Arizona weekly enterprise., 1890-09-20
ARIZONA.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE LAND
 OF SUNSHINE. Early Explorations and Conquests---The Ancient GiOries of Prehistoric Age Hopes and Disappointments
 The Development of
 Modern History.
Hamiltou's Resources of Arizona.
 lConcluded.)

n founding of Guevav there were nine Missions, all m a prosperous condition, within the present limits of the Territory. The population of those Missions was al most entirely composed of converts from the Pima tribe, who took the name of "Papago' (baptized) and a few subiu- gated Apaches. The Missions were pros porous, and the untiring laborS of the ploiIs Fathers brought forth good fruit in the peaceful and industrious Indian colonies which grew up about them. The neOphytes were taught the art of hllage, and large bodies of land were brought under cultivation. Sheep and cattle were introduced, rich mines were opened and worked, comfortable houses were erected, and order and industry took the place of savagery and sloth. The Mission colonies were on the high road tO prosperity, were seh-sustainiug and doing good work, not only in teaching the Indians the truths of Christianity but in developing the material resources of the country. But they were subject to constant raids from the uutamed Apache; and in 115l an out break occurred among the Plmas, many of the priests were killed, and several of the Missions destroyed. After this insur- rection, the vice regal government estab- lished the presidios of Tucson and 'Cubac, and maintained therein small garrisons for the protection of the neighborlng Missions.
 h the year l765 a royal decree was Is sued at Madrid ordering the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and her colonies. Ihi was a severe blow tO the missions in "AriZuma,' and one from which they never recovered The decree was not carried into effect until l767, when the last of the iollowersOf Loyola were driven from the scenes of their labuT5 and triumphs in southern Arizona In May l76o fourteen Franciscan friars arrived in Tucson. from Mexico, to take the place of the expelled Jesuits. On their arrival they found the missions in q declining condition and subject to frequent attacks from the savage Apache. Life and en- terprlse seem to have fled with thelr founders, and they maintained an uncer- tain and constantly harasse1 existence until the breaking out of the war for Mex ican independence. Being deprived of the fostering care and protection of the yIce-regal government, they rapidly d. clined, and were finally abandoned by a decree of the Mexican government in 1928 During the regime of the Mission fathers many prospecting and exploring parties
 
 Der of settlements were established. Be sides the presidios of Tucson and Tubac there were tlourishing haciendas at San Bernardino, Barbacomar, San Pedro Arivaca and Calabasas These settle ments possessed large tiOcks Of sheep and herds of cattle. Mining was also prose cuted vigorously, especially at Ariyaca and Cababi. Some Of the silver ores were 2 reduced on the ground by simple adobe furnaces, while the richest was trans ported on the backs or mules to Sonora and Sinaloa. Most of the valuable gold and silver ornaments of the Mission churches came from the mines which sur TOundeJ them and at Guayavi, the re- mains AsiXteen arraslras could be dis. tincIy traced, u few years rgo. Aitci the breaking up of the Missions these prosperous colonies were despoiled by the sayages, and abandoned by those whC escaped the tomahawk and the torch.
 By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, II lo47, all that portion of the Terrtor, north of the Gila river was cedeI to th' United Statts At that time there wa not single white inhabitant in all tha vast region stretching from the Gila {, the Utah boundary, and from the Cobra do of the West tO the present line of Nev Mexico. Northern and central Arizoni was au untrO1den wild, and the uncon quered Apache was lord of the mountain river and plain. The few inhabitants wh' eked out d precarious existence within tn miserable presidios of Tucson and Tuba were the only inhabitants of the country then called Pimeria Alta. In 1851, tha portion of the present territory lyini south of the Gila was acquired from Mex ico by the treaty negotiated by Jame Gadsden, then Minister to our sister re public. The price paid for the purchase embracing some forty thousand squar miles, was ten millions of dollars. A goo, deal of ridicule was cast upon Mr. Gads den for throwing such sum upon
 worthless desert" and it was general considered that the Mexicaus had dt cidedly the best of the bargain. But a though Minister Gadsden failed in achiev ing the main object he had in mind tn securing of Guayinas and the control ( the gulf yet in view of the marveiou mineral wealth contained in the territor acquired, it must be considered chea and valuable acquisition. Subsequent { the ratification of the Gadsden treat, the territory was attached to the count of Doha Ana, New Mexico. In 1855 tl country was formally turned over tO tl United States by the Mexican nuthoritie American troops took possession of Tu son and Iubac: the Mexican cOlors Vel lowered, the stars and stripes hOisled their place, and the authority of q Great Republic established where Spai iprd and Mexican held sway for mo than two bundied years.
 After the acquisition of southern Al z0na. several expeditions were sent ont the War Department tO explore the almO unknown territory of the southwest. TT reports of lieutenants Whipple and Iv, were the frat valuable contribution tO ot knOwledge of Arizona. In 1851, Lie tenant Williamson made a survey of q country north of the Gila, with the obJe, of discovering Il route for railroad fro the Atlantic ic fine Pacific In the san year, Lieutenant Gray surveyed the rou from Marshall, Texas, to Tnbac, and fro thence Co Port Lobos, on the Gulf al also tO Fort Yuma and San Diego.
 year later, Lieutenant Beale made nume ous surveys throughout northern Arizol He followed the line of the 35th paralI and opened a road from the Rio Gran, Co Fort Teion in California, which years was known as the "Beale ront, The Atlantic and Pacific railroad folio, the line Of the old road from the R Grande tO the Colorado.
 On the last day of December, 1851,
 memorial iO Congress was introduced
 the Legislature of New Mexico by { Representative from Doha Ana coun praying for the organization of the f, Titory into a separate poll ical divisio The name first chosen was "Pimeri but the one afterwards adopted was "A zona." Authorities differ as to the orie of the nama. lt is a corruption of "A zuma, first applied 10 the country
 the early Spapisb explorers. Some ma tain that word is Pima origin. and mea Little Creok." while others hold that
 derivation is from the two Pima Vol "Ari,n a maiden, and "Zou," valley
 country, having reference Co the tra tioDary maiden queen who once rpl oger all tbe Pima nation.
 Near the soatben line of the ternt0 there was formerly . pueblo attached
 the Mission of Sari0, half league fr the mining town of Agua Caiiente. " pueblo took its uame from the mounts near by, which was known as the "A zOna Mountain From this the ma came to be applied to the entire territo The pueblo of Arizona was establish by Padres Kino and Salyatierra in lG Il was destroyed by tbe revolt of
 Pimss, in lT5l.
 The first attempt t) secure a Territoi Government proved failure. But { did not deter energetic aud enterpris men from pushing their way into son