The morning call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1878-1895, 1890-12-14

Ing the reliability or character OF any person or
firms in this city or elsewhere.
Questions, answers 10 which are In the nature
OF an advertisement. will not be answered. ,
Every inquiry must have The true and iull
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~, oLsTo1's ATTEMPTED REFoRMs-J.
AS II. D., City. To answer your ques-
S1SS ton relative to the Government re-
forms in Russia attempted by Tolstoi, but
which, according to the telegraph re-
ports from the provinces have proved a
failure, one needs TO tell the history Of
RusSia's internal politics TO the present
date from the 18th of June. 1881, when
Count Tolstoi was appointed Minister Of
the Interior to succeed General Count lgna-
tieG, who was appointed on March 90, 1881.
As was written of him in 1882:
Tolstors elevation indicates the close OF the
epoch of remedial form aud of tie immediate
prospect for any representative government.
The representatives OF the policy which the
Gar chose TO follow = Katkoff Pobodonoszef
and TOlstOi-prOmiSe 10 restore The hlial deYo-
lion OF The Russian people to the Gar, and their
fidelity 10 the national church by rgidy repress-
ing all independent political and religious
thought. The measures of Ignaien for the relief
and protection OF tile sects were rescnded.
Tie new Minister, whose policy was 10 pre-
serve The autocracy and the bureaucratic
system, lis cnncOmliant. applied himself asslduous-
IL TO reforming the abuses In The administration,
which had become more fragrant than ever
not aliow him TO dismiss suoordi-
nate for any cause. ostOi WAS by training Il
vigorous bureaucrat OF unimpeachanle integrity.
WHO was not Inclined 10 suleT negligence or IT.
regularity, apait from the consideration that the
success of his policy depended upon reforming
the abu.es of the bureaucratic government. The
pu1 n N
lichtening the burden of taxation 10 stem the
tide of discomfort and followed the scheme OF tax
reform alieady ipaugu aled by Ignatieh
While the Cars representative In the
Holy Synod proposed to lay deep the
foundations of loyalty and orthodoxy.
Tolstoi announced, nevertheless, a plan
for the liberation OF the least harm
fl" of the sects, meaning the Old
Believers OF Muscovy. Numerous arrests
made in 1888 under Tcl,toi's ad-
ministra;ion reduced the number of daring
and desperate conspirators, but by many
evidences, kept from the knowledge Of
the public as far as possible, the
Government perceived that the revolution
airy party was not less numerous or danger
Gus than Before, and the prefecture of police
was established. The censorship of books
was CARR, to a very eXtravagant pitch /;
and while frequent orders were given for
the confiscation of works that had entered
INTO circulation with tie imprimatur of
BiNNibAo NtllSOls, III august, 1909, more
sweeping decree than any preceding pro-
hibited from circulation 125 works by Rus
sian and foreign authors, the most popular
and influential being included in the inter
dict and even English authors. BY subse-
quent enactment youths under 16 years of
age were prohibited from obtaining or read
ing any work without the express permits
sion Of their teachers. TolstOi was also
empowered TO purify the secondary schools:
tue int llectual life of the universities was
blighted by placing professors and students
under the censorship and discipline of milf
tary martinets" and "schcol-boys in the
classical and scientific preparatory schools
were subjected to police surveillance
and htld accountable for their political opin-
ions" while I'm the gymnasiums. which
are the schools of the aristocracy. the sys-
TEN of instruction was altered for the dis
tinct purpose of stunning thought and
knowledge, with all studies practically
banish' d from the curriculum In favor of
the classics and classical training reduced
10 sterile drill in grammar. A new regula-
ton Tor the universities was issued in the
autumn oil 1854. and special police was
Reconstructed in every one for ,the over
sight OF professors and students, in
charge Of an inspector directly ap-
pointed by the Minister of the In
terror. Even harsher regulations in the
universities were adopted after the at
tempted assassination Of the Car in March,
1857, and when toward the close of the year
students riots occurred in many of these
and other educational institutes many of the
universities were closed absolutely. In 1888
Tolstoi even proposed bill prohibiting
peasant pr0prietOrs from selling their lands,
and in that anne year another proposition,
made on suggestion and empowering him to
remove evangelical pastors il the Baltic
provinces after they have been sus-
pendrd by the Governor was ap-
proved by the Council of the en-
kfit ION,
on The part of influential statesmen that the
Car ordered the matter recOnsidered and
the proposition was voted down, the Gar
again changing bis mind and confirming the
decision OF the minority. Then also the
Car las been influenced to act in foreign
affairs sometimes in variance with the Off
ciaily declared policy of his Government
and early in 1883 1olstoi brought forward a
project fer the transformation of the repre-
s-n alive bodies of the governments and dis
triets established by the law of January, 1864
anu changing the basis of representa-
lion by giving the mobiles q great prepon-
derance. there being much opposition to
this plan, practically extnguishing the right
OF se.i-gOvernment, the question was post
poned Tor one year. when il was rejected by
a considerable majority by the Council of
State in January, but ratified by the Gar
IN July, 1889, the change restoring to the
Central Government a large part OF the COM
mltied authority and depriving the people
OF the right OF electing the minor judiciary
PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT-L. c., City, Pyr-
anids are found in various parts of the old
and new world, the most important being
those II Egypt, India and Mexico. Those
OF Egypt are the most famous. seventy in
number, of various sizes, and are considered
among the seven wonders of the world. To
carry the stone TO Ghizeh from the ouarries.
vast tauseway, eight miles long. was built,
occupying the labors Of over 100, 600 men for
ten years before the inclined way, fifty yards
vide and forty feet high, was built. Then
twenty years more were given to the build
ing of the great pyramid from mass of
stone weighing not less than $4,000 tons.
The construction suggests the use of these
pyramlds In observing the movements of
heavenly bodies. The four sides were di-
rected toward the cardinal points and raised in
more titan 200 layers or stages, which was
perhaps the earliest manner of building
Most of these pyramids were used either as
royal Sepulchers or religious monuments
and were apparently connected with temples,
whose ruins have in places been un-
west margin of the valley of the Nile,
few miles above Cairo, and are
found at short intervals usually in sroups
1or some sixty or seventy miles farther
up the river and not far back from it.
the nearest group TO Cairo being that Of
1s<ehs SoboIoblhG VI tulEc Two OI
which exceed all others in their dimen sions.
Without doubt other pyramids have disap-
peared in the long period OF nearly forty
centuries since they were constructed. The
quarrying OF and the transportation OF the
blocks of extraordinary dimensions and
their adjustment in proper places in
dicate surprising degree of mechanical
skill and the employment of mechanical
power beside any known TO have been pos
sessed by the ancient Egyptians, notwith-
standing the unlimited amount of human
labor at command The largest of them
known as the great pyramid, covers an area
Of about twelve or thirteen acres, the side of
It's square measuring TAG feet, and its height
$50 feet inches, though its dimensions
were reduced from a base Of 764 feet and a
height of 4S0 feet by the removal of the outer
portions to furnish stone for the city of
Sairo. The date OF these structures is not
far from 2500 B. C.
HUNGARIAN REVOLUTIONS. L., City,
% Various were the causes which led to the
Hungarian revolution of 1883. The very
existence of Hungary as nation was at
stake Upon the news Of the French reyo-
luton the Liberals assumed a more de.