davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
THE PRESIDENCY OF WESLEYAN
DIR. BEACHs SUCCESSOR NOT LIKELY TO BE CHOSEN
uNTII. NEXT YEAR.

DIR. BEACH's SUCCESSOR NOT LIKELY TO BE CHOSEN
UNTIL NEXT YEAR.
MIDDLErowN, Conn., Aug. 25.-The question Of
tho presidency of Wesleyan University is not one tina,
Is likely to be decided In @ hurry All the arrange
ments have been made to get along during the next
college year without q president Professor John NJ
Van Week. the senior member of the faculty. is to be
tho acting president, and the duties which
would deyolve upon the president have been "parceed
out-as one Of them terms it-am0ng tho other MEM
bers Of the faculty. Professor Van Week, who has
long filed the chair Of mathematics. has served as
acting president heretofore when the university has
been temporarily otherwise without an Official head
Ho Is clear headed and efficient man, but the talk
about his being made permanent president is believed
by those competent to judge the matter ntellgently
TO be without foundation. Executive duties irii-
to Professor Van Week, who is enthusiast IN
his speclates, mathematics and astronomy, and 1t Is
not thought probable that he would be willing to
the Presidents Office except to tde the In
terva Of vacancy. Besides, although Professor Van
Week Is well known among scholars and college men.
he IL not Of National reputation, has he the
qualifications OF pubic speaker that seem desirable
In college president.
A member OF the Wesleyan Faculty said recently
that he did not think tho question Of who would be
chosen president was likely to be decided TIL well
toward the close Ut tho coming college year Every
thing had been arranged he aided so a. to carry Oh
tho work Of the college without president As to
who might be selected he had no IDEA whatever. He
lntimated however that he hoped there would not be
mind the selection Of President Beach, whose
Office declared vacant at the last commencement By
the Board Of Trustees. When DIR. Beach was made
PRESIDENT on the election Of President Foss to bsh-
oprc he not the free choice Of the trustees. Mr.
George l. seney had then been contributing freely to
tho college treasury establishing scholarships, etc.
Dr. Beach was his friend and his candidate for pres
dent and under the circumstances 1t was thought Wen
to let the colleges benefactor have bis ch9 S
possible The mistake Is not likely to be repeated.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
OBITUARY,
PROFESSOR GEORGE n. BIGELOw.


Professor George N Blgelow. the head Of the Athe-
Seminary for Young Ladies' and Girls, at Clinton
and Atlantic ayes. Brooklyn died yesterday at his
home. No. % Strong place. in that city. az the age
OF sixty four He well known In educational
and literary circles. Professor Bigelow was
born at Paxton Mass, on January Ii. 1923. After
studying and teaching for several In his YOUTH In
various places In his native State he went abroad and
completed his education at the University OF Berlin
After his to this country he received the degree or
Master OF Arts from Brown University. He was for
several years the head OF the High School at Clinton
Mass, and also principal OF the State Normal School
ut birmingham, Mass, for eleven years. .
In 1868 he went Brooklyn where he ana his brother
founded the Athen9um Seminary. In recent years he
conducted 1t alone hgh-class school for girls,
the number OF pupils being limited. Professor BSeiow
devoted especial attention to teaching IAN,
guages. He thorough student anu
Instructor, and achieved marked success
He deep interest in all educational matters and
frequently visited schools and colleges lie also con-
trbted magazines and newspapers articles on educa-
tonal topics. He active member or the strong
Place Baptist Church and the funeral will be held In 10
at p. His fatal Illness was due to blood
poisoning resulting directly from carbuncle lie leaves
a vile and lighter.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
WANTED: JACK BNTFE.


Professor Otis Mason, OF the National Museum. made
an appeal to the public large through 1he Star the
evening, before the professor finished his dinner q
gentleman brought to hi. house rusty and broken old
eide by siGs with the flint blade OF Indian knife
Yesterday some one, signing the mare OF benlamln
claimed Frankn fashioned the STICKS for his kite. II is
not q JacksnI.c. bat a pen-snts OF very modern
manufacture, having. as some modern pooket-knlvos
have little pair Of scissors In It, In place OF one OF the
blades Another gentleman. whose Official position mas
given him opportunity TO make such COLLECTIONS, mas
promised to give to tie Museum. jack knife OF the
s Gs ra.sd snS IN. 81
1t long slender knife OF one blade, and originally
could be shut but il is rusted sti1 now.
Every boy knows what acE-snlIe Is, ava more are
g2sa At" MUSEUM wants Of Jack knife. though may
puzzle not only the boys but some or the OLD foss 100
Museum. which is so panned and arranged that when
the grand scheme fully perfected II win tell tue story OF
how he was Graded. what he played with when child
how he dressed, what his occupations IA manhood
eeremopies attended his marriage and funeral It viii
tell the story not only OF he his known and seen
tina red man, the African. the Esaulmag. HIS social
relations and his employmsnts Will DO illustrated. All
thngs laid under contribution for Dis use or amuie .
ment will have full exposition And the aekkniie telis
something Of this great story Inc Ssryss
its name from the French Jacques, which is name me
ON. blade S" whea mar learned to write he had 70
sharpen his PEN and carried penxGne MIN im' W
the enebladed knife would require large case Ia me
National Museum. Professor Mason has the materials
scattered about the shelves ana drawers In Ms
laboratory at the NaIional Museum. ~
Hs has the rude blades OF the pa!eonthic ana
neollthic man, tho rude that llyea with tne
beasts before perhaps Atlsss sank beneath the wave
images so far back that even Hndos chronology can
hardly supply a measure for the time. Then he has
10 lad slender blade OF bronze rom Etrura from tee
mon who lived and wrought With exquisite Skin In ltsy
before omulus aud Remuss time, aud VINO nave lsIe
beautiful memorials of existence, and inscriptions
which no man has been able TO deeper; But tne
most pete part Of the collection that iustrang
the ind an lack Knife tho ksfe which the indian USED
for every purpose Blades of stone, flint or slate were
bound upon a hssp Of wood or bone. The edges were
okppea or ground TIL they were sharp and pointed.
Then when the Indian Esquimau came into contact
with he waite trader their knives began 10 nave ron
ola
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
SPECIAL n ,llcsj.
Tenth season
MRS. NICE L X A T II )
HOMEMADE
Post Omce Notice.

Should be read daily by all interested as changes may
es for foreign countries not be specially s
dressed for dispatch y aG Of Sanns d
letters specially addressed being sent by As
rosrn nails for the week ending September will clo~
promptly in ali caso,) az this oaics as follows
for Tsr1 Sr Bf ss' Pnsro cor.s
and Guaismaia, per steamship wanderer from New
Orleans.
wEDNEspAY-At 10 A. m for Bluodelds. psr stssmshp
Amethyst III m. for Jamaica. iaasts Grey'o"Ta.
BuI ssSa. sa r.a sS pe s, VIA
Bremen Gettsrs for Ireland mus; es Sars
oa.sastowa sers for Great Britain and o S,hss
VIA eAniw sSs letters %s BE- directed BolseS
rHuKspAY-At 10 A. H. for Central America aud south
g.r per %sa G % a.
an s. for h'I%P' a Rs'
Sasss ss.is n S =
Ssss1 p.l ' 81; t 81 sisss 1s
6Tssao cUrs' gsr os St
sAT S. "a deter. s!srssS
Italy and Portusa must be aEss,.S per uss
Denmark Sweden YSrsay sSs'a as and sr. TSr
ss :''iiE ,. %s.' 3: s'sisss
letter. 70 q,aa d, % sssas 3;
S Srss per P' : L.
must bedrsctet "psr Devonlspi a. 8 IN. Tor ,ns
Netherlands direct per steamship Zaanian VIZ An ~,
stsran otters must be directed "esr Za ....man.
at 10 a M for the Wtndward Islands, per sesnsny
psrmuda At ii a m tor Venezuela and Curacoa pee
srsamshlp Caracas; 1t 2 p N for Prosrsso per ssA"
ship Thornhil ., .x.,..
suNpAY-At 10 A M for Progreso per steamship MeIice
va havana 1etters other Mexican st1ssS muss
.:s::d :. Ms.ssS os.i Rom
Mall. S.: s,s s,:.. 's.. g;
for the ssndw,ch Is,nds per :tss%s.p nm s
fSs xu.sssiS Nswzeslssa s.naweh ~ and Sr y.
moan Isiands per sseanss M cr On srvs =
q steamship Gsrmanio with British malls ior
New..sys11 Usis for the society IslandA per snp
rnsc Rrd frem San rrAaciscoh clese here ecptemoef
sayyp~t = Mails for Cuba. By rail- e Tampa fla snd
thence oy steamer VA ny WSs Ss~s WV ~ '~'S
once daily ~ ESQ u m
sThe schedule Of closing Of Trans Pseihc malls az
a.sed on the presumption OF their uninterrupted
IN San ffancIsco Mails the East arriving q
ae Ct san Franesco on the Day OF sailing OF steamers AZ
dhpsscneo 'AsA'' 'HENRY q. PEARSON. PostmAstsR
Peat once New.x0fk, N. r., Aug 20, 1881
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
SOME FACTS ABOUT HUMIDITY.

TO the Editor OF the TrIbHHe.
SIR: VIII TIKI TRIBUNE take pity some OF us unscien-
tifc readers and enlignen few sciehfc points
We know that atmosphere well As the papers, has
lately been full OF humidity and we know thathundity
is q synony moisture. We know also that we feel
great bodily discomfort al out the time the papers are
talking about humidity and We discuss the weather
and talk gbly about the unprecedented percentage Of
humidity But way down In the bottom Of our hearts.
We are well that don't know what We are talk
ing about aud that only speak thus knowingly for Ell
feot auditor who Ne feel sure viii not Dare
bIs lenorsnco by asking us what We mean. a. WHAT'S
100 per humidity (2) What tAe normal percen
"a What would Ice low percenfneei 90 What ia the
bodily effect OF an abnormsllJ low psrcoDagei 80 now
psycarceer What doesit lock IKE aud hoW does act
ask these questions for persosa satisfaction aud III mo
proved by tho aSva5csrasat OF It's knowlsdee T. o.
NeU- York, Aug IL, 1887.
1) Complete saturation of the air with vaDor,
beyond which point the moisture must condense
and become visible. The point of saturation varies
according to Temperatures cubic foot OF air
whose relative humidity is 100 pei cent would, at
900, weigh 1913 grains, of which 1417 grams
would be water in the form OF yapor. The same
volume saturated. at 40' would weigh $50 grains.
of which only 2. S32 would bew water. C2' II varies
according 20 season and locality. The normal rea-
tive humidity for July in this city, is II per cents
for August, 10 per cent; the mean for three weeks
beginning July II this year was 80. 90 When the
air is already laden with moisture, Ii wants no
more ard evaporation from tie human body, the
effect Of which is cooling, rs Consequently retarded.
(4l In this city, 80 per cant; about half n dozen
times year il gets down to % 80 PEI cent for
few hours at time. 90 cry rapid evaporation
and consequent cooling of moist surfaces, owing 10
tie greediness of dry air for yapor 90 Usually by
O hy grometer, composed of two carefully selected
and sensitive thermometers, mounted side by side'
one having its bulb covered with cloth and Kept
constantly moist. Evaporation from the wet bulb
makes that instrument read lower than it's dry bulb
companion, and this difference in readings with the
help OF tables carefully computed by Glaisher indi-
Gates the relative humidity. For instance, If the
dry bulb thermometer stood at 90o and the wet
bulb at GSo the relative humidity would be 80 per
cent. Cd Practically the same as wet-and-dry
bulb by erometer In order to secure quick results
1t IS made 80 10 be whirled rapidly through the
dir either by wheel or as q sllng.-Edl
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
DIED.

nernas samuel Gardiner OF the late Hon. Robert
r:;1s1Gs Tas'a. "snn
Interment at Greenwood. private.
BIaELow-In BROOKLYN n " August 2s 1851 A. his
principal of the Atheneum Seminary, agsi 81 yeara
Notice OF funeral hereafter
ans ShS H. IS
Intermsnt at Hartford, Conn.
BoOTH-suddenly. at Flagstaff Arizona Augnst25 VIII
firm OF Ham & Booth
Notceot funeral hereafter.
DOw-On August g. Mrs Maria n. widow Of the late Joha
an s s SsR are o. ns 70 attend tn. u.
vices at the residence Of her sonin law, d. W. Berdaa
Inse Sr at Greenwood Ss on RassiaS august
ELY-On August 81. Emeine S. Ely, in tho nth year
Funeral services at the residence Of Dr. w Lester sis
~. august III 1887. Leonard B. Klpp. in the so
Funeral Friends Meeting House at chappaqua
carsse w On be IN waiting a. Station on -
rival OF 10: 80 train from Grand Central Depot
IMMORAL PeekskilI " Y. August 81. Eunice Pea
widow of the late Truman Minor IN the sSth year u
angus, tEs% afs late residence f''fk on Monday
s.s oS S tenn Moss ss s es in the SD
Notceof funeral hereafter
so hSsui 81 s'Ss G SSns Infant son "
Funeral at Freehold, y. j. Monday. 29thn,t. at2pm.
wears months and 5 days
Burial at Union Cemetery, Ramsey's, yesterday
sGHERMERHoRSSmIn this city, SATURDAY Ausu'ss7.
Funeral the residence OF his sonnlaw NJ A.
Kell ogg No III Alexsnder-ave. on Monday. at 5p IN
Interment At Schenectady. ~ T.. on Tuesday.
sHERER-In Flatbush, At the residence OF hi: parents
Sunday August %, 1887 John Reese sherer In the -
year OF his Age
Notice Of funeral hereafter.
sIMPsoN-At Nyack. N. Y, August % Emma willIams
friends Invited TO attend her funeral al the
residences Of her onn;law James E MOTIFS BroadwaA
Trains leave Chsnbers.st at $50 T. II.
Intermeut at WOODLAND.
sCHLEY-suddeny on the 2sh inst. Natalie infant chIa
Of DR.. J. N. sehey. East 42d.st
Services at house Monday, August ~.
sTAgG-suddenly on SATURDAY evening, August ~, q
pneu MONA. Cornelius l. Stage. aged 30 years. .
Funeral Monav evening August 20 at Faith
church 46hst between 9Th AMI lOth ayes
a seIock Veterans OF the list Regiment invited
Interment Tues lay nornn, at Pompton Plains ~ r.
sUTPuEN-At ocean Park n j.. Frifay, 26th inst:
Leila w, eldest daughter Of c. Edgar and Jennette J.
Relatives and friends attend tho funeral hse
parents residence. "a Elizaoefhave, Newark, NJ J o.
Monday, goth inst, at D. H.
Interment at the convenience OF the family
wEBB-At Stamford, Conn. August 20. Miss Emily A.
Webb. In her SD year. - Co.,.
Congreg attonal Cndrcn,
Monday. August 20. at3p m
WHEELER-On sunday August % at East Orange, v. J..
II. Condlt beloved wife OF j. g. Wheeler in tho 36u
Funeral at Christ Church. Tuesday August 80 arriv!
Of 3lO train Delaware Lackswanna and western Ran
road from New-York.
Please omit flowers
WooD-At Leonia. N J., August %. Emma wife Of VIII
lam A. Wood in her 80 III year
Funera services at the Reformed Church 1t Rdgehed
j. Tuesday, the 3Oth inst, at2 .. NJ
Tram leaves Chambers ST. l5 o'clock via Northern
Railroad OF NewJersoy
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
RESPONDING TO A CRY OF DISTRESS.

The janltor Of a newspaper building not hundred
miles from the Frsnklln statue Is generous and
kind hearted man. lie Is ready TO do one favor,
and Is always among tho first go to the assistance
Of any ono I'm distress. At an early hour tho other
morning he was passing through hall Of bis build
Ing when faint voice from On office cried DUB
Hello |"
Some poor fellow locked In all night" said the
sympathetic janitor, az will have to get him out
So no went to the door Of the room from which tne
volce proceeded and asked who was thore, DUE tns
only reply he received was, Help, helpr IN s'ia
fainter voice.
"Ooodnoss melp calculated tho kind-hearted JAM
tor "whoeyer no Is no has been hurt. Perhaps some
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
the same thing could not be done by the chemist in his
laboratory. C.H.
Saratoga Springs, Aug. Is. 1887.
TO PREVENT DEFALCAriONs.

TO The Editor Of The Tribune.
SIR: Every little while tho country is startled by
bank or corporate defalcatons. Stealing Ia q
better word for it. Nor is tho general appre-
henson lessened by the statement from lead
ing NewYork bank president that there Is no guard
ing az ,nst them and that any teller walk of with
millions Of money. l have been boy, bookkeeper.
teller and cashier of banks, aud assert that this
statement Ia not true and that there i, q remedy.
Confidence grows slowly, aud so docs dishonesty. No
man ever iyed that could steal million OF dollars
as his very first theft. There one live, ten,
hundred and thousand dollar steps in stealing Scott
would not have stolen $4,000 had he not stole
dollars until they amounted to $4,000, and was
compelled 20 do something. Directors are dummies
or fgure-heais, for how can a dry-goods man, or
grocer go through" bank 1t he had the time to do
so They don't know how to do 1t. They meet and
look as wise wis while willy cashier bamooozles
thcm; they draw their 30 a session aud 20 back to
their dry goods and groceries complaccnt as ever.
Now tor a remedy. Let every board OF directors
employ expert able to take the place OF president
cashier, bookkeeper and teller. Let him be EN-
powered to say to president or cashier: viii go
over your assets to-iay' to teller will settle
your cash tonight" or you go of on weeks vaca-
ton, l will take your place. or to a bookkeeper :
will write up your books and Il customers books
for week while you go fishing" IT they are honest
they will be glad of n vacation any time, and u dis
honest they ought to have gone long before. What
employee would dare to steal the irst dollar II he
knew that his accounts might within one hour be
examined Not one. Ii would not cost $l4O,0OO,
but would cost moral courage on the part OF the
directors. 4. w. T.
Manchester, " J., Aug 20, 1887.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
CAN ANYBODY ANswERf

TO the Editor Of Thn Tribune
SIR: III your issue OF to-day noticed, and road with
great interest article taken from the Cologne Gdeffe
and entitled, "worms that Eat steel Rails" When l
first read 1t supposed OF course IL hoax but on
second pcrusa II seemed 10 1t Intended for
the truth Will you kindly let know the actual state
OF the IL the story true. them according 10 my
Judgment the barrier between organic end inorgsnio
chemistry entirely broken down. has never been
known that an animal could make Of inorganic mat
ter food. We get such matter into our sysens IN.
directly through the vegetable kingdom. IL Dy amy
cans an animal iron into condition sulta
bic for food there reason, understand It. why
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
COOKING By ELECTRICITY.

from the EIefTtclT NcDtcW.
Resistance coils of platinum German silver wire
have boon used Tor experimental cooking The cur
rents used have been OF constant direction and tho
coils trayersed by tho currents must needs be In or
close proximity 10 the substance to be cooked
urther the surface exposed by coll taking up CON
siderable small and the amount of heat raated
and conducted from the wire II not nearly red hot
will not DO large Cooking by electricity has not come
into yet the Of alternating currents offers
a solution to tho problem. largo electro magnet
of great induction IL constantly In circuit The
Ioss of current through this coil long "a metal Is
NOT brought near IL Ia too small to be measured, II
being desired to fapjacs iron spider u placed
AVER tho poles Ut the The rapid
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
TrIRuNK OFFICE. August %

TRIBUNE OFFICE, August 29-1 A. M.-Cear, cool
weather. with stationary barometer and light nor'hery
or north westerly breezss continued yesterday Inc
temneraturs ranged between So and 75e the average
ssiss lower than ON the corresponding day
iast war and 10 higher than on Saturday.
In and near this city to-day there VIII propaoy %
little or no change In tho weather. ,.,..
AZ Increasing warmth Is indicated for the mid
die OF the week fair or partly cloudy tuesday showers
M oau aIay
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
!nchester, " j., Aug. 20, 1887.
MONEY DESIRED FOR A POOR BOARD.

To the Editor OF The Tribune.
SIR: have OF destitution which nseds atten-
ona which requires the aid Of good philsn
thopst pass around The hat that the good citizens
Of our city may show their welknown generosity The
Board OF Health is sadly In need OF money On July 20
at 345 M. called from my bed to attend sick
woman who needed physician connected with the night
medical service. The certificate for service was duly
made out and presented the day at the office OF the
Board OF Health After keeping the certificate few
days 1t returped with noto to present 1t on August
10, when IL would be paid. Desiring to give the poor
creditor little grace again presented the Ger
tncste on August %. Imagine my surprise when told
that the Board OF Health had money, but would In
form when 1t got funds to meet big bill OF
So would make present OF the claim to the poor
city the board. but afraid t might go into some
sinking fund where vouchers unknown Before clos;
ing should like TO know II the poor Commissioners and
their large number OF superuous and staf Of
medical officers and employees are awaiting their month
ly salaries. J. NJ
Neo York, Aug %. 1897.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
DE Ia SALE INSTITUTE TO BE OPENED.

The DE La Sale Institute formerly known as
the Charier Insttute) Will be oIened for pupils next
Monday. The school will be under the charge
Of Brother Anthony formerly president OF Manhattan
College. The course of studies In tho oytechnlc
denartmcnt will cover whatever Is new In applied
electricity, engineering and mining II Is Intended
solely As a day school, for which Its central position
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
WHO DESERVED THE PRAISE.

"we must says The Boston journal" give TINS
fnouirv from CORES pOndcnt to readers cor-
gyman received 800 from q bridegroom for the per
Grmance OF the marriage ceremony. The clergyman
used most Of the sum In charitable deeds VIII the
recording angel credit the good deeds to tho bride
~ course The bridegroom gavo the money 10 the
minister for value received and hadn't tho slightest
fdea of doing Q charity.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29

Of current in the coli Induce currents on the iron spider
which is thereby heated For heating liquids,
copper vessel is preferable where 1t be used In
account of its greater conductivity. The metal IN
which or which the cooking Ia done need not touch
tho magnet Indeed lessencd heating effect is OBJ
tanned by separating the dish from the electro magnet
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
Holm w. sTORRS.

BrRMsGHAM Conn, Aug 2s.-John W. storrs. wei
known throughout this State newspaper correspond
ent poet Of considerable merit died here to-day
AZ sixty three,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
THE WEATHER REPORT

GOVERNMENT INDICATfoNs-FoR2 "a HOURS
WARRINGTON. Aug 2s.-Fsr New-England. Eastern
New-York Eastern Pennsylvania and New.Jersey, far
weather. northerly winds becoming variable, sngh'
changes in temperature.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29

warming and stimulating the whole system For sale jT
grocers and druggists
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
IrnGE SAMUEL HALL

ATLANTA. Ca, Aug 2s.-Judge Samuel Hall, OF the
State Supreme Court who had been at the point OF death
several weeks died last night at his summer home at
Mount Airy. He was surrounded BY his FAMILY
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1887-08-29
JITDGE GEORGE GARDENER.

CHICAGO, Aug 23.-George Gardener lately one oil tho
judges the Superior Court OF this city, died this morn
Ing age sixty-one. Judge Gardener was an old and
esteemed member OF the bar and was prominent In
Masonic circles