davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1890-05-04
Stocks ana CartIe Markets.

ShoNhs ahu Stlllt hhIkttA.
NEW YORK, May 3.-The stock
market was rather quiet today with no
movement at all worthy of note in the
general list and only in a few specialties
was there anything like life. The close
was fairly active and firm at insignificant
changes for the day.
Money on call easy with no loans.
Government bonds steady.
Petroleum opened weak. Spot IS,
June s5s. Spot oil moved up to $50.
then became dull and remained so until
the close. The June option fell to IS and
closed dull at that figure.
Following are closing prices of stocks:
Pacific 6s. ll6; American Express, rs;
Canada Pacific, III; Canada Southern,
57!; Central Pacific. 34i; Burlington,
1881; Delaware, Lackawanna 4 Western,
1873; Denver & RIO Grande, IS; Erie,
27i; Kansas x Texas, l2i; Lake Shore,
llOi; Louisville & Nashville, Gil Michi-
gan Central. SO; Northern Pacific, 33l;
New York Central, I09; Oregon I'm.
provement, SO; Oregon NaviRa-
ton. 1864; Oregon Short Line, SIT;
Transcontineutal, 4Oi; Pacific Mail,
AL; Reading, 42A; Rock Island,
94s; Milwaukee x st. Paul, 73l, Texas
Pacific, 81; Union Pacific, COT; United
States Express, u; Fargo Express, 40;
Western Union, s4A; American cotton
oil 27s.
CHICAGO, May 3 -Cattle-Receipts,
5000. Market quiet and easier. Beeves,
s.. 00(g5. 80; steers, 50 7O(65 90; stock
ers and feeders, 81. OO9 3 90; Texas
grassers and corn fed steers, 81. GOA
$50.
Sheep-Receipts 500. Market steady.
Natives. a 0066. 25;lW estern corn fed,
s5.00(G6 10; Texans, $4.OO(65. so.
Wheat = Unsettled. Cash 972(9
90; June. 97(997f; July, 931.
Corn-Market steady. Cash, 334;
June "a; july, 34s(9345.
, 1890-05-04

SPOKANE FALLS, May 3.-The melt
ing of snow in the caused a
rapid rise in the Spokane river and tribu
taries. Many families were compelled to
move out of houses on the low lands.
There is not a droo of water in the city
mains. the high water having washed
way the mains which are laid at the bot
tom of the river. The mayor has notified
property owners to employ watchmen to
guard their property.
, 1890-05-04

BRooKIYN, May 3.-In the League
game the Bridegrooms walked away from
the New York team with ease this after
MOOT le'ore Z, 100 people.
New York........E0 l 0 0 0 0 . 0 o. 3
Brooklyn .........l.3 90 3 0 -
Base hits-New York s, Brooklyn 9.
Errors-New York 7, Brooklyn I. Bat
teries-Caruthers and Clark, WEIGH and
Murphy. Umpires-Powers and Nc
DermOtt
, 1890-05-04

A good book is ono hat you remember
with pleasure, that when the dull hours
come you can think Of with interest and
feel that there are people with whom
you have n most interesting %acquaint.
ance, who are yet only characters of the
imagination.
, 1890-05-04

PHILADELPHIA, May 3.-The Phila-
delphia League club, through their mag
nifcent playing, Won an easy victory this
afternoon. Attendance, $500
PhiladelphIa.......O 0 2 700 | 2 ~ 5
Boston .............0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o. 0
Base hits-Phlladelphia s, Boston s.
Errors-Philadelphia l, Boston 2.-Bat-
teries-Gleason and Clements, Getzein
and Bennett. Umpire-Lynch.
, 1890-05-04
Mother and Daughter Murdered

BALTIMORE, May 3.-Mrs Sarah
Blaney, a widow, aged II. and her
daughter Caroline, we're found murdered
in their beds this morning. Their skulls
William Blaney, a grandson Of the old
lady was arrested. Robbery is supposed
to have been the motive.
, 1890-05-04

Syracuse-Syracuse 4, Brooklyn 5.
Observation-Disclosures IL, Athletics ..
Toledo-Toledo 8, Columbus 4.
st. Louis-St. Louis 9, Louisville G.
, 1890-05-04

A French journal estimates that the
total length of the telegraph wires of the
world, including submarine cables, ex-
ceeds 500, 900 miles, tUur-hfths of which
are in Europe and America
, 1890-05-04
Soda water at Towslee's.

Try the Normandie for a month as a
regular boarder.
, 1890-05-04
Buffalo Bill and the American Hog

BERLIN, May 3.-Phelps, American
minister here, has obtained a permit for
Buffalo Bills Wild West show to enter
Germany. This subject led to a refer
ence to embargoes on American pork and
other products. The chancellor's allu-
sions to embargoes tended to encourage
Minister Phelps to persist in his efforts to
secure a modification or abolition Of the
restrictions.
, 1890-05-04

Games Postponed.

CHICAGO. May 3.-The League and
Brotherhood games in this city were
postponed on account OF rain.
, 1890-05-04

Job Printing neatly executed at the
Leader Job Printing Rooms.
, 1890-05-04

Delivered to any part. of. the city
and in any qpsatity by The cheyenne
Transfer Company. Sixteenth and EDDY
streets.
, 1890-05-04

VALPARAISO, May 3-The report is
received here that the British ship Incl :
cape Rock, from San Francisco, Feb.
q, for Queenstown, when ia latitude 80
south, longitude rs west, experienced
heavy weather, during which her decks
we're swept and that Capt Armour and
four Of her crew were washed overheard
and drowned. The report also says that
part of her cargo was iettisoned..
, 1890-05-04

PIrTsBURd, MAY 3 Five thousand
people attended the Brotherhood game
this afternoon. Calvin was very effective,
keeping the visitors down to six hits. The
home team batted freely.
Pittsburg.-.".....3 l 0 0 ! | 0 o. e
Buffalo ...........0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 O. 9
Base hits-Pittsburg 9, Buffalo 5.
Errors-Pittsburg 2. Buffalo 3. Bat,
teries-Gl alvin and Carroll; Haddock and
Mack, Umpires-Matthews and Gun
ming
, 1890-05-04

Brooklyn, May 3.-The New York
Brotherhood club played with some oftheir
old time dash this afternoon and won
from Brooklyn with ease. Attendance
2,400.
Brooklyn ..........0 OOOO3lO o.
New York........4 0 0 . 5 *-l3
Base hits-Brooklyn 9. New York II.
Errors-Brooklyn 5. New York 5. Bat
teries-Weyhing and DAILY; O'Day and
Ewing. Umpires-Barnes and Gaffney.
, 1890-05-04

UphOlsferiMg and mat
tress making 10Th u full
ltsse Of ssphOIstes-isg goods
at .qleE. Tssrssbssu r Co.'s.
The advocate., 1890-04-16
THE BALL OPENS.
The Governor leads of, Ms Troops fol-
low Open Letter.
THE RAILROAD COMMISSIONER.
CHAPTER l..
70 Coz. L. U. Humphrey.

To Coz. L, U. Humphrey.
Dear Sir: regret exceedingly to be
compelled to notice your attack on me
and others, in the above mentioned mat
ter | am somewhat surprised to know
that you could 50 far forget yourself and
the high position you occupy, as to stoop
so very low as It appears you did in the
matter. am not so much surprised at
the cold blOoded, serpent Hke assault Of
r-GO0, Geo. 4, Anthony, the six by nine
egotistic, would be, tyrant; true to his in
stincts, like his ancestor, in the garden,
beguilling with his logic and fiat contra
diction Of truth, though it should be the
utterances Of God.
George has been scheming success
and can stoop as low as the lowest, when
the exigences of the case demand, and
this was case in hand. Now Governor
what I am again surprised at in you, is
that you should get down and rake from
the dead ashes Of eighteen years ago, the
oft exhumed old muSty chestnut Of land
The advocate., 1890-04-16

colleague, had 1884 votes, and no oppo-
nent This was the second and last Of
flee that Mr., Ingalls, has been elected
10 by the people in Kansas. II occurred
twenty eight years ago last November.
SENATOR INGALLS, IN his RELATION 10
KANSAS WAR BONDS
The Legislature Of 1862, in some re-
spects, was the most interesting one in
the history Of Kansas, Skipping details
Of general legislation, II may be said that
there was great deal Of interest that
clustered around John w. Robinson,
Secretary Of State, and George s. Hillyer,
Auditor of State, who entered into
contract with Robert s. Stevens, State
Senator as agent Of the State Of Kansas,
TO sell state bonds. They were sold low
and contrary TO the statute in that case
made and provided.
The House OF Representatives preferred
articles OF impeachment against the state
officers before named, and also against
Governor Charles Robinson.
Hon. p. b. Plumb was chairman Of the
House Committee Of Managers, which
consisted OF five members, and there
were five articles in the bill Of particu-
lars in the impeachment case preferred,
against Governor Robinson; seven against
Auditor Hillyer, and eight against Sec
rotary Of State Robinson.
The Senate convened as q court Of Inn
peachment at Topeka, on June 2, 1861,
and 1t adjourned on June l6. Thomas
A. Osborn, on the fourteenth ballot, re-
ceived Is out Of 2l votes, for president
pro. tenn Of the senatej Mr. Ingalls, had
four.
The trial resulted In the acquittal Of
Governor Robinson, and in the convic-
tlon of the two other state officers naned,
In the matter Of these two gentlemen,
Senator Stevens was excused from vot-
ing; II Senators voted guilty, and four
Senators not guilty, Senator Ingalls, and
Senator Samuel Lappin, being two Of the
four. In the Republican State Conven-
tion Of September 1862, Senator Ingalls,
received % out of "a votes for Lieuten-
ant Governor, and Samuel Lappin for
State Auditor, had "a out Of rs votes.
Mr.. Lappin was loyal to the ticket, but
before the month closed, Senator Ingalls,
became the opponent before the people
Of his successful rival, Thomas A.
Osborn. Senator Ingalls, might have
thought as Paul said to Agrippa:
Iwould to God, that whether with little or with
much, not thou only but also all that hear me
this day, might become such as am, EXCEPT
THESE BONDS.
The advocate., 1890-04-16

ln SB62, 40 Senator, no Found no Fault
With Kansas State Officers Who we're
lmpoaOhed for on improper Sale Of
State Bonds.
The advocate., 1890-04-16
No madO an UnIustIAablo Party Bolt.

John James Ingalls,, when elected TO
tho United States Senate on the twelfth
nnniverBary Of the Statehood Of Kansas,
which was on January 30, 1873 had
really no record to run upon. Ills trl-
umph came aa a sequence to the political
downfall Of his predecessor, Samuel O..
PomeT0y, concerning whom, hidden and
open beliefs existed, that he was liber-
NJ dispenser OF patronage and "boodle;"
hence, when the package Of $1,000 was
handed from Hon. Alexander M. York,
senator representing the counties Of
lMoItgomery I'D Wilson, TO the Presi-
dert of the Joint Convention OF the Leg
lalature on that fateful day, the Pomeroy
vote Of "a on January 28, fell to zero on
ythe following day, and Ingalls, became
the hero Of the hour. He received il5
votes OF the l33 in both branches Of the
Legislature, and on the face OF the vic
tory, had for a man, just turned Of thirty
nine years OF age, a future Of very great
possibilities.
GLANCE At THE OFFICIAL POSITIONS
HELD by INGALLS,.
In the Territorial Legislature Of 1850,
our Mr. Ingalls, was rejolced to obtain
the position Of Engrossing Clerk Of tho
Territorial Council. That Legislature
on February II, 1860, provided for the
formation Of a Constitution and State
Government, and upon March %, an
election was held under the Wyandotte
Constitution movement for which there
were cast $3.50 affirmative, and /, ,404 mega
tive vOles.
On fay 1S, the Republican party in
Kansas, was organized at Ossawatomie,
and on June 7, delegates were elected to
the Wyandotte Constitutional Conven-
tlOn. In the ultimate political Classlnca-
ton OF the members who sat in that con
vention, 35 were known as Free State
or Republican, and II as Democrats, Mr..
Ingalls, was elected as one Of three Of the
former class from the county Of Atchi-
son.
TMR ASSEMBLED CONVENTION AT wYAN-
DoTTE IN JULY 1850.
Among the men Of prominence, past,
present or prospective, In that conven-
tion, were James G. Plumb, John T,
Burrls, John w. Furman, William r.
Griffith, James Henway, Samuel d.
Houston, John j. Ingalls,, Samuel A.
Kingman, Luther r. Palmer, John
Richie, Edmund G. Ross, Benjamin f.
Simpson, Samuel A. Stinson, Solon o.
Thacher and James M. Mitchell.
These men were distributed over ter
ritory that is now contained in four of
the seven congressional districts Of Kan
saS, and the present third, sixth and sew
enth districts, embracing 90 out OF The
1O6 counties Of Kansas, had not solitary
delegate, for it was a region known then
ss bowling wilderness, or as part OF
''the Great American Desert"
On July 10, 1859, the convention adopt
ed the "HoMEsTEAD EXEMPTION" which
is thus expressed
A Homestead 10 the extent Of one hundred
aud sixty acres Of farming land, or of one acre
within the limits Of an Incorporated town or
CITY, occupied % residence by the family Of the
The advocate., 1890-04-16

No Played False TO Them In 1859, on the
Exemption OF HOmesieads.
The advocate., 1890-04-16

total OF lOB votes; Instead OF I'D, as ap-
pears on record.
Jerome Kunkel is recorded as having
voted for Lane, and for no other candi-
date; Horatio Knowles for Parrott, and
for no other candidate, and w. G. Kim
ber for Pomeroy, and for no other can
didatel
What sort Of coincidence was that,
that in ballot Of 1.-TWO hours" duration,
three representatives, whose surnames
commenced with "K," could neither Of
them find time TO vote but for one can
dIdate for the United States Senate?
Could they all have been Indifferent az
10 the matter OF vote for the second
candidate? What man knowing these
gentlemen, would have believed II OF any
OF them2
Again Secretary Ingalls,, in his Journ-
al record, gives the names Of II State
Senators, and 45 Representatives who
voted for Lane, making 80. He gives
the names Of II Senators, and 40 Repre-
sentatives, who voted for Pomeroy, max
ing 81. His showing for Parrott was
the names of IA Senators and "a Repre-
aentatlves voting for him. Stanton has
recorded for him, the names Of 10 Sena-
tors and ~ Representatives, % all told.
And yet this secretary, in the face Of
the detailed return Of votes, which ag-
gregates 1876, when there should have
been 109 votes, makes a summary Of 55
votes for Lane, one too small; - for
Pomery, one too many; q for Stanton,
which is one less than the united vote Of
Senators and Representatives show
III THESE THINGS BE DOME IN A GREEN
TREE, WHAT SHALL BE IN A DRY?
This man, John James ingalls,, with
his Legislative journals Of 1860 and of
1861, carefully, fairly and impartially
scrutinized, suffers immensely in com
parlson with those who have since made
House and Senate Journals Of the legis-
lative proceedings OF KansasI Indeed,
he would seem to be the veriest botch of
a Journal maker, and lily qualified on a
basis Of accuracy, fidelity and impartial
ity to make correct record at ALL
Stopping right at that period Of his
political history, would the following in
quiry made by child, be anything of
wonder:
How big is John James Ingalls,, PAP
80 many Kansans call him greatl
Is he like Old GOliah, tall2
His spear a hundred weightl
And could any earnest, thoughtful per-
son, who believed in the letter and spirit
Of the speech Of Abraham Lincoln, at
Gettysburg, who was a careful observer
Of Kansas in its early history, fail to in
stitute the proper inquiry.
Who knows that Samuel G. Pomeroy
was elected to the United States Senate,
on April 4, 1861, by the Joint Conven
ton Of the Kansas Legislature, when
John James Ingalls, was the secretary Of
the Senate, as per his recordP
INGALLS, AS SUCCESSOR TO JOHN A. MARTIN
IN THE STATE SENATE.
John A. Martin, who was Secretary Of
the Wyandotte Constitutional Conven-
tion, was the youngest member of the
Kansas Senate. BY the grace Of Senator
Pomeroy, he became postmaster at Atch-
ison, and moreover, held a commission
iv, tha Kousos Eschth Rar;roapt Vo1un
The advocate., 1890-04-16

Should no not Become Acquainted With
ihs Plain People OF Kanoas2
The advocate., 1890-04-16

NJ is8 no NIado a Faulty Record Of the
Senatorial Election.
The advocate., 1890-04-16

There was only one ballot. The voting con-
tnued two hours, In which interval Lane Huctu-
ated between % and "a; Pomeroy, between 40
and 57i Parrot, between, a. and 60; stanton, be-
tween 10 and %; Klngman, between and ls;
Deahay, between and II, Fllty-eight men,
bers. changed their votes.
A MOST WONDERFULLY DEFECTIVE SENATE
JOURNAL,
John James Ingalls, had charge Of, and
was the custodian Of the Journal Of the
State Senate, and he has presented so
imperfect record OF that senatorial
election, as to leave It's actual result a
matter of deep mystery to him who reads
To explain; There were one hundred
members Of that legislature Ninety
nine of them--all but Ernest HOheneck,
a republican distiller from Wabaunsee
County, participated In the election;
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
sEerisas--& 80 Per Year.
Pava 7ole IA ADVANCE
The OBJ ect of the Bennett law i

The object of the Bennett law is
rot to injure parochial schools or
any other school. Its object is to
compel every child to go to school
somewhere. So far as the
education Of the masses are
concerned, parochial schools are a
failure. If you look at the Stats
tics of Europe, you will find that
the countries where parochial
schools have had full sway, and
where they were the only school,
education is lamentable failure.
IN Spain 90 per cent. of the
people can neither read nor write.
IN Italy, under the very shadow OF
the Vatican, there are 48 per cent.
In Austria 80 per cent. In Brazil
50 per cent. Al these countries
except the last, have had nothing
but parochiaI schools for thous-
and years. Put them alongside
Of the United States with its free
common school where you find
but 8 per cent. of its white
population that cannot read or
write. The inevitable conclusion
IS that SO far as the masses are
concerned al schools, outside OF
the common school, are a failure.
the state has the right to demand
the education Of its children, and
every intelligent phjIantropist will
endorse the requirements of the
Bennett observation-disclosures News.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
MoCord's Secret.

Of the present delegation in
congress from this state, Mr..
McCord appears to have had the
smoothest seas to traverse in
attaining the post of denomination.
Even the Democratic members
of the delegation are in danger
from rival aspirants. Alone among
the. number, McCord has not
encountered any show Of opposi-
ton. LaFollette was renominated
by reclamation. There was no
opposition to him in the convention,
but there was a tremendous and
appalling movement to unhorse
him advertised in the Democratic
papers. NcCord escaped even
this phantom Of opposition.
His denomination in such a
hattering manner indicates that his
constituency are well satisfied with
his services. and that he must have
some peculiar tact, if not patient
method, in managing matters in
the Ninth district. He also has
had to decide who should be
postmaster in many towns of the
district, but there has been no
report Of the uprising Of the man
who didn't get the post-ofiice, and
who are so numerous in other
localities, to wreak vengeance On
McCord.
This is a mystery which calls
for explanation Has McCord
some way of hypnotising such
persons? We had supposed they
were irresponsible. But doubtless
McCord will refuse to explain
His secret is too valuable to be
given aWay.-Sentinel.
His success is due to his efficient
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
McCord Renominated by Acolama-
zion.

The Ninth District Congressional
convention was held at Ashland
August 18th, in ashland theatre,
and every county was represented,
cighty-scven delegates being
present. w. S. Reynolds, in the
absence Of the chairman Of the
District committee, called the
convention to order, and named
Charles Hall, Of Oconto county,
temporary chairman; J. r, Sharp,
Chippewa, secretary. Committees
on Credentials and Permanent
Organization were appointed, also
a Committee on Resolutions, and
a recess was taken. On reConven-
ing, the temporary organization
was made permanent, the response
to call for the nomination of candi-
dates for congress. Myron L. c.
Welmath, of Ashland, presented
the name Of the Hon. Myron H
McCord, which was received with
deafening cheers and his nomina-
ton ratified by reclamation
Resolutions were passed declaring
for a free ballot and honest count
and endorsing the Bennett law
Mr.. McCord was informed of his
nomination by wire. His answer
accepting it was loudly cheered
After choosing district committee
for the ensuing two years, thf
convention adjourned.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
Only HewG fiGStCIaSS Goods
Which he will sell at the lowest
living prices at the old stand on
CRANBERRY STREET,
CENTRALiA WISCONSIN.
Remarkable. Rescue

Mrs. Michael Curtain, Plainfeld, H..
makes the statement that she caught
cold, which settled on her lungs; she
was treated for month by her family
physician, but grew worse. He told hel
She was a hopeless victim Of consump-
tion and that no medicine could cure
her. Her druggist suggested DR., King {
New Discovery for consumption. she
bought bottle and to her delight found
herself benefited from the first dose.
She continued its use anc. after taking
ten bottles. found herself sound and
well, now does her own houseWork ana
is as well as she ever was. Free TRIAL
bottles ri this Great Discovery at
Walter Woods and Johnson, Hill q
coz drug store, large bottles SOC. and
81. 90.
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
NOTICE.
SheriR's Sale on Execution.

Notice is hereby given that by virtue of al
execution issued out Of the Circuit Court o.
Wood County, Wisconsin, and to me directed
and delivered against the property of w. W
Fleming, in an action in said court, begun by
attachment, wherein c. G. Rogers and James
JOhuSwerG plaintiffs and the said W. w. Fleming
was defendent, and wherein the real property
hereinafter described and seized under and by
virtue of such attachment January 9Th 1889,
have Only seized levied upon and taken into my
possession all the right title and interest that
said w. w. Fleming had on the 5th day OF
January A. .. 1885, or has since acquired in and
to the said real property and premises described
as follows, to-wit FIelning's Addition to the
city of Marshheld Wood County, Wis, accord
ing to the recorded plat thereof and being also
described as Qua Lot No. of Block 4. IN the
original plat Of said city of Marshfeld and
Flemings interest therein being the undivided
one third thereof
l will Oh the 4th day OF
September A, D. 1890, at the hour
Of two o'clock in the afternoon of said day at
the front door of the Court House i'll the city OF
Grand Rapids. Wood County, wis, expose for
sale and sell at public vendue to the highest
bidder for cash or so much thereof as may be
necessary TO satisfy said execution, interests &
costs of sale.
Dated Sherfffs office, Grand Rapids, Wis, this
18th day of July A. d. 1890
HENRY kUNTZ.
Sheriff Of Wood County, Wis.
Frank A Cady, Frisby, ellison and Elliot
Plaintiffs AttyS, fuly17w6
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21
IN PROBATE.
STA Woo OF coUSqT Wood County Court

SrA WGo OF c M1sSqTslS Wood County Court
In the matter Of the Estate of Paul Bittner
Deceased
On this 26th day of July. A. D. 1890, upon
reading and filing the petition of Lizzie Bittner
widow Of Paul Bittner, deceased, stating that
Paul Bittner, a resident of Grand Rapids in the
County of Wood, died intestate, on OF about the
18th day of September, 1889, and praying that
she be appointed administrative of the estate OF
said deceased.
IT is ORDERED, That said application be heard
before me, at the probate office in the city OF
Grand Rapids in said county on the ID day Of
September, \. D. $780, at TO O'Clock A. NJ.
AND 1T is FURTHER ORDERED, That notice OF
the time and place appointed for hearing said
application be given to all persons interested by
publishing copy of this order for three week.
successfully in the WooD COUNTY REPORTER
a newspa per printed in said county, previous tC
the time appointed for said hearing.
BY the Court.
GEO. L. WILLIAMS, County Judge.
Copeland 4 Vaughan, Attorneys for Petitioner
Wood County reporter. [volume] (Grand Rapids [i.e. Wisconsin Rapids], Wis.) 1857-1923, 1890-08-21

services. The people realize that
nc man could serve them better
than he has in the same length Of
time. He has been faithful to
every trust and accomplished more
than any frst-term Congressman
in the House of Representatives.
Nothing like true merit.