davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06
DESERT AND ENTRIES.

CHETENNE, Wyo., Dec. 5.-In the matter
of fifty-ive desert land entries held for can
collation. by the general land Office. de-
cisions were rendered yesterday by Regis
ter Wilson and Receiver Garrard, Of the
Cheyenne land offices, which cancel fifty
one Of the entries, covering 5000 acres
Forty-six Of the entry men live IN New
York, Massachusetts and New Jersey, five
in Wyoming and four cannot b. found
The entries we're made in the interest Of
Thos. Sturgis. the Union Cattle company
aud the Goshen hole irrigation OF this ter
ritory. In each case the defense moved to
dismiss for lack Of jurisdiction, but the
motions were oEerruled- The land viii De
opened for individual settlement and en-
braces one OF the finest districts IN eastern
Wyoming and available as farming lands.
Il Is a fact well known that II IL vas not
for Dr. Bulls Cough Syrup hotel pFopTie-
tors in Florida would put rates up 70 ten
dollars Per day.
Histories make men wise, Poets witty
But what IN the world does man want
with either when he has sprained his
ankle No sir, not these, not these Give
him but che bottle Of Salvation OIL the
greatest cure on earth for paia- Price &c.
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06
SOUTHERN EORESTERC

OOO 7 n ChIN FOhCO CnOs
ATLANTA, Dec. 5.-The joint session of
the national and southern forestry con-
gress convened today. Hon. c. II. Prin-
gle, OF Georgia, was chairman of the ma
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06
POLITICAL TOPICS.
MUCH INTEREST EVINCED IN THE
DUDLEY CASE.
in Indict Will Probably be Re-
turned by the Grand jury
Senator McDOnald's Views.
The Examination of the Accounts OF
Chairman Huston, Of Indiana, Com
pleted by the Committee.

The President Elect Goes on Hunting Ex-
pedition-The New Veteran Organ
ization Declared to be Political,
But Not Antag0niStic to the
Grand Army.
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06
ASTREEI CAB DEMOLISHED.

DETROIT, Dec. 5.-Shortly after noon To-
day Lake Shore q Michigan Southern
switch engine ran into and completely de
molished Fort street and Elmwood ca
at Croghan street crossing. The passen
gers, eight or ten in number. were all NOR,
or less injured and two of them, Mrs.
Mary Houk and John Scenious were 80
badly hurt they will probably die The
accident was caused by the 1agman neg
Letting to close the gates.
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06

GOV SPHAbUET 5 MANSION SOLO
PROVIDENCE X. l., Dec 5.-Ganonchet.
Governor Sprazue's mansion at Narragan-
sett pier, has been sold for $500, 900. IL will
be used for hotel purposes
Wichita eagle., 1888-12-06

THE DEMOCRATIC VETERAN ORDER.
INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 5,-The movement
started by Adjutant General Koontz and a
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
AT JAcKsoNyILLE-
4 Giorio.s Reception Given she Party
by An Enthusiastic People.

JACKSONVILLE, Fla, Feb. 22.--Tho
presidential train arrived here ibis after
noon, aud was greeted by salute Of
twenty.onc guns and tho acclaInations Of
mn immense ooncousc OF people. The par
~ was escorted 10 the -. James hotel by
the State military, the reception committee
In carriages and band playing patriotic
aims. Mayor Barbndgc rude In the car
riago with the President and Mn. Clovc-
land, which was decorated with flowers
and oycrrccns. Al l:3O O'Clock after tho
presidential party had taken lunch, tho
marshal Of the day, Mai. Ilarkshimcr,
with twenty aides, formed the procession.
The line oi march was along tho princi-
pal streets, which wcm gay with dccoa-
tons Of all kinds, including eyergrccns.
bunting, icsloons 81 oranges and orange
flowers. Masrs Of people In holiday at
tirc lined the route, and u iscslimalcd that
100, 900 citizens aud visitors witnessed tho
procession. including thousands Of north
crn tourists.
ON the arrival Of the procession nj tho
Exposition building another salute II
twcnty.One guns was fired. The President,
Mr. Cleveland and their party aud tho
visiting congressman were met at tho
north entrance by the reception committee
of the Sub-Tropical exposition with Dirc-
tor.Gencral rainc aud the officers OF tho
association, and were escorted 10 the plat
form In front of the north galleries.
The other guests were cscoricdt a. the south
gallery. The military men entered aud
stacked arms, except the guards on duty.
Seats were provided on the platform for
representatives Of tho city, state. and
United States governments, distinguished
citizons and committees When the Pres
idcnt. Mrs. Cleveland aud the accompany
ing guests were seated, Col. ]. J. Daniel
delivered an address in which hc wcl-
coined the President and Mrs. Cleveland
10 Florida, In behalf Of the Sub.Tropical
exposition aud It's management, the city
OF Jacksonville, the board Of tuidc aud tho
State Of Florida and her people.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
A Brief Stop Made at Savannah by
the Distinguished Guests.
Although Drizzling Rain Falls, the
Welcome is Characteristic. N
The Reception at Jacksonville Is q
Glorious One.
An Immense Concourse OF People Meets
tho Party, Guns Are Fired,
and Bands Play Patri-
otto Airs.

SAVANNAH, Ca, Feb. 22.-To Prcsi.
dent and party arrived here at s O'Clock,
and was met by committee OF citizens
aud the mayor. Thousands oi people
wero present and rs the train rolled in tho
Chatham artillery fired salute and all
the locomotives and all The factories in tho
vicinity blow welcome blast.
The people were particularly enthusiastic
~ the President and Mrs. Cleveland
stepped from the coach. Tho little daugh-
ter of Col. llaines, general ma mayer of tho
Savannah 4 Western railroad, presented
Mrs, Cleveland with splendid collection
of flowers. The party was escorted 10 tho
long room Of the depot, which had been
prepared for the occasion and decorated
with pot,cd plants flowers and cvcrgreens.
An informal reception, lasting about ten
minutes, was held and about ZOO people
were presented 10 the President and Mrs.
Cleveland and other members Of the party.
Carriages were then taken Tor drive
around the city. The route had been
published and was thonged with people,
notwithstanding the fact that driz1ling
rain WINS falling. The mayor and Capt.
falligan, chairman Of the citizens conn
mittce, rodo with the President aud Mrs.
Cleveland. Other citizens rode with Col.
Lamont and wife aud Secretary Whitney
aud wife. The Georgia llussarB acted az
an escort. Tho cheering WIS continuous,
indicating hearty welcome. The Jasper
monument festival being in progress all
the buildings were decorated with bunting.
The only stop made in the course Of tho
drive WIS at the Taliaicro academy Of ilno
arts. Nlm Cleveland having expressed
desire To see the collections OF statuary and
paintings there. The depot was reached
without other incident OF any kind worth
mentioning An hour had been spent in
tho drive, aud the President expressed
himself M much pleased with IT, Within
fifteen minutes after paching the depot
The party was ON il way 10 jacksonville.
The people were greatly pleased with
Mis-. Cleveland, and there wns great re-
grit that the Prcsidcn, and party could
| not remain longer. The senatorial party
reached here AT 100 o'clock q. m, and left
at $50 o'clock a. m. str
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23

AZ the conclusion Of the tenth ballot, no
choice having been made, the committee
adjourned until 10 O'Clock tomorrow morn
ing
Tho following are the members Of the
committee: Alabama, II. &. Semplei
Arkansas, j. II. Forlicc; California, NJ. j.
Tarpic; Colorado, SIS. Thomas; Connect.
cut, w. II. Barnum; Delaware, |. g..
Grubb; Florida, Samuel Pasco. Georgia,
Patrick Walsh; illinois, w. g..
Goudy Indiana, j. T.. Mcdonald;
Iowa, w. !. Hayes; Kansas, G. w. Blair;
Kentucky, II. ID. Mcllcnry; Louisiana, l..
II. Jonas; Maine, w. L. Clifford; Mary.
land, A. r. German; Massachusetts, L. o..
Prince; Michigan, I. NJ. Weston; Mime
sofa, +. II. Kelly; Mississippi. G. A. John.
ston; Missouri, j. q. Prather; Nebraska,
J. T.. Boyd; Nevada, II. &. King
New Hampshire, A. W. Sulloway; New
Jersey, Miles Ross; New York, William
Slcinway; North Carolina, NJ. w. Ransom;
Ohio, w. w. Armstrong Oregon, A. III.
German; Pennsylvania, w. l.. Scoii;
Rhode Island, J. d. Barnaby; South
Carolina, D. w. Dawson; Tonnes.
zee, r. +. Looncy; Texas, o. r. Holt
Vermont, Hiram Atkins; Virginia, j. =.
Harbour; West Virginia, II. =. Davis;
Wisconsin, T.. u. Usher Arizona,
w, X. Meade; Dakota, NJ. II. Meade
Idaho, John HALEY, Montana, j. W,
Mccormick: New Mexico, Anthony
Joseph; Utah, X. T. Hammond; Wash
inVton, J. II. Kuhn; Wyoming, NJ. T.
Post; District Of Columbia, VIM. Dickson.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATURE. .
Proceedings OF tho House and Senate
Bills Passed.


sporIal Dispatch 10 Tho Appeal
J,cKsoN, Miss, Feb. 22.-Procecding
last nighL-tscnato. bills introduced
and REFEREED
by Mr. Muse: For relief Of Fontaine
Barksdalc.
by Mr. Martin; To incorporate the
pincland Railroad company.
by Mr. buchanan; 10 authorize thc.ap-
poiniment Of glcnogmphcr for the
Eighth circuit court district.
By Mr.. Dillard 10 amend the charter
Of the town OF Macon, which passed.
SENATE hills PASSED:
To prohibit the sale Of liquor In beat 0,
In Tallahatchic county
10 insurc the better working Of the
public roads Of oktlbbcha county.
10 authorize supervisors 81 Monroe 10
borrow certain sums Of money.
10 exempt from taxation moneys for
monumental purposes.
To prohibit the shipment Of game for
market In the county Of Marion.
Today'a proceedings In tho Senate:
Mr.. Binford introduced bill 30 author.
I've tho supervisors oi Montgomery 10 levy
tax to pay outstanding school indebted.
ness, which passed.
Mr. Ford introduced ball amending
the charter Of the town Of Columbia, In
Marion county, which passed.
Senate bill Tor the relief OF q. $. White,
OF Wellington county
Senate bill 20 authorize the rcissuance Of
a paicnt 10 Henry Ilamlin and 10 confirm
the title Of the same.
Senate bill 10 quiet and settle the title 10
certain lands In the Yazoo Delta which
were sold by the commissioners Of the
chanccry court for tho Fimt district OF
Kinds county In the case Of Joshua Micn
Of al. VI. Hemingway and Gies. treasurer
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
MEoHAM THE FoRoER.
Tho Slick Customer IL stiil at Large -
How lilo Did II.

Special Dispatch 70 Tho Appeal
LITTLE Rock, Ark, Feb. 22.-Noihing
has been heard Of J. w. Mecham. the man
who forged the Endorsement Of s. Lands
berg 10 a check for s5i.70 oa an endow-
ment fund Of Little Rock Lodge No.
1853, I. o. u. b., Monday night. r. l..
Miyclaz, Of the Capital hotel, adyanccd.Sib
ON the check, and u now willing 10 give
that amount for q glimpse Of his clever
customer. Mecham u large, hcavy-sct,
broad-ahouldercd man, about five feet ten
inches high, weighs rom $50 TO 200 pounds,
clean shaven, heavy eyebrows, wears q
slouch hat and sack coat and large square
letter az" ON biz cravat lie h n printer
by lmdc and usually works At Job work.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
TREMENDOUS sENsATIoN.
Tho Young Wife OF n Wealthy Scion
Elopes with an Old Flame.

AunuRS, n. Y, Feb. PA tremendous
social sensation Is now raging hcn over the
clopcmcnt Of Mrs. u. Erastus Corning,
the young and pretty wife Of son Of the
wealthy shoe manufacturer, and u. Morris
Kurtzc, the Auburn correspondent 81 the
Syracuse Sunday Herald. Tho couple
made of Saturday afternoon aud have
been traced ~ Ear M Fayetteville. The
husband and father 81 the clipping woman
arc In pursuit aud hope 10 oycrtako the
couple today. Mn. Corning had PROBABLY
contemplated this step for some time, ~
she had removed nearly all her belongings
from home at different times and shipped
them 10 Syracuse Her moihcr-in.law,
with whom she made her home, told u
reporter that she also missed all her sons
jowclry and diamonds and $3.50 Ia gold.
kuitze II nm old fame Of Mn. Coning's,
having met her during the roller skating
crazc several years ago AZ that time she
was unmarried and they were quito de.
voted. Since her marriage Mrs. Corning
had not seen kurizc with the knowledge
Of any Of the members Of her family.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
AZ New York.

NEw YoRK, Feb. 22.--waahingion's
birthday was pretty generally observed
throughout the city today. The banks
aud downtown exchanges and business
houses were closed. Thccily departments
and courts all shut their doors. Flags
wcrc flying FROM many buildings. Tho
flag wis raised at the old fort IN Central
park and nt the battery ut sunrise and the
bells OF old Trinity chincd several pairi.
otic nins
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
FREroHT GAR THIEVES.
Three Railroad Sneak Thieves Arrested
at Arsonta, Ark.

special Dispatch 10 The Appeal
LirrLE Rock, Ark, Feb. %. Frank
siaulman. Mike Ryan and II. T. Ahwns
were today arrested In Argcnla, changed
with having robbed freight train No. q ON
the Memphis & Little Rock railroad saiur-
day night last. In the house Of one Of tho
men arrested In Argcnia WIS found stored
away the major part Of the stolen goods,
which amounted iooonsidemblc more than
had been missed. There were several rolls
Of carpeiing, nine boxes OF tobacco, ten
sacks ol shot, several thousand cigars and
general variety Of goods Of every dcscrip-
ton. Prisoners and goods were brought
TO police headquarters TO await idenilhca-
ton, ono as thieves aud the others %
stolen property. The men maintained
perfect silence and slolid indifference, aud
we're sent 10 fall 10 await examination,
which will tnkc place tomorrow.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23

special Dl,paich 70 The ApreeL
AxonY, Miss, Feb. q. Alter a c'o'e
and exciting contest the city election to-
day resulted In the election Of the iollow.-
inc ticket Mayor, ]. W. @. w iht "
iermcn, J. A. Mayhcld, W. 7. pii~ofih,
w. N. Berry, w. T. Collins eiy el''~'
ii. {. uockwilh.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
a. washington.

WAsuiN0roV, Feb. 22.-rhc annivcr-
sary Of washington's birthday was gcncr-
ally observed Throughout the city, al
though there was no public celebration Of
the day. The public offices, Federal and
municipal. were closed, and business gen.
orally was suspended. Tho spring.likc
weather attracted large crowds to the
streets. Several Of the local military or
ganizaiions paraded IN the morning prior
Ia leaving for Alexandria 10 take part IN
the celebration there. Others Lnadc pill
grimagcs 10 Mount Vernon.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23

CNcIsNATI. o.. Feb. %. Wnshington's
birthday VIA cclcbriicd today with moro
elaboration than for many years. A great
procession Of six divisions made up Of
local military companies Grand Army posts
aud large number Of scmi-miliiary and
civic associations parndcd through the city
In the afternoon. after which a great meet
ing was held In Music hall, whore speeches
nnd music filled cut the day. Although
many places Of business wcrc open, the
day was generally observed M holiday.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
Ihn Ilnnnnn,. rnnrh,.

ELmnA, n. ", Feb. 22.-D. Morris
Kurtzc aud Mn D. Emslus Corning, the
clipping Auburn couple, arrived la this
city from Syracuse lastnighi andrgi-tcrod
at the forcs house "a ID. NJ. Taylor and
wife, New York. Later the manpurchascd
tickets for Chicago. The couple took q
room at tho hotel and nothing usual was
noticed until an early hour this morning.
when Detective Sccfy, Of Syracuse arrived,
accompanied by the girls husband. The
room was watched until 100 O'Clock, when
Kurtzc aud Nlm. Coming made their mp.
pcarance. The clipping wlfc took matters
very c0olly, but was soon induced by lcr
husband 10 return with him 10 Auburn.
Kurtzc remained behind.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
william Chalet.

Pnrspvna, Pa, Feb. 22..-William Cha
LET, manager Of the Grand opcra-houso.
and prominent member Of the order Of
Elks. died at 10 O'Clock this morning OF
typhoid pneumonia. The deceased was
about thirty eight yean Of age.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23

great streams; they have been retarded by
barriers OF mountains and seas beyond
their present resources TO overcome; but as
the family grew into the tribe. the tribe
into the nation, and equal authority into
the dospotism of courts and crecds, those
who possessed the indomitable and uncon-
querable spirit OF freedom have seen the
promise flashed from tho clouds in the
glorions rays OF the sinking orb OF day,
and first with despair and courage, and
then with courage and Lope, and
lastly with faith and prayer they have
marched westward. In the publication
and trials of wandering and settlement
they have left behind narrow and degrad-
ing laws, traditions, customs and castles,
until now, as the occident faces the orient
across the Pacific, and the globe is circlcd,
at the last stop and in their permanent
home the individual is the basis Of govern
ment, and all men are equal before the
law. Tho glorious example OF the tri-
umphant success OF the people governing
themselves fans the feeble spirit of the
eiicte and exhausted Asiatic with the pos
sibilitics OF the rcplantng of the Garden OF
Eden and OF the restoration OF the historic
grandeur Of the birthplace OF mankind. II
is putting behind every bayonet which is
carried ut the order Of Bismarck or the
Car men who, in dong their own think
ing, will one day decide iorthcmsclyes the
problems of peace and war. II will pene-
tratc the breeding places Of anarchy and
socialism, and cleanse and purify them.
The scenes OF the fifth act Of the grand
drama are changing, with the world ny It's
stage, and all races and tongues the audi
cnce. And vet, rs IL eliminates In power
and grandeur and absorbing interest, the
attention remains riycted upon one ma
jcsiic character. lie stands the noblest
leader who was ever intrusted with his
counhy's life. His patience under provo
cation, his c;lmness in danger and lofty
courage when all others dcspaired, his
prudent delays when the Continental Con-
gress was imp rativc and the staff almost
insubordinaie, aud his quick and rosistlcss
blows when action WIS possible, his mag
nanimlty 20 his dciamors and generosity TO
his foes, his ambition for his country and
unseldshness for himself, his sole desire
the freedom and independence OF
America, and his only wish 10 NJ
turn after victory 10 private life and
the peaceful pursuits and pleasures ol
home, have all combined 10 make him,
by the unanimous Judgment Of the world,
the foremost figure in history. Not so ab-
normally developed In any direction as "a
be- called genius, but he was the strongest
because the best balanced, the fullest
rounded, the most even aud most self.
maslcriul Of mcn-thc incarnation Of com.
mon sense and moral purity, of action and
cpOsc.
The republic will live 10 long ~ Il
rovcrcs the memory and emulatcs the viz
lures OF George Washington.
References made TO the solidity Of IN,
Union. Abraham Lincoln aud the settle
mcnt Of the animositics between the nortl
and south, were heartily applaudcd.
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
A. Alexandria. Va.

ALEXANDRIA,, Va, Feb. %. To-day wm
celebrated by a grand military parade.
Several military companies. local aud from
other cities, including Battery &, Third
United States artillery, were In the process
sfiuu
The Memphis appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1886-1890, 1888-02-23
OBITUARY.
Tn. Hon. oliver pIIisbury.

CoSooRp, N. IL, Feb. 22.-The Hon.
Oliver Pillsbury, state insurance commits
sioner, died morning, agcdscyenly-one.
The Daily times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1886-1889, 1888-11-10

results OF agriculture and 10 gather from every
source, within or without her territory, Tor
comparison and instruction, all the best ana
most recent labor saving devices aud machin-
cry for tiiling her soil, reaping her harvests
and changing her crude products into useful
and beautiful fabrics.
For accomplishing these ends the EXPOSE
ton of the Virginia state Agricultural. Me
cbanical and Tobacco Association invites the
co-oper,tion Of the counties, cities and towns
and all classes within her borders, and
the exhibition of all articles. whether
enumerated in the following premium list or
not. tending 10 illustrate these resources and
70 develop or improve them.
To exhibitors this Exposition offers unusual
inducements. No such opportunity for prof
table display has been presented. and at least
half mil ion people will be pre- ent from abroad
during the Exposition. Extraordinary attrac-
tions will be offered. and every effort made by
the management. composed of the best bust
ness men Of Richmond and Virginia. 10 make
this Exposition profitable 10 exhibitors. enter
tanning and instructive 10 visitors, and eener-
ally useful TO the people Of the country.
Virginia at the present time presents many
advantages for the profitable investment OF
capital and labor. advantages whose value will
enhance in rapid proportion as her resources
are developed.
The Daily times. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1886-1889, 1888-11-10
Announcement.

In response 20 a demand from the word TO
day. a grand Exposition Will De held at Rich
mOnd. Va. on the grounds Of the Virginia
state Agricultural 6nd Mechanical Society
about one mile from the Capitol. and upon
which has been erected building ~ magnih-
cent design. suited 10 the various departments
Of a general exposition, aggregaiing acres in
area and at a great cost. This main building
fronting on Broad street. is 70 feet high. g o
feet long, and go feet broad. constructed
in the most substantial manner. containing an
exposition space Of over three hundred and
fifty thousand square feet. Tho interior en-
belshment anu general arrangements are ac-
cording to the highest style Of art and aichi
lecture. aifording spaces for floral, domestic
manufacture, textile fabrics. mechanics and
manufacturers products. merchandise and
other displays. A magnificent music hall.
wherein grand concerts will afford delightful
entertainments for all visitors throughout
the entire season.
The agricultural and mineral displays. 10 be
exhibited by all the counties in the State and
the various railroads tTayersing her territory.
will show 10 the world the hitherto unknown
and wonderful resources of Virginia.
a capacious and splendidiy arranged art hall,
constructed Of iron. one hundred feet 10 di-
amotos. will be filled with collection of rare
works OF art. now being collected by one OF
yirginias most gifted artists. embracing
paintings. sculpture. etc. Other annexcs will
Doe constructed for the exhibition OF h0rticul-
tuml products. floral Displays. vegetable and
farm products Of Individual exhibitors. Poul-
try and pet stock will be provided with q large
aud commodiOus structure, with every con
yenenco for the proper care aud comfort Of
such stock.
4 beautiful and scientifically constructed
race track. with a grand stand with accom-
mOdations for i've thousand people.
The general headquarters for the Executive
Department will be in the historic building
which vas erected in the Centennial at Phia-
delphia boy one of our most public-epirited citi-
zens. and afterwards removed by him 20 Rich
mond and placed upon these grounds and DO
mated to this society.
Ample accommodations will be prepared for
the reception Of the live stock exhibits OF
horses, cattle, sheep ard swine.
A Bench Show will be held in the Poultry
building, under The auspices OF the Virginia
Field Sports Association. and managed by
some Of the most celebrated dog tanciers in
this country.
One Of the principal objects Of this Expos
ton is to exhibit the progress aud improve
ment OF Virginia In machinery. manufactures
her locks and herds. aud her methods and