davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Florida agriculturist., 1889-04-10
What Fertilizers are Made Of.
THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES UsED-THEIR
TECHNICAL AND COMMON NAMES, AND
WHAT THEY CONSIST OF.

WHAT THEY CONSIST OF.
Many OF our readers, especially in the
newer sections of the country, where fer
tilizers have not been as long employed
as in the olderStates of the East, do not
understand the terms employed when
talking about fertilizers. To make the
matter plain, we have prepared the fol-
lowing definitions:
or course every farmer mustunderstand
that tsall crops are composed of certain
elements, the principal Of which are nitro
gen, potash, phosphoric acid, lime, car
bon, sulphpric acid, and Others Of lesser
Importance; all must he present in the
soil to produce profitable crops. As a
rule, however, it is found necessary to
supply i'll the form OF manures or fertil-
izers only the four elements of nitrogen,
potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
LIME.
This element is usually furnished in the
form of gypsum or land potash, which is
u combination OF sulphuric acid and lime,
containing about % per cent. OF the for
-ner and so per cent. of the latter Lime
may also be supplied iii theform of build
ing lime, either slaked or unslaked, the
slaked lime differing from the unslaked in
thatit is less caustic. The deposits Of
mari that occur in various sections are
chiefly valuable for the lime they contain
though sometimes they possess small
quantities of potash and phosphoric acid
Common limestone contains fifty-six parts
of lime and forty-four parts OF carbonic
acid, and when finely ground is often used
as fertilizer.
NITROGEN.
kfhe air is four-fifths nitrogen, but how
much of this element or gas plants can
get from the air is mooted question. 1t
is furnished to crops in several forms.
Nitrate OF soda is one OF the most COM
mon sources of nitrogen in fertilizers, 100
pounds of it containing about sixteen
pounds OF actual nitrogen; it is mined in
Chilli South America Sulphate OF am
monia is a combination OF sulphuric acid
and of nitrogen, in the form of ammonia
tammonia is known to every one by the
odor of the old lady's smelling bottle),
and 100 pounds of sulphate of ammonia
contains about twenty pounds of actual
nitrogen; it is by-product in several
manufactures. The blood from the large
slaughter houses is now saved, dried and
ground, and furnishes about II per cent.
of nitrogen. Wool waste from the woolen
mills contains about 8 per cent, and
ground horn about14 percent, but these
articles have to be thoroughly rotted be-
fore they can feed plants.
POTASH.
The most common form in which pot
ash is used as manure is in the shape Of
wood ashes, either leached or unleached.
Average unleached ashes contain about 6
per cent. of potash and nearly as much
phosphoric acid, while leached wood ashes
contain per cent. of potash and 2 per
cent. of phosphoric acid. Spent hemlock
bark ashes furnish about per cent. of
potash. Cotton hull ashes vary extremely
in composition, containingfrom II to 80
per centaof potash, and from to 10 per
cent. of phosphoric acid Probably the
The Florida agriculturist., 1889-04-10

monty known as potash salts, and kainit
and krugit are also included under the
same name, but kainit contains only IL
per cent. of actual potash, and krugit
only per cent. the rest Ofit being mostly
common salt, with some lime and mag
nesia. These potash salts are mined in
Germany.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
The most familiar form in which phos-
phoric acid is furnished in the shape of
fertilizers is fine ground bone, which con-
tains from 90 TO 25 per cent. OF actual
phosphoric acid i'll ncombination with lime.
Refuse bone black contains 20 per cent. of
phosphoric acid, and bone black that has
been dissolved with sulphuric acid con-
tains only about IT per cent. of phos-
phoric acid. Aside from bone meal,
phosphoric acid is chiefly supplied in ier-
tllizers in the form of rock phosphate.
This rock is mined in South Carolina and
elsewhere, and is largely composed OF the
bones of prehistoric animals. When
finely ground and dissolved with sulphuric
acid this material is commonly called
acid phosphate, 6nd contains from II to
Is per cent. fphosphoric! acid, averaging
about Is per cent. whereas the pure fine
ground phosphate rock from South Car
olina, if not extended with sulphuric acid,
contains about 26 per cent ofphosphoric
acid, but in a very insoluble form, so that
plants cannot readily feed upon it.
SUBSTANCES WITH MORE THAN ONE ELE-
MENT.
Tankage, the refuse from rendering es-
Establishments, where fat, bones, ETC., are
boiled, varies greatly in quality, contain
ing from 3 to per cent. of nitrogen, and
5 to 10 percent. of phosphoric acid Cas-
tor pomace, or the pomace OF the castor
bean after the oil has been extracted, also
varies some, averaging percent, ofnitro-
gen and 2 per cent. of phosphoric acid.
Dry ground fish has about the samequan-
tity of nitrogen and four times as much
phosphoric acid.
lii farn manureS, these same elements
occur; 100 pounds of average horse ma
nure contain only about half pound
each of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric
acid-that is, O.5 per cent; 100 pounds OF
average cow manure contain half
pound nitrogen, one-third Of pound of
potash. Mixed stable manure OF COWS
and horses contains u little higher per-
centage. Hen manure varies consider
ably, averaging about 1per cent. ofnitro-
gen, 0.6 per cent. of phosphoric acid and
.O4 per cent. of potash. Human excre-
ment has good deal OF the same compo-
sition. except that it averages about
twice as much phosphoric acid.-Farm
and Home.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
TRADES A. sEMBLY.

The trades and labor assembly met on
Friday evening and held an interesting
session. The immigration question was
discussed pro and con. Nearly every
delegate had definite opinion on the
subject and wanted a chance to express
it. The discussion will be continued at
the next meeting. The Illinois miners
sent communication acknowledging
the receipt of contributions from the as
sembly. The committee OH the early
closing movement reported that one
firm still refuses to close at, $3.50, and a
firm into line. The coal question also
came up for discussion, but was laid
over until the next meeting owing to
the latenesS Of the hour. The follow
ing resolutions were also adopted and
the secretary ordered TO forward them
to Supt. Porter and Secretary Noble:
Whereas, The statements are repeatedly
made public. and the belief is growing, that
We are becoming nation Of landlords and
tenants aud the homes and farms of the
country are very largely under mortgage;
and
Whereas, Exact knowledge on this subject
is of great importance in the study OF the So
cial and economic questions of the day;
therefore be il resolved by the Minneapolis
Trades and Labor assembly:
First-That Robert P. Porter, superintend-
ent of the eleventh census, be respeetfully
requested to collect the data to show In the
next census what percentage of the people
III this country occupy their own houses and
farms, what proper ion have their property
free from debt; and of the homes and farms
which are under mortgage, what percentage
OF the value is so mortgaged.
Second-Tbat the secretary of this assem-
riy be requested To transmit copy of these
Rnhprf Porter
ent of the census. and Hon. John ". Noble,
secretary of the interlsr washington. D. Q.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
Manufacturers DressmakinG
Department.

The announcement that Mrs. WOrley
has returned from the East with novel
ties in garments will this season create
more than usual commotion among the
ladies who patroniZe this department;
for Mrs. Cunningham has returned with
her from her visit to the great ceniers
Of fashion-Paris and London. During
her connection with this department
Mrs Cunningham has established rep
utation for ability of very high order
in draping and designing, and while in
Paris she has had an opportunity of in
terviewing all the prominent modstes.
and inspecting their designs for fall
and winter, SO that she will be prepared
to give to the dresses which pass under
her supervision the peculiar air and
tone of the European haute monde.
Mannheimer Bros. evidently mean to
give their patrons the very latest and
hest StVlA
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

The Brotherhood of Railroad Brake
men hold their sixth annual convention
in this city, beginning Monday. Oct, II:
Delegates from all lodges IN Canada and
United States will be present.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
THE PA ST WEEK,

The plasteTerS organized union last
Tuesday evening and elected the fol-
lowing officers: President, Henry
Smith; vice president. David Roberts;
recording secretary, Charles Marshall;
financial secretary, j.. Mullin; CORE
spending secretary, p. j. Maher: treas
at the Labor Temple every Thursday
evening.
A lawyer. R. P. HOskyn, called a
meeting of workingmen at the Labor
Temple last night, to ses if enough
could be enrolled to warrant the start
ing of night school Ill the Temple. The
attendance was small, and the proposed
plan does not seem to be popular.
The Single Tax league held lively
session last Tuesday evening. Walter
Vrooman presented the theory of
nationaism. E. S. Edwards and W.
G. Il. Smart aided him. The Single
Tax club then proceeded to dissect the
arguments advanced through the medi-
I'm of five-minute speeches, from G. j.
Buell., 0. L. Erickson, L. K. Campbell,
j. Taylor, and others. 1t was difficult to
decide which party had the best of the
argument, although the discussion
lasted nearly three hours.
NJ. ]. Gill, the well-known labor ad-
vocate. and for a long time connected
with the cooperative cooper shops, has
now gone into the undertaking business
at the stand formerly occupied by p. 81.
PrendergaSt, OH Second avenue south
and Second street.
The East Side LABOR club met on
Thursday evening and passed the fol-
lowing resolutions:
Whereas. The action taken by The retail
clothing and furnishing houses in violating
their agreement to close their stores OF $3.50
in the evening has been such as to be detri-
mental TO honest labor;
Resolved, That we, the members Of the
East Side Labor club. refuse to patronize any
store that will not consider the demands of
labor. Be ii further
Resolved. That we recommend that ali
laboring men follow our example.
The tailors' union met Tuesday even
ing and adopted the following resolu-
tons:
Resolved That we sympathize with the
clothing statesmen in their efforts to shorten
their hours of labor, and that we viii patron-
ize nc clothing 0 furnishing house which
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

The Stephens Library association
holds its regular fortnightly social at the
library rooms next Wednesday evening.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
DIED..

TIJOU-In st. Paul. Mimi, Oct. B, 1889,
Thomas THOU, aged sixty-eight years. Born
in London. England. Funeral services at
late residence, No. $40 Lombard avenue,
near Milton street, at 1870 this afternoon.
Friends invited. Remains will be taken to
ST. Louis for interment. st. Louis. Mo-,
and Du Quoin. Ill.,. papers please copy.
EDDY-In Hudson. WIS.,. Saturday, Oct. 5.
1899. az 500 p. M. Sarah Ada. wife Of
Horace ". Eddy, Of 702 East Third street,
St Paul, aged thirty-one years four months
and four days. Funeral notice hereafter.
DELANEY-In st. Paul, Friday, Oct. 4, at
2:3U D. m. Robert Delaney, aged sixty.siX
years. Funeral from late residence. No.
34S Summit Place, Monday, Oct. q, at $3.50
a. m. Service at st. Joseph's church at 8
O'Clock Friends invited.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
A Word to the Wise.

Don't be deceived or humbugged by
the nowadays so many so-called Closing
Out, Discount or Bargain Sales, where,
as a rule, they have a few leaders and
for the rest they charge prices that are
away up. H. H. Schroeder, 16 and Is
East Sixth street, is where you get what
you buy, and his Regular Prices are not
higher than the leaders of other houses.
Honest goods, latest styles and living
profits las we do not pretend to give
goods aWay). Give us a call.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

The ladies' protective association
held 2 Well-attended meeting Friday
evening. Several new members were
initiated and some matters of interest tC
the association discussed.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
ITEMS Ole INTEREST
In Labor Circles During the Past
Few DAYS.

Few Days.
The Brotherhood of Carpenters and
JoinerS held an open meeting last Mon
day evening in their hall, at the corner
of Third ard Exchange streets. The
hall was comfortably filed, among the
audience being several contractors, who
had laudable curiosity to ascertain the
aims of the Brotherhood. Miss Eva Nc
Donald spoke at some length Of the need
for organization. The members and
their friends then INDUCED in lively
debate as to the best plan for making
the union power in the city. Ten men
paid their initiation fee and made appli-
cation for membership. These open
meetings are held the last Monday Of
each month in accordance with the
ruling of the international constitution.
There is an insurance and sick benefit
department connected with the union,
and an effort will be made to largely in
crease its membership during the next
few months.
The mass meeting Wednesday even
ing at labor headquarters was well at
tended. Assembly 1887 postponed its
Regular meeting in order to participate
in the discussion. z. b. Lucas opened
the discussion by a half-hOur talk on the
relation of equality and wealth. The
debate then became general, and all
agreed that the subject was more inter-
esting than the title seemed to imply.
The retail clerks association met
Wednesday evening with large at
tendance. The members of the associa-
ton now comprise clerks from clothing,
grocery, boot and shoe, general and dry
goods stores. In the absence of the
president Louis Nash was elected pres
ident pro TEN. The committee appoint
ed to visit the various labor OrganiZa-
lions reported that all had promised to
aid the clerks in case permanent OF
ganiZatiOn were formed. Resolutions of
sympathy were received from several.
The committee appointed to secure the
signatures of the merchants to the early
closing petition stated that all MeI-
chants of any importance had now
signed. Also that the large dry goods
stores had agreed to close at $3.50. After
accepting the report of the committee
the following resolution was adopted:
whereas, The dry goods firms of this city
have decided to close their places of business
at $50 o. NJ, beginning next Monday even
ing and the clothing firms have made SIM
ilsr agreement; therefore, be il
Resolved, That we request the closing OF
al retail clothing houses at g so p. m, from
and after honday, Oct. z. sui ject, however,
TO the exception stated in the agreement
signed by thoSe merchants.
The grocery clerks stated that the
leading gr0cers were also willing to
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
Wanted.

A prominent Fire Insurance Com
pany invites proposals for its agency
in ST. Paul and vicinity, upon the basis
of exclusive representation upon sal
airy and full allowance for expenses,
etc. None but Capable Underwriters
or Real Estate Men controlling good
business need apply. Address L.. L.,
Globe Office, Minneapolis.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

close early, and committee was ap;,
pOinted to draw up an agreement and
get the matter into definite shape. A
large delegation of shoe clerks were
present and stated they had enforced
the early closing plan for two months
last winter. They thought, by the as
sistance of the union, it could again be
inaugurated and made permanent. A
committee of five were appointed to in
tervieW the leading boot and shoe deal
ers and report at the next meeting.
a clerk from the West side stated
that none of the firms in that section
had been asked to close, but that the
clerks were DESTROYS of profiting by the
Success of their brethren on the East
side. After a sharp discussion II was
agreed to add the following clause to
the early closing agreement:
ANY merchants who have inadvertently
been overlooked are respectfully requested
10 comply with the agreement until sueh
time as their names can be added to the
list.
The association assured the West side
clerks of their support if the early clos
ing movement were started there. Pres
idPnt Coughin. of the trade and labor
assembly, and Ii. B. Martin. of Mime
spolis. briefly addressed the meeting,
form Of organization.
The boot and Shoemaker5' assembly
held a pleasant social at labor head
quarters last Friday evening. About
forty couples were in attendance and
did full Justice to programme of four
teen numbers by WHIPS orchestra.
The ladies' protective association
held well-attended meeting Friday
evening. Several new members were
initiated and some matters of interest to
the association discussed.
The machinistS' union held an en-
thusiastic meeting Wednesday evening
and passed the following resolution in
regard to the eariy-clUsing movement
among the clerks: Resolved. That the
machiniSts' union is in full sympathy
with the retail clothing statesmen of this
city in their efforts to secure shorter
hours. and considers those firms who
favor early closing most worthy of work
Ingmen'S patronage.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
WOLVERINE CoNVICrs.
They Will BE Utilized in Working
the Iron Mines.

MILWAUKEE, Wis.,, Oct. 5.-A num-
Der Of Milwaukee. Cleveland and MAI
quette capitalists have combined for
the purpose of dividing the iron Besse-
mer ores with the Schleisinger syndi-
cate and will erect large furnaces in
Marquette to reduce their own ores. 1t is
proposed to utilize the labor of the con-
victs In the Marquette penitentiary.
The prison is located on the bay, and by
using the cOnvictS in manufacturing
coke the promoters of the plan think
they can produce pig iron as
cheaply as it is produced in Birmlng-
ham, Ala The company has an option
on number of mines near Negaunee
and lShpeming.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

The Brick Residence, SIG Lincoln
avenue; in finest residence portion OF
the city; eleven rooms and bath room,
halls, mantels. etc, steam heat and
all modern conveniences; half block
street car. For sale on easy terms. or
Will rent partly furnished or unfur-
nished for the winter. Apply to owner.
rooms Ga and 65, Globe building.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

4 dance and supper will be given at
thS Labor Temple by the D0nahue
brothers, Tuesday evening next, the
proceeds 10 be given their sister, Mrs. J.
HenneSsy, whose late miSfOrtunes nave
aroused much sympathy among friends
and acquaintance.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
Are Won a Lover o fthe Beautiful?

If so, you sholld visit the huge ex-
elusive Decorating Establishment Of G.
W. Smith. "a East Third street, and
while away a few pleasant moments in
feasting your eyes on the vast array of
Handsome Novelties for covering for
the walls, that he has procured for his
fall trade. They embrace everything
Imaginable and beautiful in ingenious
designed Wall Papers, Borders. Papier-
Mache Figures. etc.. all making vast
collection interesting to every one,
whether they intend decorating their
home before winter or not. Mr.. 5.
takes a pride in showing visitors his
superb stock. and giving estimates Oh
Iuterior Ornamentlng.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
The WORLD OF WORK
Early Closing Still the Event
of Interest in st. Paul
Circles.
Probability That the Move
nnent VIII Be Crowned
a Success.
Minneapolis Labor Matters
That Form Topics OF
Conversation.
Events Past, Present and Fut-
ure Discussed in Two
Cities.

The various classes Of clerks are get
TIM considerable gratuitOus education
of late. The committee appointed 10
visit the labor organizations listen TO
lecture on economies every time, ana
fhe older members in the ranks OF Or
qanized labor have always on hand
stock of advice: and it's so convenient to
have a new association eagerly looking
for inst that sort of thing. The clerks
seem to be apt pupils, especially the
members of the aforesaid committee.
They are becoming fluent orators on the
labor oupstiOn themselves, and can now
nreSa,It their case with food OF elO-
6uence that would melt the heart or the
hardest stole who ever got his training
among the joys anu sorrows that Oeiah
a labor organization in the course OF
half dozen years.
The ladies' protective ASSOCIATION on
Friday evening INDUCED in lively dis
cuSsicn of the early closing moVeMenI
among the clerks, and they were unklhd
enCugh to think that the movement
would last only until the early closing
was effected. and then the clerks wOulu
forget all about their relation 10 ana de-
pendence upon other branches OF LABOR.
The action OF the shoe clerks last winter
was cited, showing that they organized,
got the stores closed early for two
months, then forgot their organization
and plaeidly went back to the long
hours. OF course the present clerks
association intends to last as long as the
city itself does, but the ladies' assembly
wants to wait awhile and see before
,,la3.ri,r il active CuODOrt,
District Secretary T. II. Lucas says
the general meeting last "Wednesday
was encouraging. both on account OF
the numbers in attendance and the in
terest manifested in the debate. lie
hopes TO see the monthly meeting one
of the special features of the agitation
during the coming winter.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
Weekly Rnnx Statement

New York, Oct 5-The weekly bank
statement shows the following changes:
Reserve, decrease, S2,6nO. SEQ: loans, de-
crease. 81, 1896, 200; specie, decrease, 50, 254,-
300; legal tenders, decrease, 81. GA. 100; de-
posts, decrease, $1,000, 400; circulation, in
crease, Sl1,6j0. The banks now hold
81, G6S. $50 less than the % per cent rule
calls for.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

And Northern Pacific Views have be-
come renowned the world over, and
Portraits of the same splendid quality
will be made at our new st. Paul
Studio, jackson street, corner of Sixth.
We cordially invite inspection of our
new headquarters. F. Jay Haynes &
Bro,
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
Bradley.

It is mostly Fine Shoes left at Brad
ley's, 225 East Seventh street, and he
will guarantee to sell them for 81 pair
cheaper than you can buy the same
grade of goods anywhere else.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

Owing to continued warm weather,
the Park hotels will not close until Oct.
90. Tourists going into the Park during
this period will receive the best treat
ment possible.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06
j. Randall Brown.

Celebrated the world over as the Origi-
nal Mind Reader. After many years
abroad Mr.. Brown will appear again to-
night at the Harris theater, in a very
unique and startling programme, show
ing a most wonderful development Of
his seemingly supernatural power.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1889-10-06

Best Opaque Shading and Spring
Roller, all ready to hang up, for so
cents, at Weidenborner Bros, 205 East
Seventh street.