davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

OK st. Martins eve, 400 years ago
last Friday, the great German re-
former. Martin Luther, was born.
Throught this country memorial ser
vices were held In most Of the Protest
ant churches last Sunday.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

AFTER twelve yeArs It has been dis
covered that the Etna Insurance Corn
pany Of Chicago. which collapsed at
the time Of tho great fire, had assets
amounting TO the enormous sum OF
Rgi6
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

UNcLE JOHN WILSON, known al
over the State - proprietor Of the old
Capitol House Of Topeka. In Its palmy
days, has been gathered to his fathers
at the age Of IS years.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

MANY bets we're made on Buffers
defeat In Massachusetts, by 10000 ma
jOrity. The majority was lO,O0i.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

LUTHER's birthday was celebrated
in grand style In all the leading cities
Of Germany, Friday, and 70 . greater
or less extent in all the continental
cities and In London
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Mrs. Ella P. Libbey. . lady who has
had a number OF years experiences
with musical instruments, hiss recelvsi
the appointment as agent for the Lyon
4 Healy Piano. This piano can be
seen at her residence on Ninth-head
Of Mulberry street. Mrs. Llbbey is at
no expense in this agency, aud can
consequently sell as cheap Is the
cheapest. s. @. Pratt, the eminent
pianist aud composer Of Chicago says;
81 congrstulate You upon the great
and well merited success Of the Lyon
& Healy Piano, which. &c my mind,
ls unquestionably the best small piano
/ have met with either In this country
or Europe. Had ! not examined and
thoroug hly tested this piano, ! could
scarcely believe 10 possible that such q
superb quality Of tone could Oe pro
dueed in snch 3 limited space and for
90 small an amount Of money"
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Bids win be received at Bartlett 4
jenkins meat market up 20 Monday,
November Ieth, 1855, for the cOnstruc-
tlon Of the First Baptist Church, ofSa-
llna-All previous bids having bes1
rejected. 3. JKNKIEs.
Chairman Building COm'tee.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

THE highest peak Of the Himalayss
is Mount KInehinjunEa, and It is
nearly as difficult feat 20 climb that
name as Il IL the Mount Itself.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15
Receivers Sale.

Chas. r. Craver and
AlouEo Steele, paFtnera
Es Cnver a steele,
II. Reed.
ny virtue Of an order Of sale issusd cat d tho
~ District COdrt Of the Fourteenth gadieal Die
triet within and for the county Of Saline, 1nd Hiate
Of KAnsas. Ia the above entitled case, and % ne
directed and delivered. win. on the
I7th day Of December, 4. D, 1885,
at O'Clock r nof aid day a. the east door Of the
Court House In the city Of Salina, Saline county,
Kansas, Oder for sale at pablie suction, 70 the
highest and best bidder for ealh In hand the iol-
loving described real estate. tO-Uii:
The south half ofthe southeast quarter Of toc-
ton twenty ls0l In township hftoeh usl. sguth 0f
znge tive t3l west, In Saline county, Eansag
subject 70 mortgage IN favor Of the PhOliE Lafs
Insurance Company, Of Hartford, Connsticut, for
500 and accrued interest End expense. making
total Of ssSs, with tenements, hsrsditamsnl and
aPpurtenaneea thereunto belonging. SKID real
state Il taken a. the property Of the above named
defendantRnd appraised and viii Be sold 70 uatily
said order Of sale or q part thereof.
Given under my hand thia i3th day Of November,
A. ID. lSs3. c. s. RADCLIfF, ReoeiFef.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15
Sherifs Sale.
B. L. Merton,
".
J. P. Hedigan.

J. P. HedisAn.
DYvTRTUEo Of an execution Issasd out Of ths
u dlgtrieI court Of The FOurtssnth Judicial Dls-
tfiet within and for tbs county of Saline and STATE
Of Kansas 10 the above entitled eage, and % ne
directed and delivered. I win, on the
Asnd day Of November, a. D. 1888,
ai two O'Clock p NJ OF aid day, 81 he east door o.
the court house, IN the city of ealinA, Saline
county, Kansas, oder for nle Gt public aucticu, 70
the highest and best bidder FOR eash ln hGnd ths
following described real estate, to-git. Tka undi-
vided one-hair Of the south one-haif Of los number
eghty ssTsn(sT santa Pc sTe in the city q Salina
according 10 the recorded original plat thsreof ID
saline comfy, Kansas, With tenenlents haradila-
ments and aFpurtenaneea therrents bsionEine.
above named defendant and Wal appraised a.
three hundred dollars, and gill Be aod % ratisfy
sid execution, or part thereof
Given under ny had this l7tE day Of OctobsF,
A. d. lSsS. c. s. RADCLIFFE,
ShsFiR of saHne County, Kansas.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

SENATOR PLUME thinks Randall
will, without q doubt. be elected
SPEAKER Of the House.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

terms:
Ahrrt g aeres In i ELS W = aece eT1fRl.
<ofBE 3 a See It's r 3 81 ncre1.
fcfNE See - 7 ls 3 I 81 aerea-
IrEcoEE couuTr.
EHsiE zsa1 3 e 2. 3 ! - s. 3 Z 4 9
3 WisfN w ana n Wfoss VA See ST % s
ana s "a q y ~ and y Ei sfs E3 See . 7 10
IA in AL ico nErea
81 Il s W sss e re Re ssd NJ of n w See
BTl8 Rs, ln eli lo aersa-
II q \ "a See % ] Il Q and VIZ ofN W. Sc
1iTllRa in an 10 aerea.
~ ofs ~ q s e Sc lsT 10 R1asd y e ofK
"a See 50 i io p ! and E5f of n W. of Nk5< See
36TloR Tand W. o. s Va SO . i % Il and
W1fofH va See 81 7 y r 3 ani Ei< o. 8 +
4 Sc = 7 g r : a1d y ~ Of 9 - See 3 7 ln
E6. IN al 3le aeFeg
VIZ of s 81 See is II ReD 90 acrss
81 of ~ ecc II ~ HI 81 acres,
Eiofs e Sc = ri R and Nc EN- e Sec q
E5f on kl &c sTTii Rs sna VIZ ofE VT See s
n 6. IN All ieo seFes.
c. E. FAULKNER
OFFICIAL ELECTION RETURNS.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15
NotIos-TImboT Culture.

q. 8. LAND OFFICE -.
ealina, Kama. Oct IS 1es1. ~
Constant haying been entsrsd e Ghis cmes By
A. W. Mitehell against Wln- A Eisber, fsF failure
% couply With laW as % timber culture entry No.
sS45 dated October l3, lsS3 apaa The saIi half of
the northwest quarter 0f ssetiol 81. toWnahip IA
south Of range uest In Saline county, Hanaas
With view % the cancellatlon o. said enfry sol-
testant alleging that E4id Wm. A. Bieber has hilsd
70 break o. piov y aere q 1aad lad durinR iha
past twelve months, the said parties arr heFahy
sunmoned 70 appear at this olhee % he
sSth day Of NoVeniber, 1688.
si eleven O'Clock A. n, 70 Esspond and huruith
testimony concerning nd aliaEed flillEs.
J. y. HODaE.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

The railroads Of the country have
recently adopted five time standards
for use in their business and many
scientific societies are strOngly urging
upon the people in the various lOcali-
ties of the United States To conform
their lscal time 10 the same system.
The extent Of our territory from East
to West demands more than one time
standard and some uniformity is
grestly desirable aud more and more
necessary as business and interstate
commerce increase. II n said that
more than seventy meridlans have
been In nse by raIlruad and other eOm-
panles and the largest towns and cities
using their local time. swell the num-
Der TO over one hundred, some differ
ing but few minutes from each other.
We give below the proposed plan Of
the American Meteorological Society,
which was adopted by the railroad
and goes into effect on the 18th inst
Eastsrn Tine;
N'fo'ndland, so Gresu'ich CS9n st.{ohns. IF.
N.BFuawi'E S0Uo or four 2tm y 81. J ohm, N B.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

DIR. MARION SINS, the distinguished
physician, is dead at New York.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Physicians are ofteh startled by
wonderful discoveries. The hct that
Dr.. Klng's New Discovery for Con
sumption and all Throat and Lung
diseases ls daily cuFlog patients that
they have given up 70 die. is staftllng
them 10 realize their ssnss q dRtys
and examine into. the merits q fhis
wonderful discovery. resulting lu
hundreds Of our best Pbysiciaas nsins
Il IN their practice TEiaI bottles frse
ct Oscar Saltz's Drug Store. Rssular
si1s silO0. = =
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Co 70 Williams q Bsnfeld's and
look over their 6ns stock Of hasEsss,
saddles. robes. sie- They gsarantse
All their goods 10 De llrsi-elsas Ia evsEy
respect All orders pFenptly nIisd.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Do yea want nice sreAa n yOl
make lt out Of our Royal Patsht or
Golden Belt You san not fafl.
sLINA Mia = iELsyAsoE GO.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

Our present railway time being 8
miutss slow Of Sc, Louis. the change
will make the new railway time only
about minutes faster than it has been
In thR Deef
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15
STATE OF KANSAS a..
COUNTY % sALEHH.

!, Jos- Sargent, County Clsrk of Saline county
Kansas, do hereby certify that tbs above and lore
golng statemsnt Of election bills allowed
y the Board Of County Commlsaionen On Ociobei
10Th, l6s3, is correct
Wines my hanl aud omalal seal this l3fh day
Of November, l6e8. JoaEPH SARsENT
sEALl County Cierk.
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

have the following choice pieces Of
land for sale a4 low prices and easy
tafms:
The Saline County journal. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1871-1893, 1883-11-15

THURSDAY. NOVEMBER IS, 1883.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

SUICIDE = NEAR MT. CRAWFORD,
ROCKINGHAM CoUNTY.-On last Friday
morning week, Mr.. Benz Long, in the
employ of Mr.. Jacob Wyant, committed
suicide by hanging himself with a plow-
line. A correspondent of he Old Com
naonaOeoltb, writing from Mt. Crawford
under date of the 2nd inst. says
1.-THE neighborhood of st. Michael's
Church was thrown into intense excite
ment on last Friday morning, by the
announcement that Mr.. Benjamin Long
had committed suicide by hanging him
self The particulars. as far as we are able
to learn, are as follows, viz MIR. Long
arose as usual, about O'Clock in the
morning, and proceeded to the barn of
Mr.. Jacob Wyant, for whom he was
working, to feed the stock, and taking
plow-Iine from the harness, committed
the tragic act. Not returning to his
home, search was made for him, and he
was found about eleven O'Clock, sus-
pended over the granary, near the hay
NOW, his feet only about six inches
| from the floor. He was sober, upright,
hard working man, and member of
the Reformed Church. No cause has
been assigned for the sad affair, and his
sudden departure to that bourne from
whence no traveller returns" has cast
gloom over the community in which he
| lived, and brought sorrow and bereave-
ment to the bosom of his family. He
was buried from st. Michael's Church
on Sunday morning, and an able and
impressive sermon was delivered by
Rev. s. N. Calender, from the text
found in Job IA, l."
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

PoUNDED.-On Monday night last
the members of the Methodist congre-
cation in this place. concluded that
they would give their pastor, Rev. J.
E. Armstrong. pleasant surprise
for the New Year, and shortly after
night-fall, they might have been
seen rapidly congregating at the class
rooms of their church, each one bearing
gift for their minister. Turkeys,
chickens, butter, coffee, sugar, rice, tea
flour, and every conceivable things to
eat, was brought in profusion, and when
all had been collected, about 40 persons
marched to the parsonage and the leader
rang the door bell. Upon its being
opened, the column advanced, singing,
"Still there's more to follow" and de
posted their offerings upon the dining
table. The evening wus then spent in
most delightful intercourse, and npon
examination Mr.. Armstrong found that
he had been presented with provisions
sufficient to last him for several months.
1t was hard to tell which were the hap
piest, the minister's family in receiv-
ing, or the people in giving.-Rocking-
ham Register.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09
| SPECIALIST,

Treats successfully Chronic and Long-standing
Diseases such as diseases of the Head, Throat
and Lungs, Liver, Kidney and Heart Com
plants, Inveterate Diseases of the Stomach
chat have defied all other methods,) those
Fearful Diseases of the Nervous System, (aris-
ing from whateveF causeO Scrofula, Dropsy
Paralysis, Fits, Fevers. Sores. Contracted cords,
Enlarged and Stiff Joints, Rheumatism. Neu
ralgia, Sciatica, Diseased Bone Deformities,
Salt Rheum, Erysipelas, Scald Head, Ill-con-
ditioned Ulcers, Syphilis, Nasal Polypus, Asth-
ma. Hay Fever, Rose Cold, Winter Cough
Chronic Diarrhoea, and Diabetes All may be
cured by this New .and Wonderful System, if
not too far advanced. Bones Diseases cured,
when all other methods have failed.
LA DIES who are suffering with COM
plants peculiar to their sex, can consult the
Doctor with every assurance of Speedy Relief
and Permanent Cure.
So The Doctor particularly invites all cases
that have been given up by other physicians.
If you are doing well under the care of your
own physician do not call on me, as our prov
ince is to treat those who cannot find relief
otherwise.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09
StaumtOn Spectator.
TUESDAY, JANUARY 8, 1883
Ring out the Old, Ring in the New.

In "Review of the Past Year, the
Baltimore San thus refers to the rebuKe
given to the Radical party of the United
States in November last, and to the
prospect of a marked improvement in
the future condition of the country by the
restoration of the Democratic party to
power. in both the Legislative and Ex-
ecutive branches of government "The
first session of the Forty-seventh Con-
gress lasted 247 days, and closed with
out giving the people the desired relief
from unnecessary burden of taxation.
Appropriations amounting to 1924, 243,-
097 were made, figure greater by ST.
$685. than that of the year before.
The temper of the country was irritated
during its sessions by its extravagant
disregard of the public needs, and was
still further trif1ed with in the cam
paign preceding the fall elections by the
insolence of politicians of the Jay Hub
bell and Malone variety in levying
political assessments, with the implied
assent of the government, upon office
holders all over the country. the thing
was not new, but happily, for good
government, the quickening conscience
of the country was no longer able to
tolerate it. The 18th of November, 1882,
will long be remembered for the com.
plete reversal of political conditions it
made. The indignant people displaced
their unworthy servants, and in many
States put the party which had for
many years been in The minority in
control, making the next Congress
Democratic and indicating the election
of Democratic President in 1884. The
rebuke thus administered to the Forty
seventh Congress has not been without
good effect. so far at least as regards the
civil service of the country. The pas
sage of the Pendleton civil service re-
form bill, and of the bill inspired by
Mr.. Beck for the prevention of political
assessments, shows that the Senate, al
least, understands the meaning of the
upheaval of November last"
In the course of the same article the
Sun says:
Among the many events of a ma
tional character, or at any rate of ma
tional interest, which have during the
past year done much to promote the
feeling of amity between sections, evil
dences of which are so numerous, not
the least gratifying to large number of
people was the restoration of the Ar
lington estate to the Lee heirs. In itself
a judicial act, it had nevertheless that
beneficent and modifying influence
upon the minds of men which it is the
peculiar province of justice to produce. !"
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

FINED THIRTY DoLLARs.-On
Wednesday last the case of Mr.. James
T. Wayland, Collector of Delinquent
Taxes, who stood indicted by special
Grand Jury for issuing tax receipts in
blank, was called. Mr.. Wayland plead
guilty to the charge of issuing such re-
ceipts, but denied that he knew that 1t
was unlawful so to do. A fine of thirty
dollars was imposed on him by Judge
Taylor, which Wayland thinks Colonel
O'Ferrall ought to pay, inasmuch as he
will probably be seated. This is the
only case of the kind that has been adj
Indicated in Virginia, so far as we have
noticed, and the offence will never be
repeated here or elsewhere, as the capi-
tation.ta prerequisite has been abol-
ished. Charlottesville Chronicle.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

FLOODS IN EURoPE.-Germany and
Austria are now suffering from vista
ton similar to the one that wrought
such havoc in the Lower Mississippi
valley last spring. 1t has been raining
in the valley of the Rhine for weeks,
and that river has risen to an nnpre-
cedented height. The water has invaded
places which was supposed to be entirely
out of reach of any possible overflow and
many of the lower towns and villages
have been entirely inundated. Seventy
houses have been destroyed at Baden
helm, and Rolostadt, Friesenheim,
Rexheim, Morsch and Oppau have in
Cured losses of a more or less serious
character. The floods have now ex-
tended to the streams that flow into the
Adriatic and the Black Sea. The Dan
ube is rising at Vienna, and serious
damage to property is apprehended.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

A STORY ABOUT NATHANIEL HAw-
THoRNE.-A charming story of Haw-
thorne was told to Mr.. Conway by an
intimate friend of the novelist. One
wintry day Hawthorne received at his
office (the Custom House) notification
that his services would no longer be re-
quired. With heaviness of heart he re.
pairs to his humble home. His young
wife recognizes the change, and stands
waiting for the silence to be broken.
At length he falters, 'I am removed
from office" Then she leaves the
room; she returns with fuel and
kindles a bright fire with her own
hand; next she brings pen. paper, ink,
and sets them beside him. Then she
touches the sad man on the shoulder,
and, as he turns to the beaming face,
ays:-"Now you can write your book J"
The cloud cleared away. The lost office
looked like cage from which he had
escaped. 1.-THE Scarlet Letter" was
written, and a marvellous success re-
warded the author and his stout-heart-
ed wife.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

Lieut.. Gov. John F. Lewis instituted
suit at Richmond for $40, 900 damages
against Drs. J. B. McCan and J. S.
Wexford, of the faculty of the Medical
College of Virginia, and policeman G..
Matthews for false arrest and imprison-
ment. The suit grows out of the arrest
OF Lieut.. Gov. Lewis at the time that
he, at the head of the new board of di
rectors appointed by Gov. Cameron,
attempted to take charge of affairs at
the medical college some months since.
The old board will not surrender the
management of the college until legally
ousted,
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09
The Louisville Cour5er-Joursaoz says ::

Inc LOUISVILLE COtT6e7r-J OuT710L says !:
1.-THE evidence is conclusive that Levi
P. Morton, J. D. Cameron, Brady and
Bosler furnished Dorsey with 1888, 900
with which to buy up votes and do 9th.
er corrupt work in Indiana in 1885,
Dorsey worked his money machine 30
successfully that he brought Garfield
out in the State with 6,642 plurality.
The process is very clearly indicated in
the letters which Dorsey has recently
made public"
The prosecution of the Star Route
thieves. says the Lynchburg Wrgioio'a,
has brought that much truth to light !;
and it may reasonably be hoped that a
good deal more Republican crookedness
will be developed ifthere shall be rigor-
GUS prosecution of the war against these
public robbers. With the dim light al
ready thrown upon the conduct of these
men during the canvass that resulted In
the election of Garfield and Arthur, we
see what odds the "outs" have to con-
tend with in securing a change of ADJ
ministration.
The Government patronage is now
immense, and when it is skillfully and
unscrupuously manipulated in the in
terest of the party in power, the advan-
tage is all on the side of the latter
What would Malone. or his cause have
amounted to in the late canvass in Vir-
s 81 if it had not been for the influ-
ence of the Federal Government, WELD
ed in that behalf? But it is to be hoped
that there will be enough unbought and
unpurchaseable men in Virginia, and
the country at large, in 1884, to secure
that change in the Government that the
true interests of the people demand.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

A REMEDY FOR SCARLET FEVER -
DR.. E. Woodruff, nineteen years prac-
ticing physician at Grand Rapids.
Mich, furnishes tie Springfield Qll.)
Republican the following:
"Wash the child from head to foot
with strong salsoda water. warm then
wipe dry. Then Immediately bathe
freely with oil from beef marrow, or
from butter applied freely. Then give
freely catnip tea or some good sweat
ing article-pennyroyal, etc. Repeat
every half-hour, or as often as they
get wearisome or wakeful, aud in one
or two days they will be entirely well.
I have been called to cases where they
have been fully broke out, and in this
way entirely cured them in twenty-four
hours. have had thirty cases on hand
at time, and never lost case in my
life. But now am old and about to
give up my business, and seeing from
the papers that your town is infected
with the epidemic. wish to do all the
good can. 1t is simple. You need
not call doctor. A good nurse can at
tend to them. If by opening the pores
of the skin and sweating you can let
off the poison which is an animalculae
or animals in the blood the cure is COM
plete."
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

How THE SINAI L-PoX WAS COM
INUNDATED TO THE CHILDREN OF
Gov. CAMERoN.-The Richmond Dis
patch of last Friday last says:
"The Governor has been staying at
home closely since his children have
been sick with the varioloid, but is in
constant communication with the Capis
toll. A colored woman now employed
in his family last year had the small
pox. All of her clothing was destroyed
except silk dress. That, she thought,
was too good to burn up. So she brought
it with her when employed by the Gov
ernor, and never unrolled it till recent
ly. 1t is believed that from it the dis
ease reached the family"
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

Congressman Fulkerson, of Virginia,
who was elected as readjuster. but was
unwilling to follow Senator Malone in
to the Republican ranks, declares that
he has never been anything but Dem
ocrat. He heartily favors the call for a
State Convention of the Democratic
party irrespective of past differences on
local issues, and thinks the convention
ought to be held by the 18th of March
at the very last. He says the debt ques-
ton is settled and that the democracy
should reunite and reorganize on fair
basis, and get in fighting trim for 1884.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1883-01-09

A MEMORIAL TO EDGAR ALLAN
PoE.-At meeting of the Poe memo
rial committee of New York city, Mr..
R. H. Park, the sculptor, reported that
this work would be complete and
would be shipped from Florence to this
country next September. Mr.. Alger-
non s. Sullivan stated that the board of
trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of
Art had consented to accept the memo
rial. Mr.. Parks work is a tablet, eight
feet high, upon which are represented,
in bas-relief, the figure of woman and a
profile view of Poe's face. The woman
is holding wreath, which crowns the
head of the poet.