davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
MINNEAPOLIS GRAIN TRADE.
Chief Primary Observation-Disclosures Capacity
and NetrS-uoremont Of Pres
rllf CroD.

ear crop.
The report OF Secretary Sturtevant Of the
chamber OF commerce. mention Of which was
made yesterday, devotes about half of It's
space to review of the wheat market and
transactions Of Minneapolis. From it the
following interesting extracts are taken:
TIE GREAT WHEAT CENTER.
Wheat being the great staple production
Of the Northwest is the leading article in the
grain trade OF the city, Minneapolis being
the chief milling city in toe country has
made 1t the largest primary wheat market in
the United States. The receipts Of wheat at
Minneapolis for the last three years have ex-
ceeded those Of any other market in the
country, except New York, by several mill
Ton bushels.
Unlike other large receiving points, four
httbS OF all wheat received has been manu-
facturvd into -four st the mills, previous to
shipment OF that shipped the largest por-
tuu is of grade wheat. unfit Tor milling here.
and IS purchased by firms engaged in clean
Ing and mixing. This eventually reaches
Milwaukee, aud Chicago markets.
There Is, however, large order trade for
good milling wheat from millers in Wiscou-
SIN, southern Aiunesots aud Iowa. This
trade IS steadily increasing. The sales OF
wheat on change oy sample has become an
important factor in the business on change.
Inc average granger IS suspicious Of the
equity Of ne grading aud inspection OF grain
as PTacteed al terminal points, aud prefers
CONSUMING his grain 70 commission frrn 10
be sold oy sample on lis merits. Until the
organization ~ this chamber this was nos
prsciicao.e. FOR The reason that there was
very few tirms engaged in TIA. business. aud
no COUNTRY orders 10 6ll, leaving the uillers
about the only purchasers. aud they only
bought good milling wheat This difficulty
q now obyiated- There aFe on change at
all times buyers Tor al samples offered and
OF all grades. As result tue offerings have
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
TITUS MAKECK FOR ALDERMAN.
The Verdtct of the East Side Democracy at
q Mass Meeting.

~ mass 1neet1HO.
The Democrats of the East side evidently
were somewhat absent-minded yesterday.
That it was the holy Sabbath they must have
forgotten, for they held political mass meet
ing in the Turner hall in the First ward. The
occasion had been pretty we'll advertised, and
as a result the hall was well filled at
the hour designated. The main OBJ
ject of the gathering was to decide
upon an aldermanic candidate. Everybody
who felt patriotic interest in local politics
was in attendance. The orators who graced
the stage were David B. Johnson, Anton
Grethen and others. They spoke in the good
old Anglo-Saxon language, which semi-occa-
sioually diverged until it family resembled
the Hoboken. There seemed to be no diver
sity of opinion respecting who should repre-
sent that section of the Flour City IN the mu
nicipal legislature. Hon. Titus Mareck was,
as rule, the first and the last choice and the
meeting broke up after short hours con-
sultation, with the mutual understan ding
that he would aud must be their candidate.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
MINNEAPOLIS COURTS.
District Court.
NEW CASES.

District Court.
NEW CASES.
Louisa A. Bobo vs. William Bobo; action
for divorce.
Harriet M. Carr VS.. Richard Carr; action
for divorce.
Minneapolis Harvester works vs. John I.
Kerns; to recover $3.50 on promissory notes.
Olive A. Lee vs.. Fred A. Murdoch; tran
script of judgment filed.
JUDGMENT ROLL.
j. Case Plow company VS.. Anton Hoef-
ner; S74.5S.
P. F. Pratt VS.. NJ. Harmon; s26347.
L. A. Reed VS.. W. Kreps; S272.97.
Wells d Ellis VS.. D. K. Adams; S122.75.
COURT CASES.
Before Judge Young.
James Chambers vs. Thomas Chambers ct
al; cause heard and dismissed on plaintiff s
motion.
JURY CASES.
Before Judge Koon.
State VS.. Thomas O'Neil; verdict guilty.
State VS.. John Johnson; verdict OF guilty.
SPECIAL TERM CALENDAR.
Before Judges Lochren, Koon and Young.I
Fox Bros. VS.. j. W. Ladd, defendant
garnishee; proceeding dismissed.
John B., Howard VS.. E. II. Steele, gar
nishee, R. H. Leonard, defendant; con-
tinued to first special term in April.
Moline Wagon Co. VS.. Dickey County
Bank, defendant, Capital Bank of st. Paul,
garnishee; dismissed.
Deer g. Co. VS.. Dickey County bank, de-
PENDANT, Capital bank of st. Paul, garnishee !;
dismissed
John Schurch VS.. B. Fl. Hobby; motion de-
MED.
S. M. Finch VS.. the steamer City of st.
Louis, defendant, the Lake Minnetonka Nay
igation company, claimant; dismissed.
In the matter of acquiring title to certain
lands design ated for park in the Sixth
ward, appeal of Jane C. Place; argued and
submitted.
John Ofstie VS.. Anthony Kelly; for Judge
Young to hear
In re application for receiver OF Rummel
d Ely; argued and submitted.
Kenyon & Lara VS.. Fred KEGS; argued and
submitted.
Margaret Mieke VS.. James Stoddard; coro-
ner's bill reduced SO.
R. L. Conroy VS.. Casper Cantieny; tried
and submitted.
J. c. Oswald & Co. VS.. Svend Peterson
motion granted
c. W. Shatto VS.. ". J. Albernethy g. Co..
defendants, Scott & Williams garnishee; re-
ferred to clerk.
Amos B. Saunders VS.. Alexander Gam
mons; stricken from calendar.
n. W. Savage VS.. A. W. Perry; motion
granted.
In re assignment of Ellis & Leekem; mo-
ton granted
J. o. Breeding VS.. c. o. Auntreis; motion
granted.
George H. Andrews VS.. Daniel Hall de-
PENDANT John Martin Lumber company gar
nishee; dismissed.
Russell Varney vs.. Peter Donnelly
stricken from calendar.
Cases continued-In the matter of re-
ownership of the Minneapolis Engine and
Machine Works; application of Bickford q
Frances; Pinkerton, Mortley & Haynes VS..
Richard j. Collins; c. F. Buchanan VS.. Will
lam Stevens ct al; matter of the assign
ment of Elevin s. Hartley;J. J. P. Glare
Plow company VS.. Aud & Moore, defend
ant, Glidden, Griggs & Co., garnishee; An
drew j. Finnegan VS.. Francis A. Darling
matter of the assignment of Sarah E. Knick-
erbocker; A. H. Knowles VS.. Thomas Wing,
John A King Il Co. VS.. Rummell & Ely;
Lyman Eliel Drug company VS.. Rummell 81
Ely; Reed, Daily Il Bettman VS.. Rummell J.;
Elizabeth Brzezinsky VS.. Julius Brzezinsky :;
matter of assignment of the MINNEAPOLIS
Wagon company; Harriet n. Carr VS.. Richard
Carr.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Thousands Upon Thousands,..

of testimonials of the most wonderful cures
voluntarily sent us, we do not publish them,
as they do not make the cures. 1t is our
medicine, Hop Bitters, that makes the cures.
1t has never failed and never can. We will
give reference to anyone for any disease
similar to their own If desired, or will refer
to any neighbor, as there is not neighbor-
hood in the known world but can show its
cures by Hop Bitters
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Deserts OF a Proenress.

Ellen Gastrou IS a tough-lOokiug female
confined in the city lookup for entieing s.
young girl named Lizzie Lillius 10 lead =
life OF shame. The girl was working as .
domestic in Chicago, and eight months ago
was induced to come to Minneapolis TO 20 70
work for the woman. Her parents live in
Germany, aud she can hardly speak Eng
fish Two other females were also arrested
as occupants Of the house which is located a.
Second avenue north and Second street
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
THE LIBERAL LEAGUE.
Il Lecture by Prof. Morcrdy on the Char
acteristfcs of Matter.

actertstics Of Matter.
The attendance at the Liberal league last
evening, at No. $50 Second avenue south,
was larger than usual. NJ. A. Mowray de-
ivered an interesting discourse upon what
might be termed the characteristics of Mat
ter, in which he advanced the theory that
man is subject to the same conditions and
influences as inanimate matter. His talk
was so interesting that by vote the usual
limit of time for speaking was extended, and
his remarks were allowed to occupy the
major portion of the evening. A short dis
cussion followed his lecture. As no speaker
is assigned for next Sunday evening it was
suggested that Mr.. Mowray be invited to con-
tinue his remarks, and such an arrangement
will probably be made.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Clearing House Renort.

BosToS, Mass, March S.-The following
table, compiled from special dispatches TO
the Boston Post from the managers of the
leading clearing houses in the United States,
gives the clearances for the week ending
March s, 1855, with the percentage as COM
pared with the corresponding week Of de-
crease or increase in the last year:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
THOUSANDS Hastened to Their Graves.

By relying on testimonials written in vivid
glowing language of some miraculous cures
made by some largely pulled up doctor or
patent medicine has fastened thousands to
their graves the readers having almost in
sane faith that the same miracle will be per-
formed on them, that these testi-
monals mention, while the so-called
medicine is all the time fastening them
to their graves. Although we have
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
A Losing Joke.

"a prominent physician of Pittsburg said to q
lady patient who was complaining of her contin
'ued i'll health, and of his inability TO cure her,
.jokingly said: ''Try Hop Bitters.'' The lady
took it in earnest and used the Bitters, from
which she obtained permanent health. she now
laughed at the doctor for his JOKE, bTt he is not
so well pleased with it, for it cost him good
patient,
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
SACRED CONCERTS.
Enchanting Musio o.. a SABBATH Day.

Enchanting M,tsic on a Sabbath Day.
Coextensive with church observance is the
attendance upon sacred concerts in the
Flour City on Sunday afternoon and even
ing. These concerts were first inaugurated
by Prof. Danz, but since the first series was
given in Turner hall by him there have
been concerts given in various portions
of the city. During the warm
months summer garden concerts have been
quite popular, and during the winter season
several halls have been used for this purpose.
The attendance yesterday was pretty gen
orally good. Especially was this true of the
Danz concert in Turner hall, where the fol-
lowing program was discussed:
March-Mahdl. ..G. Wiegand
Overture-berln ..................... Conrad1
Warz-sopnlen. .....................J. strauss
Selection-A Night in Venice. .......E. Strauss
Love Song (for cornet). ...............F. Suppe
A. Laird
Overture-Poet and Peasant. ..........F. Suppe
selection .....................M anteaux Noirs
Toiha-NlZz- .......... ........J. STRAUSS
Galop..... Bosquet
An artistic and very enjoyable number
was the cornet solo by Mr.. Laird.
COLUMBIA HALL.
The concert in the Columbia hall was held
in the evening and following is the program:
March-Somerset.. 81. Wlegand
Overture-Freischutz. IL. NJ. V. weber
Selectlon-FatinitZa. .Suppe
Violin Solo-Seventh Aria Varie. -. .DeBeyiot
Mr.. A. 7. Jennings.
Gavotte-Vioa.. ............ 1890. Hille
lolanthe-. SULLIVAN
Grand Medley-Muscal Bouquet. Thumen
Solo-Concert Polka (for two cornets) j. Reynau
lrlsh Fatrol. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. fursher
Overture-0rpheus.. ........... .OHenbach
neutrality-suspicious. .Gungl
1t is needless to add that Mr.. Jennings
violin solo elected hearty encore.
THE PAVILION.
The Pavilion last night was tolerably well
filed and below is the program:
March. W1egand
SeiecLlon-Plrates.. ........... ....... .Sulllvan
Polka-Elite Observation-Disclosures Cox
Overture-Arion Carnival. Karl
Galop-Here We Co. .s..................F Faust
WdllL-DdrCdFOIe w allnusel
OVerture-Ihe Robbers. .Suppe
Watz-Vision of Beautiful Women. Phi. FaIhosh
March-The Dudes. SUPERINTENDENT oetgher
Galop-Lights Out. ......................C Chad
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

The elevators in some of the large business
blocks are managed by mere boys and are
run at 4 reckless rate of speed, which is in
consistent with the idea of safety. Some
day one Of these elevators viii get loose, and
hole in the roof and the maugled remains
Of the passengers wilktestify to the truth OF
this prediCtion
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

1t is a very strong melodrama, picturing
English scenes, and contains the sharp
points and thrilling climaxes of the play re-
ferred to. On Thursday and Friday nights,
"Woman Against Woman" will be the bill,
and on Saturday the "Wages of Sin" again.
The paper on the dead walls and bill boards
is of very attractive character.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

The fee of doctors at SO visit would tax a
man for year, and in need Of daily visit,
over 81, 900 year for medical attendance
alone And one single bottle Of Hop Bitters
taken in time would save the $1,000 and all
the years sickness.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
M hffnn.ap.lis Grand.

The wages OF Sin" viii be the dramatic
attraction for the Fear city this veek.opeu-
ing Al TIE Grand tonight Il is somewhat
OF the Hoop Of Cold order and deals with
what might happen in lie, but seldom does.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

sg-None genuine without a bunch Of green
hops on the white liable. Shun all the vile, p)is-
onous stuff with Hop or Hops" in their
name
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
CITY NOTICE.
City Treasurer's Sale.
OFFICE OF THE CITY TREASURER,

OFFICE OF THE CITY TREASURER, !
ST. PAUL, Mimi, March 5, 1885.
Notice is hereby given that under and by vir-
tue of a judgment entered on the 5th day of Feb
ruary, 1885, in the District Court, Second Judi
cial District, Ramsey County, State of Minnesota,
against the hereinafter described real estate sit
uate, lying and being in said city and county, on
an assessment warrant for
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Given ND by the Doctors.

SIS 1t possible that Mr. Godfrey is up
and at work, and cured by SO simple rem
edy!'
Il assure you it is true that he is entirely
cured, and with nothing but Hop Bitters,
and only ten days ago his doctor gave him
up and said he must die, from kidney and
liver trouble
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Construction Of q Sewer on Val
ley street from Canada street
to Fairview street

In said City of St. Paul, the undersigned will on
the twenty fourth t24th) day of March, 1885, at
10 o'clock III the forenoon. at the City Treas
urer's office in the City of st. Paul, County of
Ramsey, offer for sale at public auction as pro-
vded by law, to the best bidder for cash, the
following described real estate, toswit:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

Paper Books and Briefs printed promptly snd
with the best Of supervision a. The GLozz Job
oHes-
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
Relaying Pavement on Jackson
street Between South Line Of
Fourth street and Seventh
street,

In said city of st. Paul, the undersigned will on
the twenty-fourth (24th) day of March, 1885, at
10 O'Clock in the forenoon, in the
City Treasurer's Office in the City Of
st. Paul, County of Ramsey, offer for sale
at public auction as provided by law, to the best
bidder for cash. the following described real
estate to wit
st. Paul Proper.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

Uncle Remus has wisely declared that
'.muIes don't kick eordin to 10 rule and
'sthzt colds have no systematic zsy Of taking
hold Of = person. The only safe cure, when
;hey do, is bottle OF DR.. Bulls Cough
Syrup
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09
CITY NOTICE.
City Treasurer's Sale.
OFFICE OF THE CITY TREASURER,

OFFICE OF THE CITY TREASURER
ST. PAUL, Mimi, March 5, 1885,
Notice is hereby given that under and by vir
tue of a judgment entered on the 5tt
day of February, 1885, the District Court,
Second Judicial District, Ramsey County
State of Minnesota, against the here
matter described real estate, situate, lying ant
being in said city and county, on an assessment
warrant for
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-03-09

All in the City of St. Paul. County Of Ramsey
State Of Minnesota.
67-71 GEORGE REFS, City1Treasurer.
The clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1883-1888, 1885-07-22
IN coNsEcRATEp GROUNDS.
The Murderer. Joseph Palmer. Burr,

The Murderer, Joseph Palmer, Buried
With the Rites of the Catholic Church.
CINCINNATI, July 1S.-The body of Joseph
Palmer was taken from Undertaken Mulvi-
hills establishment on Sycamore street..
where 1t bad been from the time it was taken
from the scaffold, and carried just across
The way to st. Xavier's Church, where re-
dgious services were held over it. To pre-
vent jam and crowd at the church of curl
ous spectators the final disposition Of the
body had been kept secret
Palmer was attended during his confins-
ment in Jail by Father Brady, and Just pre-
vious to his death expressed himself as in
full enjoyment OF all the rites of the Catho-
lie faith, and prepared and contented to die.
The remains were inferred in the St Jossph,s
cemetery, in consecrated ground.
A singular coincident connected with
Palmer's execution has come to light. At
the same hour that the execution took place
Mrs. James Ray, jr., of IS Dayton street, a
cousin of Palmer's gave birth to a child.
which died Immediately after birth.
At the time of the Kirk murder Detective
Phil Rittweger. then sergeant of police
worked up the evidence upon which Pal
mer's arrest was made. He was met by a
reporter with the remark. swell, your
man is gone" Yes replied the detective,
II was up to see him the day before he was
hung and had talk with him Before
started to leave 1 turned to table on whi Oh
be had collection of little trinkets, and
asked him if he would give me little
present TO remember him Palmer turned
and locked at me moment and replied,
Yes, l will give you something. When
am gone you can have the little room in Jail
which have occupied for SO long, was
completely taken back by his reply and
walket out had nothing to say Palmer
svideatly remembered the work which had
done and which brought him, as a guilty
man to iustica-
The clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1883-1888, 1885-07-22
Grand Ledge knights of Honor.

The Grand Lodge of this rapidly grow
ing Benevolent Order convened In eighth
Annual session at Odd Fellows Hall in this
city yesterday morning at 10 o'clock. The
following Grand Officers we're present: DIR.
J. b. Pease, Concordia, Grand Dictator
w. A. Haden, Kosciusko, Grand Vice Die
tator; r. c. Sims, Aberdeen, Grand AssIs-
tant Dictator r. NJ. Standefer, Greenville,
Grand Chaplain; Geo. W. Lawson, Her
nando, Grand Reporter c. A. Brougher,
Grand Treasurer; John w. johnson,
Othello, Grand Guardian Henry Strauss,
Jackson, Grand Sentinel; Jacob Gattman,
Aberdeen; II. ). Van Eaton, Woodville
and John McGilI, Jackson, Grand Trustees
l., G.. Aldrich, Natehez and w. g. Sykes,
Aberdeen, Supreme Representatives DIR.
j. NJ. Greene, Aberdeen, State Medical Elk.
aminer; L. G.. Aldrich, Past Grand Dicta-
tor. Committee on Laws-A. NJ. Lea, w
f. Baskin, W. r. TriggI
On call of the roll, rs Lodges we're found
to be represented.
The Grand Dictator read his report, and
it was 40 full and satisfactory as to elicit
the unusual compliment ofhearty applause.
The Order is steadily growing. The total
membership in Mississippi is 1855 total
Lodges, Ill.
Inc IOlloWing committees were an
nounced:
Credentials and Mileage-R p. Brewer,
Jno. II. Mckenzie, Alex. Kuhn.
Returns-T. J. Hunter, T. J. Binford, j.
l.. McCaskill.
State OF Order-D. Fl. Wallace, j. j.
Evans, J. A. Gully.
Special Committee on Finance. l..
MeCaskill, ii. S. VanEaton, w. III. Patton.
l.. g. Aldrich, Supreme Grand r pre-
sentative, submitted full report.
The reports of Grand Dictator and SUI
preme Representative were referred to APP
propriate committees.
At the afternoon session, the report of
DR.. J. NJ Greene, State Medical Examiner,
was read. During the year he had APP
proved 428, and disapproved 81 applica-
tions, and Is defective applications were
returned Two deaths were from cancer
and from oonsumption-al in members of
FIVE or more years standing. "Only four of
of sixty-fye deaths from causes having a
diathetic or constitutional origin makes a
record which is extremely gratifying"
The roll of Lodges was called, and
sundry papers were submitted by Repre-
sentatiyes, which were appropriately re-
ferred.
The local committee of arrangements
announced banquet in Masonic Hall to-
night.
The Grand Lodge adjourned at an early
hour in the afternoon to enable committees
to deliberate. Met again at 8 this morn
ing.
The clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1883-1888, 1885-07-22
For THE CLARION
Citizens Meeting.

The growing evil tendency of the sale of
intoxicating drink in our city the alarm
ing indifference to continual violations of
wholesome statute law regulating the whis-
ky traffic, and the lethargy that pervades
the whole community concerning matters of
vital Importance to our peace and safety,
gave rise to a spontaneous meeting of a
few citizens on Friday night 18th, inst, at
which the following paper was presented,
adopted and signed by fifteen persons,
embracing clergymen, lawyers and other
callings:
'The undersigned citizens of Mississippi,
and legal voters of the city of Jackson,
hereby associate themselves together for
the purpose of enforcing by all lawful
measures the provisions of an act in rela-
ton to the sale of vinous and spirituous
liquors, against all licensed persons who
may have violated said act, as we'll as all
persons who may be engaged unlawfully
in the sale of such liquors within the cor
porate limits of said city,"
At subsequent meeting on evening OF
10Th inst, Rev. C. G. Andrews was called
to the chair. On motion, Hon. l.. Brame
was appointed attorney and w. l.. Nugent
assistant counsellor to represent this society
before the courts and committee con-
sisting of w. III. Perkins, j. r. Dobyns
and Hon. H. X. Ware was appointed to
confer with these attorneys and agree upon
an annual compensation, and report same
to next meeting
The clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1883-1888, 1885-07-22

- dsfenss Va conducted y Tom Camp.
Oh and II +. Wilson. Aeains< an tho con.
ymclng testimony . miserable jury brought
u verdict Of mansI2ughter.
The result Is known by everybody, and
me days Of riot and bloodshed that followed
WI never be forgotten. It is not necessary
@ tell OF the days when mob fought the
rate troops, and beat down the jail door.
After all this excitement Palmer was tried
with the grim walls Of the ruined court
house froEning upon him. He was con-
slcted on june q, and sentenced to hang
October TO-
de was given q respite by the district
court IN order that an application for q ne y
trial might be heard It was refused. and
aus date OF death was again fixed. He was
defended by Scott Symmes, who took the
Ease to the supreme court Palmer was
given another trial, which resulted in his
conviction and sentence to hang July Is.
Palmer was almost white, and has mani
tested brutal disposition ever since his ar
rest During the riot he saved bis life from
the mob by claiming that he was a white
man, and that Palmer was upstairs. He
was only nineteen, and a thoroughly tough
rifi .