davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
WASHINGTON CRITIC
wEATHER INDICATIONS.

For the Middle Atlantic States, fair
weather, followed during Tuesday by local
rains In the northern portion; light local
SHOWS, nearly stationary, followed by
slowly rising, temperature, preceded In the
extreme northern portion by slightly colder
weather, variable winds, generally shifting
to easterly.
For Tuesday, local rains or SHOWS and
warmer weather are indicated for the Mid
die Atlantic States, South Atlantic states
and lower lake region.
Thermometer Readings.
Thermometer readings for January ~,
1885, o a. M, 27o.0; Z a. M, 250 0s; IL a. m,
5000. January IL: Mean temperature, 1924;
maximum, 4fo.6; minimum, 2l'S; mean
relative humidity, 7l.O.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
The Bn,,imorc 4 ohio HaiIroad

are quoting the following rates: To Chi
cago, Sl3; to Louisville, $l4.50, to st. Louis,
SlG.50; TO Cincinnati, sil; to indianapolis,
Sl2, and Detroit, Sl2, and corresponding
low rates to all points in the West, North
cars to destination. Time to Chicago %
hours, Cincinnati l6 hours aud st. Louis 27
hours. Limited train for Chicago leaves
Washington at 943 q. IN. and for Cincin-
natl aud st. Louis at . p. m. daily. Consult
ticket agents B. &. O. X. Il. before purchas-
ing. Offices 6l9 and 1851 Pennsylvania
avenue aud station, corner Of New Jersey
avenue and G. street.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL.

The New York stock market this morn
ing opened strong aud | to per cent.
higher on buying, said to be for the account
Of London capitalists. This strength did
not last long, for after the first call the
bears made what appeared to be a precon-
ccrtcd attack on Union Pacific, Pacific Mail,
Lake Shore, aud Northern Pacific preferred.
Under this raid prices declined J tc p per
cent. Since midday, however, TO | per
cent. OF the decline has been recovered, but
the market is unsettled. Money loaned at 2
per cent. Exchange quiet but Arm. Gov
crnmcnts firm. Currency, Gs, l2j bid is,
coupon, l23g bid; dls, do. 1l2l bid.
The rulnor that President Gowcn intends
to 90 TO Europe soon to raise funds for
Reading, seems to be corroborate1. The
Philadelphia Press says that IL Is understood
that when he was last abroad hc secured
promises of help from several English and
German capitalists in case he succeeded In
having himself placed again at the head of
the corporation. IL Is understood that his
plan includes the issue of Sl00000,00O of
general mortgage bonds at per cent, to
replace all the old Indebtedness. This may
bc roughly stated at $35,OO0,00O ahead of
the general mortgage, S25,0O0,00O OF gen
crol mortgage, 100000 of floating debt,
$5,000,000 Of receivers certificates and
5000, ,0C0 of miscellaneous claims--a total
of about SSO,000,000. The balance left of
the money raised abroad after these claims
have all been taken up will be used for
future emergencies and In carrying out an
aggressive policy of management. II will
be Mr.. Gowen's cudeavor to interest certain
leading people in America in this plan to
take at least enough OF these new bonds to
meet such temporary needs as the payment
Of the floating debt and the Receivers GER
thcates.
DIR. IIostettcr of Pittsburg, dispatch
says, is confident Of the completion of
the South Penn. There will In any event
be another road built between Reading and
Pittsbure. This has been Mr.. Gowcn's plan
from the first. IT, is expected that the
South Penn will infuse great vitality into
the Reading road, which is expected to be
II splendid feeder for the other. Mr.. Ralph
Bagey of Pittsburg, prominent South
Penn stockholder, believes that the Wander
bllts can have no interest in opposing the
South Penn now. They can sell their South
Penn stock, and will be benefited by the rise
in Reading stock which is anticipated. lie
says further: "Of course the success of
Mr.. Gowen in Reading means the construc-
ton of either the South Penn to Pittsburg,
or some other road In its stead, because the
Reading road must now lie extended West
ward as guarantee Of its future existence.
In the present day OF. fierce competition, no
great railroad can remain local road and
live ; connections and through lines are in
dspensable."
Petroleum.
b. X. Plain & Co., st. Cloud Building,
furnish the following OIL quotations: Closed
Saturday, S73 opened to-day, SS highest
IS; lowest, ST.; 215, S7s.
New York stock Market.
Tho following have been furnished by j.
Vance Lewis, broker, southwest corner Eighth
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
ADJUSTMENTS.

ALBAuon's-John T. Raymond in "The
Magistrate"
NATIoNAI---Clara Morris.
HERZoo's-Mattie Vickers.
DIME MusEUM-Pauline Markham.
THEATRE CoMiQuE--Nac.Nac Dancers.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
What the Rurmese Pensanta Mnt.

The food of Burmese peasants includes
almost all kinds of reptiles, the grub of
ball-rolling beetle, kind OF ant which con-
stlucts nests Of leaves In tree-tops (eaten In
curIics), and hill rats. The last named ex-
list in such hordes that their consumption is
almost q necessity to prevent the rats eat
the Burmese Boston Post.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
Fast Train Service Between Wash.
ingtOn and Annapolis.

To accommodate the rapidly-growIng
business between Washington, Baltimore
and Annapolis, In addition to the regular
schedule, the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad
has put on new train, leaving Washington
at q a. m, Baltimore 9:05 a. m, arriving In
Annapolis at 10 q. IN. Round-tnp tickets$3.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18

The Portland Drug Store, Fourteenth
street and Vermont avenue, is the com
pletcst establishment in the city. Every
thing fresh and pure and strictly first-class.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
.AIdcrney I,airy Wagons,v y

Fresh Alderney butter, churned every
morning and delivered In ! b. "Ward"
buttermilk and sweet milk, &c. per at,
Cream, l5c. per pint.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18

THE German Cologne sold at the Portland
Drug Store at 75c. and Sl.25 a bottle is the
best article ever offered to the public.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
Eurn,ture Carnets. u.nn,,ets.

Comforts ana general house-furnishing
goods sold on easy weekly or monthly pay
ments at John Smiths Installment House,
4l3 New Jersey avenue northwest.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
CITY SPECIILS.
Important to Lovers Of Oystc

There is great selling of delicious fried
oysters at L. Mangum's, sos North Capitol
street Come and try them.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
THE TRAVELLERS GUIDE.
Ways and Hours OF Getting in and
Out of Washington.
DEPARTURES.
From sixth street station.

FrOm SINth Etreet STATION.
For Boston, .. m. (without change of cars)
For New York-7:i5, 0, $40 Qmitcd) and II u.
m; 2, $50, d:20 and 10 u. m.
or,Philadelphia-715 0, 0:i0 and II a. IN. .,
$3.50, AGO, o and 10 p. ~,
For Baltimore-6:35, 7:t5, o, 0:I0, $50 and II a
m, le:05, ., $3.50, 4:so i;2', 4;io, 0, 7lO and
For Chicago, Cincinnati and st. I.ouis--o,5o a.
IN. and 7:l0 p. m.
For Buffalo, Elmira and Harrisburg-0:5O a.
For Annapolis a. M, 1905 and i;s, D. m.
FOR Pope's Greek Lino-':l5a. M, 1910 p. IN.
For AleSandriaHC, 7:3io, o.a5 1l:of. iis5 a. m.;
a:o5, i:26, 4:35, 6:01, S;05 and 1l:37 pm.
For Richmond and the Soath-G and li;Oi a.
For Cincinnati, Louisville and st. Lous-7
except sundaysl a. m and 5;8D p. IN;
For Fort Monroe, Newport News and Nor
folk-ll u, m. Except Sundays)
For Alexandria, Lcesburg and Round Hill
ga. m. daily except Sunday and i:;,j D. IN.
From ID. a u. station.
For Baltimore-5, go, GAO 1:3O, $40 and 10 a.
m; ls'lO, lAO, 3l5, $3.50, $3.50, 1910, $40, $50,
For AnnapoIs-6:i (sundays $3.50 a. M; isao
For Point oi Rocks, Froderlck-7;ioa a. M; $40
For Iiarper's Ferry and Shenandoah Valley
5'sO, $40 and 0'i3 a. M; 5;3O and 1910
For Gathersburg $40 and $3.50 a. m.;
1890, d;i0, $50, $3.50 and 11:aO p, m.
For Iiagerstown-5.3 D. IN.
For Chicago-0:43 a. m, 1910 p. IN.
For Pittsburg-0A3 a. M S:55 y. m.
For New Orleans (express)--bsi0 a. m.
For Cincinnati, Louisville and st. Louis-3 and
'' p' " ARRIVALS
At Sixth street station.
From Boston 2:l5 p, m. (Express)
From New York and Philadelphia q and
1880 a. M; 1:i5, s;i5, i7;lO, 0;O5 and 1915
From Baltimore-C9O, s, ss5, s.i5, Oej and
1880 u. M; 1a5, 2:l5, 4, $50, 7iO s, 0:O5,
From Chicago, ST. Louis and cinc!nnatl-0.3o
and O:@5 a. nj 5:D and 8 p. m,
From Annapolis-S:l0 Il. M; 2:lb and $50 p. IN.
From Buffalo, Blmira and Harrisburg a.
m. and Sp m.
From Richmond and the South h-l030 u, m,;
From Naturalization, C:a5, sos, SEQ, 1895,
1920, 1880 and 1910 A. m; l:2o, 1;5O, 3:?5,
$40, i;1O, $50, 7a.5, o'i5, oAo and II p'm IN.
From Cincinnati, Louisville and st. Louis-8
A. m, daily except Sunday; $3.50 p. m;
From Fort Monroe, Newport News and Nor
folk3I0p. m, daily except Suaday).
From Round Hill, Leesburg and Alexandria
s:l5a. m. and i:l0 p. m. The evening tran
does not run on sundays.
At rs. ~ d. station.
From Baltlmore-12:2 $50, $40, $50 0:85, 1O;35
HHu lilo u, ln'i LOU, kounuay dlo u. nj,
$50, 1870, 5;l0, 525 G;35, 8, $40 and 10 d. m.
From Annapolis-S:3O Il. IN. QO:30 ON Sunday,
1850 and h:25 p. m.
From Point of Rocks and Frederick a. m;
4!s2 and S:l5 p. IN.
From liarper's Ferry and shenandoah Valley
9As a., mi $50 and s;i7 p. m.
From Gaithersburg S.25, 0.i8 q. m; 1905,
$40, i22, $50 and S;i5 u. M
From iIagerstown-0;lS u. m. and $3.50 y, m.
From Chicago and Pittsburg-J;20 q. m. and
$50 p. IN,
From New Orleans--lAS p, m.
From Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis
0;l0 a. IN, and 1880 p. M
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
1T Never DisappoInts.

disappointed many who are confidently
awaiting the January boom. They have be-
come dispondent and hesitate to take q
bright view of anything Now there is one
thing that does not disappoint, and that is
Tharp's whisky, from SIS f street.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
MEMS and Boys Fine ClOthing,

There has absolutely no portion of
our superb stock escaped the pruning
knife of reduction. Perfect fitting and
wellmade suits for gentlemen for SO,
well worth $40. Warm, scrviceable
overcoats for "a, good value for Ss.
Boys Suits, good and durable, for
$3.50, would be cheap at S5. Over
coats the same. We have also the
finest goods known to the trade-cor-
rect in style, faultless in shape, and
perfect in fit, the prices of which we
have cut in two, but we have not the
space to enumerate them here. Should
you want anything in the clothing linc
for man, boy or child, stand not in
your own light, follow the example of
those who are wise in their generation
"SEER AND YE SHALL FIND"
whatsoever you may need at prices
never before quoted for goods of a
relative quality.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
ARRIVALS
At Sixth street station.

From Richmond and the South 1880 a, m.;
$40 and II y, m.
From Alesandiia--i<a0, Ge5, sos, 500, 1895,
1920, 1880 and 1910 n. m; leo, 100, 3!25
$40, I:10, $50, T;,5, 0i5 0.iO and II p, IN.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
At Is. a O. station.

From Round Hill, Lcesburg and Alexandria
s;i5a. IN, and t:l0 p. N. The coyening tral
does not run on Sundays,
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18

From Cincinnati Louisville and st. Lous-8
n. IN, daily except Sunday; $3.50 p. m.
From Fort Monroe, Newport News and Nor
folk-3a0p. m daily except Suaday.
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
Petroleum

b. X. Plain & Co., st. Cloud Building,
furnish the following OIL quotations.; Closed
Saturday, S79. opened to-day, sS; highest
IS; lowest, ST.; 2:15, S7s.
New York stock Market.
Tho following have been furnished by j.
Vance Lewis, broker, southwest corner Eighth
and Il streets
The Washington critic., 1886-01-18
MasllingtOn stocks.

The following are the closing quotations OF
the Washington Stock Exchange to-dayas fur
nished by Messrs. Towers u Green, bankers
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

A DESPATCH dated Wilkesbarre, the
26th inst, says: II is stated that there
are 10000 miners and laborers in the
anthracite region who belong to the
Knights of Labor Last fall an offer
was made to get all the miners in the
coal regions TO join one organization,
the Miners and Laborers' Amalgamat-
ed Association. More than half of the
men Joined, but great majority of those
who belonged to the Knights refused to
come over This was very unsatisfac-
tory, as it divided labor against itself.
At a meeting of the Executive Board of
the Miners and Laborers' Amalgamat-
ed Association of Luzerne and Lacka-
wanna counties, report was read
which will unite the two organizations
on all labor matters. They will there
fore work in harmony in the future.
The report was read with cheers. The
organizations working together are
stronger than any trades union in the
world.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
POINTS IN POLITICS.

Charles r. Buckalew carried the
Congressional Democratic primaries on
Saturday in the Luzernc and Lacka-
wanna portion of the Eleventh district.
-TheLackawanna county Republican
committee met on Saturday and fixed
Tuesday, August 10, as the date of the
County Convention for the selection of
Congressional conferrees and a candi-
date for Coroner.
The newly-organized Young MEMS
Democratic Club, of the Sixth ward,
Allentown, has unanimously indorsed
William II. Sowden for reelection to
Congress, as a bold and fearless adVo-
cate of protection as against Molrison's 5
free trade bill.
Lieutenant Governor Black thinks
the Democratic State Convention will
take strong ground in favor of State
regulation of carrying companies and
redressing the grievances of labor and
in unequiyocal condemnation of sump-
tuary laws, and that the nominees must
represent these principles, else they will
not command the full party vote.
Charles S. Wolfe tells the Pittsburs
Dispatch that whereas in Union county,
his native heath, the Prohibition vote
last year was 40, this year they have
formed Prohibition club in Lewisburg,
with a membership of 145 voters, all
pledged to the cause. Forty of the
members are of Democratic antecedents
and 1O5 of Republican anteceGents
They all reside either in Lewisburg OF
within a radius of one mile of the place
He cited this as but one instance in
many Of the growth of the cause.
George II. Meyers, Burgess of Beth
lehem, has been brought forward by
Democratic manufacturers and busines,
men as a candidate for Congress in til,
/ Tenth district. The anti-Sowden peo
! pie complain that the present member
does not get enough work for the lie
high Valley laboring men to do ant
want Meyers TO run as an Independent
candidate. Meyers has a barl. but thC
Republicans are said to feel sore ovel
the last coalition, in which their as
sOciates, the Democratic kickers, col
Jared all the offices. Colonel Horn la,
declined TO be a Democratic candidate.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

THE report of the chief of the ap-
pointment division, Post Office Depart
ment, for the fiscal year ended June 80,
1886, presents the following figures re-
lating to changes in postmasters, in
crease in offices and the like: During
the year 3,4S2 new post offices were es-
tablished, and 1,130 were discontinued.
At the close of the year there were 90,
GA post Offices, and of these 1906 were
what are known as presidential offices.
The largest number of new offices were
necessary i'll Virginia, where 127 were
established during the year. There are
1,2G5 presidential offices, an increase OF
80 during the year. Of these the largest
number is in New York, PIG; Illinois
next, So. The report presents the fol.
lowing comparative statement of ap
pointments during the fiscal years ended
June 80, 1885 and 1886: For 1855, or
designations and commissions expired
6,204; for 1885, 9,112. On removals
and suspensions for 1885, $40; for 1856
9,j66. On deaths of postmasters fol
1885, 4l2; for 1886, 5S7. On establish
ment of new post offices for 1885, 2,121
for 1886, 9,4S2. Total for 1885, 9,547
total for 1886, 22,747.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
Washington News and Gossip.
From our Special Correspondent.

From our Special Correspondent.
WASHINGTON, d. c., July 20, 'S6
Mr.. EDITOR: The Senate has passed
bill authorizing the District Commits
sioners to condemn the property along
Rock Creek, which is the dividing line
between the cities of Washington anC
Georgetown. The land condemned viii
be converted into public park. The
bill provides for the condemnation of 9
tract of land 1000 feet in width, lying
on both sides of the creek, beginning al
Massachusetts Avenue and extending tC
the boundary line of the District. That
portion of the valley or gorge above the
city, (Which it is proposed to include
within the limits Of the reservation is
admirably adapted by nature for park
and is capable of being converted, at a
comparatively small cost, into one OF
the finest of the already numerous at
fractions of the National Capital.
A party of thirteen Apache Indians
have been here during the past week
| and have had several interviews Will
the Secretary of the Interior upon the
subject of the proposed removal of the
tribe from the San Carlos reservation
One of the old chiefs acted as spokes,
man, and spoke in the Apache dialect
which was interpreted into Mexican by
an Indian half-breed, and then into
English by an American. The Indian,
stated that they wanted to remain upon
the reservation, instead of being re
moved to the Indian Territory. TIL,
Secretary said he would consider wha
had been said, but the Government wai
determined to put stop to their raid
and depredations. The party includes
Chaco, one of the most famous chic fl
of the Apache tribe. This Indian is th,
one who gave Gen, Crook so mucl
trouble in 1888, but was finally cap
tured by the late Capt. Crawford. lii
charged that Chaco was the ringleade
in the murder of the family of Capt
McComas, near SILVER City, in New
Mexico, extended accounts of which
were published at the time. In addition
to these crimes it is said that he ha:
been implicated in more than fifty mur
ders of similar nature. 1t was no
until the party reached Washington tina
Secretary Lamar knew that Chaco wa
a member Of the party, and when III,
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

THE sudden death, on Monday night,
of Mr.. Hubert o. Thompson, Chairman
of the New York County Democracy, is
very startling He was mar of great
force of character and ample intelligence
and, though for some time past lie had
lived in retirement, his decease leaves a
void in the political affairs of New York
city. He was the effective head of the
County Democracy, and as such exer-
cised an important influence independ-
ent of the power which he held as Com
missioner of Public Works. He had a
great hold upon the people from the
cordiality of his nature and manners,
the strong common sense of his judg-
ment, and his constant fidelity to his
principles and his friends. He was es-
pecally influential in securing the NOM
nation of Mr. Cleveland TO the Pres-
dencY; but, after the Inauguration of
that gentleman, neither he nor his
friends thought that he had been prop
rely considered. There may not have
been any ingratitude on the President 3
part. On that question we have no
means of judging; but Mr.. Thompson
certainly thought there was. His health
had not been good for some time past,
but his death by apoplexy when less
than thirty-eight years of age seems as
premature as it is afllicting.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

SOMEBODY who has been observant
Of things and evidently been there him
self has written the following: "The
country editor is man who reads news
papers, writes on almost any subject,
sets type, folds papers, makes up mail,
runs errands, saws wood, works in the
garden, is blamed for thousands OF
things he never thought Of, helps people
in the Office who forget all about it af-
terwards, and frequently gets cheated
out of half his earnings. He puffs and
does more to build up town than any.
body else, and the miser and the fogy
are benefited; yet they will not take
his paper, will borrow it, read it and
cuss the editor.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

Owen l.. Schneider, one of the best
known citizens Of Lehigh county, died
this afternoon i'm the siXty-seyenth yeal
Of his age. He was member of one OF
the earliest and most influential families
in the county and was universally
esteemed. He took an active interest
i'm agriculture and was progressive
farmer, owning what is regarded as the
finest herd of DeyOns in the State, Fol
four years he was president of the Le-
high County Agricultural Society. In
politics he was a Republican and in 1874
was the competitor of Judge Albright
for State Senator. His widow and -four
children survive.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
Auditors Notice,

In the Orphans Court of Carbon County,
estate of LEWIS KLINGER, deceased.
The Auditor appointed by the Orphans
Court to make distribution of the balance in
the hands of William Mccormick, admins
TRAITOR OF estate Lewis Klinger, deceased, will
meet all parties interested for the purposes of
his appointment on Tuesday the 3lSt day Of
August, A. d. 1885, at 0 o'clock, a. m, at his
office in the borough Of Mauch Chunk when
and where all parties having claims are re-
qutred to present aud prove the same or be
forever debarrcd from coming in upon said
fund.
l.. II. BARBER, Auditor.
Malch Chunk, Pa, July q, 'S6it.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
Administrators Notice.

Estate of DANIEL KRESGE, late of Frank
lin twp, Carbon county, Pa, decd.
Letters of administration on the estate of
Daniel kresge, late of Franklin township,
Carbon county, Pa, have been granted to the
undersigned, to whom all persons indebted to
said estate are requested to make payment,
aud those having claims or demands will
make the same known without delay.
j. q, ZERN, Weissp0rt, Pa.
June 10, lSS6-w6
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

TEMPERANCE women in the prohibit
tion village of Marshalltown, la. watched
the drug store sales Of liquors for a
month, and ascertained that the six
druggists sold 112 IA gallons of whis-
key. 2,1o7 bottles of beer 81 gallons of
alcohol, 6 gallons of brandy, gallons
of gin, barrel of ale, and b gallons of
wine. II wasn't very sickly month
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
HOUSE and Lot for Sale.

a-yA 0ne-half Lot, 80 1s9 feet, situate on
Eg9#I Lehigh Street, near tho New Round
skk4lsszSSls Houses, upon which is erected good
IWo-stOly Frame House, lex % feet. A never
choice Fruit Trees and Vines on the Lot. a
nice home for a small family. For terms, &C.,
call at the CARBON ADVOCATE Office, Bank
street. june 26-tf
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31
Teachers Examinations.

The teachers examinations for 1886, In the
County Of Carbon, viii be held as follows;
East Wefssport, South Franklin school
house, August nth.
lIudsOndale inT Packer twp, August 18th.
ROckpOrt, for Lehigh twp, August 18TH
East Hayen, ior Kiddcr twp, August 18th.
Millport for Lower TOwanenSing twp,
August 2lst
Pennsyille, for East Pcnnrwp August 9Cth.
Stemlersyillc, for IOwamensing twp, Aug.
2Sth.
Pleasant Corner, for Mahoning twp. Sept. 4.
Koch's Hotel, for Penn Forest twp, Oct.2d.
The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1886-07-31

at j. Sondheims One Price Star Cloth
ing Hall, Mauch Chunk. Fine imported
cashmere and corkscrew suits measured
and made to order at SIS, former price
S25, call and be convinced.