The Red Cloud chief., 1889-07-19

is. first, the Clan totem. common to
whole clan. and passing by inheritance
from generation to generation. Their
~is,second, the Sex totem. common eithel
to all the males or to all the female!
of q tribe, to the exclusion of the 9th
er SEX. And there is, third, the 1ndi
vidual totem, belonging to q single in
dividual, and not passing to his de-
scendants. There are also Cross to.
tens and some other kinds. which,
however, arc really only varieties oil
the Clan totem, and this last is the
most important of all.
Regarding Clan totemism. it is to be
noted that the relation of mutual help
and protection includes also the to-
tenn itself; that is to say. if q man
takes care of his totem, he expects the
totem to return the compliment.
If the totem is 4 dangerous animal, it
must not hurt his clans-men. The
Scorpion-men Of Senegambia declare
that the most deadly scorpions will
run over their bodies without hurting
them. There is a Snake clan in
Cyprus which holds to q similar be.
lief. Among the Moxos. Of Peru, .
candidate for the Office of medicine.
man must allow himself to be bitten
by . tiger (the totem); and. If he
survives, he proves his kinship and
fitness. Among the Crocodile clan Of
the Bechuanas, if q mar Is bitten by
q crocodile, Or even has water
splashed on him BY one. he Il o..
PEELED from tho clan. as one esteemed
unworthy by the totem. But q totem
must do moro than not i~njure-it
must help. Members Of Serpent
clans in various parts Of the world
profess to heal by their touch those
who have been bitten by serpentA
There is q Seaweed clan in Samoa
which. when it goes out In canoes to
fight, throws sea-weed into the water
to hinder the fight of the enemy; Il
the enemy try to pick up the weed. it
sinks. but rises again As soon Is some
Of the totem clan approach it Tho
kangaroo warns tho Kangaroo tribes,
and the crow warns the Crow tribes
Of Australia. of approaching danger.
This Is all very vol whom tho totem
10 . bird, beast, or fish; but one does
not very we'll SEQ how It Will work
when the totem is q stick. . stone. .
cloud IN clement o. . color.
The totem bond 70 . much stronger
affair than what We regard - ~
bond Of blood or family. Al tAs
members q . totem clan regard escA
ether q kinsnen. q brothers al
sisters, and arc bound = hsip eeah
other. The Clan totem reprseeete
both religious and . social systom.
because all tho men and wemea Who
call themselves by the name e the
totem believe themselves % 10 Il oae
blood. descendants Of . common an
eestor, and bound to each other b.
common obligations and . common
faith.
Some of the social aspects Of totem
ism may be briefly referred to. For
one thing. the totem bond is stronger
than the domestic bond. In every
totem tribe there must be members of
two or nor totem clans. because the
males not marry the females OF
their own totem. II, then, a blood
feud breaks out between their clans,
husband and wife will have to tako
opposite sides, and the children will be
arrayed with one parent against the
other. according as the custom of the
people may be to trace descent through
the mother or the father. Then, if
any thing happens to q man. all his
clansmen are entitled to satisfaction,
not from the aggressor alone, but
from the entire clan to which the ag-
gressor belongs. A curious illustra-
ton Of this has been noted among the
Goajiros of Columbia in South Ameri.
ca. This tribe is divided into some
twenty or thirty clans with descent in
the female line; and it is said that
II q nan happens TO cut himself with
his own knife, to fall of his own horse,
or to hurt himself in any way, his
mothers clan Immediately demand
blood-money from him for injuring one
of their totems!
Then, as to marriage. persons OF the
same totem may not enter into conjugal
union. This rule is what Is called
exogamy. Some tribes say Of those
who marry within the clan, that their
bones will dry up and they will die.
Among the Australian tribes, death is
the regular penalty for a breach of
this rigorous rule
Speaking generally. It may be said
that marriage prohibition extends
only to a mans own totem clan. But
there arc also c cases whero
the prohibition extends further.
Thus, Z Panther of tho Creek Indians
may 10: marry 4 Panther; but he is
Also prohibited from marrying a
Niid-ca. woman. The Senecas were
divided into two groups of four totems
each; the Bear. Wolf, Beaver and
Turtle clans could not intermarry;
aor could the Deer, Snipe. Heron and
Hawk clans but a member of any one OF
the toterUs OK one group was compelled