davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Nitrogen is, commercially, the most
costly of any fertilizing element. Or
ganic nitrogen is the nitrogen of animal
matter, as well as vegetable, and is
found in the decomposing material of
either. 1t is Immediately available from
blood, meat, stable manures and de-
composed vegetable matter, and but
slowly available, if at all, from hair,
leather, hoofs, ETC.; hence some fertil-
izers that have the nitrogen furnished
from the aforementioned materials an
alyze better than they prove in use. For
this reason the manufacturer should
state from what material he manufac-
tured his goods or the constituent parts.
Ammonia and nitric acid are the results
of the alteration of organic nitrogen.
They can be purchased as sulphate of
ammonia, or as nitrate of soda. Seven
teen parts of ammonia, or siXty-siX
parts of pure sulphate of ammonia, con-
tain fourteen parts of nitrogen. Eighty
five parts of nitrate of soda contain
fourteen parts of nitrogen. Nitrogen
is estimated at value of eighteen cents
per pound.
Soluble Phosphoric Acid implies that
III is soluble III pure wafer. lnlS Is
readily dissolved by the rain and dis
tributed in the soil, that it may be taken
up by plants. Its application requires
great care, that it may be distributed so
as not to be too strong in places. If so,
the rootlets of plants are injured and
full benefit is not derived. Estimated
value, nine cents per pound.
Reverted Phosphoric Acid means that
it was once fully soluble in water, but
from chemical change has become in
soluble in pure water, yet experiment
shows it is so in the impure water con-
tanned in our soils, but not as rapidly
as if soluble. 1t is supposed that the
soluble becomes reverted in our soil
after having been dissolved, and then
is more uniform in its availability. If
so, the reverted acid is more valu-
able than the strictly soluble, as its APP
plication is less difficult and the danger
of injury lessened. In this condition it
is freely taken up by strong solution
of ammonium citrate, which is there
fore used to determine its quantity.
Those who claim it is not so valuable
for fertilizing, claim that it is not so
easily distributed by rain. Estimated
value, eight cents per pound-though
it is equally valuable with the soluble
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
VARIOUS QUESTIONS.

Mr.. Editor:-I have seen several questions
in the WATcHMAN in regard to ashes. Now
would like to ask few: /. Do you con-
slider soft-wood ashes as valuable as a fertil-
izer as those made from hardwood? 2. If
not, how much less are they worth per
bushel? g. Should you buy ashes at twenty
cents per bushel in preference to.manure
(of fair quality at seventy-fve cents per
load of about one-third cord? 4. What har-
row do you consider the best for all pur-
poses? B. Please give your method of rails
ing potatoes and seeding down to grass.
Young FARMER, Grafton County, N. II.
REPLY and 2. Soap-makers do
not find soft-wood ashes as good as
hardwood for their purpose, but chem
ical analysis does not reveal the differ
ence that we might expect. The quail
ity of ashes varies good deal accord
ing to the soil upon which the tree
grows, as well as upon the kind of tree.
Johnson, in How Crops Crow" gives
the per cent of potash in the ashes of
various trees as follows: Birch, twelve
Beech, sixteen; Oak, ten; Poplar, four
teen; Elm, twenty-one; Eastwood, thir-
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
HOW MUCH TO THE ACRE?

An Old Reader" New Haven, Vt,
asks how much of the bone and ashes
mixture should be applied per acre on
good fair land. We reply to this, as we
have so many times to like questions,
that it is vain to expect betteri results,
dollars worth for dollars worth, in the
use of any artificial fertilizer than we
can get from stable manure. If it would
require twenty two-horse loads of good
stable manure to give the crop you de-
sire in an ordinary season, itsis vain to
expect that crop from less expendi-
ture in fertilizers, when fertilizers alone
are used. Thus, if the twentyLloads
are worth 500, then use say four barrels
of bone eight hundred pounds), costing
SIG, and eight barrels of ashes. When
thus used, the mixture gives not only
as good crop as the twenty loads of
manure, but is also quite as lasting and
effective on succeeding crops.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
and should be estimated at nine cents,

and should be estimated at nine cents,
and / should so figure it.
InSOMble Phosphoric Acid.-This is
phosphate of lime as in bones, or as
found in the phosphate beds of South
Carolina, or the apatite rock of Canada.
1t is too coarse and compact to be dis
solved either by water or ammonium
citrate. If it is reduced to very fine
powder it is, however, available, and if
as fine as the reverted which has been
made so by being once dissolved, / see
no reason why it should not be as good
as the reverted. l find by experience
that bone-dust, or the mineral when
very fine, is truly available, and / be-
lieve the farmer will by-and-by use it
almost entirely in this way Now
valued from two and one-fourth cents
per pound in the fine ground rock, to
six cents in bonedust, as it has been
found by experiment that it becomes
available in the soil much more readily
than at first supposed.
POtdsh.-This is the fertilizing ingre-
dent in wood ashes, and the base of
various potash salts. 1t is most costly
as sulphate, value seven cents per
pound, and cheapest as muriate or
chloride, value three and one-fourth
cents per pound. AS in superphos-
pilates, estimated at four and one-half
cents.
The foregoing are the ingredients
from which the valuable part of the fer
tilizers sold are made up, though these
desirable portions are, of course, OBJ
tanned from material in its crude condi-
ton much cheaper than at market rates.
This is the legitimate profit of the man
ufacturer, as the farmer would usually
be compelled to buy in market. 1t is,
however, desirable for any farmer to do
so when he can make a saving thereby.
If he cannot buy the compound desired,
he must prepare it himself or meet with
loss. Let no farmer be afraid to test the
capabilities of his land, as he may, and
usually can, as result get much larger
profits.
ESTIMATION.
The estimated value of the fertilizers
analysed can be readily found by null
tiplying the number of pounds in ton,
as found from percentage, by the price
per pound, as given above, and adding
the results obtained from the different
multiplications together. This shows
very great difference in their worth and
is well worthy the attention of farmers
when they are about to purchase.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
FERTILIZER TABLES WANTED.

ell" writes from Miller's Falls,
Mass. "I would like to know the
chemical value of cotton-seed meal
and wheat-bran-that is, the amount of
potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid
contained in one hundred pounds. /
would like to know if for potatoes it
would not be well to add to your formula
more ashes on worn-out grass land
Would one ton to the acre be too much
for profit? 1 wish the experiment sta
tions would give the manurial value of
the different kinds of feed, especially
those we buy. l shall try your formula
for potatoes this spring"
REMARKs.-We have been so i'm
pressed with the need which L." ex-
presses that we recently wrote to Pro-
fessor Collier, at Washington, urging
him to prepare a small book that could
be sold for dollar, containing full Ia
bes of both feeding and manurial val
ues, and a synopsis of all the work of
the experiment stations in a plain form,
such as any farmer with fair English
education can understand. We believe
such book would have large sale.
According to table we have prepared
for our own use, cotton-seed meal of
average quality contains six per cent of
nitrogen, two per cent of potash and
three per cent of phosphoric acid. This
makes very rich manure, with far too
little phosphoric acid for its nitrogen.
Wheat-bran contains between two and
three per cent of nitrogen, about one
and one-half per cent of potash and
three per cent of phosphoric acid. This
also is roportionally much too rich in
nitrogen. The manure made from
these rich feeding stuffs would be made
far more profitable by mixing with it
about one hundred pounds of ground
bone to every ton of manure. We think
good way to do this would be to scat
ter the bone by hand over the manure
in the cellar from time to time as uni
formly as possible. Probably finely
ground South Carolina phosphate rock
would answer the same purpose at
less cost. The dung of richly-fed stock
is almost always wastefully rich in nitro
gen, unless the balance is kept up
by the addition of phosphoric acid in
some form.
We have no doubt that for potatoes
on light land run out in grass much
heavier proportion of ashes would be
advantageous in our bone and ashes
formula, as ell" suggests. We use
ashes as a drier when it is prepared for
sowing, usually, though sometimes plas-
ter, which seems to have power to de-
velop potash in the soil. A dressing of
one thousand pounds of the formula
should give good crop of potatoes,
even on rather poor land Sow on the
furrow, and harrow in.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21

weeds in as well as between the rows,
and does it as fast again as any kind of
hoeing. We aim to keep our potato
and corn-fields as near level as possible.
Some kick at digging potatoes planted
so deep, but the extra crop pays for the
extra work many times over, and there
are no green ends. We hope our friend
J. G. G.. will give up manuring in the
hill. You cannot put manure anywhere
within six inches of the surface that
the plant will not find it. Put in the
hill, there is too much in one place and
not enough elsewhere. Experience
will show that the more equally and
evenly any fertilizer is distributed, the
better will be the crop.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21

The methods used in analysis were such
as are usual, and were as follows
Phosphoric Acid-The phosphoric
acid was determined by the ammonium
citrate method as recommended by the
convention of agricultural chemists at
Atlanta, Georgia, and precipitated with
magnesia solution.
Potash.-The potash was determined,
as usual, by means of platinum BIZ
chloride.
Nitrogen.-The total nitrogen was
determined by the absolute method
with copper oxide.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
Geeal CLOTHES.
Wis II. ALDEN's ESTATE.

Wis II. ALDEN'S ESTATE.
n STATE OF VERMONT, Washington District. 49,.
In Probate Court held at Montpelier in and for
said District, on the 18th day of April A. ID. 1856
An instrument and codcil theretD purporting to be
the last viii andTestament of Avis H. Alden, late of
Calais, in said District deceased, being presented to
the Court for Probate 1t is ordered by said Court that
all persons concerned therein he notified to appear
at a session of said Court, TO be held at the Probate
Office in Montpelier, the It'll day of May, A.
d. Ss6 and show cause If any they may have against
the Probate of said will for which purpose 1t is
further ordered that notice of this order be pub
lished three weeks successfully in the Vermont
Waterman a. State jOUrHdi, printed at Montpelier,
previous to said time appointed for hearing.
BY the COurt.--Attest.
1850 HIRAM CARLETON, Judge
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
The State Analysis of Fertilizers.
TABLES OF INTEREST AND VALUE
FOR ALL FARMERS.

The following analyses by Professor
w. w. Cooke, state chemist, have just
been received. The samples were care
fully drawn from different lots in various
parts of the state, and the analyses
show generally considerable improve
ment in the different grades previously
sold. This, with the decline in price,
are both advantageous to the farmer.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
WILLIAM II. FARG0,s ESTATE;

w e
The undersigned, having been appointed by the
Honorable Probate Court for the District of Wash
mgton, Commissioners, to receive, examine and
adjust all claims and demands of all persons against
the estate of William II. Fargo late of Duxbury, in
said District, deceased, and all claims exhibited in
offset thereto, hereby give notice that we will meet
for the purposes aforesaid, at Richardson Fuller
tons store in Waterbury, ON the 18th day of July
and 18th day of October next from one o'clock p. NJ.
until four O'clock each of said days and that six
months from the 18th day of April A. ID. 1856, is the
time limited by said Court for said creditors TO pre-
sent their claims to us for examination and allow
ance.
Dated at Waterbury, this 18th day of April, A.
ID. 1856
,ou y IA niS H & FTTLLHERToN Commissioners.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
w.P. DILLINGHAM; Communications,
40 +. ii. ATHERToN, commissioner
A RTEMAs NEwHALL's ESTATE.

IA SHAVE OF NEKMVN 7, WashlngtOn DlstrlCt, IS.
In Probate Court, held at Montpelier in said Dis
trct ON the 18th day of April, A. d. 1856
ID. ID. Woodward Administrator of the estate of
ARENAS Newhal late of Waterbury, in said District,
deceased presents his administration account for
animation and allowance, and makes application for q
decree of distribution and partition of the estate OF
said deceased. Whereupon, II Is ordered by said Court
that said account and said application be referred
to session thereof, to be held at the Probate
A. ID. lss6 for hearing and decision thereon And
1t Is further ordered that notice hereof be given
to all persons interested, by publication of the
three weeks successfully IN the Vermont .Wdtchmdn
g. State Journal newspaper published at Montpelier,
previous said time appointed for hearing that they
may appear at said time and place, and show cause,
II any they may have why said account should not
be allowed, and such decree made.
by the Court.-Attest,
$3.50 HIRAM CARLETON, Judge.
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21

NOTICE.--Whereas my wife, Hattie 7. willard,
~ and myself living separately this is to notify
all persons that she has no authority to make pur-
chases or incur debts ON my account,
FRANK Z. WILLARD,
Dated this 9Th day of April, 1856. 4l49
The Vermont watchman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1883-1911, 1886-04-21
ALBERT IL. sELLECK's ESTATE.

LBERT ii. SELLECK'S ESTATE.
N COMMISSIONERS NOTICE.
The undersigned, having been appointed by the
Honorable Probate Court for the District of Wash
ington, Commissioners, to receive, examine and adj
just all claims and demands of all persons against
the estate of Albert H. Selleck late of Needham, in
the State of Massachusetts, deceased and all claims
exhibited in offset thereto hereby give notice that
we will meet for the purposes aforesaid at W. L.
Dillinghams office, In Waterbury, in said Dis
trict, on the Sd day of May and Sd day of
July next, from one o'clock z. NJ. until four
o'clock NJ, each of said days, and that six months
from the 5th day of February, A. ID. lsS6 is the
time limited by said Court for said creditors to pre-
sent their claims to us for examination and allow
ance
Dated at Waterbury, this LIST day of March. A.
ID. 1885.
T.e VII A pTriHhEiRSTHorNA"' Commissioners.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25

home Of the prostitute, the resort Of thieves
murderers and gamblers. Solong had its res
idents enjoyed immunity that they had come
to believe that they could not be dislodged,
and they became correspondingly impudent
and daring. But at length it occurred to some
one that the street should be cleared, and a
movement was set on foot to that end by GER
tain of the citizens who We're interested in
stopping the infamous goings-on of that
neighborhood. That was only few days ago,
but so we'll was the work done that on Sunday
last, day usually given up to drunken orgies
in that quarter, it was one of the quietest In
the entire city. It was demonstrated that
with anything like earnestness the whole in
famous business could be killed.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25
TELEGRAPHIC BREYITIES.

telegram from Thomasvle Ga. reports
that Frank Coleman. farmer. became enraged
at his wife, and knocked her down with hoe
He then got a razor aud cut her throat Officers
are in pursuit of the murderer.
Swain Anderson wealthy and respected
farmer residing near Mountain Grove. Mo-, was
shot and killed, Saturday night while on his
way home from Masonic lodge meeting. No
motive except robbery is given as the cause oil
the murder
The whereabouts Of William S. Warner is
still a mystery. Those who are in position to
know where he is, either declare that they dc
not know in what quarter of the world he may
be found. or frankly say that they are unwilling
to tell where he is
The fourth floor of West Water-street block
at Milwaukee. occupied by the Brunswick Bake
Billiard Table Company gave way yesterday,
carrying with it the floors below. Property in
the way Of billiard tables in the course of con-
struction machinery, etc. will probably aegre-
gate loss OF $40, 600; loss on building, $4,000.
freight train on the Chicago e. Alton rail
road. while approaching Slater. Mo-, on Sunday,
dashed into drove OF cattle, killing three of the
animals. Their carcasses threw the engine of
the track and derailed ten cars. The fireman,
Pres Monday, was instantly killed. Engineer
Love and brakeman Kughter were seriously in
jured.
Joseph Thompson, while intoxicated on the
farm of Charles Aziere, twelve miles northwest
of Seneca, Kan. Sunday night. attacked Henry
Selbaugh and Nix Azere and seriously cut the
former in the arm and side severing one rib and
wounding him fatally. In the melee Thompson
was struck with aneck yoke, and his jaw broken
Deputy Sheriff Harrison arrested him.
John Russei. al employs in the ST. Lexis b
San Francisco railroad shops at Springfield
mo- while temnng.-iiy insane. attempted to kill
his wife and child, early yesterday morning by
cutting their throats. He cut his wife fright
fully, but she escaped and gave the alarm, and
when the neiphbors arrived at the house they
found the would be murderer dead on the foov.
with bullet in his brain. Mrs. Russell and her
child may recover.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25
COMMENT AND OPINION.

GERONIMO continues to bury the Ratchet in
his white neighbors. St Louis Post-Dispatch.
JEFFERSON DAVIS" says Chicago news
paper, ''speaks elegant English" Yes, bat he
speaks rather too much of it.-Arkansaw Trav
eler
of public trust. there will be no Jaehnes: and
until they do. their number will be only one less.
Philadelphia Telegraph
MATTHEW ARNoLDs last argument against
home rule tends to produce the belief that the
last remnant of sweetness and light Is about
used up. -Pittsburg Dispatch.
IL one hundred dollar bribe could buy prior
ty for the Bell telephone patent, the ordinary,
commonplace sort of inventions ought to come
pretty cheap Boston Record
Mr. PowDERLY has no lack of texts and
lawful examples" But he must either become
a great power for good, or collapse aHd soon be
forgotten. He can't stand stilL-New York Mail
and Express.
THE receipts of the Congressional Record last
year were 81 600. and the expenses $125. 000 A
man is needed to conduct that able journal who
is not prejudiced against the use of plates. Chi
cago Tribune
EIGHT hours is coming to be days work as
surely as ten hours came years ago. But il
will come as the result of agitation, and of a
general and gradual acceptance of the rule
throughout the country--not by arbitrary or
ders.-Boston Herald.
WHAT misfortune it is that the Pan electric
scandal is not swept out of existence by the res
igpation of Mr. Garland so thu. an end could at
once be made of that, and the other question of
the Bell monopoly coald be investigated without
ENHANCEMENT with it Brooklyn Union.
THE Intelligent leaders of associations of
workmen have realized that the present striking
and boycotting craze has given set back TO the
efforts of workmen to elevate their condition by
the power of combination: that the strike as
weapon for raising the wages of workmen. is
failure. having cost them vastly more than they
have gained by it; thar the boycott is unjusti-
fable, hateful, and ut war with the protection
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25

which the law owes to the ctizen that It's hate
fulness will soon disarm it of its power and that
workmen's associations would save themselves
from popular odium by disowning the boycott
altogether. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette
THE report OF M. Rousseau ION the Panama
CANAL, will probably sound the knell of the
most audacious and unprinepled scheme that
has been attempted since the South sea bubble
burst and M. De Lessepss wonderful assurance
will be exhibited in vain, while his rose-colored
reports and prospectuses will be relegated to the
realm of fiction. where they properly belong.
New York Tribune
MARTIN Irons is type of the unrefecting
and violent disturbers who have chiefly caused
the labor difficulties He fairly represents the
men who live by melting strikes and who would
rather feed upon the contributions of labor than
upon the earnings of their own hands. He has
cost his fellow-workmen more than a million
dollars, and has been as inimical TO their true
interests as the Anarchists " no threw the bomb
in Chicago. Philadelphia Press.
WE state it as fact within the knowledge of
everybody familiar with corporations that reg
ular item of expenditure with many of them is
large one for influencing legislation. 1t is
looked upon not only a necessary but a justi-
fable outlay. Nothing but the startling revela
ton that every man in any way sanctioning such
outlay is liable to imprisonment will have much
effect to stop this business. New York Evening
Poet
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25

The tile works are enjoying the experience
of strike, under the auspices of the knights
of Labor with the usual concomitants of SEN
tinels from the Knights guarding the prop.
erty to see that nodamage is done The propri
etors will probably be permitted ingress and
egress to and from the premises. A strike at this
time is greatly to be regretted and from the
variant statements of employer and employees
it is not easy to determine what justice there
is in the movement. If all the assertions of
the men are of the nature of one credited to
some of them as to the profits of the works
last year, there is not only stupendous ignor-
ance, but something akin to malicious idiocy,
influencing them.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-05-25

THE Boston Advertiser sharply criticises
the House committee which, in providing for
the continued employment of $50 special
pension examiners, assigns their appoint
ment to the Commissioner of Pensions, with
out regard to civil-service rules This, the
Advertiser thinks, was done to enable the
Commissioner to thin out all whose politics
he does not like, and to give their places to
Democrats. Perhaps this is the correct idea,
but it will be remembered that when the APP
pointments came under the civil-service rules
last year, General Black found no difficulty in
getting in seventy-two Democrats out of
seventv-fve appointed in one batch. The task
of thinning out will not be very wearing on
his energies