The morning call., 1890-08-25
THE MAP OF EUROPE.


Many Political Changes That Have Taken
Place Since 1880.
Rumors of a European war on grand
scale are so rife now, on account of the
troubles in the Balkan Peninsula, that it
may be interesting, says a writer in the
New York Tribune, to recall many and
stupendous changes which have modifde
the map of Europe during the last sixty
years. The French revolution, continued
by Napoleon /, overturned every nation
and modified every frontier limit in Eu-
rope. Between 1915 and 1880 the restora-
ton of the eldest branch Of the Bourbons
in France and the Vienna and Verona
Congress had nearly re-established the an
cient order of things in the European
world. But in 1890 the revolution which
crowned the Orleans cadet, Louis Philippe
as King OF France, and proclaimed him
the representative of modern realism as
against clerical reactiOnism personified in
Charles y was the signal OF changes all
over Europe.
The heroic sons of Greece had already
begun the struggle for modern liberty and
national independence. They were sue
eessful, and the treaty of Adrianople was
agreed to by all Europe, and Greece was
recognized as sovereign power on Febru-
airy 3, 1880 Modavia. Wallachia and Ser
via were constituted by the came treaty as
autonomous principalltes, and Turkey
ceded to Russia the mouth of the Danube.
Belgium separated from Holland and was
recognized an independent power in
July, 1881, after long conferences held in
London.
In 1884 the kingdom of Poland was sup
pressed as result of the heroic but unsuc-
cessfuI fight of the Poles for liberty. In 1916
the Republic of Cracow was suppressed
also and Incorporated with Austria. In 1913
the principality of Neufchatel, which had
been given up to Prussia by the treaties of
rod ita iuia nd
a canton OF Switzerland. This independ-
ence was officially recognized by Prussia
in 1857.
After the Crimean War, in 1856, Russia
lost the southern portion of Bessarabia,
along the banks of the Moldavia. The Sol
ferino victory in 1859 caused Austria to sur
render Lombardy, with the exception of
Mantua, to Napoleon Ill, who made a
present of that province to Italy, or rather
10 the King of Sardinia. In 1860 the same
King came into possession of Modena,
Parma, Tuscany, Romagna, Umbria,
Naples and Sicily. giving back in ex-
change to France only the county of Nice
and the Savoy. One year later, i'll 1861, the
kingdom of Italy was definitely constituted
by the reunion under the same scepter of
all Italian States formerly separated, with
the exception of the Pontifcial States and
the Rome Campagna. In 1861 Moldavia and
Wallachla were united under the name of
Romania. In 1864 the Ionian Islands.
which formed parliamentary republic
under British protectorate, were ceded to
Greece.
The Gastein Convention of 1866, after the
war of the Duchies, decreed the annexation
to Prussia of the Duchy of Lauenburg, the
title OF which was conferred upon Bismarck
after his retirement from the chancellor
ship. In 1866, after the battle of Sadowa,
the Kingdom of Hanover, the Hesse Elec-
torate, the free city of Frankfort, Schles-
wig and Holstein were annexed to Prussia,
and the confederation of North Germany
was established. In the same year. and as
another consequence Of defeat at Sadowa,
the Vienna Government abandoned Ven
eta and the fortress of Mantua to Italy.
EThe first defeats of the French in the war
of 1870 compelled them to evacuate Rome,
which then became the capital Of Italy.
The Frankfort treaty gave Alsace and Lor-
raine to the newly founded North German
Empire. In 1873, after the Russo-Turkish
war, and through the operations of the Ber-
map III Europe. Russia exchanged the
Dobroudja district for Southern Bes-
saraba. Seryia, by the same treaty,
was enlarged and constituted as an
Independent kingdom, as well as Roumania.
Bulgaria became mere tributary province
OF Turkey, from which, in 1885, she snatched
Eastern Roumelia. Montenegro received
an increase Of territory and Herzegovina
were surrendered to Austria, which was
authorized to occupy them temporarily, a
word which means in diplomacy real pos
session.
Such Is the present international map OF
Europe. How long will it last in that
shaua?