davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1884-08-19

PARIS "A primary school, under the In.
strucilon OF Miss 4. Louise Doe VIII open
In the school house. Monday. Sept 2, same
time The Academy commences.
Rev q. NJ +. King Of Washington, DC.
preached Ia the Baptist church. lat Sab
bath.
Gen. james A. Hall % DAmarlscoita,
spoke on the political issues Of the day, q,
the Court House last Saturday evening. lie
was greeted by large audience, composed
OF citizens % Paris HI and vicinity, with =
good delegation from South Paris. Gen.
Hall Is popular campaign orator, A. well
a. practical Temperance advocate. lie
has a splendid war recoFi, aui i highly
respected throughout the State. Geo. Hal
devoted quite a portion OF his address 10 a
discussion Of the tArla question, which he
considers the leading issue Of this cam
pAlgn. lie showed Up ClcyelAnd's public
record. and made q brief review Of the his
tory of The two parties. The address was
well received. AMI We bespeAk Tor General
Hall full house al the other points where
he l. assigned
Rev. Mr.. FORBES preached 10 the Univcf.
salisi church, last sabbath Miss Angel
j. taking a vacation.
GOV. Perham i stamping 10 Aroost1ok
County. lie will b. gone NOS, 90 this
week
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1884-08-19

nNuup Many of the form n residents
have returned o. spend a Nv weeks viii
u.. aui w.ta th,lrfrlrnis ani descendants
give our quiet village quite busy appear'
ance Tier voices. Ioluei With ihe locaI
talent give us many pleasant concerts.
The op.u a.r ones arr much enjoyed
oar people wh' cr''y camping and that
luc'aissa mi.1 r.ty. have balt gooi camp.
AZ Poiluk aud worthicy Ponds. aui they
have been occupied thc most OF This sun
mcr NON thsy are D. build larger and
better 40 Weld roni-ths stock having
al hctn taken aul che contract ior The ium-
bsr I,' to J1hu Getcheli of Berry's Mill.
There movement on foot % bring
about a reunion OF the descendants % Ma
Amos Tr,sk. one ~ ihe FIRST settlers OF
DNrc't
ABaIue a1i Logan fhg "a. uufaricd AZ
the corner of Welt AMI Maine S.. Friday
morning A.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1884-08-19

The regular qlartrFy meeting of The
Western Maine Bee Keepers Association
will be holden with Mr. J 4. Morton. Il
Bethel. Aug 20 aud ~
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1884-08-19

HAruoHn. Aug. Mrs william Blck.
ueTs scveuiy.n.uth birthday was noticed
ou thr ilth. uuler thc same roof where
.hc was married. and ep. 1yci her golden
wedding. "A wears ago. Present - her
husband. thc.r frsi.horn. WIN. Emery.
from Boston. aud vie their oldest daugh.
Or. widow Julia e. Fof1,s and daughter.
Mr.. W. o. Purkis. East Blckdeii. Their
second .ou. Henry Augustus. wife ard
daughter. tgurs N whom thcy i've With
Henry . twin mate. Hattie Augusts ard
husband. wm l. morrill,. East Backdeii
NJ B.ckncIs sister. widow Lydia A.
uarlWcI of North M.li'cboro. Mas. aged
sixty seven years. aud Including many
Others where Oh ant Young enjoyed The
fettlng hour. Al they passed. Mrs B.ck-
nell Pas spcnt most of her days on the
farm were she now lives. within seventy
ro.lsof thrcc'c1ritci Hartford cold Spring
which Wa kuown 3D. her pareut--so.omon
ant ksfa Briegs-in isl- Here was
where che fr-t bottle of .pr.ng water was
ever flici w.th cafb1nic acid ~ mtchin-
cry iu oxford County-ione by Prof e. A.
walker 10 Bostnu i,,t
orloyci the company OF The three
County Commissioner. inciutiug others
az ny residence on the l-th. u was truly
mental feast for me.-ha,iug been con.
nned a. bone 80 long ~ Increasing ams-
ncs-.
lam much pleased % rcai uncic Solou :
letter ~ the Boston Herf' Of late. Tie i
houui o. Die To- the harness, dghtlng fus.
ION in tle ghi of truth.
tlARrFoKD.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03

Tho connection between earthquakes
and luminous paint would hardly be
annarent to anyone without explana-
tinn II nevertheless exists. and the
recent earthquakes in our own country
have served to remind us OF lts exis-
tence. AS matter OF fact, large con-
signments of this paint are sent to those
countries where earthquakes are pre-
valent. The use to which it is put in
vests it with the utmost Importance
Just for the few critical moments OF the
shock. In the Philippine islands,
where earthquakes are not uncommon,
small metallic plates coated with luml-
nous paint are SO placed about the
premises that at the first warning the
inmates are quickly guided to the door,
and thus to the street. In Manila 1t
is laid on in patches about the bed
rooms and stair cases, serving as guides
for the door-handles and the stairs,
night light being considered as es-
peclally dangerous as likely to set flre
to the falling houses, and thus to roast
the inmates in their own homes. 1t
follows that those who live in districts
likely to be visited by earthquakes will
do well to adopt this plan, and TO burn
no flame lights at night, especially in
the case of gas, the pipes for which
might be broken asunder, and the gas
escape and take fire. The gas should
be turned off at the main nightly, and
luminous labels be so placed rs to indi-
cate the door handles and other guides
to the main point of egress, which
would enable the residents TO find their
way out of their house in the dark be-
fore the walls perchance buried them.
1t will be remembered that at Ischia
there was just sufficient time between
the first shock of the earthquake and
the downfall of the Grand hotel to per-
NIT those who acted promptly to save
their lives.-LOn
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
The Song of the Wood Thrush.

The song of this bird defies descrip-
ton, though it has inspired both ex-
travagant and poetical attempts from
the most prosaic of writers. When
heard from a distance it sounds very
deliberate: q succession of detached
passages, with frequent pauses. ending
in trill. sometimes easily distinguish
ed as such, but often so rapidly deliv-
cred as to resemble the syllable
"che-e-o" with a peculiar and indes-
cribablc thrill in it. If you are near.
however, you find the pauses filled with
low notes. having, apparently, no con-
nection with the song. One cannot
help but fancy them irrepressble
words of endearment, ineffably sweet
and tender, and wonderfully enhancing
the charm of the performance.
He is not chary of his gift. He sings
at all hours of the day, excepting in the
heat of noon; but he seems most keenly
to enjoy the fading light of afternoon
and the evening until long after dark.
Not little of the mystery and melan-
choly that poetical minds find in his
music is due to the thoughtful twilight
hours in which it is heard. 1t is in itself
far from sadness. Indeed, there can
be no more perfect picture of deep JOY
than this beautiful bird standing tran
quilly on his branch, while giving slow
utterance to notes that thrill your soul.
The weather is o matter of no mo-
ment to the wood thrush; he has q soul
above externals. Other birds may be
full of song, or moping on their perches;
be it wet or dry, sunshine or rain, he
sings, and sings, and sings.
"Howsoe'er the world goes i'll,
The thrushes still sing in it,"
The strongest attraction of certain
home in the Allegheny Mountains is the
song of this bird. Around the house
feathered visitors are numerous, but no
wood thrush is ever seen. Late in the
afternoon, however, when other song
sters are settling themselves for the
night, and, save the robin chatter, no
sound of bird is heard, out of the deep
woods which surround the small clear
ing, comes the stirring evening hymn
of the thrush. 1t begins with clear,
far-of prelude of three notes on an as
cending scale; then deliberate rest,
followed by three other and different
notes, and ending in a rapturous trill.
After decorOus pause, another takes
up the strain. There is no haste, no
interruption, never clamor of song.
Each one enjoys his full length of time,
and though there may be dozen sing
ers within hearing there is no confu-
sion. Each rich solo is complete
whole, a perfect pearl. To sit ON q
balcony of the house through the long
tranquil hours of the approaching night,
listening to the grand and lofty SYM
phony, is never-to-be-forgotten expe-
rience; lifting the soul above the earth.
into regions of poetry and Dreams
Olive Thorne Miller t,tJune Atlantic.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03

Two muscular American women
make a living at Reading, Pa, by
breaking stones for the streets.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
Life In the Idaho Mines

At the summit there Is a halfway
house where, in cabin half hidden in
the snow. one may for 80 get chance
to stand around smoky fire all night
and eat supper and breakfast OF bacon.
broad and coffee. A saw-mill, which
started two months ago, is lying In
pieces along the trail, its owner in
hopeless condition Of mind and help
less condition of saw-mill. The Belk-
nap people boast that they will have a
road and that they are to have the con-
tract for carrying the mail; but it is my
opinion that they cannot make the
road within six months, and that they
know nothing as to what will be done
about the mail Now, letters arrive
by two special messengers and cost 90
cents apiece. One of these messengers
brings letters from the postoffice at
Fort Ceur d Alene and the other brings
for Wells, Fargo & Co. The first
United States service will be an extern
sion from Ceur d'Alene, and this will
not begin for two or three weeks. Con-
vincing evidence of the condition of
these trails may be found in the fact
that to-day there is q placard in front
of one of the stores which reads: Fifty
men wanted to bring freight from the
summit" Invent in and asked if any
men had been found.
mo, SIR" said the store keeper, as
he marked 81 80 on small jar OF
pickles.
What do you offer to pay?"
Eight cents pound.
"How far is it?'
Seventeen miles,"
So that it will be seen that, while
Eagle has within its irregular boun-
daries men in plenty who beg half dol
lars with which to buy ''grub." it has
few if any who will go about this work.
Cor. San Francisco Chronicle.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
PILES! PlLEI!! PILES!I!

A sure cure for Blind, Bleeding,
Itching, and liberated Piles, has been
discovered by DR.. William, ian Indian
remedy )called DR.. WILLIAMS INDIAN
OINTMENT. A single box has cured
the worst chronic cases of twenty-five
years. standing. No one need suffer
five minutes after applying this WON
derful soothing medicine. Lotions and
instruments do more harm than good
Williams Ointment absorbs the tn.
mors, allays the intense itching, (par-
ticularly at night after getting warm
in bed, acts as poultice, gives in.
slant and painless relief, and il pre-
pared only for Piles, itching of the
private parts, and for nothing else.
For sale by II. Waterman, and mail
ed on receipt of price, $l.O0.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
Ventilation.

1t is true that cold draught is dan
gerous. DIR. Angus Smith, the great
English authority on mir, says: 1T
Stays like sword" But impure air
is no better, and if one causes pneumo-
mia the other creates consumption.
Bringing air through the furnace f1ues
is all very well, provided it is taken
from n pure source of supply. But if,
as in most cases, the cold-air box of
the furnace ends over a damp, dirty
area adjoining one of our unswept and
filthy streets. the supply is far from
wholesome. DIR. LoOmis and other
specialists have since pointed out the
bad effects of New York dust upon the
human lungs, yet the dusty air from
our streets is sucked into 10, 600 furnace
cold-air boxes, and is the chief lung
food of our population. Because this
air has been warmed it does not follow
that it is wholesome.
1t is perfectly easy to prevent draft
by raising the sash a few inches, and,
placing narrow board in the place be-
low, SO that the cold air will enter be-
tween the upper and lower sash, and
be detlectcd toward the ceiling without
causing any annoyance TO persons in
the room. There are number of pat
entcd devices for the same purpose, but
the arrangement here described can be
adopted by anyone Mt the cost of a few
cents. The chief difficulty about ven-
tilating most dwelling houses is that
there are not sufficient means of carry
ing off the foul and heated air. If pro-
vision is supplied for doing this, then
plenty of fresh air will leak in through
the window castings and cracks, as
most of our houses are not tightly
built. Great benefit may be ATTAINED
from open tire-places, which, to the
esthetes, are coming largely into use.
All tire-boards should be abolished.
The art of ventilation has been called
one of the lost arts, if indeed it ever
was an entirely developed art. In our
modern houses and flats, with their
masses of upholstering and decoration
to obstruct the sunlight and prevent
free circulation of air, and with the
many sources of impurity, such rs
cooking, washing and plumbing appli-
ances, and still more the gaslights and
steam heating apparatus, the necessity
for attention to ventilation becomes
daily apparent. The almost universal
prevalence of catarrh, and the worm
out, wcaried look of Americans which
Herbert Spencer noted, may be justly
charged To the bad ventilation OF our
houses, and it is time our people should
take hold of the matter promptly.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
The Trotting Bred Stallion,
MAMBRINo MOHAWK!

Is a jet black Stallion, 10 years old, 16 hands
high. weighs 1850 pounds. with fine head neal
good neck. running back in well inclined shoHl-
tiers. short back. extra coupling and hips. flat
legs. heavy name and tail. When his head is a
little above his natural carriage, you can put
the standard straight up his fore legs and the
top of the standard viii be between his ears
He has nne knee action. and a nice trotter has
been in the stud service since three years old
Mambrino Mohawk with his rare breeding and
grand style. is valuable horse to breed ior
trotterS coachers or rOadSters.
MAMBRIHO MOHAWKis by Mambrino Patchen,
brother to Lady Thorn, record 2:1sH Mambr-
no fatchen is the sire of MambrinO King, the
handsOmest horse in the werld owned by q }.
IIamlin, Village Stock Farm N. Y. Mambrino
Mohawk is by MambrinO Patehcn; he by Mann.
brinO Chief, record 2: Az; he by MambrinO
paymaster; he by Mambrino; he by Imported
Messenger; MamhrinO MOhawk's dam is by
Mohawk. MambrinO Patchen is the sire of
the following horses In the ,: 30 class: GeOrgie.
bl g. 2:a1s; Highland Stranger. b Ii, 2:251s /;
Jersey Dixon. b m Ar; Jewess. b IN. ,: ;6 /;
Jim Bowman. 4, M1s Kate Middleton, ch
~ 2:23; Kitie silver. ch m,2 T34 Lady Stout
ch IN. years old. ;23; London. ch &. 2: a3l,
2:2O1S Mambrino BOY. bl h, ?: 261s MambrIno
diamond, bl h, 2; 20: MambrinO X ate K M 2 "a /;
MistlaiOe. bl N. 80.
family in the 2: 80 clas-: Eimore est Elmnr.J.
eh h. :97; MohaWk. Jr. Ulark's). Ii, :26 ;
Mohawk. Jr. ulril's). bh 2:26; Fr.hion. b IN.
2:2ik; Lady Clark, ro IN. a:97; Yellow Dock
lMohaWk's Maud. ch IN, a:?21z 1z-2 2a2& Mo-
hawk Chief. ch m, ,: 81; Rolla CiuldduSt out OF
Mohawk mare. 2;2l The second Mambrino
trotters producing snch as Ida Bassett }: 2015
Glendale. 2: 2O1. Kittie Patchen, 2: 221s Lady
Thorn. the Ind, .: 20.
We the undersigned citizens of HenlznAhd
Shelby counties, KY do hereby certify a I'VE
are acquainted with the Stallion. NJ ambrind.hlo
haWk, owned by = N. Andrews, OF ROOtstOwn,
Ohio; that he is dne breeder. and sure foal
getter. as we have bred to him, and his colts
have always brought good prices. We highly
recommend him to the public; &. W. Teagne,
+; Il. Tesgne. Wm Adams, Joseph T. Hamblin
W A Allen; W. B Crabb, Finn Williams. }.
8 Hinkle, +. A. Scott. q. S. Sandusky, j. N.
Vincent. u. Il. Lancaster 1. &. Carpenter w.
j. Carpenter. j. III Williams. f V. Williams.
$. ID. McMeekins Jas u. Tayior,W. II. Allen,
w: Taylor. W. w. McAllister, +. R. Crabb
John B Todd.
MAhBRINO MOHAWK will make the season fsr
the small sum of $l5.W. II mare q res not prove
to be with fOal. can he returned next season
Season commencing May 9th and closing July
1st. 1924. Mondays and Tuesdays at New Bal
timorc; the balance of the week at my resi-
dence, in RoOtstoWn, Ohio
sl9-xm N. ANDREWS.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
SMUGGLER, JR.
SEASON OF 1884 At p II. BEANS STABL
DAVENNa nHIn

SEASON OF 1884 At L. ii. BEANS STABlI r.
RAVENNA. OHIO.
SMUGGLER. JR was foaled March 95th, 1878
He is beautiful bright bay black legs. name
and tail and weighs 11G0 pounds He is 4 horse
OF splendid style and action ing closely re-
lated to SMUGGLER. record 2; 15L, the cham pion
trotting stallion OF the world.
PEDIGREE E:-SAU6GLE JR was bred by the
late Noah Majors. ol Independence. Kansas. and
was sired by Young Blanco. he by BlancO (the
sire of Smuggler. record 2:15I4), he by Irons
Cadmus. he by American Eclipse. Smup gler
Jr's dam was sired by Green's Bashaw. OF NJ us
catine, Iowa. For extended pedigree OF Green IS
Bashaw, see Irotting Stud OF America. Dam
of YonngIBlancO II l;lack Hawk Morgan mare,
owned by II -. RObberman, of DesOto. Kansas.
Smuggler Jr. can be seen at my stables, one
mile east of Ravenna Court House, any day du-
ring the season. commencing April 18th, and
ending SepU Ist, 1854
Terms, $40 to insure.
Care will be taken to prevent accidents or
mishaps, but L will not be responsible for any
that may occur.
Good pasturage furnished mares from dis
tance at mode rate rates.
Persons wishing to raise Americas best horse
stock. viz The general purpose horse, are in
vtted to call and examine Smugglcr. Jr., and
see some of his colts before bestOWing patron
age elsewhere. For further information. call
on address p. II. BEAN,
S2J RAVENNA, ONO.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03

At q recent fire in Boston the insur-
ance brigadier used q new device for
the first time. 1t is called water tun-
mel, and is used TO carry water from
floors to the street. 1t is simply a
large tunnel of conical shape, similar
to That used for pouring liquids into
narrow-mouthed receptacles, and has a
short piece of hose attached, which is
carried out of a window. The device
is mounted on a tripod, and is placed
directly under hole cut through the
floor above. The water on the floor is
then forced in the hole and carried
through the hose into the street, in
stead OF being driven down the stair
way as has before been the case, =,
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
A Public Benefactor.
Wm. H. SGetnsrs Member OF the Ed.
itOrtAl staff of the New York
Herald; also ex.COm nm issiOM.
eF OF Excise, New York

Herald; RAsO ex.CO M nm SsiOM.
eF of Excise, New York
Csty, 4S Anm 81, says
DR. n. M FEMME, FredOnia N. -Deal
Sir-I have been great sufferer from Bilious.
ness. Nervous Irritation and Dysp" psia fol
years My friend. Hon. H. e Lake, OF the
New YorA Custom House, induced me to try
your RloOd and Liver Remedy and Nerve Tonic
By the sc of two bottles Ihave realized com
plete restoration to health. l look upon it as
the greste,t remedy of the age. and upon you,
as the com mpOunder OF the same, as u public ben
elAcL1I."
FROM THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
New York Tribune. New York.
DIR. M. M. FKNNER. FredoniA, N. Y.-Dear
Sir:-Please send me two more bottles Of your
Blood and Liver Remedy and Nerve Tonic. My
vile has been taking it and it has done her
good.
Yours truly. c. A. TRACY.
Completely aud entirely clt ltanses the
blood, relieves Billiousness, COnstipa.
ton and headaches; cleans out and
heals the entire stomach and bowels !;
breaks up and cures Agues and form
ing Fevers cures pimples, skin erup-
tiOns and skin diseases; removes bad
breath is ali antidote for the Blues :;
sOothes, strengthens, and heals Weak
and Irritated Nerves, producing good
rest at night; aud completely reno
Yates and restores disOrdered system
whether the disorder he slight or
grave.
DIR. FENNER'S KIDNEY AND
BACKACHE f CURE-FOr all diseases
of the kidneys, bladder, urinary pas
sages, backache, dropsy, female weak
nesses, nervous debility, heart disease,
etc. The most successful
remedy that has ever been adminis-
tered in the diseases named. Get of
your dealer the memorandum book
entitled .. DIR. Fenner's Peoples Rem
edies are Used all Over the World"
For sale in Ravenna by
7S4 L. P. SEYMOUR.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
LEGAL NOTICE.
"ARG ARET +. STRONG, residir
lAL narl MinnaSa+a u 49, ~ -

MARGARET +. STRONG, residing in st
ZNk Paul, Minnesota; Hattie E. Gillis, John
Charles j. Gillis. and jennie h. Jenner, resid-
ing in Ortonville. Minnesota; and Ii Helen Morse
and John Ii. ellis. residing in Sebastopol,
Sonoma County. CaliforL ia, will take notice
that on the 18th day OF May, 1894 Bradford
Rowland. AdIhinistrator de bOnis non with the
will anneXe,i of the estate of John GiIlis, de-
ceasei, flied his petition in the Probate Court
within and for the County Of Portage and State
OF Ohio against the above named parties and
others, alleging that said John Gillis died seized
in fee simple OF IN following described real
estate. tO-Wit:
1st, A tract of land situate in the Village of
Ravenna, Portage County, Ohio, being part of
eight acre lot No 6 Zone of the eight acre lots
south OF the original Town plat OF Ravenna)
bounded as follows: East bv the west line OF
Chestnut street north by the south line of W IL
liam Wards homestca land; west b lands of
Theodore DInges and Martin GretziDger; south
by lands of Chester HoCOmb and George r.
Robinson, containing two and TIN ee-Iourths
acres of lnnd more or less,
and. Lot No: I, In II Jod's Addition TO the
Village of Ravenna. Portage County. Ohio
3d Lot No. 0 IN Hoods addition to the
Village OF Ravenna. Portage County. Ohio.
And further alleging by said petition that il
is nece. .Sary to ell sand real estate to pay the
debts of said John Gilis. well as costs OF aG-
ministrati0n. and 10 carry out the provisions of
his last will.
The prayer OF said petition is that the plain-
tiff said Administrator, may be authorized and
ordered 10 sell sa real estate: that all rights
DOVER liens interests and equities of each and
all OF the defendants may be dctermin and
protected, and for all other proper orders and
relief in the premises.
The persons above mentioned non esi-
dents of this state have been made parties de-
fendant to said petition, and they are required
to answer the same on or before the 18th lay of
BRADFORD ROWLAND,
Administrator de bonis NON with the will an
nexed of the estate of John ellis, deceased.
haysana, OHIO, May ", 1Se. sso'6w.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03
Bucklen's Arnica Salve.

The BEST SALvE in the world for
cuts, bruises, sores, ulcers, salt rheum,
fever sores, letter, chapped bands. chill
blains, corns, and all skin eruptions,
and positively cures piles. 1t is guar.
anteed to give perfect satisfaction, or
money refunded. Price % cents per
box. For sale by G. P. Reed. Ravenna
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03

Four large cold storage warehouses
are now in operation in Now York. and
it is said that the time is not far dis
tant when cold air will be served in
pipes throughout the city just as gas
and water are now. One OF the novel
features of the new Washington Market
now being constructed, is network of
pipes through which frozen air will be
furnished 10 the different meat stands.
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1884-07-03

In France, according to the statisti-
Clans, suicides are rapidly increasing.
not only among the adults with real
woes or sutferings to account for the
rash act, but also among the Juveniles
who make way with themselves for thu
most trivial causes, -r.