davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
Comfy Commissioner.

The commissioners kept steadily at
work until Saturday morning when
they adjourned. The total of bills al
lowed against the county was 100000,
and as will be seen from the official
publication of expenditures, in this
issue of the INDEX, there were an un-
usually large number of claimants.
The order previously made, lncorpo-
rating Sun City, was revoked, there be-
ing an objection to the incorporation by
some Of the prominent property own
ers.
An appropriation of $40 was made
for the use of the teachers institute to
be held here this summer and the use
of the court room and three other rooms
on the same floor was allowed the lnsti-
tute.
The Baptist denomination was allow
ed the use of the court room Sunday
evenings for religious services.
1t was ordered that all applications
for certificates of error. on account of
erroneous or double assessments be
made hereafter directly to the commits
sioners instead of the clerk. as hereto
fore.
The commissioners agreed to pur-
chase for the county lots No. Z, 8. IL, ID,
and Is, on Washington avenue and
lying directly south of the court house,
the purchase price to be 81 $50 in coun-
ty scrip, the condition of purchase be-
ing: lst, that good and unquestioned
title, satisfactory to the county attor-
ney be furnished to each and every lot
and, I'd that the mayer and coun-
Gil agree TO vacate Walnut street from
Washington avenue to the court house,
fence the lots and the street and plant
the same in shade trees within 80 days
and use the property as public park.
The mayor and council, agreed in writ
ing TO fulfill their part of the contract.
The lots purchased were and 8, from
Doran & Roberts for $3.50; lot IL from
Henry burst for 500; and Is and Is
from r. L. Lee for $780, Each has a
frontage ON Washington avenue of IS
feet and Walnut street is so feet wide;
so the county practically gets park
with 255 frontage for 81, $50.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18


E. M. Dewitt has built blacksmith
shop at Elm Mills and is now prepared
to do all kinds of work in his line.
Perry Stewart is working with him.
learning the trade. Some cattle are
dying, mostly calves. !. We have plenty
OF grass for stock, =, p, Butcher is buy
ing up all the hogs in this. part of the
country to ship east. /. Grandpa Provin
has been up making Elm Mills visit.
Come again, we are always glad to see
you. Health is good in the neighbor-
hood now....The Grigsby boys have
moved to their farm in Pratt county.
to put in crop. They had about 500
bushels Of corn to sell this spring, :.
Lige McDumas has sold his hotel and
left; SO Elm Mills has no coon now.
SOUTH ELM.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
OUR SAY!

The other merchants have
had their say on low prices,
extra bargains, ETC., and now
we propose to talk.
Until further notice we
will sell at Absolute Cost and
carnage, Our winter stock of
Boots and Shoes, Clothing,
Hats and Winter Furnishing
Goods.
This stock is seasonable.
not shelf worn and was bought
at advantageous prices.
Come in n0W and take adj
vantage of our offer, for it
will be but a short time until
this stock must be packed
away to make room for our
spring goods.
w. s. WATKINS & co.
Main ST., Medicine Lodge.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
ceutral commlttee MestinR.

Phe chairman, Judge Q'Bryan, re-
quests us to announce that there will
will be meeting of the democratic
central committee of Barber county, at
the court house IN Medicine Lodge, on
Saturday April 2lst, at ] O'Clock p. m.
At that time arrangements must be
made for county convention to elect
delegates to the conventions TO be held
at Wichita and AeavenwoFth. There
are vacancies that must be filed.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
"a Attantinn /,

Phere will be special meeting of
Eldred Post, No. ia, q. A. R., Dept.
of Kansas, on Friday evening, April
10th. 1888. as there will be business of
Importance to be transacted at that
time. BY order of the Commander.
&C. HOWE.
JOHN w. UPPERMAN, Adj't. Post.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18

The Medicine lodge Ice Company
VIII deliver ice to families. commenc-
Ing April 18th, 10 lbs. per day, by the
week for so cent; 80 to 100 lbs so cts. per
luO; 100 to 800 lbs, 40 cts. per 100; one
ton $500. Leave orders with shaw
Bros {. Ii. Reed win make :.;le deliy-
46
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
Notice 70 Teachers.

Applicants for teachers certificates
are notified that a public examination
will be held at Medicine Lodge on Sat
urday, April 18th, 1888. Examination
will begin at $50 O'Clock, a. m. Appli-
cants must be prompt.
II. S. LANDS, Co. Sup't.
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18

LOCAL NEWS.
WIN. BRONSON.

Eat ice cream tomorrow evening
Read Cunningham's new money ad.
Shannon Il shannon can make choice
city loans. S3
Cash paid for hides at the Central
Meat Market. IA
Highest market price paid for hides
by Davis X Davis. AZ
For n loan, abstract or notary work,
go to the 1.-TWO Hanks" 40
Maude Hogan weaves rag carpets at
the residence of Geo. Osborn. AZ
CInninghams want all the yearly in
terest farm loans they can get. Al
Shannon 81 Shannon want all the
good farm loans they can get. 80
For n correct abstract of title, go to
1ngraham n O'Brian. 40
shannon Il Shannon have an abund-
ance of money to loan on land. 80
G.. w. yickers will leave here this
week for his Ia ew home, Trinidad, Col
orado.
Rev. Hahn preached st the Presby-
terrain church Sunday, in tbs absence
of Rev. McElroy.
HOTEL FOR RENT.-The Avenue
house. this city. Call on 8. Z. CoAN
for particulars. 81
The latest, tenderest and best beef
at the Central meat market, opposite
LIST National bank.
Another car load Of bran and ship
stuff received this week by j. o.
Andrews, Medicine Lodge. AZ
See Ingraham & O'Brian, before get
ting your loans. They offer better
terms than any other agents. 46
Headquarters for -four, seed potatoes,
garden and field seed, groceries by re.
tail OF in bulk. Davis 4 Davis. As
The stewards of the NJ. f. church
will give a coffee and cake lunch Thurs
evening TO the members Of the church
and congregation.
Mrs. A. j. Jones gave a birthday
party, Monday, to her daughter. aged
one year. Nearly all the little " kids >
in town were there.
New goods. low prices. small profits.
Immense sales. fair dealing. courteous
treatment. Come and see us. Standi-
ford. Youmans a Eldred. 40
Our stock Of spring dress goods, in all
the latest patterns, is now open and the
ladies are requested to come in now and
make their selection. Davis X Davis.
The ladies of the NJ. T. aid society
wilLgive " Progressive Social" at the
Sherlock building. Thursday evening,
April 2ith. Something new. Prices TO
suit the times.
The Earnest Workers Of the Presby-
terrain church will give social at the
residence Of Mr.. George Esmond. Fri
day evening, April 10th. Everybody
Is INVITED.
Best lire Of groceries and provisions
intne city. Fresh consigaments daily
received. Nothing old or stale with
as. Sold too quick. Try us. Stamford,
Youmans & Eldred. 46
Our spring goods are open and we are
confident that It's equal has never been
shown In Medicine Lodge. Our line Of
new clothing, hats. boots and shoes and
Furnishings are superior in quality
and cheaper In price than anything we
have yet offered. Davis n Davis. IS
We have our new line OF spring cloth
ing and furnishing goods. including
ovoralls, over-shIrts, plow-shoes, light
hats. working gloves. and greatVarieiy
Of other furnishings. We sell goods
Tor spot cash and fear no competition or
cut prices from any source. d. X.
Remington, at The Red Front, IS
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18
fRAHsrRR LINE

J. Q. Gano is the manager OF the SOUTH
western Bus and Transfer Tine. Busses and
peggage wagons meet every train, passenger
ana freight, Delivers freight and express IA
~ part q The city, Leave uraers af the
" ~ IsiIefero, Or at the bus barn on
Barbour County index. [volume] (Medicine Lodge, Kan.) 1880-current, 1888-04-18

The bond of IL. D. Records. CITY
treasurer, for 5000 with j. w. McNeaI
and T. c. Malloy as sureties, was APP
proved.
A communication was read from the
cemetery sexton, Mr.. Upperman, ask
ing that all money derived from the
sale of lots be DEVOTED to cemetery
improvement fund. Mr.. Upperman
also asked for an increase of salary.
The council also informally consider
ed q proposition made by snodderly &
Co, to build stone street crossings.
The marshal was instructed to notify
property-owners to clear up their prem
ises AUDITING on the alleys of the city.
TIE committee on printing asked for
further time in which to report.
Ihe council adjourned to meet again
Saturday evening. 2lst inst,
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19
j. ii. RENDLRMAN,
County Auditor.
BOARD PROCEEDINGS.
AUDITOR's OFFICE,
AUDUBON COUNTY, Iowa, :
V,.,,, n 1872

January 2, 1887.
The Board of Supervisors met
pursuant to law. Present, Jasper
Jensen, 4. +. Armstrong and Sam
uel Minser. A. +. Armstrong and
Samuel Minscr having qualified 10y
taking the oath of Office, on motion
the board organized by appointing
Jasper Jensen chairman for the en-
suing year.
On motion official bonds were ex
amined and approved as follows:
John Il, Doak as county treas
mcr.
John III. Rendleman as county
auditor.
VIM. Mallory as county sheriff
&. +. WiIlcutt as county superin-
tendent.
DR.. ID. &. Lass as coroner.
}. NJ. Hill as surveyor
Aaron Anderson as constable Of
Viola towns ship.
G. G. Langworthy as justice peace
OF Lincoln township.
Joseph Ii. Hui as justice peace Of
Hamlin township.
II. c. Carpenter as justice peace of
Viola township.
J. S. Jobes as justice peace of Au.
dubon township.
a. II. Edwards as justice peace Of
Douglas township.
Milton Jeffnes as constable Of
Douglas township
Or motion The bond of ii. Is.
Owen as county bridge builder for
the year 1888 was examined and APP
proved.
On motion the appointment of j..
G. Dawson as deputy county auditor
was examined and approved.
On motion the appointment Of
Johu Crane as deputy sheriff was
examined and approved; also the
appointment Of V. A. Walkup as
deputy sheriff was examined and
approved.
A school fund LOAF of $500 to Gym
thia A. Knapp was examined and on
motion approved.
County auditors report of settle
ment with county treasurer, Dec.
10, 1887, IN school fund accounts, as
directed by law, was examined and
on motion approved.
Sheriff's report of fees collected
for 81 was examined and on motion
approved.
On motion Jesper Jensen was APP
pointed commissioner to view site OF
county bridge IN northeast corner of
section 6, Oakfieid township.
This being the time set for award
ing the county printing, and Cousins
& Mcclure, editors of the Audubon
County Republican, and w. A
Crane, editor of the Audubon ADvo
CATE, both weekly newspapers pub
lished in Audubon county, Iowa, be-
ing the only applicants therefor, were
on motion awarded the county print
ing fer the ensuing year at lega
rates.
On motion the county treasurer
was instructed not TO receive roao
tax receipts in payment OF road tax
On motion the county auditor wal
instructed to issue refund certificate
10 Jennie Mitchell for sll.70, tht
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19
TEACHERS FUND.
CONTINGENT Fund.
BRIDGE FUND.

me !. 1887. ....... ................
IL i, 1891 ....... ....'..'..
J. ..'..''. -.
inualy 2, 1855. ..........
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19

MINUTES OF AUDITOR DURING yACA-
TON.
AUDITORS OFFICE, AUDUBON, IA.
Nov. ed, 1887.
Issued county warrant No. $40,
amounting TO $lG.5S to Harrison
Sipult for car fare from Audubon,
Iowa, to Kingman, Kansas,
BY order of A. +. Armstrong,
member Of borad of supervisors
Nov. 90, 1887.
Issued county warrant No. S44,
amounting to 81 90, to J. L. Jenkins
for unclaimed witness fees.
Nov. 80, 1887.
Issued county warrant No. s47,
amounting TO $lI.GO to &. J. Smith
for unclaimed witness fees.
Dec. 2, 1857.
Issued county warrant No. $50,
amounting to S. %, to Finley Burke
for unclaimed witness fees.
Dec. 5, 1887.
Issued county warrant No. Sj3,
amounting to $lG0 to j.. J. Mont
gomery for unclaimed witness fees.
Issued county warrants 10 the
amount of $3.50 to grand jurors
November term district court, '87.
Issued county warrant to the
amount of S373.7O to trial jurors,
November term district court, 1887.
December 6, '87.
Issued county warrant No. $50
amounting to SIS go to W Z Butler
for reporter fees Nov mber term Of
district court, 81.
December :. 81.
Issued county warrant No. SOS
amounting to 1925 to w A Crane
for publishing notice on county
highway in Douglas township.
December !. 81.
Issued county warrant No 500,
amounting to - to James Prathcr
for services as commissioner on
county road No. 295.
Dec g, '37
Issued county warrant No. 8GS,
amounting 10 1926 to ice Donor for
unclaimed witness fees.
Dec. 10, 81
Issued county warrant No. $50,
amounting to %35 to " + Butler for
reporter fees Nov. term district court
81.
Dec. I3, 81.
Issued county warrant No $50
amounting to $3.50 to G G Redfelo
for unclaimed witness fees,
Dec. 20, 81
Issued coulty warrant No. 892
amounting to $3.50 to A. +. Arm
strong for sending poor person t'
Dakota. 80
Dec, %, 81.
Issncl county warrant No. 500
amounting to 81 to VIM Parsons 70
bounty on one wolf scalp.
Dec. 81, 81.
Issued county warrant No. S91
amounting to 80 cts TO ii. Il. llci
bert for unclaimed witness fees.
Minutes read, and on motion ap
proved as read, by the Board, JAM
AIRY 4, 1888.
J. Fl. RENDLRMAN,
County Auditor.
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19

The bonds of Audubon County Bank
and Citizens Bank of Audubon Iowa
and Bank of Extra in town of Extra
each in the sum of $4,000 to John b
Doak county treasurer were examined
and on motion approved and the
county treasurer is hereby authorized
to deposit in each of said banks any of
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19

the county funds not to exceed $500
at any one time.
The minutes OF the session were read
and on motion approved as read
There being no further business on
motion the board adjourned sine dir.
JEsPER JENSEN,
j. III. RENDLEAAS, Chairman.
County Auditor.
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19


s"ts of said do hereby certify the above
hud by since last settlement being from June January
1888, w. f STOTTs,
Treasurer Audubon County,
Jensen, Mnser F. Armstrong, board
of Nmlubon county, Iowa hereby certify that the above
balance the
by VIM f. Stott during
and vouchers surrendered his and the
examined approved
of January, 1888.
JESPER JENSEN,
A f. ARMsTRpNG,
SAMUEL MINsER
County Board of
COUNTY AUDITORS REPORT.
To
county January
j. H. RENDLEMAN, County Auditor.
PERMANENT SCHOOL
Mortgage hand
Mortgage on hand January 1885,
Total amount county
Warrants 6H ca
Warrants
warrants June 1881
1869 o
Warrants outstanding 3s A.
June 1887 W
s SO
Warrants paid and Cancelled since June 1887 1895 81
outstanding January 1888
Cash hand January 1883 1912 AZ
SO
The foregoing report examined and approved
On motion the board adjourned to o'clock January 1885,
D. H. RESDLEMAN, County Auditor,
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19

W DickersCn ! %
VIM Rucker y
Mrs r n Carper I" ] %
DIR ID q Lass expert witness
fees III
DIR G w Denote expert witness
fees ~
DR. A l. Brooks expert witness
fees 9o
DR. j + Cloughly expert witness .
fees ~
DIR J NJ Rendleman expert wit .
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19
COUNTY CONGRESS.

Proceedings Of the Board of Supervisors,
January Session, 1888.
Audubon County Republican. [volume] (Audubon, Audubon Co., Iowa) 1885-1894, 1888-01-19

MINUTES OF AUDITOR DURING yACA-
TON.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01
Col. Pen,hcr-,one In Arkansas.

From the OsccOla (Ark.l Times
Mr. Fcatherstone, the so-called Wheel
candidate for Congress in the First dis
trict, has almost arraycd the Democ-
acy in solid column against him. He has
been 'too previous" and has assumed too
much upon his Wheel candidacy. The
Helena World quotes the statement OF the
Forest City TiBpJ that "as r peoples can
didate hc IL certain Of defeat" and says
"just "a sure ~ you live, aud we regret to
see Col. Featherstene, n bright star of each
crn Arkansas. fade and fall on such n
catch bug Col. Cato, or the nominee ol
the Democracy, Of this district, will GER
tainly pillow him under. "-MEMrnls Ar-
PEAL.
Col. Feather.tonc IL now known through
out the district us 'no mans candidate"
rs it developed that the delegates to the
loncsboro convention had no instructions
from the subordinate Wheels which they
represented 10 select a congressional can
didatc for them, consequently majority
oi the Whoclers feel that 10 submit Ia
such arbitrary and dictatorial proceeding
on the part OF few men, would he "a
sacrifice their right OF individual choice,
and ~ a result Col. Fca,hcrstonc will gel
beautifully left" "Killcd by over.
jealous friends will be his political
cuitnph,
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01
PERSONAL POINTS.


Mr.. W. G. MoNUTT, OF Walnut Bend,
Ark, is in the city.
SHERIFF CANNON and Maj Ben Marsh
left for Nashville last night.
w. NJ. BAKER, son of Mrs. Il. G. Gregg
LETT this morning for Sheffield, Ala.
Ing. l.. ". PULLIAM and Mrs. r. J.
/! sou, of Somerville, Tenn, are visiting
the city.
Mr.. AND MRs. ALEX. Mullins, OF No. 112
Madison street, have gone to st. Louis to
remain until fall.
Mr.. Buck CAN'T, son OF Col. CAN'T,
who was 80 dangerously Ill few daysago,
IL rapidly convalescing.
CHAs. KENNEDY, one of the most popua
police officers in Memphis il very i'll and
not expected TO recover
Mis-. ID. ZELLNER leaves this morning for
Boston, New York and other eastern re-
sorts, TO be absent until fall
Mrs. I. @. ANDERSON and daughter left
Saturday night for GAINESVILLE, Tenn,
where they expect to make their home.
DR.. j. BERRIEN LINDSEY, of Nashville,
secretary OF the State board OF health, who
has been in the city for several days, re-
turned last night.
Mr.. WALKER Lucas, for years past con-
nccted with prominent business firm OF
this city, has sold out his interest, and will
in n short time start for Mexico.
VISITORS on change yesterday: Miss
Lottie Andrews, ST. Louis; Mr.. L. J Paoli,
Little Rock; Mr.. A. V. Gates, Sardis, Miss;
Mr.. Jake Kuykendall, Harrison, Miss.
DR.. LAWRENCE WoorES, OF Australia,
Miss, who has been spending several
weeks in New York and either eastern
cities, arrived here on his way home yes
terday morning.
HARVEY MATHEs, jr., the twelve-year-old
son of Capt. Harvey Mathes, who has
been mysteriously missing since the 10Th
inst, was found at farmers house near
Whites station. The captain il rejoiced
at the return Of his little prodical.
TnE many friends Of ex-Sergeant OF Po-
lice Kunholz will regret to learn that he is
lying at the point of death at his residence,
corner Of Shelby and South streets. The
malady which il is feared will end his life,
is dropsy, disease from which he has
suffered several weeks.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01
VOICE OF THE PEOPLE.
No, - De.er,er- Never.


10 the Editor Of The Appc,h
In Justice 10 n dead soldier allow mo
few lines In correction Of an entry in the
roster Of the Bluff City Grcys, published
In your Sunday issue This entry H.
Charles Stout, enlisted 1891, deserted
1854" Charles Stout enlisted o. volun.
tccr at the opening Of the war aud fought
calamity until June, 1884. The Union
forces wcc In possession II Memphis NJ
that time, and hc was granted a iurough
To visit his family, then In this city. lie
successfully passed the Federal lines. but
was arrested ~ his home on the following
day by two Yankee ofliccr. At the time
oi his arrest he vurr Confederate uni.
FORM aud WIS suspected ui being a spy.
lie was courimarliallcd and sentenced 20
hc shot. Interference Of friends aud rcla.
lives procured communication oi the srn-
tcncc aud he was imprisoned In the Irwin
block on Second stp'ct. then the Federal
prison. After several months confinement
hc WIS released on q parole Of six months.
Before the expiration OF this this time the
surrender was made. Charles SioutH com.
radcs. NJ we'll ~ the countless friends made
during his after lie ~ one Of Memphis
hcs, citizens, will appreciate n correction OF
this error. ONEor Its CuuuApEs.
Memphis, Tenn, April 20. 1855.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01

in Indiana Ms the instructions given by
the Convention, despite Mr.. Mcdonald,
would imply. 1t is also reported that the
Committee on Resolutions voted to recon-
mend Gov. Gray for Vice President against
the protest of Mr. English, the Chairman,
and Of Mr.. Williams, the personal repre-
sentative of Mr.. Voorhees,. III this be true,
Gov, Gray will have hard time Of 1t in
the National Convention. lie is, how
ever, very adroit manager, and has yet
10 meet his first defeat.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01

whether the South was right or wrong, but
he fought right ahead the best he knew
how, Great applause. He was intro,
duced to Grant by Gen. Lee at Appoma-|
tox. Applause The colonel said he had
no respect for any man who wore theI
Union blue who did not honor Lincoln and
Grant. He would allow no man TO detract|
from the honor of Gen. Lee. Applause. /
The speaker said that when he sur
rendered at Appomatox his hair was as
black as his coat is now, but now his hair
is as gray as his coat was then. In closing
the colonel said that the time might come
when the veterans OF the blue and gray
might be needed to protect the stars and
stripes. [Great applause He would be
glad TO march against foreign foe under
Gen. Sherman and the old flag. Cheers.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-05-01
rhe mirh Maicr OF Isss.

From the nrccnyille Mis- Times.
The rivers have within the past week
subsidized far within the danger line. And
the high water Of 1883 may be considered
AZ gone 10 record unless there is re-
lapse. The feature Of il most notable in
this vicinity is the effect Of rebuilding tho
Arkansas levecs; OF confirming the entire
volume Of water in the channel. While
this flood has not been sufficiently high
nor long in duration to afford full data ~
to this effect il has answered iorapproXima.
ton. To this extent II is coniirmatory Of
the expectation aud theory of leycc en-
gineers; that il will not raise the water
line beyond the standard height Of leyees
as formulated upon past observation and
present theory, and that II will greatly
hasten the dow OF water and lessen tho
flood period. As 10 an ultimate lowering
Of the line OF high water through coniine-
mcnt within the leyees, as contended ~
ably by the late Capt Eads; that can only
be evidenced after complete leyecs arc
built on both sidcsoi the rivcrand creyasses
avcrtcd for series of years. II Is 10 DO
borne in mind that the lcyccs OF this district
are, except in localities, yet under tho
standard height ~ established by Hum
phrcys and Abbot