davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
BREAKING THE AL1lsI.

him Hobson's Important Testimony Al
icctinx the Defense and Alibi.
the first .eally new testimony developed
|s that of john Robson, o synopsis Of
mich is given.
1Ir. Robson being sworn said: In Au-
lst, 1856, lived in Sioux City. Since
phi 26 have been living in Illinois. In
august, 1886, had charge of the Sioux
the murder of Mr.. Haddock. A few
nutes before the murder 1 had been at
be council chamber. After the meeting
the city council 1 left and went on the
'sets. / WAS standing in front of Nash's
ns store on Fourth, and saw Scollard
1i Grady go INTO Junk's saloon. A little
es went in. met Sco.lard and Grady
I'd went into the bar DOM from the whole
ble liquor department. We came out of
u BARRON into the liquor room.
saw number of persons come
and pass through. saw
sayi,t and Arensdorf. There were others.
amt say how many. The next saw of
I'm the crowd was out ON the sidewalk in
put Of Jurk's saloon. Arensdorf was
Ire. There was light in front. Arenas
sf ana the rest turned and went west.
Fey all went west, including Arensdorf,
| have said. They went west towards
e Columbia house. I went east on the
Rnth side Of Fourth street, ard ut the cor
+, of Douglas crossed over to the north
10 of Fourth, by Martins store. There
ntned and looked west and then saw
crowd still going west, and they had
\ past the alley beyond Junk's, and they
ete still going west. I can't say whether
tavitt had gone outside. I only noticed
sensdorf standing with the crowd outside.
new him we'll. The whole crowd went
rs. None came east.
Cross-examinatien by the defense: I
Tas connected with city government about
teen months. first spoke to Mr.. Scol-
nd about being there that night. 1t was
Eycral months after the murder when I
poke to Scotland. did not want to de-
ate myself in with the prosecution. I
Ept silent because / didn't want to be
mixed in" entered Junk's that night
the door of the wholesale liquor de-
utment. went into Junk's to see Mr..
colard. I wanted to see him about a
am. went from the wholesale liquor
pom into the bar room. and just inside I
Pw Scollard talked with him. We took
"t'uh itt tI1o DhIs WIS tuc1c ASo VI tcu
Enutes. don't know whether Grady
eard what was said or not. have
[ore than an impression Of seeing Arens-
OFF out on the street. wish was mis-
ken about it, but an not mistaken. I
sure it was Arensdorf. I don't re-
2mbcr who all were in the party, except
Eenslorf and Leavitt. only remember
III. There were number or others. l
III not swear positively how Arensdorf
Is dressed. dill not see the party 60
u; The party was out when went out,
ID saw them in front of Junk's. My i'm
s'sion is that the party wen. out by the
nr of the billiard department. went out
door Of the wholesale liquor depart
INT, turned to the right. I went east
snt 100 feet and there crossed the street
9Th, and looked west as was crossing.
Was raining. looked long enough to
+ When l got on the sidewalk looked
am west and saw the crowd going west.
am sure I looked as said. I couldn't
ho'y long 1 looked, but long enough to
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
THE posroFF1cE.
Cost and Length of Mail service-Free
Delivery System.

Cost and Length of Mail Service-Free
Delivery System.
The annual report OF A. Leo Knott Second
ASST ostmaster-General, shows that tho
total cost for the year was 80, sJ6, $685. In the
star service there was an increase Of els routes
and decrease in cost of S252,G47 In the mnil
messenger service there was an increase of lG3
routes and O decrease of S., BIZ in cost In the
railroad service there was all increase of 7,O15
miles IN length OF routes and an increase in
cost OF go 800. In the star and steamboat SER
vice there was an average increase in the num-
Der OF miles Travelled during the last year owe
the average Of the six preceding years of $50
per cent, and @ decrease in the cost of 10 per
cent in the star service and q decrease of 81 per
cent. i'll the cost of the steamboat service
The increase i'll the number of pieces of mail
handled by the postal clerks during the last fis-
cal year over the preceding year was SOS COO tNjO
The continuation of the appropriation for
special mail facilities on fast lines to the South
and West is recommended. The total amount
OF the estimates submitted to meet the Ssuuire-
Postmaster General for the fiscal year 1889 is
S3l,635,0G5
The annual report of Col. J. F. Bates, SUPER
intendent of the free-delivery system of the
Postotice Department, shows that since july l,
1853 the number of ree-delivery offices has in
creased from 66 to 1s9, and the number of car
rlers employed from 6s5 to 500. The cost Of
the service tor the last fiscal year was $46ls,-
692, an increase of S3OS,3s6 over the previous
the carriers delivered and collected 1894 5Gl 656
pieces of mail matter, an increase during the
yenr of over 2s5, 100000 pieces. The average
cost per piece for handling the mails at free
delivery offices was 2 mills, q decrease of 9Cg
per cent. during the year.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
Work. Fatisue and Slcen.

A theory of sleep must take account
OF three factors, work, fatigue and
sleep. The chemical theory satisfies
these demands. All work, muscular
or cerebral, produces waste products.
These accumulate. make work more
and more difficult; this is fatigue. AS
the process continues, the waste pro-
ducts, notably the leucomaines, intoxi-
cate the higher nerve centers, (just as
a dose of morphine does) and render
them incapable of action; that is sleep.
The picture is however, much more
complex. There is a constant strug-
gle against the fatigue, which for a
time, by dint of hard work shown in
increased secretions and so on, may
succeed. WeprobaMy never arrive at
the extreme limit of work; the sensa-
ton of fatigue intervenes to prevent
such disaster. Fatigue, as is we'll
known, may extend from muscle to
nerve, and from nerve to nerve center.
We may be very tired from repeatedly
lifting a weight, and not be sleepy,
and may be generally sleepy without
any considerable local fatigue. One is
peripheral, the other central. AS the
waste products accumulates in the
centers motion and sensation become
more and more sluggish until the time
comes when the ordinary stimulation
no longer arouses them, and we sleep.
Partial sleep can be similarly explain
ed. The centers go to sleep in HER
archical order, the highest serving the
most delicate function going first. In
waking the reverse is the case; the
motor centers may be asleep while the
intellectual centers are awake. In
somnambulism the latter may be
asleep while the former are awake.
The depth Of sleep according to this
theory ought to be proportioned to
the number OF corticole molecules in
combination with the leucomaines.
In the beginning of sleep these are
abundant, the cerebral cells mac
tive and a combination easy. The
sleep is deep. Soon the maximum
number of combinations is reached,
and sleep is deepest. From here on
the leucomaines are gradually
eliminated and destroyed, and sleep
should decrease with decreasing in
tensity. Kohischutter's experiments
on the intensity of sleep, as tested by
the noise necessary to awake
the intensity Of sleep corresponding to
what we should expect by our theory.
Variations in our sleep caused by an
excess of work, ETC., are evidently
similarly eXplicable. In short, fatigue
is poison for which sleep is normal
antidote.-P,Ot. Errerd, Of Berlin.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
National Finances.

The Government receipts during the
present month, says Washington tele-
gram, amount to $2O,GS5,346, and the ex-
pepditures to $25,349, $40, showing de-
iciency of $4, $685. The expenditures
include the payment Of $1S,283,747 on &C.
count of pensions.
The net gold in the treasury Monday was
$2O7, 1861 900, an increase of nearly $751;
600, 900 since the LIST inst. and an increase
of nearly $40, 100000 since July last.
The circulation of standard silver dollars
has increased by over 81, 900, 900 since the
LIST inst, and by nearly SS,009,000 since
july l.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
EbOnizing.

One of the English furniture ga
Zettes gives the following account of
the French process of ebonizing: One
of the most ingenious as we'll as SER
viceable methods practiced by French
artisans in wood is that by which is
produced complete resemblance in
the color, beauty and density of ebony
by the skillful use of charcoal upon
the surface. None but carefully Sc
lected woods of close and compact
grain are employed for this purpose,
and these are covered in the first place
with coat OF camphor dissolved in
water, and almost Immediately after
with another coat composed chiefly of
sulphate of iron and nut-gall. The
two combinations in blending pene-
trate the wood and give it an indeli-
BILE tinge. and at the same time render
it impervious to the attacks of insects.
On these two coats becoming sutf:-
GENTLY dry, the surface of the wood
is rubbed at first with very hard
brush Of couch grass and then with
charcoal OF substances as light and
friable as possible, the fact being that
if a single hard grain remains i'll the
charcoal it will scratch the surface,
which should be perfectly smooth. The
fiat parts are rubbed with natural
stick charcoal, the indented portions
and crevices with charcoal powder,
and, alternately with the application
of charcoal. the article operated upon
is rubbed with a flannel soaked in lin
seed oil and turpentine. These pOunc-
ings, repeated several times, cause the
charcoal powder and the oil to pene-
trate the wood, insuring a beautiful
color and a perfect polish.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

1t cannot be repeated too often that
the safety of great wealth with us
lies in obedience to the new version of
the old world maxim, "Richesse oblige.'
20. ". Holmes.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
The Haymarket Monument.

Thus far about $4,000 has been con-
tributed toward the Haymarket monument
fund, says Chicago special. The COM
mittee having the matter in charge has held
no meeting as yet and nothing has been
done beyond the raising of funds.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

The movement in the Knights of Labor
organization against the Executive Board
is said to be making rapid progress. 1t is
reported that hundreds of local assemblies
and dozens of district assemblies have re-
fused to pay any more money for the sup
port of the present administration.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

The death is announced of Frank NJ.
Higgins, managing editor Of the Pittsburg
Commercial Gazette.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02
THE AMERICAN NAVY.

Commodore Wilson in His Report Thinks
the Prospect Is Very Bright.
Commodore T. d. Wilson, Chief Of tho
Bureau of Construction and Repair OF the Navy
Department, In his annual report to the score
tary Of the Navy renews his Recommendation
that two new vessels OF about thousand tons
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

BuFFALos population, as shown BY the
police census, is 1902
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

CAN anybody give US the address of the
man whose name Is Legion?-Rochsster POST
Express.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

WHERE there is no vision the peopla
perish.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

The eggs of single sturgeon, count
ed by Frank auckland. numbered
921 900, and weighed forty-five pounds.
Wessington Springs herald. (Wessington Springs, Aurora County, Dakota [S.D.]) 1883-1891, 1887-12-02

about the ice box, which the witness an
swered promptly.
Witness, continuing: don't know what
time went home that night to get the
milk. I had clock, but didn't look after
it. guess I went home about 6 o'clock.
We saw B smarck ut Iowa street. Icould
see he was excited, and somebody might
get hurt, and we found it out when We
talked to him. After delivering the milk
Mt the restaurant, I went down by the
blacksmith shop. From there saw Bis
marck on Water street. There is no fence.
was behind the restaurant and looked out
and stepped right over TO the blacksmith
shop. While in the wagon had seen Bis
marck on Fourth street. lsaid to my hus-
band: "There is Bismerck." Then he
said he would go to John Brennan's offic.:
I delivered the milk and then stepped
across to the blacksmith shop. I saw Bis
marck over toward the Columbia house.
There was man with him, but don't
know whether he was taller or not. Idon't
know how far it was to Brennan's Office.
Brennan is my husbands lawyer. My hus-
hand did not come to the blacksmith shop. l
met him at the Lone Star restaurant. This
time he had gone to Bluff street, where MIR.
Rrennan lives, Mr.. B, ennan was not at his
Office. I don't know how long my husband
wos gone this tims-about ten minutes, L
oness. was near the blacksmith shop to
see Bismarck. I was on the east side OF
the blacksmith shop. stood there long
time. had on "a rain coat"-had rub
her coat and rubber head covering. Bis
marrk was there looking around. l was
catching Bismarck. don't remember
how be was dres ed. saw some men pass
going east from the bridge. don't know
s kow nanv. Isav no mon crossing the
h byS coinp west to Bluff street. From
the blecksni h shop went east, and
croasad Fourth street to the alley by DE
neen's BLACKSMITH shop. L tried to 90 fast
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

Saturday with his disappearance from this
city.
He had been given charge OF her business
affairs. the first husband having left hor all
Of his property, and was thoroughly cogni-
zaut OF all the trials OF her past. This.
however. did not deter him from trying to
win the hsud OF tho girl, aud four years
ago she consented! 10 become his wifi.
81. Leon did not bear II good reputation
III Terry, and twelve or fourteen months
ago lie moved to this city. Hew was smooth
talker. and by remaining temperate he
gained friends, and his wife, who was ever
refined li,,le lady. migrated herself into
good society. TO which she WAS accustomed
at home.
She was poor, but she bore all psivations
which met nor with Il brave heart and loved
him rs truly AS tho nature OF Il woman
permitted, and even now she does not
know. neither does she believe. tho story
Of the fail OF tho man whose name she
bears. a few weeks ago, urged by her
physicians to take II trip for the benefit Of
her heath, she reluctantly consented to
visit friends in Meridian. and left for that
city. Every mail brought letters from her
70 her husband, and sho was expecting
to return to the happy homo she had left
behind her.
Once away from the gentle influence OK
csted over him by his wife, St. Leon showed
his natural instincts and took to drinking.
He became onan,ored of 4 variety singer in
the city by the name of Minnie Robinson.
The old story of wine and women was CHI
acted over again, and soon no had embez-
zled funds of other parties and was forced
10 flee from tho vengeance of the law.
Could anything DO sadder than the fate of
III is little woman? She is not Yet "a, and
can look back upon her brief life which is
like sad story, SO replete is it with sor-
row. She is a sweet. amiable woman. as
truc as steel and truly unfortunate.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15
The Federal Court.

Judge Boarman's court reconveucd Mon
day and the following grand jury was en-
pannelled:
Jethro Moore, foreman W. j. IIancy. c.
II. Sanders, G. E. Ezelius, Sandy Bird, q.
+. Holloway, Austin Johnson, jeff. Picker
ing, J. 4. Mason, VIM. VIM, Richard
Dunn, Ben Jones, Eugene Thompson, J.
D. Nicholson, y. 0. Edwards, }. NJ. Tindcl.
W. T. Insley. VIM, Berry, Adolph BIaziar,
w. S. Whitfield, JEFF Herring, c. y. Con
nella.
The jury has not yet reported bu. we dc
not anticipate q large criminal docket.
Several civil cases wero disposed OF The
past week but not Of general Interest.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

Mr.. D. II. Patterson, editor Of tho Area
dia Record, paid the "Queen City Of the
Ouachita" visit last week and on his re-
turn home had this to say of Monroe:
Business before the United States Court
carried us to Monroe last Monday. The
failure of the Judge to arrive furnished us
tho favored opportunity of ''taking in' the
little city. In our perigrinations we dis
covered much flood for reflection" Mon
roe is without doubt one of the pretticst
and most favorably located towns i'll Lou
isiana. The substantial manner i'll which
the town is built up, the numerous boauti
full houses and the stocks of goods carried
by tho merchants indicate considerab le
taste and wealth. The beautiful and hand
somely dressed ladies throngiEg the streets
or lifting in and out Of the gay shops. is u
perpetual delight to the adInrer of the
beautiful. With her location, her advan-
tages of transportation, both by river and
rail, and the certain completion OF other
lines of railway in the near future, we CAM
sec why Monroe should not become very
important place. Not even Shreveport can
boast of greater material advantages.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15
.tH;iroaa FaHTS.

Work. ~, ,i .; HIS .,,,7 rF,,t,r,. I;a,lrc.l
~, . =,
Is progressing hHc't' t''l S"'tEHss o"' %
t!la roadway VIII DO completed this week.
'!ias .,,I ,.,ti. a-e heinz r,u: down, ana the
-; 49, .,, ,.,,,, In ~, ,,,.,.l =. W.,
"i''S'i9 o. ''' ''iS7'te 80 20 ''s.' "a ''>'
mor next honih.-I49.lc' r@t""i9H''
VIC r,.os; ;c,,t Io9,,, Gc,tt ,r .ba .nanr-
- 49,
~E'E''Hii A''At'""I' WHO Is jas H'i''' 'i"t'
4 Two months tour il Europe, says Ihat
tho object nF Greatest :uterast To him as; a
:I. ~ w 49,, -. ,-,.,,,., I,,..
+''-'- "'' -''''' "a '-' 49,
Leaving luc0Tno, SWiiEcTIaud, lie assembled
tie steep mountain side Through taree SDi-
raj tunnels tbon ,ro.sel ti,n ,,,onntaiu
'hi"'':sn = ''iNh'' NINE h''!SS l"hS All" "e-
$cenccd 10 Lake Como through four more
s.l;rai tunnels on the other side OF the
,,,,,,,.,;,, ..,ci,f .,,,,,,,l ,,.,,,, :, ,.=, ~,
" .''''N' -'''
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15
Society a.,ti Personal


/ Senator Sellers of Union parish, wa, in
the city Wednesday.
I Mrs. L. D. NcLain returned home 'rhurs-
day, after prolonged visit in Missl~ ,ip}4i
Dr.. j. b. Spears, 4. L. Henderson. =. ).
Cole aud W. X. Rushing. summoned be-
fore the grand jury OF the United States
District Court at Monroe, returned on
Tuesday. Gazette.
Capt. J. J. Nelson, our mayor, and Mess.
w. \. Lewis, Z. L. Holland, J. /. Kidd. ~
T, Jackson, NJ. Drummer and y. Calm, OF
H'1stcu, and John Autery, G. NJ. fiUey, Ia
son Calcote and number OF other gentle
men from the parish left on Monday morn
iEg's train for Monroe in response 20 n
summons from the L. S. District Court, 10
serve jurors il said court. Several OF
them managed to get in satisfactory eX-
cuSe on the Judge, however, and returned
home on Monday neutrality-suspicious. Ca1i-
graph.
Major Il. VIM. Baton was in town Thurs
day.
Messrs. IT. w. Campbell ana Glenn Davis,
two affable Nicksburg journalists, came
over Thursday on Il special TO take in tho
barbecue.
Mr.. Chas. Dornaud, of New Orleans, rep<
resented the Times Democrat hero Thurs
day.
Hon. Duncan Buie Of franklin. was III
attendance upon the barbecue Thursday.
Judge Ellis. editors Brigham and Cason,
Hon. J. Il. Williams, DR.. Newton. +. y.
Todd Esq, and Messrs. L. w. and \. Il.
Ross, all OF Morehouse. attended the bar
becue.
District Attorney Toler and Messrs. 3.
O. Edwards, Steven Faux, Flctch Wynn
and Ed. Myrick, OF Richtand, swclied the
barbecue crowd.
Mrs. Hayes, of this city, left yesterday
for Meridian, Miss, on visit 10 her SOB,
Mr.. Maurice Hayes
Mr.. Graham Snrghnor left Thursday :ot
New Orleans. He will enter the medical
department of Tulane University.
Mr.. J. c. McCune, Master Mechanic OF
the y. S. and 2. railroad shops here, is on (;
visit to his family at Chattanooga. Tonnes |
see.
Mossrs. W.A.J. Lewis. j. i. Jackson and |
w. a. Sewer, Of Ruston, are ia town il az;
tendance upon Che y. :. Court.
Miss Lucy Williams, who HAS been spend |
ing some time with Mrs. J. r. Mason, re- |
turned TO Nicksburg. Miss, Thursday.
IIessrs. W. a. moore and Sam $. Rich
artson will leave to-day for New Orleans !
to enter the medical department of 1'rlale !
,
Miss Ella Madden died at the family res
donce in this city yesterday evening, aged
rs years. Tho funeral will take place to-
day at o'clock, and the remains Will bo
buried III Hasiey cemetery.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15
A Fatal Accident,

Last Sunday while Mr., L. W. Lantiers
aud family were crossing the river in iiat
at Dunn's ferry below Monroe, his team
became unmanageable and backed The car
rage off into the river. Mr.. Lar1crs ami
two children and an old negro servant
were in the carriage. the latter of whom
was drowned and Mr.. Landers and children
narrowly escaped similar fate. Ono OF
the mules was drowned before thoy could
be detached from the carriage.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

"Uncle FranE'' McClendon, father of our
worthy friend Il. w. Nc Clendon. ST., died
at the residence of his grandson, Mr.. Lem
McC]endon. at Arcadia, Iu., on tho 10th
inst. Uncle Frank was one Of OuacEita's
Oldest citizens, having reached the adj
vanced age Of 81 years. lie served i'll the
war of 1912 and resided in this parish since
1851. His remains were buried at Forks
vile on the 11th.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

Ifyou desire to know what the American
Biblo Society is doing go and hear Rev. j.
w. McLau,in, at tho Baptist church on
Tuesday night. IIe is Superintendent for
Louisiana aud Mississippi. This colossal
institution is undenominational and all,
without regard to sect, should go and hear
him. No charge will be made either to go
in or come out. WIN. HART.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

Messrs. r. Carroll, General Superintend-
ent, II. Collbran, General Freight Agent,
and 7. Hardy, Assistant General Freight
Agent of the G. and G. system, were III the
city Monday and had a conference with the
business men Of Monroe on the subject of
local freight ratct. a satisfactory UNDER
standing was arrived at and Mon roo can
now compete with Shreveport from A,ca-
lla and inte1mediate points.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

During the month of September the en-
terprising firm OF Mitchell & Mccormick
sold oyer SIC, 900 worth of goods. Last week
they received several car load lots and their
largo store is full again. Who says Monroe
can't do wholesale business? Men like
Mitchell & Mccormick can build it up.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

Warren r., son of Mrs. Fannie Milling
and grandson Of Hon. w. G. Kennedy, died
OF inflammation of the bowels at Mr.. Kenne-
dy's residence on tho night of tho 11th inst.
Little Warren was 2 Years old and a bright.
promising boy-the remaining hope Of a
fond mother who only few days ago fol-
lowed the remains Of littlo daughter to
the grave. The sympathies of this entire
community go out to the heart broken
mother.
The Ouachita telegraph. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 1865-1889, 1887-10-15

''Heroine in Rags was produced at the
Grand Opera House last evening. 1t is
one of Bartloy Canlpbell's best efforts. The
company is way above the average, and the
grand. Miss Bindley is q petite little wo-
man, and ranks among Americas best
soubrettes. Her impcrsonation Of Gabri-
clio, the Flower Girl, is Il mast erpioce.--
Isufu[O Courier