The Red Cloud chief., 1884-02-22
The Absence OF Earthworms from On.
madam PrairieS.

Not by any means the least ftmarka-
bic of the very notable series OF works
which Mr.. Darwin has giyen 10 he
worxt is that which came last from his
pen but a short time previous % his Ia
mented death. Dealing as it does with
effects which, when looked at in the de-
tail. are exceedingly small snd insig-
nlficant. but, when viewed in the agpre-
gate. are shown TO be of surprising I'M
portance, the Negotiable Mould and
Earthworms'' must certainly rank as q
most strikinglv interesting work.
1t is mo- my desire to call in question
the conclusions at which MIR. Darwin
has arrived wiGh regard to the action of
earthworms in cultivating the soil, but
L wish to point out that in one extensive
portion OF the earth's surface, to which
much attention has of late been directed
on account of its agricultural capabili-
ties, eartlwormS do not exist. | refer
to the vast region commonly known as
Manitoba and Northwest Territories
My friend, MIR. Z. +. T. Seton. of Car
berry. Manitoba, was the first to point
out TO me that this enormous country
must be regarded as forming an excep-
ton TO MIR. Darwin generalizations, on
account of the total absence from it of
every kind of earthworm, and, having
lately returned from a visit to those
regions, i can add nv testimony to his
in this particular, as well as in the mat
ter OF the amazing innate fertility of the
soil, which has been the wonder and re-
mark of all travellers for years past, but
which, in this case, obviously can not
be attributed to the action of worms.
since those do lot exist there.
The agency which l believe has caused
the absence of earthworms from the
Northwest is the prairie fires which an
nually sweep over enormous portions of
the country. totally consuming the
grass and converting it into a black ash.
This, it might well be imagined, would
for months.together completely deprive
n worms that formerly existed of that
variety of decaying vegetable matter
that composes their food; and assuming
that fires have annually passed over
large portions of the prairies for scores
of generations Gas seems in every way
probable), it appears to me only rea-
sonable to suppose that this cause would
effectually have eXterminated the worms
from the country or have prevented
their occupying it. 1t is my belief (as
l shall elsewhere state more fully that
the very fertile. fine, black. powdery
and almost soot-like soil from one to
three feet thick, even the open. t~reeless
nature of the prairies themselves, and
the absence from their surface, so far
as my observation goes, of every species
of mollusk, while many species abound
in all the ponds. lakes and streams. are
all in a large degree. if not entirely,
due TO the action of fire. Ii this view
ultimately turns out TO be correct, it
will be further seen that the very
means which has deprived the soil of
the Northwest of that natural cultiva-
ton which the soils Of o other IA
tries enjovS. has. at the same time. liber-
ally supplied it with q resulting
from charrcd ashes of the grass which
is annually burned.
A. another evidence of the absence
of worms. the numerous large glacial
powders that strew the p~rairies around
Brandon and elsewhere may be cited.
These. had worms existed, would
doubtless have long ago BEEN lowered
beneath the surface, as also the skulls
anu bkIftI JULIUS VI DliiAsttcJ>. "liiIl oo
abound on the prairieS, and most of
which have evidently lain there a long
while. Nevertheless. some of these
have been buried in the course OF time.
as one gentleman told me that he had
sometimes turned them up from a
depth of two or three inches beneath
the surface wher blowing. Their
burial may have been accomplished by
the wind drifting soil over them, or by
the working of gophers. OF these pc
culiar little animals two species are
very abundant on the prairies. where
they make extensive burrows, which it
seems possible may to some extent ac-
complish the natural cultivation of the
soil in the way worms are accustomed
TO do il elsewhere.-ROdcrt Miller Chris
IN, IN Mature.