davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
AHERolNE

Morristown Herald: PA asked Ike
small boy, what is heroine?"
Your mother is heroine" replied
the parent.
How a heroine?'
'why, she married your father when
his income was only three hundred dol
lars year-and she knew it"
TWILL FORFEIT $50 for each of
my ''chips'' five cent cigars that are
not filled throughout with Havana i'm
ported from the Island of Cuba, or
favored in any manner whatever. For
sale by A. j. Howell only.
Very respectfully yours,
Henry Zwicker, Manufacturer.
ri 10
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
PERSONALS.

y
Capt. w. H. Beebe of Platteville was
in Lancaster on Friday last.
Mr.. VIM, Clark visited relatives and
friends in East Dubuque last week.
Attorney w. g. Palmer, of Boscobel,
was in this city, Tuesday, on business.
Miss Millie Hampton, of, Fennimore
visited Miss Addie Rogers last Sunday.
Mrs. Chas. Dewitt, of the Cassyille
Inder was in this city last week on
business.
Geo. w Goldsmith of the BoscobeI
Dial was in this city last Saturday on
business.
The Montfort Monitor Editor Mr.. De-
Witt. was in this city SATURDAY last on
business.
Rev. Chas. Harris the Grant County
Witness Solicitor was in this city
Monday on business.
Hugh A, Moore was in Chicago, last
week, on business. He returned home
Saturday.
Mr.. Viii. Colburn, Of Platteyillc, who
has charge of school in Hurricane; was
in the city Sunday
Mr. and Mrs. II. B. Showalter visited
the family of Mr. JAS Hughes, in Mus
calunge on Sunday.
Misses Hila and Gertie Howdle left
this city, last Friday, to 60 to their
home in Lewis, Iowa.
Mr.. John Henkle aud wife. of B IS
cobel, visited the family of Mr.. Louis
Alt Saturday and Sunday.
Mrs. Ida Potter and child, of Mime
sofa, arrived in this city, Monday, to
visit her cousin, Mrs. John Howe.
Attorney Watkins accompanied by
his little sons have gone to Milwaukee
to spend Thanksgiving Day with friends.
Prof. w. H. Greene, Of Rochester,
Indiana, was in this city last week.
ne left for his home, in Indiana, Satur-
day morning.
Miss Ollie Marsden of Fennimore has
come down to Lancaster to enjoy a
weeks pleasant visiting with her young
lady friends.
Messers George Baxter and Albert
Weber of Fennimore came down to see
their friends and relatives on Sundry
last
Mrs. VIII Ziegler and littlo daughter
Bessie and Mrs. Kate Mccoy visited
friends and relatives in Beetown last
Saturday and Sunday.
Mr.. John White, who has been at
tending the agricultural College in Lam
sing, Michigan, has arrived in this city
to spend the winter vacation.
Mrs M. Mcmahon and children were
visiting friends and relatives in Chic lgo,
Milwaukee and Madison last week
They returned to their home in this city
last Saturday.
Mr.. f. w. Smith of Mt Ida visited
friends and relatives in this city last
Saturday. Mr., Smith made several
weeks visit with his brothers in Lincoln.
Learney and Wahoo, Nebraska, this
fall and he gives glowing descriptions
of that part of the west.
Mr.. and Mrs VIM. elise, accompanied
BY Mr. and Mrs. A. B Sullivan, all of
Denver. Col, arrived in this city last
Friday to visit several weeks with reIa-
tives and friends. AT present they are
the guests of Mrs. Judge Cox, who lives
six miles south of Lancaster.
Mrs. f. l.. Greer, of Bloomington,
accompanied by her mother, Mrs s.
Woodhouse were visitors in this city
last Thursday and Friday. Mrs Greer
was the guest of Miss Allie Woodward,
Mrs. Woodhouse visiting with the
family of Mr. JAS. Woodhouse.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

Good reli able men can find ptrma-
nent employment by addressing f. 9.
Person & Co., Nurserymen, Waterloo,
n. Y. They hire on salary and pay ex-
penscs, or on commission, If preferred,
paying Weekly. Previous experience
not required. Outfit free. Established
oyer twenty years. Write them at once
for terms. 4J-io
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

The firms of Wiley & Wier and Wiley
& Needham having been dissolved,
all accounts not settled by December, 10,
viii be placed in lawyers hands for
collection without further notice.
io-42 WILEY & WEIR.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
were manned during the entire evening.
never saw more pleasant affair. =
w. b. yANDEWALL has unequsled
facilities for taking excellent pictures.
InnlAN sEnsE % huMoR.

Carlisle Red Man: To one of the
we'll advanced classes the question was
asked
what is the highest form of animal
lifean
1.-THE giraffe, = was the Immediate re-
Spouse from bright member of the
class.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

Hint TTT1t AT once. Local and tray
w MN VI u cling agents for our goods.
Liberal commissions, or salary and expenses,
to competent and reliable men. For terms and
full particulars, address
j. f. LECLAEg, Nurseryman,
Brighton. n Y.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
The WEAR AND rEAR.

Fifty cents. please" said the hotel
clerk to the lady who had been using
the telephone.
II thought the charge was only ten ?
she replied
Yes" he returned. ''But that is
the rate for men, you know
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
FARMERS ATTENTION.

If you have any poplar or Eastwood,
in log-lengtbs, cut since May LIST or
about, that is in good condition, you can
find sale for same, by calling on
TwIoHELL & OSBORNE,
36w4 Lancaster. Wisconsin
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
SOCIETY IN ARIZONA.

Observation-Disclosures did the party
come off at Underman's last night?"
splendid; model party"
IBID good order prevallen
1.-The best of order Only three men
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

A GOOD IA carat gold watch, ladies
size, with Elgin movement, for S2S.
j. H. BALDWIN, East of court house.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

washington Post Johnnie" Mamma.
is God sitting on His throne up in Heav-
emp Mamma my child. :"
Johnnie -''And does lie stay there al
ways, mamma?n Mamma always,
my son." Johnnie, thoughtfully--
Mamma, God amt Democrat, is hep"
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
NEEDED BOTH.

Puck:-"How much are those mel
ons?" asked an old gentleman of the
grocer.
TWENTY-FIVE cents. Give me a
quarter more and get an accident pol
icy for $1,000.
"Do em both up, young man."
Omaha world:-Omaha man-"Been
to the women's congress at washington,
ehP what is it forP' Distinguished
female-"To remove the evils which
cry aloud well it is high time. For
my part can't see why any woman of
sense should take baby to theater any
how
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

WE are now prepared to repair all
kinds of rubber boots and shoes in good
shape cheap, at the shoe store of
ct j.. WEBER.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
Y.NcAsrrp . RrRToN Stage.

LEAVES Lancaster every Tuesday, Thursday and
Saturday at a. m. and Arrives at Burton at
IAN.
LEAVES Burton at 80 p. m. on same days and
Arrives at Lancaster at 30 p. m.
s. r. GREEN, Prop.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
GOING NORTH.

Trains B. and 4, run daily; /. and ?, daily
except sunday.
Through tickets to all points in the United
States and Canada sale at Cassyille aud Potosi.
Baggage checked through to destination.
Peerless Dining Cars and Pullman Sleepers on
all through trains.
For rates, tickets. time tables, etc, apply to
S. L. PIATT. Potosi.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

FOR SALE.-Dwelling with two and
a half lots in southeastern part of Lam
caster. Tom ORION.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

ALL persons knowing themselves in
debt to the firm of Nathan, Alt & Co. or
Jos. Nathan, by book account or note,
will please call and settle the same
before jan /, 1889, as Mr.. L. Alt goes
out of the above firm; all notes and ac-
counts not settled up to that date will
be left in the hands of an attorney for
prompt collection. NATHAN Alta Co.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
| WILL FORFEIT $50 foI
oAnNleALs LIVE HE SAME WAY.

Yankee Blade: Peterfamilier Cat the
supper-table to Mr. Thomas Catch,
Susie's beau) 1T is said that Spaniard
can live upon an onion and a few olives
4 day. 1t seems surprising to us does
it not?
Susie's little brother Mr.. Catch, |
know what you live on.
Mr. Catch-what, Tommy?
Little Brother-On your aunt; pa
said so.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
LANCASTER. BEETowN 8 BLooMINaTON

LEAVES Lancaster every Tuesday, Thursday and
and Saturday at a. m. and Arrives at Bloom
ington at ~ IN.
LEAVES Bloomington at p. m. on same Gays
and Arrives at Lancaster at P. m
S. JOHNSON, Prop.
..,o.co n,toEVrnroN a EanTuCRy n
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

OFAST MAIL LINE with Vestibuled
Trains between Chicago, Milwaukee, st.
Paul and Minneapolis.
TRANS-CONTINENTAL ROUTE
between Chicago, Council Bluffs.
Omaha and the Pacific Coast.
$500 MILES OF ROAD reaching
all principal points in Illinois, Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, Missouri and Dai.ota
GREAT NATIONAL R0UT + be-
tween Chicago, Kansas City an d st.
Joseph, Mo-.
For maps. time tables rates OF pasEags and
freight etc. apply to the nearest station Rt al OF
the Chicago, Milwaukee & st. Paul Railway or TO
sny Railroad Agent anywhere in the 0rldo
r. MILLER. Avn. CARPENTER.
General Manager. Gen' Pass. and I'kt. A 81.
eE- For information in reference to Lands srni
Towns owned by the Chicago. Milwaukee x st
Paul Railway Gomuanv. write to HI. q. HuERu.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

to bring water from the school yard
to his office.
Mr.. F. Porter. who taught singing
school so successfully here last winter,
is getting up another class and we hope
he will have as good success as before.
Mrs. r. Baker and dauehte Gertrude.
have been visiting Omaha, Neb,, re-
turned home last week.
MIR. Mears, Of Dubuque, Iowa, has
moved into Mr.. Frank Bonnom's house.
Mr.. Mears has opened jewelers. shop
in Mr.. Hunts creamery building and
seem to be doing good business.
Rev. f. NJ. Corey left Monday to at
tend convention at Darlington.
Mrs. w. Neimer of Cassville. is visit
ing her aunt, Mrs. F. Elskanip.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
STATE OF ONO, CRY OF TOLEDO. +,

STATE OF ONO, CRY OF TOLEDO.
LUCAS COUNTY, 5 5.
FRANK j. CHENEY makes oath that
he is the senior partner of the firm of
K. j. CHENEY & Co.. doing business in
the City of Toledo, County and State
aforesaid, and that said firm will pay
the sum Of ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS
for each and every case Of Catalrh that
cannot be cured by the use of HALL
CATARRH CURE.
FRANK j. CHENEY.
Sworn TO before me and subscribed
in my presence, this 9th day of Deem
Der, A. ID. 1886.
49, A. w. GLEASON,
SEAL
t-y-) Notary Public.
Halls Catarrh Cure is taken internal
ly and acts directly upon the blood and
mucus surfaces of the system. Send
for testimonials, free.
+. j. CHENEY g. Co., Toledo, Ohio.
neg~Sold by Druggists, IS cents. 38-41
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

Merchant Traveller: The consumer
may consider himself lucky If he gets
milk of the first water.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
NoTLCL1-

NV Children, William Gra.z, Minnie
and Louis Gratz, having left their home
without just cause. | hereby give not
ice that will not pay bills Of their con-
traction. Henry GRAFT,
Nov. %, IS. AZ Sitter. Wis.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
4@@E % !iliii;lss ssiIaHA
HIcAGO NORTHWESTERN r. Il. TIME-TABI.

MI. and ChIcAbU AsrtII2tIt NO IUIs. ~ = NJ
Trains on Narrow Gauge make close connec-
tiona with trains on Milwaukee 4 st. Paul X. r.
WI DECKER. Agent.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

LANCASTER q FAYETTEVILLE STAGE.
Daily
LEAVES Lancaster at p. m. and Arrives at
Piatteville at p. m.
LEAVES Platteville at q. m. and Arrives at Ian
caster at ~ m. S. II. GREEN, Prop.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29
NEW MUSIC.

THE INDIAN SUMMER TIME.
a beautiful song and chorus, by Win
L. Thompson, author of Gathering
Shells on the Sea Shore, Come 1Ohere Mc
Lilies Bloom, etc.
1t is one of the prettiest songs ever
published; any music dealer will mail it
for 80 cents. Published by
w. l.. THOMPSON " Co,
East Liverpool. Ohio.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1888-11-29

LANCASTER & sPECHT's FERRY STAGE.
(Daily)
LEAVES Lancaster at q. M. and Arrives at
Potosi at II m.
LEAVES Potosi at 9 p. m. and Arrives at
Lancaster at 430 p. m.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
THE HEATHENs BLUsHED
AS They feasted Their Eyes Upon Washington
Society Women.

A Washington dispatch says at the Chi
nese ball last night the Corean Legation
was present in court costume, and its mem
bc-s moved about through the big parlors
of Senator Stewards palace with their big
black sugar loaf hats held on to their curl
ously shaped heads by string of long glass
beads of different colors which ran around
under their yellow chins. Their almond
ewes curiousiy watched the beautiful bare
necks and shoulders of the fair ladies pres
ent, and the Corean Minister says the
women of this country, as they appear at
evening receptions, look as though they
grew up out of their clothes: The Coreans
first appeared at White House reception
it was in the jam of last week-their
lemon colored cheeks blushed to decided
orange hue, and the leading members OF
the Legation came up to DR.. Allen, their
American Secretary, and asked him if he
really thought it would be etiquette Tor
them to look at these women. Allen told
them to feast their eyes, and the indlca
tions at the ball last night showed that
they were following his suggestion with
vengeance. In the mean time the young
girls at Washington, at least some of them,
seemed~to enjoy the admiration of these
Cyrean mobiles, and they hung around them
at this ball like the beautiful nymphs about
the ugliest satyr.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
The New Fishery Treaty.

The new fishery treaty between the
United States and Canada, sent to the
Senate Tuesday, together with the Presi
dents message accompanying the same,
makes about 5000 words This treaty,
which replaces that of October Goth, 1918,
permits the free navigation of the straits OF
Canso by fishing vessels of the United
States. allows United States vessels to enter
Canadian ports for bait ard repairs without
having to formally enter or clear when
leaving; fishing vessels of Canada and New
Foundland shall enjoy in the waters of the
United States all the privileges that United
States vessels are allowed in the waters OF
Canada and New Foundland; United States
fishing vessels shall display official mum,
bers conspiciously on the bow; penalties
for fishing in the prescribed limits which
are given are three dollars for every ton OF
vessel so offending. Various other minor
details are agreed upon The President
considers the treaty satisfactory, urges its
ratification by the Senate and says: The
treaty now submitted to you has been
framed in spirit of liberal equity and re-
ciprocal benefits, in the conviction that mu
tual advantage and convenience are the
onlv permanent foundation of peace and
friendship between States, and that with
the adoption of the agreement now placed
before the Senate, beneficial and salts
factory intercourse between the countries
will be established so as to secure perpetual
peace and harmony"
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
The Hoar Amendment.

The House of Representatives wisely re-
fused to adopt the Hoar resolution amend
ing the Constitution so as to make the pres
idential and the congressional terms begin
on the 30th of April.
Such change would only aggravate the
evils of the short session, which are due to
the fact that Congress continues to sit after
the elections to the next Congress have
been held. These evils would be increased
by making the secold session longer than
it now is.
The Congress which will be elected in
November Of this year will not meet until
December, 1899, and should there be a
failure in the Electoral College to choose a
President The election would fall upon the
present House of Representatives, which
was chosen in 1886.
It is most important that Congress should
meet as soon after its election as possible,
and that the President should be elected by
the House which was returned ut the pre-
ceding presidential election.
We believe that this is the only Govern
ment in the world where Legislature
holds a session after the election OF its sue
cessor.
In the States the Legislatures meet soon
after election. In New York the old Leg
islature continues to exist until the meeting
of the new one, but it does not hold ses-
sion, nor can it do so unless the Governor
shall cali it together. The resolutions OF
Mr.. Grain furnish the true solution Of this
difficulty. They make the congressional
term to1b begin on the 1st Of January follow
ing the election.
If the presidential term were to begin on
the Both of the next April the arrangement
would be quite perfect. In that case, II
there were failure to elect by the people,
or if there were disputes as to returns, the
new Congress would be in session, with
time enough to provide for the emergency.
1t is obvious that if Mr.. Grains resolutions
are adopted the presidential and the con
gressional term should not begin at the
same time. For, if there is no choice IN
the Electoral College, Congress must have
an opportunity to make the election, and IN
any event to count the votes and declare
the result.-New York Star.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
The Latest Fad In Polite Society.

"The latest fad" said shrewd old maid,
who keeps keen eye on all that goes on
in society and has the entrce everywhere,
"is for the young men of twenty or twenty
five to lirt with some woman Of thirty-ive
or forty. don't think there is anything
wrong in these attachments-the friendship
is purely Platonic. l asked for an expla.
nation from my big brother, and he says a
woman is never interesting until she is
thirty. Girls say yes to everything you
say he said, or else they are so smart
there is no enduring them A woman,
when she gets to be twenty eight or thirty,
finds out that if she holds her own she
must hive something beyond a handsome
face, so she reads and tries to be well III
formed They learn to be tolerant of others
ideas. Young men of twenty to twenty
five know more than their seniors in liter
ary matters, and more than they do them
selves later. They are awfully book
learned, I tell you, and use less slang, but
great deal more profanity than we do.
So suppose that is why they catch on the
old girls. You just talk with man OF
thirty.f7e and you find that all he thinks
of is business. Oh, yes! You just talk with
girl-one of our set-and its dress, dress,
and nothing else.-Butfalo News.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
Not at Home to Him.

Stubs (hard-headed proser, to Gush, 70
mantle young poet)-Spose you work reg
lar hours on your po'try business, don't ye,
Gush? Bone right down to 1t, and grlno OUT
YOUR grist every day. Gosh! Spose you
hev money rollin in from the magazine edi-
tors by every nals
Gush-Oh, no; I write for no ner-
cenary reward. Itenderly WOO the muse,
and speak only when the spirit moves.
place myself on the tripod and wait tne
divine influence Of the goddess. A poetic
SOUL my good Mr.. Stubbs, can not conflne
itself to a slavish system Of routine. 1work
simply when the fits on me. A man can
never write good poetry unless he is in the
fullest communion with his own soul. Ac-
cordingly, when my inspiration fails, | &C
cept Walt Whitman's advice, and loa1 ana
invite my muse
Stubs (who has tried to read his poetry
-E'm. Guess she don't accept your 1yl-
tatioa very often, bigosht
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
.ELED WITH A CHRIsTIAN"
A Fourteen.Year.Old Hebrew Maiden Eiopes
with Gentle.

About 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon a
carriage drove up to the residence OF key.
W. c. Lindsay. A couple alighted. ana,
entering the house, requested the divine 10
tie the golden knot that should make the
twain one flesh. They were made man
and wife, and the marriage certificate bore
the names of Camille Peixotto and VIM.
Z. McCartha.
Ordinarily there is no romance or excite
ment attaching to such an affair, but tne
circumstances of this union are such as to
make 1t of more than usual interest. 1t
was an alliance of Jewess and Gentle,
contracted without the knowledge and
against the wishes Of the formers parents;
MIR. NIcCartha is native of Alabama and
has been in this city for the last eight
months, and lately has been teaching school
at Spring Hill, Lexington county, ne is
about &c years of age. The youthful bride
is daughter of Mr. and Mrs. S. G: Peix-
otto, and has not reached her fifteenth
year. The couple had been enamored OF
each other for some time, and despite pa
rental opposition, had plightcd their troth.
About dark yesterday evening note
from the bride conveyed to her astoAished
parent the news of the marriage They
were very much shocked, and the father
Immediately went in quest of the elopers,
but they had left by the afternoon train tol
Spring Hill.-Columbia Daily Record.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
Instructions for Pension Applicants.

The following circular respecting pen
sions has been issued from the Comptroller
Generals office:
1st. The applicant must fill out the
blank, sign and make affidavit to the same.
This must be accompanied by affidavit of
one or more disinterested witnesses.
I'd. The applicant must have certificate
from two physicians showing disability and
extent of disabling wounds, and such other
detailed information as will show appli'
cant's inability to earn living.
Sd. The certificate of the County Audi
tor with complete return of applicant
property, as shown by blank, both Of ap-
plicant and his wife Gf applicant is sol
dier or sailor showing that applicants
annual income does not exceed $3.50 per
annum. If applicant is widow she must
fill out and sign the return OF property as
per blank.
9Th. The certificate of Clerk of Court
must also accompany the application as
shown by blank. J. S. WERNER,
Comptroller General.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1888-02-29
The "Reber' Battle Flags.

The reply OF the Secretary of War to the
battle flags resolution" is presented. 1t
makes nearly one hundred pages of large
manuscript. The answer gives the history
of all captured flags from the time Of the
Mexican war and q list of the flags returned
to Northern regiments in cases where their
loss was not disgraceful in character. The
full list of all the flags captured is given,
with all the correspondence on the subject:
It saws twenty-five Confederate flags and
twenty-five Union flags were returned by
former administrations, all, however, given
to Northern States, the Confederate flags
being sent to Union regiments which cap
.ured them. None of the Confederate flags
have at any time been returned to the
Southern States. No flags, it says, have
been returned by this administration. 1t
denies that there's any law requiring them
to be kept on exhibition, but says law of
that nature was passed in 1914, relating to
flags captured in prior wars, has been re-
pealed in part, and does not apply to the
Confederate flags. 1t also denies that the
flags have been removed from the depart
ment or concealed from the public, as
alleged in the resolution. A long list of
flags now on hand is also given.