davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
Improvement

in my condition, my appetite began To
return and with it came the ability to
digest all the food taken, my strength
improved each day, and after few
months of faithful attention to your
woman, able to attend to all household
duties, The medicine has given me q
new lease of life. and / cannot thank
yon too much"
eve, the undersigned, citizens Of
BrockWay Centre, Mich, hereby certify
that the above statement, made By
Mrs. Lake, is true in every particular
and entitled to full crelence. 20. 2.
chamberlain, G. W. Waring, G. A.
Wells, Druggist.
"My brother, in England, was, for q
long time, unable to attend to his occu-
patton, by reason of sores on his foot.
I sent him Ayers Almanac and the tes-
tiInonials it contained induced him to
try Ayers sarsaparilla. After using It
a little while, he was cured, and is now
d well man, working in q sugar mill
at Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. = = =
"A AfteweU. Sharbot Lake. Ontario.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Alexandra is to have iron fences around
the courthouse and city squares.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Mrs. q. w. Hickman of Fait.nonnt,
Grant parish, had hef arm broken BY bsins
thrown from q buggy.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Get the best DR.. Bnll.a Worm Destroyers
are the best. They taste good. They are safe
They are cure.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Yellow foyer has broken out at Gampinas,
and Sia Paola, Brazil.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

A shock 81 earthquake was felt al Bonn,
Germany, recently.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

A gold mine has been discovered in jack.
son; near Vernon.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
FOURTH WARD WAR
TOWN OF DoNALDsoNYILLE.

I,np'd lot SO "a, vsc lots 2, s & 6 SO "a,
Imp'd lots 81. s3 and 81 50 sa,.............
Imp,d lot 80 SO 4. ..............
Imp'd lot IS 50 Is ...............
Emp'd lot { 50 Observation-Disclosures.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
Ayers SarsaparilIa,
PREPARED BY
pr. j. C. aver 3 Co., Lowell, Mass.
Price 81; sig bottles, g. Worth ssa bottle:

The Belgian Minister Of Husbandry has
refused to consent % . taz uponF grain
imports.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Lee jackson and wife have been jailed at
Farmerville charged with setting fire to the
dwelling house of Mr., Matthew W. Taylor.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

The heaviest rain for Twenty-Five years
fell in jackson parish recently.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
A Scrap of Paper Saves Her Life.

Mr.. Dennis Manus fell through trestls
at Boyce, receiving internal injuries.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

nsidday debtor
Inca tn
quantity Of debtor
cash. tender Of the United
ysods
price with twenty and costs added
w H. BAIEAGA
andex 10 Collector
sheif's Office, Parish Ascension, Aprl
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05


GIngrg. Mrs
Landry, Mrs Amanda ......
Lefevre, Mrs Celine. ..........
nata.t;,
-, .s
Parent. Jasse
3'ss' s0s9p'':
wv
- - $500.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

Queen Victoria has donated cup valued
at 100 guineas, to be raced for midsummer
pnder the apapiees of The Albert Yacht club.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
NoN-RRsIDENrs
SECOND WARD.
PORT BARROW.
THIRD WARD.

THIRD WARD.
3155 acres, above by Henry Jones, below
by A Bernard, 1900.
Il acres, M of N Ell sec s6 IL r ID E..
1s4 acres Il sec Sc II 13 E,...........
TENTH WARD.
200 aeres on Bayou Manchac. 5 acres i'm
proved on Bayou Manchac. ............
40 acres, being in 8 sec Is and half in
terest in Hard Times savmiIl, ........
100 acres, being parts Of sec Is, q, 222, %,
"a. 2s and 26. 100 acres. 18th of Castle
Bluff tract. The undivided 18th of 800
acres. being parts of sec 35 sr6 e,
lots in sec 26 s 8 b, also S Ell
of n Ell sec 35 and W. sec 36 t S
and S Ell of S VIZ sec % s, also lots
and 2. being N Ell of sec %, 451
acres, the Nj of S q and n VIZ of N
WI of sec 36, also lots and SEES
36t8sF6 E, Observation-Disclosures.
1896 acres. secs Z, 8, rs, 80 and 81 t 8,
secs 8 and 10 3,
81 acres, part oil SEQ IB sr3E, so acres,
part of sec2t8a 8 q, Al acres, part
Of sec / t8sr 8 E,
4 tract of land opposite Port Vincent.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
ADVICE 10 MOTHERS.

colored man named Jack Young was
drowned in the river near Lake Proyidence.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
Saturday, the 10th day Of May, 1890,
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY
FIRST 4 WARD !

FIRST WARD.
Imp'd 16 acres right bank Miss river.
above by j Thomas, below by HI
Ihomas, ....#......
Imp'd 2 acres right bank Miss river, ABOVE
by R Landry, below by Il LandrE.....
Tmp'd lot right bank Miss river, above By
G Smith, below by Renard,.
SECOND WARD.
SMOKE BEND.
Inp'd az acres, above by A Nolan, ba
lo~ ~ II Burns. .........-.-.
Emp'd LOT, above BY Mrs AL Babin, bHlo@
by 2 Honore, .......#.......
Imp'ea lot, above by est GRawley, belos
BE- A Washington, ........,;.....
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05

A little daughter OF Judge Ellis Of Frank.
lin parish had her leg broken By being
thrown from buggy.
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
SIXTH WARD.

Imp'd LOT, above by Mrs Barland, below
by A Gabriel, 49,. .........
Imp'd lot in town of Darrow,............
Imp'd lot so SO II, vac los 81 50 SO, town
4 OF barrow,
Vacant lot in town of Darrow,....=.=...s...
Vacant lot 80 50 T, town Of Darrow,
Imp'd3 acres, above BY Il GautEeau
below by -,....-....... :. .......,
Vacant lots is & IL SO 4, town of Darrow
Imp'a IS acres, above by L Leblanc, be
low by y N Sims, ..........
Imp'd lot in old Marehand tract, .......
Imp'd lot in old Marchand tract, .......,
100 acres, being 81 of N W. 6 NJ of
40 acres, being S VIZ of n Ell of sec IL
N WI & S Ell of N Ell j. N Ell OF
Ell Of sec 20 IS + 4 E,...............
100 acres, being WI, N Ell OF Sec
VI of sec t9s T.,
TENTH WARD.
Impsd 1917 acres, above by A White, b.
low by Mrs l. Cretien, ................
Imp'd 56 acres. being S EH of sec IA
W. sec 9sr2 I, Observation-Disclosures.
Imp,d 50 acres, being VIZ sec 8
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES.
Imp'd 6S acres, above by Z Cretien. be
low by - Landry, ....5......
Imp'd 200 acres, above by w King, be
low by Il Kleinpeter.. Observation-Disclosures.
Imp'd 179 acres, Amite river, above an
below by public landa,...
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
A LITERARY MARVEL.-s2.50 PER VOLUME.


n
81 Caondet St. Neo 0tans lBoe494
The Donaldsonville chief. [volume] (Donaldsonville, La.) 1871-current, 1890-04-05
SECOND WARD.
SECOND WARD.

SECOND WARD.
PORT BARROW.
Imp'd lot No 50 %, vac lot No = 50 %
vac lot 5 SO 18, vac lot 5 SO ID, rae lot 8
So 49,. ...z...........-..
Imp'd lot 50 ~, vac lot 2 So 27,........
Imp'd lot "a is, vac lot s 50 Is,
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
Elaotrinitx Rampant.

DR.. F. P. Blodgett and wife, of Anso-
MIA, Conn, had an odd experience with
electricity the other day. After heavy
downpour of rain, during which there
was only one fash Of lightning, Mrs.
Blodgett went into the kitchen to get a
knife, which was placed over the sink
between the water pipe and the wall.
As her fingers touched it she was sent
staggering away by severe shock Of
electricity. Shecalled her husband from
his Office and asked him to get the knife
for her. He had all he could do to keep
from falling to the floor.
In attempting to draw water from the
pipe DIR. Blodgett received severe shock,
though pipe in his Office on the same
floor was not affected in the least. Un-
der the sink were kept the iron pots and
kettles used in the kitchen. On opening
the door of the sink sparks were seen
jumping from one point to another with
loud noise. The utensils were removed
with difficulty for fear Of fire.
During the display DR.. Blodgett took
up a cake of soap from an iron soap dish.
He did not touch the iron, but he re-
ceived shock from the soap that made
every nerve tingle, and the shock con-
tinued as long as he held the soap
Ansonia Sentinel
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

Ex-State Senator Joel Moody, of Linn
county, located in Kansas in 1857, and
has rarely been out Of the state since.
Speaking Of drought, he says that in
1850 Kansas had drought by the sideo
which this year was good. It quit rain
ing in September. 1859, and did not
commence again until the following
September. The winds were SO hot as
to cook eggs before the hens could lay
them, and not thing was raised in
Kansas. The next season was exactly
the reverse, and produced abundantly
everything that was put into the ground.
He thinks the season of 1890 corresponds
to that of 1850, and that 1891 will sur
pass in plenty any year that preceded it.
Mr.. Moody advises farmers to dam ev-
cry draw that can be used for reservoir
purposes, and save the water from rum
ming away in the streams. s.--St. Joseph
News.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
Mlnlou. % strar Ls,..r..


The postofice department at Washing
tim has issued notice calling public at
tention to the fact that over sir million
pieces Of mail matter were sent to the
dead letter oflce in the past year by
reason Of incorrect, illegible or deficient
address, insufficient postage and insecure
cumming. This is daily average Of
over 10000 pieces, the loss Of which
naturally must often cause great incon-
venience to persons using the mails.
The greater portion of the matter re-
ferred to is not called for and is sent to the
dead letter Office unless the address Of
the sender is ON the inclosure, or some
clew to his whereabouts. Letters con.
tanning any inclosure Of value are re-
corded and filed and are delivered upon
proper Identification. II they are not
called for within two years they are sold
ut auction and the proceeds paid into the
treasury.
OF the unclaimed and undelivered
mail matter received at the dead letter
Office in the past year $4,000 contained
money, amounting in all to $4S, ,64s; 1000
had Enclosures of postal notes in small
sums under s., aggregating $500;
%, 200 were found to contain drafts,
checks, notes, commercial paper, etc.,
in the sum of $1,471,s71, while $4,000
contained paid and Cancelled obligations,
receipts evidencing payments of money,
deeds, mortgages and general miscella-
neous papers.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
AbOut Dow Bitea.

It is safe to say. said New York
physician, that one cannot give what
one does not have to give. The same is
true of dog. II he has not hydro
phobia he cannot communicate it. So
there is no reasonable cause for the
fright displayed by some persons if they
but get their skins broken by a dog
whose health is perfect. Men who are
in the habit of handling dogs think moth
ing of their bites. Dog fanciers and dog
trainers are frequently bitten, and think
nothing of it.
The men who handle fighting dogs pay
scarcely any attention to dog bites un-
less they are severe, and then apply Or
dinary remedies I myself have been
several times bitten--not by mad dogs
of course-and have suffered little or no
discomfort. There are many things
worse than the bite of healthy dog. /
will take it any time in preference to q
bad burn or cut with rusty nail. A
little common sense ought to be used in
this as in other matters. New York
Mail and Express.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23


Gone the ripple and the rushes
or the love songs OF the thrushes,
Gone the roses In the closes Of the q den. and
ths bushes
OF the shy verbena creeping W
BY the old south wall and steeping
An It's sweetness In the sunshine OF the sleepy
summer bushes
And ever DER it all In a gold and crimson pail
Over mignonette grown tawny. and DER grass .
bronhng brown.
With rustic and 9 ~hir. and q sad and solemn
The leaves are drifting down. dear. oh, the leaves
are drifting down
Come the mornings gray and chilly.
Come the nights serene and Silly,
Comes an airy midnight fairy. tracing fern and
rose and lily
On the window panes that glisten,
While in dreams the children listen
To the swing Of skates that ring. and shouts that
echo shrilly,
And ever, ever still, in the hollow, on the hill,
By the roadside, where the sunfiower lifts aloft a
ruined crown,
Like the dear old dreams Of youth. dreams Of
honor, fame and truth,
Forever falling from us-do the leaves keep drift
ing down -l
Let the summer set In splendor,
Let the summer tribute render
Hridelike beauty, bridelike duty. every charm d.
vine and tender
To the conquering king, who loudly
All in trumpet tones and proudly
Tells the story of his captive, and her passionate
surrender.
And with the leaves thar fall In rich and royal
M pail,
Ger the rose hearts crumbled crimson, and the
grass grown dull and brown,
Let the bitterness the strife all the little ills Of
lfe
Go drifting, drifting down, dear-with the leaves
go drifting down.
New York Ledger.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
A New raiI for HIs Cow.

Several weeks ago COW owned by
well known gentleman employed in the
lower shops of Altoona, Pa, met with
mishap. The animal was turned out Of
the stable for exercise, but in short
time she was attacked by several dogs.
They succeeded in getting hold of her
tail, and almost tore it out of the socket,
only a short stub remaining. The ami
NAL was seriously disfgured, and the
owner conceived a novel idea Of fixing
her up. He visited slaughter house
near by and secured a new tail and
started for his home, happy over his
scheme to save his pet animal from un-
favorable comment.
He secured the necessary tools and set
to work. The stub and new piece were
carefully worked out into good job of
dovetailing. He placed the ends to-
gether and they fitted like charm. The
joint was wrapped and tied with heavy
string.
All worked well for a few days, but
the other morning he took the animal
out for stroll, met a crowd of friends
and stopped to explain his patent. His
achievement was simply wonderful to
his hearers. But q moment later his
labor and idea We're a thing of the past.
A large horsehy made its appearance
and perched upon the animals back.
The stub commenced to work and the
new end was thrown in the direction of
the pest. Then it became detached and
landed around the neck of the inventor.
He pleaded with his friends to keep the
matter quiet, but it leaked out, and now
he is the subject of considerable fun at
the hands of his fellow workmen.- n.-Ex-
change.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
A Political elasphemer.

Senator John J. Ingalls,, the Kansas
shylock and Republican leader in the
United States Senate, who charges the
farmers of the State eighteen per cent
has been out making Republican
speeches, and here is portion Of one
OF them:
have erred in calling the Democracy
q party. II is an aggregation Of the ig-
norance, the imbecility, the disloyalty
Of this country. 1t is strongest where
public morality is weakest, reinforcing
all the dangerous and destructive agen-
,cies of society, and having neither con-
science nor courage Of conviction. 1t is
perpetual and constant menance to
the prosperity, the honor of the Ameri-
can people.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
BIackguard lngslls.

The Republican party is asking for
the votes OF the Democrats in Ohio. In
Pennsylvania they had Senator ingalls,
making some speeches, and here is his
opinion of the people he and his party
want to help them outl
Isuppose, fellow citizens, that in the
suburbs OF every city, at least in the
suburbs Of most cities with which am
aoSuainted, there is vacant space of
common land In which the neighborhood
deposit what they have got done with.
WhNre will you find the empty cans, tho
cast-,,ff clothing, the exuvi@ Of vicini.
ties With which the community, having
had the usufruct, Is fatigued, and
finally desires to dispose Of without
further comment. The Democratic
party is the dumping ground Of politics
in the nineteenth century. Every ex-
cluded heresy, every abandoned heresy.
everything the nation has got done with
and tired Of and cast away to be trcdden
under foot Of men. Is the heritage Of
the Democratic panty.
y
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
Honesty WIN Win.

Samuel J. Tilden had to fight Some
bad men in his owp party. Governor
Campbell had to 10 the same thing.
Samuel J. Tilden made his party and
name synonym Of honesty and integrity
in Office. He lifted it to a high plane
and on that issue he was elected Presi-
dent of the United States by quarter
Of million majority of the popular
vote, and that tends to show tbsd honesty
is the best policy. Desperate cases need
desperate remedies, and DR.. Campbell
has shown himself to be physician
without fear or favor. The issue OF
honesty VS.. dishonesty raised by him
means thousands Of votes to his party
this wear and next
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
Yankee Ingenuity.

One of the busiest places in the Yam
kee nation is the patent office. The re-
port of the commissioner shows that for
the last fiscal year the applications beat
the record. The total was 46, 140, against
49,047 for the previous year. There
were %. .s07 patents granted, 1882 trade
marks registered and SO4 labels regis
tered, a total of 27,493, against 22,941
total for the preceding year. The num-
ber awaiting action was 6,5s7, which
shows that the Office keeps pretty well
up with its work, q fact that is the more
to its credit because the appropriations
for the Office are notoriously inadequate.
Dry Goods Economist.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
They Fight Honest Government in Gin
Cinnah for the Reason
That They Failed TO Get Their
Own Men in Local Office,
Though Favoring It When They
Think They Have a Chance.
Their Disgraoeful Course Ex-
s posed.

The Republican party has always been
the party OF fraud and pretense. Its as
sumption of honesty In government is
generally governed by political policy.
This was never shown to any better adj
vantage than In the special session Of
the Legislature called by Governor
Campbell. Governor Campbell an
nounced that he wanted to give the peo-
pie of Ohio in certain cities Home Rule.
To that effect he recommended that the
B. P. I. be abolished and be elected by
the people. To this the Republicans
agreed at once, because gave their party
Q chance to capture the B. P. ]. of Gin
eiinati, and perhaps 1900 offices. The
sight Of an Office always whets the blood
Of reform Republican. But mark
You what occurred when the DEM
0cyats proposed q different plan.
They proposed to give the Governor
power to remove the men he had ap-
pointed, and in six months more that
right would be transferred to the peo-
pie, where it belonged, and to which
the original bill assigned it at the end
Of the first year. 1t would be supposed
that they would be willing to make some
concessions for the sake Of home rule.
Nobody who heard their reform profess
aions would accuse them Of an unwil-
1ingness to wait six months, but their
conduct shows how conclusive is the
proof of the assertion at the head of
this article. When this measure to
make the offices elective at the end Of
six months came to vote not one Re
publican voted for it. In the House ev-
cry single Republican voted against 1t,
showing how hypocritical and deceitful
this party of alleged moral grandeur
really is. The Democratic party Of
Ohio has always been In favor of home
rule. 1t could not leave the old D. P. A.
Of Cincinnati in power during the elec-
tion, for then the very element that pro-
duced the scandal and corruption in
Cincinnati In 1880 would still be in q
position to employ all their vast power
to perpetuate themselves even in spite
Of the people. The Democrats did the
next best thing. They told the people
Of Cincinnati to wait one year when
they could elect that board and in tho
meantime they would be governed by
an honest board appointed by a Demo
cratic Governor.
In the meantime Governor Campbell
found out the board contained dishonest
men, and he made up his mind that they
should step down and out. For that
purpose the Legislature was called to.
gether. The Republicans preferred II
should remain in Office scan6alizing the
people of Cincinnati, unless they had
their way. In other words, they were
willing to be honest and square for polit
ical reward in the shape of 1900, offices,
but they were not willing these mon
should go if the Democrats we're to keeI
their own workers In Office, and at the
same time depose the men under suspic
ion among the people.
Whenever Republican howls fol
honest government, mark one thing, ht
expects to geta slice Of this patronage
and II he don't get it he is not so nsGc'
iptorastA6 inaeforne
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

During King Humbert's late visit to
Brescia, while visiting the mandatory
Of Signori Mussato and Cerasi, he per-
ceived an old man decorated with the
silver medal for military valor. The
king bade him approach, and on learn
ing that he had fought by his side against
the Austrians IN 1865, when the battalion
of the Forty-ninth formed square and
repulsed three charges of the Austrian
cavalry, he shook hands heartily with
him and took down his name.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23
Opulent Begrary.

Two beggars, named Jakubowsh and
Wasilewics, who for years have solicited
aims before the doors Of the Kief cathe
dral, have just retired and set up az
renters. Jakubowsh possesses house
worth 10000 roubles $4,000 and sum
of $4,000 roubles (e6,600) lodged at the
reichsbank. Wasilewics has invested all
his earnings in property, and owns two
houses of the value of $4,000 roubles
'(e7 ,50O) each, which he let's. Cor. New
York Post.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

A grand national German choral fes-
tival was held at Vienna recently. Some
10000 Teutonic vocalists Joined in the
proceedings, which, besides concerts, in
cluded historical professions and mon
ster "comhers'' or beer drinkings. Many
provincial glee clubs came in picturesque
national costumes, and the singers gath
cred in huge wooden building on the
Prater, which has to be erected after
ward in Munich for bier halle.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

A Mohammedan young woman has
Just closed her medical studies in Odessa
with brilliant examination. Her name
is Kutlojarof- -Hanum. She is the first
Mohammedan woman who has received
an M. DIS diploma, and the state has
granted her special permission to prac-
tice her profession.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

Professor Allen, of Providence, r. I,
arrived at that city on Wednesday in his
balloon, after an aerial voyage Of ito
miles from Fitchburg, Mass, in ITO min
utes. This record is considered creditar
Bile. The professor has been brought up
as an aeronaut and claims TO have made
100 ascensions. II Providence Journal.
Democratic Northwest. [volume] (Napoleon, Ohio) 1869-1894, 1890-10-23

Georgia, 'the land Of wonders, the
state which has more curiosities than all
the others combined, the home of Lulu
Hearst, the magnetic girl" and hun
dreds of other freaks, now claims ne
gro, Charles Hardin, of Athens, who
brags that he has not closed his eyes in
sleep for over four years.