davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
MIXED CULTURE.

The practice is almost universal OF
occupying the ground between the
trees, until the second or third year
of bearing with other cultures; with
vegetables, which is preferable when
near towns which can offer a mars
ket; with vines or fruit trees under
other circumstances. The peach tree,
which lives ten years in Italy, does
we'll planted with the orange, and
disappears at the right moment.
have seen the accounts of groves to
which mixed culture had been ap-
piled, where, by the time the trees
were in bearing, all the expenses, in
cludlng the cost OF the trees Them
selves, had been paid by these crops.
XI. PRODUCTS.
A great business is done at Nice
and in the nelghborhood in orange
flowers. The wild trees are cultiva-
ted for that purpose, and are superior
to the sweet, those of the high lands
being superior to those of the low.
The leaves, too, are an article of
commerce. The flowers are gathered
all summer, shaken on sheets, when
dry, and distilled with equal quanti
ties, by measure, Of water. The wild
orange averages eighty pounds, the
sweet forty pounds per year per tree.
q remember one wild tree in Nice
yielding 440 pounds of flowers and
1000 oranges in one year.] 200
pounds Of fresh flowers yield eighty
pounds OF double and twenty pounds
Of single orange flower water, and
one half grain of essential oil (eeroH)
FratitS.-There are three gathers
ings, the first in November, when
yellowish, and solely for export, and
is the dearest; the second in Deem
ber and January, when halt ripe and
full yellow color--the cheapest
priced. In March when quite ripe
and unfit for export, the third crop is
gathered These bring high price.
The sales are made on the trees,
to merchants, as they stand, or per
thousand (merchantable); 1,040 being
reckoned as thousand, and in some
districts 800 pounds; or, again, the
groves are rente&s & r term Of years.
Picking.-TheN picked by
breaking the stem posted IN bas.
kets lined with cloth. en- piled upon
straw after the stem has been cut
close to the fruit, and sweated for
|
(Conlnued on page 387).
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21

being thickly planted ii terraces lis
ing closely one above the other in
what might be called an ampEitheatre
protected by boards and glass in
winter, and this at cost of $780,
600, and yielding $77 900 per annum.
found also on Isola Bella, on Lake
Maggiore, a fine orange grove grow-
ing on sell brought to cover its rocks
from the main land, also sheltered in
winter; but neither deserve serious
mention as indicating the country OF
the orange.
Proceeding down the coast from
Genoa; after leaving the protection of
the mountains, no oranges are raised
for common, until Naples is reached,
and here just under The Vesuvian
range. at Sorrento, with its vast
groves, and stretching along TO Reg
gio, famous for the cultivation of the
bergamot, the production is on a
large scale.
But in Sicily the production of
oranges and lemons is carried on on
the most extensive and elaborate
scale, the regions of which Palermo
and Messina are the ports, taking the
lead with rapidly increasing volume.
TIE province of Palermo in 1854
had II, ,16t acres of orange and lemon
groves producing SO 3,250,0O0; in 1874
there were $1,000 acres producing
S16.000,000.
The export from Sicily in 1872 of
oranges and lemons was 10000 tons.
Ia 1876 Messina exported 10000
cases of lemons, and 5000 cases of
oranges, valued at $53, 1000; in 1874
MessiDa exported $4,000 cases of
oranges, and 100000 cases of lemons,
valued at $2.500,00O. Its exports to
America from 1868 to 1872 were
3,S74,50 cases OF oranges and 1,102,.
100 cases of lemons. In 1871 and
1872 the exports were 521 900 boxes
of oranges and $4,000 to this
country.* The lemon is also exported
Iii other forms from Sicily. In essen>
tial oil, Messina alone exported in
1872, 3O3 tons, value sl.56O,OOO.
The annual expectation OF lemon
juice from Palermo and Messina is
40 tons; Of concentrated lemon
juice (600.) 1900 tons; of cream of
tartar, 240 tons. Citrie acid and
other products of lemon juice are
tThe annual export of st. BIichael's (Azores)
to England, exceeds 100000 cases.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
DeIand VoIusa County Florida Wednesday March 81 1888

to preserve the I'd las we'll as the
lateral roots. Here again, the great-
est care is taken 70 i've rich, deeply
and thoroughly etiivated soil in
sheltered location. They are plant-
ed about ten inch apart, watered
by irrigation at hlar periods
manure and Guilt lion being fire.
quently applied. H three years
from the seed they AIb5uld attain the
necessary growth for budding. This
is prsctised when theklree has reach
ed the size of an ipb9K in diameter.
about SIX inches fftEn the ground.
All the old groves aiF budded close
to the ground. but Experience has
proved that protection from the
scourge Of a wide spReading disease
called the g0atguao. ilsbetter secured
by making the trunlkof the hardest
stock, consequently Tie bud is inserts
ed six feet from the eIfound.
The bud is taken IRON bearing
tree, and in its year 5t full bearing,
not its off year. InthI spring months
trees are budded as Eell as in the aus
tumn-from August Ito November.
In the tirst case the Fees are topped'
in the latter-eaiieo iIdA9a"so,eS ouo-
no branch Is remoyFigaun'il aIter II
has started the 1op a3Nng spring
Trees are also pFoISGitSfhted SitP Oy sllps
made from the M Frs OF green
growth, called f21s'a'F y@nich lS gen,
orally carefully pFuI Ell from the tree
whenever it appeasfJ oacn trees,
however, have no faIa}2LFoor' ~ are snorI>
lived and are not Iteemed' lnougn
they develop qnlek
Another IoFtn o1 pagallon pray.
s1gsu ,s X, 2lsaev' s K Z .',.,a,,,,5
;sS - ! 1;,e { s.. lisd Win
s'.''' - ! sss o' ss.,.k ss ' .lstF tiled VII
- earth AiSer < e (lIY Stns branch
Of ant off and nlanE Ify.3d 6iives speed
k trnit. # alsS Z 81 lived.
Sweet seealinnsa 3 almost mi
~ varsallv danInnee1 k3zbv hose VII
It, cnltivate trMil for ,mnarce as I
u slower davIIohmentY q vekrs lonoe
t. than bpddpE trees XII nncErtain an
l. infar;or cblracter tEf frn;{ and h
r reason Of III fhornk which ;ninre
70 whom sbakIn bv thd windsl Its siz
il, too i conJd arad ! aIdisadvantaoe tr
,e catherine Ind its knnerioI onantit
es is not raSaE5ad as homnenlatino f.
r. IT'S ;ntar;or hnal;t(a53yVhe here A00 seeG
d limos fll az acrdHH00 bnd6ed ire,
ID have smnlJroorlH IRndding besid,
nromotes lweetu las in the frnit
have tbns slensgAes buddeA on an,
cessiva hndl tw land thraa times ,
is secnre > b;ober onalitv
If
l. " fIANIaNS'
r The trees which generally al
Of from three to SIX years old, some
OF times just ready TO bear, are plante
"a when vegetation commences-in /
g ally generally in April The hole
* three feet by three feet, IN rich sol
r, from four feet to bur teet and ha
D in depth by the same IN width,
rs poorer soils-are generally dug
ct summer in order to expose the cart
= to the action of thsair. When plan
N ed the tree top is cat back to CORE
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
IY. PROPAGATION.

The system universally adopted is
to bud the sweet orange upon "sour
stock" as we call it. This is obtains
ed by planting the seed of the bitter
sweet orange, which is but one of
the thirty-one varieties cultivated of
the sylveStric or so-called "wild ORA
ange." The reasons for preterring
the sour or bitter sweet orange stock
to the sweet are that it is harder,
less subject to malady than the exo-
tics, more precocious, and grows
faster. CAccordiag TO very exact
observations made by the Royal Ag-
ricultural College of Sicily, in ten
years it gains so per cent. in diameter
over the latter.)
The orange is picked, when fully
ripe, in March, Of the largest size.
rotted in the sun, the seeds washed
out those that float in the water
being rejected, as we'll as all imper>
feet ones, or those wanting in plump
ness. They are sowed soon after
separation from the orange / in rich,
deep beds, with warm, sunny ex-
posure, about an inch from the SUR
face. and are abundantly watered and
MANFRED for one year. observing
constantly the axiom that warmth
aud humidity are the essentials OF
germination), when they are removed
to the nursery, great care being taken
tThe relative prices at Palermo, graded ac-
cording to soil where raised, were In Deem
Der, 1873, $780, S425, and $500 per thousand
respectively.
power of terminating. The sweet seed can
be kept for three years both can best be pre-
served in sand. Soaking in water is expe-
not germinate,
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21

whose fruits, priced especially for
export, by reason Of their quality Of
loasgskeepi'ag, are known by the mark
IN" (Mountain.)f II
The effect of soil upon the quality
of the orange is well recognized st,
aud at Nice, which abOundn in beau
tiful orange groves, it is freely admit
ted that oranges deteriorate in quail
ity in its inferior soil. The peculiar
ly delicious fruit of Florida, | Iascribe
mainly to the character of its soil,
abounding in that priced substance
-alkali-the product of the fires
which have annually overrun its sur
face, and in vegetable detritas and
lime, the product of decomposed
shells.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
for the most part manufactured in
France and England.
II. CLIMATE.

II. CLIMATE.
The temperature 10 Southern
France and Italy is as low in winter
as iu Orange County, in fact frequent
ly lower. Those countries suffer by
periodical severe "cold spells !" and
additionally every ten years have
severe frost, aud every fifty years a
disastrous great freeze. Thus 1889,
1894, 1911, 1920, 1929. 1887, and 1854
we're very cold winter; while 1889
and 1920 are marked by the destruc.
tion of the orange groves, which,
however, rapidly grew up from the
roots into bearing again in a few
years. .
In Sicily there is no frost, though
occasional storms of hail or sleet,
which do great damage. But all
these countries labor under a disad>
vantage, common to ali semi tropical
regions, except our favored PENN.
sula, viz, summer devoid OF rain.
For five months irrigation is neces~
sary in the vast majority of their
plantations, and whether by steam or
horse power, or by hydraulic works
is very expensive.
III. SOILS.
The soil most preferred is calcar>
eous clay, and those abounding in
alkali are especially priced; but the
richest soil does not produce the
most esteemed fruits. Thus, in the
vast and fertile valleyIjt the ConcAo,
back Of Palermo, Icof ered with orr
ange groves Of most II kuriant growth,
It's products sell td one.third less
than those of the 81 he trees planted
on Monte ReaIe, Ind other bills in
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21

did not sufferE The Eucalyptus is
now frequently planted on exposed
sides of groves as protection. l
am inclined to think, however, that
its influence upon the orange tree
will prove prejudicial, as like the
Ailantus, it is noxious TO many plants.
1 have seen rows OF wild cane planted
thickly, not only on exposed sides,
but between every fourth or fifth
row of trees. Again, have seen
high trameworks of cane erected to
break the force of the wind. High
walls are sometimes used, and the
sheltered hillsides are terraced with
immense labor and cost, to their sums
mits, to avail of every foot of shelter.
In the Azores, at st. MichaePs,
remember to have seen in their qatS'e
tas (orange groves) walls OF huge
stones, eighteen or twenty feet high,
erected for protection from the
winds, and planted against these
thickly, the tall and quick growing
Fdy0 tree, which added thirty or
forty feet more elevation for resist~
ance to the strong winds which sweep
over the island.
TX. PRUNING.
This is done in the early spring
and in good weather. Buds are
pinched off the first three yeas from
the lower trunk, accordingIto the
character the trees are toS&ssume.
Green suckers (pLasDaets) above as
well as below, are never suffered to re.
mainy as drawing needlessly strength
from the limbs destined to bear. The
main considerations question OF form
apart--in pruning the orange tree is
to give access to air and light to all
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
Orange Growing on the Mediter-
ranean.
BY GENERAL H. s. SANFORD.

Impressed by the growing import
ance of the culture of the orange to
this County and State. and especially
desiring in my own interest to study
its practical workings abroad, I made,
October and November last, short
visit to those portions of Italy, Sicily
and Southern France most noted for
It's culture, and propose giving here,
briefly, a general summary of the
observations made and information
gathered from all accessible sources
during that visit. in the hope that my
friends OF this State may derive some
benefits from the result of my inves>
tigation.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21
I. WHERE CULTIVATED.

The shores of the Mediterranean,
from about Nice to Genoa, popularE
ly known as the Riviera" sheltered
from the north by the Appenine range,
and with a sunny exposure on the
Mediterranean, are rapidly increasing
the culture of the orange and lemon,
particularly the latter, the product of
which has doubled within the last
twenty years, and has gained one
third in the past SIX years, its product
being equal to the estimated crop of
Florida, 100000.
To the north of Genoa there Is a
Lake de la Garde lin northern Italy,
under the shelter of the Alps a sort
of hot>house culture of the orange
deserving mention here as acuriosity.
in It's production for commercial
ses. In 8 space but little oyer.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1883-03-21

(COntlnued on page $50.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1883-07-22
TAYLOR COUNTY.
Topics of The Times ut AUTHORIZATIONS
and Prospectors.

Topics of Tho Times ut Abilono-visitors
and Prospectors.
Correspondence or Gazette.
Abilene, July 2D.-J. ID. stincomb Is
now very busy these days receiving
grain by carload lots.
Senator Cocllrell, of Missouri. is here
and Will go out and stay at his ranch
on Clear Fork for q while. He IL
pleased with Texas and the sheen
business. He say he win be well pre-
pared with plenty of feed for his sheen
this winter.
II. l.. Talbot, late of Calvert. Is here.
He has been out west in company with
two Others looking at the country. He
says he saw the finest country
In Texas, and he Is good authority rs
ne has been over most OF the states
He also says there are fine openings
for sheep and cattle ranches. The
party killed u great deal OF game, and
caught fish, and enjoyed themselves
generally. Mr.. Talbot and j. l. Wood
OF Calvert, have located in Abilene
being we'll satisfied with the place
ana say that many OF their friends will
locate here this fall.
"A shcepmsn on Clear Fork was I'M
town u few days ago, and was under.
stood TO say that twenty-one families
from one town in Ohio would locate i'm
and near Abilene this fall.
Mr.. Quisenberry, from Missouri. has
lumber on the ground to build n
me residence on the lot bought from
Stinchcomb, Davies h lambeth. Wa
notice other houses going up.
Mr.. John w. Ralton returned this
morning from Scotland after trip or
about eight months. He has flock
of sheep near here. sstinchcomb
Davies 4 lambeth sold twelve head Of
horses to Jno, Pope OF Jones & Co. Tor
j. II. Hughes returned this morn.
ing from q trip East
Col. J. 7. Berry is much improved
IN his health since he made the trip ri
Hot Springs. The colonel is iiv
business man and We are glad to se
The Improvement. Abilene owe
great deal Of its success to him.
Mr. II. w. Merrill OF Mensd Is 7
stopping ut the oncho
House. He is here With n
STOCK of horses. II says E
he was a Texas ranger Jew years
ago, and travelled over the very place
where Abilene Is now, and If the |
owner of the land had oered him the {
land at very small sur Per acre he S
would hardly h-se bught it, while |
now town ~ of 25,l40 feet sell ~ i
from $50 TO Sl,5so and UPWARDS !
Whe.. cnange in dive or six years n +
vo VIII make in a country q
are informed that the county nc /,
, 'o Is very much improved IN n
',o,rhii,y. There Is not prisoner ~ -
y ana mas not been for a long Tina (
= at'rionte this in greet mleasura :,
: . .i', eillciency of the Officers. more =
peciaily To our worthy friend n w :,
errili, the high sheriff. ~ - W. u =,
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1883-07-22

that of courteous attention, and also
that IL Is new departure In
clerical discussion OF the matter
10 which you direct attention,
! for assurcdly reverend contributors
! 10 the literature Of the "winc glass
have shown, however much zeal, also
more dogmatism. But this is irrele-
want
In your quotation 1.-THE Sabbath was
made for man, / fail 20 see testimony
supporting your claim 10 the Sab
bath, as natural right. 4 think the
quotation means that q man has II
right divine aid human, to use the
sabbath i'm the manner most beneficial
to himself; that IL morally, physically
rights of all Others being admitted.
But Whit that has 10 do with the ques-
ton under consideration I cannot
have IL understood that the
day-is invested with all
the sacredness. and divine sanctions
which hallowed the seventh day of
the week under the Jewish dispensa-
ton, which rs you disclaim any re-
liglous claims for the day-Sunday-
can not be possible, and yet your whole
argument presupposes it you admit
that to interfere with the saloon mans
traffic on Sunday, and at the same
time permit the barber, the baker the
livery stable keeper, the railroad and
the postoilice. TO ply their several va
cations, would be unjust, and with
this admitted, | do not see how you
can avoid insisting, that all secular
business be suspended on Sunday
rs fully 1t was on the Jewish
Sabbath thing which you
will, / think, believe impossible, un-
less you are prepared to suppose that
the year 1888 will tolerate the Puritan
Sabbath, and the stern doctrines Of
Cotton Mather, or If that cannot be
done that the saloon-keepers be nc
corded the same treatment as "the
most favoredn commercial interests.
The fact to which you "call atten-
ton" concerning the advantages of
rest to man and animals, from even
prudential point of view, is incontro-
vertable, and the toil-worn laborers,
weary and exhausted, has daily proofs
in tired body and aching head that
even more rest than you ask for him
would be highly priced luxury.
But your arguments will fail to con-
vince him that whoever makes it i'm
possible for him to obtain glass Of
beeron Sunday, and thereby compel
him to purchase jug Of whiskey on
Saturday night, is his benetactor.
Your individual right to the Sabbath
to do on that day as your conscience
and honest conviction impels you
always regardful of the rights of ali
others, no reasonable person ought to
question, and your right to use all
your powers persuasion, with tongue
and pen, to 'constrainn others to ac-
cept and act upon your conviction is
unquestionable.
| think you are mistaken when
You take it for granted
That the saloon keepers are at war;
with The community in which they
live; unless you regard few self con
slituted philanthropsts, fruitful in
defamation but not noted for any
more tangible effort for the welfare Of
their fellowmen, MS the community,
the majority OF the adult population of
Fort Worth drink more or less of beer
or spirits. If the community pas at
war with the saloon keepers, their oc-
cupation would be no morep
A SALOON X EEpEP
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1883-07-22
THE GAZETTE: FORT WORTH, TEXAS, SUNDAY, JULY %

moved from q design to obtain relief
from oppressive employers. A strike
akin In spirit 10 that which moves
freemen when they rebel against the
yoke that bears down crushingly upon
them causing them TO bemoan their
very existence, but causing, also, the
development OF the spirit of self-de-
Tense, which IL just under the law, and
noble with society. This is the first
telegraphers' strike we have had, and
observation satisfies us that there are
good grounds for 1t, and we trust that
good for the hard-worked employe of
the Western Union will result
AN APPEAL FROM THE sHERIFFs,
calling on the governor, In the mes
sage he will submit to the next legis-
lature, TO urge reform in The present
loose manner Of taking bonds, has
been put in circulation. The docu-
ment was prepared by your correspon-
dent at the instance of several OF our
most vigilant and energetic frontier
officers. 1t sets forth that bonds often
taken by justices of the peace, par
ticularly in horse and cattle stealing
cases, are inadequate, and are of vir-
tually no effect to restrain offenders
and to hold them to abide the action of
the grand juries and the courts. 1t is
said that bonds of two cor three hum
dred dollars are sometimes taken,
where persuasive influences are used.
from parties worth thousands Of dol
lars. and that the offenders make good
their liability to their bondsmen and
leave the country with their pockets
full, defeating justice and defying the
law upon the direct sanction of those
who are sworn to be its faithful repre-
sentatives. There is not enough in
quiry in the acceptation of bonds
by justices us to their validity, and
the consequence is that that the list
OF straw bonds is swollen. The sherifs
complain justly about this matter. 1t
is bad law which prescribes a penal
ty, binds its sheriffs and their officers
to discharge their duty in aresting
offenders subject to such penalty, ard
then leaves loop-hole through wifi h
such offenders may escape at cost
probably not exceeding Cf equal toy
what their attorneys fees would be
were they held for and brought to
trial. The sheriffs who risk their
lives and sacrifice the comforts of ii
and home, to raid the wild frontier
after desperate thieves, naturally bo-
come discouraged when through the
mistakes or intentional practices of
others the objects OF their labors are
defeated. We trust the mater will
come before the next Legislature in
such forcible form as to obtain the
remedy that is asked and so much re-
CURED.
Fort Worth daily gazette. (Fort Worth, Tex.) 1882-1891, 1883-07-22

The New York Times with commend.
able enterprise has reports from four
hundred points in the thirty-eight
states regarding the preferences of the
people, so far rs can be ascertained,
for president in 1884. The inquiries
were sent to men OF both parties, and
impartial answers requested to the
questions propounded. The Republi-
can preferences mention the names of
forty-one men and the Democrats
forty. or these on the Republican
side, BLAINE leads or with 1903, fol.
lowed by ARTHUR O. EDMuNDs 57t,
GRANT 10, JOHN SHERMAN II and 20
on through the list to SHERIDAN,
foLdER and WINDOW who have but
one each. The Democrats are rs badly
scattered. TrLpEN heads the list with
100, MCDONALD following with 72l.
HANCOCK %, BUTLER 201, THUR
MoND III with gradual
falling Off with the list, clos
ihS WIN iIbNDRItkS, y EWETT,
PALMER and ENGLISH with one each
There Is nothing suggestive in this re-
port except the strong feeling that
still exists among Democrats Of TIL
DEN. IT was hardly to be expected
that such u large majority would ex-
press u preference for him. A little
more than half of the one hundred
and twenty came from states which
invariably vote the Republican ticket
and could render no assistance in the
ELECTORAL college. Twenty Of the
one hundred and three expressions in
favor of BLAINE come from states
which vote the Democratic ticket,
showing Il higher order of political
sagacity among the Republicans that
are III the Democratic ranks. The Re
publicans do not select candidate by
votes from one section to be elected bv
votes rom another, but select the can-
dldate who is the strongest in the
states which can be depended upon
FOR votes to secure his election.