davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23

National Republican Ticket.
For President,
JAMES G. BLAINE.
OfMaine.
For Vice President,
JOHN A. LOGAN,
OF Illinois.
Territorial. Republican Ticket.
for delegate to Congress-District of Dakota
OSCAR 8. CLIFFORD.
Of Lincoln county.
Legislative Republican T,cket-end
Distrtct.
For Members of the Council:
= JOHN h. GAMBLE, of Yankton;
A. SHERIDAN JONES. of Hutchinson.
For Members of the House:
AL. FANOSDEL, OF Yankton;
HUGH LANGAN, of Turner;
J.P. WARD, of Turner;
j. h. sWANTON. of Hutchinson.
County Republican 1tcke..
ror County ommissioner-second commits
sioner district:
ZINA RICHEY.
For County Treasurer:
HERMAN ELLERMAN.
For Register of Deeds:
EPHKIAM MINER.
For County Clerk:
ERICK IVERSON.
I'D F Fos Sheriff;
E6. IS e5stE q. ESGERT0S. s. Is SH1is;
LEoNlDAs CoNGLEToN.
For District Attorney:
L. B. FRENCH.
For Assessor:
e. II. DUNN.
For Coroner:
DIR. d. F. ETTER.
For County Surveyor:
E. II VANANTWERP.
For County Superintendent of Public Is
L. S. DICKSON.
For Justices of the Peace:
NEWTON LEARNED,
ALBERT BAADE,
OLE KJELDSETH,
A. L. DUNNING.
For Oonstables:
JOHN ENGLE,
A. L. HINMAN,
j. P. FALSTAD,
GEORGE BALLINSKJ.
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23

The board Of grain inspectors was
created solely for the purpose of giving
Ordway three more positions to fill. II
has served its purpose and has never
been of any special benefit to the agri.
cultural classes.
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23

If you suffer with sick headache, con.
stipation. sour stomach, or bilious
attacks, Emory's Little Cathartic Pills
Will relieve you.-15 cents.
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23
FOR PALE. LANGUID

ARv Use ouTIoURA SOAP, an sx.
O2AO i Quisitely perfumed SKIN NBEAU.
TIFlE&, and Toilet, Bath and Nursefy
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23

The Grand Forks Herald wants the
Legislature to abolish the Dakota grain
inspectorship, which it pronounces a
hnmbug and annex to Minneapolis and
nuinfh
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23
"a TERRIBLE CASE. .

, Charles Eayre Hinkle. Jersey City Height.
Nd, writes: my son, . lad of twelve years
was completely cured Of terrible case Of
Eczema BY the Cuticura Remedies. From the
top of his head to the soles of his feet was one
mass of scabs." Every Other remedy and ply.
siciAns had been tried in vain " 80
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23
"WOkKs TO A CHARM.' y

J. 8. Weeks, town treasurer. st. Albans, Vt.
says IN a letter dated May IS: 1T works to q
charm on my baby's face and head. Cured the
head entirely. and has nearly cleaned the face
of sores l have recommended it to several,
and DIR. Plant has ordered it for them.
Press and daily Dakotaian. (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1880-1889, 1884-10-23
A Positive Cure for Every form
of Skin and Blood Diseases,
from Pimples to ScrOfula.
SOUR LITTLE BOY"

Mr.. and Mrs. Everett stebbins, Belchertev I
Mass. write: "Our little boy was terribl,
afflicted with scrofula, salt rheum and erysip:
elias ever since he was born, and nothing w
cura Remedies, which gradually cured him
until he is now as fair as any child.''
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Railroad NOteS.

A. S. Bates, agent of the st. Paul & Mani
toba road at Fargo, is in town.
j. G. Robertson, Northern Pacific agent at
Fargo, has resigned, and will go into the
banking business at Lisbon, D. 7.
1t has now been positively decided to dis
continue the Niagara Falls Short Line both
for freight and passenger business April l.
The Rock Island gives notice that the min
imum weight for eggs, in car loads, from
local stations on this road will be $4,000
pounds.
T. K. Stateler, agent of the Northern Pa
cifc road, brought up seventy-fve emigrants
from Iowa yesterday, who left for Washing
ton territory last night.
From March Is to March "a the Chicago Sc
Grand Trunk brought here twenty-four car
loads of European emigrants bound for points
in the west and northwest.
The Northern Pacific road Yesterday issued
a circular giving notice that the Jamestwn 81
Northern road is now open for bushes, and
shipments can be billed through to all points
on the line.
Mr.. ]. F. Barnard, general manager of the
hdusdS ClIy, OBJ ooe ~ COuhch DluuS ram
road, has been appointed general manager
of the Hannibal d st. Joe. Both roads are
controlled by the Burlington. Mr. Barnard's
headquarters will be at st. Joseph, Mo, ,.
The st. Paul 81 Manitoba road lasteevenfng
received dispatch from Detroit, Mich, say
ing that the Michigan Central had just
brought in eighty Canadian emigE,nts for
Manitoba. They will come through ST. Paul
in a few days ON their way over the st. Paul
81 Manitoba road
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
The HOYt Will Case.

NEW YORK, March 26.-In the contest over
the will of the late Jesse Hoyt, Cornelius
Vansant Voord was cross-eXamined by Conk-
ling. The witness was never approached on
the subject of the certificate of the death OF
Mr.. Hoyt or about what his malady was. He
knew about his malady in general way,
that he died of starvation. Que day, after
the funeral, he went to the residence of Mrs.
Hoyt with Samuel V. Hoyt and read to her
the provisions of the will, giving her 81, $50
OO0 When the witness told Mrs. Hoyt what
was provided for she said that
was a much larger provision than
she expected and she did not want so much.
Witness then went to the Windsor hotel,
where Miss Hoyt was stopping. He did not
take Miss Hoyt near the window and look
scrutinizingly in her face and say in that
connection, ''You are no more crazy than
any other member of the family" She said
she would not violate her word and would go
back with Dr. Hall and his wife to the asy-
lum, as she had promised to do.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
PATENTEES.
Their National Meeting to Protest
Against Barb Wire and Drive
Well Antagonist to
Their Claims,

CINCINNATI, March 26.-At the inventors
convention to-day committee was appoint
ed on permanent national organization, and
the report of the committee on resolutions
was adopted declaring that as much of the
progress of the country is due to inventive
genius ans material change in the patent
laws would be inadvisable, therefore they
ask congress to oppose the passage of any
bill which would have the effect of discour-
aging inventors by impairing the value of
patented property or which would impose un-
equal burdens on owners of such property in
maintaining their rights. They also declare
the duty of congress to provide sufficient
clerical force to do the work of
the patent Office well and keep it up to date,
also, to provide a suitable library of scientific
works for use of the patent Office and inven-
tors, and that the patent Office should be
made department with a cabinet officer in
charge. Also that there should be a legal
bureau or division of the patent office. That
though there has been nearly 300, 900 patents
granted, there have been scarce a score,
which he public has objected to and no patent
based on wrong which the courts have not
finally held invalid. Recess till evening.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Crouch Murder Case.

JACKSON, Mich, March 26.-At the Crouch
murder examination this morning several
witnesses testified to the good character for
truth of the girl Ella Shannon who testified
to finding bloody cloths in Jud Crouch's and
Fays room after the murder and whose char
acter has been impeached. Two witnesses,
a man and wife, testified that Nettie Snyder
told them she found Jud's shirt front spattered
with blood the morning after the murder but
said it come from nose-bleed. This with ess
swore for the defense that she found no
bloody clothes in Jud's room and being now
recalled fatty denied the statement of the
two previous witnesses as to her converse
ton with them. Records of the telegraph
Office were produced and the manager testi-
fled that no dispatch was sent to Captain
Byron Crouch the morning after the murder.
dispatch was sent November 23d, two
days after, and the original was produced
bearing date of Nov. 23d.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
ST. PAUL NEWS.
TIE Icy INQUEST
A Swarm of Witnesses EXanIined-A
Verdict of Death from Elk
D0Sure.

An inquest was held at O'Halloran's yes
tert;Ay morning on the remains of Timothy
Lucy. the body of whom was found in the
slough in the rear of the soap works on
Tuesday morning. The testimony was vo-
luminous and it tended to controvcrt the
theory of violence.
DR.. Owens was first sworn and testified to
having made post mortem examination on
the remains.
The right lung was found congested and
two scalp wounds ware found on the head !;
the brain was healthy, anil tee wounds had
the appearance OF being caused by jam or
a blunt instrument. Falling on the ice
would have been sufficient to cause the
wounds. Witness thought death had result
ed from exposure.
@. Fl. Best, q swtchman on the road, testi-
fed to the discovery of the body, which was
found as already described at 7:1O O'Clock a.
IN. Tuesday.
Mrs. Oltsheim, residing close
to where the body was found,
testified to seeing the body in the water at
7:3O O'Clock tie same morning. This witness
testified to tas Joud barking of her dog at II
O'Clock tss eight before. The dog made a
great russ and she thought something was
wrong.
Andrew Fecht, saloon keeper, was next
sworn. He hal known thr deceased; last
Saw him nj $ o'clock Monday night; he had
hsaG ID ding aad sH;nilg dice; he mixed
lis aY1axs, taxing whisky ana beer; he was
pretty IL! when De left at o'clock; all the
money o., .howed vas tao dciiafs.
J. w Klein was the nest witness; he had
known tie deceased; last saw him on
at F.gle and wosh;pgton streets;
tlev ha1 shaken for a gi"ss of beer; this
was at O'Clock in the evening; had not seen
him later.
Officer Gibbons testified to bringing the
body to CITY ball in the patrol wagon.
Detective Walsh testified to the position OF
the body when found and the surrounding
circumstances.
John ThilI, of the st. Paul house, testified
to the deceased having boarded at his house;
his board was paid up to the goth OF next
month; witness saw him last at noon Mon
day.
Mr.. Daniel Lucy nephew of the deceased,
was sworn. The deceased, he testified,
sometimes went by the name OF Egan;
he had had married difficulties; he had not
lived with his wife for year; his mothers
maiden name was Egan he had been farm
ing in RenviIe county; he had no enemies
that witness knew of; he had soldtwo farms
within few years; the deceased bas one
daughter; she lived with witness; last saw
him on Sunday; he frequently called at the
residence of witness and remained over
night.
TEE VERDICT.
The jury found that death resulted from
fall and exposure.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
ALL AROUND THE GLOBE.

The bill regulating the sale of oleomarger-
inc passed the New York assembly yesterday
Christians and Mosems in Crete are muir
dering each other, and serious riots are ex-
pected.
The National Guard association met at
Cincinnati yesterday with small number Of
delegates present
The earthquake at San Francisco Tuesday
produced no serious result beyond what was
reported yesterday.
The Toronto dog show was opened yester
day and is said to be the first ever held in
America outside of New York.
The Duke of Argyle's article in the Nine
tenth Century on Henry Georges is entitled
"The San Francisco Prophet"
A riot was precipitated in Pesth yesterday
by striking iron workers. Troops fired into
the mob, killing one and wounding several.
Zelcom, once American consul at Alexan-
dria, has asked the Porte for concession
to build a ship railway from FL Arish to Aka
bah, between the Mediterranean and Red
seas, distance Of about 100 miles.
The proposed settlement of the Union Paci-
fic and the Burlington d Quincy companies,
of differences at Nebraska points, was post
pOneu IRON yesterday uutll Iuc ulIeCtOIS d.
Boston can obtain further information az TO
facts involved.
A severe cyclone passed over Anderson
county, s. c., near Piedmont destroying the
house of Mr.. Watson Three of his children
it is thought are fatally injured.
Riots have occurred in Angin, department
of Dunvord, France, among the striking coal
workers, and miners house was wrecked
Tuesday night by explosion OF dynamite
bomb.
At Lacouia, N. H., yesterday the grand jury
indicted Thomas Samon for tbs murder Of
Mrs. Jane Ford and Frank Rudy and child
for attempting to kill Mrs. Rudy ind for
burning their house.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27

though not Extensively, fo7 Butler did moi
mean to be offensive, that he could not
trust the south to disburse the money That
senator would pardon Butler for saying in
the same spirit, he Cutlery would not trust
him (Sherman,) to contribute it. Butler
would not discuss with that senator, or any
other, whether prejudice in the south against
the colored man was stronger than it was in
the north. He did not believe it was, but when
the senator says he will not trust me with
money TO educate the negro, say, win not
trust him to- give it. Iinaeo danos ct dona
tereetes. Butler professed, on the whole, to
trust the pluck, endurance, manhood, cour-
age and humanity of the people of his state
to do justice by all men, white and black,
rather than to accept aid from the federal
government
Senator Jonas called up the house joint
resolution, reappropriating for the aid of the
sufferers by the Mississippi river floods,
S125, 900 not expended for the relief of the
sufferers by floods of the Ohio river. It was
passed.
After an executive session the senate adj
journed.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27

Walter B. Jordan, St. Paul, Mimi, for the
whole amount of family flour Clancy PATENT,
SO, 100 pounds, delivered on board of cars at
St. Paul or Minneapolis, Mimi, at So per
100 pounds.
John Walzmuth, Fort..Meade, D. T., 5000
lbs at Fort Meade, D. T. $500 per 100 pounds
in single sacks.
G. A. Broadwater. Helena, M. T., 10000
pounds at Fort Assiniboine, NJ. T., 1896 in
barrels Q96) or S4.31 per 100 pounds in
double sacks.
st. Paul Roller Mill company, St. Paul,
Mimi, for the whole amount, So, 100 pounds
in double sacks, delivered on board of cars at
st. Paul, 1928 per sack of 1876 pounds.
Washburn, Crosby & Co., Minneapolis,
Mimi, for the whole amount, 50, 100 pounds
in double sacks or 1876 pounds at $500 per
sack, delivered on board the cars at Mime
apols.
Side, Fletcher, Holman s. Co., Mime
apols, for the whole amount SO, 100 pounds
in barrels of 1876 pounds each, delivered on
board of cars at Minneapolis, s607 per bar
rel
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27

no charge for freight is made. This is done
on the probability that every family which
buys first reader will sooner or later buy
the other books.
Third. The indications now are that when
the state shall have settled with the counties
and rescipd back all it has advanced, it will
have but little more than it has paid out.
But whatever the overcharge is, the state will
hold it. D. L. KIEHLE.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
ARMY SUBSISTENCE.
Proposals for Flour for Issue and for
Family Flour.

Bids were received at II O'Clock A. M
| yesterday by Col. c. B. Penrose, Chief Com
missary Of subsistence at Department Head
| quarters, Fort Smelling. For the supply Of
| -four for issue and for family use, delivered
at the different posts. Bids were also receiv-
ed for the whole amount delivered on board
| of cars either at St. Paul or Minneapolis.
The award cannot be made until reports
have been received from the several Posts
and bids opened at them.
The following is a list of the bidders and
| the amount to be delivered at the Post nam
| ed, kind of flour, and price.
FLOUR FOR ISSUE.
Walter B. Jordan, st. Paul, Mimi, bid fol
the following named amounts delivered at
the posts named, put up in single sacks:
Patent. Straight,
| 60,000b to Fort Custer, NJ. t.,
per 1O0b at. .SB 81 % o21s
15,000D to Fort ALincoln, D. t.,
per 100b at. w 90
50,0Q0tb to Fort Buford, D. T.,
| per l00b at. .................. 20 10
120,000fb to Fort Assenaboine, NJ.
t., per 100b at............... 43 10
IL, 600 ID to Fort Pembina, D. T.,
per 100b at. .................. rs %
100000 to Fort Totten, D. T., per
1O0fb at. IL 81
$4,000 To to Fort Keoghe, NJ. Il. ,per
10OD at.. .....-.............. 52 ~
35,000D to Fort Yates, D. T., per
1OOD at. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. III 90
8.000b to Fort Bennett, D. T.,
per 100b at. .................. ~ 10
10000 ID to Fort Sully, D. t., per
1OOD at. ~ 70
15,O00b to Camp Poplar River, M.
T., per 100tb at............... 81 II
ID to Bismarck, d. t., per
lUOD at. o. & %
Walter B. Jordan, st. Paul, Minn,,
for the whole amount 572 ,000fb
delivered on board of cars at
st. Paul or Minneapolis, Mimi,
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 2 So 2 30
John Walzmuth, Fort Mead D. T., 1000
pounds at Fort Mead D. t., $500 double
sacks, 100 pounds. G. A. Broadwater, Hell
ena NJ. T., 10000 pounds, to Fort Assina-
boine, NJ. T., 1881, 100 pound double sacks
at 1886 in barrels of 1856 pounds each. e.
A. Broadwater, Helena NJ. T., 10000 pounds
at Fort Shaw M. T., at s4.06 per 100 pounds
in double sacks and $3.50 per barrel OF 1856
pounds each. st. Paul Roller manufacturing
Co. st. Paul, Mimi, for the whole
amount, $4,000 pounds in double sacks,
delivered on board cars at st. Paul, at $3.50
per sack, of 1876 pounds. Washburn, Crosby
81 Co. Minneapolis, Mimi, for the whole
amount, $4,000 pounds double sacks, de-
livered on board of cars at Minneapolis, at
$3.50 per sack, of 1876 pounds. Side,
Fletcher, Holmen & Co. Minneapolis, Mimi,
for the whole amount, $4,000 pounds in
barrels, 1876 pounds each, delivered on board
cars at Minneapolis, at S4.99 per barrel.
FAMILY FLOUR.
Walter B. Jordon, st. Paul, Mimi, bid for
the following named amounts delivered at
the posts named put up in single sacks:
Three thousand six hundred pounds Fort Gus
ter, M. T., in barrels, S4.33 pei 100 or in double
sacks 81 81 per 100, or single sacks at 81 IL per
100 for fancy patent flour.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Freight Charges On State Text Books,


In the discussion of the merits and de-
merits of Our state text book law there has
appeared some misrepresentation of facts
which oaght to b. considered by those who
ART Interesting themselves in L very import
aut question. Tie matter in question is as
to the cost of distribution, AMI the freight
charges paid 10y the state. The following are
the facts;
First All freight is prepaid by the state
aud charged 10 ti,e several counties by add
ing fixed suns to the prices of The books,
which it is supposed will make the state
good If the charge is not enough the slate
loses; if the charge is too much, the stuie
will be the palmer BY the ,erort of 1881 and
1882 the STATE lost $142
Second Under thr present law WI icb
took effect in May, 1854, the new schedule Of
prices were GXc.l Complaint had heeu
made that agents hnG "vcrclwIe"d iof hooks,
asking ten cents for Il nine ccut writing
book, and fifteen cents for Il book listed al
thirteen c"uts It was. therefore, decided 10
fix rates in multpl,r of five. and 10 distrib-
uts tic amount as equally possible BY
this pan tho charge of five ceuts freight on
a first reader covers the freight on the spell.
or, second, third and fourth readers on which
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
THE RAILROADS.
The Chicaoo, Wigconsi,, g. Northern

From gentleman in the city yesterday il
was learned that new railroad that is to be
known as the Chicago, Wisconsin s. North
ern, is to be constructed soon. The articles
OF incorporation were expected to have been
hled in Wisconsin yesterday. The work OF
organizing and arranging the interests of the
company has been managed very secretly.
1t is to certain extent the reorganization of
the Waukesha, Mukwanago 81 Geneva Lake
road, and viii receive all the privileges re-
ceived by that corporation. According to
the articles of organization the Chicago,
Wisconsin Sc Northern will start
at or between the counties of Kenosha and
Walworth, and extend northerly to some
point on the northern division of the St.
Paul road in Washington county, probably
either Schleisingerville or Hartford to be
settled by the board of directors. The capt.
! tai stock is 81, 800, 900 of common and pre-
ferred stock, with shares at 500. The road
will touch either Waukesha or 0conomowoc,
according to their relative inducements. It
is thought by some that the development of
this new enterprise is a confederation of the
report circulated some time ago that one Of
Vanderbilt's trunk lines was soon to locate
direct line from Chicago to st. Paul. The
road, which it is understood will connect
wv VI
in the country. BY what road the new en-
terprise will enter Chicago was not divulged.
Commissioner RiSti1,e on the Var Path.
Mr.. George W. Ristine, commissioner OF
the Transcontinental association, has just
issued the following circular to the Pacific
coast representatives of the eastern roads:
Having repeatedly called the attention Of
representatives to irregularities, and after
submitting by request an agreement for
local organization without result, and as the
present plan pursued by some Of
the roads discriminates against
passengers and does not accord
them equal accommodations and privileges
to which their tickets entitle them, this is
to advise you that hereafter any violation or
evasion of any kind, including street COM
mission, raising grade of tickets, stop-over
privileges, side rides, or privileges of any de-
scripton promised or granted other than the
contracts such tickets provide for will be con-
sidered as sufficient to suspend the sale Of
tickets over any roads as defined in circular
No. 6. The rules of the Transcontinsntal
association will be rigidly enforced and viii
apply to all Pacific coast terminals, or cou-
pom stations"
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Probate Court.

ITUUUJC VUWTTs
Before Judge McGrorty.)
Estate of Walter Long, deceased; petition
of devisee for removal of executor; hearing
April %, at 10 a. M.
Estate of Robert G. Woods, deceased; Pc
tition for letters of administration filed;
hearing April 81, at 10 a. m.
Estate of Thomas S. Woods, deceased;
foreign viii filed; hearing April 81, at 10
q. m.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Cattle Commission Appointed.

TOPEKA, Kas., March 2S.-Gov. Glyck
has made the following appointments under
the recent act of the legislature: State veter-
mary, DR.. A. A. Holcomb, US. A, Fort
Leavenworth; state sanitary live stock COM
missioner, Jas. W. Hamilton, Col. A. w.
Harrison, John T. White, all well known and
eminently fitted for the position. Hamilton
is at present mayor of Wellington, one of the
most extensive cattle dealers and breeders in
southern Kansas, a Republican in politics.
Harrison is also a large stock man, vice presi-
dent of the Kansas Short Horn Breeders
association, and is a Democrat; White is q
big farmer of Ottawa county, and a Green
hacker in politics.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27
Woman Suffrage Defeated.

HARTFORD, March 26.-In The house the
bill giving women the right TO vote on the
license question was overwhelmingly de-
tested without discussion. Op the bill giving
them th, light to vote in school meeting
IeIe was iuD discussion, sLc the bill Was
rejected s. to So.
St. Paul daily globe. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, 1884-03-27

The police of Paris, last evening, found a
womans' gambling house where twenty-six
women were playing baccarat and where
some women have been enticed to play and
have been fleeced.