davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03
KINGDOM OF NEW MEXICO.
Its Antiquities and Population of the
Pueblos.
The Habits, Buildings and Doings of Its
First Inhabitants Prior to and
During the Spanish &C.
cupation.
ANTIQUITIES.

At the time of the first appearance OF
Europeans in New Mexico, i. e. in the
first half OF the 10th century, New Mexico
was but thlnly inhabited. Ii we include
the Moqnjs Of Arizona and the Navalos,
the total number of people dwell ing over
What subsequently became the Kingdom
Of New Mexico" Gas the province was
called under Spanish rule) and roaming
over it, did not reach 10000. Of these,
% 600 " ere sedentarv Indians or "pueb'
los" The remainder were Navajos and
their outlying bands called the Apaches,
Mansos (near Fort Selien and Rlnron),
Jnmanos, Yutes, Hava-Supay and other
tribes of central Arizona; for New Mex
leo embraced then the northern half OF
the latter territory. The Pueblos there
fore constituted a minority in comparison
with the wild tribes. Furthermore, they
lived in groups isolated from each other,
whereas, the roaming Indians pervaded,
so to say, the country in every direction
harassing the villagers, trading with them
occasionally, but mostly preying upon
them AS wolves prey upon a drove OF
domt site or wild cattle. Had The Nava-
Jos, alone, posse ssed any conference in
their social or military organization, they
might have exterminated the Pueblos III
the course Of very few years.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

TIE fauna OF New Mexico comprises
about 300 species OF birds. The strange
feature OF it is, however, that nearly one
fourth, or seventy species, are aquatic.
Thus out OF thirty six species OF North
American ducks twenty are found in New
Mexico. Eight kinds of herons, two
cranes, the trumpeter swan (Cignus Buc-
cinator), five geese, fifteen snipes, gull,
larus Deawarensis, makes its appearance
in our territory occasionally. OF plovers,
four species pertain to New Mexico. Only
few of the aquatic birds enumerated
breed here.
Another popularity Of our ornithologl-
cal fauna is the absence of representatives
of the parrot tribes. This is the more
surprising, as the pine forests OF the
northern Sierra Madre are haunted by a
species OF large green parrot in numbers
That bird is a constant inhabtant of the
solitude west OF Cas"s d 'df1noas:.' ~
unlike the Carolinian parrot, it is moi
Tree gratory. The green and yellow pit
,taiy which our Pueblo Indians so muCh est
were obtained by them formerly on
~, trading expeditions to Sonora, in
,,g change 70. buffalo hides and turqu
This commerce is very ancient. |
listed previous to the arrival OF the S
I'd is iards, although it was much more irl
y in lar than afterwards when' as late as
annual expeditions were made by the
eblos to Guaymas and the interic
2 up Sonora. The iridescent shells so hi
very priced by the Indians were also sec
by them on such occasions.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

SPEAKER READ does not seem to have
much of a presidential bee in his bonnet.
When asked about the probability of his
nomination on the Republican ticket he
said "they might do better, and l think
fboy will -
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

Or COURSE, OF course, sew Mexico and
her people would be better off under a
Republican state government than under
Democratic territorial government. This
can not be disputed successfully.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

latter might prove the most profitable find
of the two, since it is described as noun
tain of cinnabar. Quicksilver is more
valuable now, in the long run, than
either silver or gold.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03
pen, sure.

THE New Mexico delegation is doing
better and better work daily in Washing
ton for this territory. The plan Of the
bureau of immigration was an excellent
one and is working splendi,llv.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

WHAT has come over Arkansas. A law
and order league has been organized at
Little Rock. Something is going to hap
pen, sure.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

Advancement and no step backward is
the motto of the Republican majority III
the house Of representatives.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

a,rs, eN. All. Jnlns are to be admitted free
Of duty and the valiant sons OF fair Italy
are happy.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

THE gold bug to the rear this time; the
silver men to the front.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03
SATURDAY. MAY 8.

THE statehood movement for New Mex
leo is on boom.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

New MEXICO has commenced to help
herself; she must continue so to do.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03
THE PUEBLOS.


Not only were the Pnebos geographic
ally scattered, but they subdivided in adj
dtion into a number OF linguistic groups,
These groups were:
In the extreme north, the Taos and Pr
CURES
North of the site of Santa Fe, the Te-
huas; south of Santa Fe, the Tanos, both
of which groups spoke the Tehua language.
East of the Tanos, the Pecos.
West OF the Tanos, in the Rio Grande
valley and on the lower Jemez river, the
QUERIES.
West OF the QUERIES, the Jemez.
South of the Rio Grande Qneres, the
Tiguas, speaking dialectical variation OF
the language of Taos. At least three vii.
lagos of the Tiguas lay on the east side OF
the Sandia mountains.
South OF the Tiguas, the Pros, a branch
of which also occupied the valley OF Abo
and the village of Tabira, enormously
called to-day Gran Quivira.
West of the Tisuas, the QUERIES OF AGO.
ma.
West of Acomo, the Zunis.
Northwest OF Zuni, in Arizona, the Mo-
quIs.
The Jemez and Pecos spoke the same
language go did the Tehuas and Tanos,
aud the Tiguas, Taos and Picuries. The
Jemez language bears great affinity with
the Tehua. 1t may yet become estab-
lish I'd that the Tehua, Jemez and Tigua
are dialects of one common stock.
The Moquis belong to the Shoshonee
group of American idions.
Each pueblo being autonomous, and
having approximately the same loose
mode of government as to-day, a GER
tain unsteadiness OF abode prevailed,
which caused them to abandon their vii
lagos sometimes on slight provocatlon,
and to settle elsewhere. This changed
only after PRONUNCIATION OF the so.called
pueblo grants Q6S9). These grants are
in TACT limitations, compelling the Pueb-
los to confne themselves to n certain
specified area, and placing restl amt
upon their innate tendency to shftess-
ness. AS general rule, no Indian tribe
has ever become go sedentary as not to
move its abode from time to time, none
so nomadc as not to settle at times. Alb
solute permanence of abode lies not in
Indian nature.
THE VILLAGES AND RUINS.
The first general division OF tie aborig-
inal ruins scattered over New Mexico is
into two classes;
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

OK the Mississippi they want the Coon
doliers" just now, and they want them
badly at that.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

THE state of New Mexico is looming up
grandly and majesticaly and not so very
far in the dim distance either.
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

ma. Fetiches like those which the Pueblos
carry about their bodies were taken from
the ruins of Casas Grandes and vicinity.
The ancient pottery of New Mexico is
usually handsomer and better than that
manufactured by the Pueblos to-day, but
this has not been the result Of general
decay in art. Since the Spanish occupa-
ton the industry of the Indians has
turned into other channels, and they have
consequently abandoned or neglected GER
tain lines that were to them less remu-
neratlve.
With the exception of one single find
in Arizona metallic objects ante-dating the
Spanish period have not been found
among the ruins of New Mexico and ad.
jacent regions. What is stated of mines
worked prior to the sixteenth century is
devoid of all foundation. Considerable
turquoise has been gathered at and around
the Cerrillos by the Indians from time
immemorial, but not through regular
mining.
A MOST VALUABLE FIELD.
On the whole, New Mexico is mosl
valuable and hardly vet explored field fol
archaeological studies. An immense
amount vi sySteIldtlC HoIh iouJuitio fc'
to be done, and it is to be regretted that
so much of at least apparent indifference
exists in the United States toward the
archaeology of the land, *henlarge sums are
annually expended iii researches on foreign
soil. The pueblos of New Mexico afford
the last opportunity for studying a civil
cation at present unique i'll its kind and
which reveals many features important tc
the understanding of classical archaeology
even. The Indian languages of New Mex
leo form connecting link between those
of the northwest coast and more souther
ly Indians, and the study of the ruins
and of their ante-facts can not fail to throw
light on the mode of life and habits o
people of very remote antiquity. Last,
the traditions of the Indians, savages az
we'll as villagers, contain much that vii
contribute toward establishing the his
of their origin and their changes OF abode
in ages long gone nv. AID. f. BANDEIIER
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

occupied them before they began to rearl
large communal buildings. The latter
are a combination OF dwellings and tort
ress, - type which SPRING up Ill COnse-
quence OF greater insecurity OF life. AS to
the cave villages, they are not as ancient
as commonly supposed. Those west oil
Santa Clara were eXCavated and inhabited
| by the Tehuas or rather by their ances'
tors now occupying the pueblOs OF Santa
Clara and San Juan; those Of the klto lie
los Frijoles north of Cochiti are the work
of the ancestors OF the present QUERIES
But their construction as well rs their
abandonment antedates certainly the first
coming of all Spanards by several CEN
turtles; they are to be classed among the
prehistoric" ruins.
Ancient architecture in the territory OF
New Mexico displays therefore, varia-
tons, but they are only in degree, not in
kind. Nothing warrants the assumption
that the people who reared the ct1dwell-
ings, for instance, differed in culture from
those who constructed the caves or the
large pueblo houses. Local differences are
numerous, of cou Sc, but the general char
aCter OF the remains associated with the
ruins is the same. The same symbols
decorate the pottery found, not only in
New Mexico, but as far south as the 10Th
parallel in Sonora and Chihuahua.
Badges used to-day by the Pueblo Indians
in their religions ceremonies have been
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

Ruins of villages that were abandoned
under Spanish rule, therefore occupied
within the specifically historical period.
Ruins of settlements, the occupation
and desertion OF which took place pre-
yous to the 10Th century.
The former all show clearly the So
called pueblo type OF architecture, that is ;
the many stored large dwelling; some
times Que or two large houses forming the
entire village. The round estufa fire.
quently accompanied this class of ruins,
but in some instances it Is not visible
probably because Gas in some pueblos OF
to-day like Jemez, Acoma, San Juan ano
Zuni) the estuia was not subterraneous
but built in with the rooms of the dwell
ings. The material of construction is
very much varied, according to the natura
resources afforded by the sites. Thus
Puaray, on the Rio Gfande, was built
mostly of adobe PeCos, of stones and
adobe; Abo, of red sandstone rubble
TaDira, OF grey limestone, and so forth
There is no uniformity the Indian plying
himself to the resources and obstacles o
the site and vici nifty.
The villages, the tate OF which Is est alb
lished by Spanish documentary informa
ton, are quite numerous. Most of then
(nke Guipuy, on the Galisteo creek neal
WalIace} Tabira, Abo, Chilli, fatigue
the villages of the Zuni plain lin part
and Ahuatlyha., 10 ,4Af JAIOuW county
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03
THE ANCIENT RUINS.

In regard to the respective age OF the
prehistoric ruins, only 30 much appears
to be certain, that the small house type is
the oldest, perhaps the primitive, form.
In the sixteenth century the Pueblos all
dwelt in many stored structures: Few
distinct traditions attach themselves to
the small house villages and even these
point to the fact that the Pueblo Indians
Santa Fe daily New Mexican. [volume] (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1885-1897, 1890-05-03

1867 Entered rs second Class matter at tn
anita [ Post Office. 9
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
sHIpBuILD1NG AT NORFOLK.
he Norfolk Virginian says:

The Norfolk Virginian says:
The visit of C. u. Huntington to New
port News this week was accompanied
with most satisfactory business return
for the immense ship-yard, which has
just been built there at a cost of 49, 600.
000 Mr.. Huntington was accompanied
by the president of the Pacific mail
steamers, and the object of his visit was
to show the president of the Pacific line
the facilities for building ships. The
Pacific Mail Company have decided to
build two steamships, and it is believed
that Mr.. Huntington has secured the
promise Of having one of them built at
his yard in Newport News.
There is no doubt that Norfolk Ilar-
Dor is destined to become great ship
building place. Iron from the furnaces
and rolling mills of Southwest Virginia
is in easy reach and the country tribu-
tary to Norfolk abounds in the finest
timber. Norfolk as harbor is unex-
cclled, and when.the ship-building trade
revives, as it must, and American pro-
ducts be carried in vessels with Amer
lean bottoms, Norfolk will get a full
s snare of the ship-building business
simply on account of the superior adj
vantageS it offers.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
INCREASED SCHOOL FACILITIES.

AS will be seen by reference to the
news columns, the school board, through
Mr.. Geo. w. Ramsay, has perfected ar
engagements with the Roanoke Building
Association and Investment Company
by which ample school facilities are to
be provided in the northwestern part of
the city.
building with four rooms will be
erected at once, and if the City Council
secs fit to sustain the action of the
board. 200 or 800 children additional will
be given opportunities to receive school
ing.
TIE TIMES is glad that the board has
perfected satisfactory arrangements as
good schools are the mainstay of city.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21

letters from Kansas and Nebraska. ask
ing for sample copies of tho paper and
making inquiries about the business
outlook for the section.
The towns and country along the line
of the Shenandoah Valley and the Nor
folk and Western will undoubtedly re-
ceive the largest inflow Of people and
capital this fall they have ever had.
The more people learn about this sec
ton the more they become convinced
that there is no other place offering the
same advantages.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21

TIE Pocahontas Coal Company has
shipped $500 tons Of coal to Norfolk to
be used on the Teutonic on her next
eastern trip, October s. The City of
New York leaves port at the same time
and there will be tight race for ocean
supremacy. The Majestic, also of the
White Star line, used Pocahontas coal
on it's last eastern trip, and beat all
previous records with the exception of
that of the City of Paris. Tho race
will be an interesting one, and Roanoke
will back tho Teutonic.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21

SOUTHERN securities seem TO hold
their own against those of Northern
issue. City of Birmingham SKIES are
quoted at 12I, Chattanooga at 10.
Lynchburg fvcs at l06 and Charlottcs-
vile. Va, water skies at no. In a few
years from now the question of location
as affecting bonded securities will con-
tain no clemerto, sectionalism.
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21


tin showing the production OF pig iron
in tho United States foH the year end
ing June 80, 1890. Cred credit is due
DIR. William NJ. Sweet, pr Philadelphia,
for this magnificent ACHIEVEMENT in sta
tistical work. The following points.
condensed by the Iron Trade Review
from tho report, will bel read with in
tereSt:
The production of pig iron for the
census year of 1890 was the largest in
the history of the iron industry of this
country, amounting to o,a79,779 tons of
1000 pounds, as compared with 3,7s1,02l
tons produced during the census year
1880, and 2052. s2l tons during the CEN
SuS year 1870
From 1870 to 1880 the Increase in pro-
duction amounted to l,72S}2Oo tons, or
nearly 81 nor cont. while from 1850 to
1890 the increase was 5,T0S,T3S tons, OF
over 1873 per cent.
The pig iron industry Of New England
has been practically stationary during
the last twenty years.
Pig iron is now made in twenty-five
States and Territories.
Pennsylvania produces about one-half
of all tho'p iron made inS the Ihlteu
States.
Ohio retains second place, dropping,
however, from IL per cent. Ill lSSo 10
13 per cent. in 1890.
Alabama advances from TENN place IN
1850 to third place in 1890. fier increase
over 1850 is l.32S per cont.
Illinois, which was seventh In rank In
1880, is fourth i'll 1890.
New York retires from til lrd to NTH
place.
VIRGINIA ADVANCES FROM SEVENTEENTH
TO SIXTH,
and Tennessee from thirtc6nth to sew
enth.
AS showing the greater size and capa.
city of furnaces in 1890 over those OF
1880, the fact is demonstl, ated that,
while the production of 1890 WIS 5,79S, 7oS
tons greater than that Of 1850, the num-
Der of completed furnaces Actually de-
creased from 6S1 in 1880 to 5P2 IN 1870.
In other words, the average yearly capa-
city in 1880 was 5.552 tons, While inc aV-
erage capacity of furnaces reported IN
1890 was 17,0i6 tons.
The nine Southern States produced
only $50, 1876 tons in the censusiySdr 1850.
In 1890 they produced 1,7S0,90S' tons, an
increase of 40S per cent
Kentucky alone, of all the ooutherh
States, shows decrease in productlon,
amounting to % per cent.
Six Western States, Illinois. INDIANA,
Michigan, Missouri, Ohio andy Mlscon-
sin, produced in 1890 2,522, i?l TONS
against 095,335 tons in 1880, AMI increase
of 1913 per cent. Indiana, alonf OF these
States, reports falling off, amounting
to 81 per cent.
During the decade, the use oil anthra-
cite has fallen off II per cent, Wnile the
use of mixed anthracite coal a1id coke
has increased 1863 per cent, coEic ana
bituminous coal 3 i3 per cent, &harcoai
81 per cent. and castings direHt from
furnace l25 per cent. n
OF Ohio's pro luct in 1879. WIZ l,'o.'
300 tons. the Mahoning valley 1roduc-
cd 5a7, l64 tons or nearly half.
The production of Besscmcr rHg IRON
in the United States during the Wcensus
year 1890 amounted TO 4.233.a7a IONS, OF
which Pennsylvania made aRoa, ~
tons, Illinois Gl6.654 tons. Ohio Plo,6'i
tons, and other States much Amalier
quantities. u
One hundred and forty-ninc thdM sahd:
nine hundred and flfty-nine t,Nns OF
spicgclciscn were produced in thH cen
Sus; wear 1890. 81
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
FLYING OVER THE RAIL
Making One Hundred and Fifty VI PES an "
Hour by Electricity. IA

Making One Hundred and Fifty VI les an
Hour by Electricity. "a
Railroad Record. FL
Professor Elihu Thompson. in E3s re-
cent lecture on the subject. sai8 that
scientists now have reason to eEpect
speed from locomotives operated by
electricity equal to $50 miles an Hlour;
that steam machinery has rocipfocfh ting
parts that must he nut in motionk and
that arc constantly subioctA to
conditions of reversal, but in the Hlec-
trical locomotive the motion is r,stary
continuously, making it possible tn run
with economy at enormously hirh s,beed.
He believes that in another hnnkdred
years $50 miles an hour by rail viii be
the standard speed; that in that Pine
means for keeping the cars on the
track will be discovered. and all thtA ne
ces:;ary methods for the applicatioIn OF
the power and for the construction OF
the proper locomotives.
%, While it is possible, with motorR OPP
Grated by electricity, to obtain rotRary
motion that would theoretically give IA
speed of one hundred and fifty lies,
after a duo allowance for friction And
drag of the train, there are engineering
difficulties that will remain to chEcl>
any such application except on SHORT
possible to run cars bearing human 9be-
ings at any such speed as that conttHm-
plated over roads through countricsA Of
heavy grades and curves of necessity
Nlctcrmined by the topography of Il he
&pnd.
3 Won air lines, and possibly with CARS
,Ho@structed without wheels, somethiAig
9ofl &he plan of the waterslide railways,
lass Eecd of $50 miles an hour might sbe
9obfai&cd from electrical power elm
iioS. &Ccrtainly what can be done Oh a
mimic Ascalc can he adapted to so, re-
what larger system, and mechani I'll
slkilltha long since given us machin ly
that ,pcrnVS It's of revolutions suflicicn, /, g
,propef Gar at the speed named III
,issg Mword too Many. pIa
From the New Work Sun. ~
Evidently Nc greatness of Jame,Wi
Blaine inStbo& Republican machineAf !
mot limitedfp themes of reciprocitNIl, :
exhausted Bv ,sal differences with d.
Hon. Thom$si Z. Reed 1t is still Ii
walf1n, and .ca;;, uttered during NJ
TTn,Shat prevents the ~
his friends. the u" Ms rom giving d
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
a.. SEPTEMBER 81.
IS controls the fran
til the Associated
he United Press,
only paper in the
ling regular tele-
catches.
ROPER THING.

n the public schools of
g the children in the
only a half-day's school
TODD, is creating some
'tion.
however, as the best
ng knowledge of any
the requirement of it a
rem of tender age should
is long iii the school
nat are older. The air,
I'D Il romp on the play
EN- health, strength and
DIS them to their books
interest and moro active
the little ones is the
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
PAsii,ftLET.

~. - = lftNtSf - ..IH q HNs
conm istee on stats
title poclsetspamphlet
\ Norfolk ',e i, %, |? Considered
i i isls ss Mems Associa-.
! Interesting; and we'll
rs, I. aud & IN foslna zion on
Any one g.hp roads
determining more gen
celrning Nstfo lis5tilan
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
THE DEMOCRATS.

Snc- .vs continues to find diff
tn.e zeef enough Democrats in
nc t5ose ~ stain quorum, and con-
seonpIsiy 10 .islation is enacted.
l'he Aerr aC ms are in the majority
S IL Gone 80 it is their duty to have
eeuo7, Me.nle.s of their own party
prAs'p iu enaht whatever legislation
a anioer It's arc doing exactly
w. u, ,epanicans did when they
N,cre, NAiority, endeavorng to
obstrIc go ton and prevent the
eassas casures which they OPP
"A NpsN0
The Roanoke times. [volume] (Roanoke, Va.) 1890-1895, 1890-09-21
THE PIG IRON INDUSTRY.
Virginia Advances From the
Seventh Place to The Sixth.

The Production of 1890 the Largest In the
History of the from Industry of This
Country - Alabama Advances From
Tenth Place to Third--New England
Has Been Stationary Tor Twenty-Five
Years.