davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28
HOMING PIGEONS,
HOW THE MESSENGER BIRDS ARE KEPT AND TRAINED,
WRITTEN FOR THE SUNDAY INDEPENDENT.

ment. Vetches are small black beans i'm.
ported from Belgium. and considered by
many OF the crack pigeon flyers to be q
most beneficial article of bird food, Vetches
IN tins country can generally be obtained
from seedmen, and often from pigeon fan.
clers. Now and then the pigeons will en-
Joy mixture OF hemp. canary and grape
seed. and will be the better for il.
With wholesome food, plenty of drink.
ing and bathing water. and a clean. dry
spacious loft. the young birds will thrive
ana daily open air exercise will strengthen
their wings and give them confidence in
their abilities. Let them have plenty of ex.
erclse fylng around their home. and some
Drlent day: when they are about four
months old. take them about two miles
from home in basket and give them their
hrst toss" You probably could 90 five
miles III safety but it is just as we'll to be
satisfied with two at the start, See that the
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

itates absus venturing to establish loft OF
his own. TIE comparatively few who have
done so find in their swift and graceful
flyers a failing source of delight. 1t
is not necessary to be a professional fancier
or member of homing club to success
fully raise and train homing pigeons.
Their study and care can and ought to rank
among the most charming recreations of
country or suburban lite, while even in
cities large focks may be and are main
tanned. ~.
Fascinating, indeed. such birds become
after very slight acquaintance with them.
The growth of their individual character
istics,-almost as distinct and varied as i'd
the human family-their marked intelli-
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

. the first judicial district of the state OF Mon
tana, in and for the county of Lewis and Clarke.
Mary }. howell, plaintiff, vs.. john X. howell
defendants.
tt 9 State of Montana sends areetine tn the
above named defendant
You are he rsby required to appear in an action
brought against you by the above named plaintiff
IN the district court of the first judicial district
OF he state OF Montana in and fer the county of
Lewis an Clarke. n to answer the complaint
filed therein, within Zen days Exclusive Of the
day of service) after the service on you of this
served out Of this county. but within this district,
within twenty days: otherwise within forty days,
or Indictment by default will be taken AGAINST you,
according to the prayer CT said omplaint.
he eald action IL brought TO obtain a decree of
this court dissolviny the bonds of matrimony az
listing betwe6 the plaintiff herein and you. the
sad defendant. upon the ground of your having
wifnlly abandoned and de. erted and SO cont nu.
ing to abandon and de- er the plaintiff herein.
and without just cause. ard against hr will / n /
consent. all of which will more fully appear Or
reference torhe complaint on file herein.
And you are hereby notified that il YOU fail to
required. the said plaintiff will Apply to the
court for the relief demanded in the complaint
Given under my hand and the seal of the dis
trict court of the first judicial district of the
ate OF Montana. in and for the county of Lewis
and ClaRke, this twelfth day OF December, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
lSeall JOHN BEAN.
Clerk
BY Il. R. THOMPSON. Deputy Clerk.
CLARKE CONNOLLY, Attorney for Plaintiff.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

birds are released in an open space-not
necessarily elevated-and see that no tele-
graph wires are directly above to check
their upward flight. They will speedily
find their way to their loft and soon after
ward five mile toss may be made and then
day, perhaps, if you keep up the practice to
that extent, one of your birds becomes a
record breaker and can fiv 500 miles be-
tween dawn and dusk. If long distance
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28
Go East

Via Chicago and the popular Chicago, st
Paul and Kansas City Railway. The thou
sands of people who annually leave the
Dakotas. Manitoba and the northwest fol
their old homes in Canada and he east viii,
find the above-named route safe, comfort
able. speedy and exceedingly pleasant. II
st. Paul and Chicago, and runs the finest
trains Of any road il. the west. Only 1917
hours between Minneapolis or St. Paul and
Chicago. For particulars address 4. b.
Ross, Northwestern passenger agent, 195
East Third street, st. Paul, Mimi, or w.
\: Bousenbark. Genera! Passenger and
Ticket Agent. Chicago. III.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

CONTRACT FOR CORDWOOD-THE MON
- tana company, limited. is prepared to receive
bids for the supply of the W lole or any part of
l5,Coo cords Of good merchantable cordwood. to
be delivered on lrs or in its wood yard at Mays
vile Celiyery to commence on the hrst day Of
April. lSN, and to be continued thereafter at the
rate Of :: 600 cords of wood per month until the
completion OF the contract.
The Montana company does not bind itself to
accent the lowest or any BID; sealed proposals.
will he received by the undersigned up to IL
o'clock noon. of the 2lst day of January, 1891;
Il. T. BAYLISS.
Marysville. Mont, December % 1890
no WHOM IT NAY CONCERN-I HAVE
L this day sold my entire business to ]. E.
Love. consisting of books and book accounts
horses; ha nesses. wagon cart, safe, desk, stoves
and all fixtures connected in the business of the
Hayes Packing Co. Said I. Love is hereby
Al tloIl.ed to collect all accounts of said tlrm
HAYES PACKING co.
By II. J. HAYES.
Lee. 2lth, 1870
Having q chased the business of the H, Ses
Packing company. shall con inue the eanse at
the Q stand under thu name o, Brt aiway Fish
Mari e.. All bills due the Hayes Pacing COM
pany will b, collected BY me. Respectfully,
J. f. LOVE
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

NOTICE OF DISSOLUTION-NOTlC Is
~ hereby given. to whom it may concern. that
the firyp OF Richter & krs iser, compose of Her
man ichter and Peter k.eiger. heretoiore doing
b0sins ct the ssloon called Pete's Place. at the
corner OF Fifth avenue and Rodney street. il this
DAY dissolved by mutual consent
HERMAN RICHTER,
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

Drs. LIEBIG & Co.,
The Oldest, Most Successful,
and Only Reliable San
Francisco Specialists, Sur.
geons and Physicians,
Who Have the Majority Of Patients I'm.
der Treatm INT in San Francisco and on
the Pacific Coast for the, following Dis
eases are now in Butte City.
All requiring expert medical or surgi-
cal services can be treated by the great
Pacific Coast Doctors now in Butte
City without having to visit San Fran.
cisco.
Entrance to Liebig World Dispensary
E Broadway, cor. MUM.
DS>. Liebis 4 Co, are regular graduates II
Authorized BY the states Of Missoasi. Caiforni:
and Montana to treat all chronic, nervous and
private diseases (whether csueed by imprudsnee
or se, rontasaSH seminal wssnsss nigh,
asrySus debility loes q nerve forcel, Diseases q
e nlooa 1sspeilis, Eonnorrhca, gleet and stric
Snd ssied Gus.be csses o. =, none:
sasssd; A! medieines are especially prepared 70,
poisonous compounds used. No time lost
nom business. Patients At . distance treated By
s es,l and express. Medicine sent everywhere ire
In diseases Of the Blood. hr,in. heart and nee.
vous syste0. as well as liver, kidney and gravel
sSSmpiaints rheumatism. paralysis and all oth0
c, Write 70; illustrated papers on Defesmitise
Cancer. Gtarrh. Bronchitis, Inhalation. Electric.
~. 4aenetisnm Paralysis, Epilepsy, kidney
@Opsrations.
Dseases of women = specially. Book On dis
The only reliable Medical and Surgical lnsta.
tute making 2 specially of private diseases.
.. al oicod diseases successfully treated. Syphi.
nuc Poisens removed from the system withou:
Vital Power. Persons unable to visit us may b
0oasod At home by correspondence. Ali ccun.
@nncatione confidential. Medicines or Instru-
m ments eent by mail or express seolfsly talked.
One pers onat interview preferred Cali ar2 con.
eend IN plain, wrapper our hook free explaining
why Thousands cannot b cured of Private. Spe,
gal and Nervous diseases. Seminal Weakness.
EpesmsMtorrna, lmpotency Syphilis. GonorrhnA
Dra; Liebig 1 Co. are the emily oualiaea or n.
sponMole specialists LIFT in Nsntana sincs IL
Once eol. from 70 and p sp&eS
''n'"sa G6 $ ssSflEs Il Si fs s..
A. ssass:. iSS 80
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

NOTiGE-SCHOOL BONDS--NOTlCE
~ hereby given that the undersigned board OF
trustees Of school district No, 2. in Lewis and
Clarke county: state OF Montana, will at the
office of Wm; Muth, rooms 2ls, PA and SIS Power
building. Helena, IN sal county and stste at 10
"clocS IN the AFTERNOON on the Goth day of JAM
der for cash. the bonds of eaid school district, to
interest at the rate Of six per cent. per anr n.
In twenty years and redeemsble in ten years from
their date, and in denominations Of i've HUNDRED
dollars each.
The hoard Of trustees reserves the right to rs-
iect any or all bids.
Dated December I'D. A. D. 1890
N. kESSLER.
A. FREEMAN FOOTE,
~, Trustees
NOTICE TO CaEDITORS-ESTATE 0F
~ James NJ Ryan. deceased.
Notice Is hereby given by the s..dersisael ex.
ecutrlx of the estate of James IL kyan do
ceased, to the creditors of, and all persons har
ing claims against the sAid deceased, to exhibit
them, with the necessary vouchers within fan
months after the first publication of this notica
to the said execqtri1, at the Office of Tooie I
Wallace IN Helen, Mon: ana. the sar e heino
the place for the transaction of the business a.
said estate In the county of Lewis and Clarke
CATHERINE RYAN.
ExecntIi OF the estate of James NJ. RYAN. de.
Dated December 18th, 1890.
FIRST publication Dec. II 1890.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

until the Pacific coast is reached. Then
San Francisco can produce some good
birds with noteworthy records.
w. H. CIrRTIs In
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28
L L H o I G H
homing pigeons
A.. 1A -

homlng pigeons
are the most in
teresting and at
tractive of all
birds that are
pos s e s Sc d o.
strong domestic
tendencies and
attachments, SO
little is known
concerning their
habits and re-
quirements that
t Il e a v e r 4 & 9
householder hes
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

Owing to the great sacrifice that will prices
this sale chiefly naugurated
STOCK into money we must insist selling goods for
only This much to tell that
clearance sale within 10 after the Of January
ance sale and want there We will be prepared
crowd
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

nnflT discount att. P. Woolman g.
l,ht Co.'S special sale of Christmas
Nseus slippers.
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28
! new YORK DRY GOODS STORE
Announcement Of a CroVnng Sale During
JANUARY, 81.

At the conclusion Of inventory which
ately after the first of January commence gigantic
winter reduction sale.
NOTHING WILL BE RESERVED!
VALUES WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED!
PROFITS WILL BE DISREGARDED!
The Helena independent. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1890-12-28

The Company's Properties consisting Of
THE NEW DEPARTURE.
THE MONTREAL,
THE BOSTON---One HALF
THE BLACK ROCK. AMI
THE WEIGH LODES.
Are situate Granite Mountain, two thousand fl
hundred feet south and from the main shaft Of
Granite Mountain Company.
Parties desiring stock can get particulars
arer, or E. G. Freysohlag, Secretary, Philips
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12

The importance of having better and more
healthful water for drinking and cooking
purposes is attracting the attention of all
who live in the more thickly settled portions
OF this country.
1t is an established fact, which is now
recognized and acknowledged by the we'll
informed people everywhere, that living
germs taken into the system-most gener-
ally through the medium of drinking water
are the causes of such diseases as Asiatic
cholera, cholera morbus, typhoid fever,
scarlet fever, diphtheria, yellow fever, etc.
Scientists, physicians and inventors have
for years combined to secure some means of
extracting these and kindred impurities
from water without changing its chemical
properties. L. Pasteur, the great savant,
with the assistance of his associates, in his
laboratory in Paris, France, was the first
and only one to adopt practical means to
accomplish this result, by inventing the
celebrated Pasteur germ-proof filter. This
invention has been in practical use in
Europe Cor three or four years, and in this
country for more than two years. 1t has
been subjected to the severest tests by
physicians, chemists and medical aud scien-
tific associations, and has, in every case,
sustained its reputation of being perfect
water filter.
1t is the only filter that is sold on the
broad guarantee of furnishing water abso-
lutely free from disease germs, and all or
ganic matter held in suspension.
DEMMLER BROTHERS,
526 and 528 Smithfield st., Pittsburg,
Agents for the Pasteur Filters.
Housefurnishing goods and the latest and
best novelties for the kitchen.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12
A CAREER OF HONOR.
MR.. RANDALL's LONG AND FAITHFUL
PUBLIC SERVICE.

Modest, Unassuming aud Yet a Born Lender
His Influence in Party and National
AHairs-Duty, and Not Ambition. His
Controlling Spirit.
Samuel Jackson Randall, one of the many
distinguished sons OF Pennsylvania, was
born in Philadelphia, October 10, 1928, and
was the son of an eminent lawyer. His
mother was the daughter of James Worrell,
g Democratic leader in the days of Jefferson,
SO that the ex-Speaker may be said to have
been Democrat by inheritance as we'll as by
conviction. His first position in public life was
as a member of the City Council of PhiladeI-
phia wherein he showed marked ability, and
was soon transferred to the Senate of his native
State The beginning o. the Civil War prompted
Mr. Randall TO enter military service in the
Light Horse of Philadelphia. He received pro-
motion until he became cornet, a rank equal to
that Of captain. In 1868 he was among the
troops advanced TO Harrisburg as the result of
General Lees invasion of Northern territory
During the battle of Gettysburg his rank was
that OF Provost Marshal of Columbia
He entered the Thirty-eighth Congress in De-
cember, 1853. and has kept his seat in the House
of Representatives ever since. He has served
in the Committees of Public Buildings and
Grounds, Banking and Currency, Retrench-
ment and Expenditure. in the State Depart
ment He was ready, concise speaker, with
out rhetorical affectations. He was elected
Speaker in 1876 and held the position until the
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12

day, the physicians giving absolute orders
to this effect; and so all callers were either
briefly informed that the patient was alive
and resting easily, or were referred to the
doctors, Mallon and Lincoln, who have been
in almost continuous consultation and at
tendance during the day. Small quantities
of liquid nourishment were fed the patient
from time to time and occasionally draught
of medicine, the latter mostly for the pur-
pose OF relieving pain.
While the doctors have at no time stated
positively that there was no hope, their
Treatment during the last "a hours, has been
that of patient for whom they had aban-
doned hope. Drs. Martin and Agnew, the
Philadelphia physicians who have called,
were apparently satisfied they could do
nothing by remaining here. Unless, there
fore, an almost miraculous change takes
place death is question of only a short
time, and, in the condition of the patient,
would not be a surprise if it came at any
moment.
HIS OLD FRIENDS SORROW.
Though the long sickness of Mr.. Randall
has led his many friends to look on his
death as a possibility at any time, and his
vacant chair in the House has constantly
suggested that its longtime honored occu-
pant would never sit there again, these
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12
The Wife.

The delightful play of Belasco and De
Mile, so ably interpreted here last season
by Daniel Frohman's company, and so we'll
remembered for its superb stage settings
and perfection of detail, will be the at
traction next week at the Grand. "The
Wife" is In its second annual tour and the
popularity of last seasons career has
throughout this season ecllpsed the achieve
ments heretofore. The play is of special
interest to Americans, being an American
theme, and located with scenes at Newport,
one of our leading summer resorts, and
at Washington. The situations are strong,
the story interesting from the start, with a
vein of comedy and pathos running
through the entire four acts. Intro
ducing a United States Senator, a mem
Der of the Produce Exchange, a veteran
major, young attorney, a Columbia
student, charitable widow, Southern
belle, debutante, the heroine and
minor roles.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12


advancing. The Inflammation that followed
produced structure. AS he grew weaker his
food failed to digest, he had belching of gas
after eating. bad taste in his mouth and coated
tongue. He felt severe pain in his right side,
ana sharp pains would seize him in his arms
and legs. Day by day our patient sufferer con-
tinued to grow worse, until his blood became
so poisoned, that ali eruption of pimples and
red blotches covered his whole body. Having
been unable to find any relief. he had about
given up in despair, when reading IN the paper
a testimonial of patient who had been cured
of conditions similar to his by the physicians of
the Polypathic Institute, 420 Penn avenue, he
called upon them, and after using their medi-
cine-which was made to suit his caSe-for one
month he became cured. He says: II desire
to state for the benefit of the public that the
above statement of my case is correct in every
particular. 1 had been suffering for over two
years, and had given up all hope of ever being
cured, but DR.. Shafer, of the Polypathic Medi-
cal Institute, has cured me. l have not felt as
well as now do for years.
"ANDREw HAUSER"
Mr.. Hauser is engaged in the manufacture of
glue at Hites Station. on the West Penn. r. R.,
where he will be glad to further describe his
case.
All forms of kidney and urinary diseases,
chronic diseases and surgery successfully
treated.
Office hours. 10 A. NJ. to P. NJ, and 6 to SP.
M. Sundays, to p. M. Consultation free
and strictly confidential. Patients at distance
treated with success by letter. Send two
2-cent stamps for a question blank. The Polyp-
athic Medical institute 420 Penn ave-. Pitts
burg, Pa. mh29-TTS
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12
,xRoN 4. STAFF CORRESPONDENT. l


WASHINGTON, April 1L.-All day the
family and relatives and other immediate
friends of ex-Speaker Randall have waited
anxiously in the fear that each occasional
spasm of pain would end in the final disso-
luton of the dying statesman These spasms
were not severe. but they were sufficient at
times to sadly shake the patients feeble
form. Late this evening the physicians
announced that Mr.. Randall was sinking
very rapidly, and expressed the fear that he
would not live through the night.
Through the day, aside from the spasms
referred to, Mr.. Randall rested easily,
though for the most part in a semi-conscious
state, rarely giving any sign of recognition
of any one.
DEATH MoMENTARILY EXPECTED.
None but members of the family and at
tendants were admitted to the sick room to-
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12

DTrTSBURG AND LAKE ERIE RAILROAD
I COMPANY. Schedule in effect March 2S
1880. Central time: DsrAET-For Cleyelsnd.
cinnati, Chicago and ST. Louis $500 8. M, q :35,
'9:D p m. For Buffalo. 500 a. M. 4:2o $3.50 p.
m. For Salamanca, 500 a. m, 4:D p. m. For
youngstown and New Castle, 500, $500, 1O:l5 q.
m, r:35 4:21 $3.50 p. m. For Beaver Falls,
500, 1880, $500 10:l5 m, r:35, $3.50, 4:2O 500
'9:U p. For CHARTERS, 500, f5:3o .. m, 5:35,
-6:5A 1890. 7:4O SOS. 800, 10:l5 rs a. I229
12:4O fl2:4 lao 3:2o $3.50 i425 4:a sos 6:2 'slo
ARRIvE-From Cleveland, 'e:25 q M. 'l2:3o.
$40, 1855 D. m. From Cincinnati, Chicago and
st. Louis, 'l2:5o, T:55 p. m. From Buffalo -6:S
a. m, 1890, 10 p. IN. From salamanca, ,12:SO.
7:55 D. m. From Youngstown and New Castle,
s6:25 $3.50 a. M, '12:3O $40 1855 10 p. m. From
Beaver Falls, 5:25 '6:25 7:2o, $3.50 a. m, 1890.
l:20 $40. 'I:55. 10 p. m.
p. G. & Y. trains for Mansfield. 1:4o .. m. 800,
$40 p. IN. For Essen and Beechmont, 5:J0 7:40
C. K, trains from Mansfield, s:I7. 7:l2
II 80 a. m. From Beechmont, 7:l2, 11:30 q. M,
F., Mck 6 Y. r. R.-DEPARr-For New Ha-
ven 1850 a. m, $3.50 p. IN. For West Newton.
Ir5:5O. 9:31 a. m. $50 $40 p. m.
ARRrvR-From New Haven, $50 q. m, y4:15
5:I5 p. m. From West Newton, 6:lS. $3.50 a. M,
1:2a r4:l5 5:15 p. m.
For McKeesport, Elizabeth, Monongahela City
and Belle Vernon, 6:3a. 1850, 1I:20 a. m, 13:O6
From Belle Vernon. Monon gahela CITY. Eliza
beth and McKeesport 7:5e, iS:5o 4. M, l2:35 500
:Daiiy: fsundays only. Iwm run two hours
'A City Ticket Gmce. $50 smithheld Street.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12

things have hardly tempered the emotion
with which old members of the House
speak of the approaching death of Mr.. Ran
dali. He has embodied so much OF the
vigor and magnetism of the House for so
many years that he will be missed more than
any other man of his time.
All of the old members and most of the
later ones have called TO show their concern
and respect, and this evening, when death is
expected at any moment, there is constant
succession of cabs and carriages, of mem-
bers, citizens and newspaper correspondents.
A crowd stands all the time In the street in
front Of the modest residence, while the car
riages stop block distant. LIGHTNER.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12
A Few Court Notes.

MARTIN 6. FRANK yesterday issued an exc
cution against the Squirrel Hill Railroad Com
pany for S7,9l6 25 The execution was on a
judgment obtained against the company for
work performed.
THE testimony taken in the divorce case of
MIS-. Millie E. Gallagher against Patrick H.
Gallagher was filed yesterday. The couple
were married November q, 1877, and it was
stated only lived together two years when Gal
lagher deserted his wife.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12
Banner bnklnR HOw0efs
WE ALL USE
K@ eooeanaaneseeeeaaa
Banner Rs&a2&R Rsk!e&
PUREST@l@MosT HEAETHFUL.

GOLDEN AND SILVER JELLY CAKE.
Golden cake-Take the yolks of eight
eggs, we'll beaten; add one cup OF white
sugar, one-half cup butter, one-half cup
sweet milk and one and three-quarter cups
-four having in it one-half measure "Ban-
ner" Baking Powder.
Silver cake-Take one.half cup butter,
two cups white sugar, three-quarter cup of
sweet milk, flavor TO taste; then add the
whites of eight eggs, well beaten, and three
cups flour having in it one measure Ban
ner" Baking Powder.
Do not allow prejudice to prevent you
from giving this Incompatible baking
powder trial, if you are not already using
it in your family. Many of our very best
housekeepers have used the Banner powder
with perfect success for quarter of CEN
tury.
Pittsburg dispatch. [volume] (Pittsburg [Pa.]) 1880-1923, 1890-04-12

persisted in voting their first choice, and on
the first ballet he received l70 votes. showing
strength second only to Cleveland's Subse-
quently nearly every Randall man Joined the
Cleveland column, giving him the necessary
two-thirds for the nomination. Nobody re-
joiced more than Mr.. Randall in a result
which he did so much to bring about and
throughout the campaign he was one of Mr..
Cleyeland's most trusted advisers, and his in
hnence in regard to appointments to important
ofhces was paramount during the admin
istration.