davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13

CHAMBERsBURG, PA, July 6.-fhe
dead body Of John n. Railing, of
shippensburg, was found on the track
of the Cumberland Valley Railroad,
n EAR that place, this morning. He
had been run over by a freight train.
The head was cut off, and was lying
about twenty-five feet from the body.
Railing was twenty-one years of sge.
He had spent last evening calling up
on young woman near where his
body was found, and 1t is supposed he
tried to jump on the train to hurry
home.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13

"I'n take the rooms, /" he said, and then h,
timorously added: IT forgot to say thai
we've got five children"
"Bless your soul, that doesn't matter" re
piled the landlord, II have eleven"
''Since think of It," rejoined the appi
cant, IN bring my wife around She may
not like the rooms. Detroit Free Press.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
Fairs for August and September.

Fairs for August and September.
Buffalo, international. Buffalo, Sept.
3-19.
California, Sacramento, Sept. 9-21.
Connecticut, Meriden, Sept. 1890.
Dakota, North, Grand Forks, Sept.
1921.
Dakota, South. Aberdeen, Sept. 1927.
Illinois, Peoria, Sept. 1927.
Indiana, indianapolis, Sept. 232s.
Iowa, Des Moines, Aug 30-Sept 6.
Kansas, Topeka, Sept. 1921.
Kentucky, Lexington, Aug. 27-31.
Maine, Lewiston, Sept. 1913.
Maryland, Pimlico, Sept. cid.
Massachusetts,, Horticultural, Boston,
Sept. 1890.
Michigan, Lansing, Sept. 9-1S.
Michigan, International, Detroit, Sept.
1877.
Minnesota, st. Paul, Sept. 6-14.
Montana, Helena, Aug. 1851.
Nebraska, Lincoln, Sept. 6-13.
New England, Worcester, Mass, Sept.
SO.
New Jersey, Waverly, Sept. 1920.
New York, Albany, Sept. 1910.
New York and Pennsylvania inter-
state fair, Elmira, Sept. 1877.
Ohio, Columbus, Sept. 90.
Rhode Island, Providence. Sept. 1921.
Vermont, Burlington, Sept. SO.
West Virginia, Wheeling. Sept. 9-13.
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Sept. 1920.
Wyoming, Cheyenne, Sept. 7-20.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
That cantanksrou. ola woman

Described In the nursery ballad, who "llved
| upon nothing but vietuais and drink" and yet
swould never be quiet" was undoubtedly
troubled with chronic indigestion. Her vic
| tuals. like those Of many other elderly persons
whose digestive powers have become impair
1 ed. didn't agree with her. This was before the
era OF Hostetter's stomach Bitters. or some
one OF her numerous friends and relatives
would undonb teddy have persuaded her 10 try
the great specific for dyspepsia, constipation
and biiiousness. This would have been 9
measure of seif-pToteetbon GA their part, fof
she would soon have been cured and ceased
to disturb them with her clamor. The most
obstinate cases Of indigestion. W nh its attend
ant heartburn. iatulenee. constant uneasinesi
\ OF the stomach and of the nerves, are com.
1 pleteIy overcome ICY this sovereign remedy
| Chills and fever and bilious retniitent. rbeu-
matlsm and kidney troubles are also relieved
1 by u.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
Hints ON Sleeping Rooms.

1t is a good thing to have a room
well ventilated but ventilation is not
all that is to be desired. The tired
feeling in the morning may be due to
an over weight Of bed covering. II
may be due to malarial poison or to
over exertion during the day. Try
another sleeping room one story high
er, if possible. Hard, dry rubbing
with largo Turkish towel, Just be-
fore going to bed, has an excellent eff
feet. Rhubarb Is wholesome when it
is ripe and well cooked, but it Is not
right to eat too freely OF it-Ncw
York Telegram.
The home OF Henry G. Marquand, the new
president of the Metropolitan Museum Of
Art, on Madison avenue, New York, Is said
to be the handsomest private residence In
America, not even excepting the Wander
bilts' There are rooms In Mr.. MaTquandis
house that cost hundreds Of thousands Of
dollars to decorate and furnish.
Col Edward A. Chittenden, Of St. Al
bans, recently elected president of the Som
Of the Revolution Of Vermont, f. great
grandson Of that eminent Statesman and
patriotic constitutional leader Of the reEolz-
tionary period, Governor Thomas Chittm
den, who was chairman Of tho comsu2tSe<
which drafted the declaration OF indspsn'
dence Of Vermont
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13

Mr.. j. l.. W. Baker made trip
this week to Hampshire, Grant and
Hardy counties as Deputy Collector
of Internal Revenue, and attended to
some revenue business there for Cot
Hector White.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
HORSE AILMENTS



10 months; was cured by 81. yacgbs on Z cure
has remained permanent W, y. CLINE
JOS. cAIRN SIMPSON, Esq. See. Pacific
Coast Blood Horse Association. says: SEEING
familiar with the remarkable efficacy Of 81.
Jacobs Oil, eheerfully and heartily indorss
this valuable specific for painful ailmenn."
Hon, oDEN BOWIE. Ex Governor Of Mary
land. Jockey Club. Prest City Pazs. Railway
Co. says: "In my family and nay ssablesf
have used St Jacobs OIL with Satisfactory
results. and believe /, tho best remedy for tho
painful ailments ofman aud beast"
AT DRucdisTs AND DKALExA
THE CHARLES A voaELeR CO.. Baalatrs. nd
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
THE CHlNCH BUG.
How a South Carolina Farmer Saved His
Corn Crnr,


Corn Crop.
A South Carolina correspondent gives
a description of the chinch bug as 1t APP
peared last year in that state, together
with his plan for saving his corn crop.
The bugs appear on the small grain,
wheat and oats, in May, and when these
have been harvested they 60 into the
corn. They acquire wings at four or five
weeks old and fly away, but always
leave host behind them, which stay
until frost Flowing the corn as often
as possible was found to be the best
method of checking them, as in that
way great many are covered up and
killed.
A correspondent in Missouri found his
best protection in sowing small field of
rye in the fall for early spring pasture
and turning stock on it in the spring as
soon as the bugs begin to fly, which is
toward the last of March, and keeping it
well grazed until nearly time for. the
young bugs to hatch out, which Il about
May 20. Then pillow all under, leaving
nothing for the young bugs to eat when
they hatch out. Soon after they are
Matched they must go to eating, and as
at that stage they can only travel few
feet at the furthcst without meal, they
are done.
1t is said that the evidence is positive
that grazing will draw the bugs to the
field, and while it is not claimed that all
the bugs will lay their eggs in the grazed
rye field and none in the wheat, it is
claimed that grazing will draw them
and vastly diminish the evil. Sowing
strips of favored food around field as
a means of drawing them where they
can be plowed under, also sowing plants
distasteful to them around fields to be
protected, are among the many methods
sometimes used for combating these in
sects. Others are: Preventing migra-
ton from one field to another by plow-
ing burrows or bitches. burning, rolling,
trampling and spraying with kerosene
emulsion where practicable.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13
LIGHT & SHADOWS

To stand under TIE skylight day after day,
expecting to make success of every picture,
OF every face,-to select the best view and OBJ
tain good expression from each sitter, is q
work that requires q greater amount of brains
than is generally allotted to us mortals; great
Judgment, care. Skill, experience and patience
the operator must have. and use them all the
time, and then he will hear complaints On
the other hand there are many pleasant and
encouraging things. Says one, T" I shall never
get done thanking you for the perfect pictures
OF my sainted father and mothers :" You
caught the sweetest expression of my dear
qabe,'' says a fond mother. SO reader you see
there are other lights and shadows in photog-
raphy than those on the face of a sitter. ga
HUNTER. the leading photographer in Mar
tlnsburg, and successful portrait maker, sees
the best points in each face as 10 is presented,
uses Judgment in lighting and posing the face
10 make the best likeness possible; keeps his
sitters in a good humor by being agreeable
himself and is master ofthe situation. Every
thing systematic. No excitement. All that is
required to make u good portrait. Call and see
p. G. HUNTER,
DG N OUopu ST Martin ShyIpU
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13

For news take THE HERALD.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1889-07-13

26 N. Queen st. Martinsburg.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
The Southern Boom

Has assumed proportions which attract
more and more attention from many
classes In the North--the capitalists,
seeking to develope new enterprises;
the, speculator, engaged in laying out
new towns and selling corner lots; and
the farmer or gardener who is looking
for milder climate, and an escape frorp
the long and severe winters Of bls pres
ent abode. Birmingham, Alabama,
and Atlanta, Georgia, are conspicuous
examples Of new man ufacturjng AND
trade centeres. while all through Ten
nessee, Alabama, Louisiana, new
towns are spyinglng up,and the promise
of the future IL very bright. 'rhe
Burlington Is the line 20 take, direct
either to Chicago, and thence TO the
south, or to st. Louis, thence to all
points. Every accommoda-
ton is afforded that il known in modern
travel. For full information as to ex"
curslon rates and routes, address w. j.
C. Kenyon. Gen. Pass. Agent, G. B. &
N. r. r., st. Paul, MINI.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
MORTGAGE SALE.

Default having beon made in the payment. OF
the su1D OF sllS7. 80 which is claimaS 20 be duo
at the GATE Of this notice upon 4 certain u ort-
gage, duly executed and delivered b. Patrick
Walsh aud Margaret Walsh hia wife mortga.
gors, to Alfred Olsen, mortgages, bearing i ate
the 9th day OF Mey, A. D. 1888, and duly re.
corded in the Office Of the Re1iDtes of Deeds in
aud for the county of Henneptn and stats Of
Minnesota, On the 7th day of May. A. D. 1888.
at II o'c ock q. No.. In bouk 2e6 Of mortgages,
on page lib and no action or proceeding at law
or otherwise having been instituted to recover
the debt secured By said mortgage, or any part
thereof:
Now, therefore. notice ia hereby given. that
mortgage, and pursuant 10 the statute In such
case nude and provided. the said MORTGAGE will
he foreclosed, and the premises described N
and covered by said mortgage, viz: Lot six ~
In Palestine in Minnetonkx Township, in Hea-
nepin county, in Minnesota. according to The
plat thereof on file in the Office OF Register OF
Deeds OF said Hennepin County, with the heredit-
amentg and appurtenances Will be sold at public
auction to the highest bidder for cash, to pay
said debt and interest and the taxes. if any. On
said p, ca isea and hfty collars attorneys fee
"a stipulated in and by said mort-
gage in case Of foreclosure and the
allowed by law; which
4sls win DO made BY the shesif Of said
House in the city Of Minneapolis, in said County
and state, on the 4th day Of March, A. D., 1889,
at 10 o'clock =. M, OF that day. subject to re-
demption at any tire within ono year from the
day Of sale. "a provided by law.
dated January 18th, A. D., 1850.
ALFRHD OLSON, Mortragee.
THoNAs CANEY, Attorney.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
Notice Of Mortgage Sale.

WHEREAS, default has been made in the
w conditions Of certain indenture Of
mortgage made and executed by Mary 2: Blom~
nortsagors, to Josiah Thompson, Jr., noltga-
gee, dated on the 18th day Of August, 1887, and
recorded in the Office of tho register of deeds of
aennepin county, state Of Minnes9ta, on tho
book 2o5 of mortgages, On page "a: given to e,
cure ,hs payment OF tho sum Of four hundred
$4,000 dollars, $500 thereof due snil payable ak
year from said date, both sums with interest
thereon at the rate OF eight per cent per annum;
And whereas default has been naads IN the
sum Of 500, and there i claimed to be due and
il due st the date Of this notice upon said mort
gage and tie debt thereby secured the su,nof four
hundred and forty-fiys (sA5 oo) dol
ing been had Or t,,attt.ated to recover tie debt
secured by said mortgage or any part thereof:,
Now therefore notice is hereby given that by
tanned and Herewith recorded and pursuant to
the statute in such case made and provided, the
said mortgage will be foreoloset' and the Lands
therein ot yne ana 6an III
half 81 lot numbered one n) in block numbered
eightl8} OF Mtnnehaha addition 20 &inneap polls
according to the plat thereof on tle or OF record
in the Office of tbs register OF Geets in and fox
said Henneptn County, will be sold by the sheriff
OF Aennepin county, aforesaid at public auc~
ton to the highest bidder for cash ct the from!
door OF Inc court uOUde, Ia Ce Guy w k11uAe3p.
Oils, in aaId Hennepin COUNTY, Minnesota. on
Monday, the 18th dag eff February, 1850. at 10
o'clock of said day to pay and satisfy the amount
which will be then due upon said mortgage and
the debt thereby secured Including interest AZ
aforesaid and expenses of sai sale, AID inolod-
ing the sum Of twenty-five cellars aa attorneys
fses stipulated In said morsaac.
Dated January "a. 1850.
JOSIAH THbN PbON, Jn. Mcztgaxee
ANKRNY " MERRILL,
Attorneys for snid Mor.saEec:
404-h Boston Flock. Minneapolis Minnesota.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
one of the most captivating views of
this most charming sheet Of the purest
water, environed by primitive forests
aud lofty hills.
The Ground Hog.


Now is the time when the ground hog
is being watched with interest by those
who pine fer the Joyous spring. Old
folk lore states that it is cloudy day.
80 that he casts no shadow, we shall
have an early spring; but if the sun
shines and casts his shadow he retires
for six weeks and prolongs the winter.
The little animal, however, is very I'M
certain and unreliable. But the Saint
Paul & Duluth Railroad can always be
relied apo for making quick time and
close connections and giving good
service between St. Paul, Minneapolis,
Duluth, and West Superior. Take the
Duluth Short Line" every time. A.
B. Plough. General Passenger Agent,
st. Paul. MINI.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
SUMMONS.

GTATK OF MINNESOTA, County Of aerne-
y pin. city OF Minneapolis. Municipal Court.
Il. H. Patterson and 4. G. Dickinson. eo-part-
ners ~ Patterson Il Mckinlon, plaintiffs,
hgalnss Jacob Rosenberg, defendant.
Yhs State Of Minnesota 10 the s.bt,va naxned de-
ker1dant:
You are hereby su mnoned aud required to an
swer tho complaint in the above entitled action,
which Complaints hereunto annexed and
the Office Of TIE clerk q said aaueiciEe court.
aud atare Of Minnesota, and to serve copy Of
your answer to the said complaint on tho sub
in seid county of Hennepira, within ten days
after the service of this summons upon you.
exclusive of the day Of such SERVICE; and II you
full to answer the said complaint within tie
sime aforesaid, the plaintiff in this action will take
Judgment against you for the sum Of hfty-seven
and twenty five one hnrdrsdth. do!lase is57 Isl
n,lm slice the 4th day of October 1878. toseth er
with the plaintiffs coste and disbursements
herein.
dated November ID. A. D. 1883.
GEORGE r.. WHTEK,
Plaintiff Attorney,
Cos Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, M5nn.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
Things q Friend Will Not Do.

My true friend, never comes to me
with the belittling and causeless gossip
which he hears about me. He never
says: II know you will not care" and
then relate some malicious lie invented
by the mind of envy. He never tells
me anything disagreeable unless it is to
warn me or put me on my guard against
secret enemy or against my own i'm
prudence. He tells me the kind and
pleasant. words he hears spoken Of me,
aud takes as much pleasure in hearing
them as do. And he defends me in
absence even against an army of ac-
cusers.
He will say things to my face which
he would not say or permit to be said
behind my back.
Friendship Of the highest order should
Danish all wearisome restrictions and
formalities. II I happen to drop in
upon rDy nearest friend as she is pre-
pared to 30 out with another. she SHOULD
| be free to go, with 40 fear that will be-
hurt or feel sighted.
! We can bear with the tyrannies
anxieties, fears and turmoils Of love,
because its joys and raptures repay Us
for all it makes us suffer; but the came,
pleasures Of friendship are !eopardized
if We permit these other emotions ia
mar them.
Love is like the mid ocean, grand,
beautiful and terrible, full of delight
and danger; and friendship should be
like the calm bay where we rest and do
not fear; it cannot give us the exhiiara
tion of love, and it must not give us the
anxietiss.
| We feel rested and strengthened after
an interview with a real friend, never
irritated or worried.
| The worthy and worth, while friend
never chides us for not loving him
enough nor begs to be loved more; he
| makes himself SO deserving and SO un-
! obstrusive that We must needs give him
gratitude and affection.
| The wise friend meyer weights us " it'll
| his friendship--never burdens us with
the feeling that he cannot live without
our constant devotion. 1t is the priv.
ilege Of love alone to do that.
| Love may lean and cling forever,
! And forever gro more dear.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
Tell your Mothers. Girls.

Every girl ought. it she has mother,
to coufde in her. And 1t is natural for
girls to do this if thar mothers encous-
age such confidence. If 81 girl is
mothorless, then she ought to have
some other safe adviser. An affection
ats aunt, and elder sister, Or woman
who was her mothers friend comes
next TO mother for such 8 purpose.
Her adviser should be a Woman, and
older than herself, and of devout, and
religious character. 4 girl who has
such a counsellor may escape many a
trouble-~many a snare THAT would
otherwise cause her much annoyance
and strrow.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
BrcoklYn's Irremovable Rectcrs.

Bishop Loughlin of BROOKLYN has ap-
pointed the following irremovable Rec
tors; The Very Rev. William Reegar
OF the Church Of the Assumption, the
Rev. r. J. Mcnamara of the Church OF
Our Lady Of Mercy, the Rev. Edward
Corcoran Of St. Joseph's Church, the
Rev. Joseph Fransioli OF st. Peters,
the Rev. Nj. j. Moran Of the Church of
the Nativity, the Rev. Martin Carroll
of the Church of St. Vincent do Paul,
the Very Rev. Michael May Of Holy
Trinity, and the Rev. A. Arnold OF ALI
Saints Church. Father Moran was
also made member Of the Bishops
Council.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
From Bishop to Priest.

Archbishop Williams, of Boston, dur
ing the recent holidays, sent Rev.
Father Hendricks. OF Livingston N. j.,
a delicately engraved solid gold chalics,
inlaid with rubies, in attestation Of a
long personal friendship. Archbishop
Williams has spent a part of the last
two or three summers in Liyonia, the
distinguished guest Of Bishop McQ uaide
at the delightfully."- situated farm on the
west side of Hemlock lake, which COM
mands from an elevation Of 500 feet,
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
k9nTFA from the diary Of tour
&S1 t&N lists, commercial travel
VU JEO ers, business men and

=
others has revealed:
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL has
the unqualified endorsement Of all;
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL hal
TO-DAY the most popular line between
MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL and
MILWAUKEE,, aud CHICAGO;
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL il
daily adding to i1s admirers 40 the
recognized PULLMAN line between
MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL and
MILWAUKEE and CHICAGO;
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL
touches the most prominent points In
Wisconsin, and that it has nore i'm
portant business centers on its through
line than any other railway in the
NORTHWEST;
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL has
made an enviable reputation with its
peerless DINING CAR SERVICE;
That the WISCONSIN CENTRAL
runs fast trains ON which all classes
Of passengers are carried with com.
modiOus and distinct accOmmOd ati0n
for all;
That the WISCONSIN CKATkAL has
representatives distributed through
OUT the COun Try, VINO Wlh cneeEiu!iy
give any information that may be de-
sired and that its terminal Agents
are specially instructed to look after
the comfort of passengers who may be
routed VIA it's line.
For detailed information, apply to
your nearest Ticket Agent or to repre-
sentatives of the road.
WIN. S. MELLEN, JAMES BARKER,
General Manager. GEM. Passr. i Tiki. Agt.
LOUIS EcKSTEIN,
Asst. Gent. Passr. + Tiki. Ast.
ILwAUKEH. WIS.
81. Fl. AN5oN, Northwestern Pass
enger Agent, - Nicollet House Block, MIME
APoLIs, MINI.
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
CATHOLIC NEWS.
oh! WHY SHOULD THE SPIRIT OF
MORTAL BE PROUD?


Oil why should the spirit Of mortal be proud?
Like swift floating meteor, fast flying cloud,
4 flash OF the lightning, break Of the wave,
Man passeth from life to his rest III his grave,
The leaves of the oak and the will,w shall
fade,
BE scattered around and together be laid;
And the young and the old and the low and the
high,
Shall u older TO dust, and together shall lie.
The infant and mother attended and loved;
Hhe mother that Infants affection who proved
:rhe husband that infant and mother who blest,
Zach. all, are away to their dwellings OF rest
Phe maid On whose cheek, on whose brow, in
whose eye,
Maons beauty and pleasure, her triumphs are
by;
And the memory OF those who loved her and
praised
are alike from the minds oil the living erased.
The hand of tho king that the scepte1 hath
borne;
Tte brow Of che priest that the inter hath worn;
The eye OF the sage and the heart Of tie brave,
Are hidden and lost in the depths Of the grave.
rghe peasant whose lot was to SOW and to reap;
.Ehe bertisnlan who climbed with his goats up
the steep;
The beggar who wandered in search for his
bread,
Saave faded away like tho grass that we tread
.she saint who enjoyed the Communion of
Heaven:
The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven;
4 g.,
dave quietly mingled their bones in the dust.
SO the multitude goes like the flower OF the
weed,
'.fhat withers away to lot others succeel
So the multitude comes, even those we behold,
RI, reps.l every tale that has often been told.
Fox ws are the same our fathers have been;
We see the same sights our fathers huve seen:
We drink the same stream and visw the same
sun,
Art run the san course our tathels have run.
gfa thoughts 77e are thinking our fathers woald
think:
From 3he death we ars shrinking onr fathers
would shrink;
10 the life ws are clinging they also would
cling;
out u speeds from US ell like bird OIL tho
wing.
They loved, but the story we cannot unfold;
They accrued, but the heart Of the naughty is
oolds
They gricved, but DO vail from their slu1nber
will Come;
:rs,y joyed, but the tongue Of their 9ladnees is
dumb.
1Gey died, aye, they died; we things that are
now.
THAT walk On the turf chat lies over their brow,
And make in their ceilings Transient abode,
Meet the things that they net ON their Pilgrim
age road
Yea! hope aad dependency. pleasure and pain,
We miagle together in sunBhine and rain;
And the smile and the tear. the song and the
dirge,
.1till follow each othe1, like surYe upou surge.
':ris tbe wink OF the eye: Ills tho draught of the
breath,
Ts.,na the blossom Of health to tho paleness OF
dsath;
From the gilded saloon. to the bier ard the
stroud
a1hI WHY should tie npirit Of mortal be proud!
The Irish standard., 1889-02-02
JOURNALISTIC.


Tbs Catholic Citizen of Milwaukee
looks exceedingly neat in it's new dress
lately donned. TIE Citizen ia an ex-
cellent Catholic journal--worthy Of un-
bounded support.
The old, Old Boston Pilot is at hand,
locking brighter and younger than it
did thirty years ago. Old material has
been changed FOR the new, and The
Pilot, always great fayorite. has
further added to it's laurels in the Geld
of Ir1sh-American journalism.
Volume /, No. Of the Steele County
Democrat, Published at Owatonna,
Mimi. is at hand. The fine Italian hand
of neat printer is shown upon its
pages, it is newsy and bright aditorially
and locally and is deserving Of most
generous support from its constituents