davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1886-1889, 1889-11-06
VIRGINIA sTEANBOT Coz

VIRGINIA sTEANBOT con
JAMES RIVER LINE FOX .,
OLD POINT. NORFOLK. PptTch l"i
NENpOk1 NESS. tlAhkb 81
AND JAhks IlNAk LAND
INOS DfHkCI. ...
AND ONLY DIFECr ROUTE WITHOUT
TIANSFFK or CHANGED
ANY KID.
CONNECTIONS
At OLD POINT, NORFOLK, slo.sf ~.
all linss for Bslilmofs Ihi iad. -, .
New York same afternoon, siso - H'i''
for Eastern North Caiolin4 aud ihs 1pNi..
At NEWPORT NINs for Hampton ALL
a And A. 'ctsRFnONT With %. Atlsnas
and Danville Ksilfoed ,0f Wa'efiF h'sAs
ford. sc.
ONLY ALL WATER NOllb
JAMES RIVER BY DAYLIGHT.
GREAT TOURIST LIN mar
JANEhTON DUTCH Gar. AND va"
SCkAi hl
CHEArE~T nOilt. ...n,
RATES LE~s THAN HALF CliAt1sp''
Rail. Inns.
FIRSI-lLArS OfAl-.
The elegant and fast steamer
ARIEL
carrying United stetss MALL
CAtTAI> prlp,
leaves kichmOl a sN.i' .r
MONDAY. WEDNtsDAf ANbt tl,lt. ll,.''i
7 A. n. tsiRtET-CAKSC uNAt %
IlAkl for above-nsmed flacss, Ut =.
Norfolk about $50 4. 81. kttufn'
steamer leaves Norfolk, Old Point sus,t
port News on alternate day, Gf''t
kichnOHo about $50 4. D.
Through tickets 10 above names l'Ih'
sale oil steamer and at Gartsrs AsshN
1000 Nam street. Baggage ehscfsi iDf''
sTATE-RCOAs E>GA6fD pOh lsf ""
NIGHT.
FRkIGflr
Freight received daily for Norfolk 49,
mouth, Smithnsid. hampton. oil 49,
Wsysrly sud lIitkslOri. Va. Wa
ID. g.: Sswbsrns. "A ashis.tsn snd
y. C.; all stations on Atisntic sns 49,
Railroad, rsabosrd snd kosnoss Ne
Norfolk Southern Rsilresd ssd 3D..
North Sarsiina generally. also. is
shore II Virgins and AL resnl- ~. 90
the James river NJ LOWEST EAls~ ~
thror sh bills Issued.
LUCiBk B.1AIi n. Vice Prssidshi.
<o.l1l- Main sireet and kocks
Irwin wkrsiegE, fteisht and lss.'.
Agent nv"
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
armers' Institutes for Minnesota

Winter Of 1889 and 1890.
Dec. 3-4 Monticello, Wright County.
81 -Anoka. Anoka County.
9-I0-Farm School, St. Anthony Park.
11-12-Mankato Dairy Convention.
13-14-Mapleton. Blue Earth County.
16-1S-Long Lake. Hennepin County.
1" 19-2l-Litchfeld, Meeker County.
27-2s-Stacy, Chisago County.
3O-31-Rush City, Chsago County.
Jan "a Cambridge, Isanti County.
6S-Henderson, Sibley County.
7-11-LeSusur, LeSueur County.
13-14-New Ulm, Brown County.
15-16-St. Paul. at the annual meeting of the
State Agricultural Society.
" 17-1S-St. Peter, Ncollet County.
g 20-22-Waseca, Waseca County.
23-25-Owatonna, Steel County.
27-29-Dodge Centre. Dodge County.
3O-Feb. 1-Rochester, Olmstead County.
Feb 3-5 -Plainview Wabasha County.
G-S st. Charles, Wnona County.
1O-12-Zumbrota, Goodhue County.
13-15-Northfeld, Rice County.
17-19-Farmington Dakota County
2O22-Fairm ont, Martin County.
g 24-26-Blue Earth City, Faribault County.
90 27-Mar. ALBERT 1t a, FreebOrn County
Mar "a Austin, Mower County.
6-s Spring Valley, Fillmore County.
1O-12-Preston, Fillmore County.
13-15-Caledonia, Houston Coanty.
The foregoing dates include time to travel from
the last place where institute was held to the
18th inclusive. o. c. GREGG Sup't.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Dawson Sentinel:
Those wholook upon the Farm
er's Alliance as simply a political
movement make a great mistake.
OF course politics will come in in
cidentally, but instead of being
political it is really one of the
greatest cooperative business
movements of the century and is
national in it's scope and charac-
ter. Politicians would do well
to remember this, as it might
save them a good deal of unneces-
sary sleeplessness and labor in
the matter of attempting to
handle the organization for their
political use, benefit and behOof.
The organization, in it's incep-
ton, is intended to promote the
material condition of the produc-
ing classes, and if it is found nee
essary to engage in politics as
one OF the means to the accom-
plishment Of this end, why, poll
tics will be engaged in to that ex-
tent-Of course.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

That was very important decision
which Judge Anderson, Of the United
States court, rendered in case Of an alien
Mormon who desired citizenship. A man
who passes through the secret ceremonies
OF the Endowment House Of the Mormon
church is not fit subject for an Ameri-
cap citizen, says Judge Anderson. Fur
Their, the teachings of the Mormon church
are antagonistic to the United States
government, the judge declares. They
are also subversive of good morals and
the well being of society. Therefore a
foreign born Mormon cannot become a
United States citizen.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

The late Samuel Wilkeson, secretary
of the Northern Pacific Railway COM
pany, was a good example of the young
old man. He was 50 years old when
chosen secretary of the Northern Pacific,
and held the Office for twenty years, be.
sides doing much newspaper and other
work. In October, at the age of 72, he
retired from his secretaryship. 1t was
notable that as soon as he left off active
employment his health Immediately de-
clined, although there were few of the
marks of age in his appearance. It has
often been noted that old men who sud.
denly give up business and retire age
rapidly and die quickly.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
Our Navy as 1t Is.

Secretary Tracy calls attention to the
fact that the United States navy now
consists of eight fighting vessels of no
great fighting power. Not another ship
is worth counting. The eight ships are
the cruisers Chicago, Boston, Atlanta,
Dolphin, Baltimore, Charleston, York
town and Petrol. The last four named
are the newest ships, having been de-
signed in 1885. The largest of the four
is the Baltimore, of 1000 tons.
The Baltimore, our fastest cruiser, can
travel between twenty-three and twenty
four miles an hour at her best spurts
1t was announced a few months ago that
the Baltimore was the swiftest cruiser
afloat, but Secretary Tracy points out
that this is mistake. The swiftest war
vessel in the world is the Italian cruiser
Piemonte, built at the Elswick works,
England. The Pienonte is cruiser of
$500 tons, with protected steel deck
and the modern armament of quick fir
ing guns. She has shown speed of
twenty-six miles an hour.
What we have in the way of navy is
soon described. What we need takes
longer. For coast defense we want
twenty large and heavy armored ships
of moderate draught. Eight vessels Of
this type are already under construction.
Five of the old monitors are being made
over into steamers of this class. Next
we should have twenty large battle ships,
separated into two heets-eight ships to
the Pacific, twelve to the Atlantic and
the Gulf waters. There is need of three
cruisers to one battle ship. Sixty crris-
ers of the type of the eight already con-
structed will therefore be needed. The
navy will then consist of one hundred
vessels, the least number any we'll ro-sC-
lated nation can do with.
Not everybody is aware how long it
takes to construct a navy. First con-
gress must authorize the construction of
vessel and make an appropriation for
building. Next plans must be called for
and adopted. Then the navy department
advertises for construction bids. These
are passed on and the contract awarded.
But so much time is necessarily con-
sumed that, between the ordering of a
naval vessel and its completion, five
years usually elapses. Only eight vessels
at time can be under construction at
our ship yards. So that it will be fifteen
years before we have navy.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Bismarck's Punch and Judy Show.
Bismarck sat on his throne at Berlin
and pulled the strings of his puppets all
over Europe. He gave little pull and
the car came to Germany and kissed
Emperor Billy. Another witch and
Emperor Billy went capering about Eu-
rope like jumping jack. He visited the
sultan, kissed his brother of Austria on
both cheeks, and gave to his brother of
Italy and his grandma of England as.
surances of his distinguished considera-
ton, besides kissing them. Bismarck
rubbed his hands in glee. 'All goes
WELL" he whispered to himself, "and all
goes my way"
Austria had agreed to grant independ-
ence to the little province of Trentino
in the Tyrol. Austria also agreed not to
smile on Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria,
whom Bismarck will not recognize
under any consideration. ''Strong is
the triple alliance between Austria, Italy
and Germany" said Bismarck, land
Germany is the triple alliance" Then
Bismarck pulls the string and Emperor
Billy comes home obedient.
But 10! all at once Austria wriggles
out of her agreement, and Russia decides
that she never did like Austria much
anyhow. Italy is enraged because Tren-
tino, which she was preparing to annex
to herself, has slipped out of her fingers.
The plating on the triple plated alliance
is not wearing worth a cent. All that
kissing went for nothing.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
: The editor of this paper has visited

The editor Of this paper has visited
Pennington, Lakeville, Castle Rock
Forest Lake, Chisago and Centre
Cities the past few days. Good audi
ences have greeted him at each place,
especially in Lakeville. We see a re-
view of the lecture at Pennington in
the Dakota Co. Tribune, at the close
of which is the following:
Dr. Fish is an interesting speaker
and held the close attention of his
audience for about two hours. This
brief synopsis does not begin to do
Justice to the lecture, which gave
those present something to think
abOutfOr some time to come. Those
present seemed deeply interested and
somewhat reluctant to depart at the
close
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

The greatest runner in civilization to-
day is Sidney Thomas, the young En-
glish amateur champion. His claim was
to run at the rate of ten miles an hour,
but at the Manhattan club grounds in
New York, on heavy track, he covered
fifteen miles in minutes, 48 rs seconds
less than an hour and half. HE ran
like ghost" it was well said. So far
as known, only the Indian couriers of
South America and in India have equaled
this feat.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
Appointments for DR.. Fish.

Appointments for DR.. Fish.
Everett w. Fish, Deputy State Lecturer, and
Editor OF THE GREAT WEST will hold Alliance
meetings as follows. Every body is invited to
turn out. Meetings will begin at 7:3O.
IGNATIUS DONNELLY,
State Lecturer
Appoint ments for Otter Tail Co.
Luce Wednesday eve., Jan. 8, 1890.
School Dist l6 Thursday 8
Rasmussan's
German twp. Friday 80 10
Perham Saturday II
RENvILLE COUNTY.
Bird Island Friday Jan. 3
with Hon. Ign. DOnney.)
Saltwater Monday Jan. 9Th
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
A SOUND LETTER.

BIRD ISLAND, Mimi, Dec. Is, 1889.
HE GREAT WEST:
A letter from you dated Dec. 18th
just received. We farmers are begin
ming to see with our own eyes, and it
is singular to see how kindly we are
sympathized with by the local papers
(of which this county is cursed with
severn; they are afraid we will be
miserable" Do you know that if
they were aware that our Alliance
will discuss of what earthly nse these
papers are to us farmers, they would
probably be happy?
The insertion of the words "and
others" in the bill to tax railroad
lands two years ago last winter was
not OF sufficient Importance to call
forth hardly comment from them.
Yet had that bill become a law as
originally framed, it would have les
sened our burdens almost one million
dollars.
The State Board of Equalization
raised assessments in this county on
personal property from Is to so per
cent, and lowered it on merchandise
20 per cent. Now, our COWS are tax
ed on an averaged valuation OF
$17.25; the actual cash valuation of
COWS put upon the market at the
time the raise was made, would
not average over $1,000; they will
not average that now. The above
item of interest to farmers was not
noticed by these ''goody good pa
pers at all. But your arraignment
of the Winona & st. Peter railroad
called forth a bowling vail. It is
singular these great mastiff corpora
lions must have these "poodles"
come to the front in their defense.
We farmers have been so "misera-
BILE" that our own ''forbearance has
ceased to be virtue," and now that
we propose to collectively think and
act intelligently, the great "organs,
county papers, are afraid such as you
will make us miserable. We thinking
farmers know that this movement
will make someone ''miserable,' and
also that these county papers are of
no earthly use to us, and one of the
first efforts | will make in the Alliance
is for a complete letting alone of all
OF them-they are essential to the
merchant, railroads and politician.
l have written to Mr.. Donnelly to
see if he can visit us Jan. 3rd to
assist in arranging County Alliance.
Hope he or you will be able to be
here; your presence, or some good
person, will make the Alliance of this
county strong and permanent.
l have labored for the past six
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
MankatO Journal:
BIG STONE COUNTY.
"Doctor, you're a good 'un.
LAC QUI PARLE.,
Dawson Sentinel:

Dawson Sentinel
The Farmers Alliance of Lac uui
Parle county will convene at the vii
lage Of Madison on Jan. 18th, 1890.
at l O'Clock p. M, for the purpose OF
electing officers for the ensuing term
and transacting any business that
may properly come before them.
Each subordinate Alliance will be en-
titled to two delegates Every men,
Der of the organization in the county
is cordially invited to be present.
Good speakers will be in attendance.
W. 5. GROW, President.
c. j. CoGHL1N, Secretary.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
age, and just how much penal dam.
a0e he thonrht; no uos untitled IN

~0OS J~>'S INV A40NAA RC404
age he thought he was entitled to.
The verifcation is now no part of
the pleading, which is wrong. The
law should give the adverse party
the right to controvert it's truth, and
non-suit should follow.
The verifcation, too, should read
like this: "a. B., being duly sworn,
says that he knows the contents of
the above complaint, and that no
item or charge on which said claim is
based, has been enhanced by reasons
OF any combination, conspiracy,
trust or monopoly, formed for the
purpose of controlling it's price,
Something Of this kind would have
more effect than all the high salaried
railroad commissioners.
We cannot shutpe people out of court,
but we can make them enter the tenn
pie OF justice with "clean hands," or
forfeit their right to recover. This
would make merchants, both whole
sale and retail, fight shy OF standard
oil, and sugar and coffee trusts.
Think it would knock out the whole
trust business in one round, as it
would, in fact, array the whole people
against such combinations, and COM
pei them to do business with honest
men.
ION the silver question Mr.. Boil
says]:
The keeping OF South American sill
YER out of the country is a mistake
Ii South American silver comes here,
we shall get it in the shape of ares,
and base bars, and our labor would
receive just so much more to do
This is small matter beside the
great fact that American goods will
pay for the very silver, and probably
open a market to our goods where
now the balance in gold against us is
over $SO,OOO,OOO. The more com
pletely we can control the worlds
product Of silver, the more surely
can we maintain silver at par with
gold.
Mr.. Window says, "there is no
known accumulation of bullion in
the world"-a very important ad-
mission. If bullion does not accumu-
late with the present immense pro-
duction, it is because the world is
short, and it is not to be supposed
for an instant, that our adopting
the standard coming value of other
silver nations will stop the flow OF
silver to Asia, and swamp us with it.
This country produces two-thirds
OF the coin value of worlds product
OF gold and silver, and we are foolish
to let England control the price OF
our products. A. E. BALL.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
COTTONWOOD COUNTY.


Window Citizen:
We had a very successful meeting
last Saturday, fifteen Cottonwood Co.
farmers, anxious to better their con-
dition and to be independent citizens,
joined us. We number forty-four
and will grow at every meeting. We
made deals for five and half cords
of wood, nine tons of coal and fix
ed price on kerosene or coal oil for
thirty days, thereby giving members
a chance to avail themselves of the
benefit of cooperation.
Most of our dealers seem willing to
fix satisfactory prices on most every
thing; that is, a certain amount alta
certain price for thirty days, cash on
delivery within that time.
Our next meeting will be on Satur-
day, Dec. 28th. Members are re-
quested to make it a point to be
there il possible. Meeting opens
at p. m. All members who have
not paid their dues for November are
requested to do SO, as we must send
them in to the State Alliance.
FIN. DYER, Sec'y.
Dawson Sentinel:
We are glad to notice that the
GREAT WEST and the Princeton
Union have come to a better under
standing of each other. There should
be harmony between the friends of
the people.
The Labor Review (Glade-
brook, Iowa) is not afraid to
state facts:
The selectmen of one hundred
and sixty towns in New Hampshire
report S6S deserted farms with
good buildings upon them.
Maine, Connecticut, and Massa-
chusetts each have large tracts
of abandoned land. Who ever
heard of such a state of affairs
until the Government of the Uni
ted States was converted to the
national banking system-a sys-
TEN OF legalized robbery-a sys-
tenn which reduces the price of
products below the cost of pro-
duction and the price of farms SO
low that they are deserted with
all of their valuable improve
mentS.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
CANADA WHEAT.

Friend Nutter, of Brownton, has
sent us a French paper, St. Hya-
cinth, Canada, which a farmer of
Brownton wished sent to us. We
received it with a "Come avoo, porto
VOC osier dwee''-and looked it over
with pleasure-wondering what bril-
liant wit and solid sense lay concealed
underneath the strange and curious
words-we cannot read French. We
looked up the market quotation,
however, and found that wheat was
worth 81 so per minot, and minot
(meeno) is about three bushels. So
the French farmers of"Fair Canada"
are suffering as much as we are-and
way to the eastward too! Even
worse, the quotation is $1.25 to
81 so per minot.
Bro. Stickney, OF Pope County,
asks us to give our views of the third
plank in the Dakota platform-in
relation to the limitation of the
ownership Of land.
Our views on the land question are
these: First, limit the ownership to
an amount which will permit of large
farms-say $500 acres,-by citizens
of a state. Limit it to one section
to aliens.
Second, and more important: Let
the government take every dollar of
the loaning business into it's own
hands and forbid land mortgage to
individuals or corporations. 1t has
a capital OF $5OO,0OO,OOO now lying
idle, and has the backing for ten
billions on the same basis now used
by the Shylocks. Its interest would,
OF course, now be 3 per cent on five
year loans and * on ten year loans.
And commission of ten dollars per
thousand to pay expenses of the ex-
change, supporting the system.
Thus, all foreclosures would simply
pass the property into the hands of
the government-to be sold or leased,
or redeemed.
This is a platform which we intend
soon to enlarge upon and push upon
the attention of our own people as a
partisan neasure-as much so as
was the homestead law.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
Faribault Republican,:

Corn FOR FUEL.-A Kansas re-
port states that farmers in the
vicinity of Hiawatha, Kan, are
burning corn for fuel, finding it
cheaper than coal. Corn is sold
on the farm at 15c. per bushel,
while the average price OF coal
delivered at the farm ranges from
PIC. to 23c. per bushel.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Mr.. Ball, of Rushford, writes us as
follows:
RUsHFORD, Dec. 18th, 1889.
DIR. E. w. FISH:
DEAR SIR-.I think very much might
be accomplished for the people by
amending our court practice. AS it
now stands the courts are over
crowded with suits between fighting
corporations of various kinds, libels.
Islander. ETC., and often the plaintiffs
are in collision with ring of men as
witnesses to levy blackmail upon re-
sponsible men OF wealth, all of which
they can verify or not, as suits the
fancy OF the plaintiff, and even if he
sees fit to verify, he can and does on
information and belief" These
suits would belessened if everv plain
tiff were compelled to specify just
how and where he sustained his dam
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
FROM RENyILLE COUNTY.

FROM RENvILLE COUNTY.
Ii Wednesday had not been Christ
mas a letter from Co. Lecturer Poore
would have been published this week
but it was, and so we had to go to
close the forms Tuesday to get to
press Thursday.
But they have formed a Rally at
Bird Island on Jan. 3rd, which will
be addressed by Hon. Ignatius Don
nelly and DR.. Fish, of which more
hereafter. :, The letter will come next
week.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Saturdays, p. m; ..others,.7 p. IN.
Mr.. Gardner writes:
cit is my intention to form an Alliance in each
township. II we form an alliance in the villages
the members are usually compelled to pay big
rent for place to meet in, and then are taken in
hand by profit managers who infest the places,
and are treated to all manner of sophistry and
encouragement
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Hon. Ignatius Donnelly and the
editor OF this paper will attend the
meeting of the County Alliance OF
Renville County, at Bird Island, Jan.
Sd. Other speakers will probably be
present.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27

Ole P. Hodeland, of Hurdal, Mimi,
says:
'keep on as you have commenced.
Your blows are sharp sometimes, but
they count. Facts are stubborn. "
The alliance has risen up again to
do the work for home and country.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
CORRESPONDENCE.

Henry Oleson, of Montevideo,
writes us that their Alliance is pros
pering, with IS members. eve like
the GREAT WEST very much"
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
wAToNwA COUNTY.

A letter indicates that an Alliance
will soon be formed in Watonwa
county. Some copies OF the GREAT
WEST have been sent there.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
WASHINGTON COUNTY.

The County Alliance will meet at
Saltwater on Monday, the 9th of
January, and will be addressed by
DR.. Fish. Andrew Richmond, ESQ.,,
member OF the State Elk. Com. writes
us that it needs an earthquake now
to arouse the farmers. We must
work and wait for the seed to mature.
Mankato Journal:
Hon. I. Donnelly will deliver the
opening address before the Minnesota
Educational Association which meets
in st. Paul Jan. LIST to Sd. When
brains are needed l. Donnelly is call
ed upon.
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
ALLIANCE NOTES.
Appointments Of Dep. Lectur-
err A. L. Gardner.

Appointments Of Dep. Lectur-
err A. L. Gardner.
DODGE COUNTY.
Wednesday, Dec 4, Ashland, pm.
' 4, Ripley, 7:3O pm.
Friday, 90 6, Westfeld
Saturday Z, Claremont s.
Monday 8, Ellington
Tuesday 10. Concord
Wednesday II, Milton
Thursday II, Mantorville.''
Friday 50 Is, Canisteo
Saturday IA, Grand NJ dow Mower Col p. m,
Monday " 16. Wasioia (Dodge) 1880 pm.
Wednesday Is, Vernon. Mower County.
Thursday 10, Sargent,
Sat. 2 p. m. "2, Bloom'g Prairie GO
Monday ''23, Lansing
Friday ''7. Milton
Saturday rs, Mantorville
Monday Jan 6, Peasant Valley
Tuesday ." Z, Racine
Wednesday " s, Frankford
Thursday " 9, Bennington
Friday 40, Clayton
Saturday IL, Marshall
Monday "l3, Window
Tuesday IA, Lyle
Wednesday Is, Nevada
Thursday Is, Adams
Friday III
Saturday "lS, Leroy ----W"
The great West. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1889-18??, 1889-12-27
MANKATO.

ID. A. Thayer writes us: "The in
terest in Alliance matters is increas-
ing in this county. People who have
not warmed up to the matter are
now investigatingmattersp pertaining
to their own interests.