davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Mrs. pudley,. Examination.

NEW YoRR, Feb. le.-Mrs. Yseult
Dudley was arraigned at Yorkvllle DO.
lice court this morning for shooting
o'DonovOu Rossa on February .. Rosa
was not in court, and the prosecuting
officer announced that he would not call
him because there was such excitement
about dynamite at present that eatrane.
Gus matter might interfere with the
ordinary administration of Justice Ex-
Judge Fullerton and Lawyer Butts an.
peared for Mrs. Dudley, who sat com.
UoSedly near her counsel and listened
intently, but with littie evident concern.
10 tho testimony of witnesses for the
people. When the prisoner was asked
by a witness whom she had shot, sho
said "O'DOnovan Rossa.p Witness
asked why, and was told by the prisoner
that she had shot at Rossa because she
"wanted TO kill him." The reason for
such desire was that Rosa was an
"enomy TO my country"
Sergeant James GHyuer, who was ST
the desk In the station-houso when the
prisoner was brought in, testified 10
having takon a pistol, and produced lt
In court.
The people then rested their case and
the defense stated that no testimony
would be put in at this stage of the pro-
ceodings. Justice Patterson consented
to fix the bail at 5000 for tho prisoneris
appearance before the grand Jury. Mrs.
Dudley was remauded, pending the ap-
pearance OF her hOndsmen.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Bonham Local No,.s.

BoNnAM, Feb. l6.--[special.l-Dis-
trict Court convened here to-day, Judge
Scott presiding.
MIR. King, formerly of Ladonia. this
county, now of Throckmorton county.
was here to-day. lie Is IN the cattle
business, thirty-hve miles from Albany
aud reports the death rate among stock
very heavy, owing to the severe
Major Levy forre erly mayor of sher-
man, but now n merchant OF this CITY.
spent Yesterday with his sons at Sher-
man and returned to day wearing his
II. $. Harrison Is now train director
A. the depot. Heis the right man for
the place
The new roller skating rink on the
sonth side was first opened for business
Saturday night.
A contract is soon to be- let by Mr..
Hayden. OF Ladonis for hne two-story
brick building to be built where the
wooden building OF w. A. Nunnellee
now stands. opposits the First National
bank.
Mr. Vic Bennett Ia day operator Of the
Texas 4 Pacific depot during the ab-
sence OF Ed. Hughes.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
A Horrible Murder.

GAINEsvrLLE, Feb. l6.-lSpecial. IA
horrible murder was committed near
Marysvllle on Saturday. J.D.L John
son, the constable in that precinct and
two deputies started out TO levy an at
tachment on the goods OF one Rainey;
they found Rainey with the goods i'm n
wagon and Johnson proceeded to serve
the writ. They were on the bank of
Red river aud Rainoy's son who
was coming across tho river In a boat
told his father not to let them have tho
goods. Upon this, the old man Ralnev
seizrd his Winchester rife and attacked
Johnson. While they were scuflllnq.
Young Raiuey came up and fired on
J0husln, tho ball penetrating his brain
and killing him instantly. Tho Raj
noy's then commenced firing at tho
deputies. One of the deputies, named
Floyd, was shot twice, once In the lace,
breaking his jaw bone, and once in the
thigh. The other fed. The murderors
then escaped across the river.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
THE CRIMINAL CALENDAR.
Boston Victimized by Wicked but
Prep0ssessing widow.
MRS. DuDLEYs EXAMINATION.
Treasurer P. B. Kinkaid, of Cass
County, Robbed at Linden,
AND BEATEN NEARLY TO DEATH.
Citizens of Van Alstyne viotimized by n
Cattle King" Merchants
Murder a Cooke County Con-
stable -- Gambler Killed.
THE DAYS CRIMINAL RECORD.
Reld Robbery at Linden.

ATLANTA, Feb. l6.--lSpecial Ion last
Friday night at about 10 o'clock, the
residence of p. b. Kinkade, county
treasurer, at Linden, county seat of this
(Cass) county, was entered by the front
door by q brace of robbers, one of whom
stood guard at the door, and the other
went TO the bed where Mr.. Kinkade and
his wife We're sleeping. Mrs. k, hear
ing the noise in the house, sprang
out Of bed and screamed AT
the top of her voice, and ran
out past tho robber in the house and the
one ut the door, and down the street in
her night clothes, TO the residence of
Mr.. William Graham, q distance OF
some two hundred yards, when she
gave the alarm, and the people OF the
town of Linden was soon under arms
and on their way TO the scene OF trouble.
District court was in session and many
people were in town, and soon
large crowd was at Mr.. KS. resi-.
dence, which is about 400 yards from the
court house, TO md that Mr.. X, who
had also sprung out of bed at the time
his wife had, and ran out at the back
door, and who was followed by the rot,-
ber in the house and caught by him,
struck over the head by six-shooter
aud Otherwise badly treated, had been
forced back into the house, aud made to
deliver all the county funds
which he had on hand with hin
in Ihe house, which was over 5000 in
cash J%ith about 500 in county script.
The f0bhers then quietly and easily re.
tired with the booty. rhe old gentle
man was in in almost dying condition
when found. as he is suffering from u
valvular trouble of the heart, and is
quite old and feeble. He has the
sympathy of all tEe people. He
says this is the secon,. time in his
three years service ns county treasurer
that he has ever carried any money into
his own house. The robbery was evil
IDENTITY planned aud executed by citi-
zens who live close by the cOurt-hQuse
and are familiar with all the details 81
Y bualpcsi of the cauuiy .uilisers, and uk
Il one expects 10 30 Sosa cont by the
bold robbery. No clue as 70 the guilty
parties has yet developed, but it is un-
derstood the scoundrels are known and
will soon be in Jail, and most of the
money recovered. Some of the peoplo
feel greatly incensed at the Texas d Pa
ciiic Railroad company's officials for
not sending their blood hounds TO track
the scoundrels up, as they would have
been paid literally for the service. and
aitor being telegraphed, they refused 10
send them.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
A willy and Wicked widow.

BosroE, Feb. l6.-The Herald devotes
four columns to the history Of tho opera
tions OF Mrs. DR.. Il. S. Hudson, a
widow, who has succeeded in swindling
hundreds in this city and vicinity, in.
Guiding many leading business firms.
She was assisted in her operations by
her daughter, Amy. Their propossess-
ing manners and winning WAYS COM
pletely captivated their victims. Mrs.
Hudson is the widow of DIR. II. s. Hud.
sou, formerly a practlcirg physician OF
Modwav, whose death, the Herald saws,
Is believed to have been caused py tha
disgrace brought upon him by his wife's
conduct. II Is estimated that her
ssSwvinnsdllings sSv in this city with reach
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
The Warren s,as.

=, sWEEPwArER, Feb. l6-[Special.l- T.
Inc case of the State VS.. Bud Wood aud
Nell Boyett, charged with the killing OF
Ben Warren, on the night Of tho 10th of
ehiS month"; in Sweetwater, comes up
on examining trial tomorrow. The
eouaty oilicers deserve much credit for
9aeir SitilO uiiigence In working up the case.
tne report from Abilene TO the 81. Louis
1lobe, Democrat for its mlsrepresenta.
llon OF the state officials at this place.
libel. V'su'ou ior
aa.I Inc town is quiet aud prosperous and
ue.ermlned to enfore the law, and the
officials are doing their duty, S
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
DISTRESS AND DISORDER.
HOwliDg Mebs Of Suffering Working
men in London
--------t--------
APPEAL TO OFFICIALS FOR AID.
Their Demand for Work that They May
l2.i Secure Life's Necessities
y
ARE SPuRNED, CAUSING A RIOT.
Free Fight In Paris Between French and
German Socialists, Because the
Latter Parade with the Ger
man Flag-The Wars.
ARE sPuRNED. CAUSING A RIOT.
GENERAL FOREIGN NEWS NOTES
A Howllng Mob of starving Londoncrs

A Howiing Mob of Starving Londoners.
LONDON, Feb. l6-Great excitement
was caused to-day by the riotous con-
duct of large number of unemployed
workmen. Three Thousand psraded the
streets with banners bearing mot
toes of their grievances.
Bands of music accompanied
the procession, which marched 70 The
building occupied DY the local govern.
ment board. A committee from the
ranks entered the Office and demanded
relioi for the people they represented.
They wanted immediate employment
on the construction Of municipal works,
which they said were needed for the
public good. The officials of tho board
repelled the committee, and the crowd
became q bowling mob. The police at
tempted to interfere, but were soon
overpow cred, The paraders then
invaded Downing street and stopped in
front of the official residence OF Mr..
Gladstone. They huwied aud Kissed in
yectIves against the government A
cabinet council was being held at the
time, and the mob attempted to force its
way into the room where the council
was sitting. The police, at this point,
received reiutorcements and elected the
| intruders. The lIu' then attampted 10
stoFp the 81, "A and the home M. az, !.
ices, but were dl, of and 1ualiv dis.
I persed by the polc0i
| ThOre was 4 large meeting of unem
| ployed workmen, this afternoon, on the
Thames emhankmeut. Resolutions were
adopted demanding a reduction in tho
houIs Of labor of government
workmen and the construction of use
lul public works to give employment to
the idle.
Mr.. uindman, chairman Oft demo.
cratic federation presided at the meeting
of unemployed worklaeu this afternoon.
! Cheors were given lOr q social revolu.
ton, and violent speeches
We're made. The speakers in
sisted that railway and other public
companies should ~ forbidden TO em.
ploy men over eight ,gonrs per day. One
asserted that JAM Gnind Ead 70
Gently defeated aNsimilar measure
in New York state, Ghd he had his pro
totypes in the R3thschilds of this
country. Some of the police
drew revolveis when the crowd became
noisy and dehonstrative. The
mob, when charged by
tho police, fled precepltately.
Stones we're thrown at the police and
several Of them wore knocked down
| during the disturbance. No arrests.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
France aud Burmah

RATqooN, N,Feh.i5J.%--it isEeported that
the French treaty with Bumah csdes
to France the Shan states, and the Mo-
gang ruby mines. Five hundred French
soldiers are allowed TO guard the mines.
Burmah is permitted to import arms
and munitions through Tonqnin, and a
burmese ambassador will reside in
Paris and n French minister resident
VIII be located at Manday. France
promises Burmah protection agalp5t
British encroachmonts.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

LONDON, Fob. l6.-A terrific explosion
In powder magazine occurred at Glib.
ralter to-day, killing seven men and do
ing considerable damage otherwise.
a lator dispatch from Gibraltar saws
that OF tho seventeen men killed by to-
days explosion eight were soldiers and
nine were civilians. The explosion oc.
CURED In one Of the small powder mag.
azines belonging 10 tho Qualifications.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

LONDON, Feb. lG.-The Belgian
steamer, Western Land, Capt. Radly,
from Antwerp for New York, put in at
Plymouth. She has been in collision
with the steamer Holmhurst, which was
sunk -houraf ',he .lclWhAi~,1is nrga,
we're drowned. The Western Land was
seriously damaged. The steamer AL
phonso, bound from Cadiz for Havana.
ioundered At 6rand Canary Island. The
passengers, the crew and the treasury
were saved. Both mates wore lost.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Dynamite stolen

NEW YORK, Feb l6.-Eight cases of
uypAWite were stolen few nights ago
u the magazine of the American
amite company in West Chester
county Every eT)rt is being made to
locate It,. AS the dynamite is not mark
etaDle, tho thieYes are. believed 10 ha
oohheoted ~. with socialistic organizations
or dynamiters. On the night OF ths rob,
noly iour men were seen rowing across
Gne sound from u bay on the Long
Island shore. 1t is reported this morn.
ing thst Two English detectives are Civ.
ing their attention to the case. 81
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

SUAKIM, Feb. l6. - Tho contingent
forces from Now South Wales are ex.
pected to reach here March Is.
oSMAN DluNA's ARMY.
New batteries are being erected for the
practical railway. There Is great actiy.
ity in Osman's Digua's camp. The wo.
men are being armed and drilled, and
every possible preparation making Tor
an obstinate resistance Of the British ad-
vauCers.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Court at Abi,ene.,

ABILENE, Feb. l6.--[Special. In the
absence Of Judge Kennedy, Hon. M. A.
spoonts was to-day elected district
Judge to open the session of the district
court in this city. There is long docket
oi murder cases moved from other parts
Oh west Texas, and other serious crimes
70 DO tried, and crowd is attracted 10
.neelty. Judge Spoonts charged the
Jury with the whole penal code. He
lalu severe stress on pistol CARRYING
and warned the jury that crime must
90 stamped out, regardless of the stand.
.ns OF the parties. The charge occa-
stoned much comment.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
The Dynamite trial.

LONDON, Feb. l6-Vhen tho Bow
street court opened tbis morning for the
re-examination Of Cunningham and
Burton, surprise was occasioned TO the
public by notices oupspicuously posted
upon the court door-ways that no per
son carrying a bag would bo permitted
TO enter the building. In addition to
this the notices warned every one that
tine police would search all persons
whose appearance or conduct was sus-
plcious. Before proceedings were form
ally begun against the prisoners, Qnn-
liam, OF counsel Tor Cunningham, an
nounced that Burton was sick aud too
i'll to defend himself and Cunnmghgmis
counsel would defend both prisoners,
10 viii b. remembered that three men
IN the brake compartment of the train
that arrived at Cover street
station at the time of the
explosion, excluded the police
and the trainmen, and escapad from
the station without leaving the names
and addresses, but not before the pllice
and guard had scrutiuized Suspicious
travellers. Policemen Stewart today
identified Cunningham ny one OF these
three mon. Meyers also identified MIN
~ one vi lne lnfte men who OcCuIfeu
the brake. The dynamite which
caused tho explosion was thrown from
the train that drew this brake and
carried these witnesses lust AZ
the train approached the Cover street
station. Ali the people aboard the train
when 1t was brought TO q stop just after
the explosion, satisfactorily passed the
police scrutiny except the ihroa occu-
pants OF the brake, who managed to
escape. Experts boiievs the dynamite
was thrown from tho brake. Stewart
ana Meyers not only sworo that Cum
nlngham was one o. three men in the
brake, but Stewart also testified that
when the train stopped Cunningham
lett the brake through Nlndow
aud said that the prisoners questionable
manner In leaving the van on tho ar
rival Of the train caused him to take a
better look at the man than he would
have done otherwise.
Joseph Meyers, al auctioneer of Clan
nam, was passenger on the Under
ground railway on the night of the eN-
ploSion. He testified that he tried TO
enter the brake compartments, aud threo
men who were in it prevented him +;
that one of the three men was Cum
ningham.
Cunningham Immediately arose from
ms seat aud shouted at the witness:
"You are Il liarw
Cunningham aud Burton wero again
remanded for u week.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Van Aistyne victImIred.

VAN ALsrYNE, Feb. l6.-[Special.l-
Several citizens are feeling very sore
over being vlctimized by a man named
Downing, who pretended to be United
States deputy marshal from the Indian
Territory. He professed 10 be largely
engaged In the cattle business there.
and by his plausible repre-,
sentations, succeeded In getting
two prominent citisens TO 70 on i wild
goose chase to Greenyille, benison and
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

DISCO, Feb. l6.--Ispecial.l Just preyi-
Gus e the train on the Houston Il Texas
tsatrai pdIfng oui, ..ial-1yhSfe, Nike
iarrell, the brakeman, was connecting
the bell ropes, passenger named Low.
Ton, hailing from Lamar county, de-
hoerately shot hlm. The ball entered
tne head and made a very serious
cover. Loyton's only excuse for sIoat-
ing him was that he thought the braISe-
bell rope. '''' 'no
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Train Robbery ON the sunsot

San. SAN ANTONIO, Feb. l6.--lspecial l.
From Wells, Fargo & Co.'s employees, iS-
is learned that last night three un-
masked white men boarded the east.
bound Sunset passenger train az LulinS
ana before reaching Harwood wenei
through 1t, robbing the passengers
Ihree hundred dollars were obtained
No lndignities were offered. As thew
We're nnmasked, II is thought they viii
soon ,. Oe captured. They escaped by
jumping from the train just as L
TTqacneu Tya,,il, the heavy grade this side OF
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
al Rlnok GnmhInr KIIlaa

CALVERT, Feb. l6.--Ispecial-Two ne
groes by the names of Felix Dean and
Perry Wadley, on gambling spree in
the Brazos bottom, got into difficulty
over gambling debt yesterday. rbe
former cutting the latter In the side and
throat, from which he will die. Dean
made his escape. Officers are now In
purSuiL ."
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
the above report came dispatches from
st. Petersburg saying Sebastopol is to be
made free port.

the ABOVE report came dispatches from
st. Petersburg saying Sebastopol is to be
made free port.
SHUKUK PASS CLEAR.
Reports received from Dulka island
state that a recon noisancs shows thar
Shukuk Pass is clear aud that the Brit,
ish wounded are doing well.
THE MErEMNEH SITUATION.
Advices here state that rebels from
Berber started for Metemneh to rein
force the Berber garrison, but returned
upon hearing that the Nile column was
advancing.
HASSAN BEY
will start at the end OF this week to &C.
cept his command. His appointment
Will not effect English operations in the
Soudan.
THE NILE DIFFICULT TO NAVIGATE.
A dispatch from Dulka Island, dated
on Friday, says: The Nile is extremely
difficult of navigation. The advance
regiment has occupied Shukuk Pass
Gen Rrackenbury aud the main body of
troops Will advance to-day.
THE BALLOON CORPS.
A Gibraltar dispatch says balloon
corps has started for the Soudan.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
A Place Where They subdue Their po,,o.

MILWAUKEE, Feb. 16.-Chief of Polloe
Ellsworth to-day rendered his resigna-
ton, which was accepted by Mavor
Walber. The resignation is tbe rasnit
OF the recent Investigation into certain
transactions OF Ellsworth ana his men
regarding the acceptance of rewards
which were not warranted.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Tho Fugltlves nro Rnnk.

BOWIE, Feb. l6.-lspecial. l-sherlfi
McLain arrived on this mornings train
from the Indian Territory with the
Clark brothers, Bill and Frank Clark.
VINO, with other prisoners, escaped from
montague lall some time since, and who
house In March last
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Dick Brnnnon Cnntnro,,

Sr. LOUIS, Feb. l6,-A dispatch from
Springfield, Missouri, says Dick Bran
non, another of the band of the Texas
desperadoes, and brother of Joe Bran.
non, who was shotdead by United States
Marshal Mckee aud posse, on SATURDAY
last, at Pittsburg, Hickory county, was
arrested yesterday at Bolivar, Missouri.
lls preliminary trial occurs here to-
morrow. y"
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Tho Financial sllnniInn-

CAIRO, Feb. l6.-The financial question
has been settled, and the payment of
indemnity for losses incurred by tho
bombardment OF Alexandria Ia expected
shortly 10 be made. A commission, con-
sisting of the consul generals of the
different powers, will assemble In A
short time to settle the question of free
navigation OF tho Suez canal.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
The Sentiment I'm India.

CALCUTTA, Feb. lG.-Tho press, both
Anglo-Indian and native, is mostly
loyal in comments upon the events in
tho Soudan, but different opinions are
Expressed In regard 10 the despatch of
Italian troops To Egypt, Many native
officers, including Mohammedans, have
petuoned the government TO send
their corps into active service in the
SOudau.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
The Old National An,mo.,,v.

PARIS, Feb, During the funeral
procession of Jules Wales, the WE'LL
known socialist leader of France, a
large number Of Ffench attacked the
German socialists la tha procession and
Destroyed I he wreath of the latter.
The attack on the German socialists
in the funeral procession was brought
ON by the fuct that they carried the
German ilng cousp cuously hnisted i'm
mediately in the wake of the coffin.
This provoked tho Frenchmen, who
shouted "down with the German aav,r
nhe opposition soon extended 10 the
Frenchmen In the procession. When
The nag was not lowered it was stoned.
Then, Tree filht occurred between the
supporters OF the German flag and the
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
stook Thlevos Cnntnred

EAGLE Pass, Feb. l6.--lspeciall-on
Saturday officers arrested three Mexi-
cans with fifteen head of stock stoIen
from Mexico. They We're some miles
below. town when arrested, aud had out
the wire fence of 7. S. Session 10 make
n short cut through the pasture.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
rho wheat Inrln of 0crmnnr.

BERLIN, Feb. TO- During tho dobate
in the reichstag to-day on the subject OF
increasing the duty on cereals, Bis
narck said he had reliable data which
would warrant his stating that major
ily of the members Of the reiuhstag an.
proved OF the duty of three marks on
wheat
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

other places to make arrangements for
golng INTO cattle speculation. Down
lng was 70 put up $4,000, as his Dart.
brother, stating chat This amonnt
wonld be placed to III
credit in one of the Denison
banks by a certain day; in the mean
time, he borrowed money freely from
ms prospective partners, given them
cheeks ON the Denison bank. lew
Gays ago, Downing disappeared. and on
tne checks being presented to the bank.
tne reply was made tnat the bank anew
,l, Vl no such man. lie also forgot to set
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
Mrs. LnMclI LII.

LONDON, Feb. 10. The wife of Mr..
Lowell, tho United States minister, is
seriously III. She was taken sick at
Madrid, some time sinoe, with typhoid
fever, and has never really recovered
from the effects.
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

HoUsroN, Feb. l6.-[special. l-Ths
trial of Fred Matchett, who killed Chas.
ohlson last August, came off In the
criminal court to-day. He was NO.
quilted on the ground Of self-defense'
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17
A Gravy Colored Criminal

HousroS, Feb. l6.-[special. Josse
Jackson, ,colored, sentenced to be hanged
on January q, has gone crazy unoues
tionably, and n movement III pronress-
ing to have his sentence commuted. m
viii likely succeed,
The Dallas daily herald. [volume] (Dallas, Tex.) 1873-1887, 1885-02-17

LONDON, Feb. 10 The dispatches from
OSBORNE pronounce tho Queen still un-
able TO travel. In consequence, her re-
turn to Windsor Is again postponed. A
fow DAYS rest is required,