Idaho semi-weekly world. [volume] (Idaho City, Idaho Territory) 1875-1908, 1889-12-17
PERTAINING TO POWDER.
improvements Mado to Meet Mod.
ern r Qlrein 'nts.
slow Burning, Quick Burning. smokeless,
Noiseiess and Other Interesting hut De-
sfructfve Powders That VIII Make
Future Warfare Dangerous.

Brown gunpOwder was introduc ID In
1882. 1t has been generally supposed
that the invention was German. but a
few months ago Colonel Braclkenbury
stated in London that England was the
tirst country to make slow powders,
and that the German powder came in
long after the experiments at Waltz
am Abbey. The chief characteristics
Of brown powder is its slow rate O.!
burning. This is due to the fact that
It contains very little sulphur and
peculiar kind of charcoal Sulphur is
powerful kindling agent, and any
powder may be slowed or quickened
by varying the proportions OF this in
gredient The composition of brown
Or cocoa" powder was kept q secret
Tor long time, but it is now known
that the German powder is composed
Of seventy-nine per cent. of potassium
nitrate, three per cent OF sulphur and
eighteen per cent. OF !ightly-baked
Drown charcoal made from slightly
sarbonized straw. Previous to 1882
The powder formula the world over
was about seventy-fve per cent. OF
potassium. ten per cent of sulphur and
fifteen per cent. of charcoal. The Du
Points in the Brandywine, who supply
the Government with powder. have sue
ceeded in making brown powder that
has given as good results as the for
sign article.
Brown powder is made in hexagonal
prisms one inch long, pierced longi-
tudinally with a central hole. In
making up cartridges the prisms are
built up regularly like honey comb,
with the holes over each other, so as
to form continuous tubes through the
cartridge. The object of this is to
permit the gases to permeate through
the entire mass. When the charge is
ignited the fame and gases rush
through to the other end of the cart
ridge, infiapnng each prism in its GEN.
trail hole, thus causing them to burn
from in out, consequently producing a
progressively increasing surface OF
Ignition and evolving increasing vol .
umes of g; 8 Hence brown powder is
sometimes called progressive, but
the term applies really to all powder
fine grain as well as prismatic, be
cause in the true sense of the word
powder is not an explosive such as gun
cotton or nitro-glycerine.
Tho .f - T.
est in fine-grain black powder, whicl
seems to explode when igHited, so rap
idly is it consumed, and slowest in
brown powder. A prism of black
powder of the old composition when
ignited in open air burns in less than
second. while similar grain of cocoa
powder is nearly sixty times as long in
burning, giving off dense volumes OF
white smoke.
AS the velocity of combustion OF
black powder is almost instantaneous.
the pressure arising from it resembles
the force of a sharp, quick blow, and
would impose upon the gun in which
It's fired severe strains if the projectil,
did not move at once and relieve it
For this reason black powder can not
be used in high-power guns which en-
ploy long heavy shell having upon
its rear end band of soft metal the
diameter of which is greater than that
of the bore Of the gun, so the shell can
not pass through the bore until this
metal is forced out into the grooves OF
the riding. Now, if the gun wer,
loaded with black powder the press
ure would rise to its maximum
almost at the instant of ignition be.
fore the shell would have time to
move, and the result would probably
be the destruction of the gun. The
case is very different with brown pow
der. When the charge is ignited the
pressure is low at first, gradually ris-
ing until it is sufficient to start the
shell, the copper band is forced into
the grooves. and the projectile stan is
on its flight, slowly at first, but with a
velocity of 1000 feet per second when
it leaves the muzzle. AS the space be-
tween the shell and the charge in
creases the pressure of the gases would
rapidly fall were it not for the fact
that the powder is giving off constant
ly increasing volumes of gas. In this
way the pressure is maintained on the
orojectile all the way to the muzzle,
thus greatly increasing its muzzle
velocity. 1t is clear. then. that brown
powder gives a much higher mean
pressure in the gun than black pow
der, an that the maximum pressure is
not reached until after the projectile
is started. In 6-inch steel breech-
loading rife the maximum pressure is
fifteen tons, and the pressure at the
muzzle from three to four tons.
The development of powder has
Jagged behind that of guns. Before the
steel age" of guns the tendency was
toward an increase of caliber only and
consequently larger charges, but as
the charge of quick-burning powder
Increased, so did the pressu-es and
the gunmakers had to provide some
means of protecting their guas from
the vic ent strains set up by the press
ure of the powder gases. Then il
was that the principle building up
guns by shrinking types over the tubes
was introduced, and this system was
almost perfected in the high-power
built-up guns of to-day, which form
the armament OF every military power