davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22

schaack, he and his wife went homo to-
gether.
Mrs. Seliger was placed upon the wit
ness stand and gave her testimony IN
thin treble voice. She was very nervous
and at times embarrassed, but displayed
none of the cravenness that characterized
her husband. Lingg, she said. came to
board with them two weeks before Christ
mas.
"Did you ever see any bombs in your
houseYj
"Shortly before May | saw some az
Lingg was about 10 hide them. There
were about half dozen lying in his bed,
which he wanted to hide. Both long ones
and round ones-gas pipes aud shells
were there" She had no talk with him
then about bombs.
DISAPPEARED WITH LINGG.
After Lingg had lett the house she did
not see any more of them. On the night
Of the riot she heard people say that a
bomb had fallen at the Haymarket. That
day there were several men In her house,
six or eight, perhaps still more. Among
them were Huebner, Hueman, Thiel,
LingQ and her husband. The men were
working upon bombs. She did not pay
particular attention, but remembered that
Hueman was filing. Said Mrs. Seliger:
81 was in the kitchen. When supper was
Ieduy l went i'll WOBT6 une men WST6s L
was 80 mad | could throw them out"
Are you "A SOcialistY' interjected the
States attorney.
mo" snapped the witness. ''They al
ways scOId me. | frequently saw Lingg
melting lead right on my cooking stove.
Twice Hueman was with them and once
Thel and my husband. Llngg would say
to me: Don't act so fOolishly standing
there; you, might be doing something,
toO.'"
HIDING BOMBS.
The witness saw Lingg the day after the
bomb was thrown. He was at home in
the forenoon. He wanted to hide some
bombs in the clothes closet. She heard
some hammering in his room and went
in. She said to him: "Mr. Liugg, what
are you doing there? i will not suffer
that" lie was tearing ont part Of the
wall. Llngg retorted: You are crazy; |
will have TO look for place where
/ may be permitted some liberty"
He was very mad and went away. He
had IOosened the base boards and took
out mortar.
"Have you ever seen this instrument?"
said Mr.. Grnnell, exhibiting an IRON
spoon into which dynamite shell was
fitted.
YES" was the reply. "Lingg was
always casting with that" Mrs. Seliger
was cross examined for the defense by
Mr.. Foster.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
ADJOURNlIENTDAYFIXED
THE HOUSE PASSES THE CON-
CURRENT RESOLUTION.

Several Members Speak Against July 20,
on the Ground that IL Ia Too Early to
Permit OF Legislation ON Important
MeRsures-The Resolution OvewbeIm.
ingIy Passed.
WASHINGTON, July 2l.--ln the House
to-day Mr.. Morrison called up as ques.
tion Of privilege the concurrent resolu-
ton providing for final adjournment on
July 2S.
Mr.. Reagan, while he expressed his
anxiety tor final adjournment, thought
the date fixed too early, and should the
resolution be agreed to the House would
fail to perform very important part Of
its duty. If the date were fixed as Aug.
the House might be able to act upon the
Interstate commerce bill and the North
ern Pacific land forfeiture bill.
Mr.. Weaver conc1rreffin IN this view, and
cited the Oklahoma bill as another meas
ure which should be acted upon before
adjournment.
RIVERS AND HARBORs.
Mr.. Dunn thought the friends OF the
river and harbor bill should not vote for a
day of adjournment which would not give
ample time for the final passage of that
measure.
Mr.. Bayne said Congress should stay
here until the legislation demanded by the
country has been enacted into a law.
Mr.. Hepburn could see no excuse for
adjournment until Congress had passed
upon such measures as the Interstate
commerce, bankruptcy, poiygamy and
copyright bills.
MIR. Willis thought 1t would be unwise
to agree to the resolution, which would
put it in the power of "A smafl minority to
prevent any action upon important meas
ures. The Senate was not in condition ia
adjourn. There were three appropriation
bills pending in that body, and the sur
plus resolution remained unncted upon.
MR.. MORRIsON's VIEWS.
In advocating the resolution, which ha
said was nothing more than information
10 the Senate that The Honse'was ready "a
adjourn. Mr.. Morrison referred 10 the
surplus resolutiOn'and remarked that hd
did not think IT would be ever heard of In
the Senate. "A to the measures which ii
was said should be passed, he directed at
tention to the fact that II the members
would only cease talking and 90 to work
they could all be passed previous 10 ad,
journment.
Mr.. Reed said the country was satisfied
that Congress had had a full trial, and
that 1t could do nothing better than make
an attempt to find an adjournment.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to by vote Of l45 to SO.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
TRICKERY TEUMPED.
Mr.. Turner Springs a Surprise on
Republican Committeeman.

Republican Committeeman.
WASHINGTON. July 21.-Some weeks
ago the Republican members OF the
House Committee on Elections, finding
themselves in a majority through the alb
sence of their Democratic fellow commit
teemen, adjourned the committee until
next December, thereby precluding action
during this session upon two contested
election cases then pending before the
committee. This proceeding excited the
ire of the Democratic members OF the
committee, but it was not believed that
the committee could be gotten to-
gether again under parlia-
mentary forms this session,
and the friends of the contestants had
about abandoned the hope Of securing a
decision of the contests. To-day, how
ever, Chairman Turner gave notice IN the
House that be should, on next Friday,
move to discharge the Elections Commit
tee from further consideration of the con-
tested Rhode Island election case of PAGE
against Pierce, and ask for immediate
action in the case. Mr.. Turner expressed
the Opinion that ma jOrIty OF the House
will support his motion, and thus render
nugatOry the action taken by the Elec-
tions Committee at its last meeting.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
ALBANY,s BI-CEsrENNIAL.
Departure of the Presidential Par
ticipants from Washington.

Departure of the Presidential Par
ticipants from Washington.
WASHINGTON, July 2l.-rbe President,
accompanied by Secretaries Bayard and
Whitney, and Private Secretary Lamont,
left Washington this afternoon to partici-
pate in the bi-centennial celebration at
Albany, n. Y. The party will arrive in
that city by the West Shore line at 6
O'Clock tomorrow morning, and will
proceed direct to the residence
Of GOV. Hill, whose guests they viii be
during their stay. The President will re-
view the procession during the morning
and attend the bi-ceutennlal exercises in
the afternoon. lie will also attend the
citizens reception given in his honor at
the capitol in the evening. He and other
members Of his party will leave Albany
the same evening in time to reach Wash
ington in the forenoon Of Friday.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
SIR DHKE'S AMOURS.
Mrs. Crawford Tells More Tales
About the Warren Street House.

Mrs. Crawford Tells More Tales
About the Warren Street House.
LONDON. July 21.-Mrs. Crawford re.
sumed her testimony to-day in the era W.
ford divorce case. She SAID that Sill
Charles Dixie declared that Mrs. Roger.
son, at whose house he used to meet the
witness. was his mistress. Mrs. Craw.
ford asserted that she believed it was
Mrs. ROgersOn who wrote the anonymous
letters accusing the witness Of adultery
with Can't. Foster, and that her object
was to screen Sir Dixie.
Mrs. Ashton Dixie, sister Of Mrs. Craw-
ford and sisteT-n-law OF Sir Charles, testi-
fled that Sir Charles Dixie. after Mrs.
Crawford bad made her confession, sug-
gested a quiet separation between her
and her husband, and offered TO contribute
to Mrs. Crawtord's income.
A number Of servants testified that
ladies secretly visited Sir Charles Dixie,
and that he made regular designations at
the Warren street house.
II have no earthly object" declared
the witness, ''in making all these state
ments except to tell the truth" The jury
asked Mrs. Crawford 10 describe the
room in the Warren street house in which
she alleged Sir Charles Dixie used to
meet her. She took pencil and made a
diagram Of the apartment.
INFLUENCING MRS. CRAWFORD.
Mrs. Rogerson's brother deposed that
he prohibited Mr.. DIXIE from visiting
Mrs. Rogerson's on learning that Sir
Charles and Lady Dixie were using
efforts to influence her evidence. He was
sorry to be constrained TO say that be be-
lieved the anonymous letters were written
by his sister.
Donald Crawford testified that Mrs.
Virginia Crawford begged him not TO
make Capt. Foster a correspondent, be-
cause, a. she said, she did not want 10
ruin more than one man. This evidence
caused a sensation in the court room.
When the court adjourned it was under
stood that the evidence was closed.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Sent 70 Conferencc.

WASHINGTON. July 2l.-The House to-
dav went INTO committee OF the whole,
with Mr.. Hatch in the char, on the Senate
amendment to the river and hafbor bill,
the pending question being on the motion
made by Mr.. Hewitt striking out the
clause for the improvement Of New York
harbor. He Withdrew the amendment,
being assured, he said, that the object he
desired to accomplish would be accom-
plisbed through the medium of the con-
ference committee. The committee then
rose. and the Senate amendment having
been non-concurred in the bill was sent to
conference,
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
PETITIONS OF KNIGHTS.
Ralph Beaumont Vouches for Their
Authenticity.

RuJncntlClty.
WASHINGTON, July 21.-Mr. Van
Wyck, IN presenting another batch of
knights OF Labor petitions in favor of
land forfeiture bills and Oklahoma, read a
letter from Ralph Beaumont, Chairman of
the Legislative Committee of the Knights
of Labor (by whom these petitions have
been sent to so many SenatOrs), stating.
in response to Senator Vests remarks
yesterday, that these petitions were
genuine and sent to him either directly or
by the authority of the persons
purporting to have signed them,
and, further, that they were
expressly authorized and sanctioned
by the Grand General Executive Board Of
the order in the United States. lie also
read letter from Mr.. POwderly to Chief
BushYhead somewhat modifying that
produced yesterday, and asserted the good
faith existing in regard to these petitions.
Alter some further remarks on the
same subject by Senator Brown,
the petition and several other
patches OF them from other States
were referred to the Committee on FL
nuupn
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Frances NAVY,

PARIS, July 2l.-Admiral Lafont made
statement to the Budget Committee Of
the Chamber OF Deputies to-day regards
ing the condition Of the navy. He said
the present pattern OF torpedo boats re-
quired a modification. The dimensions
OF the boats should be enlarged. "Tha
French feet" said the Admiral, ''can vic
with the navy OF any power. Ii tomorrow
the government should undertake a naval
war / should sail at the head OF my squads
ron without the slightest anxiety and
without doubt Of our success, even
though the war were directed against
Great BritainV
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22

LONDON, July 2i.-Reports from the
cities in which cholera prevails show the
following new cases and deaths during
the twenty-four hours ended July 20:
Brindisl S cases and deaths, Venice
cases and death. Fontana l6 cases and
deaths, Latiano cases and deaths.
COdigoro cases and deaths, Trieste 6
cases and deaths, Flume . cases and
deaths, aud Ostuni 2 cases and death.
THE RETURNS FROM ITALY.
ROME, July 2l.--The cholera reports for
to-day are: Brindisi new cases and 2
deaths, Fontana Anew cases and deaths,
San Nito new cases aud deaths, Lati-
anO new cases aud deaths, Ostuui 3
new cases. Venice no new cases or deaths.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22

Sr. LOUIS, July 21.-Ye Yesterday after
noon Maud and Cora Davenport, and An.
ma Davenport, their cousin, were playing
in sand pit at Cunningham, when the
sand caved in and buried all three. An-
ma freed herself and dug away the earth
above Cora, uncovering her face. thus al.
lowing her to breathe and saving her life.
The body OF the other girl she was unable
to find. and ran 10 the nearest house for
aid. Cora was taken out Uninjured, buE
her sister Maud was dead when found.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
WRECK or rHn GATE CITY.

Lighters Sent 10 Take or Her Cargo
Praise by the Passengers.
Cottage CITY, MASS, July 2l.-The
steamer Gate City remains in the same
position. Two tugs with lighters arrived
at the wreck at $3.50 O'Clock Yesterday
evening and Immediately began lighter
ing the perishable cargo. consisting Of
watermelons aud other Southern products.
The water was smooth last night aGd this
morning.
CAPTAIN AND COMPANY THANKED.
BosToN, July 21.-Tne following state
ment was signed by all the passengers
rescued from the steamer Gate City on
the cars from New Bedford to Boston on
Monday, and will be sent TO Capt. HedQe,
OF the unfortunate steamer: 1--WE, the
undersigned, ], passengers per the steamer
Gate city from savannah to Boston, de-
sire TO express our sympathy to Cant.
HEDGE and nis officers in their late acct
dent, for which we can attach no blame
TO them, as they were diligently attend
ing to their duties. We also extend our
thanks TO the company and ITS officers for
the care taken Of US after the accident"
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
INo Nur1Ius Kesolntion.

~ -a''''..t.NNGION, july 21.-Two members
r. ,eua'e Finance Committee were
t,. rom the meeting this morning,
M, 'uay y reason the surplus resolution
n'1 'Voo9idered. The committee adj
~ SUBJECT to the call OF the chair
rta5 ,,'' '.i- Ii-on surplus resolution will be
,,a ~ W, pI,@'ofably to the Senate by the
,4t' iiNahce Committee, but it will
a.,r, '' amended first, so as TO give the
..r y, vi tue Treasury more dis
.,a,.-.' ,-'' lhe resolution, as passed by
IN w. gives hm. 1t will probably
a,s', '''. amended form, aud may in
.la6G receive the approval Of the
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
CAPTAIN AND COMPANY THANKED.
a hlrille setllcd.

PurrApELPuuA, July 2l.-A settlement
of the strike Of John Bromley d. Sons, rug
weavers. was effected to-day at a confer
ence between the committee Of employees
and the firm. aud the weavers, numbering
about 600, will return TO work tomorrow
morning. The terms OF the settlement
were not made public.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Non-Union Carpenters Assaulted,

CHICAGO, July 21.-About a dozen
members Of the Carpenters Union, after
making several unsuccessful attempts to
intimidate workmen employed on the diff
ferent new buildings in the vicinity Of
California avenue and West Lake street,
yesterday swoOped down upon building
At the corner OF North Kinzie avenue and
Walnut street, where only three carpen.
ters were employed The workmon re-.
fused to quit work, and the intruders as.
saulted the trio with clubs. Charles
Morrill, was struck on the head and
severely wounded. The blow rendered
him unconscious. He WAS removed to
his home. Ose OF the other workmen res
ceived several slight cuts on the head.
The assaiants dispersed before the police
could be called.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
pprai,cmcnt Decisions.

... ..I',,'N'G,i"N, July 2l.-The Acting
paa.I va t4e Treasury to-day ordered
'' .r'.,o 10 lae United States Supreme
rIet u, ny" lue recent decision Of the
u y...4iIFt Tor the Southern District
ia mn, h, Ih the Iselin case, under
m sgoI 0ers can have reappraIse.
,ad ott ,9S expense OF the government
pro.snsH nH'Ing to pay $40 in each case
yos tSa, me Treasury Department
wdl " gr the decision in the Iselin
-aL really Increase the number OF
t'5,e wv. M appraisements and Will
Issary .Ger more general appraisers
Is, ana also delay the payment of
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
EDgIuud's Torrid Wave.

LONDON, July 21.-A remarkable heat
wave is passing over England accOmpan-
led by disastrous thundeTstorms. At
Liverpool the sewers overfl0wed and two
persons were drowned. Severe storms
with loss OF life are reported in France.
In Paris the heat is excessive. Extra
ordinary sanitary precautions are being
taken by the authorities.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Pcru,s Anti-.Tesuit Aeitation,

LIMA, July 21.-AJ public meeting
held here on Sunday last it was resolved
to petition the government to expel the
Jesuits from the country. The feeling
against this class is daily becoming more
intense. FL CommerciO recommends that
the government take the matter IN hand
and treat it in spirit Of moderation and
in
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
MarseilIes, Ikoyalist Riots.

LONDON, July 21.-The Royalist riotine
at Marseilles continued yesterday and
last ni9ht. The military at midnight
charged the mob, capturing 200 Of the
rioters and turning them over 10 the Gus
tody Of the police. Ten persons were
wounded during the conflict.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
ne Tenure of OtIicc Act.

6s' 'ENoI Eo ION, July Ex-senator Hoar,
M l,,ln V,llinlltee on judiciary, to-day
l1gI tr-IstjaDly the bill TO repeal see
tiseo ''o,, at... I'09. ll70, l771 and 1872 of
rbe '.avues. The tenure OF office
snv reepeai is not. however, to
.he oincer heretofore suspended
-signpa,i npa',oiNlsions OF said sections, or
heretofa.n' nomination or appoint
'gusioVu'o're made by the statute or
''0ns thereof.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Cermanv's Sweet Ginvers

MILWAUKEE,, July 2l.-A.5out fifty
singing societies have arrived 30 far TO
attend the tweuty-tourth annual fest OF
the North American SIngerbund. To-
day was the opening day. Fully 10000
atrnngera Are m the CITY.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22

NEWARK, Nd, July 2t.-Phil Kearney
Post OF the Grand Army Of the Republic
had an exciting session here tonight
over a resolution ceDsuring Congress and
the administration for passing the Fitz
John Porter bill. After heated debate
the resolution was adopted.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
MAKERS OF THE BOMBS.
SELIGER EXPOSES MANY AN
ARCHIST SECRETS.

Three Men Who Aided the Witness in
Meking the Impiements of Destruction
-Linee's Esgsrness to Burl Bombs
into Police Stations and into Patrol
Wagon.
CHICAGO, July 21.-The eight anarch-
lists moved silently into Judge Gary's
court this morning. There was thought
ful look in Spies face as he took mis- seat,
and indeed sombre melancholy seemed to
brood over the entire gang, with the eX-
ception of Lingg, Immediately upon the
opening of the court William Seliger, who
is regarded as the principal witness for
tho State, was put on the witness stand.
The court room was crowded and the tes-
timOny was listened to with the keenest
interest. Seliger justified the expectation
which had been raised concerning his
testimony.
THE REVENGE CIRCULAR.
Seliger testified that he lived in Sedg-
wick street and had as a bOarder Louis
Lingg, one OF the defendants. On the
Monday night before alluded to the wit
ness attended a meeting of the Carpen-
ters' Union at Zeph's Hail. At the meet
ing copies of the "revenge" circular were
brought in and distributed by Balthazar
Rau.
.'Did you work at your trade Tuesday ?'
"No.V
"What did you do that morningW
81 got up at ! 80 O'Clock. Lingg came.
had previously told him | wanted those
bombs removed from my dwelling. He
told me to work diligently at them, and
that they would be taken away that day.
took some coffee, and after awhile l
worked at some bad shells, filling holes"
SOME OF HIS HANDIwORK.
"LoOk at the she'll | now show you
(hauding the witness a leaden sphere
about the size of a small turnip). Did
you work at these snells?"
''Nes,v
"What did you dO?"
hour"
Where was LinggY"
cat the meeting on the West Side. BE
came back about l O'clock"
Did you speak to him"
'FYes. He said | did not work very
much. / ought to have done more. l told
him that had no pleasure In the work.
Then he said we will have 10 work harder
this afternoon"
Mr.. Ingram. who conducted the exami-
nation, offered shell in evidence.
THE BOLTS.
''Did you have any conversation about
boits?
"Yes, Lingg told me to go to a place on
Claiborne avenue to get some bolts 10 put
in the shells. 1 got about 30 bolts"
"WhO worked with you p
"Huebner, ManzeBbHrg and Hewmann.
We worked all of the afternoon"
"What room did you work inP"
ain the front room at No. 442 Sedgwick
street, in Lingg's room and in the real
room."
"What did LiDgg do?"
GAS PIPE TUBES.
''First he worked at gas pipe putting
in tubes.
Tubes like thesep'
Mr.. Ingham presented two wrought
IRON tubes about two inches in diameter
and six inches long.
Eyes"
"How many bombs were made that af.
ternO0nP'
81 can't tell"
"a dOzen?"
"Oh, more; perhaps forty or fifty; ]
can't say exactly"
"IIow many round bombsY'
81 can't tell exactly"
"Were the round bombs cast that after.
nonn2'
"Nop
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Cannda's Now Cardinal.

QUEBEC, July 2l.-The beretta was con
ferred upon Cardinal Tascbereau to-day
with ceremonies as nearly identical as
possible with the recent ceremony at Bal
timore. The ancient capital never pre-
sented gayer or more animated appear
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
DanviIIeIs TobaccO CrOp

DANvILLE, VA, July 21.--Reports from
the tobacco crop in this section are dis
couraging. Continuous rains have put
the crop Ia bad condition. and no doubt
IL will be- cut short. The indications
now point to a small crop and but little
bright tobacco.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
TcNna, Eirsl Hnle.

MEMPHIS. July 21.-The first new bale
of cotton OF the crop Of lSs6-S7 arrived
here this morning. It was raised by r.
Il. Sibley, OF Victoria county, Tex. IL
was sold at public auction aud realized
2Oc. per pound.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22

WASHINGTON. July 2l.-ln the House
Mr.. Morrison to-day called up the reBOlu .
tion setting apart Thursday and Saturday
OF THIS week for consideration OF the bill
for the increase of the navy. This was
adopted by a vote OF 1872 70 AZ.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
Vcr,nont ProhibitIOnists.

BURLINGTON, VI, July 2l.-fhe Ver-
mont prohbitionists put full state tick
ct into the field to-day with Professor
seeley for Governor at the head.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
JACKsONvILLF's ACTION.
BAYARD's FIRNINEss.
Immediate Release of an American
in Mexican Jail Demanded.

Immediate Release of an American
in Mexican Jail Demanded.
Ell PAsO, TEX, July 2l.-Judge Brig
ham, American Consul at Paso Del NOrte,
has received a dispatch from Secretary
Bayard to demand the immediate and un-
conditional release OF A. j. Cutting, an
American editor, who has been con-
fined in prison for the pub
lication of an article in FL
Paso papers rejecting on a Mexican
citizen. The Consul had already de-
manded his release, and was ridiculed by
the court officers. The excitement has
been high, and frequent threats OF form
ing a mob to release Mr.. Cutting are
made. The town is rejoicing over the
news or the action of Secretary Bayard.
1t is impossible 10 get anything authentic
concerning the result of Consul Brig
hams demand. 1t is rumOred that the
Mexican Judge has refused to release
him without bond.
THE REPORT CONFIRMED.
WASHINGTON, July 21.-InQuiry at the
Department Of State confirms the press
dispatch that Secretary Bayard has de-
manded the release OF A. w. Cutting, the
American editor confined in the Mexican
prison, except that the instructions were
sent to Minister Jackson instead of Consul
Brigham as stated In the dispatch.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-07-22
p.ssed Roth Houses,

WASHINGTON, July 2l.-The bill 70 re-
move the political disabilities Of w. H..
f. Lee, Of Virginia, has passed hoth
houses of Congress.