davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
IRON TRADE IMPROVING.
Mills Running Double Turn In Pittsburg- -
The Nailars Strike,

The Nailers Strike.
PIrTssuRG, Pa, August 1.-THE out.
look in the iron trade has not been more
favorable Tor a number Of years than at
present Signs for improvement are COM
ing tothe surface every day and msuufac.
turers are beginning to eoncede that the
black mantle of depression is being grad
ually lifted from the staple industries Of
Pittsburg. Orders are increasing rapidly
and many mills are running double turn.
The worst feature is the existing strike
amongthe nailers, which from present indi-
cations does not look as if an smicable
solution fthe difficulty was near at hand.
The manufacturers have decided to ignore
the nailers until they accept their terms,
while tbe Dailers still present determined
front 10 their demand for last years scale.
One thing noticeable as result of suspen
sion iss the diminished stock Of spikes on
hand
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
the DEAL coNsuMMlTED.
Chaunesy n. Depew Announces the Sail
Of the South Pennsylvania.

Chaunesy N. Depsw Announces the Sale
OF the South Pennsylvania.
GEw YoRK, August l7.-Hon. Chsuncey
NJ. Depeu, of the New York Central, Mr..
Frank Thompson, of the Pennsylvanis rail.
road, and Mr.. Msgee, ofthe South Peuusyl
yaDia and Beach Greek roads, were in con-
ference at the West Eud Hote', Long
Branch, yesterday, Mr.. DepeW told his in
timate friends that the most important Of
the matters relative to the transfer Of the
South Penn property from Mr.. Vanderbilt
to the Pennsylvania people had been salts
fsctorily adjusted. Mr.. Depew also stated
that within twsnty-tour hours the official
announcement would undoubtedly be made;
that all through rates, as well as local, had
been restored by the trunk lines. The local
fares on the West Shore and New York Gen.
trsl roads have already been advanced to
two cents mile. Stocks were buoyant to-
day on these reports and prices went up
from | TO 2 per cent
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18

TIE poor parson is overworked, under
paid and underfed. bis blood 10 thin. HIS
stomach is aiIng. His liver is sll wrong,
sr5 Of course his digestion 10 poor: Is y
sny wonder be puts his congregation a..
mos. 10 sleep by giving out the text
Browns Iron Bitters will repair his broken.
down system and make him a new man.
Rev. J s. White. Of RockbiIl. s. G.. writes,
Il ured Browns Iron Bi,ters for general de.
bifty. u has restored me to health aod
vigor Many other clergymsn give simi'
lar testimony.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Youngstown mills start Up.

YOUNGSTOWN, August 1.-THE Youngs,
town Mills and the mill Of Cartwright, Nc,
Curdy 4 Co, started this morning, the
former on double turn and the latter on
single, but will go on double turn next
week.
At the request Of the firm, the striking
nailers met the firm this morning and,
after a conference Of some duration, no
settlement WAS reached
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
WHEELING, W. TUESDAY MORNING. AUGUST 1S. 1885

Snt of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and
Baltimore Railroad Company, under whose
supervision the steamboat is operated, says:
"The head of the boiler was indented and
cracked about foot in length. The explo-
sion is believed to have been caused py q
cartridge of some kind placed under the
head OF the boiler mslciously. Detectives
have been put on the case. The FELTON,
was insured for $4,000, of which $4,000
was placed in the London, Liverpool and
Globe, and $25, 900 held by the Pennsylvs-
MIA Railroad Company.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
sTEuBsNWlLlE CONVENTION
sy,,,t Delegates and Nominate County
- Ticket,

.x,st Delegates and Nominate a County
- Ticket,
Special % ne RsgiJisT.
SrErEExvILLE, August l7.-Tne County
Convention to elect delegates to the State
Cc1 venton and place in nomination a
county ticket met this morning at II
O'Clock in the Court House. John Francy,
or Toronto. was made permanent chairman
The following delegates were elected 10 at
tend the State Convention: Wm. Medil,
,Jsmss Ball. NJ. L Blackburn Thomas Nc
Crystal James McCoaville, DR.. o Council
Joseph NJ. Hickey.
The following ticket was put IN nomlns-
f;on: For Representative, ]. W. Jaekmsn
Sheriff Francis II Wells; County Commls-
sioner. Joseph Edmunston; lnhrmary D''
rector. Jesse Fleming.
A resolution was adpoted endorsing Presi'
dent Clevelands Administration aud his sp-
pointments.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
nIassnchusetts Democrats.

JACKSON, MASS, August 1.-THE State
houor dealers protection association met
lo-day with closed doors About one hun
dred delegates Representing s'xty.four towns
were present. II is understood that the
Committee on Resolutions will formally
submit proposition to the State Demo
cratic Convention which meets tomor ow,
and endeavor to exact from the Convention
ltdges favorable TO their cause.
The Democratic State Convention, which
meets tomorrow, will be the largest ever
held in the State. Tie general opinion is
hat Governor Lowry will be renominsted
The contestants for the other Offices are
numerous and the results uncertain.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
.D.a,h. From Poisoned Melons.

LAKE CRY, FLA, August lI.--Nesr BEN
- ia This county. two gentlemen IN CO.
n.,t,,ub;p. ~bo planted large heid' IN
P,s,m.lons for market have been greatly
..o,,bled this summer by the nocturnal dep
80 :, n Of ,btsyes. Friday one OF the gen
y ,eisoped several melons in the patch
- bentfit of the thieves, but neglected
No';f, b;s partner Of the fact On Satur-
Ssx n orning the latter wife. tso ehiidrea
- a sistsr.iD-law are Of the poisoaed irais,
Sssd 80 acre killed before medical sssiss.
spce ecald be Obtained.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
TAYLOR COUNTY ms TiTuTE.
Teachers in Session at Grafton-A Profita-
BILE Time Expected.
Sf.ocial 10 l< Rfoister,

Teachers in Session Mt Grafton-A Profita-
BILE Time Expected.
Special to he Register.
GRAFTON, August 1.-THE Taylor Coun-
ty Teachers Institute met in the court.
house AZ 10 o'clock this morning. The
The institute was called to order BY County
Superintendent Kitzmiller. Singing, by
the choir, Miss Lille Jarvis presiding at the
organ. Prayer, by Rev. B. B. Evans, OF
The NJ. P. Church.
Miss Anna Jarvis and J. D. Dadisman
we're appointed enrolling secretaries, and IN
a short time forty ladies and forty-one gen.
tlemen were enrolled. This is the largest
number of teachers every assembled here
st one time at an institute.
Immediately on the enrolment being
completed, the instructor, Prot. Themas
Hodges, OF Morgantown, commenced the
work OF the Institute By taking up the sub
ect Of History, making q slight change
from the printed programme.
His manner OF handling the subject
showed that he is thoroughly acquainted
With his business, and in an instructive
lecture OF forty minutes he left little unsaid
upon the subject, and impressed on the
teachers the Importance OF more geography
and history, and how the two could be sue
cessfully taught together.
After re, ess Of fifteen inmates the Sci
ence of Teaching WAS introduced by the In
srructor, who was followed BY the County
Superintendent and Rev B. B Evans.
The Institute then adjourned until two
o'clock.
The Institute came 10 order promptly at
2 o'clock, and was opened by singing by the
chor
The Instructor took up the subject OF
Language Lessons and explained their i'm.
cortance in all schools His blackboard
illustrations greatly facilitated the explana,
ions and made the dark points clear to all
present. The discussion Of this subject was
c osed by Professor Smith, ofPittsburg, who
10 medistely introduced the topic Of Arith'
etc, and the discussion was closed BY the
Instructor.
Many teachers are present from neighbor-
ing counties, Marion, Harrison and Preston
ten all being represented.
The Institute bids fair to be the most sue
cessful and largest attended ever hedin the
county, and from the able manner in which
it is being conducted pleasant and profit
ohla time ia a certainty
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Praller,s Body We'll Preserved.

ST. Louis, August l7.-Circuit Attorney
Clover. Assistant Marshall Mcdonald and
J r. RYAN. Morgue Heepe, visited Belle
fountaine Cemetery Saturday afternoon to
obtain view Of the body ot Preller, buried
there Arril %. When they stated their nj e
sion they were laughed at, and told thst
dozens Of embalmed bodies had decomposed,
and no one would agree to open the cotho.
They said they didn't want to open the
coffin, but wanted TO look through the
glass st his face. They were told that they
couldn't see through the glass because
ofthe settlement of matter due to decom-
position of the body The officers, however,
were rot to be deferred from their plan, and
Morgue Keeper Ryan opened the grave.
The lid over the glass in the coffin was
raised and the glass wss as clean as 1t ever
was The face was net only not decomposed,
but was in reality somewhat whittier than
when buried. Il coked hard and firm.
The examination over, the body was buried.
The body was taken up only to see It 1t
could be Of any use in producing further
Identification and il the expense OF sending
for Witnesses 10 New York aud Canada
woua be iasti6able. The officers are per,
fscrly satisfied that the body will be useful
for that purpose
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
ssrsc, KNIGHTS in Session at Buffalo.

BrFF1o, August l7.-To-morrow the
Grand Legion OF the Seleet Knighis of the
A o. U. ". holds its seventh annual ses-
sion in this city. Every effort has been
made By the local legion to make the ses-
sion success To morrow afternoon there
win be full parade OF the combined le-
sions in uniform There viii also be q
competition driu for three prizes The sss-
sion w occapY three days.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18

Apother Clue in the schAfrer Abduction.
! CHICAGO, August lT-Just after the roll
c,ll A, Central Station Saturday evening the
TsI. phone Exchange at NaPerville called
nm the station and set things moving oy the
announcement that gang OF gyPsies had
;nst psssed through there on their way TO
sTr6ra n The party were driving soErel
Eorse that was fuIly described and had four
hidren with them, one Of whom Is
I'D 10 answer closely to the descr p:lon
If the longlost Lille Schaher
a. fIst it was proposed to go al
ftr tie p7psies. but the police have had one
6cng useless trip of that kind under exactly
similar circumstances, and the PROJECT was
not Given a seeoad thought. Instead te.,
eorsphic message was sent to the Marsh 81
c3 Aurors, giving the description as tor
EwsTsed from Nsperville, with instructions
- look cut for these people and make q
sSsTcb tor the kidnapped child. At last re-
,or,s The police here had no response to
heir message. Detective Bonheid mas
s,srted for Aurora to intercept the gyP+seS
Who are supposed to have Lille SehAeHe-
I an their camp
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
BRIDGEPORT.

A. J. Boggs yesterday put new safe IN
his Office.
There will be sn excursion to Chippewa
Cd Wednesday, on the C, L W.
1 tnd-In Bridgeport By Master Fred
Parta lady's small purse, containing
goodasum of money. 1t may be had by
calhrs Aat the Hanover hotel and paying for
this Advertisement.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
A Shortage blamed on Local Option.

ArsTis, Tx. August 1.-THE books o.
the State Comptroller sho~ that the occse-
ton tax coming from counties 10 ovsF ~.
900 shorter than II was the same hp'
year and indications now point TO
age before winter Of over 500. - -
falling Of is caused by the passi2
op,ion in com On Gniiiss sDd coo p = ..
ing in the closing Of saloons. III -.
'eppersDce movement sttaipapl sal 80
succsss ever the State that S:st s;pi pi...---.
an extra session Of the Lesis!sr
have 10 be called 10 either resdjuf. -
sp,irs tar system Of the s:s,s, or 10 rsiss
the assessment, 20 ss to psy the eurresi ex-
pensea
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
started Up.

Por7sTowx, Pa, August 1.-The FIVE
remaining furnaces in the plate mill OF
rbe PottstoEn Iron Company, which have
been idle some time, started up to day. Ar
rsupements slso being made to put the
new Universal mill in operation. employing
4 large number Of additional men.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Weston Downs Clarksburg.
g...s,f o, "a. ps1iefsr

WESTON, W. Va, August IA test
match game of base ball be,ween the crack
clubs of Weston and Clarksburg occurred
to day. Weston was the challenged party.
The result was Weston 2l, Clsrksburg 3.
Weston ia rejoicing.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Drain In sight.

CHICAGO, Aug. 1.-THE following figures
taken from the official statement OF the
Board of Trade to be posted on Change to-
morrow, showing the amount Of grain in
sight in the United States and Canada on
Saturday, Aug. 10, and amount OF increase
or degfease over preceding week:
Wheat AZ $50, ,237, increase $50, y; corn
4,5l ,63l, increase 25O,9ls; oats 36,s5',
nf,rease l00,59l; rye l62,650, increase Il I.
539, barley ll0,s24, decrease 1858.
phe Amount of grain in store in Chicago
on the date named wAs: Wheat 1881 ,262;
corn 779 872; oats l99,296 rye Al, o.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Rasa ball.

At New York - Broeklyns 4, Bald-
more 9.
At New York-New Yorks 4, Philadel-
phiss 2.
.y,s
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Hon, John B. Guthrie Dead.

PITTsBURG, August l7.-Hon. John b.
Guthrie, twice Mayor of Pittsburg member
of the State Constitutional Convention and
for msly years special agent OF the United
States Treasury at Washington, died at
Cresson, Pa, to-day after brief illness.
Deceased was 10 years of age
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
,,,,-r,.n NAV Run For Governor.

.CycIyyArl, August 1.-The Enquirer
this morning says: Last evening tele,
cram came from Columbus to a prominent
ooIrician Of this city from one whoiS very
1sar 10 Serator Thurman, saying that ne
would accept the Democratic nomination toF
Governor. This may be considered as au'
thtntic
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
A strange Attempt at suicide.

NEWARK, N. j., August l7.-John Kes
singer and another young man employed as
hostlers by Briant & Son at their establish.
ment in Pearl, near Washington streets,
we're standing on the sidewalk opposite the
door at 1 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when
Frank Mount, another hostler, called to
them from a window in the second story Of
he stable. Looking up they saw Frank
standing OF the open window, laughing and
holding razor in his hand. Goodbye
silly. Here goes, and at the same instant
drew the keea blade across his throat. he
then retreated from view, and the boys
tearing to go into his room, ran to the po
lice station for aid. Several Off, ers went
10 the spot at once and found that Mount
bad bolted himself in the room which is an
apartment seven feet square psrtitioned of
in the corner for the harness room. They
burst in the door and found Frank sittirg
on his couch, with the blood dropping from
frightful looking cash in his throat, and
tanning his clothes and bed covers. He
vas hurried in'O an ambulance and taken
o the City Hospital, whore sn examination
sIoved that rhe wounds were not serious.
Sentencing Riers COnfederates.
WINNIpEG. MAN, August Il The halt
breeds who participated in the rebellion and
who pleaded guilty to tresson-felony a,
Regina two weeks ago, have been sentenced
4s fellows at Regina: Alexander Csyen,
Maxine Dubois, Pierre Henry, Maxine
eplne. Albert Monkmsn. Pierre Parantsau.
Pierre Vandelle, Philip Gusrderpuy, Philip
Garuor ,sJames Short and Batiste Vandelley
each to seven years in the penitenuary; and
Alexander Fisher, Pierre GuarderpuS
ard Noise Quellette to three years
,ach. Joseph Arcand, Ignace Peitras,
Jr, Ignsce Peitrss, Sr and Noise Paran-
tenu to one year in Regina Jail Joseph
Delorme. Alexander Lsbombsrde, Joseph
Pilon, Papti Rocheleau, Petrie Tourand and
Francis Touran6 dismissed from custody to
appear for sentence when called upon The
court then adjourned formally, but resssem
bled Immediately to pass sentence on "One
Arrow" who was convicted Of tressontel
ony. The old Indian made an eloquent at
tempt to prove himself good Indian, but
was sentenced to three years iu the peni
tertiary. Poundmsker and Big Bear vii
be tried this week.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
The Missing Asropaut,

LONDON. August II United States Con.
sui General Walker continues TO receive tels-
graphic inquiries from America respecting
he probable fate oi the telephone investor.
Ar Frederick A Cover. who has not bsen
h,srd from since be made the balloon asosn-
IN. tome weeks ago, In an experiment
witt he aerial shp for military purposes.
SoLirg rev bas been learned ot Mr..
Gow.r ard sll hope Of his having ben
picked up by Q passing vessel has bssn
nj andoned,
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Some of the Veterans.

WASHINGTON, D. C, august F.-Ths
annual convention OF he Second Grand
division Of the Sors CT Veterans ne; hsre
TO-DAY. This division conpsisss the tern
tory Of Eew York. PennsJlvania, AevJer
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
A sleepy Sermon.

Hog cholera is raging among swine at
London Ont.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Solely for Expenditures.

First Comptroller Durham has written a
lett,r 10 Mr Lo;ing, ex Commissioner Of
Agriculture, in which he Gays that the lat
ter is in error in supposing that any Of the
rejected accounts we're for machinery or
experiments. BE explains that the items
ditallowed amounting to sbont $50 600 we're
solely for expeuditures for seed and labor,
srd concludes his letter by saying that un-
less Mr.. Loring has some further statement
70 make he shall proceed in the case under
due process OF the law.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18

The explosive had been placed forward,
lust in front of the head of the boiler. The
steamer came up from Wilmington at $50
and lay at her wharf until 10 o'clock last
night. She lay at Wilmington in charge
of Andrew Jones, Of BGdgeton. n. J. He
could not be communicated with to-day, but
Capt. Wiley says that if stranger had
boarded the steamer last night the watch
man would have informed of the fact.
While the steamer lay at her wharf this
morning, passengers came aboard aud took
chairs on the hurricane deck or aft. The
offers and deck hands were busy, aud no
sttentioc was psid to the move
ments Of passengers. s y OF
them carried baskets, so that g ~, He or
package might have been carr -. board
without attracting attention. TP@S&cial
report made to b. +. Kenny, 81 tend
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
sytva Rusae,"

PARIS, August IA significant Incl
dent OF the unvsilipg Of the statue Of Gen.
eral Eshanzy. 1T Mans, WAS the reception Of
Baron Friedericks, military a,tache Of the
Russian Embassy. When be made his ap-
pearapce, attirsd in the full uniform Of .
Russian Colonel, the crowd cheercd itself
toarse, and cries Of "vive Russo were
heard in every direction.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
The MONOPOLY Wants a Hand in It.

Acting Postmaster General Stevenson to-
dby declined 3 proposition OF the American
District Telegraph OF Philadelphia, to take
,targe Of tie immediate delivery system OF
rha, rity on the ground that the Law con-
rpu plates tbe maintenance by the Depart
NOV. cf ita oSn d.liyerV systeU
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
The Drouth In England.

LosDoS, August l7.-Lord Chief Jusdcs
CoIsridge. who WAS married on Saturday 10
Nis Lawford, says In letter 10 the papers
iha, hA cannot see whJ the details Of biz
private life should interest the public. Tbs
ia,ber Of Lord Coleridges bride vss former
Iy Judge in Bengal. The ladys sge 10 81
years.
Wheeling register. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1878-1935, 1885-08-18
Reciprocity

treaty with the United States. This they
would have readily assented to aso, had the
commission felt justified in encouraging
them to expect that the Congress OF the
United States would consent to reduction
or a removal OF duty on wool, this being
the chief product of Uruguay and tue only
article exported to the United States, which
is taxed under our tariff; With regard to
the proposed
National Republican., 1885-12-24
Lieut.. McLean,s widows Claim.

The second comptroller OF the treasury has
taken adverse action on the application for
a reference of tho claim of the widow Of Nathan
Mclean, late lieutenant colonel, United States
army, for arrears Of pay to the Attorney Gem
eral for an opinion. The deceased resigned his
commission as major in 1864, and received the
full pay and allowance due him to that time.
Under authority OF an act OF Congress of March
Q, 1875, the President reinstatcd him In the
army with the rank of lieutenat colonel, and
Immediately placed him on the retired list
lie continued there until the time of his death,
June ., 1884, and received the pay and emolu
uments of the office. His widow now claims
that her husband was entitled to compensation
during the eleven years which inlervened
between his resignation in 1864 and his reap
'pointment in 1875, and requests that the ques.
tion of her husbands right to such compensa-
tion be submitted to the Attorney General for
his opinion. The second comptroller says he
thinks such reference unnecessary, and rs not
likely to produce beneficial results iuasmuch
us the United States Supreme Court and the
court Of claims has repeatedly decided against
the allowance of compensation in such cases,
and the accounting officers would feel bound
to follow these decisions whatever view tho
Attorney General might have on the subject.
National Republican., 1885-12-24

Omcer Benton Held and Omccr Harper
ReInnsed-The NonapirncY Develops.

ReIcased-Thc Conspiracy Develops.
The charge ofpcrury agnin,t Police officer
Joseph Harper intho Belt divorce case was
tried in the police court yesterday. MI
Thomas offered the evidence taken in Balu-
more. Mr.. W. II. Smith testified that he was
sworn 10 make a true report Of the case.
officer Cattel testified that he was station
keeper at the the third precinct station during
1873 and 1879. and that OGcers Harper and
Benton were there then on duty.
Chcer Lamb denied ever having any con.
voSniion with Onicer Harper respecting 1905 l.
or Us inmates.
Mai Richards testified as to the methods Of
detailing officers.
Mr. Garrett testified Ms to statements made
by Officer Harper before the commissioner
Capt. Vernon testified TO his knowledge OF
Officer llarpef's qualities as an o!hCer aud to
the methods of detailing officers. Oiner
Joseph Harper took the stand. lie swore that
he went on the force In 1872. He claimed that
he id meet Officer Lamb and held con.
yCrsation. He had been sent by Lieut., Skip
pom 10 watch the place. He also met Benton
on l. street. The supposltiOn that the house
was wrong was of his nero conjecture led to
II from the order that he had received to
watch II. lie remembered seeing n carriage
driyo up TO the door, lady had got out Of it,
and the carriage Immediately drove away. ll1
had not seen the photograph until the morning
IL was shown TO him He did not identity the
photograph MS Of woman who had stood In
the doorway OF l1O6 l. street, III that was In the
Prosecutor Thomas tried to show by the wit.
ness that he had testified to watching the
house by Lieut.. Skippon's orders when the
latter wes out of the service, but Judge Smell
Donton was held in 81, 900 bonds and Harper
TplCuspd.