Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1886-05-18

i NNNIIIn % NWtf W AnNNN INNlHNH
The nrst principle 10 be observed In
mailing . good road Il thorough drainage.
Without thorough drainage gooi road
cannot be maintained, 40 matter how Is IL
constructed The soil under The wearing
surface OF The road mus, be kept dry Al all
seasons Of the year. Ia order To keep u
dry the surface OF the roai must be water.
rrOof. AMI Il must have such slope that
water will Immediately fua Od H. This
will keep the surface dry. Hut this I. not
enough. The foundation under the sur.
face, 20 the depth OF foot or more, mas,
also be kept dry. Therefore the roai must
have cutters OF dlicAes on cacs siie, cs-
peclally where there II not . natural drain.
age slope, sufficiently deep and With sun
Client pitch or grade 80 that water will be
carried rapidly AMI surely away. ani not
stand in pools 20 gradually soak under ihe
foundation of the road.
This. 10 will be seen, requires an accu'
rate survey AMI siaklug OF TIE grades ny
competent civil engineer, the same as for a
/ city paved street Then The roaibei will
need 10 be iurpplked up on AL level places,
from one FOO. 20 two feet above the sur.
rounding level Hut. on slopes whore wa
Ter will run rapidly of naturally, very little
turppiking l. necessary. Everywhere.
however. there should be carefully cou-
s,rucisd CUTTERS or dliches. These can DC
rapidly ard cheaply made
To secure thorough surface drainage.
bat very little rounding up 90 The roai.bed
1. needed Nothing over three OF four
Inches crown ls needed Tor bed even fof.
" feet Wide. The roAd surface, Ia fact,
/ should be nearly fn. especially where
there are slopes lsngthwlse, A. there will
be nearly everywhere The nearly ni
surface i much The most comfortable To
rlie over. or 20 haul loads over Besides
/ II will last longer. not being 80 subject to
what are called "rain guitefs" and nerce
storm, will not - readily sweep away u
top-iressing
rhe covcring 90 The roai.bci must be-
wa,er.Ighi Cay IL uainrcs cheapest
m.ier.a for a watsr.ilsht cover Padded
clay has long been used BY cnglussrs 10 rc.
sist The passage of water. Clean pounded
or rolled clay IL imp-rslols u water.
LAYER of clean clay, In Which there q. m
sAni OF mould. two or three luches ihick.
oo The TOP of fOai.bei When IL has be-.
come pounded down by travel. or when %
has been Artfclaiiy rolled iowa hsri, vii
/ form perfectly watsr.iighi cover fof the
/ road Clay il also the cheapest natural
cement 20 bind together the stone. psbbles
of gravel used lor the opdfcssiug or saf-
| face of the roAi
Af,sr The road bed has been tufnplkcd.
graded. ani otherwise pat In shape Tor
\ foundation. The uext step Il 10 cover ~
Top With a layer OF clean clay from two 10
foaf Inches deep This layer OF clay must
bs Thoroughly rolled down with heavy
roller The bed osgh, - be rollci before
the clay l. pat on. aud then the cliysh should
Al.o be rollei.
Where the natural soil l. clay, the max
iug ~ such a roAi bed IL easy ani cheip.
/ Tue clean clay from the bottom OF the slie
iliche. will serve zoe = top ifcssing. care
/ being taken that there Z, no mixture of
mouli or sand oa the surface, bot only The
/ cleAncst clay
wnerc The natural soil 1. sanity. The
roai.bcd must be prepared 10 The same
way. Ani then clay be procured ffom The
nearest source az supply. Ani usei for top
dressing the Foundation. II thoroughly
clayei. - A. noi 10 leak water, asaniy
.oii will make the most solid AMI durable
road Dry ssni. confined 80 that II cannot
/ move. IL onc OF the m0st ai m ani perma-
uent of all substances. while a. the SANE
time 10 possesses = certain quality of what
may be- described 10 contradictory terms
a. immovAbie elasticity.
II nov rcmAln. oaly % cover the road
With wearing surface. Thls shoali De
of stone ln al cases. Bai the stone may
be applied In d.dcfent forms, A. either
artldclany broken stone, 10 The form us.
uaily callei mtcAiam. or la The form OF
either pare or mixed pebbles or gravel
When there are lodges OF rock near At
hand. or boalicr. and cobole-si0nts seat.
tered about. macadAm road may De
cheapest Any stone. except sanisione,
may be usei. a. limestone Of Any variety,
granite. trap. oonglomeraie, bouliers,
cobbls.stone, etc The stone should be
broken with steam sione-erushcr, inio
piece. not larger than one inch square.
II should De remembered always that
tie ensr the stone The better the road
Hence. whether stone bs afilnclally broken
az be natural pebbles or gravel, no piece
larger than one aud half inches square
ought 20 be allowed to 20 upon the roai'
bsi. II the very best results are aimed Al
And steam stOne-crusher will crush stone
10 anv slIs required 50 rapidly and cheaply
thAt money i gained by doing the work
well. And uslng none but doe stone. One
inch square IL better than any larger slte,
while doe screened rOOnug gravel or peo'
hes. clean AMI free from mould or sand,
in which no pebble Is larger than cherry,
makes the very best stone road. The
surface OF the road should be covered two
inches or more deep with broken stone OF
pebbles. and then rolled dOwn. As these
stones become pounded down by travel,
they are held In place ~ the bottom by the
clay. and thel. own dust IL natural ce'
meut. which, under the infaence OF rAln.
form. hard, waier.,ight, smooth Ani
durable i0or. such = stone road will last
forever. only needing repairs Al long In
tervA. Aud such repairing consists Ia
merely throwing upon worn spots little
more broken stone OF pebbles. The older
such 4 road l., the less repslrs IL will need,
a. is stone nDOr becomes more aud more
solid aud thick. Bat care must be taken
yearly 10 clear out the CUTTERS or dltehes,
10 make sure that the foundation Is always
kepidry.
In nearly all parts OF the cOsairy where
the natural soil Is clay there may be found
bed. and great deposits OF clay and gravel
already mixed by nature. Wherever such
A deposit Is found, 10 will be observed that
N forms = natural gravel road, II Travelled
over. Such natural clay gravel may be
used. and il extensively used in CAnada, 10
cover road surfaces. This avoids The ne
cesslty OF claying the road'bed. ~ the
gravel Is naturally mixed with clay In
aboui the right proportions. Therefore,
All that Is needed IL 20 spread alsyer ofthls
natural clay gravel over the road.bei. pre-
pared as above directed, 20 depth OF TWO
or three inches. There are hundreds or
miles OF excellent roads made 10 this way.
Bat, In making this kind OF road, q
little shiftlessness may spoil the JOB. In
the United States such shlftlessness is too
common. Such natural gravel almost a.
WAYS contains stones which are Too large
10 be allowed In q really good road surface
stones OF more than one and ahalf Inches
In diameter. Every such stone should be
picked out. One OF the mSxims or Mac
Adam, the great roai.bullier. was that ey-
ery stone larger than one inch Ia diameter
4. likely TO be knocked loose by the shock
OF travel, thereby disturbing the road sur
face. preventing The cemeniins OF the
smaller stones near IL, admitting water,
and producing 4 bad spot 10 the roai. lie
laid down ~ rule that, "a stoae which
exceeds one inch In any OF its dimensions
4. mlschieyOus," and is q positive damage
20 the road. Aud he Was correct IL viii
pay 10 screen the gravel. In case there are
in IL maoy stones which exceed one ineh