davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-12-19
MIR. GEORGES LAND THEORIES.
A Calculation Which May Interest
the Curious


the Curious.
Mr.. Montague X. Leveson, of New York,
in a communication to the Star, furnishes
the following interesting mathematical
test of Henry Georges land theory or
free soP' crotchet, as 1t is termed. 1t is
submitted without comment:
Suppose district-say a State, or a
county in State-in which the sum of
(suppose) 81, 200, 900 is TO be raised by tax
alton, and suppose that 1t has under the
present system been raised by a tax OF =
per cent. on valuation of $50, 900, 600 on
all the property OF the region in which the
Sl,20O,OO0 Is to be raised. and suppose this
assessment to be comprised as follows:
Let the land value of the wholly unim-
proved lands be $l5, 000, 600; call this "X !"
or improved lands, but exclusive OF i'm
provements, $25, 000, 900; calls this 'sY. :"
OF the improvements, ST., 200, 900; call this
80" OF personal property, $4,000, 600;
call this "P." Tue above hypothesis are
less favorable to my case than the actual
facts 80 far as ascertainable from ASSESS
ments made in those States in which i'm
provements TO realty are assessed sepa-
rately from the realty on which they are
made; but, as assumed, the meaning OF
them Is that improvements effected on
the lands OF A, Is and 9 10 the extent OF
$l5, 100000 add to the value OF the lands of
ID, K, +, etc., TO the like amount, though
ID, Il and r, etc, do nothing but eat, drink
and sleep. The amount above put down
for the assessment OF personal property
is also out of proportion large, and thus
serves to disguise the full real benefits of
the new or George system.
Under the present system:
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-12-19

Odin regarded this figure, not with ter
Tor, but with poignant repugnance. He
mad seen IL hundred times before, and
was perfectly aware that it was an hal
lucinatlon. He knew that were he to
rise and go to the easy chair the figure
would be no longer there; but he also
Knew that 1t would simply have changed
us position to some other part OF the
room. When its visitations first began,
some years ago, he had consulted medi-
cine, science and philosophy for an ex-
PLANTATION and cure. Explanations he
had obtained in abundance, but cure,
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-12-19


There ia thus disbursement TO i'm
provement to the extent OF $500, 200 per
annum, and encouragement the owners
Of ''X' to let this land lie unimprOved,
because the improvements going on by
the 'Y" and 81" owners add very much
more to their values than the taxes
upon it.
Under the George system 81" and ''P"
will be left untaxed, and the 81, 200, 900 re-
quired will be raised by tax OF 3 per
centum on tx" and "Y"; Of this s'X'
will pay $3.50, 900, and "Y" $75O,OOO.
lmprovers will pay $50,000 less than be-
fore on their realty, and most probably
100000 less on their personally, and the
non-imprOvers, who are generally absen-
tees and therefore pay little or no tax at
present on their personally J, will have
$3.50. 200 Cor deducting $4,000 personally
100000 additional inducement TO inn
prove their realty.
Savannah morning news. [volume] (Savannah) 1868-1887, 1886-12-19

DIR. JOHS ID. MEROUR, who has been ap-
pointed surgeon Of the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad in Philadelphia, Ia son OF Chief
Justice Mercur. OF that city.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

bouquets. He is as rough and uncouth
and independent as man CT n he. He is
pointed out on the avenue a md the hotels
as q sui !gcneris man. Eve rybody likes
him, but they are not all S. mart enough
to understand him.
Major Burke, of Aberd' EN-, believes
that he will be appointed TO the Aber-
deem land Office. He Ger tainly is well
endorsed by the leaders of his party,
and he seems to me to b e a man capa-
bic Of filling any Office in the land. He
was a gallant Union soldi er and it is my
strong conviction that the veterans of the
late wal should be cared. for, no matter
which party may be at the helm of the
ship of state. His opponent, Major Bar
ret, was u Confederate, and afterwards a
Mahoneite in Virginia. He may have
been AZ brave a soldier us Burke, buthe
was on the wrong side, and l believe that
fact will initiate against his appoint
ment.
1t is not unlikely that Secretary Nc
Cormack will be in Washington in a few
days. lie has business before the inte-
rior department which may require his
presence here. He does not want to
come just now, but he may be obliged
to do so by the demands of the business
which 10 NOW m hand
JOHN SMITH.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
A MEAN TRICK.

While the INTER- OCEAN was busily en-
gagged assisting the directors to carry on
the stock show, Major Edwards had
himself announced as a candidate for
congress. This is one Of the meanest of
the many mea things that Edwards
has been guilty of. He knew that the
INTER-OcEAN had withdrawn from the
political arena until after the stock
show was over, and he should have con-
sidered himself "paired" with IN antag-
onist whom he has so often tried, but
ANONYMOUSLY failed, to "down." There
should be a little honor even in politics.
Had the INTER-OCEAN announced itself
as a candidate for the delegateship prior
to the stock show, Edwards would not
have entered for the race, but he has
taken advantage of our business engage.
ments, and in doing so has violated an
established precedent in political decen.
cy. The stock show being over, we re.
specially beg to hat we are
nowin the hands of our friends.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
EXECUTION SALE.

pUBLIC NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, THAT BY
i virtue of a decree Of foreclosure rendered by the
distric: court Of the Third judicial district, Of the Ter.
ritory Of Dakota, within and for the county Of Ramsey,
on the End day Of July, 1856, and docketed IN the office
Of the clerk of the district court of said Ramsey county,
on the 9Th day Of July, 1886, Mt 4 O'Clock p m, in an &C.
ton wherein William Streeter is plaintiff, and John F
Spokesman is defendant, In favor Of said William Stree
ter, plaintiff, for one hundred and twenty-five dollars
and nineteen cents, and interest on said sum from the
Goth day of November, 1885, at the rate of seven per
cent per annum, and thirtyone dollars and five cents
costs, with interest on said sum from July Cd, 1886, at
the rate Of seven per cent per annum, and against said
John !. Sportsman, which decree orders ME, among
other things, to levy upon and sell the real estate and
property of the defendant, John F. Sportsman, to-wit
The west half wa Of the northwest quarter (nw4) Of
section twenty-five (25), in township one hundred and
~fifty-four l5D, of range s~ixty-four (64), in the county
of Ramsey. Territory of Dakota, with all buildings
thereon and all appurtenances thereunto belonging.
And that l shall, on the 9th day of August, 1856, at 10
O'Clock n m of said day, at the front door Of the court
house, in the city of Devils Lake, in the county Of
Ramsey, D 7, sell the above described property to sat.
isfy said judgment and costs, amounting to one hun.
bred and fifty-eight dollars and ffty-one cents, together
with all costs which shall lawfully accrue upon said
sale, and interest on the same from the I'd day of July,
1856, at the rate Of seven per cent per anhum, at public
auction, for cash, to the highest bidder.
Dated July 6, 1856.
EVER WAGNESS,
Sheriff Of Ramsey County, Dakota.
CIV Nash, Attorney for Plaintifi. 1920
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
THE CROPS.

Reports from various parts of the
Devils Lake, Big Coulee and Turtle
mountain region indicate that there
will be an average crop of grain harves-
ted this year. For the most part the
straw is short, but the ear is large and
healthy. The frequent showers of the
past month have been very beneficial.
The ground was very dry in the spring,
owing to the lack of rain last fall and
the meager snowfall of the winter.
Usually the heavy fall rains result in the
complete s%aturation of the ground for
several feet deep. This moisture is pre-
vented from evaporating by freezing.
Then ONE the snow of winter which
affords surface moisture when it melts
in the spring. The warm weather of
May, June and July brings the water
that is IN the ground gradually to the
surface, ard the roots of vegetation are
nourished. This is the rule, and Da-
kota farmers have learned to rely upon
the fall rains and the winter SHOWS to
push their grain out of the earth. The
past season, however, has been an ex.
ceptlon to this rule. There was but lit.
tie fall rain and less winter snow; hence
the ground was very dry in the spring
and the salvation of the crops now grow
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
Great Expectations.
Turf, Field and Farm

AuAis uHu ruEW.
Trinket, who won the four.year-old
stake at Louisville in 1879, beating
among others Won Arnim and $685.,
and making a record of 2:l92, and who
subsequently trotted against such horses
as Hopeful, St. Julien, Wedgewood,
Driver, Charley Ford, Keene Jim, Bone
setter, Voltaire, Midnight, Phallas and
Majolica, lowering her record to 2:14,
has been bred to Dexter Bradford, son
of Hambletonian, and the result of the
union will be watched with more than
ordinary interest. Trinket is by Priu.
ceps, son of Woodford Mambrno, out
of ouida, by Hambletonian. and Dexter
Bradford is the sire of Amelia c., 2:19A
The dam of Princeps was by Alexan.
der's Abdallal,: son of Hambletonian,
and SO the foal of Trinket will trace
three times to the hero of Chester, the
lines being separated by Mambrino
Chief and thoroughbred wedges. Of all
the distinguished competitors of Trinket
Majolica is the only one who wear war
paint: the others are dead or in retire
ment. Wedgewood, Won Arnim and
Phalias command attention in the stud,
and $3.50 is a brood mare It Midway.
Bonesetter and Voltaire have crossed
into shadowland. Hopeful and Charley
Ford are wrecks, Frances Alexander is
in Europe, and St. Julien is nursing his
lameness on the Pacific coast. Trinket
was a very handsome mare in action,
and we remember asking Mr.. Shaw for
a price on her just after she had made
her record of 2:l4. The market was
wonderfully stiff at that time, apd the
sum named was $4,000, which, as a
matter of course, was beyond all reason.
The horses which have faster records
than Trinkct are Maud s. 2:0Si; Jay
Eye-See, 2:10; st. Julien, 2:114; Rarus
2:l34; Maxey Cobb, 2:l3l, and Phallas,
2:l33. The OLA OF Trinket is tied by
that Of Goldsmith Maid and Clingstone
This daughter of Princeps and Ouida
went lame when her future looked the
brightest, and %henceforth her triumph
] will be won in the stud.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
DOWN THE LINE.
The Observation-Disclosures STAN
dlsh's Candidacy.

The Fourth-Schools-Major STAN
dlsh's Candidacy.
Special Correspondence of the IsrEG-OcEAN.I
BARTLETT July This afternoon,
accompanied by W. H. standish, made
a visit to the public schools of this town
and was very much interested and
pleased to find the proficient manner in
which each scholar managed his or her
studies. 1t is only six weeks since Miss
Powers, the present teacher.took her po-
sition among them, and the parents and
guardians of the pupils in attendance
may be justly proud thatthey have :uch
a talented and %painstaking teacher.
The glorious 10th anniversary day of
liberty passed over very quietly here,
the majority of the citizens having gone
to Lakota to take part in the pastimes
and enjoymehts of the day, your cor
respondent among the rest. There was
a pretty large crowd and every one
seemed to enjoy themselves to their
hearts content. The gamblers and
lemonade men seemed to be reaping
large and profitable harvests. Among
those from your city were George Elm
size, George Mcintosh and Charlie
Woods, all formerly OF Clifford, Ontario,
and acquaintance and friends of your
humble servant. Mr.. Elmslie sustained
his reputation as q runner, but failed to
make any money otherwise than that
allotted him rs first prize. George will
have to let somebody beat him two OF
three times before he will be able to
do so.
The contract for grading the slough
south ofhere as advertised by the board
was awarded to Patrick Lynch, of
the supervisors Of this town.
In conversation with Mr.. Standish
relative to his position as u candidate
for the county attorneyship of Nelson
county he stated that if he was elected
to that position he would do his best to
have all of range 81, this county.
brought into Nelson county, | presume
to help pay the Holman dcfalcation.
We are near enough to corruption with.
out getting entangled in it.
The ladies of this town for some time
past have been taking advantage of the
evening shades by promenading on
horseback. It. Is pleasant and interesting
to the male part of the citizens to see
the noble and daring feats of equcs.
trianship which some of the fair Great.
ures display.
The auction sale of j.. A.. Oleson
which took place on the 3Oth instan,
and conducted by George Fulton was q
grand success, and melted within q tri
file of $1,000. Mr.. and Mrs. Oleson took
their departure with glad hearts thank
full that they had lived among such kind
and liberal people. EpHRlAM Woop.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

HENRY ALEXANDER, a member of the
Territorial Republican committee, died
about six months ago. The Yankton
Herald says that Major Edwards voted
the dead man by proxy at the recent
meeting of the committee. There is
nothing INSCRIPTIONS and contemptl-
BILE that Edwards will not do in politics.
He and his ilk are killing the Republi-
can party of Dakota, and unless the
party management is wrested from the
control of such men. the splendid ma.
,jorities of the past will be changed to
minorities in the future.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

SENATOR EDMuNDs has astonished every
one in and out of congress by announ.
cling the preparation of a bill which, if
adopted by both houses and signed by
the president, will give the president
almost exclusive appointing power, and
relieve the senate of the bother of con.
frming or rejecting appointments.
The main features of the bill are, that
with a few exceptions, the president
shall make all appointments to federal
offices; that the term of office shall be
fixed at four years, and that no re-
movals shall take place except for
cause, and this cause to be investigated
in the United States courts the pres
ident shall have power only to suspend
those whom he deems unworthy to con-
tinue in Office, and the suspended Off
Ger shall be required to 60 into court
and show why his suspension shall! not
terminate in a removal, the judge to de.
eide. This law would possess the ad.
vantage of giving a fixed tenure to off
ces and relieve the senators of all the
fuss and trouble about appointments
and throw the responsibility on the
president altogether. No'one seems tc
understand why Mr.. Edmunds, who
has contended SO strongly hitherto FOL
the right of the senate to confirm or re
.ject appointments, should take this
tack. His onlyexplanation is that suct
a law would be in the interest of better
civil service, and it would, but it is no
likely t. be adopted.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

ing has been the unusual amount of
rainfall. Farmers haye noticed that the
ground takes in water very rapidly, and
that there is no appearance of moisture
about the surface twelve hours after the
heaviest showers. The season is SO we'll
advanced, however, that all fears of a
drouth have gone by. Most of the bar
ley fields will be ready for the reaper
within two weeks, and wheat and oats
are much more forward than last year.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

THE Grand Forks Plaindealer is as hot
rs a hornet at the INTER-OCEAN because
we said Bro. Murphy belonged to the de-
lectable trinity of newspapers that ia
vored Allen for the de~legateship. The
fact is the Plaindealer is mad because
the INrER-OCEAN has found it necessary
to correct the Pee Dee's grammar and
photography from time to time.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

Ice cream at Maurice. 7tf
Steel nails at South & Kelley's.
A large stock of cigars and tobaccos
at p. DeFiore's. 12-tf
For fine number one Swiss cheese, go
to Pasquale DeFiore's. l3-tf
Don't sell your Ramsey county war
rants until you see A. o. Whipple. AZ
For Strawberries, oranges, lemons and
apples, at prices very low, call at p.
DeFiore's. 12-tf
Just received, a large line of dry goods,
groceries, boots and shoes. Free delivery
in any part Of the city ut p. DeFiore's.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

7 Z 7.
Every purchaser of n pound of our
special tea is presented with. a ticket, en-
tltling the holder to presents. One ticket
The choice of one piece of English
ware. Two tickets-A fine piece of china
ware. Three tickets-Your choice of
the finest glassware, double finish, equal
to cut-glass in every respect.
lift Pasquale DeFlore.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

NEXT Monday is the date set by Judge
Mcconnell to hear the argument for q
new trial in the Oswald case. If the
motion is denied sentence will be passed
and the prisoner WILDE sent to Bismarck.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
Estrayed or Stolen,

Sunday night from my premises at
Grand Harbor, nj yearling horse colt
color bay, white stripe in the face. white
left hind foot, branded H r on left hind
hip. Reasonable reward for it's return to
A.G. Tanton blacksmith, Grand Harbor,
Oak. l6-2t* '
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

The Devils Lake Roller Mills
Pays the highest market price for
wheat.
Grinding feed for farmers on Satur-
days.
Sells best patent flour (Glory) for 80. 25
per hundred.
Family Patent (Climax) at $500 per
hundred.
Pure Crystal, low grade, at $1.5O per
hundred.
Retail at the mill. stiff
-
Steel wire nails at South Il Kelley's.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

To know that you can get all grades of
cigars at VIM. j. Dushek's, Devils Lake,
OAK. Wholesale and retail. Try it. 14-tf
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

Final proofs in the Grand Forks lane
district car be made before John w
Maher, Notary Public, at Devils Lake
Oak. 52-tf
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

July !, from my place, 6 miles east of
Church's Ferry, a gray mare. with halter
on, weight about 400. Finderleave with
Svend Aspass, Nora House, and get re-
ward. #l6-I7 ANDREW Peterson
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
To Horse Owners.

G. L. Gallup, the veterinary surgeon,
has located permanently in this city and
may be found OF any time at Bennett
Bros. postoffice store. 12tf.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
Cattle for Sale.

/ have 1G5 two and three year old heif-
ers and six bulls which I will sell on the
ranch in Missouri, or will deliver them
here. (4tf) Us. CoNYERs, Cando, Oak.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
AttentlQni

Every body will take hail insurance in
the st. Paul F. & NJ, terms easy (; notes
due in the fall.
loft. EATON & HIGBEE, Agents.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
The Devils Lake Roller Mills

Southern barbed wire for four and one.
half cents at South & Kelley's. dw4t
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
II II II.

The Rochester combined anvil, wise
and drill at South & Kelley's.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
For All,

A full line of machine bolts at South T.
.Kelley's.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
oFFIc1AL PAPER OF THE COUNTY AND CIT,

THE Territorial Republican conven-
ton is appointed to meet at Yankton
Sept. %, for the purpose Of nominating
q delegate to congress. Ramsey county
is entitled to four delegates.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
StraYed.

All kinds of machine oils at South e.
Kelley's.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

Land Office at Grand Forks, Oak, June 20, 1885,
Complaint having been entered at this Office on April
8, 1856, by James p Omich against John Olson for fail
IRE to comply with law as to Timber Culture entry No
ala, dated June 25, 1886, upon the seL, sec 8. town 153,
range u, in Ramsey. county, Dakota, with q view
to the cancellation Of said entry; contestant alleging
that the said John Olson has not broken five acres Of
said land within one year after making said entry, and
that there is at the present time no part of said land
broken or plowed, the said parties are hereby summon
ed to appear at this Office on the 18th day of August,
1886, at O'Clock a. M, to respond and furnish testimony
concerning said alleged failure. Testimony will BE-
taken before T Saunders, clerk of the district court
of Ramsey county, D 7, on August no, 1886, at 3 O'Clock
a. III. BIC Register,
Smith & Wilder, Attorneys. 1890
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10

Land Office at Devils Lake, D. T, July Z, 1856
Notice is hereby given that the following named settler
has filed notice Of his intention to make final proof in
support of his claim, and that said proof will be made
before Register or Receiver at Devils Lake, D T. on
August II, 1886, viz: WILLIAM F GURR, D 8 No
l6l6, for the NJ Of the swZ and seA of the swL and
nwlA of the sea, sec 20, town 1855, range f5.
He names the following witnesses to prove his con-
tinuous residence upon, and cultivation Of said land.
Charles b Richards, VIM O Horne, Charles Herickson
and Henry Berkman. of Ramsey county, Dr..
HENRY W. LORD, Register.
W W Wislart, Attorney. 1871
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, Ramsey Co., Dakota [N.D.]) 1884-1905, 1886-07-10
BUSINESS NOTES.

Steel wire nails at South Il Kelley's.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1886-12-07
GRIELEYs IMAGINATION.

"Sorie. aboa, Horace Greeley are AZ
way. interesting" remarked Chsrls' NJ.
Walker In conversation. "The other
day I me, oas Of the proprie,ors OF the
Knighu,own Banner. who gave me t~o
,h., have never been in prini. he
worked in the Ne~ York Tribune Office
ten years during Mr.. Greeley'' time. and
had many anecdotes Of that great edi'
tor. /, Was Mr.. Greelsy's ,eu.tom on
sunday forenoon to attend DIR. Chspins
church. after which be would sAunier
down 20 the Tribune office aud look
through the exchanges. One remaika-
bly, cold Sunday he came down to the
Office after church. The inItof bad neg.
l,e,ed TO build any fires. Mr.. Greeley
ven, into the editorial room. aud. hi.
fee, feeling cold. he took off his shoes
and hung hi. fee, in the register. Pres-
emily the foreman came down on some
errand Of business. l, was fresEing cold.
and there was . cold draft rushing
through the register where Mr.. Greeley
"a, immersed Ia exchanges, wholly OBJ
liviou. Of ell .ublunAry diseomfOrt,.
""why. Mr.. Greeley :" exclaimed the
foreman. what in the world are you
doing . There. no hre there. and you'll
take your death Of cold
'Confoand IL" said the philosopher.
pe,,i.hly. why did you tell me- ! W.
warming my.slfvsry nicely Indian
ouoiis Journal