davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Warner A. Work.


NEW YORK. Jan. 5.--In the federal
court to-day counsel for w s. Warner
and ]. b. Work, areuHd the demurrer
against them in connection with the
transactieps of The Maru bA;k. Coun-
Sc; argued that their clients were not
guilty OF any breach OF trust and could
not be as they were not officers of the
bank that II any wrong had been com
mltted it wss by ihe Officers of the bshk,
and these officers had been passed BY to
indict the gentlemun b-fore the bar
That there were reasons why n ne ct
these officers we're indicted. The
charge that The defendants undertook &c
defend U. S. Grant was lugged In
in order &c Lring the case be.
fore the federal court, because General
Grant was an ex- president of the Uaited
States The charge was mt sustained
because the indictment did not show
that General Grant was q depOsitor IL
the Marine bank.
Counsel for the prosecution replied il
detail to all the arguments adduceC
against the suff1cicncy.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
THE TELEPHONE.

The Boston daily Advertiser publiahes
the account Of someVhat remarkaele
lecture delivered By Prof. Lockwood be
fore the Lowell Institute an that city, on
Biography In general and the growth OF
the telephone IN particular. In the
course Of his lecture Prof lockwood an
/ formed hIs audience that the frat line tel
phone circuit Was opened on the 9TH Of
April, 1877 between CouTtstreet, Boston.
and private residences in Somerville,
distance Of about i've miles, and within
AK weeks thereafter enIerprislng men,
who fully appreciated the discovery,
supplied capital with 9 liberality that
led 70 che introduction Of the telephone
exchange system, and made the dIscOy-
cry of such practical commercial value
&c to bring enormous returns even TO the
flrst investors. Improvements in meth
DDS Of Transmission followed each other
ia rapid succession and were dulv
patented, and upon the advent OF the
Blake transmitteF il was thought perfec-
ton had been reached; but the work of
the electricians show Us We are still
far from perfection in thus great discov-
cry. The Adcertfser Gums up the infor-
nation furnished by Professor Lock-
wood when IL says:
The growth of the telephone 10 shoWn
In the fact that In August, 1877. the
number of instruments 10 use IN this
country was only $50. while In F brus-
~. 1880. there were 60,SO9; 0,700 in
1888; 3O7.OI0 in 1884, and IN February,
1885 3l5, 574 There are about Is GOO 10
Canada and Is 600 IN Great Britain. The
number of exchanges has grown from
100 IN 1880 to 1872 in 1885. In January
of the present year there were 2S7 ,223
miles of telephone wire In this country.
There ART 5.169 persons furnished EN-
plovmenI by the exchanges. More DIFF
ferent patents have been issued on the
telephone than in any other single line
of invention in the country. The total
number for the ten years is SCI. With
these results before US, who can tell
what another such century shall bring
forth?
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Fire in Marion

MARION, Kas., Jan. 2-What is the
usual final history of frame rows IN
cities of any size may be written this
morning of the longest row on Main
street In this city.
At about O'Clock this morning fire
was discovered In the rear of A. E.
Downs grocery, aud In two hours the
entire row from the corner of Main and
Third streets, west OF the First National
bank. to the stone building occupied by
John s Christie 8 Co, bankers, was in
ashes. The origin of the fire is unknown
The loss is as follows: William Ben.
ward, confectionery and bakery,
stock, $500; insurance. 800. A. E.
Downes, grocery, stock, $4,000; insur-
ance, 700. James B. Mccain, barber
shop; no insurance, tools and chair saw
I'd. air. Jenkins, confectionery ard
bakery, st 'ck, $1,000; insurance, 800.
James B trron, merchant tailor, stock,
$3.50; insurance. $500. Mrs. Searls,
millinery store. stock. $500; insurance,
$500. N J Blurred, cigar factory and
tobacco stock. 81, 200; insurance. 5000
There was no insurance on buildings ex-
cept $3.50 on q small building owned by
Mrs. @ G. Bates. The remaining build
ings were owned by A. E. Case and 10
seph BowrOn. A large portion of the
stock was saved by being removed to
other buildings.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
MN. sinttIng Down.

ALLENTOWN, Pa Jan 5.-The water
in the LehIgh river was swollen eight
feet by the rain of yesterday. To day
the city is practically without drinking
winter, as the pumps at the water works
were flooded and rendered useless The
Grossman furniture factory was compel.
led to shut dnwo At Bethlehem the
water ia b cklDg Into the b Ter hou 2
at the Bethlehem iron works and put
ting cut the fires. That company WAS
Obliged to shut down. The mill will b.
idle fer some time.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
From a New Dictionarx.

Anger-The reaction of others faults
upon ourselves.
Army-A body of men kept one thous-
and DAYS to be used on one.
Bachelor-A wild goose that tame
geese envy.
Benevoience-A service that the re-
ceiyer should remember and the bestow-
er forget.
ChiId-The future in the present
Coouette-A mirror that receives all
images, but preserves none
Consistency-A church without a
mortgage on it.
Conyersation-The idle mans BUSH
ness and the business mans recrea-
ton.
Crying-A woman's weakness and
child's strength.
Death-The dealer that sweeps in the
bone chips.
Debt-The example set by a govern
ment to its people.
Family-Matrimony doing penance.
Fashion-A decree that enhances
beauty, but makes homeliness the moro
conspicuous.
Heart-The abyss Of reason.
Heiress-A capital wifel
Hope-The bridge between our long
ings and fruition, beneath which flow
the waters of disappointment
Inconsistency-A woman's preroga-
| tive; for which we never blame her un-
| less we are its victims.
| Ink-The black sea upon which
thought rides at anchor.
Jealousy-The homage paid by infer
iority to merit
| J1stice-Truth in action.
LAVA trap baited with promise o.
profit or revenge.
Lawyers-The heirs of intestates.
| Love-A frozen deep; before you ven
ture see If it viii bear.
| Lovers-The misguided.
Luxury-the labor Of the wealthy.
Mankfnd-Pieces in game OF chess
played by destiny.
Marriage-The only lottery not pu
down.
Miror-A shrine, before which tn,
functions Of worshiper, priest and d
vinity are all enacted by the same party
Miser-One who makes bricks tina
his heirs may build houses.
Money-To the wise convenience, =
the fool necessity.
Old MAZDA woman who has missel
, the opportunity Of making man haE
Pavnbroker-The man who hold
your coat while you fight.
Poet-One who may bestow inmol
tality upon others, yet finds it difficul
} himself even to live.
? Poetry-Thought IN blossom.
, Prison-An oven into which societ
puts newly made crime to harden.
Revenge The only debt which It
wrong to pay. :,
81 Rivera moving road, at once L
2 highway and the conveyance.
Space-The ststue Of divinity.
Spoon-A hand without fingers
SfarEJeWeled heads in the rosaril
: Of heaven
6uceeasA yeneer;ng that can hi
& all baseness
Taxe Periodical bleeding Is p
eerfoed 81 Ro4sE1lllaezlt
Temps be test c soul
T6afIsfSa On Is Esi5ses
st1fe Il The ssllyuss q CO
3 1Iniso tie ai.ess a atom; e 6
s .Xcune, a.slegzsls
.ssgsssles.ys N nissns &
~
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
srArEnAn Assoo1Arlon


The State Bar association VIII meet in
Topeka Janusry 18th. Il is believed
this mestiAg viii be one of great inter
est. and = large attendance Is expected.
The annual election Of officers will take
place. and much other business Of ia
portAnce viii come M. The followisg
h the program.
Opening address, The proposed Cen-
sltutionAl Convention" by Chisf ] o.
tice A. 81. Horton. Of Atchison.
Qualification, (" George r. Peck, 10.
peka.
.oar Jury System" 7. F. Gnvst
lima.
"a LauYsE." q. G. elus.. Wick
sThe sHpgems Coartr L 3. EsiI5
EmporiA.
sThs Integrity o. DE Legal
slonss ". .. Wsnb. AichIson
-Libsls 3 =. Brewer. EsssVs.
ms oscselgJ a Ilso susorielIs
- Aaz..lgle1. 1 8 rt
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
THB STORE.
It Appears to Have Been General
Throughout the Country.
Heavy Rains and Snow Produce /,
Flood IN Pennsylvania.
The President Gives HIS Views on
the Silver Question.
Eaxwelrs Trial to Take PIaOs Nsxi
Month.


CHICAGO. Jan. 5.-Dispstches received
here this morning indicate that the
heaviest snow storm OF the season pre-.
vailed very generally throughout the
West and northwest yesterday and last
Eight.
In some sections It WAS accompanied
by very high winds. which dFitied the
snow badly. A fall OF from fifteen to
thirty inches is reported from different
parts of Wisconsin.
In many localiues trains are badly
delayed and travel Is impeded. In this
place q high wind has been bio wing
tinee midnight, accompanied by light
Snow.
FLOOD.
PITTsBUR6, Jan ga Bradford spe-
clAi sa5s: Heavy rAlhs Tor the past two
days aud large Quantities OF snow in
the tiDIbeIed hills have conspIred TO pro
Ouce the most violent flood known III
m4nv years along DrlftwoOd and Sim
nAmah ming creeks.
IHOusaEus oI logs from the mills have
broken from their fastenings and are
going down the stream. 1t is
said the loss to lumbermen
will approach 100000. At this place
over two feet OF water is in many streets.
All telegraphic communication 20 the
east ls lost and trains are Obliged to flag
their way east.
Reports from Cameron state that the
greater part of the place is under water,
and residents are in great
fear lest their houses be
swept away. Many residences had
% be vacated. A million feet of logs
were torn loose and sN ept down Hunts
rLn. Saw mills and dams at various
places along the creeks are much ex-
posed and In Iminent danger of being
carried away.
IN WESTERN KANSAS.
COLBY, Kan, Jan. 3-ThroughOut
western Kansas about eight inches of
snow has fallen today, accompanied bv
a high wind, drifting The snow in great
heaps. On account of the fury of the
storm ali travel has ceased. Settlers
generally are well supplied with feed
for stock A great deal of rain and snow
has fallen in Thomas county in the last
three weeks.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
FOR TWENTY-FIVE FEARS


The Junction City Union has the FOL.
lowing TO say concerning . well known
LeavenWorIh citizen:
We we're favored with call. ruesdav
from Mr.. Samuel + BuTdett, of Leaven.
worth. who Is grand secretary of the
grand lodge OF Odd Fellows. State of
Ksnsas, . position he has held for TWEEN.
ty-nye years. Mr.. Burdett was on his
return from Ellis, where he Instituted An
encampnsnt, and he stopped in juno
ton City for the purpose OF 0athefino
up the remains Of Jerusalem encamn,
ment No. IL. which has been deceas
for sew. raj years Mr. Burdett u one OF
the valuable men OF Kansas, as Is indi.
Gated BY the unsnimity with which
this brotherhood has retained him In
the important position of grand secre.
tary. He has seen within his service
the order OF Odd Fellows grow from I
.handleIl 20 S75 lodges he told "a ths,
:. tns iAat meeting % the Grand Lode.
tl5 Volee Were osef end 81 lnfssa ~
not repr1oelfed. "a Y ncl haen =
Junclioa Clio far fnur Feal5. 70 -
Of the brethren bed F4ss1 uisIe NJ
him. The coTrsspoudencs 81 hls of7r
bow aggregates forty lettsrs Der dat
hence the ssrioDaness 70 him 81 4 trf,
for few days sway hon hone.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
euranrPases

Piles are frequently preceded by q
sense of weight In the back. Ioins and
lower paEt Of the abdomen, causing the
patient TO suppose he has some sffsc-
tioa Of the kidneys or Beighboring or
ga8s. At times, SYMPTOMS of indiges-
tion are present. 1ainiency. uneasi8ess
Of the stomach, etc, A moisture like
preparation, producing very disagree
able itching. after getting warm, Is 9
common attendant Blind, bleeding
and itching piles yield AZ ouce to the ap
pIicatio1 Of DR.. Bozsnkoas pile remedy,
which aets directlv On the parts affected.
absorbing the tnmors, allsying the in
tense itching. and effeeting permanent
cure. Price SO cents Address The DIR
Bcsauko Medicine Co, PiQue, o. Solo
by Ckea Ryder, and J. a Moore. 4
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Sauev Sullivan

New YORK, Jan. 5.-The World this
morning says another leaf was added to
the garland that adorns the brow of Bos-
tons "pet," John L Sullivan, on Sun
day. The scene of his last encounter
was the GIlsey house, this city, and
his victim YVES neWsboY,
mere child, sickly aU>s
inofFensIve. Sullivan was just leaving
the GilseY house in q drunken condI-
ton when litale newsboy ran up and
said, "Papers, gentlemen ~ Sullivan
replied, ID d you, hi
send you to hi" and
as he spoke he struck the little fellow
IN the mouth with the head of his um
brella. The boy Tell almost eenseless,
his lips horribly lacerated and three teeth
gone Sullivan walked Ieisurely away
A guest In the hotel tried to induce the
boy to accompany him to the police sta
ton In order 10 effect Sullivan's ar
| rest, but the t1mid child re.
piled. 81 guess not, mister. II
should, and he is arrested, he would
kill me. He afterwards said, az am
glad he did not hit ms with his fist, OF
would not have seen mother again"
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

Changes come so imperceptibly thai
Wa hardly notice them. For Instance,
twenty-five years ago a mention of the
Red Sea was associated entirely with
Pharaoh and his chArIots. and the good
little Sunday school boy, when he heard
II, almost raised his hat with reverence
for the sacred sea. Now, however. the
mention OF the Red Sea out west is az
common as the Mediterranean, and In
New York as Lake Michigan, both be-
ing associated with the commerce OF the
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Maxw.Il'a Trial

ST. LOUIS, Jan 3-The trial OF Hugh
N. Brooks alias Maxwell is set TOR next
month, but a continuance will probably
be asked by the defepse There will
be some sensational Developments
as the prosecution will pro-
duce numerous Witnesses, in
GLIDING a woman from San francisco
whom he came near shooting when she
entered his room after a short absence
he thinking she wa al officer. also the
photographer from Toronto. Canada
who took Preller's picture.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

New YoRK, Jan. ga World CORES
poDdeDt IN an interview with President
Cleveland yesterday asked how he re-
g4Ided Senator Beck's speech upon the
tariff. The answer was, My own per
sonal idea about that Is that the only
practical way TO pass bill would be &c
have the proper COMMITTEES
charged with the work, tske up the sub.
iect in business fashion, and modify
the pIest nj law in such a way as To help
poor people who labor, and to take
away needless protection from the few
who have grown Unfortunately rich at the
EXPENSE of the manVn
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Did you count them !

The Troy chief Sol. Miller's paper
scarl6es the Topeka Lance in the matter
OF proof reading. Mr. Miller furnished
. short poem on the Homes of Kansas
for the holiday edition Of that paper He
used the phrase, 'tlowliest of homes" The
Lance rendered It "loveliest of homes
or words to that effect. Other writers
have cause for complaint. Mr.. Frost
should call to lis aid good proof read
or. or send proof to authors.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

Aud now comes Mr.. Gladstone, the
great EaglIsh statesman, and says he
may visit this country in the fall to study
the effects Of the American constitution,
with view to local government for Ire
land. Should he come, Mr.. Gladstone
wall receive warm well
come by ell classes. Par
nell may come, too, and hence from
American forums may go forth utter
ances Of tremendous import, no, only &c
England and Ireland, but to the entire
world. The Republican diet FURNISHED
by the United States is nibbleo by many
hopeful stAteanen under the old foRy
monarchies. They daily more fully re
alize that . iinsel crown Is no guarantee.
of brains in the weArer, and . nomina
adherence end attachment 70 q church
is no indication of . good character
both essential in the government O
men
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

Mr.. Gilbert is dong Egypt with q
view. 1t is thought, Of gathering mate
rial for q new play. A few months ago
Mr.. Sullivan was in the same country
looking for a musical inspiration. Kan
sas scsnic artistic could begin the study
of hieroglyphics by holding cases on the
Commonwealth, with Father Baker at the
helm In his famous character of the An
cient Mariner, or what might answer in
stead. secure an autograph letter from
AIlt. w. Reynolds. Then they might
pass to obelisks, pyramids, and things.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Smnyrlera.

NEW YoRK, Jan. "a Montreal
special 10 the Post says that as result
of Investigators oy United Ststes Gus
toms officers, warrants have been issued
tor the arrest, whenever they appear on
the American side, of about dozen oil
the most fashionable furriers, tailors
jewelers., etc, of Montreal, on charges
of smuggling. The officers claim that
for years they have been carrying on 6
thriving trade by smuggling cloths, furs
diamonds, etc, into this country II
trunks, which have passed as baggage.
The diamond smuggling from Europe
by this route is said to be extensive
there being no duty into Canada.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Senate BIlls.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 5.-Among the
bills introduced in the senate to-day
| were the following:
By Senator Vsnce-To repeal the civil
service reform act.
By Senator 1'eller-To provide for tn
compulsory education OF Indian chill
dren.
By Senator Piumb-Granting right oil
W through the Indian territory TO the
Kansas City, Fit. Scott & Gull railroad
company.
By Senator Ingalls, To establish a na.
tional university in the District of Co
lumbia. The sum of 5000, 600 is grant
ed 70 the board of regents, In a perpeIu-
al registered certlfca'e of the United
States, to be assignable, and bearing five
per cent interest to be paid quarterly.
So much of the interest as Is needed for
sites. building, etc., may be so used
The treasurer of the United States shall
be treasurer OF the university. No chair
for instruction seciarian in religion or
partisan In politics ahall be maintained,
and no seclRrian or partisan test shall
be allowed In selecting officers or pro-
fessors Chairs or faculties may be
endowed by gilt, bequest etc, but no
amount less than 100000 shall
% COnSlQ6r6Q an e1UOWntnI
Instruction shall be as nearly
tree as is consistent with the income.
No person shall be admitted tor regular
study and graduation who has not pre-
vIously received the degree of bachelor
of arts or q degree of equal value from
some recognized institution. States
and territories shall be entitled
to scholarships In the ratio
of one for each representative or
delegate and two for each sena
tor. These scholarships shall secure
free instruction for five years. The gov
ernOr of each state shall nomlpste can
didates for lite scholarship sbd each
state aud territory shall be entitled to
one life scholarship. Two classes of
fellowships are to be established, one
open to competition of graduates best
acquitting themselves, and the other
open to learned men of all nations, who
have Tnerited Distinction
Also bill to divide the state of Kan
sas into two judicial districts. The bill
tlxes the terms of court aud provives
for the appointment of judges and other
officers.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

Il will not be long before Emporia,
with all her scandals. corrupts the resi-
of our moral cities in Kansas, If she
keeps on her downward course. Leau
enio0rtA Times.
We are truly sorry for Leavenworth
The rest of the cities of Kansas are pasi
redemplion-totally depraved. Leaven
worth has been pretty thoroughly inoc.
ulateh, and It ID barely possible she may
pull through the present trying ordeal
However. If she needs a little more virus
she can apply TO Dodge City, where they
keep it In stock. Brace upl
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

The government Iadian school at this
place Ought TO have its facilities increas
ed tor the accommodation of 900 schol.
ars. II is cheaper to educate than fight
the Ibdians. Corral the warriors on res
ervaIiOnR and the Indian youth in the
schools Is the true policy.-HerdLd-
Tribnns
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Ohio Politics.

COLUMBUS. O., Jan. 5.-The house of
representatives adopted resolution this
morning, authorizing the committee on
privileges and elections 10 employ 8
expenses to a proper Investigation of the
Hsmilton county election csses. The
impression prevails that the committee
quiTy
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
1lsesI eli r.lAiss

q Fl1re care ~ 1kt1as 1ISEEluE g
me and zElcefAsgsi pa IS his tees1 szizco4z
esFd Dr. inns a. Ism rGIrIs
efIs 10 E,fs fss55an E.E1s
0i1sueE sing box lses elfet ~
{ ~ 1ss,sT 3 tbs = Il -s.fs 5
=. s.s =, I111 .sl -. 81
e ..sfz sE; :<e n!
81 : IS s. :. - 4lI1 : s = |'5'.I1
RI ~ .s5 ..- =
s. 81 .Iif S = - 4 s s,
=
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
= Remarknble cure Of scrofula

William s Baker, of Lewis, Vego
county, Iud :. writes as follows: my
son was taken with scroiuls in the hlp
when only two years Old. We tried sew,
eral physicIans. but the boy got 40 relic.
from their treatment. Noticing youI
ScovIlle's Sarssparille and StiiIingia OF
Blood snd Liver Syrup, recommended q
highly. bought. some of Il Of you in
the year 1862, and continued taking 4
tsll the sores fahllY hseled mp. he Il
nov q years Of ege. SOD. beng eatisaet
that your 1edicine did hlEl 90 mHet
gsod when be used e: ne want 70 IN
again ia another case, and write 10 yoI
Is get soma more.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Reading

WILLIAM PORT. Jan. 5-The river
here. after reaching twenty tour Ieet and
half, began slowly falling. Reports
from upstream announce rapid fall at
all points.
In this CITY the Wattr backed up To
Market square and reached within 8
feet of the court house. The dsmRge is
very heavy. but no reasonable estimate
can be given.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
Monumaota.

WARRINGTON, d. G. Jan. 5.-The bill
introduced by Senator Blair to provide
for the erection of q monument IN this
city to President Lincolni and General
Grant. provides thst they shall be SINH
lar to the Washington monument and
cost 81 600 600 None but American
citizens are TO be employed on this
work
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

What If the eighty Car loads Of steel
rails being dumped at BurliDgsme were
intended for line OF road from tha
point 10 Council Grovef How would
the Rock Island tel ows like THAR
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07
An Aged Murderer.

GREENvILLE. Mich Jan. 5.-Yester-
day afternoon Hans Peterson, who lives
in the township of Seaney, about six
miles from this CITY, shot bis wife
through the head aud then himself
through The heart. Peterson has shown
signs OF arrangement before. He was q
farmer and sixty years of age
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1886-01-07

NEW YoRK, Jan. "a delegs tinn
from the Buffalo board Of trade called on
Commissioned Fink IN regard 70 dis
crimination against Buffa o by the trunk
lines. No action was taken.
The general passenger agents to-day
resolved TO shut of ali free passes n
shippers and employees unless Ct the re-
quest Of the denartment head.