davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
The Old Winchester Road.
FLOR the SPECTATOR.

Mr.. EDITORIALS you approach Waynes-
boro', from Rockfsh Gap, near the "Gravel
Pits" you cross road, which, for three
fourths or more of century, has been
known by the above title. We have often
wondered aohy.
Some days since we were some time the
guest of Jas. Robinson Caldwell, near Sta
tion of that NAME on G. & o. in Greenbrier
He was born in the house near Thinking
Sprng-known for last two Or three gen
erations as Wayland-Peck- Dold. On
going to his present residence in 1866, one
of his neighbors, Sam'l Coffman, hearing
him speak Of where he was raised, said to
him, "when l was young mani drove my
team from here to Philadelphia, with q load
of ginseng, for one Of our merchants. [
drove from Staunton, down by the Bull
Geo. Coyner tavern, (where Absalom Koi-
ner now lives, your home, by Waynesboro'
and down the Winchester road, next to the
mountain"
Now, Mr.. Editor, can it be that any one
now living, can explain aohy that seemingly
out of the way was taken, or what were the
points the waggoner passed between that
and Philadelphia. AS you will readily see
there is much interesting history wrapped
up in the above fact. OCCASIONAL.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
The Democratic Party and Free Schools.

A man who has time to while away on
nothing, says the Richmond State, may pay
attention to Mahoneite assertions about the
Democratic party in Virginia. One after
another criticism is made against the Demo
cratic party founded upon the so-called facts
which, when examined, prove to be pure
inventions. 1t is best to believe nothing
that comes from Malone quarter. 1t
will not bear examination. The Virginia
Outeast's policy is to invent certain state
ments and then to scatter them broadcast
The Virginia Star is published by COL
ored men, and this race is made up of Ma
homes victims The Star says
"Less than two years of Democratic rule
has reduced the number of schools, teach
ers and pupils by one-half, while the teach
ers are on the verge of starvation, with
their pockets full of script.
"When Democracy triumphs the public
schools languish."
Now, if this was fact it would be dam
aging to the Democratic cause. An ex-
school trustee publishes a card in the
Rockingham Register which, summarily
disposes of this little Malone statement.
He says
ssThat all such statements are utterly IN
true is shown by Hon. R. r. Farr, the Re-
publican Superinte ndent of Schools of Vir-
ginia, in his report for the year ending Ju-
~ 81, 1884, and by his published apportion-
ments of State school funds for 1885. Ia
BILE 5, page 81 Of this report shows that
81, 1921 1869 we're paid out for school pur-
poses during that year, and that there was
a balance on hand in the several cities and
counties of the State of $246, 2S6.72
"The same report, pages 1923, shows
that there were 376 more schools in opera
ton; that there were 1850 more pupils
enrolled; that there were II, 1914 more pu-
pills in average daily attendance, and that
9S8 more pupils were supplied with text
books at public expense, in 1884 than in
1883. Page 104 shows that 697 more
school-houses were owned, and S4 more
built in 1884 than in 1888, and that the
State funds alone for 1884 were $92, S21. 90
in excess of those of 1888. And thus we
might go on throughout the report multi
plying evidence of the increased support of
our schools in 1884 over any preceding year,
but we have given enough. Now, as to
the year ending July 81, 1885, Mr.. Fairs
appointments show that the schools got
about So, 925 more State funds than in 1884,
and nearly one hundred thousand more
than in 1882
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
ssYES.''
A little rain. the sun again,

A little rain, the sun again,
A shadow;
summer day, some new-mown hay,
A meadow.
A girlish face, a matches grace,
And beauty;
We spent the day in making hay
Sweet duty.
Some fading flow ers. some happy hours,
But f1eeting;
A week of rain, and then again,
A meeting.
One quick shy look, a ripping brook,
Some clover:
A skyof gold, the story old,
A lover.
A fair sweet maid. a short word said:
What is 1t?
I try my fate. and not too late
To miss it.
The years have gone. and still loves on
That lover;
He loves always, and days and days
Pass over.
A loving wife, long, long life
Together.
Have made him bless that shy sweet
Eyes,"
Forever.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
The State Canvass.
Important announcement of flie State
Democratic Executive Committee.


Rooms STATE DEMOCRATIC 4
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
ALEXANDRIA, August IA, 1885.
The following appointments for public
speaking are announced:
GENERAL FITzHUGH LEE.
Accomac, Monday, August 81.
Northampton, special, same week.
Rockbridge, Monday, September z.
Allegheny, Tuesday, September s.
Rockbridge county, special, same week.
Staunton, Saturday, September 10.
Bath, Tuesday, September Is.
/ Shenandoah, special, same week.
i Rockingham, Monday, September 81.
: Madison, Thursday, September "a.
Page, Monday, September 2S.
HON. JOHN E. MASSEY.
King William, Monday, August "a.
Middlesex, Wednesday, August 20.
Russell, Tuesday, September 6.
Scott, Tuesday, September Is.
Lee, Tuesday, September %.
Washington, Monday, September %.
Montgomery, Tuesday, September 30.
Bland, special, after Goth.
After Russell, September Z, the local
party authorities are requested to make in
termediate appointments for Mr.. Massey,
so as not to conflict with those here an
no1nced, and to give public and ample
notice of the same.
Primarily, appointments are made for
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Giving Practical Hints and Instruction fo
Teaching and School Management.

Giving Practical Hints and instruction for
Teaching and School Management.
GOOD HELPS FOR THE SCHOOL ROOM.
Hewetts Pedagogy,
Caikins How TO Teach,
Wickershams Method of Instruction.,
Wickersham's School Economy,
Raub's Method of Teaching,
Raub's Studies in English and American Lit
erature,
Murdoch's Analytical Elocuton, a
Swineford;s Literature for Beginners
Kidd's Elocution
Shoemaker's Elocution,
Bronson's Elocution,
Shoemaker's Best Things,
CARROTS 100 Choice Selections,
Kelloggs Rhetoric,
Cows Primer of Poiteness; Help to Home
and School Government.
Walkers Object Lessons.
other Books on these relating to any 9TH
er subjects, if not on hand, obtained promptly
without extra charge.
a II Books at Special Prices to Teachers.
You are cordially Invited to call and exam
inc. HUNTER & CO.,
Booksellers and Stationers,
jy29 E. Main ST., Staunton, Va.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

county -seats and on court-days. When
especial" is used it is intended, if not 9TH
erwise indicated, that time and place are
left to the discretion of the local commit
tees.
JOHN S. BARBOUR, Chairman.
". ". Scott, Secretary.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
TMp0RTANT NOTICE TO FARszERs.

By reading the following article you will be
convinced that REEVES GAIT offers you the
cheapest high grade 4 ERTILIEE Err
on this marAet.
Ire spectfuIly invite any one to call at my
place just north of the D. D. & B. Institution
and see for themselves how it is made and
what it is made OF.
If kept in a dry place it can be kept any
length of time. and it will always be ready to
dril--being worked up very dry, it drills per-
fectly. The material is gathered up from my
own and other slaughter houses of the city,
and is purely home enterprise.
MR.. 3. f. EAKLE has consented to manage
the business of selling, delivering, and maxim
settlement of the above named Fertilizer.
Give him call at his Office in the store-room
Of Mr.. VIM. Eakie. opposite the Courthouse
Mr.. Fl. M. McIlhany's old stand
Respectfully, REEVES GAIT
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

Having determined to sell O. Fertilizer this
season, l took great pains to examine into the
merits of Fertilizers generally, and according
to my judgment the Fertilizer now manufac-
tured by Mr.. Reeves Caut is the best for the
money now offered on this market, and it is
with pleasure and confidence that I offer
BLOOD, BONE, and FLESH FERTILIZER
to my friends and the public; then it is home
enterprise-if there is any profit in it the
money will be spent in our midst.
aug19-tf B. F. EAKLE
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
MR.. N. c. WATTS, who will sell and deliver
from CRIMORA, and
MR.. ]. MARSHALL MCCLURE from GREEN
WILLIE

At each of these points we have a warehouse,
and will keep full supply of just such Fertil-
1zers as we keep at Stanton. AS all observing
farnAers know, it is a great saving of money
and annoyance to them and to the deale- to
trade directly, therefore, we hope our friends
and customers who have heretofore been called
on at their homes by US or our agents, will ex-
cuse us this season from visiting them.
We will keep in stock ready for delivery at
any time called for-early or late in the season
"a fulI line nf
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
THE K q Y AL

IS THE MACHINE YOU WANT.
1t possesses the most new and valuable i'm
provements-it has the fewest number of parts,
20 less than any other machine made.
Think of 1t. THE ROYAL is run either For
aodrd or Backward and continues to seq in the
same direction and aUiU not break needles or
thread This is age of impraveme nt and
you should avail yourself Of the progress by
calling and examining The Royal. for sale by
aug19 Pm NJ. P. FUNKHOUSER.-
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Standard Fertilizers

as mentioned below, and there will be no
trou BILE or Disappointing nt about getting them
when needed, whether engaged before hand or
not, SO that purchases need not be made un til
the goods are needed. Farmers will find it to
their interests decidedly not to buy elsewhere
before examining our stock, as our motto is
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
QueStinHs Answered IIII

Ask the most eminent physician
Of any school, what is the best thing in
the world for allaying all irritation of the
nerves, and curing all forms of nervous
complaints, giving natural, childlike re.
freshing sleep always?
And they will tell you unhesitatingly
''Some form Of Hops!!"
CHAPTER I.
Ask any or all of the most eminent ply
sicians:-
what is the only remedy that can be
relied on to cure all diseases of the kidneys
and urinary organs; Bright's disease, dia-
betes, retention, or inability to retain urine,
and all the diseases and ailments peculiar
to Women
"And they will tell you explicitly and
emphatically "Buchu!!"
Ask the same physicians
''What is the most reliable and surest
cure for all liver diseases or dyspepsia, con-
stipation, indigestion, biliousness, malaria.
fever, ague, &C., and they will tell you
Mandrake! or Dandehon!Hl
Hence, when these remedies are combined
with Others equally valuable,
And compounded into Hop Bitters, such
a wonderful and mysterious curative power
is developed, which is so varied in its ope-
rations that no disease or ill-health can pos
sibly exist or resist its power, and yet it is
Harmless for the most frail woman, weak
est invalid OF smallest child to use.
CHAPTER II.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Staunton Male Academy,
StaunfOn, va,
A PREPARATORY SCHOOL FOR YOUNG
MEN AND BOYS.

MEN AND BOYS.
Offers superior advantages in thoroughness
and completeness of course OF instruction
in its full corps of teachers i its large and ad-
mirably equipped Chemical and Ply steal lab
oratory, in its course of laboratory work in gen.
eral and analytical Chemistry, in its large and
varied Cabinet of Minerals, in the beauty and
heaithfulness of its location. In the comforts
provided for its pupils in sleeping rooms, hot
and cold water baths, comfortably furnished,
assembly, recitation and study rooms, thor
oughly heated by steam and lighted by gas, in
its ample provision for recreative sports, of
in firm and kind discipline, in bountifully
supplied and well served table, in thorough
home influence and excellent religious and
moral advantages.
@-For particulars send for catalogue
VIM Fl. KABLE, A. NJ. Principal.
Jy2-t oct1 Staunton, Va.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Low Prices and Terms to
suit the Times.

CASH being exceedingly desirable to US these
hard times. we beg a parties having the ready
money" or good credit" because of noted
promptness. to consider their own interests
and our wants. and profit themselves by call
ing on US before they get in trouble with some
thing on their hands not wanted. We mention
some of the leading fertilizers offered by us
this season -
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Il QUESTION ABOUT
BY0zvm' S Iron
Bz179Is
I1TC VIVID IN
ANS WERED

The question has probably been asked thousands
of times How Browns Iron Bitters cure every
thlng? Well it doesn't But it does any disease
for which reputable physician would prescribe IRON
Physicians recognize Iron the best restorative
agent known to the profession and inquiry of any
leading chemical firm will substantate the assertion
that there more preparations OF iron than of any
other substance used in medicine This shows con-
cusively that iron is acknowledged to be the most
however remarkable fact that prior to the discoy-
cry of BROWNS IRON BITTERS no perfect
unsatisfactory iron combination had ever been found
BROWNS IRON BITTERStdSSssss a sss edass
headache or produce constipation-nll other iron
medicines do. BROWNS IRON BITTERS
cures Indigestion. Bili0usness, Weakness,
Dyspepsia, Malaria, Chills and Feyers,
Tired Feeling, General ID ebility, Pain in the
side, Back or Limbs, Headache and Neural,
gia-for all these ailments Iron is prescribed daily
BROWNS IRON BITTERS mo. however, syss does d
minute. Mke all other thorough medicines. IL acts
slowly when taken by men the first svn1rtnyn M
penent is renewed energy. The muscles then become
nrmer the digestion improves the bowels are active
In ,oomen the effect is usually more rapid and marked
Inc eyes pegn at once to brighten; the skin clears
up; healthy color comes to the cheeks; nervousness
disappears functional arrangements become reo
lar. and If a nursing mother, abundant sustenance
is supplied for the child. Remember Browns Iron
Bitters IS the ONLY iron medicine that ia mt in
furious. Physicians and Druggists recommend Il.
The Genuine has Trade Mark and crossed red Jinss
on wrapper. TAKE NO OTHER.
nov12 silly
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
FERTILIZERS.
IMPORTANT
E Ar NJ Frs!
FERTILIZERS.

Fertilizers are necessary to bring out the best
results on all old and partially exhausted soils,
that it is almost surperfuous to say more on
the subject than to call the attenti N of Farm
ers to the importance of buying the product OF
those concerns whose xperience and standing
offer the hest guarantee as to the quality of the
goods offered.
Approaching the fact that money Is scarce,
the wheat crop in our section short and prices
of grain very low we have taken great care in
making our arrangements for supplies of Fer
tilfzers tor the Fall trade of 1855, and fatter
ourselves that we have secured the yery best
articles that can be had in this line and at the
lowest possible cost to get goods of known
worth. In order to be able to sell these goods
low, we must make the expenses of handling
as low as possible. consequently we will not
sell through Agents, except
MIR. N. c. WATTS, who will sell and deliver
from CRIMORA and
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
Attentirn n, Farmers
AMMONIATED DISSOLVI

We sell lso FL OATS OF SOUTH CARROLL
Ma PURE RAW BONE and MISSOURI
BONE MEAL, SUIPHATE SODA, KANT,
.SULPHATE OF AMMONIA. OIL VITRIOL-
such chem Gals as farmers need in composing,
and all first class goods.
We wish the practical and substantial farmers
to continue the use of our goods and will make
terms reasonable to those who want them on
time. Those who wish to buy for cash will get
their moneys acorth of us.
We have Fertilizer houses at Raphine, man.
aged by Messrs. HutcheSon Il Stuart, and at
Weyer's Cave Station, b. d o. r. r., by Mr.. w.
goods at all Stations on the Shenandoah Val
ley. Valley, and G. & O. Railroads. We offer
81 ecial inducements to clubs in carload lots.
aupl2 BAKER RROS
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
"Patients''
HAlmost dead or NEARLY duinr,,

1AIIIosU uedu VI HedT1y Tying
For years, and given up by physicians, of
Bright's and other kidney diseases, liver
complaints, severe coughs, called consump-
ton. have been cured.
Women gone nearly crazy!!H!
From agony Of neuralgia, nervousness
wakefulness, and various diseases peculiar
to women.
People drawn out of shape from excruei-
ating pangs of rheumatism, infammatory
and chronic, or suffering from scrofula.
Erysipelas
s'Saltrheum, blood poisoning, dyspepsia,
indigestion, and, in fact, almost all diseases
frail''
Nature is heir to
Have been cured by Hop Bitters, proof
of which can be found in every neighbor-
hood in the known world
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

SHENANDOAH VALLEY ACADEMY.
Winchester, Va. c. L. C. Minor, NJ A. UNIV
Va.) LII d. R. q. Willis, Grad. Univ. Va. late
Prin. Norwood High School, and other able
assistants. Send for catalogue. je24-tf
" KENMORE UNIVER SITY HIGH
II SCHOOL, near Amherst G. FL. Va.
Fl. A. Strobe Mathematical Medalist) Princi-
pal. E. S. Sublett, u. Va } Assistant.
Fourteenth Session begins Sept. 10th, 1885,
For catalogues address the Principal aug5.5t*
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
PANTOPS ACADEMY,

NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
Fer BOYS AND YOUNG MEN. Send Tor Gaia logue.
JOHN R. SAMPSON. A. M, Principal
REV. EDGAR WOODS, Phi D., Associate Prin-
cipai. Jy29-6t
CETUATI0N AS TEACHER yyANTED.-I
~ desire a position to teach. Having had sew
eral years experience, feel competent to teach
Music, French, Mathematics, and English.
Address, stating terms,
MISS l.. CONWAY STEVENS,
Mddleburg.
jy29-2m Loudoun Co.. Va.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

Y YNN 81 co. invite the attention of farm
e. ers and others to following the splendid
implements now in season =
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

''One swallow does not make summer"
bat sometimes leads to ''making night of
it,
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

None genuine without a bunch of
green Hops on the white label. Shun all
the vile, poisonous, stuff with "Hop" or
'Hops" in their name.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02

COUNTY school sUPERINTEN-
" DENTS NOTICE.-My office days in
Staunton will be Wednesday and Saturday of
each week, and Court Days-which days will
devote exclusively to School business.
~ Office with W. A. Reed.
H. SHEFFEY ROLLER,
tyl7-tf Co. Supt. Schools.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1885-09-02
PURE RAW BONE MEAL,

as good as can be made, being perfectly Pure,
ground as fine meal and of uniform quality
and fineness. Nothing better can be had in
the BONE MEAL line.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-25
PERSONAL.


Miss Susie Martin, of Fort Worth, is
at the Windsor.
Miss Mollio Rafferty,, of Fort Worth,
Is at the Windsor.
G.. II. Dashwoodw and wife, of Fort
Worth, are at the Windsor.
Robert McCart, of Fort Worth, is a
guest OF the Grand Windsor.
Mr.. j. S. Witwer and wife have gone
TO the New Orleans exposition.
Mr.. A. Goldsmith left last night for
Chicago via the Missouri Pacific rail-
road.
Mr.. ]. II. Martindale and wife, OF
Fort Worth, are registered at the Grand
Windsor.
X. Il. Montgomery and NJ. r. Sangui.
net, or the Fort, are stopping at the
Grand Windsor.
Mr.. Jasper N. Haney, prominent law.
yer OF Weatherford, is in the city at
tending federal court.
II. II. Skiles leaves tonight for Wash.
ington TO attend the Inauguration OF
President-elect Cleveland.
Mrs. Della Renoe, and Miss Lacey, OF
Pontiac, Illinois, are visiting friends In
the city. They have also been attend
ing tho New Orleans exposition.
Mr.. C.. II. Clint, county attorney, who
IL prominently mentioned as the noNt
Encouragement of Texas, leaves thi,
evening for briei sojourn at Lampasas
Springs for his health.
Mr.. and Mrs. j. w. Thompson re
turned home from visit 10 New or
leans a day or two ago. They report {
pleasant time. Mrs. Cappenger, OF New
Orleans, accompanied them home anc
Will remain In the city several weeks.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-25

Der, Waxahachie; Jasper \ haney,
Weatherford; w A Lawson, Miss Ber-
tina Wellburn, Alvarado; Fl Muckel-
roy, Terrell; w III Warner, j d Atker-
son, Mckinney; S w Wallace, Terrell;
X nj McNesly, Z Adams, Sherman;
Il Harry, II NJ Page, Mineola; W A
Galway, Fort Worth Gazette; l. w
Oglesby, Plano; Lee Andrews, Waco;
J Y Ryan, Duck Creek; A Mas, Hum
bolt, Michigan w Rosborough, Teh-
uacana; Il Austin, Beatrice, Nebraska /;
J E Wright, Baird; A Wright, j b
Simmons. Coleman City; w c Estes,
Baird; VIM Hunter, Coleman; p z Pur-
land, w Q Purland, Trickland; ID Ad-
ans, Weir, Mississippi d NJ O'Neal,
j E Soust, Grapevine; g ID Hughes,
sherman; Miss Maggie Miller, II ID
Pevy, Bolton; Thomas Farmer, Waco.
AT the Grand Windsor: VIII Crock
EFT, Jr, New York; n b Van Name, ST
Louis; X s Montgomery, Fort Worth;
George III Moore, Novel; S Johnson.
New York; s Perry, Austin; T. G Crit
feth, Chicago; G Witherspoon, Gaines
vile; Q p Hufragle, st Louis;T P Burke,
New York; A b Snow, New York
Y Smith, Louisville, Kentucky
William Courling, Columbus, Ohio;
= w Heath, Terrell; A G Anderson,
Houston; K f Williams, w A Grubbs,
George w Tuthill, w B Wells, S John.
son, st. Louis; James NJ steers,J George
Stafier, city; M r Sanquinot, Miss NJ
Rafferty,, w b Elliott, James III Martin
dale and wife, George w Eastwood and
wife, Robert Mozart, Fort Worth; Fran
els Roberts, Sheldon, Missouri; z A
carter, OWensboro, Kentucky.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-25

SIDED. Short speeches were made by
delegates from America, England.
Fracne, Germany, Italy and Portugal
the speakers highly Landed the African
international association and especially
King Leopold, until recently president
OF the association. Mr.. Kassop, the
American minister, Withdrew his propo-
sal 10 extend neutrality beyond the
Congo basin. Gen. Sanford, the other
American delegate, withdrew his Vivi
railway proposition, stating he had adj
vocated the scheme solely for the ben
ont OF the African International associ-
stlon. The friendly feeling
evlnced by. the powers, how
ever, furnished every reasonable
guarantee regarding the communication
necessary to develop the commerce in
the upper and lower Congo. Perfect
unanimity prevailed among the dele
gates regarding the text of the fnsl act.
turkey had a slight point of difference
Win Italy, but the matter was eyentu-
ally smootsed over. The small addi-
tional amendments proposed by Sir Ed
Wnrd Mallet were carried. The final act
WAS then accepted. 1t only remains
now Tor the final act to be printed on
parchment for the signatures of the del
egates. The last session will probably
pc held on Thursday. 1t is expected
Bismark Will preside. The powers not
represented in the conference will be al
lowed TO give their adhesion to the act II
they so desire. Turkey is the only
power represented in the conference
mat now has no treaty with the African
International association.