davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-09
Union Pacific Brotherhood Flremen

UNION PACIFIC BrOfh0rhOOU FireMem.
OMAHA, Dec. s.-ISpecial. Tho general
board of adjustment of the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Firemen on the Union Pacific
system will meet in special session in this
city tomorrow. The meeting has been
called to consider number of grievances
between the company and the firemen and
also to consider the contract under which
firemen are employed by the road.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-09
No Idea OF : Rsceavsrship.

BosroN Dec. 8.-Director Ames, OF the
Union Pacific, says in an interview. that
the floating debt of the Union Pacific was
fully explained in last years report. Il has
been reduced tho past year by $4,000 GOO
and is now about I'll 800. .000. MI. Gould
knew all about the floating debt when ha
entered the directory. and has discovered,
nothing new about it. He agreed TO take
care OF it and has provided for the Januarv
requirements, which are less than 81; COO OO6.
"Mr. Gould expressed great satisiaction a.
the appearance Of everything IN conneotion
with the property. He has no more idoA of
receivership for the property than / havS
any scheme for funding the Union Paciao
debt. We can easily pay it whon> the Yail-
road d bond market revives."
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-09
The Church and State.

RoME, Dec. s.-Cardinal Rampolla, papal
secretary of state. has written letter in
regard. to Cardinal Lavigerie's recent dec
larations in favor of a republi-
can form of government, saying
the Roman Catholic church is not inimical
to any form of government. The church
applies itself before all elset the progress
of religion, and therefore thinks it is right
fairs when such action is demanded by the
interests of religion.
Parnell will send q mission to the United
States 10 place before the American people
his aide of the controversy
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-09
Chairman Walker Tells the Railrce9
Presidents Some Very Whole
some Truths.
They are Playing Their Advsr.
sary's Game by Each Destroy
ing the Other.
Plan Suggested by which thoDseas 40
Public May bo lssnslatted. - Al
road Nows. N

New York, Dec. S.-The JonsnAl 81 1s-s
nance to-day made public TOR tne 1T 49, "a
a lengthy letter recently written ~ OnesF-
man Walker, of the Interstate CosnnsxOs i. q Z
Railway association, to various 1asis0a1 r
presidents on the general c0ndation q sasi-
way affairs and plan for tefofm y snes
present methods. He says sne pSe.ens seg-
islative attitude OF congress. ana sne ssases
is injurious. but railroad damcuisaee !. ere nos
wholly due to that cause. Oompe etasaon' g
1t now exists among carriers. y fuanou
simply war. This situation, he ssys, pseases
the unrefecting public. ana sne necess.1y
inference is that the railroads are Paayan6
their adversary's game. he rexefs 20 sne
fact that during the past n1seen ysats,
about one-third OF the railway miieaGe M
the United States mas been 1eoz9ana1eo - os
passed through foreclosure prooeednee. az
does not believe this suicidai pfooess y g tt
yond control; but SAYS radical caanees Axe
required. He points ont snat Wafs ~ - "
senRer and freight rates are prou0ns aoo0s
by scalping, secret agreements, rebates, etc.,
and saws that ~ r,er can't Of all tariff
cha,,.,o. q, .s3,, .&;,r,. ~ .s1,,,s.s
ouanses y, ni"oo 0le 1e1u0Y.S - b. ..s..
them OF systematic passenger SaSe casslAEs
and calls it competition gone mad. such
wild and reckless methods are not in the
-o;i,..,. ..s.s..a 81. ..,I. n, IN. cr..;
,"ll~ay Syssens. no Oa.ls ~ S1s H1ss.
dents to recognize the esaenSaai unity OF
railway interests, and make new treaty
based ON disarmament. He saya the frat
Co. a.,4h. 20 ~. 1;s. = n. rrta.s..t.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-09
GOING FOR BLOOD.
A Party Of Ranchers Start for . band ol
MNrauding Redskins.

A Party Of Ranchers Start for Band OF
MNrauding Redskins.
RAPID CRY, s. D., Dec. ga band of In
dians from Little Wounds camp has been
raiding deserted ranches, killing and rum
ming off stock, burning hay and grain and
stealing household goods. To-day twenty
armed men left Rapid City for the Indian
camp. They will be joined by number OF
ranchmen and if they are not intercepted
by troops will attack the Indians. A special
from Custer says that not far from Buffalo
Gap, T. M. Warren, q ranchman, with four
of his men attacked a raiding party of In
dians and killed four. The story is moi
verified.
Further Into the Bad Lands.
PINE RIDGE, Dec. 8.-A scout came in to.
night and reported that no sooner had the
hostile chiefs returned from the council
held yesterday than they proceeded to move
their camp several miles deeper into the
Bad Lands, instead of Counseling a move
thegefrom as advised BY Gen. Brooke.
Crazy Ghoat Dancers.
GUTHRIE, O. T., Dec. 8.-Couriers arrived
this afternoon bringing information that
the uncivilized tribes Of the Cheyenr.es,
Arapahoes and Comanches. just west Of the
Oklahoma border, are in state of high ex-
citement over the ghost dance, started by
runners from the Dakota Sioux. Their
attitude is very threatening and Gov. Steele
is asking the legislature to take immeCi-
ate action by which the citizens can organ
iZe a militia company for protection. The
craze among the tribes east has subsided.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
MUSICAL AND DRAMATIC

BoorH ard Salvin were born IN the same
year 1888
SEMnRcH may tour this country in grand
opera next year
PATTI has returned to Europe. She re-
fused 5000 for an essay on the voic.
CHRISTINE NILSSON will sing at the fare
we'll concert Of sim Reeve, in London
RpsE CoGHLAN. the emotional actre,,. will
have new modern society drama next
season
The BrRlEogrE j, the nam, Of a new
West End theatre, London, to bc opened
by Dhylcy Carte.
At Il Performance of Elijah given AT
Mile End, London, upward Of 1909 working
mea paid Tor admission.
ABBEY and Grau will take Sarah Bern
hnrdt Ia Brazil AT the conclusion of her com.
ing tour OF this country
SYBIL SANpER>oN. the only SOPRANO
whose voice ranges higher than PATTI. Is
Il tall blonde, with dark eye, aud a wiliowy
figure.
ALvART, In" German opera tenor. ha,
just been decorated toy IN" Prince Regent at
Munich, with the golden medal for art aud
science.
SAHDoU, the French dramatst started
out a. "A surgeons assistant, and bcclm, u
professor of mathematics before he tool. uu
t'"f "'AN'NE'
Mr.. AND Mrs. KENpAL the English ,o-
ciety actors, played tn over $3j, 900 during
the thre' week, at the Baldwin Theatre.
san Francisco
IT is said that Victor Maurel the famous
'enor, Ina, just made an engagement tp come
to America tor three years the remune.u-
ton being $4,000.
The list of instrumental noyeltic, pro-
iuced in New York this season includes
twenty-five pieces, ani the vocal lis. nclul-
,nS operettas add, eiSat
JOHANN STRAUSS i credited with ia
statement that, though his family have he.l
wiring dance music for three generations,
uot one OF them could dane" r step.
THE day of the child-act1r is said t. %,
over IN England. Mrs. Burnett's new pay.
Mike, and The Prince and the Paupe".
have been received with great coolnrSs ~
London.
HELEN DAUvRAY-W has announced
that she will certainly return to the = az.
next season. II her new play THE Whir'.
wind, is not successful, "One OF Our G.r.s'
VIII be again taken up.
EiCHBORN, the German tenor, has become
a baritone, owing 10 "A surgical operation.
Campanini also has had his high G trimmed
and expects It 10 grow out again in time for
the next Italian opera season.
AN inpressrio OF fifty years successful ca.
reer tells how he had avoided having even
single quarrel with noted divas, explaining
his methods Of procedure in these words;
soft, soft, soft and gentle, gentle, gentle.
IN Madrid when an actor has benefit hii
admirers send to the theatre little gifts, such
Rs canes. slippers, game, and such trifies just
as if il were II donation party, and the EN-.
ployes hand these gifts around among the
audience for inspection, while next day u
complete list Of thrm is printed in the papers
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
" BOAT. AIiOY I!

the rnril, ARE below yuu'" criol n man t1
"a rlrsur" Uuri, whom ho deserted gliding
swiftly down the stream toward tie iNuu
iuE cataract Auu We would cry. " Boat.
Ah'y'' g. the one WEu-r lite u. h,,a. drawn
into 'h" whirlpool ot consumption. for uu.
less YOU u-. effective measure, ,uu Will Ir
wrecked iu Deaths iua'uias rapid,
II yugr lung, are weak, breath short. Nayr
sp'tlu- ui bluui. experience occasional y.' /
Chllls 't"'pluS up Your spinal column oi ith
hacking cough 'arnhi' or poor appetite.
feeble digestion, With gradual lus, II flesh.
cold trCt. ms>i'udc ur general debility. are
easily fatigue Il, don't disregard thutr pre-
muutorN symptoms Thuusllds annually.
without c-r"rlouriug hHlf tho above syup.
toms AMI not needing their tlmoly wJruu =.
are plunged into the rrirutlu,, Ururp,t that
most fatal -cuurE" tnusUaptinu
You can't afford To- fr6l away any
precious timo Il suffering from any
considerable number ut th.ro uumistukn
vi" symptoms of approaching danger. RS
mHdurs- &" tr,ii" uni experiment With 700.
CERTAIN means when thu, afflicted D.u''
forget al such critical pcripd that tar
only m"ll'lu" Uu-,,ssod ~ such positive
curative properties us Ia warrant %,
Ir'prIrtnr- IN guaranteeing il tu cure
Consumption OF the Iuu ~ IL tu.,n iu
tim" and given % fair trial, j, the wurll
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
DROPPED DEAD.
Senator Beck, OF Kentucky. Stricken
Down az the Capital.

NChN'oT b'ehs OF hentuCky. StrlCEen
Down az the Capital.
senator Beck OF Kentucky dropped dead
~ the Rtltimorc ~ Potomac station ut 1
o'clock S.ItIr lay evening. lie had Just ar.
7 vel from New York. AMI was a a,compaincd
10y his daughter, Mr., GDpiloc, w.tc If Mad
Goodloe, uttrc UuitcI states Marine Corps
lie got oil the train and walking the entire
len,th Of the = aft ,rm entcre the station.
Here lac was met 10y his private secretary A
moment a't,r he said, Of fee. dizzy, and
fell To- the floor Death was almost ins'an.
tancDus The news Of his death was telc.
phonel to the Senate. and upon its an
nounCcm mt the senate at once adjourned.
Death was due to para ysis of the heart
senator Beck had not been well since
March, Is :. and since that time had not
been regular in his attendance upon the scs.
Sons of the Senate. amt was in his seat but
a few times this Congress. His last appear
ance in the senate chamber was on the day
the discussion on the new Montana Sena.
tuis-Saunlers aud Power-was settled.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
MARRIED TO AN INDIAN.
A Teacher at the Educational Home We'd
ded to one OF her Pupils


An Indian pupil aud one Of the female
teachers in the Educational Home, in West
Philadelphia, have made good deal of talk
ont that way by leaving the institution and
going to housekeeping. Miss Nensebaugh,
the teacher presented her resignation the
the home that she was Mrs. RAnsomc and
had heen for several months. The exact
date Of the wedding has not been nnnounc-
ed. 1t was ,amden wedding and
took place some months ago The
bridegroom. Alex. Ransome aS he is
called in the EaN, is a full blooded Mohawk.
He learned the harness making trade in the
home, and is able To support wife on the
wages he makes since the Government gave
him permission to leave g home.
Ransome is an unusually fine looking In
dian. lie is Il trih above medium height
aud his body is rather slender, but 1.-THE aud
sinewy, white every movement is rapid and
indicative of strength. His face is the true
copper color His hair is raven black ard
coarse aud his upper lip is decorated with u
becoming and ambitious mustachc. Mrs
Ransomc is unusually tall for woman and
her height is made more noticeable by her
slight figure. While her face is not pretty Il
Is bright and winning She declined to dis.
cuss her marriage with her former pupil,
but said II had taken place several months
ago. She is about 50 years old and her hus.
band about y.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
THE WOMEN INTERESTED.
Fund for Female Medical Department at
Johns /. opkins.

A movement has been begun by anumber
Of prominent ladies in Baltimore, New York,
Boston and Philadelphia to raise fund Of
Sl0J. 900 or more to be Offered TO the trustees
ofthe Johns Hopkins University on condi-
ton that women whose previous training
has been equivalent to that Of the prelmin-
ary medical course OF the university be ad-
mitted TO the school on the same terms as
men. Local committees have been formed
in each of these cities and the probability is
that a larger sum will be raised than the
minimum. As some Of the ladies interested
are wives and daughters ofthe trustees there
is no question but that the otter will be
accepted.
The ladies Of Baltimore are expected to
RAISE so, j. y and the others $1,000.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
LAKE COAL TRADE.
The Opening 30 Far Has Been Very
Light.

The Opening 80 Far Has Been Very
Light.
The lake coal trade for the season of lS9)
is now fairly opened, but shipments have
been thus far light, owing to heldovcr stocks
and the strike Of the Duluth dockmen.
The freight steamers are now running
from Fairport to Northwestern points in
the interests of the H. Il O. and Pitts
burgh and Western Railroads. They
carry ore, coal, lumber grain and merchau.
disc, and should business Justify, other
steamships will he added. The three vessels
now in the service are owned by capitalists
interested in the railroads mentioned, and
are operated entirely in the service Of these
roads
Dockage facilities at Fairport have been
almost doubled in the past year, and it is
expected that double the coal and ore tonnage
will be hauled this yea, rs compared with
last.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
SNOW IN THE NORTHWEST.
Heavy Fall at Various Points Favorable
for Big Crops.


for Big Crops.
An unreasonable snow fell at st. Paul,
Mimi, to the depth of an inch or
more. 1t soon melted, however. Reports
indicate that the snow storm was very gem
eral throughout the Northwest From La
crosse, Wisconsin, To Jamestown, y. D.,
the storm extended AMI reached TO the lake
on the north. At Fergus Falls, Mimi. it
showed for -four hours, but me tc immcli-
ately. At Mankato six inches of snoN fell
Five inches fel at st. Peter At Albert Lea
it showed nearly all day, rs it did also At ST.
Cloud, Bird Island, st. James Redwood
Falls, Lumbcrton and Farbault. At James
town, n. D., it showed for twelve hours, the
fall being estimated at four inches. This
snowfall is generally regarded as favorable
10 big crops, late SHOWS IN fJrmer years hay-
ing been invariably followed by biz fields.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

fnWcd Dr li,r'us Golden Medical Dis
CuNrrS.
Tryug conditions these. under which tc
offer the afflicted r,jrt and cure No urdi
u,ry rHsuudy Cuuu sustain itself under such
% guudu',' Il would hlulrupt u- rruprt.
u'ui-' Nu' 500 with "G.ljru Medical hls
ruNcry.' IT,, uu-t advertisement !, tu, thou
sands ~ cuuuuuptiyus. Iu ull purts ut the
W.riI which 10 hnS restored tu health
strength nud hnppur,s To- day no other
.u".u".u1 hIs SD great S,ln Why H.,
"nH.. lt t,."t just what it Is guaranteed t.
..upll,A, o'h,rIrJs, rs safe uu $40 yrcriitdr
a. U'ul w this vouR ruin us moulftct.
rI,Hs
"Co'lnu Medical Di.cuycry' cures Con.
sumption boa all lie earlier Stages. ou ruiumun
'"n,c principles Being according tu all
r.co.ula,i mclirHl authority. scrofuous
affection ut the lungs. It is reasonable e.
seek u rouaiy In thuso uryuts known =.
prov" most viirgrlnus 900 cuuguciins scruftI
luu, I'll. use affecting other Vurte and urgnus.
NuW for Srrnlu.a IN ull it, myriUd forms,
nothing hns ever vet been discovered ts
compare with tl.r wonderful remedy already
mentioned. And especially is thi, trti, n
Lun-, ."r'tun. nr CONSUMPTION Il ,uJthts
the cough, improve digestion. -hurpcu, the
appetite. m,lrurHte 'N' liver. puritu. the
blood cleanse, tine -y-'"u of all ,cruttdou,
hum'rs ami builds uu'ur flesh end strength.
NnN.u.s nr.pr-NIl MEDICAL A~-uCIA-
TlIN, G', Main Stree, hgilnlp. y y
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
SilcOtt Locatnd.

1t has at last been definitely ascertaned
that q. +. Silcott, the defaulting cashier of
Sergeant-st-Arms Leedom's office, has been
a resident of the Isle Of Wight since his mys-
terious disappearance from New YORK last
winter.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
MANY FICTITIOUS NAMES.
Discovery Of Extensive Election Frauds
in Chicago.

in Chicago.
The sensation of the hour, in political cir
cles, is the discovery, by the States Attor-
ney, Of gigantic election frauds IN the oath
wsrd-the same ward in which tho election
frauds were committed in 1884. and from
which ward Mackin was sent to the peni-
tentisry. In the registry lists the States
Attorney mas discovered so fictitious names.
Five Of the men who voted under them IL
legally are under arrest. Warrants for 35
more are out in the hands OF officers.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

". W. envied the lady next door because
n ,lwsys seemed ,, SO well end happy. she
Ian. How would Ike - change places
" her, At last she made the acquaintance
C,he object cf heN envy, and this Is what the
E,y told her; Happy OF course am. for
!, face tells me why rpu are not happy
: are suffering from functional derange-
80. | was martyr to female weakness
|, Years hut DIR. Pierce's Fayorite Prescrip-
I, cured me, as II VIII you II you will try K,
4. uidrdntsCd TO give satisfaction in every
| 7. er price tsi.OO returned.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

Iu,us Catarrh Cure ia a LIQUID and is taken
LsrnAly. and acts directly upon the blood
!. mucdti. surfaces Of the system. Send for
-imonial.. free. Sold by Druggists, T5c.
i. j. CHESEY& Co. Proprs.. Toledo. D.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

rbe Irish tenantI defense fund now
|, ,ro,s - the sum OF Gis.O0l.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

N claims not consistent with tho high char.
!, Of syrup OF Figs ARC purposoly avoided
|. re California Fig Syrup Company. II acts
els on the kidneys. liver and bowels, cleans.
|. ne system cffectually, but 1t is not a cure
,,d makes no protenslons that every bottle
l. nc, srbstantiate.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

+. Words Ft,s. sent by Cragin x Co, phila.,
Il amy one In L. :, or Canada, post paid,
,.,..uf VI . Dobbins's Electrical soap
..,. -,alist of novels on circulars around
|fN. This soap FOR sale by all grucers.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

NJ pierce's Pellets. one a dose. Cure head.
.ss constipation and indigestion.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

~ stopped free by DR. KtLSr's GREAT
k,.yT RrsruRER. No Fits after first days
y Marvellous cures. Treatise and 81 trial
Ia, .ree. Dr. Kline, e3l Arch ST.. Phils., Pa
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

..-sr,l .lubal Early lives at Lynchburg
where he has comfortable home.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

r h,,' uf a mans shoe should be Just
-.-a.utls Of an inch high.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

.,,,o- Blair's speech on his educational
contained 273,uOO words.
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08

- f,.1,.th sore eyes use DIR. Isaac Thomp.
r,rye.uatcr. Druggists sell at 2jc per bottle
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
Com men dnbie.

,,,i never eats any bread unless it is toast
The Middleburgh post. [volume] (Middleburgh, Snyder Co., Pa.) 1883-1916, 1890-05-08
What 1t Costs

rrommcnd "Tansill's Punch" Cigar.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1890-04-21
Farm and stock Notes.

The large hogs in New Jersey arc fed day
and night, a prize. being offered for the
heaviest Some of them are made to attain
extraordinary weights.
Numerous experiments have shown that a
cow calving in September or October will
give more milk and make more butter in
the course of year than will one calving
in April or May.
A correspondent in an exchange says that
a quart of vinegar in half pail of water,
if thoroughly sprinkled over the interior of
a hen house, will free it from lice when
withdrawing and other remedies have
failed.
The horseshoe Of the present should be i'm
proved. There needs to be something
which will save the hoof from an under
wear and breakage, while at the same time
permitting OF elasticity of movement when
the weight of the body is alternately borne
upon and taken from it.
In the barn or under good shed every
damp day and night, and in the sunshine
whenever it is fair, is place for sheep in
cold weather, says an exchange. But they
room. The occasional use of little deo-
derizer, like carbolic acid, is a good thing
in the sheep pen.
Stable and yard manure is considered by
many Il complete manure, and, as such, in
dispensable for market gardening: but it
has been demonstrated that on some soils a
combination of stable manure and CONNER
cial Fertilizers have and do invariably pro-
duce the best, earliest, and consequently the
most profitable crops.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1890-04-21
On What Success Depends.

Successful farming depends 50 largely on
making the soil rich that the best modes of
doing this are necessarily matters of the
first Importance. The most natural mode is
to apply manure on the surface, aud let
rains and SHOWS carry its substance to the
roots of plants. | am not sure yet we have
bettered this plan. But long ago it was
discovered that decaying manures lost some
OF their ammonia by evaporation, and it
was naturally supposed that unless this de-
composition occurred on the soil, this am
monia was wasted. Hence the general
practice, until within a few years, of get
ting manure under ground as quickly as pos
slble. But we have learned other facts
about manure. When scattered over the
surfacein fall or winter, evaporation is very
Slight and very little ammonia is given Off
Most manures are largely composed, so far
as value is concerned, of mineral elements
limo, potash and phosphates, which can
not evaporate and must leach downward.
Much even of the ammonia has been
changed to nitric acid, and, united with
some base, has become soluble nitrate.
The manure applied on the surface of the
soil in the fall, is before spring brought di-
rectly to the roots of the plants Much of
1t, indeed, has been carried down so deeply
that we need the longer tap roofs to bring it
again to the surface. Under all the circum-
stances, putting manures on the surface lex
cept on very steep hill Sides involves less
loss than using any other way.