The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1891-12-20
The CALLS
QUERY COLUMN.
CathGdra! and Chartered Cities Of Ancient
ireland.
International Law on Warfare Origin of the
Term 20. K."-Tug-of Wharf.-The Snow
Storm in the City.

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CATHEDRAL CIrIEs-W. W., City. o.
True, it was maintained by Coke and Black
stone that a city is a town incorporate,
which is or has been the see OF a bishop,
and this opinion has been adopted very
generally since. 1t does not correspond,
however, with actual English usage. The
word is popularity used to distinguish the
older aud central nucleus OF some of the
larger towns. Waterford, in Waterford
County, Ireland, Is undoubtedly a city, and
in the British Encyclopedia is described as
"a city, county of a city, municipal and
parliamentary borough and the chief town
of the county of the same name. 1t became
a cathedral city in 1886. Prince John, after
ward King Of England, granted it charter
Of Incorporation in 1206; Henry III in 1872
gave it a new charter, and Henry VII gave
it further privileges as a city; the Irish
chancery seized its charter in 1913. but in
1925 it was restored, so that its claim 10
being q city is unquestioned. The Cathe-
dral Church was the chief church of diocese
in which the bishop had his official seat or
throne (cathedral. The church where the
bishop is set with his college OF presbyters
about him is called the see; the local COM
pass of his authority termed diocese. A
bishops see il, strictly speaking, bishops
seat, or CATHEDRAL and Is only in a secondary
sense applied to the church in which that
seat is placed, aud the city in which that
church stands. By very early canOnS it
was decreed that cathedrals should only be
established in chief cities; but in Britain it
was different, and the bishop was rather the
bishop of a district or OF tribe than of
city, until the year 1919, when the R0-
man system was ratified, and episcopal
sees were ordered removed from I'M
walled villages TO walled cities. ~ There
must have been. however, more than three
cities in Ireland, adopting even your tech
meal definition that city TO be such must
lave been a cathedral city, the see of
bishop. The O. {. can mention at least six
namely. Waterford, Dublin, Cork. Liner
lex, Londonderry and Kilkenny. Chased
as cities and yet not cathedral cities might
be named: Sligo, Dundalk, which was
made royal city in the reign of Edward
Il; Galway, granted 4 charter of incorpora-
tion with liberal privileges by Richard II
Droghvda, classed IN the reign OF Edward
III along with Dublin. Waterford and Kill
kenny as one of the four staple towns of
ireland, and LOngfoTd, which was given
charter Of IOgurpnratIOD nv fiharlas |
CIVILIZED WARFARE-C. w. W., Santa
Cruz, Cal The Q, c. cannot we'll imagine
why, in case of a war, an unfortifed city
such as Santa Cruz, for instance-should
be bOmbarded by an enemy's fleet and laid
waste to exact tribute. BombaTdment is an
attack upon a fortress or fortified city to
Durn and destroy the buildings and kill the
inhabitants and by this means compel its
surrender. 1t is generally regarded by MILL
tary engineers as a cruel operation, and in
modern times is mostly adopted as an ad-
iunct TO a siege. Yet it is done, and was
lone at the time Of the troubles in Samoa
when camps and villages were shelled. All
public stores taken in the enemy's camp,
towns, forts or magazines must be secured,
but to strip citizens OF money or goods by
open violence is pillage and plumber. Inter
national law has made these deductions:
Hostile acts are strictly reserved for the
soldiers or others acting under direct public
authority; non-c0mbatants are to be re-
EaIded as neutrals so far as actual warfare
is concerned; they must abstain from hos
tile acts and they must be left unframed BY
he enemy. Property taken in war belongs to
.he state, not to the individual captor; and
Oh the other hand, subject to notifications,
only the property Of the state and not pri-
vate property should be liable to capture.
War is thus reduced to an open armed strife
between the states and carried on by means
Of a definite and unnliStakable set OF agents
the army and the navy. That the nun-
sombatant portions Of the two communities
Ihould remain as though they were in a
state OF peace is the principle toward which
international law appears to be tending.
The International declaration submitted to
the Brussels Conference of 1874 did not re-
suit in any International convention, but on
the whole, and though not accepted into the
legislation OF nations, yet expressed their
general sense on most of the points. Under
these the effects OF war are restricted to the
property of the state and its organized
army. Private property must be respected,
and pillage Is expressly forbidden, though,
on the other hand, an army of occupation
las right to seize all the personal property
of the state which is likely TO be Of use in
case OF war, including any munitions OF war,
although belonging to private individuals
or companies. Contributions may be inI-
posed on the inhabitants, for which receipts
must be given. Unnecessary destruction OF
the enemy's property is also prohibited.
TUG-oF- WAR;. a. S., City, and T. NJ,
Helena, Mont. % The German and Irish
teams did not meet as opponents in the tug
of-war tournament. ~ The Americans lost
with Canada, Denmark, Germany and Scot
land, but won with the English. Italians,
Norwegians lby defaulD and Swedish. The
Canadians lost with Denmark, Ireland,
Norway and Scotland, but won with the
Americans and Germans The Danes lost
with Scotland, but won with the Ameri-
cans, Canadians, English, Irish. Norwegians
and Swedes the Irish lost with Denmark,
Norway and scotland, but won with the Ca
nadians, English and Italians. The Ger
mans lost with Canada and Scotland, but
won with the Americans, English, italians,
Norwegians and Swedes. The NOrwegiaps
lost with America, Denmark, Germany and
Scotland, but won with the Canadians,
Irish. Italians and SNedeS.
o. K.-F E. S., City. The story is that
more than century ago the best tobacco
and the best rum came from Aux Cages, a
port OF Hayti pronounced o. K.l, and the
best of everything was designated Aux
Cages or o. T., as Al. the symbol Dor
rowed from Lloyd's Register, has come to
express the highest relative rating of mer-
chant vessel and c0lloquially a standard of
excellence. Iu the Jackson campaign every
lie that could blacken the Generals repu-
tatioD was invented and an Endorsement
that he had made, this is o. f." was
taken up by notorious campaign liar and
declared by him to be but an abbreviation
of the Generals customary Endorsement of
papers as ''oll Kerreet."
TRoTTIye; AND PACrSG-J n T, Citv
If General Grant ever drove a team of
trotting or pacing horses from Washington
City TO Baltimore, distances of forty miles,
III the quick time Of two hours" there is no
record OF 1t, and there is good reason why
there is none. t2) Forty miles in two hours
means mile in minutes. The pacing rec
ords have been: 2:31 in 1885 to 2:06 in 1891,
and for trottlng 2:59 in 1906 to 2:OSh in
1881 for the mile. To say that any horse
can maintain that speed for two hours is
ridiculous.
EXTRA SCHooJ HoJrDav-W NJ C;t,