National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1886-01-02

date more than 500 patents An important
| lamp was made by JablochkoT, which Ia
| simple aud ingenious. 10 is known ns the
| electrical candle, and is designed to do
away with all regulating apparatus. IL
| consists of two carbon sticks separated by
fusiblc insulating material, and having a
| lighting or orc, sturtingdevce at their upper
| end. Several Of these lamps are connected
| in series, and the are forms on starting the
| dynamo between the ends of the carbons,
| and rs they burn down the fusible material
| is burned away. The simplicity OF this
| lamp commeuds 1t, and II Is largely used IN
| Paris
The arc lights generally In use In this city
are known us the Thomson aud Houston
| pattern, and arc what are styled positive
| fccd,hCiug almost entirely free from flicker
| ing and 81 great efficiency Their steadl-
noes Is due TO the positive feed, and also to
an efficient regulator at the dynamo ma
| chine.
Our systems Of arc lighting are very COM
| plCtc, and for street use or large areas
| there can he noqucstion as to their superior
| ity over gas or other existing artificial
lights.
The incandescent lamp, like the arc, came
into existence early In the present century,
and was forced, like its fellow, the are
lamp, to await the advent Of an economical
generator Of electricity.
we have any reliable record was invented by
starr King, young man from Cincinnati,
Ohio, rs carly as 1885.
II consisted of carbon strip bent in
horseshoe form and incloscd in an ex-
haustcd globe of glass, to the exposed ends
of these strips battery was connected,
and II au electrical current Of sufficient
quantity was forced through It, u brilliant
light resulted by reason Of the rupid vibra-
tons transmitted to the molecules OF the
carbon by the passing current. COmbus-
ton Is rendered impossible because the
globe Is devoid Of oxygen. King, elated
with his propccts. went to England TO take
out patents lie met with great encourage
mCnt, but was swindled out OF his English
| patents by an INSCRIPTIONS scoundrel, and
| hesultlmately returned to America and died
broken'heartcd. lie never patened /. in
| America
But little was done IN the art In advance
OF what King had done until KOnn kossloff,
Sawyer and Mann, Edison, Weston, and
Swan came intoithc field from 1871 to 1890.
The lamps of these inventors do not differ
in any startling manner among themselves,
and are all based upon the idea developed
! by King, that IL is necessary to prevent
combustion Of the lllament by cxhaustlne
the air.
Sawyer and Mann filed the globo with
nitrogen and other non.combustible gases
| To Edison, perhaps more than to any other
| modern inventor belongs the credit of hay
| ing developed the incandescent lamp to
its present point OF efficiency, for the
reason that he saw the necessity OF as con-.
| pletc exhaustion Of the globe as possible,
| and OF furnishing each lamp with as high
resistance as possible, so that many lamps
can be connected In what is known as null
tiplee arc, that is to say, connected side by
side between two main conductors, so that
Ian Cab
| OF the current from the two main wires
connected to the dynamo. In arc light
| systems the lamps are connected in series
| or tandem, so that when all the lamps are
in operation the resistance offered to the
| passage Of the current through the circuit
| will be equal to that of the conductors
| Joining the lamps plus the sum of the air
| spaces made by the separation of the car
| bons az the arc, so that II, as In the Brush
| system, we have eighty lights whose car
hons are separated each about an eighth OF
| an inch, there will be total space of 50
| divided by g, or 10 inches, TO be bridged by
the current. Now, the resistance of an arc
lamp varies from three to five ohms or
units OF resistance. A circuit containing
eighty lamps, or about 800 ohms resistance,
| would require an enormous clectro-motive
force.
Now the quantity Of current In such q
| system is a constant factor, while the ten.
sion or pressure should vary directly with
| the number of lamps because the resistance
increases In the same proportion.
with incandcscent lamps the reverse Is
true, for the reason that as we add lamps
We decrease the resistance; for we are by so
doing Offering new or additional paths for
the current and each path so added offer
decrease Of resistance to the total electric
current, Hence IN such system we must
Keep the electro-motive force or pressure
constant and increase the quantity Of cur
rent; for heat and hence light, as we have
seen, Is developed directly In proportion to
the square Of the quantity Of current flow
ing.
In the Edison lamp fine illament Of car
BOMBED bamboo Is used. In the CrOokes
lamp the iilament is made Of animal or veg
etabe matter, while In the Maxim II Is car.
BOMBED paper. Swan uses carbonized
thread, aud Weston what is known as
"tamadine,n an amorphous substance com
posed of carbonized celluloid.
With this material he Is enabled to pro-
duce filaments Of higher resistance for
given diameter and length than with any
substance heretofore known. 1t is also very
durable, and constitutes decided advance
in the art.
There has Of course leen marked improve
mcnt in matters Of details accompanying
these systems Of lighting, which lack of
In our opinion, there is no question as to
the feasibility of electric lighting for do.
| nestle use. AS to its cheapncss there can
be 10 doubt, for the reason that the health
| preserving qualities Of the inoandcscent
| light are OF such vital Importance that the
consumer should not hesitate for moment
to consider It's cheapness established In
point OF fact, though the actual cost be
double that Of gas.
| III we stop to consider that each gas Jet In
room does more to vitiate the atmosphere
than the breathing of two persons: that IL
heats unduly In summer time; that danger
Of fire is four-fold more than with the In
candescont light; that for cleanliness gas Is
not to be compared with ii; that its light is
steadier, brighter, and easier upon the eyes:
that II is more like sunlight than any exist
| ing artificial light, and that 1t Is odorless,
we will not hesitate to accept 1t at any price
| within our means.
| There is no question but that the systems
| OF incandescent lights are feasible In sec
tons where the power can be centrally To-
Gated, and particularly is this true where
water power is available,
| We prophecy wonderful future for this
kind OF lighting, and this, too, not far dis
| tant.
The concluding articles OF this series, two
in number upon the telephone aud phono-
| graph, VIII not be prepared for publication
uhtii inc latter part OF January.
Nervous DebilItated Men,
You arc allowed free trial of thirty days OF
the use Of DR.. Dyes celebrated Yoltac Belt,
with electric suspensory appliances for the
| speedy relief and permanent cure of nervous
| debility, loss of vitality and manhood and all
| kindred troubles also for many other diseases.
| Complete restoration to health, vigor aud man.
| hood guaranteed. No risk Is Incurred Illus
tTated pamphlets, with full information, terms,
&C., mailed free by addressing Voltaic Belt
Company Marshall Mich.
The Result OF Dem ocratIo Example.
columbus Dispatch Ond)l
History In nutshell: Slavery! War! /!
| Freedom. Acknowledgement OF the late
| slaves Quarrel about this enfranchlse-