The new North-west. [volume] (Deer Lodge, Mont.) 1869-1897, 1889-10-25

scarcely possible to imagine any system Which
has not been practced in one or more coun-
tries, from the use Of the rudest vessel to
simply dip up the water, up through all the
grades Of common hand labor to the Egyp-
tian "Shadouf,n or from the simple bamboo
wheel OF the East Indian to the elaborate
system of dams fumes canals and ncecquias
which once made Babylonia as tho very
garden Of tho Lord for abundance, and have
ktely been paralleled by the British in India
and the Americans i'll Utah nnd Colorado,
Equally difficult would it be to find any new
feature us to water supply and Its value, 1or
in the United States alone is found every
grade, from the rocky little troughs OF the
Moquis of Arizona, by whom the tiniest rill
is husbanded as if water werc golden, to the
mammoth flume OF Boulder, Colo, where
river is anchored to a mountain side and
made to feed hundreds Of artificial lakes,
fish ponds and fountains.
Still further, it may be said that since the
beginning of history little or nothing has
been added to man knowledge of the prin-
ciple. The rudest savage could not fail to
observe that his favorite plants wlthered IN
time of drought, and that the tree by the
river renamed green while that on the plain
died, and thence to infer that water was the
needed thing In the oldest poetry the early
and the latter rain are referred to US bless
ings, the dwellers i'll arid lands are pointed to
regions of regular rain rs to types of heaven;
the very word paradise means place
where trees grow, and Moses, exhorting the
children of Israel to hasten to the promised
land assures them that there they will not
have to raise water with the foot ION tho
tread wheel as in Egypt, for the Lord waters
that land. The land where "the brook fail
eth not is always the land Of promise.
In the United States the area of arid and
sub-arid lands includes at least GOO
square miles. "Sub-ard" is the term applied
by Maj. Powell to strip perhaps two hun
drel miles wide along the eastern border Of
the arid regon-a strip including much OF Da-
kota, Nebraska, Kansas and the Indian terri
tory, and very large proportion of Texas-a
strip in which rain enough for good farming
cannot bo relied upon more thnn one year in
three. Public interest in irrigation, however,
has been of very slow growth, and it was
only after twenty years. local agitation Of the
matter that congress appropriated money for
thorough inquiry. In America as in Asia
there is no record of the beginning OF irrign-
ton, and the traveller through the far south
west sees many painful reminders Of the
struggles the sem-civilized Indians (Aztec or
Toltec) made to hold their homes. In many
valleys he will SEQ that, when compelled to
abandon their lowest and broadest fields, they
retreated further up the valley, built more
elaborate dams, and even ''pudded" the bot
toms of their reservoirs to prevent scepage.
Still the increasing drought prevailed over
them, and they died out or abandoned the
country.
In Mexico the conquerlng Spantards neces-
sarily adopted the methods Of the Indian
farmers, and continued them in their settle
ments i'll New Mexico and southern Califor-
MIA, Nevertheless Americans generally knew
nothing of irrigation until the Mormons To-
Gated in Great Salt Lake valley. Their
method was and still remains extremely SIM
pie After many experiments they made an
estimate of water 'duty'-the amount that
given time at given prcssuro-and roughly
estimated the cost Of securing it. The church
engineer surveyed valley and reported the
number of families it was sufficient for, the
church selected them, named all their officials
and sent them to settle the valley.
Where the stream issued from the mount
ain simple dam was made, and from it the
main canal was carried along the base of the
hills inclosing tho valley; from it small canals
or acecquias crossed back to the original creek
bed every quarter of a mile or So and from
these smaller bitches traversed the upper side
OF each little farm From them in turn tiny
rills flowed down between the rows OF corn
or potatoes, among the orchard trees or in
shallow burrows through the wheat and
grass. The Mormons never attempted to re-
deem the vast terraces Of the larger valleys;
they contented themselves with the simplest
system, and to this day there are no great
engineering triumphs In Utah to compare
with those in Colorado, and few, IT any, arti
fcial lakes fish ponds or fountains