Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1891-11-14

cooled down and becoming merciful proposed
that Thomas and his subQrdinates be let OF
with whipping, accordingsto their customs.
The king refused. and Thomas, in making his
escape from prison, fell and was killed.
Student troubles in Paris became SO grave
that many of the Nations left for Rheims, Or
leans Aniou and even, as has been stated, for
England. At length Pope Gregory TX wrote
that as the separation and transplant tation Of
the university would work great injury to the
cause OF learning the different factions should
and must agree. Louis IN invariably favored
the students, and when taken to task for in
Identifying them for loss suffered at the hands
of the citizens replied: Wisdom is Of more
worth than riches"
Cardinal Otto tried in 1899 to improve the
manners and customs of the students of Ok
ford but met with no success. When his at
tendants attempted force with the students,
and his cook poured boiling water over one Of
them, general revolt was provoked; the cook
was shot and the cardinal escaped only by
taking refuge in a church tower, whence he
was delivered through royal intervention.
After that no more was said OF social reform.
UNIVERSITIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
The universities of the middle ages differed
from those Of our day not only in point of or
ganization but in their relations to the people.
| They came to occupy far more important po-
sition, because in those times there we're not az
now the vast supplies Of well-circulated books,
| nor Was there any other form Of school to offer
| competition. In consequence men studied
much longer and their stay at the university
was much more protracted. Therefore, in spite
| of the incessant fights and disgraceful brawls,
| there were many among the students who by
reason of their ripper years, their station. their
| Offices and honors attained a dignity which re-
fected upon the whole student class.
| The attendance at the most prominent uni
versities became exceptionally great, and par
| ticularly in Paris and Bologna At the latter
there were. in 1260. 10, 900 students. This pros
measure to the favorable attitude of the state,
| which granted the universities many privileges
and projections, especially az the student class
embraced the clergy.
In the Italian universities the direction and
government was entirely in the hands of the
students. many of whom were the incumbents
of high Offices of dignity and trust
The two original grand Nations, in Bologna
were the Trons-Alpine and the Ice-Alpine
| which, about 1860, dissolved and formed two
new corporations, the Universities Jwtsticum anG
the Unirersitds ArtiStdrtiDl, the first compris
ing twenty-five, the second seven Nations
which, through self-chosen electors, chose
| president from their midst The election ant
! dignity of president (Rektor) we're first taker
out of the hands of the students in Pisa ant
!. Padua about the beginning Of the eighteenth
century.
The Paris university furnished the mode
upon which the German institutions we're di
rectly founded. Here the executive was in tn
power Of the instructors. The Nations Ia,
finally resolved themselves into four grand di
visions: the French, the English, the Norman
! and the Picards (Netherlands). The struggl
: for prestige among them was proionge,
> through several centuries. and at one time tn
Pieards were SO worsted they were forced t
J later, with the Normans, fought their way t
D the front. In these troubled times there wa
{ no scientific division of the university. Fac
3 Nation had its own teachers, its own church
its place Of general gathering, its archives, ii
3 general fund, conferred Its own degrees, anC
9 in short formed corporate body.
THE FIRST REAL FACULTY.
The first real faculty was the result Of
4 quarrel between the theological professors an
the travelling friars, who coveted some vacar
o professorships in theology. The professor
r drew together and formed theological facul,
: (fdcultds u,eOLoJorttD) without regard to natioI
9 atty. They we're soon initiated by the juris
o and the physicians, so that about the year IN
I three faculties opposed the Nations, and u
g latter found themselves forced to band togeths
as a fourth Odctttds artiun,). This meant Il
e social separation of teacher and pupil.
e The faculties were known Magistri tteacl
70 ers' unioI 81 and were first recognized BY POI
II Gregory IN, 1921, as distinct bodies, ordine
lie Prerogatives were gradually coded both facu
4, ties, until they eventually obtained the right
d comforting academic degrees. OF these,
T. Paris. there we're three: BdccdIdtueus Lizent,t
s. Mdgister LibtrGlimH and ArtiuDl master
T artist The first was conferred by the differe
e. MdJister and the second, after examination,
n, the chancellor or the bishop.
le To provide for the great number Of studen
is in the then comparatively small cities, speci
p quarters were devised, known in old French
te BOrses and In German as Btpsen or KOuege
ne The middle English and German word Bu
lie meaning q company OF men living together
Ii derived from the Latin Bursd, meaning
1t leather money pouch, which came later to me
TIA a general purse or fund. Our modern wo
de purse-in French bOuTse, in German Borss
to comes of course from the same source
es The Buvsera provided living and tuition
little or nothing, and their special aim was
les accommodate The poorer students They We
ng really pensions under the direction Of bdc,
M I1tTei 1rtiun,. and were at first excellent, b
Is ike MANY other excellent institutions, they
m, generated in time and the students fell a
pc tim to the avsrice Of the directors and suffer
as all manner Of privation and abuse in con
quense. NAN Of those utterly ts without ms ga
petty tyrants, forsook the 1,trsen and beca
:" what were known in the fifteenth and sixtee
ne centuries as travelling students"
DIS, LIFE IN THE BUREAU.
me The great scholar, Erasmus, in his eco
ne quia," 1850, gives graphic description Of Lift
os- these Bersea. Hesays; Thirty years ago I Ii
pms in Kolleg in Paris, where so much theology
,ne talked that even the walls were infected
ed. brought nothing out Of it, however, but b.
nts full of unwholesome humors and q great gu
cal tity of vermin. The director Of the Eoueq
N a a man who. though jealous, was completely
the void of judgment. His especial attention
lat devoted to those quite without means, and
,re- cause his own youth had been passed in
and most destitute poverty he was careful to
It'll nish them only the most absolutely necese
has, articles Their beds were so hard, their
ers | SO bad and meager and work and night vi
sity so wearing that many young men Of IA
the went blind, deranged, broke out in seurv
and died in the first year Of their stay. Not q
lost fed with this, he tried 20 cajole them into
had coming monks and denied them forever ear