davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
A WORD OF CAUTION.
The Spontaneous Combustion of Wheat
In the Bundle.

The Spontaneous Combustion of Wheat
In the Bundle.
A correspondent of the Breeders Ga
zette writes: Several instances of barns
being consumed by fire originating
from spontaneous combustion of hay or
straw in them have been published in
your paper during the past year, and l
now send you notice of another which
occurred Tuesday evening, July %,
1890.
Mr.. Samuel B. Perry, of Jefferson, O.,
was hoeing in his garden after his sup
per hour while 1t was yet light, and on
looking up from his work he saw fire
shining through cracks in his barn.
He went into the barn as soon as pos
sible and found the fire to be wholly in
n NOW of wheat in the bundle which
he had placed there the week before.
There had been no smoking, no lantern
light nor fire of any nature around his
barn for many weeks, nor is there any
human probability that it was incendi-
ary work. Mr.. Perry informs me that
early last week he drew two loads of
newly-cut wheat from his field only
two days from the harvester. and in the
butts of the bundles was heavy growth
of new timothy seeding of grass.
He examined the berries of his wheat
md concluded it was a little too green
to go into the barn. We had beautiful
harvest weather-hot sun every day and
no storm-so that his grain cured fast
Two days after putting in his first load
he put in another load. Being busy with
his haying the fourth day he put in an
other load and the following Saturday
he put in the balance six loads, making
ten loads of good heavy wheat, filling
his barn from scatfold floor over his
horse stable clear to the roof
The fire when it first broke out was in
that part of the NOW where the two
loads were first put. Being on farm
and no help present but his wife ne
could not put out the fire or save his
barn. He had $500 insurance on barn
which cost twice the money; $500 on
contents, and it was then jammed full
of wheat and hay; $500 on implements,
and for that he lost all his farm tools,
harness, wagon, and fine carriage, be-
cause as soon as he opened the front
door of the barn to look in the flames
spread so rapidly that nothing could be
done. His loss is so heavy that it pre-
cludes any suspicion of his selling it to
an insurance company.
have stated the particulars so fully
in order to caution others against run
ming any such great risk.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
HORTICULTURAL HINTS.

CATTLE or horses should not be pas
tured in an orchard.
FRUIT mulching is too much neglected.
a good mulch not only helps the grow
ing crop, but enriches the soil for future
crops.
ALL fruit trees should be trained low.
The lower limbs should never be higher
than to adapt the orchard to convenient
culture.
ENGLISH ivy can be planted with sue.
cess on the north side of buildings, but
where it gets much sun in winter it will
not thrive.
THE Minnesota experiment station
has had excellent results in spraying
native plums with London purple to kill
the curculio.
A PEAR or an apple orchard planted in
grass, kept in grass, starved by grass,
will ''go to grass" speedily, and ought
to, otherwise it encourages shiftless-
ness.
1T takes an extra good farm and extra
good farming to yield six per cent. on
the capital invested. Consider this be-
fore you borrow r,oney to buy more
land.
SOME Pennsylvasiia fruit growers raise
tobacco in their orchards, and do it suc-
cessfully. But they don't allow any
weeds to grow there except the tobacco
weed.
As sIRDs have fondness for good
fruit especially cherries and strawber-
ries, better raise enough for yourself
and them also, as you can't afford to do
without birds. .---.---''-- -
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
a LAND MEASURE.
A Simple and Accurate Device for Measure
Ing Your Fields.

A Simple and Accurate Device for Mcasur-
Ing Your Fields.
Take fiat hoop from the flour bar
rel, loosen the tacks which hold the
ends together and expand or contract
the hoop so it will measure just h1S feet
q ound it, and tack it together again.
Now Ill two nieces OF boards across
oh other inside the hoop and you have
wheel not unlike barrow wheel with
four spolies. Take another piece Of
BOARD, say 8 feet long and inches wide,
nd cut slot out of one end, making
1T look like large tuning fork. Pat
the hoop in the slot and bore hole
through the center of the spokes of the
hoop and insert stout wire or wooden
pin.
Now we have, on large scale, just
such tool as blacksmiths use for
measuring the inside of wagon tires.
Let US see what we can do with it.
Three turns of the wheel equal one rod.
We run it 3S turns in one direction and
the same at right angles; SsxSs equals
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
STRONG RAFTER-TIEs.

the distance from the top, mailing tho
other end to the beam, or, in absence Of
q beam, to the studding or joists Where
these rafter-ties cross each other they
are also securely nailed. These ties,
placed upon every second or third pair
of rafters, make the most solid kind of
roof, that win never sag even when
powered with slate, heavy snow, or tried
by the wind. This plan is ii.r prefera-
BILE to the common ono of simply nail
ing strip from one rafter to the other;
this plan, as shown, adds strength to
the entire structure, costs but little and
would be more used if known.-Amer-
lean Agriculturist.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

Women are not slow to
comprehend. They're quick.
They're alive, and yet it was
a man who discovered the oue
remedy for their beenAaar all
mentS.
The man was DR.. Pierce.
The discovery was his "Fa-
vorite Prescription the boon
to delicate women.
Why go round "with one
foot in the grave" suffering in
silence-,misunderstood-w when
there's a remedy at hand that
isn't an experiment, but which
is sold under the guarantee
that if you are disappointed
in any way in it, you can get
your money back by applying
to its makers.
We can hardly imagine a
woman's not trying it. Pos
sibly it may be true of one
or two-but we doubt it.
Women are ripe for it.
They must have it. Think
of a prescription and nine out
Of ten waiting for it. Carry
the news to them
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
LAND MEASURE.

1,444 square turns. AS LAO square
turns equal one acre, we find we have a
space II feet square more than an acre.
Once more we run the wheel ~ turns in
a straight line and 60 at right angle;
G0X72 equals 1920. Divide this number
by 8 (as square feet make l rod) and
we get $50 square rods, or three acres;
or divide the number by LAO, the num-
ber of square turns in an acre, and the
result is The same. Approximate meas
ures can be taken of irregular tracts
thus: l have field 242 turns in one
line, 164 in another, SO in another and
131 in another, which brings me back
to the place of starting. These lines
added make go turns. Multiply one
fourth of this number q55) by itself
and you get 49, square turns, or a
little over 16 acres. This is not perfect
ly correct, but near enough for all prac
tical purposes. Farm and Home.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
Harvest Excursions.

On September 9th and 23d, and October
t4th, the Chicago a. North w estern Railway
will sell excursion tickets from Chicago to
principal land points in the Northwest at
the low rate of one fare for the round trip,
and tickets will be good for return at any
time within thirty days from date of sale.
This favorable arrangement affords an ex-
cellent opportunity for personal inspection
of the productive country reached by the
Chicago & North Western Railway and con-
Meeting lines For full Information apply
to Ticket Agents, or address w. A. Thrall,
General Passenger and Ticket Agent G. q
NV. R'y, Chicago, Ill.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

offered by the CHIoAeo, Rock ISLAND a. PA.
c1F1o RAILWAY, to points in Kansas, Nc
braska, Missouri, Arkansas, Indian Terri
tory, Texas, New Mex co, Wyoming, Utah,
Idaho, Minnesota, Northwestern Iowa,
orado, at the low rate of ONE FARE FOR THE
ROUND TRIP. Tickets for these excursions
will be sold on Tuesdays, Sept 8 and %.
and Oct Ii, 1890. They are first-class and
good 80 days for return passage.
If you want to see the country, or secure
home in the Great West, don't tneglect this
opportunity. Be sure that your tickets read
via the O., r. /. & p RY., which has its own
lines to principal points in many of the
above-named States.
For rates and full particulars address
JNo. SEBASTIAN, G. T. q p. Agt, Chicago, Ill.
A POPULAR fallacy.-that the easiest things
to do arc to tell the truth and TO edit a pa
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
A Good support for Roofs.

A very cheap and strong arrangement
to prevent the weight of either steep or
fiat roofs spreading apart, giving the
bnilding that most undesirable appear
ance of ''broken back" is shown in
the accompanying engraving. After
the rafters are in position. take stiff
board stuff, one by four inches, and nail
one end to the rafter about one-third of
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

THE Jersey organ says that it makes
O mighty sight of difference-or words
to that cffect-what kind of a good cow
you have. 1t is altogether useless for
our contemporary to waste space in
giving its idea of what kind of good
COW good COW is We all know what
the standard of good COW is in that
quarter.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

The seat of sick headache
is not in the brain. Regu-
late the stomach and you
cure it. DR.. Pierce's Pellets
are the Little Regulators.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
Ths HNrnfhnr,a Trinnhi>.

Not only shortens labor and lessons pain
attending 1t, but greatly diminishes tho
danger TO life of both mother and child il
used few months before confinement.
Write to The Bradfeld Regulator Co., At
lanta, Ga, for further particulars. Sold by
all druggists.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
Homo-seckers' Excursions via the Chi

Homo-Seekers' EXCURSIONS via the CHI
cago. st. Paul g. Kansas City R'y.
On Tuesdays, September and 90 and Oc-
tober II, 1890, agents of the Chicago, st.
Paul and Kansas City Railway will sell
Home Seekers Excursion Tickets to prin-
cipal points in the West, Northwest, South
and Southwest at rate of one fare for tho
round trip, tickets good returning thirty
days from date of sale. For full particu-
lars call on or address agents of the Chicago,
St. Paul and Kansas City Railway.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

THE Kansas City Live Stock Ex.
change in it's resolutions, describing
the purity and sweetness of caul fat,
strangely neglected to tell us what
similarity there was between hogs lard
and butter iats.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

], L. CRAe1N 81 Co., of Philn., the mfrs. of
Dobbtns' Electric Soap, say they would rather
close up their immense works than to put
one grain of dd,lterd;ton in their Dobbins'
Electric Soap. Would that all were as hon
nat
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

A rHoToaRAPnERs negative and pretty
girls affirmative are both developed in a
dark room.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

The first week that man has telephone
In his, office he Is apt to have the yeller
fever badly.-Boston Bulletin.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

In nine cases out of ten failures are
caused by the man-not the hen, mar
ket or climate.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

ALBERT BuRcu, West Toledo, Ohio, says:
"Halls Catarrh Cure saved mylife "Write
him for particulars. Sold by Druggists, 75c.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

THERE is nobody or nothing in this world
that is so often crossed in love as the front
door mat t--Binghamton Leader.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

SAID the penknife to the pencil: "Since
you're SO sharp. think I'd better shut up"
-Binghamton Republican.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

ALWAYS avoid harsh purgativepills They
first make you sick and then leave you con.
stpated. Carter's Little Liver Pills regulate
the bowels and make you well. Dose, one pill.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

1T is no longer necessary to take blue pills
LiverPills are much better Don t forget this
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

FAIR lady becomes still fairer by using
Glenn's Sulphur Soap.
Hills Hair and Whlsker Dye, 80 cents.
A MAN on Pullman may sell his BERTH
right for moro than mess of pottage-in
caRe Of q crowd WASHINGTON Star.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

IT seems quite natural that the threads OF
conversation should sometimes produce
long yarn.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

phI ucj BUSINESS COLLEGE. Philadelphia, Pa
IHlmO Life BcholArship CO. Situations flrnithed
srhAAE Tilib PAPER s,u1 Tina yss vsAA
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

THE receiver is as bad as the thief but
neither of them feel as bad as the loser
Denver Road
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
The CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAELI


sna s9n Falls St seph and kansas City
enNor Wichita Beeve Abilene Dodge
tran aani
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

q nnA @ 10, 900 Acres selected. Haps, etc., TREE.
j AtNtUu - oJEO.sWEETMAN, Currie, Nina
Vy-AAhk Tnib RAfER 0ssy pIils.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30

A POPULAR fallacy.-that the easiest things
to do arc to tell the truth and TO edit a pa
nar-Iipht
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
EDUCATIONAL.

ITNI0N COLLRGE of LAW, Chicago. Fall Term be-
" gins sept q. For circular add. II Booth. Chicago
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1890-08-30
pat ::::s:::::. f: ::::::: 49,:
sy-EAME THIS PAPER even Jou Wriis.

WbNTEnLADES s a':s Cast Ss %H aGna % ny s w5 yonr
WINE I1 home. Addr's,wth stamp, Miss Edna
L. Smytbe. Lock Box 1908. South BEND, Ind Proprie-
tor of the Fnmuus Gloria Water the Compilation.
ss-SAME THIS pArEn every tin. J0u
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
Wall Street Today.

NEW YORK, Jan. Sin the stock market this
morning the coal stocks monopolized all the
speculative interest and almost all the busi-
ness done, the only other stocks attaining any
prominence whatever in the dealings being
Missouri Pacific and sugar refineries, the re-
mainder beng dull aud without feature. Open
ing prices were almost invariably lower,
though. except in the case of Reading, which
was down p per cent, the changes were for
small fractions only. Delaware and Hudson,
however, wss up 2 per cent The trading in
Reading was enormous during the early por-
tion of the hour more than As 900 shares of il
changing hands in the first Is minutes and over
$1,000 in the half hour. The stocks developed
marked strength and their prices kept pace
with the dealings, both Reading and Lacka-
wanna scoring material advances during the
hour. Lackawanna rose Ia per cent to 1917,
Reading l. to 81 Jersey Central rs TO La,
and Delaware and Hudson fraction. In the
general list Missouri Pacific, Colorado coal and
Wabash preferred displayed considerable
strength, but their advances were fractional
and their transactions comparatively small
Lackawanna later rose to l3S. and at IL O'Clock
the market was active and strong at the best
prices reached.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
THE KNIFFIN INQUEST.
Neither the Doctor Nor Miss Purcell
Present Today.

TRENTON, NJ, Jan. S.-The coroner's in
quest in the Knifin murder case began this
morning. There was large crowd around the
building seeking to gam admission to the court
room, but when as many as could be comforta-
bly, accommodated had been admitted the doors
were locked. Neither DR.. Knifin nor Miss
Emma Purcell was present. DR.. shannon. Dr.
kniffin's partner, was In attendance and told
about following Gus Reed up the stairs
on the morning of the tragedy and finding
Miss Purcell lying on the floor on her stomach
Her clothing was not disarranged. When
picked up she said: LET me go; let me go:"
adding, run, Myrs, run" Mrs. knifin, DIR.
Shannon said, was lying on the bed, with
one limb exposed to view. The bed clothing
was not disarranged. Knifin always treated
his wife well. The witness said he had heard
quarrels between DR.. and Mrs. Kniffn, but was
reluctant to tell of them and was not pressed.
Gus Reed told the jury about the appearance of
the rooms on the morning after the tragedy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
HE WAS READY.
An Eccentric MinneapOlitan Makes His
Coffin and Shoots Himself

MINNEAPoLIs, Jan. S.-Otis B. Brown, ST., an
eccentric old widower, who lived almost
hermit in cattle hut in the village of Osseo,
this county, committed suicide and was found
by friends stiff and cold in a pool of his own
blood Monday. He had shot himself in the
head three times.
Mr.. Brown was seventy-eight years old, very
odd In his behavior and very deaf. The neigh
bors are Of the opinion that the old mans in-
frmities was the foundation for his eccen-
tricity. He was divorced from his wife about
twenty years ago and was spiritualist in re-
hglon. Two sons of Mr.. Brown survive him
and live on farms near by. OF late Mr.. Brown
has kept a diary of his condition. This was
scattered about on scraps of paper which
were found among his effects. The
last Of these notes bore the facts
that he was about to take his life and gave di-
rections for the disposal of his effects. The
old man also wrote funeral sermon several
months ago, which he left in the hands of a
neighbor with the instructions to have it
preached over his remains. He was a carpen-
ter by trade and among the things about his
hut was coffin which he told others was made
for himself. Mr.. Brown was born in Massa-
chusetts and has lived thirty-six years in this
state. No inquest will be held
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
THE GRIP GOES GAILY on.
Berlin Mourning the Death of the Ex-
Empresa
ST. LOUIS HAS A BIG FIRE TODAY
A Pretty and Wealthy Maid Fights Her
C0achman.
EXCITED OVER READING.
The New York Stock Exchange Wit
nesses Some Lively Selling.

New YoRK, Jan. S-The uncertainty in re-
gard to the payment of interest on the Reading
income bonds, which was to have been decided
by the directors in Philadelphia today, and the
cables from London reporting decline of IL
per cent in the price of Reading in that mar
ket caused a general expectation of a break
here, and at the opening of the stock exchange
the crowd in Reading was an immense and ex-
cited one, the most prominent figures in 1t
being Isadore Wormser and his nephew. A }.
Wormser. A perfect Babel followed the signal
to commence business. and sales were made all
the way from S5S4 to 1864 in differ
ent parts of the crowd at the same moment.
The Wormsers bought almost everything
offered in the first few minutes; and then
notices that the loans of stocks to shorts could
not be renewed and a premium on the stock
for use today started shorts covering and
moved the price to S7IE. The sales of the stock
IN the first fifteen minutes amounted TO over
$4,000 shares, Of which the Wormsers took
10000, and in the first hour $4,000 shares
changed hands. All kinds of rumors were IN
circulation in regard to the interest on the first
preference, but the general impression is that
nothing will be paid on any OF the income
bonds.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
THE DISEASE OF THE DAY.
What the Grip is Doing for q Great
People Today.

CMcAoo, Jan. Frank ISv.
Ter, who has been sick in bed with influenza for
week. was able 10 be out yesterday for the
hrst time, although he Is yen weak and shown
the effects Of a hard struggle with the malady.
He will leave for Washington Thursday noon,
arriving there Friday evening. aud after = SAT-
urday and Sunday Of rest take his seat in the
House Monday.
Dispatches are coming in from many poiuts
in Illinois, Iowa and Indiana reporting the
grip raging. Few fatal cases are heard OF.
PLaISFIELD, \. j.. Jan. s.-Mrs. wm. Moore.
whose husband. a wealthy contractor. died
Sunday OF pneumonia. died yesterday Of the
same disease, The large fortune which her
husband left entirely 10 her will so to an only
son.
LONDON, Jan. s-The influenza epidemic in
this city is decreasing, but is extending in the
provinces
BosroN, Jan. s-Stephen Bicknel. an old
resident Of North Weymouth. and 0rian Hart,
prominent citizen aud selectman of Athol,
died from grip this morning.
LoSDoS, ONT. Jan. S-There are 1000 cases
OF influenza in this city and the disease con-
tinues to spread. one case, in which the
patient was attacked with commissions. has
been reported. but the majority of the suffer-
ers have the malady in a mild form.
LONDON. Jan. s.-Prince George. the second
son, and Princess Victoria, the second daugh-
ter Of the prince and princess of Wales, have
been attacked with Influenza.
NEW YORK, Jan. S.-The returns 90 the bureau
OF vital statistics show that $50 deaths occurred
IN this city for the twenty-four hours ending
at noon today. The like of tins has never
been known in the history of the department.
since the time of cholera. The record today is
hfteen IN excess of that yesterday. During the
four days of this week SS9 people have died in
the city New York. The morgue is crowded
TO It's utmost capacity. The reports from
Bellevue hospital to the central Office today
showed that 10 bodies, the greatest number in
the history OF that institution, were there
awaiting removal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
Mysterious Shooting.

LIBERTY, No., Jan. s.-James L. Sheets ex-
prosecuting attorney, shot and killed John
Luyton at z o'clock last night. The cause of
the murder is q mystery, and the identity of the
murdered man is unknown beyond the fact that
he came here few days ago from Illinois with
his wife en- route to California. Sheets had
been out of town for some days and Luyton
had called on him several times to settle an old
difficulty, as he expressed il. Sheets makes no
statement of the cause of the murder. An
effort was made to see Mrs. Luyton, but she had
gone to California. leaving her husband to
follow her. She was notified of Mr.. Luyton's
death by telegraph
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
To Advertisers.

Owing to pressure of news and the increasing
circulation of The STAR, compelling its forms
to be put upon the presses promptly at the re-
quired hour, and also to make proper classiica-
tion OF matter, it is absolutely necessary that
oil advertisements shall be received at the
business office earlier in the day than formerly.
Its advertising patrons are therefore requested
to send in all changes of matter before II o'clock
am, and all reD matter before IL o'clock M,
and as much earlier than those hours as possible.
Copy received earliest will have preference, al
ways, and that coming in after the hours named
cannot have assurance of insertion until the
next day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1890-01-08
Brice Losses a Man

CLEVELAND, Quo, Jan. s.-A special 10 the
Press from Columbus says: Representative
Frank Knapp OF Defiance died early this morn
ing of pneumonia, brought on by an attack Of
grip. de had been sick for some time and
had not yet been sworn in. lie was a bright
lawyer and leaves family in good financial
circumstances. Knapp was counted as one of
Brice strong supporters and his death leaves
vacancy IN the senatorial eandidate's ranks.