davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
Is PUERPERAL FEVER EPI-
DEMIC7

To the Editor Of the BHH.
I desire to call your attention to
the alarming prevalence of puerperal
fever in this city and tho fatality
which has attended It's course. Since
the LIST Of January, az I am informed
on excellent authority, over fifty
deaths. have occurred from this one
cause. Many Of the cases have hap
pensd outside the province Of regular
practitioners, where mothers have
fallen Into the hands of incompetent
midwives. OF this class the greatest
numbar Of deaths have taken plsoe
among our foreign population. Stu,
Q large number Of cases have occurred
In the practice Of some Of our best
known and most reputable physi.
CLANS. One doctor has lost four pa
tisnts from this disease, two others
three Apiece, while ten or . dozen
deaths from ~puerpsral fever are dis
tributsd among - many moro regular
practitioner. Am NOT . physician
myself and do not feel competent
TO criticize those whose education and
training presumably eft them to deal
with disease. But II does seem to me-
that this epidemic, for II oan be called
nothing else, must be the result o.
gross earelessness somewhere. II
understand the matter puerperal feve'
Ii highly contagious and can be oar
ried by physicians from bedside t.
bedside, communicated by insufficient,
" cleansed Instruments, or induced
by gross ca~relessness on the part o
the attendant physioian after oonfine
ment. The matter Ia one well wortl
the public attention and I Am aston
ished no notice has been taken OF
In the public prints. 1t Is . falls
delicAcy which s~uppresses facts bear
Ing upon life and death when thei
publication might assist In working
reform or eliciting further information
for the public benefit. 4. A. w.
The facts as above stated are CO,
tainly startling. Every epidemic Q
~puerperal fever can be traced to Grim
inal negligence aud oarelessnesu some
where. The disease often originate
through 4 gross disregard Of commo
sanitary precautions and 1t spreads b
contagion or through the medium
attendants or physicians. Early |
February q prominent physician
Omaha called our attention to Il
q death Of ak women from puerper
fever, all patients Of a single nus
!. who makes q speciality Of labor case
% The deaths all occurred among o.
l. foreign population where the fe
4. charged for attendance by phyuiciai
Is are often Q bar to their employment
But since that time cases Of puerper
favor have been by no means con6n'
\. to irregular practitioners. Several
our best doctors have been unfort
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
A Word for the Servant Girl,
in Burlington HAWAII

S-S
Burdette in Burlington Haweye.
Say you are q we'll to do tradesman
or mechanic. You can afford to EN-.
ploy o servant to make life easier for
your wife. Your wife and yourself
discourage Followers" You don't
like her to have company of either
sex In the kitchen. Your wife cannot
associate with her. The kitchen Is her
sittirg room; tho smallest and most
remoteH Room In the housen is her
he'd room. From 6 q. m. until
9 p. M, or earlier and later maybe are
her hours of work. In all that time
she speaks when she Is spoken to, and
she is spoken to when there are or.
6ers for her, just as conviets are al.
lowed to speak In a peaitentiary.
Well now; the lonely creature in the
kitohea Is a woman. Do you wonde,
che wants to go to the Jolly butcher
and the grocer's boy for a little
goasip2 Do you wonder that
she fiirts With the policeman
Do you wonder that wher
she does 60 to tho ball she stays until
some time the next day7 She slit
down three times q day and eats hel
meals In solitude-so utterly alon,
that she can hear herself swallow.
wonder that abe doesn't 20 mad. TIT
man who works at the lowest occupa
ton has an easier time than that. Tn,
man who cleans the streets has com
pany of his own class. He eats hi
dinner with his fellow laborers. Tn,
rag.picker meets rival rag.pioker
every day. don't wonder the hous'
servant s~tipulates for company ant
evenings out.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

liz another oolume We present to our
readers Q notice of the celebrated
''Kaissr Water" from Birresborn, on
the Rhine, with an accompanying
analysis of Its ingredients. The con-
tinental reputation Of this remarkable
mineral water has long been estab.
lished. Containing a large portion Of
csrbonic acid gas, 1t is C most refresh
Ing drink, and is especially valuable to
persons Of aedentary habits. 1t Ia pc.
culiArly bene6cialin all cases of kidney
complaints, owing to the presence of Z
considerable quantity Of bicarbonats o.
LithiA, q remedy which Is Endorsed
generally by the medical profession fol
complaints Of this nature.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
Oregon Religion.
San Fransisco Call.

nan rfhnbkco JAIL.
In Oregon they are not as particular
about the kind Of amusements engaged
In ct church festivals a they are In
some Of our churches. A Pendleton
paper announces: "To.night . sooiable
will be held at Liberty Hall by the
Ladies' Guild of the Episcopal church,
for the ohurch's benefit. Admission
"a. The smusements will consist of
dancing, oard.plsying in all Its
branches, and other harmful amuse-
ments, followed by Q basket supper"
Probably the writer of the advertise.
ment meant to say that these amuse-
ments we're harmless. But the prin-
ter or bis diabolioal assistant did the
mischief and turned intended good
Into promised evil.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
FRIGHTENED OFF.

Combinations, cancellations and
sales Of great properties, Wholesale is
sues Of new securities, all engineered
by great capitalists for their " int
erests certainly furnish the small In
vestor q subject for sober considera'
tion. Every line Of Investment Is
now controlled by the great operators,
and the small fnancier Is completely
at their mercy. whether bis invest.
ment is to be . paying one depends
entirely upon whether the financial
kings believe his interests are iden.
tioal with their own. "The investing
public be DID," Is the motto Of our
railroad stock jobbers who wreck the
properties under their control with .
happy disregard for the interests Of
the stockholders and q cheerful
indiffsience to any other demands
than those Of their own bank account.
Within the past month the Wabash
& Iron Mountain systems have been
consolidated, the transfer Of the
Wabash involving the Issue OF s10,.
000, 900 six per cent collateral trust
bonds to pay of the a Dating debt and
the car trust obligations. Tae Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy has purchased
the Hannibal & ST. Joe and burdened
Itself with several million more Of Eve
per cent. bonds; the Northwestern IL
about to create s10, 10000 Of sddi.
tionsl stock to be held Ia the treasury
to represent new properties acquired,
and the Union Pacific has sold q part
Of Its IS, 900, 900 collateral trust SIS at
Q little less than 90. In addition We
hear Of further consultations In which
Jay Gould IL to link together the
| Southern railroads and unite the Erl.
anger lines to his Southwestern com.
blnatiou, and the Wisconsin legisla-
ture, by sn act just passed has author.
iced the s.. Paul road to throw an un.
limited amount Of securities upon the
market.
The result is that the outside public
has bsen frightened of. The railroad
stock market is fat, and dealings are
confined to the brokers aud large ope.
ratorS, who are playing puss In the
corner with the lambs. There is still
q fair demand for good railroad bonds
secured by mortgage on the roads. In
purchasing these securities the in
weston 10 protected In the disposal Of
his money by the c,urts and can count
the cost and probable profits before he
ventures his capital. Nothing but 30
act of Congress, az In the q Of the
Unlon Pacific, can vitiate q first mort.
gage security, and q small holder Ct
bonds, provided the bonds arc well
secured, is as safe as a railroad director
with unqualified cont,ol Of q majority
of the stock.
w. There Is o general distrust Of Am
eriran railroad management, both al
home and abroad. Englishmen have
never rec overed from the shock of the
Erie Developments, and our own PEG
Pile have sinoe learned by bitter ex
periepce that all the thieves are moi
confined in the panitentiary, and tina
the worst confidence aharks are thos'
who conduct their operations In mag
nificent off Jos under the protection o
our laws and with judges and court
% their most faithfal acoomplioes.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

THE New York Tribune says there
10 no doubt that the revival of the
Tilden boom IL genuine. But Mr..
Dana who IL even nearer to Mr.. TIL.
den than DR.. G. L. Miller Of Oregon
fame, says thst the talk Of Mr.. Tilden's
candidacy is sheer nonsense. Ben
Buffers boom just at present Ia fol-
lowing closely In the wake Of Jo,
MDonAld's presidential fat boat.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
Sensible Views.

The Journal believes In marriage,
first, last and all the time, for women,
provided they get good husbands and
make good wives. We would rather
zee . lady making suits for her chill.
dren than bringing suits for hel
clients. In our eyes . woman lookl
better dressing . baby than dressing 9
wound, or oompounding pudding
than composing paragraphs. Still, u
she prefers labor to love, and assist
on turning mp her nose at . husband
We r willing to open up the learned
professions and all other oallings t.
her.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

TEE pious house Of representatives
in Massachusetts has rejected, by q
vote of nearly two to one, . bill TO per.
init persons injured In Sunday travel
ing, through the fault of others, to
o damages. Travelling on Bun.
day ID . heinous offsnse In the Puri'
tan state, but clubbing insane patients
and skinning corpses ct Tewksbury
aims house was perfectly legal until
exposed by Widow Butler and the In
vsstigsting COMMITTEES.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

WITHIN twenty minutes after the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Rum had resigned, twenty ex.con.
greasmen were hard at work writing
spplioations for the Office. The itch
for Office onoe contracted ID onlycured
by death or insanity. as,
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

cover the chariets and treasures that
were ingulfed with Pharaoh when the
children Of Israel escaped the Egyptians
by the miracle OF the waters. The latest
reports show that the able has en-.
listed capital aud that q joint stock
company with $3.50 900 In hand are
seriously beginning the preliminaries,
The only details the divers will have
to guide them Ia the history Of the
fight Of the Isrselites given In the
Bible. The scientific date is all
digested and the able counts
that the dredgers will have to
break through reefs Of salt which
have preserved not only the army
equipments, chariots and golden treas
ures, but even the bodies of the vlc.
Tins themselves, The recovery of the
charots will, II Ia estimated, compen.
safe the company. But II In addition
all the gold with which Pharaoh loaded
his train be recovered, the company
will be enormously enriched.
While the credulous protector CT
thie marvellous enterprise enlists In II
simply to disprove the skepticS, the
undertaking Ia worthy the q1lck wit
OF q Yankee, for n any considerable
number of relics ase found the exhibi.
ton of them will more than compen-
safe the stockholders. Fancy the
esgerness OF the whole world to seethe
petri6ed figures Of the dusky myrmi.
dons that followed up the fee.
ing Israelites. II the country
went wild over the Cardiff giant, who
could contain himself until he had
seen the salted form Of the Pharaoh
after 5000 years repose under the salt
crystals of the Red Seat Such an
enormous mass of treasure and such
hosts as were ingulfed would be
enough to supply Bsrnums in every
country In the known world,
while also filling the museums.
How the scientific folk would reveI
over the fnd7 How soon we should
have sacred history reconstructed and
even protane history modified! Glib,
bon would rise from his grave to dis
avow his p~ositiveness and disparage.
ments of the miraculous, and Darwin
himself suoiu send some Sign to indi
cate thai ms hypothesis were the mere
fabric Of the brain, spun from doubt
and resting on error.
Not only this, but new fashion,
could be invented, based upon the
real Egyptian habilments, utensils,
ornaments aud what not. For ever
Herodotns was vague In his descrip
tions of the forty dynasties. His i'm
possible chariots, prodigious horsel
and other mon~strosities would be con
fronted with the preserved r%ealitieI
over which the world has speculatet
for $500 years. 1t is a misfortun,
that there are no Americans associated
with this semi-aacred mission, as vi
should share In the expense If W,
hope to got any share of the treasure
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

PATTI will ripg In America next
season at %. 500 a night under Maple
sons management and enthusiastic
New Workers, who scarcely know a
symphony from sardine, will have
the privilege Of raving owe the opera
to the tune Of $40 q seat.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

machinery again, but Mormons {
openly rejoicing over the substantial
failure Of their lsst years work, while
gentiles seem to consider the men 40
Incompetent that nothing can be
hoped from them. P~olygamists yet
Eli the offices and serve asijurors, Just
as they used TO, In spite Of the law,
and II some are prevented from voting,
II makes little difference, for they man.
age nominating conventions and have
q congressional delegate TO do their
bidding.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

DUBLIN ought to start . volunteer
department.. Volunteer drsmen In
this country Are exempt from jury
duty. In ons panel In that city lately
there were seventy.6vs men who 70.
fused TO serve - jurors and they were
oil foed $500 : piece. 1t would b
ohsapsr 70 IN With the machine.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

AND now there Ii wAiling and lam.
entation among the civil service re.
formers. The commission has recon-.
mended, aud the president has kindly
appointed as chief examiner, Mr..
Keim, Of Pennsylvania, . protege Of
the CAmerons and an active worker
with the machine In the Keystone
state. This Il civil service reform on
the half shell with trimmings.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

JOE DAVIS has been appointed post
master at Wahoe and the music will
soon be floating 10 the spring air OF
Saunders county.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
The Red Seas Secret.

Philadelphia Press.
Should the project of the Able
Meigno be carried out the positivist
schools, who trend upon skepticism,
will be obliged 10 reconstruct Darwin
Ism. Ths Abbe's purpose Ii nothing
less that the sorAping Of the Red see
and the adjacent Bitter Lake to re-
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

MAYOR CHASE says he doos not
propose to have any fight with the
council or police committee " his
nominations. In fact he says the
police committee Is the safety valve to
his appointment engine.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

THs Vermont maple sugar crop Is q
failure but as brown sugar continues
cheap, dealers will @ ,ntinue to sell the
usual amount Of pure Vermont at the
old prices.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

SENATOR ANTHONY, o iRhods Island,
Is lying at the point Of death. Nj.
Anthony enjoys the distinction Of
being tho oldest member Of the United
State senate. He wa sixty.eight years
old ON thu first Of the present month,
and has represented Rhode Island ct
the capital for more than twenty.eight
years.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

A STATEMENT published by the
bureau Of statistics shows that our ex.
ports Of bread stuffs for the three
months of 1883 increased over S14,-
600. 900 over the first qusrter of the
preceding year.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

Frank HATroN recently died In
England. Mr.. Brady will be pleased
to learn that 1t is not his successor In
the edltorisl chair Of the Washington
Republican.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

WHILE the croakers are busy 10
killing of the crops an April sun and
April rains ara equally busy In ausur-
Ing the prosperity Of our farmers.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

ACCORDING to the Rochester Express
SECT there" vail be the sole issue IN
1884. This Ia exactly Dana's Idea In
q little less classical language.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
fhe BEE PUBLISHING co., Props
e. ROsEwATER Editor.

SEVEN ought to confirm all good
nominations and reject all bad ones.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
The Omaha Bee,

Puhlished every morning, except Sun
~. The emily Monday morning daily.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

SULLIVAN could tackle Tug Wilson
and Mitchell, but whisky seems to
have knocked him out Of time.
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

cHE WEEKLY BEE. published every
We inesday.
TERMS POST PAID
One Year......&2.0 Three Months. 20
siI Months. 80. Leo One Month";. 20
AnrRIcAr NEws OoNrAsY, Sole Agents
Newsdealers In the United States.I
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

The Edmunds Commission.
Springfield Republican.
Commissioners under the Edmunds
bill are In Utah at work upon election
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30
TERMS RYiMAILr

vne Year. $1,000 Three Months $500
8tI Months. 500 One Month";. LOO
Omaha daily bee., 1883-04-30

"a ass - 3
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
aIiscELLA yEoUs.
lb hu SINTEESTii REGIMENT. tffE
HEADQrARTERs 10TH REGIMENT \
I,y,,. ~ -

1 HEADQUARTERS 10TH REGIMENT
~ -ipi INFANTRY, q. y. G., y -
hoi ,h ToLEno, Oct. 10, 1883.
Special order No. 2S. iia,ls l.li.,,l l..5i7.
The ceremonies incident to the fun
eral OF the late Major-General James b.
Steedman having been appointed for
2:30p. m. on Monday, Oct 90, 1888, Com
panies A., c and I'll, 18th Regiment In
fantry, q. n. g., Lict. Col. j. q. Avery
commanding, will assemble at the ar
Of that day to participate therein. BY
order OF p hfCOL. j. ID. NoRToS, =
in+ sigt9 Commanding Regiment.
w. w, ALcoRN, Adjutant. sieni
~ FOURTEENTH REGiIENT. eii
f,es TOLEDO, o., Oct. 10, 1888.
To the Members of the 18th Ohio:aa
You are hereby notified OF the
death of our gallant commander, Gen.
Jas. b. Steedman, who died Nat his
home in Toledo, October IS, 1883. ipia Z
You are hereby requested to attend
his funeral as I'M organization, on Mon
day, October %, at o:30 pm. You
will make headquarters ut the Court
House, and meet promptly 4 p. m.
sTth ~ lnnmrF D. Ii. NEWTON, hni
.i,e s1lifi aaf hr oi sp0n President. b.
Attest: L.Eg CLARK, Secretary ipls
stl5sf, ciyic SOCIETIES.
Hba3fl sort TOLEDO, Oct. 10, 1855. I,
Civic societies attention !: All civic
societies wishing to attend the funeral
OF aur deceased comride, Cen. james b.
Steedman, will report at the corner OF
Superior and Madison streets promptly
at 2:30p. M, Monday, the 22d inst,
and be- assigned positions in the pro-
cession. by order oi iair iretsm8
fi,wa, ,i Ia A.J EysTER, Marshal. "a,
t'ff coLoRED VETERANS. d 0tH rl
= " TOLEDO, Oct, 10, 1883.
Every colpred soldier in Toledo and
vicinity who served in the late war. is
earnestly requested 10 meet at No. 256
street tomorrow Saturday, J,
evening, at 8 o'clock, for the purpose
Of expressing their esteem foi and re-
gret over the death oil Gen, james b.
and to arrange for partici-
pating in the obseQuies,
'f't' Y" 'NA3p nyN THOMAS BIBB. A+s
Late OF i15th Regiment, o. WI.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
SOCIETY MEETING.
POLICE BOARD.


The members OF the Board of Police
Commissioners met yesterday after
noon and adopted the following resolu-
ton: ,.,.,.., ,s 49,, .-..a ,sia 49,,
WHEREAS, General James b. Steednan,
our beloved and honored associate in the
police department OF our city, has been
stricken down by death, tt7'fA
Resolred. That while we extend to the
family OF the deceased our sympathy and
coincidence, we lose in his death most
efficient Chief, whose soldietly qualities,
experience and education, disciplined our
force to y degree of perfection never before
attained; that we lose from our counsels
in this department Chief of the best ex-
ecutive talent, the utmost honesty OF ptIr-
pose and probity of character, and, in all
his public, as well as private relations of
life, u great hearted, generous man. si,,j
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26

presence OF Drs. Kirkley, Jones
and, Boven. This. heqftHnd the 1large
blood vessels leading ton md from that
iorqan were found to be Ncry much en-
larged and soitened. But the most
important discovery was OF calcareous
degeneration OF the semi-lunar valves
OF the aorta of the most extraordinary
character, and that must for long time
haveinterfered with the circulation,
and growing pfndually worse, formed d
|rety iniportsfit factor in ultimately
causing the pntiefft's death. La
The valves leading from the heart
into the aorta, or arterial vein, and
through which the. blood was pumped
out into the system, were found TO be
remarlably. changed.-In . normal
condition they are composed OF plia-
bic membrane that VIII fold back al
lowing an orifice for the blood to flow
out nearly as large as the vein itself.
In this case there was an extensive
osseous or calcareous bone or horn
like) formation in two clusters, by
which the orifice was reduced to mar
row opening, not over one-cighth of an
inch in its widest part, giving not over
one-tenth the original capacity Of this
passage. stt~
HThe condition of the lungs showed
that the patient had the lung fever, as
already determined. 1t was expected
oa the. part Of some OF the physicians
that heart clot would be found. No
traces OF this were present, but the ex-
isting conditions produced exactly the
same effect rs heart clot. 1t was
the. opinion of the physicians present
At the examination that the patient
Would have recovered from the attack
Of lung fever or pneumonia. But this
condition OF the heart, with pneu-
rnonia superadded, was more than
even his rare yigor could withstand
No application OF medicine could reach
such 4 itdeep-seated disease, and no ef-
fort Of medical science and skill could
avert the inevitable result. ~.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
HON. $. j. TILDEN.
l-IYoNKEns, y. 81, Oct. i9.

Z .pr.d- erti7IAoNKERs, n. G., Oct, i9.
Henry L. Lorenz, Police Judge: rai dsf,i
1 qDeploring the loss of Gen. Steedman
and sympathizing with his bereaved
family and friends, regret>that it will
not be possible for. me o-be presentat
Toledo on Monday To join in the last
tribute to his public and private vir-
tues. ." tid't atH H'oS. j. TuDES
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
Z, GEN. d. +. sreKLEs. Z

From Maj. Gen. Daniel F. sickles,
us A. New York, Oct! 10. tiaute'''''
To Gen, lhas, i, Young: " m p2''.,l'''l ~
i exceedingly regret that prior. en-
gagcments will prevent my attending
Gen, steedman's funeral. Another
's..i (Signed.) II. 4 ;,f, SIcKLEs.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
GEN. W. $. HANCOCK.
GoyERsoB's Isl.aSp, y. Oct. i!

GovERsoR,s, lsl,ssp, y. Y,, Oct. l9.,s-
Henry l.. Lorenz, ESD:
In Ger. fsteedhan's death we lose a
man of exceptional ability, and one
who made his mark as a soldier fre-
gret that owing to q; lameness, which
yet confines me to the house, j shall
be unable TO attend the funeral. ~,
H.Ln. E..i III ll.i,M. IL fiANcoCk, 4
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26

MARX y. SlRLEy CAMP No. ], S. OF ". !
All members OF Mark +. sibley
Camp. will meet at G.. A. Il. Hall on
Monday, Oct. %, at 2 p. M, sharp, to
attend the funeral OF the late Major
General Steedman. BY order of
j. A. LrvERMoRE,
Capt. Com.
GEo. A. GARFIELD,
Orderly Sergeant.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
COMPANY G.
IT. Tor@po, ort 90; 1887

fEfEH ToIGDo, Ort. co. 1887 n
COMPANY oRDrR No{I J ~
In compliance with special order No.
%, issued from headquarters 10th Rcgi-
mont, O. n. g., Col. J. u. Norton,
commanding, all members OF Company
G, 10th Regiment, o. N. g., are or
dered TO report at their armorya at 1890
.p. M, sharp, on Monday, October %,
1883, to attend the funeral Of the late
Maj. Gen, James Il. lSteedman, BY
order of NY J. II. WADE.
Capt. Commanding.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1883-10-26
EXPRESSIONS OF SYMPATHY.
Is THE CONTINENTAL GUARDS.
M NEW 0RnRASs, La, Oct. 10.

Gen. G. l. Young:
We mourn the death Of Glen. J. b.
Steedman, and extend our heartfelt
sympathies to his family and citizens
OF Toledo for his loss.
CONTINENTAL GUARDS.