The Princeton union. [volume] (Princeton, Minn.) 1876-1976, 1890-10-16
A NATURAL Bird cE OF AGATE.
some Of the Wonderful Things In Ci1alce.
dOny Park, Arizona


dony Park, Arizona.
Among the Great American wonders
is the silicitied forest known MS Chalce-
dony Park. situated eight miles south
of CorIiaio, a station on the Atlantic
and Pacific railroad, in Apache Coun-
ty, Arizona. Tho country formations
sandstone on volcanic ash, and the
trees are exposed in gnlches and basins
where the water has worn the snnd-
stone away, Or are buried beneath the
sandstone, their ends protuding from
between the formations. The locality
was noticed ia 1858 by the Pacific rail-
roads exploring survey. The jasper
and agate generally replaced the cell
walls and tibers, and the transparent
quartz filled the cells and interstices,
especially where the structure was
broken down by decay. These cell
centers and cavities produced condi-
tions favorable not only for the deposit
ton OF silica as quartz, but also for
the formation of the drusy crystalline
cavities OF. quartz and amethyst that so
increase the beauty of the material.
There is every evidence to show that
the trees grew beside some inland sea.
After falling they became water-logged,
and during decomposition the cell
structure Of the wood was entirely re-
placed by the silica from the sandstone
in the walls surrounding this great
inland sea. Maj. John w. Powell, who
has visited all these regions, says:
'.The wood consisted of logs water
rolled before burial, and are now
gradually weathering out Of their ma
trix. The inclosing rock is sandstone
and cretaceous shale of the series
known. as Jura- trias, and lying i1nmedi-
ately above the Chinarump. Agatized
wood containing much semi-opa, has
been formed in California (and possibly
in Arizona) under volcanic deposits, but
the wood in question is not associated
with volcanic material; its matrix is
sedilnentary.'
The red and yellow coloring matter
is derived from the oxide Of iron in the
sandstone, which is red, and the black
may be due to partial carbonization or
to oxide Of manganese. The bark in
nearly every case has been decayed be-
fore silicitication, and even part of the
other layers of the tree is often gone,
but the difference between the oxidation
on the surface and inside is that the
surface to the depth of half an inch is
so altered and changed that it has the
appearance of bark, and is generally
supposed to be such.
There is every indication that the
deposit is of considerable depth. Over
the entire area trees lie scattered in
all conceivable positions and in frag-
ments of all sizes, the broken sections
sometimes resembling a pile Of cart
wheels. A tree $50 feet in length is
often found split into as many sections
of almost uniform length, presenting
the appearance Of having been sawn
asunder for shingle-blocks by some
prehistoric forester or sbroken into
countless fragments. ranging from the
size of u small pebble to that of fair
sized bowlder, also fractured into per
feet shaped cubes as if cut by a lapi'l-
airy. These multiplied fractures are
the'result of alternate heat and cold,
produced by atmospheric changes act
ing on the water in the assures of, the
tree. sa@
A phenomenon perhaps unparalleled
and the most remarkable feature of the
park is a natural bridge formed by a
tree Of agatized wood spanning canon
45 feet in width. In addition to the
span fully fifty feet of the tree rest on
one side, making it visible for length
Of over 100 feet. Both ends of the
tree are imbedded in the sandstone.
It averages 8 IL feet in diameter. 4
feet at the thickest part, and at the
smallest. Where the bark does not
adhere the characteristic colors OF
jasper and agate arc seen. Although
the wood is beautiful to the naked eve
a microscope is needed to reveal its
greatest charms; not only does the
glass enhance the brilliancy of its
colors, but it renders visible the struc.
ture, which has been perfectly pre-
served even to the forms of minute cells,
anu IS more Deautl1ul now than before
the Transformation.
DR.. p H. Dudley examined micro
scopically some sections of this wood
and found that part of it, at least, be-
longs to the genus Araucaria. one
species Of which, Araucaria excelsa. the
Norfolk Island pine Of the South Paci-
fic Ocean, according to the same author
ity, grows to a height of 100 to 200
feet. Other portions "'ere found to re-
semble our red cedar, Juniperus Vir-
giniana, when grown in the extreme
South. The cell structure of some Of
the wood indicates growth in mild
uniform climate the annual rings be-
ing marked by only one, two, three, or
more Slightly smaller hexagonal or
rounded, not tabular cells as is usual
ly the case. The name Of "Chinarump''
has been suggested for this material by
Maj. John w. Powell this being the
Indian name for the substance. These
trees, according to one Of the Indian
myths, were believed to be the bolts of
the arrows used By their god. It has
been extensively used by, them in
making spear and arrow points.
Dyeing the Hair.
Dyeing or changing the color of the