davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1888-12-26
The Italian Method of Singing.

From the Saturday Review.
IL is an acknowledged fact that the greatest
singers the world has produced have been those
who have been taught in the old Italian school,
and the very few really eminent singers now
before the public. such as Nine Trebelli. Mr..
Sims Reeves. Nine. Adelma Patti. and one or
two others. are all of them proficient in this
method. IL is lamented that whereas at the
present time there are naturally as many fine
voices in the world as ever. there are very few
really great singers. Passing over many Of the
causes Of the present deterioration of the vocal
art, such the influence of the Wagnerian
school and the decline of Italian opera.
which are more or less irrelevant to
our object, will give the fore
most place to that which is certainly the chief
among them-namely. the want of an Ohlira-
| tory course of thorough training in the mech
anism of singing before the higher part is
reached. and the almost total extinction OF the
\ long line of great teachers. not only in this
| country. but in Italy itself. The Italian
| maestri of the past considered that it was
absolutely necessary for a singer. If he or she
/ intended to become eminent. to devote at least
| from five to six years study 10 this great art
/ AS "a rule. the first two three years were en-
1 ployed in forming the voice and in teaching
/ the elementary exercises and solfeggi. after
which the pupil allowed to sing songs
ballads and operate pieces. The highest
/ ann, 1t would seem, of the majority of
! our young singers. in their earnest de-
/ sire TO begin to earn livelihood
| for themselves is to acquire nj the end of six
! months study under an Indifferent teacher a
| knowledge of how to sing half dozen ballads
\ tOlCrably well. after which they usually con-
! slider themselves accomplished artists. The
| public. which Is no longer in touch with really
| great singing, applauds them, and they go the
| rounds of England and America with their
very limited repertoire, and. fortunately for
| themselves, but unfortunately for true art, are
| able to make a fair living. Greatness they can
never achieve, because greatness i'll singing,
as in every other art, eau only come with pa
| tience time, and hard work
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1888-12-26
A MERRY CHRISTMAS.
How Washington Baslxed In Sunshine
and Happiness.

A LARGE ATTENDANCE AT THE cHURcHEs-THE
DAY IN VARIOUS ISsTTTUTIoNs-A BIG DINNER
II THE POOR HoUsE-HOw TIE @. A. n. REMEM-
BERED THE NEEDY ONES.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1888-05-18
DON'T

let that cold of yours run on. You think
it is a light thing. But it may run into
catarrh. Or into pneumonia. Or con
sumption. Catarrh is disgusting
Pneumonia is dangerous. Consumption
is death itself The breathing apparat-
us must he kept healthy and clear OF
all obstructlons and offensive matter.
Otherwise there is trouble ahead. Az
the diseases of these parts. head. nose
throat, bronchial tubes and lungs. can
be delightfuiiy and ontifely cured 10y
the use of Boschee's German Syrup. Il
YOU don't know this already, thousands
and thousands of people can tell you.
They have been cured by it. and know
how it is themselves" Bottle cnly -
cents. Ask any druggist. even
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1888-05-18
THE WEI TIE CROSS.

The White Cross movement is Il So
cial reform that meets with favor ev-
erywhern it is presented. 1t is III or"
ganiZation composed entirely Of men
and boys England is its birthplace
and the norlu it's field of LABOR Scarce
ly five years have elapsed s'ncr the first
organization was formed and now it
has spread to the continent, America.
and even to Japan. "The object oil
the Vi bite Cross society is to elevate
opinions respecting the Datur" and
claims OF morality. with It's equal o'li
cation upon men and women, aud TO
securea proper, practical recognition
o.: its precepts on Che part OF 'he md
viduai, the family and the nation"
The parity OF Our homes depends up
on the purity of the individual. The
White Cross work is an individual
work. Each MAN suhseribe.s to the fol-
lowing pledges;
l. TO treat all women with respect
aud endeavor to proaec; them from
wrong and degradation.
2. 10 endeavnr to put down ill indie
cent language and coarse jests.
8. 10 maintain the law OF purity as
equally binding upon men and women.
4. 70 eu,lca\ or to spread these prin-
ciples among my companions, and tr;'
IN halp my VOuYyrr brOthprS
3. To use all possible means to fulfil
the command, keep Thyself Pure"
There. has been little work done in
.Terauld county. Three or four socie-
ties organized and aboL: forty have
signed the pledge. Let the good work
90 on. Every man in J-raulG county
Should sign and keep the pltdgr.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1888-05-18

Besides these, are the bridges built
during the first year costing about
$4,000 and which still bear evidence
of the money invested.
Had the first board done as have two
subsequent boards, i. e. put the four
mills road and bridge tax into sink
ing fund" and with it redeemed war
rants issued on the general county
fund (by the Way, our present treasurer
tells us he has no account with sink
ing fund'D the expenses Of the first
board in excess Of the income would
have been 100000 less.
The Republican is very careful to
add some $428OO allowed il, 1855 to the
expenses of the first year. in order to
bring the excess up to 100000. Per
haps if the truth known and all bills
allowed tor expenses incurred or grow
ing out OF transactions prior to April
LIST 1883, that the indebtedness for the
last three ana one-fourth years would
be greater than $500.
Allowing that the assessments have
been lowered docs not change the fact
that the taxes aggregated greater
amount during eacn of the latter years
than during the first. The first year
the county. road and bridge tax levy
was d little over 100000 In 1885 il
was about the same. in 1886, about
S6OOO.OO, and in 1881 :S72OOOO.
We see that there was $22O0OG more
income for the asst year than the first
and yet there as {, much greater t,eii-
cit We are g i however to have the
.'powers that i! J make some kind CT Il
report. as that $ what the HERALD
I has desired, for some tilne. There Is
no one wf,o regrets more than we. the
present condition OF affairs, but the Re-
publican's report does not change oul
opinion expressed in The HERALD OF
! Sept. 9til 1857.
while others ;,reln fault. tue real
blame undoubtedly rests ON the cont
uissioners and county clerk who could
if they had complied with their oalhs
and the law, no doubt. have prevented
the greater portion OF this public Gu
lamity.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1888-05-18
PREMIUMS

For the workers for Jerauld county
Fair Given to every contributor
chromoeertificate gotten up especially
tor the purpose, with name and age
of the contributor and date of fair.
a nice keepsake worthy of frame and
glass and place in the parlor, will b.
given to every man and woman, girl
and boy. even to the child in its moth
er's arms who will bring and present
something for exhibit at our fair next
September. 1t must be raised or made
In Dakota | want 500 original
MOTTOEs
contributed by our young folks for our
NOTICE department., given TO me so
can take them to help make our coun
ty display at the Territorial Fair.
Let these notices be written on plain
card paper and left plain or embpllishrd
by the originators own hand work, eli
ther with pen, pencil, or brush, .tnt,
have the authors name and the date on
the back of the card. G. w. Hin. Pres.
Jerauld county Ag'l & lnd'l Society.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1888-05-18

We have learned
That Crow Lake is alive and kick
ing
That Sulphur Springs is teetotally
lefunct.
That Alpena is NOT IL sleepy lit
tie town
That July 4th 1883 comes on
Wednesday.
That this is leap year, and batche-
]ors are plenty.
~Thas Washington Springs Is gong
TO havea boom.
That Waterbury is the cutest little
town west of the jim.
Tint Wonnsocket has a genuine
ga,-wetl-company, that supplies the
Village with natural gas.
b f S~atman is a deputy assessor
and will assess Harmony township.
Mrs. Roxy Bartlett of Dale town
snip has gone on a trip to Omaha, Neb.
Farmer Totilemire had the misfor-
tune last week. OF crippling one of his
best oxen. 1t broke one hind leg just
above the knee.
"A wedding over east in which O..
L. Williams and Miss johnson We're
the high contracting parties We Wish
the happy couple much joy.
One of G. w. McDonald's horses
became playful the other day and after
a few deXterous movements grew doc
lie and ere long was SO stiff as to Who'll
ly incapacitate it for work.
We We're pleased to see our friend
and former co-Iaborer John Weidman
Ill our town this week. During his;
Stay he made several calls at the HER
AID office where he is always welcome.
Although We have resigned the etli-
torial chair to Mr.. Coffee for u while
We are still on deck and may occasion
ally present supplement- of our own
to our readers, as we have time and op,
port.nity.
The Pioneer w. C. r. U. holds its
regular annual election Wednesday
the 23rd inst instead of the Both as al
nounced in our last Please meet
promptly at 2 7. M.
Mrs. L. H. Blank. Pres.
A trip through Media. Cherry, Har
meny and Pleasant townships last
Saturday and Sunday convinced us
tha1 the inhabitants thereof possess 9
fair and goodly land And all the
people we met seemed conscious Of
their advantages and consequently
We're happy and contented. We haG
the pleasure of attending the Friends
sabbath School in Harmony, and the
Union Sabbath School in the Lynndalt
s''hool house. Both were interesting
and well attended. Wilhelm Harmony
we were very Hospitality entertained
by 0. j. Marshall and wife, and IL
Pleasant we were indebted to the fam
lilies of Messrs Shaw and E. Sewer
wine, whom we found pheasant" PEG
pie indeed. Come again? Yes, Ger
tainly.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
Don't Go West.

The following extract from letter
from our old friend Root, we lay be,
fore our readers at his request aud for
their benefit. 1t explains itself fully,
and those who read it will readily ap.
preciate and endorse Mr.. Roots mo.
tive 10 thus giving them a timely
warning;
l would advise all those expecting
work to remain where they are. When
we came out here last summer there
were not men enough to do the work,
aud wages were high. The word went
out all over the country, and now they
are coming by the hundreds. l was
up to Tacoma yesterday and the city
was full Of men hunting work. They
come by bOatloads from Los Angeles,
San Diego and San Francisco; aud by
the carloads from Massachusetts,, Penn.
sylvania, Tennessee. and in fact from
all parts of the United States. On
the railroad near my house men are
travelling every hour up aud down,
hunting work. But if a man wants
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
Court Proceedings.

Court called on Monday al 2 o'clock.
Up to the hour of going to press the
following business was transacted
Duncan vs.. Jenkins, verdict for
plaintiff.
Cobb g. Davis VS.. j. w. Landers,
case settled.
j. w. Landers VS.. Cobb & Davis,
case settled.
Joseph Eisberger vs. DR.. S. S. Tow
ler; case continued.
The grand jury has returned the
following bills:
Com. VS.. Chas. Andrews, f. & B.,
Jacob Wolf prosecutor, true bill.
Com. VS.. Emma Walters and Mary
Frederick, assault and battery, Mary
E. Armstrong prosecutor, true bill.
Com. VS.. Amos Walton, assault and
battery, Sarah Jane Rodgers prose
cutor, true bill.
Com. VS.. w. B. McCloskey, larceny
of box of tobacco, F. A. Wheeler
prosecutor, true bill. Case now on
trial.
DR.. S. S. fowler was appointed
guardian of Mary B. H. Rohrer. mi
nor child of S. F. Rohrer, deceased.
The application of Joseph NJ. Fail
of Balltown, Howe twp, for a hotel
license was refused. Judge Brown il
his opinion states that in as much a;
Forest county had been without license
for three years without apparent loss
it remained for the applicant to con
clusively show that the license asked
for was necessary for the accommoda
tion of the travelling public and stran
gers, which was not done to the salts
faction of the court, though the addi
tional petition contained a greater
number of names than the remou
STRANGE. la addition, the petition die
not contain the names of the bonds
men, as required by the act of 1887
which in itself was held to be fatal t
the application.
The application of o. G. BrOwnell
Tionesta Borough, was withdrawn.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
Proceedings of Republican County
Committee Meeting.

Republican County Committee con.
vened pursuant to call, with S. D.
Irwin Esq, Of Tionesta Boro., in the
chair.
Harry Lynch of Hickory, L. A,
Clary of upper Harmony, j. b. Pear.
sail of Barnett, w. w. Thomas Of
Tionesta, Frank Nash Of Howe, E. A.
Yetter of jerks, and G. F. Gillespie
of Kingsley Township, we're appointed
by the chair to represent their respect
i've townships, the regular members
from said townships being absent. L.
A. Clary of Harmony, was appointed
Secretary pro tenn.
The business Of the meeting as stated
from the chair was to arrange date for
holding the primaries, the election of
chairman to fill the unexpired term of
G. NJ. Shawkey, and any other busi-
ness that may come before the meet.
ing.
On motion, the 23d day of June,
next, was fixed as the date for holding
the primaries throughout the county.
S. ID. Irwin of Tionesta Boro, was
unanimously elected chairman to hold
over until the meeting Of the Return
Judges, Jane 26.
1t was decided to hold the primaries
at the same polling places as last year
except at Starr, where the primary
shall be held at the school house, in
stead of the post Office as heretofore
Also that new polling place be es
tablished at the schoo! house on. Whig
Hill, in Kingsley, in addition to the
place already designated.
Moved by Pearsall, that 10 town
ships where only one polling place ex
lists, there be elected two assistant com
mitteemeD in townships where two
polling places are established that ont
assistant be elected, said assistants t
be elected at the primaries same US th'
original committee. Carried.
Secretary was instructed to have
minutes published 10 FOREST REPUB
LICAN.
On motion committee adjourned t,
meet at the call of the chairman.
l.. A. CLARY, Sec'y.
Tionesta, Pa, May 81, 1888.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
WORTH KNOWING.

Mr.. w. II. Morgan, merchant, Lake
City, Fla, was taken with severe cold,
attended with distressing cough and
running into Consumption in its first
stages. He tried many so-called popular
cough remedies and steadily grew worse.
Was reduced in flesh, had difficulty in
breathing and was unable to sleep. FL
nally tried DR.. Kings New Discovery for
Consumption and found immediate relief,
and after using abont a half dozen bottles
found himself well and has had no return
of the disease. No other remedy can
show so grand record of cures, as DIR.
Kings New Discovery for Consumption
Guaranteed to do just what is claimed for
it. Trial bottle free at G. w. Bovard's
Drug Store.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
The Democracy Me cts.

A Harrisburg dispatch under date
of 22d says;
The Democratic State Convention
will meet here tomorrow. Congress
man Scott appears to have decided
majority with him, and the friends Of
President Cleveland will have no diff
ficulty 10 directing the proceedings Of
the body and naming all of the dele
gates at large. The only opposition to
the program as arranged by Mr.. Scott
and his friends to-day, comes from the
friends of ex.Congressman Speer, Of
Huntingdon county, who with the fol.
lowers Of Mr.. Randall, have been
making an effnrt to break the slate aud
delegate ex Congressman Charles E.
Boyle, of Fayette, but this movement
has proved a failure, and the four del
egates at large will be Congressman
Scott, of Erie; Hon. Lewis Cassidy,
of Philadelphia +; Congressman Mutch.
ler, and Mr.. Boyle. Ex Chairman of
the State Committee VIM. U. Hensel,
of Lancaster, will be the temporary
chairman, and ex-senator VIM. A.
Wallace, the permanent chairman. So
sure are the friends of the administra.
tion of being ahle to control the con.
vention that they have prepared a
platform in full, which it is expected
will be adopted without any difficulty.
1t endorses the President and the
Mills tariff bill and is otherwiae Just
what Congressman Scott and his
friends desire No attention is being
paid to the judicial nomination, and
it will 60 hapbazard to any one of q
half dozen candidates.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23

to take up land and settle, this is o
good place. There is money in taking
aud holding this timber land. The
mill owners must get their stock from
the settlers. They cannot get timber
any other way. A man can come out
here this summer, take a homestead
claim, and his family can stay east
until next spring or summer. There
are plenty of claims yet untaken, but
men are here every few days inquiring
for Government land. Those who in
tend coming here to locate, ought to
come soon. A. B. RouT.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
PROGRAM. MEMORIAL DAY.

Stow Post No. ga will meet at Hall at l
P. NJ, sharp. Will march at 1870 for Riv-
ersido Cemetery.
The Post Martial Band and Tionesta
Cornet Band will report for duty at said
time and place. Nick Thompson Camp
of S. of V. will also report for escort duty.
Comrades and all old soldiers will wear
badges, and uniform rs far rs possible.
The Presbyterian, Methodist, and Cath
olic S. S. will meet at the Presbyterian
Church and fall in line behind the Band
in charge Of their Superintendent and
teachers.
Capt D. 5. Knox will act as Marshal of
the Day, and u. w. Clark as Assistant.
Arriving at the Cemetery, a hollow
square will be formed, with the Post,
Bands. and Choir inside said square, when
exercises will he as follows:
l. Dirge by the Cornet Band.
2. Prayer by the Chaplain.
3. ode by Choir, our Soldicr-boys
Sleeping, Bartlett
4. Commanders Address.
5. The Dead March, by Post Martial
Band.
6. Anthem by Choir 49, "MournIuliy,
Tenderly."
7. lst Comrades Address, G. w. Robin
son.
8. "Slumber Song" by Leslie Choir.
9. 2nd Comrades Address, G.. W. Bo-
ward.
10. fantasia" Tionesta Cornet Band.
| II. 3rd Comrades Address, S. s. Car =
| field.
II. America" or other selection by
| Choir.
13. Decoration of graves preceded with
the Salute by Sons of Veterans.
II. Chaplains Address.
Is. Requiem, by the Cornot Band.
After the graves are decorated the "As'
sembly," will lie sounded, when Post and
S. of V. will form at place designated
where short ad lresses will be delivered by
Comrades Rev. B. f. Feitt, j. b. Agnew
and others, closing with ode by tho Choir
"The Fallen Brave" by Kinsley, whor
the audience will be dismissed with til,
benediction by Chaplain Rhodes. Afte
which the Post and S. of V. will form il
line and march back to town, headed b,
the Bands.
This program adopted by the Committee
May 10.
SAMUEL d. IRWIN, Commander.
Attest, D. w. CLARK, AdJt
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
A Forest County Man Drowned.

Robert Klabbatz was engaged, dur
ing the late spring freshets, in rafting
and running lumber on Tionesia creek
for several days. When the RATS
started out for the lower markets be
went as hand with a companion Of
about his own age to Pittsburgh. From
there they engaged to 60 to Louisville
on raft, and from thence they ex.
pected to take trip west to look at
the country. When near Madison,
Indiana, the young man went out in a
sk!f, and in some manner 1--WE are not
informed just how was drowned. His
companion telegraphed to his father,
who Immediately went on, and is now
at that place. Mr.. K. was aged about
% years, was single man, and very
much thought of by all who knew him,
His father is Mr.. Edward Klabbatz,
of Pigeon, Howe township, this coun.
ty, and one of our highly respected
citizens, on whom the blow falls with
crushing weight. At last accounts the
body had not been found, although
the father has offered a large reward
for its recovery. The heart. t.broken
parents have the sincere sympathy OF
all their neighbors in this most dis
tressing occurrence.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
RENEyys HER YOUTH,

Mis-. Phoebe Chesley, Peterson, Clay
Co., Iowa, tells the following remarkable
story, the truth of which is vouched for
by the residents of the town: 81 am I3
years old, have been troubled with kidney
complaint and lameness for many years
could not dress myself without help. Now
l am free from all pain and soreness, and
am able to do all my own homework.
owe my thanks to Electric Bittors for hav-
ing renewed my youth, and removed COM
pletely all disease and pain" Thy a bot
tie, only SOC, at Bovard's Drug Store.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
FOREST COUNTY OFFICERS.

fember of Congress-JAMEs T. MAI
ri.
fember Of iSendte--J. II. WILSON.
Issembly-CHARLEs 4. RANDALL.
f1SideRt JHdgs--W. d. BRO wN.
4fooidte Judges-LEwrs ARNER. JNo.
ROPER
4taSurer--SoLoMoN FITZGERALD.
''tftonotary, Register C Recorder, &C.
4|fN NJ. ARNER.
AflU, ,---GEo. w. SAwYER.
fNfI4sioners-WM ID. SHIELDS, O..
.|thuR, ]. j. PARSONS.
~ n Observation-Disclosures w. KERR.
''''ot AttorneV-P. NJ. CLARK.
II Comm mfssioners-C II. CHURCH,
NJ. 81. COoPER.
,|Rf4 lSlerUcyor-H. @. WHITTEK1N.
|/onor-Dr. j. w. Morrow.
t|.'AtU HdifoTs-E. l.. JONES, X. n
.pxa. WIN. BLUM.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
NIay16tf.

--In Henry & Johnson's Aruica &
Oil Liniment is combined the curative
properties of the different oils. with
the healing qualities of Arnica. Good
for nap and animal. Every bottle
guaranteed. For sale at Bovard's.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
MATCH CLOCK & JEWELRY
REPAIRING.

1fHE UNDERSIGNED would respect
Iilily announce TO the citizens of Tio-
Ntsia and vicinity, that he has removed
bis Matchmaking establishment from Ty-
Iersburg to rionesta, in the room over
Win. Smearbaugh q Co.'s store, formerly
oooeupied by DIR. Morrow as an office,
ON1Ehere he is prepared to repair watches,
'Nlocks and jewelry. 81 years experience
Fill enable him TO give satisfaction. Give
IN trial. r.. RALLE.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
MAR RTE D.

DODGE-YEAGER.-At Tionesta, Pa,
May q, 1883, by T, b. Cobb, ]. p, Mr..
Warren Il. Dodge, of Msl.enville, Forest
County, and Miss Ida Yeager, OF Will
Transport, Pa.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS May 18th,
1888, by Rev. David Steele, Mr.. Amos
G. Seigworth and Mrs, Sarah A. Riddle,
all of Lickingvillo, Clarion county, Pa.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
Condensed rIme Table TIoue.,a station.
Church and sabbn,h SCHOOL.

Presbyterian Sabbath School at 9:45 a.
m. NJ. E. Sabbath School at 1000 a. m.
Preaching in NJ. u. Church every Sab
bath evening by Rev. Rumherger.
Services in Lutheran Mt. Nion's Church,
German Hill, every Sunday at 1890 a. m,
English and German alternating. ;. ).
every Sunday at $3.50 a. IN. X. j. Graetz,
Pastor.
Preaching in the f. NJ. Church next
Sunday evening at usual hour, Rev. s.
Sager, Pastor. Also on German Hill al
3 u. m.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23

Full blood, S, c. brown Leghorn
eggs, Zoe. per setting of 13 eggs. A
few settings of choice matings s. G..
brown Leghorus at sl00 per setting.
E. S. Hoyt, Tionesta. mch7.3m.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1888-05-23
RuCKLEN,s ARNICA sALYR.

The best Salve in the world for Cuts,
Bruises, Sores, Ulcers, Salt Rheum, Fever
Sores, letter, Chapped Hands, Chilblains,
Corns, and all Skin Eruptions, and posi-
lively cures Piles, or no pay required. 1t
is guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction,
or money refunded. Price 25 cents per
box. For sale by G.. w. Bovard.