The prison mirror. [volume] (Stillwater, Minn.) 1887-1894, 1891-12-17

this gave to the Boulanger party. change was
made in 1889. so that the deputies of each arron-
basement elected one ticket. They are
elected by universal suffrage for four years. The
French colonies also allowed to send deputies
to the national assembly The deputies receive a
salary of 5000 francs.
The senate is composed of three hundred mem
bers. At first seventyfve were chosen for life,
and vacancies in this class were to be filed by the
senate itself. The others are elected for nine
years. seventy-five every third year. Since 1884.
in accordance with law enacted in that year.
vacancies among life members have been filled
for nine years only. This. of course, will do away
with life membership in time. Senators receive
a salary Of $4,000 francs. Senators elected
by electoral colleges. The electoral college in
each department is composed of the whole num-
Der of deputies from that department, the gen.
eral council, the councils of the ACCOMPLISHMENTS
and special delegates from the communes. No
member of any family which formerly ruled in
France can become senator.
The two houses sit in joint assembly for only
two purposes. to amend the constitution and to
elect the president Of the republic. The const.
tuition may be amended whenever a majority of
the national assembly desire it. The presidents
death resignation the national assembly meets
and elects another, not to complete the unex.
PRED term. but for seven years. A majority of
all the members of both houses is necessary to
choice.
The president is assisted by cabinet of eleven
ministers. viz: Ministers of justice. of finance of
war; of the navy and colonies. of foreign affairs,
of the interior. who has charge of all the projects
ton, religion and fine arts; of agriculture. of
trade and industry. and of posts and telegraphs.
The president is responsible to the national as
sembly for treason only. but the ministers re-
sponsble to the chamber of deputies for all their
official acts. When the deputies refuse to carry
out the plans of the ministers by proper legisla
ton, the mi nsters Immediately resign, and the
president then has the task of forming cabinet
in sympathy with the majority of the chamber of
deputies.
The government has full authority over all the
acts of the projects, mayors general councils and
municipal councils. 1t can dissolve councils or
dismiss projects if it sees it The president with
the consent of the senate. may dissolve the cham
Der of deputies, but he must call an election for
another within certain time. The government
also yields powerful influence through the
scnool system. because the projects appoint all
teachers in the primary schools. Primary instruc-
ton is furnished the communes. Each commune
of 500 people must support school for boys
and one school for girls. The teachers of these
schools are educated in a large number of nor
NAL schools. There is one of these schools for
every department. Secondary instruction is
given by the state in lyceums, by the communes
in communal colleges, and by the clergy in semi
naries. To educate professors the state has es.
tablished high normal school. All these contrib
ute toward the Capitalization of authority.
Owing to the vast number of Offices at the dis.
posal of the government, and the absence of any
civil service law, the evil effects of the spols
system much more apparent in France than
in own country.