davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1890-03-04
HE SAID TO THE JURY:

lie BALD III HE JOhN.
"Ihe duties that are imposed upon
you are very slight at this time, as
the last grand jury has just adjourn
ed and the business is pretty well
transacted, however, your position is
one of responsibility. Your duties
are simple enough ii you pursue the
right course as jurors under the law,
the instruction of the court and the
advice of she district attorney. The
fact you are now acting as jurors
should cause you to put aside all lido
syncracies regarding certain laws.
You have no authority, as jurors,
over legislation. You must remem-
Der that public office is a public
trust and you are now holding a pub
lie office and the public trust you to
investigate and cause to be brought
TO the bar of this court every person
who has violated the laws of the
state. This is prominently law
abiding community, and If a man
tries to overthrow the laws he is &C
tually an anarchist and his act is an
attempt to destroy the government.
l make these remarks because there
are some people who have recently
shown disposition to violate the law
Systematically. In your position 1t
makes no difference whether the vio-
latiOn of the law is what is called the
social evil, gambling, horse stealing
or murder, and no matter what hobby
you may have, it has DO place
in the grand jury room. Your
oath Is very comprehensive
one, and your discussions are to be
kept secl ct. This provision is made
for the protection of society and for
the protection OF the individual
jurors. AS citizens you may feel ana
express yourselves that one or another
act of the legislature is not wise or
a good one, but in your capacity as
jurors you have only to determine |
whether the laws as they appear on |
the statute book have been broken. |
The law requires the district court TO |
especially charge you that yOh look |
7 9rtlcularly to the condition of the |
co TRY roads. Another special |
charge is in regard to disOrdeIIy |
houses. This law is imperative. 1t
may be you will have to bring
forward men who are your associates
or perhaps your friends. (Read
ing the law Here is the law and
you have to act under it in every in
stance There need be no difficulty
in suppressing what a good many
people say cannot be suppressed. 1t
Is all old saying that where there is a
will there is way, and if this evil is
not suppressed we will know where
the blame Is to be placed. 1t is true
you may refuse to perform your duty
but it is only a question of time, and
is of no concern except to your own
cOnsciences, for if you do not do that
which you have sworn to do, other
grand juries will do their duty III
yOus cCnscienCes are sered then you !
may neglect your oaths but if not you |
will do your Duty J
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1890-03-04
$4,000 Will Buv

A finely finished house with improv-
ed lot, only about 400 yards from CEN
ter of city. Stable, carriage hOusey
water works and very conveniently
arranged. J. T. HAMBLETON d Co.
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1890-03-04
A EarPaIn.

Seven lots in block %, West End,
first addition. for sale at bargain.
Apply to J. V. Dignowity for further
particulars. = 10 tt
San Antonio daily light. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1886-1907, 1890-03-04
A FEARLESS JUDGE.

Judge Noonan EmpannelS the
Grand Jury and Gives Them
a Straight Talk.
The f low grand jurymen were
empf nnele by Judge NoOnan yes
terCay and strong charge gwen
them:
J. J. Stevens, foreman. w. J. Ed
wards, John L. Mueller, Ed Kotulla,
Manuel Yturri, ST., l.. NJ. Welton,
Louis Oge, Gustave Schneider, VIM.
Wells, J. G.. Stanfield and Fritz
Schreiner. Captain r. J. Hughes,
James McClosky, A. Herrera and
VIM. Bitter were sworn i'll as special
baiIlffS.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-10-07

drunkard to take to tea-drinking or what
ever beverage the salvationists go in for,
and to be three weeks sober is surely better
than never being sober at all. But 10 re-
turn to our literary muttons. the book,
with this capital title, I'm Darkest Eng
enormous sale and is written in popular,
graphic way 80 as to be understood by the
generals not too cultured lads and lasses.
The book deals with vast scheme of So
cial reform which. if practicable. should not
only raise the condition of the toillng mill
ion, but practically abolish starvation ana
crime. The chief planks are refugees all
over the country for the immediate receD-
ton of the outcast and vicious, industrial
homes for the same, and finally emigration
to agricultural villages and colonial settle
ments where the lost and hopeless can be-
gin life over again. The book also includes
great matrimonial scheme and # the
thing can be made to work there is no doubt
fine field ready for the project. But we
must hold our hands for the present ana
see what time brings forth.
The great African Stanley's charming
wife is we'll known in the world of art and
her new book mostly reproduces the pictures
of London ragamuffins with which We are
all familiar. No one does the picturesque
side of London poverty SO .prettily as the
Dorothy Tenant of old days, and you
forget all about the dirt and smells of the
little ruttian before You in his torn shirt and
ragged trousers and bare feet; and see only
his round, cherubic face, which you have
| an insane desire to kiss. Then there is the
little Whitechapel CIR! i'll her mothers
voluminous shawl (for the time being out
of pawnl bearing big baby only size or
| two smaller than herself; III real life this is
a somewhat painful sight, but a la Mrs.
Stanley it is pretty picture of proud,
Youthful motherhood.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-10-07
Salt Lake, San Francisco and Los Angeles
Excursion Rates.

Salt Lake, san Francisco and Los Angeles
Excursion Rates.
The Union Pacific Railway company will
sell excursion tickets to SaE Francisco and
Los Angeles on the 18th OF EACH MONTH at
the following named rates:
To San Francisco, going via Ogden and
return same, SIS.
TO San Francisco. going via Portland and
return same, $75.
To San Francisco, going via Ogden and
return via Portland, or vice versa. $50.
To Los Angeles, going via Ogden and
Sacramento and return same 800.
To Los Angeles, going via Ogden and
Sacramento and return via San Francisco
and Ogden, or vice versa. $A.
To Los Angeles. going via Ogden and San
Francisco and return same, $98.
To Los Angeles going via Portland and
versa. $l09.
70 Los Angeles going via Portland and
return same, $96.
Passengers can have choice of two routes
between Portland and San Francisco, either
by the way of the all rail, the Mount Shasta
route, or by steamer.
The above tickets are good going sixty
days from date of sale; extreme limit six
months; stop-over privileges allowed going
or returning at any point within the limit.
The Union Pacific will also sell excursion
tickets from Helena to Ogden, Salt Lake
City and Garfield Beach, on the 18th of each
month. at rate of $50 for the round trip;
good going ten days from date of sale: good
returning ten days from date stamped and
written on back of ticket bv agent at desti-
nation; extreme limit sixty days; stop
over privileges allowed going or returning
at any point within the limit.
A. il. VEAxII. Pass, Agent.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-10-07
SHE WAS POISONED

Not by anything she drank or took, but
by bad blood. Is it any wonder she
feels "blue?" In most cases blues are
only another name for bad blood. A man
or woman feels unhappy. Lite seems
dark. The heart is heavy. Bad blood Is
carrying its poison all over the body, ana
we call it "Slues-"
Read these experiences:
Mrs. G. c. Hutchinson, Of Pittston. Pa,
says: 81 consider DR.. Ackers English
Blood Elixir the best medicine in the
world. not only for blood troubles, but
also for dyspepsia, with which : S1ys
Both my wife and myself fr7a :
leve that DR.. Acker's English blooa Ehx.r
is the best Of all blood medicines, and will
remove all impurities Of the blood"
GEO. v. SUaNER, Valley City, Oak.
This grand Elixir is sold BY druggists
in all parts of America It is . pure,
honest medicine; not cheap eexsapar
rilla. Try it to-day.
Sold by q. NJ. P.zehsa / Co. dr.ssisA
Relsna. Mont
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-10-07
RAILWAY TIME TABLE.
NORTHERN PACIFIC.

NORTHERN PACIFIC
No. !, Pacific Mail west bound ........ 1:s5 p. m
No. 2, Atlantic mail. east bound l040 D. m
No. Z Logan & Helena Local. connect
llg At Logan with through train, No.
No. 8, Helena, Missouia and Butte Ex. 1920 p, m
No. 8 Marysyille passenger. lilo a. m
No. u, Marysyille accommodation: -. 7:31 p. m
Rimini mixed; Mon, Wed. and Fri. 500 p. m
Wlckes, Boulder and Elkhorn pass -. 1000 a. m
DEPART.
No. l, Pacific Mail, west bound. ....... 1:y0p m
No. 2. Atlantic Mail east bound. 1855 p. m
No. s, Logan d Helena Local, connect
Meeting with through train No. 1, for
No. 5. Helena Missoula and Butte E1.. s.s m
NO. 2, Marysvllle passenger. 30 .. m
No =, Marysville accommodation. S45 p. n
kimini mixed. Mon., Wed. and FRI. BIS a. m
Wickes, Boulder and Elkhorn Pass..... $50 p. m
MONTANA CENTRAL
DEPART.
No. !, Helena and Butte express ...... $40 q. m
no. !. atlantic express. LILO q m
NO. racine express ................ 1zo p m
:, ARRIVE
10 = Auantlc express. ...............H:Wa' m
No. :, Helena and Butte express. Ito p. m
No. z. Poetic express ................... 6:4Op m
UNION PACIFIC
For all points east south and west, VIA
, Montana Central and Butte $40 = N
Fo. all points east, south and west. via
Montana Central and Butte. l:3S p. m
va Northern Pacific and g arrison.. 7sS z
Via Northern Pacific and Garrison. ISO p. m
From all points east, south and west,
:, via Butte and Montana Central..... 1Ei0A = n
From all points east, south and west,
wa hutte and Montana Central 49,. 6:4O p. m
Via Garrison and Northern Pacific. 1920 p. m
VA Garrison and Northern Pacific. 1J:AO p. m
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
A GREAT FAILURE.
The Trustee of Jay Cook and Company Ready to
Make a Final Settlement After
Seventeen Years.

Special to the Gazette
PHILADELPHIA, Pa, June 6.-The
great estate of Jay Cooke s. Co., which
has been in process OF liquidation for
seventeen years is to be finally closed
J. Horace Harding who succeeded the
late Willie Rushton as trustee has de-
cided to dispose of the residue of the
estate at public sale this month. The
assets embrace 43, l79 acres Of
land, of which $3.50 acres
are in North Dakota, and
the remainder scattered throughout
the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska
and Missouri. There are also many land
contracts, stocks and bonds, including
$3.50, 900 of 7 per cent. bonds of the Lake
Champlain iron company and 1910 shares
of the company's stock. 1t is ex-
pected that the sale will realize
enough to pay 10 per cent. to the
creditors, which viii be the final
payment, The original amount of liza
bilities of the estate was $40, 000, 200.
Many claims of creditors were disputed
and after considerable litigation and
number of compromises the total liabili-
ties were reduced to Sc, 500, 900. Ac-
cording to the expectations of the trus-
tee therefore he only expects to realize
about $3.50 ZOO net from the sale of the
residue of the estate.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
HOTEL ARRITALS.

At the Mansion: j A Lennon. Quincy, III; W
] Carson, weatherford; j Lyon, Pacific Ex-
press company; E Larman, Avondale; w Il
Reddick, Peeos; w Peters, Taylor; W Gray,
] H Baldwin. Honey Grove; Ira Aten, Rich
mond, Tex; J Dumhain, Texas; William Har-
Tell, Amarillo, Tex; seigelII Dallas.
E A KimbaI, Ennis; John Rodamaker, Texas;
Gillespie and daughter, Knox county; G w
Taylor, Phil Eldridge, Sulphur Springs; 9 w
Kenney, Dallas; W Nsylor. Miss Ada Taylor,
Vernon; Miss Julia Mortin, Wyie; j. NJ Pear
SON, Texas; G H Bradbury, Topeka, Kas; B
octerwald, washington Jim scott = Colorado;
Cal Clellon, John Carter. James Stlnson, Chas
Bruce, II C Middleton. Dan Collins, R NJ Thorp,
oorrizo1Sl Neutral stTip ShsS peHner v ana
Deuson, Kansas City. Mo; w lowers. n L
Henderson, Mobile, Ala; jenkins, Orange,
Cal k kSna:' WATT " ou M:FadSen Meridinn
Louis Duffey st Louis; John McMurtly, Ora
ham, Tex; Tom White. John Mcbride, Texas;
Geo L Porter, Hillsboro; John G Gray, Mineola;
I q Tones and wife Burleson, Tex; Mrs Fannie
Stanton, Little Rivers; Joe Funk, San Angelo.
J NJ Huntoon, Moltris, Tex; A Ware W
Ware Hillsboro; Mrs VIM Canterss Gainesville;
G. n Sharp, Mrs Beckmeyer, Farmington; @ A
Tempest st Louis; L A Doyle, New Orleans; @
II Tylrrell, st Louis.
Atthe Pickwick: Egellhoff, st Louis; w G
Hodge, Cleburne; 8 G Baldwin, Paris; 3 P
winston Cisco; q Bailey. San Jose, Cal;
Louis Lacosti, Sherman; Truman, Mineola;
+
NY; Jas A Cassidy, Samuel Bailey. Jr, Col Geo
Matthew'S Cincinnati; NJ L Cotter, Texas; Q
stiff, Mckinney; T Laurence, Cleburne; J @
Lewis, Austin; o Skinner, San Antonio;
walter Smith, South McAlester, i TIA Brown,
P Smith, Temple; B Reeves, Crowley;
sam B Webb, Atlanta, Ga; L Easiey, Texas;
H Chapman, Dublin, Tex; Chas Joline,
Wichita Falls; Wellington, Baltimore, Md;
81 McElhone, Dallas, 8 Burnett, Wichita
Falls: VIM Waugh, Big Springs; Judy,
Pecos City; w L Whitaker, Texarkana; Thos
Newsom New York; Gus Hursch, Memphis;
Walter Turner, Kansas City; Ed Lockett,
Dallas Jno Warfeld, Baltimore. Nd; Henry
@ Loure, Colorado Springs; VIM Bonbright.
Phiiadeiphia; Louis Jackson, Colorado
Springs; Geo Brown, Decatur; G Sargent,
st Louis; A Haidasck, LAGRANGE; " A Scar
borough, Sunset; Henry Kane, Mo Pac R'y;
G 3 Kesters, Dallas: W Smith. Kansas City;
n M Jewett, Texas; Harry A Swares. Waco;
Nash LaRoe, Terrell; Charles Van Order, For
new; M Griffin, Minneapolis, MINI: 0 z Wes-
ton Marietta / T; C Graham, st Louis; z O
sugg, Indian Territory; J d Htll, Miss Lille
Hiii Miss Maude Biddle, Fort Scott; f
Scharpe Boston; D F Singleton, Ennis; V. A..
Coffin @ company; F g Nicholson: Dallas,
] w Miller, Ranger; r L Pasher, Marshall; II
McCrickstt Wichita Falls; Robertson. Chi
cago; Lee Linn, Indianapolis; G A Goggfn,
Brodhead, Wis: George Il Green, Dallas; j
Thompson, Dublin; G B Conway, New York. w
II Smith, Mckinney.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
AFTER THE KATY.
she is Said to Be Discriminating in Favor of
Kansas City Graiu Sellers.

She is Said TO Be Discriminating in Favor Of
Kansas City GraIu Sellers.
Special to the Gazette.
Houston, TEX. June 5.-Texas grain
dealers are after the Missouri, Kansas
and Texas railway, and are getting up
number of afIidsvits and documentary
evidence to be placed before the inter
state commerce commission. 1t Is
said that the Missouri, Kan
sas and Texas has been
discriminating in favor Of few Kansas
City grain sellers which has enabled
them to cut this market to pieces. Ger
tain firms, it is said, are allowed to ship
so 900 pounds on the carload basis
while all other dealers must pay for all
over weight above the stand
ard 20, 900 pounds. Those who
buy from the favored merchants
are enabled 10 sell corn in Houston for
less than it can be purchased in Kansas
on fair basis. The freight in question
has invariably been prepaid aud the saw
ing is 80 per cent. which is q big mar
gin. The petitioners say they mean
business and propose to pr osecute the
case TO the end.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
Cleburne.
Special to the Gazette.

Special to the Gazette.
CLEBURNE, TEX. June5.-This morn
ing our citizens were surprised at the en-
nouucement of Mr.. Will Browns mar
rage last night to Miss irony Temple
ton. Both are well and fayorably
known and have many friends. Miss
Templeton is the daughter OF Uncle Dick
Templeton, living about two miles north
of town, and Mr.. Will Brown is q son OF
John c. Brown "a former sheriff of John
son county.
Tomorrow is the election to decide on
an addition of fourth of per cent.
for the benefit of free schools.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
RUMoRS CONFIRMED.
Negotiations Completing the ABSORPTION OF the
COuntry's Largest Producing Plants
by the Standard Trust
Special TO the Gazette.

Spec1al 10 the Gazette.
NEW YORK, June 5.-Rumors of
pending negotiations on the part OF the
Standard oil trust to secure and absorb
four of the largest il-producing COM
panies still remaining outside the trust
and thus gain control of praotic y the
whole OIL producing districts of this
country are entirely confirmed by
interested parties. The four con-
Germs which will be absorbed
are the Union oil company,
with capital stock of 81 200, 900; Forest
oil company capital of 5000 600; Anchor
oil company, with capital of 81 200 200
and Washington oil company with cap
ital of 81 200, 900. E. j. Smith of the
Anchor line company said to-day his
company had for long time held out for
better terms. but he did not deny
to-day his company had surrendered.
Interviews with members of the firm
of Watson s. Gibson and Jacob Guile
mann & Co. confirmed the news of the
practical completion of the deal. to-
gether with control, thereby attained by
the trust. The territory operated by the
four companies extends from the Brad
ford fields to Pittsburg, and takes in the
fields in West Virginia. 1t embraces
800 900 acres, and the estimated daily
output is about 1000 barrels. The pur-
chase of q number of subordinate con-
Germs, including plants of individuals,
will place an output of 5000 barrels day
in the hands of the Standard company.
The arrangements under which the pur-
chases are made are withheld.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
BURIED OUT OF SIGHT.
That Would be the Fate of the Mckinley Bill II
Left to NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Lands
Ceded-The Agreement.
Special TO the Gazette.

Special TO the Gazette.
WASHINGTON, June 5.-Mr. Springer,
Mr.. Bynum, Mr.. Breckenridge. of Ken
lucky, and Mr.. McAdoo have just re-
turned from Philadelphia, where they
attended several tariff reform meetings.
Mr.. Springer said: ''If the Mckinley
bill could be put to vote IN
the city of PhIladelphla, it would
be buried out of sight. No
one who saw those great masses of peo-
pie gathering to condemn that bill yes
terday in Philadelphia could doubt what
the sentiment of that former stronghold
of protection is. They were wonderful
audienees-I never saw more enthusiasm,
more responsiveness, more quick
ness and aptness in seizing
and applying arguments.
never enjoyed any experience more than
that visit to Philadelphia. -
Mr.. Bynum said: ''I am exceedingly
glad that l went. Just to have seen
those splendid audiences was an inspira-
ton for our fight here. Philadelphia is
certainly in most hopeful condition on
the tariff question. -
Ar. McAdoo, being a near neighbor of
Philadelphia, was not surprised, but
was equally delighted.
Secretary Noble has received informa-
ton from the Cherokee commission that
the Iowa Indians IN the Indian Territory
have consented to cede their lands in
that Territory TO the United States.
The number of acres is 22S 200
and the price agreed upon is about
twenty-eight cents per acre. The In
dians are to have eighty acres allotted to
each head of family, and the govern
ment agrees to spend S24 200 of the pur-
chase money in improving the lands
allotted to the Indians. and the balance,
$50 200, is to be paid to the Indians in
annual installments.
The president to-day nominated Neil
F. Campbell for postmaster at Bastrop,
and James A. Tolliver at Columbus,
Tex.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
TELEGRAPHIC BREVITIEs.

The Leslie party are at Waco.
R.B. Russell & Sons single mill at Orange
burned yesterday. Loss, $40, 900; no insurance.
San Antonio Catholics yesterday purchased
ground for $50, 900 college.
Mexico is exporting considerable fruit to the
United States.
Chauncey NJ. Depew, in thanking some Chi
cago school children for bouquets yesterday
said he would rather receive the flowers from
them than the plaudits and votes of all the dele
gates who will assemble in 1892 to nominate a
presidential candidate.
The tornado at Bradshaw, York county, Nes
braska, wrecked the town. killed eight peop3e
and injured over thirty others. :
Several towns in Western Iowa were inundated
by Tuesday night'5 storm. Many houses were
wrecked and much property was lost
The commissioners Of the Worlds fair hole
their first meeting in Chicago, June rs.
The wool men met at Columbus, Ohio. yester-
day and took steps to have the wool features of
the Mckinley bill changed to suit them.
The differences between the Georgia Central
railroad engineers and the management of the
road were settled yesterday by compromise.
Competitive drilling occupied the day at the
Kansas City interstate military encampment
yesterday.
B,nai B'reith convention at Richmond yester-
day adjourned to meet in Cincinnati in '9l.
A bill for the construction of tunnel under
was rejected in the house of commons.
]. House of Piqua, Ohio, committed suicide at
jacksonville, Fla, yesterday.
Rollin Beers, young lawyer of Bridgeport;
Conn., Is said to be an embezzler to the tune Of
$50 600; obtained money from relatives and
friends to invest in mortgages in Brooklyn and
fed to Canada.
Joseph H Quinn, shipping clerk, was burned
to death yesterday by the explosion Of an oil
Others were terribly burned. some probably
fatally, and considerable wharf property was
destroyed.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
BELTON.
Bell County's Ex- Confederate Association
Preparing for Their Annual Reunion.

Bell County's Ex- Confederate Association
Preparing for Their Annual Reunion.
Special to the Gazette.
Bolton, TEX, June AT late
meeting of the executive committee of
the Ex- Confederate association CT Bell
county, Capt. H. Z. Bradford was
elected president vice w. S. Holman /,
resigned. Committees were appointed
to solicit subscriptions and take all other
necessary steps TO make their annual re-
union success. This reunion will be
held here on the 9th of next July. 1t is
expected that it will be more largely at
tended than any previous reunion.
Every effort will be made by the COM
mittees and the people to make it the
most pleasant and satisfactory one yet
held.
So much improvement is now going on
in Bolton that the demand for good car
penters IS much in excess of the supply.
MIMI. CraW ford, farmer living six
miles west of Bolton, brought to town
Yesterday two stalks of cotton about
two and one-half feet high, which were
well filed with squares.
Work on the new oil mills is progress
ing very satisfactorily. The stone foun-
dalton is completed, and carpenters are
putting up the wood work as fast as they
can
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1890-06-06
ABILENE.
Some of the sherlffs Invest in Dirt and All
Return Home Well Pleased.

Some of the sherIfs Invest in Dirt and All
Return Home Well Pleased.
Special to the Gazette.
ABILENE, TEX, June Odd build
ings are being torn down on the South
Side this morning preparatory TO the
erection of six new bricks for business
houses. There are now eleven bricks
going up in our city, three OF
which the cost will aggregate $50 900.
They are the opera house, Gillilland and
Windsor hotels. On every hand new
buildings are going up with remarka-
BILE degree of rapidity.
A new national bank is now being or
ganized on the South Side. 1t will be
the fourth national bank for our fast
growing city.
Immigration continues to pour in and
real estate exchanges are extremely
heavy and at very reasonable prices.
The most of the visiting sheriffs leave
to-day and all leave singing the praises
of Abilene aud her enterprising people,
while many invested in her dirt quite
literally.
All the main streets of the city are be-
ing graded.
Growing crops are doing nicely and
present prospects indicate most bounti-
full yield.