davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13
Misery Making M0rmOnS.

CHATTANOOGA, March 5.-One hundred
and fifty men, women and children passed
through the city tonight from Georgia ar d
Mormon elders. They 60 to join the Nor
mon church. The party is composed OF an
ignorant and destitute class of people, who
claim they have been promised homes and
plenty of work. They are to be followed
by another batch of one hundred tomorrow
night
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Daily. fDaily except Sunday.
No 53 runs through to Charleston, S. c.,
via Central R B, arriving Manning OF n,
Lanes So N, Charleston 10 p NJ.
No. SO connects at Florence with c l. D
train from Cheraw and Wadesboro.
Train on Florence r R leaves Pee Dee
daily except Sunday S Is M, arrive Row
land 735Px. Returning leave Rowland
Z 80 N, arrive Pee Dee 10AM.
Train on Manchester d Augusta R R leaves
Sumter daily except Sunday 9 so A N, arrive
Pinewood II 2OAM. Returning leave Pine
wood l2 Oh II, arrive Sumter 30 NJ.
j. E. kESLY, j. r: DIVINE
Asst. Genl Mangr Geul Sup't.
T. NJ. EMERSON, Genl Passenger agent
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13
What is this Disease that is Coming
Unon Us?

in upon US unawares. The pa
tients have pains about the
chest and sides, and sometimes
in the back. They feel dull
and sleepy; the mouth has a
bad taste, especially in the
morning. A sort Of sticky slime
collects about the teeth. The
appetite IS poor. There is a
feeling like a heavy load on the
stomach; sometimes a faint, all
gone sensation at the pit of the
stomach which food does not
satisfy. The eyes are sunken,
the hands and feet become cold
and clammy. After while a
cough sets in, at first dry, but
after a few months it is attend
ed with a greenish-colored ex-
pectoration The patient feels
tired all the while, and sleep
does not seem to afford any
rest. After a time he becomes
nervous, irritable and gloomy,
and has evil forebodings. There
is a giddiness, a sort Of whirl-
ing sensation in the head when
rising up suddenly. The bow
els become costive; the skin is
dry and hot at times; the blood
becomes thick and stagnant;
the whites Of the eyes become
tinged with yellow; the urine
is scanty and high colored, de-
posting a sediment after stand
ing. There is frequently a
splitting up of the food, some
times with a sour taste and
sometimes with a sweetish
taste; this is frequently at
tended with palpitation Of the
heart; the vision becomes i'm
paired, with spots before the
eyes; there is a feeling Of great
nrostration and weakness. All
Of these symptoms are in turn
present. It is thought that
nearly one-third Of our popu-
lation has this disease in some
of it's varied forms.
It has been found thas ply
siicians have mistaken the cause
Of this disease. Some have
treated it for a liver complaint,
others for kidney disease, ETC.,
ETC., but none Of these kinds Of
treatment have been attended
with success; for it is really
constipation and dyspepsia. 1t
is also found that Shaker Ex-
tract of Roots, or Mother Sci
gels Curative Syrup, when
properly prepared will remove
this disease in all it's stages.
Care must be taken, however,
to secure the genuine article.
IT WILL SELL BETTER THAN
COTTON.
Mr.. John G. Hemptinstall,
Of Chulaf1mee, Cleburn Co.,
Ala, writes: ''My wife has
been so much benefited by
Shaker Extract of Roots or
Seigel's Syrup that she says
she would rather be without
part of her food than without
the medicine. It has done her
more good than the doctors and
another medicines put together.
I would ride twenty miles to
get it into the hands Of any suf-
ferer if he can get it in no other
way. I believe it will soon selin
this State better than cotton.
TESTIMONY FROM TEXAS.
Mrs Sc. Barton, Of Warner,
Ripley Co., Mo-, writes that
she had been long afflicted with
dyspepsia and disease Of the
urinary organs and was cured
by Shaker Extract Of Roots.
Rev. J. J. Mcclure, merchant,
of the same place, who sold
Mrs. Barton the medicine, says
he has sold it for four years
and never knew it to fail.
SHE WAS ALMOST DEAD
I was so low with dyspep-
sia that there was not a ply
sician to be found who could
do anything with nae. I had
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Two great enemies-Hood's Sarsapari!la
and impure blood. The latter is utterly de-
teated by the peculiar medicine.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13
State Of South Carolina,
COUNTY OF CLARENDON.

BILIOUS App1r, ESQ, Probate judge
WHEREAS, ISAAC c. INGRAM MADE:
w suit to me, to grant him letters Of ad--
ministration OF the Estate Of and effects Of
JOHN C. INGRAM;
These are therefore to cite and admondsh
all aud singular, the kindred and creditors Of
the said JOHN C. INGRAM, deceased.
that they be and appear, before NE, in the
Court of Probate, to be held at Manning,
S. c., on the 22nd day Of March 1889, aftes,
publication hereof, at II o'clock in the foRe~.
noon, to shew cause, if any they have.
why the said Administration shonfd,nes ha.
granted.
Given under my hand this 4th. dag oS
March ammo Domini, 1889.
[L.s.1 LOUIS APPEET,.
Judge of Probate CO
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Georgetown had $4,000 fire last
Sunday night. The dry goods store
of Mrs. Isear was totally destroyed.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Garden seed, fresh and genuine, just re-
ceived at Dinkins j. Co.'S drug store.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13
School Com. Clarendon Co.

Sparks Perfect Health. for kidney and liv-
er diseases, s1.00 bottle. at Dinkins & Cos.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Two Offices, next to 8. P. Barron's law Of
fee. for rent. Apply to D. N. Bradham.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

All the popular patent medicines for sale
1t Dinkins T. CO.. drug store.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13
DARBYs PROPHYLACTIC FLUID.

Use it in every sickroom. VIII keep the
atmosphere pure and wholesome; removing
all bad odors from any source.
VIII destroy all disease germs, lnfecton
from all fevers and all contagious diseases
The eminent physician, >. MARION o1Ms,
of New York, says: 81 am convinced that
Prof. Darbys Prophylactic Fluid IS a most
valuable disinfectant."
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Train on D r R connects at Florence
with No So.
No SOL, 7estibule train, Tuesday, Thurs
day and Saturday. Leave Wilmington 10
A Il, arrive Florence 5 20 A n, arrive Charles
ton 9AM.
TRAnss GOING NORTH.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Rent and Supply Liens for sale at
the MANNING TINES Office.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Train No. 63 takes No. SO south Of Lanes.
Train on C. l. D. r. r. connects at Flor
ence with No. 81 train.
TRAINS GOING NORTH.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

IP. NJ. II. n. II. II. a. N.
Ly Wilm'gt'n Is rs 10 10 4 10
Ly Marion 944 12 40I 800 s 46
Ar Florence 10 30I rs 1OI u 80
A. NIP. 3D.
No. sol No. SO
A. VI. p. N.
Lv Florence 320t t6 COL
Ar Sumter 40 721
No. SO
4. M.
Ly Sumter 4 40 to 20l II q
Ar Columbia 615 10 22 900l
IA. n.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Manning, S. c., March Z, 1889.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1889-03-13

Jan. 22d, 1888. No. % No. al No. So No. Is
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
FREE WATER.

The people of this city should be sup
piled with water free-as freely as they
enjoy that other element, air. 1t would
be more economic to run the Waterworks
upon that basis. In the first place the
fund raised to operate them would be
raised by taxation as are the funds of the
treasury. The Trustees would then have
it at command in body, and could con-
tract for fuel for the works at greatly re-
duced rate by buying in large quantities.
In the next place, the nonresident
property-owuer would thus be contributing
his share toward the water supply that is
essential to the value Of his realty, and
that gives his houses protection from con-
hagrations. Under the present system,
the water users for domestic purposes pay
the coast Of water used to extinguish fires
In the houses of non residents who pay no
water lax at all, and tenants thus pay an
extra rental. So, too, the water rates come
in in dribblets, and the Trustees cannot,
therefore, contract for fuel on wholesale
basis. The amount of the water fund is
always unknown and coniectural, and so
the running of the works is always with
an unknown quantity in view, which is I'M
economic in any business. If is replied
that the nonresident property owner will
simply increase rents by so much as the
water tax amounts to, We reply that that
is improbable, since rents are as high as
will be endured, and it is scarcely possible
to force them upward single notch. Be-
sides, if the objection be admitted for the
sake of the argument, the gains by the
wholesale purchase of fuel, and by the
knowledge of the exact amount in the
fund, will remain, and they cut most i'm
portant figure in the question. If it is
said that with water free there will be
greater waste, we reply that there is now
no meter system by which waste can be
detected. Every person in the city uses
all the water he or she wants. both for
domestic and manufacturing purposes, and
there IS TO check upon waste whatever,
save nov and then furry of threats to
prosecute some one who opens a hydrant
TO- irrigation between forbidden hours.
We are for free water, and a fund to supply
1t raised by taxation. 1t will not increase
the burdens of the people one cent; on the
contrary it will result in more equitable
distribution of the cost of city government
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19

A LAS sUMMONs.-STATE OF CALIFOR-
n mia, County of Sacramento SIS. In the Su-
perlor Court II IN and for said county. The PEG.
pie Of the State of California to WILLIAM
TAAFE, THOMAS MCCAHILL, DEMETRIUS
A. MEGEHAN, THOMAS MASrEROON, P. A.
MURPHY, JOHN DOE and RICHARD ROE and
JOHN Nc JAH1LL, greeting: You are hereby
notified that an action was commenced in the
Superior Court of the county of Sacramento,
State aforesaid. by filing a complaint in the
Clerks office of said Court, on the 9th day OF
September, 1887, in which action CHARLES
?. O'N1EL is plaintiff, and you are de-
PENDANTS. That the general nature of the
action, as appears from said complaint, is as fol-
lows: That you, the defendants, and each of
you be required TO set forth your several
claims light, title or interest Of in or to the
entire block of land situated between Y and Y
and Twenty seventh and Twenty eighth streets,
OF the City of sacramento, County of Sacra-
me1to, State OF California. and that said claims
or either of them, may be determined by de-
cree of this Court. and that they or either of
said claims, may be adjudged and declared in
valid. and that the defendants, nor either of
them, have no right title or interest of in or to
said land, and that plaintiff do have Judgment
against said defendants, decreeing plaintiff to
have go and valid title thereto, and that
defendants be forever debarred from ever az sert-
ing any claim adverse to plaintiff. and all of
which is fully set forth in the CONF laint on
file herein, reference to which is hereby made
and you are hereby directed to appear
and answer said COMPLAINT within ten DAYS
from the service of this writ, exclusive of the
day of service, if served on you in said
county of Sacramento; and within thirty days
exclusive of the day of service, if served else
where; and you are further notified that unless
you so appear and answer within the time above
specified, the plaintiff will apply to the Court
for the relief prayed for in his complaint
In testimony whereof, 1, VIM. b. Hamilton
Clerk of the Court aforesaid, do hereunto set my
hand and affix the seal of said Court, this 10th
day of December, A. D. 1882
lsEAL.l VIM. B. HAMILTON, Clerk
TAYLOR & HoLL, Plaintiff S Attorneys
In n,rrt,
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY
1t is Invoked in the Case of Aug
WelIltausen

1t is Invoked in the Case of Angus
Wellhausen.
The Governor yesterday pardoned Au
gust Wellhausen, sentenced in Orange
county in November, 1889, to serve one
year in the State Prison for an attempt TO
bride judicial officer. The Governor gives
the following reasons ut has been repre-
scented 10 me by petition from most of the
county officers and large number of
prominent citizens of Orange county that
the said August Wellbausen is an unedu-
Gated foreigner, with but Slight knowledge
of the English language, and absolutely ig-
norant of the laws and customs of this
State; that he is very quiet and lnofens-
i've man; that tEe Justice of the Peace
whom it is charged he attempted to bride
does not believe him guilty that from the
testimony and the character of the man, it
is evidsnl that he did not intend to commit
crime. and that he is the victim of con-
spirscy growing out of labor strike.
"Under these circumstances, it is my be-
lief that, should ;hesentence imposed upon
Wellhau. en- be carried into effect, great
ir.iusiice would be done the stranger with
in our midst who can neither protect nor
defend him self
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
"BLoATED ARIsTocRATs.p
Small Army of Citizens for Whom Land
Pafanfs are Ready


Patents are Ready.
The United States Land Office in this
city is in receipt Of pre- enption cash pat
ents for the following named persons:
Pierre Anthemap, Esther Andrews. Mary
Ann Andrews, Freeman W. Austin, Carrie
II. Burdick. Antonio Eorri. William Bow
man, Mary ]. Bailey, George Bruesch. Her
man BOde, James j. Byrnes, Thaddeus
Batchelder. Ella Bentley John l.. Brown.
Elmer Z Black, Dewitt C Churchman
/ Benjamin G. Churchman, Page Cutting,
William H. Clary, Benjamin F. Can.
vim, William 81. Coleman, Marion f.
Clayton, Alfred B CottiDgham. Ellison
l. Crawford, Edwin b. Dennison, George
Dunlap, Louis Domenghini, Yancey M.
Davenport. George w. Davey. Lewis L
Deller, Charley Edner, John P. Edwards.
Alexander Eutsler, Gabriel Eel, Thoms s
tinDegan. George II. French, AmeIio H 4.
Forni, Elihu B. Frazier, Austin A. Fair
banks, Thomas Feldman, Alden l. Fenner.
Nelson Goben, Jerome Cannon, Milton
Gardner, Marlin S Gheringhelli, Adam F.
Gourley, George F. GrisWold, Jessie f.
Hebberd, John A. Hill, George II. Hilbert,
Richard Ham, Samuel NJ Highet,
Dollie NJ. Haley, Louis +. Haupt,
John NJ. Horst Richard Hopkins, Edward
E. Higgins, John Isols, William d. John
son, Annie NJ James, Thomas n. Jones,
Charles Kretcher, George Kretcher, Edou-
ard Klein, James H Kennedy, Frank II.
Lathrop, Matthias tanners, Scott Laycock,
Catherine Luke, Catherine c. Maley, James
Madonna Frank McCullob, John Nc
Culloh, Hiram w. McCullob, John McCul-
lob Alfred Moore. Thomas F. Marshall
George Miller, Henry A. May, Giuseppe
Mori, Mich Marinoyich, Daniel McGee
Matthew Maus, Robert o. Mexican ST.
Clair Nye, Sarah Noe, Wesley h Nichols
Luke Hara, James O'Hars, Pierre Plasse
Gilbert Pfortner, Thomas Pickett, Nikola
Puvach, James B. Patterson, John ]. Quill
Henry Jan Richardson, Giovanni Ratfetto
Peter Roemer. Frederick Rick, Silas Rich
ards, Joseph Sauve. William Stone, Charles
Schworer, John F. Slavin, Hormidss
Sauve, Joseph Solara, James a. Scott,
Henry Smith, Joseph Spinolla, John F.
Schance, Chas. A. Swisler, Fred Schenck,
May L. Smith, Chester S. Swift, Edmund
Saul, Levi Tilton (heirs of, Nell L. Towle
Mary E Thompson, William Tibbot. Levi
Tyler, Reuben T. Upton, Peter A. Valen-
tine, William X. Vaughn. G. B Vicini,
a biahamS Wool ey (beirs Of, Alice Wood
ward. George II. Wniteman, Isabel Whea-
don, George T. Wheadon, William Watt,
John ]. Williams, Maxwell ]. Wallace,
Mary A. Webster, John White, Claude
Wilson, Harvey L. Warren, Jacob A. Wolf,
Joseph A. Wax, Fred A. Ward.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
THE CITRUS FAIR.

The time draws near when the Citrus
Fair provided for by the Legislature will
open at Oroville 1t is not to be local
concern; it is the Citrus Fair of the peo-
pie Of the whole central and northern
district. 1t should therefore engage their
earnest and active attention. There is
now but a short time in which to take
steps in this direction Sacramento should
be largely represented at the fair. She
has the capacity to make a fine exhibit
there, and it should be brought into full
play. We should see to it, also, that the
visitation at the fair is large. We should
do our utmost to induce visitors to the
State to 80 up to Oroville during the days
of the fair, and should ourselves pay visits
to the exhibition. We have great deal
yet to learn about citrus culture, and there
is no better place to acquire the informa-
ton than where the successful growers
will be grouped with the proofs of their
success about them "What is everybody's
business is nobody's" is an old saying that
applies with force in this case; we should,
therefore, have some sort of organization
to take hold OF the matter of our repre-
sentation at the fair and awaken the neo-
pleto due interest in it. Perhaps We
are wrong; the people are already inter
ested in it, but they need organization
through which to act effectively. Either
the Supervisors or the Trustees, or both
jointly, could very appropriately put the
movement afoot and appoint Sacramento
Commission TO receive and arrange our ex-
hibi.s at Orosilie, and to communicate
with the people, informing them in detail
Just what articles Of growth are needed
and to what extent. We trust that there
will be speedy and effective work done in
this matter and before the holidays are
over. Our local pride and our business in
terests alike demand that we shall take en-
active and prominent part in the 0roville
fair There is scarcely any cost involved
in preparation, since all the premiums are
provided by the State, and large portion
OF the expense of setting up the fair also,
while the people Of Butte county, by their
own contributions, cover all remaining ex-
penses, and add great sum in addition
toward making the fair attractive and in
providing accommodations for the people.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19

LoDGISG-HoUsE keeper Hammond, who
is understood to be mixed up in the Lon
don scandals, fled to Seattle. There the
world found him out-for there is no such
thing as coneealment nowadays There
upon the gentle Hammond, who kept a
"fencen for shame and outrage, throws up
his hands and exclaims:
It seems hard to man. Who with his family,
has settled in new country and new place
and IS attempting to build himself up to be ol-
lowed II such accusations. Why am thus
hpuadef
Because, sir, the telegraph and the press
have made all peoples of civilized coun-
tries next door neightors; because London
and Seattle are no longer far apart. Sci
enee, energy and the progressive spirit of
a progressive people have eliminated dis
tanss and all out stricken time out Of con
gideration in the Transmission Of news; be-
cau.e the world is a unit in its adherence
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
PROPERTY TRANSFERS.
Deeds to Real Estate Filed With the
County Recorder.

Deeds to Real Estate Filed With the
County Recorder.
From law and abstract Office of Brusie & Tsy.
lor, southeast corner OF Seventh and j.
The following transfers of real estate have
been made since the last published re-
port
Frank " Murch 10 Mrs. Kate Foster-Lot 2s
in subdivision No. / of Natoma Water and Min
ing Companys land; S&I5.
B. q. Steinman t, Fred. R. Tarr-The north
one acre of the south three acres OF Louisians
Tract S325.
Maria madalena Rose to smma Perry-Ten
acres in township north, range east: 81.
n d. Rideout to J. NJ. nevis and L. N. Nevis
North half OF lots and 4, snd north half OF lots
aud ,, K and 5, Twentieth and Twenty fir I
streets. grant
lot 5, l and ], Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets;
grant.
Estate of JACOB Miller. deceased, to Antoine
Valine-One hundred and seventeen acres in
Swamp Land Survey No. 1S7, in township
north, range east: Sl1 ,I9l.
Antoine 2. Valine toJoaquin FeTnandez-riity
acres OF the above property; $40.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
ADvtsT,sEMENr OF HALE BROS. q CO.
OPEN EVENINGS UNTIL AFTER THE HOLIDAYS
Satin Souvenirs and Exquisite Christmas Cards very 1ow
THERE IS MUCH DELUSI0N IN
| special and private brands no
matter what goods they designate
AS to
Perfumes.

They are more often the mark OF inferior
lty than Of merit Perfumes in particular The worlds
best perumer there are few of them-send out their
products under their name Indeed is to their interest
to do so while their Perfumes are highcas and reliable
mans reputation in business is his capital Hence the
famous perumers-hose whose goods have undergone the
test OF tmehaye neither time nor inclination to provide
dealers with orphan brands This is the opportunity that
tails to secondrate makers In buying Perfumes is always
safe to buy those on which the maker has his name
Our assortment of Perumeries besides being much the
largest in the city, has the merit of being composed of the
goods from the bestknown pertumers in the world such as
Lundborg Arnold Colgate Mellier Tappan and Gosne You
will find prices as low and in many cases lower than
elsewhere. All the leading odors constantly on hand
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19

SENATOR STANFORD has promptly in
troduced a bill providing for adequate
military defense for the Pacific Coast.
The bill proceeds upon the suggestions, sub
stantiaIly, of General Miles, of the Divi-
sion of the Pacific. The action of the
Senator will have the effect of bringing
the subject so prominently before the pres
ent Congress, that an official inquiry as to
the real needs of the coast will probably
be made by the Senate, and we may there
fore anticipate early definite action in
the matter of providing coast defenses,
and that it will be of an affirmative char
acter. Any impartial inquiry will develop
the fact that the coast, with all its seaport
wealth, is liable to be laid under tribute
by single armored cruiser in case of any
international difficulty that may involve a
conflict of arms.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19

THE bill introduced into Congress pro-
yiding for a commission to locate and ar
range for worlds fair in 1892, requires
the commission to ignore all local commit
tees except that of New York. Now we
shall hear from Chicago with whoop.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19

THE Pan-American Congress is coming
to California in February. That is the
right thing for the Congress to do, and
California will do the right thing by the
Cnnrress
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1889-12-19
AUCTION SALE
China, Glassware, Crockeryware, Silver
ware, Horse, Wagon, Harness,
Eixtures. Etc.

D. J Simmons & Co Auctioneers,
WILL SILL, COMMENCING FRIDAY
w December 10th. at 10 A. NJ sharp, the entire
stock of A. DESNERY, No. sis street. consist
ing fnearly so, zoo worth of China, Glassware
Silverware, Etc.
The auction sales will be as follows:
FTSm 10 TO IL A. NJ, g to L NJ, and
- t. 8 +. NJ, and continue every day until
entire stock is disposed of. The entire trade OF
This city and surrounding towns is called to this
important sale. 81 Sale Positive, and sold in
lots TO suit everybody.
asst D j. SIMMONS. Aucti7neer.