davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
ADnINIsTRArOR's NOTICE
THE STATE OF KANSAS, l..
Ford County.

Ica
Ford County.
In the Probate Court in and for said County.
In the matter Of the Estate Of
William Defreee, deceased.
NOTICE is hereby given that Letters u Admin
istrafion have been granted to the undersigned on
the Estate of William Defrees, late Of SAID county,
deceased, BY the Honorable, the Probate Court Of
the County and State aforesaid dated the 10th day
Of January, A. D., 1885. Now, all persons having
claims against the said Estate are hereby notified
that they must present the same TO the ind srsign-
ed for allowance, within one year 'front.' date Of
said Letters, or they may be precluded from any
benefit Of snehe estate; ard that IL such claims be
not exhibited within three years after date Of said
Letters they shall be forever barred.
E R. COFFEY, Admlnisfxato9
Of the Estate Of WILLIAM D4FRKES Deceased
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

We understand from Hon. A. J.
Hoisington, that over one hundred
proofs, made in Comanehe county, are
held, by the general Land Office, for in
vestigation. We think the settlers of
our county can learn lesson from this
and govern themselves accordingly
Ashland Clipper.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Five hundred acres of land under
good fence, six miles south of Speare-
Wife, with plenty of living water, ready
for pasturing stock. Address Box 1872,
Dodge City.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

SPRING MILLINERY.
Mrs. Beadle has received her spring
stock of millinery goods, the finest ever
brought to Dodge City. A fine assort-
ment of Jersey Jackets, latest styles
and patterns. The stock of fancy
goods cannot be excelled. The ladies
of Dodge City and surrounding country
are especially invited to examine my
stock now open for their inspection.
m11-1m
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The announcement that the republi-
can senators have agreed in caucus to
oppose all removals Of government Off
GERS who under the tenure office law are
subject to removal only for cause dur
ing the term for which they were APP
pointed, is significant of coming peliti-
cal controversy.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The ''widows retreat is the name of
new settlement two or three miles
south of the city Mrs. A. L. Rob
bins, Mrs. L. Il. Atchison, Mrs. Mary
Lyman and Mrs. NJ. Wolf. have taken
claims on tie Usage lands. What fire
chance for four .widowers!
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The Stockmen's convention adopted
the following resolution:
RESOLVED, That we, the representa-
tive members Of the different outfits
comprising this association agree to
give special orders to any and all par
ties having charge Of wagons or camps
aside from any home ranches, that they
shall not allow any gambling, playing Of
cards ,r horse racing under any circum-
stances and the round up bosses are re-
quested to assist the different forenen
10 carry out their instruction.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
PROPOSALS FOB FUEL.
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT or THE Missouri,
OFFICE OF CHEF QUARTERMAsTER,
Encr I Y AyrSyopru EANsAs AnriI 1903

NEALED PROPOSALS, in triplicate, subject to
- the usual conditions, will be received at this
Office at the Offices of the qusrtermasters at the
posts named below. until 10 O'clock noon, central
standard time, Monday. May 4, 1885, at which
time and plac 3 they will be opened in the pres
eoce of atfen ling bidders, for furnishing and de.
livery of WOO coal and charcoal, during the fiscal
year beginning July 1, 1885. at Forts Leavenworth,
Riley and Hays, Kansas; Forts Supply, Sill, Reno
and Gibson, Indian Territory; Fort Elliott, Texas
Fort LYON an the Cantonment on the Uucom-
paghre, Colora 20.
Inc government reserves the right to reject any
or all bids. Preference given to articles Of domes-
tic production and manufacture. conditions Of
price and quality being equal and such preference
given to articles of domestic production and man.
ufactIre produced on the Pacific coast to the ex-
tent of the consumption required by the public
service there.
Blank proposals and printed circulars giving full
information will be furnished on application to
this Office or to the quarterulasters Of the posts
named
Envelopes containing proposals should be mark
ed: Proposals for--st--' and address
ed to the undersigned or to the respective post
Quartermasters.
JAMES GILLISS
Major and Quartermaster. {. $. A.,
ape-4t Chief QIarteFmastef
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The Ford Town Company, of Ford
county, filed charter, with Reuben
Small, of Anthony, J. NJ, Burson, of
Casey, Clark county; Amos H. Small
and VIM. A. Shaw, of Ford, as incor-
noratorS
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
For. SALE

Sixty head of yearIing heifers, $50
head of 2 and 3 year old heifers. The
2 and 3 year old heifers are all high
grade short horn, and bred to thorough
short horn and Hereford bulls ; also 40
head of high grade and thorough bred
short horn bulls, from | to 3 years OLD.
A. d. WETTICK,
Cimarron, Hans.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Geo. s. Emerson received last week
about so. 900 trees of various kinds
The trees are 70 be planted on his land
and the land of L. X. Mcintyre and
others on Crooked Greek.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Lawyer Lowrance, of Garden City,
was in the city Friday. He said he
came to Dodge to procure brandy for
medicinal purposes. None could be OBJ
tanned in Garden CITY.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

A delegation Of clergymen called up
on the President last week and present
ed petition asking for action to sup
press polygamy in this country.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Daily line of coaches run to Epgle
wood, an embroyo town southwest o.
Dodge City. An advertisement of the
Englewood town company appears in
the TINES.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

1t is stated that about one hundred
tramps voted in the city election on
Monday.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
The South Side Hotel

Has been repaired, reftted and refur-
nished, and is now opened to the trav-
cling public. Everything home-like
and pleasant.
A good Feed Stable and large Horse
Pasture in connection.
Prices reasonable. No drinks sold
on the premises j. II. CRAWFORD.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The saloons must go. Attorney Gen
eral Bradford says SO. Sheriff Sughrue
says so.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

DR.. Chsney, Of Tennessee, has locat
ed at Belle Meade. and will be valua
BILE acquisition to that entcrprising 10
calf.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

L. c. Hull, Of Knox county, Mo.
has located four miles south of Dodge.
Mr.. Hull is a school teacher of many
years experience.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

The dead animals lying in the suburbs
of the city emit an offensive smell, and
the carcasses should be removed or
buried.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Col. j. w. Straughn. has returned
from the mountains, and will remain a
few months with his family.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Houses are being erected in what is
termed "Africa," a northern suberb of
Dodge City.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Itch and Scratches Of every kind cur
ed in 80 minutes by Woolfords Sanitary
Lotion Use no other. This never
fails. Sold by STURTEvANT & Co.,
Druggists, Dodge City.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

New houses continue to ornament
Prospect Hill School house hilD, and
these dwellings are stretching out far to
the north.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

There will be baptising, conducted
by Elder Collins, on Sunday afternoon,
or the south side of the river, west of
the bridge.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

For RENT.-A store building. In.
uuire at this Office.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Cheapest Place
To buy your children shoes, is at the
BEE HIVE.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Machine Oil, fine article, for sale
by j. H. CRAWFORD.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Special Bargains
This week at the BEE HIVE.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
Runaway Boy.

John Cooley left his home in Null
vaue Kans., on the Sd day of Jan. 1885.
He is 13>years old. has light hair, dark
brown or hazel eyes, medium size for
a boy of his age. He left in company
with another boy, who is a year older
and rather heavy built 1t is supposed
that they went south, but nothing has
been heard from them. Any informa-
ticn in regard to the whereabouts of
John will be thankfully received by his
grief stricken mother.
Mrs. NJ. S. Cooley.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Stonewarc Of every description, for
sale by J. H. CRAWFORD.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
SPRING MILLINERY.

Fresh seeds, of all kinds, in bulk at
LANGTON & SHERLOCK s.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Large quantities Of German Millet
seed, raised in the county, just receiv-
ed by LANGToN & SHERLOCK.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Hobbies bakery and confectionery
one door north of postoficc on Bridge
street.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
CANTON PLOWs

Just received one carload of Canton
Flows, of all kinds. Best in use.
+. G. ZINMERMANN.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

When you order your coal, please
leave the money, or send it with the
order. IRemain Yours,
J. E. MCADAMs, ACT.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Balm Wagons, and Eclipse Windmills
LANGTON & SHERLOCK.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Wagon, wood ware and Blacksmith
Iron, just received.
LANGTON & SHERLOCK.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
>. VI. y. OOUICVs
Mulvane, Kansa

Kansas papers will confer favor on
a worthy, but poor woman, by copying
the above notice.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Plymouth Rock Eggs, for sale at IS
cents per Is. Apply to J. NJ. Wright,
at the store of York, Parker & Draper.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
Bucklen'S Arnica Salve.

The best Salve in the world for Cuts,
Bruises Sores. Ulcers. Salt Rbeuui. Fever
Sores. letter. Chapped Hands ChIlbIains
COrns. and all Skin Ernptious. and posi>
t,v"ly cures Piles. or no pay required. 1t
is guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction.
or money refunded. Price q cts. per box.
For sale at City Drug Store.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
LOG Al NE w S
Buildings and building in Dodge.

The edict has gone forth-the saloons
must 60.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

COMPARATIVE PRECIPITATION.
1875 .0.04 1876. 8 SO 1877 @ 25 1878. OF inch
1879 or 1850. .0.M 1881. % so 1882. % "A inch
1888. AZ 1884. i 81 1885. @. IS inches
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
ATTENTION. LADIES.

The undersigned is prepared to do all
kinds Of rag carpet weaving. All kind
of carpet chain constantly on hand, ant
ready-made carpets for sale. Address
WIZ. H. GILLARD, Oferle, Kas. 6m
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Scientific Timer at
LANGToN & SHERLOCK 8.
Trees! Trees! Trees! Trees!
HOME GROWN TREES!
All sorts Of Trees!
NJ. COLLAR.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Celebrated Superior stoves at
LANGTON & SHERLOCK S.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Window Glass,
Lamps,
Glassware,
A speciality. Call on
NJ. COLLAR.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09

Big Bargains
In ladies' and children shoes at the BEE
HIVE.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
CHURCH DIRECTORY

a A. +. & A. M.-ST. BERNARD
~S|LODGE 222 meets in Odd Fellows Hall,
M ON LIST Av. and Chestnut street, Second
" \and Fourth Fridays Of each month, at ~
?. All sojourning brethren are cordially invit-
cd to attend. J. K. PATTON, W. N.
J. s. WEIGH, Secretary.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1885-04-09
The Weather i'm March.

Sheriff of Ford county, Kans;
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1885-12-24
GOODYEAR'S INVENTIONS.

The enormous value of India-rub-
Der in the arts is almost wholly due
to the inventions or discoveries of
Charles Goodyear, an American in
ventor, who was born in New
Haven, Conn, December 20, 1900.
He received only common school
education, and on coming OF age he
went into business with his father,
who was then established ut Phila-
delphia in the hardware business.
The commercial disasters OF 1880
broke up the firm and Charles turned
his attention to Improvements in the
manufacture of India-rubber. lie
made experiments in several places
for six years without accomplishing
any real success. But in 1886 he
discovered a process OF deprlvlng
India-rubber of its adhesiveness by
dipping it into nitric acid. This
process was introduced into use
very extensively, especially in the
manufacture of rubber shoes. But
this process, as its beneficial effects
are confined to the surface of the
rubber, did not satisfy Goodyear
and he continued his search for q
better process. In January, 1889,
he observed that rubber mixed with
sulphur when brought in contact
with q red-hot stove was not melted,
and that though deprived of its adj
hesiveness it remained elastic. Thus
was discovered the important method
of vulcanizing rubber, i. e., uniting
it with sulphur at a high degree of
heat, by which the use of this
material IN the manufacture of in
Vulnerable articles has become posi-
BILE. From that time until his death
he gave his whole time to the per-
lection of the vulcanizing process
for all purposes, and secured over
sixty United States patents. In
France and Great Britain he was
unfairly deprived of the rights due
to the priority of his invention, and
the number of the infringementa
upon his patents in the United
States were very numerous; so that
Goodyear's profits were small, COM
pared to the Importance of his in
ventions. However, he received
many medals and distinctions, in
Guiding the great council medal OF
the exhibition of all nations at Lon
don in 1851, the grand medal OF
honor of the Worlds Exhibition al
Paris in 1885, and the cross of the
Legion of Honor presented him by
Napoleon Ill. Goodyear died al
New York, July |, $780, Chicago
Inter-Ocean.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1885-12-24

Josh Billings, according to an
acquaintance, was the only man who
ever wanted to thrash compositor
for correcting his bad spelling.
London Truth defines n wedding
present as the outward and visible
sign of the inward visible joy Il girls
family feels at getting her off their
hands.
An exchange remarks: "Flying
machines will probably never be q
success" What's the matter with
a mosquito? He is flying drilling
machine and the sucliingest kind OF
Il success.
A Western paper records the
death of boy from eating grapes,
the seeds of which had lodged in
the colon, putting a full stop to
him, rs it were.
1t is easy to tell how man lives
by how he acts. For instance, the
South Carolina Judge who decided
that it was not crime TO steal
watermelons from the soil does not
keep house. lie boards.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1885-12-24
Ths 9ailg g allstin.
THURSDAY, DEC. 2l, 1885.
A TRIUMPH OF PEACE.

The graceful acceptance by Ger
many of the Pope's award i'll the
question of the disputed ownership
of the Caroline Islands is rccogni-
ton of the fairness and impartiality
of the decision Of Leo NIL, and is
tribute TO the system of arbitration
from quarter whence such tribute
was hardly to be expected. In fact,
the tact and self restraint which
Germany has shown in this matter
has been infinitely to its credit, and
has much increased the estimate in
which that Empire is held by
foreign nations. The action of
Prince Bismarck has given differ
ent aspect to what at first we were
all tempted to regard rs an insolent
act of high-handed aggression. The
Prince showed his confidence in his
claims, and his desire to have them
enforced only so far as they were
found just by his reference of the
whole dispute to the arbitration of
the Pope, and he further shows that
by his ready acceptance OF the
adverse decision. BY the course he
has taken in selecting Pope Leo rs
arbitrator, he has gratiiied the
Roman Catholic population of Ger
many, and indeed of Europe, and,
more important than that, he has
strengthened by the weight of his
authority and example, the princi-
pie of arbitration in international
matters, the practical introduction
of which is chiefly due to his great
rival, Mr.. Gladstone. Sothat human
ity and international justice and the
cause of peace will gain by the
action Prince Bismarck has taken,
and the great Chancellor adds to his
already great prestige and to the
estimation which is awarded him by
the world.-Sydmey Telegraph.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1885-12-24
REAL ESTATE FOR SALE

A RARE chance for securing a dcsir
N able homestead. Three Lots only,
on the easterly side of Makiki Street,
adjoining the mauka side of Mr.. Walter
Seals place. A very pleasant neigh
borhood; a ncvcr.failing supply of pure
water in the street from the Makiki
Reservoir. Terms, one third cash, the
remainder in and years with interest
at s per cent. net. Maps and plans can
be seen nj the Office of
1TOtf w. II. CASTLE.
The Daily bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Hawaii]) 1882-1895, 1885-12-24
Dwelling House for Rent.
$40 per Month and
Water Rates.

rEHE large dwelling house and lot
l. occupied by D. d. Baldwin front
Ing on Dole street, at Punahou, and run.
ming through TO Beckwith street. The
house contains s large rooms, 2 pantries,
1 bathroom, 4 large closets, kitchen adj
joining. There is Il large barn with
servants room on the grounds, also an
Office separate from the main building.
The lot Is nearly 2 acres in extent and
affords considerable pasture and fire.
wood. Everything in good repair. Gov
eminent water laid on. Enquire of
1872 If S. b. DOLE.
New-York tribune., 1885-07-09
PERSONAL.
ocraoy.

Governor Harrison, OF Connecticut and his family
have gone to Block Island to pass the summer.
Senator Joseph Brown OF Georgia, pays taxes on real
estate In Atlanta worth 100000
Senator Miller, OF California, who is the chief
stockhoder OF the Alaska Commercial Company, Is max
ing journey along the coast OF Alaska
Professor Frink, Of Hamilton College, has accepted an
invitation become instructor in oratory and English
literature, at Amherst College.
violin, plays In the choir Of st. Marks Church, at
Southboro.
Geronimo the leader OF the Apache band OF Indians
that numbering settlers in Arizona is said TO be
a Me1ic
President Cleveland and the members OF his Cabinet
have lately received good many telegraphic messages
obviously written by insane persons There Is one sane
feature to these kilograms. They are marked: 4" Col
lect."
Governor Hoady, OF Ohio, has leased the finest res
idence in Columbus. and will take possession Of 1t on
October 1. Tie political gossps surprised at his
leasing tho house close to the end Of his term as
Governor and suspect that no not only contemplates
running for Governor again, but also running for
Senator.
Albert Bierstadt the artist, will sail for Europe In
few days make studies in Switzerland He has several
large commissions to execute for wealthy patrons.
Senator Sherman who has been here for three days,
attending to private business. went home to Mansfield
yesterday. He accompanied on his trip Oy General
Charles H. Grosvenor, Congressman from the Athens,
Ohio. District who with Mrs. Grosyenor has been visit
ing In New-Engand
New-York tribune., 1885-07-09
THE NEED or MUNICIPAL REFORM

Without wise legislation at Albany prac-
tically little can be accomplished in the way OF
municipal reform. Such legislation preceded
Brooklyn's partial dcliverancc from the rule of
n Democratic Boss' If New-York and other
cities arc to be freed from the con-
troll of "halls" and "bosses" it must
be through similar work at Albany.
That can only be accomplished by the
choice of Governor and Legislature in
sympathy with this reform. Before any nomi-
nations are made the voters should clearly
understand the great Importance of this issue.
Hence, what Mr. Walter s. llubbel has to say
on the subject in to-day's TRIBUNE will be read
with interest Mr. Hubbell proved himself
sturdy friend of this reform in the Legislature,
and has clear ideas on the subject.
Taxation for State purposes is only q
mere fraction of that raised for munich
pal uses, while the disproportlon be-
tween the State debt and that of the cities is
still greater In no other way can the people
secure so great relief from Onerous taxation
as by bringing about reform at home. AS Mr..
Hubbell says, it is not sufficient merely to elect
good men to the Legislature. They must have
the knowledge and ability to deal with this
subject, and the right men can only be secured
by choosing representatives with this special
end in view. The party must be pledged
to definite policy. and when members
misuse their positions to amend" good
measures in the interest of individuals,
as is often done and thus defeat wise
legislation, they must be made to under
stand that they are violating the trust reposed
in them. This should be the case particularly
New-York tribune., 1885-07-09
THE CUEYENNES.

Late dispatches are to the effect that some OF
the Cheyennes have broken out OF their reserva-
ton. and are rading upon the settlers. As the
inadeauacy of the troops available to deal with
n general outbreak has already bsen reported
by General Augur, the situation may soon be
serious one, though mt present there is nothing
to indicate that more than few Indians nave
gone on the war path. Or course, In the event
of a general rising Of the Cheyennes, nothing
can be done but to fight them, since Indians
who have put on war paint are for the time De-
yond the reach of any other arguments than
those of force. A Cheyenne war is not light
undertaking either. These Indians can prob
ably put 5000 warriors in the field II they are
united. and it is an embarrassing problem to
furnish United States troops enough to handle
such force. Yet until they are taught that re-
sistancc is useless it will not be possible to
bring forward any new plan for disposing OF
them.
1t is probable, however, that the raiding In
dians are really only few turbulent young
men who could not be controlled, and that the
RESPONSIBLE chiefs are not for war. 1t Is OF
great importance that this should be cleared up,
and that no hasty attack upon the Cheycnnes
generally should be permitted. These lndl ans
have had enough encounters with the Army to
know that in the end they are certain To De
beaten if they fight, and the presumption Is
that, unless they have grievances the redress OF
which they despair of. they will not venture
upon so hopeless struggle. They believe that
their lands are all to be taken from them, aud
they have had grounds for such belief If
they can be rcassurrd on that head they may
vet be kept on the reservation. But 1t Is clear
that the utmost efforts should be made to pre-
vent general outbreak by pacific means before
war with this powerful tribe is undertaken.