davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
Modern Photography.

The importance of the study of micro
scopical petrography as an integral part Of
modern geology is now widely recognized.
Its progress has for long time been i'm
peded by the ultra-conservative element to
be found in every rank or profession,
whether scientific or otherwise, the element
which is opposed to innovation per Sc, and
will fight to the last ditch rather than be-
come reconciled to a new order of things on
exactly the same principle that the aged
Wellington scornfully refused his consent
to the introduction of percussion muskets in
the English army, remarking that his
soldiers had beaten the French with the old
flint locks before, and could do it again.
Another of the reasons why microscopical
Photography is making little or no headway
in this country is the want of teachers who
are able to make this science attractive to
their pupils, and to inspire them with that
degree of enthusiasm for it which is requisite
for permanent attachment. In Germany
there is now no university SO small or so poor
but 1t has its regular instructor of lithology,
who invariably succeeds in gathering around
him a humber of eager disciples. A good
teacher of Photography is hard to find, for no
other department of modern science embraces
so wide a range of difficult studies. Optics
in its most difficult aspects, crystallography,
mineralogy, chemistry, geology and micro
scopy, are all brought into requisition, and
these avail the lecturer but little if he has
no teaching talent.
What is needed perhaps more than any,
thing is truly elementary text book or
primer, book which can be understood
without difficulty by every well educated
person, and which does not presuppose more
scientific knowledge than the average high
school graduate is likely to possess. It
should be free from technicalities and all
tedious detail; indeed, its chief aim should
be the popularization of petrography by en-
deavoring to render its study as attractive
as possible. Such work could be written
in simple language without any sacrifice of
scientific accuracy or precision, and al
though it might be too much lacking In
thoroughness and completeness to answer as
text book for the advanced student, yet it
would be of lncalculable value to beginners,
by affording them an easy Introduction to
petrogr Apply, and smoothing the way for
more serious study later on.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

scribed above in connection with the reser-
voir and system of pipes.
An engine is supposed to drive the
dynamo and its energy corresponds TO tne
energy of the sun, which did the work OF
eVaporating the water. The dynamo cor
responds to the reservoir of water.
The two copper wires correspond 70
the two water mainU. The smaller
wires leading from one copper main through
the lamps or motors to the other copper
main correspond to the smaller pipes con-
Quoting the water from one water main to
the other, and finally the lamps or motors
correspond to the water wheels.
From this comparison it will be easily I'M
derstood how that the electric current starts
from one pole of dynamo, flows down one
main and then over to the other main
through any lamps or motors that may be
turned on and thus back to the dynamo,
completing the electric circuit. If there are
no lamps turned on, no current will howi
II there are two lamps turned on, twice as
much current will flow as when there is
only one lamp turned on.
THE SERIES SYSTEM.
We have now described the parallel sys-
tenn of electric distribution. The series is
quite different. To illustrate this system
with the familiar water fall and water
wheels, let US imagine very high water
fall, say 1000 feet, and under it a series ol
water wheels arranged so that one wheel is
directly under the other. The falling water
will then strike the first wheel and turn it,
then strike the second wheel and turn 1t,
and so on down, working each wheel IN
turn. If each wheel requires a 10O-toot
fall of water to turn it, then with 1,OOO-foot
| fall of water we can operate ten wheels.
When the water has passed the last wheel
it is evaporated by the sun into the clouds,
and so passes back to the top of the falls
again, thus completing the circle process, OF
closing the circuit as before.
1t is Just so with the series system OF
| electric distribution. Instead of dividing the
current as in the parallel system, the cur
rent is sent out from one pole of a dynamo
into one main, through each lamp in sue
cession, and then back to the other pole OF
the dynamo through the other main. Ii
each lamp requires so volts OF pressure to
send the needed current through it, and il
there are 20 lamps In series, that is, one
after the other, it will require 1000 volts oi
pressure at the dynamo to force the curren,
through all the lamps. However, in this
system, if one lamp is turned out all the
lamps in that series will 60 out, for the
circuit will be open or broken unless
special means are provided, SO that the cur.
rent can skip, that is. pass around this one
lamp and so continue its course. For this
reason the series system is better adapted
for such lamps as are intended to burn for a
given length of tlme-as for example are
lamps which are supposed to burn all night
The parallel system is better adapted fol
house lighting, for then one or more lamp:
can be turned off and on at pleasure without
in any way interrupting the remaining
ones. SCIRE FACIAS.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
held fast by gripping pieces attached to the
hrea atn1ate
The Rapid Transit Problem.


For long while past the electricians of
New York City have been casting envious
eyes at the elevated railroad system, be-
cause they believed that if they were
allowed full swing, they could there make
most brilliant demonstration of their abil-
tiles to add to the comfort and convenience
of the population. Two matters tend to
excite them at the present time-one is the
fact that Chicago and Boston are both GO
ing in for the elevated railroads. with the
intention OF operating them electrically.
In Chicago, the road, which runs through
the alleys, is already built, and it is be-
ieved that at least portion of it will be in
operation electrically early next year. In
Boston the huge West End Railway Com
pany, which owns the whole street railroad
system, and is now operating several hun
dred cars successfully on the overhead wire
system, is planning an excellent elevated
system, which, it is intended, will cast the
New York elevated as much into the shade
as the latter does fguratively and actually
the street cars that run under it.
Electric traction is a success beyond a
doubt, economically and in other WAYS, and
New York electricians cannot see why it is
not applied in the Empire City, where the
being several roads upon anyone OF which
the first work can be done, so as to make
the change gradual in its introduction and
effect. On the elevated system, they argue,
cars of much higher potential power than
are used on the 300 street railways of the
country, could be used with the utmost
propriety and safety, involving, if not a
great economy over steam, at least an
abolition of all the nuisances Of smoke,
steam, gases, oil drippings, SCOT and cinders
that have become familiar in connection
with the present locomotives.
The other matter that has agitated the
numerous body of New York electricians is
the rumor that the elevated road proposes in
the near future to try some system of cleo
trio car lighting. While the elevated COM
pany has been slow to admit that it proposes
to do anything In this direction, it has cer-
tainly been making inquiries on the subject,
and is even understood to have estimates in
its possession. This question OF car trac-
tion and car lighting is not less important
to other large cities.than it is to New York.
Almost every one of the $500 electric cars
now running in this country have put in
incandescent lights, and the results have
been most agreeable to the passengers
Even where the cars are not driven elec-
trically they might well be lighted elec-
trically, either on the streets or on the steam
railroads, for the appliances, in a practical
shape, are all at hand, and even if no
economy were directly effected, that is
hardly point to worry the public, out Of
whose pockets come the dividends, and who
are the more inclined to ride when they find
their comfort considered.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
A THREE-MINUTE SERVICE.

Each train will be made up of three car
riages and a locomotive, weighing alto
gether 80 TONS A train will be capable of
seating 100 passengers. We shall begin
with fve-minute service, but it is our in
tention to run three-minute service, and
eventually, if required, two-minute one.
For the three-minute service we shall have
ten trains. Including stoppages, we expect
TO maintain a speed of 10 miles an hour,
which is 25 per cent in excess of the speed
on the Inner Circle Railway. Az the ap.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
tive Of the Pail Mall Budget gathered the
following information as to the Undertaking:
LONG HOLE IN THE GROUND.

tive Of the Pail Mall Budget gathered the
following information as to the undertaking:
LONG HOLE IN THE GROUND.
1--WE have been about three years en-
gagged on the work" said Mr.. Greathead.
but you will not be surprised at the length
OF time when tell YOU that we have really
had 70 create everything. We had nothing to
guide US, for the undertaking is in every
respect novelty. The length of the line is
a little over three miles, The up and down
lines are IN separate tunnels. We have six
stations, the city terminus being at the
Monument and the other, for the present, at
Stockwell, while between we have stations
in the Borough, at the Elephant and Castle,
New street, Remington Park. and the
Oval. The platforms are so feet from the
level OF the street, but the line is deeper
than that at places, especially where it runs
under the Thames. We have hardly
touched buildings on the way, keeping in
the main under the roadways.
'In the construction of this line we have
developed a new system of tunnellng. which
is very safe and enables work of this kind
to be carried out without interfering with
the traffic of the streets, and without pull
ing down property in the wholesale yay
that was done when the underground rail-
wavs were constructed. AT the same time
the work can be carried out very rapidly,
At one time Messrs. Walter Scott & Co., the
contractors, were doing more than 100 feet of
tunnel daily, and in one-hRf year did two
and one ourth miles.
WORKING IN COMPRESSED AIR.
"Near Stockwell we came on a bed of
sand and gravel-we were formerly working
in clay-and that caused DELAY, as it neces-
STATED the manufacture Of additional plant,
but when we got that, and the men became
accustomed to work under compressed air,
the work went forward very steadily We
had to 20 through 200 yards Of sand and
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
Turning Over Book Leaves.

A novel machine is about to be intro
duced for automatically turning over the
leaves of books. which is especially adapta-
BILE for libraries, hotels, railway stations.
shop windows, etc. 1t is claimed that the
machine will work for a week or longer
period, according to adjustment, without
attention, and will turn over any size or
weight of leaves, within reasonable limits,
allowing sufficient interval for perusal be-
tween each operation. When leaf has
been turned over in either direction the
machine automatically reverses, and so ar
ranges itself as to be ready to raise the fol-
lowing leaf. thus giving a continuous mo-
ton. If the appliance fulflls all that is
claimed for it by the inventor, it is likely to
be extensively used in public museums,
libraries, ete.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
TILLMAN IS sNUBBED.
The South Carolina -Four Hundred Say He
Wears UnboiIed Shirts

The South Carolina -Four Hundred Say He
Wears UnboiIed Shirts
rsPEc1AL TELEGRAM TO THE DIsPArCHI
CHARLESTON, 8. c., November 15.-Al-
though elected Governor of the Palmetto
State by an overwhelming majority, B. R.
Tillman is still out in the cold with the
''Four Hundred" of South Carolina. Ths
States -Four Hundred is known as the South
Carolina Club, which gave its annual ball
last night. At the meeting Of the club be-
fore the ball, some of the members made an
effort to get the Governor-elect invited. The
proposition was met by the adoption Of q
resolution excluding Tillman.
Tillman is not popular with the Four
Hundred set They say he wears unboiled
shirts and dispenses with collars. His
friends are now talking of getting up grand
Inauguration ball in his honor in December
next, and it is certain that the coming Leg
islature, which is overwhelming Tillman,
will pass a law forbidding the use of the
State House by the South Carolina Club for
balls in the future.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

it In the future.
The method of working the line is to be
simplifed by the adoption of uniform
fare and turnstile, which render unneces-
sary the issue of tickets and the cumbrous
booking office system. The whole under
taking will be watched with keen interest
bv railroad men as well as the public gen.
orally, and everybody may be sure, if the
experiment is successful, that the system
will be extended in the English metropolis
and adopted in all the great cities of both
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

proach to each station is on an incline and
the departure on decline the trains can be
stopped easily and get up speed quickly.
The Westinghouse brake, which has been
adopted, will bring the train up in five Sec
onds.
'The passengers will enter by two plat
forms between the carriages to which there
are gates, which open and shut rapidly like
q pair of lazytongs. There is a passage
from end to end of the train, and only
one class. The carriages are cushioned,
and lighted by electricity, the current being
obtained from the working conductor as the
train passes along. At each station there
are two lifts to raise and lower the passen-
gers. They will each hold 30 persons, so
that they can carry a full trainload. As
the descending passengers leave one door of
the lift those ascending will enter by an
other, SO that no time will be lost.
THE HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS.
1.-THE lifts are worked by hydraulic power
which is generated in the same engine-house
of the electric power at Stockwell. The
water passes from the accumulator through
q pipe in the down tunnel extending to the
city. Having done its work it returns by
pipe in the up tunnel to the pumping en-
gines at Stockwell, and is again circulated.
The pressure is about 200 pounds to the
square inch. The lifts are capable of rails
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
Oil Upon Troubled Waters,

A suggestion has been made that oil
might with advantage be used at the most
exposed lighthouses to reduce the force of
the waves. 1t is thought that this end
might be attained by placing. say, couple
of small steel buoys in the most exposed
direction at distance from the lighthouse
o some 150 feet There should be pulley
on the buoy and slight rope, so that the
bag or appliance for distributing the oil
could always be hauled in when required.
The method is most simple, and can be
tested without great expense.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
New System of Rapid Transit in Lon
don Fifty Feet Below the Sur
face of the Streets.
A SPEED UF FIFTEEN NILES.
Electricity Used Both for PrOpelling the
Passenger Trains and Light
ing the Interior,
CONDUCTORS WILL NOT BE NEEDED.
Deuass EneOuntsrsiin Constructing the Long Tunnels
for the Tracks

LONDON, November 6.
HE Prince of Wales has
just formally opened in this
city a railroad that possesses
several distinctly novel feat
ures. 1t is an underground
railroad and is called the
City and South London
Railway. In respect to the
depth of the line below the
ground, the smallness OF
the tunnels, the style of the
carriage and the motive
power it marks quite a de-
parture, and may be a hint
to Pittsburg of the possible
developments in rapid trans
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
Instruction in Railroad Management.

c. Frank Allen attests the importance of
the relation of railroads to the State, which
is becoming more evident almost day by day,
as a reason why regular course of instruc-
ton in railroad management should be
looked upon as useful part of liberal
training in colleges where instruction in
technical engineering finds no place. Rail.
road administration furnishes abundant
opportunities for well-educated young man
to exercise all the ability which nature and
training have placed at his disposal, and a
technical training is without doubt the best
foundation upon which to build, in antici-
patton of entering the service of any of our
successful railroads. In the proposed course
this requirement would be fully provided
fnr
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

at each signal box is the working conductor
of steel, which is placed on the line be-
tween the rails. Upon the locomotive are a
number of collectors or shoes, which rest
upon the working conductor and collect the
current as the locomotive runs along. There
is lever in the locomotive which the
driver operates and which enables him to
send the current through the electric motors
on the locomotive, or cut the current off al
together when he desires to slacken speed
or stop.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
A Now Disinfactant.

Among the latest means devised for COM
batting the ubiquitous mlcrobe is q new dis
infectant. called "lysol," which appears to
be very much like carbolic acid (whose repu-
tation is seriously on the wane) emulsifed,
and thereby made more active. The emul-
styling agent is an ordinary fat or resin
soap, but the popularity of manufacture
lies In the fact that the tar acid is incorpor-
ated with the soap at the moment Of saponi-
fication.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
Improvements In Diving Apparatus.

Some practical Improvements in diving
apparatus have been effected by French
engineer. Instead of the heavy electric
hand lamp hitherto used by divers, he af-
fixes light but powerful glow lamp on the
top Of the helmet, SO that the divers hands
are both at all times free for work. The
lamp is connected by a conductor with a
battery either on shore OF in a vessel above,
as the case may be. The next point is
new method of connecting the helmet with
the dress without any loose parts, and this
is effected by means of only one watertight
joint instead of two, as in the ordinary
dress. In the new method the upper part
or collar of the india rubber dress is gripped
in between the lower rim of the helmet and
the upper rim Of the breastplate and there
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
ABALDHEADED A soNGsrER.

One of the curious things about canaries
is the effect certain kinds of ailments have
on them. There is strange looking bird
In Brooklyn household at the present
time. Either from cold contracted in a
draughty place or from overheating of the
blood this little German canary b as become
baldheaded. About month or more ago
two red Jumps began to grow just above the
bill. No special attention was paid to
them at first, but when the feathers began
to come off the head, back of the Jumps, it
began to dawn on the family that some
thing was wrong. In three weeks time the
bird was bald all the way down to his
shoulders, with the exception Of tuft
in the center of the head and few tufts on
the sides which suggested feathered side
vhiskers.
A bird dealer attributed this phenomenon
to cold and suggested that the bird be
taken from the cage and held firmly to pre-
vent his struggling, while generous coat
ing of vasaline was rubbed on his head.
The next operation should be an application
of warm water the next morning and repe-
tition of the vaseline treatment. The funny
looking bird soon became accustomed to his
daily greasing, but it made his head itch,
and he spent hours every week rubbing his
smooth and tender head against his perch to
allay the irritation. His af1iction has made
him quite lion in the neighborhood, and a
member of the family has named him Bill
Nye. The feathers are coming in again.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
ANOTHER DINING ROOM sTRIXR.

Chicago Walters Say Their Employers are
Undermining the Union.
CHICAGO, November 14.-Forty white
walters, the entire night and day force,
struck at noon to-day in the Boston Oyster
House. The colored walters at Milan's
restaraunt are also out, having quit in a
body some days ago.
The walters claim an organized attempt is
being made to break up their unions in this
city by the systematic introduction of nom
union men.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

the old and new worlds. Mr.. J. II. Great
head, the engineer-in-chief, may be saiS to
be the creator of the line, as it has been by
means of his inventions that its construction
has been rendered possible. Meeting that
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
This Is q Progressive Age.
,.ngo, t,ommercial.]

Bangor Commercial'l
One of the pensioners of the War Of 1872,
in Maine, was not born until nearly q year
after her late husband had served in that
war.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16

Nine. A. Rupperts world-renowned face
bleach Is the only face tonic in the world which
positively removes freckles, moth patches,
blackheads, pimples, birthmarks. eczema and
all blemishes of the skin, and when applied
cannot be observed by anyone. The face
Ne. SO Fifth avenue, Hamilton building rooms
2O3 and 2O4 Pittsburg, or sent to any address on
receipt of price. Sold at g per bottle or three
bottles, usually required TO clear the complex
ion So. Send 4cents postage for full particulars,
ocll-su NINE. A. RUPERT.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
The Matter Mended.

The Matter Mended.
Boston Courier.1
Miss Waltzer-Oh, dear oh. dear yoD
stepped on my foot.
Mr.. Clodhopper-I acknowledge the corn.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-11-16
MEDICINE FOR THE BEAUTIES.

One of the most frequent complaints
among canaries is asthma. This disease is
easily cured if taken hold of at once. The
bird dealers sell a powder that is mixed in
the water the birds are given to drink, and
there is also bird tonic which is good for
all the ills that bird flesh is heir to. When
a bird has the asthma the symptoms are a
heaviness of breathing at night. Canaries
with this complaint have been known to
breathe like human beings.
The American bred canary is more sub
ject to illness than the pure German. The
breeding of canaries here is not a success
A great many people have native bred
birds and do not know it. They can be
identified every time by an expert by their
song, so some of the dealers claim.
The breeding OF birds here is not
success, according to these authorities,
because the seed used is not of fine
enough quality and the bird in its earlier
days does not get the proper nourishment to
insure future strength. They are therefore
weaklings, so to speak, and a sort of
brought-up-on-the-bo product. In Ger
many the very finest seed is used by breed
ers, and although this seed is brought here
it is expensive and most of the native breed
ers and, in fact, most bird owners buy q
cheaper variety to save expense.