Workmen's advocate., 1890-11-22

The earth originated from the sun as an air ball composed of glowing gases. In the course of innumerable years this air ball, by cooling, condensed so as to get solid crust, covered with water and surrounded by a gaseous atmos- phere. The condensation by cooling must have commenced at the poles and proceeded to the equator With this condensation by cooling and correspond ing to it appeared in the water pri- mary generative substance in single pieces, or so called mOnereS, endowed with the power of self motion. They took their food from the materials con- tained in the water and in the atmos, phere and they increased by parting in two or more pieces Difference of the young individuals from the old result ed from: l-their adaptation to HP chdnging nutrition and the rayjatj0n Qf their bodies in form and function in- daced thereby and 2-the lTeSerrati0n and transmission of the ruriationS NuS acquired 10 the descendants.
 The changes in their nutrition were caused by.l-7he diterem location of ther placeS Cf birth and h0bltdtjOn, and 2-the alteration iN the contents of the acdter and in Me composition Of the dt- mOSphere, Whlch their iHgeStiOn Of food and ercretion of eDete matter brought about.
 The struggle for life among the moneres did not consist in their competition with each other about the means of subsist- ence, because there was no lack of the same; but it COnsisted lin the labor they had 10 perform in order 10 Obtdin them. and, 2-in their resistance tO the rarious mfuences of temperature and of light.
 The atmosphere and the water con 1 tained at that remote time much more Carbonic acid and less oxygen than at present. This was the cause that some mOneres took the course of vegetable formation by dissolving into its elements the carbonic acid which they inhaled and by assimilating the carbon and ex, haling the oxygen. Thus the regetdble cells originated and with them the main condition of animal life. When cer- tain quantity of oxygen had been gen. erated in the atmosphere, some moneres took the course of animal formation by inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbonic acid and by consuming the vegetable l cells as their natural food Thus the animal cells originated, which renewed and kept up the amount of carbonic acid necessary for the nOurshment of the vegetable cells.
 The separation into vegetable and animal cells was the first step to the origin of species, which at the same time Widened the struggle for existence, so that henCefOrth this struggle was con- posed of a threefOld activity, namely: l-thelF labor 1n pr0cmlng food: 2-theU resistance 10 the pO,cerS Of tHOrgunic na- hWe: and 3-tter StrJe against each other. These two main or general spe cies developed into higher and higher forms, which were blended by gradual transitions until the sexual separation took place. This brought on greater differences between the species, which still increased when in the struggle for life many of the intermediate species l perlshed; so that at present there are marked boundaries between distinct classes, orders, families, genera and species of organic beings The two most important characteristics of this distinc- tion are: l-PrOcreatiOn of fertile de- scendants; and, 2-Equality of anatOm- lcal structure.
 Corresponding to the further evolu- tion of the original vegetable and ami, maj cells into higher and higher forms, the threefold activities in the struggle for ] life to which all vegetable and anlmaI individuals are subject, namely:
 1-Their struggle to acquire the mednS of subsistence:
 2-7heir struggle dgai'lst the po,cerS of l1l0rgdnic ndture, and
 3-Thetr struggle against hostile species 0f organic beingS,
 were also developed more and more.
 This is proved by all instances of the struggle for life which Charles Darwin in his celebrated book on the Origin of Species has adduced. And it is further proved by the same instances that there Is no struggle like active competition or strife going on between members of the same species Tor those cases of sowing together several varieties of wheat etc. and those of keeping together celtaln varieties of mountain sheen etc. ! Cases in which one variety displaces another variety of the same spenies-are the result of domestication, i. e.. of 1 conscious or methodical selection and do not refer to natural conditions. Be