
Narrowly Escapes Having His Jugular Cut
by Pnrson Davies.

MOUNT CLEMENTS, MIcH., Aug. 24.-A
sanguinary encounter took place here
last night between Jim Hall, the Aus
tra:ian pugilist, and his business mana
ger, "Parson" Davies.
The encounter was the outcome of n
quarrel in q bar.room Of their hotel.
After an angry word or two, Hall
struck viciously at Davies.
The big prize fighters arm was caught
by bystander, but shaking himself
free, Hall attempted to repeat the blow
knife lying on the bar, lodged Halls
powerful fist aud lunged back at him
with the knife striking him in the
throat, cutting terrible cash, from
chin to ear on the right side, and mar.
rowly missing the jugular vein. Hall
will recover.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
A GREAT STORM
Interrupts Traffic and Docs Great Damage
In Pennsylvania.

Interrupts Traffic and Docs Great Damage
in Pennsylvania.
READING, Pa, Aug. 24.-As the result
oilast nights storm no trains are run
ming to-day on the Reading railroads
Lebanon Valley branch between Read
ing and Lebanon.
Near Wcrnersville, on this branch,
Just after the engine Of q freight train
passed over a Culvert in safety, the cul-
vert was washed away, and the entire
tram OF ten cars plunged into the cul-
vert and were washed away. August
iAohn, a tramp stealinga ride, had leg
broken and his arm injured. Over one
third OF 4 mile Of the track was washed
away; There were several slight wash
outs between Reading and Allentown,
Sat the damage was soon repaired. At
Aohnsvillc, this county, eight dams,
each half an acre TO an acre in extent,
were washed away, and the hat factories
ana mills will be unable to resume un-
u! ihe dams huve been rebuilt, This
WI take at least three weeks. The
bridge and three pieces OF the Reading
9hd southwestern Railroad Company at
fendleton, this county, were carried
away and mile Of its track was swept
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
NEWS FRoMESiIN.
Hs has Conquered tho Dervishss-valua'
bio Goods Captured.

BRussHs, Aug. PA communication
in cipher has been received here from
Stanley Falls which indicates that
Emin Pasha has been wonderfully sue
cessful in his operations in Africa. Ac-
cording to this dispatch Emin Pasha
was at the time the message was sent
resting at Wadelai, after having in
flicted q most serious and thorough de-
feat upon the dervishes.
As q result Of this battle Emin Pasha
captured 6,O00 tusks Of ivory and Q
quantity of ammunition, arms and
stores OF many descriptions. In addi-
ton, he has reoccupied all the old sta:
tions in the equatorial province and
seems to have completely cowed the
deryishes.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
Greate.t hi NInnr Ysnr..

LANCASTER, Pa, Aug. 2S.-Last nights
storm in northern Lancaster County
y, was the heaviest in sixty years. Seven
UnSaSes, number OF buildings, sheds
aal i ienees were washed away and many
vasue ,a, drowned. At Millway an i'm.
IIIense Iiise iron tank was carried 100 feet,
ti1,l G, a mile Of track Of the Reading and
"Oigm6la Railroad at Denver was
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

LONDON, Aug. 24.-No official confrma-
tlon of the reports of recent fighting in
Chile has been received in London.
The responsible representative of the
Chilean Government said to-day that
the reports are so alarming that if there
is any foundation for them the cause of
the regular government is lost, but in
his opinion the facts are greatly OK
aggerated in the interests Of certain
npitators.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
VICTIM. OF tho Arnlnnche.

BERxE, Aug. 24.-Particulars have
been received Of catastrophe on Mont
Blanc. A party ascending the peak was
compelled by bad weather to return be-
fore arriving ut the summit. When
the party reached the petit plateau
fierce gusts OF wind released an ava
lanche which hurled Brunswicker
named Roth and his guide, Michael,
into crevasse. The two men were
dashed to pieces. The bodies werefound
on the following day.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

BUFFALO, N. Y, Aug. 94.-Howard D.
Earle, gave his wife dose OF laudanum
to-day and when she threw it of, he
held hammer over her head,
forced her to take another dose
and left her to die. A woman in the
house later discovered Mrs. Earle's con-
dition and called two doctors, who re-
suscitated her and sent her to hospi-
tai. Earle was arrested tonight.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

NEW YonE, Aug.24.-Tho Cunard line
steamer, servia which reached hero last
night from Liverpool, reports that on
the 2lst inst, at 2:9o p. NJ, she spoke
the steamship suevia, Captain Bauer, in
disabled condition.
The suevia left Hamburg August 8,
and Hayre August - for New York and
when seen by the Servia had lost three
blades OF her propeller. She was then
in latitude 1874 and longitude 56.4e.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

PANAMA, Aug. 24.-It is announced
that the Venezuelan congress has re-
jected the reciprocity treaty proposed
by the United States. 1t involved a
heavy reduction Of certain duties
amounting to SO per cent Of the GUS
toms revenue, while the advantages to
be derived by Venezuela are compara-
tively small.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 4.-The men
who are on strike at Cramps ship yards
held meeting to-day. This afternoon
member Of the strike committee said:
'Instead OF 100 men out on strike, there
are 900 all told. think the men will
get what they ask for in a few weeks"
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
NINE DISASTER.
A FrIghtruI Explosion in wales-Many
Men In tho Mine.

Men in tho Mine.
MEIrnYR TYDvn, WALES, Aug. "a
A frightful explosion took place in the
Abercanid pit, near here, this morning
while all the men were at work. The
number of tho dead and imprisoned is
unknown. Sixty have SO far been res
cued amid the most exciting scenes
among the thousands OF people who had
flocked around the mouth Of the pit.
Searching parties have so far taken out
only two killed. Many are yet missing.
The searchers are unable to penetrate
all parts Of the mine owing to the gas.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
wl,InnnLl nn,l si,nl Him.

QUINCY, FLA, Aug. Pa. X. ALI
son, jr, son Of Ex-Governor Allison, was
fatally shot in m alteration with DR..
6. a. Gee. Allison had been drinking
for two days and behaving like hood
lum. Gee first horsewhipped Allison
and then shot him.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
nir CnYe "a.

PIAQuA MINE, La, Aug. PA cave
about $50 feet long occurred on the
right bank OF the Mississippi river just
below town last night. The bank is
still sloughing and numerous cracks are
visible. This will neeessitate the build
ing OF O new levee.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25
Tic p1nrtlnInno pl.astor.

PARIS, Aug. 24.-The latest advices
from Martinique say that $40 persons
persisted in the recent hurricane with
out counting tho ship-wreck fatalities.
The bulk OF the shipping having been
lost, the governor has permitted foreign
vessels to engage in coast trade IN order
to supply the needs Of the inhabitants.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1891-08-25

LONDON, Aug. 24.-Mr. Il. G. Raikes,
the Postmaster General, who was just
recovering from an indisposition, went
out walking yesterday, when he re-
ceived a severe electric shock during a
thunder storm. His condition is now
critical.