davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

Albee's cold storage warehouse was
blown down. also new brick store be-
longing to w. G. Waters. Trees were
leveled in all parts of the city, CHM
news were blown from many buildings.
awnings were torn TO shreds and a large
portion of the decoration in honor of Gen.
Grants death were blown off. In the
lumber yards flying timber was seen i'm
every direction, and many piles of lumber
belonging to the Standard Lumber company
and Knapp, Stout & Co. were leveled to the
earth. The storm ragged for twenty min
uteS.
AT MooRHEAD.
MooRHEAD. Mimi, July 29.-At 6:15
o'clock this morning black cloud suddenly
rose out of the west and was swept over
Fargo and Moorhead by a terrific
wind, blowing at the rate of sixty miles an
hour. Rain fell in torrents. lightning
flashed with binding brightness and thun-
der pealed with ear-splitting effect. But few
persons were out of bed and the night
having been the hottest ever known in this
country, all windows were open. Many
sought the lower floors and some the cellars,
fearing a cyclone. The storm in its
greatest fury lasted only ten minutes,
but continued with its fury somewhat abated
1Olly NCl ilbbiO nan '4seA @N-''
not enough to be a prominent element in
the storm. Grain was prostrated, but so
far as heard from the damage on
that account will be slight
The chimney of the Grand Pacific hotel, this
city, was struck by lightning and toppled
over on a roof fifteen feet below and
crashed down through the ceiling into a
chamber on the third floor occu-
pied by l.. l.. Thompson and
wife. agent for the Mosler IL Bauman
Safe company, brick and mortar fall
ing upon them i'm bed. Mr.. Thomp-
son was only slightly injured, but
Mrs. Thompson was badly bruised,
though not dangerously. Miss Clara
Louise Kellogg was sleeping in room di-
rectly beneath where she heard the noise
Of falling brick on the floor above, and
was considerably frightened. For a
time there was almost panic at the
Grand Pacific, all the windows being
open. The steward and other attendants
went over the house as soon as possible TO
arouse up the sleeping inmates and to close
the windows. Some women in the excite
ment shouted fire" which increased the
panic. No other damage than related oc-
Cured to the house. The roof of the county
Jail was blown off and took a position Ill
the sheritf's garden.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
anUnsnccessfrl AppcaI.

''Cud yo' help me er little dis mawnin'.
boss?" inquired limping old daIly. Use
de erigernal Uncle Tom in Mistah Hennery
Wa'd Beechah'S story. entitled Dat Little
ole Log Cabin in de Lane. Ny name is
harris, sab, Geo'ge Harris. Use tryin' 10
raise money enough to git ober to Brook
lyn."
mo" smiled the gentleman importuned
Il don't believe 1 can do anything for you
to-day, Uncle Tom"
Has yo' nebber read dat book men,
shuned, sah?-
''No, never did,
Den yer edueashun hab been sadly ne
elected. boss. 1 tulIs yer 70 er gemmen of
eddication, deed / did"
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
INIQUITY OF LONDON.
Report of the Committee Appointed to
Investigate the Charges of the
Pail Mall Gazette.
They Find Them Fully Sustained by a
Damning Array of Inoontrovert-
ible Evidence.
Opened With the Porte
for Another Soudan
Expedition.
a Policy Being Shaped to Maintain
English Predominance in
Egypt.
The Charges True.

LONDON, July 29.-The committee to in
quire into the recent statements of the Pail
Mall Gazette. in regard to London vice. has
made the following report: Having been
requested to inquire as to the truth of state
ments printed in the Pail Mall Gazette from
July to July 10, we decided from the first
to exclude inquiry as to the charges against
particular men or classes of men, or against
the police. We strictly confined ourselves
to an inquiry into the system OF criminal
vice described. After carefully sitting the
evidence of witnesses and material be-
fore us without guaranteeing the
accuracy of every particular we
are satisfied that on the whole the state
ments of the Pail Mall Gazette are SUBJ
stantially true" The report is signed by
the archbishop of Canterbury, the bishop
of London, Cardinal Manning and MesSrs.
Morley and Reid. 4 late edition of the
Pail Mall Gazette was published this even
ing, containing the foregoing report in
loaded type.
The committee is one of the most dis
tinguished ever brought together for any
purpose, and its report settles beyond
cayil the truth of the Gazette's charges. Por-
traits and sketches of the committee are
herewith presented:
CARDINAL MANNING.
His Eminence Henry Edward Manning.
cardinal priest of the Roman Catholic
church and archbishop of Westminster. was
horn at TOttaridUp HartfOrd shire IuIy- 1 =
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
English Rncing.

LONDON, July 29.-At GOodwood to-day
the race for the Sussex stakes for three
year-olds was won by Capt. BOwling's bay
colt, Paradox; Mr.. Childwicb's bay colt,
Royal Hampton. came in second; Mr.. C. j.
Lefevere's brown colt. Ducat, third. There
were six starters. The last betting was
seven to four on Paradox, eight to seven
against Royal Hampton and six to one
against Ducat.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
En- Dakota.
Special to the Globe.

SpeclaI 10 the OIODe.
FARGO. Oak, July ga violent storm
struck this point about a. m., com
ing from the West lasting half an
hour and causing great alarm. A num-
ber of tin roofs, chimneys and trees were
down, also an electric light tower sixty feet
high. There was no hail to speak OF. The
damage in the city is probably $1,000
to $1,000. Considerable damage
is reported at other points
in Dakota east Of the Red
river. In several localities i'm Minnesota
wheat was blown down. Near GlyndOn
several thousand acres were damaged 20 to
40 per cent. Hall ~ Flint had their barn
blown down and six COWS were killed.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Big Fire at Memphis.

MEMPHIS, Tenn, July ga fire at
o'clock this afternoon, having its origin in
Williams & Co.'S planning mill, burned
that bgilding together with about
1000, 600 feet of lumber: also
three warehouses and w. n. Wilkinson
& Coz warehouse. two brick warehouses
on Gayoze street: Cole & Co.'s warehouse
and eight small dwellings occupied by ne
grOes were also destroyed. Losses aggre-
gate SIPS. 600; insurance. S55 600.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
RoatClubs Expelled.

DETROIT, Mich, July 80. - The annual
meeting of the Northwestern Amateur Row
ing association was held this morning with
fifteen clubs present. The secretary re-
ported that the association is now composed
of twenty-four clubs, two of which had
been suspended. These were the Pull
mans and Wah-wah-sums, which have been
expelled for nOn-paymentO of dues. Members
of the executive BOARD were elected and
other minor business transacted. Prizes
will be awarded tonight by Congressman
Maybury
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

James, Piccadilly; in 1S47 chaplain to the
queen, and in 1852 canon of Bristol. He
preached the Boyle lectures in London in
1853, and on the death of DR.. Kaye, that
year, was made bishop of Lincoln. Jan.
4, 1869, he was translated to the see
of London, in succession to DR.. TAFT, who
had been raised to the primaey. DR.. jack
son is the author of popular pamphlet en-
titled, The Sinfulness of Little Sins.
MIR. MORLEY.
Hon. Samuel Morley, u. p, son of John
Morley, was born in Wells street, Hackney,
in 1909. He was educated at q private
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Foreign Postnye Reduced.

WASHINGTON. July 29.-The rate of
postage on letters sent from the United
States TO Australia and New Zealand via
England and the Suez canal has been re-
duced from Is To - cents, making it uni
form at that rate via San Francisco.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Gopher Sfatc Appointments.

WASHINGTON. July 29.-William Quinn
has been appointed postmaster at Wilno,
Lincoln county. Minnesota, vice Mrs. Sa-
lone Kyle. removed, and Martin 4. Ma
zany at Westerly Mills, Wright county, vice
Fred \. klapp. removed.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
The Best Remedy.

New York Sun.
Literary Miss Smith Ito young physi-
clan at a party)-''Are you familiar with
Burns. DR., Fresh?"
DR.. Fresh-''0 yes; 1 had several quite
severe cases the Fourth. l find flour very
cooling and effective"
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
YanIxton BIisSered.
to the Globe.

YANKroN, July 29.-For three days the
mercury has been from 95o to 100o with
a light south wind. No causalities are re-
ported. Harvesters in wheat. fields have
been compelled to suspend operations.
There are prospects of rain tonight.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
p.ssion for Vioiets.

Sick wife-''If 1 should die, John, will
you see that my grave is planted with yio-
lets? 1 am so fond of them, you know"
Husband with emotion)-''Ye dear;
and if you wish it 1 will see that Sweet
Violets' is sung at the funeral"
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

school, and early intro
duced to commercial
life. He is now head
of the firm of j. 81 r.
Morley, wholesale hos
ierS of Wood street,
London. Mr.. Morley
represented Noting
ham in the advanced
Liberal interest from
july, 1865, till May,
1866. He first appeared
as a candidate for Bris-
tOl i'm Nav. 1868. and
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

ham, Sussex, in 1884. and archdeacon of
Chichester in 1910. These preferments he
resigned in 1851 on joining the Catholic
church, in which he entered the priest
hood, and in 1867 he founded an ecclesias-
teal congregation at Bayswater, entitled the
Obiates of st. Charles BOrrOmeO. After
the death of Cardinal Wiseman DR.. Manning
was eonsecrated archbishop of Westminster
June s, 1865. Pope Plus TX. created him
a cardidal priest March Is, 1875, the title
assigned him being that of SIS. Andrew and
Gregory on the Celian hill. The same
pOntiff invested him with the cardinals hat
in a cOnsistory held at the vatican Dec. 81,
1877.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Trotting and Pncing at Cleveland.

CLEVELAND, July 29.-The 2:21 trot,
postponed last night on account of dark
ness, was finished to-day. Adelaide won
the deciding heat and race, in 2:1915;
Windsor second, and Bantland third. The
summaries for the remaining races are as
follows:
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
I'm Town.

DUBUQUE, Ia, July ga tornado, ac-
companied by heavy rain, visited this city
last evening. Several buildings about
the city in process Of erection were
severely damaged. The top story of
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

lost the election; but at the general election
of December. 1868, he was elected, and still
represents Bristol in parliament. Both in
and out of parliament he is leading cham
pion of Protestant nonconformity, which he
has promoted by munifcent donations for
building new chapelS.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

appointed canon residentiary and cham
cellOr of Lincoln cathedral. In
December, 1876, he was nomi-
mated by the crown, on the recon-
-mendation of the Earl of Beaconsfeld, to
the newly-founded bishOpric of Truro, and
ne received Episcopal conservation in st.
Pauls cathedral April 25, 1877. In Decem-
ber, 1882, DR. Benson was appointed by the
crown, on the recommendation of Mr..
Gladstone, to the archbishOpric of Canter-
bury, in succession to DR.. TAFT.
BISHOP OF LONDON.
The Rt. Rev. John Jackson, D. D.,
bishop of London, was born Feb. %,
1911, and educated at Reading school
under DR.. Valpy, whence he
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

~ WI NtoAAiAS ~ tit y 4Os
1S0S, and educated at
Harrow and BalliOl col
lege, Oxford, where he
graduated in 1880, and
became fellow of Mer-
ton college. He was for
some time one of the
select preachers in the
University of Oxford,
was appointed rector of
LOviDgtOn and Graft
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

struck out, Chicago TO- Providence s; double
plays, Burns, Pfeifer and Anson, Carroll and
Giliigan- Umpire, Bond.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

proceeded to Pembroke
college, Oxford, where he
graduated i'll 1888. From
1896 till 1916 he was head
master of the proprietary
school at Islington, and
during part of that time an
incumbent of st. James,
Muswen Hill, in the parish
of Hornsey. In 1916 he
1uaS annnintpd rnctnr of ST.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Scientist Dead.

PvRIs, July 29.-Dr. Henri MilnsS
Ward, the French scientist, is dead.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

Birmingham in 1929.
He was educated at
King Edwards school,
Birmingham, and at
Trinity college, Cam
bridge, where he grad
uated in 1852. lie was
for some years an as
sistantmaster at Rugby,
and held the head mas
tership of Wellington
college from its first
opening in 1855 down
to 1872, when he was
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
CALLED ATTENTION

to the fact that the depart
ment is largely inexperienced, COM
pared to similar departments in other coun-
tries, because it had not been supplied with
means for the construction of modern ships,
Its duties for a number of years
having been confined to repairing
old wooden ships. lie, therefore, advised
the board TO proceed cautiously and surely,
and said that if the board deemed it adj
YlSable TO secure more detailed information
IN regard 10 naval construction i'm other
countries before arriving at a de-
cisiOn, the department was pre-
pared to furnish the necessary money
TO accomplish that end. He considered it
TO be wise aud judicious expenditure.
lie had for three months been eXpending
money in that direction and had collected a
good deal of information. In saying this
he did not wish to be understood as reflect
ing ON the department. Ii was very diff
cult TO keep abreast of the times, eS-
pecially so for a country which was
not building ships. There was plenty
of time to act deliberately and wisely. 1t
was sufficient for the present to consider
this first stage of work. There are about
seventy-five plans for vessels, in whole or
in part, before the board. The greater por-
ton of the day was passed by the board in
preliminary work. The plans were clasSi-
fed that the examination might be con-
Quoted more RAPIDLY.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
AT PROVIDENCE.

PROVIDENCE, July 29.-FOr fourteen
innings the Grays and Chicagos struggled
this afternoon before the game was decided.
Clarkson pitched in grand style, and his
support was admirable, and the Grays again
showed that they were unable to gauge his
deliveries. Radbourne pitched with
greater spirit and effect than in any
other game on the home grounds this
season, and had he received perfect
support from Gilligan the champions
would, in all probability, have
won. The last and winning run was
scored by Gore, who, after Dalrymple's out
hit safely and was advanced to third on
Kelly's single. from which he came home on
AnsOn's long fly to center field. The fol-
lowing is the score:
Providence III Ol0 900 90 o.
Chicago. o 0 0 0 o o 0 o Is
Earned runs, Chicago 1; two-base hits,
Radbourne, Stark; passed balls. Gilligan 8;
first base on balls, Chicago 1, Providence 2;
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
Base Ball.
AT BOSTON.

Boston, Mass, July 29.-The Boston
and Buffalo clubs played but five innings
to-day, owing to rain. Sharp playing char
acterized the game on both sides. Brouthers
made three-baSe hit in the second,
when no one was out, but was
thrown out at the plate, hav-
ing been badly coached. Crowley's single
which followed. had he waited, would have
brought BrOuthers home. The only run
scored by Boston was made on triple by
Morril and single by Manning, Wise,
Cunning. Rowe and Richardson did some
fine playing. Attendance, 8. 600. The fol-
lowing Is the score:
Boston. O 0-1
Buffalo. U-V
AT BALTIMORE.
baltimore 0 o 90 o Is
Athletic. ....O 1 2 1 . 3 o o %-9
AT LOUISVILLE
Louisville .......-0 1 o 0-6
Cincinnati. .....O ! O-4
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

Does tin peddler peddle his own can
new?-Stockton Maverick.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

The most Rev. Edward White Benson, D.
D., archbishop of Canterbury, primate of
all England and metrOnOlitan. WAS born near
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
COnvening of the Special Board Appoint
ed to Consider Plans for the
New Cruisers.
Duties of the Body as Outlined by Sec
retary Whitney, Who Appointed
Its Members.
What Has Been Done and What is
Needed TO Improve the Great
Northwestern Waterway.
Lamar Rcfutes Rumors of Unpleas-
antness Between Himself and the
Civil Service Commission.
The Naval ROard.

WASHINGTON, July 29.-The special
board appointed by the secretary of the navy
to examine and report upon the plans and
specifications for the proposed new cruisers
recently received, has been in session at
the navy department the greater part of
to-day. There were present COmmOdoreS
Walker and Wilson, Commanders Sampson
and Goodrich, Naval Constructor BOwleS
and Mr.. Herman WiterS. Commodore
Walker being the senior member of the
board offlciated as president Secretary
Whitney was also present for a short time
and in an informal talk explained why the
board was called and what was expected.
lie read the appropriation act showing that
congress put ON him the responsibility of
building four ships ''Of the best and most
modern design, ''having the highest attain
able speed" and upon plans determined
upon after consideration of all the designs
heretofore adopted by the department. One
OF the first duties of this board would be TO
go through the designs and decide
whether any of them should be
adopted, assuming that they find none of
them entirely satisfactory. He then eX-
planned to the board precisely what function
it was that he wished them to perform.
He stated that while the obligation of con-
Struction was upon the secretary of the
navy, it was expected of him to do
the work through others. The first thing
TO be decided upon was the type of ships
to be constructed, with accompanying con-
sideratiOn of her displacement distributed
with hull, machinery, armament, etc. The
Secretery
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
AT wINONA.
Special TO the Globe.
NJ )INAI-N IIDs
SDeciol 70 tho Globe.

BRAINERD. Mimi, July 29.-The storm
reached here about Q a. M, but had evil
IDENTITY spent its force and, excepting a
1ierce-lOoking cloud, was very tame affair.
At Detroit several buildings were blown
down. including the roller rink and a
church. Between Detroit and Fargo con-
siderable damage to crops and buildings is
reported. No damage to speak of occurred
of here.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
AT DULUTH.

DULUTH, July 29.-There have been
no storms in this vicinity, but the weather
to-day was very hot and muggy. The
crop news to board of trade from
all points where the lines are not prostrated
by storms show very great damage done by
the rain and hOtweatheT of the last two days
Oliver Dalrymple reports wheat in
the Red River valley turning black, and
that rust is injuring the wheat badly. The
storm seems to be general, extending all
through Northern Minnesota and Dakota.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30
AT FERGUS FALLS.
Special to the Globe.

FERGUS FALLS, Mimi, July 29.-About
z O'Clock this morning a bank of clouds
came towards the city from the Northwest.
After a trifing rain and a few gusts of wind
the furry subsidized. The only damage re-
ported so far in this county is that X. o.
Balstad, eight miles south, lost seventy-five
acres of grain by hail. The storm there
was very severe and great damage was
done TO crops in Clay and other countless
The storm seemed to have expended its
fnru bafore roo ching here
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

Reports received by the Manitoba and
Northern Pacific railway companies yeSter-
day regarding the storm show that it was
heaviest in the Nicinity of Fargo and Moor
head. Though the crops in one or two
districts were lodged. the result looked for
ward to previous to the storm will not be
changed. At Fargo the electric mast was
blown down, it breaking the wires of the
two railways in its descent.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1885-07-30

His Eminence Henry Edward Manning,
cardinal priest of the Roman Catholic
church and archbishop of Westminster. was
horn at TOtteridUp HartfOrdSbira IuIy TX
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1885-05-27
ALEXANDRIA, La, MAY 81, 1886.

King of Greece in 1853, and mar
ried Olga Constantinowna, Grand
Duchess Of Russia. The Princess
Maria Dagmar Is the Empress Ma.
rial eodorovna of Russia. Her
younger sister, Thyra, is the wife
of Prince Ernnest August, Duke of
Cumberland. Prince Waldemar,
the youngest of the family, was
born in 1858. Few royal fathers
have married their children so
splendidly as Christian TX, King
Of Denmark.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1885-05-27
The Habit Of Frightening Young
Children.

With painful frequency We hear
Of cruel practical jokes perpetra-
ted upon little children. Again
and again comes to us the old sto-
ry of a child frightened into con-
WILSON'S by a play-fellow who "on-
ly wanted to have little fun
One would think that incidents
like this have been enacted and
told with CHASTITY iteration often
enough from generation to genera
ton to warn off the most incorrisi-
BILE fun-lovers and fools from the
perilous ground. The progress of
the witless plot is generally the
same up to a certain point. There
is neither originality nor variety in
the favor!te mode of execution. It
sounds trite in the telling. A fig
ure wrapped in the conventional
sheet, lurking in a dark corner; a
spring upon the unsuspecting VIC
tim, selected because be is the most
timorous or delicate of the family
or school; dismay, shrieks of an
guish blent with goblin laughter
then difference in the ending.
Sometimes no apparent harm is
done, unless that one child is made
more timid, another more cruel.
Again, the nervous system is I'M
balanced so far that a swoon, or,
as in the case before us, convnl-
sions, ensue. Once in a while an
innocent subject Of the practical
joke pays for his tormentors' prank
with bis reason or his life. In a less
fragrant manner incalculable mis-
chief is done in many nurseries by
tales of ghosts, bogies, the black
man who comes down the chimney
to catch children who will not go to
sleep quietly. That mother is cn]-
pable, who when she finds her child
unduly timid, does not watch mar
rowly for indications that the ner-
vous organism Of her oarpring has.
been tempered with, and who,
should bensuspicions be confirmed,
does not follow the clue to its
source and Danish the criminal
from her household.-TExchange.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1885-05-27
VOL. 40.
THE DEMOCRAT.
TERMS:

Tile Democrat is published Semi
@eekly-Wednesdays and Satur-
days-ot THO Dollars and Fit.
y Cents per annusn; One Dollar
and Fifty Gents for sac months.
Payable in Advance.
Advertisements inserted at the rate OF
One Dollar per- square for the first
insertion aud Fifty Gents for each
subsequent one. Ten lines on less
QfWerier type constitute a square.
Personal Cards, achen admissible,
will be charged double the usual ad-
rcrtising rates.