, 1890-02-02
HOW THEY MAKE SAILS.
TALK WITH A MAN WHO KNOWS
ALL ABOUT THE BUSINESS.

Steam Has Almost Knocked Out tho Sail
maker-How a Graft Ii Fitted Out with
. Complement of saIls-Ths Measuring,
Sewing and Fitting.
Steam, although it hasn't quite
knocked out sailmaking, has pretty near
ly given the quietus to a once important
and money making business" said a well
known BayeRidge sailmaker. "As long
as men use ships and boats so long will
there be sails made, I suppose; but still,
for all that, the trade isn't nearly what
it used to be, when Atlantic packets and
East Indiamen and Pacific coast ships
used wind instead of that" and the
speaker pointed to a huge ocean steamer
which was crawling down the bay, emit
ting a huge black cloud from her double
tunnels.
TINES HAvE CHANGED.
Those were the times" he continued.
"a suit of sails for a ship made a big
hole in $4,000 or $1,000. No voyages
were made without the sailmaker being
called into requisition, and wages were
high and profits large. But by degrees,
as the steamship became the rule and the
sailing ship the exception, trade grew
less and less until at last it is practically
confined to small crafts, yachts and sail
ing boats. OF course there are some full
rugged ships and barks left, but the sails
for these are usually made by local max
ers at the places where the crafts are
built. And as there is little or no big
ship building in New York, why conse-
quently there is no use for the sailmaker,
at least to any extent"
"How do you manage to measure a
craft for her sails!"
1--WE take the measurements of the
stays or ropes which form the outside
edges OF the sails In some cases, and in
others we measure the spars upon which
they are bent or fastened. With this
data and a knowledge of the required
swell or belly of the sail we calculate
the dimensions. In the case of a main
sail or spanker, for example, we meas
ure the gaff, boom and mast. Canvas
comes in bolts or rolls, each containing
about forty yards. 1t is an easy matter
from the figures alluded to 70 ascertain
how much canvas will be required for
the complete sail. The canvas is made
Of hemp, and is wonderfully strong. 1t
varies in quality from the heaviest and
toughest used for the big sails of the
largest ships down to the expensive white
duck for yachts, of 30 fine a texture
that it can be used by the yachtsmen for
trousers"
"How do you manage to sew such ma
terial?'
There ave been sail sewing ma
chimes in use. but l annot say that they
are a success altogether. And SO hand
sewing Is the general rule, We use for
this purpose, as you see, stout Irvine,
which is soaked in tar to prevent its rot
ting, hard steel needles of a triangular
shape and two to three inches In length,
and a palm This last is a piece of
Of leather, or rather several pieces OF
leather, which covers the palm Of the
hand and the lower part Of the thumb.
1t has in it, near the ball Of the thumb,
a piece of steel about the size Of a quar-
ter with a toughened surface. In sew
ing the base of needle rests on this steel,
and it is then pushed through the can
vas. In fact, it acts as a thimble for the
sailmaker.
THE Irvine, which Is made of soft
hemp, comes in 1O0-yard skeins. and is,
after tarring, wound into big balls. One
OF the first duties OF a s~ailmakers ap-
prentice is to tar and wind"
THE STITCHES PULLED HOME"
at must be pretty hard work sswings"
Yes, it is. You see, every stitch has
to be pulled home 1 run my needle
through the canvas SO, take a turn OF
the loose twlne round the palm, and
then with a jerk pull the stitch taut and
well into the tough material. When sew
ing on the bolt ropes-that Is, the ropes
which form the outer edges of the many
sails-the work Is much harder. Then
we sew with Irvine four times doubled,
and each stitch is hauled home with q
'id'-a kind of wooden marlinspike.
When sewing on these ropes each stitch
takes up a small portion Of the canvas,
and the result Is that when we reached
the end Of the sail, on the measur-
ing rule being applied, 1t is always
found that the bolt rope is some inches
too short. We then Delay the edge Of
the sail between two stout posts, haul it
up taut and set a couple Of boys 'dano-
ing on the rope; they maintain their
balance on it by catching hold of ropes
suspended from the beams overhead. In
a few minutes they stretch the rope, and
with it the sail to the desired length.
Sometimes, and especially In cold wealth
er, this s~hrinkage will amount to a foot
or more. Then all hands are set to work
dancing and it may be a matter OF a
half an hour before ther rope is stretched
to the length required"
How do you manage to get those iron
rings at the corners Of that jib into tho
loop of rope which holds them so snug
ly?"
"Those are what we call ear rings.
We fix them 80. The rope Is opened by
means of a heavy 'id,' and Is beaten
down to a point Of the fd corresponding
in size to the diameter Of the ear ring.
When the I'D is reversed the loop is
struck of, and before 1t has time to
shrink up the ear ring is thrust inside of
it. In a second or 80 the loop contracts
tightly round the ear ring-so tightly
that there is little danger OF its ever
coming out again. These small rings
here are called grummets. They are
made by twisting a rope yarn and are
used for sewing on to the holes through
which the reef points go on a sail."-
Brooklyn Times.
A Useful Present.
Mrs. Jobbs-What on earth il THAR