davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1884-10-03

rYIWO GOOD BED LOUNGES FOR SALE
cheap; also New and Secondhand Furni
! ure at CiiAS. VI. C4MPBELL'S. 100 X street
Gee our New Patent Rockers. best in use; also
Patent Sham Holders UpholsterinC aud Re
pairing. We buy, sell or exchange. Give me
call api9-lpd
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
RUNNING 1UAY With 4 CHIEEOFPOLICE.
AsrIg IL THE FAMILY OF MAJOR PAULDING IN
WHITE PLAINS.

AsrIg IN THE FAMILY OF MAJOR PAULDING IN
WHITE PLAINS.
Considerable commotion was caused last evening
IN the household of Major Hiram Paulding Justice
of the Peace and a practising lawyer OF Nhte
Plains lwho claims to be "a descendant OF Pauldlng
one of the captors of Major Andre at Tarryt0wnl,
becanse his daughter had elOped with George w.
See. chIcf-of-ponce of White Plans. Major Pauld-
ing having ascertaned recently that MS
daughter MARTA, a prepossesslng and we'll
educated young woman of abont nineteen. was
cIandestiney meeting Chief Lee at the house OF
friend forbade her going there again. herce
quarrel ensued, and the Major storned and threat
ened. When asked whether she intended 10 marry
the Chief the young woman answered IN the
affirmative or evasively. Hor father then tod her
that she was his daughter aud that he wonid
never recognize her again if she took that STEP
Miss Paudng. however. had n Will oi her o"h'
and lately she has spent mucn oi her time With Tue
family Of j. h. Campbell, III Rallroad-a'e' oh
Tuesday evening she slept there under some pre-
text About = ocloc, Saturday afternoon sue went
TO the parsonage of the Methodist Church
where she met Chief Lee who had obtained Q leave
OF absence fer few days from the board oi 'llaSo
Trustees on the ground that he had private onsi- T
ness to attend To. The couple were married nv ,no 10
Kew. De Los Lull. They Immediately huiIleu W
the railroad station and took tfaIn ior this Oi'y'
A. soon ~ they were safely out of the 'hi"e" an
acouain tance of Major Pauldings caIled upon MN
10 sec how he would take the news Az Soon u 'ho
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
REFUSING TO BELIEVE THE STORY.


CANNOT BE TRUE.
George Simpson lives in one of the handsomcst
houses IN Orange. He is in the habit of reading an
afternoon paper his way home. He unfolded
vest crday the train started out of the Hobo
ken de pot, and the first item his eye caught
tanned The intelligence that the young woman to-
whom his son Frank engaged to be married
Thursday next had clopcd W tn William Paxton, a
young lawyer. of Washington, and that the couple
had gone South The item also stated that Miss
Willard had asked TO he released from her engage
mcut. On reaching his home Mr.. Simpson handed
the paper to his son, who was greatly
sho ckcd at the startling nows so suddenly
put in his possession; but he thought
that there could he no truth in it. The matter was
discussed by the family. aud all concluded that it
could not be possible that Miss Willard had
clopcd. Her lover had only left her on Monday in
order Ia make final Preparations for the wedding
lie lives IN Kansas City. where he Is engaged in the
real estate business and came East to be married.
tie intended to take his bride West after tho mar
rIagc.
The elder Mr. Simpson said last evening that his
son met MISS Willard in London three wears ago,
and had been engaged to her for eighteen months.
Miss willard went o school with her lovers sister,
and often spent her holidays ut Mr. simpsons house
in Orange ON one point Mr. Simpson wished 10 bo
be released from her engagement 10 my son. On
the other hand, she and her mother wished the
wedding to take place ut an eaIlier day. but as Mr..
Willard was in England and desired TO he present.
my son considered It only proper 10 defer 10 his
WISHES, and postpone the wedding until Mr. W llards
arrival. Mr.. Willard Is on mis- way from England
now. He Is president of the Peninsula and Florida
Railroad and Is largely interested IN Florida lands.
His trip To Europe was taken IN behalf OF thes-l-
tereSts From what have seen Ci Miss Willard;
think there must be mistake in this, story. She
spent some time at my housc She is about twenty
wears OF age and is modest, retiring and pretty
She was always attentive to devotional duties, at
tended church regularly, and always read
chapter of the Bible before retiring. In short
she appeared to mo model OF "A Christian young
woman. II the story be true, there Is great sur
PRISE IN store for Mr. W Hard when he lands, but
until we receive more information on the subject
than AT present possess Will consider 1t SEN
saiion without foundation"
When asked If his son had entertained any sus-
pclon that his engagement to Miss W Hard was not
perfectly satisfactory 10 her, MIR. Simpson sad
j. Not a particle. On the contrary, he had every
reason to believe the opposite. II her wishes had
been observed they would have been married ere
tins. We do not know Mr. Paxton and never heard
of him.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
ROBBED or HER HAIR AND MONEY.
rBr TELEGRAPH TO THE rRIsUys.l

PITTsBURG, Dec. '3.-Mr. and Mrs. Charles
Rutherford live farm near Petrola their honse Is
about mile and half from the town. They are en-
gagged in the production of oil, and have several good
wells. The couple have made money, and there was a
report current that they usually had large sum Ill
the house Night before last Mr. Rutherford felt unwc
and fearing that he would not able to sleep decided to
pass the night IN shany the cnginchOuse where
he frequently watched the wells Mrs Rutherford went
with her husband and contrary o his expectations ne
was a sound sleep. The shanty was guarded ny
a large Newfoundland dog. This dog was silcnced Tor
all time 10y dose of poison administered ON piece o
the thieves who then entered the shantN 1hcY
saturated towel with chlOroor. and bound IL over the
faces of the couple When the husband aud WIFE re
turned to consciousness II found that Mrs Ruthct
fOrd's hair had been cut of close To her head one
hundred and hfty dollars had been stolen from the
pockets of the couple although the thieves had over
looked $500 i'm bills which were in q trunk IN the bed
ROOM A search is being made for the thieves.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
ENGLAND AND THE NIGER.

LONDON, Dec. 3.-Earl Granville has in
strcted Sir Edward Malc adhere to his declarations
and decline admit that either the Powers or the
Conference interfere in that portion of the Niger ter
rioy which is under English protection Ia his position
the Conference Sir Edward Maet has the support OF
the delegates Portugal aud Italy against those OF
Trance and Germany. IL IL stated that the results
pcctcd TO accomplished by the Conference have been
imperilled by the Niger dispute.
BERLIN, Dec. 3.-sr Edward Malets instructions are
that England in the interests of traders, had established
proecorate extending north ward to Benin. southwark
u Ambos Bay thus comprising the whole lower Niger
country TO junction with the Benone River England
does not claim the rivers crossing the Rio del cy The
river Niger ia navigable ESQ Kilometres a., c river
BenOne 620 kilometres.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
An ALLEGED ErASiON or THE T1RiFE
PASSING COATED IRON AND STEEL PLATES Az lin
~ SEw-YoRK AND BOSTON.
lpy TELEGRAPH rO THE TRlBUNh.l

my TELEGRAPH no THE TRiBuNEl
PrrrsprRG. Dee 3.-Thc American I'm i1a'e
Asscciation of which John Jarrett Il the general agent
has discovered a direct evasion of the sections W wv
tarnlaw regulating the duty on tin ratcs anu SUI
iron last summer the Appraisers Department W wv,
Philadelphia Custom House discovered that large uh"'
pieots were being entered "a tin plates lhe'h'i W
aner tulr that the, wrre mnoi ahrrts anu sh'nn Y"
entered nntcr the rate of section iAl ~ the now "h wv
ips which pro, hrs tho rate fcr rlatea an' en'',
iron, This rata nn sheet ipnn not thhhrt th'h "" ~
wifr sausr IA cents rrt pound thlnhor than NJ" ~
aud uot thinner than NJ ~, ~ cents pt rmhh nh" "
h provided that on all Anrh iron ana Hool aho''', w
piatea when pai,antoi ooalod with dnr, "f sp'''
or oher metals, or any alley ot those metals tho u>
shall he N of cont per pound additional ThH f"'"s
was affirmed by the Treasury Department 81"
Since that time these timed hhccts have not
been imported through the Custom House
OF Philadelphia hut have been coming IN rl""ilA
through the custom houses Of New York ANA hooh ~
tin plates. -,
The ON this Mr. Jarrett declined to estl
mate, but said IL already equal To thousands ol
dollars year and growing At an alarming tale' MI
Jarrett called the attention Of the appraisers n No"
York and Boston To the decsi In the clpha case
hut no copy of the ruling of the department had been re-
coivcd by them. and they consequently knew hollns
about IL. Mr. Jarrctts statement, now III prclraton
intended bring the matter before the Secretary OF
the Treasury clearly that the officers OF all ports Vi
entry will be instructed to stop the fraud
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
THE NORTHEASTERN CIR COMPANY.
1T Is REoRGANIZED AZ THE NORTHWESTERN
THRRsHER MANUFACTURING COMPANY.

IBY TELEGRAPH THE TRBUSEl
ST. PAUL. Dec 3.-Thc Northwestern Car
and Manufacturing Company Of saltwater of which sen
ator D. NJ sabin is president and manager which iaiicu
last spring has resolved to rcorganzc under the name oi
the Northwestern Thresher Manufacturing Company.
The plan was agreed upon at recent meeting OF 100
creditors of the company in Boston, and its details are
now published for the first time The creditors are TO
purchase all the OF the company, and the capital
stock will be $7,OOO,0O0. The principal office Is to
he in ST. Pau and all the financial affairs OF
the concern will be managed in this city. The
manufacturing will lie continued at saltwater. The
assets include $1,000 600 in machines constructed
and in process of construction and of timber iron ana
other material purchased for the business of the car
company which would be Of little value to anybody cX-
cept the company The immense property in real estate
also by the company is dependent largely for
its value the existence and active operation OF the
shops; and the farmers notes, amounting, at
their estimated vaue-7s per cent OF
face value with accumulated interest 10
~ 10000 it is believed would in many cases never he
paid il the business were discontinued, as the company
would not he able TO flill NJ contracts Win lhc
regarding repairs etc Some of the notes nave beeh ny
pothecsed. go
These considerations had due weight with the assem-
bcd creditors and IT was thc unanimous sense oi inc
to rcorganize the company upon the basis oI giving each
creditor the par value OF his claim in preferred stock
which shall practically amount 10 first mortgage on all
Of the unhypOthccatcd assets Of the ear COMPANY, and
common stock To the present preferred stockhoer' o
stock. The SOOOoOO of capital stock will bc divided
into 5000 shares of $50 each classified common
and preferred stock The Of the former IL tu Ice
SOOOOOOOr 10000 shares and of the latter r3OOOOOO.
90 900 shares.
The first board of directors Of tho corporation rep
resent heavy interests. They Ezra Farnsworth. O
the Boston National Rank John y FOgg. Fogg Brothers
A Co. bankers. Boston Francis \. Osborno, Freeman
National Bank. Boston, Daniel Il. payson. National
CITY Bank Boston John b. Bacon, First National Bank
Chelsea. VI. Gustavus I. Davis, city National Bank.
Hartford Conn; william H. Rhaum, National Bank of
the Republic Philadelphia; ". 4. Rice. CITY National
Bank Worcester. Mas; o. u. Baldwin, Fourth National
Bank New-York Abraham :. Bigcow, Massachusetts
National Bank Boston; Edward f. Lawrence, First
National Bank. Chicago A. b. Sckncy president OF the
Minnesota and Northwestern Railway Company, -
Paul and Il. i. lIcrscy, icrscy, Bean Brown sun
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
FRAGMENTS OF GABLE NEWS.

BERSE. Dec. 3-The building Of railway through the
Great ~. Bernard Mountain is under discussion.
PARIS. Dee 3-The leaders Of the majority IN Parlia
meni have been In consultation to-day with the commit
No OF the Chamber Of Deputies which has charge of the
henatorial Reform bill The Republican Union has also
%Aen part In the conference.
PARIS, Dec 3-Mcssrs Wider and Philippe have sent
70 The Theatre EAmbiguc Comlque play entitled La
slnqueme Avenue" the OF which is laid Ia Now
iork al the present time.
GiBRALTAR. Dec. 3.-Thc Spanish cruiser which cap
ered supposed smuggler In British waters aud was
sterward captured with its prey by IA British steam
xunch was revenue cutter shc showed signs OF nght
VI the approach OF the launch but promptly surrender
VI when ebot was fired from the fortress.
OF PETERsBURO. Dec 3-seveDtcen Anarchists. one Of
vhom " woman, have been arrested here documents
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
NEWS NOTES FROM LONDON.

THE AURANIis PAsS,GE.-The Cunart Line steamer
Anrama passed Fastnct at T. H. Her time was ia! s.
20 hours aud 30 minutes.
INTERNATIONAL TNvrNTIoNs.-The executive council of
the international Inventions Exhibition. tn he opened
next Nav has resolved to receive American applications
for space until January 81 This further aud final eNtcn-
time has been granted IN order tlai American III
Ncnions he fully represented. The British consul
ST. New York has been appointed special agent IN tc
United states. with instructions to facilitate TINS OBJECT
soITu ATRiCA.-Capc Town adviccs state that Premier
1pmgon had made a speech stiongly iaNorlng the
1ltch pnrv spoke ulai~e Ot the Bcchuana i0crs
aud ccisurcd the policy Of Sir Hercules Robinson Cover
nor Cpc COLONY Tue speech has caused nuch excite
ment aud Indignation In the Colony.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
THE ALLEGHENY VALLEY BONDS.
ley rEitGRAru 70 rms rRinuNr.l

pIrrsntRG Dec. 3-ln the United States Cir
cult Court to-day Mcssrs H. T. Jones. chairman of the
Republican National Committee In tho late campaign
aud James ioughn'lr, presented through thor counsel
petition In the proceedings OF the Pennsy ylvania Rail
road Company and others against the Allegheny Valley
Railroad Company and Others In which they ask TO In
tcrycuo as executors of James oughlin, and therefore
the owners aud holders Of 272 bonds of the Allegheny
Valley Railroad Company. amounting to S2is2o A
prnn to intervene has also been presented ~ Il. =.
ics the holder OF $4,000 OF the bonds IL Is under
stood that there some S3OOOOOo OF income bonds III
The hands private parties who may intervene In the
same manner have Mcssrs. Ross, Hayes ana the
lLII linra
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
A NEW UOMAN'S B1NK.

BosTON, Dec. 3.-Mrs. Howe of the Woman S
Bank after having served three years In the House oi
Correction for swindag dcpOstors, has, II Is reported
announced herself agent ia enterprise on Con
cord ST. which, from the advertisement, seems to be
somewhat similar institution to the Woman's Bank
Seven dollars per month interest is offered on 500
with three months interest III anvance. The orlglha
WOmans Bank offered per cent per month on 800 ana
three months interest in advance. Large deposits were
received with dlsasrons results 70 the dcrosltors:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
ELOPED And GONE 10 TENS.
COMPLICATED DOMESTIC AFfAiR-wHAr I'll
DESERTED oNrs RAY.

COMPLICATED DOMESTIC AFFArR-wHAr Ttn
DESERTED oNrs aAy.
Mrs. lIannam,' u widow with four children.
ON saturday suddenly left hcr home at No 80 Powers at,
nuokrn ON the lraihof her husband she had orrivcl
considerable atm from hpnrN Nncnt surlotra ~ which
hr waa member. aud she wna we'll known IN tho
nrlshhothnni, en- Tho ia, NJ her departure Thomas
inhnann u painter who IA known throughout Tho
iiltrnth want of hWohlNn, who has q wife and three
rhihltrn ani who IN nnn lhnhng tngllahmnh, hlahp
peatri itnm his home, ~ NJ, lAg titamd IT. And nav
The lumAo vi thesp iva rurRons ~ naN nothing ~ tho
children and Mrs Inhnann, rmemhcr that on mnip
than ooaaon he had hven her business agent lie had
been to the Novelty Theatre with her once or twice
Their unchaIltahc friends remembering all these deli-
cate attentions nov unknd ~ to declare their
belief that Mr johnson nnd Mrs Hannah aud Mrs,
ilnnnam's four chidrsn-haye gone Ia Texas True II
il that Mrs Humans ground Oor II Ia let, and Mrs,
Johnson said last night that while she hoped II not
true that Mr. Johnson had acted shamefuly she more
than feared 1t was not all false
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04

fact Of the elOpemcnt was mentioned the
father fayed furously and remarked that he
would rather see her lying in ber coffin than
married TO such man. The idea that young lady
of good looks and good education, VINO had been
brought up so tenderly that she had never had oc-
casicn to soil her hands with any kind of work.
should marry George w. Lee was too much for HIM
to contemplate. lie declared that he would never
recognize her or her husband Look at that
picture of my daughter on the wall there" said the
major, and think that she should marry that
thing in the shape of man. And don't want any
body else to recognize her"
At late hour Major Pauding's wrath was still
above the bolling-puint.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
FROM NORFOLK TO ATLANTA.
rBY TELEGRNPu TO THE TRIBUNE.l

RALEIGH Dec. 3.--A company of Boston
capitalists has made contract to build wide gauge
railroad from Gatrncy the Atlanta Air Line road to
Ruherforton by the 1st day Of october. The county
voted subscription OF 81 90 900 I'm per cent bonds
payable I'm thirty years Surveyors are now laying out
the road. The company contemplate extending
the road from Ruthcrforlton through Mcdowell and
Mitchell counties to Johnson Depot on the Norfolk and
Western Railroad. Mitchell County has ordered an cleo
ton on December l6 upon proposition to subscribe
800 900 in bonds 20 aid the road.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
NO CHANGE IN THE RATE SITUATION.

There was no change in passenger rates to
the West yesterday. The reduced rates of the previous
day were maintained nomnay, but ticket brokers were
inclined shade their prices still more although they
were doing n lively business all day. At the general
offices OF the West shore Railroad It was said that there
had the slightest change in the situation The
price tickets would be ghcr than the lowest actual
rates By any other line. In regard To the report that
settlement Of the west Of Chicago had been reached
a Broadway ticket broker SAID just as be handed Gus
toner "A ticket to Omaha: THAT man VIII travel noih
York Chicago for not over 81 and from there 10
Omaha for 81 Perhaps the war has been settled
every where. but think shall know II before nave
ruined myself"
The contest ut the general meeting OF the New York
and New. England Railroad Company on Tuesday prom
ises to be a warm The amount OF stock held In
York believed to be small hut proxies II are
being eagerly sought The opposition tn the present
mana ement which was placed In control last year. -
large active. IL Is Understood that Mr.. Gould and
his friends sold their stock time ago and will take
no part In the present struggle.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
DIR. MAXWELL OBSTINATELY SILENT.
ley TELEGRAPH TO THE TRIBUNE. !

IELENKAFH
SPRINGFIELD, Ohio, Dec. 3.--Dr. Maxwell,
who murdered his three children, arraigned last
evening before Justice Rightmirc charged with murder
in the first degree He brOugh< in handcuiied and
given He refused to utter IA word. Daring the
reading OF the a avit he seemed utterly obvious to his
surroundings When asked whether lie pleaded guilty
not guilty he refused to make any reply. His pre-
lminary trial is sci for Thursday
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
LI.ME KILNS IN VIRGINIA.
lBY TELEGRAPH TO THE rRrBUNE.l

BosTON, Dec. 3.-The Portland correspondent
of The Journal says that a week ago a lime kiln was
started at Eagle Rock the James River, 200 miles
above Richmond, Va, by Maine capitalists The
j. experiment entered into by Mcssr A. f. Crockett
Co and Barry Brothers. OF Rockland Me, in company
with Messrs Warner Moore. William II. and James W.
Allison, Of Richmond. Lime kns have existed I'm that
ton heretofore but nothing permanent has ever been es
tablshed and the point aimed at Is TO reach interior
markets In the South that protably be reached
by lime shipped from KOckland. Me-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
SUICIDE BECAUSE or A BRoKEy LEG.
fny rrtrcRAru 10 rnr rRluuxrl

PITrsBUEG, Dec. 3.-A terrible sight was
revealed to the daughter of Herman H. Roggc. Of No
ia Easiest Allegheny city, ~ she went into his room
about a. IN. to-day The dead body OF her father wRs
hanging by rope attached 10 II staple In the cell
ing. lie was suspended immediately over the bed
Roggc was ynyc years old, with wife and 1--WE chill
drcn, and had bed time with broken leg.
A staple driven into the ceiling above him. nnd u
attached to A. THIS rope he used 10 assist him IN
moving about In bed and In getting up, lie had pulled
himself To upright position made moose on the end
OF the rope, placed IL around his meek. lifted NJ his feet
and slowly stlanglcd To death.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
THE RATES ON WESTERN CROPS.

TOLEDO, Dec. 3.-The Produce Exchange OF
this city to-day adopted an address to the railway man
ayers Of country setting forth the fact that the re-
lations are changed between the value of West
er products and the old railroad rates to demand
vision and adjustment, under water rate from
lake ports the seaboard of Gig cents per bushe The
Kansas farmer realized only from 35 to AZ cents
bushel for his wheat The crOpis the great com
modify that furnishes transportation. AT the present
result to the farmer Is exceedingly small
that the lowest rate will be required to give steady
winter business and prevent Wholesale feeding Of the
crop, instead of moving the grain
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
BISMARCK BEATEN IN THE RElCHsIAu.

MOTION PASSED TO REPEAL THE LAW IN "HAA
TON TO THE EXPULSION OF PRIESTS.
BrRIIN Dec SIN the Reichstag to-day frince
Bismarck declared that the rclntroduction OF Ut.
Windthorst's motion to repeal the law empowering
the Government to expel intern priests for He
gay exercising their functions after its recent re-
lection by the Bundesrath disrespectful to the
Bundesratb Dr. Windthorst, having replied TO the
speech of Prince Bismark, the Chancellor continued
his remarks against DR.. Windthorsts motion TO re-
peal the law expcling priests, etc Prince bismarck
declared that the freedom of the Church was no.
where challenged and that Prussias rejection OF
,he Papal candidates for the Bishopric of Posen
was simply an exercise of her sovereign rights ana
was in accordance with treaties The Ministry he
said is composed of Conservatives, new Liberals
and Socialists, and it would surpass Mr.Gladstones
in audacty. He predicted the breaking up OF t1e
Centre party when the Hulturk rkampf terminated,
and Its members would either join the Progressive
party or disappear. Prince Bismarck continued oy
saving that he was less concerned about the strug
Gle between the Church and State than Dr. Wlnd-
horst supposed. The law, he contended was dl-
rected against political agitation, and not against
Religious liberty. In spite of Prince Bismarck OPP
position DIR. Windthorst's motion was passed py
vote of 217 TO 80.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1884-12-04
COUNCIL OF THE IRIsH LEAG UE.

The Municipal Council OF thc lrish Ma
uonal League met last night at No 6l Union place Let
read by the corresponding secretary from u
fcren councils through tho country showing that they
are I'm "A fourishing and prosperous condition An ad
dress hs been issued by the Municipal Council which,
the president Joseph Ryan, announced would be sent
maintenance OF that the value of discipline
may be better learned