davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1889-12-01

OF the middle ages and the renaissance begin
ming in the fifteenth century. The ornamental
tion OF dwellings had become more regular.
elegant and graceful Stone and brick largely
replaced wood in house building. Large win
roof was built higher and there was room for
commodious apartments above the first floor.
throughout Europe. changed the gloomy cas-
ties OF the feudal ages into lovely chateaus.
spendidly adorned and built Tor pleasure.
The building on the right is y copy Of O six
teenth century dwelling in Orleans. and It is q
fair specimen OF the residences OF well-to-do-
people in that century.
But while Roman architecture was chang ginR
for the better a brilliant civilization was de-
Veloping in Constantinople. and Byzantine art
began to WELD IA notable influence. IL was
Byzantine, architecture that introduced the
splendid domes which have for ages been so
ticularly OF religious. buildings in the eastern
world. The work par excellence which II pro-
duced was ST. Sophia at CoDstantinople, with
its grand cupoa and it's sumptuous decora-
tion. AS specimen OF ofByzantine art, Mr. Gar
The sun., 1889-12-01

terial. There is good reason why wood should
tant element of construction. for less elastic
quent earthquakes. The Japanese lattice cur
ttauity, and though Japanese history extends
far back into the misty ages, they have no rec
ord OF time when these convenient screens
house With Buddhism which came to them
Hindoo notions Of architecture. which are still
apparent In their constructions: The, house is
built upon platform raised little above the
ground to insure freedom from dampness. The
furniture in this little house as 1t stood in the
Exposition grounds was OF rudlmentary char
acter.
Among tho most interesting buildings in the
entire collection were those that told OF the
remarkable civilizations Of tho Western world
which the Spaniai ds discovered and crushed.
This Aztec palace possesses simple harmony
OF general lines that is pleasing to the eye The
more pretentious palace OF the lncas is OF the
sixteenth century, before the civilization Of
Peru had succumbed to foreign force. Mr..
Netto the director OF the museum OF Rio Ja-
neiro. says he was astonished to observe the
marvellous exectness with which Mr.. Garnier
put into tangible form the best information
we possess concerning the construction of
these ancient habitations OF the AZtecs and the
lncas lnt the house Of the lncas was a little
museum OF South American antiquities that
attracted much attention. There were pre-
historic specimens OF pottery covered with
mysterious and almost artistic hieroglyphics.
The sun., 1889-12-01
TIE LAKE pwELLERs.

THE LAKE DwRLLERs.
ornnd-new huts made OF dried clay. or OF in-
IIaeed branches and twiEs. and In the day
ume the door was kept open. as seen In our
picture Of the Garnier hut. being maintained
IN IN horizontal position by stakes driven into
tue ground.
., men came the neolithle or later stone period
" human life. In which that most interesting
nv o' habFn,ich the lake dwelling. first
sou ueH INTO view. This was an era OF more
Sotlaols habitations. when our progressive
ISoIs actually quarrlsd stone and SSiab-
go, 80 ieritAble stone yards. In order TO moro
-p's'eiy protect themselves against wild
The sun., 1889-12-01
GREEK.

The Pelasgc dwelling, whose period Is about
fifteen centuries before Christ. presents quite
are fiat-roofed. with many small windows and
open-a galleries for countries in which there
is no snow and little rain, and only heat is to
more energetic climatic conditions. It was still
primitive. enormous blocks of stone being laid
upon each other without cement
Passing now into Europe and viewing some
Of the earliest types Of dwellings there. the
fruits OF the civilization born OF the Aryan in
vasions. we stand before the modest Greek
mansion. distinguished by the severe plain
ness OF It's lines and decorations;, This dwell
has heard since boyhood OF the ories OF Hell
lenic architecture was often astonished at the
The sun., 1889-12-01
HOMES IN ALL AGES.
An EpitOme Of Human Progress
at the Paris Show.
FROM CAVES TO PALACES.
Wr. Garnier's Splendid Series Of the
Houses of the World.

Thlrty-nIns BuiIdInES RePrcsentinE the
DwellIAgs In which Men OF All Races
and TInes Have Lived-A LoaG step
G-oa the Cave 20 the 1Plondid ESineos
or ths NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. OF the Lake
DwSnsFS aad Hats or Straw IN which
Our Ancestors Lavsd-Hew FAets were
Gathered for the Resonstruetion OF Pre-
historic Housss-A Great and Uniauo
Collection thss Should Grace Our Fair
All visitors to the Paris Exposition agree
that among the most interesting and instruo-
tive features OF the great fair were the thirty
nine buildings, erected under the supervision
Of Mr.. Charles GARNER. the celebrated archse-
ologist. in which he endeavored. with the ut
most fidelity possible. to reproduce the typical
homes Of the human race in ell the past ages.
It was, % it were. an architectural panorama,
the like Of which had never before been at
tempted. In the Paris Exposition Of 1878 the
The sun., 1889-12-01

work, and the decorative details, that were
found everywhere. even on the rafters. This
edince. like the houses Of Greece and Rome
does not represent the hest fruits OF the archi-
lecture OF the eriod for there are far more
conspicuous and imposing relics OF the early
building art o. Scan dinavia. Many visitors to
the fair were disa ppointed to see ancient archi-
lecture represented only bysuch humble speci-
linens Of the building art. forgetting that the
designers purpose was not to show fine tenn
Piles. churches. and palaces. but simply, the
average home Of the middle class people OF
former times.
1t was the general inference drawn from an
inspection Of these little buildings that our re-
mote ancestors with the execution OF the Ro;
mans. Greeks. and Scandinavians. housed
themselves poorly and could mot have pos
sessed many OF the comforts which we think
are essential
The dwellings Of tbe, middle nges are illus;
trated by examples belonging to the period
from the tenth to the sixteenth centuries. In
the later centuries OF this era began the great
renaissance OF arts and learning, and archtec-
ture advanced with everything else under the
mighty intellectual impulse. Here is picture
OF three buildings In Mr.. Garniers collection.
the one on the left showing the type of the an
cal of Italian residences during the latter part
The sun., 1889-12-01


Of prehistoric Ores and bones Of the cave bear.
the mammoth. and other animals on which our
ancient fathers fed. Sometimes they lived In
simple trenches cut In the ground and covered
with branches. Little by little they learned to
close the mouths Of their oaVerns with large
stones. and finally they used stones to divide
the caves into communicating chambers.
When. in the course Of time. their improved
implements were useful for larger variety Of
purposes. they made the rudest huts OF stone.
as shown In our second picture, big. fiat pieces.
supported on stone uprights. forming shelter.
which was certainly snug, II not comfortable.
There is no evidence that the cavo dwellers
knew even the rudinents OF agriculture. They
lived on wild fruits and by hunting and fish
Ing and led nomad existence. Still, We soc
In the designs they carved upon the walls Of
their dark homes and upon their implements
the earliest specimens of the sculptors art.
representinG men and women engaged In their
various pursuits-that, although able to win
few comiorts for themselves, they possessed
considerable intelligence.
Toward the end OF the palsolithlc era. In one
o tue glacial ages when the reindeer wander
Cd over large part OF Europe. our prehistoric
athers acquired a glimmerinR OF architectural
eotons, and moved out OF their caves into
The sun., 1889-12-01

This era OF lake dwellings,. beginning in the
later stone epoch. extended through the era OF
bronze and well into the iron age. MIR. Gar
niers typical specimen OF q house OF the iron
age. which. still existing. comprises many sub
divisions. Is infinitely moro comfortable than
its predecessors. 1t Is large and pierced with
several openings through which the light can
ponetrate. even when the doorway is closed.
house upon little elevation. overlooking his
SURROUNDINGS. and the, approach to the dwell
It is certain that the designer OF these pre-
historic homes derived important ma lerial. not
only from the relics that have reached us from
the hoary past. but also from the races Of to-
day. who still Derpetuate the customs and rude
arts Of primeval man for We still find troglo;
dytes or cave dWeller-; among the wretehed
ing Hottentots, and the numerous people In
The sun., 1889-12-01

HEBREW AND TENT OF NOMAD.
traveller In that region SAYS that the ruins OF
some OF these tall. narrow houses OF ancient
tion.. The PhGnician house Is more elaborate
and Ia particularly interesting because 1t pre-
and logeias. This house 10 the most elabo-
ratio and complex Of all the earlier types of
dwellings, In civilized timeS 1t shows that the
raries In house building as they did In many
other departments Of activity. In the recently
the Nations" series. the author describes tho
massive walls. still standing on the sites OF an
cient Tyre and Sidon. vestiRes Of private
built hundreds OF years before our era.
The Hebrew tent is copied from tomb on
box. and was the home OF wandering Jews. who
were not troubled with O. superfiuity OF bag
gage. The house shows the rather incommo-
dous quarters In which the middle class
Jews Of Bible story lived thousand years
The sun., 1889-12-01

wider prevalence than any other. The human
beads seen In the picture upon poles ate' per-
haps. tho heads or skulls OF enemies killed In
war. or. more likely still. the relies OF victims
who were held as slaves and died to grace the
funeral ceremonies OF some important person.
The doorway is low and little raised above
the ground, 10 prevent reptiles from entering.
In the way OF furDiture only q wooden STOOL or
two and afew basins made Of Gourds or pot pot
ground, or makes his couch ON the skin OF q
wild beast. More rarely lie retires 10 Slumber
and lays Ills head on 9 wooden rest. A re-
spectacle lake DIV ellor OF old could have given
the AVERAGE African low points on srehltee-
This picture OF the home of Indian tribes on
this continent is certainly not the typical tee
pee OF the aborI9Inss Of America. representing
rather the dwellings OF some OF the tribes OF
Spanish America. 1t is quito q dinerent strue-
ture from the more common wigwam Of North
America consisting simply OF poles stuck In
the ground In u circle. brought together at the
top. covered with skins. and leaving et the
eapes. No savage people. comnelled 10 wan
der without ceHsing In pursuit. OF game. ever
invented more convenient and suitable dwell,
inaA Mr. GaEnler mtRht we'll have added
10 his types of prehistoric or QbalidnAl homeS
9 specimen OF tho famous clin dwellings, OF
The sun., 1889-12-01

sands OF years had then elapsed since mans
best hsbitation was cave or branch covered
trench. but It is certain that he had made
enormous progress, and a great variety Of In
terestlnR relies Of the lake dwellers have been
discovered. We see IN our picture Mr.. Gar
niers reproduction OF these lake dwellinRs
Taken together they constituted towns built
on pilee The houses were circular or rectangu-
lar. made Of bopRhs OF trees Of straw and rnshes
tnterlaced, and they communicated with the
land BY simple foot bridge easily withdrawn,
the Inhabitants thus securing greater i'm
munity from enemies than was enjoyed BY the
cave cave dwellor%s, & and possessing at the same time
nsss. In this period science places the begin
ming OF civilization; By these laoustrine men
pottery was invented. Agriculture was born
among them. animals we're dom estioated,
the uses OF metals were discovered and the
age OF bronze set In.
We see the numerous. piles firmly tied to-
gether. on which the walls of logs, often split
into rude planks were reared. The cabins
were often plastered with clay inside and roof
ed With l reeds rec or Or moss. tree trunk served as
that these lake dwelers titled the soil as we'll
as followed the chase. that they dressed in
skins made coarse cloths OF hemp or flax. and
great variety OF Implements Still many Of
The sun., 1889-12-01
BYZANTINE.


nier built, not reduction Of this grand re-
stantinople. but a simple little house showing
the common byzantine mansions OF that era,
combining some original features with others
OF Hellenic origin. The Intel 10 here tho
prominent feature. 1t rests uron massive
pillars. and in turn suppo Is elegant short
columns with ornamental capitals. AS for the
cupola. the characteristic byzantine feature,
1t is reserved for Erander ediilces, This dwell
ing is n faithful copy Of n byzantine house In
Syria, the material being stone on account OF
the scarcity OF wood in that region.
:. At this period OF the renalssance and before
It byzantine art was having marked Influence
builders were no servile imitators. and. though
they copied byzantine features they modified
them according to the inspirations OF the ma
tional genius. Building sone Is u scarcer ar
tice In Russia than in most other countries.
and at that time IL WAS dlnirni 10 mud truns-
pOrtation for 1t, 80 it happened that woods fur
nished the chief clement OF construction. Mr..
Garnier's reproduction OF u Russian dwelling
was copied from a house In tho enyirons OF
Moscow. The wooden superstructure Is reared
upon u high foundation OF stone. aud the ground
the floor above the, windows are the most
wall all around the house except for
the narrow strips between them The windows
terminate IN pointed arches, which are sur
mounted by q rich aud elaborate frieZe. The
nDinpe roof invites particular attention and
In iIs profile II suggests the byzantine cupola.
A little square window IL seen In the centre OF
the roof and on one side IL u tall chimney OF
enamelled bricks. The little structure adjoln-
Ing 10 On elegant pavilion 10 which the vlsitor
The sun., 1889-12-01
BI,Av


career. The Russians. who are the most re-
markable representatives OF this Aryan family,
have evolved original and advanced nrtistfc
ideas. and ther progresa is in marked contrast
with the comparative staRnation Of the other
Slay races who in our day are domiciled among
the Balkan highlands. The type OF Slav resi-
dence which Mr. GARNER has reproduced 10
rudimeptary. and he evidently sought its
original in very carly epoch, 1t ie O. large
wooden structure which excludes all idea of
architectural elegance. A part OF the walls
reach the ground, while another portion, Is
supported on wooden pillars. A roof OF stubble
adds to the sombre effect OF the structure. the
first floor OF which was reserved for habitation,
while above there was storage for provisions
III striking contrast with this uncomfortable
hahitation is the pretty modest. and tasteu ul
habiation Of the Swedes and Norwegians, who
eariy developed decided architectural talent.
One would hardly believe that this structure,
which might easily pass for o modern build.
ing. was contemporaneons with the houses OF
the Gallo Romans. and antedated the Renais-
sRnce. The reproduction at Paris was designed
By Swedish architect aud antiquarian: The
Scandinavians early made their mark In the
development OF that branch Of architecture
whose chief material Is wood. Timber became
In their hands an element In building capable
OF the greatest variety In treatment as all visi-
torsto the Paris fair who visited the Scandina-
vian cottage were able to testify. The founda-
tion and chimney are Of stone. but all the rest
Of the structure is OF fir. even to the par
titions between the rooms. little staircase
loads to the first story. where visitors inspect
ed with interest the carvings on the wood
The sun., 1889-12-01
CAVE DwELLERs.


visitor saw In tho Street OF Nations great va
riety Of specimens Of contemporaneous archi.
lecture. The Garnier collection. however. was
study Of the pasta past reaching backward
into misty ages Of which there are no records
save those that have been found in caves or
dug out OF the ground.
Men OF science tell us that the prehistoric era
Of the human race extended over period Of
many thousands Of years before the dawn Of
veritable history. 1t would not have been Dos
sible to erect in Paris this year structures that
could be accepted as authentic types Of the
earliest and most primitive Of human homes
II It had not been for the great discoveries
which archeologists have made In the past
sixty years. The numerous monuments OF
dhe rude activity Of primitive people. some of
The sun., 1889-12-01

but It would serve almost sauaily well Tor pic
be the most immutable OF all varieties OF archt-
lecture Mr.. Le Bon says he has found the
same characteristics In the Arab architecture
OF Europe. Africa, and Asia. and this too al-
though owing to, the widely spread countries
variety OF materials. But whether their DWELL
inRs are OF brick, stone. or concrete. ono exc
poets to sec 10 oil places and at all times the
same balconies sustained by beams. the sam0
white arcades and the same interior arrange
ments. Nothing short OF terrible invasion 10
likely to produce any noteworthy change In
The sun., 1889-12-01

though the Gauls were SO far below the
Romans in attainments. they nevertheless
origin, together with the prestige Of Roman
civilization. doubtless accounts for the rapid
assimilation OF the two races. And OF this
ture. The building with an exterior stairway and
second-story anartmepts bears no resemblance
It represents the complete transition and i'm
mense progress in. their architectural ideas:
A few generations before this house was built
huts but we now find them in hoI. ses bu in
Imitation OF those OF their masters beyond the
The sun., 1889-12-01

north Europe east OF Gaul and 1t extended far
the hRbitatiOn Of some Asiatic peoples. The
Germans raised their cabins on posts because
at that time sWampB or marsh lands covered q
large part OF Germany, IL 10 well known that
about all the best agricultural lands IN Ger-
%snS have been rssain1fa farsata stasI f re
The sun., 1889-12-01

simplicity Of this edince. forgetting that the
luxury OF Greek cities was lavished upon their
temples and other pu lie ediflces while these re-
OF mankind. Stepping into the house one finds
that it Is divided into two parts. The larger por
tion was reserN ed for the ladies ana children
Of the family, aud the other was sacred 10 the
head OF the household and his grown up sons.
But II the reetangular and lat-roofed mansion
furnishings. The couches, the tables. the seats.
tho potteres. all the movRbles OF the house,
are richly made and adorned. and correct and
beautiful in form.
Another OF the finest types of ancient civilized
dwellings, is that OF the Etruseans. When Romo
conquered Greece tho nrchitactuI q. hs we'll as
other arts Of tho fallen Hellenes, was indelibly
i'm pressed upon the civilization Of tho victOrs:
but Rome long before that timo had possessed
The sun., 1889-12-01

have had q chance to see IT.. It 10 certain that
no other object lesson could be devised that
would In SO short time give students 30 vivid
human progress. 1t Is hoped that o simiIar and
equally successful series Of hsbitations Will De
devised for our coming Worlds Fair; or, what
would be hetter yet that arrangements can be
made with the French Government to send the
Garnler reproductions to this country.
The sun., 1889-12-01

beasts or cruel enemies, many Of them built
their homes upon piles In the rivers or lakes.
the noors being only little above the level Of
the water. We do not know how many thou
The sun., 1889-12-01

shown In the picture circular In form, with a
domelike roof, the walls and roof made OF
thatch. 1t was the homo OF the poorer people,
and was not unlike Rrass huts that are found
In Africa, though better made and more COM
Portable. Hanging out OF the cabin window is
q pelt driving In the sun; How graphically do
human progress, when We remember that In
Buch humble homes ~ these lived the great
Teutonio branch OF the ATyan family In the
early dawn OF their splendid history.
The Slavs invaded Europe long after the
Huns swept westward on their devastating
The sun., 1889-12-01

AGE OF SToNE TOOLS,
them quite complete. and others fraRmentary.
which science has brought to light. have been
the models after which Mr.. GsFnier erected the
1--WE types OF the earliest human homes which
are shown In these pictures.
In this picture OF his inGeniously constructed
cave dwelling We see man in his earliest state.
employing only such means Of shelter as nature
afforded or the rudest art could supply His
coarse stone implements barely suft1ced for
the chase and war. imperfectly aided him to
procure the resources necessary for his ex-
fetal shelters more Ingenious than tho digging
OF holes in hillsldes. The family was fortunate
that found natural cave or grotto and exca-
Vatlons In these caves have revealed the ashes
The sun., 1889-12-01

the rarest Of documents contrihpted 70 en-
hance the value OF the results. Tbe little city
did not cover a great deal OF ground nor were
it's aspects imposing, but Il cost a large aum o.
labor. Nothing was loft to chance or intrusted
to lneIperience or incompetency.l
Mr.. GARNER, who In equally iatInRutsheo ~
an architect and an aroheologist bad charge9f
every detail. assisted by his colleague, mr..
Ammnnn. Together they have, been at HoIk
for several years on n great work soon TO po
published, "T6e History OF Human Habita-
tione" Three experts supervised the eYeou;
tion OF their designs, and the architectural
The sun., 1889-12-01

North hAmerlca Of hioh such admirable models
AZ eon pIIepatsv nn ~ ys ~ ous aLSnsOLnsiiH.vS =,
dwellings, lp use in the far North. the collection
includes Laplander's hut The stono DWELL
inRs OF the Eskimos would also have been very
The sun., 1889-12-01

earliest example OF Aryan architecture. 1t is
of the tyne preceding the Christian era
The Persian house is in two parts. one large
and open. crowned by a dome OF enamelled
brick, the part reserved for men and strangers.
In the other the women resided. The walls are
high and pierced by narrow grated windows.
and enclose garden. These two buildings.
Aslatic Aryans. The Greeks and Romans Il ere
the advanced type OF European Arvans. and
north OF them lived more primitive people Of
Aryan descent In houses Of wood and straw. Of
which examples are here given.
Here is n picture Of the house OF Gaul at
the time when the Roman legions were invad-
ing the forest covered land now known as
France The invaders often saw the skulls OF
men nailed to the gates of the rude villages.
and there were many other proofs Of the savage
nature OF the people. Nj. Garnier's restoration
OF O Gallo hut shows a circular eXcavau y, IN
which are four enormous stones. upon which
stand the posts. or studding. that make the
frame Of the walls. and on the top OF the circu-
The sun., 1889-12-01

a distinctive architecture OF her own. The best
known OF ths early arts OF Italy are those OF the
mains which time has treated kindly Il was
possible for Mr.. GARNER TO reproduce one OF
iSbH dwelling vas not Circular cabin with !
thatehed roof Ike the other primitive hablIa-
The sun., 1889-12-01

AFRICAN SAVAGE
these people do not appear to have used stone
axes In making their houses. though they were
able to split tim bers and to illustrate the scru:
pulous caro with which Mr.. Garnier carried
out his great and successful work 1t need only
be mentioned that the timbera with VIII ich he
made his lacustrine dwellings we're cut in two
by mems Of fire, that being the process en-
ploysd by the lake dwellers to IeduSe their
The cabin with the two windows which
stands for the bronze age is q good example Of
the care and learning with which tho entire
baked clay house exhumed from an Italian
lake which occupies the crater OF an extinct
volcano,