davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1891-08-13

This Office had the pleasure Of call
from Shelly Winget, of Albert, Tues.
day. He says there has been very
little wheat coming in at his station
yet. The rain of Monday night was a
great help to the corn in that vicinity.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1891-08-13

1t is scarcely necessary for the
secretaries of the central committees
to request that full delegations be
present. as that is usually the case, at
least before they leave town.-News.
The News of course has reference to
the republican convention, as the
democratic convention has not been
called. Then, too, it is we'll under
stood that democrats can handle all
elements of a ''filling" tendency with
out OVERRIDING the thing, SO that the
above comment could not apply to the
delegates to democratic convention.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1891-08-13

The peoples party central commits
tee at their meeting Saturday issued a
call for county convention to be held
at Heisington on Saturday, August
29th. The primaries to elect delegates
to same will be held Saturday August
%, in the various wards and town.
oh;pe
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1891-08-13

A. j. Sears, living some ten miles
south of Great Bend, had the misfor-
tune, Thursday evening last, to be
badly cut on a barbed wire fence. He
was riding large stallion which be-
came unruly and ran into the wire
with him cutting one of his legs, be-
low the knee in a very serious manner.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1891-08-13

Pswnee Rock lodge K. of P. is rap
idly working up a good membership.
New accessions are made to its roll of
brave knights almost every week.
The DEMOCRAT congratulates the boys
or, thair offsc;onf unrf
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
PERSONAL ITEMS.
What People are Doing in and
Out Of Roanoke.

Eston Randolph, OF tho firm of Ran
dolph & Randolph, has been confined to
his room for several days with q
severely sprained ankle. Ills partner,
Wm. f. Randolph, will be in the city in
a few days.
B. Y. Bandy, of the firm Of Bandy
Bros. &c Co., real esi ate agents, has gone
to Lexington on business trip.
Mr.. Campbell, a prominent citizen of
Rockbridgo county, and father of John
L. Campbell. OF Bedford City, died at
his home Wednesday and was buried
yesterday.
DR.. ii. a. Sims has began the erection
of two handsome residence buildings
near Midway.
Rush U.'Derr, who has bcen suffering
with an affection of the eyes for several
days, will BIO out to-day.
George +. Payne is confined to his
room with severe indisposition.
w. A. Vest, son of j. A. Vest, of the
70 ice force, has purchased tho fruit
stand at the corner of Salem avenue and
Commerce street, for his two little
brothers. The boys are Industrious lit
tie fellows and deserve to be encour-
;ppd
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
CITY BULLETIN.

pleasant place to spend day. The
mammoth furniture room of L. II. STEW
ART IL Co.. containing "A, 72O square feet
of flooring, is filled with house furnish
ings from novelties to essentials.
Evans e Chalmers have the largest
stock of oils, varnishes and Longman
and Martinez paint ever brought to Ro-
anoke.
Stoves stoves stoves! cheaper
than ever at nj. II. jennings Sc Co., Sa-
lem avenue, near Market uouse.
oct7-tf
You need not go North or West to
know the latest styles in the house
furnishings of to-day. Our buyer is
constantly Oh the market and takes them
from the designer. A more artistic dis
play never before exhibited in n South
ern city. e. III. STEWART tG Co., the
house furnishcrs of the Southwest.
Buy your cooking stoves from NJ. III.
Jennings & Co., near Market House, Sa-
lem avenue.
Road plows, road scrapcrs, and all
kinds of railroad ard mineral supplies
at Evans & Chalmers.
Evans e Chalmers have just received
car load each of sash weights,
powder old hickory wagons, cider mills,
sash, doors and blinds.
We have full corps of statesmen
and salcsladies who will take great
pleasure in showing you through each
and every department in our establish
mcnt. Z. Ii. STEWART & c..
Evans e. Chalmers have just received
large stock of guns, rifles and sporting
goods. Call and examine their stock.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
THE NIGHT SCHOOL

Has Factoring Opening With Sixty-five
Pupils Present.
The meeting at the courthouse last
night to organize the free night school
was very flattering to those who are in
terested in tho success of this import
ant enterprise.
AT 8 o'clock, the hour appointed for
the meeting, about sixty-fve young
men and boys werc on hand to join the
classes to be formed
OF the teachers arranged for, Prof
William Taylor Thorn, Messrs. Temple,
Lazell, Henderson, Dunlap, Coffin and
Rice were present. They proceeded to
enroll the names of all who desired to
receive the instruction, with the
branches that they will take.
There will be classes in mechanical
and free hand drawing, arithm etc,
algebra, geometry, mechanics and
physics.
The classes will be formally organized
next Friday. and after that time in
struction will be given Monday, We'd
nesday, and Friday evenings.
Quite a number of the pupils the
schools starts out with are mechanics
employed in the Industries of the CITY,
and there will be large classes in me-
chanical and frec-hand drawing. The
number of small boys were also notice
able.
The gentlemen who are leading in
this matter were gratified with the pros
poets afforded by the successful open
ing, which shows that Roanoke is ripe
for this kind of instruction.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
DINNER 50 CENTS.

BILL OF FARE SUNDAY, FEI, /. 1891,
Vegetable Soup
Chow CHOW. Gherkins.
Baked Sheepshead, Wine Sauce.
Domestic Potatoes.
Ok Tongue, Sauce piquant.
Mashed Potatoes.
Roast Turkey, Cranberry Sauce.
String Beans. Stcwed Corn.
Celery Sauce.
Plum Pudding, Brandy Sauce.
Cheese. Crackers.
French Drip Coffee,
Dinner served from 1896 to 3 o'clock
p. NJ.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

We arc revising our list of properties
for sale and take this method of asking
all owners of real estate to place their
property with us for sale as early as
possible. We are constantly getting
inquiries from many who will be with
us to invest shortly, and we want to
have our list thoroughly revised and BIO
roady for the spring trade. Full limo Of
business property wanted.
Thanking our many friends for thcir
liberal patronage in helping rs do tho
largest business last year ever done in
the city by one firm, we ask o confirm
ance Of their patronage for tho new
year, assuring them that every salo or
investment shall have our careful and
personal attention. C. OIBARY e Co,
real estate agents, Office No. Campbell
street. jan2l-tf
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
FOR SALE.

Agricultural implements. With a
Wow of closing out our entire stock Of
goods as above, we will offer any on
wishing to engage in that line of bust
ness, an exceptionally good bargain.
BROWN, JOHNSTON 81 CO.,
jan15-tf. Roanoke, Va.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
lteInOyai,

Ofiice OF Clare & Road, lumber dealers,
removed to corner Salem avenue and
Commerce street, Marklcy building,
room formerly occupied by Justice
Iiowerton. They keep on hand full
stock OF building material. Telephone
~. 4. y. box 1876. jan14-feb1.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Notice is hereby given that n general
meeting of tho stockholders of tho
American Bridge and Iron Company will
be held in the city of Roanoke, at tho
Office of Penn &c Cooke, on Friday. tho
9th day of March, 1891, at ii n. m.
by order OF tho board of directors,
LUcIAN Ii. Cooke Secretary. jan3O1t
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
To Whom This MAY Concern!

AS We arc closing up all our accounts
for last year, wo earnestly and respect
fully ask all parties indebted to como
forward and settle their accounts at
once. All accounts not settled in the
next thirty days will be placed in the
hands of an officer for collection
Respectfully,
janl0-1m GRINBERG 81 NORRIS.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
Pittsburgh Development Company.

Notce-Tho annual meeting of tho
stockholders Of Pittsburg Development
Company will be held at it's Offices, in
the city OF Roanoke. on Monday, Fcbru-
airy 2nd. 1891, at II o'c ock 4. m. All
stockholders arc requested TO be present
will he closed January 22nd.
janl-lm j. Is. LEVY, Secretary.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
Goods Below Cost.

Ten thousand dollars worth of cloth
ing and gents furnishing goods, shoes
and hats to be sold at once at half thoii
value, at 1870 Salem avenue. jaM2l-ln
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

To those intending to be present at
the burial of the late Walter Budwcll.
owing to the limited facilities afforded
by the dummy line, it will be possible
only for tho Immediate friends of the
family, pall-bcarcrs and Masonic fratcrn-
ity to be accommodated with transporta-
tion to the cemetery
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
-DoANOKE IRON COMPANY,

ROANOKE, Va, Jan. end, 1891.
NOTICE.-The annual meeting of the
stockholders, for the election of direc-
tors for the ensuing year will be held
at the company's office, in Roanoke, Va,
on Monday, February End, 1891, at 10 a.
m. JAMES T.. PORTER,
jan3-30t Secretary.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
Norfolk and Western Earnings.

The earnings of the Norfolk and Yves
tern railroad for the third week in Janu-
airy amounted to SITS, O97-an increase
of SlO,234. This includes tho Scioto
Valley and the Maryland and Washing
ton divisions
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Do NOT place your orders for blank
books for 1891 until after you have ex-
amined our work and prices Ham
mord's Printing Works and Book
Bindery, I 10 Jefferson street; telephone
1913
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
A Ikaro ISnrpnin.

Two lots in tho incest residence local
ity in the city will be sold at discoun
OF 25 per cent. II. w. SIMS e Co.,
Room 6, Masonic Temple.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Satisfaction guaranteed to every pur-
chaser of q piano or organ from tho
Hobbio Music Co., 10S Salem avenue. G..
Il. jennings manager, Roanoke, Lynch
burg, Knoxville.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
See w. IL. d. I?

VIM. II. Oliver, contrac tor and builder.
If you want building material,
If you want hardware or sla tc mantels,
If you want your house built,
If you want plans or specifications,
If you want work done promptly,
If you want first class workmanship,
If you want reasonable figures?
See w. II. OLIVER IL Co.. Onlce III
Salem ave; shop Earnest ave. jan23-3Ot
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
Trustees Sale.

Ten thousand dollars worth of cloth
ing and gents furnishing goods, shoes
and hats to be sold at once at half their
value, at 1870 Salem avenue. jan2l-lm
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Bring horses to Owen, stables; good
attention and moderate prices
jan20-1m
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Having secured tho services Of
Henry Davis the best horse shocr
in Virginia, late of j. j. Davis & Co.,
and e. q. IIaislip, we respectfully So
licit the patronage of all. j. j. OwEX,
No. % Fourth avenue S. w Telephone
No. 40. jan.0-lm
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
TwENTY-oNE MEALS FOR 50.

Bijou Restaurant, 107 Salem avenue.
Everything neat and clean. Cooking
first-class. Dining room for ladies and
gentlemen.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
H0W'S THIS 2

One business lot at corner of Salem
avenue and Randolph, Immediately in
front of overhead bridge, rs feet front.
AN exceptional bargain for few days.
One lot on Watt street west of Park.
S1.375; easy terms.
One hundred feet on east side of jeff
erson street, north of Rice street, $4,000
per foot. Call on
D. S. MEADOWS s. Co.,
at 40 Salem Ave-, for fuller descriptions.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

When an advertiser wants quantity In
stead OF quality he uses O bill board.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

OLD exchanges for sale at THE TIMES
Office; 90 cents per 100.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
To he Sold Mt n Sacrifice.

The entire stock OF clothing and gents
furnishing goods. shoes and hats; also a
large quantity of boys and children's
clothing. Sale to take place at once.
1870 Salem avenue.
;,not1, -,
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

Vegetable and harm1css, yet q mon
ster destroyer to any blood faint. A.
b. c. Alternative. Try it.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
MAYORS COURT.

Mayor Evans disposed of the follow
ing cases yesterday morning:
Edward Taylor drunk on the streets;
fined So and costs.
II. w. Saul, charged with being drunk,
was dismissed.
The case against Sam Barnett, charged
with vagrancy, was dismissed.
Russell Stewart, drunk and down on
Bunker Hill, fined So
John Martin was fined ST. and costs
for entering the boarding house of Mrs.
Avis, after being warned to keep away.
Ross Saunders and Laura Tinsley,
charged with fighting on Railroad ave
nue., were fined 81 each.
Il. d. Hall, disorderly conduct al
Bachrach's boarding house; fined S..
James Fry, colored, committing a
nuisance, fined So.
One price to all, and that the lowest
known, is the way the Knabe, Sohmer
Kranich and Bach and New England
pianos and Estey organs are sold by
the Hobbie Music Co., lOS Salem ave.
nue.. c. +. Jennings, manager, Roam
oke, Lynchburg, Knoxville.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31
ROANOKE, VIRGINIA.

convinced:
The Creston Land Company
offer their lots, size 4ox125
feet, at the low price of $500
each on the following terms
and conditions: One-third cash,
balance in one and two years,
and the company agrees if, at
at the expiration of six months
from the date of sale, any of
the purchasers are dissatisfied
with their purchase the COM
pany will refund their cash
payment when proper deed
is made over to the company
for said lot or lots. This
agreement is applicable only
to the original purchaser from
the company, and does not
apply to any property that may
have changed hands from the
original purchaser. The COM
pany, however, reserves the
right to cancel this agreement
at any time, as it, is intended
only for those embracing the
opportunity in making an
early purchase. To receive
the benefit of this agreement
we would advise investors to
come early and avoid the rush.
JAS. S. SIMMONS.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

-Four good residences and ono store
room on Salem avenue for rent.
jan27-5t DUPUY e. TALIAFEEEO.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

II you have q want put d small ad In
THE TIMES. 1t viii bring You what you
desire.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1891-01-31

For fino business and reuidence lots
call on II. w. SIMS & Co.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25

'i0ood pisht;" the trembling isshes fen
And softly Kissed her satin cheek;
He felt her bcauty's magic SPELL
'.0osd aigbt was all he dared TO speak.
And ysf her manner had been kind.
Her eyes had beamed with friendly light;
But no no further speech could find
Than those two simple words, Good
night"
But he had softly pressed her hand.
And met with his her glance, half shy,
And thought. She'll surely understand
The language Of the hand and eye"
And a. be homeward took his way
With this bright hope his heart was
light:
IL may not always need TO say
Tho parting words TO hers Good
nightr"
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25
Accidents.

For a slight cut, press tho edges to-
gether and bind with sticking plaster.
For choking give "A smart smack with
the open hand between tho shoulders.
To stop bleeding from tho nose. stand
upright and raise both arms above
the head.
Cover slight burns and scalds with a
little common whitening moistened
with water. Should child set fire 20
It's clothes, Immediately lay II on tho
floor. and roll II In the hearth-rug or
any other heavy woollen article.
To prevent swelling after blow,
rub the part Immediately with butter.
or dip handkerchief In cold water,
roll IL into thick pad. press IL 10 tho
part, and tie II ON with bandage un-
til other remedies can DO obtained. -
Selected.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25
A Quandary.

WAS that man drunk when you
saw himp" asked Justice Clark OF a
cautious witness. concerning the pris-
oner at the bar.
We'll | wouldn't swear 20 that
your honor" was the reply but he
seemed 10 be In quandary.n
"A quandaryP What was his quinn
dary" the justice inquired.
well. sir. he was standing In a
mud-hole. holding 70 a post. and
wanting 10 go home. He knew that
II he let go he'd fall In the mud. and
II he didn't go home he'd catch cold:
but he was still undecided when left.
and that was about two o'clock In the
morning"
Justice Clark fined tho accused. and
then his wife came In and found him.
and paid the bill. She seemed 10 be a
very business like woman. and Ind an
air about her that gave the lie 20 the
testimony about accused wanting 10 go
home. --Fairhavcn Herald.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25

some Of Them arc Made OF Bruysrs Root
and some Not.

Within two years pipe smoking has
auadrupled. People smoke pipes boz
cause by doing 30 they get "A better
smoke and pay nothing for it--next TO
nothing as compared with cigars.
But the great thing. ifyou are going
I'm for pipe smoking. says the New
York Sun. Is 10 know how 10 get a
pipe and what kind OF pipe TO get.
To begin with the day OF the meer-
schaum pipe has gone. Where one man
buys n meerchaum ten buy briar.
Briar pipes. or more properly bruyere
pipes, are made OF the wood and root
Of the bruyere bushes, and the south OF
France supplies nearly all the raw ma
terial for this now really great industry.
But you arc not 10 suppose because
you are going In for plain every day
biiar pipe that you are going TO get 1t
for small price. You can just get a
fairly good, straight unornamented
briarwood pipe for five-dollar bill.
II you want something nrst-class you
must pay from SIS 10 $2S for II. And
I'm these last named high priced pipes
IL is not the amber mouthpiece or the
silver ornamentation which costs the
money. II is the wood In the bowl
itself which Is expensive.
IL should be- borne in mind that a
pipe made from the bruyere wood and
the bruyero root are two different
things. The bruyere root, which Is
the part OF Il from which the pipes are
cut. IL gnarled. clumsy mass about as
big as big fist. Ii has three pecu-
liarities: II Is very hard; II IL at the
same time porous and viii take on a
beautiful color, like meerschaum; 1t
will also take beautiful polish
The bruyere wood il coarser In grain
and Is not porous. What isparticular-
ly looked at In briar root pipe is the
fineness OF the grain and the beauty OF
the markings These go 10 make up
the beauty OF bit OF bruyere root
just as the various grades Of crystalline
purity go 10 make up the value OF "A
diamond. You cannot get IA fine-grain-
cd, well-marked straight pipe short OF
$l5. IL should be remembered. though.
that when you have bought pipe OF
this kind you have got pipe for life.
With ordinary care they never wear
out. and a curious thing IL that the
longer you smoke u bruyere root pipe
the sweeter II gets.
In this respect II Is superior 10
meerschaum. A meerschaum Is at its
best when you buy It, An aged meer-
schaum Is sure To become more or less
"highn In odor.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25

Yes. but he was determined tc
die. Harkl What was thatP"
..Helloal''
Every eye was turned seaward. In
the direction from which the hailing
come.
Nothing could be seen but the white
foam OF the breakers and the lowering
clouds forming In the background q
chaotic mass of darkness.
''Harkm at length said another
fisherman. there IL Is again.
Every one listened. and now loud
shout was heard through the thick
gloom. A reply was quickly given and
then breathless suspense followed. IN
which every eye WAS strained TO the
utmost
See! there II isl at length cried
one. ''See just ON yonder wayel'
'.Hurrahl"
"A miraclel A miraclel" shouted
the people. as they saw the boat rise
and fall on the surge. showers OF spray
Aging over her, but apparently doing
no harm.
A few moments and the boat and IL
crew were safe.
The miser had started from his sea,
and stood trcmblingly gazing at the
approaching boat as she buffeted the
waves; no sooner did she touch the
ground than he rushed franticaily into
the surf and clasped his daughter 10
his heart.
he. would not loose his hold and the
fishermen had TO carry them both "a
dry land.
There they would have separated
the two for "A moment, but when they
spoke To the old man they found he
was lifeless. The two hours emotion
had been too much for his enfeebled
frame and he had died IN the revulsiou
from despair 10 sudden JOY.
After short period OF mourning had
passed. Polite Smelling, the miser's
daughter gave her hand TO Harry Dane,
the brave youth who for love risked
his life. The old miser had been
worth over million dollars all OF
which came 10 the young couple. This
was, however. the least part Of the
treasure, for they had the truest love
to bind them together and in his wife's
virtues and amiability Harry found
ample recompense for the long years
OF opposition on the part Of her parent.
The diamond drill. (Crystal Falls, Iron County, Mich.) 1887-1996, 1891-04-25

Iron Proves 10 bo vastly Better Than the
Costly Wood.

Metallic railway ties are by nc
means new invention, although the
railway companies OF the United States
have been singularly backward In
adopting them. They were laid upon
European roads as early as 1860, and
since that time the number has in
creased, 40 that In 1890, no less than
10. :22 miles OF track were laid with
them. In addition % this there were,
Ia the same year, 1921 miles in Africa.
93l4 in Asia, chiefly In India, and S7Ss
in Mexico. Central and South America;
but in the United States nation usu-
ally In the lend of all improvements.
there were only two miles, those hay
ing been put down as expert ment.
Quito aside from the question OF cost,
IL would seem that that OF safety, alone,
were OF sufficient Importance 10 justify
the substitution Of n substantial metallic
tie for the short-lived wooden one, with
It's unreliable fastening Three-fourths
OF "A mile OF track were laid with these
ties on the Chicago. Western
a. Indiana Railroad In Chicago
III OtloDtIs 1907 ullu lnt bluit
elapsed has been sufficient 10 give
results OF some reliability. The ties
were laid at point whore the ballast
was light gravel and the traffic eighty
regular trains In one direction each
day. the heaviest engine weighing 96. :
900 pounds. with 10, 600 pounds on
each pair OF drivers. During the If
teen months that the ties have been
down. 81, 800 trains have passed over
them; and Mr.. Clarke. tho manager,
states that the cost OF maintenance has
been so small as 20 be hardly worth
taking into consideration. The ends
Of the rails. where those laid upon
wooden ties become slightly nattened,
had remained perfectly smooth and
even, indicating the absence OF the
wheel blow at the joint. injurious To
rail and rolling stock alike. Riding
over the section had been AS II Il were
laid with continuous rails. The rails
had stood perfectly upright aud had
worn evenly upon the top. The frecS.
ing and thawing OF two winters had
had no effect upon the track. which
had remained In perfect line and sur
face. The fastenings had remained
good, and the track was as firmly held
AS when first laid.