davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
SOcInl Chatter.

THE Sewickley Valley Dramatic Club will
tender complimentary performance at the
Pittsburg Club Theater tonight to the mem
bers of the Tuesday Night Club. The play
will be 'Esmeralda" with which the club won
so many laurels short time ago in their own
burg.
MISS NETTIE PRATHER, of Sheffield street,
Allegheny. left last night for New York, and
from thence will embark for Europe on
Wednesday, with party of friends.
AN extra cotillon was given last evening at
the Pittsbnrg Club House. the resultsof funds
left over from the management Of the old
Pittsburg Cotillon Club.
THE first concert of the Mendelssohn Club
will be given this evening, in Orpheus Hall,
East End,
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
MORE MEN MADE HAPPY.
The President Sends in Large Number OF
Nominations.

The President Sends In a Large Number OF
Nominations.
WASHINGTON. February l0.-The President
sent the following nominations to the Senate
to-day:
Samuel Merrill, of Indiana, to be Consul-Geueral
of the United State at Calcutta; j, Fenner Lee,
of Maryland, to be Secretary of the Legation Of
the United States AT Rio de Janeiro; Harry r,
NewberrY, of Michigan. to be Secretary of the Le-
cation OF the United States at Madrid.
10 be Consuls Of the United States: Edward
Bedloe, OF PennsylVania, at Amboy; u. l. Croft,
of North Dakota. at Carthagcna, United States Of
at Kehl: Ferdinand A. Husher, OF Minnesota at
Port Stanley and st. Thomas: Frank y. HILL Of
Minnesota, at MOntevideO; Henry II. Myers, of
South Dakota, at San Salvador: Levi w. Myers,
OF Iowa, ut Victoria, British Columbia; Felix A,
Matthew'S of California. at Tangier; Frederick
Al, Ryder of ofConnecticut, at Quebec, Canadai l..
X. stewart, OF Virginia. at San JnAh, Porto Rico.
James O'Brien, Of Minnesota, to be Chief JUS
tIce of the Supreme Court of the Territory of New
Mexico. Cornelius H. Hanford, of washington
to be United States District Judge for the district
of Washington. George N. Wiswell, OF Wiseon-
sin, to be Marshal of the United States for the
Eastern district of Wisconsin.
To be Supervisors of Census-Benjamn linton,
Jr of Virginia, for the First district of Virginia
Richard A. Young, OF Virginia, for the Second
district of Virginia.
Assistant Surgeon W. j. Pettus, of Virginia, to
be Passed Assistant Surgeon in the Marine Hospi-
tai service.
Wlthdrawn-John e. Haggart Of North Dakota,
be Marshal of the United States for the district
Of North Dakota, he having declined the appoint
ment.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
he IS ONE OF THE RICHEST.
The Income md Expenses Of the Great
Standard Oil Magnate.


New YORK. February 9-People who have
asked the question, "Who is the richest man in
American have invariably been answered with
the name Of John Jacob Astor or Jay Could or
perhaps Cornelius Vanderbilh In this country
of variable fortunes any of these men may have
been the richest man. but neither of them oc-
cupies that position now. There is a nan quiet
Of manner, soft-voiced. modest in DRESS whose
every movement is calculated to throw OF at
tentlon rather than attract it, who rides up and
downtown every morning and afternoon on the
Il" road like any poor clerk. yet this man is
the peer of all the millionaires on this con-
tinent. He is John D. Rockefeller the founder
and head of the vast commercial giant the
Standard Oil Company, whose Unsuitable nav
digests daily the workings of S200, 100000 of
property. One half of this is owned by John
d. Rockefeller
Besides these s1O0. .OOO, ,0OO he has between 500
000 900 and $4,000 600 invested in the great Lead
Trust, in steamship companies, in real estate
in New York and Cleveland o.; in railroad and
gas stocks and dozen other possessions But
this is not ALL John d. Rockefeller's annual
income from his endless possessions amountsto
S6,0OOOO0. Think of it, $500.000 every month to
spend, or l25,0O0 a week, or Sl7,857 day and
almost $3.50 an hour. But John D. Rockefeller
does not spend Sc, 600. 200 q year. In fact, his
actual living expenses do not amount TO over
100000 year, but he has many outside calls
upon mis- purse. the support of charitable in
stitutiOnS and such, which cause him to spend
between $500 GOO and 500 900 annually.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Harris Thenfer.

TheWilbur Opera Company began return en-
gagement at this house yesterday, and although
their train from Detroit was five hours late
they entertained overlooking houses, the stand
ing room sign being displayed for some time be-
with the company-Susie Kirwin, Ire Denick
Kohnle, Conley and the rest. Miss Alice We
rona's pretty face and graceful figure are miss
ing. she having been married and left the
stage since her appearance here last fall. The
operette yesterday was 1.-THE Two Vagabonds," ;"
the Wilbur version of "Erminie" To-day Ma
non' will be given. also tomorrow and Thurs
dav. On Friday Bohemian Girl" and Satur-
day afternoon "Nanon," 1.-THE Two Vaga-
bonds" closing the engagement on Saturday.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
CHINESE ENJOY THEMSELVES.
An Elaborate Supper Mt Which Four Hun
dred PeOpI+ Were Present.

dred PeOplr We're Present.
There were probabl' 400 persons present at
the entertainment given By the Chinese Sunday
school scholars last night at the Eighth Street
Presbyterian Church. A well-arranged and
sumptuOus banquet was served, at which 400
people were seated. While the guests dis
cussed the solids and dainties the band dis
coursed selections of native music. The band
was gotten together from various parts of the
State; where the music came from could not
be ascertained with any degree of certainty.
The work of Chrlstianizing the Chinese had
its inception in this community at this church
during the ministration of Rev. DIR. Milligan in
1875 Since then the roll of scholars has at
times reached as high as go, though at present
it numbers only about Is. Many of the guests
were formerly scholars and are now located in
different parts of the State. The success of the
entertainment in detail was due mainly to the
management of the ladies in charge, a list of
whose names is appended Mrs. Arthur, Mrs.
J: A. Mckee, Mrs. Boyd, Mrs. McNaugher,
Mrs. McAllister, Mrs. Gibson, Mrs. Miller,
Mrs. McAtees; assisted bv Misses Wilhelmina
Fleisner, Chesnut McAtees. Hice,- Gray,
Smiley, English. Martin, Graham, Leesner,
Musser and Henry.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
A CREDITABLE INCREASE.

The Annual Meeting of the Philadelphia
and Erie Railroad Company,
PHILADELPHIA, February 10.-The annual
meeting of the stockholders of the Philadel-
phia and Erie Railroad Company, one of the
Pennsylvania roads leased lines, was held To-
day. The annual report of the company for
1889 shows that the gross earnings were S4,6S9.-
l37 an increase of S3l6,095 compared with 1883
and net earnings 81, 57S an increase of Sl22-
1888 The number of passengers carried was
l,294, ,944, an increase of Ill, 1888. The freight
tonnage was 6, 9,339 0l9 tons, an increase of S50,-
692
The amount paid on account of Johnstown
flood was S421 6S1 SO. less $97750 AZ, allowed for
transportation of diverted traffic.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
DEATHS OF A DAY.
FuuernI of Mrs, Kerr,

The last sad rites over the remains of Mrs. Annie
Kerr, widow of the late Rev. David r. Kerr, of
Allegheny, were performed at the residence OF
her nephew, VIII. Kerr, IS Union avenue, yes
terday at l O'Clock. Rev. DIR. W. J. Robinson
oficiated, assisted by Rev. DR.. Reed, of the First
U. z. Church, Pittsburg; Rev. Dr. W. q. Wal
lace. Rev. DIR. J. G. Boyd. of Mt Lebanon; Rev.
DIR. ]. R. johnson, of Washington, Pa. and the
Rev. Dr. Campbell, OF Sewickley. The following
gentlemen acted as pallbearers: Thomas Jamisou,
r. l.. smith, g, j. Porter, j. W. Arrott Thomas
Hare William Richardson, Captain Boyd and
William McFall. Some beautiful vocal music was
rendered by the choir of the Third United Presby-
terian Church.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
try the revolution by sending on an advance
agent to fill his dates in prison.

1.-THE liberal offer of Mr.. Carnegie to give
Sl,OO0,OOO for the erection of free libraries in
Pittsburg has an unpleasant significance in
view of the recent strike of his employees" says
the st. Louis Post Dispatch, which lets its po-
Iitieal prejudice rule its comments on Mr.. Car
negie's splendid donation. If the esteemed
Post Dispatch will state when the recent strike
of Mr.. Carnegie's employees took place, what
they struck for and what the result of the strike
was, it may throw much light on what other
wise must be mysterious subject to Pitts
burgers
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

The Democratic Ohio Legislature is appa-
rently anxious to record itself on the latest va
ration of the dressed meat lunacy. A bill is be-
fore it providing that mo beef shall be bought
for the public institutions of the State that is
not taken from animals born and raised in the
State" But why not enact that no pork. -four
or whisky shall be purchased except Ohio pro-
ducts? That would be carrying out princi-
pie which could only be given more perfect ap-
plication by a rule forbidding any money to be
spent in the Legislature except money that has
been made in Ohio.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Harry Williams Academy.

The lover of good music, as well as of first
class vaudeville performance, cannot fail to
enjoy the attraction at Manager Williams
place of amusement this week. Hyde's Spe-
cialty Company is composed of some excellent
talents and very unique performance is
given. The programme opens with sketch
in three scenes, entitled May Down South, p"
are well interpreted. James McAvoy follows
in original songs, then Edith Sinclair and Ed
NJ. Faun, as "The Maguires." Mcintyre and
Heath, old favorites, are next seen, then the
gem of the performance, the Clipper Quartet
followed by Fields and Hanson and Helene
Mora, the lady with the wonderful baritone
voice. The third scene of the plantation sketch
closes the performance
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
THE ART LOAN COLLECTION.
What Is TO be Seen ut the Carnegie Gallery
TO.Dny-A Surprising Exhibit of Fine
WOrks-JOhn w. Beatty Compares 1t TO
Other oOllectiOus--H0w TO Judge PIct.
uPaa.

T0.Day-A Surprising Exhibit of Fine
WOrks-JOhn w. Beatty Compares 1t TO
Other ColleciiOns--How to Judgc PIct.
ures.
NO. ii.
WRITTEN FOR THE DIsPATtHI
A 8 to the loan collection Of paintings now
- hanging upon the walls of the beautiful
Art Gallery In the Carnegie Library building, [
can now repeat what have heretofore written,
based upon an examination of the list of works.
The exhibition will produce profound and en-
during impression. No one can stand in the
midst of these works without being impressed
by their strength, beauty and almost uniform
excellence. No Pittsburger or Alleghenian
should stand in their presence without expert
eEclng sense Of the deepest pleasure when he
reflects that the paintings here gathered were
not brought for the occasion from abroad. They
are our own. and stand to-day speaking in un-
mistakable language of the growth of aesthetic
taste in our midst Silently, as water filters
through refining substance have these works
come into our cities and ranged themselves
upon the walls Of Pittsburg and Allegheny
homes, there to preach the gospel of the
beauty and attractiveness of nature and the
elevating influences of art. The leaven will
rapidly leaven the whole lump. Of
the collection too much cannot be written
or said. In its presence the mind is elated with
tn, thought that this is local exhibition in an
Allegheny gallery: Go TO the Paris Salon ex-
hibition, you will find no higher average stand
ard Of excellence. Go to the Munich Kunst-
Verein, you will not find as high a standard.
and, in relation to the total. much greater
number Of inferior works Go to the celebrated
PinakOthik in Munich, the one containing
modern paintings, and you will find coIIec-
ton greater in extent but inferior in average
quality. Go to the annual national exhibition
in London or the New York annual socl ETY. ex-
hibitlons, and you will See collections not tor
one moment to be compared with this collec-
t1on on the ground of average merit The cele-
brated Corcoran collection at Washington
greatly exceeds this one in the number of
works. 1t Is not as high in average quality.
The Vanderbilt paintings are beyond doubt su-
perior in average quality, the collection being
composed entirely of mastery productions,
some of them reaching in value almost $780, 600.
What compliment is implied in the SIMPLE
TACT that to measure the standard of excellence
established for Pittsburg by this collection it
becomes necessary to make comparison with
the great art collections Of the world.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
TWO CANDIDATES IN THE FIELD.
The Chances Said TO Be In Favor of SEN
ut0r Quay's Friend.
ESPECIAL TELEGRAM TO THE DIsPATcH.I

ESPECIAL TELEGRAM TO THE DHsPArcH.I
BEAVER, February I0-When a short time
since Hon. 1. F. Mansfield made known his
withdrawal from the State Senatorial arena
the contest for the nomination in this county
apparently narrowed down to Hon. John F.
DravO, of this place, and Samuel T. White, Of
New Brighton Although the former has never
publicly made known his intentions, those in
position to know say now that he is not in the
race. Mr.. White is therefore regarded as the
coming man, in view not only Of his individual
strength, but also because he is known to have
the promised support of Senator Quay and his
following in this county.
Within the last few days, however, certain
Republicans residing IN New Brighton and
who are antagonistic to White are said TO have
set on foot movement to defeat the latter BY
bringing out Frank 5. Reader, of the Daily
Netrs. Mr.. Reader has repeatedly stated that
he is not a candidate, but 1t is said that
strong effort Will be made by Whites oppO-
nents to induce him to run.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
har. FInrn Mav.

,srEcIAL TELEGRAM TO THE DIsPArcH.l
BRADDoCK, Pa, February lO.-Mrs. Flora B.
HAYS, wife Of the well-known river captain.
Seward B. Hays, died at her home near Harding
station, on the Pittsburg, Virginia and Charleston
Railroad at O'Clock last evening, after a-brief
illness, Mrs. Hays was 81 years Of age. She was
we'll known here, being the only daughter OF
Captain w. s. Packer. Her remains will be in
TERED at Lebanon on wednesday.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Mrs. 4. Fl. Eaton.

Shortly before noon Sunday, at her residence on
North Highland avenue, Mrs. F. FL. Eaton died
Of heart disease. She was in her cath year. at the
time of her death, and was the daughter OF the
late FOX Alden lineal descendant of John Alden,
In life she was a member of st. Andrews Episco-
pal Church, and was possessed of many Christian
qualities which endeared her to all with whom she
came in contact. Mrs, Eaton was the wife or f.
II. Eaton, formerly prominent business man in
the city and the mother of four sons and five
daughters. The funeral services will be held to-
day Mt 2:20 O'Clock,
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Mr.. MARTIN modifes his reported stat

Mr.. MARTIN modifes his reported state
ment that the eight-hOuF movement would be
inaugurated in the mills of Pittsburg, SO as to
take all the discomfort out of it. The intima-
tion that it may be taken up and decided
by the Amalgamated Association one or two
years hence" is equivalent to the parliamen.
tary device of postponement to six months
from this date.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

IT is now stated that the wrath of Senator
Farwell has cooled sufficiently to permit him to
offer to become the bondsman of Clark, the
man whose appointment he declared to be
against ''the will of the people" Taken in con-
nection with the Senator's previous utterances
this is sufficient to create the belief that Far
well has been fixed.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Encouraging Mn,rimOuy.

From the Lewiston (Me,) Journal
The Eastport Town Clerk, who is also drug
gist, combines business enterprise and public
spirit by offering to give free marriage L.
cense and pint Of cologne to every bona fide
applicant for marriage certificate during the
next two months. He says the number of such
applications has been uuprecedentedly small SO
far this year.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
DR.. EccIeston,s Lecturer.

There will be one more opportunity this even
ing for Pittsburgers to hear Dr. Eccleston lee
ture on the English cathedrals. etc, The views
of England's greatest architectural treasures
which are used to illustrate the lecture. are re-
markably fine. large audience, including
many distinguished diVines, was present at last
nights lecture. and still larger audience Is
expected tonight
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
MONEY FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
Large Number Of Bills Passed and More
Reported FavorabIy.

WASHINGTON, February l0-In the Senate
to-day on motion of Mr.. Gibson, Senate bill ap-
propriating SSO0O00 for a site for public build
ing at New Orleans was passed. Also bills ap-
propriating S5OO,OO0 for a public building at
Sioux City. Ia., and 1000 for a public build
ing at Cedar Rapids, Ia.
Bills making appropriations for public build
ings were reported and placed on the calendar
as follows: Sterling, ILL.,, 5000; Oakland. Cal,
$500. .OC0; Cheyenne wy. $50 900; Helene, Mont,
SIS 600; Salt Lake City Utah. $500 0C0; Stockdale
stone National Park, $1,000; Portland, Ore,
S5O0, 900; Virginia City. New. $4,000; Hastings,
Ne6, si50,00O; DllIas Ore. 500, 900; Salem, Ore
slOO, 600; Saltwater, Mimi, 100000; San Diego,
Fy,I
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Howl, becomes Imperi.hnbIe.


Iris not difficult to understand, therefore,
that nature is not art. Art selects and rem
ders the essentials The painter who appre-
hends these supreme qualities will secure them
sometimes at the expense of the minor details.
He will look at all the qualities during all the
time he works and never lose sight Of them.
The result will inevitably be greater or less
degree of perfection, and when any degree Of
this kind of pluck is put into canvas it is i'm
perishable.
The painter who fails to apprehend these
essential qualities will try to work out his sal.
vation with fear and trembling in the presence
of nature, and he will almost inevitably do it
by his copying the many parts of the whole. He
will argue that il the tree Is made literally like
the tree to-day, ana the rock like the rock to-
morrow, and so on to the end, his painting
must be satisfactory. 1t never will be except
to people who look at his picture from the
same standard chosen by himself froin which
to study nature. There are many other quail.
ties in paintings. especially those technical and
secondary qualities which refer to composition,
light, shade ETC., but these, think, touch the
core of the matter and fix for us a standard Of
Judgment which Is the highest attainable.
Tomorrow will note rather more in detail
some of the prominent features, meritoriOus
and otherwise, which are disnlayed bV the
modern masters represented in the Loan Exhi-
bition In Allegheny. JOHN w, BEATTY.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

The report of twenty per cent advance
in the price of window glass appears to be pre-
mature. But the way in which the prices of the
imported article are going warrants the domes-
tic factories IN believing that they are on the
brink of boom.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

EVIDENTLY the remarkable bill of the
original Mr.. Wickham, of Ohio, ito prevent
gerrymandering'' is intended to prevent any
more gerrymanderin.;. There is reason to be-
lieve that Mr.. Wickham's OK is in peril Of being
gored by future gerrymanders.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

CANADA intimates that the United States
shall not havs a modE: Utvezdt unless they ask
for it; and the United States can rerly that
Canada shall not hav, either reciprocity or an
nexatiou unless she asks for them.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

MEXICO has so farimproyed her relations
with the United States as to repeal her prohib-
itory regulations against United States pork,
Our trust mIlliOnaires can now make trips to
Mexico whenever they feel like it.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
AND now the pOiut comes out in the bal

AND now the point comes out in the bal
lot box forgery case that the whole business
was a trap to catch Foraker, of which John R.
Mclean and T. c. Campbell are supposed to be
the originators This theory Of the case is
quite possible; but the trouble is that it does
not help Foraker particularly, and does not,
for proverbial reasons, damage the reputation
of Mclean and Campbell at all.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Rcv. Husb Francis Griffin,

BALTIMORE, February lo.-RoV. Hugh Francis
Griffin, one of the oldest and best-known Catholic
clergymen In Maryland, died Saturday, at st.
Charles College, near Ellicott City Of influenza.
complicated with other complaints due to old
next March, and recently celebrated the Golden
jubilee anniversary Of his elevation TO the PRIEST
hohd.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
JudIeIalIy Determined.

From the Minneapolis Tribune.1
A Kansas Judge has decided that corn is
fuel, A Kentucky Judge would have declared
that corn is whisky. And there you are, with
the difference between prohibition and free
whisky practically illustrated.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Hoof Marks ON Them.

From the Philadelphia Press,
Some of the Democratic organs call Speaker
Reed mule" Evidently they have been
fooling around his heels.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
Klngly Upstairs. and DownfaIII.

From the Troy Times.J
A man who starts out to be . king and winds
up in police station, like the young Duke of
Orleans in Paris, doesn't cut very impressive
figure. Royalty in the nineteenth century has
fallen upon parlous times.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
AUseleSs EGorr,

From the Philadelphia Press.J .
The Maryland Legislature is trying to abolish
the cigarette fiend. AS if Death couldn't do
the work effectively enoughI
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

The brilliant New York Sun is exerting
its energy to wiping out the word pants"
But the effort is doomed to failure SO long as
enterprising ready-made clothiers continue to
Vend the article at s. per pair.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

THE production of roorbacks appears to
vie With the writing of political manifestos
as the leading industries of the pending cam
paign-
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11
They Use the Wrong implements.

From the Chicago Tribune.l
The trouble with q deadlock Is that both par
Ties attempt 10 break It by main strength and
awkwardness, instead Of opening n with the
key Of compromise.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

SOUTH DAKOTA can congratulate itself
on having got sawed off from North Dakota
just in time to escape being smirched by the
lottery Job.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-02-11

IF the Duke of Orleans will come to this
country in the place of his respected papa. we
will not put him in prison for proposing to fill
the place of one of our 10000 deserters.