davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

RIPE TOMATO PICKLEs.-Take ripe
tomatoes, skin them by quickly scald-
ing them, and put them in a wide
mouthed stone jar, sprinkling salt on
each layer. Let them be In salt eight
days, then drain, and cover for one
night with vinegar and water--equal
parts. Drain, and to every peck of to-
matoes, allow one and a half ounces
English mustard seed, half an ounce
whole cloves, half an ounce whole black
pepper, and two dozen small, white on
ions. Put the spices and onions in al
ternate layers, with the tomatoes, and
cover with cold vinegar. Ready IN ten
days.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

ALGY--"Do you think, my love,
your father will consent to our mar
riagep"
Angely---"Of course papa will b.
very sorry to lose me, darling"
Algy---"But will say to him that in
stead of losing a daughter he will gain
a son."
Angely-'I wouldn't do that, love,
if you really want me. Papa has three
such sons boarding here now, and he's
little touchy on that point"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

Preuious to 1870, according to a new
work by Prof. Wittrock, the so-called
''red snow" was thought to bs the only
plant growing ON Ice and snow. Since
that time, however, Nordenskjold and
Bergren have discovered several ice and
snow algae in Greenland, one of them.
Ancylonema NordenSkjold, being yery
abundant. A still later investigation
has proven these plants to be more
numerous, yet DR.. Kjellman finding at
Spitzbergen not only "red snow.u but
green snow"-whIch contained more
than dozen plant forms. The snow
flora now includes thirty.seven species.
and the ice fora ten species. These
plants are almost entirely algae of mi
croscopical size and very low organiza-
tion, growing sometimes sinply
and sometimes in colonies. Tbey are
generally of bright colors- red.
purplish brown, and green being COM
mon. Under the dark mass of the
plants the Ice melts very rapidly. and
Nordenskjold even suggests that the
very abundant Ancylonema NAV have
greatly hastened the disappearance of
the ice deserts which once covered so
large a part Of Europe and America.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

won Keller c., successors TO Kele.
Ruhl, at the Old Cloth House, corner Ann and
William SIS New York city. are doing an ex-
tensive business by means Of furnishing TO the
Merchant Tailoring trade throughout the Uni
ted States, complete sample collections Of
their Woolens IN season. and receiving and
executing orders received through the sam
PIES Whenever a style has been sold out,
they notify their customers TO that effect, so
That the parties holding their samples are a.
ways properly informed as 10 which styles
they can offer 70 their patrons. The Merchant
i.rao roi -sa. - nus p.acea IN pSsn.on ~ SHOW .
himself with a large stock We understand
that any Merchant Tailor desiring such collec-
ton OF samples can have same sent free OF
charge. Address Messrs. NJ. Won Keller Co,
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

So LONG as COWS Will eat grain or
meal it will pay to give them some daily.
If it don't they are not worth keeping
anyway. Good COWS will grow poor
when kept on grass alone and in full
flow OF milk. And when the pasture
fails they will have no reserve supply
of flesh and fat TO keep them in condi-
tion for milking next winter.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

THE other evening Brush street po-
liceman heard whistle shrilly blown
and a female voice calling for help, and
after short run he reached the scene
of commotlon. A man was getting up
and falling down again on the door
steps, and female had her head out Of
AN upper window and seemed to BE-
half scared to death.
"What's the matter2" asked the
officer.
"a man has been kicking on the
door," she answered.
This man hereT'
"Yes. 1 thought he'd tear the
whole house down."
The officer reached for the man, and
made two discoveries at once. 1t was
the woman's husband, and he was
fighting drunk.
"Why this man wouldn't hurt you
he's your husband" he called out.
SIS that so? Charles, is that you?"
"Bet your life's smee," mumbled
Charles.
Then you really must excuse me,
Mr.. Officer. You see, we have only
been married six weeks and l do not
readily recognize him yet. I'll be down
in a minute, darling"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

VEAL OUTLETS WITH CIIICoRY.-
Put the outlets in a saucepan. Brown
them well in butter over brisk fire; !;
then throw in cupful of good broth.
Let simmer until cooked. Blanch some
chicory after cleaning well, and drain
until all the water is extracted. MInce
very fine. Melt together in saucepan
a spoonful of flour and spoonful of
butter, add the chicory and half a cup
full of good broth, pepper and salt; SIM
mer until cooked. When serving put
the outlets around the platter. the chic
ory in the centre, and pour the gravy
over.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

A BosToN young woman at Catskill
said to her brother, in the absence OF
somebody else's brother: There IS an
impressiyeness akin to solemnity Iden-
titled with the prospect, Algernon,
prompting the soul to soar to heights
hitherto imagined unattain-but where
are you going, Algernon?"
sim going for DOCTOR"
''For wLom?"
''Both of u.s."
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

LEMON SPoNGE.-Soak one ounce OF
gelatine in one pint Of boiling water
until dissolved; then pour on it one pint
OF boiling water, the juice of three lem
ons and sugar to taste. When thor
oughly mixed, beat to a white froth
and add the whites of four eggs, well
beaten. Beat all together until quite
stif; put in moulds wet with water and
set on ice.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

On the Transcasplan Railroad in
Russia, now approaching Merv, 1t is
claimed that about $500 per mile is
being saved by the use of ozokerite, or
mineral wax, for ties. When purified,
melted and mixed with limestone and
gravel, the ozokerite, which is abund-
ant in the vicinity of the railroad, pro-
duces very good asphalt. This Is
pressed Into shape in boxes, and gives
ties which retain their form and hard.
ness even in the hottest weather.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

DR.. Robert Newton, late President of the
Eclectic College. ofthe City of New York,
and formerly Of Cincinnati, Ohio, used DR..
WM. HALLS BALSAM very extensively
in his practice, as many of his patients. now
living. and restored to health by the use of
this invaluable medicine, can amply testi-
fy. He always said that so good a remedy ;
ought not to be considered merely as a
patent medicine, but that it ought to be pre-
scrtbed freely by every physician as a SOW
ereign remedy in all cases of Lung diseases.
1t cures Consumption, and all pectoral CON-
plants.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

Some silicious pebbles which are
quite numerous in the Quarternary
gravels of the LONG Valley, France,
have been described by Meunier. These
stones-about an inch and half in di-
ameter-are remarkable for being hOl-
low, and inclosing liquid water, to-
gether frequently with loose stony
nucleus. Meunier supposes that the
water must have penetrated the pebbles
through their minute pores, for not a
sign OF a crack can be seen, even by the
aid of strong glass.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

MANY farmers in places where their
land is swept by fierce winds find i,
profitable to plant apple trees in masses
large enough to make a wind-break on
the side of the farm most exposed. The
apple tree branches low down, and if
boarded by fence four or five feet high
on the windward side the ground will
be covered with snow almost as perfect.
ly as it was in the original forests.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

FRENCH ToAsT.-Beat an egg thor
oughly with two tablespOonfuls of milk
and pinch Of salt, into this dip slices
of evenly-cut cold white bread. Have
hot griddle ready, butter it, and fly
the slices Of bread as if they were grid
die cakes. Serve hot with powdered
sugar or maple syrup if liked.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
IN the railroad train:

A gentleman carrying a heavy satchel
finally succeeded in getting it into tie
rack. A lady seated directly beneath
manifests lively fear,
''Oh, mon Dieu, monsieur, supposing
it should fall?''
''Reassure yourself, madam, there IS
nothing in 1t that can break"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

Hot POTATO SALAD. thin
eight boiled potatoes; cut up "a white
onion and mix with the potatoes; cut
up some bacon into small bits, sufficient
to Gil teacup, and fry it brown; re.
move the meat and into the grease stir
three tablespoonfuls of vinegar. Pour
over the potatoes and serve hot.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

AN acre of sweet corn for feeding to
swine will afford good return in pork
fully equal In money value to any use
to which the corn could have been ap-
piled. They are very fond Of the stalks
as well as the ears of corn, and will eat
all up clean. If given to hogs fed upon
corn principally, 1t serves to give them
relish for their other food, improves
their healthfulness and increases their
flesh. When hogs have been kept at
pasture on clover. sweet corn may be
used to follow the clover, as they Will
eat enough of it to make them grow
thriftily.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

FOND FATHER-"How is this. Char
les? Your standing the last examina-
tion was very low." C.-'Yes SIR"
F.F--"What is the reasonf" C.--"Wen
those old professors went and asked a
lot Of questions that l could not an
swer."
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

When you visit or cave New York City, save
baggage expressage aud Sc carriage Hire. and SOP
sithe Grand Union Hotel. opposite Grand Cen
uslDepo.
600 elegant rooms. fitted up at a cost IT ons
nlllion dollars 81 and UfgarIs pe-
day. European Plan Elevator. Restaurant
supplied with the best Horse cars stages an
elevafe1 raLroad to all depots- Families can liys
better Tor less money az the Grand Union Hots.
1an al any other nrst-class hote. IN the eitE.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

The Canadian Horticulturist tells
how to blanch celery: ITO blanch easily
and rapidly go on your knees astrlde
the row; take a plant in one hand, shake
it and squeeze It close TO get out the
earth from centre, holding in one hand; /;
with the other draw the earth up to the
plant on that side; take the plant in the
other hand and draw the earth on the
other side, after which let go Of the
plant and draw the earth from both
sides, pressing 1t against the plant.
After your row is gone over and
blanched finish up with a hoe. Two
blanchings are enough. a sprinkling
OF salt along the row has been found to
be of advantage at the time of tlanclI-
ing"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

The Quincy Market Cold Storage
Company OF Boston, is SAID to have the
largest refrigeratlng building in the
world. 1t Is of stone and brick, 160xS0
feet in size, and 20 IN height. The
capacity is $4,000 cubic feet, the cost
soc 900, and the ice chamber holds
6J0, 900 tons of ice. 1t will be used for
storing dressed beef and mutton. The
Chicago refrigerating cars unload at
the door.
Habit is ten times nature.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
TuERE is 20 my ystery about maxim,

THERE is 10 my stery about making
neats-foot oil. says the Rural Home.
The only thing necessary Is to boil in a
kettle as many cattle's feet and hoofs
as can be obtained and skim off the oil
until no more rises. From the four
feet of one animal pint of oil is gen.
orally obtained, and it is well worth the
trihing cost of making it.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
THE new breed of fowls, Wyandottes,

THE new breed of fowls, Wyandottes,
formerly known as American Sebrights,
Is rapidly growing in favor. They have
heavy, compact bodies, and make good
layers. The strongest points in their
favor are that they have legs of deeper
yellow than the Plymouth Rock, and
the combs being small prevents frosting
in winter. They equal the Dorking In
compactness OF body. grow rapidly and
are very hardy. The demand for this
breed has been very heavy this season,
which is due to their being only recent
ly introduced.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
Age respects love, but unlike youth
1t respects little the signs Of love.

FoR DYSPEPSIA, INDIGESTION depression or sp;r-
It's and general debility In their various FORMS a 50
as a preventive against fever and ague and oth-r
Intermittent feyers, the "Ferro-Phospnorate i
Elixir OF Caisayar by Caswel, Hazard Co.,
New YORK, and sold oy al Druggists, Is toe best
tonic; and for patients recovering from fever or
other sickness ithss no equal
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

DUDIsH YOUTH (who is getting up
a scrap-book)- want pair of scis'
sors. Anything cheap will do-thirty
or forty-cent ones. Only want to cut
paper with them"
Smart clerk (sizing up his customer)
.-"Oh! yes. understand; but you
make mistake in supposlng that cheap
SCISSORS will do for your purpose; they
are very apt to get dull and make ugly
tears. Now here is the kind we gener-
ally sell for coupon clipping-only 50,
SIR"
Dudish youth - swell, I'll take
them"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

Owner of a thousand graces,
Decked in satins, silks and laces,
Her rich, dark hair so very fine
Shows the use of Carboline.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
AS the body is purified by water so
Is the soul purified by truth.

That feeling ofextreme debility Is entirely over
come by HOODS Sarsaparilla II was tired ali
over, but Hoods SarssparIlla gave me new life
and strength" says a Pawt1cket, R. l., lady.
Hoods sarslparilla is sold by al druggists. 81
bottle, or six bottles for IS
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
Justice consists in doing no injury tC
men; decency, in giving no offense.

One kind Of medicine viii not cure all kinds Of
diseases DR.. Klmer's Preparations are Specifics
"a remedy for each disease. They are the result
OF successful practice since 1859. Guide 10
Heduh( Sent Free Bfnghamton, " y.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

WHEN cuttings fail to root satisfac-
torlly try layering. This propagation
by layers consists in placing the
branches of the plant in contact with
the soil, the moisture in which arouses
into action the root-developing power
inherent in the stems of most plants.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

A WRITER in the Indiana Farmer
says: 81 think the main point in rails.
ing big crop of corn is to plow it over
when it Is very small. l would COM
mence blowing in one week from the
time the corn peeps through the
ground. To let corn get two or three
weeks old before it Is plowed stunts it in
growth in my experience. l believe In
planting corn as early as the weather
and ground permit"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

DoBsoN (who has come hither to
horsewhip the editor, but is somewhat
appalled, at his size)-"Are you the edl-
tor that wrote the article about j.
Thomas Dobson?'
Editor-"Yes"
Dobson - Weller - hum. Why
heres hOrsewhIp | found on your
pavement. 1 thought perhaps it be-
lOnged to you"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

"DID you ever lose the key to your
postoflice boxp" shs asked as he sat on
the steps reading his paper the other
evening.
"Yes, once or twice"
"Was it much trouble to get anoth-
erP"
"Not much. Why?"
ooh, nothing. l know a lady who
has lost her key, and she was asking me
how she'd procure another"
Tins must be her key" he said, as
he drew a yale" from his pocket. II
found it on the floor of your bedroom
three or four days ago, where she prob-
ably dropped 1t. Give 1t to her with
my compliments.
She took the key, and they have not
spoken since.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

FARMERS who grow only a few to-
matoes III rich gardens do not generally
know that this vegetable is more
successfully grown in fields with mod
crate fertility. There is less exuber-
ancs of vine but earlier and higher fla
vored fruit, with less tendency to rot.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

For removing dandruff and curing al
scalp diseases, use Halls Hair Renewer.
Ayers Ague euro is acknowledged to be
the standard remedy for fever and ague.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

PROF. Cook, of the Michigan Agri-
cultural college, says that most of the
failures to destroy potato bugs by Paris
green comes from waiting until eggs
have been laid on the vines before ap-
plying it. Make the first application
just as the plant comes up.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

The man who gets bis living by his
wits alone generally works with too
small capital. He only succeeds in
failing.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

OMAHA DocToR---"No, dear, 1 can
not take you riding this afternoon
Doctors WIfe--''Why, we haven't
been out for a week.
=! know; but l am terribly busy. al
most driven to death.n
ANY epldemlcsPn
NO; but people are returning from
the fashionable summer resorts.H
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

COLD water and plenty of it, properly
applied, with fair amount of soap
is the best thing to clean a kitchen
floor. The regulation "boiler suds',
is apt to make a kitchen floor greasy.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

PURE, wholesome milk in q clean
cellar or milk house, where the temper
ature is not over seventy degrees, will
keep sweet for thirty-six hours, and will
not become thick under forty eight
hours. Otherwise something is wrong
with the COWS. A COW exposed to the
hot sun in a pasture, or having impure
water to drink, can not be in a healthy
condition, and the first appearance OF
trouble will be the premature souring
of the milk.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

The Frazer is kept by all dealers. One
box lasts as long as two of any other Re
ceived medals at North Carolina State
Fair, Centennial, and Paris Exposition,
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

LYONS Patent Heel Stiffeners is the only
invention that will make old boots straight
as new.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

BRIGHT ION his kneel-"In what
kind of a knot shall tie this shoe-lac-
ing?n
Miss Flirt (coquettishly)-'I think
prefer the beau-knot."
Bright (who has doubts OF his char
mer's constancyl Say rather the
double beau"
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

we sometimes congratulate ourselves
at the moment of waking from a trou-
6lesome dream. 1t may be so after
death.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

1t is easy to teach virtue by theory,
and difficult to teach it by example.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

INDIAN PICKLE.-Thirty yellow, per-
fectly ripe cucumbers. Pare and split
them, spread on a dish, strew thickly
with salt, and let them dry. When
dry, wash them in vinegar. Put them
in porcelain kettle, in alternate lay
ers with mustard seed, grated horse
radish. and sliced garlic. Take one
ounce each of ground turmeric, ginger,
cloves, cinnamon, and allspice, put
them in two quarts vinegar, and let
them simmer half an hour, first scald-
ing and skimAing the vinegar. Cool
the vinegar and spice, and pour it over
the pickles. They improve with keep
ing.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22
How to Use
Cream Balm

Place a particle OF
the Balm into each
nos;rl AMI draw
strong breaths
through the nose. II
Will be ahsoro ID and
begin rs work Of
cleansing ard heal
ing The diseased
membrane. II a.lays
innfmmat on a. j
prevents fresh colds.
Not a LiqtIic or Slut1
No poisonous drugs
No offensive odOr.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

Ills: Al Fits sioppedfree. Treatise and 81 trial
9otle OF Dr. Kline Great Nerve Restorer, free @
thcaseS sendio DR.. Kline. .s3l Arcn ST. Phiia Pa.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

10 is presumed that the Trinidad
asphalt, used in pavement, is crude,
rotten petroleum. Fifty thousand tons
are annually exported, but the natural
reservoir soon fills up again.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

40 Optsun in Piso's Cure for Consump-
uon. cures where other remedies fail. 2je
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

1t is glorious thing to resist tempta.
tion, but 1t IS safe thing to avoid il.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

The more We help others to bean
their burdens, the lighter our own will
ba
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

tomorrow is the day on which lazy
toiKs work and fools reform.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

OIL CUCUMBERs.-Take one dozen
large cucumbers, wash, and cut in
thick, round slices, sprinkle with salt,
and drain in a bag three hours. Pre-
pare three large white onions in tie
same way. When. drained put in
stone jar, in alternate layers, sprIHk-
ling, as you put them in. with the Jl-
lowing spices, etc.: one ounce ground
allspice, half ounce cloves, quarter
pound mustard, half pint sweet oil,
three tablespoonfuls black pepper,
grouni-or two of red, If you prefer 1t.
Mix the oil, mustard, and pepper to-
gether. After all are in a jar pour
enough boiling vinegar to cover.
Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1886-09-22

By an agreeable and respectful de-
pertinent good reputation is gained