Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1890-03-28
POPULAR SCIENCE.
Information ON Many Points CT
General Interest.
Temperature OF Trees-LonKevIty OF Ele-
phants-Relation Of Plants to Soil
Structure OF PUPPY Fruits
or Berries.

observations recorded by Mr.. H. l.. Rus
sci In the Botanical Gazette, it appears
that az general rule the temperature
OF the interior of tree is somewhat
higher than that Of tho air, except dur
ing the warmer parts of the day, the
maximum temperature of the air be.
ing generally between one and two p.
m, and the minimum between six and
seven a. m. The comparative tables
show that heat is absorbed and radiated
more rapidly in the outer layers than in
the center.
Experiments made at time when the
buds were starting, in order to de-
termine whether the chemical action
carried on in the tissues gives rise to
heat, led to the conclusion that it is
very doubtful whether the metabollic
processes involved generate enough
heat to influence the ordinary thermom-
eter. A curious difference, however,
was discovered in the wood Of the oak
and pine in winter, the author having
found that the temperature of the pine
was lower than that OF the oak at all
times except during the latter part of the
night and early morning. This is at
tributed to the thick coating Of the
leaves ON the pine preventing absorp-
ton of heat by the trunk, since the
laroh, which has similar wood, resem-
bles the oak rather than the pine in the
matter Of temperature. The further
conclusion Is reached that the direct
absorption Of heat Is the main cause of
the high temperature of trees, and that
it Is largely dependent upon the charac-
ter of the bark, smooth barked trees be-
Ing warmer as q rule than thiok-barked
ones.
LONGEVITY OF EIEPHANTs.-The iourn-
ais of Ceylon have recently mentioned
the death Of an elephant that was we'll
known on the island and had been seen
by several generations of Englishmen.
He was called Sello and had belonged
to the last of the Kings of Handy. He
was one of the hundred elephants that
were taken by the English Government
in 1915, when the Kandyan Dynasty was
Overthrown. At this epoch the elephant
was said TO be fifteen years old. If this
is correct, he died a natural death at the
age OF eighty-nine years.
RELATION OF PLANTS TO SoIL.-Mr. G.
Vile, in paper read before the Acad-
envy Of Sciences Of Paris, shows that
the composition of the soil Influences
plants in five principal characters, viz:
The stature, the color, the amount of
caroline and ohlorophyl and the GUAM
tity Of vegetation. A table is given
showing the difference in stature and
color OF plants Of the common hemp ac-
cording to the manure used, from which
1t is evident that this plant fiourishes
least in soil without manure, next in
manure without potash and in manure
without nitrogen. The absence OF lime
and phosphate in the manure in the
case Of hemp did not interfere so large
ly with the color and stature of tho
plants. 1t would appear, therefore,
that rich manure Is essential, at least,
to the development of foliage.
STRUCTURE OF PUFFY FRUIrs.-To the
Annals Of Botany Mr.. J. b. Farmer
contributes an article in which, after
pointing out the very different sources
OF the pulp in different fruits, he gives
detailed descriptions of its mode OF for
nation in the elder, duloamara, black
berry and ivy. The term berry is
usually applied to fruits in which
derived from the pericarp, but in Daphne
mezereon 1T Is formed not only from the
pericarp, but from the outer integument
OF the seed also. In Citrus it is due to
hairs which spring into the ovarian
cavities and become distended .ith
fluid. In Wits and Solanum Dulcamara
the pulp is formed partly from the pla-
centa and partly from the pericarp. In
the latter, after fertilization OF tho
ovary, the cells of tho placenta grow
out between the seeds, SO as to give
them the appearance Of being sunk in
1T, and this growth is continued until
met by similar growth from the peri
carp, so that the cavity of the ovarv Is
then filled up with pulpy tissue. The
outermost layer of cells of tho ovulcs
also undergo a change, their inner and
side walls becoming lignifed and the
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