St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1890-12-25

different administrative and eXecu-
tive grades Besides the control of
the state and other public forests,
the department is entrusted with the
surveillance of private forests. In
1875 the total revenue of the state
forests was 90, SO7 pounds. The
actual expenditure was 35,7S7
pounds. The profits were therefore
21 ,O2O pounds. A govern
ment forest school at Stockholm,
which in 1875 had 13 students, sup
plies recruits for the higher grades of
forest service, while there are six
provincial schools for training men
for subordinate posts
Denmark is one of the most poorly
wooded countries in Europe, the per-
centage of woodland being pow only
1926 of the whole area. - AL
though laws to prevent the destruc-
ton of forests were enacted IN the
18th 10th and 18th centuries, they
were treated as a dead letter; it is
only since 1905 that effective meas
ures have been taken to preserve the
remains of Danish woodland and
to create new plantations. A state
forests department permits only
small portions of old forests to be
cleared at time, and insists on the
simultaneous planting of an equal
area. The Danish forest
school is at Copenhagen and forms a
branch of an agricultural college.
Germany is in general well wooded,
the forests of Prussia being estimated
to cover 1885 per cent of the whole
surface; while Wurtemberg has 81. %
and Baden $500. This we. oh is
partly due to the methodical ky of
treating forests adopted by an the
states of the empire. The
Black Forest stretches the whole
length of the grand-duchy of Baden
and part OF the kingdom of Wurtem-
berg, from the Neckar to Basel and
thelake of Constance.
Much has been done in Germany
to preserve and develop the forest
resources, by establishing training
schools, with the result that sylvi-
culture has been most accurately
studied, and the economical manage
ment of woodlands most successfully
carried out in that country. i.
The academies at Neustadt, Ebers-
wald and Aschaffenburg are for the
study OF forestry alone, while in the
Others the pursuit of agriculture or
engineering knowledge is combined
with it. In Germany the forest ser
vice is state department, filled by
youths of good position, who are es-
The forests have all been surveyed,
1 1 L
there are accurate maps representing
the extent and situa ton of each for
est district and the description and
age of the timber growing i'll each
block Whatever be the size of the
woods, every tree is recorded and a
working plan is drawn out and fol
lowed; certain species being destined
to longer or shorter growth accord
ing to their promise of vitality or
liability to decay. 1t may be re-
marked that such maps form the
starting point of every true system
OF forestry.
Bohemia possesses vast amount OF
timber, about One-third of the pro-
ductive area being returned as wood
land, and covering $4,000 square
miles, situated more in the east than
in the west. There are $3.50 900
acres of forest belonging to the state.
The total income in 1872
from the Austrian state forests was
4,14S 900 gulden, the expenditure
3,O49, 900 gulden, leaving a net
profit of about 10000 pounds.
The Austrian government are
wisely DESTROYS to conserve and
utilize their valuable forest property,
and there is a state department
with staff of ITO persons, % of
whom are skilled officers of high
position. In parts of Bohemia and
Hungary entire forests have been de
stroyed, rendering useless much soil
that is unfit for agriculture. En-
couragement is given by the state to
persons who make successful efforts
to plant denuded ground. The prin-
cipal forest academies are at Marien-
brunn near Vienna.
The principal timber tree of France
is the oak, and various species are
much cultivated. The birch, ash,
elm, maple, beech, walnut and pop
lar are all important trees, while the
silver fir and spruce form magnificent
forests, in the Vosges and Jura noun
tains. About One-seventh of the en-
tire territory is still covered with
wood. Forest legislation took its
rise in France about the middle of the
18th century and the great minister
Sully urged the enforcement of re-
strictive forest laws. In 1869 a fixed
treatment of state forests was en-
acted. In 1877 the French
state forest contained 9S5,OS6
hectares, and the communal 1919,
622 hectares. The revenue in 1927
amounted to 27,OOO,OOO francs,
three-fourths of which was from the
sale of timber, and One-fourth from
other forest produce. The estimated
revenue for 1877 was SO, 100000
francs. The annual expenses of the
forest department average 13,OOO,
900 francs.
Spain and Portugal are very def
cient in woodland, though formerly
there were noble forests. There was
a code of forest laws in Spain in the
reign of Philip ii, but it seems never
to have been carried out, and the fine
forests have long since disappeared.
The evils of denudation are, perhaps,
nowhere more signally exemplifed
than in Spain, and Rentzsch even
goes so far as to ascribe the political
cadence of Spain wholly to the de
struction of the forests.
Canada contained immense forests
which are still extensive, chiefly of
black and white spruce, the Wey-
mouth and other pines which grow
to a great height and do not admit
of underground The dark and
Snmhre forests are aIco rich -,