Workmen's advocate., 1888-02-25

already contain human labor; the earth itself remains the u1lrerSdi medhs Of pro dttctioH.
 The result of the laboring process is the product. this emanates from the la boring process in various forms. Pro ducts may serve only for consumption, or only as means of production, or may only be useful as raw material (half man. ufactnrc) that require, more labor, or they may serve in different ways, as, for instance, grape as means of cOnsump- ton and as raw material for wine. When products are used to create other products with, they become means of production.
 Now that We have given these general explanations let LIS return to the capttdi- iStic process of production.
 After having purchased the means of production and working power, the pos sessor Of money lets the latter consume the former. that is, transform into pro ducts. The lab0rer consumes, as it were, the means of production by altering their form. The results of this process is the altered means of production, into which, during their transformation, new labor has percoiated.
 
 products, do not belong to the capitalist. For he has not only bought the means of production, but also the working power, and has, by bringing them Ill | contact caused their fermentation, Z 0 to say The laborer here only plays the | part of an automatic means of production. The capitalist does not manufacture ar | ticles for his own private use, but for | the market, therefore commodities But | that alone does by no means satisfy hlm. | His aim is to manufacture commodities | of higher value, than that of the neces- | sary means of production and working power together; in short he wants a | surplus raiue.
 The attainment of surplus value is really the ORiy motive that mcites the money owner to convert his money into | capital, and to produce. Let us see how | this craving is satisfied.
 As shown before, the value of every commodity is determined by the average time of labor socially necessary for its production and therefore we have to re- solve lanalyze) the commodity produced by the capitalist into the working time embodied therein.
 Say the raw-material requisite to the manufacture of an article costs T3 and | that SIS worth of the means of produc- | ton is consumed; say further these S4 | represent the product of value of two working days of twelve hours each, then we shall find that the produced article in | the first place embodies two working | days. Raw material and means of pro | duction, however, do not become com modity of themselves, but only through | the application of labor; 1t Is essential | therefore to find, how much time of labor | that process of production requires. Suppose it lasts but six hours and that also six hours would be all that was re- quired to replace the value of the work ing power spent. The days value of the working power is determined by the value of the merchandise, necessary for | it's maintenance, or rather reproduction: | it follows. that. if this value costs six working hours, then will the day IS value of the working power be replaced in six working hours and is expressed, accord | ing to the case supposed in a price of Sl. The finished product therefore, contains two and one-half working days or its total price is S5; but the capitalist has paid 8 for it himself, S4 for raw ma- | working power. It is plain that in such a case no surplus value can accrue. This, however, is not to the capitalists taste; he wants surplus value, or else he wont play" Raw material is implacable, as are also the means of production. They contain so and so much time of labor and have their certain value which the capitalist must pay, but they do not in crease. There still remains the purchased working power. The capitalist perceives | that the labOrer uses so many necessarles of life, and can be produced in six work
 ing hours, that is SIS worth of goods; and he therefore pays him for his daily working power Sl. But he does mol see why the SO purchased working power should also be employed only six hours daily; no. he demands that 1t should be employed for treire hours q ily. that is. for a length of time, which in our case produces q value of S2. The problem is | solved. We have seen that in six hours
 S3 worth of raw material and SIS worth of means of production were trans
 formed by the working power. which also cost Sl into a product worth S.l. or.
 in other words two and one-half work
 ing days Without eXpending more
 than >l for the working power our crafty capitalist makes the same operate not six. but twelve hours. lets t consume in this time not for S3. but for S6 raw ma.
 terial. and not means of production for
 Sl. but for s2, and in this wise he obtains
 a product which embodes five working
 days and is therefore worth S1O. But he
 has only expended: $6 for raw material.
 S2 for means of production and Sl for
 working power, aggregating S9. The
 finished product therefore contains a
 surplus raiue of ~l.