davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The salmon season on Puget sound
is now about closed. The Seattle
TRADE Journals summary of the sea.
sons pack is as follows: George T.
Myers, West Seattle. shut down on
October n, packed 8,100 cases of sal.
mon and 200 barrels of salt salmon;
+. L. Tuttle & Co., Muckilteo, ceased
canning October 25th, packed 5000
lsh shut down October 29th, packed
cases; Puget Sound Salmon Co., Sam
200 cases; Kirkwood & Co., Five
Mile Rock, are still packing; thus far
they have canned about 500 cases.
The Columbia Cannery company.
Seattle, are still running, and have
packed $500 cases. The total pack
for the season is 4,400 cases, being
6y far the largest pack ever made on
Puget sound.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Yesterday afternoon directors Conn
and Crosby and Mr.. 81. B. Thielson
chief engineer of the Astoria and
South Coast Railroad Co., opened the
bids handed in for the work of clear.
ing the right of way through the
Skipanon woods. The specifications
call for a clearing sixty feet wide, to
be measured and paid for by the acre.
The bids, consequently, were for so
much an acre and were as follows:
Z; 4. Marion $299, Joplin and Flynn
$285, d. G. Ryckman S185; E. Lund
q Co. $175, The lowest bid was ac-
cepted and E. Lund & Co. so notified.
The work will be commenced within
three days OF signing of contract.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
The Verdict Unanimous

.oNt;sIs. "; D: Suit Druggist. Bippus, Ind,
Bitters as the very best remedy. Every
bottle sold has given relief in every case.
One man took six bottles, and was cured
of rheumatism of 10 years standing.n
Abraham Hare, druggist, Bellviile,
Ohio, affirms: "The best selling medi,
cine have ever handled in my 20 years
experience, is Electric Bitters.n Thou
sands of others have added their testi-
mOny, so that the verdict is unanimous
that Electric Bitters do cure diseases of
the Liver, Kidneys or Blood. Only a
half dollar bottle at w. E. Dement, &
Co.'S Drug Store
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

terfield Bros, Of Portland and others,
have lately been inspecting the coal
regions near here and from what we
can hear, says the Mist, they report
very favorably of the quality and ex-
tent OF the mines. What we need is
railroad from some point in WASH
ington Co.. to Astoria, branch could
easily be built from the mouth Of
Pebble creek to the mines. Easier
IN fact than to build the main road
direct to the coal fields, this then
would give to the people of Nehalem
valley means Of transporting their
products to market.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
.sSeni0r and Junior"

The New Park theater contained
an appreciative audience last evening,
the occasion being the initial appear
ance OF w. F. Rochester's Musical
Comedy company in his adaptation
OF that old familiar operetta, "The
Magic Doll" under the new name of
Senior and Junior"
The work of the adaptor has been
we'll done, and he has introduced
some most amusing comedy business,
as we'll as several very funny situa-
tions, The company gives a very
pleasing entertainment and do their
work, individually and collectively, in
manner to call forth generous ap-
plause. Oct. %
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

During the month of October, ship
ments Of salmon from San Francisco
amounted to T7,070 packages. valued
at S436, ,23O. These totals include &c.
25S packages to England, valued at
S39O,478. Most OF the salmon was
packed in Alaska. Nearly all the
British Columbia salmon and large
portion of the Oregon went forward
direct from Victoria and Astoria.
Most first class brands at Astoria have
been marketed. There is still con-
siderable Alaska salmon in San Fran
cisco In process of shipment, and
other lots are expected from Alaska
for the same purpose.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The steamer San Mateo is now on
her way out by the isthmus of Suez
route. This vessel is q collier. She
belongs to the Pacific improvement
company and will be used in the coal
trade between San Francisco and
Washington territory ports in which
the San Pedro, Is now. The San
Mdteo Is a new vessel of 1925 tons
and flies the British flag. Her mas
ter is Capt. Cordwell. At last reports
the vessel had disabled her pumps in
the Red sea, and had put into Alden
for repairs.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The idea of leaving cards at the
graves OF distinguished persons ap-
pears to be fast becoming established
as one OF the regular rules of card
etiquette. The bust of Longfellow in
Westminster Abbey is surrounded
with these bits of cardboard, and the
grave OF n. H." in Colorado is
said to be strewn with the cards of
tourists. The Chinese leave bits of
paper on the graves Of their departed
friends, also "littee licee," and ''littee
plok." All in good style, exceeding
good taste. Some say "if you can't
shed tear leave a card.n
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Work upon the new railroad from
Centralia to Gray's harbor has begun,
This says the Journal looks as il
there was something in the scheme
which has been so long talked of.
Col. Ellensbury has arrived from
Chicago with workmen and pre- poses
to push the work to completion, so he
gives out. The road will follow down
the north bank of the Chehalis river
through the towns of Montesano.
Aberdeen and terminate little way
souuh Of the town of Hoquiam where
1t Is said good water can be found.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

AT Bellingham bay on Puget sound
are four towns within four miles
along the beach, Sehome, Fair Haven,
Whatcom and Bellingham Bay. Sew.
erai railroads are pointing towards
the bay. Numerous sawmills are 90.
ing up, and other enterprises are be.
ing organized which seems to show
that a big town, which will probably
encompass all four of those named.
will shortly be built, and perhaps be.
come a formidable rival to Seattle
and Tacoma.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Hundreds of the juvenile portion
OF the community, and many OF those
who are but children of larger
growth-were immensely amused yes
terday afternoon in witnessing the
honest payment Of the novel and
whimsical bets made by councillor
Bergman, Capt. w. b. Whitcomb and
others. Messrs. Bergman, Whitcomb
and Nowlen proved themselves
adopts in the handling of wheel.bar-
row, and they have now the satisfac-
tion of knowing that should their
business ventures fail they have a
means Of subsistence always at hand.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Rev. Thomas Boyd, pastor of the
Presbyterian church, south Portland,
will preach this morning and even
ing in the Presbyterian church
OF this city. The sacrament of the
Lords supper will be observed in
connection with the morning service.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Now that protection for American
citizens and American manufactures
is determined to be the proper thing,
let it begin, as charity should, at
home, and whenever you have any
money to spend, spend it at home
with your own neighbors and mer.
chants instead of sending it out of
the community to those who will
never send it back.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

A novel proceeding was witnessed
at Seattle last Friday, when some
parties went out with a pile driver to
fence in mud fats belonging to the
Oregon Improvement company; i'm
mediately three other pile drivers
went out and proceeded to fence in
the intruding driver whereupon q
squabble ensued which was settled
by the chief of police and citizens.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Coroner Surprenant was called to
Sunshine, w. T., yesterday, to pre-.
pare for interment the body of F. E.
McKinnon, of that place, who was
drowned while crossing the bay from
his timber ranch. No definite infor-
nation regarding the circumstances
OF his death was procurable.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

At the request of the secretary of
the Y. M. G. A., all of the pastors of
this city will preach for. their morn
ing service a sermon on the "Young
men and the need of special work in
their behalf" This week is q week
observed by all associations as a
special week of prayer. Services will
be held in the rooms every night
during the week.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Ladies in delicate health, and all who
suffer from habitual constipation, will
find the pleasant California LIQUID fruit
remedy, Syrup of Figs, more easily
taken and more beneficial in effect than
vny other remedy. 1t acts promptly vet
gently on the bowels, kidneys, liver and
stomach, and does not sicken or debili-
tate. For sale by all druggists.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Reserved seats are now on sale at
the New York Novelty store for the
Rochester Comedy company, which
plays here next Monday and Tuesday
evenings. The Portland papers speak
well of this company and no doubt
they will give q performance well
worth attending.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

A high authority on farm manage
ment says that a COW should be kept
as clean as a horse, and a horse
should be kept clean. A brush should
be used to clean the mud and dust
from the cow. Well. that's all right,
but judging from the amount Of sed.
imentarY deposit delivered with some
Astoria milk, the COW must have been
thoroughly cleaned-into the milk
pail.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

There are now five vessels at bar
anchorage, the Highlands and Besse.
field, that went down on Friday, and
the Brambletyre, Birker and County
Of Pembroke that went down yes
terday. The Norwegian bark Vikar,
finished loading wheat at the dock
and hes in the stream. The British
bark Lorton is at the o. r. & N.
dock discharging railroad iron.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Ross and Writ are engaged in rails
ing the frame buildings occupied by
the Chinese on J. W. Gearhart's lot
corner of Benton and Second streets,
up to the established level. The ele-
waiting of these and other Chinese
tenements affords an opportunity to
improve the sanitary condition of
these localities which we hope the
city council will take advantage of.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The Salem Statesman reports a
considerable increase in sales of real
estate in that vicinity. Many eastern
people are buying small tracts which
they will Immediately improve and
convert into thrifty farms by planting
orchards, and clearing off the timber.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

For the next twenty days there will
be no hops shipped from Puyallup on
account of scarcity of cars. This is
to give wheat growers in the Palouse
region chance to get their wheat to
seaboard as soon as possible.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Rev. w. b. Landon, d. D., pastor
OF Cavalry Presbyterian church Port
land, will deliver an address on the
subject OF Home Missionary Work"
in the Presbyterian church on Mon
day evening at 7:30 O'Clock. The
public generally are cordially invited
to attend.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The up country people complain
that a tall, slender man with a long
gray beard, signing himself r. j.
Mcdonald. has been swindling them
by taking subscriptions for maya
zines, ETC., at less than publishers
prices.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The ship Ventura has discharged
460 tons of coal on Flavel's wharf.
She will discharge 40 tons more to
fill the complement of 500 tons pur-
chased here, which will reduce her
draft to II feet, thus lightened she
will endeavor to reach Portland, start
ing up on Monday.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Col. Mendell, Major Jones, Major
Handbury and Captain Willard
Young were to leave Portland yester-
day for Yaquina bay, as an examining
board to make an investigation re-
garding the improvements required
and to report on q general project for
the improvement of the bay.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The ladies of Grace church guild
invite their friends to sociabIe and
social evenings entertainment at the
rectory next Tuesday evening, Nov.
18th, at 8 O'Clock.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Collisions between vessels along
the river have been quite frequent Of
late from various causes, although
fortunately the damage has generally
been inconslderable.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

A pool has been formed in Benton
and Linn counties. to plant a
large tract in italian prunes, and
when the trees come to bearing. to
erect an enormous fruit dryer.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

1t is stated on reliable information
that new land Office will be located
at Harney which is flourishing lit
tie town centrally located in the new
district.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Ii you would enjoy a pleasant
evening go and see "Widow O'Brien''
and Junior and Senior" at Ross Op-
era house tomorrow and Tuesday
evenings.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

steps are being taken to organize a
diris' Home in Seattle to provide
employment for girls in need of it.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The customs collections at VAN
couver, b. O., for October were SI9.-
966.82, of which $40, ,9S9 was head tax
on Chinese entering the country.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The produce of two acres of A
prune orchard near Pomona, Cal,
brought a little over S1,8OO this sea,
son.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

You are all invited to the Metho-
DIST church to-day. Subject, "The
need OF special effort to reach young
men,
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The Gen. Miles sails for Gray's
harbor this morning. Part of her
cargo is beef, of which considerable
quantities is shipped from this city.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The 7. M. G. A. vocal music class
wlu meet in the NJ. E. church Mon
iay evening, Nov. 18th, at 8 o'clock
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Robert Russell. a pioneer of Puget
sound, died in Seattle last Friday.
He came to Oregon from Indiana in
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
ADVICE TO MOTHERS

Mrs. WINsLow's SOOTHING SYRUP
should always be used for children
teething. 1t soothes the child, softens
the gums, allays all pain, cures wind
cholic, and is the best remedy for diar-
rhGa. Twenty-Five cents a bottle.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The ten-year-old son of E. G. Bry-
ant OF Clatskanie was drowned on
wednesday of last week in the Clats-
kanie river.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
PERSONAL MENTION.

VIM. Chance is on the street again
after an illness of nearly two weeks.
q. w. Cant, who teaches the school
at Skipanon, was in town yesterday.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

At the Congregational church to.
day, at II o'clock A. NJ, theme
The Young Man." No evening ser.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

For G. & d. Extra Mince Meat in
jars, and Atmore's in pals.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Several saw-mills are reported
aoout to shut down in consequence Of
the recent fall in the price of lumber.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The latest style of Gents Boots and
Shoes at P.J, GooDMAN;s
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

iHE AsroRIAN guarantees to its adver-
users tne largest circulation of any newspa-
per published on the Columbia river.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

AT the Telephone Restaurant for sup.
peIs, parties, etc. The best cooked to
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
TelephoneLodgtnx house.

Best Beds in town. Rooms per night
oo and 70 cts, per week $1.50. New and
clean. Private entrance.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Served by Carrier, per week . 15cts
sent py Mail, per month. &c efs
one year......................sTO0
Free OF postage to subscribers.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Tomorrow night.
At Ross Opera house.
The Rochester Comedy COMPANY.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

For the Ohio Sap, the purest Maple
Syrup in the market.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Go To Thompson g. Ross.
For the Dew Drop Drips, the best, pur
est and most delicious.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The largest stock of Artificial Ewes
on the coast, on hand by DIR. Eaton.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
Stamping. Embroidcry. Etc.

The finest and juiciest steak at tht
Telephone Restaurant.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
When You Go to PortI.,a

Central Restaurant.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

For the Self-rising Buckwheat fioul
very fine.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Mrs. Briggs has returned from Port
land and is now ready to give lessons in
Art Embroidery, and to do stamping.
has also a good assortment of material.
Rooms, at Mrs. Derby's Millinery Store.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

For AnchOyy Fish, Anchovy Sauce
and Anchovy Paste, etc., etc,
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
Weinllard.s Roo.

loon, 8 cents.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

The best Oysters in any style, at
the Telephone Restaurant.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Frank Fabre, Occidental hotel restau
rant, will be glad to see his Astoria
friends, A good dinner at a moderate
price and everything in season.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Meals Cooked to Order.
Private rooms for ladies and families: !:
at Central Restaurant, next to Foard &
Stokes,
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

A fine cup of coffee, at the Telephone
Restaurant.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

asroRIaN BUILDING. CAss STREET
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

DR.. Kinney, of Astoria, and But
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11

Publishers and Proprietors.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
ASTORIA, OREGON:
ISSUED EVERY MORNING

.oNDAY NOVEMBER IL, 1888.
The daily morning Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Oregon) 1883-1899, 1888-11-11
(Monday excepted.)

j. F. HALLoRAN g. COMPANY.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1888-11-29
BRIGHT BITS

REvERIEs OF CONNER
me swain who said to Phyllis fair
GU more than turkeys love-"
This day of days would scarcely care
The candor of his words to prove.
The p,eel,es+ bo,,ya,-;fo r., bor ho,.
Gives back talk not one time in twenty;
but should she have cranberry sauce,
tomorrow. she may give him plenty
The drunlst;c, boats 1oud tattoo
Ire Jaad 49, 49, - ~ "a $3.50 ,:
They go 70 tio ~ ~ rav Sn'er
And GRAZ ho,rie . 81 =. tboi. ua,,
Heart,e lame cool, in o,st.cv
Ar,und his snoli, 20 vans Iotb,a
An deatb nr 90 - 81, w - ~" - A0'oio'
Thv dirga ~ E|othjs GohhIa col,,,i,
~ 80 vi" N''''i9' N''Ug'0; U0poiet
~ = "'"p''c'
. WOMAN can always be made to keep secret,
yS,cs give iiF' eioioiorii a" street
FIFTY CENTS, phase" said the hotel clerk to
lady who had been using the telephone.
Il thought the charge was only 10 cents. she
replied '-
Yes, he returned, "but that is the rate for
men, you ow.'-JUdge
THE man who sold his Observation-Disclosures
that was-for a mess of pottage probably knew
what the thing was worth and had q right to
make his own bargain; but it seems the world
at large will never stop talking about that par
tlcuIar man particular bargain.-NeU Orleans
PicdgLne
7I,ss T.-,, Oh door ,.o ....,
TIL ApfA8Un, utdt we re invited 10
I've nothing to wear.
Pater-Great Jupiter, girl what's the matter
with that Worth costume in "gobein blue" that
l just paid fory That will match the turkey
won't it:--Time
r. p: 49,.
sbonlef,,lI,, yoa SCI a3ouI inns man
S s NY ,odnlus anu nsarly hltlng MN
Wv ~. wa. nave gu SoC 70 oHer 10 e1tenuatlan!
paign poem, and
Judge-That is enough The prisoner is dis
char9sd.-The idea.
Apo,,p D., I'd ,,..,
s 81 ~ t ~; DlcK is
p 1870 80 o'ens Jus luis neart Com,
nii o% 81 IT. d ne poetIy stepped aside ana
Fly, ,'l i,e@Sy "eisn0 10 precede MIN,
nun itt,y g ~, uarIlas'
LII NJ .aI Is; naiinid was Erald she
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1888-11-29
a Tribute to Unlimited Cheek.
From the New York Press


Oliver NJ. Stout, newspaper man
spector by Mayor Hewitt, called upon the
a stocky, smooth-faced gentleman and looked
exceedingly digniaed in his eye glasses and his
glossy silk hat. He removed the latter when
he faced the mayor and bowed.
well said his honor, have you come to be
sworn in?" Mr.. Stout stated that such was the
object of his visit. DO you know who APP
pointed you?" asked Mr.. Hewitt
You did, replied Mr.. Stout, beaming and
smiling.
DO you know why you were appointed2'
asked the mayor.
LAS compliment to myself, suppose" said
Mr.. Stout.
No! no. no." said his honor lit was com
pliment TO your cheek"
well" said MIR. Stout. "a man can't make a
success as a reporter unless he has Cheek
"Oh, suppose not, replied Mr.. Hewitt, "but
the appointment was not intended as comp-
ment to you. You have worked and voted in
the interests of a man who has shamefully
abused and vlified me, and you have repeat
eddy come into this office wearing that man S
badge"
Mr. Stout threw out his chest in order to bring
into clearer view the green button represen Ia
tive OF Mr.. Purroy and his contingent. Mr.
Purroy-" began Mr. Stout, but the Mayor
waved him into silence, and said:
Il tell you again that the appointment was
not intended as compliment to you, but as a
tribute to your unlimited cheek. Now will you
be sworn in?"
Mr. Stout said he would, and he was