Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1888-10-11
Cable Messages.
HOW THEY BEGAS-How THEY ARE SENT, AND THE In
PROyEMENTS IN TRANSMISSION.

HOW THEY BEGAS-How THEY ARE SENT, AND THE In
PROvEMENTs IN TRANSMISSION.
From the New York Graphic
The Idea OF submarine telegraph appears TO have
Deeh conceived BY several OF the earlier cleo
tricians, but not brought into practical utility
until 1888, at the completion or the cable laid by
Cyrus W. Field. Before this period, however, as
soon as the nrsL Cable was laid letWeen Euoi,,n 4
and the United states, successful experimeIIs
We're Ia4ue IN transmitting DIS lacL signals at the
rate ol III, al, ami even 20 words d minute
through a huinOer OF connected coils Of wire m
sdIateu with gutta-percha and making a Total
length OF about 1000 miles, increased 10 n yirJu
Circuit Vi 2,oo mines ny the in,crposition OF nne
wires at the loinlhes VI the coils. The wires were
excited ny the ulagncto-eectric coils OF White
mousse, anu the signals were received upon the
ordinary recording apparatus OF Morse Before
the cable was laid It was ascertained tbat tnsuIar
wires acquire new character when SUBMERGED
ana instead Of transmitting the current as simple
conductors they are OF the nature OF the Leynen
Jar, The gutta-percha corresponding to the glass
the inner wire To the Interior COATING
ana ana Tue ire, iron covering or the water IL
consequently the cable must DE charged through
OUT the entire length before any current Is pro-
duced- After being Land the wires were nrst
worked by the Kulunkou induction coils and n
Since battery, and afterwaTd by = Daniel bat-
terS; but the current was Tor The most part so
weak as scarcely To operate the most delicate re-
lay. Inc effect was Indicated at the NewIound
land station by the detection or a delicate GAL
vanometsr anu Valeniia in Ireland by that OF
ti4e renectiig salvanOlneLer VI Thomson In N Mich
delicate insiz net Carries small mirror from
which beam VI light Is reflected. This ray be-
Ing Thrown upon a surface at sume distance n
movement OF the magnet that Is not directly per
ceptote may De even measured upon "A grad
utted scale. Between August l3 and September
tAeEe were I'D messages OF AGA words sent
run Nalehtld 10 Newfoundland, and .,7l OF 2 s;S5
words IN the other direction. The system diI
hos work satisfactorily, however, as the message
OI queen Victoria 10 the President or the UniIed
STATES, 10 words, occupied III It's transmits ion
sAty-seVen minutes. The rate OF reception was
sSrS variable, TIE signais being often unintelligi-
oIe ihd requiring several repetltionS After many
lailurA Tie ~ stein OF the mirrorpd gaIyanometer
mas been perfected and Is now In US, on two hun
uteu cables, covering a distance OF 10000 miles
Tue exact tlIne OF Transmission CANNOT be always
accurately determined. The interval OF time which
must eldpsc between the sending OF successive sig
mas through cables Increases the square OF heir
hetAs Gno IN cables OF equal length this time Is
the least when the thickness OF the coat
Ing - one-thifd Of the diameter OF The com1ound
conducloT Withth improved transmitting appar-
AUS Oh honson and Marley eight words can be ,eDr
IN the time otherwise required for one Seventeen
words a minute have been sent through the
frencn-Atantlc cable. Thomson,s synison re-
Soruer quadrupled the speed Of cable teieuranhy
Inc current from the cable passes into q coil Of
Mue suspended between the poles OF mapnets
Inc con turns around in a direction depending on
inc uIrecuoh Oh the current. The motion OF the
con Is communicated by means OF a thread and
lever 10 a glass syphon which feeds ,tseIr with
Ink from basin. The ink Is eectrlflet and snurt
out against moving strip OF paper. ana draws q n
unduiatlng curve which Indicates the letters of
the message. Improvements are being con St n, -
made IN ocean Geography and great wonder mo =
Dc predicted for the next ftty years I'm this direc
tion' ' ~''0''