davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

The oabiret is in state Of do
nothpgness in the currency oomplica-
tions that gives credence 10 the asser
ton that its members are at their wits
ends, and now sit, Micawher-llke, wait
ing for something to turn up, The
recent by authority" Aliiolani Hale
'pronunciamento" has as yet no sigma,
ture indicating its authority, nor any
explanation as to why the omission.
At last, however, the chamber Of com
merce committee has received ar
answer to its recent letter
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

1t Is only 800 miles further from
Honolulu to Portland, Oregon, than from
Honolulu to san Francisco. The dis.
tancc from h.rc to Victoria, British Co.
lumbio, ,or to Seattle or Tacoma on Puget
Sound, is but little greater than from
here to Portland. Yet Honolulu trade
with Vic,otil, Seattle, Tacoma, PorI
Townsend and Portland is almost en-
.tirely onc.sided. We purchase Puget
Sound lumber, and sell that region little
or nothing in return. For the ycal
1884 we sent to Victoria molasseS
valued at $67a to Portland, $4,000
wortl Of sugar and $0Ia.04 worth o.
molasscs to Port Townsend, $6,oo5. 29
worth Of sugar, $a83 SO worth OF
molasses, $53.75 worth Of bananas and
$40 worth Of ricc-a magniiccntly
insignificant total OF $I2 2,o4L7S.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

DIR. ]. Mott Smith writes to the
Planters Monthly about q new care
shredder, the principle Of which is 'to
break up and shred the cane, so as TO
give to the mills pulpy mass in the
most favorable condition for cxl ress
ing the juice" DR.. Smith has sent the
Planters Lrbor and Supply Co. some
,irou,ars Of the new machine, from
which some god rel ,lt' are promised.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

"The pllnters, the agents and mer'
chants OF Honolulu, and the bank have,
IN good filth and 10 the best Of thciI
ability, tried to assist in the inaugura'
tion u a gold basis and the eaforce-
naent Of the gold law" So says the
Planters Monthly. So say We. There
have been few exceptions Bat the
excepting merely proves ths rule
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

Ralph S. Smith, editor OF the Satur-
day Press during the past two years,
will leave for Hawaii next Tuesday.
He will visit the plantations and ranches
OF that island and gather data for several
articles. The management oflhe Press
Publishing Company vii be grateful
for any and all courIesies extended to
its editor, who will spare neither time
nor pains to make his vacation profit
able 10 all concerned. ~.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

Much has been said and written
about the causes OF our presen, hard
times. Yet--aiter we have blamed, with
the usual inconsistency of human
nature, the prices Of sugar, the losses
we have sustained in its production, and
the complications arising out Of our
currency muddle-the true cause OF
the scarcity Of money, and the de
preston OF trade is oor lack ofgovern
mental, corporate, and private economy
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

From this table we quo.s that, thanks to an
immigration Of a3.775 foreigners, and to an in.
Cease Of 1908 in the nunlher Of foreigners LA.
wiiian born. AMI Of 7)S in the hilfcAs:es. the
total population, despite the loss in pure ma.
lives, has Increased by as.so3 souls.
In respect to the loss in pure natives, some
efforts have Already been made 10 establish a
percentage in the rate Of decrease, but wa sa very
hazardous attempt, as rea' y by analysing the
apparent" desreas, or l,ss Of natives as il re-
suits from the mare e)npuison Of the figures
Of 1873 and the pressnt ones, hal that
good deal must b. rSl " bs,wesn lines" and
the loss maif b. ARE tha, II ap?.ars, FOR this
reason, among Others, that formery whaling
ships used to employ several thousand native
sailors. many OF whom were still abroad when
the census was taken in 1873, and consequently
n0f foAnkd in il. But sine. then, with tie
decrease Of the whaling business. I am told
that these absent sailors are mostly returned
and ought to b. added to the .o;s. os natives.
4i,oSs found in 1873, and deducted IRON the
new figures, making the death rates so much
more during the last six years Figures on
this point could. think, be procured Il nee.
essary. Furthermore, BY adding to this cause
Of decrease the corrections Of duplicate names
and Of names to bsearfied over TO the number Of
hafcasies, as stated above. IL will be seen that the
number Of natives who have become EXITING,
since 1873 mus, be much nearer 5000 than
$40. And futile aits'np, has been made to
show .ha, things are hopeful, by including ,hs
! hAlfeastss. who hays always been incssasipg,
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

II the government has no immed,-
ate prospect for further use Of the
nsrrow-guage railroad lrIck on Bere-
tania street. We beg to sugges, that ii be
removed and stored away ill times I'M
prove, The wear and tear Of exposed
parts and gathering rust on buried por-
tions are not calculated to insure its
longevity.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

This discovery fairly startled M. as was
prepared for discrepancy Of couple OF hun.
dred, oa'y-non. counting Of s,ow-a ways. error,
in the records OF deaths, births, and unavod.
able omissions in the census operations them.
selves. But such an enormous difference led
me to the following dilemma: a--either the
former census was greatly overestima,ed D.
or the government obtains very Incorrect records
of births and deaths and specially Of the latter,
in which case /, is The duty ~ the president Of
the board Of education to look out -or an
immense number Of people are quietly depart.
ing our shores withou, passports or knowledge
Of the custom officers, fact To b: enquired into
by our gallan, collector general dor the
census of 1854 is really very deficient.
This brought me to hold my own estimates
batter odor, specially as they pointed out the
c ,nsus TO b. incomplete fIr Chinese, p rtu.
guese and half and overestims,ed fur
natives, and went to work to see roughly how
and where the discrepancies could he traced
hack. Bat as my only eDieiai authority was ol
course to refer to the custom house documents,
in their separate items, these have led me lo
the following very unsatisfactory results which
are, however, sufficient to show III: deficiency
OF the census
Tbs number Of Chimes, according to the census Of
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

Mr.. L. S. Thompson of Kohala, has
written to the Planters Monthly il,
answer to Secretary Smiths circular
letter asking the opinions Of planters as
to the prac,icabiliiy Of letting portu.
guese have land to cultivate on shares.
Mr. Thompson is in f.vur OF the plan,
and gives some clear and sensible sug.
ges,ions for making it work smoothly.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

The maceration process at the Wal.
kea Mill is so far most encouraging
The manager reports IsA per cen, Of
saving from the second mill, which
works cane that has passed through q
powerful threeyolleT mill.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

1t is true that in many districts trans
por,ation is bad More and better
ro,ds, more and better landings, are
necessary to the full development ol
fruit culture in many Of the valleys best
adapted 10 tha, great industry, But il
the right impetus is given to the indus
try in the start good roads, good land
ings, steam transportation and a f,il
return for our outley is sure to follow
And we think that the introduction o.
our products into Northern market.
will afford just the impetus tha, i:
needed.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07
p.-EIsrl1s OF THE crNers.

Taking, however, the official fgur's Of ,hc
census for correct with the mental restrictions
have just madel, | shall now compare the
actual state u the POI ulalinn. with that shown
by the preceding censuscs, and table will al
once facilitate my work. after frs, recalling
that the population estimated ly Co''k in I77s
at 4oo,ooo, wai better estimated in 1898 a,
900:
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

There are undoubtedly reasons why
thi, sorry showing exists. 1t behooves
the intelligence Of the country to find
out what those reasons are and to try
and change the conditions that produce
the unsatisfactory result. The land
owners Of the islands are deeply inter
cstcd in the extension Of our trade.
Next to San Francisco our most avail.
able market is British Columbia and
the Puget Sound region 1t is newt.
able that those regions will shortly be
come heavy purchasers OF tropical and
scmi-tropical products Mexico will
be our chief competitor. If we have
direct steam communication with Vic
toria or the sound, as a port in the
track of a steamship line from Victoria
to Melbourne or Sydney, or in the IL
direct track of line from Victoria OF
Seattle to Hongkong, our advantage
over Mexico will be immense.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

The islands are the favored home Of
many choice fruits. Many of them
"ship' we'll Bananas, pine apples,
oranges, lines, mangoes could be car
red by steamer to Victoria, Seattle.
Tacoma, Port Townsend or Portland
in ten days easy steaming, arriving
there in prime condition-proylded
they were well plcted. The prevailing
opinion is that the mango is nota good
shipping fruit That opinion is erron-
eous On his last trip to the coast MIR.
James Campbell carried a box OF
mangoes. Thcywerc picked before being
quite ripe, were wrapped in paper and
packed carefully. They reached San
Francisco in good condition and some
Of them were kept several days after
arrival Pine apples, properly selected
and packed would keep well for ter
or even tweSs days. The otheI
fruits mentioned above will keep plongci
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

Some good reading will be found on
our first and fourth pages and in the
supplement-
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07


vato Sale.
Those Splendid Lots on the Corner OF Reretania
and Piikoi Streets
Subd,vde rs f,ow, into Fouse Lois, and at the fol.
lowing UPSET i,es, fom VIII ch there
eau be no variation;--
Le, r-Ico fee, by 1850 Ge,, Bers,ana Street; upse.
preeS 500.
Lot sro, feet BY 1850 feet. Deretana Street, upset
price Sisoo
10 ,-,oo fc t by rso feet. Beretara Street; upset
prite SI<co
1t .-,oo fee, by $50 feet, Knau Street; up'e, price
Lot 500 fe, by Iso fe.t Beretan.a Street; upse,
prce $itco.
Lot O. feSt by $50 feet. Knau Street, upse, price
SIroo.
Lo, ,-roo feet by 200 feet, with b.ild.ngs thereon
upset pr &C Sa+oo.
Lot sE.es :. by ''o feet Dere'aHi, Street upset
10, 2-roo fee, by $50 eet Youag Street upse, price
Lot ro-reo feet by iso feet, DsrcaniA rect, np.e,
piice SI7so
Lot feet BY $50 fes, Young Street; upse, pres
The above lots were purchased by Mr. Maefarsns
resi- ence, for the purpose OF Improvement
has gre re aud ,nltisait n SIT At at present
Is well covered y lnge vari,D Of rees, as we'll
eho..e coi.ct o, VI PLAT. anu howrs an in bloom
Am; ns The frui, and shade ,r,ssw y te fund the
Travellers Tree the Royal f.im. the Vine Pam. the
emon Ire, the Fan aim, The oeoa,.ui, the Japan
Orarpe. the Polciana Ne. IA the Mandar Cr NE,
the Fig IL e. the Alligator Pc. }, the AiAero q and
the,s- In kose and Flowers there . great vsri-
v, which mus, te seen I, lie Al preei.ed.
Water pipes arc laid on IN each Of Lot, Nos 10 y
inclusive AID SO ieeI VI ho-e will reach ny pat VI
hem. These Is are situated in the Of the
Kulaokahua Palms. oil the principal sr.et leading
IL m Ho'oidu, md are within twenty nj ut.s We X
rom iowa, as We as being up~n ihe omnibus rue TO
PunAhou.
l shall offer them on vsry favorable term. for pur-
c',Asers, namely:
ons-fourth cash. and Balance In equal Payments
off, .. J ani = years, vi h Interest At Sevsa
Per Cent. secured By Mortgage.
THIS division Of p,,mea,s, and low rates Of in, rest,
allow one for ~urpaIaiivey small sum annually paid
ior Tour years. % be,omi the .w.sr .f bsau.ii4i
| homestead lot.
Pa ties desiring lots mus make early application. as
We shall sell at private sNe to sh,se who hrs apply
Plans Of the property be seen Of my Office.
~ Deeds at pureh expense.
y. y. ADsMs. As,fissrsr.
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07
Nor,eH'

Notice |, hereby given that At meeting held in
subs. IlbeIs to the sock of ihs PKE ~ nLi5hlN1
., Qsmsledln va vossi TO p ths Chars u In
eosp alton granted thsm and the sucesssof. sndes
ihs Corporate AMI sys of the Pre- Publishing
Co, t,lniisdl On sns - DAY Of January, ,ess. I'd
that sid SorpofAtlsa. unisr -. Snzfssi ths'suvou
sganizsd iasslf and sisessd shs following .ihesrs
psssdsni and Manager. .s.....'.-......I. !. a. Ihssn
kics Il furthss given thai pursuant sh< II
saii charter, mo sso<kholdsn shall BE- Ia
dlyldualiy i,abs fS the dsb<s u The Cosposzi bs-
ssd tbs anoaa, -hish may ss das upon The share os
shares held BY him " ,n.m
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07
General advertisements.

NoTlcH'
ofce Ut Dilinghau, 4 To-. Honoi H. GU the 9Th ds,
y February sss, q the ,uh,eriers TO N sock of tho
PACIFIC HAkDWAkE CO. u.imi,ed) Il was vo<ea
aee.p, the charter of lneor Grafton granted to them
and th<ir successors under the por4ts and
-tys of the Pacific Hardware %. (imiiet) "a the
Jst day Of Jan Ary 1886. and the said e,rporAti.n
hsrsupon o'gsnzed itssL AID elected the following
olicers
Presidents and Manager ...........B. =. DilIinshan
Treasurer and Secretary .,..,.....Ja Jas. q. spencer
DissoToss--JAs- u. S, sneer. u. y. AdAms.
tcs Is further given that pursuzn TO the terms Of
said charter. mo stuekhoidtr shall be iiable fos the
dsss " the cooperation beyond the amount which may
be due upon the share or shares held BY hl or them
JAS. G.. SPENCER, Secretary.
Gu-P ss3-sB
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07

Perhaps Mr.. Clarke, with the help of what
official documents lie may procure, will lie abe
to make those corrections with mole precision,
a I'd | sin;cr.'y regr:, the arlu,a', faithful aad
valuable work he has thus spsnt on his
incomplete documents
Saturday press. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1880-1885, 1885-03-07
A. the end of 1913 til, total population was

Delrei Ing from this grand total of......... ss3s7
the figures OF the b1ar OF education.
giving the amounts OF births and deaths,
frJmJ JanuaryI, 1879 up to December 81,
1884, respect vely It,Jo, and I39.t.
Uhe last quarter Of 1888. Tor NJ, ,lJlainot
included) the dderenc. Of whica Is. ... AIS,
We hay; net net,....,...,......:... ....... s3,I7s
This represents wlat the tUtal of the
population, the day of the Census,
ought TO have been found ard comparing
this with the official grand total OF re-
cent publication. ..................... 9o,s7S
the difference results in.......... So. 2sq,
By, Isipp1Se, sim prose -, tue ,onS.ien-
uol, AMI rus worlhy eI to'o the Ha-
waiian Almanac and Annual, had est.
mated the tai population on tn; Ist Of
January. 1884 to be So,s.+, wh eh au,-
tnented by So9 excess oi arrivals on ue-
putures AID diminished by s,I excess
OF deaths on births, would bring his es-
Innate up to December 81, 1854 to-. 3los-
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19
rossrs VARIOUS PLACES.

ATLANTA, Ga, March 1S.-At 2:30 o'clock
this morning ire broke out in the James Bank block.
Aye-story building at the corner OF Whitehall ana
Alabama sts The flames leapcd rapidly up the elevator
shaft and that the building soon destroyed
The people who bad sleeping on the upper floors
narrowly escaped with fher liyes " Sims, wife and
sop of wiIamsl,ars =. q. sot eut thy>saa OF ,ho
building adjoining and were In danger or los
ing their lives, but rescued 10y the nrefnen lts
part of building destroyed cost 100000 on which
thrrc IL an Insurance OF SI 900. IL was owned by Mrs
John N James aud pledged to the Central Bank Block
Associaon to pay the Interest her husbands debts
through the contract male when he failed recently Ono
man Is believed 20 have been lost In the ruins.
CHICAGO March is-Four frame buildings In Milwau.
kee-aye occupied "a were destroyed by fire this
morning The loss II - 900; Insurance light
IRwTsTowS, Me-, March ls-P.G. Burdins's wheel hub
mill al Chace's Ms,Syas burned this afternoon. The
loss will probably reach $1,000; no Insurance.
EIfzABETH ~ j.. March l5-Tho paratiine factory at
Elzabethport was burned this morning 10y the bursting
q, a still The loss Is SI5OOOD 10 100000 insur
apce The factory employed any hands. II was owned
by TneOphlus NJ Marc, Of No. ~ EKchangcphoe, new
York
BATvIA H., March ls.-D. II. Sherry Company
toupdry and machine shops North Aurora burned
last night. The loss Is $4,000.
WABASH Ind, March ls.-Tho store OF W. A. Eosen-
baum AT summltyle ami house near by were burned
Yesterday The loss Is $4,000 insurance $1,000
HUNTINGTON, Penn, March ls.-The machine shop and
foundry OF Benjamin Summers. at Petersburg In this
county was burned Last night The loss is $1,000; III
zee
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19
FAILURE oFAY on WELL.

TIrUsvILLE, March 1S (SpecidD THE woods
in Butler County around the Markham Well presented
strange sight this morning In the boughs Of trees ana
ON adjacent derrcks all the prominent scouts In the OH
Region had placed themselves TO watch the results OF
the torpedong Of Markham Well and telegraph TO their
principals on different exchanges The well Is most
important one its failure practically de
terinned whether the limits of Thorn Creek oil Held
had or had not been ascertancd A l00qnart nitro
gyccrne torpedo put In the we'll yesterday, and at
/ o'clock today 1t exploded. huge colunn OF
water rose fully feet into the air and deugcd the
derrick fountain continued play for about two
minutes. Meantime the anxious lockers were STRAIN
ing for tho slightest indication Of OIL None
came. The well Is failure. The news received on
Change and created the greatest excitement There
was a wild rush 10 buy aud the market advanced 10
s24 Transactions were large. About 4 o'clock Marx
ham Well made two small flows but not sufficient to give
promise OF anything. When the well has been ntted
with pumping apparatus IL may be good for 100 barrels
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19
THE HEIRS OF WREYCE rOWYLEY

DAYTON, Ohio, March Is (SpecidO.-lntelh .
gence has been received here from Philadelphia that the
children OF william Arnold, merchant OF this city,
through their mother are heirsatlaw OF the Lawrence
Toynley estate in England, SAID to be worth
500 600 0Oo Mrs. Arnod's maiden name was Mitchell
and she was closely related to the s. s. Brown branch
OF tho lowney family She leaves two children 1t Is
also stated that the Brown claim on the estate has
already been established and that besides the two Arnold
children other living members of this branch OF the
family are Mrs. George Wright, who lives In kansas
Mrs James, of Springfield Ohio and her only child
The other heirs the children OF Mrs. Augusta D.
Pratt of Pennsylvania the great granddaughter OF Mary
Benson OF Erie, Penn. Mrs Charles Metcaf OF Cleve
land Philip and Lawrence Malcolm, or Austrt.la;
Henry Evane and Mary Dezang, OF Geneva; Mrs.
Clarence A. Seward, OF NewYork; Alice and Enza Nor
ton of Carthage Lawrence DeZangs heirs Miss Enma
Coon OF BROOKLYN and Miss Anna and Charles McCully
OF Brunswick, Me.
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19

Mr. Matthews has acquired with the Government =,
Morocco the letter states, he has been apie 70
oppressed Hebrews In that country The President 40
sured tho committee which presented the matter 70 hi
that their wishes would be complied with
The President has also received several strong Pe'
tons urging the reappointment Of Henry g. Pearson 80
Postmaster at New-York 1t is said at the Wnlte o t%
that other person has yet been sussc7'oo " VIZ
President for appointment to the offce.
The Of the Treasury has reGsvea Re-
pairs of Public Buildings In New-Iork Olty anu ~ N9
pce of Superintendent of the Construction OF the new
post ONCE Gnding in Brooklyn. both OF which are now
held by Michael J. Dady. The petitions recommenu M
the appointment OF Colonel Cavanaugh 10 lne Now
York oice and OF Mr.. Rutan TO the Brooklyn once.
Colonel c. Chaille Long, who was at one time denet
Gordons Chief of staff called at the state Deparlms'
this morning In company with Justice rleld ana ns
the latter Introduced to Secretary Bayard Coi9nei
Long is an applicant for the position OF Consu ~
andria, Egypt. , ..,o,,+.d a
Henry A. Newman, OF Missouri, has been appointed .
special agent Of tho Labor Bureau. Mr.. Newman -
formerly Chief OF the Missouri Bureau OF LABOR ots
tics and is regarded being peculiarly well ntiea Iol
the duties OF his new position, In which ne VIII gs % o
duired to make thorough investigation OF the ooi i
OF aborng classes In the states OF the upper
sippl Valley,
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19
COMPARISONS OF DEMOCRATIC ECONOMY.

WASHINGTON, March Is (Speddr.-A com
pason OF the appropriation laws OF the first and second
sessions Of the XLyIIth Congress discloses the fact
that Democratic economy" relaxes somewhat whch
the public money is to be expended by Democr"'io
Administration. Omitting the miscellaneous appropr-
sous I'm private and special acts which require an e1-
pendure Of money, the total amount carried by the
regular appropriation bills OF tho last session Is ABOUT
S2l 600 900 against about i0OOOOO appropIlatea
at the session. increase OF nearly sJ-oVoOVo
The relative increase Is still greater because III t
smaller appropriated at the nrst session II Included
the amount appropriation for tho Improvement OF
rivers and harbOrsabout SlfOOOOOO-Whlie the ihHeT
sum contains no Appropriation whatever for tha phI
pose The actual Increase In the general appropriation
acts alone therefore, exceeds Si00OOOO.
New-York tribune., 1885-03-19
FIXING THE PRICES OF SOFT COAL.
JpY TELEGRAPH TO THE TRIBUNE

MONTREAL, March 1S.-Tbe corridors of the
Windsor Hotel were thronged to-day with crowd OF
sofcoa miners and shippers gathered here to attend the
Grand Trunk coal meeting held for the letting OF the
contract for half million TONS This being the first con-
tract of any magnitude Of the year. the prices established
here govern tho sale Of soft coal for the season. Two
million tons Of coal reach the Suspension and nterna
tona bridges annually and for the purpose OF maintain
ing prices the combination have made an agreement
embodying substantially the following condons Erie,
Rochester and Pittsburg, and Buffalo, New-York and
Philadelphia railways agree TO transport the
coal of producers adjacent to their several
lines at hereafter to be fixed by commissioners to
be appointed for that purpose The commissioners so
designated shall regulate the output" we'll as the
prices of soft coal, imposing penalty of crippng
freight rates to bidders at prices under thoseso estab
lshed by them The commissioners named and VINO
are In attendance here Samuel Hines, Scranton,
Penn, George H. Lewis and Ensign Bennett Buffalo. lt
has been learned that the prices fixed by
the commissioners as follows: On cars
at International Bridge lump ~ 40;
lump and nut, 81 35 Of mine, 81 25; this ess
freight From 81 20 to 81 40 will be the price OF
soft coal the coises at Portland Me- AT ships side
the rate will be SO 40 The Grand Trunk bids will be
opened tomorrow and the contract let The announce
ment that Bell Lewis Yates, OF Buffalo, would mere
control the shipment the Ere as well as the
Rochester and Ptsburg connection with the Rochester
mines, occasoned some surprise and gave assurance
that the combination would be effective.