davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19
ksiazki p~owiesciowe

kslazki powiesciowe
rozmalte lnne.
TESTAMENT PIOTRA WEI.
klEGO, czyli zamitry Moskali
zawo;e~"nla cafego sviata. IS
OPOWIADANIA STARRED
d .lADKA.. *
HISTORIC o s~zlaehstnej i pick.
nel Meluzynis,
K~ONsTYTUCYA sTANuW ZJE.
DNOCZONYCH.
KSIAAKA ~PUNKTOWANIA.lo
WEGLARZ q WALENCYI. Pre-,
Autora Jaskini Beatusa i Koszy.
ka Kwiatow. 80
4 onstytuoya 3 Maja 10
rec 0 n k do plsania list6w
mifosnych oras tyczaoycb sic o&e.
nienia i zaBa &p6i6cia. ..... .35
obrona sw. Czestochowy, 10
zka p wv a r sa,powiesd
obyczatowa przez Jozefao z mad
O5ry 80
Rinal do Ri n i,sfawny do.
wedzca rozbojnikow XVIII vie
60
W mocnej oprawie 20 zieconym
tVtullkiem .........,,.....s5
Aysza Wieza wsrod jezora
Gepfa przez Alaksandra Broni.
kowskiego. Powies3 sicwiahska
pierwszej pofowy XII wiekx
?ami 9 tniki Makryny Me.
czysiawsklej, ksieni Baeylianek "
Minsku..
Owl Marye, powieb6 z da.
wnych czasow polskich przez
FIR. Xaw. Acknowledgements
Ia sama W mooney oprawie 70
aioconym tytuliklem...""....75
0 S nix l, Dumki i A ry 9
Narodow o, mocnei opra.
wle.."............. ......."..25
M-T>@ M Powiastka his
torryczna z zlemi kaszubowskiej
p~rzezJozefa Gr%ajnerta IL RycynaI
................ ...................15
BartoszGfo C k i czyli o.
statnie uszlachcenie lNobilitacya.)
Ustep z dziejow 1894 roku. q
tzcma rycinami..............lo
Z yusz PowlesG
pierwszych wicklow chrzesciah.
silva. Przez t!umaczae Gnowefy i
Kcszyk kwiatow........".....3o
Il istoryao rycerzu zfotoskrzy
diym, porowanej dziewicy 3
drogim klcjnotem l ziotym Fam.
ku.Opowiodziaf I. Danielski,.1 10
Ia Lofty dw6rpowies6 przezWa-
leregoHozihskiego ,mocno opraw-
ma z zioconym tytulikiem$1.75
a o,powiesc z dziejow Polski
przez Fir. hr. Skarbka W income
oprawie, &c zfoconym tytuIikiem
N W hausen Nowy, ten z
diugim nosem czyli dsiwaczne
podroze / fgle...................1O
z W iatPreryi miedzy Indyj-
czykami ,powies6 z zrchodnio-pof.
noccoj Amerykl Oh. A. Murray,
przetozona M polskic przez Joze'
ia Bcrtkowskiego, mocnej o.
prawlo 20 zloconym tytulikiem
8 ] IL bK r o | Q w k i-Warszawa
6 Kwietnia j Bolesfaw Smiafy
krol Polski, przez Alexandra
R0Aa AeSna, powiesc z borov'
merykahskich.. zoe.
E'rOrOctwa o Polsce tudzieA
o pahstwach, " kt6rych Polacy
mieszkaja, / o Kosciele Katolio
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19
NATALO C
KSIAZEK
NOVEL, @KSIEGARNl
EH. ND G II d o w sk-'
W WINONA, MINI.
Corner Second & Carim ona Str.

Mona sprowadzic cd Derdow-
skiego kazda ksiazke polska, jaka
wog6le i~stnieje W Ameryce, pfacac
got6wka, mianowlcie zas tie:
u ywot wnlka Twar-
dowskiego ........20
NJ e ehstwo sw. Dziewicy
Krystyny j zywot swietej Kry-
styny Dziewicy nazwanej dzi-
S W i eel M &c
Po1scy, (Sw. Wojclech, Sw.
Stanls}aw Blskup, B}ogos}awic-
ny J6zafat i B}ogosfawiony An
drzej Bobola).
POI m e d a b a e k..., 20
z ywot K oscluszki Ito
P okraka a, czyli Kledy }gac to
juz dobrze. 90
N a b ehstwo do sw. 10
A d i EVA - krotocbwila
ludowa, W dw6ch attach. 10
w a ma armarku u, pc,
cieszne opowiadanie wierszem-
napisai H. Derdowski.. .25
A k czyli kslazka
rachunkowa pod}ug arytmetyk
amerykanskich, W mocnej opra.
80
Przepis mustry ola pol.
skich zo}nierzy
Z antyczka X ancyo o.
nah eli Zbi6r najnowssyoh
piesni. kolend i pastora1ek o.75
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19
Ma szlaku wyzysku.

% l1stopada. Powtarzamy go W
ca}osci:
~Czternastego l1stopada ]eszcze
M niebie c,emno bylo, kiedym
odszrubowaE okno swego gablnetu
W kaJucie i spostrzeg}em widnie-
lace We mgle %wierzcho}ki g6r Te-
neryfy-ostro kanciaste i pc maj
wiekszeJ czeSci spiczaste.
Przyy}ynellsmy do portu
Santa Cruce, NldzlelismY zdaleka
miasto o domach Z p}askleml da-
chami i zielonemi okiennlcami, L
nrodkami, W kt6rych kwltnefy
kanaiy, rdze, liliakl, lecz ma lad
nikomu wysiasG ME pozwolono,
~poniewaz ma okrecie, cd czasu wy
iazdu z Bremerhaven, by}o szesc
wypadkow smierci, a spokojni wy
spiarze ohawiaja sic zarazy.
Okret W porcie nabra} wegla,
woody s}odkiei, zakupif ~kllkanascle
wolow i pred wieczorem ruszy-
lismy dalej. Zaczely sig goraca i
to codziennie wieksze. Juz pod 10
poinocn. szerok. georg, ME MOI
ma by}o spat pod koldr2.
Me opisuje tn wrazeh osobis-
tych, kt6rych dozna}em W czasle
tel podr6zy ma mor7u, poniewaz
te przedstawie osobno; tutaj notu'
je iedynie fakty, majace zwiazek z
emigrantaml.
Dziesnatego dnia podrdzy ma
wodzie, daily sic styszec wsrod e.
mlgrant6w szmery nlezadowolenla.
Utyskiwali, re podr6z trivia d}ugo:
Take Niemcy moga las
wlezt ma zgube-mowlono- Office
rowe powsladaja ma c%zo}na, / u
ciekna, a mas zostawia ma morzu z
nokretem.
Caiodzienne proznlactwo, "a
Nszczona dosyc s%zkarlatyna, a pc.
znieJ b}onica pomiedzy dzlecml,
~sprzyja1y wytwarzanlu sic coraz
wlekszego niezadowolenla. Jednego
dina by}o chorych 50 dzieci; obaj
lekarze m1eli nader DUO zajecia i
bardzo sumlennie obs}ugiwall pa.
cventow, ale ch1opl wcale ma to
ME zwazali i przyplsywali chorobe
zfemu systemowi zywien1a ma O.
krecle.
-Chleb OTTO daJa ma morskim
kwasie l iak ME maja dzleci u
mlerac.
Jednego dina ME chcleli wca-
lie braG sucharoW: stawlali sic
bardzo ostro, dopiero nieJakl Ry-
bowski zrobif uwage, re lepiej dac
pokoj, DO ,,kapitan moze kazac
matrozom wrzucaG ~zuchwafych W
morzem
Zatem wszystkiem Gficerowlo
parowca .,Muenchen" mowla:
To ~jeszcze dobrzy ludzie;
przewozilismy emigrantow hlszpa-
Rw ktozy niczego sic ME ball
~ zaraz brazil "a noze.
Chfopi polacy-zdamem Mem
c6w-sa tylko penn protesjonalnos-
eli, uwaza]a sic "a bardzo mako
mitych ludzi, a gdy sic 1edno ia
k1es lch z2danie zaspokoi, zaraz
wvstepuie drugle trzecle,l t. d.
Ami ieden re wszystklch G.
mlgrant6w ME mia} chocby cokol-
wick zblizonego do prawdy poje-
Cia.
-Przez diva dni-mowill--
bedzlemy p}ynell 20 wrz2cej NO.
dzle i lila tego okret okuty zela-
zem, body sic drzewo rozgotowa-
10.
Pocieszali SIG jednak W dro-
DIE naGzieiaml brazylijskiemi:
ia wezms cztery w46kl
gruntu-mowif .ieden Z" emlgran-
t6w-bo mas jest 4 bahia dwo]e |
znowu dwole dzleci.
"A ]a--rzekf drugi muszG
wziat szest, DO ma wiosne przyJe'
dzlc Stasiek q Jagna.
Ma volta muslmy tam wy
brac Wicka Strza1e, a Giodz'koW-
&kiego pa ~ottysa.
. Take i tym podobne rozmo.
wy }atwo byfo sIyszoc ma polka
- .~,o,yTh IlC1nVnI
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19
leksandr Oh Xxi okIadny
S}O w n ! K
POLSKO-ANGlE LSKI
IL 1T, a. P(1TS
ANEIELSKO-POLSK

Zostaf jua ukohraony odesiany ,ya, kt6rzy przyslal ma dzieAe
to prenumera;H. Dzieto to Jest W dobrej, mocnei oprawle ze xloconemi
tytulikanr': ~a"ieraj2cv 924 stronnic wyraznego druku n o dobryn pa
pierre. kosMuje tylku 4 dolary. DMelo to Jest potrzehne kazdenu POI
hkowj " Ameryce, k;o:y tu obr"! soHe ten kai "a druga oJczyzne.
Jezykienl ur2riawvD b2nesOwyn W Ameryce Jest jezyk angleiski
bez xna;omo&ri 5~o leyka ne MONA tn prowadMG zalneg, Iteresu
ai zayn:owac posad " urzedach, biurach I'D. tn " Ameryce opr6czI
ojc">stc5o jezNka angieskIego znaiomoSG innych jezykdw jest zgola|
niepotrzetna. kto orrocz swego jezyka, unie pc ar elsku, wszedzie W
chci I}ugiej szerohei Amcrycr rozmdWi sic interes odprawi. Ktoj
u1nle pc angie!shu, chocaz ME }fynni:. '"two 1n3!dze prnce, POI
SADIE htwo wybranYn bye noAe ~ ja%l urzad " handlach bez1
iezyka angeskiego nnjb&rdzej wyksZAtcony czIowiek pozostaje W.
lyle zate1n W wlasnym interesie &azdcge tn mieszkajaceso Poaka|
lest yz naipredzej nauczyt sic iezyka angiehkego. Poczqtko"4 kslazka
ola acknowledgement 20 aryesku Jest "Po$rednik Polsho Angeski cna
IS centdw; poenl konecznie lotrzebn4 jest ksia&ka {ownikP OIL
SIX GA gieiski Angiel5E %polskb albowien y tymze
s{owniku }atwo znalezc co macy poskie siowo W lezyku auyWnskim
i slowo angnskie co macy V iczyku poskim. Kazdy Jel4n cory tn
W Ameryce chce pozosta6, powinien mice s}ownik ten W swou. .:ouu;
u kazdego, cy on robotnik, rzemieslnik, farmer, bznesta, hundlarzlub
urDednik, powinnye to dzieIo 2naJdowad sic pod rek2: Cy ko chce list
napisaG pc angeka;u hub chco co przetfumaczyc 2 ksi2zki hub gazdy
angiekknj ma ::zyA polsNi, ME moe obyo sic bea sfownika Polsko
-Angielsklego AngeBko- Polskiego. Nlzka cena tego dze}a jest tax
przystspna, re n~ajubozszy czow1ek moze lie kupiG.
Przyseiajcis ma mo]e rece pc 4 dolary a kazdemu sfownie
natychmiast wyslq.
Fl. DERDOWSKI
Cor. 2mtu az CarimOma &c.
WHNONA MENN. -r-.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19
PLACCIE IA
KocIOf garnek.

KOciOf i garnek.
Leje Moskwa pc gazetach
}ezki krokodyle,
lie Irlandczyk cd Anglii
musi cierplec lyle.
A Anglia znow: re Moskal
trzyma mas w nleWoll;-
Kociof garnkowi przygania-,-
a ten i ten smoli.
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19

MIEsIAc MAJ Poiwi,cony Be.
garodzicy 30
PtACZ 1 NARZEKANIE OF.
COW AZ
ROZANIEC ZYWY.........20
5 p iewnik K oioielnv ola
uzytku wiernych zebrai K. Bern.
Rucbnlewicz. W mocnej oprawle
Wiarus. (Winona, Minn.) 1886-1893, 1891-02-19

num Lrzv+va 1 -. 5ese Boz
cher | Jest zrobiona z najlepszej angielskiei
splrszystej stall, jake tylko MONA zrobiG. wv.
raoia ANA Je} pilnuje sig scisle ma kazdym punk
Gle. Me tylko ma piekne gladkie ostrze, leczza-
trzymuje takowe. ''Faktycznie jest nailepsza
%brzytwa. Gwarantujemy zadowoienie Tub wraee
ta1nyy 2 e .1 e o If h ia jest dobr2 ma 80 dni
ci, ktorzy beda chcieli rozpowszechuiaG nasze
towary; cd innych zadamy $500. Adresowat do:
VIM. Williams, 1875 Halsted Str, Chicago, Ill
Wytnijcie to, gdy bedziecie zamawiali
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08
Free RUSSIA aud the NIhiii-t-.

TO THE EDTToB OF The SuN-Si,: The great
influence and wide circulation of TnE SrS
make it necessary that attention should lie
called to an article in The Sun Of Oct ~ en-.
titled Americans and the Gar Of which the
opening paragraph ran as follows:
Have Americans any dosire to witness the overthrow
OF the house OF Romanofs That we have is assumed
by MIR. stepniak. literary representative ~ the Rl-
sian revolutionsts who. in the November number or
the North american Rei.. invites us to subscribe for
paper called Free Rass;n and for fund to be applied sp
parenty to the promotion Of Sihii!st conspiracirs
As the paper called Free Russia is the organ
OF two societies Of Friends Of Russian Free.
DOM" the one established in England in 1890
and the other formed in tho United States in
the early part of the present year. the question
you ask and the statement you make impi.
cate both these organizations in the supposed
object Of raising fund TO I be applied arpar.
emily to the Il N nv s.ss
fore permit me. on behalf of the American
81 sfs sEs sas %Rs ta @1
Fnsss sS. di fSs S IL as sss n aims a3 s
fS% Peson r. ei rre James G s,s
equally ; veil known. and by the further iact
into existence with the full mpnthy. sane
ton. and participation of such men and women
AZ Col. I; w. HiGginson. Julia Ward Howe.
ward Z. Hale. Alice F. Palmer, Lyman Abbott,
Minot j. Savage. and Lille b. Chace Wyman.
That the aims OF the movement lie within
the sphere OF the practical and legitimate. and
cans may be also shown by appeal to the pub;
lished statements Of its promoters. The printed
circular issued by the Society of American
Friends Of Russian Freedom contains the fol-
lowing passage:
and legal the Russian patro in their efforts 10
obtain for their country political freedom and self
government.
With THE SUNS able and spirited resume OF
the grounds of historic friendship between
the courts Of Washington and st. Petersburg.
the friends Of Russian freedom can have no
quarrel. much as they may he tempted to urge
that the privilege Of grasping the hand OF a
dynasty over tho heads Of a whole people is
not one that. outside OF diplomacy. has been
much sought after by tho countrymen OF
George Washington. and that such privilege
Is going to be less and less valued
by Americans in the future. AS mat
ter Of fact, the new movement takes no note
Of antipathies between races. OF traditional
en%tss or r,eanashps between INT
spirit that in times na,t has ng'e1 ,h
Polish cause from many an AMERICAN plat
form. And in this spirit even with the frrnh-
ship OF the house Of Romanon at stake. II np-
peals 10 the good men and women all oyer this
broad continent. EDMUND NOBLE
BOSTON, Nov, !,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

Mr.. Blackmar devotes some rnsrs 10 re.
view OF the Spanish or Mexican words which
since our occupation Of the terrturr, ccd,d
In 1913 have crept into tho English language
Among tho words already patun!!z.a 4,
adobe meaning sun-dried brick and some.
times applied us substantive to The tmil ling
constructed OF such material. as in the phrase
I'm old ndobs." Ca6oa Is ntern iniisprnsa.
ble to describe tho deep. narrow gor;Sca 'urluri
in our Western mountains by mn Grhrnyal "
the earth, or ly the erosion uf water. or ppr.
haps by the Joint action OF both agencies it
seems probable that the word bondnaG, mean.
ing the part OF n mineral vein which Is pnrticU.
lnrly rich In metal, will Obtain a permanent
place in our language. Corral also
IL firmly rooted In the vermarulnr
Of New Mexico and other cattlo.rasing
States and Territories. Used as n substantive,
this word originally meant u circular yard
formed by setting posts N The ground and
fastening them together with thongs OF raw.
hide. The verb obviously means to drive rat.
tie into the enclosure. We scarcely need point
out TINT the word ranch has entirely super
coded farm" in many sections Of tina West,
though it Is likely enough to disappear when
the parccllntion OF large estates has been com.
pleted. We may mention, finally. that hronc,.
Il namc given to a wild or untnm.d colt. is
sometimes applied colloIuaily to au uniu!y
boy. It is. however, In the names OF noun.
tains. rivers. and towns that Spanish Amer.
lean civilization has left its most enduring
traces In the Southwest.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

The expedition which the RIsi'un iilrrrn u"n h'-'
out early IN the summer to explore Tie a O. 1922" ~
very successful in Its la5ors II hG' ache ..'
which may be- Of the greatest importance" ~. ~
teal aud geological science The who" r>pri u"' ''
divided into three distinct depsr rlcns. ~" i.''
Ologc and phy,i al, The chcn,ira. nni tnc """. We
The trst was TO maze observations "n ilt ."""-' VI"
the air in - far they affected tho slT'r'" ". -
Black Sea IN relation to the quality OF IN" '".
in various paris The chemIch dr?ar. n''s. 100
examine the constituent elements Of tn "''"
sfnd the biological depart nrnt was 4" Any ''.''''
The nature OF the living beings IN t' various M. -,
the sea Al! such observations hhN" V '.Il IA"
the meteHIDlOgical stations on the dfN aiih ~ 49,,
OF the sxlediton WAS TO make them ~ p"aIo " ny
vessel at theSloi which appeared ,hr mo-. m" as
20 the scienit SO that lime aad distance .lw -
little As possible AFFECT the object ~ tSimInliW ~
full report OF the work Of expedition wa, ibh
TO the Imperial geographical Sprrtb 81 - frNL' Il
and WIN he published soon after u IL reai an "'''.'
From The preliminary reports OF the head. Of - 80
petition u appears that ~ great iinpnftan,' u, -
oogy VIII be the discovery mh.c hS 20 W. II
sttnent elements or the water OF the RlA sea -
MAS found that from the depth OF l'n.AhLri. h',
135 fathomAi to the bottom NJ tho sea the wh''T' ~ ~
parts are strongly saturated with lyir"sulphHt ~ a
depth; This discovery di.prov.s the hitn"ri"a.'
hypothesis that The Hack Sea va, arighaitt u '.
water lake, and that IL became sGil'whlrl,h ~ ~.
prsEnAteh with hydro 81 p'iurir acid sinc"'l' ~,
rus began flowing INTO IT, The water, al n" l''. -,
according to the Investigations ~ the rNn"d' "a"
not anect the sea 10 such Az "nvrnipus "h'th' ..
western part. The deepest place. are lwl"" Nv.
coasts 81 Asia Minor and the Crpuea III one pa 20
explorers have found depih ~ lao sszhsn; I'm,
pies ~ the waters at various depths and u d,n.,ss
localities as well samples of lie soil at the 1871
q the SEA- and tchthoogicAl specimens were Ofous""
! ~ RatsylPtyss na spbtpli,sa 10 tbs sseisIy
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

Prof FRANK W. BLACKMAR OF tho Kansas State
University has found subject worthy Of
investigation in the Spanish Institutions Of
The Southwest baltimore Johns Hopkins's
pressl Tho territories which we obtained
from Mexico in 1S4S offer Il relatively new and
interesting field Of study to the sociologist
1t Is field. moreover which must be explored
at once IL it Is to be proiltably worked at all.
for Anglo American institutions are rapidly
supplantng those of the earlier white settlers
The researches prosecuted by Mr.. Blackmar
in the region referred to. cover the period
from the Spanish conquest Of New Mexico in
the sixteenth century to 1916 For the thorough
exposition OF this theme, however. tho writer
is obliged in preliminary chapters to go
much further back. The times OF Cortes are
briefly reviewed in order to discover what in
stitutions OF old spain were transferred to the
colonies. and again the institutions OF old
Spain themselves must be examined In order
to explain the nature of those transmitted
The key to tho difference between Spanish and
Teutonic Institutions Is to DO found in the in
luence of Rome upon the former. and accord
ingly Mr.. Blackmar begins by calculating the
Roman origin OF Spanish civilization. Al
though he can nlot onlyA few pages to this
branch OF his topic. he has managed to con-
dense in these great deal of~lscful informa-
ton and suggestions.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

To THE EDITOR OF The SuS->W: That q
native Government, however tyrannI "a "r ar
bitrary. is immensely prei"sn Il" ,r foreign
domination. no matter how enlightened mo
foreign rulers may be. has ncSct been moro
forciby illustrated t,,ar by tho preset p"i'y
OF the Car with regard To- the iDm,n" fl.ns
in Russia. The ukasr forbi !ding the rNsora-
ton Of wheat and other food prodGr'' j. 'In'
duestiOnahy u stltrsmaniSe Hn'i Ms pro-
ceeding. aud mt one stroke @rr- great Nay
toward meeting tire cmcTI my N'ir1 ir'-
visions IRE stored in II country THO a'5
cheaper md more accessible t,i.n wuoA sup
plies have to be purchased and tran,l"t"i
from abroad Though no legislation. h"% ""r
elaborate. can entirely mitiglt. the sun 'AH;'
Of the wholly destitute vet it is rh""ri-r'.
faction that the Gar AMI h- sat"avs ar"'"'1;
famine in the p"vn.ty stricS "a .Ii-tr -.
Contrast this with thu unt.Iuwci p,.lrT 81
E1ngla55a dnr I the a wi in N c, Nv !"
exported from Ireland du.i y! iStIihnn "nIl
feed p"nustII9n, ONO n ,n A., hl, i XII
E sa% sx"r %, nt" ai !@nrn MH tH
Generost y and frn.dwm. allowed = nli,"l
humnn beings t"!iin. OF -ia Ni'nn r,'t'n"'',srn
The products which wcro 81 mnra n'''' a
home were shirpe!l H. England I" nay. '"", -
ahsentee landlords and trnu,r I" ,nt%,t" a,
taxation. 1t u fortunate FOR In. d"-ttN'' ~
Russia to-day that they are not OF iilli G'..l,,
Gus Kingdom on which the sun n"N"r '.i~
perlnps there ara no p.opl. in the w'lll nv '
loud In their Recommendation, 81 III" oytr lnIl
the English. Yet. It would havr h"'n We, ,f
humanity II the English Sewerage d"I ~"
English Legislature had been n. r'nsn l"'4',
for their Irish subjects in 80 ~ III" ~ T., i!r
his people In their present hour al n'"d 'ulii
Is lesson over which "usiny-d nat ~ -',NlI
ponder carefully. and II any p"rsrr in ,i'~ '|'i
81 liberty fails to comprrl .nt why ir"H"n /,
t,trngg' y ftr native iGs,.n''f,n ~ r. M" ,
SUBJECTS. and compare It with H. "''a ~
christ an and mnsympatha tic r"uGa"t 81 Lr! !.
land toward Ireland. her trihutIy s'-T
during the caamitous fnminc Of lHhi \ -
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

Of bench along the wall. md possible 4,
few chairs plated with thongs or rawbido
In an alcove. or ut one side, WAC
the bed. separated frt>in the main room,
by curtains or board part ions Tho beds in
the poorer dwellings were g,OcralIr formed ~,
rawhide stretched across head und i,,. n;o,,,
There were. To he sure. some EXAMPLES uf !,
higher type OF houses, built IN Il bOck shurn
with small inner courts. whcr" iuw Ts huW,nui
md possibly fountains played. Nind suon
which opened the rooms. These hon es wcra
frequently well supplied with impur.ro (urni.
turc
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

Notwithstanding the successive wnvcs OF
Nandai. Visigothic. and Saracrnic INVASION
which have swept over the Ibcran peninsula
since the era Of the Roman domination. thereis
traceable direct continuity Of Roman institu-
tions in Spain from the time when The first
Ronian colonies were planted there up to tho
present day. Although tho lowing
spirit Of the German has played II considerh-
bio part In the making Of the Spanish nation.
the Roman Inv. the Roman religion. and the
Roman system of collective and municipal ad-
ministration have been tho IrepondcratinG In
fiuences In tho evolution Of tho national polity
The means adopted to Introduce tho Roman
civilization were colonization. voluntary ini-
migration. and the gradual extension OF the
system OF provincial administration over the
whole peninsula. In tho generation immedi-
ntely following the conquest by Scipio 103 to
100 d. c. moro than 10000 italian settlers
entered the province OF Spain. BY tho reign
OF Augustus there were in the peninsula nifty
communities possessed OF tho full Roman citl-
zenship. while nearly fifty others had received
the qualified privileges called Latin rights.
As early as the time OF Straoo the towns Of
Bnctica had become Roman In custom and
speech. and one OF these. Itnllca tOld Sovlle). u
colony founded by Scipio's veterans was des-
tined to lie tho birthplace Of three Noman En-
pcrors. Traian, Hadrian. and Theodoslus.
Tho provincial system OF Roman administra-
ton under the republic had many marks OF
excellence. although it WAS perverted In the
latter days OF tho empire When u country
first submitted to Rome. constitution was
given to tho people fixing tho amount OF trib-
ute to be paid. and defining their obligations
to the New Government. and. that order
might be the sooner restored. the people re-
ceived new civil code For six centuries Ro-
man law maintained an unchallenged ascend
ancy In tho Iberlan peninsula. 1t Ii true that
for some time after tho conquest OF Spain by
the vsigoths in the fifth century. A. d.. tho
law OF the barbarian invaders and the law OF
their Roman subjects remained distinct.
About the middle OF the seventh century how
ever. the two bodies OF law were united In one
code commonly known as tho Fuero Juzgo.
and regarded as the source OF Spanish Iuris-
prudence. In this code the traces Of Teutonic
society have disappeared and Roman princi-
pies predominant. They were not obliterated
, even by tho domination OF the Arab Moors- and
have continued TO sway the legal lustorS.ot
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08
J v.

Whore do the bones OF Columbus rest? It Is
the final stage OF their migration which has
been the subject OF controversy. Columbus
died on tho 10th OF May. 1903. in the city Of
vaIladolld. at tho house No. Gale de Colon.
lie had sunk lnto'such coiarlete oblivion that
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1891-11-08

in Mr.. Winsof's opinion. the information
which has come down to US concerning the
early sesisrIng life Of Columbus is undeserv-
lag 81 much credit and dinicult to place IN
Chronological order He dismisses the abun.
dsut Details relating to this period furnished
By some OF tho disoovsrers bioRrsphers as
bsins the hlling up Of seant outline with the
eolors Of IN unfaithful Inner The question.
however. whether Columbus ever visited Ice
land ls ono Of great historical interest for II
no did tho Gonoeso navigator might have
learned OF tho discovery Of western conti-
nent BY the Mortimer somo four centuries
before To this inquiry. therefore. Mr. winsor
devotes q separate chapter. Tho assertion that
C0lumbus had visited the sens OF tho for north
ID made In the se.oalled Historic" Of Chris
TOPPER Columbus. Questionable italian ver-
sion published in 1871 Of Spanish original
biography. whore. citing o memoir by Column
bus himself, ION the Ave habitable zones"
the translator or adaptor makes the Ad-
miral say that in February, 1447. he
sailed hundred leagues beyond the
taland Of Tile. which lies under tho 73d
parallel and not Under tho 63d. ms some
saE" Mr. winsor points out that there Is NO
lAAd st sil IN the Nottlicrn Atlantic under tho