davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
A TREAcHERous Crowd.
"Reminiscences of One Of Craig Tolli-
vers Gang.
From the Cincinnati Enquirer.

From the Cincinnati Enquirer.
Anent the recent killing Of Craig Tolliver
and portion of his Rowan county gang,
Lewis Clark, of this city, formerly resi-
dent of Vanceburg, Lewis county, KY, tells
some interesting experiences had with Hy
Cooper, one of the crowd that met death at
the hands of the Sheriff the other day.
When / was a boy" relates Mr.. Clark,
''the Cooper family resided near my own
near Vanceburg, and were considered we'll
TODD, and even quite wealthy. He was, as
boy, considered a vicious brute, and was
almost constantly displaying his meanness.
At one time he nearly gouged one OF my
eyes out. Cooper was strong and very
powerful, while was considerably smaller.
When the war broke out we both enlisted in
the Sixteenth Kentucky Infantry. Shortly
after that was
DETAILED TO HUNT COOPER Up
and bring him to the regiment he having
deserted. Taking a companion with me we
went to his home and placed him under ar
rest. He swore he would not go and made
all sorts of threats, but bucked and gagged
him and compelled him 10 mount behind my
companion and took him along, swearing he
would kill me if he ever got chance.
afterward raised company, of which l was
made Captain of the Tenth Kentucky cav
airy, and did not meet Cooper again until
after the war closed. On my return home
/ found that he had declared around
Vanceburg that he would kill me on sight.
Meeting him in a saloon one day, walked
up to him and asked if it was true that he
intended TO kill me when we met. He replied
that he had said 50, but that he had since
changed his mind, and desired to shake
hands and let bygones be bygones. Know
ing his treacherous, cowardly character |
refused his hand and turned to walk away,
when he sprang at me from behind and
threw me partially to the floor. Recover
ing myself,
PULLED MY GUN AND BLAZED AWAY
as he was going over back fence, the bull
let striking him in the forehead, and, run
ming around the skull, lodged in the back of
the neck. He passed around the building
and out on the street, where | gave him a
second shot, only flesh wound and one of
his relatives gave him horse, on which he
left the neighborhood for a time | was
satisfied he intended to kill me, for l had
been bushwhacked twice before met him,
and | was certain he did the whacking
The whole Tolliver gang was made up of
men who were too treacherous and cow
ardIy to meet their foes openly, unless out
numbering them. They always shot in the
back"
Mr.. Clark was for number of years in
the revenue service, his duties requiring his
services in Rowan and Lewis counties and
that vicinity, and he came in contact with
these people frequently.
Clark also declares that the first gun of
the war was fired in Lewis county, and not
at Fort Sumter. The people there were
about evenly divided on the Union question,
and many pitched battle was fought before
hostilities actually opened Mr. Clark is
now a contracting painter.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29

In the afternoon paper to-day appeared
an advertisement regarding the above, in
which General Manager Greene denounces
Col James Barrett as poltroon. and ac-
cuses him of giving offense and refusing 70
give satisfaction. Col Barrett, il seems, is
editor Of the Globe and Lance, and in an
editorial paragraph called attention and
gave Endorsement TO Davis letter. Manager
Greene demanded personal satisfaction of
Col. Barrett, who replied that he did not
recognize the code, but could be found at
his usual place of business by Mai
Greene. Hon. Joseph B. Cumming, who
acted in behalf of Col. Barrett, also pub
with the latter, in which he refused TO resort
to the field of honor. An this appears in
the Erening Netcs Of to-day, and the affair
has caused genuine sensation.
Col Barrett admits his editorial connec-
ton with the Globe and Lance, but dis
claims any Endorsement of the Objectionable
attack on Maj. Greene. The high standing
adds to its sensational character
Col. Barrett is an honored and well
TODD gentleman, and living near the
city; he was at one time part
owner of the Bath Paper Mills, and in the
last Legislative election stood as the knights
of Labor candidate, but was defeated.
Mai Greene, as General Manager of the
OeOTSld ftalITOdu, IS IdNOFdDIy kHOWn Ine
State over, and both stand high in the public
| estimation. The matter now stands as re-
lated above.
In justice to Col. Barrett, it must be
stated that he considered the affair solely
or between Hight Davis and Mai Greene,
and, not considering himself responsible for
the attack on Maj. Greene, he did not think
it right that he should be held responsible.
On the trial Hight Davis was exonerated
from the charge of seduction, for which he
was discharged by Maj Greene. Davis has
many friends in Augusta.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
MERGERS CLOSING YEAR.
The Competitive Junior Oratorical
Contest.


MACON, GA, June 2s-The rain this
morning prevented large attendance on
the exercises of Mercer commencement,
which were continued in Masonic Hall at
10 o'clock. They consisted in the delivery
of the alumni Grafton and literary address.
the former by Hon. Thomas G.. Lawson, of
Eatonton and the latter by Rev. r. H.
Harris, of Columbus. Both were well con
ceived and were received with marked en-
thusiasm. Tonight the competitive Junior
oratorical contest came off before large
and enthusiastic audience. The following
selected speakers were ON the programme:
"What perseverance has done" Barney
M Foreman. of South Carolina
''The demand of the times" Stanley S.
Bennett, of Brooks county
Georgia, the gem of the South" j. AL
bert Carroll of Mitchell county.
''The Irish coercion bill, James d. Kill
patrick, of Morgan county.
''The power of great Names" James w.
Overstreet, of Scriven county.
DUTY of her alumni to Mercer Universe
ty,n A. Dudley Williams, of Bib county
'Pro principis,n Carl w. Steed, of Bib
county.
1.-THE Weakness of the United States
Navy for National Defence" Joseph H.
Drewry, of Spalding county.
At the conclusion of the contest, DR. f.
NJ Ellis, of Baltimore, delivered the first
senior medal for excellence in English com
position to Robert E. Ryals, of Macon, and
the second medal for the same to Leander
Kennedy, of Dougherty county
Tomorrow at 10 O'Clock the exercises of
commencement day will take place. AS
part of these exercises the diplomas, medals
FOR defamation and the junior medal for
oratory will be delivered by Hon. Lloyd
Cleveland, of Griffin.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
A PANIC In A CHAPEEs
THE GALLERY AT LUCY COBB ON
TIE POINT OF FALLING.

Shouts From Its Occupants Cause a
Stampede During Commencement
Exercises Cries OF Fire Add to the
Terror of the Audience--A Miraculous
Escape From Loss of Life.
ATHENS, GA, June 2s.-Last night, just
after one of the largest audiences ever seen
at commencement exercises here had assem-
bled in the Seney-Stovan chapel at the
Lucy Cobb Institute, and the aisles had
been filed WITH ladies, voice from the gall
Iery exclaimed: "Look out, the gallery is
slipping" Almost simultaneously the au-
dience rose to their feet, and women and
children screamed for help, while those who
succeeded in getting out of the windows and
doors were yelling fire.
EFFORTS TO PACIFY THE CROWD.
great many gentlemen endeavored to
seat the panic-stricken audience, but they
being conscious of some immediate danger
scarcely noticed the screaming of those
without, and the clouds of dust created by
the moving throng within led many to
believe that the chapel was on fire. At last
through the perseverance of several gentle
men the disturbed crowd was somewhat
pacifed, and at this time the curtain rose
and the exercises began, but during the
whole entertainment, which was most in
teresting an axious look and nervous man
ner could be easily detected throughout the
audience.
AN OMNIBUS CRACK.
A short while after the chapel had been
completed in 1882 large crack was dis
covered Just over the front door, The
authorities had the gallery examined by ex-
perts, who pronounced it perfectly safe, but
several prominent citizens testify that last
night a part of the gallery slipped away
from the wall three inches. Fortunately no
one was hurt, notwithstanding that several
made their way from the centre of the
building to the doors. Several ladies are
reported to have tainted. The exercises
were resumed to-day and will continue until
Wednesday as usual
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
GEORGIA,S CAPITAL.
Southern Editors-Pope ResDit ed-The
New Capitol

Southern Editors-Pope Respit ed-The
New Capitol.
ATLANTA, GA, June pa large number
of representatives of the leading newspapers
of the South, members of the Southern
Press Association, are in the city to attend
the meeting of the association tomorrow,
called by the Executive Committee. The
committee was instructed at the Richmond
meeting to issue a call after a confer
ence with the Associated Press in
New York if necessary. The Executive
Committee had lengthy session
tonight, formulating the business
for tomorrow. At the meeting were Fl. K.
Ellison, of the Richmond Dispatch, Presi-
dent: Adolph s. Ochs. of the Chattanooga
Times, Secretary; G. II. Jones, of the Jack
sonville Times Union; j. II. EstiIl, of the
SAVANNAH NEWS; Patrick Walsh, of the
Augusta Chronicle; j. +. Hanson. of the
Macon Telegraph; +. W. Dawson, of the
Charleston Nelcs and Courier: w. w.
Screws, of the Montgomery Advertiser; j.
W. Lambert, of the Natchez Democrat: s.
ID. Poole, of the New Orleans Times Demo
cvat, and s. ID. Poole, of the Rcay1tne.
POPE REsPITED.
Thu Governor issued an order to-day re-
splitting Henry Pope for sixty days. Besides
the reasons wired last night, it is claimed
that Popes attorney failed to make a motion
for new trial at the request Of the presiding
Judge because he was apprehensive that
p2ob would hang the prisoner or some good
men ne killed in an effort to protect him.
An extraordinary motion for new trial
will be made.
Robert Stricken, a negro living at Su-
vance, Gwinnett county, this morning
brought TO the executive Office his son,
BOY IA years old, who was bit by dog sup
IN fs<a
ocal physician advised him to come to the
Governor, who had a maidstone, and would
ave the boys life. The boy seemed to be
ID no danger and has developed no symp-
toms since the Governor failed to treat the
Ease.
THE CAPITOL COMMISSION.
The Capitol Commission to-day approved
he estimate of the cost for the month since
he last session and a warrant was drawn
.Or sl7, AS, for the quarter. The board
designated the hard wood trimmings for the
iOOrs and blinds, selecting plain polished
old bronze hinges, etc, and gave the con-
tractors permission 10 use the Yale lock
sailed for in the specification or any equally
sood pattern To be approved by the archi-
sef. The commission also designated the
fyle 81 the inside work for the several
apartments, selecting white oak for the Su-
ueTne Court and Law Library, red oak for
he Senate Chamber cherry for the House
4 Representatives and State Library. The
zgrldOrx. rOtunda, am stairways are to be
lDisked IL red oak. The total amount of
BOrk olFae on the building ~ date has cost
tSS4y517 H. The material On the ground is
pOgrG &JS.<IC OC.
Tie ps1ne5tai keeper u the penitentiary
s1s Hss3e liEz II tSe c0ayicts discharged
NJ JEfy. TIE ~ uusaierE nineteen, among
gf0ag are Csaasbes Devau, sent up from
ysiSs>zaEa FIR t-lgss years, Who gets cut July
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
FLORIDA'S NEW RAILROAD.
The Alabama and Atlantic to be Built
Without Delay.

Inc ALABAMA ana AtLantlc 70 be Built
Without Delay.
PALATKA, FLA, June ga MORNING
NEWS reporter has investigated the rumors
concerning the Alabama, Florida and At
lantic railroad. and finds that the money for
this enterprise is now secured. The reporter
saw the mortgage to the Mercantile Trust
Company of New York providing for S.
SOC, 600 for the completion of the road, and
the document was filed at Tallahassee yes
terday The road will be some 500 miles in
length. The northern, or western, division
begins at Ocala, thence runs through the
counties of Marion, Levy, Alachua, Lafay-
ette Suwannee, Taylor, Madison, jefferson,
Wakulla, Leon, Liberty, Gadsden, and
jackson county to the Alabama State line.
From Ocala south the line passes through
Orange, Brevard and Dade to the Atlantic
Work will commence at Woodbridge, in
Orange county, very soon.
John A. Prentice, the originator of this
line, formerly the Apopka and Atlantic, has
the contract for seventy-five miles, and will
go to work within ninety days He will
also be the superintendent of the Southern
division. The line goes through a fine farm
ing country, and doubtless large business
will be realized soon from the line itself 1t
will help the northern counties very much
and add very materially to their population
and prospects.
A grape vinen rumor has il that Mai. St
Clair-Abrams has secured 500, 600 for the
completion of his line from Tavares to ks
simmee. He is now in New York arranging
that and other enterprises.
Heavy rains prevailed through Duval,
Putnam and St. Johns counties to-day.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
Millen's Tournaments

MILLEN, GA, June 2s.-This was the sec
ond day of the tournament of the National
Gun Association. The weather was clear
and pleasant. At the sweepstakes contest
this morning Augusta was in the lead, win
ming most Of the sweepstakes The Forest
Citys, Chathams and Millen were about
even. The Augusta club was compelled to
return to Augusta tonight and were allowed
to make their score for the medal, which
contest takes place tomorrow. Augustus
score for the medal was only 81 out of a
possible CO. This is far below their record
in the first part of the day for the sweep
stakes. The shooting this afternoon was
very DOOR
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
A coRHnsroNpENr Of the ChIcago Tfibune

A CORRESPONDENT of the Chicago Tribune
writes Of a visit 10 the American legation in
London: Mr.. James Russell Lowell was the
most conspicuous OF Mrs. Phelps callers. He
came in about O'Clock with his most impressive
manner. After shaking hands with Mrs. Phelps
lac went around the room looking for old friends,
Of whom he found many. He SHAKES hands in
the latest English fashion, the fashion which
was introduced In Washington last winter by
Mrs Helyar, the wife of one Of the under secre-
~ the British legation. This style Of hand
shaking have no doubt, is very amusing TO the
Vss mo employs IL, but il is not an agreeable
seuDatiOn % one not prepared forit. The fingers
are tightly grasped by the English hand shaker
2sl9 Al the same time be lifts his elbow on line
VITA hia shoulder He then suddenly brings
lyH hand close % his breast with a jerk. and
tae1 lfOfN u ~ quickly that one not accus-
I',ai ~ this violence b. Ia danger " losing bis
nslssfs pheg the dead drop follows the ener-
2eeN iefE. Nf. Lowell has this handshake 70
feraes8dals 10 fact. have never seen an Eng.
a1sis'fa.a va ssaNfnsd - Do the jerk and drop
glee FaeA sls2geaneaa and dash a. does Mr..
r<fFeH
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
DANGER OF A RACE WAR.
The Situation in Upper South Carolina
Very Serious.

AUGUSTA, GA, June 2s.-Things are
getting lively in upper Carolina. Specials
from Greenville report great excitement.
Young men from Dacusville, Pickens coun-
ty, and Fairview, Greenville county, are in
Greenville buying arms and ammunition.
Lawless whites are banding with the negroes
and adding to the strife. In the Dacusville
section a great meeting is to be held on
the Fourth of July, and unless the State
authorities take some action there is
bound to be trouble. The worst part of the
affair is that the white people are frightened
TO the fighting point and will resort to arms
ON the least provocation. The Augusta
Chronicle prints tomorrow a special re-
ceived at midnight saying it is rumored in
Greenville that body of blacks are march
ing toward that city and that there is much
anxiety though the rumor failing of verifi-
cation the authorities are taking no extra
ordinary precautions
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
SHOT THROUGH THE LUNG.
Two Farmers Involved in a Fatal
Quarrel at Hawthorne

Two Farmers Involved in a Fatal
Quarrel at Hawthorne.
HAWTHORNE, FLA, June pa serious
shooting affair occurred in the southern out
skirts of town this morning about o'clock,
in which Thomas c. Holden shot W. II.
Henson through the left lung, from which
he is suffering greatly, and it is feared that
be has lost much blood internally The
wound is considered dangerous, but the pa
tient is being ably treated by Drs. W. W.
and w. G. johnson. The cause of the shoot
ing cannot be learned, as neither of the par
ties has made any statement that has been
made public, and there were no witnesses to
the affair, although it is reported that Hol-
den was defending himself against the APP
proaches of Henson who had drawn knife
Both parties are farmers, stand well in the
community, and have heretofore been
friends
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29

tS,Sr&l Ezn&Zsg Greene Essks a
t<ses1Ez w1eG zcitOr barrett
Agsgef6, Or, },sss zs,--Ssa1sr1ay he
QUE nss9 L>gx1e, q &S<T psp@g psf3heiaed
sns sz@saasass - ssse1k o. MI J. W.
bfeass f>srsra Nsxzzsr ~ tAs 0sozgla
sasesg, W Hazhs D4gls. aDnAsy cDFs1,sc,
~ ~ sa& ssa6 Eyssle ssasA9 sass Dswefsl
Nats1ssF fssss.s ~ 1lAfssssz 20 fqs t,aasa9s
= ~ fsfraFFksf 81 tsaas ~ 81 EGfsf.sA ID
s'efAsfss,f fsss. estf sgsatx ss4y ~ eass
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
Something Better.
F,,o,u me van Street Ne,ns.

"You amt specializing any in cotton now,
| hear" he observed TO Uncle Joe Rogers, of
Richmond, the other day.
mo, sah--no, sab. Dat is, / amt buyin'
any fuchers any mo-"
"Got sunthin' better ~
"a good deal bettah, sab. TIE night
Waterman at n compress an speculate in
de raw material now. It's all rise an no
fall in dat
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29

CARVER-JOYNSON.-J !, at Christ
Church, ClaughtOn, Birkenhead, England by
the Rev. Canon Robson. FRANK HESToS CARVER
of Birkenhead. youngest son of the late John
Carver, OF Whalley Range, Manchester, 10
ISABEL only child Of the late Thomas Joynson,
Jun, of Liseard, and granddaughter Of the late
James G. Mills of this city
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
5 an ATTEMPT at blackmailing.
generally circ1fa gQ.i-----

On dtIolIIpt dl DIa-hIIldIIIIlgs enlta x
Nd TO connect Maj. Greene with the perse-
sh>~ Tr-~sAtaj. Greene was denounced in the
Sevefess isis-- and the publication pretty
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
ULMER's LIVER CORRECTOR.

ULMER's LIVER CORRECTION.
This vegetable preparation is invaluable for
the restoration of tone and strength to the sys-
TEN. For Dyspepsia, Constipation and other
ills, caused by disordered liver, it cannot be
excelled. Highest prizes awarded, and in
dorsed by eminent medical men. Ask for u
mers Liver Corrector and take no other. 81 90
bottle. Freight paid to any address.
B. F. ULMER, NJ. D.,
Pharmacist, Savannah, Ga.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29

SPECIAL NOTICES.
SPECIAL NOTICE.
From this date and until further notice the
STEAMER KATIE viii be withdrawn from the
Savannah river, for the purpose of general over
hauling. Due notice will be given of the re-
sumption Of her route.
JOHN LAwToN,
Manager.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
ELECTION NOTICE.
CITY OF SAVANNAH,
OFFICE CLERK OF COUNCIL,
SAVANNAH. GA. June 18th. 1879

SAVANNAH, GA, June 10TH 1887.
Under and by virtue of resolution adopted
by Council at meeting of June 18th, 1887 Coun-
Gil will elect at its next regular meeting that is
TO say on WEDNESDAY, June 18th, 1887, Cor
poration Attorney to fill vacancy occasioned by
the resignation OF H. Z. Cunningham Salary
81 500 per annum. Applicants must hand in
their applications to the Clerk of Council at OF
before oclocl<P. NJ, WEDNESDAY, June Goth,
1887. By order of Council
FRANK E. REBARER,
Clerk Of Council.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
LAST NOTICE.

State and County Tax Returns, 1857.
The Office for Tax Returns will close on SAT
URDAY, July 3D. prox., at 2 O'Clock p. NJ The
law requires that double tax be assessed
against all who fail or refuse to make returns
within the time prescribed.
JOHN R DILLON RTR C. c.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.
COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES FROM JULY
srH TO JULY 18th, INCLUSIVE.
JAMES COBB,
Secretary
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29

Appel g. Schaul are selling their Straw
Hats at remarkably low figures.
The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.) 1887-1900, 1887-06-29
SUMMER RESORTS.

THIS Health Resort win be open May list, 1887,
i The most celebrated Dyspeptic Water
known Elegant Hotel and Grounds. Excellent
Table. Telephone connection with Knoxville
Rates: 81 per day; SIS per month for May anc
June: 50 per day, SO and Sl2 per week, SS5 and
$40 per month for July and August Half rates
for children. j. @. ENGEL, Prop.
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1887-11-25
REVISTA EUROpEA.
CORRESPONDENCE ESPECIAL
DEL
IlBOMETIN MERCANTTR." ;"
Paris, 2 de Noviembre de 1887
FRANo1A.

Antes de la aperture de las Sc
stones de las Camaras francesas,
hubo un acontecimiento en- la po-
Utica exterior.
Largo tempo habfa transcurrido
desde que SO entablaron las prime
ras negociaciones diplomaticas en-
tire los gobiernos de Francia y de
la Inglaterra, relativas q las reso-
Iuciones de la question del Egipto,
Y a la otra question de las islas He
bridas. Los gobiernos contendien-
tes no habfan podido entenderse
acerca de sus respectivas reivindi-
caciones, pero, al fin, lego el item
po de Ia avenencia pacffca, y ell
actual minlstro frances de Nego-
clos extranjeros ha logrado esta-
blecer un acuerdo franco-ingl6s.
M. Flourens ha conseguido que
la Francia y Ia Inglaterra hayan
hecho un cOnvenio en- que Sc essa-
blece la neutralidad del canal del
Istmo de Sdez, en- ell case de que
IRA.
Esta decision, que interesa a to-
das las naciones, necesita la apro-
baci6n de las demas potencias, por.
que el asunto tiene un caracter in.
ternacional.
La neutralidad de Ia via navega.
bio que pone On communication
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1887-11-25
Providencias judiciales.
Ayuntamientos.
GACETILLAS

Libros.-Acaban de recibirse en-
esta Imprenta:
Novelas de Perez Gald6s:
TOrmento.--El Doctor Oenteno.
--Lo prohibido.---La Fontana de
Oro.-El Amigo Manso.-D: Per-
fecta-Gloria.- Fortunate Y Jacin
ta.--La Familia de Leon Roch.--A
La Desheredada.
Misales.
Manual de Oabos y Sargentos. ---
Tactlcas de Secci6n, Oompania,
Battalion y Recluta, ; Oartilla de
tirO.-
Dictionaries: de la lengua caste
llama, por la Real Academia, por
una Sociedad de 1iteratos, = por
Harupanos
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1887-11-25

Reciba, pues, Y. 3. I. Ia expression
de profunda gratitud de esta o.
mara y la de 50 adhesion sincera.
Dios guarde & V. q. I. muchos
amos. Puerto Rico IL de Noviem-
bre de 1887.-El Secretario gene
raj, Secundino Mel6n.--El Presiden-
te, Enrique VVands.
Excmo. 6 limo. Sr. Intendente
General de Real Hacienda de esta
Provincial.