The record-union., 1891-08-26
FARM And ORCHARD.
Change in the Management of the
Raspberry.
The Average Cow Shows the Average
Intelligence of the Dairy Farmer of
a Section-Handling of Horses
General Farm News.
Cow Shows the Ayerape

a Section-Handling of Horses
General Farm News.
Within a few years back q notable
change has been introduced in the gen
eral management of the raspberry. The
only pruning formerly given to this
plant was confined to cutting out old
stems which had fruited, thinning out
the young stems which were to produce
the next crop, and shortening them by
cutting off portion of their tops. These
would then be fastened to stake or
some similar support, and this COM
pleted the pruning for the season. But
the more modern system obviateS the
necessity of any kind of support, and the
plants are managed so, that they are able
to support themselves when full of fruit.
This is accomplished by allowing the
first years growth of newly set-out
plants to grow undisturbed; the second
year two or more shoots will be pro-
duced, and when these have reached to q
hight Of about two feet their tops are
pinched of, so as to stop their further
upright growth; they will then proceed
to push out side shoots or laterals on all
sides, balancing and supporting them
selves very etfectually, and appearing like
small, evenly headed trees. When
growth has been completed for the season
and the leaves have fallen these side
shoots are pruned back SO as to leave them
from twelve to sixteen inches in length,
according to their strength. This prun-
ing can be done quite rapidly with prun-
ing shears. At the same time, if not be-
fore, all the old stems or canes which
have truited are also removed; but many
cultiVators prefer to remove these old
stems Immediately after the fruit has been
gathered, claiming that by so doing the
young canes have greater growth; also,
that by promptly removing the old canes
many kinds of insects which lodge in the
old wood and have cocoons and nests
upon it are thus destroyed by burning all
the pruning as they are collected. This
system is continued annually; no greater
number Of young shoots than is required
are allowed to grow, all others being de-
strOyed as they reach few inches in
hight. The summer topping is attended
to as previously stated, and the result of
this routine treatment is q self-supporting
plant and improved fruit.-William Saun-
ders, in California Fruit-Grower.
BREEDING COWS.
The average COW Of any section shows
the average intelligence of the dairy
average COW in New York State pays her
owner $40 per year, but some make 800
pounds of butter. The COWS of any sec
ton may be bred up to larger standard.
Milo Jones Of Fort Atkinson, Wis, bred
his COWS up from a yield of 5000 pounds
of milk per year to 10000 pounds. But
in breeding for higher type, remember
that cow breeds from her blood, and not
from what she does. A COW may be
potent in breeding, but not in perform
ance, or vice versa. So that because
cow does well it is not a sign that she
will breed such calves. Breeding is the
union Of two streams of life, and the es-
tablishment Of potency is what is wanted,
potency for dairy work which can be
traced back for generations. When
the sire is selected, remember that
his daughters will make the fu-
ture dairy herd. Take the heifers
which are feminine in form and have a
decided dairy build. Then breed these
to their sire. This gives a three-fourths
dairy potency, which, if bred to some
other sire, would have been partly crossed
out. The definite dairy outlines are clear
cut and sharp, with clean face and large
eye. 1t is the maternity build, and this
should be cultivated so far as possible.
In-breeding is very delicate thing, how
ever. 1t is the intensifying of the type.
1t will intensity disease as we'll as
Jerseys are one of the best examples of
this, and they are a fine dairy type
Dairy COWS are bred for the udder; the
larger it is the better. But the stomach
does not tell the story. Jay Eye See can
trota mile in 2:l0 on six quarts of oats, but
some horses would not with six tons. We
want the COW that will do the most work
with the least expenditure of food.-W.
Hoard.
POINTS IN POULTRY KEEPING.
At a meeting of the Lancaster, Pa, Ag-
ricultural and horticultural Society, DR..
c. Greene read the following essay upon
the subject of poultry raising:
For forty years, with occasional inter
ruptions, it has been my fortune (as boy
and mani to care for poultry, and some
experiences / have gathered during these
years propose now to make public for
all who are interested in the matter, and
for convenience sake l will arrange the
facts under different heads.
l. Hens, If properly kept, are q source
of profit and comfort to the owner.
2. The eggs can be increased In size and
richness by proper feeding of the fowls
3. They require variety of food, and
get excessively tired of one kind.
4. The egg contains almost all the con-
stituents of the human body, and hence
the hen must have a variety of food to
construct it.
5. No other product of animal or vege-
table life contains substance exactly like
the albumen and yolk of an egg.
6. The hen ceases laying when i'm
properly fed, or when in diseased con-
dition.
7. They require warm, clean, properly
ventilated house for winter months.
s. If by neglect vermin infest the bird
roosts and house they should at once be
removed, as they are deleterious to the
health Of these friends of man.
9. The droppings of hens should be oc-
casionally removed. They should not be
allowed to accumulate. The floors should
be covered with loan or sand.
FEEDING HENS.
To keep hen in good condition for
LAYING, she should never have a full crop
during the day. 1t is not wrong to give
light meal Of mixed food, warm in the
morning, in the trough, but such meal
should be only one-fourth the quantity
the hens require. They should 90 away
from the trough unSatisfied, and should
then seek their food, deriving it grain by
grain, engaging in healthy exercise in or
der to obtain it., and in such circum-
stances the food will be passed into the
gzZard slowly, and be better digested.
Gradually the hen will accumulate suffi-
cient food to provide for the night, going
on the roost with full crop, where she
can leisurely forward it from the crop to
the gizzard. Feeding soft food leads to
many errors on the part of the beginner,
causing him TO overteed and pamper his
| hens, and by it they will reach condi-
ton that is entirely antagonistic to lay
! ing. 1t is much better to feed hard grains
| only than to feed from a trough unless
! the soft food is carefully measured. A
! quart of mixed ground grain, moistened