Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1883-10-13
DRAwIsG IL THE woRKIsGMEE's
SCHOOL OF BERLIN.

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The object of this school is to furnish
apprentices and assistants in every trade,
during their spare hours, such instruction
in drawing. science and art as shall supple
ment the practical part which they learn
in the shop.
1t opened two years aud half ago with
300 pupils, and last winter had l,el3 pu-
pills with twenty-six teachers, mostly ape
cialists.
a special class was formed for the ap-
prentices of opticians and instrument
makers in mathematics, mechanics, physics
and free hand mechanical and technical
| drawing. Last October the number apply
ing fo- instruction in drawing was so large
that it was found necessary to start Sec
ond class. The number of apprentices re-
ceivipg instruction was l IA, each of which
paid 6 marks Isl Az per semester (halt
! year, for eight hours week instruction,
which comes out of their own salary.
These gratifying results are largely due
to the increasing and judicious endeavors
of many master workmen H. e., the men
who have the instruction of the apprentices
in the shop, to induce apprentices to go to
this school, by directing their attention to
the advantages of theoretical knowledge
of their own branch. The idea formerly
so prevalent, especially among 'self. made"
masters, that theoretical education, on
the one hand, only made the young work
men conceited and inclined to expect more,
and, on the other, that workmen who
think do less work and are of less value,
has fortunately been entirely overthrown.
Absolute Indifference, so great as to be
manifest, which cares only for getting the
most work out of the apprentice as labor
machine, without regard to whether the
latter rises to useful member of the pro.
fesslon or sinks to mere factory hand,
and which has still worse effect than the
other idea, is now SO rarely noticed that
we need not dread its influence on the
trades.
For constructive workmen drawing is of
the greatest Importance (; it is the applica-
ton of mathematics To make something
new, to invent something, without draw
ing, is very difficult, owing to the lack of
being able to get view of it in fact, it is
impossible in making large machines.
Engineers and architects could not do half
what they do without drawings. Every
young man that receives good instruction
in drawing will become accustomed to
neatness, thoroughness, mathematical hab-
its of thought, a correct and accurate eye,
in fact, all good habits that it is important
workman should have, and his dexterity
will increase and the taste for beautiful and
| graceful forms be cultivated. Drawing,
which has hitherto received too little at.
tention in the schools, is the very branch
of art that is most valuable to the artisan.
The pupils have received such varied
previous preparation that it is necessary to
give each one personal attention and indi.
vidual instruction. Glass instruction by
lectures and blackboard drawing would
not be feasible, as less advanced pupils
could not keep up and the more advanced
would be held back.
The drawings are not made, as is un.
fortunately still the case in many schools,
from other drawings, but from the objects
themselves, or from problems given out by
the teacher. A mechanical drawing copied
from another one, although it is very easy
to get nice. clean drawings in this way, is
of much less value than drawing from
actual models, in which the pupil exercises
his eyes more and must use his under
standing.
The first drawings that the pupils in the
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draw with dividers, are "nets or sketches
of surfaces. The pupils are given the prob.
lem of evolving the met or drawing the
shape in which piece of foil Tor sheet TIM
must be cut 80 as to make a particular OBJ
| ject, which has been shown or described to
them, with sketches of the correct size of
the base, elevation, side, etc. These exer-
cises are specially suited to the beginner,
because he becomes accustomed from the
start to mathematical thought in drawing,
and also because they can soon be finished,
SO that his patience is not put to too severe
test, and finally because it gives him an
opportunity to learn how to work accur-
ately and neatly with all the drawing
utensils, even the brush.
In the second stage of instruction, pro-
| iections are made, besides the we'll known
projection of screw, the projection of
curved tripod, and those parts of an instru.
ment that are placed at acute angles, such,
for example, as a lens holder, or micro.
scope stand. which is specially important
for instrument makers. Such drawings
are generally made on large scale, to
render the construction easier.
In the third class, drawings are made
from parts of instruments. First, some
metallic object, bounded by plane sur
faces turned or filed), is employed then
more complicated parts. They are first
sketched free hand, as they will subse.
quently be drawn then measurements are
made of the model and written on the
sketch /; then the model is put out of sight,
and an accurate drawing made according
to these measurements.
Afterward, in the fourth class, complete
instruments and apparatus are drawn in
this manner, except that the preliminary
sketches are omitted to save time, as soon
as the pupil has learned to make them cor.
rectly and draw from then.
The models used for these drawings are
not all sections" nor such as present to
the eve the actual cross section (; compli.
Gated apparatus themselves are used, which
the pupile have to take apart so as to be
able to draw the section correctly.
Pupils that have gone over these four
stages, which can be done in two semesters
lone year,, and are able to draw any kind
Of apparatus, even complicated ones, cor.
rectly and neatly, from henceforth draw
designs for parts of instruments.
The pupils sketch from memory as many
parts of instruments as possible that serve
tne saue PurPose ioE eAahple, JoInts,
systems of axes, arrangements for adjust
ment, mountings for lenses, mirror and
prism holders, and the like.
After the teacher has directed the atten-
ton of the pupil to still other approved
constructions for parts of instruments, and
corrected his sketches if necessary, the
pupil will make complete drawings from
systematically arranged sketches. Other
designs, which are made especially by such
mechsnicians as make optical instruments,
are made by those who have completed the
regular course, such as graphic representa-.
tions of simple optical problems that come
before the constructive opticians.
All the drawing are made with black
India ink, partially with and partially
without shading lines oolors are used only
on nets and cross sections. The colored