davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

terest in this lodge and in the order at large.
From the time he entered the grand lodge
until he was grand chancellor in 1887, he was
a member Of the most important committees
and vice grand chancellor two terms, 1885
and 1885
a j. Buckles, P. G. c. Knights of Pythias,
grand jurisdiction Of California, was born in
Indiana on Aug. 2, 1s48. When the war Of
the rebellion broke out in 1861, he enlisted as
a private in company E, Nineteenth regi-
ment Indiana volunteer infantry, to serve
three years or during the war. He was then
under fifteen years of age, and, as he informs
Us, had but little education.
Early in the war his regiment became a
part Of what was afterward the famous ''Old
Iron brigade, composed Of the Nineteenth
Indiana, Second, Sixth and Seventh Wiscou-
sin, and later the Twenty-fourth Michigan.
He participated in sixteen battles, in four of
which he was severely wounded, as follows:
August, 1862, GAINESVILLE, and second Bull Run
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
ALBERT P SAVAGE

session in 1852. He represented his state in
the supreme lodge at Galveston in 1883 and
Chicago in 1884, was appointed on the COM
mittee on laws by Supreme Dictator Sloat,
and was made chairman of that committee
in 1885. He was elected supreme assistant
dictator in 1886, and reelected at Philadel-
phia in 1887, at which session he also served
on the committee on laws. On the resigna-
ton of Bro. MiIburn he was appointed sl-
prene vice dictator, and was unanimously
elected to that office at Cleveland in 1883,
after having requested the supreme lodge not
TO consider him O candidate.
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
MASONIC.
A Valuable Relic Of Washington's Inaugu-
ration-GeneraI Gossip.

Valuable Relic Of washington's Inaugu-
ration-GeneraI Gossip
Hiram lodge, New Haven, Conn, mas in
It's possession valuable souvenir Of the In
augurasion Of Washington II Is uiniatur 8
arch OF the identical towers that Gen Wash
ingto1 passed under a: Trenton. On the jour
ney TO New York loo years ago. The flowers
are well preserved in 40 air tight GAS case-
i copy OK Washingcols complimentary I'D
dress TO the ladies' OF Trenton, who arranged
the flowers from which rness were taken, Is
with the arch This relic Of the first presi-
dent Was received by Hiram lodge thirty
years aga from william P ClaPp, Of Tren-
ton, n j., sc that tine grand treasurer Of
tie View Jersey grand council
The grand lodge ot Wisconsin was organ
lied b isE BY three lodges, representing rs
MAstsr Aasons. These three lodges were 10
ca,ed at Ntnsral Point, Madison and N1rau-
ksa Tia Rev. entaztn T. Kavanaugh WIS
first grand master. Il $50 cLzre were TWEEN
ty-nine h5dgs and !, 20 Master Mason; " j.
lam 2 Saith grand rsaSser. L iS5l there
we're I'D Lo1ses ard secs Master Nsso-.s;
Gabriel Eocck grad @zser. L 1870 there
were ie4 Iodgss s1d s.e44 Aasssr Masons;
Gabriel Boucx ssaia grscd r-as1e-. n 1850,
l8 lodges and Z. - raeuhers; E=1o1s z.
Chaplin grad master b. las report 20
lodges, Is, ISL Master Mas5us. ETroa Resa,
Wa1peca, grand master
johannesburg, South Africa, has 8 rev
Nasonlc HaH- waica Vas dedicated Azy. I
ISS3 Tie W Il ot 0plcen Ta.stls lodge,
No ~. n4sr the grand lodge Ct Scotland,
oG-c.ated One hundred brethren were pres
e.
: coPy g It's Boston News Letter q 17zi
Mention. TIA: tse s.ip Frss Gaso1 sa1.at
fro1 BassUa t1 TIE Tess icises, Sept e,
III, szys Grand 5scre-A-y Sickzrsc2- Tlsz
was fur yeaz after tie orsaui-@-s5o Ct the
FRS. grand bsigs az England. sai te- years
before he establishment q tie A-s- known
io1g. 4 seis country
zew Iote-, s. Pzzrs, E1yizsa coEse5sz-
tn, Esz bee1 cc-ssEstsd a. L-Ez1ssol, Or
y~E, e-d Is .e E-- ca TIC EssE1 Twzty-
seTen h<s.6rsz g.z-sd Tia pe-1sscz- re7resec'-
t1g Alxxanzzr5z. gerzz6a. Cc1scar-zcrse-
lad<a, Ssx Zaa-an5, Nora Scotia a2t Aa1-A
II Te-zs rgcez-ly oandl8Ase was 615arrst
5ss-azse czs toe xzs sAcrsEr thai taas C t,e
o.ser focs, /. having s>1 czt IL I. an
o-ee- fS-sssicttoa frncnba>x w~s rs5srs~1
5sczsse he vcald make . poor slow e a pub
- gEoc2@-
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

editor and publish
er of The MERGED
Express, when he
returned to the
practice Of his pro-
fession- In 1879 he
was elected district
attorney of MERGED
county. and was re-
elected in 1882 to
the same Office.
In 1874 he joined
Yosemite lod G e.
No. 80, Knights Of
Pythias, and from
the period he be-
came a member he
has taken q deep in
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

in right thigh At
Gettysburg, July,
1868, he rescued the
flag Of his regiment
after the color
bearer had been
wounded, thereby
b e comm g color
bearer himself; but
later in the fight,
during o terrible
c h ar G g of tn g
enemy, he was shot
through the right
disabling
him to such an ex-
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
FRATERNAL ITEMS.
HON. ALBERT r. SAVAGE, SUPREME
DICTATOR, X. OF H.

He Is the Mayor OF Auburn, Me-, and Has
Held Many Positions of Public Trust-His
Record In the Order an Enviable One.
Other Items.
Hon Albert P Savage, the newly elected
supreme dictator of the Knights Of Honor,
was born at Ryegate, Vt, Dec. S, 1877, and
graduated from Dartmouth college in ISL.
He taught school until 1875, when he was adj
mitted to the bar and commenced the prac-
tice Of law at Lewiston, Ne, residing in the
sister city of Auburn he was county at
torney from 1881 to 1885, judge Of probate
from 1855 to 1850, and is now mayor Of the
city Of Auburn He is connected IS presi-
dent or director with several important bust
ness enterprises in Maine, has always enjoyed
large and lucrative practice, and is consid-
cred one Of the leading lawyers Of the Pine
Tree state.
Bro. Savage became member of Auburn
lodge, No. PSI, K Of T., of Auburn, Me-, in
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
LODGE ROOM GOSSIP.
TWO DESERvEDLY POPULAR CALI
FORNIA KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.

Frank n. Farrar. Past Grand Chancellor
and City Attorney Of Merced-Past Grand
Chancellor A. G. Buckles-Items of In
terest from the Various Secret Societies.
California is rapidly becoming known as a
state whose soil is favorable to the growth
and spread Of secret societies. She has many
prominent men, and many Of them are as
well known in the mystic Businesses Of secret
society lodge rooms as they are In public
walks Of life. Among the many, Frank b.
Farrar, past grand chancellor Knights Of
Pythias, and A j. Buckles, who occupies a
similar position in the same order, are worthy
Of mention
The trials, t1iumpIS and vicissitudes Of
life are wildly Illustrated in the career Of
Frank 81 Farrar, now city attorney Of
MERGED. Cal He was born in Mississippi in
1s48 His father, Rev. William n. Farrar
was editor of The Mississippi Baptist. Frank
was educated at the Mississippi college in
Clinton In 1868, at the age Of Is, he enlist
ed In the Confederate service under Gen.
LongHreet and served in the Army Of Vr-
ginia until Lee surrendered The fortunes Of
war left his family almost penniless, and con-
sequently he commenced to set type at his
old home.
Bro. Farrar worked at his trade four years,
until 1S69, when be went to California and
settled at Merced In 1872 he entered an
Office as student Of law. Until 1875, he was
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

ter, Royal Are b
Masons, Hartford
lodge, Odd Fellows,
indian encamp-
ment Of Odd Fell
lows, Crescent
lodge, Knights of
Pythias; Sum ner
division, Z. r OK
&. OF P; Souquas-
sen Tribe Of Red
Men; Alpha Castle,
x. G.. E.; Hartford
lodge of Els, Cap
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Knights of Column ksA

OhoEs VIII bear II mind that Members
may be suspended Ia one class and stil re-
main IN good standing II the other Also,
that they may Is E1speceed from both
classes and sill remain social m<znber q
the lodge 50 log ss they pay tSesr dne-, as IL
required by sr1sris & the szbordin2ss
lodge coas1tE-ien-
There has been oniy oce aSsesx-so: Il
Cas- 1nce Oct Q, l5oa.
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

Order OF United Friends, Trumbu1 council,
National Provident Union, and Buckingham
council, Royal Society of Good Fellows He
is also a member Of the Putnam PhalauI
and the Gentlerncn's Driving club. Mr.. Avery
Is a valued member Of the different organ
izations, and is a gentleman Of pleasing man
ners, which win for him host Of friends
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

Up TO the Iss CT January, 1Se9, there kave
been paid ous 4, SO claims amounting 70
SIS, 09o, 6E r. Tie income Of toe order from
81 sources during 1855, intending a BALANCES
Of sIes SIS Z il bank. amounted 90 s2,s1z.-
so. During ths sanse period e, Is. oa was
paid II death beassss, So "a II retef benz
frs and s+5 as3 Il as expense H r,a1assuer-
Tie total assets On Dec 81. ISIS, were sz21. :
i06 Is. with 10 Liabilities
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
The Ea.cher Story,

4 Connecticut preacher in his inaugural
sermon said that the q. Washington Ratchet
story was false; and his indignant parish
ioners made him resign That is right The
sacredness Of q hundred year Old lie is not 70
be questioned by any pulpit FOUNDER II tie
state OK wooden nur1legs.-W ashington Pest
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
MASONIC.
Frank L Avery, Who Is Prominent in the
Order in Connecticut.

Hartford, Conn. has one of the best known
Of New England Masons among her citizens
in the person OF Frank l. Avery He comes
by his residence in the Nutmeg state legiti
n1ately, for he was born in Durham forty
five years ago and has never lived outside the
state. It is probable that he has nearly as
large an acquaintance IS any private citizen
in that part Of the country, because he has
from time 20 time presided over the destinies
Of half dozen hotels and is known as
Prank by drumners, theatrical people and
travellers generally who hail from towns in
all parts Of Uncle Sans domain
Among the different orders of which Mr..
Avery is q member are the following: The
Hartford lodge Of Masons, Pythagoras chap
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Improved Order of Red Men.

Tribe No. 13s, Of Philadelphia, has an or
cbestra composed Of is own r1euabers-
The Increase IN tribal funds IN Pe1lsyi-
vania for the past great SUI Is nearly S5o, coo.
A sufficient number Ct petitioners have
been secured for q new tribe IL Philadelphia
A new tribe at Paterson, y. J., 20 work il
the German language, Is ors Of tia posz4nlL-
tics Of the near future
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

\ sufficient number Of petitioners have
been received for a tribe in Marshall county,
Ind.
The Increase Of membership in Pennsylva-
MA during the past great sun, 50 far as re-
ported, is l, 81.
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

June, 1877, served
as dictator for term
ending D &c. 81,
1878, entered grand
lodge of Maine,
Feb. 1879, and was
elected grand assist
ant dictator at that
session He " a s
elected grand vice
dictator in 1880,
grand dictator in
1881, and made his
first appearance as
representative i n
the supreme lodge
at the Baltimore
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

New York Archieecs-I have planned the
ball room 70 accommodate GOO guests
Mrs. Do Peissterr gssernlyl-Sir, do you SUP
pose my guests viii ever exceed 40o-Ths
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

Turquois, given By loving hands, carries
With it happiness ard good fortune. Is
color always pGles when tbs wei being Of
the Civar IS in peril
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Sexennial League

Report OF the reserve fund for list month
shows over -, 600 securely invested and over
81. so paid out in relief since Dec 5, ISSS-
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07

Patriotic Order Sons At America
The afd~ played > rroniac-. part u tho
NemoriA t4y exercises throughout tie coon-
ty. ths e@r-s q Ito Pen1syiva1iA br-shrea
being partacslarfy noAble-
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Receipts of the Grand Lodge During April.
Other Notes.
A. Q. u. w.

The receipts Of the grand lodge general
fund during April, including 81, 600 borrowed
money, amounted TO s., 1S3. O6; disbursements,
including $50. II overdrawn in March, ST.
1882; balance, s., o19.16.
The assessment so far this year in Pennsyl-
vania Is the same as that in the jurisdiction
of Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware,
each jurisdiction having called assessment
No, Q for May.
The Jurisdictions which are enjoying the
lowest rate Of assessment are those which
have been and are now making the largest
gains in membership. Notable examples are
Ontario, Massachusetts,, Kansas and Ne
braska-
The rehearing in the Iowa case has not yet
been granted, and argument thereon is likely
TO 60 over until fall
The legislature Of Missouri has eFectually
protected the beneficiary orders against any
more maraudi1g expeditions Of the insurance
department by inserting clause in the law
that tells without ambiguity what the inten-
ton OF tie law making power was
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Beneficial Order Of Equity
Outsiders Not tolerated.

4 new council has been instituted in Phila-
delphia COLE posed entirely az newspaper zen
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
seSNNfl~
9ai1Y eagle
SECRET SOCIETY NEWS.
NRIENNIAl CONCLAVE OF KNIGHTS
TEMPLkR NEXT OCTOBER.

All Indications Point to the Largest and
Most Successful Gathering on Record.
Hotel Accommodations in Demand
Bands All Engaged.
Preparations for the trienuial conclave OF
khe KNIGHTS TernDlar which will be- held in
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Quite 8 Raise.

Friend-King KalakaGa IS 50 poor that he
can'traiss 10000 TO go to the Paris exposi-
ton
Member OF Congress-I once knew Of SIC. 0oo
being raised by king, bur l had the other
three in my hand.-Texas SiftingS
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Improved Order of Red Men.

The great chief OF records presented his final
eport at the great council Of Pennsylvania,
rhich showed the following receipts:
Wichita eagle., 1889-07-07
Standard for over Half Q Csatgry.
Praised On Every Trial.
PsrsIy Vegetable, Strictly Reliable
szS A5scsgtsiI Safe.

Fss szss ~ ~ yrz<x1sA Pres IS - px 80,
7sez1 szr S -; s~ sss. ~ z< Ds~a.<s s>< -
ssez5x II yooa- tz-y. q se>e2sk . sss, Yz.nxA
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29

The Buffalo Express tells of an In
dams grave along the shore of the
Oneida Lake where at times a weird
and supernatural light makes its APP
pearance 1t is described as ball of
fire about the size of large orange,
and swaps to and fro in the air about
thirty feet from the ground, combining
its irregular movements within space
about one hundred feet square. Peo-
pie have attempted to 60 near enough
to solve the mystery, but it would suit
denly disappear before reaching it. A
very peculiar story is told by the neigh
bors near the spot. They claim that
many years ago the locality was part of
an Indian reservation. A man by the
name of Belknap frequently dreamed
that there was a crock in the Indian
cemetery containing immense treas
ures. and that if he went there at the
hour when graveyards yawn he could
secure it. These dreams were repeated
so often that they had strong effect,
and he went there with pick and
shovel according to instructions, but
he failed to turn round three times
when he found the crock, as the dream
directed. He went to PICK it up, but
was stunned by a flash of lightning.
and the crock disappeared. Since that
time the spot has been haunted by this
mysterious LIGHT.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29
BITS OF PHILOSOPHY.
Some of Quaint Sayings of the Late Josl
Billings.

Some of Quaint Sayings of the Late Josh
Billings.
] never knu a man whOze name waz
George Washington Lafayette Good
ritch, ESQ.,, and who alwus sighned hiz
name for the full amount, but what
waz a bigger man on paper than he
waz by natur.
Az a gineral thing, an individual
who il neat in hiz person liz neat in hiz
morals.
Man liz mi brother, and konsider
that am nearer related tew him thru
hiz vices than am thru his virtews
Thare il nothing about which the,
world makes so few blunders, and the
individual so menny, az a mans aktual
Importance among hiz fellow ritter5.
A man with a very small head IL
like pin without enny-very apt tew
git into things beyond hiz depth.
The pashuns ov an old man are often
like hiz teeth-they cease to trouble
him, simply bekauze the nerve IL ded.
The only pedigree worth transmit
ting il virtew; and this IL the very
thing that kant be transmitted.
Atfecktashun haz made more phO0ls
than the Lord haz.
About the nearest tew absolute In
solvency that man kan git in this
world, and think he IL dieing ritch, IL
tew leave nothing but a pedigree tew
biz family.-N. Y. Weekly.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29
THE RAIN ON THE ROOF.

The threatening rain clouds droop end spread,
And the whrling waters LEAP
From rocky tarns near he mountains head
And on thr, ugh the meadows sweep:
The dark grass bends and the burdocks shed
The glittering gem from their purple wool
But lCw is the sound with q monoto lie tread
Where the rain falls slant on the roof.
Apples with sire ks of a crimson dye
And lums 9TH silvery pail,
From rain whipped trees in the orchard lie,
Or d ished meath the garden wall;
The ain god drives through storm swept sky,
The patterng drops have the beat Of hoof-
But dreamy at night is the lullaby
Of the rain on the sloping roof
Quick splashes drip from the darkened pane,
And we know the petals part
From lilies drenched with the driving rain,
And tears from the red rose start;
That fields spiked thick with the bearded grain
Have heads bent low in a dumb reproof-
But soft on the ear as nocturne strain
Is the fail of rain on the roof
linda B. Hays, in Travellers Record.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29
How Quicksand Is Frozen.

The remarkable achievement of
sinking deep shaft through treach-
erous grounds by means of first freez-
ing the earth has been successfully az.
complished at the Chaplin mine, in
Northern Michigan, by the Poetsch
process. The contract was to freeze.
excavate and curb up a rectangular
shaft 15ax16a feet, and about 100 feet
deep This was accomplished by first
putting down the freezing pipes three
feet apart. in circle 20 feet in diam
eter, to the depth proposed to be
reached by the shaft. The pipes were
connected at the top and filled with a
solution OF brine containing about 25
per cent. of calcium chloride. The
brine was frozen to a point below zero
Dy means OF an ice machine, and in
forty days a frozen wall of ice. earth
and stone was formed 10 feet thick.
The excavation in the meantime had
been going on, and seventy days from
the commencement it was completed
to the ledge 100 feet down, in spite of
some difficulty from the percolation of
water near the bottom. which was
stopped by freezing. Except for this
ingenious method, the sinking of the
shaft, would, it seems, have been
practically impossible on account of
the great inflow of water.-Eyanoel;st
Men are never so lihely to SETTLE .
question rightly as when they discnss
1t freely.-Macauley.
If we could but persuade the
world that morality is the foundation
OF wealth and success. this would he
q happy universe. Exchange.
carlyle says: There is a peren.
MAI nobleness and even sacredness in
work. :" He might have added. there
Is money in it. too. Boston Courier.
The man who is not on good terms
with any OF his neighbors will ALWAYS
Tell you candidly that his neighbor.
sre 10 blame. -Somerville Journal.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29
SAMBO'S PEACEFUL REST.
Queer illustration of a Negroes Marvellous
Sleeping Qualities.

Queer Illustration of a Negroes Marvellous
Sleeping Qualities.
/ saw queer illustration of the
sleeping qualities of negro the other
day. Every one knows that a genuine,
unadulterated negro can sleep On
board with his face to the sun and with
out covering tor his eyes on the hottest
July day-and he sleeps as peacefully
as a white man on the softest cot in the
darkest room. It has been said that
he could sleep under the mouth of
cannon in operation, and believe it
or, at least, l believe the one of which
l shall speak could. In going down to
Augusta a few days ago on the regular
day passenger we were few miles be-
low Union Point when the train sud-
denly stopped. The fireman jumped
from the engine and ran back by the
passenger coach. saying: There's a
dead nigger behind" Every one
looked out, and sure enough just be-
hind the rear coach, with his head rest
ing on the crossties, was what was sup
posed to be dead negro man. Two
or three train-hands and number of
negroes ran back to see if the train had
struck him.
Dat niger amt dead. He's or
cno'in." said one of the negroes, and he
Jerked and kicked him until the sleep
ing negro awoke, arose, and walked off.
followed by a kick from the brake
man.
The wheels of the engine and cars
had passed within few inches of the
negro's head, and had not even affected
his snoring. Atlanta Constitution.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29
EFFECTS OF FICTION.
The Question Considered from q Purely
Medical Point of View.

The Question Considered from q Purely
Medical Point of View.
Among the various opinions held by
speakers at the scientific congresses at
Paris, Leeds and Saratoga, means for
the prevention and cure of insanity
have made interesting theories for dis
cussiOn. One of the most useful pa
pers on this important theme was pre-
sented before the British Medical As
ISOLATION by Sir James Crichton
Browne. In very able paper, enti-
tied the ''Hygienic Uses of the Imagin-
ation." he dwelt upon the uses of fic-
ton in soothing the mind and giving it
a proper mental balance. Contrary to
the usual belief that the imagination is
most active among the insane, he said
that. as rule, the lunatic is as dull as
stone. He is the victim of a fixed
idea, or his deiusions occur in groups
so unvarying that having ascertained
one OF them you can predict the rest"
AS "idiocy is the absolute negation of
imagination, and insanity undermines
and destroys it more or less," it is i'm
portant that the imagination should be
evoked. Chief of the various means
for producing active Imagination, fic-
ton is the most valuable. since it is
most popular and more accessible to
all than music, art or any other aid:
and the writer of fiction, according to
the best medical opinion, is, if his
works have no evil tendency, a public
oenefactor. The sensible use of fiction
can not be decried by any reader who
has had his mind turned from the cares
OF life to a realm of forgetfulness, but it's
medical value is a new idea for public
consideration. Instead of aiming to
reduce the circulation of fiction. libra
rlans should endeavor to promote the
reading of the best novels as a whole
some mental tonic for the community.
and families should have their library
Vi novels as necessary part of house
hold furniture. Since fiction has been
given this important place by the best
physicians, it is more than ever essen
tlal that only the best and worthilv
STIMULATING novels should find their
way into public circulation. Their wri-
tiers have a distinct obligation upon
them, and in giving trash to the public
are as criminally thoughtless as the
physician who prescribes a harmful
medicine. If the writer's and readers
would understand this new doctrine of
fiction, the novels which excite an eyi
play OF the imagination would be less
numerous. Boston Journal.
IFS odd. and sometimes mslan.
cnoly'" remarks an exchange, ito see
q man try to make up his mind when
| with" W Work
LOW can man help having con-
s1mps ior courts when they prohibit
any man from being juror who has
read thought Or spoken on subjects
"a every paper and discussed in every
house. ~ every
high minds are as little affactod
ny unworthy returns for services -
the Sun is by those foes which +he
earth throws up between hersslf snd
pis light IT. Moore.
The Mason County journal. [volume] (Shelton, W.T.) 1886-1927, 1889-11-29

-Electroplatlng of glass and porce.
lain has been accomplished in France.
The chief difficulty heretofore has been
to obtain conducting surface to which
the metal would adhere. The patentee
uses chloride of gold or platinum dis
solved in sulphuric ether, to which
sulphur dissolved in some heavy oil is
added. When warm the compound is
laid on with brush. The object is
then heated until the sulphur and
chlorine are completely volatilized. the
gold or platinum adhering closely to
the surface.