davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
SPARKS FROM THE 1ELEGRAPA

Tho Msssachuse,s House yesterday passed tho MeRS
Elevated Railroad bill 10 be enRrossed.
The business part OF Cambridge, Wis was DESTROYED
by an incend!arv IRE on sunday night Loss SI350o.
Major Wi'smHn and Mr.. Meskenzio the agent of tho
British EaSt Africa Company have started from Europe
4. Du Bois one of Haryard'S colored students was
yesterday assigned one Of the commencement day
Con W. T. sherman has accepted an invitation to DO
held in Portland, Me. on July l.
Louisa johnson. swede of IL who loft her place OF
hire in rOS1d cO1n two wesss found dead
and was probably Insane from tho Erip.
,,ssn meant ese a ha Gf G ss 81 the
per cent made Il Necessary Tor uncS sam to 70
fund tho Boston hat manufacturers about 10000
1 he Of 9s SS IL ny ROM
which Cen rutnAm Of Revolutionary fame eaped into
s si;SS Was destroyed 0' fire Gu sunday The loss
Tho President has commnted to imprsonms mt at the
fS :HSf eFS,n
Policeman Adler.
the HO'tGn MSaGppb x cG"rt ;eay the
aesd coaseg rec The Value soas
s IN ssr SP tic decision OF Gov
Eugene Dumas FrenchmAn born In Egypt. who
TspTssens hmse,t as an agent OF the G.4tsme,s pry
sSsssd number Of New SorE pawn nSis% s w YER,
CORPORAL william Hacteu of tho marine guard at tho
t o snE sA SIso a. MsTSor s 1Ss
mSLEei a. The target he et.pped ogf lust as marine
serious and possibly fatal wound.
William Baney In Jail awaiting trial for tho murder
OF his grandmother and aunt in their home in Green
Mount avenue, Baltimore Yesterday George BlGney,
his brother convicted OF q bootless burglary In
Green Mount avenue the scene of the double nnF
der and was sentenced 10 the penitentAry for I'VE
yeErs
on Friday morning Alvin J. Van BuskTk employed
by "a Boston builder, and Harry Freeman left Boston
with new steam launch TO lie delivered at kewbuTy.
port. Van BuSsirLE body was found on Salisbury
BeAch on Saturday night and on sunday the launch
was found bottom up IN lpswich Hay There no trace
OF Freeman
Mrs sally X Wilcox widow Of Samuel " ilcOX, living
with her nephew Wetthed, Conn wandered away
from tho house on sunday while the family were at
church. A search was Instituted, and hBI body wa
found yinE In apond pear The sdHs Of t4s hoqss fhS
vas NJ year. Old, and had evidently fallen doWhl AZ
Onkaakka0ht ibLs the water
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
Died mt the Race Track.

Shortly after the fourth race OF the Brooklyn
Jockey Club had been run Al Gravesend yes
terday afternoon persons were seen hurrying
into the upper end OF the grand stand. adjoin-
ing the betting pavilion. The news spread
through tho grounds that man was dying
Two physicians and Chief of tho detective
force. Robert Pinkerton. were soon ut tho
mans side rendering all possible aid. 1t wns
seen AT once that he was dying. apparently OF
RpoplaXy Whom he became unconscious he
was carried to room In the club house. where
he died AT 40 o'clock Of heart failure.
The man was Frederick CQnklipg OF Garfield
apparently about IS years old He had s3l in
his, pockets some jewelry, and four tickets on
ana another on Lord Dalmeny. The mans
face was familiar to many OF the regular race
Roers but nobody seemed TO know anything
about him. eXcept that he was supposed to do
business In New York and that he had II wife
ana TWO children,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
ADJUSTMENTS.
9Th. Pr,v,t, secretary" Revised.

Although yesterday was Monday without q
new play in all New York. there was not q
total lack Of new stage matter The Private
Secretary" had been revised for revival at the
Lyceum Theatre. and some OF the material
was original with william Gillette, who had
added to his previous translation OF a German
farce. He had paid particular and very
humorous attention to the travesty OF spirit
ualism, and had, besides elaborated many
familiar comicalites OF this always very funny
farce.
a company almost altogether excellent had
been formed for the purpose OF this reprodue-
ton. and, excepting two or three mem her5
they made all possible laughter with their
roles. Easily In their lead wa, was William J.
in his best vein, Next in merry regard was
Charles Coote as the misupderst9od and nal,
treated private secretary. NJ, predecessor had
done better with the Part. The Epiuster. by
May Robson. was a piece OF artistic droIlery
very remarkable for q yeung actress; There Is
abundant summer hiiarty in The Private
Secretary" as hore presented.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
NEWS OF THE STRIKES.
No Further EiEht-hour Demand Until tho
Carpenters Set Through.

No Further EiEht-hour Demand Until tho
Carpenters Bet Through.
Tho Executive Council OF the American Fed
Grafton OF Labor met In the Labor Lyceum
yesterday morning and discussed the eight
hour movement. Reports from all over the
country showed that in some places the de-
mands OF the carpenters had not been success
full and that strikes were still going on. The
Council decided to postpone the selection Of
the next trade to try Tor eight hours until the
final settlement of the carpenters strikes. 1t
IS very likely that tho miners turn will come
next. 1t was resolved to call on workingmen
to continue holding meetings for the purpose
make next Labor Day a grand holiday for IN
eight, demo1n nsn ion uior,oo0r 1oo
Compsny's Harlem branch. 12Sth street and
East River. say that the forty;;two helpers en-
ployed there struck yeftcrday, because their
had received $3.50 for Is tons delivered q week
posted by which the driver is required to put
out Ii tons before the helper is paid $4:lS
tons for IS: 80 tons for s.. The driver gets sl2
week.
Nearly 1000 unemployed conk makers held
mass meeting in New Everett Hall. 81 East
Fourth street. yesterday afternoon to appeal to
their fellow workmen for assistance and en-
couraGement. They. claim that they were
which Would compel them 10 leave their union.
and because the manufacturers feared they
would Strlke IN the middle OIL June, Wnen inc
busy season begins. Tho manufacturers say
they simply discharged the mon for lack OF
sufficient work to keep them busy. ..,.
OF the trouble. The Secretary Of the Cloak
makers Union said YESTERDAY that unless the
other employers discharged their men. there
would be no general strike.
At tho headquarters of the strikinR cigar.
makers 932 East Eighth street. IL was said
yesterday that all the reports to the effect that
the strike would become general, were false:
Any shop that chose to strike could do 30 and
would receive announcement from the union.
but the other cigarmakels would not stop
work on that account. There were nearly
1900 mon out yesterday.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
FOOLISH ACT or 4 YOUNG LOVER.
He Falsely Accuses uIunseIr or Crime apd
Dies In Prison.


HARRISBURG. May 26.-Last spring young
Irishman named Herman Fitzgerald. who had
arrived in America a few months before made
his way into Perry county, and obtained en-
ployment with a farmer. He was Industrious
and got along we'll. As the autumn came on
the young man fell in love with the sister OF
his employer. Their mutual attachment was
observed by Fiizgorald's friends. and they
guved him numerically about his love affair.
Patience ceased TO DO virtue. and lie became
involved in quarrel with two OF his tormen-
tors. who thrashed him. He felt the disgrace
OF his defeat, and left the place, hoplnR TO lor-
get all about his troubles.
He stopped at n farmhouse in Juniata coun-
ty, twenty miles away. ana remained there
He heard the farmers talking about the burn
ing Uf two barns u short time before and i'm
mediately concocted the story that he was the
incendiary. On the following day he went he
fore a Justice and confessed the crime. lie
was placed in the county lail. anu last Decem,
Der was convicted When tho Court sentenced
him to ten years And SIX mo reala IN ' b est
GUS position, and on the way back to the
lail lie admitted to the Sherin that he had
not told tue truth; that he knew nothing what
Ing the story was that he wantedto 60 10 Iail
about six months In order TO escape his per-
secutors in Perry county. ,,
lows friends. and steps we're immediately taken
TO procure his release. AS hls nrst COMES
sion had been doubted on the trial. not only
the Jury, they all united In plea to the Board
OF Pardons In his behalf. Last week the az:
plicaton was argued before the Board, and
abilities being that he would be hardened at
the next sitting. Now a telegram reaches the
Board that the unfortunate young man uleI IN
the penitentiary on last Tuesday OF typhoid
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
FIYORITES' DAY AT LArONTA.
HuAtress Wins the Third and Last or the
Jack POt Stakes.

CINCINNATI. May 26.-One- sided racing
marked the snort ut LatoniR to-day this being
duo to the heavy scratching. fourteen OF the
original forty-ive entries failing to toe the
limo The heavy rain OF Saturday night had
made the track heavy. while the weather was
also threatening. In spite OF these drawbacks
the attendance was large. numbering close to
5000. Fox rode two winners. and Huntress
ended the much talk cd of Jack Pot Stakes by
winning the third renewal OF this race In the
same style as she achieved her triumphs at
Lexington and Louisville. Her victory to-day
ended this race. which will probably never be
revived. Tho other lucky horses were Major
Tom Birthday. Sportsman. and Woodford.
three Of which. like Huntress. were the favor
ties In the betting,
Laura Ford was scratched In the first race
selling purse for three-year Odds and up
ward. one mile. leaving Il field OF ten
to 20 TO the post. of which Hopeful was
the favorto and was never dangerous. After
spirited contest, IN which nearly all took part
Major Tom 1902. ridden by Boyer. II 10
shot drew out. winning under strong punish
ment by a scant length rom lidotte. Germanic
third. Time, 49,. The winner is a son OF
season lie Is quite speedy colt. and, like all
OF his great sire's get, promises to improve.
SgGHa GT
seven starters silver hing being drawn. San
ards and birthday were even favoritos at 3 to
ers by leading into the stretch. birthday head
ed him at the stand and won by short neck
ROllin liawley was third Blk lengths behind
Sanards. Time. :i7ta
The sweepstakes for three. year olds and up-
ward one milo and a sixteenth. had only nvo
sthrteIs out OF the original nineteen entries.
sportsman, III, Fox W, was an even money
lRyoHte. Taking The lead early In tie action,
no made all the running and. Sailing on Daisy
F's rush In tho stretch he won In driving
finish by q short head Catalna, who was
third, was beaten SIX lengths. Time l:53i.
IL was the winners second appearance this
season, and having won both his races, thore is
no telling how good he is.
As ut Louisville. HuntTess. l2l. Kiley up and
Outbound 1872 ridden by Erre wore the start
ers in the last renewal Of the Jack Pot Stakes.
one mile and half There was no betting o
was 10 to ! against Outbound. The latter was
able 70 stay by. iluntresss side for a mile,
drew out tEomship: WinnnlnG, pulling upi by g
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
RAILROADS IN CHINA.
A Syndicate that Will Buy 5everaI1MulIon
Dollars Worth of Material.


P1TTsDURaH. May ga few weeks ago q
Chinese passed through Pittsburgh who repI O.
sented wealthy syndicate formed to build a
new railroad in China. This morning three
more Chinese arrived at tho Union Depot on
the western express from New York. They
were on their way West to examine tho rail-
roads In that section. They form committee
to represent the syndicate mentioned above,
and are authorized to place orders for what
ever equipment is necessary for the railroad.
The three strangers gave their names as Woo
Chin, Kee Foo and Lee Wing. They all belong
to the nobility. Lee Wing. who acted as
spokesman. said:
THE syndicate we represent will introduce
a new era in China. We intend to order all the
necessary equipment before We leave this
country for a road 600 miles in length. Rails
rolling stock. and everything needful will como
from America. We are now going to make a
tour Of some OF your Western roads. and will
then be prepared to place our orders. We are
also going to order the equipment necessary
for two electric street railways. one for Iekin
and the other for Canton. Altogether. before
we start for home we will have placed orders
in the United States FOR several millions Of
dollars worth OF material.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
A Brisk Horse Sale.

In spite OF tho dreAry weather there crowd OF
bargain seekers IN attendance at the Fiss Doerrs
Blue Front Auction Mart l47 lIs, lai, and 1853 East
Twenty fourth street all day yesterday. The horses OF
fered comprised driving saddle general purpose, and
heavy work animals Snsty.nno head were rapidly
disposed o. at surprisingly low prices First lass
horses OF all kinds sacrificed. ono pair OF stylish
cORcher- easily worth SfUp were shocked down to a
lucky bargain seeker for only sath Truck horses
horses disposed OF to critical purchasers equal
The following is list Of tho principal sales, Gray
truck horse. l8Ao pouuds Mr. simon SiGo bay trotting
Reding 81, p years Mr.. Athert0n, Sia5; pair bay
SGaSh horse: Is hands Mr sIoWn $50; chestnut sad
Mr.. Znn, Si3l; pair driving mares = years lh3 II.
wilson $500 gray mare lh3 hsndA Alexandra Siloi
black truck horse 400 pounds Mr. BolRnd. S2gn gray
saddle mare, Mr. Carroll $l4O chestnut mare 10 2 Mr.
Lowell slto pair bay cobS l45 hAnds Brooklyn
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27

CANBKIpdE. May 2S.-ThiA afternoon on Holiness
nsd two successful attempts WeroI made to lower HAr
ward records, O. r. Fearing, 80 Jumping feet y inch
aud W. Downs running the quarter mile In +eSecondS
Tho bar at least feet lo% inches, aud Fearing
cleared At the rst attempt. The bar was put at feet
~ inches and again lie cleared II At the hru attempt
breaking the Harvard record held by H. Clark 81 by
llTsequarters OF Hn inCh,
rLo bar Was then raised to feet inch and Fearing
cleared II without enort A. feet inch Fearing
failed after three trials although at the rst attempt ho
Got oil over rr bar, ht rurL Il wlth his shoulder IN
coming down GNU., ~ lien ran Aqdauer mile
~ seconds beating 'hr Hr 'f' curu, Held by
Downs ~ |trrUuh- i tue IptITr0IrR.Rrr T, cord,
hell lev .'uIn by sr.unL Inc iTkt 20 yards were
mad" IN - seCoHdA Down. Hiartrg rather slowly. In
tile las haf Lee, IT. dlOuslde OF setting
good pace. This record Is only Wohfhsuof second
ElOWsr than the worlds record a circular track
The record hi track AT4 GoCUndA held by
BSDds Baker rs
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
characterization In "C"sues in tho Air."

characterization broke out quite unexpectedly In the
"Castes In the Air" company last week ana resulted
In tho discharge OF ono of Do Wolf IioDpers most i'm
portAnt assistants Tho nsubordnate actor had no I'M
derstudy and now actor took his place last night
and II Is claimed that he made HIT Tho troublesome
member of tho company was Dick IL was Dicks duty
TO escort tho chariot with the Optcai wheels that
bears JuIticn Hopper from the stage Dick donkey
wits objected TO the role the opening night and
only carried through without hAsco by the
coAxinR Of Marion Manoia who held lump OF sugar
IN tho wings temptnRiy toward Dick. and by JUItre
Hopper descending from his chariot throne and putting
his shoulder to Dick flank and showing FOR all he
wer,h Tho plan worked the second night but Dick
on Saturday Manager stevens perempiorlly hred hun
without the customary notice Tho now mule actor IA
better lem peTed aud more Intelligent
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
RACING ASSOCIATIONS c1AsH1Se.
Gutenberg and Brighton Beach to ConaioN
On Dates

GuttenburE and Brighton Beach to ConaIo0
on Dates.
The Hudson County Jockey Club will in.
augurate a preliminary summer meeting on
Monday next. and will race on all off days with
Norris Park and Sheepshead Bay. On July 7
the regular summer meeting will begin and
continue on Mondays. Wednesdays. and Fri
days until the end Of August. The programme
for next Monday contains three purses OF 5000,
one OF $3.50, one OF $500. and race for the
poorer horses for $500 to wind up the day Mr..
}; f. Caldwell will start at Guttenburg during
the summer.
The brighton Beach Racing Association has
decided to give preliminary meeting begin
ming on DECORATION Day. There will be racing
also on Monday June 2 and on all off days at
Morris Park and Sheepshead Bay The pro-
Rramme will be announced tomorrow. This
means clash between Brighton and Gutten-
burg. and the old squabble about dates will be
1e%nacted. AT any rate. the race-Roing public
ton Day with the three tracks running.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
0RATEShND'S BIG PROGRAMME
Flyers Meet To-day In tho Great American
and St. James.

Flyers Meet To-day In tho Great American
and 1T. James.
The Brooklyn Jockey Clubs track at Graves
end will undoubtedly be taxed to its utmost
capacity to-day should the weather be fine as
the Great American Stakes for two-year-o lds,
the guaranteed value OF which is $4,000. and
tho st. James Hotel Stakes, at o milo and a
quarter. for threeyear-old and upward. are
down on the cards for decision. The former
event has seventeen entries representing the
pick Of the two-year- ods OF the year. the Morris
stable naming Russell. Ambulance. and Cor
rection, all gems of the first water: Mr.. Bel
mont's entry being tho dark colts Fritz and st.
Charles: MIR. Pierre Lorillard his crack nlly
Arrogance. Mr. Withers his f1ne- looking colts
by UncRs, out OF Abundance. and Necromancy
Congressman Scott Bolero and Amulet; c. D.
Mccoy. Captain Wagner, the son OF Great
Tom and Sudie MoNairS. receiving O special
preparation for the event: Andrew Thompson,
Rotation: Dryers. Blackjack. brother to Sir
Dixon: Bryan McClelland. his clinking nlly
lakeland, Willie l.. and Hough brothers the
bay colt b.. stratford. out OF Evelyn Carter
9 xo 9 se IS S Sad the 70 9 he 3
better than Russell. and II SO she should be
first past, the post. Captain Wagner, is a good
mont's Fritz is SO highly spoken Of that he
may he up at the finish and giving the leaders
has been wIdened and Mr. Caldwell viii VIII do his
best TO- give everyhody square show fog the
cided on n straight track. and perhaps the best
youngster In the race will not be in the hunt.
The Stalt will have much to do with the out
come.
The st. James Hotel stakes may be won by
Dri2Zle. with sir Dixon second. A good 3-yesr-
old beat n better field than that opposing
prizzlo last year. and there is a chance for
history to repeat itself ms the colt Drizze is g
Drhzle does not start, and Tula Black burn
may run second. ReclaIe has u good CHI ance
though. Fides NAV win the second race. with
NOw-or Never second. Feurless may win the
third race, with huhian second. and money
be. on Moonstone and Frelols in the last will
hardly be thrown away.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27

A season OF English opera was begun last
night at the Grand Opera House By the produce
ton Of Faust" before a large and appreciatiye
audience. The cast was: Marguerite. Miss
Sophie Traubmann; !SieJel Miss Attalie Claire;
Faust. A. Montegrlio: Valentine. &. TRglia-
pietra; MrDhIStophrlcs. F. Mama; Hagner.
James Dalton: Martha, Miss Lillian Haley
The leading singers were repeatedly encored.
The opera viii be repeated every night for the
rest OF the week
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
THE NEW COTTAGE CITY.
Built for . Record Breaker Between New
YOrk and portland.

Tho Maine steamship companys new pro-
peller. the Cottage City, Just from the
yard OF the New England Ship Building
Company. arrived at her East River dock yes
terday. and will start on her FIRST trip to Port
land tomorrow. She was built for a record
breaker, and her owners think she will mako
Portland in twenty-iour hours. which is about
twelve hours better than the usual time
She Is a handsome wooden craft 233 feet
long, 40H feet beam. and measures 1885 tons.
She has triple expansion engines and four
boilers. The main saloon on the upper deck Is
richly furnished and finely decorated. She
has accommodations for $50 passengers. All
her freight will be lowered into and hoisted
from the hold by elevators.
The Cottage City Is commanded by Capt
John Bennett. formerly Of the Eleanora
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
Found Drowned.

Tho body OF unknown man was found OF the
Battery yesterday. Tho man was about IS years old.
on feet tall with smooth face. and wore black
and waistcoat and mixed trouserS Ie had red hair,
and was partly bald
Policemen acGerry of tho Twenty third precinct.
on the foot OF Fifty'third street atG on Sunday
II 10 thought that tho body may be that of John
-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27

Tho formal opening OF tho concerto OF the Roof
Garden orchestra At tho Casino took place lSn night
despite tho rain, Tho Hungarian band assembled on
tho bouIet floor which is under shelter and played
between tho the dome orchestra tho stage
J he programme included cymbAium solos by FrensIa
HedeTvRTy. who encOreu in ms melOdiOus thrum.
ming OF tho curious zilherike instrument no plsyA
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
Jnte sprena a Tool OF Trads,

Secretary Window yesterday requested TO decide
whether Barnum BAILEY must pay 900 duties on a
$500 iute spread brought ia two months ago Tho
spread IL used the ballet girls Nero or the Fall OF
koms TO dance on; BaInum 4 Bailey protested that
6os6toF EFGFqt protested but released the gpIsGd on
LsgSiyinG boId The question has GoHs 70 BSSFStATT
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27
NEWS FROM THE HORSE WORLD.

Bookmaker Walbaum on Saturday bought q
two-year-old brother to Wilfred.
Mr.. J. l. Case made an offer of 81. 500 for Clara
Walton. by Gov SpraGue. but it was refused.
1t was rumored at Gravesend yesterday
that Dryer Brothers have secured second calf
on Bergen for 1880.
Robesp pierre is now in Chicago and will be
prepared for the Speculation Handicap at the
West Side Park DECORATION Day. In this race
he will meet Riley. Redlight, Pilgrim, Winner,
Hardee, Blarneystone. Jr. jed Amelia, Bar.
thol. and other promising three year-olds-
Tho Hon. James White has retired from the
Australian turf and his horses in training
were sold at public auction, thirteen head re-
alizing fl7.49s. Titan. 4 two year old gelding.
by Chester. brought 1900 guineaI, and the hay
lilly Prelude. two years, by Martini Henry,
brouRht2,7OO guneas.
At the annual meeting of tho Hudson County
Jockey Club. held Saturday. May "A. the fol-
lowing officers were elerted: President. Ct.
Nalbaum Secretary. 5. Whitehead; Treasurer.
J. y. Hrusius: Executive Commttee, j. G; Carr.
]. Burke: stRrtar. ]. F. Caldwell.
The Derby OF 1880 seems already TO have
passed tho uncertain stage. One OF the Lead
Ing h3rsemen Of England writes to friend In
many opponents and certainly none possesses
the most remote chance OF efecunR his defeat
He is unquestionably the best looking horse
abroad"
To an American raceEoer things seem rather
odd on an Australian race track. particularly
tho fact that they run in an opposite direction
or wrong way OF tho track. All the thorough
breds have long tails like trotiers, and they
don't seem to look the racer without the banged
tails. Another odd thing is. they ride all the
runners with double reins and no martingale.
but use O breast strap o Keep the saddle from
slipping. The horses are ali stripped OF their
plates before going to tho post, 1t being the
custom 10 run them Dareiooted.-SDirH Of tho
Times.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1890-05-27

An Actor WHO wou,dn.s Fay His BILL

Henry Napier actor who said he lived At tho Nor.
House, held in $500 bail by Justice o'ReiIly at
the Yorkvio Police Court yesterday fer examination
on charge of ass1gting Ralph R. Raymond who keeps
other and two ladies' took supper in the
on sunday evening, and when bill Of 81 was present.
ed to Napier ho refused 10 pay II AZ eIorbitAnL A
quarrel followed, and Raymond was badly whipped.
Napier says that he acted merely In selfdefsnce-