davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
FOREIGN FIELDS.
Grevy Declines to Resign
at Present.
ACTIVITY OF THE ORLEANISTS
Comment in Germany on the En-
perOr's Message-Cause of the
SchOlten Disaster.

Associated Press Dispatches to the HERALD |
PARIS, November 25. - President
Grevy still stubbornly resists the de-
mand for his immediate resignation.
The press condemns the prolongation
of the crisis. lie Pdir says: Grevy
will not resign before he has placed
the Republic in safe position. 1t
declares that the Orleans Princes are
very active and warns the Republicans
to reflect on the course they are tax
ing.
THREE CANDIDATES IN THE FIELD.
1t is stated that General Saussier
asked permission from the Ministry TO
announce his refusal to contest the
Presidency, which leaves three candi.
dates, Floquet, Ferry and DE Frey
cinet.
lie Paris says, that Rouvier agreed
to read President Grevy's message
only on the condition that the latter
withdrew his acceptance Of the resig
nation Of the ministry. Rouvier re-
preached the President for accepting
the Minister'S resignation.
AN UNCERTAIN MOVE.
1t is reported that on Rouier's adj
vice Wilson actually signed letter Of
resignation to avoid endangering
Grevy's position, bu, later, seeing that
it would amount to the admss on of
Wilson's guilt, the President and Will
son ag eed to cancel the letter. M.
de Monitor is actually canvassing on
behalf OF the proposed resolution ex-
pressing confidence in M. Grevy. Al
though the feeling against Grevy is
somewhat abated, it is thought un-
likely by his friends that his efforts
will be successful.
"vIvE La COMMUNE.
There was revolutionary meeting
in the Sale de Fumer this evening
Deputies Canelinott and Basley de-
livered violent speeches directed
against Ferry. They declared that it
is necessary for the people to march
to the Hotel de Vile to prevent
the King from going to the Tuilleries.
Resolutions were adopted calling on
the people to organize themselves
against the eXtortioners and traitors.
The meeting dispersed with cries OF
"Vive la Commune" There was no
disorder.
NOT WORTH NOTICING.
lie Moniteur (Orleanist) declares
that the story OF the alleged Orlean-
lists conspiracy to the discredit OF
Germany in the eyes of Russia is a
bad ioke and NOT aptitlad to haliof
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Surrendered to Justice.

SAN Francisco, November 25.-The
ex-assistant surveyor of Port Whaley
surrendered himself up into the GUS
tody OF the United States Marshal to-
day, learning that he had been
indicted for connection with the Chi
nese certificate frauds. He was re-
leased on $4,000 bonds, Henry l.. Fox
and J. M. Dali appearing as sureties.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
RAILROAD RATES.
An Advance to be Made on the
Present Charges.

CHICAGO, November 25.-As a re-
suit of the meeting of the transcon-
tinental lines here to-day it is asserted
that the Canadian Pacific will be al
lowed to charge a slightly lower rate
and participate in the California and
Oregon business, and that material
advances will be made in the present
rates. 1t has also been agreed to pay
the Pacific Mail Steamship Company
subsidy of $4,000 per month, the
latter agreeing to maintain rates and
keep out of the higher class of busin'
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
PACIFIC COAST.
Disastrous Conhagration
at the POtrerO.
FORTY FAMILIES BURNED OUT.
Execution of GOslaw at San jose
MOrr0w's Attorneys Obtain
a Chance of Venue.
Associated Press Dispatches to the HERALD.

Associated Press Dispatches to the HERALD.
SAN Francisco, November 25.-Fire
broke out ut II 80 to-day in the Union
Hotel at the Potrero, near the Union
Iron Works, and in few minutes the
entire structure was in fl imes. The
fire quickly communicated to the
Huntington House, and from there to
the Union Hotel, three-story frame
building. The entire block was soon
in flames. A heavy wind was blow
ing, and before any stream could be
turned on the burning buildings, the
flames were rapidly working up over
the bluff toward the next street, and
by O'Clock
THREE BLOCKS OF Bull DINGS
Were on fire. In the meantime the
alarm had been turned in, but when
the companies arrived they we're
unable to do any effective work owing
to lack of water. A fireboat was dis
patched from headquarters and it
commenced to pump through over l50
Itcb vi llOSt liOlIl Ddys lilc water
did not appear to have any effect on
the fire and it only died out when
there was nothing else for it to feed
on.
THE FIRE DESTROYED
Over forty buildings, and about the
same number OF families are left desti-
tute. The Union Iron Works had
narrow escape, and the windows in
the rear were all cracked by the heat.
The loss is estimated at $75 900.
A FATAL ACCIDENT.
Michael Nagle, driver OF the hook
and ladder truck, while going to the
fire this afternoon, was thrown from
the seat and the heavy wheels OF the
truck passed over him, breaking sew,
eraI ribs and iniuring his spine. He
died during the course of the evening.
THE HEAVIEST LOSE:
was August Schultz, Owner of the
Union Hotel, the Kensington Hou g,
the United Workingmen's Hotel and
q dozen or more residences. His en-
tire loss amounts to about $35, 900, and
his insurance is placed at $4,000.
The values of the houses We're as
follows: United Workingmen's Hotel,
$500; Union Hotel, occupied by Mrs.
Presn }, 5000; two two-story houses,
owned by A. Schultz, one occupied by
himself and the other by Chas. Bruce,
$1,000; two-story frame dwelling
owned by A. Hermann and occupied
by himself and G. H,ldebrand, $4,000;
q house owned by Hermann, $1,000;
Mrs. Jackson's bakery, $40; Herr
mann's saloon, occupied by Rlsmus
sen, $500; three houses of two stories
each, owned by Mrs. Williams,
$4,000. The Kensinston House was
damaged to the extent of about $500
Captain White Of the fire patrol, while
on the grounds estimated the loss at
from $4,000 to $4,000. The insur-
ance is very light, not being more
than $4,000.
ANOTHER CALAMITY.
Jacob Freeze, proprietor OF the
Shasta house, in moving pr ,pe t.
from his house in anticipation OF the
flames, fell from the awning into the
gallery, forty feet below. He landed
on some water pipes and had his ribs
crushed in. He is not expected to
i've.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Harlan3S Case.

WOODLAND, November 25.-The de-
tense closed this afternoon. w. G.
Curtis was called by the prosecution
and said that H Arlan told him at the
iail that he did the deed in self-de-
tense. Deputy Sheriff Prem egast
testified that Harlan came to his
office in company with Sill and Ste
phens, and remarked that man had
right to protect his family from
sander. The prosecution announced
that they would try to close their tes-
timony by to morrow noon.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
The Commerce Commission.

WASHINGTON, November 25.-Secre-
tary Lamar, in his annual report, will
that the Interstate Com
merce Commission be made an indie
pendant authority or under the super
vision of the Interior Department, and
that it be made directly responsible to
Congress or to the President, as no
thing in the duties OF commerce are
within the usual authority or control
of his Department.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
PUBLIC WAYS.
A Government Snit to Remove
Fencing Denied.

SAN Francisco, November 25.--
Judge Hoffman to-day rendered de-
cision in the United States District
Court dismssing the declaration in
the suit OF the Government against
Brandenstein & Co., brought to remove
certain fencing which was claimed
to iuclosc Government land in Mon
terey county In their answer the de-
PENDANTS denied that such was the
case, but averred that they had pur-
chased railroad lands which they had
fenced in and had built gates and con-
structed roads in order that the public
lands might be made accessible.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
A BRILLIANT BANQUET.
Speech by the Prince of Wales ON
ENGLAND and America.

LONDON, November pa banquet
was given this evening by the benchers
of the Temple, the occasion being the
formal termination Of the Prince of
Wales year in office as treasurer.
Phelps, American Minister, gracefully
toasted the health of the Prince of
Wales. The Prince returned the COM
pliment, and said that he was sure all
would concur with him in Il hope
that the day is very distant when the
good feeling that exists between the
two countries would be marred or in
terrupted.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
CONFORMATION for His Leg.

SAN Francisco, November 25.-
Mich ,el O'Rourke, iirem IN on the
steamship San Jose, who in March,
'S6, sustained injuries aboard the
vessel which resulted in theloss OF his
leg, has been awarded $7220 damages
against the company by the Circuit
Cou,t. He sued for $4,000 for the
breaking of his leg.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26

siIEBoYGAN, Mich, November %
The boat blowing signals of distress
last night off this port was the pro-
peller Albany. She is ashore at the
foot OF Bots Blanc island and is full of
water. The c,ew were saved. The
barge Montgomery is near her, also
in bad shape, and two large steamers
are reported ashore below Sheboygan
light, All went on last night during
the storm.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
A PACKING ESTABLISHMENT
Oakland Elatcd by n New
Business Enterprise.

SAN Francisco, November Pa
new enterprise has been started in
Oakland. 1t is proposed to locate an
immense beef and pork packing es-
Establishment near the stock yards.
VIM. Selaver, of Chicago, is leader in
the enterprise, and for many years he
has been engaged in the pork packing
business in that city. J. P. McElroy
of same place, a lawyer,
Ex-Governor Solmon and D.
Moody of Oakland are interested in
the undertaking. 1t is proposed to
start with u paid up capital of over
$3.50, 900, half the amount OF the en-
tire capital stock. 1t is stated that
the corporation will be formed and in
working order by the First of January.
About 500 men will be employed. 1t
is the intention to run it on the same
plan as the Chicago packing estab-
lishment.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
LIVED BEYOND HIS MEANS.
What Induced Kcbier's Suicide
Heavy DefaiC u ti0ns.

HcaVy De1atC"tfOnS.
CINCINNATI, November 25.-It is re-
ported that Charles Albert Keller
the attorney who committed suicide
on Wednesday, was driven to the
deed by the approaching revelation OF
heavy forgeries committed by him in
the management OF estates and trust
funds entrusted to his care. The es-
TINA is made that the liabilities in
Cured amount to $175 900, while the
property left by Kebler viii not ex-
coed $50 900. The persons most Sc
riously affected are his own family
and friends. The revelation dis
closed the cause to be nothing more
than an effort to keep up 4 style OF
luxurious living beyond his means.
The use of trust funds having been
begun, continuance became appar-
emily necessary. Friends find the
case SO strange that they attribute it
to some form of insanity.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Poor Wine Yield.

SAN FRANCISCO, November 25.-The
recent low estimates OF the available
wine Weld for this season are still fur
Their reduced by reports. from all
the leading growing sections
that Tactic fermentation has become
generally prevalent. This trouble
has the affect OF reducing the market
able wine yield to a very low figure.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
UTAH,S REPORT.
An Inquiry Into the Divorce
Cases-.DiSease Rampant.


Cases--Disease Rampant.
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah, November
%. The Labor Bureau at Washing
ton engaged f. II. L. Gould, for
merly professor OF the Johns Hopkins
University, to investigate the divorces
granted here, the object being to for
mulate Il national Divorce Law. Gould
found 5000 divorces granted in the
past twenty years mainly obtained
by Eastern so-called lawyers.
The first snowstorm of the season
lasted Thanksgiving night and all day
Diphtheria and scarlet fever are al
most an epidemic throughout the city
and Territory. There have been sew
eral deaths and the physicians urge
strict quarantine. There is desile
for bright, cold weather.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Oied From His Injuries.

VIsALrA, November pa French
man named John Genut, died here
to-day from the effects of injuries re-
ceived at Tulare a month ago. He
was arrested and confined in the
calaboose where another prisoner
jumped on him and broke several ribs
and his collar bone. An autopsy will
be held.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
mnnr Snciinlnm rlicd.

New York, November 25.-By the
evidence of two women Of the town as
given TO the police tonight it trans
pires that Jockey Spellman broke his
head ia ling upon the pavement while
drunk. The women were leading
him along the street and had been
drinking with him.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
THE sCHOLTEN DISASTER.
Result of the COrOner's lnves-
tigatiOn.

LONDON, November 25.-The 'coro-
ner's jury at Dover to-day rendered u
verdict on the collision between the
w. A. Scholten and the Rosa Mary,
to the effect that it was due to an error
of judgment on the part of the Schol-
tens officers in trying to cross the
bows of the Rosa Mary, which was
anchored, without making allowance
for the strong tide. The conduct of
the officers OF the Ebro, the rescuing
steamer, is worthy OF great praise.
At the instance of the coroner, how
ever, the clause imputing an error of
Judgment was eliminated from the
verdict
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
WEATHER BULLETS
PROM THE ORIENT.
what il Going on i'm the Mikado's
Territory.

SAN FRANCISCO, November 25.--At
Il special meeting of the shareholders
OF the Seventy-fourth National Bank
held at Yokohama on the 25th ult., it
was decided to increase the capital
from 100000 to 100000 yen, which
will be raised in shares OF fifty yen.
MIR. Shimiza, contractor at Yoka-
hama, has received an order from the
Government to erect new two-story
brick building for the Yokohama
postal and telegraph Offices at a cost
of so, go ven.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
A Proclaimed Paper.

DUBLIN, November 25.-Dennis Nc
Namara: II shopkeeper at Ennis, has
been sentenced to weeks imprison-
ment for selling copies of the Uaited
ireland, William O'Brien's paper, the
selling OF which has been proclaimed.
This is the first instance in which Il
person has been prosecuted for selling
the paper.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
The Mcdonald Affair.

SAN FRANCISCO, November 25.-The
demurrer CT DR.. r. II. Mcdonald to
tn, complaint OF Clara Belle Melon
aid, in which she sues him for $780,
900 for having alienated the affections
of ter husband, was submitted to
Judge Hunt to-day.
Il. H. Mcdonald confessed judg-
ment to the demurrer OF Mrs. Me-
Donald to his complaint for divorce
and was allowed ten days to file a
COMPLAINT.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
DISCOUNTED GEsEENBACKS.
The Dispute They Led to at the
Stockton g.nnd office.

Ehe DlSpute 1Rcy Rea 10 AT inc
Stockton g.and office.
SAN Francisco, November 25.-ln
the case OF the United States against
George G. Havens and his bondsmen,
the jury in Judge Sawyer's Court to-
day rendered a verdict for the defend
ants. Mr.. Ravens was receiver OF
public moneys at the Stockton land
Office sixteen years ago, al d the S3cra-
tary of the Treasury sent him large
sum in greenbacks, which were then
worth only A cents on the dollar.
This led to II dispute, and when Ha-
ven's accounts were settled up, the
Government sued Havens and his
bondsmen to recover ST. 500.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Mining Works Destroyed.

JACKSON, CAL, November 25.-The
hoisting works over the main shaft OF
the Bunker Hill mine, near Amador
City, were totally destroyed by fire
early this morning. The origin of the
fire is unknown. The miners all es-
capped through the south shaft. The
loss is not known, but will reach be-
tween $4,000 and $4,000, slightly
insured. Eighty men are thrown out
of work.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Charles COon,s VIII.

SAN Francisco, November 25.-The
will OF Charles M. Coon, son of the
first mayor of San Francisco, was
filed for probate to-day by his wife,
Cassandra H., named therein as exec
utor. The estate is valued at $40 900,
and is bequeathed to his widow, with
the exception of some personal prop
erty bequeathed to his sister and
brothers.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Found Drowned.

SAN PEDRO, November 25.-The
body of fireman of the steamer
Southern California was found near
the railroad wharf to-day. His name
i, unknown. An inquest is to be
held.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
wATERDlAN,s WORK..
On a visit of HtlvestIgation to San
francisco.

ETUNtiSCDs
SAN FRANCISCO, November 25.-
Governor Waterman and >ecretary
Boruck arrived to-day. The Cover
nor will remain in and about the city
eight or ten days investigating State
institutions. To-day he appointed DR..
H. NJ. Fiske, DR., j. r. Davidson, DR..
Chas. A. McQuesten and DR.. Thos. j.
etourneaux members of the San
Francisco Board of Health. s. p. Mas
lin Secretary of the Board OF Exam
iners, ard a shorthand reporter ac-
company the Governor ON his tour
of inspection.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
mis- Character MaIigned.

SAN JOSE, November PSI. II.
Frolish to-day began suit against
Charles McKern an, a well-known lum-
Der man, 10 recover $4,000 FRA lege 4
defamation Of chara, ter. Froli h Was
secretary and McKernan pre'l lent OF
the Santa Clara Valley Coop, rative
Wine Company.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
DUNCAN DISCHARGED.
Synopsis of cWhortcr's Evi
dence against gfin.

SAoRAM Nro, November 25-T. J.
Duncan charged with receiving money
and prop rty by false pretences, was
discharged this evening, as the jury
could not agree. Milton McWhorter,
editor of the Marysville Democrat, al
leges that he paid Duncan S25 and a
note for 1915 for an interest in the
Sacramento Daily Siar, since sus-
pended, whereas Duncan did OF own
the material when the bargain was
made.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Accidental Drath.

ORovILLE, November 25.-Yester-
day morning at Merrimac, Miss Belle
Haycock, 16 years OF age, while put
ting wood in the stove, caught her
dress on fire. She died before medi-
cal aid reached her.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Indicted for Murder.

SAN Francisco, November 25.-
John Johnson, seaman, was to-day in
dicted for killing Captain John Will
liams on the ship Occidental on the
high seas on March 10th last.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26

DEsAoNEs, Iowa, November 25.-
The loss in the Des Moines packing
houseatire Hast might is estimated at
$50 900; total insurance, $195, 000.s
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
Plenty of Petroleum,

LONDON, November pa large
supply of petroleum is assured from
wellsin Beloochistan. A conduit sixty
five miles long will be built to LIB, on
the Quota railroad.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
JONES, AFFAIRS.
He Declines to be Made n Subject
for Public Charity.

for Public Charity.
DETROIT, November 25.-Regarding
the many stories which have been
circulated recently about Ex-senator
Jones, it is stated tonight that while
his finances are not in as good a con-
dition as when he was in receipt of
salary from the United States he
is not in any sense a pauper, nor is
his mind unbalanced. Some weeks
ago Mr.. Jones chose to leave his hotel
and became the guest of p. O'Neill,
of whose house he is still an inmate
by invitation. To-day a man took
the liberty of circulating subscrip-
ton list in aid of the Ex-senator.
JONES' DECLARATION.
This was the last straw, and to-
night Mr.. Jones issued the following
card, the first expression regarding
himself he has made since coming to
Detroit:
81 see it stated in an evening paper
that an appeal is being made to the
public in my behalf. have never
taken any notice up to this time of
anything said in the public press
about me or my family. l now desire
to say that l have given no authority
to any one to ask for any contribution
OF money for me, and that | am not
an applicant for public charity.
CHARLES w. JONES"
Mr.. Jones states that he proposed
returning to Florida to live after he has
settled up his affairs in Detroit. and
will be candidate for United States
Senator to succeed Wilkinson Call, OF
Jacksonville.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
PcnsiOned.

WASHINGTON, November Pa PEN
sion was granted to-day to Mary u;
mother Of Henry ID. Seaman, oil
Los Angeles.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
the BOILERS BURSTING.
FOs,l Play Believed TO be the
Cause of It..

PREsco1T, Ariz., November %
A number of engineers who at the
request of the coroner's jury, visited
the scene OF the boiler explosion at
the saw-mili Of W. q. Wilson & Co,
report to that body that they are sat
ished that the explosion was caused
by chemical action in the boiler. A
subpoena has been issued for Louis
Beck who it it is thought knows some
thing Of the cause Of the~ekplosion. A
search warrant was issued to search
Beck's premises for explosives or
treatises on chemistry.
WEATHER BULLETIN.
Rain has fallen almost necessarily
here since the 2lst, and there is no
prospect OF clearing AS the thermom-
eter fell to-day, the rain may turn
to snow.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
NOTES FROM BERLIN.
The Crown Prince Returns
Thanks to the ReichStag.

BERLIN, November 25.-In the
Reichstag to-day the President read a
telegram from the Crown Prince in
response to the message of sympathy
sent by that body yesterday, thank
ing them for their sympathy and ex-
pressing the hope that the favorable
turn in his ailment, which has already
resulted from his stay in the South,
would permit him to resume to full
extent, his duties to his fatherland.
COMMENTS ON THE MESSAGE.
The North German Gazette, com
menting on the speech from the
throne says that the object of the bill
for tine reorganization OF the Land
wehr and Landsturm is bringing
about an essential increase of the
defensive strength OF the Empire, and
that thu measure taken in connection
with the declaration of the speech
with regard to Germany's foreign
policy will be received by the country
and press with sympathy and salts
faction.
The Kreuz Zeitung says that the bill
entails a financial sacrifice of only
100000 marks. The age liability to
service in Landsturm it says is eX-
tended few years.
Los Angeles daily herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1884-1890, 1887-11-26
NOT WORTH NOTICING

lie Moniter (Orleanis) declares
that the story OF the alleged Orlean-
lists conspiracy to the discredit OF
Germany in the eyes of Russia is a
bad joke and not entitled to belief.