Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1888-09-01
SOCIALISM, CO. M U NISM AND
ANARCHY.
What They Mean and What the Differ
ence IL Between Them.

From the New York Graphic.
Socialism may be broadly defined as the doctrine
that society ought to be recognized on more har-
monlouS and equitable principles. The history OF
socialism runs parallel with that OF property.
Wherever the power OF individual propretors has
become oppressive its advocates have appeared
Such was the origin OF the schemes OF the ancient
Greeks Phaleans Of Chalcedon expected grad
ualiy to remove the dlsparities of property by
making law that the rich should give but not
receive a dover In marriage, and in
order that none should be intellectu ally
superior TO Others he desired that all
should receive the same education In Platos ideal
republic the state was TO assign TO every one his
rank and sphere OF activity, the soil was to be he
property or all and It's fruits were to be shared
equally by all. Among the earliest attempts at
sOcial1Stic life was that OF the Jewish sect known
as the Essences, which had established uhemSel yes
on the western shores OF the Dead Sea about the
second century b. c. They are not mentioned
either the Christian or the Jewish Scriptures. d nd
concerning them the original sources or inrorma-
ton are passages In the works OF Josephus and
Essences had attained their highest Development.
All the way down 10 the present century,
and In every country where organization
found groupings out OF socialism and societies
formed for putting In practice its teachings
Among them existed communities whose menu beers
INDUCED In the widest license, and were finally
exurpated by the authorities; such as the ADAM
ties, who walked about naked and had a commu-
III
what his predecessors had not seen, that soci-
ETY. was not a construction, but q growth; that
as 1t had followed fundamental laws or develop
ment In the past, so 1t must follow the same laws
In the future; and that these laws must be In an
alogy with the other laws OF the living universe;
so he concluded that the science OF society must
be the Hover and cOnsummatlOn OF all other
societies. Fourier gave the name OF "The Pha
lanX" To his ideal SUciety. Robert owen was the
ideal socialist or modern England and the father
modern cooperation. Communism and socialism
are sometimes used as synonymous; but generally
the former term specially refers to the plans OF
social reform based on or embracing the doctrine
OF complete community or goods, and may be
is engaged exclusively with the theories OF
labor and method OF distributing profits and
which advocates q combination OF many TO gain
advantages not TO be reached by individuals
CommuniSt1c doctrines more or less evolved
from peculiar religious views, and advocating
the founding OF Isolated communities, existed
among the ancient HlndOOs and Egyptians. Al
the Reformation q cOmmunistic tendency was
widespread In Germany, and II led to revolt OF
the serf5 against their lords, movement avowed-
ly based Oh the doctrines OF the New Testament,
an example OF which may be found in Acts Xi, a
and Al. In the United States there are about
seventy coinmunistic societies, ell based on
liglouS belief OF some form. Among them are the
the position OF creed Lheir doctrine OF Oroiherly
love, or their communistic idea. Anarchists are
extremist 0nShO0ts OF the communists, and may
be said To have taken their NAME II not their rise,
from the expression OF Louis Blanc that he
"wanted TO reduce the state TO anarchy" They
extend the control OF the commune to spiritual
and social matters as well c0ncers of property,
and subordinate moral SuaSon to physical force in
carrying out their projects. Their doctrine may be
summarized as the abolition or all forms OF govern
ment and the tearing down OF the present social
conditions, leaving to chance and emergency the
building up OF new.