davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
Il Ora w WONG.

The editor of the New Orl"a ~
| Cirg Item las been indicted 10y the
grand jury for libel, for 'unkirdl>'
referring to Judge Baker rs -,
yonng man, not long enough Oh the
bench t" acquire the wisdom of n
Hale. Mansfield M MAJ shall
and also bee !uSe the Item pIeSum-
rd to question the right Of the
said .Iud &c to punish the editor of
the Picayurc for Publishing Ger
tain testimony aA'lucrd, in open
court, on the trial of Il GRIMM. |
case.
The ef1iOntery Of this ATTEMPT
to bride that greatest Ofall public
inStiiu!ions-thr prtss-is unI,ar-
;lllel.d in this State and deserves
to receive the condemnation of
all who are accustomed to boast
that this is ''the Ian,. of the free
and the home of the brave
The Times Democrat very PROV.
erIy suggests that the newspapers
IF the State C Ombiue and pay
whatever fine may be imposed on
the editor OF the Item, in case he
is convicted Of libel. Thi S prOpo-
sitiOn should and, no doubt, vii!
meet with a Hearty response.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Saws cxc!lan r.: "a nrW>Wi-
pcr slI',Scllb.r rnmaI ii til II ne
found i: mach cheaper 1n pay 10;
H., paper in advana, than at tie
end of the year. In answer 10 il
query. he gave as Il l'aS"n '''"'
when he paid in alvancr he Wis
crtliu. something for his M"H'v.
,iIt tn do so ut l!,e emil of ..:r year
WAS ik" paying 70. Worn ont c'"'h-
e.. there is ,!unc Of the pleasures
of anticipation III III: i'A:'s seton.
That WAS Soulethin. . 4 I'hllo+o
phrr.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Coz: miiIcatlOns must reach this office
Oh or hsi"rs Wednesday m.rnings, if the
writer's desire to have them IL, pear in the
first is>re after they arr. Z, iy.,l: and
advritisrm ',ts he handed in ,.y Thursday
mornings
So Cards of personal cl'arartrr-wh"n
ad,nissibl"-will be- charged Goubl ON
r:;ilar advertiser: rates.
In writing for the press always h.
brief and to the point,
II y"u take tn" paper from the. post
th'r to- which it is directed you can I~ re-
nIccd I" pay for it, whether you are IA
cS,,iar subscriber CT not.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Ex- Gov. =. Madison Wells was
in Alexandria last Tuesday attend.
ing court. The governor informed
MS that his ey~-sight is getting
w0rse every day. is- thinks Pres
itlent Cleveland, az a party man,
failure. lie il Erratly amused
at Clevelanll's mn "wump policy.
The Democrats who elected lin
are anything but amused Alex.
Antlria TO,rM Talk.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
Jan. Is 1886
Sheriff Sale.

D. Stein Il Co Thine Fist Cont
vs.. No. rle-P. c. Parish o. tnion.
J. +. Rauey. State + lu.;;Siapa,
BY vIr.n" eta WI ~ ii IA. Ssh rd t,sl
OF he lion. Third Disiliy, t,t,r II, -, ;
for ,!is ai,I-s; id PARISH and I'!t IA :"
lne hi-rct"'i. h,v,. seized a,n vii "t-,,
ioT SHE to lie las and highest hidI~r
viii Il t..e legal l.o,r, fnr j.. IL; a. s',I..',
n the principal IN ut door "f ',r cor.r
hnusr III Farmcrvillr, Union l"vl>I. H.. ~
.SatryGGy,'hc 2Gth Il Fti,htiy. 1856
he following described land. to wit: Til.
,aS' halt ut berth cas-, quarter. anu month
laIfoi moth wc@: quarter of north east
quarter. and nnih half of south west
quarter OF north east eIartrr ut Section
thir y-io..r GAY Township Twenty ts)
north Range one U west. containinso e
hundred and forty (l4O) acres more O. less
together with ali improvements situated
thereon Seized as the property IT Mr..
}. +. Eancy, defendant i'll above entitled
suit.
Terms of sale-Ca>h, with the benefit of
an ap; raiSLont. }. &. MONTGOMERY.
Jan . SO. Opt Sheriff
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

IL selecting the House Commit
tees, Speaker Carlisle honored oal
Congressman, Gen. X ing. with the
Craftsmanship Of the Committee OIL
L.vees Il nd Improvement of the
Mississippi River, American Ship
Building and Ship Owning Inter
est.
The other Louisiana members
are ASST gned as follows:
observation-disclosures and Harbors
Reform of Civil Service.
(ia\-Mines and Mining, District
Of Columbia.
Hahm-Elections. Expenditures
OF the Treasury Department..
lriOn-COmmcrce.
81. Martin--I'rivate Land Claims.
Accounts.
This gives the State quite liberal
representation. With the unite.l
labor OF Gen. King in tie Levee,
committee. Mr.. Blanchard in that
OF Rivers and Han bors and Mr..
liiOn in that Of Commerce our State
should certainly receive fair con,
Sldel alton in the allotment of
works of internal improvements
and the encouragement and pro.
lection of commercial interests.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Ne suggest that It woald Lt
we'll, and perhaps wise, for our de-
linqnent subscribers to adopt the
advice of the huston Calisrapl,.
.Eh ich is, that in view of the hosti'e
station toward silver dollars, to
rid Of the dangerous coin as
Non as possible by paying off dues
s1Or subscription and rene wing same
Tor another year.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
NJ. ICE.


s. "., =, ,",'' 'U,h,~ Office.
Notice is hereby given that Ms Sal,
Can as :.no ..aN ...,,i N iIy nee l'.l
application. | ravi:" 10 be appointed a.
rirni>I.a;riN of tie succession OF DR.. w.
&. Carr, deceased.
Now, therefore. unless nnnnsitian u"
m"uc ihrirt" III Nri,ing ami hlrd IL! my
, itrc v tEl;i ten days ii.n ( h. s:aic here
eff, the said appointment will he H;l E
accounting 10 law,
Civ"n 'n''r my h"',' anl seal cr ot1irc
on this the 21st day of January, A. ID. I->6.
JA-. NJ. SMITH,
&. A, killynrr, Jr, .ir. Clr'k u. c. e.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
NOTICE FOk PUBLICATION
Land Office ut New Orleans La. }
December Dist 1SS1 1

Land Office at New Orleans La. }
December 2lst. 1855. {
NOTICE i, hereby given that the fol-
~ lowing named settler has filed notice
of her intention to make final proof in
support of her claim, and hat said proof
will lie made before the Judge or in his
absence the clrrt Of the District Court at
FarmcrviIlr La. on FEBRUARY 18th 1856.
viz: Eliza Gatlor'' widow Of Peter Gatforl
who made Homestead Entry No. 5Sl7 for
ahe III of Sw4 and Nw4 OF Sw4 Section |
Township Fl n range 2 W Louisiana
meridian:
She names the following witnesses to
prove her continuous residence upon, md
cultivation OF, said Ia nd. viz:
Elijah Jones, All Of
q %a It k is"1. ss, U hs". Parish
3. DARRALL
l.rsi; ter.
Dec. 25th lsS5,
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

The attempt to demonetize silver
shows that capital IN arraying itself
against the laws and against tie
almost universal sentiment and
prosperity Of the people.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
Nehr Advertisements.
y C.A!.. -.

Nv behalf of ti.r family AND
friends of rlv tatler-in lave, Capt.
{. W. iiousr, who is now 'iAi:
-ei,ulsly i'll with pnrrm"hl', III
Baton Refuge, La,, /! hereby 'rI'!"i'
sincere .llanks to Judge W. *,
Fu'l"nl and family, of said cry.
tor their many Kind offices ,"""r1
Capt III. since he has been sex.
.rr which we shall ever b" most
grateful Il L. SELLERS.
Walnut Lane. La. Jan 10 lSSi.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Petitions for the Communication OF
the FOri and Murphy sentence
have been circulated in Rapitles
and Town Tall reports tina: ''those
who refused to sign the petition
were about eqAa. in number to
those who did sign"
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
Succession Sale.

BY vir'ne OF on order issued from nhc 81
District Court OF Louisiana, and to NE iii
rcc"cd, viii on
Sat"rdnn. the 3oth Of Jnn"nry 1885,.
sell for cash, TO the last and highest bid.
Ger. :, lot / cattle; :! male: q har~": lot
Ii -, md >'nn ta1E ing IMP mentS:
IN will.
SATURDAY, the 20H Of February. 1885
sell. for cash. to rhc last ;u'! hi CHEST l.: :
de,, the following described tract oflar.':
viz. / IL so'l h. aS'Huai1 of root -ra,'
quarter, section II. township y. rar.r (!
wrst:ant tn south hal! OF mort hives. uu -
Tel ss c.icn l., township II. north rang 3
vrs'. sales I" t"kr ,'lacr al til" late r. ;
idclce OF n. }. Williams. dce'd
Ron'r WILLIAMS
Jan. Ii 1896. Admin st g,tor.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22

Mr.. Oates, of Alabama. has intro
dnced a bill IN the House of Repre-.
sentatives to declare forfeited the
Backbone land grant.
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
SHILOH ACADEMY.
WILL REOPEN on THE 7TU or
SEPT, 1855.

WILL REOPEN on THE 7yU or
SEPT, 1855.
This School is located at Shiloh. La i'm
the midst of Il prosperous and energetic
community thoroughly alive to education
al interests. The moral surroundings are
good at the late election on the L;c.ns,
question the community was almost solid
for Prohibition, and this verdict is stric1iy
enforced, thus removing one source of an
rrehcnsiOn " hichparents have for their
boys when tiom home.
The Scholastic year will consist of ten
months divided into two sessions Of five
months each. Students will he received
at any time and charged from time of en-
teIance until the close of the session IN
which they entered. The rates of tuition
are S2.U $500 $500 per month.
Boald can behad at FROM 81. 90 to $40 90
per month. For further particulars Adj
dress;
T.. NJ. CORY, Principal.
OF Rev. J. 7. EVERETT
Pr' si;;ent OF Board Trus.e
The Home advocate. (Farmerville, La.) 1885-1???, 1886-01-22
FRIDAY, : JANUARY % 1857

Russia anil Austria are about to
20 TO war over the dispute be-
tween Scrvia and Bulgaria
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
PITH AND POINT.

We are thinking seriously of es-|
tablishing poets corner. 1t will bo
connected by trap-door with tho base
ment-Burtington Free Press.
-"Spirit," says Emerson, "prima-
rily means wind" Now we understand
why a windy harrangue is referred TO
as a spirited address. s.--Boston Tran
script.
"A man must look up and be hope
fuI, says an exchange. How can he,
with three plumbers working in the cell
lar and his wife housekeeping. Days
OUTING. /
"A poet has discovered that It is al
ways summer somewhere. Yes, and
there is always poet around to dscov-
er something that everybody always
knew.-Phiiddetphia call. !
Book Agent-Councilman, don't
you want to buy an encyclopedias to-
dayp City Father-What do 1 want
with such a thingP I'd break my neclc
the first time rode it. Chicago Ledger
Isaac, instructng his son: "ven
you zell a coat to man vot wants q
coat, dots nodding; but, ven you zell a
coat to man vot don't want a coat.
dots peeziness, my boy."-M Y. Mail.
An editor with nine unmarried
daughters was recently made justly in
dignant by the misconstruction his
contemporaries put upon his able leader
on "The Demand for More Men. "
Pecb's Sun.
Young man, it is well enough to be
neat and tasteful in your dress, but it Is
better to be more concerned as to the
social set in which you move than about
the set of your coat or pantaloons. -
Boston Transcript.
I'll hate that MANI exclaimed Mrs,
Upperbea. "I'd like to make his life
miserable" "Tell you what" said her
husband warmly, "I'll send the villain
an invitation to your musicale. Well
torture him. "-Burdette.
Some one is said to have invented
substance that can be seen through
more clearly than glass. We don't
know what 1t can be unless it is mans
excuse to his wife for not returning
home before 2 n. m.-NeW Hduen NeUs.
A downtown druggist has par
rot which he has taught to say "What
pretty girln' whenever woman,
young or old, enters his store, and they
do say that poor, weak man can hard
ly get into the store to buy cigar on q
fine afternoon. PHILADELPHIA Call.
-Farmer-Maria, there's tramp
sleeping IN the wood-pile. Farmers
wife-Well. let him alone. He won't
disturb anything-Yes, but he may have
a nightmare and get up and split it all
up. I couldn't stand the shock, Maria.
Guess I'd better wake him.-Tid- Bits.
-"Ann," said landlady to her new
girl, "when there's bad news, particu-
larly private atllictions, always let the
boarders know it before dinner. It
may seem strange to you, Ann, bnt
such things make a great difference in
the eating in the course of year. IN.
Y. Telegram.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
ALL ABOUT LACROSSE.
An Indian Game Which Has Become
Popular In All Parts OF the World.

An Indian Game Which Has Become
Popular In All Parts of the World.
There is no doubt that this game is of
Indian origin. 1t was first seen by
Europeans when the French explored
the territory along the st. Lawrence
river and the great lakes, in the seven
teenth century. Among the Algonquin
Indians the game was not merely re-
creation, but a training school for young
warriors, and they played it on the
grassy meadows in the summer time.
and on the ice in winter. They used q
ball of stuffed skin, and a bat like a
hickory stick with net of reindeer hide
attached to the curved part of it. The
best-known indian name of the game
was baggataway. Its present name
was given to it by the French settlers of
Canada, because of the similarity of the
stick used in the game, in shape, to
Bishops crosier. Lacrosse was adopted
rs game by the white residents of
Canada some forty years ago, but it did
gain much popularity till about 1860.
when the Montreal Club was organized.
The game was first played in England
IN 1867, when gentleman of Montreal
took eighteen Indian players, of the
Caughnawaga tribe, thither, who played
it before large assemblies. The result
was the organization of number OF
Lacrosse clubs in England and Scotland,I
and the game isnow very popular there.
1t was first introduced into the United
States about three years later and the
first club in this country was the Mo-
hawk Lacrosse Club of Troy, N. Y. In
1879 the National Lacrosse Association
was organized here. 1t would be inn
possible, in our brief space, to give any
synopsis of the rules of the game; these
must be learned from book on the
subject, but we will outline briefly how
the game is played. There are twenty
four contestants, twelve on each side,
with the captains (not necessarily
players) two umpires and referee.
The twenty-four players are each pro-
vided with crosse. The two captains
are not allowed to carry crosse, their
official work on the field being simply
to coach the players. At each end
of the field of play stands goal, con-
sisting of two posts, SIX feet high and
six feet apart. These goals must be at
least 125 yards apart, otherwise there
is no restrictive rule on the length and
with of the field. The Indians used q
much larger field than any used in the
game as adopted by white ball-players.
The ball. which is of rubber, should
weigh not over four ounces nor meas
ure more than eight inches in circum-
ference. The theory of the game is
merely that each side strives to send
the ball through the goal of the other
side, and the side that does this the
most times within specified period
wins the match. The players on each
side stand at certain fixed points. The
ball must not be handled in any way;
it must be picked up. carried or thrown
only by means of the crosse. This i'm
plement, as now used, is bent stick
covered with netting. Chicago Inter-
Ocean.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
SINGING AND DRAMA.
Richard wagner's Belief That Men Sans
Before They Spoke.

Richard Wagner's Boiler That Men sans
Before They Spoke.
The opcratic convention by which an
expiring parsonage may sing and con-
tinue singing for some little time (not
for twenty minutes, as in Tristan and
Isolde') is no more remarkable, sing
ing being once admitted as dramatic
language, than the analogous one
which, in the spoken drama, permits
all heroes and heroines of tragedy to
declaim before they die. To those who
refuse to accept the essential conditions
of operatic art almost every thing that
takes place in musical drama must
seem ridiculous. In all forms of art
there are certain inevitable postulates
and for lyrico-dramatic purpose it must
be taken for granted that singing is as
natural to man us speaking. Wagner,
IN one of the most striking passages of
opera and drama, seriously maintains
that men sang before they spoke; or, mt
least, that they have uttered cries of
emotion before they learned to express
their wants in detail and with precision.
AS matter of fact, the children of the
present day begin their utterances not
by singing, but by shrieking. 1t is diff.
ficult however. to say where one kind
of a cry ends and the other begins; and
if the original language of man is not
song, neither is it verse, nor the
epigrammatic prose of we'll written
comedy. Once, on the other hand, adj
NIT song as stage language, and the
tones of passion may be reproduced
with all the intensity and force that
music can give; and we acquire form
of drama through which much larger
audiences can be more effectively ad-
dressed than through the spoken drama
i'm which an assembly, body of troops
or any crowd can join with voices and
and not with gestures only in the action
of the piece, and in which various per-
sons can, without perpleXing the audi
ence, utter similar or diverse sentiments
at the same time. James Gazette
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
THE FRAUD" NOT DEAD.

Tho Disgrace OF 1870 Revived Again I'm
tho Person of q Republican Candidate
for the New Mexican Territorial Coun-
ell.
A friend and subscriber in Lincoln
County, N. NJ, writes lis that one ID.
j. M. A. Jewett is running as Re-
publican candidate for election to the
Territorial Council. Our correspond
ent understands that this man was q
member of the Louisiana Returning
Board which robbed Mr.. Tilden of the
Presidency just ten years ago, and he
asks us for the record.
Jewett was not member of the Re-
turning Board, but he was intimately
concerned in the concoction of the
fraud. A carpet-baggcr from Boston,
and the tool and creature of William
Pitt Kellogg, Jewett served in the ca
pacity of secretary of the Republican
Election Committee. The famous cir
cular of Sept. 25, 1876, instructing the
supervisors of registration in the sew
eral parishes just what Republican ma
jority was expected of them, bore jew
etts signature. "You must obtain the
results called for herein without fail, >"
he wrote "Once obtained, your recog-
milton will be ample and generous"
Later he drew up some of the fraudu-
lent protests that were attached to the
withheld returns after it had become
apparent that the Louisiana Returning
Board was to decide the election. His
testimony before the Potter Investi-
eating Committee in 1879 amounted to
a confession.
1t is not necessary to 60 into the de-
tails of Jewett's operations in New Or
leans, for he himself has put on record
documentary evidence of his notorious
character. While the Potter investi-
CATION was in progress Jewett wrote to
his old patron and master, Kellogg, a.
threatening letter, from which we ex-
tract the material passages:
ST. JAMES HOTEL, Feb. IL, 1870.
MY Dear Senator: Having missed you
gesting that you call at my room here AS be-
tween the hours of ten and eleven to- o-morrow.
i do not propose to submit to the con-
sequences of your devious action. / have
screened the Administration and yourself in
many things. Notwithstanding you have
that ny dld not draft the for
original document in your writing and saw
you write it. This is one of many pieces of
documentary evidence which l hold upon
you, which would close your political career
very suddenly If nothing worse befell you.
l have withheld my knowledge of the frauds
committed to carry Louisiana ostensibly for
Packard; but If my friends are to be sacri-
feed by the Administration, do not know
why should continue to do so Imuch pre-
fer to remain on friendly terms with you
and the Administration, but my friends in
Louisiana must be taken care of. and my in
| terests must be consulted In all political ar
rangements In that State. = / shall ex-
pect to see you tomorrow within the hour
named If do not see you shall move i'm
mediately in opposition to your interests.
Yours truly, ID. NJ. j. A. JEwETT.
IN Y Sun
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
An Arithmetical Chestnut.

"There were three boys engaged in
selling apples. Two of them had 30
apples each, and the third had 60 ap-
pies, or exactly as many as tho other
TWO put together. The first hoy sold
his apples at two for one cent, and
therefore took in l5 cents. The second
sold his apples at three for one cent,
and therefore took in 10 cents. The
two together took in 25 cents. But the
third boy sold his GO apples at five for
two cents, and therefore only took in
"a cents. How can this be accounted
forp To sell five apples for two cents
ought to bring in as much as to sell two
of them for one cent, and the other
three for another cent; but 1t seems
that it does not, II different people own
the two apples and the three" ! am
still pondering this perplexing situa-
ton, and am hoping to discover some
important application of 1t in my prl.
vate finances Chicago Journal,
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
AT THE LAST.

A little one played among the flowers,
IN the blush and bloom or summer hours,
she twlned the buds IN q garland fnir,
And bound them up In her shining hair.
...Ah me-" said sho, show happy iii be
When ten yenrs more have gone over me
And 1 am q maiden, with youths bright
glow.
Flushing my cheek and lighting my brow p
Amaiden mused In a pleasant room,
Where the air was filled with a soft perfume; |;
Vases were near OF antique mold,
beautiful pictures rare and old,
And she. OF all the loveliness there,
Was by far the loveliest and most fair.
"Ah mai" sighed she, show happy I'll be
When my hearts true love comes home to
Light q my life, my spirits pride.
a mother bends over cradle nest,
Where she soothed her babe to his smiling
.'Sieep WE'LL" she murmurcd soft and low,
And she pressed her kisses on his brow.
.'Oh, child. sweet child how happy I'll be
II the good God let's thee stay with me
Till later on, in life's evening hour.
Thy strength shall be my strength and
An aged one sat by the glowing hearth,
Almost ready to leave the earth;
Feeble and frail, the race she had run
Had borne her along to the setting sun.
"Ah me" sighed she. in an undertone,
HHow happy I'll be when life Is done!
When the world fades out with Its weary
And soar away to better life."
sTis thus we journey from youth to age,
Longing to turn to another page.
Striving to hasten the years away,
Lighting our hearts with the future ray;
Hoping In earth till its visions fade,
wishing and waiting through sun and shade
Turning, when eorth's last tic Is riven,
10 the beautiful rest that remains in Heaven.
-Christidn at JTOrk.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
Fattening Swine.

Some years ago it was the custom
among farmers TO keep their pigs over
winter and fatten them the next fall.
They would sell them during the win
ter. when they were from eighteen to
twenty months old, at which time they
were expected to weigh from 450 to 500
pounds, Now it is found that good
spring pig can be made to weigh about
500 pounds the next winter, if we'll
cared for and properly fed, and where's
this weight is reached it is plainly to be
seen which plan is the more profitable.
The younger the pig is, the less food it
takes to make a pound OF weight, and
the food that would be required for the
older hog the second year can much
more protitably be given to a younger
animal, as any farmer can find by try-I
ing the experiment nt-Natioaal LiVar'
Stock Journal.
The Ohio Democrat. (Logan, O. [Ohio]) 1886-1906, 1886-11-06
What Have They to ShowP

"The country is pretty nearly de-
fenseless," said Congressman Thomas
Reed in his speech at Young Mems
Hall; "if England should put an IRON
clad in New York harbor she could lay
the city under tribute" Right you
are, Thomas; right rs trivet But
how came we SOP From 1865, Thomas,
when the war closed, until 1875, when
the Democrats frs got foothold in
the House of Repres entatives, you and
your party, Thomas, had entire con-
troll of the Government. During that
ten years, Thomas, you and your par-
ty spent over $3.50, 900, 900 ON the navy,
to say nothing OF your lavish expendi-
lures in other departments. What
did you do in all this time with
all this money to protect the
country against the terrible state of
things you outlined What have you
done IN all the years since when You
have controlled every branch OF the