davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

suffering uuu"r bodily lntrmlty. Then
others who were regular attendants de-
manded and obtnined the ght of bring
ing with them the movable benches which
they used at home. The common people
were allowed to kneel at prayers on
s'edge mats or on little stools, which
they brought with them, carrying them
home again after service. The
patrons seats and tenches gradually
changed into pews, and when tho
Puritan commonwealth came in the sery.
ices, or rather sermons, were so much
longer that seats bee me a necessity.
Meanwhile the pat ons and wealthier
ltity were so much troubled by the con-
S ant obser ance and remarks of theil
humber neighbors that the pews were
made high so as to shut them out from
view. Comfort and privacy were their
chief oh ;ects, and some of the pews were
very gorgeous.
I he development of the growth of the
cha in church worship had an analogous
growth i'll the homes of the better classes.
At first the chair had The same symbolism
of dignity, and WAS reserved for the head
OF the household With the chair was
the footstool on which the children were
often allowed TO sit, that they might be
pctted | y their fathers.
Then mole chars were INTRODUCED rs
seats for honorcd guests, ut the idel of
comfort was wanting, and the chairs were
simply q tlot seat, with straight up and
down backs, which need not be illus
trated here, because tho modern craze for
the antique has caused very good imita-
tions to be placed in almost every ones
parlor.
Within the present century some few
nations OF the world have gotten an idea
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

our forked shoes almost as long again as
our feet, not o little to the hindrance OF
the action of tho foot, and not only SO,
but they prove an impeachment to reveren-
tial devotion, for our boots and shoes are
SO mounted that we can hardly kneel in
Gods house"
Shoemaking was practiced in monastic
institutions, excepting those belonging to
monks denominateu "paref Dotted, from q
very early date, and the existence Of the
practice appears to have given offense to
Richard, the first abbot of st. Adams
Abbey, who complained of the monks and
canons ass ociating with shoemakers and
tanners.
In Edward Wis reign. and long after,
courtiers wore high boots with very long
tops that could be pulled over the knee
and half up the thigh when wanted. The
boots fitted the leg like a stocking, and
closely resembled the buskin.
Tho choppine was introduced into En-
gland in the sixteenth century, but it never,
reached the proportions that it did in
Venice and Rome. Shakespeare, in a sal
utation to lady. writes: What, my,
is nearer heaven than when ! saw you
last by the altitude of choppine."
Many of the shoes of this period close
ly resemble the shoes now worn, and the
modern fashion of ornamenting shoes
with bows over the instep is evidently a
copy of the fashion then in vogue. Shoes
of buff leather with slashes in their up
pers were very much worn in the reign of
the first James, when high boots again
came into fashion. These were clumsily
formed and were allowed to SLOUGH down
over the calvLs and ankles of their wear
ers, like united stockings. 1t was prob
ably from these boots that wrinkled legs
took their rise. About this time lady
is said to have admired "the good wrin-
kles of a gallants boots" These high
slouching boots were worn by pedestrians
as well as by riders.
Apart from the gold lace and silver
thread with which "shooties" were edged
at this period the shoes worn did not en-
| tail great expense to the wearers.
Dramatists of the same reign and of that
of Charles |. made frequent mention OF
corked shoes. The boots of the Crom-
wellian era were mostly of buff Spanish
leather They were plain to ugliness.
| and were armed with n square piece of
leather in front TO keep tho pressure Of
| the strrup from tho instep. During the
| existence of the Commonwealth, and for
some time fter, the tops of the boots
were of enormous width. The shoes dur
ing the reign of Charles II. and Jamos
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

main a matter of conjecture. The earli
est efforts of foot clothiers were, in al
probability, confined 10 protecting tn,
soles and consisted of safeguards anc
fastening appliances. For these linen
rushes, broom, flax, wood, bark of trees
hides of animals, and even metals were
employed.
From the Greek and Roman classics il
is learned that boot, shoe, and sanda
making was practiced as an art at very
early period, and that differently fash
ioned footgoar was prescribed by lega.
enactments to be worn for the easy dis.
tinguishment of both rank and profess
sion.
Plautus in his "Bacchides" Introduce
rich man who wore shoes with soles OF
gold, and Seneca records that Julius
Caesar wore shoes formed of the same
precious metal. In Domitian's reign the
streets of Rome were SO crowded with
shoemakers and their stalls as to necessi-
tate the passing of an elict for their re-
moval. In Rome the shoes worn by the
patrician order were made to reach higher
up the leg than those worn by the plebe-
ians, while the boots of the common peo-
pie were fashioned of wood, and slaves
are known to have gone barefooted. 1t is
impossible to name the variety of boots,
shoes, and sandals worn by the different
classes of Greeks and Romans; not only
were classes distinguished by their foot
gear, but even the divisions of classes.
Every grade of military and civil life was
known by the mode in which the foot was
clothed. Writing Of Ascension week in
Venice, Evelyn tells how at it's great fair
he saw noblemen stalking with their
ladies on choppjnes. 'Tis ridiculous, y
he writes, TO see how these ladies crawl
in and out of their gondolas by reason
of their choppines. And what dwarfs
they appear when they are taken down
from their wooden scaffolds!"
1t is possible tn; the Romans first set
the example of using boots and shoes rs
instruments of torture and degradation.
The Romans used shoe of iron, as the
rly Christians knew to their cost. The
instrument known as the boot" is de-
scribed as being made of a slip of parch-
meht. This was placed on the leg wet,
and BY its steady yet violent contraction
caused intolerabla Pain to its wearer A
| DOT into which wedges were driven was
employed for n like end.
The brothers Crispin and Crispinian,
two shoemakers of Rome, on adopting
the Christian faith were expelled from the
city. They wandered into France, preach.
towns through which they passed till they
arrived at scissors, where they suffered
martvrdom on Oct %, 30S. These broth
ers, IN accordance with an old-world
Catholic Gust ON. became the patron saints
of shoemakers, and on each succeeding
anniversary of their martyrdom it is still
practice in many countries for shce-
makers to pay tribute to their memories.
With reg rd to the mode in which this
was done in England an old rhymester
wrote:
~On the 25th of October
Seldom n souter's SOBER
THE shoes worn by the Belgic Britons,
says Meyrick, were III llo of raw cow
hide" Such shoes are known to hlvc
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

SuIle CT severely
from the attacks of the sayages. 70
protect themselves the settlers had
b.ilt Fort Henry, which was cree cd
on the right bank of the Ohio. short
distance above Wheeling Greek. The
entire fighting force of the village, in
Guiding the garrison of the fort, ooa-
sis ed of but forty-two men. Among
that number, however, were many
whose deeds of owess and skill with
the rife had made them tcrrors to the
Indians. In the latter part of Sep.
tembcr the settlement was attacked by
four hundred warriors and the villag-
ers were compelled to flee to the fort
for protection. Driven to desperation
by the sight of their homes being de
stroyel by the savages, they made an
i'll advised sortie, in which they We're
all but overcome and only sixteen men
lived to return to the fort and defend
it and the helpless women and chill
dren within its walls against more than
four hundred savage redskins.
The history of those days within the
fort is record of deeds of daring ard
personal heroism, one of which is I'M
paralleled in ancient o. modern times ::
a feat beside which General Putram's
performance ut Horses Neck" sinks
into insigniticance, and which, had it
occurred at a later day and been
performed by man of moro prom
inent position in life, would have fur
nished theme for many q pen and
pencil.
In their distress tho garrison seat
messengers to the nearest settlements.
The response was immediate, and four
teen men from Cross Creek succeeded
in fighting their way through the sur
rounding savages and triumphantly
entering the fort. Forty mounted
men, under Captain Samuel McCul-
loch, followed this first detachment TO
the relief of the fort. Every prepare
ton was made by their friends inside
to assist them in their attempt to
enter. The gates were opened, and
sortie was organized to cover their nd
vance. After desperate hand-to hand
conflict, in which many of the redskins
were killed. they succeeded in forci G
their way through without losing ..
bingle man. McCulloch, however, was
less fortunate than the rest of his
company. Toward him the savagcs
cherished bitter hatred. A fear
less and daring woodsman, n dead
shot, and cunning scout, his
name was known throughout the entiro
frontier, both to whites and Indians,
and he had been one of the most prom
inent figures in the numerous bloody
fights in which the two races had con-
tended. Among the savages surround
ing the fort there were few who had
not lost either friend or relative by
MS unerring rifle. AS he dashed for.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29
iMPATIENCR.
BIT ozIAs MIDSUMMER

MOL.
'I'vo LEFT the bright, bright valley where flowers
No flowers are here but the thistle and thorn
My days are as darkness and cyclones and
tempests,
wish was dead or had never been born"
While thus sang lady when nearing the shad-
ows
Which foil after twilight in life's rugged way,
voice ut her elbow reminded her gently,
lis true as prophet; Each dog has its
day."
For there by her side on rustic sent sitting
Her lover of youth had returned bronzed and
His form yet erect, his mustache yet n beauty.
His pockets well filled with bright silver and
They sat in the garden that bright balmy morn.
ing,
Beneath the buds, blossoms and leaves of a
With sweet gentle sephyrs of spring for their
breathing,
Much happier far than young lovers could DO
Come said the old truant, -let us gather
thistles
And make n grand bouquet of briars and
Come out in the darkness. the cyclones and
tempests
Come into tho wildu of the winds and the
storms"
They went from the shadow, but found only
sunshine;
Deaths nearest approach then seemed farthcst
Ho searched for the thistles; she found only
flowers;
He gave up his task and received her bouquet.
I'm sitting in doubt, mid tho trembling OF ras-
sion,
And Gucnching my fears mid tho flames Of
loves fire,
For Robin insists we must be in the fashion
And whit yet q year, notwithstanding desire.
Obi coull but quicken his flame 10 my notion
And stir up the cmbers that smoder and pine
I'd bask in tho heat that would give my hope
motion,
And fill his soul full OF that burning in mine.
know Robin loves me with his understanding,
And seems to appreciate fe:vor and fear;
But that il not What my loves life is demanding,
1t wants II love uuatraid to approach near
1t wants n love that will draw mo to its folding
1t wants q love that, me in its arms holding
Will welcome my love with lover warm kiss
To-day as we sat on the sofa convcrsing,
My soul was Cnraptured with hopinGs the
more,
But rot n thing happened. he went on rehearsing
The same old, old story he'd told me before
OH how my heart ached for drink at its lei
surcl
oh how my lips parched how my bosom did
SWELL
How trembled my limbs how longed without
measured
And how spite of all these, disappointment as
well.
mountain
1e never so free rs thou mayest be here.
Come ny mid tho pillows, come taste at the
fountain.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

Slid and scrambled over until they
reached the bottom alive and without
serious hurt. Pushing his horse into
the stream he was soon halfway across,
and by the time the savages had
reached the edge of the cliff and were
peering over, expecting to see the
mangled remains of horse and rider at
its base, he had reached the opposite
shoe, and, with shout of defiance,
had plunged into the woods and was
out of their range.
The numerous additions to tho gar
ri Oh of the fort aud the hopelessness
of overcoming the defenders while in
spired by srch an action as they had
Just witnessed disheartened the In
dams, and, after first put ing the
torch to the remaining property of the
settlers, they beat a hasty retreat the
morning after the event just narrated.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29
MOrseis OF GastrOn0my.

Since the plodigal banquet to the
Kaiser Wilhelm economy is believed to
have reigned in the Sultan's house
hold
1t is more and more the fashionable
affectation to profess not to like i,o-
cream; possibly this Is owing to the
photographers pun.
So much talk about horsohesh in
sausages has in some fastidious locali-
ties affected the sale of the breakfast
articles.
There is not Queen all over Eu-
rope who will acknowledge that she
knows anything about the queen frit-
tiers" enumerated on the hotel bill of
fare.---Ne,C York Mail AMI Express.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

mon stery was ono of these sanctuaries,
and the bounds of san ctuary began a mile
from tho monastery on every side. With
in the chGr Ii was a urge stone seat called
the afr til stool" or sanctuary chair.
Firth" means peace and "stol" means
seat. TIE dignity given 10 the CHAR is
shown b. the relative amount of punish
ment measur d out TO those who should
euter the sanctuarv hounds and carry
away criminal The boundaries were
mark = by four crosses placed on the four
roads leading to the monastery, each a
mile away, and the pc ma ties for violation
of sanctu ry were Graduated as follows:
A = lrty seized inside of The four crosses
meant tn t the apprehenders should pay
goo; if npprehended in tho town that
surrounded the abbey, se400; if within the
walls of the church yarl, G600; if within
the church itself. G1,2CG; if within the
choir, then Il. 500, besides penance, S III
the case of sacrilege but if he presumed
to take the runaway delinquent out OF the
holy chair or FIR tn stool" the otfense WAS
lrrtdcemable by money, and had become
boteless tbootless), land called forth not
only the utmost severity of the chmch
but the heaviest punishment of the secular
power.
The stone chair engraved above and
still preserved at Hexham, is the ideuti-
cal firth stool which for ages w"s the
sanctuary chair of the famous Hexham
monastery. 1t is the only known 10
exist in England at the present time.
Until tbs fourteenth century the iuie
was observed in churches that it WAS for
hidden the eople ito sit at ease during
the services of the church"
When the clergy had provided them
selves comfortable seats in the chancel
they found it difficult to forbid seats in
the same quarter to laymelt of high de-
gree, especially to those who Mere pat
IONS. Then the next thing WAS the pro
vlding of benches for tbnsa Who were
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

knelt and presented their petitions.
| There is no picture of this throne in OK
lstcnce, but this Assylian picture will
give very good idea of Oriental thrones
in general.
Although chairs were tt us known and
used as emblems of dignity and as part
of pageants, they by no means came into
common use, and were not n part of the
furniture of home; indeed, their use for
insignia Of Office or position TENDED to
prevent tn, ir general USE They were not
necessary in a state of civilization whore
squatting or reclining were tho ordinary
postures.
The wider use of chairs gradually grew
from its adoption by the church as the
symbol of authority by the bishop. The
chair was called the cathedra. This
to chair, and was adopted into English
use from the French. The oldest chairs
in existence Ere prob by certain chairs
or seats cut in the tufa s. one in the cata-
| combs, and supposed to have been the
cathodra Of the bishop when persecution
compelled the Christians to hold service
there. 1t is possible, however, that the
chair known as ST. Peters, and carefully
preserved as the Episcopal seat of st.
| Peter, is still older 1t was originally a
heather throne, is of wood, with 1nlaid
ivory wok representing the labors of
Hercules. 1t never was submitted 10 goa
| eral inspection until 1866. VIII IL it was
closely examined and its character cleal ly
ascertained. It's extreme antiquity was
thus shown at the same time that its rep
utation as the actual chair of st. Peter
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

ward in the rear of his troops, encour-
aging them by voice and example, his
shouts of defiance were answered by
yells of rage from his dusky foes, who
strained every nerve to capture him in
order that they might wipe out the
bloody score by horrible fortunes at the
stake. A body of redskins blocking
his way, he wheeled his horse and rod
at the utmost srecd toward Whcenng
Hill. Again his course was stopped
by crowd of his enemies, who sprang
up in front and began to close in uron
him. AS quick as light he turned
again, only to find escape cut off by a
third band of warriors. The only way
now remaioir 8 open to him was toward
the brow of steep cliff, $50 feet in
height, at the bottom of which
flowed Wheeling Greek. No at
tempt had been made to shoot
him, although he wns in easy range
of the fire of his pursuers, and his
quick mind appreciated what this
meant. They had devoted him to q
lingering death by MI the refnements
of savage cruelty of which their hellish
ingenuity was capable. His chance was
a most desperate one, and as he mo-
mentarilv reined in his horse and Gazed
upon the RAPIDLY narrowing circle o.
his foes their yells rang in his ears as
they saw him at bay, and, rs they
tho ght, completely within their pow
or. They stood gazing at him in won
sides of his horse and dashed toward
L \. 1 4 Il L
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

see from the savages OF to-dAy worry
good picture of the original savage, and
all the steps of the progress toward vii
ization can be traced in nationalities who
now live all along the scale.
A chair of any kind was symbol OF
dignity, and in order TO specify the oval
throne it was necessary to add modify
ing word like the rome of the kingdom,
so often mentioned in the Old Testament.
The throne of Solomon is described as a
throne of ivory, over aid with pure gold.
1t had arms, or stays, and on the steps
were pair of lions. 1t is recorded to
have been round behind, probably mean
ing circular ack, and fastened TO the
throne was footstool of pure gold. 1t
was before this footstoo that suppiia nts
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

a. want to borrow a hundred dol
lars" said he. Can I have it,"
Certainly" was the courteous reply
of the banker. "Come in and sign a
note and get an indor e."
"Haint ! good for hundred?"
Yes, and a good hundred times that
amount"
Then what do yer want of note?
You know I'll pay it, don't ycr?"
81 have no doubt Of it; but to loan
money without security is not the
proper Wa to do business"
''pshawI l only want the money for
a month and it'll be all right.
IF you live. But should you chance
to die?"
"Diew exclaimed the man, as he
turned away with the most disgusting
look possible, who the devil ever
heard Of man living in thirty days?"
st Lol;iS Magazine.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

been worn by the IIish down to the time
Of Edward III. and by the SEQ ch with
cert ain variations, to n much later date.
Charles VII. of France wore coats with
, long tails to hide his legs. that were the
reverse OF shapeIy. Henry p lantagenot,
Duke of Anjou,,to hide large and I'M
slightly eXcrescencc on one of his feet,
wore shoes with excessively long points.
Henry VIII. is said, though there is
pretty good proof that extremely broad
boots we're worn before his time, to have
occasionei the introduction of shoes of
dsproportionate breadth in order to OBJ
tain ease and comfort for feet that were
msshapen. In all these instances, the
unsightly and ridiculous forms became so
fashionable and so outrageous that
sumptuary laws had to be pas sed 10 re-
strict their use, or, rather, their proper
lions Fines and other puishments were
imposed Tor wearing boots with toes over
Two inches in lo!gth. and at another
period for wearing shoes with toes above
six inches in breadth The great Cardinal
Wolsey is said to have worn shoes of
gold. The probability is that gold en-
broidery or leather stamped in gold is
what he really wore. 1t is rela' ed that a
courier named Robert, in the third Ed
wards time, wore. the toes of his boots
so long that he had to stuff them
them with tow and curl them up like
rams horn, from which they obtained the
name cornadu. The same thing, it is said,
was practiced as early as Rufus, and they
were before Edwards time worn in Cra-
COW.
Legal enactments put them down for a
time, but they sprang into existence once
more, and n writer of the eriod says: "A
fashion We have latelytlke up is to wear
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

1t has been commonly accepted be-
fef for so ne time that New York was
fee from gambling dens. But as a
matter of fact there are gambling re-
sorts in full blast all Ger the city.
They are not classified as "dens," how
ever, but merely as establishments.
ard that was the mental distinction
probably made when Superintendent
Murray. of the police force, announced
that all the gambling dens in the city
had been suppressed. just why these
establishments are allowed to run I'M
checked is rot otherwise apparent I'M
less on the supposition that the pro-
pricto"s stand solid with the custo-
dams of the law.
These establishments are neat
places. They meet the requirements
of tho - clerk, the professional gam
bier and the business man. The faro
chips vary in plice from so cents to $50
each. Here college students get rid of
their surplus cash around the roulette
table and business men fill an occa-
siol a! check that they would not wish
to have made public. The cost OF
maintaining one Of these places is enor-
nous. Liquors are always ION tap
and are free TO patrons. In nearly all
ST il places a fine supper is served ev-
cry night and expensive cigars handed
round. jim Days place is perhaps
one Of the best equipped New York
establishments" II Is brown stone
re idcnce, SEEMINGLY private, and is
alongside the Thirtieth street police
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29

A CURIOUS circumstance is noted b,
the Tampa Fla.) Neus. An orang,
grove near that place was abandoned ,
long time ago. The cars pass the grove
and it is said that the row of trees Tex
the car track has healthy, vigorous
appearance, while all the trees beyond
without one exception, have DEATH,
pallor which betokens early demise
Whether the thriftiness of the tree,
next the track is due to the trembling
of the ground caused by passing trains
or to the smoke from the engines, boil
OF either, is question.
Frostburg mining journal. [volume] (Frostburg, Md.) 1871-1913, 1890-03-29
That Wooden Headed Young Man.

81 take it for granted, Miss Laura,
said young DIR, Smidgley, that you
condemn, as all sensi IDLE young women
do the unwholesome and barbarous
practice of tight lacing?"
"0n the contrary, Mr.. Smidgeley,
returned Miss Laura with wist.ul
wearing look in her glorious dark eye,
"I-think compression of the waist to
a reasonable extent not only harmless
but at times positively exhilarating."
And that dense, stu ii, wooden.
headed youth sat there Tor an hour and
arggcd with the young lady OF the
evils of light lacirg Chicago 1rib
lille.