davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Los Angeles daily herald., 1889-01-01
THE FUNDS.
Statement of the Amounts
Paid Out in 1888.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER YEARS
How the Treasury Stood on the
First Day of Each Month.
License Collections.

In adjoining columns will be found
various tables relating to the condition
Of the city and county funds, together
with comparisons with the year 1887.
These form a very interesting study TO
the taxpayers. In the table headed
"City Funds" it will be noted that the
year 1887 started with $2S5 ,072.6l on
hand, against $619, 100. Sc on hand on the
1st of January, 1888. There are, how
ever, included in this latter amount three
items which were not to be found in the
statement for January, 1887, and which
were set aside for specific purposes.
These items are the City Hall Fund, the
Street Paving Fund and the Street I'M
proving Fund, a total of nearly $500, 900.
Again the year ended with 1894, 401 "a
on hand in 1887, and $500, ,S363l in 1888.
In comparing these two amounts it
should be borne in mind that the amount
noted for 1887 contained large sum set
aside for street purposes, and that the
balance in the funds on December /,
1888, contained very small amount of
street money. The Vrooman act hav-
ing been put in force during the year,
relieved the city of the collecting OF
money to pay for street improvement,
and threw it on the hands of the
contractors. There was as much money
spent for street improvements, but it did
not go through the City Treasury. An
examination Of the table will show that
the funds for running the city ran very
short in Septemb ber, but toward the end
of the year the collection of taxes filled
the treasury until there was enough te
conduct the government economically
for the coming year.
COUNTY FUNDS.
The table devoted to the county funds
is also good study to the taxpayers, fol
it shows how much money was at hanC
on the first of each month for the i'm
provements outside of the city. The yeal
started in with $S1S, S,654.91, against only
$21S, 147.18 in 1887, and it ended
with $399,57 on hand, agains'
$164 4025 in 1887. The amounts
all the way through in 1888 were larger
than in 1887, for the reason that the as
sessment on the county was larger. The
list also shows the amounts to the credits
OF the VARIOUS SCHOOL IuuuS. IL alBC
shows the number and names of school
districts in the county outside Of the
city.
CITY EXPENSES.
The most interesting table is thai
which is headed City Expenses. Il
shows the amounts expended each
month from the various funds, and gives
the total expenditure in each di
rection for the year. 1t will be
noticed that the expenditures for stree,
Improvements occurred mainly in the
middle months of the year, and thai
towards the closing of the year there
we're no expenditures in this direction
As explained above, this is due to the
fact that the Vrooman act was placed il
force and the collecting of money by the
sity stopped.
The collecting of licenses during the
year kept one man pretty busy, and a
notable increase is recorded. The fol-
lowing statement shows the amount col
lected in each month, together with a
comparison with 1887:
Los Angeles daily herald., 1889-01-01
THE POOR MANS CHANCE.
The Future Greatness OF Southern
California.

The Future Greatness OF Southern
California.
Rests on combination of facts found in
no other one place in the world. 1t is
this combination and no one fact that
insures the rapid and permanent growth
Of Southern California. Out of this COM
bination has arisen the wonderful growth
of the facts.
THE MAIN FACTS ARE
The unrivaled climate; the fertility of
the soil; the variety and semi-tropical
character of it's production; it's prolific
productive capacity its transcontinental
railroad systems, connectingi it with every
depot and station in the United States.
Its frontage on the ocean, connecting
thereby with every port and harbor OF
the ocean, and connecting with the
commerce of the world. Its telegraph
system connecting with all business
cities and nations. 1t is in the hands of
the Anglo-American, the most clear
headed, inventive, forecaating man vet
produced in the history of the human
race. 1t is in and part of the most ad.
vanced civilization of the nineteenth
century, 1t is under the best and most
liberal form Of government. 1t is exempt
from most epidemics, and is the
most healthful land known. Its
educational and social interests
are on broad and secure foundations.
This combination has drawn, is drawing,
and will continue to draw permanently
the wealth and intelligence of the race.
These forces that thus draw will also re-
tain the people, and will continue to
draw and keep them.
THE PERMANENCY
Of the prosperity of the country always
depends upon the cause producing that
prosperity. In mining cities the output
of the mine is the cause, when the out
put ceases the prosperity ends and the
city is deserted. If it is commerce that
builds city or country up, and that
commerce changes its course or is
divered to other places, the prosperity
ends. The cities Of Alexandria, Constan
tinople, Rome, Venice, Paris, Lisbon,
and others are samples of decay
because Of changes in commerce.
Los Angeles daily herald., 1889-01-01
Irrigation

Total -$97 25 5000 $11, ,O54. 90 *$11, ,7s3. O5
Including $3.50 for the sale of old ce-
ment pipe.
Los Angeles daily herald., 1889-01-01


zANJERo's OFFICE.
Following is statement of the receipts
of the Zanjero's office during the year:
Los Angeles daily herald., 1889-01-01

Fishing Pipe
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
NAVAL NOTES.

Mr.. Charles Gallant, late pay
clerk on U. S. S. Mohican, died at
Washington last week, from con-
sumption resulting from an attack
of typhoid contracted whilst at Sa-
moa.
There are fourteen vacancies in
the grade of Assistant Surgeon in
the Navy, but owing to the high
standard fixed by the Board, but
few of the applicants pass.
Lieut.. Kazo Yoshie of the Japa-
nese Navy, is now at the Mare
Island Navy Yard, California, on a
tour of investigation looking to an
improvement in his own Navy, es-
pecially in the system of gunboats.
1t is understood that the report of
the survey ON the "Adams" at San
Francisco, shows that she is we'll
within the 20 per cent limit allowed
by law, and will be repaired. Com
mander r. p. Leary still commands,
and will superintend the repairs.
Owing to decay in the hulls used
in her construction, III. M. S. Cal
Hope has become leaky, after being
but two years in Commission. She
is built of steel, sheathed with wood
and copper, and gulyanic action is
supposed to have caused the decay.
Yice-Admiral Watson, British
Navy, and Staff have arrived at Ber-
muda, and hoisted his flag on the
Bellerophon.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
FIRE THIS AFTERNOON.

The fire bells rang at minutes
to 8 O'Clock this afternoon, for a
blaze in the seventh ward. The fire
was at the head of Emma street, in
house belonging to Portuguese
named John De Gouveia. The blaze
originated in the front room behind
the door, among some clothing, and
had reached the shingles, there be-
ing no ceiling, before it was put out
by means of garden hose. The en-
CINE companies answered promptly,
No. 2 leading, but were not needed.
The origin of the fire is unknown.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
THE SECRET C0NCLAVE.
ORGANIZATION MEETING.

A meeting was held yesterday
evening in Autocrat Hall, city of
Calathumpia, on the Whereabout
Islands, for the purpose of organ
izing a political union.
There were present General
Quartette Rev. Amos Whangbuster,
grey faced gentleman with black
bushy eyebrows which met over the
top of his nose Philip Strangeways,
an occasional newspaper editor who
has chronic quarrel with his shirt
collar; Job Periwinkle, an adven-
turer fond of loaves and fishes; Dick
Blunt, an artisan who wants to bet
ter his circumstances rheo. Gag,
planter of the boss type; jim Tin
trumpet, tailor who wants custom
from the wealthy; and Long Tom,
who has n very loud and harsh
voice.
On motion Of Rev. A. Whang-
buster, seconded by Theo. Gag,
General Quartette was called TO the
chair.
The Chairman then called the
meeting to order, and made few
Introductory remarks as follows:
Gentlemen-Our numbers are
few; but, in time, we will doubtless
receive many accessions, when we
become properly organized. You
all know the object for which we are
met this evening, VIZ: To organize
political party of class interests"
(Hear! hear! from Rev. A. Whang-
buster; and the query of whats
that?" from Dick Blunt). 1--WE
will now proceed TO the election Of
officers, leaving the President to be
the last officer chosen" The chair
man then looked enquiringly at his
small audience and an idea sug-
gested itself which he expressed
thus: II think it will be necessary
to elect only four officers at present,
and then add others as cur numbers
increase. The officers at present to
be chosen are, President, Vice-Pre-
sident, Treasurer, and Secretary.
First, l will receive nominations for
Vice-President.'
Rev. A. MANCHESTER proposed,
and Theo. Gag seconded the nomin-
alton of Philip Strangeways. There
being no ether nominations Philip
Strangeways was declared duly
elected. This proceeding was rapid
ly recorded by the chairman, who
only halted to know whether Thee.
meant Theodore or Theopholus; and
on being told the latter was correct,
the record was complete.
In like manner Long Tom was
elected Secretary; and Rev. A.
MANCHESTER, Treasurer. OF course,
General Quartette, after some extra
formality, was chosen President.
Rev. A. Whangbuster, lifting his
shaggy eyebrows and throwing q
gratified glance at the President,
suggested that Gas the organization
had now been completed, it would
be better TO defer further business
until next meeting, of which the
Secretary would give the members
due notice"
This suggestion was agreed to
and Rev. A. Whangbuster closed
the meeting with the following choice
hymn composed by himself for the
occasion.
Pound the bible, pound it well
| nd CO
Send the wicked men to hell,
Then let us have our dinners.
In the Whereabout Islands people
dine at late hour, and it is possible
that the Rev. Whang has not ye
finished dining.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
FIRE ON EMMA STREET.

About half-past five O'Clock Tues
day afternoon the window curtains
in the residence of Mr. Katsura,
Emma street, took fire, the flames
quickly reaching the ceiling. The
fire was got under control with q
garden hose. The fire department
turned out. 1t is supposed that the
curtains caught fire from a lighted
match thrown near them by one of
Mr.. Katsura's friend after lighting
his cigarette.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
BOARD OF EDUCATION.

The Board of Education held a
three hours session this morning,
transacting some business which for
the present cannot be made public.
Tenders for new school-houses were
opened; the arrival of new teachers
was reported; several assignments
to schools were made, and other
routine business transacted.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
EVENTS THIS EVENING.

Services at Central Union Church,
at 1880.
Bible reading at st. Andrews
Sunday school room, at z. Services
at Z :45.
Rehearsal HonoluluArion Society,
at 1880. Meeting at 9.
Oahu Lodge No. X. of p, al
1880.
Mystic Lodge Nc. 2 X. of p, at
1880.
Drill Co. c Honolulu Rifles, at
7:3O.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

RECEIPT OF sample of Mr.. and
Mrs. j. l.. McLean's wedding cake,
kindly and considerably sent to the
BULLETIN, is hereby gratefully ac-
knowledged, and in return fervent
wishes are expressed for the I'M
alleged and perpetual happiness of
the newly married couple.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
Japanese Employment Agency.

e1rM + II. MORT would res.
<kilfs e.; peciiully, inform rIa The, the
Islands generally, that he has opened a
Japanese Employment nitlce at No &c
King street, west OF Kekaulike street,
where lie will be ready 10 promptly I'LL
all orders for Japanese hep. English
and Hawaiian spoken. Bell Telephone
No. 1893. Orders from plantations coli
cited. 100 1W
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
PASSENGERS.

For Maui per stmr Likelike, Mar 10
John G Hubert, II Laws, u ID Baldwin,
i G Ellcnwood, j II Stclling, and 40
deck.
For Kauai per stmr Mikahala, Mar
l9-Hons ii p Baldwin, j b Atherton.
and w II Rice, Mr. Chickering. wife and
son, j Hahn, Mr. Hillcock, Mr. Smith,
Walter G Dart, ISIS Weber, G NJ
Cooke, Mrs r G Spalding, Mrs Isenberg
and 40 deck.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

A BIBLE reading for the second
congregation of ST. Andrews Cathe-
dral, will be held at 7 o'clock this
evening, in the Sunday School room,
in charge of Rev. HI. H. Gowen. The
regular service in the Cathedral com
mences at 7 :45 o'clock.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

Miss Agnes Creighton did not ac-
company her mother to the Colonies.
She remains here until the re-
turn of Mr.. and Mrs. Creighton from
the Colonies, some three months
hence.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

THE officers of the Ookala Sugar
Company for the ensuing year are ::
President, Hon. w. l.. Green; Treas
urer, Mr.. Alex. McKibbin; Secretary,
Capt. H. w. Mist, r. N.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

A REHEARSAL of the Honolulu Arion
Society will be held this evening at
Z 80 o'clock, at the hall. An import
ant business meeting will be held
after the rehearsal.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

The Hawaiian News Company
have just received IL brand new up
right piano, which can be tried in
their music department, Merchant
street.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
CARGOES EaGM ISLAND PORTS.
Schr Mokuola-270 bgs rice.
SAlPpiNG MITES.

The Hawaiian brigantinc Geo II
Douglas sailed for an Francisco, with
6,7sl bags sugar, weighing 765,075 lbs
Domestic value, $44, S42.0S
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

On March 9th, Mr.. j. F. Morgan
will sell the household furniture at
the residence of Mr.. f. S. Dodge,
Beretnnia street, near the Ice Works.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

Ir is reported that Messrs. Pratt
and Abbott, of balloon fame, have
bought out the European restaurant,
adjoining the Pantheon.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

The steamer Mikahala did not
leave last evening until nine O'Clock.
Some repairs to her boiler were found
necessary.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
PROGRESS IN 1888.

Exclusive specially contingent liability
Tontne Dividend Fund.
Over and above existing policies that
life thereby adapting its contracts the largest number people
has lately Mouay Dividend
its policies are issued with guaranteed return OF all premiums paid in addi
policy, death
The Iife
have been larger than those other being
the period of time.
policies
residence
receipt and approval by the Company OF satisfactory
In connection with these statements of the principles and
New York Life
yearly business during five periods covering the
Company
strength ample srarn
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

In the Police Court yesterday af-
ternoon Tin Choy was committed for
trial to the Supreme Court for CON
spiracy.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

ALBERT Meinhardt was arrested
day before yesterday and stands
charged with selling liquor without II
license.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

THE bark Lady Lampson took a
mail to San Francisco this afternoon.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

A HOUSE aud lot on the plains, and
horses, wagons and other property
are advertised for sale.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
THE
Dairg Bnrrefin
THE
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 20, 1889.
ARRIVALS.

NIUT ~
Stmr Kaala from Waialua and Waiauae
Mar 30
Stmr II Bishop from Koolan
Stinr j a Cunmins from Koolau
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

THERE is most elegant assortment
of neckwear lastly arranged in the
corner window of NJ. McInerny's
store.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

THE Waikiki tramcars now run
out to Palama as far as Liliha street.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

THE ONLY LIVE PAPER of
i Houolulu-Tpe Daily Bulletin"
so cents per month.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

VESSELS LEAVING TOMORROW.
Stmr Kaala for Waialua and Waianae
at 9 q IN
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
FOR SALE

ONE black Walnut Parlor suite, up
" holstered in black horse hair in
perfect order, also one lot of white
Rabbits, for sale cheap. Inquire bull
LETIN Office. LOG lW
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
DEPARTURES.

Mar 90
Stmr w ,ialeale for Kauai at p IN
Schr Kaw;lilani for koolau
Lady Lnnpson Tor San Francisco
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20

a SIGN on Nuuanu street street
reads, "Hop Hing merchant tailor
cleaned and repaired"
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
FOR SALE

I NEW 'Invincible" Compound Cen
i trifugal Pumping Engine, with At
tached Condenser and Air Pump, COM
plete; diameter of discharge pipe, s
inch. Inquire
HONOLULU IRON WORKS co.
l7S I'm
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
local & GENERAL NEWS.

A NOTICE to the creditors of G.. y.
Frecth appears elsewhere.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
WANTED
WANTED

A GIRL, say 10 or II years OF age to
"A assist in the household duties OF =
small family. Apply to I'D. b.
1876 lw
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
BUSINESS OF 1888.
Assets

Assets.
1Tontine 1" ACCOMPLISHMENTS. ..........
LIABILITIES New State Standard "a per cent?
SURPLUS, by New State Standard ca per cent?
Policies in Force
Insurance in Force
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1889-03-20
ELECTION of OFFICERS.

A r the annual meeting of the stock.
N holders of tho Peoples Ice q Re.
frigerator Co, held this day. the follow.
ing named persons We're elected ns ofi.
GERS for the ensuing year;
] x. Wilder..... ....... President.
W. w. Hall. ,....... Vice President,
W. L. Foster. Secretary
w. E. Wall. Treasurer,
W. u omllh, .-.....,.. Audltor.
The above named officers constitute .
Board of Directors.
W. 4. FOSTER,
Secretary +. /. s. II. Go.
Honolulu, March 8, iss9. lSO IN
The Opelousas courier., 1889-02-02
Women Of the Frontier.


The wife of a recent governor of a
iii western state used to take her blan-
ksts and go cautiously out aftr night
falIs tO soms sheltered nook, there to
sleep with the stars for company. Her
hashaud % obliged to make long
Isighting trips TO some distant mining
camp She has recently presided in her
Aasband'a home at the State capitol
NAlIe he filed the highest office in the
And that capitol has
sprung from a few dug-outs
- 900 Inhabitants since her days and
rights Of danger on the river bluff, and
heF children, yet in their teens, have
been enjoying the educational advanta-
as 81 D state university. Another brave
Homan, afterWard the wife Of county
lNdge was seized By a n Indian lover,
Nhp intended to place her upon his
panT and carry her away with hffn.
sb gave him a quick blow
h the rolling pin that she
s using, then pushed him with all her
night ontsof the door and against his
ppag Thea she snatchod her rifle, took
tale ea box from her pocket, where she
always carried il, and, fitting q cap to
PSI gun, aimed at tho Indians heart. In
is Aaeantirne lie had mounted his pony,
aa now fell upon bis face on his pony's
asek: The cap snapped, fortunately,
9ss sae pursued him, determined TO kill
aA She vas d good markswoman,
aEsqaeHtIy killing aItclopes and other
me The Indian, seeing her deter
naAHa All, fed. Her husband said
tsat T she had killed him there would
aase Been no escape for them from the
a5y If The sayages, who were camping
asas ~ largo numbers, his only convey
sass being 9 slow "Daugh-
zsEs pf America
The Opelousas courier., 1889-02-02
BaEIng Secondhand Toilets.

1Asrc i q curious umbrella shop kept
family who occupy the upper story
asHiNtng rooms. The man runs tho nm
AEella and cane department while the
Hs5s gCns to swell houses, and has the
sApst confidential relations with their
a1slEesses. Mrs. Fantine de Crcstline
~ old husband who viii foot bills,
t Asil BOT disgorgo ready cash. NY
nlnst have money. She orders .
hsAf 4 zaa splendid toilets from . big
Aoaiahmant. He gives d check. She
Haaf er her friend and sells s. her for
~sAsssaaEteE tho original price. two g
s14ssg ot bet six new gowns. Then our
sasa7sT umbrella woman tacks Oh each
akess Twice she sim She has bought T
aas kaak her customer even then gets It
tnst half Price, This system yields !
% actually new garments. Then
t~azailies who sell to her costumes
|s shAy heve worn % great occasions
s Mo u three times, u, v they.
conspicuous, not more than
bargain hunter went ~ the
klra aoor Lack VI Madame
and bought fos $50
Tile Least expressive 81
Nss 4 wlsika rep aill
The Opelousas courier., 1889-02-02
Homes of the Nattve Ataskans.

The Alaskan natives live in very Pc
culiarly CONSTRUCTED houses. The struct'
ures are of half-hewn logs, n story
high, with only one door. The interior
of the house is divided off into small
compartments, not larger than the state.
rooms on an ocean steamer, and in each
of these little rooms sleep an entire
family. The floor Of the dwelling is OF
beaten clay, and is depressed several
inches below the surface of the sur.
rounding land. In the center of the
floor is a fireplace of rough stones, OF
which the cooking for the entire house
hold, numbering at times as high as
seventy-five persons, is done. TIL
smoke escapes through a hole in tho
roof brooklyn Eagle.
The Opelousas courier., 1889-02-02
satisfactory TO the Soldier.

The idea begins t~oprevaiIin European
armies that it is better to wound a man
in battle than to kill him, as nor men
are taken out of line to care for a
wounded man than for 4 dead n
Hence opinion at present favors a small
bore for the magazine rifles now being
introduced, and the average guage
adopted is about three-tenths Of an inch
only, instead Of the half-ineh guagge
used in Europe and in this country.
An advantage Of the smaller bore is that
the soldier can carry more rounds Of
ammunition. His gun also can be made
lighter. The soldier. too, when COLI
suited about the matter, prefers being
shot twice to being killed once.-IBos
ton Advertiser.
The Opelousas courier., 1889-02-02
Su,, and Fire Symbols.

There are to be found occasionally
upon the walls of old brick houses, at
about thu line of division between the
first and second stories, fiat pieces of
iron five or six inches-in length, and
shaped something like the letter s. The
use of these articles was clearly brought
fromo England, where it is stih con-
tinued, and a writer In q recent number
of Nature gives a curious account of its
origin and meaning. This writer says
that the figure in question is IN early
symbol Of the sun. It is still used in Here
fordshire aad other partso Of England. He
once asked an cd servant Of the family
la Worcestershire man--the reason for
the particular form of these irons, and
the reply was that ssthey were made
thus in order to protect the house from
fire, as we'll as from falling down"
If one will examine into the antiqui-
ties of the Isle of Man, he will find the
seal Of the government shows a curious
combination OF this figure. The same
was on the official seal of Sicily. We
can trace its use to the oldest countries
Of Asia, but its origin was earlier than
history gives any record.