Arizona weekly citizen., 1886-07-24
HUDSON'S BAY REGION.
WHERE THE CLIMATE IS WARMER
 AS ONE TRAVELS NoRTHWARD.

ID ONE hANElS NOh f1WAhD.
 The Question of AItitude-The Chinook
 Winds-How LatitudinaI Distances DI-
 minish-snowfalI on the Low Table
 lands-AbundantG Game and Grass.
 4 very important fact must be noticed m travelling from Hudson's bay to the Rockies One starts on land about fifty Feet above the sea level, and, gradually rlsing, reaches an altitude of only SO feet at the base of the mountains. This is following the GOth parallel, or within hity miles north or south of it. Starting on the 10th parallel, in the same longitude, say m the neighborhoOd of the Lake of the Woods, the height above the sea is over l,oJO feet, and at the base of the mountains in that latitude 1t Is over 5000 feet, or more than 5000 feet heigher than u is in a relative position as to the mount ains Go or IOO miles north of it.
 lt Is generally but errOneOusly supposed that one travelling from the 18th parallel of latitud' nOrthward, say on the Tooth or l.Jth meriiians of longitude, would find the cl.ma,e colder each fifty or loo miles, while the facts are he will find it warmer as he proceeds northward, and tLis rule will hold good for 5OO miles on the Tooth meridian, and for LOO miles on the 10th meridian, taking the 18th parallel north as a starting point The writer has proven this proposition from actual observation, and it may easily be established from q statement uf the simplest rules of natural science As a general principle, in the north temperate zone, as well as in the sub-arctic regions, the further north one proceeds the colder he will find the atnos- phere, but this rule will apply only when the traveller is going from lower tO a higher altitude above the sea In the re- gions just meutioned-and let it be under stood the rule applies until the 6Oth paral- lel Is reached-altitude has more to do with the climate, so far as heat and cold are Concerned-and, in fIct, as far as all meteorological phenomena gO-than laJi- tuGe.
 The writer has been upon the delta shores of Lake Athab.lska, which are only seven hundred feet above the sea, and al- most at the foot of the Rockies, where snow will scarcely remain on the ground for twenty-fOur hOurs at a stretch during a whole winter. This is more than sJJ miles north of the north boundary of Da- LU.I or Montana, where the mercury often goes down tO 4O degrees below zero (Fah- renheitj. and where the winters are long and severe. At the former places the mer- cuTy rarely touches zero, and in the grand stretch oi park country on every hand, and iJr aUJ miles To the northwest, the cattle belonging to the Hudson Bay posts iu that section have rOamed at large through more than nifty winters without the need of stable or cut hay. The latter. cured upon the stalk, Is plentiful, and as rich fodder i midWiuteg as the excellent grass is iu summer. Aside from the ques- ton uf altitude, the country last in qucs- tiUu Is favOraJly affected by the Chinook winds, which find their way from the Pa cinC through the mountain passes This is why the thermal lines extend further nOrtLward on the llOth meridian and west Of it than On the Tooth, as before indi- cated.
 NORTH OF THE HEIGHT OF LAND.
 Important questions of mathematical geography present themselves 10 one on the western shore of Hudson's bay. Lon gitudinaly he is nearly in the center of the continent; little nearer to Liverpool or Queenstown than the cities of New York or Quebec; within ljO miles as near to san Francisco as the city of Chicago: within ], ,5JJ miles of the Pacific ocear; within 3UO miles of the northeastern border, and GO of the center of the great fertile prairie country north of the height of land. in short, a harbOT on the western coast of the bay, provided the latter and the strait are navigable for sufficient period, would command the traffic of half the continent.
 It Is curious Co notice to what extent Lat itudinal distances diminish between any two meridians as one travels northward The width Of thc continent on the siXtieth parallel-apparently its greatest width on most maps-is nearly GOO miles narrower than iJ Is l.2OO miles farther to the south. On the sixtieth parallel it is scarcely 2J)0 miles in breadth Over ! .O00 miles of this distance may be traversed in a steamship, through Hudson strait and across HudsOn's bay, the re- maiuder of the distance, about LOO miles, k across a low level country, ranging in altitude from fifty feet at the start 10 sOO feet at the base of the Rockies above the sea. The mountain passes by way of the Pine river. a series of summit lakes, and the Skeena, will at no point reach more than ? 500 feet above sea level The average snowfall throughout the low tablelands does not exceed ten inches, and that th ough the mountain passes not more than three feet The of the atmosphere in the coldest months of winter along the line in question is higher by at least 2O degrees than it is along the 18th parallel except on the shores Of Hudson's bay and for about loo miles inland. From the latter point 10 the Atlantic it Is much lower. frequently running down 10 70 and 90 degrees below zero. The statements are in accordance with meteorological rec ords kept by Hudson's Bay company posts, which extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific along the siNtieth parallel, and for many miles Co the north of it
 For the first 300 miles westward from the bay. the traveller will meet with thou sands of reindeer, and thousands of -bar- ren ground Indians. branch of the Cree family, between whom and the Esqui- mauN. who inhabit the country 10 the north Cf them. there has always been the bitterest hostility. After that one meets with the Crees proper, and travels through a delta or silt country, composed of nat ural parks, embracing vast areas of the best grazing lands 10 he found anywhere They are frequcut.-Cor. Chicago Times
 Eagles Breeding in Captivity.
 The female of a pair of eagles which have been in captivity in Toledo, Ohio, for six years. laid an egg on the 18th of March and another the day following. Then she began sitting on the eggs. and never left the nest until recently, when pair of eagle.s were found Co have been matched They are strong and apparently healthy. Eagles rarely breed in captivity.
 Cnpperas in French Canned Peas
 The health board Of Brooklyn has found traces of copperas in the green peas irl- ported from France to this country.
 \ Scotch medical professor lately de- clared that out of over one hundred med ical graduates not ten meant tO set up in