Workmen's advocate., 1890-06-14
vanished in the face of division of labor


 Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufticed. There upon steam and machinery revolution ized industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of the in- dustrial middle class, by industrial mil lionaires, the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
 Modern Industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. The market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communi- in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation and railways ex- tended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased it's capi- tai, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.
 We see. therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
 Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a cor responding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the medieval commune (d), here indepen- dent urban republic (as in Italy and Ger many) there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy Gas in France), afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi,feudal or the ab. solute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and in fact, corner stone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the
 establishment of Modern Industry and
 of the world market, conquered for
 itself, in the modern representative
 State, exclusive political sway. The
 executive of the modern State is but
 committee for managing the common
 affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
 The bourgeoisie, historically, has
 played a most revolutionary part.
 The bourgeoisle, wherever 1t has got
 the upper hand, has put an end to all
 feudal, patriarchal, idyIlic relations. It
 has pitilessly torn asunder the motley
 feudal ties that bound man to his ma
 tural superiors," and has left remaining
 no other nexus between man and man
 than naked self-interest, than callous
 leash payment" It has drowned the
 most heavenly ecstacies of religious
 fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of
 philistine sentimentalism, in the icy
 water of egotstical calculation. It has
 resolved personal worth into exchange
 value, and in place of the numberless
 indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom
 Free Trade. In one word, for exploita- , tion, yelled by religious and political
 illusions it has substituted naked, shame less, direct. brutal exploitation. The bourgeoisie has stripped of it's halo every occupation hitherto 'honore and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into it's paid wage-laborers.
 The bourgeosie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has
 reduced the family relation to mere
 money relation
 The bourgeoise has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which Reac-
 tionists so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indo- , lence It has been the first to show what 3 mans activity can bring about. It has
 accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals it has conducted 3 expeditions that put in the shade all 3 former Exoduses of nations and cru ) sades.
 hn hnt nt iof hNyxt : constantly revolutionizing the instru-
 ments of production, and thereby the 5 relations of production, and with them 9 the whole relations of society. Conser- s vation of the old modes of production in 3 unaltered form, was, on the contrary,
 the first condition of existence for all : earlier industrial classes. Constant revo- l, ', lutionizing of production, uninterrupted r disturbance of all social conditions, ever . lasting uncertainty and agitation, dis - tingulsh the bourgeois epoch from all = earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen rela- , tions, with their train of ancient and . venerable prejudices and opinions, are , swept away; all new formed ones become l. antiquated before they can ossify. All a that is solid melts into air, oil that is
 holy is profaned, and man is at last com- r pelled to face with sober senses hls real - conditions of life and his relations with r his kind.
 9 The need of a constantly expanding F. market for its products chases the bour- s geoisie over the whole surface of the : globe. r. must nestle everywhere, settle r everywhe,g 5, establish every s where.
 The bourgeoisie has through it's ex- f ploitation of the world-market given a f cosmopolitan character to production ', and consumption in every country. To f the great chagrin of Re. actionists, it f. has drawn from under the feet of indus