davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning news., 1889-05-29
BRAIDwo DIS STRIKE.
Indications That the Italians are Bent
on a Fight.

AAANAANf-@eANAAD 4 AAehV bAAb AhA4ld4iB dIG b0uG
on a Fight.
BRAGDwooD, LII, May 2S.-Eight COM
panies Of the Fourth Illinois National
Guard pitched their tents on the Chicago.
Wilmington and Vormillion coal lands at
the -" shaft this morning, and are now
scouting the Italian quarters. Twenty-Five
miners nave Dean arrested. On their per-
sons were found knives and revolvers. It
Is serted that the Italia S are rallying at
Cooley, Coal City, Clark City, Gardner and
Brakeville for m attack. The plan Of Col.
Bennett is to attack t Italian settlements
in detail before they can rally. Great
activity is noted in the I:alian quarters and
cgowd5 are seen gathering to rescue their
arrcs cd brothers. The residents say that
tho Italians mean fight and do not care for
their lives. Tho whistle in the "Jn shaft
blew for work this morning, but no miners
reported.
Two companies OF Chicago militia which
loft that city for Braid wood, where they
had been sent by Gov. Ffer to preserve
the peace, had a close call at Gardner this
mo ming. The conductor of the train, on
leaving Chicago last night had received
orders to run slowly bet Neen Gardne and
Braidwood. 1t was well that this warning
was aiven, otherwise there would have been
a terrible disaster. On reaching Gardner
it was found that some miscreants had
wedged stones In the switches 20 firm that
a wreck would surely have followed had
not the distractions been discovered.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
CHANGES IN THE PURITAN.

They viii Not Cost More Than the
lOriginal Plans
WAsHINGToN, May 25.-The board OF
naval bureau chiefs, which has been con.
sidering the feasibility OF changing the
plans for the completion of tho monitor
Puritan, held another meeting to-day and
decided 20 recommend tho adoption Of tho
plans proposed by the bureau OF construc
tion. These look to the substitution of
heavier guns in the bnrbette for turrent
guns, and general addition to the power,
Of oTense and defense Of the vessel 1t is
estimated that the changes in the plans will
not cost more to carry out than the original
plans
The morning news., 1889-05-29
A MEMORIAL.
M'LANE's FAREWELL.
The Debt of the United states to France
Acknowledged.

The DEBT OF the United states to France
Acknowledged.
PARIS, May 2S.-Mr. McLane, ex-United
States mi iter to France, in farewell
letter to President Carnot, in which he in
closes a photograph Of the statue of La
Sale, presented to the city of Chicago by
Lambert Trees, says: "America remem-
bers that she owes France not only for mill
tary assistance which assured her inde-
pendence, but as well for moral support and
generous ideas and also for the work
Of the m ssionary pioneers and ex-
plorers who opened to civilization
the immense region of the great west,
a region which Is tending to become more
md more the center Of population and the
industrial, muercal aud intellectual ac-
tivity of the United States. ! have made a
point of recalling this debt Of gratitude at
the moment when France celebrates tho
centenary of the gra d principles of social
enfrauchisement which renewed the whole
earth and whose beneticent effects have
made themselves felt even in the most
mOnarchial countries" "
The morning news., 1889-05-29
CITY FUNDS EMBEzzI.ED.
Two ex-Officials of Newport, KY, In
dicted by the 9rani Jury

CrNcGNNATi, May 2s.-Ex- Treasurer
Louis Constans Of Newport, Ky., was to-
day indicted by the grand jury for en-
bezzlement. the amount being fixed at
$4,000. Ex-City Clerk f. NJ Mcclure was
also indicted on the same charge. His
shortage IS fixed at less than $4,000 Great
surprise IS fell IN both cases B0th men are
of nigh sta ding In tue community and
neither has been suspect ed of any inten-
tiJnal wrong doing. Constans sdm tied q
shortage of nearly 81, 600, but seemed con-
fused when shown a short go Of $4,000 In
one omission from his cash book
The morning news., 1889-05-29
LYrroN AND The FRENCH.
HIS Absence from the Opening of the
HXpositl a HXpIAIned.

d!s Absence from the Opening OF the
HXpositi Explained.
LONDON May 2S.-In the House of Com
mons tonight Edmund Rober son, member
for Dundee, moved a reduction Of the
foreign office vote for the purpose Of taking
the judgment Of the House on the absence
Of Lord Lytton, the British ambassador at
Iaris, on the occasion of the opening OF the
hrench exhibition.
Sir James Ferguson, under foreign score
tarY, denied that Lord Lyttons absence
was due to n prearranged understanding
between the European governments. 1t
was the opinion of the House that the coun.
Try ought not to have anything to do with
the celebration of revolution reggrdl0g
whic pollti al parties in France remained
bitterly divided. Conservative cheers.l
WOULD BE ALL RIGHT III UNANIMOUS.
When the nation was unanimous in ITS
rel 1icings on the cente lary of great his.
toric event, there could be no impropriety
IN the queens representative being present
at the ceremonies COMMUNICATING such an
event. Thus Lord Beaconsiieid authorizoi
the British minister at Washington TO take
port IN TIE ceremonies that attended the
centenary Of American independence. The
French celebration was in no way ana.a
gous to that of the United States
Furthermore, the absence of Lord Lytton
had aroused no dissatisfaction in France.
Mr.. Gladstone acquitted the government
of having acted in concert with other pow
ers in other matters, but he blamed the
ministry for an error OF judgment He
thought that Lord Lytton should have been
present at the opening Of the exhibition.
After further debate Mr. Robertsons mo-
ton was rejected.
A MEMORIAL.
The memorial, drawn up by members OF
parliament relative to the absence of Lord
Lytton from the opening ceremonies of the
Paris exhibition, has been forwarded to
President Carnot. The memorial which
expresses regret at the absence Of Lord
Lytton on the occasion referred to, is
signed by 263 members Of tho House of
Commons.
The morning news., 1889-05-29

LoyDoN, Nay pa dispatch from st.
Petersburg says that the Russian police
have discovered the existence Of nun er
Of societies, the abjec Il which is tue as
sassiuatIol of tine car Search IS being
made for similar organizations throughout
Europe European governments are assist
ing tho Rus officials ia their efforts TO
uuearth the c0lspifat0rs.
The morning news., 1889-05-29

R0Mr. nay 2s --fae pope has ordered
that 0u tAs day ~ t1s uugsiling ot the
monument NJ OlgriaH0 Bruno. who was
gut ~ daatl "a aerei.e in 700, on t1a
pafaI gsafdl aua Reas d.armss shall Keep
within t.e grounds Il fla yafloan. Those
ou fldluYa haYe been ordered " rctnra
ltutnadInt.Iy.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
EXCURSION FOR PAUNCEFoTE.

A Select Party Enjoys a Sail Down the
Potomac River.
WASHINGTON, May .. The postponed
excursion given by Secretary Blaine ia
honor Of Sir Julian Paulcotote, the new
British minister. took place to-day. By
inv alton sslac company OF clbinet
officers diplomatic rep o5 eutatives, high
officials ard fair spri king Of Washing.
30 soc ty, b arded the Dispatch at 1880
O'Clock TINS afternoon and sailed down the
Potomac a. far q Mount Vernon.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
AN ANT1MAHoNm CONFERENCE.
An Anxiety to Overthrow His In
huence in Securing Appointments.

WAsHISGToN, May %. There was con-
ference Of 100 anti-Mahone republicans of
Virginia, at the Ebbitt House tbs evening,
for the purpose Of devlsing some concerted
plan Of action b. which Gen. Mahoue's in
fuence in securing appointments may be
oyertlrown. Tne conference was called by
Gef. Groner, ex Gov. Cameron and OK.
Congressman Brad. There was a good
deal Of bitter talk sbout the way in which
Gen. Malone troated applications for office
sent 10 him. A furthar conference will be
held tomorrow morui <.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Harnson's MP 70 New YORK.

WAsaN0ros, Nay - The President
viii ieave AAshingi tomorrow after
noon 90 8A5 O'clock on tho c0ngrassi0a AZ
Waited express flr the plrp1fe pf p4ffIciH
pstng iu tho Memorial day etefels9s N
lrioklYu % Mar ~. 80 fErrcts q Fetlrn
~ HasalugtoH Thursday ffe4iHk. hrfH
ldfY ifat 1a1 FrFaff secretary iI4Ilafi
VII aee ampany ite floaient
The morning news., 1889-05-29

CuIcAGo, MAJ 25.-William O. Laliy, a
former pI.t Me3 clerk, was nrrcs.e / t1.
night for sas uR clehty-iiye packages II
registered mail from tl8 vault N tne Cali.
cag0 p0-tJH e. Toe amount Of monoy ll-
yolyed was probably mt large. bIg tho
number of packages - tue greatest ever
taken at one time in thI8 city
The morning news., 1889-05-29
whltehall's Mob.

LONDON. Mag 25.-At meeting Of the
London council today it was proposed that
a res LUTON bs adopted expressing
sympatu with tho Prince a8l Princess N
Walo8 because of tlo behavlorof the crowd
a. the WulrlHl reyisw on saturday.
B1 ns, The socialist member. s'r0ng o.
JecfeI b. tle pr1ps5l, however, and the
matter was dropped
The morning news., 1889-05-29
FLANNELs AT AUCTION.
The First Days Sale at New York Ge
Rid Of 1000 Packages.

The F1rs5 Day 3 5aI9 at New YORK Gets
Rid Of 1000 Packages.
NEW YORK, May 2S.-A big flannel sale
by Auctioneers Wilmerding, Morris &
Mitchell, by order of Faulkner, Page & Co,
was opened to-day with the sale of about
1000 packages. The remainder of the Il, 900
packages will be sold tomorrow. The prices
received were from 5 to per cent. better
than last year. Plain scarlet f1annes
brought from 1914 to 16 cents-those
of medium grade averaged out 10 cents,
averaged l515 cents, and the upper grades
in proportion. White shaker fiannels
ranged from 50 cents to As cents, scarlet
shakers from 2215 to 3716 cents, twillsd
royal blue brought from IL TO 2l15 cents;
twilled medium blue from 2lI TO 30M
cents
The morning news., 1889-05-29
SAMOAN CONFERENCES.
Another Hitch That is Likely to Delay
Einal AdiOurnment.

flnai AulDurument.
WASHINGTON, May 28.-Admiral Kim
bery reports to the navy department,
under date Of Auckland, May Z, ms follows:
Samoan armies disbanding. Peace pre-
vailsn
The Standards Berlin correspondent.
referring TO the Samoan conference, says:
The resolves Of the delegates are altered
frequently by their gevernments. The
decision Of the Washington goye-nment on
the main question is still awaited"
ANOTHER HITCH.
LONDON, May 28.-The Daily Ne,Us
Berlin correspondent says that n disagree
ment on an important Dolnt probably the
G rman indemnity claim, has arisen be-
tween the commissioners to tho Samoa
conference, and that the prospects Of an
carly conclusion of the conference are less
favorable.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
A Cvclone Nenr Kansas Citv.

Kansas CITY, May 2s.-A disastrous
cyclone passed over Clements, Chase county,
this afternoon. Capt. Bfown and Rughter
were killed, his wife had leg almost torn
Off, and bis son had Au arm a Id leg broken.
r. Is reported mat SIX or seven OF ler per-
sons were killed, but the wire, are all
down, and no information can be obtained.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
NoDRAINAGEFo FOR NEW ORLEANS.

An Election Results in Defeat OF the
Taxation Proposition.
NEW ORLEANS, May 2S.-Re urns from
the election held in this city to-day, with
two precintS ~ hear from. show tnas the
drainage ordinance has been defeated by
300 to 600 votes. The last legislature au-
thorizsd the Taxpayers of New Orleans to
vote a tax Of three mills per an .um tor the
purpose Of draining aud paw &. The
election was held to-day, and the scheme
was defeated.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
LANDS OF THE SIOUX.

The Indians Will Doubtless Sign the
Documents Of Sale.
CHICAGO, May 28.-A dispatch from
Pierre, Oak, says: John Grass Of Stand e.
ing Rock, leading chief of the Sioux
nation, and White Swan, the principal
chief at Cheyenne. were in Pierre yester-
day. They conversed freely about the Sioux
bill, saying that it would be ratified. Only
ono objection as raised, becaus. the bill
did not give the nation the south bank of
the Cheyenne river, but the Indians will
sign, as the bill provides for the payment of
cash, and they want money more than land. "
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Congo Tribal Wars Ceasin1.

LONDON, May 2a-Reports from tho
Congo state say that tho local tribal wars
are ceasing. The service of river steamers
has been greatly developed, and tho Aru-
whimi district is now under the direct ~
Aueace Of tho Go go state goverGment.
The camp at Aruwhimi has been com
Mated
The morning news., 1889-05-29
RHODE ISLANDS OFFICERS.
The Legislature Chooses a Full Re-
1nhlican COntinRant

publican Contingent.
NEWPORT, R. l., May 2s.-The legislature
in JOINT assembly to-day counted the votes
cast at the last election for state officer
There was no election by tho people except
for attorney general The assembly then
chose the following republican officers:
II. w. Ladd. governor; D. II. Littlefeld
Lieutenant governor; S. II. Gross; sec etayy
of state, and Samuel Clark, treasurer, aud
all were inaugurated with dIe ceremOny
The morning news., 1889-05-29

LIVERPOOL, May 2S.-After the arrival
Of the Cunard line steamer Seryia at This
port yesterday from Now York, slight
fire was discovered IN her forward bold.
The damage 20 tue cargo was confined 30
threa bales Of colon. Tee ship was not ia
iurpd
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Aiabama's stato Troops.

WAsHfsgr0y, Nay 2s Capt. j. d..
Loofe OF the Nineteenth infantry has been
ordered % inspac the First regiment n
Alabama stats troops at their camp noar
Mobile June 10.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
CRosBY 80 THE oALVINIsrs.
AN Explanation Of the Resolution on
Prohibition.

NEW York, May 2s.-In tho Presby-
teriau general assembly to-day, DR.. Crosby
got motion adopted explanatory Of the
vote on the prohibition question, which was
taken yesterday. This motion was TO the
effect that while the vote favored prohibi-
ton, 10 was not To be looked upon as ex-
pressing any political sentiment whatever
The morning news., 1889-05-29
DRUM RETIRED.
The Adjutsnt General Ga Years Old
and Goes Out OF Service.

U'44 OD777 = " VI 'UI To
WAsHiNGr0S, May % Ait. Con.
Drum, having r5 lchei 'hs ago II Gi years,
was today formally rstir a from active SER
yicsin the Amy. Cen kolton tho has boon
assistant Gdutant g0acra., VIII act as al ia.
tant goueral anti! ag appoint usn. Is made
10 dl tho Office Meanwhile, army circles
are st.rrad up 70 their deptAa respecting tho
appointm nt promotion, that win follow II
one Of the assistant adJutant generals is ap-
Doiuted
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Gladatone Dlned.

LONDON, May 25 Sir Charles Russell
gave "a dinner this evening 10 Mr.. and Mrs.
Gladstone. Among the guests were Mr..
Paruen, Lord Randolph Churchill, tue
Earl Of Aberdeen, Frederick Harrison,
Burne Jones, and number Of prominent
GladsrOniaus.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
rRE IN c0MMIrrFE-

NEW YoRK, May 28. 8.-Tue Americas cup
committee held meeting to-day II is
said that they arc determined on adnerlug
20 the couditi us of holding tho cup, under
a iced Of gift, 90 which the yacht squadron
race this season.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Perrln ae,s -Four Months.

PARIS, May 28-M. Perrin, who fired a
blank cartuuge at Pres lent Garnet on The
oye Of the opening Of the exhibition, has
been sentsAo- u four months inprison-
Innml
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Both Bent the Valkyrle.

LONDON, May 23.-TGero was another
race to-day between the yachts Valkyrie,
Irex and Yra a. The Walk ,re was beaten
by botn Of the other vessels. Tho course
was from Harwich to South End The
time Of the three yachts was as follows /:
Irez 3:O3#H; Yrana t3:2j:23; Valkyrie
3:2G:22.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
4 GovERNMENr coMMIssIoN.
FEARFUL FIRE,

Six Hundred Houses Burned and Many
Lives Lost in Austria.
VIENNA, May 2S.-A conhagration in the
town Of Pod ajce, Galicia, has destroyed
800 houses, a church and synagogue, and
caused the loss Of many lives. Twelve
corpses have been extricated from,the ruins
The morning news., 1889-05-29
BELGRADB's RIOTERS.
A Gems d'Arme Killed and a Lieuten-
ant Wounded.

A Gems d'Arme Killed and a Lieuten-
ant Wounded.
BELGRADE, May 2S.-During the demon
stration against the progre 'ssts in this city
last night, one gems d'armo was killed, a
lieutenant was wounded, aud colonel was
dragged from his horse and matreated
The troops were prevented from firing on
the crowd by the orders OF their command
ing officers.
PERMANENT DISCHARGE THREATENED.
BERLIN, May 2S.-The committee of coal
pit owners in the Essen district recommends
warning their men that unless they resume
work on Friday next they will be perma-
nently discharged.
TROOPS ORDERED TO PILsEN.
PRAGUE, May 25.-The strikes at Pisen
have assumed a threatening attitude
Troops have been ordered there to preserve
order.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
a Blshoprlc Id Jerusalem.

BERLIN. 81 y - The Kreus Zeitua0
says that the German Protestant bishopric
n- Lnrl--La D vii -oll Do lnln1n1.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
Emnaror Wlllan,s Lournev.

LONDON, May '2s. Emp ror William
will not say In London during hi3 visit 20
England. Tho empress will remain In
karliu
The morning news., 1889-05-29
pRAGUE's STRIKE ENDED,

PRAGUE, May 28-The strike Of the
tramway employees has ended.
ANGRY DEMONSTRATIONS AT MARQUETTE.
MARQUETTE, MICH, May 2s.-Thero is
no change in the strike situation. Not
pound of ore is moving on tho docks. There
is a Il, ,000-ton feet now here. Hundreds Of
imported workmen have just arrived by a
special train. ~hich ran right on tho docks.
The men were put 70 work, the strikers
jeoring aud shouting at them, and officers
keeping the crowd back They believe no
trouble will follow. The streets we're
packed for a whole block in the neighbor-
hood Of the dock whe the men were at
work. Both sides remain firm.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
IRISH LEAGUE BOOKS.
They Have Been in Possession Of the
Ladios' Branch.


LONDON, May 2S.-The Parnell commits
sion will adjourn on Friday until June IS.
Permission has cen given to release mem
bers of parliament, Messrs Condor and John
O'Connor, to come to London and testify
before the commission.
Mr. Reid, Of the counsel for Mr.. Parnell,
produced before the commission to-day the
league books, which have been in possession
Of Mrs. MalOney, treasurer Of the Ladies'
Land League in Dublin. Mr. Reid stated
that the Times has subpDnaed Mrs Maloney,
and could have procured the books before
if it had desired TO.
A GOVERNMENT COMMISSION.
DUBLIN, May 2S.-The Irish Times (con-
servative) says that a government commits
sion Of experts, which will have no connec-
tion with politics. will be appointed to j -
quire into the existing system of local and
imperial government with view to draft
ing an Irish local government bill.
Eight tenants Of the Luggacurran estate
were evicted to-day. Many English and
American visitors witnessed the work of
eviction.
The Marquis Of Londonderry will retro
from the viceroyship Aug. 8.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
GoTHAM,s CoTrON EXoRANaE.
A Net Profit Of S2,453 in Running the
Big New Building.

NEW YORK, May 2S.-The annual meet
ing Of the New York Cotton Exchange was
held to-day. The reports showed a net
profit in running the exchange building Of
S14,3ll, with a surplu after paving all ex-
penses Of S2,453. The pas year is said to
have been one Of extreme dullness IN the
speculative.markets, but the trade in spot
cotton has shown an Improvement.
The morning news., 1889-05-29
FRANCES HAYTIAN DEAL.
The Significance OF the Meeting at
Pensacola.

The Significance OF the Meeting at
Pensacola.
PENSACOLA, FLA, May 2S.-Regarding
the surmisod object Of the meeting at this
point Of the French minister, and tho COM
alIer Of the French war vessel Roland,
that IL is IN Connection with French-
II .yt,aI affairs, other stories than that
wired he NEWS last nigat have besI All at.
II Is l0fEeI upon by tne well Informed as
certain that the French and the L. Il lmo
government have come to an undsr5taud-
ing whereby. iu consideration OF liberal
CONCESSIONS, the former is t0 a.d tha hitter
IA It's efforts 10 suhdue Gen. Hyppolue aud
il is also believed that Secretary Blaine las
smelel q mouse, aud that the opp1inuneut
OF comuissionors by tle Uuited Stag gov
or mcnt ID negotiate peace uNtwee to
diapulants Is a checkmate to the Frouch
move.
BLAfaE's IDEAS.
Said prominontge tleman to-day IN the
hearing of to NEWS corresp0ndsnts
"foralgH iut0r'eronce Ia the affairs oi an
AnAfican republic y III never b. tolerated.
~ tHls 0r any othe u lited States aainlnls-
fratl1n So la1E al tho daager ol such an in-
fefftfagc0 hs outlined by M0uroa he kept
la fiaN II Il in conformity with fhe
M o1 d0cfriuo that Secretary hlalno ac-
sfff q lio has nncaftfnd tllq game ~
France Wit1 reference 20 fIatfI ard 50 VIII
slges a prneefully 4 be may, lofchly 4 he
matk
The morning news., 1889-05-29

They bad now been driving ior nearly a.
hour aith their chaatly load when one NJ
tLe men suggested that a sewer stop WAS
The morning news., 1889-05-29

NEw AoRK, May 28-At tho regular
meeting oi tho municipal council o- the
IIsh National League tonight, Patrick
, -tls made an address dcnouncing nn
sllrmpt of the newspapers 10 mix up tho
"Aifa VI the lrIsh National League with
Waterbury evening Democrat., 1889-04-11
VARIED INFORMATION.

 THE Government pays to the railroads 0,0OO, 900 annually for carrying the mails <
 THE invention of the escapement in clock and watch mechanism IS ascribed to Gerbert, A. D. 1000 s "HUNKER'' is a term applied to a con servative in politics in the United States. In other words, an told fogy."
 IT takes l, 200 Chinese cons to mako one American dollar, hence a Chlnannan be- comes millionaire when he acquires SS33, and he may be fifty times a millionaire.
 THE kangaroo is said to have got its name in this way: Captain Cook first discovered the animal in Australia. When he inquired its name of native the latter replied: 'Kan- ga-roo," which in the Australian lan- guage is 'I don't know.''
 WHEN the day for the inauguration of the President of the United States was fixed upon the 4th of March it was for the req son that the date occurred seldom on Sun day. It sometimes happens thus, however, but only three times each century, or one year after every seven leap years. MUSK is a perfume obtained from the musk-deer, found in the mountain ous re- gions of Central Asia. Other animals, such as the musk-ox, muskrat and musk-duck, give forth musky odor; and drove of pigs will often leave similar smell behind them, but the deer only produces the per fume. The skin of the muskrat is in de- mand for making up into fur garments and similar articles.
 THE word dollar was in our language at least 300 years ago. It was used by Shakespeare several times. This was in the latter part of the sixteenth century. It is supposed that the word was at that time in familiar use in London, having been brought in by the North German merchants, who managed the trade on the Baltic and in Russia.
 THE modes of execution for capital crimes vary in different countries. In the United States the method is hanging, ex- cept in the State of New York, where cleo tricity has lately been adopted. Hanging is also exclusively employed in Austria, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Portugal. In Russia, shooting, hanging or beheading is resorted to, while in Bavaria, Belgium, France, Denmark, Hanover and Saxony the guillotine is the chosen implement. In the majority of foreign countries the executions are held in public, while Tn this country they are mostly private.
 THE earliest celebration of Washington's s birthday found on record occurred in Rich mond, Va, February II Gold style), 17S2. The day was celebrated in New York in 17S4, and, from that time until 1793, the 11th of February was selected. In the latter year the day was changed to the 22d, to adapt it to the new style. During the first term of the Presidency of Washington his birthday was celebrated by visits of con- graduation, and by balls, parties and other festivities, not only in Philadelphia, but in many of the principal cities and towns in the Union, notwiths tanding the fact that quite number of carpers were alarmed by what they considered q 'step in the direc tion of monarchy" .='..