davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

and it will show an immense bust
ness. Our West Tennessee Horticuls
tural Society should try to get up
some plan for selling their berries
here, rather than shipping to COM
mission merchants BY this means
they would at lest save dead loss on
their shipments.
Dr.. Godby closed his series of ser:
mons on sancti6cation at the Metho>
dist church last Monday night, and
left for Dresden Tuesday. He
preached some able, thoughtful SER
mons, and had large congregations to
hear him. His peculiar manner
isms-walking, preaching and pray
ing all over the house-seemed to de-.
tract from the solemnity of the occa-
sion and place, and he has been free
ly criticised by many good people.
His explanation of the doctrine of
specification was not fully accepted
by church people here, though in the
main many agree with him. He is a
learned and, in some places, a sue
cessful preacher; but he is not fully
appreciated here.
The business men of GAINESVILLE,
associated with the Tobacco Board Of
Trade will give an entertainment on
the 9th of June, to the people living
along the line of the two railroads re.
Gently built connecting that city with
points in Kentucky, viz: The l., A,
u T. Railroad, now completed from
GAINESVILLE to Howell Station, Chris
tian county, KY, and the Elkton q
Guthrie Railroad, which has its ter.
mini at the points indicated by its
name. The entertainment will con,
siSt of a grand barbecue dinner, q
ball at night, a steamboat excursion
on the Cum erlsnd river, and a par
/ =
ade blythe Casrksville Fire Depart
ment. On the same day there vii
be a special tobacco sale at the Elk
change of tobacco grown along the
line of the two roads mentioned
Messrs. Brandon, Bell and Yancy
representing the local press, have oul
thanks for an invitation, which WI
will be pleased to accept if circum
stances will allow.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Cool Shades,

To nice ladies who wish nice cool
parasols, nice ladies umbrellas, nice
sailors and sun shades, will do we'll to
call on Tom Harrison, who tickles
the fancy of all nice folks. Nice cool
fans aud more general pretty goods
than you will find in one place in the
county Tell your friends who can't
read about this; you will do them a
favor, and oblige me. Lets all he
happy together. Come see how it is.
You have all heard of the place al
ready.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Farmers Rejoice.

Hot weather makes your cotton and
corn grow. If you would be comfort.
able, strike bee line for Tom Harri.
sons; get cool hats, cool coats, cool
clothes, cool underwear; all at prices
to suityo pocket books and at less
than you ever bought cool goods.
Bring the ladies along for cool goods
for them.
P. S.-Don't mistake the place.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Why is 1t!

That we see no ads. from our frisNd
Tom Harrison, this week? Well, dull
times is when he advertises most.
You see any greenhorn can sell goods
when all are crazy to buy them. But
he seems to have good trade all the
time. True, but when she seems to
wane he scatters printers ink. You
watch him. He is the dry goods
singer of Milan. Oh, all seem to
know that.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
The School Tax.

Is it not about time that our Board
of Mayor and Aldermen were SUBJ
hitting proposition to the people
to vote a school tax for this year?
The people want it and the town
needs it. In consequence of the tax
last year every decent house in the
town has been rented, property has
appreciated in value, and we have
made a good name abroad. We can>
not afford to go backward now. 1t
would hurt us more than ever. If
we have no free school money, the
tuition of our children would cost
much more, and fewer of them will
be in attendance. Gibson county
and her live towns are leading the
State in public school matters, and
our reputation is spreading over the
whole country. Let us keep in the
lead. Town pride should force us
thus far.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
School Closing.

Owing to an extra rush in our
white goods department, We have or
dered by express, to arrive to day, a
large cargo % these goods, trimmings
to match. Dress the little doves up,
min roses on them, let them he happy
while they can. You won't always
have Tom Harrison to arrange neat
things .or YOU. Come to headluRr>
,-.s for nice goods of all kinds.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
DIR. j. r. Graves,

DR.. ]. R. Graves, editor and pro>
prietOr of the Baptist, Memphis,
Tenn, says; To NJ. A. Simmons, NJ.
d., Iuka, Miss, l received a package
ofyour Liver Medicine, and have used
half of it. 1t works like a charm. |
want no better liver regulator, and
certainly no more of Zeilin's Mixture.
j. R. Graves, Memphis, lbnn. Sold
by Stewart Il Danner.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Fire.MOOd for Sale.

I have for sale large quantity of
twO-feet wood and stove wood, cut
last winter. Orders left at the bank
will be promptly filled. Would sup
ply responsible parties now with
their next winters wood, which they
can pay for in six, nine or twelve
months. Z. A. COLLINS.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
MAYORS Court.
come.

West Roland, COL, was fined $50
for carrying pistol.
Bill Cooper, COL, paid $50 for the
privilege of shooting his pistol in
town Saturday night
John Hunt was ub again for disor>
DERBY conduct, and was fined So.
Clint Fly, the John Sullivan of
Milan, was fined SIS for fighting.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Medina Shipments.
MEDINA, Tenn, June 5, 'S5.

MEDINA, Tenn, June 5, '85.
Editor Exchange;
In answer to your request,r gi'e
you the number of boxes strawber-
ries shipped from here this season,
which aggregate about 1850 cases;
also 1876 cases cherries and several
bushels peas. We are done shipping
berries for this season. Peach, plum
and pears very promising, and will
begin shipping peaches about the last
of next week.
Very respectfully,
w. A. HOUSE.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
New Goods Arriving

In many lines. Cool cheap goods at
Tom Harrison's. Cheap for cash,
and low for money. Can suit all nice
people. True, all do not love us. bat
most people admire US (our goods,
and that makes us happy.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
SMALL CHANGE.

1suopuCilACo oiO ipOhAhS'
See dissolution notice on last page.
The serenaders were out Thursday
night.
Let us have the street sprinkler
out sgain.
Summer time has come, also flies
and mosquitoes.
A car load of barrel slaves we're
shipped from here to Memphis yes
terday.
The colOred Methodists gave a bar.
becue yesterday for the benefit of
their pastor.
The "fying jenny man put up on
Front Row yesterday, to the delight
of the small boy.
The school children are in fever
ish excitement about their speeches,
to be delivered next week.
The colored Baptist Sunday-school
will give concert on next Saturday
night. A good program has been is
sued.
Some one asked us why Bill Har
ris sits up at the Warlick Hotel
waiting for the a. m. train. We
don't know.
Prof. P. H. Manning has our
thanks for an invitation to the clos.
ing exercises of Montgomery Bell
Academy, Nashville.
The ladies of the Baptist church
will give supper at the college
Tuesday night, June 10Th; Further
particulars next week.
DR.. Harris, few days since, pre-
sented US with some samples OF ex-
cellent chewing tobacco, a large
stock of which he keeps for sale.
The Exchange job Office has had a
big run Of work during the past two
weeks. The decks ale now cleared
and we are ready for as much more.
The colored people will celebrate
the anniversary of their freedom at
New Hope church to-day, when sev>
eral prominent speakers are expected.
Would it not be good idea to Sc
cure the big tent and Sam Jones for
a grand camp-meeting for all West
Tennessee next fall? Let it be held at
Milan, the most accessible point in
this part Of the State.
A republican from the country
came to the postofce last Saturday,
when he found it was closed in re-
spect to the memory of the federal
dead, it being decoration day. He
got it into his head that it was in
honor of the confederate dead, and,
as postmaster Hale was a confeder-
ate captain, he thought it was a
"rebel outrage" especially as the Of
fee had not been closed on decora.
ton days heretofore. Capt. Hale is
now loyal citizen.
The Southern Bivouac for June
has reached our table, and we find il
most interesting. 1t contains valu.
able map Of the battlefield of Frank
: lin, with an excellent illustrated pa.
per on Hond's Tennessee campaign
an illustrated paper on Gen. Nor
gan's escape; Southern Ghost Stories
Confederate war songs and much
} other interesting matter. Every ole
Confederate soldier should subscrib,
for this excellent magazine. Publish
ed by B. +, Avery u Sons, Louis
vile, KY, at 50 per annum, 1t il
: conducted by Gen. Basil w. Duk,
and Richard W. Knott.
/.
The strawberry season is over
with hundreds of bushels rotting il
the fields for the W ant of a market
Chicago, our main market, and al
the other cities have been glutteC
5 this spring, and our berry grower
= have made but little if any money
The pickers have received the profit
this season. Next week we expect t
: publish a statement of the shipment
from Milan and ueighboring towns
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Wanted! Wanted!

Ten or twenty stout hands to cut
cordwood on my farm. Apply at
once. E. A. COLLINS.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

Jewelry, watches, etc., at reduced
prices at r. D. Crump's.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

Preserve your Strawberries and 9TH
er fruit by using "Antifermentine."
For sale by Edwards d Shepherd.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Judd's Art Gallery.

would respectfully announce to
the people of Milan aud vicinity that
| have made arrangements to open a
first class gallery in Milan, for two
weeks in each month. | will make
the negative here and send to my
Trenton gallery to be finished. You
will thus have opportunity of having
fine pictures of all kinds made at
home. Iguarautee all my work re-
member, and my prices are lower
than anywhere in the state. Below
:, a. soala of nricps.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
Wall Paper.

Go Ia Henderson Il Martins for
rare bargains in Wall Paper.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

Ask for "Antifermentlne," for pre-
serving Fruit, Cider, etc.
EDWARDS d. SHEPHERD.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

N. B.-I use the wonderful Light
ming Process, which is so fine for chill
dren, | never fail.
Remember the dates. First open
ing, June 9th to June 18th, and the
first two weeks in each month there's
after
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
List OF Letters

Remaining in the pOstoftice at Milan,
Tenn, June LIST, which if not called
for in the next 80 days will be sent to
the dead letter Office at Washington,
D. q. S. H. HGLE, p. NJ.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

Bargains in jewelry and clocks at
r. 0. Crump's.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06
RAILROAD TINE TABLE.
GREAT JACKSON ROUTE.


ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD.
After January llth, 1885. trains will leave
Milan as follows:
SOUTH. NORTH.
No. l. at 9:68 am No. 2. at $3.50 am
No, 8. at 2:40 pm No. A, at 1919 pm
Passengers are also allowed to ride on the
following freight trains:
SOUTH. NORTH
No. at2,4Opm No. 8. at 1920 am
4. NJ. BRowN, Ticket Agent.
A. II. HANSON, GEM. Pass. Agent, chic ago,
III, j, W. COLEMAN. Asst. G. Z. A. New
Orleans, La.
LOUISVILLE X NASHVILLE R. R.
Trains leave Milan as follows on and after
August oath. 1884.
PASSENGER TRAINS.
No. I. south. leaves at..''''''.' l: 40 am
No. 2. north. :. ..,,'.,.....".".. 5:49 pm pm
OF. CANTW ELL, Ticket Agent
N. G. Il st. L.
On and after August oath. 1884, passenger
rains West
Ly NASHVILLE 7..s,m Ar Mek'n'lirs e; S m
- 7:l5pm lS:VO pm
- 2:00 am o;4i am
EAST BOUND.
Nv Mckenzie S:Os pm Ar Nashville 33:4a 5 pm
- - 4:20 am - S;VU am
300 pm ~ 12:40 am
OF. CANTwELL, Agent.
The Milan exchange. (Milan, Gibson County, Tenn.) 1874-1978, 1885-06-06

In calling for the above please say
advertised or you may fail to get
them.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
NATIONAL GRANGE
Patrons of NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. ns Adopted
Tho EIseLion of OfIleoFs.

Patrons Of HuI bandTy-kSSolut i0ns Adopted
The Election Of OfileoFS.
BosroN, Nov. lS.-The National Grange
Of the Patrons OF Husbandry reconvened
this morning. The Committee on Resolu-
tons, through Governor Robie, Of Maine,
presented series Of resolutions recon-
mending that the officers and members
Of the subordinate Oranges make their In
structions and principles matter OF
special and ca'e!ul study; that above all
party considerations stands ths Ameri-
can Government, and pledging the order
10 defend law and order every
where; deploring the attacks on the pri-
yate characters OF candidates for ttiicial
positions; recommending biennial State
elections; opposing the creation Of all up-
Just monopolies by force Of Law; Iecog-
mixing the equality OF the races and bail
ing with delight any advancement OF the
legal status OF woman; urging farmers 70
united and determined efforts in protect
ing their interests through the ballot and
faVoring the promotion OF the office Of
Commissioner Of Agriculture 10 q Cabinet
position.
The resolutions were adopted. mo-
ton In support Of the striking shoe lastera
at Brockton was adopted. The following
officers were elected for the ensuing two
yeara: Hon. P. Darden, Worthy Master;
j. G. Draper, Of Worcester, OVeSeer of
Grange; Mortimer Whitehead, oil n. j.,
Lecturer; B. ]. Rose, Of Texas, Chap
lain; ]. T. Hall, Of West Virginia, Stew
ard W. q. stinson, of New Hampshire,
Assistant Steward; F. NJ. Mcdowell, Of
New York, Treasurer; John Timb!e, oi
Washington, D. o., Secretary; Henry
Thompson, Of Delaware, Gate Keeper.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
SHOWERS OF "QUEER. .
woRK or rmE sEeREr SERVICE
Department of the GovsrDmsut-Amouu of
Counterfeit Money in CtroulAtion-RS.
ported AotiOn of the President In Re.
gard to NAturaIIrod Olur.ns.

WASHINGTON, D. O., Nov. lS.-The Chic
OF the Secret Service Division, in his an
nual report to the Solicitor of the Treasury
shows that during the last fiscal year 444
arrests were made by the operatives o.
the Service, assisted by local officers, q
large majority Of which were for passing
dealing in or manufacturing counterfeit
money. The amount OF counterfeit money
captured was s3O5. sos, mainly in flash
notes. A largo amount Of plates, dies,
moulds and counterfpitipg material was
seized and destroyed. The Chief Of the
Division expresses the opinion that there
Is now in the hands Of ccunterteiters
about 81, 900, 900 in base money, OF the fol.
lowing character: so silver certificates,
$40 United States notes, $40 notes on the
Third National Bank OF Cincinnati, and
S. United States notes.
The report says the counterteiting oi
coin is on the increase, which in the case
OF the Eve cent nickel, Is due to the dis
parity between its full and intrinsic value.
It also speaks Of the good results OF the
law for the punishment Of persons who
counterfeit foreign money. Tho report
also says that while the counterfsiters OF
paper money have been unusually active
during the past year, they have been gen.
orally unsuccessful in their tE1rtS 10 float
the results OF their work. A recommen.
dation is made for Il gislaio prohibiting
the making Of dies or mou!d1 for making
fac similes for business purposes OF y 5
coil s, and snOthur fer legislation to ex.
tend the powers Of the service 10 as to in
clude authority t1 act in all cases If frauds
against the Government. -....
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
rur Waahiupion colresponderts are en-:

Tue Washington correspondents are en-
deavorng to foreshadow the attitude CT
Republican Senators towards appoints
ments made by the President during Il 9
recess and those yet to come. The i'm
preston is that Republican Senators will
allow the President perfect freedom Of
choice rultss he runs against the Civil
Service Act, which they and he are bouEd
to respect.
Certainly the country will not expect
from Republican Senators a merely fac
tiou, opposition--a stand taken from no
higher motive than to embarrass the ad-
ministration because 1t happens to be oi
another party. This would be degradR-
ton CT the Republican majority in the
Senate which the Republican party can
no. afford and which Republicans would
not approve. The character and general
fitness OF nominee arc questions which
the Senate ia called TO pass on, and this it
ought to do without fear or favor. The
nominee being suitable person, the
country will expect his confirmation.
In case OF a removal, where failure to
confirm nominee does not restore the
person removed, Republicans have moth
ing to gain by opposing the executive
pleasure. II Democratic Senators desire
to oppose tho Pnsident, Republicans
have nothing to lose by letting them SC
their own way.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19

PlrrsBURGH, Pa, Nov. lS.-At the ses-
sion Of the National Rabbinical Conven-
ton Of the Reformed Hebrew Church, to.
day, the subject Of Sabbath observance
was discussed at some length, and reso.
luton unanimously adopted declaring that
there is nothing in the spirit Of Judaism
or its laws to prevent the introduction oi
Sunday services in localities where the
necessity for such services appears or ID
felt. In the preamble to the resolution
the Importance OF maintaining the his
torical Sabbath as q bond with the past
and as symbol Of the unity Of Judaism
the world over is recognized. Alter recon-
mending the formation Of societies for the
propagation Of reformed Jewish doctrines
among the poorer classes the convention
adjourned to meet In Cincinnati the frst
Monday in May, 1855 il
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
n.rhna WIro nlnnufaelursrs.

CHICAGO, LIS, Nov. lS.-The American
Association OF BArbed Wire Manufacturers
met last evening in this city. Represen-
tatiyes were present from all parts Of the
country. The object Of the meeting was
10 endeayor TO effect the formation OF a
strong pool which would completely con-
trol the production Of the entire wire
manufacturing interests OF the country
and arrange an unalterable scale Of prices
10 which all must adhere. After long
argu ment II was resolved that a curtail.
ment OF the product Of the various manu-.
factories was the only means that could
be adopted TO maintain high prices. A
compact was formed by which the output
was to be regulated by central commit
tee appointed by the pool. !,
Committees were appointed to nomi'
nate officers OF the Association and tc
schedule the producing capacity ot each
mandatory, in order that remunerattVt
pro rata Of production might be deter
mined upon. Themeeting then adjourned
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
\ slssalh Nek YoIk Lesiala!ure passed

ISlSS3th New York Legislature passed
"aa Ac, in relation TO receivers Of corpora
tious," intended to limit the feea of those
costly functionaries. Every receiver was
10 be allowed as compensation for his ser
vices i've percent Of the first 100000 act
u lily received and paid out, and after bat
two.and.a.half percent on sums received
and paid out. Under this act the two re-
ceivers Of the New York, West Shore and
Buffalo Railroad demanded 100000 for
their services for eighteen months-feF
each one compensation five times as
great as the President Of the United States
receives. The court allowed the receivers
at the rate of $4,000 q year, the highest
sllary paid by any solvent railtoad to its
President. Thewis men must have been
absent when the act Of 1883 was passed.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
A MuRpxRER RKLeAsEp
ny onlcials Who are Denounced ny this
r. Tnd0a-ThaV Will bo Tried,

ny onlcinls Who are Denounced ny the
Judgo-rhey viii be Tried.
OMAHA, NEB, Nov. 1s.-Judge Brewer,
who arrived here from Kansas yesterday,
took occasion in opening the United States
Circuit Court to express denunciation Of
United States Commissioner savillc's
course in admitting to bail the murderer,
Matt Zimmerman, a few weeks ago. I'm
norman was convicted Of murder, and
while under the sentence oil death was
brought by HIS attorney, s. G. Burr, Of
Lincoln. observation-disclosures Saville, at
Kearney, on a writ OF hsbeas corpus.
Zimmerman's case was pending on tinal
appeal on writ Of error before thu United
States Supreme Court, and Burr and sa'
vile assumed that United States Com
missioner had jurisdiction. Saville, &C.
cordingly, released Zimmerman on the
writ Of habeas corpus, and accepted bail
OF 5000. 1t being considered straw bail,
Sayille and Burr were arrested and ra.
leased on bail. A case has been instituted
in the Nebraska Supreme Court to d'sbar
Burr. Zimmerman has not been heard oI
since his release. Judge Brewer instruct
ed United States District Attorney Lam
bertson to push proceedings against sa'
Vile.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
THE BIG STRIKE
FROM PITTSBURGH POINT OF VIEW
A Review of the Nail Situation in this Dis
trict Fall of Glazing Inaccuracies State
nents PROCESSING to Give the In.
Aide of the Nailors' Strike.

Pitt bureh Commercial GaIctts. Nov. IS.
There is much unwritten history in the
great strike OF the nailers. The nearer II
approaches to crisis the faster 1t devel.
ops into novelty among labor troubles.
1t is perhaps the most remarkable contest
capital and labor ever engaged in about
Pittsburgh or in any part Otthe West. A
more determined struggle has not been
waged between the two interests for many
years. In exactly thirteen daySit will
have lasted half year, and reconciliation
seems farther away than ever. The mo.
tionless wheels Of ., 100 nail machines with
the undisturbed dust Of six months in
their cogs, attest mournlully 10 loss OF
S375, 600 70 the nail manufacturers Of Pitts.
burgh alonc, and disrupted trade in the
entire West. An army ot nearly 1000
Idle men presents spectacle seldom seen
In industrial difficulties. Tne ranks are
tiled out, shoulder TO shoulder, with q
class Of American mechanics far above the
average OF those who usually participate
In the clash and Jar OF industrial difficult
ties. NaileIs are regarded as the most in
telligent and Wealthiest Of all skilled labor.
ers. In this alone their strike Ia remarka.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1885-11-19
rRIPLE TRAGEDY.
A South Carolina Farmer Kills His Wite's
Grandfather and Ills 1wo Sons.

A South CarolIua Farmer KIlS His Wifs'i
Grandfather and His 1wo Sons.
CHARLESTON, S. O., Nov. ia terrible
tragedy was enacted in Edgefeld county
to-day A white man named Robert
Jones occupied some land rented from
his relatives, Charles and Edward Pressly'
They notified him that as he could not
longer pay the rent he must vacate'
To-day Jones went to the field where
Edward Pressly, aged so, and his sons,
Charles and Edward, Jr., were plowinp,
and ahot Charles dead. Edward started in
pursuit and Jones stabbed him mortally
with q knife. Jones then reloaded his
gun and killed the father, old Mr. Pressly,
who,is the grandfather OF Jones vile:
Jones then came TO the court house and
surrendered remarking he killed three ol
the best men in the country.
Thisaccount is from the NeWs and Courier
correspondent who visited the scene.
Another account Is that the Preeslys
went toa f+ld where Jones was working
and Jones killed them in Relf defense.