davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

OVuao0 W sst0 ~ 00SC0S 6sas suVuoNOOs
The Earthquake Catalogue of the
British Association, which is very
complete, shows Q record Of between
1000 and 1000 earthquakes between
the years 1905, B. c., and A. D. 1912.
Greece, Itlay and Egypt seem to
be subject to more visitations of this
kind than any other part tof the globe.
One Of the most destructive shocks,
gauged by the loss Of human life,
was that of Calabria in 783, when
100, 600 people were destroyed and
innumerable towns swallowed up by
the yawning earth or piled in ruins.
The city of Lisbon, at the mouth
Of the Tagus river in Portugal, was
almost destroyed in 1855, November
/. The records of this earthquake
are the most complete in modern his
tory. The first shock felled nearly
every building IN the city. The sea
retired for q moment and then a
mighty wall of water fifty feet high
swept over the city. The quay sunk
600 feet, and in six minutes it is es-
timated that $4,000 people peaished
Almost simultaneously there was an
eruption Of the volcanoes of Kat
luggia, in Ireland, and a wall of
water sixty feet high, dashed on the
shores of the Red sea and Indian
ocean.
Actium, according to Josephus,
was destroyed in 81 B. c., and 10, 900
people lost their lives.
Antioch, the second oldest city in
the world, was peculiarly subject to
earthquakes, the most severe being
in lis A. D., 458 and 526. In the
last, according to tradition, the fright
full number of $50, 900 were destroy
ed. Sixty years later another shock
killed $4,000 more.
On March ..19, 1873, the city of
San Salvador was utterly destroyed,
but as warning sounds had preceded
the shocks a sufficient length of time
to permit the people to escape from
their homes, only about 500 lives
were lost.
Three shocks, occurring within so
seconds, on March 26, 1872, leveled
Caracas, the capital of Venezula, to
the ground. In the same month,
1859, Quito, the capitol of Ecuador,
was almost destroyed.
On Feb. 20, 1885, the city of Con-
cepcion, South America, was destroy
ed for the fourth time. During the
week preceding and following the
shocks, over 800 were felt. The sea
rose thirty feet in an instant, turned
black and emitted an offensive odor.
Thousands Of fish were killed and
subterranean volcano drove q mass of
lava in the air from an estimated
depth Of 400 feet
Mendoza, in the Argentine Repub-
lie, was overturned in March, 1861,
and throughout the entire republic
$4,000 people are said to have per-
ished.
Tbs East Indies have been subject
cd to frequent and destructive vista
tions Of this kind. An earthquake
and volcanic eruption in June, 1772,
destroyed 40 villages.
The ports of Simoda and Osaka, in
Japan, on Dec. q, 1854, were en-
quilted, and the city Of Yeddo almost
swept away by mass Of water thirty
feet high, which rolled over the city
seven times, and crossing the Pacific
broke on the coast of California a
few hours later.
| In the year 1911 the town Of Ma
drid, Mo-, On the Mississippi, was to-
tally destroyed BY an earthquake,
which also caused . terrible convul-
sion in the river.
The beneficial effect Of the Chicago
verdict ID already noticeable In
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

The great earthquake which oc-
CURED in Charleston, s. c., on the
night Of the 81st Of August, 1885,
Win never be forgotten by her peo-
rle. H. the violence Of it's first
shos15 IN tie fearful obstruction it
wrought to property, in the awful
loss Of life it involved, in the long
number Of serious casulties which
were the result Of is work, and in
the general panic which s~srmastered
The people Of the city, it is without
doubt the most remarkable occur
renee oi its Kind ever experisaesd in
this country. Charleston, the beauti-
ful city BY the sea, appears to-day
Ike Q gigantic ruin. Hundreds OF
handsome residences have been laid
low. Thousands of other dwellings,
and business houses are unsigAtly;
torn and tottsring masses Of brick
! md mortar. Forty persons were
iIlsd, ono hundred wounded, and
e6oo1 oooworth Of property destroy
Cd.
Hardly sehureA in Charleston ID
considarsd SAFE The. di6arsnt d.
nominations are holding services in
Tho different parks. The famous old
churches. st. Michael and St Philip,
sss 20 badly wrecked that most likely
thsy win have 10 be pulled down
Thshands Of the clock in ST. Michasl's
tottering steepls- tho highest in the
city-points 10 ~ distressed and
g3oen-stricksn people the fatal mo-
nsnt- five minutes 70 tan.
The greater part ofths pepalation
of Charleston ID camping out and
nseds immediate assistance.
1As village of Summsrvills, q
milss iron Charleston, was almost
sntksly dsstroyed.
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

Earthqnaks shocks were experien.
ID st Grass Valley and Msrced, Cal,
a1d at Rsno. New, Thursday night.
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

Tsviss politician. iks the din
asst eystsr, lays low in summer ani
- -
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

The present national debt is ST.
26O04 900. In the last twenty years
. reduction Of S1,675, ,000, 900 has
been made The estimated value of
owpsoperty il about $s5, ,00O, ,0O0, 900.
The Bossier banner., 1886-09-09

u h plain that high tarid is u
doousd commercially - il il con-
dnnnsd politically.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Committee Work.

WASHINGTON, February IS. = The
House committee on railroads and
canals, to-day, heard addresses by H.
B. Brown, of this city, and Represent
ative Perkins, of Kansas, on the bill for
the relief of the Kansas City, Fort Scott
q Gulf railroad company. The commit
mittee direct favorable report on the
bill for the improvement of the Erie
canal.
The action of the Assistant-T Treasurer
at New York in refusing to accept de-
posits of silver until he is able to count
it, is in strict accordance with instruc-
tons issued by the United States Trea-
surer. Similar instructions have been
sent to all assistant treasurers, the OBJ
ject being to insure greater protection
in the handling of government funds.
The committee on ways and means.
to-day. instructed Chairman Morrison
to request an opinion from the Score
tary OF the Treasury as to the probable
effect of the tariff proposed in the Nor
rison bill upon government revenues.
upon the basis of last years customs
business. 1t has been stipulated by
low tariff members that in the event of
the failure of the Secretary to return an
answer by next Tuesday, considera-
ton of the tariff bill will begin on that
day.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
More Strikes.

New YORK, February 1s.-Claiming
that the Eighth and Ninth avenue rail-
road companies or its officers had not
kept their agreement with their en-
ployees, the latter went on a strike This
morning for the purpose of enforcing
their rights. The interests of the men
are being looked after by the executive
committee of the Empire Protective
Association. Both roads are being run
by the'same company and it is claimed
that the new time table agreed upon has
not been put into effect. Of sixty-six
street cars only twenty-eight come with
in the twelve hours limit, the remainder
running over time without extra pay.
The board of directors of the roads and
committee of the Empire Protective AS
ISOLATION are now in session trying TO
come to an agreement.
New YORK, February 1S.-The Eighth
and Ninth Avenue Railroad companies
have conceded to demands made by
their employees, and the strike is at an
end
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
The Conservative Policy.

LONDON. February 1s.-Lesding mem
bers of the Conservative party met at
the Carlton Club, at noon to-day TO con-
fer upon the course the party shall pur-
sue in regard to Irish affairs ON the
reassembly of Parliament. Salisbury
presided. Randolph Churchill and 100
other prominent Tories were present.
The meeting was very enthusiastic on
the part of the Conservatives to offer
most strenuous opposition to any meas
ure presented by Liberals conceding
home rule in Ireland.
Salisbury predicted a union with Con-
servatives of the section of Liberals
which follow Harrington and ,Goschen.
He urged Conservatives to do all that
was possible 10 bring such union into
effect. Some of the speakers common
ted severely on Churchill's attack upon
Catholics, and his intimacy with mem
bers of the Parnellite party. The meet
ing resolved to make home rule test
question in the Commons and for this
purpose will support Parnellites in
their demand to have it precede land
reform in the consideration of the
House.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
British Parliament.

LONDON, February 1S.-Parliament
reassembled to-day. Gladstone stated
in the Commons that after government
had concluded the financial business
they had to place before the House they
would be able to state part, if not the
whole, OF the Irish measures they in
tended to introduce. He expected. he
said, to be through with the financial
business about the2d of March. Glad
stone announced further that govern
ment had no intention of renewing
coercion in Ireland. In the Lords,
Granville. Secretary of State for the
colonies, announced that government
would not introduce any Irish measures
into Parliament before the first of March
Abiding to the foreign policy of the
new government in the Commons,
Gladstone said he would follow the
eastern policy inaugruated by Salisbury
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
THURSDAYS NEWS.
Doings by the Workers in the
National Capital.
THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.
Another Pacific Railroad Bill-wat-
tersOn-The British Conserva-
tives-MoIe Strikes-Etc.
THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT
Another Pacific Railroad Bill.

WASHINGTON, February Is. - The
House committee on Pacific railroads
to-day, heard an argument by Tweed
counsel for the Central Pacific Railroad
Company upon the general sub
ject of the Indebtedness of tie
Pacific railroad companies TO
government. AT the conclusion
of the argument the committee
went into Secret session and agreed to
report favorabiv to the House the sub
stitute reported by the subcommittee
for Crisp's bill, amending the granting
act under which the Pacific railroads
were constructed. As agreed upon the
bill provides that lands shall not be con
veyed to the companies until the
costs of surveying and convey
ance have been paid to the
United States and the sums
paid in are TO be used by the Commits
Sioner OF the Land Office without fur
ther appropriation. for the prosecution
of surveys along the lines of roads, until
all lands shall have been surveyed.
Within ninety days after the passage OF
the act, the companies are required to
file in the local land offices their list of
selections of lands claimed by them, and
deposit with the United States the cost
of surveying the same. In the event Of
their failure so to do, and after due no
tice by the Secretary of the Interior.
the Attorney is directed to il
stitute suit to secure the payment of
the costs of the survey, conveyance ana
legal proceedings, and upon the volun-
tary payment of costs, the Secretary of
the Interior shall issue patents for the
land to the companies. 1t is also pro-
V.ded that where the companies have be-
come entitled to receive paten,s for
the surveyed lands, Notwithstanding
their failure to pay the costs of the
survey the lands shall be subject to all
legal taxes imposed, by the States or
Territories in which they are located,
but this provision does not apply tofor-
feited lands, nor shall it operate to re
lieve the company from the forfeiture
of granted lands. No tax is to be i'm
posed prior to the payment of the costs
OF the survey, except in organized
counties. Tax sales of such lands on
account ofmOney due the United States
are to remain a first lien on the lands.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Gladstone's Cabinet.

LONDON, February 49, The impres.
sion is gaining ground that the present
Cabinet will prove remarkable and that
it will be impossible to hold together.
The Pail Mall Gasette states that the
resignation of Chamberlain, president
OF the local government board, from
Gladstone's Cabinet, is question of but
q few hours. The resignation Will be
made the Gd=ette says, ostensibly be-
cause Chamberlain cannot bring him
self to aquiesce In the governments
policy OF coercion towards Greece. but
In reality because he is unwilling to mar
what he believes to be his political flu
ture. by identifying himself Just now
with the Home Rule policy decided on
by majority of his colleagues.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Nominations

WASHINGTON, February 1s.-ThePresi-
dent sent the following nominations to
the Senate to-day:
John Christian Franks, of California,
to be United States Marshal for Cali
Iornia.
To be postmaster-John McAusIand,
at Colfax, Washington Territory.
Lleutenant-CUlonel n. B. Sweitzer.
Eighth Cavalry, to be colonel OF the
Second Cavalry.
First Lieutenant Edward Il. Wood
Eighth Cavalry. to be captain.
Second Lieutenant John A. Johnson
Eighth Cavalry, to be first lieutenant.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19

ON BEADING AND FILING he FEIl-
" tion of. ChIistiana e. Pgsg Nd T.
Piper. administrators OF the ss.s,tC M
ano er G Pyper, decea' ed, Sc; in5 il4r%
they have fl ed this fin2l accountant
minis ration upon sail estate innsClf.
and that portion Of said estate lszAhs9.
be divided among the heirs OF SaidaeSs.s
and praying among other thIngi iI
order settling said account snd llshel-
of the residue OF said estate among Lst
sons eDtitl d, ..
II is ordered that al p=rsons inieless-.
the estate of sal Alexander {. E!ps;e-
ceased, he and appear before me ~
Court of the County Of Salt Lasei . :
Court Room OF said Court. in me ~, Z;
Court House, on tbeI3th day a AaIe---
at 10 o'clock a. n then and there . =
cause why an order settling sald s.s-s
and of distribution should NOT be r. y,
the residue of said estate among ins =
and ieVisees of said Alexander T. ~
dec ased, accor ing n laV. "a
II is further ordered that lle NJ, VI I
cause copies of this order 70 o. poss :.
three public places in Salt Lake Coln!! !, -
published In THE SALT LAKE BEA = :,
Newspaper printed and circulated ;. - =
La e Count -four weeks suceessive'! INV
said 18th day of MsIeh, AID. lSso.
Dated February 9th. lss5 .,,rru
Probste lUaIs
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Wattersou.

LOUISVILLE, KY, February 1s.-Henry
Watterson had rather bad night and
is pronounced not SO well this morning
His temperature BIAS risen again to .10a,x
pulse remaining about ia 70 IIe'
Physicians express no alarm hnt So
they hope for favorable change in ths
course of the next twenty-four bonrs
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Obituary.

New York. February 1S.-John Rick
ably, manager of the Lyceum Theatre
died this morning. bs
PH1L4BELPHIA, Pa, February 49,
John b. Cough died at s. O'Clock this
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Buoklen-G Arnica sAIva.

The Best sALvE in she world for Cuts,
Bruises, eores. Ulcers. Salt Rheum,
Fever Sores, letter, Chapped Hands,
Chilblsins Corns, and ali Skin Erup-
tons, and po1itively curss Piles, or no
pay required. 1t is guaranteed 70 give
perfect satisfaction. or money refunded
Price twenty-five cents per box.
For sale bv z. G. II. /.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
Thousands Say So.

Mr.. T. w. Atkins, Girard, Kan,
writes: II never hesitate to recon-
mend your Electric Bitters to nv Gus
toners they give entire satisfaction and
are rapid sellers" Electric Bitters are
he purest and best medicine known and
will positively cure Kidney and Liver
Complaints. Purify the blood and reg.
ulate the bowels. No family can afford
to be without them. They will save
hundreds of dollars In doctors bills
every year.
Sold at fifty cents bottle by z. @. II.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
WATER: WATER,

D a m a G e by Wate,,
BARTON Il Co. hare Jus, ,ao.,,
Deeutiful line of Boys Gnd ,eVelyed
ing, which, having become S Is Vlo:s.
water on TIE railway, they viii se c,TiSs go b
less u cosI. Now Is your time W -, teeit'
cheap, i9f, althongh the suits axe no: r ,g5
A nObby line of Stiff and eo4i ~ s'y.
to-day. Call and see them, g NJ ~. eltlai
atest. 4 splendid gun giyer -, a,t gig ias
some of the Boys Hats, ava! I'll
Barton IL CO.. 5. MsiD s.,..
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
NOTICE.

BOSTON. Mass, February Sd, 1856.
THE ANNUAL MEETING OFTHE STOCK
i holders of the Utah & Nevada Railway
Company Tor the election of directors will
be held at the Company's Office, No 50 W.
First South Street. Salt Lake City, Utah fer
ritory. on Saturday, Mar h 6'h, 1856, at .
o'clock pm. HENRY MCFARLAND.
Secretary
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19

SHILOH'S CATARRH REMEDY
a positive cure for Catarrh. Diphtheria
and Canker Mouth. For sale at A. C.
Smith Il Co.. Drug Store. u E.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
THE WASATCH
PATENT ROLLER MILF
Best Grades OF Roller Ff'
0-5 cess Flour.

DRANDs, HIGH PATEST & sIEA!T q
ID Grade, al warranted as COCO =
made In Utah. lIk
W The Highes: Cash Price pa =
Good Wheat
Telephone 10 the Mills, No. ID ~
dabo Bakery, No. % Second soutn - -
g. EU8LKh- ~
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
NOTICE TO CREDITORS.
Estate Of William Jennings, Deceased.

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN BY THE
IN UNDERSIGNED, executors of the last will
deceased, to the creditors of, and ali ner,
sons having claims against the said de.
ceased to exhibit the m with the necssssrv
vouchers, within ten months after the arst
publication OF thisn tee. 60 said exec utors,
City and County OF Salt Lake. :" me
Dated at Salt Lake City, February 9Th
1856. VAL
PRISCILLA PAUL JENNINGS
Th0MAs W.JENNiNGS.
Frank W JENNINGS.
ISAAC JENNINGS,
yOSkPH A. JENNINGS
THOMAS G. WEBER,.
Executors of the Last viii and testament
nent Of William Jennings. deceased. e
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
LEGAL NOTICE.
In the Probate Court, "a dad To- Sc. II
County, Terrier q lloi.
In the Matter of the Es,a;e Of 4..gz
C. Piper.

Order Appointing Time and Pace 70 III
Petition for Distribution
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
CLOAK DEPARTMENT.


which offering Al LESS CU S
Chdrens Newmake
which we are selling AT LESS THAN MANUFACTURERS COST
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19

Have never.been low the prices now quoting
COST
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1886-02-19
OREGON SHORT lint


UTAH & NEVADA RAILWAY
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-03-10
How Mrs. Mitchell Was Kir,ed.

LEBANON, March 9-Mrs. Clark, who was sus-
pected of completely in the death of Mrs. Mitch
ell, whose body was found in Silver Creek last
week. has made confession that clears up the
mystery. She says Mitchell informed her, more
than a year ago, that he was in love with her,
and wanted to get rid of his wife, She did not
encourage his attentions and told him to stay at
home and take care of his family A couple of
days after Mrs. Mitchels disappearance Mitch
ell came to her and told her that he had smoth-
cred his wife in bed with blanket and carried
her body to the creek, whore it was found. He
said he did it because he did not love her, and
asked Mrs. Clark to marry him. which she says
she did not promise. The coroner's jury held
both Mitchell and Mrs. Clark for tnu murder.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-03-10
PERSONAL AND SOCIETY.


Mrs T. A. Hendricks eontemplates trip to
California.
Hon. R. S. Taylor. of Fort Wayne. is at the
Grand Hotel.
Hon. F. M. Dice, of Charlottesville, is at the
Grand Hotel
The Entre Nous Club will give dance at the
Occidental Hotel on Thursday evening, the 18th
inst.
The second dance of the Cinderella Club will
be given on Friday evening at Pfaf1ins Hall
under the direction of Professor Brenneke.
Benjamin Franklin, of the county recorders
Office is in Anderson to attend the funeral of his
mother. She was the widow of Elder Franklin
the prominent Christian preacher and editor
The Ladies' Social Circle of the First Baptist
Church will meet this afternoon at the residence
of Mrs. A. M. Noe. No. 100 East New York
street at o'clock.
The Ladies' Mission Society Of the Second
Presbyterian Church will meet in the reception
room at o'clock this afternoon. A paper on
''The Perpetrity of the Jewish Faith" will be
read by Mrs. John M. Butler.
Bishop Knickerbacker win preach in Grace
Church this morning, Ash Wednesday. at 1890. on
the hight Use of Lent" and celebrate holy COM
munon. The Bishop goes to southern Ohio for
a week, holding combinations at Hamilton. Mid
dletown, Galena, Berkshire Columbus and
Worthington.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-03-10
ILLINOIS.

The Outrage on Miss Aldridge-The Case
Against Price Dismissed.
special to the Indianapolis Journal.
NATION March 9-The preliminary exami-
nation of William N. Price, arrested on suspicion
of being guilty of the Georgia Aldridge hanging
outrage, was called before Justice Baldwin, at
Windsor. this afternoon Judge Thornton, for
the prosecution, stated that on account of the
continued serious illness Of Miss Georgia AID
ridge. the physicians had forbidden her going to
the courtroom; he therefore withdrew the war
rant upon which Price was arrested.
H. j. Hamlin, attorney for the defense, ex-
pressed regret that his cfsnt could not have
hearing. The case was dismissed, and Price inn
mediately received the congratulations of his
friends So far as Price is concerned, the case
is now settled unless the grand jury see fit to in
dict him.
The Indianapolis journal. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867-1904, 1886-03-10
AMUSEME NTS.
ENGLrsH's opERA-HoUsE-ssF.

ENGLIsHs OPERA HoUsE-sFAUsT."
Another large and enthusiastic audience
greeted Strakosch's fine opera company last
night, to witness the presentation of Faust"
The good impression made the night before was
strengthened. Miss Kate Bensburg, charming
lady, took the role of Marguerite, her rich So
prana gathering it beautifully. Mr. George APP
pleby, as Faust, was suffering from slight cold,
which interfered somewhat with the fexibility
and richness of his vocalzation The Mephis
tophees of Mr. E. N. Knight was we'll sustained,
and the work of all the principals was excellent.
The reception given the company has been
generous and cordial that a return engagement
has been decided upon, when Carmen" and
1.-THE Bohemian Girl" and other operas will be
presented.
The Zoo is drawing big houses this week, and
general satisfaction is expressed with the fine
bill presented
"Esmeralda," at the Museum. is drawing
crowded houses, night and day. 1t is well pro-
duced, and evidently as popular as ever.
Another big house. highly delighted. was en-
tertained at the Grand, last night, by Frank I.
Frayne in Isl Slocum." There will be matt
nee to-day, with popular prices 10, 20 and 80
cents.
Mr. Leon Myers is in the city arranging for
the appearance of the distinguished foreign act
ress. Nine. Janish Countess Arco), at the Grand
the first two nights of next week, in Sardou's
great play, Princess Andrea" which is said to
be striking success.
Signo- Salvini is now making his farewell tour
of this country and his last appearance in In
dianapolis will be at the Grand, Wednesday even
ing the 1 7th inst, in 1.-THE Outlaw" LA Monte
Civile.l The advance sale of seats will begin at
the box-ofice on next Saturday morning.
Commencing tomorrow evening, Pyke's New
York Opera Company will produce s"The Beggar
Student for the balance of the week, with Mr..
Charles hi. Pyke in the title role. aided by Miss
Louise Manfred and clever company of operate
artists. The opera will be mounted in very
handsome manner, and all the little details care
fully carried out as to scenery, costumes, etc.