Workmen's advocate. (New Haven, Conn.) 1883-1891, 1890-08-30
LABOR LAWS OF EUROPE.

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The Italian law of February II, 1856.
forbids children Of either sex to work in
manufactures or mining who have not
attained nine years, and forbds the
same from under ground work when
they have not attained ten years. Chill
dren between nine and fifteen may only
work at the various trades when they
bring physicians certificate showing
them physically capable of the labor and
the specified trade to be their choice. In
unhealthy or dangerous work children
under fifteen will have to obtain the
royal permission. In the permissible
manufactures children between nine
and twelve years may only work eight
hours per day. Night-work is declared
unhealthy, and forbidden for children
under twelve years, and for those be-
tween twelve and fifteen years limited
to six hours. All persons violating this
law are subject to a fine of from so to
100 lire for each offense. The royal ad,
dition to this law orders the keeping of
trades books for use of children nine to
fifteen years, and, Furthermore, orders
the mining engineers and inspectors to
particularly watch the above rules, and
that an annual report of the same must
be made to the Chamber.
Denmark passed law for the protec.
ton of children on May 49, In manu-
factories and trades children under ten
years may not be employed; for chill
dren between ten and fourteen years,
only six and one-half hours per day,
with half an hours lest; and from four
teen to eighteen years, twelve hours per
day, with two hours rest.
In Sweden the law eff January /, 1882,
is in force, which forbids the employ.
ment of children under twelve years,
those twelve to fourteen years only for
six hours daily, and those between four
teen and eighteen years for ten hours
daily. Night work for minors is forbid
den. In mines and quarries boys under
fourteen years and women or girls under
eighteen years must have their work
changed about" This law received an
amendment on May 10, 1889, which,
besides indorsing the above law, made a
proprietor criminally liable for any acct
dents to his employees caused by any
fault of his.
In Norway the laws are similar to
those of Sweden. Children under twelve
years are not to be employed in manu-
factories, and from twelve to fourteen
years may only be employed upon pre-
senting physicians certificate.
In Russia the law regulates the EN-
ployment of women and children, the
character of the manufactures, and the
differences between employers and EN-
ployes. By the law of June /, 1882,
children under twelve years are forbid
den in manufactures, with few excep-
tons. Those between twelve and fifteen
not more than eight hours daily, or not
more than four hours continuously at
one time; not allowed between .. H.
and a. M, as also in industries dan
gerous to health. The law of June 3,
1885, forbids night work 40 p. m. to 4
a. m.) for children under seventeen
years and women in spinning or textile
industries. Other laws compel employ
ers to pay due attention to the education
of their employees and the regulation of
wages
In Spain the law of July "a, 1873,
forbids the employment of children
under ten years; for boys under thirteen
and girls under fourteen years, no more
than five hours daily; for boys from
thirteen to fifteen years and girls from
fourteen to eighteen years, not more
than eight hours daily Night work is
forbidden for both sexes in the manu-
factories containing machinery.
In the rest of the European countries
there are at present no labor laws.
Whereas most European countries have
laws regulating the employment of wo-
men and children in manufactures and
trades, very few have touched and
then only lightly, upon the employment
of men. This consists principally of the
number of hours that constitute day S
work and Sunday work.
In Austria there is a law section So
governing the maximum working hours
for men. By this law a man may not
work in manufactures or at trades more
than eleven hours daily, not including
rests. Exceptions can be made by per
mission from the trades minister, II
conjunction with the minister of the
interior. In sudden and urgent cases
the consent of the local authorities vii