Evening journal., 1891-05-23
Much Space Given to the AT
fairs of Labor.
UNIVERSAL COOPERATION NEEDED
His Holiness Believes That in This Way,
Under the Auspices OF Faith and Chris
tian Morality, the Complex Questions
Can BE Successfully Dealt with.


requiring consideration Yet solution
can be obtained by applying the eternal
principles upon which the teachings Of
the church are based now as ever. Mems
relations toward each other as individuals
or parts Of society must have the sanction
OF old authority. The law is stated In
Deut. v 81; "Neither shalt thou desire thy
neighbor's wife; neither shalt thou covet
thy neighbor's house, his field, his man
servant, or his maid servant, his OK, or his
ass, or anything that is his
The divine law therefore rejects the so
cialist solution, which would abolish pr-
yate property, substituting collective,
common ownership In proceeding to con
slider the relations OF the state TO the indi-
vidual the encyelieal says:
| A Great and Pernicious Error,
"To think that the authority Of the state
ought arbitrarily to invade the family in
| timacy is a great and pernicious error.
The state can undoubtedly intervene when
the condition OF the family is too disas-
/ trous, but then only to alleviate ii and TO
Il guard the rights and interests Of the
| public power without violating the rights
of individuals. To go beyond these limits
would be to violate the nature Of things
what the state should Not DO.
1.-THE state should neither destroy nor
absorb the fraternal power TO reconcile the
rights of the state, Of capitalists and the
proletariat. We affirm unhesitatingly
that human efforts are impotent without
the concurrence Of the church"
The encyclical goes on at length to recall
all the church has done to better the lot Of
the proletariat and to show that it is a cap
ital error to believe that the church is for
the rich alone and the enemy Of the people.
ut IS also capital error to believe that
the rich and the proletariat are condemned
by nature TO fight duel without eud
One has need of the other. Capital Ii
powerless without work, and work with
out capital. The proletariat cannot and
ought not to injure capital or the masters
who dispense It, but in order TO obtain re
spect for the rights OF labor they mus
} | abstain from violence. They should no
have recourse TO sedition, nor listen to thl
chimerical promises OF the agitators. Or
the other hand, masters ought 20 respec
the individuality and dignity Of man,
"They should act as Christians towari
their workmen not treat them inhumanll
or exploit them beyond their strength
Let masters remember that both divin,
and human law forbids the drawing o
profits from the misery Of the poor. Be
sides that, religion means necessary co
operation Of human means to attain
sacred purpose.
gsc The Duty OF the state.
'oThe state ought to watch over the wei
being OF society, just as individuals shoult
watch over the purity, morals and interior
order Of families, safekeeping religion jus
tice, moderation and an equitable division
Of public charges all OF which would con
tribute largely to the amelioration Of thl
conditions of the proletariat. The large
this general prosperity the less likely vii
workingmen be to have recourse to excep
tional means to better their condition. a.
citizens the proletariat have the sam
rights as the rich, and consequently hav
a right to the same interest as being a par
, Of the state. The government should care
fully observe all obligations, distributing
justice impartially.
Absolute Equality n Chimera.
absolute equality was, however
chimeriL The social hierarchies werv
based on natural principles The stat,
ought to see that all covenants relating Il
work were conscientiously observed, ant
oppose anything that might cause popular
passions to yield to unhealthy excitement
provoking troubles and violence. Small
wages often give rise to strikes, disastrou,
not only to the workingmen and their EN-
ployers, but to the general interests q
commerce and public industry. Govern
ment ought to prevent the explosion o
such crises.
The State should Prevent IL.
, "Moral dignity, which is equal among
poor and rich, exacted repose from wori
on certain days The state ought TO tax,
care that workmen do not become th,
prey Of spectators and usurers, seeking
to abuse their weakness in order TO Obtain
excessive and dishonest profits Man.
work should not be carried so far as &
succumb under an excess Of corporal ia
tigue.
''The physical forces Of every man arr
limited. Beyond that limit it is forbidden
to go. Therefore expediency was showr
IN establishing certain limitations OF
working hours and providing that the,
should be interrupted by a period Of re
pose, varying according to conditions o.
time and place, the public health and ma
ture Of the work.
The Question Of Wages.
"Thequestion Of wages was particularly
| OtllcdJe one 10 treat with exact justice
The salary agreed upon should be paid; al
the same time justice equally demanded
that the agreement entered into by th,
workingmen ought to be respected. Tn,
state should see these reciprocal obliga
tions executed. An important element IL
the question was that the workman ought
to be able, with the wages or salary, {,
provide for himself and family the neces
stiles OF life
I'm all these questions It is essential
that state representatives should not in
tervene inconsiderately. Il will suffice ts
reserve examination of these points foi
the Judgment of associations in order {,
safeguard the interests OF both capital ant
labor. The authority Of the saate ought
TO intervene only to the extent that tn,
several interests demand.
Property should Not 30 Overtaxed.
''It Is Of erent social advantage that the
laws should favor multiplicity OF prop
critics as the best means OF preventing op
! position between extreme riches and ex-
treme poverty, but is also necessary that
property should not be overtaxed. The
state commits injustice in undue exactlons
from indiYisu&s
"tnethations for aiding and facilitating