davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
THE NEW THEORY OF THE BUTTER
GlOBULE,

Henry Stewart discourses Interestingly
in the New York Times on the theory of
butter making. The fat globules in the
milk he says are very small, not more
than l-2500 to l-4500 of an inch in dame
ter. They float in the milk in the form
of an emulsion, and do not have any COW
ering or inclosing pellicle, as was former
lv supposed and taught by various dairy
lecturers, who spread the idea abroad
with various fantas teal embellishments
equally visionary in regard to the opera
ton of churning. Thus it was said and
taught to dairymen that the cream should
be forced through narrow spaces between
the churn and the dasher. so that this
pellicle could be rubbed and worn off or
ruptured. and this theory. requiring a
great deal of labor to carry it out, has
inflicted lifelong injury upon many a
dairymans wife who used the old fash
ioned up-and-down churn, which was
recommended as the best for this rubbing
process. Mr.. Stewart claims that he was
the first person in America to show by
numerous microscopical examinations
and by making and churning artificial
cream and comparing this with common
cream that the butter globule was simply
a small particle or drop of oil suspended
in a viscous and adherent fluid and differ
ed physically in no degree from an arti-
fetal emulsion of oil in an albuminous or
gummy fluid. This explanation of the
character of milk and cream is now fully
accepted, and the old theory is discarded,
with the result of completely changing
the common belief in regard to churning
and the action of the churn. No dasher
is needed in churn. All that is required
is to cause certain agitation and con-
cussion of the cream so that its particles
are violently dashed together. when. if
the temperature is just right, the small
fat globules adhere together and gradual
ly form masses. which. under a micro
scope of high power. appear like rasp-
berries or a bunch of small particles adj
herring loosely together in a menstrum of
buttermilk. Formerly butter was churn-
ed until it formed large lump in the
churn: it was then taken out and squeezed
and slashed in bowl or upon a slab
with the ladle or by the hands to get rid
of the buttermilk which was contained in
it, The result was that either the butter
milk not wholly removed spoiled the
butter very quickly or the grain of the
butter was injured.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

The Greeks, with few exceptions, had
no family tor Sire names. The Romans
had three names: l. A proper name
(pr@nomen), the distinction of the indi-
vidual. like our baptismal or Christian
name. 2. The name of the class (nomen).
3. The family name (cognomen). Some
times to these were added, on account of
act of valor or event, fourth name
(agnomen), as Publius (pr9nomen) Cor
nelius (the clan of Cornelius). Scipio (the
family, Africanus (the agnomen, because
of his victories in Africa. The pranomen
was generally not written in full, as NJ.
for Marcus, P. for Publius, ETC.. as NJ.
Tullius Cicero. e., Marcus, to dis
tinguish him from his brother. Quintills,
Tullius, the clan. and Cicero, the family.
In Germany and the Teutonic nations
family or surnames (or, as it should be
spelled, "sirnames lie, sire or father S
nance We're little used before the Four
teenth century. Every one had baptis-
NAL name only. The most ancient method
was to add the fathers name to their
own, as johnson, Williamson, David
son, etc. The Arabians still follow this
custom-e. g.. Halls son, Yoar is called
Ebu Hall Halls som and Years son
would he Ebu Yoar.
The surnames given in England about
the time of William the Conquerer were
selected, like the agnomen of the Ro-
mans, from some peculiar circumstance
relating to the individual. Thus the earl
of Anjou obtained the surname of Plan
tagenet from the well known story, and
his descendants were called Plantagenets.
Fitz from the old French fills, meaning
''son'D, Mac (Scottish), APP welsh, O.
Qrish), Ez (Spanish and Ben were all
pretixes meaning in those several Ian
guages son But Fitz meant illegiti-
mate son. The German sohn, Swedish
son, Dutch son are the same. German
Won, Dutch van, French de mean "of'
or from, referring to the residence or
descent On the establishment Of the
feudal system new names were intro
duced, derived either from occupation. as
Smith, Turner, Carpenter, Fuller etc,
from place of nativity, as French, Welsh.
ETC., or from personal complexion or
other popularity, as White, Brown,
Black, Long. Short, Sweet, Smart, Coy,
Martin, Wren, etc. Baltimore American.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
THE TIME TO GUT GRASS.

A large majority of writers have always
Eored cutting grass early. The theory
: been that it was at its best when in
pom. The experiments of Prof. San
IN at the New Hampshire agricultural
Ilege. in feeding both early and late
t hay, seemed to prove that timothy at
st was best when cut after passing out
bloom. Experiments at the Pennsyl-
mia agricultural college. if correctly re-
rted in the Homestead, shows that
nothy grass when cut while in bloom
ntains more actual food elements than
cut 16 days later when the weight is
md to be considerably increased. At
E Pennsylvania college the tests We're
ide by chemical analyses-not by ac-
al feeding As they were made by Prof.
nborn. At the Pennsylvania college
o acres of timothy grass especially
form in character and growth were
2yided into two plots of one acre each.
ne lot was cut in full bloom and the
her was cut about lG days later, when
f grass was approaching ripeness. The
ass was carefully cured and the hay
eighed when stored in the barn. After
ing in the barn for five or six months
ch lot of hay was reweighed to deter
ne the amount of dry" hay from each
tting. The average increased yield of
Try" hay was 546 pounds per acre, where
grass was nearly ripe. over the yield
grass cut in bloom. The average shrink
e in weight of early-cut hay was 26 per
pat and of the late cut 10 per cent. The
erage yield per acre in four experiments
two acres each was 1853 pounds of
rly-cut hay and 1881 pounds per acre
te-cut hay. But chemical analysis show
that the increased weight of late-cut
V was due to the growth of starch and
body fiber. as the heterogeneous COM
yunds or portion, the most valuable food
ement. had increased none or but very
tie. This is a strong argument in favor
early-cut hay-that is, cut when in
Dom. so true is it that $3.50 pounds OF
rly-cut hay were found to contain q
tie more actual food elements than the
poo pounds of late-cut.- Brattleborc
lHniX.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
HOMEMADE FERTILIZER.

Homemade manure, after all, has no
[perior, and every farmer can make it.
|e has only to carefully husband the
btural accumulations of his barn-yard,
hbles, hog-pens, sheep-folds, lighthouses
J ID sink-drains. together with the ample
hterials of his bitches, swamps, valleys,
I'D the rich mould of the forest, or that
)hich annually gathers under his walls.
hese are all rich in the elements of fer
lily, are safe in their application, sure
their results. and lie directly in the
this in which he finds it his interest as
ell as his pleasure to walk. The show
s and winds of heaven, the power of
iavitation. the abrasion of rocks, the
nual decay of countless tons of grasses
d the leaves of trees and shrubs, the
IerthrOw of forests and the tooth of
he" upon the hills has been for ages
ION ages storing up for the farmer vast
|posits of the materials which have been
FRIED off from his cultivated fields in
e form of crops until they lie heavy and
rren and refuse to yield their wonted
turn. 1t is for him to observe the in
cations they present and avail himself
their treasures to make glad the land
d cause it to blossom as the rose Cor.
hltiyatOr.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
The Climate of Lima.

Lima, lying within the tropics, has,
upon the average, very pleasant climate.
The highest temperature observed here in
summer is s. degrees, the lowest in
winter is 81 degrees Fahrenheit. Feb
ruary is the last month of the Peruvian
summer, seasons south of the equator be-
ing, of course, the direct reverse of those
north of it. The weather is very soft and
balmy-almost perfect. In this country
rain never falls, its absence being COM
pensated in some degree by abundant
and refreshing dews which fall during
the night, and which are sometimes quite
heavy, often resembling Scotch mist, ~
and are properly termed Peruvian dew. ~
Peru Cor. Argonaut.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
IMPURITIES OF ICE.

DR.. +. Mitchell Prudden of New York
has been making some important expert
ments with a view to determining the
effect of freezing on bacteria. In the
case of the BacHlas prodigioSus. there
were $500 bacteria in a cubic centimeter
of water before freezing: after being
frozen days, 1910; after 81 days. -
and none after II days. OF the St0M1oc-
occuS pyogenes aureus, there We're a count
less number before freezing; after Is days
of freezing. 224 sos; after "a days, "a, 320
and after 66 days, 1920. OF the ty-
phoid fever bacillus, innumerable before
freezing, l.0l9, 403 after being frozen IL
days; 1916, 457 after p days; S9,796 after
II days; and 1913 after lob days. These
facts show that certain bacteria have a
remarkable power of resisting the tenn
perature at which ice forms. DR.. Prud-
den. therefore, recommends that the
New York State board of health, or
other authority, should have power to
determine which, if any, of the sources
of ice supply are so situated as to i'm
peril the health of consumers of ice.-[
Scientific American.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
OiNTS ABOUT OLD AND NEW
BREEDS.

Another years experience has not
|ught us much new about that old dairy
iced, the Aryshires, but there is still the
|e trouble of high milk before and after
living; they are true and reliable breed
5, yet we have failed TO get any trans
|ssion of their prominent milking prop
ties when crossed upon grade cows.
be Devon is a distinctly intermediate
|eed-a milk and beef combination none
bike better calves, few are so content
|d hardy, and but one breed is richer
dairy products. The Devon has not
Id the worlds patronage because of
be, and possibly also because of moder-
ion in maturing and in milking quanti-
|, but it is difficult to conceive of a more
|sirable COW on upland rangy pastures
|r the butter factory. 1t is not true that
lie Galloways are slow maturers, indifer-
1t mixers and difficult to manage; their
|antity and quality is no uncertain thing,
I'd we have cows superior TO the Aber-
len Poll and Hereford in this respect.
|e are not yet sure what to make of the
|lernseys; the bull retains full vigor
ld weighs 1900 lbs at four years, but
|e cows impress us as possessing deli
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

Some of the miscreants who infest the
barriers of the metropolis. rendering
night horrible to those who are hurrying
at late hour to their homes in those
localities have hit on brilliant expedi-
ent for first decoying and then rifling the
pockets of tardy wayfarers. On arriving
at one of the most deserted spots a peace
able citizen, taking a hasty survey of the
position. saw, as he believed, three police
men walking side by side with measured
step. Quite treasured, he pushed boldly
on; but he had scarcely passed the
guardians of order when he felt lasso
playing round his neck, and in trice he
was on the ground and gagged, while he
was Invested of whatever cash and other
valuables he happened to have about
him, The men whom he had mistaken
for policemen We're rutfians of the deepest
dye, and their attitude and steady march
were merely intended to disarm the sus-
picions of the solitary pedestrian. A
regular band has been at this work from
10 O'Clock in the evening till the small
hours of the morning, and several vic
tins have been captured in the most
skillful and methodical manner with the
lasso.-Paris Cor. London Telegraph.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

cate constitution, and in milking have
not yet made anything unusual in guam
tity or quality. Our Hereford COW is a
good fair mixer, and takes her place
among the ordinary dairy cows. Our
Holsteins are doing well, Adanc 100 weigh
ing 22O0 lbs. at four years; they have
good constitutions, and strong in power
to transmit their strength. The Jerseys
have no equals in certain way, and so
stand without the usual grounds of COM
parison. The Shorthorns continue to do
WE'LL Prof. William Brown, Ontario
Agricultural College.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

The London Medical Record says
that there are more deaths from apoplexy
in Bordeaux than in any other city in
the world, and it attributes that fact tc
the bibulous habits Of the Bordelais II
seems that Bordeaux is given to wine
bibbing to an extent which produces an
abnormal amount of disease of various
kinds. 1t might have been supposed
that Bordeaux drank pure wine, but such
is not the fact. There is quite as much
adulteration of wines intended for home
consumption as of those sent abroad
New York Tribune.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

Why is writing such poorly paid pro-
fession!
When it is performed as service, that
is to say, when writers are paid a fixed
amount for regular task, or when they
are retained, as lawyers are, to advocate
special interests, their salaries are not be-
low the average salaries paid in other de-
partments of business. In either of these
cases they sell portion of their time or
independence to their employer, perform
ing his work within stated hours, or ac-
cording to dictation, precisely as an ac-
countant or a private secretary would Go.
OF this kind is large part of Journal
istic work. which gives reasonably well
paid employment to thousands of men
and women. who are every day held as
responsible for the tasks performed by
them as pressInen or compositors are for
theirs.
A very important consideration in de-
terminng all regular compensation is the
degree to which the employer exercises
authority over the one employed. The
servant who comes nearest to substitute
ing his masters will in place of his own
is, all other things being equal, the one
most likely to get high wages and steady
employment. There is a vast deal of
self conscious cant abroad upon this sub
ject. Back of all sophisms of the dignity
of service lies the fact that he who sells
his labor. for the time being, sells him
self He may, indeed, choose his own
master. and dispose as he pleases of his
remuneration, but, during the period of
service he must surrender his lilprtV no
less than he would have surrendered it in
the days of villein and serf. "A. II.
Peters in The Writer.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
STATE OF vEKMONT--District of Adj

Be il remembered That at n session of the
Probate Court holden at Middebury, within
and tor the District of Addison, on the 18th
day OF June, \. ID. 1887.
Present Hon. Lyman E. Knapp, Judge.
Whereas, n eel tain instrument in writing,
under seal, purporting to be the last will and
testament OF Seraph F. Heminway late of Bird
port, in said district, deceased, having been
this day presented to said Court for probate,
and duly filed in the Probate ofiice: There
fore, il i ordered, that all persons interested
in the estate of said deceased be notified to
appear before said court, nj the Probate office
in Middlebury, in said district ON the 18th
day of July, A. ID. lss7, at 10 o'clock a. m,
by publication of this order three weeks sue
cessiVely previous thereto, in the Middlebury
Register, "A newspaper printed ut Middlebury,
to show cause, if any they may have, why
said instrument in writing should not he
proved and allowed, as the last will and tes-
lament OF the said deceased.
2j LYMAN L. KNAPP. Judge.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

The curious feature in the bats bite is
that it is hardly ever felt, even when the
person attacked is awake. I myself had
a remarkable illustration of this, and
stood with a man who was remarking
that he could not understand how people
always got so unaccountably bitten,
though while he was actually making
this remark in the dusk a bat was suck
ing one of his toes, as was evidenced by
the bat being seen by me and himself tc
fiutter away, while the man S toe, to his
great surprise. was found TO be bleeding
severely. Alfred Simsons "Wilds OF
Ecuador"
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

The people of Bronson, Mich, draped
the lamp-posts in mourning recently and
hung paper lanterns from them, because
the village authorities say they are too
poor to furnish street lights.
Blackberry vines should be well cul-
tivated after the fruit has been picked.
The old canes should not be cut out until
late in the fall, but the new canes, which
are to produce next years crops, will be
greatly benefited by cultivation.-[ Farm,
Field and StOckman.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
STATE OF VERMONT-District OF Adj


Be it remembered, that at session OF the
Probate Court holden at Middlebury within
and for said district ON the 18th day OF June,
\. D. lSs7.
Present Hon Lyman +. Knapp, Judge.
Whereas, +. K. WOlcOtt, administrator OF
the estate OF James +. WOlcOtt, late OF Bird
port, in said district, deceased, has this day
presented to said court his petition in
writing, setting forth, that it will be neces-
sary to sell part OF the real estate OF the
said deceased, for the payment OF the debts
and charges of administration; and also that
! ii will be beneficial tor all parties interested
therein to sell the whole OF the real estate OF
said deceased, and therein making applica-
ton TO said court for license to make such
sale. And said administrator having pro
duced to said court the assent in writing of
all the heirs residing in this State, interest
ed in said real estate, II Is ordered that all
persons interested III the estate OF said de-
ceased, be notified to appear before said
court, at the probate office in Middlebury,
| in said district on the 9Th day OF July, \. ID.
lsS7, at 10 O'Clock a. m, by publication of
this order, three weeks successfully previous
thereto, in the Middlebury Register. n news
paper printed nj Middlebury aforesaid to
show cause, il any they may have, why said
| license should not he granted
"a LYMAN 4. KNAPP, Judge.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

During the last century 100 lakes in
the Tyrol have subsidized and disappeared,
according TO DIR. A. Bohm, of the Geo
graphical society of Vienna
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01
Publisher, $50 Nassau street, New Yo
a GA r. D.

To all who are suffering from the errors and
indiscretions of youth. nervous weakness, early
decay, loss OF manhood, &c, l will send recipe
that will cure you. FREE OF CHARGE. This great
remedy was discovered by a missionary in South
America. Send a self-addressel envelope 10 the
REV. JOSEPH T. INMAN. Station D, Ne,o Fork City.
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

Recent Investigations have dispelled the
common belief that freezing purifies
water
Middlebury register. (Middlebury, Vt.) 1886-1937, 1887-07-01

Experts state that the best modern
siege guns cost $97, 900, and it costs 5000
to shoot one of them only once.
National Republican., 1887-10-26
THE EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Their Liabilities Under tho Interstate
Commerce Law.

Commerce Law.
The hearing before the interstate com
merce commission yesterday respecting the
liabilities Of express companies under the
interstate commerce law, brought quite an
array oflegal gentlemen and prominent ex-
press managers to commission headquarters.
Clarence A. Seward, OF New York, repre-
senting the Adams, w. w. Mcfarland, OF
New York, for the United States, T. NJ.
Pomeroy, Of Auburn, N. Y, for the Amer.
lean, National, and Wells Fargo companies,
Mr.. Chesholm, Of Savannah, for tue South.
ern, and Mr.. Steele, Of New York, for
the Erie Express Company, were present.
All submitted briefs, and some OF them
made oral arguments. John Hoey and l..
G. Wier, Of the Adams, and Superintendent
O'Brien, Of the Southern Company, were
also present.
The commission recently sent out q cir
cular letter to railway companies inquiring
whether there are 'any points upon the
railroad OF your company, or upon any rail
road operated by your company, under
lease or otherwise, to or from which inter
state rates for passengers or freight ar,
made by your road alone, or In combination
with other roads, which are greater than
! the rates to and from distant points In the
, same direction over the same line ?"
At the request OF the complainants th,
, hearing In the cases Of the board OF trade
and transportation of New York city
Thomas L. Green, and Leggett and com pany
against the New York Central and Hudson
River railroad, alleging violation Of thu
| law, by placing less than carload lots in
higher class than carload lots, and whicl
were to have been heard November !, hav
been postponed until the 18th of mex
| December.
National Republican., 1887-10-26

THE people Of Virginia should not forget
that next year they have the right, and
should surely exercise IL, OF calling o con-
stitutional convention, by which they can
cure some OF the existing defects in thefr
organic law and provide constitutional
tax to liquldate the state debt.
Only majority Of the rotes polled is re-
quired to secure the convention, as will be
seen by the following from article IL OF the
constitutions:
AT the general election to be held in 1883, and
in each twentieth year thereafter, and also a.
such times as the general assembly may by law
provide, the question, "shall there be con-
vention to revise the constitution and amend
the same" shall be decided by the elector'
qualified to vote for members Of the general
assembly; and in case majority OF the cleo
tors so qualified voting al such election shall
decide in favor of convention for such pnr.
pose, the general assembly, at its next session,
shall provide by law for the election of dele
gates to such conventions PrOridCd, That no
amendment or revision shall be made which
shall deny or in any way impair the right oil
suffrage, or any civil or political right as con-
erred by this constitution, except for causes
which apply to all persons and classes without
distinction.
National Republican., 1887-10-26
RAILWAY NOTES.

The Brotherhood OF Locomotive Engineers
is considering the adyisability of forning u
ladies' auxiliary,
1t is said James f. Campbell, Of Hamilton,
will be appointed receiver Of the Cincinnati,
Hamilton, aud Dayton road this week,
The east bound roads from Chicago have
issued uniform tariff Of export rates via all
American ports The graln rate viii b- 30
cents to Liverpool 35 to London and IS to
Glasgow per hundred.
The Cincinnati, 81. Louis, indianapolis, and
Chicago stockholders have elected the old
board Of directors except George MeshlTe who
Is succeeded by Alex. Mcdonald. T. Il, Osborne
was elected vice president. The cash surplus
on hand Is tOil ,20,3O, net earnings for the year
were 81 lll,2Sl.
The statement OF the business OF all lines of
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company cast of
PittkbuTg and Erie for September, 1887, as COM
pared with the same month In 1886, shows: An
increase In gross earnings of e332, SIG, an iu.
crCase in expenses of $500, ,Sj6, and decrease
in net earnings Of fjS,3i0 The nine months of
1857 as compared with the same period Of 1886
show An increase In gross earnings Of SllS7,.
3D2, an increase in expenses Of 81 ,5iS, and
an increatc in net earnings Of 81 l,l5l S2t All
Lines west Of Pittsburg and Erle for tho nine
months of 1887 show Il surplus over all liAbil
tics Of 81 O35,glS, being Il gain as compare
with the same period OF 1856 OF sl,l2S,3jl.