davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

VISITING FRIFNDS--Amouc the
large number of prominent people from
all p2rts OF the State who last week IA
vored the f. x II. with a pleasant word
and friendly grip, were Ma. Matt. Man
~, OF Newbern, a gallant soul. known Of
old; Senator w. L. Tate of Haywood,
who married a sister Of DR.. j. f.
Cain of Durham, Senator 7. B. Twitty
who has done well in Raleigh: Mai. II.
W. Reinhart Of Thomasville, theading a
Stock Law delegation Senator A. W.
Graham. who has made his mark as
a bold, and patriotic servant of the peo-
pie this session: Hon. John A. Barrin-
ger OF Guilford: Capt. w. A. Darden of
Greene: Capt. ". +. Audrey Of Meck-
lenburg. Capt. DIN. Bennett ofStanly,
Capt. Geo. Wilcox of Moore. Represen-
tatiyes Hamilton Mcmillan. j. a. Bee
man. j. Walter Wyatt, NJ. McRae. q. c.
Mcclellan, j. A. Long. Y. NJ. Slaughter.
DR.. Whitfield. DR.. Mcneil. and uumer-
u other members of the Legislature.
Prof. John ;. Long. superintendent
OF Newbern Graded School, gave us a
pleasant pop-call last week en- route to
the Capitol to see his old class-mate.
He has made several Memorial addresses
of great ~eloquence and power.-Rey.
DR.. j.. u. Huffman Come again. Doctor,)
who has many friends in Raleigh.
preached a good sermon at the Second
Baptist church, Sunday night, We hear.
Also Senator Ashley Horne of whom
We hear good report; Hon. j NJ Mullen
OF Halifax; Hon Jas. Parker Of Chowan;
Col W. J. Sanders and numerous other
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

y QUESTION OF GOOD TAsTE.-Tbe
Legislature has elected 2lnew Trustees
OF the University to serve for s yeors
Among them were Hezekiah A. Gudrer
Faul Is. Means, (late attorney of the II
" ID. Il. r., j. NJ. Galloway. John f.
GODDARD, Lee s. Overman. Thos. W
Mason, Jas. Parker j NJ Mullen and
" IL C~hadbOurn, -members of the Teo-
stature that is members of the same
body elected them. Also, Alex. =
Andrews, Or Il DIR RI, W II Day. R
q Il R) Judge Howard. Hon Mont
lord McGehee Commissioner of Aori-
ture) Hon John c Scarborough. Rich
ard IL Battle, Rev DR. Pritchard. Julian
Scar, Esq, Prot Jas II Horner. Charles
Price, and J. \. Biting.
These selections, in the main. are az
ceIIent ones. Yet we as II who cor
daily supported the effort to oct = bio
Appropriation for the University,-must
regret: tirst-That any member of tba
Legislature who voted for that BII o1-
lowed himself TO be elected as a trustee
OF the benefited institution. Second That
among The new members were so many
hallroad men, and office-holders.
" t uont mean to assert, @ V insin-
late' that they are not worthy gentle.
men, and worthy of the honor.
but-"Great God, Fellow Citizens ;.
Gen jim L would say,-is it wise for
ne Democratic Party to palm out All
Is offices to a select few: WILMINGTON
f0T opens the ball thus :-s.Wit6 the
.suaI modesty that characterizes Ieois.
ttorS they only took eight from anon ,
themselves; The selections are made
uroltiy and take in most of the demon. ,
?
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

The CABINET Secretary of State
Thomas +. Bayard, of Delaware.
Secretary Of tie 7reasmg-Daniel
Manning, of New York.
Secretary of War-William G. Endicott
Of Massachusetts,.
Secretary Of tie Nary-William G..
Whitney, of New York.
Secretary of the Mtertor-L. @. G.
Lamar, of Mississippi.
Postnaaster- Genera William + Villas.
of Wisconsin.
attorney General "A, H. Garland. of
Arkansas.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

The Hornets Nest Rihemen were
gwen an oyster supper in Washington
City by Senator Vance.
When the Yankee soldiers invaded
the South they used to say,-.These
people ought to be killed of, no matter
whether they are Rebels or Union Mem"
But, Why" well, because they are
allowing US to whip them, although they
have twice the advantage that we have"
'What do you mean? Amt the South
making a gallant fight ?" cob. admit
your men are brave enough: and Your
women are as plucky as she-bears defend
ing their cubs. But all that is mere SEN
ttn1eat. You folks have been expectino
a war with the North any time for fttv
years past, yet what preparation have YOU
made? You have more natural and .li-
matte advantages than any country on
the globe, but what have YOU done with
You have iron mines l.-Uava
you opened them? You have coal and
copper and salt-petre mines. have Won
opened them? You have the best shin
building timber on the earth: have YOU
ever built a ship? You have the best
textile fabric on the earth. nave Won
plenty OF cotton factories? You have The
best fruit country on the continent. do
YOU can any fruit? You have the verv
climate for fine cattle, fine sheep. fine
poultry, fine bees, fine fish, fine wines
etc, etc etc, etc.-Do you select the
best breeds, and make a profit on them93
W sat si7eatN
Look at those scabby sheep, look at
hose wild eyed steers, lock at yonder
lung III chickens, look-Gre fei.l
But let Us all do better in 1881 Read
'ur advertisements kind reader and if Won
owe the South, let US try to build her mn
5 God intendedD ~
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

....Goldsboro MESSENGER. Mr.. las.
;. Battle appears to have the inside
track Tor Ike 1oung's la~ce.Tbo
following gentlemen are understood 10
be candidates for the collectorship in the
Sixth District; Hon Clement D6wJ at
Charlotte; Hon Frank Shober. of SAL
bury Mr. p e Carlton. of Statesyi1Ia /.
A1r " Williams, of Newton; Mr. Ncu
Iate, OF Burke county, and Mr. Cooper.
OF Nllkes-a Democratic brother of the
present Republican collector. The
Candidates for the Western Assistant
District Attorneyship are Messrs James
y Martin, OF Asheville Ferguson. of
Haywood county Bynum, OF Morgan
ton bower, OF Lenoir; Glenn. of
stokes Erwin, of Mcdowell, and
vaughan, OF Allegheny county.
...Philadelphia, March 6.-Yester-
day when DR.. Gorsen was hanged Two
%convicts confined in the prison were fer.
ribly affected by the knowledge Of VIA
was gong on. Joseph Barrett, IS years
old' confined IN a cell near the galiows.
showed intense interest in tie HANGING
but al information was denied him. His
cell was sealed during the execution
pul barrett must have heard the foot
steps OF the solemn procession on its
way to the gallows. When his cell was
opened he was found dead. and his death
s attributed to fright Joseph TAYLOR.
lnder sentence of death for murder. be.
anne delirlous with fear. He heard the
he noise as he sat in his cell a few feet
rom where the scaffold stood. The echo
u the falling door had hardly died away
Shen the murderer was writhing ia on
.'ulsIons. with his eyes almost BURSTING
rom their sockets and frothing at the
Mouth Ike a mad dog. This fit lasted
' minutes, and was followed IL
lost Immediately By another.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

RALEIGH AND PITTsBoRo.-The
proposed company is to be called the
"Pittsboro' Railroad Company" The
bill provides for the construction of .
railroad from Pittsboro' to some point
on the r. q a. A. l.. railroad. or the
Z. T Il Y. V. railroad, or the Uniyer-
slty railroad. Commissioners for open.
ing the books of subscription, ". L.
London, r. r. Ihrie, A. J. Bvnum, !.
a. Aston, r.. Jas. Powell, l.. b Bynum.
y. ). Poe, G. w. Foushee, L..J Haugh-
ton, j. A. Womack and j. j. Jackson.
They can open books at any time with.
IN five years, and, after s., 900 are sub
scrlbed and five per cent. paid thereon.
they have power to call together the
subscribers for the purpose of organizing
the company. The capital stock is di.
vided into shares of s25 each. Seven
directors, n of whom is to be presi.
dent. Any township may take stock
to an amount not exceeding $4,000.
when an election is held.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

A PETRIFIED LIE David Arinus.
while excavating a celler in Ridgewood,
l.. l., on the old Edsall farm last week.
dug up a petrified human leg and foot
weighing over fifty pounds. A petritied
potato was also dug up near the same
place. The leg was given to Town Clerk
y. German Of Newtown, who will send
1t to the Long Island Historical Society.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

WEDDINGs.-Our readers perhaps re-
call a recent article copied from Greens
boro workman, describing the city Of
Bangkok, where people 90 visiting in
boats, and worship White Elephants.
wooden idols, and such like specimens
dhe account was written by Miss Annie
Cheek, OF M%ebanesville, who had inst
gone out to Siam as a Missionary, under
circumstances requiring uncommon forti-
tude and devotion to purpose. But now
comes p~!easanter news from the same
young lady.
January, lst 1885, at the house Of D
s.. Bradley, by Rev. y. A. Mcdonald
u. D., Rev. Lewis Arson Eaton. tof he
American Baptist Mission to the Chinasa
OF Bangkok to Miss Annie Cheek If
the American Presbyterian Mission.
BANGKOK H. +. The United states
Minister. Gen. John A. Halderman
gTaced the ceremony with his presence
Ills Majesty the Second Kings band, en-.
LlVened the evening with their able ner-
lormances. The house was thrown ono,
ana brilliantly lighted, and the fresh roses
from their own garden, diffused a frao.
rance Ike June in the homeland. The
great variety of the brilliant house nlants
ornamentlng the verandas and halls. rave
the air of rich autumnal scenes, and he
vines mlngllng with the usual drapery, =
rural aspect to the ensemble. In Dur-
man, Mr.. John Pope to Miss MoIIio Dav
= IN Cumberland county. DR.. r
l'opcSou to Miss Sarah G.. Smith.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

Farmers intending to raise Tobacco
can get a full Treatise on the subiact
from Plant-Bed on, by calling unon
Messrs. VIC. & \. 3. stronach, Raj.
el2h. The pamphlet is free.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

NEW YORK UNSATISFACTORY Ii
a. per cent; cotton steady at lI8(allSc
southern flour unchanged; wheat, Ii
graded rcd 1i(o csc; corn. ungraded SOB
(@52c; rosln dull at 81 20l01 p: spirits
turpentine nominal at 3lc.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

FIRES. Amid the excitement over the
McAden matter in the House on t,Ionday
night an alarm Of fire drew off the crowd
to the Prairie building on Wilmington
street, in rear of this office. 1t was star
ted in the cellar under Haynes furniture
store, and almost ruined the latter. Mr.
James Doyle and others also lost consid-
erably, by b~reakage and water.
y fire began about the same hour and
the same way wiz. in a negro's cellar in
Iarborough, and destroyed ten buildings
on Main street.
Terrible fire in Newbern yesterday,
loss 500, 000 DR.. Dutfy's office, Schwer-
IN x Ash, W. Z. Balance & Co., Thos.
Gates & Co., il. Hall & Bro, Central
Hotel, Stewart livery, Mrs. VIM. Hol-
lister, store and stock, r. Berry, Miss
Nate Caraway, and a long list of others.
The hire ragged for three hours.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

DOING GOOD TO THEIR NEIGHBoRs.-
BY way of helping the Dallas (Gaston
county Presbyterian church, the Raleigh
Literary Society, Amateurs, will 90 to
Durham on Friday night to play the
Eleventh Hour" arranged by Mr.. Geo.
Andrews. The following young people
Will go up and take part -
Miss Hattie Kreth, Miss Truletta
kreth, Miss Maud Alcott, Miss Janet
Andrews, Mrs. DAY id Anderson, Prof.
Paul., Mr.. A. NJ, McPheetels Jr.. Chas.
Z. Jordan, Mr.. Walter Woollcott, Mr..
John 5. Davis, Mr.. II. f. Litchford, Mr..
}. b. Undertake, Mr.. Allen Fleming,
Mr.. II. W. Miller. Good Luck
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

Nothing better for Tobacco Plant
Beds than Ober's"Speciai Compound for
Tobacco. , Call at w. e. 4 A. b.
Stronach.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11
Tobacco Market.
Srm Embellishments.
For Sale for Want of
ROOM.

One fuli-blood JERSEY Bull CAIr
oiaeh points even TO tongue; sire Duke
y oregon" Dam Laura, out of Lula.
by ieter the Great, ; months old. Also
nearly fuli blood, both 10y "Pripce,ofRal
eigh,' ready to deliver in about six
weeks. These two bull calves are very
Both very much like their sire.
Will sell cheap. Partridge Cochins eggs,
s. Tor L., also Lsngshan's - for I3.
GEO. W. POE
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1885-03-11

Mr.. McAden further said that the road
would be bullt-and be built soon; that
MI; Pearson, with his legislation, should
and CO... Andrews with convicts fail. he
was sure. Adjutant General, tombstone
Jones and his militia, who know no such
word as fail, would come to the rescue,
Semi-weekly south Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1883-1889, 1885-07-03

.alner. because ms wife was MS father :
wife's mother. BY his marriage the son
became the stepfather ofhis stepmother,
who was his stepdaughter. The widow
is not only the mother of her daughte,
bu. also her daughtcr-m-law, and her
daughter becomes her motherin law
The widow is likewise the daughtcr-it
law of her husband $ father, who, it will.
b. remembered, is her son-in-law by
reason of being her daughters husband,
BY marrying the widow the son becamt
the son in-law of his mother, the wife o!
his father The sou became the father
of his fathers wife, his half-sister
his own daughter, because she is the
daughter Of his own wife. The ole
gentleman, by his marriage with the
daughter, became his sons wfe's son.
in-law. that lady likewise being hi,
daughtcr-in-law, although being his
w'fc's mother. The fathers wife, a>
step mother to his children, is therefore
step-mother to her mother and step,
father the latter being the son of her
husband. If the union of the son and
the widow be blessed with girl babe
the little one would ordinarily be the old
gentlcman's grandchild. In this in
stance howeyer-the old man being son.
in-law to the so1-he in add ton to be-
ing its grandfather, is half-brother tC
the infant and the child is half-sster tc
lis grandmother In case the daughter,
who married the widower, SHOULD have
a boy. he would at once become his
grandmother half brother and her
brother-in-law at the same time.-Chi,
cagO Iri6URe.
Semi-weekly south Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1883-1889, 1885-07-03
A QUEER NEWSPAPER.
The Most Influential and Widely Ci
culaled OF Spanish papers.

The Most Influential and Widely Cir
culated OF Spanish Papers.
La COrEepondencia the Correspond
ence) of Madrid, Spain, has the largest
circulation of any paper publi.hed at
the capital. Everybody reads it, and,
from the universally of its perusal, it is
facetiously called the Spanish night.
cap" because no one is supposed to
have gone to bed without having read
it entirely through. And it must be
read through, for it is the most ey-
traordinary hodgcpodge and ola o.
drda ever printed as newspaper. 1t
is a newspaper rather than Taper of
opinion. The staff consists OF y dozen
bright reporters and no editor The
reporters scour the capital and pick up
every item of interest, Cabinet Tcsigna-
tons, the accident to your washer
woman, the illness of the King, the
latest earthquake news, the price of
eggs, the opening of a new cafe, a
Carlist rising in the North, the burg.
larry of shop, an excursion par,y's
adventures in the mountains, the
latest club scandal, the running
away of a horse, convention Of
wine merchants everything, in fact,
that occurs and can be put in print
This is La Correspondence. The re-
porters bring in their news Ike so many
bees coming home honey-laden. They
put their copy, written at the clubs, or
hastily penci'ed in memorandum books
on the streets, into a black leather bag
at the Office. When the composing
loom runs out of copy to set, the fore
man goes to the black bag and helps
himself to handful of manu-
script. 1t is all set and all printed
without any regard to order or typo
graphical display. You read it be.
cause you know that IN its crowded
columns is everything of note occurring
at the capital. You read every line, for,
if you skip at all, the very bit of news
you want may be the one skipped. The
circulation of this paper is rated at 200,-
900 daily, and on occasion at 300,0
1t is the vivid portrait of Madrid life;
the do,ngs of the world of Spain is pict-
ured in its pages. Nothing is too small,
nothing too great, for the reporters OF
lie Correspondence. 1t is the ideal
newspaper composed of news pure and
S.n. 70 Sou hTnuoi.cn CbrOuic'c.
Semi-weekly south Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1883-1889, 1885-07-03
THE WONDERS OF COAL TAR.
Gorgeous Dyes and Most Useful Products
Obtained from Troublesome Refuse.

Gorgeous Dyes and Most Useful Products
Obtained from Troublesome Refuse.
Chemistry is capable of wonderful
things" said an expert in chemical
science, "but in nothing to which its
principles were ever applied have such
marvellous results followed as are wit
messed in its manipulation OF common
gas or coal tar. Thirty years ago the
problem of how they were to rid them
selves of this foul and then utterly use
less refuse OF the retorts was pulling
manufacturers of gas, and the ard of
chemistry was sought in working out
the solution. They had no thought be-
yond the utter humiliation of the of
nsive tar. In their experiments with
the refuse the chemists discovered the
so-called burning naphtha, which, how
ever, could be applied with safety to no
practical purpose. After the naphtha
was extracted the tar was left in the
form OF heavy oil, which was still
more of nuisance than the original
compound, as it was more difficult to
store and handle. The chemist Belief
discovered channel of utility for this
oil in applying it as "a pickle for the
preservation of railroad ties, bridge
timberS, and similarly exposed woods
This used up large quantities OF the
refuse, but only partially relieved the
tar nuisance.
1.-The only hope that gas men now
had was that some discovery might be
made in chemical experimenting which
would give a commercial value to the
reuse. Faraday next awoke interest in
coal tar by his discovery of benzine as II
a product of the tar oil. 1t was in OK
perimenting with the volatile substances
OF these o Is that the great chemist
Mans :eld lost his life by an explosion
in his laboratory, and it was probably
this casualty that directed greater at
tention to the possibilities of the de-
spis d gas tar.
1t was not until 1857, however, that
the great value of coal tar rs u raw
material was demonstrated. In that
year Perkins discovered its aniline
propertici, discovery which has
almost revoutionized the trade in dye
su Ii. Perkins took coal tar naphtha,
and, 10 ling it in a Jetort, obtained II
chemical action which resulted in ben
zole and nitro-benzole Adding water
to tn S, the nitro-benzole was deposited
in rh9 form of thick, oily mass. This
he experimental with in various ways,
and finally by the addition of a2etic
nc d and iron filings, he produced
colorlcss fluid which is aniline. This
liqu he treated with different chem
ical salts, and the result was green
crystals of n metallic luster, These he
fund were capable of producing, under
different chem cal reactions, the most
brilliant and gorgeous dyes-the anilinc
hues of the paint and dye trades of to-
day
This discovery made the long
tested coal tar desirable product of
the gas retorts, but it held still greater
surprises From the light oil of the tar
u valuable naphtha solvent for India
rubber was obtained, and then the in
valuable discovery Of carbolic acid was
made. How many people in ordinary
Semi-weekly south Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1883-1889, 1885-07-03

Mnumonv moreover. rns. "Ma.-.-
mony is necessary to sllyation;" and
that "our ncighbor" is "the person
neat door" In geography, for instance,
"a volcano is II large mountain with a
hole at the top and fire place at the
bottom, and sometimes the fire comes
out at the top and destroys the cities ut
the bottom, il there are any" A water
shed is n mountain like cave, by which
the river flows. A stepre is mount.
ain in France; and last not least, we
learn that 1--WE can 60 from London to
Liverpool by the Brighton & South Coast
Line" Equally ingenious and curious
are the answers in grammar. One boy
discovered there are three kinds of "9S"
the hard "g," the soft "g," and the
refugee" Beau has for the feminine,
arrow" peacock, 'peacockess;' and
German, 'Gcrwoman;" the femin ne of
bachelor is "old maid. widow" of Cos
ling, "ganderess;" and of fox, "hare."
The plural of colloquy is colleagues,
colloquise;" aud the chief parts OF teach,
"teacher, taught. "
In English history, more surprises
await us. king Stephen was the
first English martyr who was martyled
in England; he was burned alive in St.
Albans in flolborn." Magma Charta
was Il great man, and he was called
Magma Charla because he used to go
about preaching" The Heptarchy
was called the United States, it appears,
at one time; and it also may not be
generally known that Saint Thomas 4
Beckett was a taX-gatherer, and one day
he qualTeled with the Black Prince,
and wanted to kill him." One sapient
historian observed that the Treaty Of
Utrecht WAS fought between the Iulus
and the English" Some remarkable
and original information was given, too,
regarding Choucer, Spencer and Swift
The first named person, ii sc ms, wrote
"Esop's Fables" the second wrote the
wealth OF Nations;" while the third,
who lived in Johns reign, WAS a great
astronomer and Joker"
But it is in sacred history that many
blight pupils surpass themselves in
,t",'ns wy on - t' aso, ""u %
i'S'n int1 81" oi sPSe".".,o ~
,ne Up hl1h oi one 'hc Ih',r' :, :, Me.o
o4 ply! people VINO VINO ust o! 70 wash lon'IUs Is
~ ioV : ano Ni,. "ilinii-u' M"S ono y.
~ Alnol',u Hi2nys' anu 'n''u emiuS
III 1 az t,' si'e oilo" ,'I'I 49, y,
~ '' ~ oiu icstnlntH. WI c'i l;n''', IT,,
~ ~ ' liz, J., i1 "o W. Nv w
o"o 1Ln,'n .,to one sun . o. . "Gr
"t F ,i ,,,,It,l . TTo ',.'" .1 O az
VI tne PtOPhC's. ~ "Hul'I W. ~
Semi-weekly south Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1883-1889, 1885-07-03

ne know init this great dlHn,ectant Is
on OF the products of common gas-tar?
After these propertie, We're extracted
from the tar there were Lift heavy oils
and rcsiduum, for watch chemistry was
pu lied 10 find II practical use. 1t VAS
10. until 1869 that any satisfactory re-
suit was obtained b. experimenting
VIII this refuse and then the great dis.
cove"y OF alizarine was made, This
product was first obtained by the Ger
man chemists Grade and Liebermann,
but Prof, Perkins, who had developed
the anilinc colors from tar was the first
to give practical application to the
German work. The Importance of this
discovery may be understood when
it is known that in the first
ten years following the introduction
of the artificial alizarine in the dye stu1
trade, it eXceede the total amount of
natural al zar.ne, or madden root, that
had c n handl ID in the trade previous
to its Introduction, 1t was, if anything,
supcrio' to madden, end. so much
cheaper that the saving by its use up to
1880 had amounted to over $50, 000,00
The discovery of alizarine in coal tar
converted 100000 acres of land that had
been used for growing madden root in
to fertile fields OF corn and other ce-
reals. With vegetable madden it re-
quircd nine weeks to perfect the dying
of a material Turkey red. The artificial
madden accomplished the desired result
in as many hours, Three years ago the
chemist produced an artificial indigo
from the residuum OF gas tar, and, in
connection with the aniline dyes and
alizarine of the same base, it is rapidly
taxing the place oil Vegetable indigo,
Later, the naphthalenc yelows and
reds, with which entirely new effects in
color We're made possible, were derive
from coal tar residuum. Chemists arc
still experimenting with the tar prod
ucts, and other important Developments
will no doubt be made. ~ Y Sun.