Telegram-herald., 1888-01-28

l1is al.t3c1'fy = eas Hses.lF - d-forssf4-
ile8- l1rre 4re 1t8eE fozSoGx war frals-
c8.luEe 5 attended siEb iaesezs.8x fiasal.
tlss I. The iuerezse - insees en~laieS.
aaich cone bsvze.y from I'D Dlzofs 60
fed Q0on tas czshzeis sa1 EaEdeas Aisn
ti1s destruction - their a2taral food sup
isz tseY are QFissa 20 cultivated plants.
ugoo waich thsy usually maltioly sila
great Fspiai1y. 2 The exhaustion OF ths
soii . greater or less extsat IA some per
tons 5. Ia maBy Gases ths cultivation Of
tsadsr varieties. Asa rule il Is proszDlg
tras tcsl our hizhy developed varieties are
Rel able % withstand So many QnfaTor-
ale conditions a. are natalai' OF
so-calied seeiing fruits. This susceptible
~ Of TIE auest varieties % untoanI CIR.
e1mstanees Is usually increased 5y the fore
ins operations o. high culture. or. AZ lssst.
such Eees are shorter lived. A. Orchards
srs becsmtns old. aud they are therefore
less vigorous and less productive than for
merry There - reason 10 believe that ia
many places where apple growing. a. least
l. unDfonisbie . remuneratye industry
could Dc insug gurated Dy planting new
orchards. 5. Ia gsNral it.may be said tha.
any diFienlty Ia the culture of frnit Is more
closely observed nov than formerly, from
tne fact that tue crop Is more valuable and
receives more care. Hence the di-icalties
msy be largely exaggerated in many in
stances, and wholly unintsntionaly. For
ess ads the fruit grower in two important
respects. l. Il prevents the disastrous effects
81 sweeping winds; 2 It eonseryes and
regulates atmospheric moisture. IL is
very doubtful II the extremes of tempsrs-
tufc or fluctuations in annual means are
more Intense IN Michigan in recent years
rom the effects of forest removal liz may
rot even De true that there are more high
winds now than formerly. but il is true that
WINS sweep over the farm with greater
force. Winds sweep the surface and bear
away the moisture of the soil al the same
lime that they comein contact with the Trees
and bushes themselves. The effect of the
Eindbreak Is 70 check the force OF winds in
prescribed areas. IL has a local influences.
Therefore We say that: ,. Ia general a
windoreak presents great advantage TO
the frutt grower A windbreak planted
without any study of the conditions 10 be
Temed.ei may prove a detrinent. There
are several important points 10 be consid-
cred in reference 10 kinds of trees as well as
10 general environment. Ii is important that
3. The windoreak should not obstruct
atmospheric drainage. Cold air is heavier
than warm air and settles into the lower
areas. This fact explains why elevated
areas are warmer in still weather. Inas-
inucn Is these high lands are more wind
swept than lower ones IL has become q COM
mon impression that wind is in some man.
Der protection to orchards, whereas the
resi protection comes from the atmospheric
drainage. The windbreak apOn elevated
tracts, therefore, should De open enough to
allow OF the free drainage OF air. In such
locations a tight wall OF evergreens is apt to
be positively injurious Deciduouy trees
with, perhaps. lew evergreens interinixed,
make desirable windbresks. 1t should be
borne IN MIND that IL is mob the object OF
the wlndOreak to stop the wind but rather
10 check IL, break its fo-ce; hence, a row of
aiciduous trees Is often as satisfactory as q
row OF evergTeens aud dicduous trees Some
OF the most salts iactory breakwaters are
made cfa network OF naked piles rather tha
solid wall. In many interior To-
calities dense windbreak on the north and
| west excitss an early growth IN tender
/ traits. and thereby increases danger from
late frosis. Hence
| 4. The windoreak should never be dense
enough TO force the buds on fruit trees in
those localities which are subject to late
Spring frOsts. 1t is evident therefore that
sprsces ana other eyergreeas should be
| planted spar:ngiy in such localities, and
that deciduous trees which leat out late in
| Spring should be chosen for the windbreak
! One .of kthe most disastrous effects OF wind.
| plantations.s the sweeping of the surface of
the ground. causing excessive evaporation,
carrying of the snow thereby EXPOSING the
roots and crowns of the plants to untoward
conditions. Therefore il may be regarded
that
5. As rule. in localities where atmos.
| pheric drainage will not be seriously
checked. the windoreak should have a COM
paralyely dense bottom. formed By
| undergrowth or low-branching trees
! All crops closely adjoining the windbreak
suilsr Tor lack OF moisture and food supply
| aud mauy small plants. "a busn fruits and
nursery stock, are broken by the drifts o.
snow held by the windbreak. Hence
| .. so far as practicable, the windbresk
should be planted at = distance of six rod
or more from the fruit plantation. In oul
| severe climate only the most hardy and
vigorous trees should be encouraged, anC
| il NAV therefore be said that
| Z. Native trees are preferable for wind
break. OF exotic trees. the Norway spruce
and apple alone are desirable for windbresks
| in Michigan.
| Buring the discussion which followed, q
variety of opinions were brought out.
| Prof. A. J. Daniels. OF Big Rapids. wa
expected To read a paper on The asaufac
| turer5 Supply of Timer out owing to hi
ncn-appesrance it was deferred until th
| evening session.
Mr. FernOw then opened a brief debate o
| the fuel question. He stated tnat in Ger
many the consumption of coal had in
creased, during the last twenty-five years
265 per cent, OF wood DOB per cent.
Mr.. Fralick this country We coasum,
| more fuel ia proportion to the population
now than ten yesrs ago, probably owing u
/ the increase IN manufacture.
In farther discussion Mr.. Fernov an,
Others advocated the closer use of our fores
| produces. aud u-ged the saving of the large
imos and tops. as they were OF the bes
| material Tor fuel.
Al early adjournment was taken, OWNS
90 the absence Of expected papers, and
visit vas made 70 the exhibit At the Boar
OF Trade raoms