davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

posts of industry are filed by men in
adequately qualified. The profits made
by such employers are so small that
they may be dIsregarded They form a
no-profit class, from which profits are
measured upwards. If there were
enough able employers to supply the
demand, the no profit class would 5e
driven out, and competition among
the other employers would both raise
wages and lower prices. Unfortunately
we must have the goods produced by
incompetent employers, the proof Of
this being that we do have them. We
buy them, paying more for them than
if this class did not exist. AS long as
we must have the goods they furnish,
we must pay for their incapacity, their
wastefulness; every mistake of theirs is
charged up to consumers. The price
at which their goods are sold, however,
will determine the price of the whole
supply, "since in any one market, at
any one time, there is but one price for
different portions of the same commod-
ity. The goods produced by the more
competent employers, therefore. will
bring the same price as those of incom-
petent employers, though the former
cost less to be produced. The differ
ence, so measured, will go as profits to
each individual employer, according to
his own success in production.
Profits. therefore, are not taken out
of wages. The money-making en-
ployer pays just as high wages as the
unsuccessful one pays. Nor does it ap
pear that the laborer who works for a
shrewd, able and enterprising employer
should receive more pay than he whose
it is to work for a weak or
reckless employer. The one laborer
is as efficient as the other and works as
hard. In the latter case the employer,
paying the same wages, interest, and
rent. and selling his goods at the same
rate as the employer who makes no
profit, yet is able to accumulate sur
plus, which surplus is called profits.
The extent OF his profits are measured
by the difference between his own skill,
steadiness. economy and
prudence, and that of the least compe
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

= rent paid by the cultivator of the
more productive tract represents
also the greater re- yield of that
land. as compared with the less
fertile or more remote land of
his fellow-cultivator Thus, if tine best
farm yields four bushels of wheat more
per acre than the other yields, the cul-
tivator of the best farm must pay four
bushels more per acre for the rent of
the farm. Thu rent of any piece of
land is estimated by the difference be-
tween the annual yield and that of the
least productive land actually Guilt
waited for the supply of the same mar
ket. In America there are vast tracts
of land that bear no rent. They will
yield only fifteen bushels of wheat per
acre, let US say. Land that yields thirty
bushels of wheat per acre could com
mand no more than fifteen bushels rent
per acre, on this supposition. Should
the owner demand q higher rent than
this, his tenant would remove to the
no-rent land. And as long as there is
a body of nc-ren5 land that the tenant
can remove to, he can see to it that his
landlord charges him no more rent
than he should Again, the landlord
can charge fifteen bushels rent p acre
only when the fifteen bushel tracts are
cultivated. If the necessities
of the population require the cultiVa-
ton of no land yielding less than
twenty bushels per acre: then the land
lord can charge only ten bushels per
acre more than what is paid for the
twenty bushel tract, and so on. The
above proposition and the simple rea-
sonIng by which it is established,
is known as Ricardos theory of
rent. 1t has been shown by him
that it applies to the rent of land for
almost all purposes that include COM
mercs, manufactures and agriculture.
We therefore conclude that the wage
Garner can lose nothing at the hands of |
the landlord. whose share is derived |
independently of the wages
question, and who will receive the same
rent whether wages are high or low.
THE CAPITALISTS sHARE-INTEREsT.
Capital in free countries will not re :
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

main long unemployed; and there is
every reason to believe that as much
industry will be called into activity as
the actual amount of capital will admit.
Capital is not synonymous with money;
the latter might be increased ten-fold
without affecting the amount of the
former. 1t is really capital, not money
that interest Is paid on. When one bor-
rows 81 900 and buys implements for
his farm, machinery for his mill. or
goods for his trade, these are the things
he really wants, and these are what he
pays intercs. on. Other conditions re-
naming the same, the more abundant
capital becomes, the lower the interest
becomes; though rise in the rate OF
interest does not necessarily indicate
that capital is gro wing scarcer; it may
be sligo that its us4s are multiplied.
rhe higher the rate of interest, the
stronger will be the motives which lead
to saving, and the more rapid the accu
mutation of capital. Therefore, the
rate of interest ALWAYS tends to decline.
while rent tends to rise. All capital
bears interest, and theoretically the same
rate of intert ST; differences arise out of
real or fancied differences in the secur-
n.y. 4nO OdplNdl1-GI CdHAOl
injure tn wageearner by charging an
txor oitant interest, which he cannot
get. Almost anyone can accumulate
capital of some kind, or of some amount,
and will lend it if ii is profitable to do
So The rate of interest being deter
mined by the abundance of capital as
compared with the occasion for its use,
is clearly qIite apart from the Wa es of
labor.
THE EMPLOYERS sHARE-PRoFITs.
The employer is not necessarily a
capitalist. so important and difficult
are his duties that he who can discharge
these will generally find the capital re-
quired. Many employers, in some parts
of England more than half, have arisen
from the ranks of labor. Men command
capital, because they have the qualifica.
tions to employ labor Exceptional
abilities have far more TO do with the
successful conduct of business than ex-
ceptional opportunities. The men of
real business power, however. are not
so many but that no small part of the
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

capital, but they are paid out of the
product. An employer pays wages to
purchase labor, not simply to expend
the Wage-fund he may have. He pur-
Chases labor, not because he wishes to
keep it employed, but because he ex-
poets to make profit out of the labor
by so doing He will not hire laborers
any longer than they continue to make
it worth his while to do so. He does
not put his wealth in motion for the
benefit OF others. The mere fact that
the employer has capital at his com
mand no more constitutes reason why
he should use it in product ton when he
can get no profits, than the fact that
the laborer has arms and legs consti-
tutes reason why he should work
when he can get no wages"
1t VIII be quite plain to old residents
of this Territory that, in early DAYS at
least, wages were paid out of the pro-
duct Certainly there was no aggrega-
ton of capital corresponding to a wage.
fund. Men worked ION shares" One
might hUsk corn and receive every
third bushel for himself. Another
would "strip" sugar cane and receive SO
much molasses per day. A third would
haul wood and get every other load,
and so on indefinitely. Many were
their own employers, and received di-
rectIy the product of their own labor.
What ey received was, of course,
their wages, whether they worked for
themselves or for an employer. More
over. the man who would haul three
cords of wood while another hauled
but two would get third more wages
than the other. Examples from our
early history could be multiplied to
show that it is the value of the product
which determines the amount of wages.
As labor becomes more productive, it is
better paid. The laborer is the person,
of all persons, who should be most
interested in advancing the utility of
his own work by increasing the product
Of his labor.
The profits of industry are divided
among four classes of people. These
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25
WAGES AND LABOR.
A Paper by Professor
J. Fl. Paul.
ON THEIR RELATIONS.
The Landlord, Capitalist, En-
plOyer and LabOTer.
THE PROFITS OF INDUSTRY
Are Divided Among the Four Glasses
The Purchasing Power of
Days Wages.
ON THEIR RELATIONS.
THE PROFITS OF INDUSTRY
Are Divided Among the Four Glasses
The Purchasing Power of
Days Wages.

It was the view of the earlier econo-
mists that wages were drawn from cap.
ital, part of the latter being reserved
for the payment of wages. This re-
served portion of capital was called the
wsge-fund. The only way in which to
increase wages was to increase the
wagefund or diminish the number of
Iaborers, it being assumed that all the
wage-fund would be disbursed whether
the laborers we're many or few.
1t is now held by the best of recent
writers that wages are not paid out of
capital, but are produced by the labor
itself. Wages may be advanced out of
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

classes are ID the landlord. receiving
rent; ~ the capitalist. receiving inter
est; (3) the employer, receiving profits
az the laborer, receiving wages.
1t can be shown that the amount re-
ceived by any of the first three classes
is, under ordinary circumstances, a
fixed guam y at any given period.
That is, certain natural causes set a
somewhat definite limit to the AMOUNT
of remuneration received by those
claimants upon the product of indus
try, while the remuneration of tn
wage class is subject to an indefinite in
crease in value, provided only that the
latter class will jntelligently seek and
resolutely pursue their own interests.
1t need not be supposed, of course
that rent, interest, prof IS, and wages
are always received by different indi.
viduals. Sometimes the landlord is
also capitalist or employer. as may also
be the case with the wage Garner; but,
as a general thing, the landlord fur
nishes the land. buildings, &c. the
money lender advances the capital, the
employer directs the process of indus
try, furnishes the necessary skill, intel
ligence and foresight and the wage
earners furnish the labor.
Wages must equal the product of in
dustry, minus the three parts above
mentioned. Now, it is claimed that
these three portions-rent, interest and
profits-sre determined or fixed before
hand by certain principles. If the
nature and amount of these three
claims are indeed limited and definite
then the laboring class should receive
all they help to produce, subject to the
three deductions mentioned Let US
prove this.
THE LANDLORDS sHARE-RENT.
We all know that the more fertile
land is the higher will be its rent. We
are also aware that the rent which
land yields depends not only upon the
fertility of the soil, but upon convent
ence of situation. Land remote from
towns brings less rent than land of
equal fertility near large centre of
In this case the net pro-
ductiveness of the latter would be
greater than that of the former. though
the gross proGuctiveness (yi-ld per acre J
would be the same in DO b cases. 1t
will be found, further, that the excess
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

and who ars classed as working men
and working women, secure to their own
use constantly increasing share of
constantly increasing product. This
product is divided among themselves in
the exact pro ortion to which their
relative capacity and ability entitle
them. On the other hand, the owners
of capital. or those who direct its force
secure to their own use or enjoyment a
diminishing share of this same con-
stantly increasing product. Yet great
as this progress is, it doth not yet ap-
pear what it shall be even in the near
future. A wholesome discomfort now
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

pervades all classes of the community,
from which true progress will be-
evolved" (Atkinson) According to
the best information 1 can get, it APP
pears that the purchasing power of a
days wages in Utah has increased from
two to three fold since 1864.
The works of Atkinson and Walker.
which should be read by those interested
in economic questions, afford ample
demonstration of the propositions con-
tanned in this brief paper.
J. b. PAUL.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1888-12-25

Estey Organs at Coalter & sneIgro1 e's.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25
res Provisions Hardware Glassware Supplies

the constitution TO believe is the
com3apn heritance Of the whole
people, and your duty to prevent
its monopolization,i in this, that tn e
law regulating the introduction
and grazing OF foreign cattle be so
amended that the three millions
of acres ofthe unoccupied lands of
the Cherokee people east of the
Q6o of west longitude be not made
free grazing ground for a few
reckless citizens and Texas and
Kansas adventures to the exclu.
sion Of the law-abiding citizens Of
this nation desiring to engage in
cattle raising.
The law in its present opera.
ton is rs a free gift to a few citi-
zens regardless of these duties and
a grievous burden to all law -abid.
ing residents in our nation.
We complain then:
That the law is either in its pro-
visions or its execution solely for
the benefit of the few at the ex-
pense of the many and so outra-
geous has this fact become that
the poorer classes of the people
are fast losing the veneration and
respect they have heretofore had
for our government.
That men without the means
but of political connections are i'm.
porting cattle in such numbers as
to practically stop further efforts
to raise native cattle and in a few
years will drive every farmer SO
engaged out OF the business,
They bring a foreign population
in no wise responsible to our laws
and who may and do steal with
impunity. They introduce dis.
ease that is unknown here except
as the consequence of the intro.
duction OF foreign cattle, which
decimates yearly the native cattle
only.
We cannot believe that the ra.
tional council will not hear oui
prayer and in true faith we pre-.
sent this and for which we will
ever pray.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25
MORE RESOLUTIONS.
Prairie City Raises hor Voice on
the Lease Question.
PRArmE CRY, DELAWARE Dlsr.

PRAimE CITY, DELAWARE DIST.
Whereas, We, the undersign-
ed voters of Prairie City precinct,
irrespective of party. viewing with
alarm the tendency Of the Chero-
kee National Council to 9ndulge
in favoritism toward the Cherokee
Strip Live Stock association, there
by preventing the highest bidder
from obtaining lease on the so.
called Cherokee strip and
Whereas, Viewing the leasing
Of these grass lands as n strict ly
business transaction and that it
was the duty of the Cherokee Ma
tional Council to realize the larg-
est amount of money for the graz.
ing privileges on said lands, and
Whereas, Joel b. Mayes is en-
titled to the sup port of the Chero-
kee people for the stand he has
taken for their welfare, therefore
BE il resolved that the Cherokee
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25
A PETITION 10 COUNCIL.
Against the Introduction ofTexas
Cattle.

A petition, of which the follow
ing is a copy, was recently circu-
lated in this vicinity and freely
signed
To the Honorable, the National
Council The undersigned citi-
zens of the Cherokee nation and
sufferers from the evils herein
complained Of, would humbly pc
tition you TO whom is given the
care and protection Of the people.
to enact some law whereby we
may be in some measure, however
small, protected in the usufruct Of
tho common domain Of the Chero-
koe nation which we are taught by
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

National Council are hereby re
quested TO look well 20 the inter
est of the Cherokee people an,
permit n fair and square cornpeti
tion to all parties Bidding for
lease to the grass lands, so tha
the largest amount of revenue cal
be derived therefrom. [Signed:1
J. p. Andrews, Independent,
L. w. England, Downing,
w. b. Breedlovo, National,
Henry Crotzer, Independent,
Andrew Mckinney, National,
j. r. Crockett, Downing,
G.. II. Preston, Downing,
G. p. Williams, Independent,
o. J. Bird, Independent,
w. II. Henderson, National,
l.. d. Flint, Downing,
J. w. Young, Independent,
G.. w. Myers, National,
Robert l.. Rogers. Downing,
Garrett James, Independents.
John Todd, Downing,
Solon James, Independent,
j. r. Copeland, National,
E. G. Thormby, Downing,
b. r. Poden, "Joel Mayes,"
James Paden, Downing,
James Washington, National,
Frank Audrain, National,
John Washington, National,
w. r. Ritter, Downing,
G.. w. Moore, Independent,
NJ. IL. Mccullough, Downing,
]. o. Mckinney, National,
J. 4. Riley, Downing,
+. NJ. Dawson, Downing,
James d. Vann, Independent,
J. G.. Vann, Independent,
y. w. Vann, Independent,
Cyrus Washington, National,
J. S. Lamar, Independent,
J. r. Lamar, Downing,
Frank Lamar, Downing,
w. S. Audrain, National,
Amos Berry, National,
VIM. Angel, Independent,
Bird Wilson, Bunch"
Chas. Pratt Simc0e, Downing,
j. w. Mccullough, Downing,
Calvin G.. James,
=. l.. Walker.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

can be legally retained for collcc-
ton, especially when a mere re-
ceipt of and not a collection can be
claimed, and that, should the
treasurer so required, the money
would have been brought to Table
quah.
Under the present arrangement
between the Cherokee treasurer
and the president of the Cherokee
Strip Live Stock association, if
permitted to continue for one
year, the result can be easily as
certained. There boing $3.50, 900
acres under fence, this number
multiplied by four makes s2l0, 900.
At this rate for three months the
grazing per acre brings $50, 10000.
The amount collected by the treas
urer is s43, $50, leaving Doodle"
for somebody Of $3.50. Twenty
per cent. Of the sI3, $50, which is
$3.50, reduces the ma
tion's share to $50, 900. Putting
these twins together, the nation
is out s17,500. This is only for
three months. Multiply this by
four quarters in year, you will
find the total amount, out of which
the nation is chiseled, to be s70,-
600.
What do Won think of that 2
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25
CHIEF MAYEs' ANSWER
To Secretary Villas, Regarding tho
Lease of the Strip.
ENYcuTIvE DEPAUTMENr.
CmEnOKEE n ,IioN, ISD. TEn q,
a 49, s.aHaua NJ m 80

lAnLEQrAH, Oct. 10, locs
Hon. WM. f. Villas, Secretary
Of the Interior, Washington, d. c.
DEAR SIR Yours of September
IS, 1898, was duly received, in
which you gay, "The United
States will recognize no lease or
agreement for the possession, oc-
cupancy or use of the lands Of the
Cherokee Outlet az Of any legal
effect or validity upon the rights
of the United States or as conferr-
ing any right or authority or privi-
lege over said lands upon any
lease"
In answer | have to say and can
assure you that, in all arrange
ments heretofore made and here
after to be made, in the collection
of revenue from that source, from
parties licensed to Craze cat
tie thereon, the Cherokees
never have, nor will at any time
interfere with any right the
United States may have in these
lands. Under the 10Th Art. Of the
treaty of 1866, the Cherokee ma
ton agreed that the United States
might settle friendly Indians there
under certain conditions. The
Cherokee nation will never in any
way evade this agreement. I'm
der said treaty and under other
treaties and our patent to the
lands, sustained by various decis-
ions of the courts, the Cherokees
claim the absolute ownership and
the use and right to occupy this
land, and do not expect to part
with ii in any way contrary TO
treaty stipulation. The Cherokees
have been using this land for graz
ing purposes, as it is more adapted
to that than any other use, and
have been deriving revenue from
that source, which has been of
much benefit to the Cherokee pco-
pie in the way Of education and
other purposes, and can assure
you that in so doing we are not
conscious Of having in any way in
terfered with any right the United
States may have in the premises.
We find that we are sustained in
this opinion of our rights by re-
port of your predecessor, Hon.
II. NJ. Teller, under senate reso-
ution, who is now a senator of
high standing-a gentleman whose
legal ability is unquestioned and
whose opinion as TO our rights in
this land was not disapproved by
the senate. | respectfully call your
attention to a few facts contained
in his report:
Resolved that the committee
ION Indian affairs be instructed to
Enquire what lease Of lands in
"the Indian Territory or Indian
reservations for grazing or other
purposes have been made by the
tribes Of Indians thereon the
"number Of acres embraced by
"each Of said leases the terms
thereof and persons. corporations
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

JpsT WHAT THE People WANT
have used Chamberlain's Collie, Chole-
ra and Diarrhoea Remedy with salts.
factory results. My neighbors have
also used il 10 their satisfaction. II
is a frst-class remedy, and one that is
safe to recommend for bowel com
plants. NJ. AUE, Post Master, Leon
Springs, BeXar Co, Texas. Sold by
W. G.. Patton d Co.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

"A. J. BlackwelPs trial for murder
is in progress this week. lie has been
for some time afflicted with dropsi-
cal swelling of one of his legs. Some
wears ago while in prison at Detroit,
he had similar trouble.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

Every department is full to over
flowing and the most exact de
mand can be supplied.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

"ARRAH PAT, why the divil
don't you shoot ?' said one
IrishmGn to another who was TAX
ing a long, deliberate aim at a
wood-pecker whose head was
going like the hammer of an
alarm, on a dead limb. Pat kept
on aiming his gun at the bird to
the impatience of the other, who
yelled again, 81 say Pat, why the
divil don't you shoot ?" "Be-
jabers, don't you see," returned
Pat, "the blood on his head, an
that he'll kill his-self soon ?''
There are many politicians who,
like the Irishman's wood-pecker,
need only to be left alone to kill
themselves.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25
What do you think Of that /?

Why is it that the Cherokee
Advocate takes advantage of its
English readers by publishing ar
ticles in the Cherokee only? Why
does it attack the administration
in such a way that only Cherokee
readers know that such is done ?
Why does it in that way publish
one side Of tho lease question,
and keep those who read Choro-
kee only from understanding the
other? "Behind smiling provi-
dence," ," there is something more
than a "smiling face"
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

Customers who are difficult to
please and.hard to fit are my de-
light; l want them to call on me.
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

| have n better line of G oods thar
were ever before brought here
Indian chieftain. [volume] (Vinita, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1882-1902, 1888-10-25

Ready Made Clothing, l have in
endless supply and quality; am
going to sell it and sell it cheap.
Spirit of Jefferson. [volume] (Charles Town, Va. [W. Va.]) 1844-1948, 1888-05-22
SPIRIT OF JEFFERSON.
cCH.rlssTows. JrrrEasos cous4r, W. VI.
TUESDAY MORNING, MAY %, lsss.
Hon. VIM. [. Wilson'S Tariff
Speech.

The following are few Of the
many complimentary notices of the
able speech of Hon. VIM. L. Wilson
upon the Tariff, delivered in the
House of Representatives on the Sd