davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
Wednesday, April 10, 1889.
Bad Oh ..ln.icpcn@as:." &EE:ee-%rHA9T*

End Oh ..lu.icpcncs;'s:t Ss&"F-s@FA "s'S
The Independents in south Carolina arc
having hard time. The lndci"HrEt foi.t;-
cal ,.ariy consists Of perhaps enough lnria
hers TO fill the Federal Offices IN the state
and the politicians Of the Democratic party
and the Republican party seem To hc vicing
with each ether as to who can pour out TIC
,ilest vials Of wrath on the Office seek lcrSt.e
independents. 10 add TO the confusion O.
Southern radicals il is announced that PfcSi
dent Harrison will have Il regard ;Or tie re
spcctGbility and fitness Of applicants for ai
pointmentS This lets uut the great iIa>>so
"puhlicanS'' and sinners who nC"a fat Office
so badly and have nothing else than thcii
fidelity to the grand Old party. and lhei;
blind hatred of decency, 70 recommend lh"H'
Southern negroes and "lnicprndcn, Whit
men will likely hr disappointed III many III!
stances. They viii! no doGh' II" pa:n2d |"
hear that President Harrison. ii is Thought
will preserve the icSprctabili;y ami d"r"hc!
Of the government by having representative
men to fill the offices.
II seems that all the negro servants ciH
rlovecS about the White House have h"ci
dismissed, and that the President las iHc''
their places by white pcop.c. som" Gi 'h'S'
colnred servants had their places i"T many
wears. ami through successive PEcHidcn'i'I
terms.
It really seems rs if the Government did n"'
intend 10 restore the old methods which rN
listed before Clevclands election.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
KEEPING UP WITH THE PRoCEsSrcN
DOnaitls TO Have a COtson Seed Niii
1.-THE Grain CrOp---GuanO-..Fru
...FrOst.--COttOn Planting,

DUSALDS, April SIN, 1857.
Nothing new to report from this corner OF
the county. We cannot boast of my great
boom going on, still we are not discouraged.
The outlook for small grain crops are good
Our merchants are doing good business this
spring. and the farmers are well up with Their
work.
ton seed oil mill at Donalds this summer. We
think there will he no difficulty IN getting up
shares enough TO build the mill and equip 1t.
A mill costing ten or liitccn thousand dol
lars, ought TO pay the Stockholders ialr
other oil mills sell above par value. 7 see no
reason why mill In this part OF the country
should not pay the stockholders as good
profits as the mills located at larger towns.
| While other places are putting up cotton
mills and other improvements in the man
| ufacturns line, we propose to make move
also.
The demands for guano this season viii be
about the s:,lI,G ap last season the increased
prloo did not decrease the demand much:
There has been something over five hundred
| tons delivered here this season. The supply
will soon be exhausted and the demand still
brisk. Some will not bc able TO get all they
want.
| The wheat and Cat crops are very promising
at this tirnu tpc stands are good and about
the usual acreage in grain.
| The tail end OF the Dakota blizzard struck
us Saturday, and we had quite y cold breeze
| for two days.
The fruit crop will be abundant this year
If not killed by this spell Or some other one
| 1t was nll right up to the 9th. This spell o
weather Is certainly not healthy OH ycseta'
| tiOn.
Our people will commence planting cotton:
seed this week. About the usuai acreage will
| be planted. che preparation Is better than
| usual this year. the weather being SO favor
able through March. more plowing has been
done in the month than Is usually done =.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
AHEAD OF THE PROCESSION.
Factory Already at WOrk--.A Good
Citizen to go Away---VisitOrs Go
ing and COming---Bad News for
the Old Man That Keeps the Hot
House.
NINETY SIN, S. c., April 9th, 1880.

A>lNEi Din, -. W -hIiii VII, iN'''
The new town council has entered upon its
duties. At the last meeting of The old coun.
Gil, unanimous vote of thanks was recorded
for Mr. II. ]. Kinard for the attention he has
given the streets. No better officer has ever
served us.
Mr.. james Holland of Edgclield was in
town last week.
Mr. Beacham has finished tho tin roof on
the academy.
Our merchants arc sending samples of goods
TO the neighboring towns, which shows that
we are not altogether forgotten. "ThankS.'
Mr. JEFF Powers has pet. 1t Is pronounced
the american Cart.
Mr.. George Miller Is at home on short
visit.
Mrs ]. r. Turrant, Jr, who has bocn quite i'll
is better.
Thomas S. Blake. Jr., who has been at
Poughliecpsie, New York, for several months
has returned.
A splendid meeting has been going on a
the Presbyterian church In this place for the
past ten days. Mr.. Craig has been assisted
by the Rev. S. l.. Morris, Rev. y. j. Cauthcn
and Rev. w. p. Meadows.
Mr. and Mrs l.. y. Moore and Mr.. and Mrs.
+. q. Green, of Greenwood. were down last
Sunday.
The Hotel commenced planting cotton yes
lerday.
Nv. and Mrs. W. j. Miller were in town a
few days ago.
The oil mil! is a'success Enough money has
been subscribed TO Insure IL.
Mr. j. Il. Miller and family leaves on Thurs
day for Frisco Cal. He goes with the best
wishes of our people, and We commend him
TO those people among whom he may locate.
The johnson Manufacturing CompGny,. Is
going right ahead shipping axe handles Pick
handles s.nQ every other Kind of handles, rs
well as sinele-trecs etc, EAST END.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

TIE "WOMAN's QUESTION" is MAX
ing ut last Il stir in France, all the
greater for the length of time it has
been STAYED Oh: 1t is only within two
o. three years that there has been de-
cidcd rising against conventional edu-
catiOn-a custom so long established
that 'lcaving the convent" has become
in French synonym for finishing a
girls education. at this moment the
public is occupied with the attempts
of women to enter the learned profess
sions. The Parisians were startled a
few weeks ago by the application of Il
girl in Brussels, who had taken her de-
gree in law for admission to the bar,
which the court denied. More recent
ly, in Paris, a very pretty and very
clever Mile. Schuitzc read thesis,
When graduating at the Medical
School, on the practice of medicine by
women. She had been very brilliant
student, and her thesis was very able,
and was listened to with great interest
by Il crowded audience. DR.. Charcot,
t. med for experiments in hypnotism,
answered her, denying most of her
conclusions, but colnpiimented her
highly, in thoroughly French fashion,
on her beauty. The public is, how
ever, apparently on her side. DIR.
Charcot Complained that women doc
tors did not want to serve in the lower
grades of the profession, that they
would not doctor quietly in country
villages, but insisted on competing
with the men in the great cities, where
the profession is already overcrowded !;
to whic!, the Temps replies very aptiy,
thar ii the women doctors cling to the
cities, men doctors do the same thing,
in spite of the overcrowding. ConSer-
vatives are still further alarmed by a
bill now before the Cham hers giving
women who are at the head or business
houses the right 10 vute at the election
Of the Judges of the tribunals of COM
mrrce WHO pass on disputed points
arising out of business transactions.-
Nation.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

THE CHRONICLE takes pleasure in offering
five prizes In order to encourage the literary
talent of our people and to develop the best
practical suggestions for the agricultural and
manufacturing interests:
|. So for the best original story, not exceed
ing GO0O words.
>, so for the hest original short poem.
3 $50 for the best original es>isN Oh ttlrlhinG,
and how to make farming lay.
/. so for tit best paper npom tho METHODS ol
increasing and sustaining manufactures and
small industries in the South.
5. so for the best suggestions for the I'M
provcmcnt of Augusta.
Those prizes will be open untIi thG lst & OF
lima, and to all Subscribers to THE CuRnS1.
Gle everywhere.
The ulanuscripts. Will DO submitted to Il
c,n,n,i ont ccnlnttcc, which will decide be-
tween The competitors for the prizes.
The contributions should be signed by q
fictitious maine and accompanied by the real
name of the author.
Ali communications should be addressed
"rIE CnH0HIcLE, Augusta, Ga" H.TElvK
WALSH, President.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
Two Newspapers--OneH Hints at Know
ing it AII-The Other Knows Les
Than Nothing.
Hinns6oro NeaUs and Herald

We don't know where our contemporary cot
the Information contained in the above. BY
whatever means 1t did arrive at such con.
clusion we do not know but we are certain
that the Press and Banner is wofully mis-
taken.
All the graded schools that we know of ol
ever heard of have been anything else but
failures. They have been splendid successes
This Is proven by the general desire every
where expressed for them, by communities
which wish to increase their educational
facilities. The Press and Banner surely has
had little experience in such schools and
less opportunities of observation in the mat
ter when ii is led to make such statement
The besrand wisest educators ofthe country
have given the graded system their approval
and experience has abundantly vcretcd the
feasibility and success OF the plan.
We can point to no better example of this
than our own Mount Zion.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

WuMEN's WORK FOR PEACE
Much enthusiasm and patriotism have
lately been shown by women i'll found
inr societies for the relief fof the wound"
c;l, and ut no time is feminine compass
Sion more needed than when great
disasters overwhclm Il nation. But if
the women should be ready with their
srlf-sacrilicing devotion during the
war, how much more. should they
bring I'LL their energies to bear upon
duty lof preserving peace. fhr/Sfi"H
Li/JRrut0r.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

iG) duzeG pairs mems socks at ten cents q
pair inst received. The best socks for the
money ever sold. =. Rosenberg & Go.
If you want Il great bargain try our socks at
ten cents pair. i. Rosenberg & Co.
The largest line OF straw hats ever shown In
Abbcvillc. =. Rosenberg & Co.
A cordial invitation Is extended to ever
ont TO inspect our stucl. We will always try
10 make il to your Interest tc buy from us.
p. Rosenberg j. Co.
You cant fail TO be pleased with our elegant
line Of straw hats Our low prices will aston
ish you. l.. Rosenberg & Co.
Boys, you must tell your parents to buy
your straw hats from MS. We have the latest
STYLES. p. Rosenberg & 20.
lust rec ciycd a beautiful line of boys
surlms cluthing very chenp. =. Rosenberg j.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
The Polished !tsIsirr tro::! az" .ts:;:.'

ItAEEG, -. .NI'!i'' '' J.. =.
Nav rc xt,,nr yra.cr Of tine ErtSr. nd H''m'rf
topSn' know what i;lacc Quarry ocrii'n'- III
the map OF Abbey ilic county, hat i i!;'S Hn
existence, nevertheless. 't,i: thC /. = W.
&. X. half way between GI:rs!-"'A ;,n,'
toronnca' wou.d perhaps, be III" i!u"l ~.
lircnt way Of locating this city tEat = t.
0narry gets It's name ir0,n ;l3c g:aritc quar-
rv that has been succcs Sfuliy worked sy MI
VI. n. pearce OF Chutnbi". W"rk, haw"Ie",
in tn Sc mines OF Iock II Il; present, Il; Z
S!and.till, and the Sco:ch Ia"":crS t"r" al;
jet. 1t Is probable that work Viii b' re- ui'''
at ;ln carly day. go
0uarry has saw mill, Gotten gin. gri$t mi! /.
and store, AL controlled ny that energetic
!irm T.. II. klu"h (: Co. These are great con,
renicnccS 10 the imhah,aniS Of Quarry, a'H!
sources OF 10 iiIcOusGv:ahic rri!it lo iHr!r
owners.
a church--tne Old historic E"ri: ''hHIch is
also found here. Verify, il is founded C:I Il
rock, and doubt not IL VIII sttE:i.
Rev WI Mathews disp"nS, :. .!hC "br"ad "i
life to the Rock church ii"''E.
\ Furnishing sunday Hch""l unn'r ~" NJ
worker, j. Il. BuIl"ck, is one Of the rci.'"lS
aty .ntagcS poSscssc by quarry.
My cnumeratiUr o! The ;!i;lnta""S th;"|"i!
bv this city would nc far from complete, ,i:d
not mrniiGn the post Office. This iS :'r j:U'
pGy.aut, indie. q, and aiE"$t indi"i" 49,, Dc
:,djunct TO the city Mrs. il. i:vnian.H ir''
charge oI this and 80 efficient iIrS he !'"T' I:
himself that mi! quarry sincerely h". '.i@!
tlc new administration viii make Ii" ci.':i2"
in this Office.
-Scl.ool Commissioner NcI.cvS WAS ia ir% ::
this week looking after H." >"HOo' 81 i::s
place. His visit was crI"y cd by ic.;"!.cr ana
pupils. Come again. Gus.
Miss Annie Major, aitcr Spending Il ""' :.
with rcluiivcS here returnCd home !">; .<da
bath: The pleasure Of her visit was /" >"in'
"ineffable."
Mr. s. II. Benjamin is oil today 10 Wit rel
at:vcs in l.aurerS codniy.
Evidently ''S"minolc' is not engage iii
farming. Should hc ever exchange lttta "a :.
les for The Elrm he will Il uhtl"sS find ti:,l
advice il icr givci thIn followed: aiI':
that farming il the miI.l is far easier l'';iIl
farming in the soil.
We had Tie pleasure of meeting with COM.
missioner Jones on til" i:ain Friday CNIEin%
Josh has Il noble object in vi"T. And W. hlu
him God reed IN his efforts 10 .Gpir"sS tic
whisky traffic in AbbcNiie c"umly.
TlRUNCt!.i,-;.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
The 'sPress and Ranncr'' In Exact Ac-
cord with n Distinguished North
CarOIinian--A Demand for BXtra
Copies Of the '.Press and Banner
for Missionary Work.
Prir(tte Letter,

MY DEAR SIR R:-Please accept my thanks
for your editorial in today's Press and Bdn-
ner In reply to my letter. l have read the ar
ticle with great interest, and your views arc
in exact accord with those have long held in
regard to the machine education which the
graded schools are trying to give TO the chill.
dren. / am fast coming to the conclusion
that the graded school system is gigantic
humbug and is giving very poor return for
the money that is spent upon them. Besides,
the superintendents, who do none Of the
work. demand from four to six times the SAL
ary Of the teachers and this seems to me to be
an outrage upon the public purse.
read the Press and Banner regularly and
with much pleasure. I was in your little city
some sixteen years ago and have most de-
lightful recollections of the visit.
enclose so cents, please send me some eX-
ira copies OF Press and Banner, April 18th.
With best wishes for your success in al,
things. am truly yours,
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
'rhe Graded $rslGHi.

Onr friend, the anderson journal, i aSNP"
10 read our reply TO the CoiaH'bi" Register 'aS'
week. on the graded school. II" answer w
made 70 the RcqiStcr. is the answer which w
make to the .Journurs request for our oHmio'
n TO the reason tor the failure of the grade"
school.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
Question for The Register.

the Press and Banner having taken gr'a'
Mains TO answer the Register at length, giving
reasons for believeing that tue graded school
is bound to be Il failure. we ~onlu no"
,honk our good brother if he will give Us {
rew of his reasons for believing that the grad
ed school is a success.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

A storm along the Virginia coast
Saturday night, April I, destroyed
much property and sunk IL {. $.
Steamer which was in the dry docks
at the Norfolk Navy lard. She
slippedout of the dock and went
down.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

THOMAS ALLEN, the infant son OF W. ii
McAlliSter, died March IL, 1859.
",To US for thirteen anxious weeks, his infln'
smiles were given,
And then hc badc farewell to earth, and wen'
to live in Heaven.
Where other blessed infants he. ca tnais
Saviours Loving t;Cast. N.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
.si,J2ri... .a:w"y" .tiicnsl.
lTcnt,.hiS -irGimIcIIc.

Ti,. yar,,i;c:nr.. by Mr.. Thomas :. Martin
,,i tnis ci!v WA, The CVcn! oi the cYcnlug, tt
;,,!.r ty lnc lrrTacmt bursts ol applause
y! .i,!I erected him whiirSncaliing. lttccmct
with !.ciS aud fun and completely captGrct
,;,..' audi, t,r.. farce magnificent bouquet,
;!;.;! ,I..arnl irii,tiGc To the gentleman hap
ry effort, winch WAS tic iast exercise OF th'
e,rHinH.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
THE VIEW THEY TAKE OF IT.
Conflicting Opinions of the Graded
School.
Satisfied with Glittering Generali'
ties. with No Pretense af Par


ticuIars.
Columbia Register.
The Abbeville Press and Banner gives sew.
eral reasons for its belief that the graded
school cannot be permanent success.
Against any theory that may be advanced on
this subject may be arrayed the numerous
facts furnished by the experience of graded
schools all over the United States-we might
say all over the world. AS long as these In
stitutions continue their splendid work In
behalf of popular education and the eleva-
tion of the masses, 1t would seem idle to in
quire why the graded system itself Is or may
be failure"
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

German Milet' ! one "I the br.t FORAGE
n,oduc crown We have Just received Il tot
nf pure fresh seed. Gail and supply youiSr.L
Smith Il Soil.
Clothing and hats can be had ut very low
Ill,:es at Smith l. SDn.s
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10
MOURNING GOODS.

LII the new weavcs OF Black Dress Goods
"A now in stock. Twill give the finest quail
ity at very low prices.
An inspection OF our stock Will repay those
who are contemplating purchasing anything
In this line.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

A!r. Hugh Wilson has btcn editing thc A1
bryii,r Ii;lSs uiuH Br,,ncr for thirty years.
We do not know what kind OF Il paper IT was
,hirly wears a+.,, hat we do know that 1t Is
NOW one of the hcst county papers Ill inc
State. -.fc( (vJiHrii .N'trS.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

". will ..a.! ruu Il fine MANILA hat worth
: - lor %i 80. l.. Rosenberg d Go.
Why pay CX;ravG;imt prices for tailor made
CLOTHING wlIr! We can tit you as well aud lor
,ullciI less in,n y. l.. Rosenberg 4 Co.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1889-04-10

- PIECES OF NEW WHITE DRESS
~ Goods In Plaids, Stripes, &c.
IxyH1TE SWISS EMBROIDERY. NULL
w embroidery, Lawn embroidery from DC.
TO SOC. per yard.
FULL LINE OF RUEFLINGs IN ALL
the new styles.
ladies WHITE AND COLORED COLI
IA LARS AND CUFFS.
100 DOZ. LADIES HANDKERCHIEFS
1OO in white. embroidered, white nen-
stitched and color d borders.
rULL STOCK OF LADIES GLOVES IN
I Isle thread tatreta, silk and kid gloves.
% DOZEN CoRSETS In the well known
~ brands. Madam Thomsons Heaitn'
Dr. Warmers Health, Balls Health ana hopO.
Try my F. II. Z. tailor-made Corset Tor heaith
and comfort
NULL STOCK OF DOMESTIC CALICOES,
II Muslins, Lawns, Bleached Homespnn,
Bed Tickings, Brown and Bleached sheetlngs,
Brown and Plaid Homespups, Brown Jeans.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1889-04-13
Creamery Notice.

All parties intending to furnish or gath
er cream for the Wa-Xeeney creamery
are notified that it is the intention tc
start the creamery on Tuesday morning
April s16. Those intending to furnish
cream are requested to keep the
milk of the Ia, and gatherers are re.
quested to go over their routes on the 10
and bring the cream in on that evening.
Setting cans Will cost 60 cents each,
payable in cream, and can be had upon
application. Special caution is enioined
upon patrons to keep their cans scrupu-
lousy clean, and upon gatherers to gather
cream and not milk Trial churning will
be made from time to time to see that
each patron and gatherer is observing
these precautions; and when it is found
that any person is failing to observe them,
if.argument fails to effect the required end,
the creamery will be obliged to cease do
ing business with that individual
Ten and one-haif cents per gauge will
be paid for cream, and III per gauge fer
gathering. The creamery will be run as
economically as possible, no one but the
butter maker being paid any salary, and
the price paid for cream will be increased
as soon as the butter market and expense
account will permit, it being the inten-
ton of the management to give the pa
irons the benefit of any profit there may
be.
This is no gold mine or bonanza, but
there is some money in it for the people
of this and adjoining counties. if reason
able diligence and perseverance are en-
ployed. OF course, the enterprise is new,
and mistakes will be made; but it will be
far better for all if the people will help
and encourage, leach one doing his part
faithfully than If they stand around and
find fault, and whine about the way
things are done.
For further information, apply to Geo.
Pinkham, I. l.. McGarvie. E. D. Wheeler,
ID. ii. Henkel or
Yours respectfully,
f. Il. CoNGER.
LATER.-Since writing the above no.
tice, disagreement has arisen, and I
have been obliged to resign the position
of superintendent; consequently, can
make no trades binding upon the cream
cry association. I will cheerfully impart
any information in my power to in9ui-
rers. E. FL. CoNGER.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1889-04-13

1
about to give up in despair, looked
with prophetic vision into the future
and predicted to them such final
triumph as they had never ventured to
nope Tor; and while he watched their
enorts, as it were, with one eye, the
otner was on the U. S. Treasury, and
while the work has been done within
the bounds of our state the benefits are
extended. In two of the southern
states they are operating few of what
they call the Kansas process. Again
we say all honor to Plumb and all of
those, whoever they may be, who have
assisted in this great achievement.
E. d. WHEELER,
Chairman Com.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1889-04-13
Creamery Notice.


To those who expect to be patrons OF the Trego
County Creamery:
We now have on hand about one
hundred cans to set milk In, and those
who will be ready to use them soon can
secure them by applying to o. A. Cort-
right. Those who will want them later
on can make application for the required
number, SO that we may have plenty of
time to secure them, and that there may
be no delay. Price of cans to be 60
cents, to be paid for out Of the cream.
We have engaged an experienced butter
maker, who has been recommended very
highly to us, and he is arranging the
machinery, and expects to have every
thing ready by the 18th of this month.
Cream gatherers and patrons will please
take notice, so that as many as possible
may be ready by that time.
We wish to call the attention of the
farmers to the fact that nearly all of the
money that has been paid out up to the
present time has come from the business
men OF Wa-Keeney-not out of their
abundance, but rather out OF their neces-
saries-and they have done this with the
full understanding that they need not
expect dividends; that the creamery was
to be run for the benefit OF the farmers.
It is to be hoped that the farmers will
show their appreciation by all uniting
and making ii a s,ccess-
By request of the president.
E. d. WHEELER,
Secretary.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1889-04-13
IN AND AROUND TOWN.

Severed cases of humps were reported
in town last week.
Mrs. Beatty went to Denver last Satur.
day, to spend the summer.
Mr.. Richards's wife and children took
the train for Denver on April 3, to join
Mr.. R., who has been out there at work
for the past four months.
The lunch social at the Baptist church
last Saturday night was, in all respects, a
pleasant affair. The net proceeds we're
about six dollars. They were used for
the benefit of the church.